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/o 


'X'  H  HI 


Monal  Stanilaril  EncydopeiiiiL 


A    DICTIONARY    OF  .  ^. 

Literature,  the  sciences  and  the  arts, 

FOR   POPULAR   USE. 

A  VOLUME  FOE  UNIVEESAL  EEFEEENOE. 


CONTAINING   OVER   20,000    ARTICLES   PERTAINING 
TO     QUESTIONS     OF     AGRICULTURE,      ASTRON^ 
OMY,  ARCHITECTURE,  BIOGRAPHY,  BOTANY, 
CHEMISTRY,  ENGINEERING,  GEOGRAPHY, 
GEOLOGY,  HISTORY,    HORTICULTURE, 
LITER  A  TURE^  MECHANICS,  MEDI- 
CINE, MYTHOLOGY,  NATURAL 
HISTOR  Y,  PH  YSIOLOG  Y,  AND 

THE     VARIOUS    ARTS  4 

AND    SCIENCES. 

Oomplete  in  One  Yolnmey  with  1,000  Illustrations. 


v-- 


f  Prepared  umUr  the  supetvidon  of  a  number  of  Editors,  and  verified  bf, 
\  comparison  v/ith  the  best  Authorities, 


NEW  YORK: 

A.    Ij.    BXJRT.  .  ,       , :/.     - 

1886.  (H  ^.  <    ■   <  ■   i 

0  -                            \\  . 


i  r  .  ..♦     ■    '  .  -.  ••  •  .» 


I 


15292A 


CoPTKiGiiT  188i,  BT  A.  L.  Burt. 
Att  ris^t9  reaerved. 


PREFACE. 


When  one  glances  at  fhe  shelves  of  •  great  Ubmyand  rfews  Its  tarrtcy  of  enefoiopedias 
in  many  bolky  yolames  and  admirably  complete,  it  would  almost  seem  that  there  was 
nothing  further  to  be  aooompUahed  in  the  dassifled  arrangement  of  the  rarions  depart- 
ments of  knowledge  for  conyenience  in  reference ;  and  with  respect  to  the  needs  of 
scholars  this  is  indeed  true.  Bat  something  less  discorsiTe  is  re4uired  by  the  ordinary 
reading  public,  to  whom  oonduslons  are  of  more  ralue  tiian  the  processes  by  which  the 
results  are  reached.  Much  that  is  elaborately  discussed  in  the  great  en^dopedias  is  of 
Value  only  to  the  special  student,  and  the  great  standard  works,  by  reason  of  their  rery 
completeness  and  consequent  high  cost,  are  little  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  large 
majority.  An  encydopedia  condensed  and  conrenient,  and  at  the  same  time  Aill  and 
correct,  has  long  been  needed ;  one  that  should  Aimish  an  abbreviation  of  discussion 
but  never  ottust ;  one  that  should  be  within  the  reach  of  every  one*s  purse,  and  tn  a 
form  adapted  for  constant  reference.  In  compiling  this  volume,  Aillness  combined  with 
brevity  has  been  the  essential  consideration,  and  the  twenty  thousand  titlta  which  it 
contains  afford  a  view  of  the  success  achieved. 

The  editors  fed  aasnred  that  there  has  been  condensed  into  the  following  pages  every- 
thing that  the  greater  works  contain  of  value  to  the  general  public.  A  comparison  of 
the  number  of  its  subjects  with  either  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  Appleton^s  or 
Chamber*s  En^dopedias  wiU  prove  the  extraordinary  amount  of  matter  contained 
between  these  covers,  and  its  concise  and  pithy  text  will  be  found  to  be  the  very  essence 
•f  those  celebrated  works. 

The  volume  offers  a  cominrdiensive  view  of  Literature,  the  Sdences  and  the  Arts ;  it 
embraces  artides  on  all  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  Agriculture,  Astronomy, 
Biography,  Botany,  (Themistry,  Geography,  (Geology,  History,  Horticulture,  Mechanics, 
Medicine,  Mythology,  Natural  History,  Philosophy,  etc.,  etc.;  and  a  thousand  iUustra- 
tions  have  been  induded  to  increase  its  value  as  a  practical  instructor. 

Anything  that  is  an  aid  to  the  wide  distribution  of  exact  knowledge  is  to  be  earnestly 
eommended,  and  it  is  by  such  books  as  this,  books  that  are  thoroughly  accurate  and 
extremely  cheap,  that  the  average  of  intelligence  is  raised.  The  subUmest  truths  may 
as  wdl  remain  undiscovered  as  to  be  hidden  in  inaccessible  places. 

In  presenting  this  volume,  after  months  of  careAil  preparation,  to  an  audience  that 
never  fails  to  recognize  and  reward  merit,  the  editors  know  that  they  are  famishing  a 
text  book  to  general  culture,  and  that  never  before  in  the  history  of  bookmaking  has  sa 

uch  that  is  valuable  been  obtainable  at  so  small  a  cost. 

TuK  Editobs. 

Nxw  YoBK,  October,  1884. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


USED    IN    THE    FOLLOWING    PAGES. 


•U.— Abovt 

▲.  v. — Anno  Domini  (in  the  Tear  of  Oar 

Lord). 
Ala.— Alalwin*. 

Ano.  Oeoir*— Anelent  Geographj. 
Arch. — Architecture. 
ArohflBoL—Arohieolofj. 
Ark. — Arkansaa. 
Astron. — Astronomy. 
B. — Bom. 
Bart. —Baronet 
B.  o.— Before  Christ 
Bot.— Botany. 
Cal.-€aUfomla. 
Cap.— CapitiU. 
Ghem. — Chemistry. 
Co. — ConntjT. 

Comp.  Anat. — ComparatiTe  Anatomy. 
Colin. — Gonneoticat. 
B.— Died. 
D<d. — Delaware. 
£. — East ;  eastern 
fiun. — Family. 
Fla.— Florida, 
it— Feet 
Ga.— Georgia, 
fen. — Genns. 
Oeof.— Ctoographj. 
CtooL — Geology. 
Qeom. — Geometry. 
Gk.— Greek. 

Her.  Hist— Heroie  History. 
Hort — Horticolture. 
111.— ininois. 

Ind.  Ter.— Indian  Territory. 
Ky. — Kentucky. 
La. — Louisiana, 
lb.  (libra) — A  pound, 
ffl. — ^Bfilo  or  miles ;  married. 
Hach. — Machinery. 
Mass.— Majgaehnsetts. 


Md. — ^Maryland. 

Me. — Maine. 

Mich. — Michigan. 

Minn. — Minnesota. 

Miss. — Mississippi. 

Mo. — Missouri. 

Mt. — Mount. 

Myth. — Mythology. 

N.— North. 

Nat  Hist— Natural  History. 

N.  C— North  Carolina. 

Neb. — Nebraska. 

N.  H.— New  Hampshire. 

N.  J. — New  Jersey. 

Nnmis. — Numismiitlcs. 

N.  Y.— New  York. 

ord. — Order. 

Omifh. — Ornithology. 

Penn. — Pennsylvania. 

pop. — Population . 

K.  0. — Roman  Catholic. 

B.  I.— Bhode  Island. 

Bom.  Ant— Soman  Antiquities. 

8.— South. 

B. — Succeeded;  successor. 

8.  0.— South  Carolina. 

Scrip. — Scripture. 

Sculp. — Sculpture. 

sq.  m. — Square  miles. 

St.— Saint 

Tenn. — Tennessee. 

Tex.— Texas. 

Theol.— Theology. 

U.  S. — United  States  of  America. 

Va.— Vh-ginla. 

Vt. — Vermont 

W.— West 

W.  I.— West  Indies. 

Wis.- Wisconsin. 

W.  Va.— West  Virginia. 

ZeoL— Zoology. 


A    DICTIONARY    OF 


.  LITERATURE,  THE  SCIENCES  AHD  THE  ARTS, 


FOR   POPULAR   USE, 


iTHE  DntltttartB  Um  KagUsh  aJpbi. 
bet  BDd  nuMtof  the  punnt  tumm^' 
It  hw  Ibnr  fBdepwdmnoiuHl.,  u.  ta 
Mme,  taU,  no,  nUbtr.    In  emnmu,  m 


«aplKHi7,  altu«4  ta  UL  Aa  api' 
anfvateut  l»  ui,  or  ga,  u  ul« 
Tlia  KonuH  nwl  X  u  ■  nymbol 

the  flnelu  ■'  MoDd  for  1  nn'<<  <i^ 

beneath  It  Ibt  1,001).  Aa 

etuids  fbr  Anno,  la  Aime  l>(n]ilBl 


Aaron,  •h'liD.  Tbe  eldtr  Inthar  dI 
Uoaae,  the  Jewlab  lav-river,  aadBntblKh 
prieaC     Died  on  lit.  Uor,  Je.  123. 

AaiOQ'a-bMud.  a'roiu-bCrd.  A  ddbo- 
lar  name  Fur   Uypttleiui 

AaronVrod,  i'mu-rad.     A 

woe  eecpeat  twined  round  It. 
AD,  ab.    Tbe  lllh  monlh  of  th    .... 

ciill  feu.  aad  the  Bth  or  the  ecdeslaaUasI 


I 


ABBREVIATIONS 

tJSXD    IK    THE    FOLLOWING    PAOES. 


■bi— Abnmt 

A.  v.— Auo  Domini  (In  theT«r  0 

Ann.  Oeof .— ABSInt  (lHi(npb]t. 


IIL— miDoli. 

Isd.  Tar.— iBdlm  Territtny, 

Xy.— KsntDikr. 

li LodIiIbb*. 

lb.  (libra)— A  ponod. 
B.—MUoorinlbnj  mBTled. 
MMfa.-MMlllaaiT. 


1.  =:cr:;yAi.v   or 

IITERATTEE.  THE  SIEXCE*  AMi  THE  AKTS 

FOR   ?CF:n-A=    VSE. 


l7  UA    'n'l?-   uilifptfblKii   * 


ABAOOT 


ABDOMINAL 


Abaoot,  'a-kot  A 
kind  of  peaked  or 
pointed  cap  or  hood, 
probably  wltti  two 
points,  anciently 
worn  by  men  of 
rank. 


Abacot,  from  Great 
Seal  of  Henry  VIL 


Abaoulufl,  -ak'f^Ias.     A  small  tfle  of 
•    glass,  marble,  or  other  substance,  used  for 
patterns  in  mosaic  itayement. 

Abaddon,  A-bad'don.  The  destroying 
angel. 

Abaka  Khn.T!,  aVa-k&'  KAn.  Emperor 
of  Persia  firom  1265  till  1282 ;  he  consoli- 
dated nearly  the  whole  of  western  Asia ; 
was  poisoned. 

Abaiser,  a-b&'ser.  Ivory  black  or  ani- 
mal charcoal. 

Abajiea,  ab-ang'ga.  Froit  of  a  species 
of  palm  in  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  West 
Indies,  haying  medicinal  properties. 

Abas,  a-l>a8\  A  Persian  coin,  worth 
about  20  coits.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
pearls  equal  to  2|  grains  troy,  or  one- 
eighth  less  than  a  carat. 

Abarim,  ab'&-rim.  A  mountain  range 
in  India,  between  rivers  Jordan  and  Am- 
mon.  Moses  died  on  Nebo,  one  of  its 
highest  x>eaks. 

Abatis,  Ab-a-ds.  A  fence  in  front  of  a 
lortification,  to  impede  an  attacking  party; 
UAually  made  by  felhng  trees,  branches 
oUtwiurd. 

AbaiiJOTir,  ab-i-zhoor'.  A  skylight  or 
sloping  aperture  in  a  wall. 

Abattoir,  a-bat-wor'.  A  public  slaughter- 
house under  control  of  municipal  authori- 
ties. 

Abb,  ab.  Yam  for  the  warp  in  weaving. 
The  name  given  in  sorting  wool,  as  coarse 
abb  and  fine  abb. 

.  Abba,  'ba.  A  title,  equivalent  to  Father, 
•  applied  to  monks  and  other  ecclesiastics. 
In  the  Syriac,  Coptic  and  Ethlopic 
Churches,  given  to  bishops,  who  in  turn 
bestow  it  on  the  bishop  or  patriarch  of 
Alexandria. 

Abbacinate,  -ba'sin-at.  To  deprive  of 
eight  by  applying  a  red-hot  copper  basin 
close  to  the  eyes;  a  punishment  employed 
in  the  middle  aces. 

Al>bas,  Ben-Abdiil-Mottalib.    The 

uncle  of  Mohamet,  n.  600,  d.  652  ;  was  at 
first  hostile  tp  the  Prophet,  but  was  cap- 
tured at  the  battle  of  the  well  of  Bedr,  and 
a/terward  2>ocame  his  zealous  partisan. 

^bbajs  the  Ore&t.  A  Persian  king,  b. 
£^*  ^'  i^^*  ^J^rdered  his  two  brothers 
^rrnaeh  the  throne fbutxvleA  -with  wisdom. 


Abbassides,  ab-bas'i-dez.  A  race  of 
Arabian  Caliphs  descended  from  Abbas, 
Mohamet's  uncle ;  they  reigned  from  744 
to  1267,  the  most  illustrious  beinj?  Haroun- 
il-Kaschid.  This  period  the  Mahoinineduns 
regard  as  the  golden  era  of  their  uutlon. 

Abbe,  ab-ba.  In  France,  a  title  given  to 
aU  who  devoted  themselves  to  divinity,  or 
pursued  a  course  of  study  in  a  theological 
seminary,  in  the  hope  that  the  king  would 
confer  on  them  an  abbey,  that  is,  a  certain 
part  of  the  revenues  of  a  monastery.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  persons  holding  a 
semi-clerical  position  in  other  K.  C.  coun- 
tries. 

Abbess,  ab'bes.  The  female  governor 
of  a  convent  or  nunnery,  who  must  be  40 
years  of  age,  and  8  years  a  nun. 

Abbey,  ab'be.  A  monastery  or  convent; 
a  society  secluded  from  the  world,  and 
devoted  to  reUgion  and  celibacy.  The 
males  are  called  monks,  and  are  governed 
by  an  abbot ;  the  females  nuns,  and  gov- 
erned by  an  abbess. 

Abbot,  &b'bot.  The  governor  of  an  ab- 
bey or  monastery;  originally  subject  to 
the  bishops,  they  gradually  threw  off  this 
restraint,  and  assumed  both  the  authority 
and  insignia  of  the  episcopal  otlice;  of  lute 
years  they  have  again  become  subject  to 
the  direction  of  the  bishops.  The  Abbot 
of  Unreason  in  Scotland,  and  the  Loni  of 
Misrule  in  England,  were  historic  charac- 
ters, before  the  Keformation,  who  super- 
intended Christmas  diversions. 

Abd,  abd.  An  Arabian  prefix,  as  Abdul- 
lah, servant  of  €k>d;  Abd-el-Kader,  ser- 
vant of  the  mighty  God. 

Abdal,  ab'daL  A  dervish;  one  of  the 
class  of  Persian  religious  devotees. 

Abdallab,  -d&l'lah.  Father  of  Mo- 
hamet, the  founder  of  Islamism;  b.»545, 
D.  570. 

Abderite,  -der-!t  An  inhabitant  of  Ab- 
dera,  Thrace,  and  equivalent  to  a  Btu])id 
person.  The  A.,  Democritus  of  Abd^ru, 
was  called  the  Laughing  I'hilosoplier. 

Abdest,  Mest.  Purificatl  h  or  ablution 
before  prayer ;  a  Mohammedan  rite. 

Abdevenbaxn,  ab-dev'n-ham.  The 
head  of  the  12th  house  in  a  scheme  of  the 
heavens. 

Abdoznen,  -dO'men.  That  part  of  the 
human  body  which  lies  between  the  thorax 
and  the  pelvis. 

Abdominal,  -dom'ln-ol.  A  group  of 
malacopterygian  fishes,  with  the  veutral 
fluB  posterior  to  the  pectorals,  inclvding 
salmon,  TQ3Q3i!Le\^  fiL>j\3i^-^^!^>  \k»TtSs!k%  w\«i 

I    carp. 


ABOBIQIFES 


Abditory,  -ii-to-H.    . 

gc>o*ls«  plala  or  maliHj. 
Ab'dnl-A'ziz.    The 


JId  KhuD,  wlio  pHceded  him  u  ti 


0  iHiahea  the  ali/habet,  or  a  learofr  u 

Anal^pdAt,  in  Ilio  It^lh  century,  so  caUn 
btcauHbe  r^jouli^  fiTtn  Uw^eamlAff  o 
Uie  iLpIubet  A.  paalnu,  hymnB,  &c.,  b 
whkh  distinct  port^ona  luTa  tli»  ven«i 
begin  wltli  Bucietstve  letters. 
Abel,  a'bol.  Seoond  ton  of  Adun  uu 
Kve:    mnrdered.  by  Iil*   envloiift   eldfl 

AbelBiO,  Plsire,  iUi-l»-lir.  A  dli 
tkn^fnifihal  Frencta  Acholor  and  genliu,  s 
ima,  D.  1142;  thB  first  philoKupblculciltl 
of  ttieoluj^,  but  Wf't  known  for  his  Tt 


Abeliail,  s 


las  tiio  flbildren  of  olhers.     Or  or  pertdJD- 
Ing  tu  the  DiaUiemUlcian  AbeL 
AbelmoBcb-na.  a-bel-moslius,    A  feu, 
lit  pIsniB,  ord.  MaIticvs.    a.  moKlmtua 
is  su    eFergreeu   AlirDb  or  tropicul  Asifc 

odor,  And  tiifl  Arahs  luii  them  with  cor 
fte.  A.  eAcuLentaa  la  KD  IndiHJi  onnu 
Jidda  BiDucflAftnaiu  frull,  ns'Hlin 


pun,  at  Dtoulb  of  river  E 
K.  ofKdhibiusb,  b11]i  ei 


A  Celtic  wor^  preOiBd  td 
Great  BrttulD,  and  Bigi^-- 

a,  aa  Aberdeen, 

Aberj'Btvlth. 

Aberdaviae,    'de-iins.    The   FriDgflla 
spinas  or  siskin,  a  weU^oiewn  eonr  '''"' 
•a  the  flnch  bill.    (FriogiUida:),  i 
bling  Uie  green  variety  of  Che  cumr 


Abtb.  >t4b.  i--  '» 
Jewish  eccl^fllasCical  3 
Nlean.    It  b(«ins  at  the 

AbleOlue.     et-Vai. 


The  fir,  a  kch.  af  tn 
biMif  onl.  Con^^TB, 


AbletJtea.     r'tei.     A  gm,    of    fbsoB 
Abigail,  -gii. 


U.    A  renen 
IB  or  laSy't-K 


a  East  Indhm  who 


tjpicfj  of  souJ'parllj. 
Abnet,  sb'aet.    Tba  elnUa  of  ■  Jewlah 


detj,  at  its  meeltniln  Bsslsn  In  19B2 ;  It 

WMmweediDtoBSr-"-" -"--' 

tSoa  of  that  partj. 
AboUa,   ^iiaVt. 


pent    (Bos    Abo- 

„,    ..^  Abolla. 

The  (OuHh  BtODiach  of  nunini- 

1  '  Abome7,  al-bo-mi'.    Cap.  of  Dahomej, 

I    W.  AtHls  ;  pop.  S4,000. 
,    Aboiisliies.  sb'<>-ril"l-h«z-    OdginaJ  In. 

i      haMlantto(»oi>ra«rr,t*-^-'* ' 

Sonol  ageognfiUaLw 


ABOU-HASTNES 


8 


ACACIO 


Aboti-liaxmes,  'S-hazi'n^  The  Arab 
immo  for  the  tme  Egyptian  ibis. 
Aboukir  (Bay  of),  a-boo-keer'.  In 
Egypt,  W.  ot  month  of  Nile,  celebrated 
for  Lord  Nelson's  Tlctoryover  the  French 
fleet,  known  as  the  battle  of  the  Nile, 
Aug.  1, 1T98. 

AbraoEUlabra,  'ra-ka-dal/'ra.     A  word 
pf  Eastern  origin  nsed  in  incantations. 
"When  written  as  many  times  as  it  con- 
tained letters,  the  last  letter  being  omitted 
each  time  nntil  only  one  letter  remained, 
ABEACADABEA 
ABBAGADABB 
ABEACADAB 
•    ABRAGADA 
A    B    E    A    0    A    I> 
A    B    E    A    G    A 
A    B    E    A    C 
A    B    E    A 
ABE 
A    B 
A 
and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was  beliered  to 
be  a  prerentivo  of  certain  diseases. 
Abraham,  a'bra^ham.    The  progenitor 
•f   the   }Iebrew  nation,   descendant  of 
Shem,  B.  1996  b.o.  in  Mesapotamia,  b.  at 
the  age  of  175  Tears ;  was  Duried  in  the 
caye  of  Machpeiah.     Isaao  and  Ishmael 
were  his  sons,  by  Barah  and  Hagar,  the 
latter  being  a  slave. 

Abrahamite,  -!t.  A  sect  of  Bohemian 
deists,  which  sprang  up  in  1782,  profess- 
ing to  hold  the  Mth  of  Abraham,  and 
denying  the  cUvinity  of  Christ ;  they  ac- 
cepted nothing  of  the  Bible  save  the 
Lord's  Prayer.  A  sect  of  Syrian  deists 
of  the  9th  century. 

Abraxois,  ab'f^^is.    A  gen.  of  flresh- 

water  malacopterygian  fishes,  fiun.  Cyp- 

tinidce,  containing  the  common  bream. 

Abranchia,  a-brang'ki-a.    An  order  of 

«     AnneUda  without  gills  or  branchiffi ;  the 

earthworm  and  leech. 

Abraxas,  ab-raks'as.  A  word  denoting 
a  power  which  presides  over  865  others, 
and  used  as  a  mystical  term  to  express 
the  Supreme  C^od,  under  whom  the  Bas- 
iUdians  supposed  865  dependent  deities ; 
the  principle  of  the  Onosno  hierarchy.  A 
frcm  or  stone,  with  the  word  abraxas  en- 
graven on  it.  A  gen.  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects, containing  the  magpie-moth. 

Abrocoxna,  -rolco-ma.  A  gen.  of  small 
i-odonts,  natives  of  S.  America. 

Abroma,  -ru'ma.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
StorouJiacete,  2M5e  Bettnerieffi. 

-^imtanoid,  a-brot^an-oid.     An   East 
Jndiaa  scJiarodermatona  coral. 


AbrotaxLum,  a-brot'an-um.  An  ever- 
green plant,  gen.  Arteinesia. 

Abrus,  ab^rus.  A  gen.  of  leguminous 
plants. 

Absalom,  db-sa-Idm.  Third  and  favorite 
son  of  David,  King  of  Israel.  He  rebelled, 
and  seized  the  throne,  but  -was  defeated 
and«lain  by  Joab,  Da>id'8  general. 

AbscisS€^  ab-sis'sa.  Any  part  of  the 
diameter  of  a  conic  section  mterceptcd  be- 
tween the  vertex,  or  fixed  point  where 
the  abscissae  begin,  and  another  line  called 
the  ordinate,  which  terminates  in  the 
curve. 

Absinthe,  ib'sint  An  extract  of  worm- 
wood, distilled  with  water;  agreeable  to  the 
taste,  but  intoxicating  and  injurious  to 
health. 

Absolution,  ab-so-lu'shon.  The  act  of 
absolving  or  state  of  being  absolved ;  in 
E.  C.  and  some  other  churches,  a  remis- 
sion of  sins  pronounced  by  a  priest.  Prot- 
estants ascribe  a  declarative,  but  not  an 
efficient  power  to  absolution. 

Absorbtiometer,  -sorp'8hi-om"et-er. 
An  instrument  to  determine  the  amount 
of  gas  absorbed  by  a  unit  volume  of 
Uquid. 

Abthane,  'than.  A  lower  kind  of  no- 
bility existing  in  Scetland  at  a  very  early 
period. 

Abona,  a-bO'na.  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia. 

Abu  Bekr,  a'bu  ba'ker.  Father-in-law 
and  successor  of  Mohamet,  n.  571,  i>.  684. 
He  was  elected  GaHph  over  AH,  son-in- 
law  of  Mohamet,  and  the  contest  caused 
a  schism  in  the  church  which  still  exists. 

Abntilon,  ab-u'ti-Ion.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Maloaceee,  the  Indian  mallows. 

Abyss,  a-bis'.  A  bottomless  gulf;  any 
deep  Inimeasurable  space ;  anything  pro- 
found and  un&thomable. 

Abyssinia,  ab-is-sln'yah.  An  E.  AfVican 
kingdom,  lying  between  85®  and  43«>  E. 
Ion.,  and  7*'  80^ and  15®  40'  N.  lat 

Acacia,  a-ka'shi-a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Leguminosaj,  sub-ord.  Mimosea;, 
usually  of  striking  beauty.  Some  of  the 
species  produce  catechu,  some  exude  gum 
arable. 

Acacian,  -an.  A  member  of  certain 
sects  of  the  5th  century,  led  by  Acacius, 
bishop  of  Ctesarea,  and  Acacius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople. 

Acacio,  -6.  A  heavy  durable  wood  ol 
the  Tcd-mahogany  character,  but  darker 


ACADEMIGS 


AOGIDENTAL 


Aoadexnios,  ik-ordSmlks.  Anefeiit  Gre- 
cian philosophers  who  taught  the  doe- 
trtnes  of  Socrates  and  Plato  as  to  the 
uncertain^  of  knowledge  and  the  inoom- 
prc^ensibuity  of  truths. 

Academy,  &-kM'e-me.  Derived  from  a 
garden  orvlIlaofAeademas,  near  Athens, 
in  which  Plato  held  Ma  philosophical  oon- 
fnrences.  Its  present  meaning  is  an  asso- 
Nation  of  persons  for  purposes  of  study, 
or  schools  ot  medium  rank. 

Acadian,  ark&'di-an.  A  native  of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Bootia. 

Aci^oa,  akVjd.  A  gum  from  the  ma- 
hogany-tree. 

Acaleph,  -ISf.  A  member  of  the  ord. 
Acalephffi,  <»*  sea-nettles. 

Acalephse,  a-ka-lg'fS.  A  name  applied 
to  marine  animals  ot  the  sub-kinigdom 
Cflelenterata,  and  represented  by  the  Me- 
dusidas  and  their  luUes,  known  as  sea- 
nettles,  sea-blubbers,  Jelly-fish,  &e.  The 
MedusidsB  are  gelatinous,  consisting  of  an 
mnbreUa-shaped  disk  containing  canals 
which  radiate  from  tiie  center ;  all  have 
thread  urticatb^  organs  which  dischaige 
minute  barbed  fractures  that  Irritate  like 
the  sting  of  a  nettle. 

Acanaceous,  ak-a-na'shus.  Armed  with 
prickles  :  rigid  prickj^  plants,  such  as  the 
pine-apple. 

Aoanthocephala,  a-kan'thd-sef'a-Ia. 
An  ord.  of  mouthless  Entozoa,  having 
curved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis  to 
attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  ani- 
mals. 

Acantho-derma,  -der^ma.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  fishes,  with  strong  fln-spines,  allied 
to  Balistes. 

Acanihodidse.  ak-an-thd'di-de.  Aflun. 
of  fossil  fishes,  including  the  gen.  Acan- 
thodes. 

Acanthophis,  arkan'th5-fls.    A  gen.  of 
small  venemous  oolubrine  snakes,  Uietall 
.   of  which  is  ftimished  with  a  homy  spur  at 
the  end 

Acanthopteri,  ak-an-thop'ter-l.  A 
group  of  spine-finned  osseous  fishes. 

Aoanthoteuthis,  a-kan'tho-tu''thIs.  A 
gen.  of  fossil  cuttle-fishes  occurring  in  the 
ooUte. 

Acanthums,  ak-an-thu'rus.  A  gen.  of 
acanthopterygious  fishes. 

Acanthylis,  'thi-Ils.  A  gen.  of  birds  of 
the  swallow  family. 

Acarida,  a-klu-'i-da.  A  division  of  Arach- 
nida,  including  mites,  ticks  and  water- 
mit€«,  the  cheese-mite  and  the  itch-mtte 
2f0ti^  exawpJes. 


Acanthns,  a-kan'thoa.      BearVbrooeh 
or  brankursfne,  a  gen.  ot  prickly  plants, 
ord.     Acanth*- 
cee.    An  orna- 
ment   resem-  

bling  the  foliage  _iaWJ7vr^  h^4/  # 
of  the  acanthus, 
said  to  have 
been  invented 
byCalUmachus, 
who  took  the 
idea  of  the  Cor-  Acanthus, 

inthian  capital  trom  observing  an  A.  sur- 
rounding a  basket  placed  over  a  tomb. 

Aoapuloo,  i-ki-pooinco.  The  principal 
Mexican  port  on  the  Pacific ;  i>op.  5,000. 

Acamar,  -kar'nfir.  A  bright  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Erid*. 
anus. 

Acatalectic,  OEatra-lek'^tlk.  A  vera* 
which  has  the  complete  nimiber  of  avl- 
lablea. 

AcathifltoB,  ak-a-tfafe'taa.  In  the  eariy 
Greek  Ch.  a  thanksgiving  hymn  to  the 
Virgin,  sung  at  Oonstaotinoplo  on  the 
Saturday  c  'the  5th  week  of  Ijeat. 

Acaulee,  a-kal'fig.  Plants  which  have 
cither  a  verv  indistinot  or  no  stalk,  as 
lichens,  fhngi,  algis,  ^be. 

Accentor,  ak-senf  er.  One  that  sings  the 
leading  oart  A  gen.  of  insessorial  birds, 
ftm.  Sylviids,  sab-fiun.  Aooentorine. 

Acciaooatara,  af chSk-k&-t5''r&.  A 
grace-note  one  semttone  bek>w  the  note  to 
which  It  Is  prefixed. 

Accidence.  ak'8l-den&  That  pari  of 
grammar  which  treats  of  the  aoda^ts  or 
Inflection  of  words.  A  small  book  contsth- 
ing  the  rudiments  of  grammar. 

Accident,  ak'si-d^L  Chance,  or  wha| 
happens  by  chance ;  an  event  which  pr(h 
ceeds  from  an  unknown  cause,  or  is  an 
unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  apd 
therefore  not  expected;  anything  which 
takes  place  or  begins  to  exist  without  an 
efficient  intelligent  cause  and  without  de- 
sign. 

Accidental, 'al. 

Happening  b  y 
chtuQce  or  acci- 
dent, or  unex- 
pectedly.A.point 
is  that  point  in 

which  a  right  line  ux<>«tu  uvui  wto  ^^o 
parallel  to  another  glvei)  right  line  cuts 
the  picture  or  plane.'  ThuQ,  suppose 
▲  B  to  be  the  line  giyen  in  p€n*8pecave, 
o  F  E  the  perspective^  plutel  i>  the  eye,  o  n 
the  line  parallel  t6  ▲  B;'then  is  o  the  aod' 
dental  p^t. 


Accidental  Point 
drawn  from  .the  eye 


ACCIPTTKBS 

AoolpltieB,  -si]>'l-t 


nrannurd.  tho  I 


le  luu]<I  on  the  loilght'i 


■Aooomplice,  -knm'pUs.  An  usodite  In 


&aacmtra, -M'lsr.   Todreu;  Mmsj' In 
A  iblttlAiy  ^bflBS,  or  oqnJp  for  mlbLarr  ht- 

■ts.  Mmisry  lines 

A  nntt ;  HpwitlaaELj.  a  Biu^le  IiLjf 
or  die,  or  Uio  curd  or  fr '  - 


DCl'dll 


»  fleld  » 


whlchJudii-i  took  for  betfnytDE  his  tna*- 
ter,  BincrttliBMrl^MiiocKl.    U<«l  flgiir- 
htlvuly  of  any  place  etr^edbj  ^ngliter. 
Aoephala,    i-sero-lo.      A   dtvlilaD   of 

Acephall,  -II.    An  Ei^pttui  sent  of  tbt 

■  with  the  ftfrlnroliofAltiandrta.  Clcrsy 
iii>t  Uvlni;  imder  eplfcopul  JnrledluUDn^ 
Bnd  binbonH  Dxomnt  from  pHbriHTchal  in- 
rlmtlnHnn.  A  eoRncllEiunniDiiiid  witboiit 
thehuthorlty  DftbepdpB,  AdIub  tn  tbs 
rd^  of  Hfliuy  I.  who  would  p^kaowjod^e 

parti^Q  by  aactcat  writfra  to  bayono  hrada- 
AiHplialooyst,  'sl-B-slst.  A  dydatid,  or 


Ace-polut.  li^p-iiDt. 


l4)rai«d  loolLnKoua  mlmnln,  at^n  to  tba 
Aply^lffi,  roEupcehoDdlnf  iim  gen.  BuUa. 
&COTaoeie.  &-Acr-k'Bfr&  An  ord.  of 
plontd,  uoDiprebendln^  tbs  mapEefl,  ui4 

dlrotyledoncpnti  plBnt»;  th{T«  are   uboBt 

troejt  or  sbrubfi,  imd  liirldaiwfct.  muoU- 


id  jieldi 


vaHow  Boii  raldUb  Ayen.  ^ 
Aogrlna.  m-cr-Vna.    A  fffn. 
thoptetygloufl  Bfibes,    Cmi.    F 
perchea;  the  mffe  or  i^^pe  (A.  i 

AoeronH.   's^ns.      GhaOy;    i 
Lo  hut  of  i 

tenMiil». 
Acetabnlma,  -hmt.  ; 


Acetsl,  a-M'lal.  A  mlorlen.  moMa 
UqoJd,  i>rodmwd  br  Ibe  Imperniat  oxida- 
tion of  k]uobnl,  tindi.Ttli(TlDfliTeiiaoof  pla- 

lIlntoaccltFiKJd. 
Acetamlde. -jpt'D-mld.  A  white  citsioI- 

nliun  aneuto,  or  by  hantliiB  ethyl  OMlato 
Aoetarlons,  inHT'-U'rl-iis.    A  term  np- 

Aoatia,  a-s«t'lk.  HstIiie  lb?  propeHlea 
of  vlnpgBj- ;  flour.  Oominon  aoolia  elber  la 
a  aolorrehp,  volatile  fluid,  a  flaTotin^  iwn- 
latuantln  wines.    It  iHmBdobyfllHUIIng 

aootaio  of  potaab. 

Aoetlfler.  1-n-er,  An  apiinnilnii  for 
hnfltonUff  the  aoldlfloitloii  of  ferukentod 


ACimiST£K 


Gompoeltffi,  4«. 
AcherontJa,  sk-n^n'alit 

BpMngldK;  ^e  datli'>-ba 
ActtBTBAt,  ik'er-s«t.  An  jii 

Acliillea.  a-kS 


•a  food  In  ChlU  sod  Pern. 
Aijhirlta,  nk'l-rlt.    I^mld  mBlacliiu. 
Actalms,  »-trnis.     A   gen.  of  (lJih«, 

Bun.  PleuroDecllda  (lUt-flili«),  ImoUog 


AoUtk.  't'V-M.  A  mnvk^la  mnp  of 
wer  pluuiuppDud  lab<iii)Diit<r  ti>rni4 
of  tang\  :  Ibey  ktdw  purwIHisUy  on  imt 
flk9.  Oaii,  Trogi,  or  deayln;  jibnU. 

Achnmutina.     nk-ram's-tlim.      Tha 

liiff  dJffVent  diipciujT«  power. 
Aflior,  I'kor.     Snld-hfad.    t  dLieus   nf 

Aohras,  ik'ru.  A  era.  ef  tnplnJ  inM, 
ard.SMpotHvf,ir1UiaDUrel«UjMrylHTflL 
and  >i«ldlng  ■  milky  fluid. 

Aohronutlc.  -ru-nul'ik.  DsRItuU  ot 
poAing  U  Into  1(4  prlaury  fioli^ 


HbBTp  polntA,  bluchttl  to  a  cord  w1 
«nsbW  tha  Boldlo-  to  dnv  It  back  a 
having  laanchul  It  n^n^t  on  ecomy. 
Aclinic,  a-kUD'Ik.  Havlne-  no  Incll 
ne^borhood  of  tb«  t«rr««1r1>]  vqoa 


ODtaUy. 


VHofckern.  In  Aatn 
flompuyuf  Btv. 


ACXJNCAGUA 


12 


ACEOTERIUM 


Aqonoasma,  ah-t^on-kah'gwoh.  The 
highest  peak  of  the  Andes  Mountains ; 
2S,910  feet. 

Aconitom,  -on-I'tam.  A  gen.  otpcAaon- 
ous  herbaoeoos  plants,  ord.  Konuncula- 
cetB. 

Aoontiadee.  A-ko(n-t['-ard&  A  torn,  of 
sauriaiK  reptiles,  of  which  the  gen.  Aoon- 
tias  is  the  type. 

Acontias,  'ti-as.  A  gen.  of  timid  lacer- 
tian  rontilee,  groap  Sdnooidei,  with  rudi- 
ments T^nly  ofthe  nind  limbs,  allied  to  the 
nlow-worm  of  Britain. 

Aporaceao,  kor-a's^C.  Sweet-flags  ;  a 
n»t.  ord.  of  hcrbaoeous  plants,  of  whidi 
the  gen.  Acorus  is  the  type. 

AcorxL,  a'kom.    The  seed  or  nut  of  the 

oak  tree. 
Acos'miszn,  -koz'mlzm.    The  denial  of 

the  existence  of  an  eternal  world. 

Aoosmillill,  'mi-nm.  A  group  of  Bra- 
zlHan  plants,  ord.  Legnminosn. 

Aootyledon,  -kot-il-«''don.  A  plant 
whose  spores  are  not  ftimished  vrith  coty- 
ledons or  seed-lobes. 

Aoouohy,  -kosh-i.  The  oHvecayy  or  Su- 
rinam rat,  a  small  species  of  agouti. 

Aooometer,  -koum'et-er.  An  Instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  acuteness  of  the 
sense  of  hetuing. 

ACOUS^,  -kous'tik.  Pertaining  to  the 
senseor  organs  of  hearing.  A  name  given 
to  such  of  wie  disciples  of  Pythagoras  as 

'  had  not  completed  tneir  five  years*  proba- 
tion. 
'Acxe,     a'ker.      Originally,      an     op«i, 
ploughed,  or  sowed  fietd.    A  quantify  of 
bund,     containing    160    square  rods   or 

■perches,  or  4,840  square  yards.  The 
Hootch  aero  is  larger  than  the  English,  48 
Scotch  acres  being  equal  to  61  English 
acres.  The- Irish  acre  Is  also  larger  than 
the  English,  100  Irish  acres  being  neariy 
equivalent  to  162  English  acres. 

Aoxe-tellt,  -fit  A  duel  formerly 
fought  by  sin^e  combatants,  English  and 
Scotch,  on  the  debatable  land  between  the 
frontiers. 

AorididflB,  A-krid'i-d&  A  fiun.  of  or- 
thopterous  insects  containing  the  grass- 
hoppers. 

Aorobat,  'r6-bat.  A  rope-dancer;  one 
who  practices  high  vaulting. 

Aorocarpi,  ak-r6-karp1.  A  division  of 
mosses  containing  the  species  in  which 
the  capsule  terminates  tho  growth  of  a 
primary  axis. 

-Acivo^phalio,   'rd-sd-fhl'Mk.      A  term 
,»ppJed  to  the  bigh-akviH^  tr^^be^  of  men. 


Aorobates,  a> 
krob'at-C'Z.  A 
sub-gen.  of  Pet- 
aurus,  a  gen.  of 
marsupial  ani- 
mals, ram.  Phal- 

an^stidfe,  indig-       Opoesum  Monaau 
enous    to   Aus- 
tralia,   containing  the  opossuia  mousei, 
one  ofthe  smallest  of  tho  Morsuiiialia. 

AcrociniUB,  -sl'nns.  A  c-cn.  of  longl> 
com  coleopterous  lnM>ots,  liun.  Coram by- 
cidfo,  ha^ing  tho  spinu  on  each  side  of  the 
thorax  movable ;  tho  harlequin  beetle  of 
S.  America  is  tho  type. 

Aorocomia,  -ko'mi-a.  A  gen.  of  Amer- 
ican plants,  ord.  Palmacea>,  allied  to  the 
oocoa-palra  ;  includes  some  of  the  most 
mii^estic  palms. 

AcrodlUB,  -dus.  A  gen.  of  plaooid  fossil 
fishes,  with  large  enameled  striated 
teeth,  common  in  the  chalk  and  oolite. 

Acroflren,  -jen.  An  acrogeneous  plant, 
a  division  of  the  Cryptogamia,  oistin- 
guished  by  the  mode  of  impregrnation 
from  the  Thallogens.  Tho  age  of  A.  In 
QeoL,  the  carboniferous  era,  when  thoy 
were  the  characteristic  vegetablo  forms. 

Acrognathns,  a-krog'na-thus.  A  gon* 
of  fossil  fishes  of  the  salmon  fkmtly,  oo- 
cmring  in  the  lower  chalk. 

Acroerrapliy,  'rarfl.  The  art  of  pro- 
ducing desigBS  in  relief  on  metal  or  stone 
by  etching. 

Acro-narootdos,  ak'ro-niir-kot'lks.  A 
division  of  poiscHis  of  vegetable  origin, 
whidh  produce  stupor,  coma,  paralysis  and 
convulsions. 

Acronyc,  a-kron^.  Culminating  at  mid- 
night :  said  of  a  star  which  rises  as  tho  sun 
i»ets,  and  sets  as  the  sun  rises  ;  opposed  to 
oosmicaL 

Acrolein,  -krOle-In.  A  colorless  limpid 
liquid  obtained  by  distilling  glycerine 
with  acid  potassium  sulphate.  A.  Is  the 
aldehyde  of  the  allyl  series. 

Acropolis,  -krop'o-Bs.  The  citadel  of  a 
Grecian  city;  that  of  Athens  contained 
some  of  tho  finest  buildings  of  tho  city. 

Acrosaxinis,  ak'rO-sa-rus.  An  extraor- 
dinary fossil  reptile,  with  thirty  or  forty 
teeth,  occurring  in  the  trias  sandstones  of 
8.  Africa. 

Acroteriuin,  ak-rO-te'ri-um.  An  orna- 
ment, the  apex  or  angles  of  a  pediment ; 
the  pinnacles  or  other  ornaments  on  the 
horizontal  copings  or  parapets  of  build- 
ings. In  Anat.  an  extremity  of  the  human 
body,  as  a  hand,  a  foot. 


ACBOfiFISE 


IS 


ADAMS 


AoroBpize,  -eplr.  The  flnt  leaf  which 
rlaes  above  fhe  groand  when  com  germin- 
ates ;  also  the  mdimentary  stem  or  jDrst 
leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the  de- 
yeloped  plumule  of  the  seed. 

Acrostio,  a-kros^tik.  A  oompoeition  in 
verse,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and 
last,  or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines, 
taken  in  order,  form  a  name,  motto.  Ac. 
A  Hebrew  poem  of  which  the  initial  let- 
ters of  the  lines,  or  stanzas,  were  made  to 
run  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in 
their  order.  Twel-v^  of  the  psalms  are  of 
this  character. 

Acta,  'ta.  A.  Sanctomm,  the  Acts  of  the 
Saints :  applied  to  all  collections  ot  ancient 
saints  and  martp^ ;  the  name  of  a  work 
begun  by  the  Bollandists,  a  society  of 
Jesuits,  in  1648,  and  not  yet  completed. 

Actaaa,  -td'a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  £an- 
nncuiaoee,  called  rattle-snake  herbs. 

Actian,  'shi-an.  Relating  to  Aotinm,  a 
town  of  Epfrns,  as  A.  games,  instituted  by 
Augustus  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  near  that 
town,  Sept.  8,  b.  o.  81 ;  they  were  cele- 
l»tited  every  five  years.  Hence  A.  years, 
reckoned  from  that  era. 

Actinia^  -tin^i-a.  A  gen.  of  zoophvtes, 
Badiata,  type  class  Acttnosoa,  sub-King- 
dom Goelenterata,  the  mouth,  when  spread, 
resembling  the  petals  of  a  flower. 

AotixiladaB,  -VardS.  A  fiim.  of  Ccelente- 
rata,  ord.  Helianthoida,  of  which  the  gen. 
Actbda  is  the  type. 

Actinimi,  -izm.  The  radiation  of  heat 
or  light,  or  that  branch  of  natural  philoso- 
phy which  treats  of  snch  radiation.  The 
proper^  of  the  chemical  part  of  the  Bun*s 
rays  which  prodnoes  chemical  combina- 
tions and  decompositions. 

Aotinooarpus,  -O-kfir^'pus.  A  gen.  of 
I^ants,  ord.  AUsmacefB ;  star-flrult. 

AotinogTaph,  -graf.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  and  registering  the  variations 
of  actinio  or  chemical  influence  in  the  solar 
rays. 

Actixiolite,  -nt.  A  mineral,  nearly  al- 
lied to  hornblende,  consisting  of  silica, 
calcium,  ma^esinm  and  iron.  A.  schist, 
a  metamorphio  rock  consisting  of  actino- 
lite,>mioa,  quartz  or  feldspar. 

Actdnosoma,  '6-sd''ma.  A  term  em- 
ployed to  designate  the  entire  body  of  any 
aotmozoOn. 

Actinote,  -dt.  A  radiated  mineral,  con- 
sisting of  silicate  of  calcium  and  magne- 
riam. 

Acuminate,  a-ka'min-ut  Pointed ; 
acute  ;  applied  to  leaves. 


Afltinoaoa,  ^6-a5^^a.  A  dMa  of  radiated,, 
soft  marine  zoophytes,  the  Bea-anem«nes, 
corals,  sea-pens,  Ac.    They  present  that 
strangCMgenerative  phenomenon  known  as 
metagenesis  or  alternation  of  generation. 

Acton,  'ton.  A  tunio  made  of  taffeta  or 
leather  worn  under  the  coat  of  mail,  and 
sometimes  alone  like  a  bullboat 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  One  of  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  the  author- 
ship of  which  is  ascribed  to  St  Luke.  It 
begins  with  the  sscension,  details  the  mis- 
sionary  work  of  88.  Peter  and  Paul,  end- 
ing -mth  Paulas  arrival  at  £ome  as  a 
pnaoner^  68  a.d. 

Actuary.  ak't&-a-ri.  A  registrar  or  clerk. 
An  oflldal  In  a  joint-stock  company  whose 
duty  it  is  to  make  eompntations  required 
in  the  business. 

Aoaptmotare,  ak-Q-pnngk'tOr.  A  aor- 
gical  operation  resorted  to  in  headaches 
snd  lethargies,  consisting  in  the  insertion 
of  a  needle  beneath  the  tissues :  In  high 
repute  In  China,  Jspan  and  India;  It  Is 
now  employed- dilefly  to  relieve  neoralglo 
snd  rtieumatio  pains.  A  mode  of  Inlhntl- 
dde  in  some  oountrles,  a  needle  behw 
forced  into  the  brain  through  the  spiniH 
marrow. 

Aoatenaoalnm,  'ft-t£-nak"Q-lnm.  A 
needle  with  a  handle,  used  In  stitching  a 
wound. 

Adam,  ad'am.  The  name  of  the  flrst 
man ;  the  progenitor  of  the  human  raoe. 
A  sergeant  or  bailifl^  explained  as  reforinff 
to  the  fkct  that  the  buirwom  by  the  baiUff 
resembled  the  native  buff  or  our  flrst 
psrent. 

Adamite,  sd'am-It.  A  sect  of  virion- 
aries  of  the  8d  century,  who  pretended 
to  establish  a  state  of  innocence,  a-^d  Uke 
Adam,  went  naked.  They  abhorred  mar- 
riage, Wding  it  to  be  the  effect  of  sin. 

Adar,  &'dir.  The  18th  sacred  and  6th 
civil  Hebrew  month,  answering  to  the 
latter  part  of  February  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

Adams,  John.  The  8d  President  ot 
U.  8.;  B.  1785,  d.  July  4,  1826 ;  native  of 
Massachusetts :  elected  Yioe-Preeldent  in 
1787,  re-electea  In  1792,  and  succeeded 
George  Washington  In  1797;  held  the 
Presidency  but  one  term,  being  defeated 
by  Thos.  JeflSerson. 

Adams,  John  Qninoy.  Son  of  above; 
6th  President  of  U.  S. ;  B.  1767,  d.  1818 ; 
succeeded  James  Madison  as  President  in 
1825 ;  defeated  by  Gen.  Jackson  in  1828 ; 
elected  to  H>>use  of  Bepresentatlves  In. 
1830,  and  held  the  seat  nntU  his  death. 


ADAlUNTniE 

itllM,  id-MDnatnn. 
briltla.    A.-atfi  1>  a 

B-danilk.   Fertaliiliig  V>  Adun. 

a  meAJifl  red  ovth. 

c*bb«h-tn«,  or  bwibab-lnte  of  Bane^. 
Adai>la.   'l-l;lji.     An  eiUnct  mnmnuil  of 

the    tertluy    fbiTQAtJon,    reHoibriDr    b 

fatid^eboff,  but  About  tiaen  Umea  Its  alze. 
Adaioe.  ■^Ir'iL    A  ■; 

lued  to  oleuH  tlte  >kii 

Ailarooii.  too.    In  Jewitb  uitlq.  >  eold 

cofn  werth  (boat  SOg.  itarllng. 
Adawlet.    s-da' 

let.    U  Ae  "— 


ADJUTANT^ERKKAL 


u  Up- 


DT  |!llH>  b«df 
,  bSTa  »  kind  of  mpenuitDni 

cnrijig  the  bite  of  uddera. 
Addiwui.    Joaoph.      The    oelsbnlBl 

Englisb  eiuj^Bt  J  b.  IBTZ.  n,  171$.. 
AdditloilT  Ad-dUh'uD.    Joining  sercral 

tblngH  togeliief.    In  Arllh-,  flrrt  of  the 

.  Aden.  i'dsD.    An  Anblu  aeaport,  b«- 
lADCliig  to  Great  Britain ;  coalinK  iladon 
Rir  Klndlui  atesmen ;  pop.  M,«)0. 
AdelantadiUo,    Bd-i-l>n-ti-du1'v«.     A 
Bpudlll  rod  wine  nwde  of  the  eulIeeCrlpe 

w  jvedlcCod  fartuD«Bbj 


Adelphla,   > 

Blnsly,  oombic 


Stonlno  jttlds  red  uMidol-wood.  The 
f^ht  ftcvFet  tieeds,  /h>m  their  fqnolltv 
In  weight,  ireaeed  by  goldsmiths  la  the 
Kut  as  wolf  hte, 

AdeB,  or  Hadea.     The  god  of  Hi-I[ 
unonnt  the  Greeks,  often  lued  ae  the 

Adlantum.    •d-l-sn'tDm.      A   gen.    of 


[ictj  bodiei'wIUi  nltile  icid. 
Adlpooere,  id'l-pS-si^r.     A   sol 


a  s 


ugUliioeoaa  Iron-oro  of  Merthjr;  adlpo- 

AdlpvUL.  vdip'id-a.     The  lolil  obeenoe 

AdliQudock  Uonutaiiui,  Id-e-rSn- 
dit.  A  apur  of  tho  Ai)piilaiilm«,  In  N. 
E.  New  Vort.  S.  <,f  ILka  rhumiiWi.; 
Mt.  Mmcj.  thu  highest  peak,  la  6,J(lr  fuot 


Adjutant,   SeottonofUinerslUlne. 

Tfflcer,  next  In  rnnk  to  tlio  coi.itnander- 
ln.chlet.  Hb  euiiertnti^nda  the  detail,  of 
■11  th«  dlapoBltloiia  ordered  hj  tbe  com- 


i3JJDTAHT-BIBD 


LdUAto.  a^Vnat.  OivwId;  iitlvihfd ;  lit 
Uchf^d  by  rAiUbi^ ;  having  tbA  i^Jmictar' 
of  on  pptpliyalfl.  In  IkiL  appUud  Lo  a  part 
araa  urffimum  Btlochcd  tofmotberhyitt 
whula  (eogti.  Tbu8  ilipBlM  A.  ctow  lo 
tlio  poClolg,  m  In  tlio  nigv.  A.  snthiTi  m 
nailed  to  their  Bluntnli  ju  In  tho  mniio- 

■P[>Jled  io  thidr  BUin. 
Adoba.iHU'be.    Astm-dricrlbriakj  bnOt 


prdwfng:  llpp]|pil»ln)oat«icliialTDlrtii  tk" 

Uoptlan,  -dop'ebt-on.  Of  or  portslnlnf 
to  ibe  doctrioB  of  Hdaptlon.  A  ooi.^ni' 
nrvf  origlnntod  In  Bpaln  fn  tho  Sth  om- 
tiiry  ^th  tlie  Arfihtplahap  of  Toledo,  nbo 
nialntaineil  Uul  altbougli  Cbrlst.  inrtupnt 
efhladlTtr^o  niktoro,  wim  by  ^entiwlon  tbo 
Bon  of  God,  yet  thut^UTApvdA  blshiunui 
rmlurf,  ha  wu  only  a  dedued  And  Adopt- 

&dolode.  lul'iV-lfid.      An   nppuUui  Sir 


morry-joULinp. 
Uania.  -as-n~ 
tba  Hin  of  dni 


Adania.  -as-n1i.      In  Ornik  mytli.  tb* 

'      ritii  DrATibn)d!ta(V«i<i').  «<■  to  ■■ 

■on  of  CLnyi««,  klnc  vfCypnu.     Qa 

vfd  B  norkl  uo^nd  from  >  wUd  bov. 


'blob  bcoTBhla 
Adoniat, 


of  Cyprus. 

Aon. «  wild  b^_. 

cbonnMl    bbn  Into  the  pint 
„-ii  his  name.    In  list,  ii  gen.  of 

'rd  Jobovi 


tab«1c 


oloneliic'  lo  tbo  word^  Adonal  ind 
Bppllco  lo  the  IneBhblo  lumo  Ja- 


prononnos  tha  word  AdoDAl 

;jL'lin«ib. 
Ailoraed.-dont'.   laHiiF.Bt 

two  uilmBls.  blrdfl.  DBhcfl.  or 

in^,  ptuud  bEUilc  to  bub. 
Adnata  Tnnioa,  ^d-nu'ti! 

alii,  koovm  ss  the  »!il1o  of  th< 
Adoxa,  B-dolu'n.    A  gon.  of 

djirttaancea ;  lbs  aowcrs  U 


prfiflt'.      BruicbH 


Hadrian,     fuliilna 

-    '" l'eIierg..lLi, 


Adfluk, 
.  pnhlln  sptritDd  ir 

™"'a.  it?  (ifloliolu  BrakospMrQl,  nn 

Bjbllo  cftlnhUshod  In  Ktmin  liy  Arnold  of 
crtcit,  Biiil  compelled  FntApilrti   Bsr- 

ftLfmip  while  h*.  mounted  hla  hareo; 
dais  or  blnh   undown;   cloclad  poptj 

Adrlanople,  ■d-ri-ao-S'r^.  The  ieoond 
jArgmt  city  of  EurdpfiAti  Turkey,  107  m. 
N.  W,  of  Oon.Omt&Dplo;  nuanibetarta 
Bllka  uit  dye  Btutr> ;  pop.  IDO.WO. 

Adrlanople-tad,  -Fd.      Tnrtey-rod : 


H  BriWn  Md  bnluSo  wjif 


jMrognUoa.  -ro-gil'gban, 
■doptlon  In  snvlent  Itom 

^'""A  'K'ui  °'tt '"""ta 
Adaoriptiia  g-lebn,  -il 
B«loa^iiK  u  the  loO,  u  n  r 


Ad  Talorem,iid  vl-UVruIn.     AceuriUng 

Advent,  'rent.    A  oomlng ;  smudmIi  ; 

-  A  period' tncladlDR  tOur  HonilavB  belori 
OhrlBtmikB,  bcfrlunlDe  on  Bt,  Andre^r'e 
day,  or  on  tho  Buadny  ran™t  lo  11  ellhir 
Woro  or  fiflpr  It.  ftODDlnted  bv  the  Bvnod 
of  I«iila,  M 


AdYBntnrer, 


ce  to  the  coming  c 

^g**a,=  one  u-bo  Crka  to  keep  up  s  certil 
^  •iUcrvtiiubla  or  erimlmj  expaiileata. 


th>tyi|iialliyiulJcn:Llvi 
Adveraifollate,  -v.>r>'i-lB"U->t.  Hit. 
ing  opposite  Inves;  applied  to  planU 
whwn  ttiu  leavua  nro  opposllo  eoob  olher. 


Advoyer,  n-vol'cr.    A  e 
Adynamon,  -dln's-mon 


AdytanL,  a 

Uollee  wu  > 
Adze,  odi. 


side  outwards  it 
.  _  Jiole  At  ioAtflt  tt 
hnndlo, 

S.  The  rraihol  Dii?d  to  deiiDte  the  third 
elaas  of  irnnden  and  oompoalts  iblpg  In 
Lloyd's  r--" ■ — 


lu  ebd,  Bhd  hlvihg  b 


'lj;hy    Polka  ■WesringUw 


^£Q£BIID^ 


17 


JBSOP 


JBsesiidflB,  Mer-Vi-dS,  A  fiun.  of  Lepi- 
doptera,  seo.  Heterocera. 

JBgioemmj  -^'er-as.     A  gen.  of  small 

trees,  orcUMyninacen,  natives  of  India 

,    and   Australia.      Their  seed   germinate 

-while  still  on  the  trees,  and  send  down 

Srpendlcalar  roots  in  to 'the  mad,  and 
oa  form  impenetrable  thickets. 

JBtfilops,  dj'i-15ps.    An  abscess  in  the 
canthus,  or  comer  of  the  eye.     A  gen.  of 
-|dAnt8,  ord.  Oraminaoee. 

.Sffle,  'glc.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  An- 
rantiace»,  -with  Sbparate  stamens. 

^Rmllfnui,  Paulus,  mO'Tos.  A  Bo- 
man  general  who  oonquored  Macedonia 
and  made  it  a  Boman  province ;  d.  160 
B.  c. 


A  prlnoe  of  Troy,  son  of  An- 
diises  and  the  goddess  Yenns.  With  the 
ftil  of  Troy  he  settled  in  Latinm ;  tradi- 
tion ascribes  to  him  the  oonmiencement 
of  the  Soman  £mpb«. 

JSBneid.  -nd'id.  An  epio  poem  written 
by  Virgil,  of  which  uEneas  is  the  hero.  It 
describes  the  taking  of  Troy,  the  wander- 
liigs  of  ^neas,  andthe  final  settlement  of 
himself  and  oompanions  In  Italy. 

2BoIixia,  -d-n'na.  A  modification  of  the 
aooordeon.    . 

iBpyomia, -pi-or^nis.  A  gen.  of  gigantic 
birds  found  fossil  in  Mada^scar. 

.iZEra  or  Era.  S'rah.  A  division  of  time. 
Christians  reckon  from  the  date  of  Christ^s 
birth,  which  is  fixed  in  the  4th  year  of  the 
Olympial,  and  the  753d  year  of  the  found- 
ing of  Rome.  There  are  eleven  principal 
eras  in  history. 

JBrarian.  •r&M-an.  A  Boman  citizen  of 
tiie  lowest  doss  of  free-men,  who  paid 
only  a  poll-tax,  and  had  not  the  suffiiige. 

Aerate,  &'er-it.  To  combine  with  car- 
bonic add  or  other  gas,  or  with  air ;  to 
change  the  circulating  fluids  of  animals  by 
the  agency  of  the  air.  A.  waters,  addu- 
lons  and  alkaUno  beverages,  impregnated 
with  carbonic  add ;  It  is  the  most  common 
carbonic  acid  water,  colled  soda-water. 

Aexian,  -c'ri-an.  One  of  a  branch  of 
Arians,  so  called  firom  Aerius,  who  main- 
tained that  there  is  no  difference  between 
bishops  and  priests. 

Aeridea,  -er'l-dSz.  A  gen.  of  epiphytal 
plants,  era.  Orchidaoe». 

AerodynaTnlog,  ^er-o-dl-nam^aks.  The 
science  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and  other 
gases. 

Aeroli3rdrodynainio,  -ht'drS-di-nam''- 
ik.  Acting  by  the  power  of  air  and  water. 
A,  whei^  AD  MpparatuB  Ibr  transmitting 

power  to  a  great  diatanoe. 


Aerolite,  -lit.  A  stone  fidUyg  from  the 
air  or  atmospheric  regions;  a  meteoric 
stone;  some  suppose  theih  to  be  pro- 
jected by  lunar  volcanoes,  by  others  they 
are  thought  to  be  formed  in  the  air  by  the 
union  of  simpler  forms  of  matter  volatil- 
ized from  the  earth's  surface;  but  they 
are  doubtiess  oosmioal  bodies  of  the  same 
nature  as  shooting-stars,  revolving  round 
the  earth,  and  IkUing  when  they  come 
within  its  attraction.  Analyzed  uiey  ore 
found  to  consiflt  of  twenty-two  of  the  ele- 
ments found  in  terrestrial  minerals,  the 
most  prominent  being  malleable  metaUio 
iron  and  nickel 

AerolOffy,  -ol'o-ji.  That  branch  of  phys- 
ics which  treats  of  the  air. 

Aeromanoy,  -^man^'si.  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air  and  winds  or  atmos- 
pheric substances. 

Aerometer,  -er-om'et-er.  An  inntm- 
ment  for  a:)certaining  the  density  of  air 
and  gases. 

Aeronaut,  K'w-6-n^  An  aerial  navi- 
gator or  balloonist. 

Aerophobia,  -fd'^bl-a.  A  dread  of  air 
common  in  hydrophobia. 

Aerophyte,  -fit  A  plant  which  Uvea 
exclusively  tn  air. 

Aerosite,  -alt  Dark  red  silver  ore ; 
pyrargyrito. 

Aerostat,  -stat  A  machine  or  vessel 
sustaining  weights  in  the  air;  air  bal- 
loons. 

JBschylus,  ds-ki'lus.  The  first  of  the 
three  eminent  tragic  Grecian  poets,  and 
inventor  of  the  trilogy ;  author  of  Prome- 
theus Bound.  Also  oistinguished  as  a 
warrior,  b.  025  b.  c.  Was  killed  by  a  tor- 
toise dropped  by  an  eagle,  b.  c.  456. 

.SschynanthiUB,  C*s-kln-an'thus.  A  gen. 
of  epiphytal  plants,  ord.  Ot^sneracese. 

2Ei8Ciilaoe8B,  -ka-lA's^-^.     A  group  of 

giants,   HippocastanesB,  induded  in  the 
apindaceffi.    The  horse-chestnut  bdongs 
to  this  group. 

JEsculapius,  'pe-fis.  The  God  of 
Medicine,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis  ^or 
Larissa) ;  Hygeia,  one  of  his  daughters  oy 
Epione,  was  the  most  celebrated  of  his 
six  children,  all  famous  in  the  medidtil  art. 

.SiSCuItis,  dsOcu-lfiB.  A  gen.  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  ord.  S|ipindaoetB ;  the  horse- 
chestnut  and  allied  spedes. 

.2i8ir,  S^ser.  The  general  name  for  the 
heathen  gods  of  Scandinavia. 


— .^^,  'sop.  A  femons  Greek  ftibulist, 
B.  in  Fhryg^  Vol  the  6th  century  b.  o.; 
sold  iato  Mft^ory  \uft  o\AaIaifiA.\iaitcwto 


Delphi  lutinme,  bv  tbeklnt'.hoolTcni 
the  clUuDS  by  his  foblea.  uid  \iia  isu 
ulcd.    Hie  %bici  were  not  reduced 


.Satho-phTBlolcvy,    'tlii>-fli'l-(il"u-jl. 

ThBph)'^lDgyOf»ellMaon;  whlchtreaU 
arthaoriFmnBoraoDae&nd  thepiirta  olthe 
1  flTferoIaa  Bubaldbiry  fuacUooji. 

term  anplled  lu  such  plaaU  ee  propi^Me 

tetoa,  lycopodlums.  and  their  aUlae.    ' 

•SthrioBcope,  eili'ri-a->kop.     An  la- 


Aetlus,  a-A'shus.  A  Romui  nnonl 
whadefeatedtbttBoTgnndlansaad  FrankA 
en  Bevcrtil  ocoulons,  and  fonwd  Blllla 
acrons  (ho  Khtne :  becomliiK  an  object  or 
Jealousy  to  ValeQtinlaDllI.,tha  Emperor, 
the  letlur  blew  Mm  with  bU  own  baad. 

AJBusnt,  nTfla-eDt.    A  trlbDtai7  stream 

Afflatus,  -flji'tus.  iDsplration  :  com- 
munleilloii  of  dlWno  knoHledgo  or  the 
power  of  propbec; ;  the  iuspiraHon  of  tbe 

AiK>reat,    (br'est.     To  eonvert  tilLible 

§^tN-.rS2i 


terior,  MuorA  m  Che  N.,  and  Copla 
'pt.  Ita  piiqclnd  elUe?  are  Oeirot 
idria.  Alg^  and  Tripoli  In  the  N., 
Lp«  Town  to  the  a.     The  popubitioa 


at  preseDt  belnff  rapldlj  explored  by  pi 
tle«  under  Btanler  and  othere. 
AftioRU,  tTrlk-u.    FertilDlng  toAfrk 
■  ■-unp.theaberobbilnodftem  tbe  leal 


(0  tWint : 


arihK  othcrwlBO  oall 
posed  to  odorsed.    Fi 


,  inff  the  apeotalor.aa 

I  of  Pnntland. 

Afgrlian.  'iraii.  A  naUTaarAliibaDlstaa ; 
akinil  of  currloge  robe. 
Afghanistan.  -gin-Ia-tin'.  An  inland 
At^atlocountry,  lyln)f  betwlAit  T6°Ciy  And 
BS»  80'  N.  1st.,  and  m"  and  12'  80-  E.  Ion., 
containing  £25,000  bo.  m.;  the  Cabul  and 

.... .  .__  the  principal  rivera.   The 

iroud  and  WBrHk  e  race,  and 


Afehana. 


Id.    The  I 


tiyboUlRi 


lOALMATOLITS 


ly  I.thmiiB  of  Suei,  Ked  Sound  Inilnn 
)oe»o  ;  8,  by  Southern  Ocean  ;  W.  by  tho 

0  84-  6U'  8.,  about'fl.iwe  m.,  and  froni 
on.  67°  M-  E.  to  W  3?  W..  n»rlr  Uie 
ame  dUuince,  lu  area  belni  12,O00M>» 
q.  m.  It  baa  14  principal  Islxod  croupa; 
te  principal  mountain  ranges  are  the  Atlas 
jidMouDUins  of  the  Moon;  ica  brgot 
lve«  the  Bile,  Klger  or  Quorra,  eeneral, 
}Qmbio,Zaire,OrflaEe,ZiinihtsiandJ  uha; 
ta  known  Istps,  Tohaddn.  I'cmbrai,  Loo- 

rho  Inhabltonta  Include  Uetlfolots  nnd 


InECTl 

•odCapA 

la  eeOmated  at  ISO.OOO^M 


AftOBatle,    affkai-l.      An   elerotlon    OD 

the  after-part  of  shipa  of  war. 
After-body,  aft'er-bo-di.    That  part  of 

aBbln'ahnll  abaft  the  mldBhips. 

--kab-ln,    Tbe  best  or 


After-damp,  all'cr 
After-ffrtnrth.  aft 


lie^  office! 


the  higher  oillcere  of  the  eultAD'a  aeragUo; 
A^allodium,  a-gnl'lok-nm,  A  name 
given  to  two  binds  of  ft-BRrantwood  used 
By  the  Orlentala  for  parflime.  The  aml- 
locbnm  of  Cochln-Chlna  Is  obtained  lh>iD 
Aloeiylon  Agallochum ;  vhtie  the  Indian 
Tariew  la  the  Aqullaria  AgnUoobH.    Botb 

83bl  reals  and  an  eaaenda]  oil  wUch  <a 
e  highly  esteemed  perfume  used  aa  fn- 


Asaimatcdlte.  a-«al- 
day-a!-"  -*-—  * — ■* 


tcAmd,  tu  OUu,  tc 


led  to  npmdw 
.  of  IndMdoal 


jD-iflt.    On«  who  nfiaea 

Aarapoathiis.  ng-a-puithnii.  A  anuill 
gm.  of  pflTflnnlAt  plutA  banging  to  tin 

A^^pe,  'g'^pi.  Among  tb*  ralmlliTe 
Ohrtittins  ft  loTft^t^agtorfHstof  obirilr, 
wh«i  wDtribDtlDnB  were  mod*  fDr  tbe 
poor,  &»ieh  fossts  wpre  held  At  Brmt  vlffl- 
ont  ncuidftl,  but  aftenrard  bfllne'  Bbuaad, 
Ikwv-en  condeinned  >l  liis  CoanoU  of 
Oarthsge.  a.  d.  Bm. 

Agnmnumnn         ag-(-ID«n'non.         Th* 

oonunandlni!  Qreek  eeoeral  at  the  al^e 
of  TroriOiiiTdflredbjlLla  wife  Cl;t«mDe«' 

ret^  ftom  ^^"noMon  of%roy. 
AMpemone,  ag-awm'o-ne.  The  abode 


__ „_,  i'gar-i'gar.     NaUTO  nai 

of  Ce]r1oii  moas  w  Bengal  lalnglasa. 

Alalia,  i-gar'ik.  One  of  the  riingl  tb 
tDrm  the  gen.  Agirteua.    A.  mlnenl. 


>  AOEHDUlf 

erZooloej-  and  Geology  nt  Harrard  On 
Ownell  OoUwe,    Jthaca,   N.  V,     Hawi 

Natural  History,  FIshef,  mil  (klmpuaU^ 
Physlolob-}' ;  d.  bee  U,  1373. 
A«ate,  Bft-it.    A  siUoeaiu.  eamt-MllDcl 
compoimd  iDloenil,  ooDnuiuitf  oT  bom 

gether,  tho  ba*u  ^i:ji<:nilly  b^ug  cT   ^ 
ony,  and  mUed  i.lth  Ja»w-    — 

Bomo  agiiiri  receubte  or  u 
□re  Imbedded.    Agota  la  cluenj  louaa  m 
trap-rooka  and  fierpeDtlDe,  ofLtn  In  the 
Rmn  of  nodulej,  cdled  geodes;  thej  rre  • 


aofllme 
id  In  Tut 


brtoka  may  be  made 
•  <"  "iter.    A  hvi'-' 
mixed  wttb 


^ate  of 

A^ariobt,  a^gi-rlah^^    The 
madrepore,  n  gan.  of  eoral  ma 

Ag&rlclill,  »%llr'l->l"nl.  A  group 
ningl  baring  the  frolt-bBanng  anrfaco 
ranged  Id  ndlidng  gilts,  aa  moshroo] 
ana  Uad'Stools. 

Afarlcna,  a-gar'Ik-DB.    A  brge  gen. 

fnngl,  ahanotnisMd  by  having  ■  fleshy 

■'-la,  indradlallDg  plates  or  gUls 

<  aoTDTdtnglo'ihe 
.  edibll 


■ioh  are'  - 
a  thoo 


color  of  their  spores.  Miny  ai 
ace  deleterious  and  even  polaono 
ASBsaix.  LonlA,  ng'game.  An 
Bwlas  natartlist,  b.  ISOT,  Immi 


.Iti  Jaauer,  amelliy*!. 


gold-wire  drawer* 


^,  fnrmed  of  a  hard  el 


AsatliodiBmon,  ag'atb-A-di 


n,  ag'att 


AsaUiotes,    a-gath's-tft.    A    gen, 
plants  fojnd  In  India,  ord.  Oen1iana« 


unpilit  frnitiDenta 


AbIo,  Vfi-o.  Tbc  iDITurrpn-  In  vilno  ba- 
lw,-.ii  japor inon«y  and insulUn  twin. 

AKiosymandron,  a'Jf-fl-(l-inin"draii. 
All  ln«niidpBl  «r»iiod  or  meOil  nwrt  by 
Chrt.'iiaiii  In  plKe  ot  b'^lli',  In  nniDtilas 
irahJMt  to  tbo  Turki,  wbo  forbid  tbolr 

AkIoIb,  ag-lil'i-L  One  of  Uis  tbne 
t»«n  tils  orbiU  of  Mm  and  Juplhr. 

A^-Iet,  uglet,     A  lax 
orjiloaoorof  IhepoTn 


'  the  mint 


»bniUi^ 


ofUnred  nnlntiorbniidhuiKlnirn-onnlie 
■houldnr  In  HUDB  millluy  UDlfonnil.    A 

A^nBitlozi.  off-nri'Ebitn.    JEoiatlan  b^  (ha 

A«iuotn,  uB-mVW.  A  smt  of  Iho  Ub 
oontHry,  folloBers  of  ThMphroniuji  the 
O.,,p«lod«.,  who  Bu«stl«n.d    t!,«  om- 


bsnnor  of  the 
eroM.  A  pmj'-  Ajfoiu  Del  thst  Wanjad 
nr  In  the  offl™  lo  Cariomiwro.  — From 
orjhe  mass  bs-      Ati-ln-Chspeila    Csthe- 


DoiF  quality,  ninsuin- 
it  by  whldb  bo  wu 


Acncwtto,  ■ 

who  dlHlsIm 


oflhoim 

A»n». 

Outos. 

.e'nq» 

speoluB  of  Vltu.  or 
diuw,  and  havlDi; 

d.  Vrrbon 

resfrvtnt: 

A»nu. 

Soythicu9,  aTnan 

TbaSoy 

iUnlamb 

f  Ihofcirn 

Oboiln.. 

«Wohl. 

oovwed  with  tUks  B 

Whmln 

arUflgUlly 

A^e, 

a^goD'lk. 

N»t  rbni 

Bl».    A. 

Hum,  iwn 

Hi.™  nd 

aurlku. 

point,  to 

Iho  trqo 

north,  01 

BDoh  of  hig  dlBclplea  ai  ha 


Afftrati,  -si' 
end  tpedti 
CaTldM,  gen. 


I  the  alle  of  a  nbblt.  It  bDitows, 
n  V(«atali1oa,  la  voradoaS  ai  a  pto, 
ikea  a  Blmllir  (rrnotliiK  nolip,    U 


Aecfota,  -eu'iM.    Ad  ii 
nai,  &ID.  TmlpldB,  and 


to   nalUTBtlita  Uiat  It  lisi  reeeLvtd  Lhs 

twth  and  clonpWd  nose  DftlieBbiiiw.  It 

A^T&pMb,  'ra-fiA.  A  ^Du.  of  pLuitfi  bo- 
lonrfng  lo  [ho  UllacHP,  ud  nnnriy  nllLBd 
b>  iho  mullls  and  hy'iolnb'. 

A^mnoziia,  -ri-mo'iii-a.    A  gen.  of  per- 

md  the  l»lter  jicllis  1  jollow  d"e. 
,&^lopeB,  -gri'd-p^E.     A  eeo.  of  tuao- 
t^mtrrygioai  Gahea^    fluu.   Odta(ihracd, 

having  atdy  nine  niya  in  Uie  pootural  llDd. 
Agrippinian,  -grip-pin 'i-»B.  A  foEow- 
M  of  ^ipriiiplBiiB,  btsbop  of  Canboeo  In 


Agnaidionte,  «'girir-dG-cnt"4.  Aioo- 
ond-c-loH  broady  nude  from  tbe  red  wfnH 
df  SpAlD  and  Portu^.  or  refoio  <]f  tbft 
prapoji  left  In  the  nibD-prFU,  Iho  bcrtplTigB 

A  Meidoui  drink  dIatiDed  ftom  thn  agave, 
Asna-tOBiI,  a'gwu-tM.  A  gigutic  spe- 
dMDf  toed  fband  In  IndrlropTaa  Auiericn 
nnd  tbs  'W«t  Indlea;  It  otter)  alond 
maring  ktnd  of  bellow. 
Ague,  fi'ga.  The  mid  fit  or  rigor  whloh 
T>fecodeB  a  fBrar  or  a  pflroiyjnn  orftver  In 
(nteFmlttenls.  A  pF-Hodiaid  ferer,  quotid- 
ian, Icrtbu,  or  qnirtan. 

F°«\^i  ^fotfon. 


AgyatmB.  a'jln-iu.     Applied  Is 
AlULb,  d'bab.      ^n   Idolalnmi  I 


nHdia-IIka  puIntB  or  tnpn  Df  granite  and 
nUwr  oryalolllno    nwkA  and    niounlaln 

Alffuillette,  u'rwII-uL  A  point  or  lar 
point  hjm^nifdovn  from  tbc  ahoulil<^; 
tu  olumldur  hi  mlUUry  unllbnns. 

Alffuisa.  a-EHvI-a.  In  Iler.  applied  lo  a 
cruM  with  tta  Iijar  tnds  ahaf|i«Dod,  but 


Allette,  il-kt'.  OoeofIli!^Bitinll  uniKra 
thlrldjofarmewoni  uiKin  IbD  .bouldrTS 

protoljpu  of  tie  modern  epanlet 
AUama,  ^-G'Ttifl.    Agen.oframlTnroai 
quadruped".  Bun.  Cc^dip.     A-  refolgBni, 
the  only  known  apeidefl,  la  tbo  panda. 
Air.  St.   The  fluid  Hhlchwutvreathc.At- 

or  ii  ojivgeo  aad  SO  er  IB  nitrogen  ;  by 
wctEht,  oAs  oiygen  to  77  nltroiien.  The 
body  of  A,  flDrroondlng  tho  earth  locallod 

AirB,  ir'a.  Hot-grtw.  m  gen.  belonglnff 
to  the  ord.  Gramlnoe. 

ijli-lng.     An   alr-llgbt 


AliABS,  BT.  S 

AlbEOls,  St.,  aul'Mni.  A  boruujU  a! 
lEdrirbnl  Oj.,  flnglofid,  DuhibnLtud  for  thij 
irlctorv  of  liiohart.  Dako  of  Torlt.  over 
Henry  VI.,  Mny  M,  14S6,  uid  tho  dofoit 


ALCHEMT 


o  icpiiitDd  ft 
of  Borne  In  the  Ittb  ecmary,  i 
mthleuly  poT»oau;uil ;  bt>  tahvd 
ytgeoit,  ■  >uuU  bsrraoTy  nillDd  Albl,  a 
town  of  Xjui^edoq  in  iTrouco. 

i&lbla,  'Un.  A  lainani  of  an  o^Hquu 
wldto  color,  a  vaflnty  of  BahmnJui  auo- 
phyllHL 

Albino,  -fcl'nS,  A  noTBon  of  nalc,  milk; 
(wiBplaiion.  with  ll);[n  liiUr  anif  pink  oy.'i, 

applied  to  anIitiidA, 
Albion,  ■I'bl.on.    An  nDclent   luune  of 

Itrltaln,  gradually  i-ojLri<:ccd  to  Sootlmid. 
Alblte,   altlt     Tt 

par;  coda  ftlspar. 
Altjorak,  sI-Ki'dlI 

on   ^hlch   Idohaiiii 

Albusinea.    al-bri-jln'i-a.      ■] 

tough  filn^ua  coating' of  thut««i 
Album.  al'huDi.  In  Boiu 
whito  tablot,  onwiiluh  the  niudu 

may  bo  Insottsd  autoarapha  or 
poetry  or  proM,  A  Soot  fbr  i 
jhologmptloTlewa,  oBrtBa  de  ■ 

^buinaa,    al-Iia''in^       t    i 

pHadpIc,  eatertBg  Into  tie 
•>r  tka  aalnal  and  vcyotobli 


fluldl    BUI 


impoaed  of  carbon,    hydrogBD, 
and  oijwn,  with  a  Uttlo  aal- 


KolldB,  compo(.._    ..    , 

nlirogoa  and  (ungea,  with 

blood,  the  humors  of  the  eye,  tLe  fluid  of 
dropsy,  thetxjafiulab]olyiDBh,ln  nutj-lU?o 

Album   Qnocom,   al'bum    groOcuin. 

vblch,  ftom  eipOBoro  to  the  air,  becomes 
whlla  lite  chalk.    It  iru  Ibnnerly  osad 

ta  aoflen  leather. 


OlLfOg^ 

Bpanlih 


&lbaera.  ^'bna-rah.  A 
town,  prov,  of  Katremadnra,  tl 
the  Ranguinary  battle  bt^Lwoeo  I 
undif  Bareb^SouIt  and  the  1 
SpADloh  mtder  Lord  Beroafurd, 


Aloald,  al-ked'.  In  Bpain,  PDrtaciU, 
&c.,acoiDmandcrofaronr«>;  tbe^f 
dvll  ma^trate  of  a  city ;  also,  a  Jailer. 

Aloala  de  HeTL&reA,  Al-kah'lah  da 
alQ.alr'ez.  The  birthplace  of  Cervantce, 
proT.  of  New  Caetele,  Spain  j  aleo  D<tf«d 


^^^  In  .ppain  ar 

AlcBzBf ,  ^-ka-zar.  A  fortreu :  aj 
plied  alae  to  the  royal  palaoes  la  fipaln. 

Aloedinidffi,  al-aa-dlnl-de.  A  &m.  i 
A&^rofltral  ioHiaBorlal  blrda,  the  kin; 
flabera,  Qrploal  gen.  Alcedo. 

Alcra,  al'sSi.    A  geo,  of  the  Corvldn>  i 


m.,  the  elk.    It  li 


the  si 


Alcbsmy,  allLe-ni 
the  students  of  wh 
tbeorettod  tIowb. 


es  tmd  praotJce 
inch  arts.    Fo 


Lr- "' 


I  dabbled 


ALCIBIADES 


85 


lAXEMBEBT 


ATftiM^iiftg  dl-ise-bi^ardiz.  A  celebrated 
Athfljirtan  -wairlofnd  statesman,  the&v- 
oiite  pupil  of  Socrates ;  b.  450,  i>.  404  b.  o. 

AlcdziBB,  al-fii'nS.  The  auks,  a  sub-fiun. 
of  natatOTial  sea-birds,  ilun.  Alddse.  It 
comprehends  the  eenera  AIca  or  auks 
proper,  and  fratercoia  or  paiHns. 

A1#*Tw«t.Tiin.-n  alk-ma'ni-an.  Pertaining 
to  Alcman,  a  Greek  lyric  poet  of  the  7th 
centcuy  b.  c,  celebrated  for  his  amorous 
yerses. 

Alco.  al'ko.  A  yariety  of  dog  with  a 
small  head  and  large  x>endQlous  ears, 
found  in  Mexico  and  Peru. 

JLLcohol,  al'kd-hol.  A  liquid  forming  the 
intoxicatbig  principle  of  all  yinous  and 
/pirituous  Bquors,  formed  by  the  fenpoji- 
tstlon  of  aqueous  sugar  solutions,  ana  6y 
the  destnidiye  distillation  of  organic 
bodies,  as  cmd.  Absolute  or  pure  A.  is 
a  transparent  fluid,  of  a  pleasant  or 
spjrituons  smell  and  burning  taste;  it 
has  neyer  been  firozen,  but  becomes  yls- 
dd  at  yecy  low  temperatures.  It  is  yery 
infiumnaole,  solyent  of  all  bodies  rich  in 
hydrogen,  and  is  a  powerftilstlmnlant  and 
antiseptic  By  yolume  66  parts  of  A.  and 
45  of  water,  or  49.2  parts  by  weight  of  A. 
and  60.8  of  water,  form  proof  spirit.  Un- 
der-proof and  oyer-prooi  are  the  designa- 
tions of  weaker  or  stronger  solutions.  A. 
mixed  with  yarious  proportions  of  water, 
essential  oils,  sugar  and  extracts,  forms 
the  different  kindi  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

Alcolioloineter,  al'k&'hol-om'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  determin^g  the  quantity 
of  pure  f^lcohol  in  any  liquid. 

Alcove,  al'koy.  A  recess  in  a  room, 
usually  separated  from  it  by  a  screen  of 
columns,  by  a.balustrade,  or  by  draperies, 
and  intended  for  the  reception  of  a  oed  of 
state  or  seats.  A  lateral  recess  in  a  library 
for  the  reception  of  books.  An  arched  or 
Goyered  seat  in  a  garden. 

Alcyonaria,  al'si-o-nfi'M-a.  An  ord.  of 
actinozoan  corals,  distinguished  by  six  or 
eight  broad  leaf-like  tentacles,  arranged 
round  the  mouth  like  the  rays  of  a  star- 
fish. Some  resemble  sponges;  others 
fans,  feathers,  &o, 

Alcyone,  al-sI'onS.  The  brightest  of  the 
I'ltsiades. 

Alcyonidse,  ai-si-on'i-do.  A  fam.  of 
asteroid  polypes,  resembling  sponges. 

Alcyoziite,al'si-on-!t.  A  fossil  olcyoniuni ; 
one  of  the  spongifcrous  fossils  common  in 
the  chalk  formation. 

Aldan  Mountains.  A  range  in  N.  E. 
Asia,  extending  from  the  Altai  Chain  to 
Behnngs  Strait. 


Aldflharan,  al-deb'ur-an.  .  A  star  of  tlie 
first  magnitude  in  the  oonstcilutiou  Tau- 
rus. Vulgarly  called  the  Bull's  Eye.  It 
is  the  bnf ht  star  in  the  group  of  Aw 
caSled  the  Hyads. 

Aldehyde,  al-du-hld.  A  transparent 
colorless  liquid  produced  by  the  oxKlation 
of  pure  alcohol.  It  is  alcohol  minus  two 
atoms  of  hydrogen.  It  has  a  suffocating 
odor,  and  u  so  yolatile  that  it  boils  by  the 
warmth  of  the  hand.  When  eximsod  to 
air  or  oxygen  it  becomes  entirely  con- 
yerted  into  acetic  add  or  vinegar,  by  the 
addition  of  one  atom  of  oxygc'h. 

Alder,    al'der.      The   popular  name   of 

Slants  of  the  gen.  Alnus,  ord.  B<'tulacca>. 
L.  glutinosa  is  the  common  alder,  usually 
growing  in  moist  land. 
AJderxnan,  al'der-man.  Among  Anglo- 
Baxons  a  prince  or  nobleman.  It  was 
originally  used  as  a  name  of  dignity  un- 
connected with  office,  but  in  later  times 
was  applied  to  the  members  of  the  no- 
bility next  in  rank  to  the  king.  In  pres- 
ent usage,  an  officer  of  a  town  cori>orato, 
next  in  rank  below  the  mayor,  possessing 
munidpal  administratiye  powers. 

Aldine,  al'dln.  A  term  appUed  to  those 
editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded from  the  press  of  Aldus  Manutius, 
of  Venice,  and  his  liunily,  from  1490  to 
1597.  The  term  has  been  also  appli^  to 
certain  editions  of  modem  works. 

Ale,  aL  A  liquor  made  from  an  ini\i8ion 
of  malt  by  fermentation. 

Ale-COnner,  fil'kon-er.  Originally  an 
English  officer  appointed  to  assay  ale  and 
beer.  Their  duty  now  is  to  inspect  the 
measures  used  in  public-houses. 

Alector,  a-lek'ter.  A  gen.  of  gallinaoeous 
birds,  fern,  Graddae.  They  resemble  tur- 
keys. 

Alectoxia,  a-lek-toM-a.  A  gen.  of  lichens. 
A.  jubata,  or  rock  hair,  afi'ords  food  for 
the  reindeer  during  deep  snow. 

Alectryoxnancy,  'tri-o-man-sl.  An 
andent  practice  of  foretelling  events  by 
means  of  a  cock. 

Alemannic,  al-v-man'ik.  Belonging  to 
the  Alemanni,  a  military  confederacy  of 
several  German  tribes  of  the  8d  centurj% 

Alembdaj:,  a-lem'dar.  A  Turkish  offi- 
cer who  bears  the  green  standard  of  Mo- 
hammed when  the  Sultan  appears  in 
public 

Alembert,  Jean  le  Bond,  d',  dah- 
long'balr.  A  celebrated  Trench  geome- 
trician and  philosopher ;  u.  1717,  d.  1763. 
A  deserted  bobe  and  charity*  child,  ho  be- 
came the  most  distinguished  wi'itcr  and 


ALEXAHrDBtSK 


tba  courU  of  Pniasla 


B  day,  r«ftidii£  olTura  ] 
tfinale  Mend  of  VolMre,  b«  v.;ii  ili 
ChriBaanfty  appears  in  bi»  vrorkji. 
Alembio,  a-ledl'blk.  A  TCBt.i>]  f,trn 
used  Id  dIfttlLladon,  usually  m^ilti  oT  j 
or  CDfrpfT,  DOW  aujivrsDdod  bytLun 

Alembroth,  u-lfm'broth.   -Tbo   eu. 


of  Froncb  laoo  made  of  baod-snua  llj 
thrfod.  tba  most  oxpmAivo  oF  tub  Froj 

Alepfdote,  a- 


rv«rod  with  scsted 


Alewlfo,  ai'wif.    A  fresh-wntur 
BHubllDf  tba  eliad^ 

Alexander   m..    h     Ore 
iiid9.ofl1ilUpil.orMaccd 
8S8  B.  o.    Hu  i™  c    "Eod 

Ua  wondsful  mlbUri  careo 
DdHus,  King-  of  V-a  and 
nwirlyttiewlioloofA         H 

the  iminedlato  oiuse  beUi 

otgpncrislt/  and  bru 
nanlmttr  toward  ea 
rbUowadbyilolcucsto  ar 
aninstaMBOftbolatt 


(Bajidlar!Ul),e.  Adrian  iy.,llSU;D.llSl. 
i.  IV.,  e.  iDDOocnt  iV,.  IWH;  d.  13«L 
A. v.,  B.  Grcgoty  XII.,  1409 ;  p.  1410.  A. 
VI.  (lioderigo  Bor^i,  B.  Innocent  UL. 
1402,  Biwuiiag  Us  elecdon  by  the  mart 
BcandslouB  bribery,  and  llTliiff  a  dissolute 
lir«,  dylD^t,  itlabeUei'eil&oui  iiolson,  IfiOi. 
llanos  Uioflillior.  by  liosa  Vaaozia,  of 

Ouisar.     A.  VII.  (Fsblo  dilgi),  a.  laoo- 

— ■  " L  (At 

IKIl. 


Aloxautder.    A  pouuiarnamorDrKtaig* 
tdHknperOTS.  ThailretofnatelnhlstoiT 
'   ■  (aunmnBdBalos|.K.of6rrKirti» 
■  '  --    ■      the   son  otAntloc^iu 
signed  from  IB*  ■    '  ~ 


e-etended 
plBhanii,  and  rolgned . 

o.;  oufBated.  by  tbo  lawrnl  heir,  j/vuuuiub 
Ni<ator,lie  fled  to ArablA-wberoho-wM 
killed.  A.  11.  (Bnriuuned  Z^ibia,  tlM 
^vo),  also  a  asurpa-  or  the  thn^  ti 
Byria,  reigned  fivm  12fi  to  1^  B,  c, 
Bnd  died  a  flolcDt  deatlL    A.,  EtnporoE 

Imtler  Leo,  Uio  rtlloBopber,  91l','D,'Ba. 
A.  I.,  K.orBootland,  e.UsbntbwI^UH', 
1109.  n.  1124.  A,  II.,  B.  ]1>8,  e.  bE* 
0  Uon,  1S14,  B.  ia«. 


his  brotber  Jobn  Albert.  ISUl:  d,  1B0«. 
A..  Newsky,  ton  of  Jaroalar  II.  of  Kiisita; 

najno  by  Feter  the  Great.    A.l.,li^perDr 

180l',  D.  ISSB.     A.'  IL  (NlcolaeTltch),  b! 
1318,  s.  bis  &tber,  Bloholaa  1,,  ISUI ;  died 

Al  zaJidil&.      Tbe    moet    important 
In  ligy  t,  fbqnded  by  Alaxander  tba 

Alexandilaji,  al-egi-ui'dri-iin.  Pertain^ 

landria  L  to  one  »bo  laiight  In 

CO  -wIlli   AleEandrla,  In    KffypL 

ez  an  important  manuocHpC  of  the 

cri    urea.  In  the  BriUsh  Museum;  ita 

ha       data  Iba  Otb  or  Olh  untury. 

til    ao"^    wm^. "founded™/ FUlemy" 

Alexandcme.  al^gtan'difn. 

ens  CO  slethig  of * 

Is    msBy,  ortnji^ 
tldrteea  UL  »ll«Tiialja  CQ 


ALISMA 


88 


AL^EMANDE 


tnde.  Also  the  very  bright  star  Capella 
(Alpha  Aarig»),  In  the  constellation  Auri- 
ga, or  charioteer. 

Alisma,  a^Uz'ma.  A  gen.  of  aquatic 
plants,  ord.  Alismaceeo  ;  water-plantain. 

Alison,  Sir  Arc}iibald,  Bart.  An 
-  English  historian,  b.  1792,  d.  186T;  his 
principal  work  is  "A  History  of  Europe 
itotn  the  Commencement  or  the  French 
Itevolation  to  the  Accession  of  Louis  Na- 
poleon, in  1852." 

Alizarine,  aFi-zarrin.  A  peculiar  red 
coloring  matter  obtained  from  madder, 
and  prepared  artificially  from  coal-tar  resi- 
dues, wnich  contain  anthracene. 

Alk,  alk.  A  resin  obtained  from  Pis- 
tacia  tercbinthus. 

Alkahest,  allurhest.  The  pretended 
universal  solvent  or  menstruum  of  the 
alchemists. 

Alkaid,  AlHcud.  The  star  Eta  of  the 
constellation  Ursa  Major. 

Alkali,  al'ka-li.  A  term  applied  to 
bodies  having  the  following  properties: 
Solubility  In  water ;  the  power  of  neutral- 
izing aclas,  and  forming  salts  with  them ; 
of  corroding  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
fltanoes;  of  altering  the  tint  of  coloring 
matters.  They  are  hydrates,  or  water  in 
which  Iialf  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  a 
metal  or  compound  roaicoL 
Alkalimeter,  al-ka-lira'et-er.  An  in- 
stiuinont  fur  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
alkalies. 

Alkalimide,  al-kari-mld.  Ammonia  in 
which  two  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  acid  and  base  radicals. 

Alkaloid,  alHca-loid.  A  class  of  nitro- 
genized  compounds  found  in  living  plants, 
and  containing  their  active  principles, 

'  usually  in  combination  with  organic  acids, 
as  morphine,  quinine,  aconitine,  caffeine, 

.  ^  &c.  Their  alkaline  character  depends  on 
the  nitrogen  they  contain. 

Alkanet,  arka-net.  A  boraglnaceous 
plant,  Alkonna  tinctorla,  someames  em- 
ployed in  the  adulteration  of  port- wine. 

Alkanna,  al-kon'na.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  BoraginaoesB. 

Alkarsine,  al-kfir'sln.  An  esrtremely 
poisonous  liquid  containing  kakodyle,  for- 
merly known  as  Cadet's  flmiing  liquor, 
which  it  has  been  proposed  to  employ  ns 
a  deadly  agent  In  war,  A  shell  filled  with 
it  would.  In  bursting,  involve  a  ship  in 
fire  and  destroy  the  crew  by  Its  vapor. 
•^eJcengi,  al'ks-ken%  The  winter- 
^IS^'  *  ^^^«°««>iw  plant    The  fruit  is 


I 


Alkes,  &Vke&.  The  star  Alpha  of  |be 
Constellation  Crab. 

Alkoran,  al'kd-ran.  The  book  which 
contains  the  religious  and  moral  code  of 
the  Mohammedans,  the  Koran.  It  waa 
written  by  Mohammed,  and  is  considered 
to  present  the  purest  specimen  of  the  das- 
sical  Arabic. 

Alkoran,  A  high  tower  on  Persian 
buildings. 

Alkoranist,  al-ko-ran'ist  One  who 
adheres  strictly  to  the  letter  of  the  Koran, 
rejecting  all  comments. 

Alla^te,  al'hirjlt.  A  mineral,  brown  or 
green,  massive,  with  a  flat  conchoidal 
fracture,  and  nearly  opaque. 

Allah,  alia.  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being  used  by  all  Moluunmedans. 

Allanite,  al'lan-it.  An  ore  of  the  metala 
cerium  and  lanthanium. 

Allantois.  al-lan'tois.  A  pyriform  sac 
developed  ^om  the  posterior  end  of  the 

Abdominal  cavity  In  yetebrate  embiyoA. 
In  mammals,  as  man,  it  elongates  and  be- 
comes the  stalk  of  the  placenta,  or  tiie 
umbilical  cord  along  wmch  yessels  pass 
connecting  the  droujation  of  mother  and 
offspring. 

All  a  prima,  filla  pr6'ma.  A  method  of 
painting  in  which  we  pigments  are  ap- 
plied  all  at  once  to  the  canvas. 

Allecret,  alle-kret. 
A  light  armor  used 
In  the  16th  century, 
consisting  of  a  breast- 
plate and  back-plate, 
with  tassets  reaching 
nearly  to  the  knee. 

Allegheny,  il-le-gfi'- 
ne.      A   river  In    w. 
Pennsylvania,      which 
unites  with  the  Monon- 
gahela  at    Pittsburgh, 
forming  the  Ohio.  The 
name  of   counties  in 
New  York,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Maryland  and  Vir-   .  „        .  , 
ginia ;  also  of  a  city  op-  ''*^®cret  Armor, 
posite,  but  connected  by  a  bridge,  with 
Pittsburgh.    The  Appalachian  Mountain 
range  is  also  called  the  Allcghenies. 

Allegro,  fil-Ia'gro.  In  music,  a  spiightly 
part  or  strain ;  the  quickest  excopt  presto. 

Alleluia,  al-15-lQ'ya.  Praise  Jehovah ;  a 
word  used  to  denote  pious  exultation 
chiefly  in  hymns  and  antnems. 

Allemande,  al-Ie-m&nd^  A  slow  ait*  in 
double  time;  grave,  solemn  music;  a 
moderately  qxA&k^ttsiQe^  ^wtWXaw  Vxk.\rmk- 
foiuth.  tbcae  *,  a  f^gvuce  Vn.  (itta^ij^. 


Allerion,  fll-le'ri-un.    In  Her.  in  ttgla 

Alley,  dIIL  A  inHice ;  u 
part  at  a  chardj  lea  op«i 
aoothtr  put.    Aa  ludooM 

All-fOolB'-da7,   gl'mb^i.      The   nnl 

All-fours,  Bl-fi^rz'.  A  frame  et  <ard-«, 
nuii^  froin  tbti  tunc  QhuiiH4  Icr  rd«b  of 
whlcb  ■  paint  1>  icured— lilgli,  low.  Jack 

All-hallcrvr,  itWla. 


bithsnnperji) 
vUcta  ttuloii^i 

(eelh  of  the  nni — .^ _ 

]«9  T«bbefl,  Thcfa'  hsblU  im,  ii^iu  ,<^r- 
fiwllT  lounHc.  The  Inrgont  giowa  ta  the 
lonsth  oflT  or  IB  fpeu  The  ffmoJe  lap 
ber  emit  Id  tliD  esjiA,  to  be  hatched  br  thu 
heel  of  the  sun.  They  mre  f.,uil<l  only  In 
Iroplml  Ameri™.    Among  the  foMll*  or 

in^lMQfa!U,e!fllKSt.it. 
AlliKator-appEs,  alTI-ifd-ter-iiii-l.    The 


Allodlxun,  fli-m'dl-mn. 
lite;  real  extile  held  I 
irilhootbelneiuWeel  to 


AllochR>its.  ellii-klOlt.  A  muilre, 
fln&i(nlfieil  vlHetf  of  tnn  |!«rnet,  whli:ll 
chHOKV*  oulor  bvforo  the  blowplp-^ 

AUocotion.  >l>lu-U'ahaii.  An  tMirtu, 
eapeoUlr  ■  romul  iddnH,  h  thu  of  e 

AUopatlir,  •I-lop'i-thf.  Thu  method 
-' trmUag  dlwHH  by-whlo'^    - 


Poljneibui,  Old  £lnueu,  Buijue. 

AllOtropy.  (l-lafro-pl,  Tlw  apubUltr 
eiUblWd  by  Mine  elementi  of  eHMUiK  In 
"--  one  form,  with  different  chw- 

il-lotn'iin.  Oneofthenrwlneti 
■uhituee  obMln«d  vhcn   >l- 


Ueet  nicUli  may  be  ^aro<1  toiirviher  In 
fmryiDg  ptoporUens.  ftnea  mercury  \% 
one  of  the  eoiupenent  piirte,  the  lUloy  It 
CADed  in  nmjilfr^- 
All-aalnU'HlaT.  il'iints^a,  Alt  Uel- 
hiMiiu  or  llillowniae.  s  )^llv>]  of  the  K 
C.  Chorcli,  Inelllutwl  by  Pone  Crejroiy 
IV.,  tn  S3S.  snd  dtdleeted  lo  ell  the  fnliiis 
tn  fenerel ;  eelebrtted  on  tlio  let  Kornn- 

the' four  trreaC  beitben   feitJvils  of  the 

Dorthem  neUoni. 
AIl-«onl»'-day,  Bl'§«k-di,    The  Bd  N'o- 

yeuiiKt.  s  fi'sUvel  tn  the  It.  C.  Churoh. 

when  iiru^fn  am  uiibUdy  offered  up  for 

the  reliuue  of  Bouls  from  jiuipitor)-. 
Allaton.  Waablnffton.  An  Ameriesn 

painter,  B.  In  Churleatoo,  B.  C,  1TT»;  d. 

^;he  le  oftuk  atjted  tba"Aa»rUsa 

twin." 


ALLSPICE 


80 


ALNT7S 


Allapioe,  al'RpTs.  The  fruit  of  Eufirenia 
Pimcnta:  a  B[>lce  of  s  mildly  pungent 
taste,  and  a^rreeably  aromatic. 

Allumee,  ttl-lum-C'.  In  Her.  applied  to 
the  eyea  of  a  bear  or  other  beufit,  when 
they  are  dra\>T»  red  and  sparkling. 

Alluvion,  al-l&'\i-on.  The  washing  up 
of  sand  or  earth  so  as  to  form  new  soU. 

Alluviuxn,  al-lQ'\i-um.  A  deposit  col- 
lected by  means  of  the  action  of  water. 

Allyl,  al'lil.  A  radical  which  cannot  ex- 
ist in  a  free  state.  At  the  moment  of  its 
liberation  two  molecules  combine  to- 
gether to  form  dlaUyL 

Allylamine,  al-lil'a-min.  A  mobile  liq- 
uid having  a  sharp  burning  taste,  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  potash  on  aUyl- 
cyanate. 

Alxnaden,  al-mah'den.  A  town  in  New 
Castile,  Spain,  celebrated  for  the  oldest 
and  most  produotLve  quicksilver  mines  in 
the  world. 

Almadie,  aI'ma-dL  A  boat  used  in 
India,  shaped  like  a  shuttle ;  also,  a  small 
African  canoe. 

Almafirest,  al'ma-jest.  A  book  of  prob- 
lems in  astronomy  and  geometry,  drawn 

,  by  Ptolemy.  A  title  given  to  other  works 
of  a  like  kind. 

AlxnagTSL  al-mu'gra.  A  red  ooher,  used 
in  India  for  staining  the  person.  Also 
used  as  a  paint,  and  for  polishing  silver 
and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Indian  red. 

Alma  Mater,  al'ma  ma'ter.  An  epi- 
thet first  given  to  the  earth  as  the  mother 
of  all ;  now.  applied  bv  students  to  the 
university  where  they  have  been  trained. 

Al-MaTniiTn,  al-mah'mum.  Bon  and  s. 
of  IIaroun-al-£aschid,  caliph  of  Bagdad, 
B.  786,  D.  888 ;  his  reign  was  celebrated  as 
the  commencement  of  Saracenic  literary 
activity. 

Alxnanao,  al'ma-nak.  A  table  or  publi- 
cation comprising  a  calendar:  of  days, 
weeks  and  months,  with  the  times  of  the 
rising  of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of 
the  moon,  eclipses,  hours  of  fUlf  tide, 
stated  festivals,  &o. 

Almandine,  al'man-dln.  Precious  gar- 
net, a  beautiftil  red  mineral  ot  various 
shades,  commonly  translucent,  some- 
times transparent.  It  occurs  crystallized 
in  the  rhombic  dodecahedron. 
Alznan'zor,  Abu  Mohanuned.  Be- 
gent  of  Cordova,  Spain,  b.  989,  d.  998.  A. 
was  a  famous  general,  being  defeated  in 
but  one  battle  out  of  fifty,  diuing  28  years 
of  irar  tfitb  tho  Christian  princes  of  Spain; 

j^/s  was  the  decisive  batt/e  of  CaJAtanozor, 

fiPif,  Just  before  bia  death. 


Almayne-rivet,  al-mftn'riv'et.  Oae 
of  a  series  of  rivets  sliding  in  slot-holes  in 
plates  of  armor,  so  that  they  would  yield 
to  tho  motion  of  the  body  ;  afterward  ap- 
plied to  suits  of  armor  cons^ucted  in  this 
manner. 

Alxne,  al'me.  The  name  given  in  some 
parts  of  the  East,  and  espedally  in  Egypt, 
to  girls  whose  occupation  is  to  amuse 
company  with  singing  and  dancing,  or  to 
sing  dirges  at  fimerals. 

Almena,  al-me'na.  A  weight  of  2  lbs., 
used  in  iiarts  of  Asia. 

Almond,  a'mund.  The  seed  of  Amyp* 
dalus  communis,  or  almond-tree.  There 
are  two  varieties,  sweet  and  bitter ;  both 

Sroduced  from  A.  communis,  though  from 
ifferent  varieties.  In  lapidaiy  work,  a 
piece  of  rock  crvstai  used  in  adorning 
branch  candle- sticKs. 

Almond-furnace,  fi'mnnd-fer-nis.  A 
fUrnace  in  which  the  slags  of  litharge,  ktft 
in  refining  silver,  are  reduced  to  lead. 

Almond-oil,  a'mund-oil.  A  bland, 
fixed  oil  obtained  from  almonds. 

Almond-paste,  a'mond-paste.  A  cos- 
metic to  soften  the  skin,  composed  of 
bitter  almonds,  white  of  ^gj  rose-water, 
and  rectified  spirit. 

Almond-tree,  u'mnnd-trd.  A  spedes  of 
Amygdalus  which  produces  the  almond. 

Almond-willow,  &'mund-wil-lo.  The 
Salix  amvgdalina,  the  leaves  of  which  re- 
semble those  of  the  almond-tree. 

Almoner,  al'mon-er.  A  dispenser  of 
alms  or  charity  in  connection  with  relig- 
ious communities,  hospitals,  or  alms- 
houses. In  England  there  Is  a  lord-A.,  or 
lord  high- A.,  an  ecclesiastical  officer,  gen- 
erally a  bishop,  who  distributes  twice  a 
year  the  sovereign's  bounty.  There  is 
also  a  sub-A.,  and  a  hereditary  grand  A. 

Alms-erate,  iimz'gat.  The  gate  of  relig- 
ious or  great  houses,  at  which  alms  were 
distributed  to  the  poor. 

Alms-house,  fimz'hous.  A  house  ap- 
propriated for  the  use  of  the  poor  who 
are  8upi>orted  by  the  public ,  a  poor-house. 

Almuce,  al'mus,  a'mQs.  A  furred  hood 
having  long  ends  fianging  down  in  front 
of  the  dress,  something  like  the  stole; 
worn  by  the  clergy  from  tlie  18th  to  the 
15th  centuries  when  ofilciating  during 
inclement  weather.  » 

Almude,  al-mud^  A  variable  measure 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  ranging  for  liquids 
flromSi  to 5^ English  gallons;  for  grain 
fh)m  8|  to  11  pints. 

Alnua,  aVnus.  The  alder,  gen  of  plants, 
ord.  BetuVaoen.    A..  gViVlaoiMk  \%  k  >«i5^« 


TtAoiu  ooloni. 
Aloe,  il'S.    The 
gEH.  Alo.  ortL  UK 


13  ■  symlmUc  plant 
ioroo  from  a  pflgTim- 


ngstoMecoihansilloi  .  . 
ufilok«a  that  b«  baa  pertbrmed  the  joDr- 
Bpj-.  Eever^  Apfideajield  aJoea,  thflweH- 
bnewn  bltl«rpiveattToiii«dlclji&-  Adru^. 
tha  Jiitce  ef  nerenl  cpficfea  or  aioe,  li  a 
EUmclBtlnff  stflinachlo  pur^Uve.  Tbe 
cbemloHj  prlnelple  Id  called  juoIil 
Aloezylon,  -eks'l-leu.    A  gta.  of  pluta, 

onlf  apcdei,  is  ■  tree  CD  reel  Ugh. 
AlOBlaii,  a-lu'jl-eii.    OneofsHetntin- 

(teot  facRtlo,  who  denied  J«as  Christ  ta 

he  the  Laeot,  and  conaeqnantly  re>iiled 

the  Geaprl  of  St.  John. 
Aloln,  lU'a-iB.  A  crritalUDe  bitter  prlnd- 

pLe  |oc  from  aloea  lo  palefelk>w  priamat^ 


JUopecoToa,  a-lS-pe-kli'nu.  Foitall- 
lirasa,  a  g«D.  ofgnaaea,  Boma  belB^  tnnblfr 
»me  need!,  others  good  fodder  plasla. 

Alopeof,  al'u-pe-aL  A  diaeaae  sailed 
fbi-flpll  or  acorf,  accompanied  by  a  JUUnc 
oSottbebalr. 

Alosa,  a-M'a*.  A  em.  of  Oahea,  Im. 
ChtpeUit,  ineliidLiig  Uia  ahad. 

Aloymia,  a-loi'ai-a.  A  gen.  oT  plants,  ord. 
TeriMBWeae.  lo  which  bi^aDga  a  Bhrab, 
A.  Ottftodna,  popukrij-  •- "~ 


Uporoa,  al-pak'a.  A  n- 
■oEuot  mammal,  of  llu 
(SDel  tribe,  imd  mi.  ADdt 
fldaiMckieelrAtad 


;^S. 


ibMt   tliu  a  dlatinu.  

rlo.    Itlgvaloedehleflj      Aift*. 
its  wooL     Its  ttrtb  la  nltHaitl  and 

Tholeaoma.    A  Ubrie  raaDonctcired  from 
the  hair  or  wool  of  the  alpaca. 
AliMilHttaCk.   al'pen-atol:.      A    elrong 
Btick,  Iron  polntfd,  used  In  cHmblug  the 

Alpha.  >!'&.  The  flnt  klbr  fn  the 
Greek  alphabet,  flnsverlnff  td  A,  and  used 
to  denote  tint  or  boglmiln^ 

Alphaliet.  al'b-bct  Thelettmofslui. 

A  acriea  of  daahce,  dots,  Jtc,  oaed  In  tele^c. 


i>|ihT ;  tint    elements ;  alnipleat    mdl. 

AlpOIL-liOnit  Bl'peu'boni-  A  Terr  loDf , 
nearly  Btnilght  hwn,  curvlnj;  sUghuy  and 
wldeillng  toward  tia  ailroiiltr,  ueed  db 


AlphltODUUlor.  al-Qt'».inwi-<l.    IMvln- 
atlon  by  means  of  bu-ley-meaL 

'  ■  n'sln.    A  BDriflcal  In- 


Alphonalne, 


1.  Of  or  pertaining 

^°e«'publEh.-d  In 

ronace  of  Alphanso  X-t   ting  of  CutU* 

Alplioa,  al'fos.  That  ipedes  of  loprosr. 
caUcd  ileo  vlllllgu,  In  irhlcb  the  skin  "Is 
loogb,  wllh  while  patchca  And  rose^col- 

Alpist,  al'pIsL    Tha  seed  of  the  innaiy- 

AJopecnrus,  or  lbxtall.gTasa. 
Alqnler,  altir.    A  moisnie  In  Portn- 

■Eol,  conlalplng  half  an  jdmudo,  or  about  3 


DO  for  VhllefHnrs,  8  dintHct  In 
which,  ponsesslng   certain  prlTl- 


Alaatlan,  al- 


I.,Kin|rDrAruronBndKaTBrre{Bumamed 
tha  Batlabador),  o.  llMj  d.  IIU.  A. 
U.,o.UE8;d.UK.    a.  III.,  bus  and  a. 


lyjjn  luu,  and  ar  CjuUIu  1UT8:  d. 
A.  II.  (A.  Vll.  qfLean),».liaa;"» 
thatidu  of  Einperor  11S5;  i>.  lis; 
111,  (A.  VllL),  >.  110§,  when  but  3 
old;  D.  laU;  A.,  wllh  hU  allies. 
kiOES  of  Arsgon  md  Sevurre,  woo  a 
Tlelory  otot  Uib  AlmDnnde  Saltan  M. 
mud  iu-Najilr.  A.  IX.,  s.  lili,  whc 
1  year  old :  In  1340  galnad  n  grait  V 


i.  1  jSi :  D.  ISSt ;  ba  loTsntBd  tbe  iilot 
blB  Aliiboofllnii  Datronomlon]  tablca.     A- 

lither  Fanmndo  I.  u  kins  or'Ai^gon. 
14ia,  and  adnntHl  ai  tho  lu^lr  of  Uuuon 
J(HiuruiorNupli>i>,li4ai  n.  14B3.    A.  II., 


dlcBtod  I4'ja;cTUul 
1.,  Uonrlqusi.  Cat 
Fortugal,  B.  hi*  h 
enody,  1311 ;  nhtail 


ionry  of  Hi 

LDd  prooliUmod 
klDBby  tho  iinnr;ln  IIM  toe'-  "—— 
Ima  Uis  Moon,  aod  mado  II  tb 
-■--    *    "     lOBOfSanohoI. 


and  Urn  CarniaA.    The  S 


ralCTS  of  tho  PlMB.  and  tho  Carnie  nmH- 
ilf  to  tho  rlvu-  Mar,  vrhldi  HcpauUes  tbem 
roin  tliD  BalconR  range^  ML  Blanc.  15,- 
n  (t.,  la  tba  hlghoit  peek  In  Knrope. 
iiR  Hwirin.  U.10II  n.,ia  the  hUiheatw- 
of  SL  Oothard  tb*  ■  ■ 


AlalkB-doTE 


1   olovur  lntonn»llat« 


;  aros.  8,Ua  »q. 


AlBilat,  al»vra 
Thool.tliobrlrteap 

oJonhijiionniey 
AlBophlla,  al-eo' 
»]  uyatbevmuB  t< 

height  of  ai  fr). 


tirul  n 


lotvrui'n  Siberia  nnii  China;  iFiigthneai 
i.DUa  ui.:  mean  avoraga  heMt  S.dlH) 
,000  ft.;  ML  Ulslokha,  nasr  the  eonrrias 


Altaic,  al 


Is  111,801 


ling  to  the  Altai 

fbmlly  of  laneoagoa  dJ- 

_  .  branohos,  tlie  iWo-lIun- 

Altoir  iI'MhIt.  Ths  Anblo  namo  fbr 
Alpha  Ar^LiI Is,  thnmo^t  Important  fltar  la 
tboiuuiflttillaUoii  AqnlKonooflhoxtarabi 
whluh  tho  lunar  dislancei  ara  ^a1(^n1Btlld. 

ALtalte,  al-t;i-^    A  ml    ml  lead  a  d  tel 

Altombour        ton    bV      A  arsa  Span 


Altar,    I 


iI,TAA-SSKil> 


1  In  iba  hi^  pbEe. 


(ndHctLw  of  the  Oothk  vt  ih9  sbanl 


Altar-bread,  ■I'Ur-bml.  Br«d  pre- 
DKed  ftn  Ihs  mnturlit.  la  Dm  E.  C. 
<aiiiro1i  11  la  DokaieBcd  iDil  lumped  with 
■n  I  ]I  S  or  ■  eragiai. 

Altar-clDtll,  il'ier-likith.  Tba  doth 
tiuteoren  Uie  Hur,  the  porUoq  luii^liif 
Aiwn  In  front  bfinr  f»U«i  tli«  vit«pena- 
UUD.  and  Uut  wUch  narta  Hia  up  ttas 
•opd^froDUl. 
Alf»-rtr"-    il'Cer-u^l.     A   oble.  «i 


AIUBlmUth,  •Itu'l-niDtlL  A  Ml» 
Mops  » imnnd  u  lobe  lorned  horlun- 
aiOj  to  toy  polDt  of  Uw  oompuL 

Altrad^4  U'lan-dDrt  A  Binrlu 
TlBifa,  B««r  Bambaig.  whiralha  Ans- 

UUU    WBTfl    BinvUj'     d^e*L4d    bv       Uw 

rmdi  Qenenl  Klafiw,  Aug.  »,  17H. 
Altem,  ifloa.     KiUMUdk  db  tha  Dp- 

Etnd  lower  part  Cbore  whlcb  dtofiaMl*. 
wUoh,  when  tha  two  p«ru  ve  torn- 
pand,  OHTflapcfnd  with  noh  other.  A. 
bme.  ■  tmn  ued  Id  diatliHllan  fivm  the 


irf.  Cipltll  of  Cuiton  of 
i^wlUartKid,  Noted  tor  tin  proiiiilllr 
BMMvdfp,  Iha  ropntAd  blrthpleee  of 

Alto-TlUsTO.  a-to-n-M-k- 


.-mbBwr,  W 

liver.  exCneted  from   an'oHte. 
Diplojed  in  tba  prppareJoil   of 


lOoopDer.  buriw  thAn  broi 
oeptlble  of  >  Una  pollah. 


Aliiiii>«ohlat,    I 

bedded  Bsalle  rock,  oblaUr  eompnted  o 
dUA  And  eloralnjt,  froA  which  iA  obulnat 
tb«laC*itpBtofita*  ataBa/eoaOMM 


o'liui.    Apdpll;ng»d- 
AlTmoKOn.arnn-o-lpn.    Nidtiuulphate 


AmairUidaoen, 


Alveolito.  -I'vi 


AlyBBUiD.  i-Hs'ennL    Aieo.  ofpl 
orn.  CnK.'irpni?,  mach  omplayed  for  i 


hoAy  biitpf  801 
AmodeuB.  & 


Amadia  da  a^iUl, 


DolfJii^iIifl  nhU' 
r  Amsitl,  uid  oUiiTPalU- 
:  Bpuilih  b.v  Vuoo  Sobdn, 


AmaleUtes,  t-miil'c-lii 


leiilky  ponia: 


A  trtbe  of 
woro^miSlMwl  by  Iho  Ho- 
ur   qmcurtlim    iri?" 
ly  aJLoy  of  whloh  met 


Ajaalphltaa.  ^Disl'fi-Uo.     ]>entdDlD| 
tu  AdioIH.  i  Loirn  or  Italy.    A.  osde,  Ih 

uompltul  during  IbQ  nrat  cniHwlo. 

bl«  irllb  vUlc  aI>Dt>.  iuTlas 


m-umf-M"!** 


imprclivnde  the  daSodU,  (ta 
luid  btlLBdomui  UUbo.  Oie  BniDt- 
d  bluod-tlDWiin  of  the  Cipe  ol 
ipe.    Th<!  gea.  AourylUi  rItm 

AuuuTthrln.  im-a-rlih'rln.    TheUaar 
prtDidple  of  erythriD  add. 

OreffluBB,  liily,  In  Iba  lIlS 

__,   am-B-rO-sl..     4   pvtilll  HI 

wuipletu  law  of  i^nt  ftopi  lov  of  pow« 

vlsEUe  defUcl  In  thu  eye  Qx»pt  Hb  immov-  ^ 
■bio  pu  pill    BomBtlmos  U  la  pDiiodluL 
&1ZU.XQ11.   inx't-^im.    The  luveat   Htv 
In  Ibu  world,  nmntu;  E.  ud  W.  UrnaA 
S.  Ameriu  neuly  4.INI0  ni..  ind  lAla. 

from  an  early  Rpanlub   lot^eDd  whJoh  BK 


Amboiie.  iun1»-rt.  Id  IndU.  u  Dblanf 
tor  the-  acKounnodotloD  oreltplumt  lida«> 
Ite  bl^beat  rajik,  omployod  ty 

ffhim  tbey  n-'aldo  pt^rmaii.yitly  tX 
tonrt,  or  liitm^rdliury  Hdidl 


of  1«SB  dt|:ii1ty 
Efb  a  publ^  ID 


AMBESOBia 


85 


AlfBUBT 


coctliict  ptne-trees.  It  is  s  hard  tnuiBla- 
emt  sabstaiioe,  Mttle,  withoat  tMto  or 
amdl,  except  -wlieii  heated  it  omits  a  Ara- 
grantodor.  It  beoomes  negatively  elec- 
trie  bj  IHction.  It  yields  by  distillation 
an  empyremnatia  oil  consisting  of  a  mix- 
tore  of  hydrocarbons  and  sncdnio  add. 
It  la  Qsed  oMeOy  for  pipe  month  pieces 
and  beads,  and  in  the  arts  for  amber-var- 
nish. 

AmtoergriB,  amlieivgrfis.  A  solid. 
opaque,  inflammable  sobstanoe,  Tariegated 
Ifte  nuuMe,  remarkably  light,  mgged  on 
its  anrAMBe,  and  havinf,  when  heated,  a 
fragrant  odor.  It  melta  into  a  kind  of 
jtmw  resin,  and  is  highly  scdnble  in 
s^t  of  wine.  It  is  a  morbid  secretion 
<n  the  intestines  of  the  spermaceti  whale. 

Axaber-aeed,  am'ber-sM.  The  seed  of 
AbehBOB(dias  mosehatns,  resembling  mil- 
let, has  a  bitterish  taste,  a  undl  like 
mask,  and  is  used  for  perftiming. 

Amber-tTBe,  am'ber-trS.  The  En^h 
name  ibr  Anthospennnm,  a  gen.  of 
shrubs  which,  when  braised,  enut  a  fra- 
grant odor. 

Ambideztor,  am-bi-deks'ter.  A  jper- 
soa  who  nses  both  hands  with  eqnal  ftoil- 
i^.    A  doable-dealer. 

AmWft,  ami)!.  A  peeaBar  pace  of  a 
horse  or  mole  in  which  both  logs  on  one 
ride  are  moved  at  the  aamo  time. 

AmblyBOSl,  am'bli-gon.  An  obtnse- 
aagled  triangle ;  a  triangle  with  one  angle 
of  more  than  90  d^^rees. 


..uu«.M,e  v«v«>.  am-blig'on-It.  A  mine- 
ral oonsisting^  of  phosphates  and  flnorides 
of  alominlnm  and  nthinm.  It  occors 
maaaiTe  or  crystallized  in  obUquo  four- 
sided  prirais,  in  granite,  with  topaz  and 
tounnaline. 

Amblyopcds,  am-bli-op'sis.  A  gen.  of 
flshM,  including  the  Mtnd-fish. 

Amblyptenis,  am-blip'ter-us.  A  gen. 
of  ganoid  fishes,  with  heterocercal  tail, 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state. 

Amblyrhyziohiu.  am-bli-ringk'us.  A 
gen,  or  lizards  reeemDhng  the  iguana.  A. 
eristatus,  in  length  varying  teom  8  to  4 
feet,  is  tba  onfy  known  coasting  marine 
IboEurd. 

Ambo,  amlx).  In  early  Christian 
churches  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit,  from 
which  were  read  or  chanted  certain  parts 
of  the  service. 

Amboyni^wood,  am-boi'na-wnd.  A 
beantifril  mottJed  and  curled  wood,  em- 
Moyed  in  cabinet  work. 

AmbxeadiL  am-bre-ft'da.  A  fictitious 
amber,  sold  hy^nropeana  to  the  A&ioana. 


AmbreJn,  am'bre-in.  A  fiitiy  substance 
obtained  from  ambergris  by  digesting  it 
in  hot  aloobol.  It  is  crystallized  and  has  an 
agreeable  odor. 

Ambrose  (St.),  &m'brOz.  A  Catholio 
Archbishop  of  Milan,  b.  840,  d.  897; 
noted  for  hU  piety  and  Iwldncss  in  rebuk- 
ing the  secular  rulers ;  he  was  in  conflict 
with  Yalentinian,  Maximun  an<l  Thco- 
dosius,  compelling  the  latter,  after  the 
numner  of  Thessalonica,  to  perform  a 
humiliating  penance  before  receiving  tho 
sacrament  A.  waa  author  of  the  "  T^ 
Deum  Laudamus.** 

Axobrosia,  am-br6'zhi-a.  According  to 
the  belief  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  tilie  food 
of  the  gods,  which  oonfeired  immortality 
on  those  who  partook  of  it ;  henoti.  any- 
thing pleasing  to  the  taste  or  smelL  A. 
gen.  of  plants  belonging  to  the  ord.  Com- 
positae,  consisting  of  annual  weeds  resem- 
bling wormwood. 

Ambrosin,  amluro-sin.  A  coin  struck 
by  the  dukes  of  Milan  in  the  middle  ages, 
on  which  tit.  Ambrose  was  represented  on 
horse- back. 

Ambrotype,  am'brd-tlp.  A  picture  ta- 
ken on  a  plate  of  prepared  glass,  in  which 
the  lights  are  represented  in  silver  and  tha 
shadows  by  a  dark  back-ground  showing 
through  the  transparent  plate. 

Ambry,  am'brl.  A  place  where  alms  are 
deposited  for  distribution  to  the  poor ;  a 
place  in  ancient  abbeys  and  priories 
where  the  almoner  lived.  A  niche  or  re- 
cess in  the  wall  of  ancient  churches  in 
which  tho  sacred  utensils  were  dopositod. 
A  place  in  which  are  deposited  the  uten- 
sils for  housekeeping. 

Ambs-ace,  fimz'fts.  A  donble  ace,  as 
when  two  dico  turn  up  the  ace. 

Ambulance,  am'bQ-Ians.  A  miHtary 
hospital  establishment  of  a  temporary 
nature.  A  cart,  wagon,  or  litter  employed 
to  convey  injured  or  sick  to  the  hospital. 

Ameer,  &-mur'.  An  Arabian  nobleman/ 
a  chief. 

Ameiva,  a-ml'va.  A  gen.  of  small  sau- 
rian reptiles,  frun.  Teide. 

Amen,  &'men'.  A  term  used  in  prayer, 
and  meaning  So  be  it.  At  the  end  of  a 
creed  it  is  equivalent  to  a  solenm  asser- 
tion of  belief. 

Ambulator,  am^bCi-Uit-er.  One  who 
walks  about  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing distances.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede. 

Ambory,  am'bu-rL  A  tumor,  wart,  or 
swelling  on  a  horse,  frill  of  blood  and  soft 
to  flie  touch.    Cloib-Tool,  ft  wntot  «»srair 


AHEKIOO  ^IBPUCgl 


i>r  plviti  wboi^'e  flovura  ar«  vruiged'lii  jui 
-mer'e-kih.     The  ueoiid  In 


(lobe,   extenrUng-   from    laL  Tl°  M' 

--  tlie  etnlUof  tfandkn,  1st  W  OB' 


popaUaDni'  liifl1u_ 


„  _^  „  i>  oRen  aUeil  tha 
ftviplti  TvaAiiacoYeryhr  T 
t>  iboiit  (qiullr  diTldad  lino 


ud   trlbsl  or 


R,  A.  piDparly  baglni  at  tlia  uppsr  rids  i 
ttaa  OiOroV  Maitoa,  or  80>  N.  biTud  a: 
'--■'•  to  tba  Anda  Oooui,  lt~    "  " 


nod  roaditHdi,  bat  1b  broken  by  tli 
Eumiior  B.  Otikaiit.  ina  (he  a;. 


lUfM,  ana  pinikt  to  the  E.  cout,  bnti 
oonridaBbla  d]itui»  iulaod.  caUod  the 
Apialaddu;  Ilia  other  alDOC  tha  V.  ooeit, 
toown  HI  tha  BInn  Nenda,  tha  IMtv 
Mne  nnuh  tha  h1|^e>.  Th«a  giimd 
mural  ara  euh  dtiidad  Into  three  diaanot 
obidiia,  thoH  do  tha  B.  hOng  IhaAlla- 
(fainlH,  tha  Qrean  and  WbHeiooaDtilna ; 
iBttulr.  tbaBIomu.KkimH'liiiier^Ldii, 
of  whkhMt.  Bt.  XBu,  II.BCO  ft.  abara 
aealneLlathaBhlarMk.and  the  great 
Bo«ky  MoODlatii  ■fBtem.  Betvean  aaaa 
moimtaLa  laona  Ue  tha  biiTnejiBa  inalrlafl, 
the  Tilleja  oTtha  Uiululppt,  OUo  and 

woDeotad  hkei,  Bupcrlor, 
nimiD,  Erie  and  OnEarfa,  «>v< 
thanm.OKI  tq. 


■'"£ 


lbs  Pidflo ;  still  N.  o?l 
are  me  prent  plaina  sliPlchtog  to  the 
-ArcUn  Ooeui.  and  luiTDiuidlSE  Uiemal 
Inland  tta  known  u  HpdHin'i  Bay. 
Tha  chief  rlvera  an  tha  CoaDntienl. 
Bodson,  Jaoiei.  OUa.  TnuieSBoo,  Mla- 
«mY,  MIsaLiMpnl,  Red,  lllo  Orandc.  Col- 
aobia  juid  Uwkenzia,  whli^hcmptioalnlo 
*qe Jnafe Oeoan.  CHntrsJAmerliamaybi' 
«rtJ  to  (ndntfe  Ua  taWo-Luid  of  Medco 


the  Uthznoi  raofo  hilh  th 
f  N.  A.;  theEluTMKonoli 
t  Imporliuit  river.    Bonth  A.  L 


Brazil  In  the  N.E.;! 
Taatplaina.  at  varioa 
clpd^dlTi>i|iBiii_Df  wlikh  ar; 


of  thanatlTatrl 

and  BDnthem  nortiou,    ,     .     .., 

(Hew   and  nilisd  noea  alonr  the  ■■ 
eoHt  Bad  thmngliaDt  tfaaN.    Tba  d<Ti» 
loBB.  nlydlTlBL^ia  and  papoLatlaiu  of  thl 
CanElnaBt  Bra  w  tblUnn :  V.  A.— Uextn, 
United  Blutee.  DooHnlan  of  Cuuda,  Ktr- 
ftmndland.  Prince  Edwarda  talind^Brfttlt 
CaltunblB,  OreeoUod.  Bermada,  St.  Elena 
—J  ......_..-.  ...    -. -M gjs,    O.A.— 

Uondnraa,  Ban 
I   Brlttih   Doa- 

JtHUnli  W. 'inijica,' Detoh  ^och  ^ 
Danish  poaeeulons.  Baytl  nod  Ban  Do- 
mlago ;  pop.  4,en9.(»^.  a.  a.— PUacoidi 
BndTerra-dpl-Fnagu,  Uruguay,  FBrafn^, 
Gron-ChaCD  and  PHmnBa  ArcentlwL  Ar< 

Smldno  BepubUo,  dull,  Bolivia.  Itoiii, 
EUapa^rDfl  rnnlnhablted).  EDDodDr,  Kev 
Qranadu,  Toneiaela,  JtrlUBh,  Uulah  bA 
French  (Inlina,  Braill  and  Valklanil  It- 
lands  i  pop.  lS,Sie,>U.  Tba  dboaraiT  tt 
A.  bj-  rairiatapher  ColuabnB  In  14M-H 
dpBbfld  It  (o  Enropcan  explDratlon  and 
Battlement,  sltbongta  Oiaanlatid  « 
qnesttonaUT    vUted     br    Bcaodl 

n>Ton  Id  tba  —-  — ■ '  ■ 

Ileved  iHhnd 


ToyagarBra 
Id  In  the  101 


B,  Cnrlni,  Da  Soto, 


nse,  to  tha  InhabltnotB  of  Oa 
AmeriKO    Voapneol,    mjB-poot'ijjw. 

flDBlly  nnpolnled  pilot  lo  th<>  >:ir.^f  i!} 
in,  hlBpHn^lpDlduiylielne'  l<ii<ri  ^k^iru 


^ogh  life. 

pdrpla  quart!,  oryauiuied  la  I 
prifl^A  or  pyrwnldB;  aIao  In  r 

d«  of  jewelry.     OrtaiUli    », 


k  pnrple  color ;  th« 


^  ppr«  m  ji  ^aatiui 


ie-lM»tTn.   Andnllj' 

AppUfld  U>  A  j^aniH^Dt  of  Ituoolor  of  oJne- 
IbjsL     Composed  or  uutAJijBt,  u  ■  eup. 


*■"*■"—*.  Jeffsr7.  IiOTd.  A  hI 
bntod  BctOib  renenl.  ■.  ITU.  d.  im 
Ib  ntO,  wttta  Ohu.  Wolfti  uiil  Fride*u: 
ka  took  tba  whola  of  CVutdn  fruja  U 
rmwh;  wu  murinlnl  MDnnimiltT-li 
ddffofthe  BrlUth  troojH  In  America,  u) 
ma  DudB  goTHDor  of  Vlrgluii  Is  1IB3. 


uith,  u 


jsa 

■OHdofdrtleUa  fllimioiu.  T«7  fl^itbie, 
■ndMrnswhatelHOo,  Dltonloni;  and  n- 
MmbOnr  OattAt  of  lOk.  It  li  Incombiu- 
tlbla,  ud  li  mvoght  Into  clath  uil  paper 
br  Uio  aid  of  tlai,  wUch  li  aTtiTininl  re- 


worn  by  priests  and  ullsrtmB.    An  oblnnp 

Hko  a  cope,  worn  nndw  tha  alb  by  priota 
oflhoB.  O.  Cburth  when  eneneod  In  the 
■ervlo'i  of  Die  maaa.  Tie  bamli  worn  by 
aomo  Proteitaal  dornwax  ■■*  ■  ttUB  of 


Amide.  Amliia,  iin'id.  ani'ln.  A  ■«• 
rira  ofaalti  produced  bylho  •uhaI11ull«a 
of  rfwn^^nte  or  ndlcala  !br  the  bfdrogea 


if  liquid  A.,  aqueous  A..  oritril^U  at 
uoni.    ItlaprocurHinviniiiilreK.'nia'ii- 

dJadllaUon  of  pll-coal  and  n'rn<>u  animal 

burn,  huuf.'  Ad.    Tha  air  cunuJiii  a  ml- 

BoimnnLi.  orpoAseuln^fts  propertlH,  A. 
guB,  BmmoDUiloftBpnreatrorm.  A.  ffnm. 
a  fum-rDHin  comnoand  < 
Hon   fhim  an   OTabtOL... 
Doremi  uamoaliimD.   U  \t\ 


jih  kliKLB,  «■  pDvdDT,  baUa^  bambK, 


mills,  birds  (uid  rcptllH. 


protoplasm,    WlibiD  the  body  anu- 


atoplaf 


re  UBuaily  pefcelTt 
n  tboir  QxhlbltiJig  rbytb- 


lata  nroporUoOM,  aoll 


lOfirMab  b«o 


9  or  tbe  ava  CbbuH  Mpnta 
open  to  fbrAign  oomiaeroe ;  pop.  ££10,000. 

Ainpao,  un'pik.  A.  tree  vUdi  ylddiii 
taishlv  odorl/eroiu  realn,  tbs  Iwth  of 
vElch  tan  need  to  msdloite  btttia,  «  >p*- 
detorXantlioiylas. 

AmpeUa.  Bin'p«t4s.  A  feo.  of  penblng 
birds,  formlD^  the  tjpe  of  the  1km.  Amp*. 


&iapelita.a 

oobI  jmd  U 

Ampelomla.  un-pel^p'sls.  A  g 
planta.  ord-  Vltaces.  A.  faoderBOee 
VlridDiaD  ereeper,  &  Jkat  growlaf  oil 


SXIS=™ 


AmvMht 


let  cod  Id 
iMhtolite,  Ik 


-ab'i-cHiit.    A  ft 


AHFHIBIOnS 


AMFLTTUDE 


Axnpliibioas,  am-fibl-na.  AnlmalB 
which  hft  ve  the  power  of  Uvinf^  In  air  ana 
water ;  any  long-breathing  aidmal  which 
can  exist  under  water,  as  the  erooodile, 
whale,  Bcnl,  bcAver,  Slc. 

Amphibolite,  am-flb'o-Ht.  A  rock  with 
abaseofampliiboleor  hornblende;  trap, 
or  greenstone. 

Amphibolold,  am-fib'ol-oid.  A  rock 
composed  of  amphibole  and  felspar;  a 
Ttariety  of  greenstone. 

Amphinentrnm,    am-fl-sen'tram.     A 

Sen.  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  wanting  ab- 
ominal   fins,  confined   to  carboniferous 
strata. 

Axaphiotyona,  am-fik'ti-onz.  An  as- 
sembly or  council  of  deputies  from  the 
difTerent  states  of  Greece.  Ten  or  twelre 
states  were  represented  in  this  assembly. 

Amphicyon,  am-fis'i-on.  A  large  fossil 
eamiyoroua  quadruped,  whose  teeth  com- 
bine the  characteristics  of  those  of  dogs 
and  bears. 

Amphidiso,  am'fi-disk.  One  of  the  spi- 
coles  which  surround  the  reproductive 
gmnmules  of  SpongiHa,  resenibUng  two 
toothed  wheels  united  by  an  axle. 

AmiihidTOZiiioal,  am-fi-drom'ik-al. 
Pertaining  to  the  andent  Greek  festival 
amphidromia,  celebrated  when  a  child  re- 
ceived its  name. 

Amphidura,  am-fl-dfi'ra.  In  the  Greek 
Ch.  the  veil  or  curtain  separating  the 
chancel  from  the  rest  of  the  church,  cor- 
responding to  the  canoeUus  of  B.  G. 
cfaorclies. 

Ami^hiflrean,  am-fi-je'an.  Extending 
over  aU  the  zones  of  the  globe. 

Atnphigren,  am'fl-jen.  A  plant  which 
has  no  distinct  axis,  as  the  lichens. 

Amphiliexaliedxal,  am-fl-heks'a-he^'- 
dral.  Said  of  a  crystal  in  which  the  fhcee, 
counted  in  two  mfferent  directions,  give 
two  hexahedral  outlines,  or  are  founof  to 
be  six  in  number. 

Amphlon,  am'fe-on.  In  Myth,  a  son  of 
JopTter  and  Antlope,  who  rebuilt  the 
waUs  of  Thebes  by  playing  on  his  lyre, 
the  stones  moving  to  the  music  and  as- 
suming their  proper  places  in  the  wall. 

Amphlpoda,  am-flp'od-a.  An  ord.  of 
the  sessile-eyed  maJacostracan  crusta- 
ceans. The  sand-hopper  and  shore- 
jumper  are  examples. 

Amphipxostyle,  am-flp'ro-dtn.  A 
structure  having  tiie  form  of  an  andent 
Greek  or  Roman  oblong  rectangolar  tem- 
pte,  with  AproBty)^  or  portico  on  eaoh  ot 

ftB  UroatB,  bat  mo  oolamn§  on  its  aidea. 


Amphi«an»,  am'fl-siir-ka.  A  com- 
poond,  many-eelled,  indehisoent,  soperimr 
frnlt,  with  a  woody  or  indnnted  shdl  in- 
dosing  an  internal  pulp,  as  seen  in  tiie 
baobab. 

Amphiflbflsna,  am-fls-bC''na.  A  gen. 
of  seriKjntiform,  limbk'8s  reptiles,  flun. 
Amphi8b«>nidte,  ord.  Laccrtilla. 

AmphisbaBnia,  am-fis-be'ni-a.  An 
ord.  of  lacertion  reptiles,  of  which  the 
gen.  Amphisba>na  is  the  type. 

Amphisoii,  am-fish'M.  The  Inhabitants 
of  the  inter-tropical  regions,  who^e  shad- 
ows at  noon  In  one  part  of  the  year  are 
castto  the  north  ana  in  the  other  to  the 
sooth,  acoordinjr  as  the  sun  la  in  the 
northern  or  soutnem  signs. 

Amphisile,  am-fis'i-le.  A  cren.  of  acan- 
thoptOTVglous  fishes.  It  belongs  to  the 
&m.  Fistularidffl  or  sea-snipes,  and  is 
closely  allied  to  the  gen.  Centriscus. 

Ampltheater,  am-fi-the'a-ter.  An  an- 
dent Home  edifice  of  an  oval  form,  with 
rows  of  seats  rising  higher  as  they  re- 
ceded tcom  the  center.  The  anden  t  thea- 
ter was  nearly  semi-drcular  in  shape,  with 
its  rows  of  seats  fronting  the  sti^c ;  the 
A.  was  always  elliptical  in  form,  'nie  Col- 
osseum at  Rome  is  the  largest  of  all  the 
andent  amphitheaters. 

AxaphitheriTun,  am-fi-thd'rl-um.  A 
fossU  insectivorous  manunal  of  the  oolite. 
A.  Prevostii  is  the  only  spedes  yet  dis- 
covered. 

Axnphitrite,  am-fi-trl'tS.  The  name  of 
a  sea-nymph  in  Greek  mythology,  sister  of 
Thetis  and  wife  of  Neptune.     A  small 

Slanet  or  asteroid  between  the  orbits  of 
[ars  and  Jupiter.    A  gen.  of  marine  an- 
neUds,  ord.  TubicolsB,  and  class  Annulata. 

Amphitype,  am'fi-tfp.  A  photographic 
process  by  wfaJoh  light  produces  either  a 
positiye  or  a  nM;ative.  The  paper  is  pre- 
pared by  a  solution  of  ferro-tartrate  or 
iSerro-dtrate  of  protoxide  or  peroxide  of 
mercury,  followed  by  a  solution  of  am- 
monio- tartrate  or  ammonio-dtrate. 

AmphinznidSB,  am-fi-Q'mi-d€.  A  flun. 
of  tailed  amphibians  distinguished  by  a 
small  branchial  aperture  on  each  side, 
within  which  are  the  branchial  arches  with 
small  lominse.  The  gen.  Amphiuma  is 
the  type. 

Amplitude,  am'pli-tud.  In  Astron.  an 
arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the 
east  or  west  point  and  the  center  of  the 
sun  or  star  at  its  rising  or  setting.  At  the 
rising  of  the  star  the  amplitude  is  eastern 
or  ortive ;  at  the  «ettin^  it  is  western, 
oooldaoiu,  or  oqouVv«,    K.  <A  ^<^ 


1)  Ehc  pith  of  a  iKjdr  Ihromi,  or 
IS  wUch  mtctarra  tbs  illiUuice  II 

tUinSi  uul  tbfi  cut  cr  west 


taeori.  ..  ,, 
oftbo  hoj-iion. 
Anwhom.  un'fo-n. 

And  BODUM,  a  tDSn.'), 


belov  forbdnf;  In 


SitflK 


the  vintage  bflLpf  nil 


OrWk  being  equl  to  d  rAloiu,  T.865  |ilnti 
tUidi  oTtMi. 
AmmUlK.  N-pullL     In  Rom.  nntlii. 
Jj^obuliir  bank  ani  for  iwTyIng  oil  to 


id  auwkliMc  nil  tbU 
Amillet,  un'u-let    SomctMngwomun 

oieiitUmM,BiiaiiruBailwwn  in  jiS/Hf 
the  world.    Thu  rarly  CbHslian  1.  were 

luhthyA,  ddh,  OF  wlUi  Iho  shiinn  of  a  nsh. 


tn  laturctr  ^od  alliBr  pla 


JUTABLSFS 

^cle.  mied  wl  tb^BuSlne'  midSM^ 

tntr.  quarU,  uslr.  looUU,  ^loiite.  Ao. 
Whr'ii  the  ImWilcd    Diinnals    ira  do- 

AjaygialoM,  a-mlir'dji-lut.     A  gen.  of 


il   by   treatinff  nmjl  ej 


,  . .  -6d.    a  h^drocarbno  ob- 

Amyraldlam,  tml-nld-lun.  Tbsdoo- 
trlnu  of  uuivprul  gmw.  as  DKplainfd  br 
Amj-rtildiia   in    "      -"■■■ 


juKht  th 
all  men.  ■ 


Amyrld&cece.  B-m1r1-ili"9fi-e,  An 
orrt,  of  polyiK'talouB  planU.  MjTrt, 
nnokEliRi^nxc,  and  gTiiD.demI  are  Bjnoaf 

&na,  on'a.    A  Qiwk  prtposlilon  ranplor- 


, , -bop'tiif.      One  wbo 

baptltini,  and  the  neceaiityor  rebaptlsai 
uiD  adult  Q(ie.  WItb  thitlKDViiRallyae- 
eodntnl   lliB   doclJino   of  baptl&m  liy  Un- 


AjlabHaiB,  nn-ab'a-sia,    AnpUM  <o  Uie 
work  of  Xenopboa  d«Bcr1ptlve  of  this  cx> 


r  Xenophon.     Any  okpBditiun  from 

AnablepB,  an'a-blepe.    A  goi.  of  mlk- 
eoptaryElin  Cabu,  naiBVJAte  Kn  their 


ANAOA2tfP8EB08 


41 


AVAHOSPHOSn 


eyeB,  wfaiah  project  and  haye  two  papUs, 
each  eje  i^pearing  m  If  double;  but 


Amiblqw  tetnopbthafaniu. 

there  is  only  one  oystalHne  humor,  one 
viircous  humor,  and  ono  retina. 

Anacampseros,  an-a-kamp'ae-roA.  A 
plant  to  -which  the  ancients  attributed  the 
quality  of  restoring  or  inducing  the  re- 
turn of  the  passion  of  love.  A  gen.  of 
pbrnts,  ord.   Fortulacea;. 

ATift/xr-nth<Ttl^  an'a-kan-thi''nl.  An  ord. 
of  osseous  fishes,  including  the  cod, 
plaice,  Ac. 

AnacardiacesB,  an-a-kar^di-a^'s^-d.  An 
ord.  of  polypetalous  plants,  the  sumach, 
the  pistadas,  the  mango,  the  cashew,  the 
marking-nut,  the  yamish  tree  of  Marta- 
b*n  and  the  Japan-laoquor.  Mastio  is  the 
TOoduce  of  Pistacia  Leintlsous. 

AnaflArdinin,  an-a-kar'di-nm.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  <Hrd.  Anacardiaoee.  The  fruit 
of  A.  ooddentale  ia  roasted,  and  the 
kernels  having  their  acidity  thus  de- 
■troved  are  the  cashew-nuts.  This  tree 
▼ielos  a  gum  resembling  gum-arabic. 

Anaaharlfl,  an-ak'ar^.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Hydrocharidaoete ;  water- 
uiyme  <Mr  water-weed. 

Anaohronlmi,  an-ak'ron-izm.  An  er- 
ror in  computing  time. 

Anaclastio,  an-a-klas'tik.  Pertaining  to 
or  produced  by  the  refraction  of  light. 
A.  glass  or  phial,  a  glass  so  thin  that  when 
air  M  sucked  from  it,  the  bottom  springs 
Into  a  concave  form  with  a  sharp  snap, 
and  when  air  is  blown  in,  springs  into  its 
iiormer  convex  form. 

Anaconda,  an-a-kon'da.  The  popular 
nameof  two  of  the  largest  species  or  the 
serpent  tribe,  attaining  the  length  of  40 
feet.  Both  are  destitute  of  poison  fhngs, 
and  kill  their  victims  by  constriction. 

Anacreontic,  a-nak'rd-oB''tik.  Pertain- 
ing to  Anacreon,  a  Greek  poet  whose  odes 
and  epigrams  were  oelenrated  for  their 
graceral  air  and  truth  to  nature. 

ATiartflin,  an'a-dem.  A  band,  fillet,  or 
wreath  worn  on  the  head  by  women  and 
young  men. 

Anadronunui,  a-nad'rom-ns.  A  word 
api^tted  to  such  fish  as  pass  from  the  sea 
Into  freeh  water  at  stated  seasons,  as  the 
•almon. 


an-ei-tket'ik.    Hatlhg  the 
powwr  Qt  depi*Tiay  of  feeMiy  or  aenatioa. 


Anagallli,  an-a-gal'hs.  A  gen.  of  plaata, 
ord.  Primnlaoett;  the  pimpernel. 

Anag'lyph,  an'a-gUf.  An  omanent  in 
relief  chased  or  embossed  in  preeloaa 
metal  or  stone,  as  a  cameo. 

Anaflrlyptograph,  an-«-glip'to-graf. 
An  instrument  for  making  a  medallion  en- 
graving of  an  object  in  relief,  as  a  medal 
or  cameo. 

Ana^Tam,  an'a-gram.  The  letters  of 
words  read  backwards,  and  then  ibmiinc 
a  new  word ;  thus,  evil  is  an  anagram  of 
live. 


an'a-gros.  A  measure  of 
grain  in  Bnain,  containing  som^hing  les« 
than  two  bushels. 

Analclm,  a-nal'sfan.  A  leoHtio  mineral 
found  in  cubic  crystals,  but  also  amoq>l^ 
ous,  and  in  renirorm,  mammillary,  lami- 
nated, or  radiated  masses. 

Analemma,  an-a-lem'ma.  A  form  of 
sun-dial,  now  disused.  A  projection  of 
the  sphere  on  the  plane  of  tne  merfdlaa, 
orthographieanv  made  by  strai^t  Bnea, 
drcles,  and  empses,  the  eye  being  fop- 
posed'  at  an  inimite  distance,  andm  tio 
east  or  west  points  of  the  horinm.  A  taba- 
lar  mark,  usually  in  the  form  of  the  figure 
8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  sone  to  notify 
the  sun's  declination. 

Analoflrion,  an-a-loj'i-on.  A  reading- 
desk  or  lectern ;  a  movable  polpH. 

Anamesite,  a-nam'e-sit.  A  varietr  of 
basalt  intermediate  betwera  the  rery  flue- 
grained  compact  form  (baaaH),  toA  the 
coarse-grained  oonspicaoasly  eryatidlfaie' 
form  (dolerlte). 

Anainizta,    a-na-mer'ta.    A 
plants,  ord.  Menispermaeen. 

Anamorphoaia,  an- 
-a-mor'fo-sis.  A  draw- 
ing executed  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  present  a 
distorted  image  of  the 
object  represented,  bat 
which,  when  viewed 
firom  a  certain  point,  or 
reflected  through  a  pol- 
yhedron, shows  the  ob- 
ject in  Its  true  propor- 
tions. An  anomalous 
or  monstrous  develop- 
ment of  any  part  of  a 
plant,  as  when  the 
calyx  of  a  rose  assumes 
the  form  of  a  leaf.  The 
gradual  change  of  form, 
traced  in  animals  or 
plants,  the  members 
of  which  sneoeed 
otiMriapotatof 


of 


Anknohytea.  unig-kl 


iloEring 


DeatltaM  oT 


•t.  u'k-peaL    A  poetlod  foot 
'Usblw,  iLe  flnt  two  nnumnUi 


Anaiihora.  (D-sCo-m. 

An&plaatr,  in's-plu-t 
to   repair   BUpflrfldU     le 

■oaDthoptttTgun  IIbIw, 
A.lHpatl>t£<>»-iralf. 

AmnthropoAa,  u- 


!«*,.«   ringed    uliDala.  Inoludlag  the 
Apoon-vorma,  laecbo,  mtih-womu,  tut>e> 

AnmrtJlTO'iiB, -ir'tlinu.   H 

wlnea  nor  l«^i  u  wormi,  L« 
AiiM,i'BU.    AeaB.orbirdi,tiii 
-  the  ord.  Palmlpadea  (or  wub-foot 

UHt  dlTided  tnlo .         •       - 


ll,tlicInd«dlo 


»-Dat'l-d6.  A  fcm.  of  welf-too*- 
or  DUatorlal  birds,  of  wUoli 
lat  la  the  typo. 

lu-B  U'od.  Axtr-lkm.  ot  tha 
nDpreheudlng  tba  Oue  diudu. 


the  like  and  the  eo 


.    The  »t  af  dtf 


A.,  thit  bruich  of  wtmDj 
(4  the  chuRfl  In  alruuUm 
I  Uuua  pfOdiued  hy  dIaMi, 


n-MUt'ik.    Furntaliwl  wlUi  I   f^:  ] 


i  brancb  whlob    deou 


Inf  or  engTbTtfiff,  imodoof  obtaL 
(bulla  Impreaalaiii  at  prlnUDg  or 
Idk  by  tMhsferrlng  )t"  — '-*' 
wSlobonl  ■  


Cruel  fm.  ... 
hloroohDntlca  Bouof  Jirioho. 

ta  the  Koaa  of 

Jir/aia,  or  nmnvctjoo  plant,  rsnurkabl* 
»!■  tha  pmrmr  tba  Oiltd  DlMt  DOUSiMi  o( 


Aatnla  lacbrymiUlB. 

Anchitharitun,  im|r.u.1he'rl-Din,  A 
fbfiflll  can.  of  pachydcrmAtoua  inunioaiff, 
from  tbeunperoocenoBnd]owpruilooen«T 
fim.  Equlds.  The  ooly  nxoinlzed  ipedea 

^Bely  BUied  lo  th/raleotbwufm. 
Anchored,  une'herd.    Held  at  rrat  br 
anuichor.    In  Her.  the  t«TD  >ppH«d  to  ■ 
orDU  wbodo  extremities  aro  tnmed  bw± 
Uke  the  fiakei  of  an  aoohor. 


A170H0B 


48 


Ain)B08I>0BE 


desOTt  or  solitaiy  place,  and  devotes  hfm- 
selftoreUgiouB  duties. 
Anchor,  angler.    An  Iron  Implement 
for  holding  &  ahl^  or  other  yessel  at  rest 
in  the  water, 
ibrmed  wifh 
a     strong 
shank,atone 
extremity  of 
which  is  the 

oat  two  arms,  terminating  in  broad  palms 
or  flukes,  the  sharp  extrcmily  of  whidi  is 
the  pei^  or  bill ;  at  the  other  end  of  the 
BhanK  is  the  ttock,  behind  which  is  a  ring, 
to  which  a  cable  can  be  attached. 

Anohoivflrate,  ang'ker^t  A  heavy 
gate  in  canals. 

Anohor-watoh,  angHcer-woch.  A  sub- 
division of  the  watch  kept  constantly  on 
deck  daring  the  time  the  ship  ttes  at  dmgle 
anchor. 

Anohovy,  an-chG'vL  An  abdominal 
malaoopteryglous  fish  of  the  gen.  Engrau- 
Hs,  film.  ClupeidjB,  of  diminutive  size.  A 
sauce  is  made  by  pounding  the  fish  in 
water,  and  adding  cayenne  pepper. 

Anchovy-pear,  an-chd'vi-pftr.  The 
fruit  of  the  gen.  Grias.  It  is  i^okled  and 
eaten  like  mango. 

Anehnsa,  ang-k&'sa.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  BoraginaceiB. 

ATichnHJn,  ang-ku'sin.  The  red  color- 
ing matter  obtuned  from  Anchusa  tinc- 
torla. 

Anclle,  an-fllle.  Among  the  ancient 
Bomans,  the  sacred  shieldf  of  Mars,  said 
to  have  fidlen  trom.  heaven,  or  a  sldeld 
made  in  imitation  of  it. 

Anoon,  an'kon.  The  <^ecranon;  the 
upper  end  of  the  ulna  or  elbow.  A  carved 
drinking-oup  or  horn.  In  Arch,  a  console, 
or  other  stone  projection  contrived  for 
supporting  cornices. 

Ancon,  anOcon.  A  celebrated  breed  of 
sheep  with  short  crooked  legs  and  l<»ig 
back,  unable  to  le^>  fences. 

Anoony,  an'kd-ni.  A  piece  of  cast-iron 
melted  off  and  hammered  ataibrge  into 
a  mass  called  a  bloom ;  then  canrl^  to  a 
flnery,  and  worked  into  an  A. 

Ancylotome,  an-sU'6-tdm.  A  orook«d 
knife  or  bistoury ;  also  a  knife  for  divid- 
ing the  Ihenum  lingua  in  tongue-tied 
persons,  or  other  adhMions  and  contrac- 
tions. 

Anda,  an'ds.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Eu- 

JhMirfaoen,  the  only  knowa  species  of 
u  inttillensis. 


Andaluaite,  an-da-m'sit  A  pelludd 
mineral  of  the  garnet  ftun.  found  crystal- 
lized in  imperfect  four-sided  prisms,  near- 
hr  or  quite  rhombic ;  consisting  of  anhy- 
drous BiUcate  of  almnlns  wtui  iron  per* 
oxide. 

Andante,  an-d2n'tfi.  In  music,  moving 
with  a  moderate,  graceftil  progression. 

Andantino,  an-dan-te'no.  In  music,, 
applied  to  a  movement  quicker  than  an« 
dJute. 

Andaqnies-waz, -darke'fis-waks.  Tb« 
wax  of  a  bee  used  in  making  candles,  ibe. 

Andesin,  an'dCz-in.  A  mineral  resem- 
bling felspar, but  containing  silica,  alumina, 
soda,  lime,  potash  and  magnesia. 

Andeaite,  an'd^It  A  trachytic  rock  con- 
taining andesin,  glassy  felspar  (orthoclase), 
and  hornblende. 

Andira,  an-dl'ra.  A  gen.  of  trees,  ord. 
Leguminose,  with  fleshy  plum-like  flruits. 
The  A.  inernds,  or  cabM^  tree,  is  used 
in  medicine. 

Andiron,  andl-em.  A  horizontal  iron 
bar  raised  on  short  legfs,  vrith  an  upright 
standard  at  one  end,  used  to  support 
pieces  of  wood  when  burning  on  an  open 
hearth,  one  being  placed  on  each  side  of 
the  hearth. 

Andra,  an'dra.    A  North  African  gasellA 
AndresBaoeaa,  an-drfi'd-&''se-$.    A  dis- 
tinct tribe  of  mosses  distinguished  mainly 
by  the  longitudinal  splittii^  of  the  valves 
at  maturity 

Andrenidse.  an-dren'f-ds.  A  fiunily  of 
solitary  bees  in  which  the  tongue  is  short 
and  the  chin  elongated. 

AndreoUto,  an'dre-o-Bt  A  mineral, 
harmotome  or  cross-stone. 

AndrogynaL  so-droj'ln-al.  Having 
two  sexes ;  being  male  and  female ;  ha- 
mai^uroditicaL 

Andromeda,  an-drom'e-da.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Gepheusking  of  Ethiopia,  and  wife 
of  Perseus.  A  northern  constellation,  be- 
hind Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  ^nd  Perseus, 
supposed  to  represent  th.  flgure  of  a 
woman  chained  :  the  stars  number  eighly- 
four.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Ericacese. 

Andron,  an'drdn.  In  Greek  antiq.  the 
apartme  t  in  a  dwelling-house  appro- 
priated to  males,  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
nouse. 

Androphore,  an'dro-f5r.  A  stalk  sup- 
porting the  stamens,  often  formed  by  a 
union  of  the  filaments.  The  mednsIftHin 
zodid  in  which  the  male  «»lements  are  de- 
veloped. 

Androspore,  s&'dx6-«\AT.   k  «^t4  of 


ANDECFOQOS 


ployud  by  God  in  jmmAn  AimirB.  a 
woman  of  AdDTttbla  qqHUtiM.  A  ^Id 
nt^  Ihniertr  Munoit  la  JGnglUJil,  bii>r- 


ABaiOflPSRIf 


"rt,  fid'M-et,     An  old  En?U.h  gold 

AnKel-fleli,    In'jFl-fldi.     A    pluglasio- 
motu  Qfih,  ^QnulBa  angina,  ncvty  cdllod 

idtli  tlutariiioBluirkt. 
ADKelica.  ui-Jct'lkn.    A  ren.  nrnmM; 
llfimui  plsnU.      TM  guilcii  nuns  for 


lie  vl  ng  rheunudfiD 


AnKelophBny.  k 


«,       lUl-i»l'l1l-l-M.  T)h 


ItynV^ 


onln,  ar  the  valuo  of  hnir  im  wigd,  atruck 

AnseloB,  iin'Jf*l-ua.    la  tbe  B.  C.  Oh.  ■ 

tlms  u'hQn  tho  A.  Is  to  bx  rwdud. 
Angina,  ui-JI'tiL    Any  InSamiEatniy  *f- 


m-fl'M.    Any! 


asponiUDg  arm, 
Hwd'vnncla  am  Incioaed 


AntClopteiifl,  in-JI-ap'Ur-ia, 
Angioecope.  lui'ji-a-t^np. 


.      A   plul 


uteibsFoiouB 


A    corner.     A  pulu      >*—  ■ 

ncUUntqil  A.  ta  Iho    /  \ 

Dthnr.buIVa  not  In      \  _\ 

llu  Bune  mlglit  V-— — -^ 
Bbc;  ■  neUtinaiA.  KtcnUtliiK  Angle. 
!■  tba  dfvTH  of  openlnir  or  dltfo^oiuw  of 
two  nndgbt  HnM  wtalcta  ment  ami  >n- 
othB'.  A  clear  ld«  of  thu  niton  of  ui 
■Dgia  la  Dbtalnrd  by  irnditDHj  opening  a 
avpmlfT'*  mlo  or  ■  pair  of  DompABsw,  u 
tbe  ungUi  Dudu  will  beciHTio  gnAtor  u  tlu 
opening  wldeDa. 
Alu^bBT,  anit'l^-btr.  A  Terllail  bu 
■t  ue  Adffli^Df  tbaGieeBofa  poljicoiial  or 
bow  wlnoow-  A  rgllod  bmr  of  iron  'tOr 
ftHmlD?  the  edi^ee  of  viJbs,  of  to  bo  rivet- 


— . . — ng  of  ■  reotimiiuli 

imo  like  the  wiiflDtfr^ebracfl^t 
ronger,  and  earrylnffa  lumllo!  i 


girdert,  boUera,  Ajc 

Any  liutnuneDt  »r  mnaur- 


r 


Driag  the  ^p  of  I 


l~j™'gta-    i 


Low  Gtrman  tribe 

,.__  . -  -.    .iBtiliUn  iJoDgwIth 

bundi  ofeuou,  JotM  and  FriaUns,  and 
eolonlaed  ft  ereal  part  of  what  ftom  them 
baa  raoalTed  the  Dime  of  England. 

Anglealte,  wig'fl-itt.  A  ao]ptiat«  of 
lead  ooctDdDg  In  prlMnule  erTHtals. 

Anslloao.  Biii-'gllk.an.     A   member  of 

Anglo,  anfl^BW.  A  prefli  alBnlfiine 
Ell^llsh,     or     OODOMtnl     with    Eii|[limd, 

Anglo-Saxoii.aDg'KWHiak'Mn.    Onoof 

itie  nation  ftimied  bj  Iho  union  of  the 

nglea,  Soxoni  and  othM-eatIr  Tanwnic 

iMiM  In  Britain,  or  one  uf  ItatHr  deaoen- 

B  InbatdUnt  of    the  Uslled 


ffl5 


_ , —  Tbeeartleat 

lurm  of  tbe  EngUib  languapf. 
Aacol*.  wi-«fi'lL     A  DHUonable  riolh, 

made  from  tbe  wool  of  the  Anrora-goat. 
AngtAa^itmt,  an-m/la-kat.    One  of  Ifaa 

flneat  varirtioa  of  Iha  domeaUo  oat. 
Ancora-soat,  an-^'n-Rai.    A  Tirle^ 

org<iat.  railed  by  tho  Armht  ehaoial  guat. 


-i-goa-tft'ia-brirfc. 

__.   _.  _  nilaoeooi  pbul,  flallpaa 

Cnaparla,  fbrmirly  |irtifd  aa  a  frbrthig*, 
and  BOW  Deed  Ah  a  kind  of  blllen. 
AnanBOam.  an-gn.i'kaa 
bio  gen.  of  IrepinI  or---' 
pedale,  haa  the  la^- 


Ajicullla,  aa.gw!]'k.    A  gen,  i.  ...    

inalBco;>t«TTi^om  Afhea,  bm.  UoreiHriddl, 


n-hi'drld.    One  of  a  daaa 
replaced  by  negaClTii  ndl- 


Ani^rdrlte.  an-hl'drit    Anl 
phdte  Dfealdam,  preeendng  g 

nricty  nanl  In 


ihydmna  laU 

"^  B  Tnlplnlt* 

"thns."    A 

Mil/  flow- 


[itUilllj£unt  nMUty  uf  nourUhlb^  llaeir, 
by  tiie  prpdQmlnmpo  of  nllJD^p  Jn  lEo 
oompwimolit  uui  by  lU  Inopodty  lo 
orlguuto   ivotplii    or  DLCn^gmoui   cam- 

riodt.  An  Inlbrior  ottmUowl  bdng, 
conCrwtUtLnotSon  to  Tniio.  A.  bsal, 
boat  or  t^mpcntDre  noBHfl»ilby  uluulfl, 
neoeHaary  flir  the  pAtbmunfMi  of  v]UiL  oo- 
aan.  Tha  meu  h«t  orUw  hnmso  body  1> 
■boat  W*F.,  nd  Itncnr  lUlamuDli  be- 
low Ihlg  la  health.  A.  kingdom,  one  nf 
tha  ibne  prliuilpa]  MvMaailaUi  which  all 
iwtunl  bodlM  am  divided,  the  othen  bit- 
ing' the  TegBtable  acd  mlDtral  Un^amB, 
_  the  Atudy  ofwbluh  In  termed  aootngy. 

Of  dlaeDuit,  and  In  oil  aDlmol  and  YpffoU^ 


Aulme.  an'l-nio.  A  reilD  rj 
-  Ihnn  H  tr«f,  pen.  HymBiiiF,  col^ 
tre«.  Itlsor  atnuiapareot  unl>4>r 
vlth  a  lleht  ifrcimUle  amcU,  and  11 
..  no  taeto.     iDdlBD    eojul    produci 

Jinlinettot.  an-i-met'tfl.    Tliu  cloth 


Tha  hypothealB 

-„..u  wid  Plats  ol  a  Ibne  luuna^ 
it iDaeparahIa bma aod  ftlTliwto 
■  nuuKT  Itfl  fttrm  and  movemanta.  The 
.  ijitem  of  madimna,  b  which  It  na  In- 
-  lomd  that  the  wnrM  of  dlaeaae  mnat  he 
IiwhedforloUieeoul.    Tba  geoeral   ' 


ofPyUugonK 
krtol  but  ioae 


r  eplrltnal  belagn. 


oi^^en,  cbiorlDB  and  an  odd. 

AliillO,    B-DlS'lIC,       or    or    pLTtDilll 

acbe,    A.  aold  Is  nbUlonl  hnin  i 


p^elii,  orH.  UmbeUMni,  Howai  smaU 


B«d  Is  larfirely  emi^yed  tl 
tiue  uf  llqaon. 
Anloodaotyla,  an-raO-di 

phant,  tApIr,  &x. 

the  fbuDdfr  tnr  the  b 

Plantaffenet.    The  title  waa  alao  b 
Hvaralnnu  of  Pranch  kings.  alHj 
gniDdnn  of  LooIb  XIV,.  who 
nilUpV.er  Spain. 
-     ■     la.an-W'la. 
upon  two 

lo  BlDRhal 

Anker,  aiK'kor.    A  Datcb  liquid  meuB- 

ure  (^onbdulnff  tO  wLna  gallouB. 
Ankarlta,  'kor-lt.    A  crystiUliKl  rartolj 

of  dolomite  eonAlatlikg  of  rfirbouotea   of 

limiv  Inin,  laagueBia  and  manriajieac. 
AmUat.  anklet.     An  ommnent,  aa  a 

rin^  of  mdal.  fbr  the  ankle.    A  lVam» 

Ing;  hldewaya  in  flkadnf.    An  artlolo  of 
dreaa.  extending  above  tnelopoftheaboe. 


spiritual  Urine ;  tbeHnt  fruits  orlfctBa^ly 
htsbop,  abbot  op  parish  clerk. 
Anna     Second  dnuuh  tor  of  James  II.  oT 
Wmiainlll.iB,  IBIM.  o.  iiia.     ' 

tbdr  malleabUlty ;    to  boat.  In  order  to 

Annelida,  an-nnl'l-ila.  An  rilenilve 
dlTlnlnn  of  AnonlDsa  oramenlateanlmals, 
vbnae  bodiea  are  Ibrmrd  o(  a  ^freat  ouiu- 


USSIBJLUTKItnft 


UMOHtflUKDtBatD 


AnnodAted.   iD'nU-Sl-cd.     In  Ba. 
ana    applied    lo    iiaytMllg  s 


Wi  period,  B  oontlDstJDt  A.,  nr  a  Ufe  A. 
-wbait  tha  Eterfod  !■  dotfrmlned  by  the 
donilan  ofonnvrmoreUvH.    Adchn^ 

rlod. 

arnd;  omrth  bor- 

da.    A.  wU,  a  Bbroos 
Acporatln^ 

<lrnl  prlEim 

Dg  orlifbt 

|iSj 

If  Uie  rtoric 
IndlBorlml- 

__„ „ U  of  aruls, 

fciuaily  npntod  b  mAric  of  nohlUfy  ocd 
lurbdMiaii ;  iln  t1i«  dlSsFimco  nr  marn 
of diMlninlaD  which  tlia  5th  brothw  of  a 
fiimlly  Dn^t  to  bar  od  hla  «oat  of  antiB. 
Aniraliri'lft,  u-nD-loi'dA.    In  somezon- 


taBtoSfiismUyiirii^al 
tremlEy  ullb  dioODDda.     A 


ecUpBeotthnmnlanhlcbii 
1A  nubia  around  th«  mooQ- 
dfavnt-ODthui  Durin?  onclnc, 
«Hi«ntrfo  oyttDderfl^     A.  gi 


.  vhtch  eDdiclfl  (be  Jowerpiirt  o. 
'  oqittol  abon  the  truhdlum ; 


liHlndfn^  tbo  BoUttn,  Benlmlils  (Upo- 
'  ■romiB.tho.KaodUieEchlnodennsts. 
AiuiiUiu,     lo'nQ-ltu.     The    riOff-U^ 


wiweDIita  rirck*.    I  .  .._   

ring  which  BumniHli  tiM  ■pan  UK.  !■ 
luoHoi,  tin  l>rir  eralliV  wU<di  Ito 
Uil  srpojttlw  IroDi  tbo  thacL    Id  AugL 

tli«  irionibfwiDt  BuiTOUDdlitf  the  item  gc 
Bomu  iitiit\a  ikftfr  lbs  mp  hia  eipwdnL 
A,  cLbAculum,  tborlDKiuHlpaBUiHMafft  ■ 
tb^deUvery  DfwbkU  by  a  pnjico  wu  tha 
uiclvnt  modo  of  gnuiIiflt-iavMtlturei  1» 


tu  iDfnrn  the  peanle  of  tho  KBtlvAla  tff 
3  ceLcbnUd.  A  bflll-tvliEmph  coiulidns 
'ODjippantiucouDeclwlbywljtiawllhLhA 
ill'puLli  oflhe  dlffOnDt  rcniDft  of  a  bvteL 
ooa.  u'S^    An  udniil  cioady  alUid 


OHHit^    papocdally    a      king,     firieBt 
tUpa,  bSoaging  to 


Anomallpad.  a-namVll-ped.     A  bird 

or  by  IhrHphalongefl,  ami  to  t^lDlfijdflr 
by  oae  only. 
Anomaly^  o-nom'A'll.     DevLulDn  frocn 


Inj  nmiart-nl  Ir 

iptjleaDftlmt 


tlioHlmilltadoc 
,  thaUf  Iho  Fat! 
mbald,  a-nou: 


AMUntJL 


AHT-EATSR 


An  irregular  rbomlMrfdal  maaa,  asaoryBtal 
of  this  form. 

Anomnra,  aim>-mft'rft.  A  section  of  the 
erustaoeans,  ord.  Deoi^iods,  indnding  the 
hermit-^rsbs  and  others. 

Anona,  a-n5'na.  A  gen.  of  plants,  the 
type  of  the  ord.  Anonacee.  A.  squamosa 
(sweet-sop)  yields  an  ediUe  Iniit.  A. 
murlcata  (sour-sop),  produce  a  pear- 
shaped  fruit. 

Anophyta,  an-d-fl'ta.  A  section  of 
errptoffamlG  plants,  comprising  the  Hep- 
atlc»  (Urerworts)  and  musei  (mosses), 
which  nave  male  and  female  organs,  and 
free  spores  in  cases,  but  no  spinu  yessels. 

Anoplotheroidea,  an'op-lo-the-roid"6- 
a.  An  extinct  group  of  omnivorous  mam- 
mals, from  the  lower  tertlaiy  rocks,  form- 
ing a  connecting  link  between  the  swine 
and  the  true  ruminants. 

Anoplnra,  an-6-pia'ra.  An  order  of 
minute  apterous  insects,  having  a  mouth 
formed  for  suction,  and  either  two  simple 
eyes  or  none.  They  are  parasitic,  and 
commonly  known  as  lice.  They  undergo 
no  metamorphosis  like  other  insects,  the 
young  differing  from  the  adult  la  dze 
only. 

AnorUilte,  a-nor'thit  A  mineral  of  Hie 
felspar  fomilv,  allied  to  labradorlte ;  a  sili- 
cate of  alumma  and  lime. 

Anorthosoope,  an-or'tho-skdp.  An 
instrument  lor  producing  a  peculiar  kind 
of  optical  illucdon  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  rapidly  opposite  each  other. 

Anoua,  an'o-us.  A  gen.  of  sea-birds, 
fun.  LtuldsB,  or  gulls. 

Anoxoluin,  an-oks-ol'&-in.  One  of  the 
two  elements  of  fibrin,  muscular  fiber,  al- 
bumen, casein,  dec.,  oxoliUn  being  the 
other. 

Axi88B,  kx'bS.  The  parts  of  Saturn  *s 
ring  seen  on  each  side  ofthe  planet  through 
a  telescope. 

Ansellia,  an-sel^-a.  A  gen.  of  orchids, 
with  great  panicles  of  greenish  flowers 
)  spotted  with  purple. 
Juiser,  an^ser,  A  gen. 
of  birds,  fam.  AnseridiB. 
A  small  star  in  the  Milky 
wav,  between  the  Swan 
and  Eagle. 

'  Anaerated,     an'ser-ftt- 
ed.    In  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  cross,  the  ex-      * --.--^^ 
feemities   of  which   are     '^■«««»- 
formed  into  the  shape  of  the  heads  of 
beasts  or  birds. 

.Ansaridm,  ao-ser'i-dd.    A  flun.  of  web- 


Ant,  ant.  An  emmet;  a  piaiaiM^  a  hy- 
menoftterous  insect,  flan.  FMmJkia9r8en> 
Formica,  whioh  live  in  commDBittes,  eon- 
sisting  of  males  with  foor  wings;  of  fo- 
males  much  larger  than  the  naka,  and 
posees.sing  wings  only  during  tbe  pairing 
season;  and  of  barren  females,  called  neu- 
ters, workers  or  nurses,  destitate  of  wings. 
There  are  many  speGies,called  '»<w<yg  ants, 
carpenters,  masons,  Ac,  The  name  ant 
is  also  given  to  Insects  of  tiio  nenropter- 
ous  gen.  Termes. 

Anta,  an'ta.  The  BradUan  name  of  the 
Gonunon  or  Am^can  tapir.  In  Arch,  a 
pilaster,  on  each  side  of  a  do<Mr  or  standing 
opposite  a  pillar  used  in  Ghreek  and  BoDum 
architecture. 

AntaeuB,  &n-te'us.  In  Kjrth.  a  ftmons 
^ant,  son  of  Neptune  and  Terra,  UUedby 
Hercules. 

Antal,  ant'aL  A  wine  measure  of  about 
116  gallons,  used  in  Tokay,  Hungary. 

ATitalkali,  ant-oI'ka-lL  A  subatanoe 
which  neutralizes  an  alkaU,  used  medicin- 
ally. 

Antazotio,  ant-irk'tik.  Belating  to  the 
southern  pole,  and  espedal]^  to  a  drele 
parallel  to  the  equator  and  distant  from 
the  pole  28*  28^  the  line  between  light  and 
darlcness  when  the  sun  is  on  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn.  The  opposite  of  arotio  or 
northern. 

Antarotio  Ocean.  The  sea  extending 
from  the  A.  Circle,  66*  80'  S.  kt,  to  the 
S.  Pole. 

Anthony,  St.,  &n'to-ne.  The  founder 
of  monastic  orders ;  b.  in  Upper  £gypt  in 
251 ;  lived  to  105,  dying  In  m 

AntareiL  ant-ar'ez.  The  Arabic  name 
of  AlphaScorpii,  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, in  the  constellation  Scorpio. 

Ant-bear,  ant^ar.  A  name  given  to  the 
large  species  of  ant-eaters,  but  generally- 
restricted  to  M^tmecophaga  Jubata.  It  u 
from  4  to  6  feet  in  length. 

Ante,  an'td.  A  Latin  preposition  signi^ 
lying  before  in  place  or  time.  A. .  meridi- 
em, before  mid-day,  contracted  a.  m. 

Ant-eater,  ant'et-er.  A  name  given  to 
mammals  that 
prey  chiefly 
on  ants,  but 
usually  confin- 
ed to  the  eden- 
tate gen.  Myr- 
mecophaga. 
The  most  re- 
nuvkable  spe- 
cies is  the  Myr- 
naoopbag*  Jubata^ 


Ant-ester. 
ge  ant-bear.     Two 


ASTECKDKSOtt 


AimiOBlASf  ^ 


oUmt  qtedes,  M.  TamftodQA  and  M. 
didMfetjitk  an  unaller.  Tke  name  is  alao 
giren  to  the  r*"C**"'"  '"^  ^  ^^^  ^kAf^ 


an-tfl-ee'deiiB.  The  aet 
or  state  of  going  before  in  time ;  preee- 
denoe.  In  Astron.  an  appirent  motfoii  of  a 
pbnet  toward  the  west,  or  oontraiy  to  the 
order  of  the  signs. 

Ante-diainber,  an't£-diim-ber.  A 
chamber  or  apartment  in  idilch  persons 
wait  for  audience. 

Axitedihivian,   an'td-di-ia"Tl-an.    Be 
Ave  the  flood  or  deluge  in  JSToah^s  time. 

AnteAzBB,  an-tv-flks'S.  Uprig'ht  orna- 
ments, of  marble  or  terra  ootta,  at  the 
eares  of  n  tiled  roof  to  conceal  the  Joining 
of  the  tiles.  Ornaments  placed  below  the 
earea  throng  which  tlie  water  escapes. 

Ant-^gg,  ant'eg.  Little  white  bodies 
fimnd  in  the  hillocks  of  anta,  usaallr  sup- 
posed to  be  their  eggs,  but  realff  the 
jToong  in  a  state  of  lanrn  or  pnptt. 

Antcdope,  an'te-16p.  A  name  appUed  to 
many  species  of  ruminant  mammals  elose- 
If  resembing  the  deer,  but  included  wiUi 
aneep  and  oxen  in  the  section  Cavloomia 
«r  hoBow-homed  ruminanta.  Among  the 
JL  are  the  chamois,  the.aaiga,  the  gaieOe, 
ttie  addax,  the  eland,  the  koodoo,  the  gnu, 
ttie  sasin  or  Indian  antelope,  and  the 
prong-buck. 

Antftlnfiaw,  an-te-ia'kan.  Betng  beibre 
Bgfat;  preceding  the  dnwn.  Applied  to 
aasembUes  of  Christians,  in  sndent  times 
keld  before  Hi^t  in  the  morning,  either  to 
«acn>e  persecution,  or  to  commemorate 
the  nour  of  the  resurrection. 

Antemeridian,  an'td-mfi-rld"i-4n.  Be- 
ing before  nocm. 

A«t»¥wii«H^nA,  an-t£Hnun'd2n.  Being 
befbre  the  creation  of  the  world. 

Antemnral.  an-tC-m&'raL  A  barbacan 
or  outwork  in  a  castle,  consisting  of  a 
strong  hii^h  wall,  with  turrets  in  front  of 
the  gate  for  defending  the  entrance. 

Antenatal,  an-t£-na'taL  Eadsting,  or 
happening,  previous  to  birth. 

Antenna,  an-ten'ui.  A  bomUkc,  joint- 
ed, Terr  flexible  and  sensitive  filament, 
proceeding  by  a  ball-and-socket  joint  from 
tho  head  in  insects,  Crustacea  and  myria- 
pods,  considered  as  the  organs  of  touch 
and  hearing. 

Antennaxia.  an-ten-ni'ri-a.  A  gen.  of 
pL:ot.%  ord.  Composite,  neniy  allied  to 
tho  OnaphaJlnm  ;  the  everiastings. 

Antennnla,  an-ten'nQ-la.  One  of  the 
ifuuddnry  fceltus  or  palps  attached  to 
the  Jews  of  xoModibuhte  inaeoU ;  S|ppar- 


enthr  tactile  organs  adapted  to  distingaish 

Antependiom,  aq-tc-pen'di-nm.  The 
hanging  with  which  the  front  ot  an  altar 
Is  covered ;  the  fh>ntaL 

Antepenult,  an'te-p<vnult.  The  last 
syllable  of  a  word  except  two,  as  syl  in 
monosyllable. 

Antezidea,  an-t£r^-d£z.    Buttresses  for 

strengthening  a  waU. 

Anteroom,  an'te-rom.  A  room  before  or 
in  iWmt  of  another ;  an  ante-chamber.    . 

Ante-aolariom,  an't»-so^"ri-um.  A 
balcony  ihdng  the  sun. 

Ante-stomach,  an'te-stom-uk.  A  cav- 
ity which  li«ds  into  the  stomach,  as  the 
crop  in  birds. 

Ante-temple,  an't«-tem-pl.  In  ancient 
churches  the  part  now  called  the  nave. 

Anthem,  an'them.  A  hymn  sung  in 
alternate  parts ;  in  modem  usage,  a  sa- 
cred piece  of  music  set  to  words  taken 
Ihmi  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of  the 
Scriptures ;  a  developed  mot^ 

Anthemion,  an-tlkKmi-on.  That  om*- 
mental  series  in  <>reek  and  Roman  deco- 
ration derived  from  the  honeysuckle. 

Anthemia,  an'th£-mis.  A  gen.  of 
pbmts,  ord.  Composite,  sub-ord.  Corym- 
Ufene.  A.  Cotula  is  the  mav-weed ;  A. 
nobilis  the  common  chamomile. 

Anther,  an-th£r.  In  Bot.  the  essentisl 
part  of  the  stamen.  It  is  a  capsule,  db- 
charglng  a  powder,  which  fertilizes  the 
ovules  by  fluJing  or  being  deposited  on 
the  stigma. 

Anthericom,  an-ther'i-kum.  A  large 
gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Liliaeee,  with 
racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers. 

Antheridlom,  an-th^r-i<11-um.  The 
organ  in  cr}-pt4igamie  nlontfi  which  an- 
swers to  the  anther  in  pluinerogiims. 

Antherogrenona,  an-tbiT-ojVn-u!).  A 
A  term  applied  to  double  flowers,  in 
which  the  anthers  are  converted  into 
horn-like  petals,  as  in  the  double  colum- 
Une. 

Antherosoid,  an'ther-6-zo-id.  The 
minute  body  produced  in  thoantheridium 
of  arrptogams  by  which  the  female  organs 
are  fertilized. 

Antheaia,  an-thc'sis.  The  period  when 
flowers  expand. 

Ant-hill,  anfhU.  A  little  tumulus 
formed  by  ants  for  their  haMtation  ;  the 
nests  of  some  species  of  tlie  white  ant  are 
12  feet  high.  • 

Awthohian.    an-th61>i-an.    A 
that  livM  on  tawi 


ANTH0CAEP0U8 


00 


AHTIBUSGHBB 


Anthooarpotui,  •n-tho-Ur'pas.  A 
term  i^pUed  to  fhilt  formed  by  masaes  of 
Inflorescences  adhering  to  each  other,  as 
the  fir-cone,  pine-apple,  &c 

Anthoohsera,  an'tho-ke>ra.  A  gen.  of 
AustraUan  inscsfM>rial  birds,  fiun.  Meli* 
phagidffi,  or  honey-suckers. 

An^odiuxn,  an-tho'di-um.  The  head 
of  flowers  of  composite  plants,  as  of  a 
thistle  or  daisy. 

Antholite,  an'tho-Ut.  The  general 
name  for  the  impress  of  the  inflorescence 
of  plants  on  rocks. 

Antholysis.  an-thoFl-sis.  The  retro- 
grade change  of  the  parts  of  a  floral 
whorl,  as  the  stamens  change  into  petals, 
or  the  petals  into  sepals. 

Anthoxnyia,  an-tho-ml'i-a.  A  gen.  of 
flies,  including  the  cabbage,  potato,  tur- 
nip, beet,  and  lettuce  flies. 

AnthoxnyzicUe,  an-tho-miz'i-dd.  A  di- 
Tision  of  the  MuscidsB  (flies). 

Jkuthophyllite,  an-thof  il-It.  A  variety 
of  hornblende,  occurring  in  radiating  col- 
umnar aggre^tes;  tremoUte. 

Anthosiderlte,  an-tho-sid'er-It.  A  na- 
tive silicate  of  iron,  having  a  flbrous  radi- 
ated structure. 

Anthoxantliuxni,  an-tho-zan'thum.  A 
gen.  of  grasses  the  flowers  of  which  have 
only  two  stamens. 

Anthracite,  an'thra-sit.  Glance  or  blind 
coal,  a  non-bituminous  coal  which  burns 
without  smoke,  but  with  intense  heat.  It 
consists  of  about  90  per  cent,  carbon,  8 
hydrogen,  and  5  ashes. 

Anthracoxneter,  an'thrak-om''et-er. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  carbonic 
acid  gas. 

Anthraconite,  an-thrak'on-It  A  vari- 
ety of  marble  of  a  coal-black  luster.  It 
gives  oft'  a  fetid  sulphureo-bituminous 
odor  when  heated. 

Anthraoosaiuras,  an-thrak'd-sa^'ms.  A 
labvrinthodont  animal,  flrst  found  in  the 
durboniferous  strata. 

Anthracotheriuxu,  an'thra-ko-th€''ri- 
um.  An  extinct  pachydermatous  mammal 
resembling  a  hog,  alhed  to  the  paeeotheria, 
first  found  in  the  miocene  lignite. 

Antlirax,  an'thraks.  A  carbuncle;  a 
malignant  ulcer.  An  ancient  name  for 
carbuncle,  ruby,  or  garnet,  lithanthrax  or 
stone  coal. 
'  Anthrenus,  an-thrS'nus.  A  gen.  of  col- 
^pterous  Insects,  fom.  Dermestldffi. 

^ithrJBClX^  an-thris'kus.     A  gen.  of 
pJkatB,  ord.  VmbtJJlferm. 


Anthxoplo,  •B-tlirop'ik.  1tok»gtog  to 
man;  sprung firom maa. 

Anthxoxiite,  «n41irqi'l-d&  HnzIey'B 
name  for  the  highest  group  of  mammals, 
of  which  man  is  the  oi^y  genos  hmI  sg^ 
des;  the  lUmamu 

Anthxopoflrlot,  an-throp'6-gIoL  An 
animal  which  has  a  tongue  >e8CTnT>Hng 
that  of  man,  as  the  parrot. 

Anthropoid,  an'thrO-pold.  BesembUng 
man ;  applied  to  such  apes  as  most  oloaety 
approach  the  human  race. 

Anthropoidea,  an-thr6-p<>i'dfti.  A  gen. ' 
of  grallatorial  birds,  flan.  unddBB,  ine[u4« 
ing    the    demoiselle,    the    Btanugr  and 
crowned  cranes. 

Anthropolatry,  an-thrl^wFa-trL  The 
worship  of  man — a  charge  broo^t  by  the 
early  Onristians  against  the  ancient  heap 
thens,  and  retorted  by  the  latter  on  the 
Christians  on  account  of  their  worship  of 
Christ.  Used  bv  the  ApoIUnarians  agiunat 
the  orthodox  Christians  of  the  4th  and  6th 
centuries. 

Anthropolite,  an-thrO'pd-lit  A  petri^ 
taction  of  the  human  body,  by  theincmat- 
ing  action  of  calcareous  waters. 

Anthropology,  an-thr6-pol'o-jL  The 
science  of  man  .and  mankind,  indnding 
the  study  of  man's  place  in  nature.  It 
puts  under  confaributton  archnology, 
comparative  anatomy,  physiology,  psy- 
chology, climatology,  Ac. 

Anthropomorphite,  an-thr5'pl(* 
morf 'it.    One  who  believes  that  the  8u- 

Ereme  Being  exists  in  human  form  with 
Oman  attributes  and  passions.    One  of  a 
sect  of  ancient  heretics. 

Ahthropophasri,  an-thr5-pora-Ji.  Can- 
nibals ;  men  that  cat  human  flesh. 

Anthnrlum,  an-thQ'ri-um.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  AraceiB,  growing  epiphytically 
on  forest  trees. 

Anthiis,  an'thus.  A  gen.  ot  inseesorial 
birds,  allied  to  the  Alauda  (the  larks) ;  the 
pipits  or  tit-larks. 

Anthyllis,  an-thil'lis.  A  gen.  of  legu- 
minous plants,  to  which  the  kidney-vetch 
or  lady's-flngers  belongs. 

Antiar,  on'ti-ar.  The  milky  Juice  of  the 
upas-tree,  one  of  the  most  acrid  and  viru- 
lent vegetable  poisons,  paralyzing  the 
heart,  and  infiillibly  causing  death  when 
introduced  into  a  wound. 

Antibasilioan,  on'ti-ba-zil'M-kan.  Op- 
posed to  royal  state  and  magnificence. 

Antibnrfirher,  an'ti-berg^'er.  A  member 
of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which  the 
Seotoh  Seoesaion  Gharch  was  splltin  1747. 


ABTICASDIUM 


51 


ANTIOCIIIAN 


saa,   AnttcHnal    Line, 
b  b,  Byndtnal  line. 


They  ocMleaoed  In  1820  Into  the  United 
ABBociate  Synod. 

Anticazdinm,  an-ti-kilr'di-am.  The 
hoUow  at  the  bottom  of  the  breast  or  epl- 
jrastrinm.  The  pit  of  the  atomadi. 
ATiliohlor,  an'ti-Udr.  A  bleaoher*s 
term  for  the  reagents  employed  to  neu- 
tralize the  effects  ot  the  firee  oUorine  left 
in  articles  bleached  by  means  of  alkaline 
hypochlorites. 

Antiohrlflt,   an'ti-krlst    A   person   or 

power  antagonistic  to  Christ 
Antiohthon,  an-tik'thdn.    An  inhabit- 

"ftnt  of  an  opposite  hemispho'e. 

Antirllnal,  an-ti-kH'naL  Inclining  in 
opposite  di- 
rections. 
A  Une,  or 
axis,  the 
ridge  o  f  a- 
-waye-llke 
corre,  the 
strata  dip- 
ping fttnn 
It  on  either  side ;  opposed  to  syndtnaL 

Antioneinion,  an-tfk-n^'mi-cm.  The 
shln-bohe,  as  opposed  to  the  caU 

Antioor,  an'ti-kor.  An  inflamed  swell- 
ing on  a  horse's  breast ;  a  sort  of  quinsy. 

AwWawtw  an-tl'kom.  In  anc.  Arch,  a 
pordi  to  a  firont  door,  as  distinguished 
from  posticum,  a  porch  to  a  rear  door. 
The  space  between  the  front  columns  of 
the  poirtioo  of  a  temple  and  wall  of  the 
oeDs. 

Antideama,  an-ti-des'ma.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Euphorblaoee.  The  leaves 
are  employed  in  native  medicine. 

Antiennealiedral,      an'ti-en'nd-a-hd'' 
dral.    In  crystid  havtog  nine  Iboes  on  two 
•     opposite  parts. 

ATilrffttam,  an-te't&m.  The  scene  of  the 
great  battle  In  8.  Maryland.  Sept  17, 1862, 
between  the  Union  and  €k>nfederate 
,  armies,  the  first  commanded  by  Gen. 
Geo.  B.  McCleUan,  the  latter  by  Gen. 
Eobt  £.  Lee.  The  name  is  taken  flrom  a 
creek  which  rises  In  B.  Pennsylvania,  and 
running  through  Maryland  empties  into 
the  Potomac  Biver. 

Antiflrropelos,  an-ti-grop'el-os.      8pat- 
^       ter-dashes ;  long  riding  or  walking  boots 
for  wet  weather. 

AntiflTOne,  an-tig'o-ne.  Daughter  of 
(EdipuA,  king  of  Thebes,  heroine  of  one 
of  giophoeles*  tragedies ;  she  was  buried 
alive  by  Crcon. 

Anti-Iiibaixua.  an-tl-Ub-ba-nus.  A 
mountain  rapge  in  PiAestlne. 


AntUecomena,  an'ti-le-gom''c-na. 
Things  spoken  against;  spedflcaUy,  ap- 
plied to  Dooks  of  the  New  Testament 
whose  insfriration  was  not  universally  ac- 
knowledged; the  8d  Epistle  of  Peter, 
James,  Jude,  Hebrews,  the  2d  and  8d 
Epistles  of  Bt.  John,  and  the  Bevelatlon. 

Antllleg,  ohn-tcer.  A  triple  cluster  of 
W.  Indian  islands,  called  tbe  Great,  4  in 
number,  Cuba,  llaytl,  Jamaica  and  Porto 
Bioo,  the  WIndwara  and  Leeward  g^roupa 
There  are  some  860  in  all. 


an'ti-ma-kas''2r.  A 
covering  for  chairs,  Ac.,  of  op<>n  cotton  or 
worsted  work. 

Antixnason,  an-ti-mft'sn.     One  hostlla 
to  Masonry  or  Freemasonry. 

Antlmwnrinni,     an-ti-men'sl-um.     A 


>^>>5-r/: 


Antimenslum  or  Portable  Altar. 

portable  altar  or  consecrated  table  used  In 
the  Eastern  Latin  Church. 

Antixnetor,  antim'et-er.  An  optioalln- 
strument  for  measuring  angles  under  10®. 

Antixniiisioxi,  an-tl-min'Ri-on.  A  cor- 
poral or  cloth  blessed  by  a  bishop  and 
used  In  the  Greek  Church  where  there 
was  no  consecrated  altar. 

Antixnony,  an'ti-mo-nl.  A  brittle  metal 
of  scaly  texture,  occurring  in  two  forms, 
crystalline  and  amori>hou8,  sometimea 
found  native  or  alloyed  with  other  metals, 
used  In  the  construction  of  alloys,  as  Bri- 
tannia metal,  type  metal,  and  pewter.  In 
bells  it  renders  the  sound  more  clear,  and 
gives  to  printing  types  more  firmness  and 
smoothness.  The  salts  of  A.  are  very 
poisonous.  The  protoxide  is  a  most  valu- 
able remedy  in  many  diseases. 

Anttnoznian,  an-ti-no'ml-an.  One  of  a 
sect  who  maintidn  that,  under  the  gospel 
dispensation,  the  moral  law  is  of  no  une  or 
obligation,  which  originated  with  John 
Agricola  about  the  year  158S. 

Anttnoofi,  2n-tin'o-us.  The  bcautiflil 
flivorite  of  the  Emperor  Adrian  ;  a  native 
of  Bithjmia.  A.  was  drowned  in  the  Nile 
In  the  year  182.  Exquisite  works  of  art 
consecrated  to  his  memory  by  Adrian  are 
still  extant. 

Antiochian,  an-ti-ok'i-an.  Pertaining 
to  Antiochus,  a  contemporary  of  Cicero, 


A3smocinAS 


OS 


ABTOBIUB 


md  the  founder  of  a  sect  of  philosophen. 
He  attempted  to  reconcile  tne  doctrines 
of  the  different  schools,  and  was  the  last 
preceptor  of  the  Platonic  school. 

Antiochian,  an-ti-ok'i-an.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  city  of  Antioch.  A.  epoch, 
a  method  of  coi  iputing  time,  flrom  the 
proclamation  of  liberty  f^'anted  to  the  dty 
of  Antioch  about  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Pharsolla,  b.  r.  48. 

Antiochus,  An-ti'o-kas.  A  fiivorite  royal 
name  J  n  ancient  Syria,  no  less  than  eleven 
of  her  kings  bearing  it.  The  most  noted 
"iras  A.  III.,  the  Great,  contemporary  with 
Hannibal,  n.r.  228,  and  A.  lY.,  his  son. 

Antiparallel,  an-tl-pa'ral-el.  One  of 
tno  or  more  lines  which  make  equal  an- 
gles with  two  other  lines,  but  in  a  contrary 
order. 

Antiperifltasis,  an'ti-pe-ris'^ta-sls.  The 
opposition  or  antagonism  of  naturally  op- 
posed forces,  as  light  and  darkness,  heat 
and  cold.  Thus,  sensible  heat  is  excited 
in  quicklime  by  mixture  with  water,  and 
cold  applied  to  the  human  body  may  in- 
crease its  heat. 

Antiphloffistic,  an'ti-flo-jis''tik. 
Counteracting  inflammation,  or  an  excited 
state  of  the  system.  A  theory,  a  system 
of  chemistry  showing  that  in  combustion, 
instead  of  phlogiston  escaping,  oxygen  is 
absorbed,  and  that  wherever  phlogiston 
was  supposed  to  be  added,  oxygen  was 
removed. 

Antiplioxi,  an'ti-fon.  The  chant  or  alter- 
nate singing  in  choirs  or  cathedrals ;  an- 
tiphony. 

^tiphonary,  an-tif  o-na-rl.  In  the  R. 
C.  Ch.  a  service-book,  compiled  by  Greg- 
ory the  Great,  containing  whatever  is  said 
or  sung  in  the  choir,  except  the  lessons. 

Antipodes,  an-tlp'o-duz.  Those  who 
U  ve  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe.  Any- 
thing diametrically  opposite  to  another. 

flintipope,  an'ti-pop.  One  who  usurps 
the  papal  power. 

Ajitiquary,  an'ti-kwa-ri.  One  devoted 
to  the  study  of  ancient  times  through 
their  relics  with  the  view  of  arriving  at  a 
knowledge  of  the  general  condition  of  the 
people  who  created  or  employed  them. 

Antirrliinuxxi,  an-ti-rl'num.  Snap> 
dragon,  a  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Scrophm- 
ariacesB,  producing  showy  flowers. 

AntUabbatarian,  an-tl-sab'ba-t&''ri- 
an.  One  of  a  sect  who  oppose  the  observ- 
ance of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  maintain- 
ing that  the  Jewith  Sabbath  was  abolished 

IfjrCJuiat 


AntlMdan,  aa-ttahM-ML  Aa  inhaMtoik 
of  one  side  of  the  equator,  whose  shadow, 
at  noon  is  east  in  •  oontrarj  dire<^«ii  ts 
that  of  an  inhabitant  of  the  other. 

Antiseptio,  an-ti-«ep'tlk.  Any  sub- 
stance wUch  resists  or  corrects  patrefho- 
tion. 

Antifhenar,  an-tith'e>nir.  A  mnsole 
whldi  extends  the  thumb,  or  opposes  it  to 
the  hand ;  also,  the  addootor  mnsole  of 
the  great  toe. 

Antitrinitarian,  an-ti-trinl-ti'M-ML 
One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  Trin- 
ity, or  the  existenoe  of  three  persons  is 
tiie  Godhead. 

Antler,  antler.  The  Inranoh  of  fhe  bom 
of  a  deer ;  one  of  the  horns  of  the  oervtnsi 
animal^  as  the  stag  or  moose.  In  his 
sixth  year,  and  after,  the  male  deer  is 
called  a  hart,  or  stag  of  ten.  The  stem  of 
the  horn  is  oalled  the  beam.  Tfa* 
branches  are  caDed  also  tynes. 

Antler-moth,  antlSr-moth.  A  moth 
the  larve  of  which  sometimes  destroy  the 
herbage  of  whole  mtadows. 

A-n4:Hi>.,  antOi-e.  The  sphral  tongue  or 
proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects  by 
which  they  pump  up  the  Juices  of  plants. 

A.  pneumatica, in  Astron.  the  Air-pump; 
a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemis- 
phere, situated  between  Hydr*  and  Axf» 
Navls. 

Ant-lion,  anf  - 1 
li-un.  Thelarrs 
of  a  neuropter- 
ous  insect,  fam. 
Myrmeleonidffi . 
It  digs  a  ftinnel- 
shaped  hole  in 
the  sand,  and 
when  the  pit  is  ,^ 
deeo  enougXttie  p^^^  j„g^  ^^  j^ 

with  only  its  formidable  mandibles  ]Ht»- 
Jecting,  and  aa  soon  as  a  victim  foils  in  it 
seizes  it  with  its  mandiUes  and  sucks  its 
juices. 

Antonelli,  GKaoomo,  An-to-nelle.  The 
distinguished  Italian  Cardinal,  chief  ad- 
viser of  Pope  Pius  IX.;  b.  1806,  d.  1876. 

Antoni'nus  Pins,  Titas.  Adopted 
son  and  s.  of  Hadrian,  Emperor  of  Borne ; 

B.  86,  D.  161 ;  his  reign  of  28  years  was 
powerful  and  prosperous. 

Antoniiis,  Marcus,  an-to'ne-us.     The 
celebrated  Roman  general  who  was  Joined 
with  Octavlus  and  Lepidus  as  the  trium- 
virate after  the   assassinatjon  of  Julius     • 
C»sar.  .  He  Ml  a  prey  to  the  charms  of 


A9T06IAHBBIAK 


AFHELIQV 


Gleopatn,  tlM  diasohite  Qneen  of  fcTpt, 
wu  betrmyed  by  ber  mad  defeated  dV 
OctoTins  (Angnfftiu)  in  tlie  datbI  battle 
off  Artinm ;  lock  Us  HIb  in  Egypt,  m.  c. 
80. 

AntnmJAinAriA'n  aii-tMl-«n''dri-«ii.  One 
of  a  sect  of  rigid  liitbenuu  who  deny  that  | 
man  is  made  just,  bat  affirm  that  he  is 
only  pnmoiiiioed  so. 

Ant-Uimaih,  aat'tfarosh.  Birds  of  th^ 
gen.  Fftta,  bekoginf  to  the  dentiroeoal 
sectkm  of  the  onL  Insessofca,  and  alUed 
to  the  Tordidje  or  thrash. 


AntwarpL  ant'wairp.    The  principal 
port  of  Bd|f  am,  in  the  Ifith  eentnry  the 
ridiest  and  greatest  eommerdal  eenttr  in 
Earope ;  pop.  160,000. 

AxM&bls.  an-u'bis.  Am  Egrptlan  deft^, 
the  ooodoctor  of  departed  spirits  from  tms 
world  to  the  next,  represented  by  a  haman 
figare  with  the  head  of  a  jackaL  He  pre- 
yed over  tombs,  and  in  the  lower  world 
wel^ied  the  actions  of  the  deeeased  pre- 
Tfcms  to  their  adrntarioB  to  the  presence  of 
Osiris. 

Axmr&,  a-nft'ra.  An  ord.  of  batraddaas 
wliidi  ioee  the  tail  when  they  reach  ma- 
tort^,  as  the  frog. 

Anvfl,  sn'TfL  An  iron  block  with  a 
smooth  steel  ftee,  on  wUch  metals  are 
hammered  and  shaped. 

A/wilft-n  »-o'ni-an.    Pertaining  to  Aonia, 
in  BoBoda,  or  to  tiie   Moses,  who  were 
supposed  to  dwell  there;   poeticaL    A. 
Ii»ant,  the  foantsin  Aganippe,  at  tlie  foot  •■ 
of  Moant  Helleon,  saoed  to  the  Moses.     | 

Aorta^  i-or'ta.  The  great  artery  or  trunk  I 
of  the  arterial  system,  proeeeSimg  ttom.  * 
the  left  re 


▲oodad,  i'&'dad.  Tlie  bearded  argall, 
a  borine  qnadroped,  alHed  to  the  sheep, 
most  doaely  to  the  Bsoaflon. 

Apochw,  ap-pah'cha.  A  soothwestera 
tribe  of  American  Indians,  very  warlike. 
Their  BWBber  is  estfanated  at  »,000,  with 
0,000 


lijamgyncfaM,  a^Mjln-os.     A  term  ap- 
^ed  to  a  plant  that  Ihiettfies  bat 


perlsUns    thereafter; 
tmmisTf.  or  boA  |taits  as  the 
aloe. 


onee, 
as 


n/aHBSw  A  q»eefes  of  armadillo 
havinf  the  power  ot  rolling  itself  into  a 
eonipfetebalL 

▲  pAxte  ante,  ▲  parte  post,  a-par'ta- 
an'te,  a-psr'te-pSet.  Two  expreasions  cf 
■diolastie  pUloaopliy,  referrug  to  eter- 
Mty,  consisting  ot  two  parts,  the  one,  a 
parte  ante,  witbontBmtt  in  tta  part^sad 


the  other,  a  parte  post,  without  limit  la 

theftatare. 
Apartment,  a-pftrfment.    A  room  in  • 

boUding ;  a  dlvvkm  in  a  house  scpaiated 

ih>m  others  1^  partitions. 
Apaatron.  a-pas'trtm.    That  part  la  the 

orbit  of  a  dooble  star  where  it  is  fvthest 

from  its  primary. 

Apatite,  ap'a-tit.  Xatire  phosphate  id 
lime,  generally  crystallized  in  knr,  fist, 
hexshedrsl  prisms,  which  occur  in  meCa* 
morphie  and  granite  rocks. 

Apatura,  ap^tu'ra.  A  gen.  ot  dinmal 
Lepidoptera.  eontaining  many  beaatiflil 
exotic  species  of  butterlliefl. 

Ape,  ap.  One  of  a  frm.  (Simiade)  of 
qasdramanoos  an- 
hnals  now  Hiwit^ 
to  such  as  bar* 
teeth  of  the  sanae 
namber  and  form 
as  man.  and  pos- 
sess neither  tails 
nor  dieek-poufdi' 
es;  itinclades  the  Ape. 

ddmpanzee,  goril- 
la, orang-oatanr,  A«..  and  is  dirlded 
three  gcaera,  Troglodytes,  Simla  and  Hy- 
lobatea. 

Apennine,  ap'en-nin.  A  chain  of  moun- 
tains which  extend  horn  Pledmonty 
roond  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  to  the  center  of 
Italy,  and  thence  southeast  to  the  es- 
tremity* 

Apertor,  a-pert'or.  A  musde  that 
raises  the  upper  eyelid. 

Aperture,  sp'er-tur.  An  opening;  a 
m»p  or  diasm.  In  Geom.  the  qiaea 
between  two  right  Hues,  formingan  angia. 
In  optics,  the  diameter  of  the  exposed 
part  of  tlie  olijeet-glass  of  an  opUeal  instra- 
ment. 

Apex.  i'pekBu  Thetip,  point,  or  summit 
of  aaytUDg.  In  Bot.  the  end  ftrthest 
firom  the  pcibit  &t  attaduBM&t,  or  base  of 
sn  organ.  In  Geom.  the  angnlar  point  of 
a  cone  or  ofatrian^  opposite  the  base.    | 

Aphaneatte,  a-fon'e-sft.  A  mineral,  an 
srseniate  of  o^per . 

Aplianiptera,  af^an-ip'ter^  An  aid. 
of  ^>teKNis,  htnstrilste  insects,  eoextan- 
sire  with  the  fom.  Pntteite,  the  dUBavnt 


Apbanite,   sTan-fL     Compact  aml>lii' 

othar. 


bole,  a  mineral  eondsting 
qnsrtx,  and  folspar.  t 

Aphelion.  arCm-oa.  That  ^oint  In  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet  wUehlsmoat 
distant  from  the  son ;  opposed  toperiha; 


APHELLAN 


64  AP0DO8IS 


Aphellan,  a-fd'Ian.  Tho  name  of  a 
blight  star  in  tho  constellation  Oemini. 

Aphis,  &'fi8.  A  plant-louse  ;  a  puceron 
or  vlne-fretter ;  one  of  tho  insecta  of  the 
gen.  Aphis,  fain.  Aphides.  The  species 
aro  very  numerona  and  destructive.  The 
A.  illustrate  pwthonogenesis ;  hormaphi-o- 
dite  fornix  produced  fl*om  eggs  produce 
viviparous  wingless  forms,  whicn  again 
proauoe  others  like  themselves,  and  thus 
multiply  during  summer,  ono  indivi<lual 
giving  rise  to  millions. 

AphlOfiristlO,  af-lo-jis'tik.  f'lameless; 
as,  an  A.  hxmp,  in  which  tho  wick  is  kept 
hot  by  the  slow  combustion  of  aicohol. 

Aplmology,  af  noFo-ii.    The  science  of 
wealth. 
" — Apl^te,  afrit.     A  sub-variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime   or   calc-spar,    {mpularly 
known  as  Ibam  or  foam-spar. 

Aphrlzite,  afilz-It.  A  variety  of  tour- 
maline. 

Aphrodite,  af-ro-dl'td.  The  Greek  name 
of  the  Goddess  of  Love,  called  by  the  Ro- 
mans Venus.  8h6  is  supposed  to  have 
originated  flrom  the  foam  of  the  sea.  A 
variety  of  meerschaum.  A  h^'drous  sili- 
cate of  magnesia.  A  bcautiflil  gen.  of 
annelidans,  with  silky  hair  and  bristles. 

Aphyllose,  afil-os.  Destitute  of  leaves : 
appHed  tothegroupof  cryptogamic  plants 
called  thallogciis,  which  are  >^ithout  true 
leaves ;  also  to  flowering  plants  destitute 
of  leaves,  like  some  euphorbias. 

Apiarian,  a-pi-&M-an.  A  bee-keeper; 
an  apiarist. 

.  Apiin,  a'pi-in.  A  gelatinous  substance 
fl^m  common  parsley  by  boiling  with 
water. 

Apiocrixiites,  a'pi-i^kri-nl'^tez.  A  sub- 
gen,  of  fossil  encrinites,  peculiar  to  the 
chalk  and  oolite  formations;  pear-encrinite. 

ApioS,  a'pi-os.  A  gen.  of  leguminous 
plants,  containing  three  specie^,  producing 
edible  tubers  on  underground  snoots. 

Apia,  fi'pis.  A  bull  to  which  divine 
honors  were  paid  by  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
OS  a  symbol  of  Osiris.  At  Memphis  he 
had  a  splendid  residence.  He  was  not 
suffered  to  live  beyond  25  years,  being 
secretly  killed  by  the  priests  and  thrown 
into  a  sacred  well.  His  birth  was  annually 

.  c«lebrated,  and  his  death  was  a  season  of 
.  public  mooming.  A  gen.  of  insects,  ord. 
Hymenoptera;  the  bees.  A.  musca,  a 
southern  constellation  of  4  stars. 

Apiuxn,  A-pi-um.  A  gen.  of  umbelliferous 
plajatA,  among  which  is  the  celery. 

'^placental,  op-lA-aeD^ud.    Applied  to 


mamAals  the  yoang  of  which  are  desti- 
tute of  a  placenta,  oomprising  the  Monotre- 
mata  and  Marsopialia,  the  lowest  orders, 
including  the  duck^nole,  the  porcupine, 
ant-eater,  kangaroo,  &c. 

Aplome,  a-plom'.  A  nre  varie^  of  gar- 
net, found  in  dodecahedrons,  with  rhom- 
bic faces. 

Apluster,  a-plus'ter.  An  ornament  car- 
ried on  the  stem  of  ancient  Greek  and 
Roman  ships,  shaped  like  a  plume  of 
feathers ;  it  rose  immediately  Mhlnd  the 
steersman. 

Aplysia,  a-pliz'i-a.  The  sea-hare,  a  g«n. 
of  gasteropodous  mollusks,  ord.  Tecti- 
bronchiata. 

Apocalypse,  a-pok'a-Hps.  Berelatlon: 
discovery,  disclosure ;  spedfioally  appUed 
to  the  last  book  of  the  ^ew  Testament, 
containing  the  revelation  delivered  to  Bt. 
John  in  Patmos. 

Apocrisiary,  ap-6-krisM-a-rl.  Anciently, 
a  resident  in  Constantinople,  representa- 
tive of  a  foreign  church  or  bishop. 

Apocrypha,  a-pok'ri-13&.  Hidden  or  se- 
cret things ;  things  set  apart ;  specifically,  a 
name  in  the  earliest  churches  for  variouB 
writings  whose  authors  were  unknown, 
those  veith  a  hidden  meaning^uch  as 
were  considered  objectionable.  The  name 
now  used  to  designate  those  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  not  having  a  place  amfmg 
the  twenty-two  of  the  Jewish  canon,  but 
appearing  with  them  in  theSeptuaglnt.  The 
Council  of  Trent  declared  uiem  inspired 
and  canonical.  The  Greek  Church  prohibits 
their  use.  The  Lutheran  and  £n|^sh 
Churches  deny  their  inspiration,  but  con- 
sider them  to  contain  wholesome  inetruc- 
tion.  Most  evangelical  Protestants  prohibit 
their  use  in  worship. 

ApocynacesB,  a-pos^i-na''s6-4.  A  nat 
oird.  of  dicotyledonous  plants,  having  tor 
its  type  the  gen.  Apocynum  or  dog's-bane, 
nearly  allied  to  tne  ord.  Asdepiadaoea ; 
several  yield  caoutchouc,  and  a  few  edible 
fruits. 

Apocynuxn,  a-pos'in-um.  I>og*8-bane, 
a  gen.  of  perennial  herbs.  The  flowers 
of  A.  androsoemifolium  are  famished  with 
five  irritable  scales,  which  secrete  a  sweet 
liquid  that  tempts  insects  to  settle  on 
them,  and  which  then  close  on  and  Idll 
them. 

Apodosis,  a-pod'o-sis.  The  latter  part 
of  a  conditional  sentence,  which  remiJts 
flrom.  or  is  dependent  on,  the  protasis  or 
condition.  Thus  in  the  sentence,  If  it 
ndn,  I  shall  not  eo,  the  former  clause  is 
I   thAprotaaift)  the  latter  the  apodosis. 


flsbn,  fHm  belss 


pjiTfut  nmbflf  of  a 
BFrpen  t-Uh  A  nKd, 


if  oinlptdi,  desttCale  of  Inon 

Apodytrainm.  >p'0''dl-b]"rl-iiiii.  Ai 
apATtjnaDtlDGmk  Add  Konuui  batba  01 
In  UiapiUsfltn,  vhoro  ^o  bathers  or  gym 

Apogee,  (n'o-jc.     The  pnltit  tu  the  orU 

c&t  dlatnnco  from  the  e&rth  ;  proper]/  thil 
pArdoulu- point  of  thomoon'fl  orUEt. 
ApoUlnarian,  ■-poI'U-nft"r[-iiiL     Per 
:ir  af  ApoQa,  after  tho  batUi 


KsQiainhc 


foundera  of  JtlBii.  La  tnvenled  Ujo  iato, 
and  wu  the  bther  at  jEsculitptiu.  i. 
BelHdere,  B  gelfbn.lcd  statue  or  ApoUo 
In    tiu   Belridero  K»ll«y  of  the    VaUoui 


iDg  their  DBUU  from  ApoUhmrlx,  bllbop  of 

•b..'ll. 

Laodlwai  in  the  4Ui  oepturj-,  ivLo  deulai 

ApoBteto,  a-po>'tat.    One  who  h»  (In- 

the  propfrliiuniinllr  of  ChrtBl. 

ApoUlnaiis   Water,     ik-pol'U-nii"ri> 

wa't«     Aji,ine«lw.t*b6lon*Soeutb.. 

who,    WlUlOllt  B   Iwtl   diipcDHUoil,    fpt- 
Ktea.reliBlomorJer.                        ' 

Apollfuariabrujiniia,  uprtng  In  Khfiil^h 

Aportle,  B-poB'l.    A  pereon  iiepnled  to 

ProMtt. 
Apollo,  a-pnl'lo.    In  Greek  uiiEamui 

DroBch  the  miDeJ.    Twi-Jvu  Denuos  wen 

theifOipe].    Tw 


^™  of  iil " 


posed  to  Rb  bpuiioiifl.  'Hiey  njipeflred  ui 
thuilh  eentuiT.  A.  ftlhara,  die  Oirta- 
tLui  wiim-i  vita  during  ooy  juut  of  their 
lives  ■wore  oonlflmporBrv  wiUi  the  ■pda- 
ties.  Thus  m  Ato— ClemsDt,  BuDibu, 
tiermu,  lnutliu,  Polrcup.    A.  king,  ■ 


J«  (TUted  by  Uw  [Bpe  la  tbs  kin, 

FcaDjH>  Uio  impea  jtrotCM  to  be  tbi 
torrupl«d  Auoceuion  of  bIdliopB, 


The  bsidla  in  >  UDlTBih*,  vbo  auric* 
tbeuuoe. 
AppendicnlarlK,  ip-Mi-dlk'ft-U"ri-*. 


ratuKiBllHdowh taIboi>ri»eiit day.  A. 

lurah,  tho  churuki  la  tno  timn  of  tbe 
consUtutod  oocordUig  to  their  do- 
0  vhurchen  of  Roma.  ALexoudriK, 


ulmlutoUie  pncllce 
priest  who  obtained 


Apatutita,  ap-o-Uk'Ut.    One  of  > 


Apotbeoarr.  i-potJi'd-ltk^.   One  wbo 

pneUoee  phirmiey  i  ■  BkiUad  pfnon  who 
imwiM  dngi  tir  msdidul  iikb,  ind 
LeqM  ttieiD  la  aaie.  Apotbwvln'  Com- 
puv,  B  LoBdoD  eorap«nj  1iu)i>rpor«ted  In 
IW,  •mpowdred  to  snut  n  qntUflc" — 
lo  imcUcemedldne.  ApotliecAriee' 
thetMUoTth*  enpoiMliHi  oT  tlie  — 
MrlM  of  LoldoB  vhen  genuinf 
d>e«  m  prepared  and  Bold  UDdor  tbslr 
ttraeUia.  Apotfaeeeriu'  wglEbt.  the 
might  aapli>7»d  la  diapeoiliig  dtuji. 

ArmbtiAvaa,  ■p-o-the'al-am.  The  re- 
«epl>flteofUBhcau,conBiitingortbeBp4M«- 
«>>M  or  ud,  ud  or  the  pvaphyKS  or 
bUTUi  thrtadi. 

ApotllMsU,  ap'a-ai&<1"BlB.  I>aI9aitlon; 
DOBHerstkMi;  the  ict  or  plidng  ■  prince 
or  Dlhar  dUdngulAbed  pereon  voong  the 

prtiultlva  chui«hofl,  tor  booka.  TeBUoeatB, 

AppalaoMan,  ip-p^m'kl-in.    A  cluln 

irnlted  HUtes,  nailed  also  tbs  AUegbsny 

ror  tlio  learei  of  pluti  UHd  u  a  lubaUtute 


tU^ol 


AppLam,  ip'pl-ur   PvlaJsliir  to  An- 

Cia.  A,  Vay,  >  caMntad  pand  nad 
m  Borne  loath  throiuh  O^iM'  to 
Brunduaium  eonuuflitoed  [^  tho  «>ar 
Appios  Cluidlai  a.  o.SlS.  It  tiabOTs 
890  mllea  In  length,  (bmiedof  bud,  Im- 


Appaiel,  ■p-par'eL 

gold,  enriched  with  p 
ftomthtiathtDthei 
to  the  lib  ud  othe 

Apparitor,  ap-pir'lt-or.  I 
MDy  offlcw  wbo  Attended  jb 
JoAgta  la  eteeaU  Chetr  oi 
—ivrwhoHrrt*  OKpuHt 


sssrj 


Apple.  a| 
™io.lree. 

balum  ap 
the  eye,  tt 


L  The  frnlt  or  poma  oT  tb* 
A  name  popnlarlr  clTen  to 
tie  >Mte  hiving  HtQs  or  do'Ji- 
mon  with  the  apple;  u,  tbo 
le,  the  plne-apnle.  Ac.  A.  of 
I  pupil,    Adun'g  A.,  the  Uma; 


■Uu^n  tothoetoryio  Oroek  mytfaoiogy 

bly  of  the  goda  (ly  the  Codrtem  of  Dis- 
cord. beirlQg  the  Inicrlption  "Fur  the 
(Ureat."  A^rodlteCVenua;,  llani<JDiio). 

n>rlt,and!tsBdJndl»tlon  to  the  Ant  bf 

TroywaadeMroyed. 
Appla-moth.    np'l-moth.    Tbo  Tortrii 

of  "bleb  lakuup  tSeirabodBlnapplee. 
Apploton.  S&nial.      Fonnder  of  tba 


&l»ple-trae.  >p1-ti4.  A  tree  of  Ihs 
g<n.  Pyrui.  ord.  Roaaeoe.  The  cnli-tf- 
pie  la  uo  orlgioal  ttoa  wUeb  all  others 

Appllaoa  I'M.  sp-pUk'  lii.  lAoa 
whooo   pattern  baa   Iwen   cut    out  and 


APPOMATTOX 


m 


aquariah 


;  ip-po-mat'tdkB.  A  rlyer 
ooun^  Ib  VunnlA.  A.  Conrt-hooBe 
m»  the  scene  ot  m  c^tnlatlon  of  the 
Ckmfederftte  armv  under  Gen.  Lee  to  Oen. 
Grant,  April  9,1866,  an  act  wfaloh  Tirtn- 
aUj  ended  the  BebeUlon. 

Apprentioe,  ap-iHren'tla.  One  who  Is 
bound  by  indenture  to  Beire  for  a  spedfled 
time,  to  leam  B<Hne  art,  trade  or  profee- 
fiioB,  in  which  his  master  becomes  Doand 
to  instruct  liim ;  one  not  well  yersed  in  a 
sabjeoL  In  old  law,  an  English  barrister 
nnder  slxteca  years*  standing. 

Ajfipai,  tip-pwC^.  A  snpport  or  prop.  In 
thQ  maneKOy  •  redprocu  action  between 
the  moau  of  the  iiorse  and  the  hand  of 
the  rider,  thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitiYe 
month  mnr  be  said  to  hare  a  good  appni, 
and  also  of  the  rider  if  his  hand  bo  good. 
Folnt  d*A.,  a  podtfon  suited  to  support  or 
shdter  troope,  as  a  morass,  a  wood,  a 
rising  ground. 

Appmlao,  ap'puls.     InAstron.  the 
proach  of  any  i^anei  to 
the  sun  or  a  star. 


a  conjunction  wii 


i£ 


Aprioot,  ft'prl-oot  A  pubescent  fhiit  of 
dettdoua  flavor,  the  produce  of  a  tree  of 
the  pliim^dnd,  Prunus  Armeniaca,  ord. 
Bosaoen. 

April,  ft'prfL    Fourth  month  of  the  year. 

A  priori,  ft  prI-d'rL  The  opposite  of  a 
posteriori,  a  mode  of  reasoning  by  which 
we  proceed  tntm  the  cause  to  the  eflTect ; 
to  demonstrate  anything  on  grounds  cr 
reastms  preceding  actwd  knowledge  or 
independent  of  it,  as  mathematical  prooft. 

Apxon,  ft'prun.  A  piece  of  doth  or 
leather  worn  on  the  finrepart  of  the  body 
to  protect  the  dothes.  Part  of  the  dress 
of  an  En^^h  bishop.  A  piece  of  leather 
or  other  mat^ial  spread  oefore  a  person 
riding  in  a  vehide  to  defend  him  from 
rain,  mud  or  dust.  The  abdomen  of  the 
short-tailed  decapod  crustaceans,  as  the 
crab.  A  dat  piece  of  lead  that  covers  the 
yent  of  a  cannon.  A  strengthening  tim- 
ber in  a  ship.  A  platform  of  plank  at  the 
entrance  ofa  dock.  The  sill  of  a  window. 
The  piece  that  holds  the  cutting  tool  of  a 

Shiner.  A  strip  of  metal  which  leads  the 
rip  <tf  a  wall  into  a  gutter. 
Apse,  aps.  A  portion  of  any  building 
forming  a  termination  or  projeotlon  seml- 
drcuiar  or  polygonal  in  plan,  and  having 
a  dome  or  Taultod  roof.  An  arched  roof, 
as  ef  an  oven. 

Ajwifl,  ap'sls.  One  of  the  two  points  of 
the  orbit  of  a  heavenly  body  situated  at 
the  extremities  of  the  mmoraxisofthe 
•DIpse  Ibrmed  bgr  the  orhli^  on§  being 


that  at  which  the  body  is  at  its  greatest 
and  the  other  at  its  least  distance  from  its 
primary.  In  regard  to  the  earth  and  the 
other  planets,  these  points  correspond  to 
the  apneUoB  and  the  perihelion ;  in  regard 
to  the  moon,  to  the  apogee  and  perigee. 
A  reliquary  or  case  in  which  the  ri-llcA  of 
saints  were  kept  A.  gradata,  the  bishop's 
throne  in  cathedral  churches,  su  calitnl 
flt>m  being  ratsed  above  the  stalls  uf  the 
other  dergy. 

Aptenodytes,    sp-t£'no-dr'u~z.       The 

Eenguins,  a  gen.  of  wcb-footod   divlng- 
irds. 

Aptenodytids,  ap-t«3'no-dit'i-d<!.  A 
flun  of  natatorial  birds,  induding  the 
gen.  Aptonodytes. 

Aptera,  ap'ter-a.  The  7th  order  of  in- 
sects in  Linnapus'  system.  Later  soolo- 
gists  have  restricted  this  term  to  the  8uo- 
torla,  Epizoa  and  Thysanura,  which  have 
no  iitingti. 

Aptexyx,  ap'ter-iks.    A  neariy  extinct 

Sn.  of  cursorial  birds  constituting  the 
XL.  Apterygida).    There  are  three  spe- 
des. 

Aptomifl,  ap-tor'nis.  A  fossil  bird 
found  along  with  the  remains  of  the  moa. 
Both  belong  to  the  same  ihmily  (Btruthi- 
onidte)  of  cursorial  birds. 

ApoIeiTUi,  TjaduM,  ah-pu-lu^yus.  Au- 
thor of  the  celebrated  Plutonic  satire : 
**  Metamorphoses,  or  the  Golden  Ass,**  of 
which  the  delightAil  story  of  Psyche  is  a 
part  A.  lived  in  Africa  in  the  2a  century. 

AptUi,  &'pus.  A  gen.  of  phyDopod  erus- 
taceous  animals  of  the  sub-dass  Entomoa- 
traca. 

Apyroiu,  a-prms.  Incombustible,  or 
capable  of  sastoining  a  strong  heat  with- 
out alteration  of  form  or  properties,  as 
asbestos,  mica,  talc. 

Aqua,  ak'wa.  Water:  a  word  much 
used  in  pharmacy  and  old  chemistry.  A. 
fortis,  weak  and  impure  nitric  add.  A . 
r^ia,  a  mixture  of  nitric  and  hydrochloric 
adds,  having  the  power  of  dissolving  gold 
and  other  metals.  A.  Tofitna,  a  poittonous 
fluid  made  in  the  17th  century  by  an  Ital- 
ian woman  of  the  name  of  Tofana,  who  is 
said  to  have  procured  the  death  of  no 
fewer  than  600  indi\idiials  bv  means  of  it. 
A.  \1taft,  native  distilled  sphrits :  the  whis- 
ky of  Booiland,  the  usquebaugh  of  Ire- 
land, the  ean  do  vie  of  France. 

Aquamarine,  ak'wa-ma-rOn'.  A  name 
for  the  finest  beryl,  fi^m  its  sea-green 
tint 

Aq;Ttftr*f*-'Pt  a-kwft'ri-an.  One  of  a  sect 
of  early  Christians  who  consecorated  watar 
in  the  Eucharist  instead  of  wine. 


pond  for  QiuUvfttJQff  ftqqMIc  pluitB, 


Aquatic,  s-kwat'lli.  Psrtalning  t 
which  alffffi  <tr  aumalculQ  ve  placed  ft 

Aqnatliita.  ik-m-tliitii.  A  mstfaod  i 
abjhiDK  OD  copper  by  which  a  beautlfi 
effect  It  prodUMS,  rewmbllng  I  "— ■■— 


Aqulla,  ik'wl-K 
AqutlarlooesB, 


fLqniiwiB,  Oph 


Aqullated,    nk'wH&t-ed. 

iMlarned  wlu  eAgloa'  heada; 

oquflated. 
AviUeffla.    ak-wl-Li'Jl-«. 

aOrid  plonta,  ord,  Ranuaculwn 
Mallins,  ak'wH.Tn.     Oforl 


AnuinUB.StThomM.a-ltwl'ntta.  Oao 
-of the  moet  oelebiswd  of  ChrUtlaa  phlloa- 
opherfl  Add  preooherB,  known  as  the 
"AagBl aftbehebooli;-^  B.  122T,  n.  1!T4. 


antmp«iBhMb]emDDnmADtorptousfriid{- 
IkoEi.  IJfl  vu  vAJioulved  by  Tops  Jaba 
XXIL.ln  ISW.and  declared  a  dootoral 
-     "       ■  hy  "M  V.  ta  1S6T. 


Artbia,       .    _ 

ah.  A  pgalnmla  Id  Anbcoone. 

tha  ths  B.  W.  of 

Alia,  l.EOOm.  lulaiKtli  IT.  and  S.,  and  xv: 


M.OOO.     Tbs    lihaUtanlj  Indi 


;z  Si 


nue1,who  hHy«  maliitBiDed  tl  .  ._„ 
and  warllka  oharaoter  for  oenlurtee ;  a  dU- 
tlnot  audquiet  nc«  HtUedalong  tha  aeaaM, 
and  Ui«  Wahiibsea,iKwupylngth«lnt«rhir. 
The  relUrlonlBlriahaDiaiedtiii.  which  had 
lU  ori^n  la  A.  la  the  kttxr  part  ol  the 
6tb  century-  The  Tnl«r  AraUe,  ■•  dla- 
tinfnilHliaf  from  (hM  of  the  Konn.  Ig 
amoog  the  mint  nldely  ipoken  kDeDBS«. 
and  the  literary  AraMo  Is  need  In  tbs 
lltarEyor  all  Uohsmmedana.  Itnaafor 
ceqturlea  the  language  of  the  Bdenoea, 
arts  and  dTllliBtlaD. 
Al«biu.  •r'ab-lk.    BelonKlnr  to  Anlila 


?  England  at 
AlsDia,  u>e-b 


a  juinclpii]  oon- 


ARADCAKITK 


Mm,  ■rVUs.     A  acii.  of  pluntt  ( 
•vodAnnu  «4. 1  wiU  or  rock  creu. 


_p  bflst-knowii  BpedM  li   a 

Ita   pod     (popdUrly    "* 
rtb,  or  peft  nnt)f  whea  nimLura^ 

ra  Aseda  tho  BBO  of  AhtZfil-DDt, 

let  u  ilmozidB,  uid  yielding, 
d,  an  oil  not  InfbrtOT  to  that  or 


ArasD.  Frauoolfl  Jeam  Xknulnlaue, 

ftll-r«h'p1.     A    dlatlngulBhed  FreDch  u- 

thep1uieCA.of  roUry  magnetlAEri^  pDlarlu- 
.  tlon  i>r  oolDrt,  And  other  SDloDtiflo  trnths ; 
B.  nA.  B.  1«S. 

Axasonlta.  •r'^^pm-IL  Ths  oame 
given  to  cwbonmto  of  calctam  vhen  It 
oecnn  In  trimetrle  ByaUlt.  ItlnesiDii- 
tUI;  of  the  Mine  ehemtoal  Donalttutlon  u 
ealc-ipnr.  hut  lie  017BUDIDO  foim  ti  ft 
dlmorpboiu  miner*]. 

AroKTiato,  H-rli-ena'to.     The  Myoetes 


Ihm.  or  Bcanagrlal  binls.  Eun.  Pilcuddie. 
Aiak,  ■r'nk.     An  slooholle  drink  nude 

In  Tiiorj  from  nure'i  loltfc. 
*"-^'.  -f.     An    Egrptiu)    InloiluUng 

dzlnk  pnipared  IhHD  utoe. 


AnL  I'ral. 

ItllMllK 


nsllot. 


"fh™l1l 


e  I'mMlir 

irtB''^ft?>iirthn"'ilK^ 
■noiner  ppceiw,  a.  papTrirvnL 
Antmalo,  nr-o-mu'Ik.  Of  or  urrUlnlBC 
to  Anm,  >  uo  of  Bhem,  or  10  the  Cbal- 
deoni  and  ByrlAniT  hli  deMendants^  a 
UnnuppfUiUTeoftbonDrtlieni  AuDll^ef 
the  SemlUo  duiof  luwDngw.  Cflm|ir1a1ng 
the  tongnea  luokrn  In  Bjj1»  uil  Awyrlii, 
the  HrlleX  tpwiineD*  Ulng  the  Chtildea 
'      'leOldTatunentudAno- 


ryphA,  eitpvchdly  In  Ekdru  u 


Tord. 


Aranelformla,  -rar"m1-a.    Ai 
ajflder-LIke  crusteceL 
Axapaimo,  u--i-|>i'au.    A  cvn 

water  HiHlikcopterTrliui  abdeinln 
The  lar(Hl  ^uown    fruh-Hate 


iplder 

I.T    of 

>plmiln( 
.rd.  of 


Ararat  Kt..ilr'>h- 
5""  (^rnc"'"^'w'    If'^ofBdl-tlrf.  ■ 
AsK  "pon  nhli-h  Nih)]'I  ark  Ii  uid  to 
have  reated  shcn  the  flood  h'lwde.l ;  It  la 

Aranomnlii,  ah-raw-ku'ne-ih.  A  S. 
AniL-rlcan  i>roTlnce,  nominally  cUlmcrl  hy 
Chill,  bntoccnplHl  by  doacendanle  of  Ihe 
aboriginal  InhabltanU -ntio  hive  aueoeai- 
fully  maintained  thdr  InilfpondGnFF. 

An-qoarla,  ar 


of  Co- 


:b  Kslo  baTlnir  a  ilngla  la^  ed 


ABCHCHAKCXLLOK 


iintuha,  a-ri'B-k  Tim  ■ulfvoniniofor 
■  glMDlio  >pfdof  of  (tis  gen.  Mjmlo, 
fonnl  on  Iho  Alvolhoi  Islnnas,  Bmdt 


Arbor, Or'bor.  Avchh];  kpeniDnlBl|>lBnt 
hitvlji^  ft  dUtlDot  bolD  or  tnmk  from  whJch 
the  milo  braqchM  gT«w,  The  prlDolpal 
iptndle  or  liaota  muhlne.  MDunuiil- 
otlBK  motlan  to  the  other  iQo>lng  p«rts. 
A.DIuB,ortTMar>Uia-.  ■buuClAilBr- 
tnreieeBt  pcwdpltftte.  produoed  by  bUfct 
. •  irt  in  the  opm  ■fr.  riiri- 


Ijplcaigen.  of  thu  Ihmfly. 

C-refl  on  pLpra  or  pllkira. 
CuronrUiotdiddluMMi; 


Iwlldlna-u^thn  brand,! 


the  IntridDIUHUDO,  u  Hsmoitd, 
iiUr,  cyelotdiLdUpAB],  pMdMlii^ 
'boUeu,  or  «Al<Huiun ;  or  friiai  tka 
iinbluio«  of  tha  wbols  ooolonr  of  tb* 
nta  iome  bmiltar  ot^JeM,  m  kMil 
honuhog  irdi;  or  from  tha  luthad 
4  In  dflaoiibtng  tha  mm,  u  BqnDatttvl, 
»emtnd,  ft>iir«BD«d.  agf,  ud  tha 
.  aMnmpbii)  A.,  origlB^  ■  rin[^ 
I,  QiidBr  which  ■  Ttntdrioiu  ffovd 


parlod  It  vu  *  rlihlr  Moliitand,  mudra 

and  perauaant  itniBtara.  Tha  naoio  la 
nowglTm  to  an  ariA.  eaurtOr  ot  irood 
<1nof«t«d  with  flowon,  onoted  on  <w- 
.__,._  .. "ircjoloing,  *o. 


AlchCDOl<V7,-k(S-ol'v-jL  Thoaslai 
antlQiiltlefi,  HpedaJly  pFahbtorlo,  f 
iDvi'Bll^tes  tha  hiiiaTy  of  iiathmi 

itrpreta  ^tbDut  tbo  pld  of  written  ri 


Aich-band.  Irch'tuuid.     That  poriion 


ArchblBhoii.  -blth'np,    A  chief  bl>hnp ; 


AioholuunbeTlaln,  -cham'ber-Hn. 


AfiCHOOUBT 


« 


AECHIVOLT 


Empire  wbo  presided  oyer  the  teeretarles 
ofueooort. 

Axehocyimt,  -konnt'.  A  chief  ooant ;  a 
title  fimnerlj  giyen  to  the  Coant  of  Flan- 
den. 

ArchdapiflBr,  -dap^-fer.  An  offloer  In 
the  old  Oemum  Eiiwlre  whoae  office  waa, 
at  the  ooronaikHi  of  the  emperor,  to  eany 
the  first  dish  of  meat  to  table  on  horse- 
back. 

AxohdMUXm,  -dBlax,  Jn  Bngkad,  an 
eeelesiaatical  iOgiatirj,  neoct  in  rank  be- 
low a  bishop. 

Aiehrtmid,  dmld.  A  eUef  or  ponttfi 
of  the  andent  dziilda. 

Avchdnohaas,  dneh'ea.  The  wife  of 
an  archduke ;  a  prlneess  of  tlie  reigning 
flunffiea  at  Bnssia  and  Austria. 

Azehdiika,  •dfik\  A  jwince  belonging  to 
the  reigning  ihmiUea  of  Austria  or  Russia. 

Amhffjgoinimn,  -ke-gyni-um.    The  pis 
tJlttdinmiythfiftnialeCTym  of  ciTtogamlc 
idants,  having  the  same  function  as  the 
pistil  in  the  flowering  plants. 

AichegomaxauM,  -sa'^ms.  A  fossil  rep- 
tile of  the  oartxndliBrous  eru,  having  a  near 
alUaooe  to  the  proteus,  le[^do€dran  and 
other  perennibnmchiato  reptiles. 

ATcheBoephala,  -ken-sefarla.  The 
highest  of  the  prtmarr  sub-classes  into 
which  Owen  has  snb-dirided  the  mam 
mals  in  aoocvdance  with  the  structure  of 
tiie  Lrain.  It  inotudee  the  soUtaiy  order, 
IhrnHy,  genus  and  species,  Man. 

Aroher-fiflLli,  firah'er-flsh.  A  name  gtroi 
to  the  Toxotes  jaeulaUMr,  a  sotly-flnned, 
acanthopterygian  flsh. 

AmhfX  Oonxt.  The  ddef  and  most 
ancient  ctmristory  court,  belongtog  to  the 
arohUshoprie  of  Ganterbuzy,  for  the  de 
bating  of  spiritual  causes,  and  held  in 
Westminster  Hall ;  its  Jurisdiction  extends 
over  the  province  of  Canterbury.  The 
chief  Judge  is  called  the  Dean  of  Arches 
AlchelTpe,  <r^6-tfp.  A  model  or  first 
form.  In  coining,  the  standard  weight. 
In  Com.  Anat.  that  ftmdamental  pattern 
on  which  a  natural  group  of  animals  or 
system  of  organs  is  assumed  to  have  been 
constructed;  as  the  vertebral  A. 

Archiater,  -klVter.  Chief  physician ; 
a  term  applied  to  the  body  physician  of 
princes,  and  to  the  first  physician  of  some 
dtlcs. 

Archiezey,  'e-ri.  A  collective  term  for 
the  hi^er  order  of  ecclesiastics  in  the 
Greek  Church. 

Avfdlil,  'UL  A  rich  violet  or  pniT^eooIor- 
h^jastter-obtaiaed/hua  oerwn  lUihenB.  / 


I^ers  rarely  nso  A.  by  itsi'lf.  on  acr<-iiiit 
of  its  deamees  and  the  peri8hahIon4«rt  of 
its  beauty,  but  empk>y  it  to  give  a  bloom 
to  other  cnlmrs. 

Arohimagos,  U-mft'gns.  The  high- 
priest  of  the  Persian  Magi,  or  worshipers 
of  fire. 

Archimandrite,  -mao'drit  In  the 
Greek  Ch.  an  abbot,  or  abbot-general, 
who  has  superintendence  of  many  abbots. 
In  SicQy  the  abbots  are  eaUed  A.  because 
their  convents  were  originally  of  Greek 
institution. 


-me-de^'an.  Pertaining 
to  Archimides,  or  to  the  screw  invented 
by  him.  A.  ]m>pener,  a  continuous 
spiral  vane  on  a  nollow  core  running 
Ibi^thwise  of  the  vessel,  an  amplification 
and  extension  of  the  screw.  A.  screw, 
an  instrument  to  raise  water  lorme<I  by 
winding  a  flexible  tube  round  a  cylinder 
in  the  fonn  of  a  screw.  A.  principle,  Hie 
principle  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two 
weights,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  ftilcmm, 
is  in  equilibrium  when  the  weights  are 
inversely  proportional  to  the  length  ef 
the  arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  and 
that  the  pressure  on  the  fUlcrum  of  tho 
lever  is  exactly  equal  to  the  sum  of  the 
two'weighta 

AmhlTnldflil,  'ddez.  A  Sj-racnsan.  and 
the  most  celelHrated  of  ancient  mathe- 
maticians :  B.  286,  D.  212  B.  c,  being  slain 
at  the  capture  of  his  native  city  by  tho 
Bomans  under  Maroellus. 

ArchipelafiTO,  -pel'a^.  Originallv  the 
Egean  8ea ;  any  body  of  water  uter- 
epersed  with  islauids ;  a  group  of  Islands. 

iLJchiteotnre,  -tek-t&r.  The  art  or 
science  of  building  or  constructing  houses, 
bridges,  &c. ;  that  branch  of  the  fine  arts 
which  has  for  its  object  the  production 
of  edifices  pleasing  to  a  cultivated  taste. 
The  leading  styles  are  characterized  as 
Egyptian,  Indi^,  Greek,  Gothic,  Byzan- 
tine, Bomanesque,  Norman,  Benaissonce, 

Architrave,  -truv.  The  lower  division 
of  an  entablatnrc,  or  that  part  which  rests 
immodiat(>Iy  on  the  column.  The  oma< 
mental  molding  running  round  the  ex- 
terior curve  of  an  arch,  on  the  foccs  ofth« 
Jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door  or  window.  A. 
cornice,  an  entablature  consisting  of  an 
architrave  and  cornice  only,  the  fHeze  be^ 
ing  omitted. 

Axohivolt,  -vdlt.  The  architrave  on  the 
tBMO  of  an  arch  following  the  contour  of 
the  intrados.  A.  of  a  bridge,  the  curve 
fonned  by  the  upper  sides  of  the  archr 
stonaa  in  the  &m  oithA^wY* 


AECHLUTE 


02 


ABGALI 


Axohlute,    firch'lQt.     A    tor^e    late,  n 

-fheorbo,  the  bass  strin^js  of  "which  are 
doubled  with  an  octaye  and  tho  higher 
strings  with  a  unison. 

Archznaxslial,  -mar'shal.  The  grand 
marshal  of  tho  old  Grurman  Empire. 

Archon,  ilr'kon.  One  of  tho  chief  mag- 
istrates of  Athena,  chosen  to  superintend 
civil  and  religious  concerns. 

Axxihontic,  'tik.  One  of  a  branch  of  the 
Yalentinlans,  who  held  that  the  world 
was  not  created  by  God,  but  by  angels 
called  archontes. 

Archonts,  'konts.  One  of  the  groups 
Into  which  some  naturalists  have  classified 
mammals,  Including  man  alone. 

Arch-prixnate,  (irch-prrmut  A  chief 
primate ;  an  archbishop  over  other  arch- 
bishops. 

Arch-treasurer,  -tre'zhur-er.  The 
great  treasurer  of  the  German  Empire. 

Archway,  'wa.  An  entrance  or  passage 
under  an  arch. 

Arc-indicator,  ilrk'ln-di-kat-er.  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  space  inter- 
vening between  two  nodes,  or  parts  of 
the  stem  fi*om  which  leaves  arise. 

Arcogrraph,  'O-graf.  An  instrument 
for  drawing  a  circular  arc  without  the  use 
of  a  central  point ;  a  cyclograph. 

Arctic,  'tlk.  Pertaining  to  the  northern 
constellations  called  tho  Great  and  Uttle 
Bears ;  northern,  as  the  A.  pole,  circle, 
region,  or  sea.  A.  fox,  a  small  species, 
iam.  CanidsB. 

Arctic  Ocean.  That  section  of  the  ocean 
north  of  «6«  80'  N.  lat 

Arctictis,  'tis.  A  gen.  of  ursine  carniv- 
ores, of  which  the  best  known  species  is 
A.  blnturong. 

Arctiidss, -G'i-dd.    Afam.  oflopidopter- 
-    ous  insects,  section  Heterocera ;  the  tiger- 
moths. 

ArctinnL,  'shl-um.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  GompositsB.  In  Japan  the  burdock 
is  used  as  a  vegetable. 

Arototis,  -t5-tis.  A  gen.  of  composite 
plants,  having  heads  of  snowy  orange- 
colored  flowers. 

,  Arctums,  -ta'rus.  A  fixed  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Bootes, 
thought  to  be  the  nearest  to  our  system  of 
any  fixed  star.    It  has  a  proper  motion. 

Arcus  senilis,  ark'us  sen-I'lis.  The 
bow  of  old  age  ;  an  opacity  roimdthe'lnar- 
ginofthe  cornea  occurring  in  advanoed 
age. 

-Ardsb,  Mr^deb.    An  Egyptian  weight  and 


mcr^sure  equivalent  to  226  lbs.,  or  Bbont  ' 
40|  gallons.  ^   . 

AxtieidsB,  -d^-i-dC.  A  fiun.  of  gnllato- 
rial  or  wading  birds,  including,  the  nerons, 
cranes,  storks,  ibis,  &c. 

Ardisia,  dis'l-a.    A  gen.  of  tropical  ever* 

green  plants,  ord.  Myrsinaceee. 
Ardrigrh,  -r3'.    In  the  early  history  of 

Ireland  and  Scotkind  a  chief  monarch  or 

king. 

Are,  ar  or  or.  The  unit  of  French  saper- 
ficial  or  square  measure,  containing  100 
square  meters,  a  little  less  than  1,^8.44 
English  square  feet 

Areca,  a-rCka.  A  gen.  of  lofty  pajms. 
A.  catechu  is  the  piang  or  betel-nut  tree, 
and  yields  catechu.  A.  oleraeea  1b  the 
cabbage-tree  or  cabbage-palm. 

Arena,  'na.  Tho  Inclosed  spaoe  ib  the 
central  imrt  of  the  Roman  ampfaitbeatcm, 
in  which  took  place  the  combats  of  gladi- 
ators or  M'ild  beasts.  The  soene  of  «zer-  ^ 
tion  or  contest  of  any  kind.  In  Med.  Band 
or  gravel  in  the  kidneys.  In  Arch,  tho 
middle  of  a  temple  or  other  indosed  plaoa. 

Arendalite,  a-ren'dal-lt  A  Hme  and 
iron  epidote,  consisting  of  slllcMt,  alomina, 
iron-peroxide  and  lime. 

Arenicolite,  ar-en-ik'd-nt.  The  geolog- 
ical name  for  droular  holes  on  Baaditones, 
the  burrows  of  some  annelid  reBemfoUng 
the  lug-worm. 

Areometer,  •S-om/et-er.  An  inBtm- 
ment  for  measuring  the  spedfio  grsvi^ 
of  liquids;  a  hydrometer. 

Areopagus,  -op'a-gus.  A  Bovereign 
tribunal,  at  Athens,  fiimous  for  the  iustfoe 
of  its  decisions.  By  a  law  of  Solon  no 
person  could  be  a  member  unti^  he  Imd- 
been  archon  or  chief  magistrate. 

Ares,  a'rez.  In  Greek  mythology  the 
god  of  war,  identified  by  the  ]5U>manB 
with  Mars. 

Arethnsa,  ar-e-thti'sa.  A  gen.  of  orchids, 
consisting  of  a  single  species,  A.  bulbosa. 

Aretology,  -tol'o-ji.  That  part  of  moral 
philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  and  the 
meantf  of  attaining  to  it. 

Arfwedsonite,  arf-wed'son-It  A  fer- 
ruginous variety  of  hornblende,  com- 
posed of  silicates  of  iron,  soda,  alumina 
and  lime. 

Argral,  fir'gal.  Unrefined  or  crude  tar- 
tar ;  a  hard  crust  formed  on  the  sides  of 
vessels  in  which  wine  has  been  kept ;  an 
impure  l^tartrate  of  potassium. 

Al^Srali,  '^11.  A  species  of  wild  sheep 
found  in  Siberia,  Central  Asia  and  Kam- 
tcbatka.    ThebmnB  of  a  fiill  grown  A. 


AMASTt-TMa  m 

inDoiTlr4fcE[|D]enfUiiiiiiHurtid  ilone 
the  curve,  ud  >t  UiElr  taws  tn  nboDt  It 
tnchia  In  iilniiimfennai.  Ttie  nuna  tt 
titQ  uppUed  ID  the  Book^  Mountiln  Hhesp 

Du1^d43  andlDBldi^cqja^toriilr.  A-bnm- 
«r,  a^afi-bumrr  iD-^lid  fOnnof  Ahallow 
milji3er,  edinltUiig  a  camait  of  at 
thmugli  Ihe  inials'. 

AlSsl.  'jwl.   A  pint,  Iha  Solonoitanmu 
J  Ar^l,  9rd.  Aftcli^pladAMtt. 
Asgemaao,  -Jf-mil'iiii.    A  stnoEl  gen^  of 

Hcdsof  A.  meilaiutlia  Meiliwu  obUlo 
A  p^nlem*  oil. 
ArKeat,    ir'Jeat,    WlUt«D»i.  Iflce  that 

MAlA  of  VLQB,   reprefloatlng    kUvv,     or 
purity,  InnooeDCf,  Waiy,  efmUeiuHL 
Aiseatau,  'Jca-t^.    An  iJluy  of  nickel 

AxtivntUercma,  -tlTer-ui.     Prodoobig 


AjTS^utiiie,  -I 


longing  HI 


liebr  o^c■l«pa^, 


Aieentliie  Bepabllo.    A  conf 

Hon  of  M  8.  Atoerli*!!  pnnlBCM 
vnfld  br  ■  iireBUent  Nid  kglalvtarc 
noHdottwobaiiHS.  Pop.(lBSO),S 
DOO  s  mttt,  n*,ITl  at),  in.  Bourln 
fl^nal,  And  tne  otiier  paindpal 
Bubdoi  Atth,  CaiHWp(daniiid  r 
Pilnclpitl  lircn,  Uie  Ptitga»},    i. 

If  awe 


AisiUacnooB,  -Jll-lU'aling.      I 

thfl  bnais,    A  ilate  or  BohiEt.  a  i 
nhlL-  rouk  cluinicterietlo   of  Uw 


Also.  'gO,    tn  Grr^k  Mjth.  Uie  i 
tho  Bblp  wblch  mrried  Juod  and 

Sa  goUta  Obbx. 

'ffi-nit.    One  a 
'—-IhoGrw'- 


let  Bt  MeHitod 

Arfrna-shell,  -thd.  A  epi^o  of  poros- 
lain-ehell,  rcwunWing  n  liencout'B  tiJl. 

Ajrhlzoos,  B-tl'iuH.  DmiJtntf  of  root ; 
npplleil  to  porialllDiiL  [ilintg  wbloh  sdhera 


i'nthiirlnDstDreiuiddlgnlt]',  (boniFh  tli< 
lobjHt  ottil  cmted  b^in ;  and  Oial  tin 
la]j  Spfait   waa   oniMed  by  li*  8<" 


AKi£S 


64 


ABMADILL9 


.m^ 


Aries. 


Arias,  a  priest  of  Alexandria,  promoJratcd 
his  doctrines  in  the  4th  oentary.  They 
were  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Nios 
in  825. 

Aries,  ftM-Cz.  The 
Kam,  a  northern  con- 
stellation of  iTj^iritarH, 
of  "which  M  are  %1bI- 
blo :  the  tirfit  of  the 
twelve  si^nfl  in  the 
lodiae,  which  the  sun 
enters  at  the  vernal 
squinox,  about  the 
21st  of  March.  Owing'  to  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes  the  si>rn  Aries  no 
lonjs^cr  corresiMnds  with  the  constellation 
Aries,  which  it  did  2,000  years  ago:  the 
present  si^  is  in  the  constellation  Pisces. 
The  battering  ram  of  the  ancients. 

A^^t  ar'il.  In  some  plants,  as  the  nnt- 
ineg,  an  extra  covering  outside  of  tha  troe 
seed-coats. 

Ariooto  I<udovl0O,  ah-re-«s't«.  A  cel- 
ebrated Italian  poet,  author  of  "  Orlando 
Furiosa,''  B.  U74,  d.  1588. 

Arista,  a-ris'ta.  Awn;  the  long  beard 
which  issues  from  the  glome  of  some 
grasses. 

Aristides,  ar-is-ti'dfiz.  A  soldier  and 
statesman  of  Athens,  who  lived  in  the  4tii 
csntory  B.a  He  served  in  all  the  highest 
offices  of  the  State,  and  was  so  pure  in 
character  that  he  was  called  **  The  Just.'' 

Azistoorat,  ■r'ls-to-krat.  A  member  of 
the  aristocracy  ar  men  of  rank  in  a  com- 
monly.   OnewhoikYmrs  an  aristocracy. 

Aristo-damocraoy,  a-ris'to-ds-molc''- 
ra-d.  A  fbrm  of  gorernment  composed 
of  nobles  and  the  commonalty. 

Aristolochia,  -Id^U-a.  A  gen.  of  gyn- 
androns  plants,  ord.  Arlstolochiacen,  re- 
quiring the  aid  of  insects  to  produce  fer- 
tilization. 

Aristophanio,  -flin'Mlc.  Pertaining  to 
the  writings  or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the 
comic  poet  of  Athens  ;  shrewd  ;  witty. 

Aristotelia,  -td'^U-a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Tiliaceffi. 

Aristotelian,  'li-an.  Pertaining  to 
AristoUe.  the  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  aisciplo  of  Plato,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  Peripatetics,  who  was  bom 
at  Stagira  in  Macedon  about  884  years  be- 
fore Christ. 

Arithmetic,  a-rith'met-ik.  The  science 
of  numbers  or  the  art  of  computation  by 
figures  or  numerals.  Decimal  or  common 
A.  employs  ten  svmbols  or  digits  firom  0 
to  9  inmuve,  which  are  usually  called  the 

Armbie  DumenlBf  hut  originated  among 


the  Hindus.    Instrumental  A.,  %  mode  of 
computing  nnmbers  by  means  of  sobbo- 
instrument,    as    the    abaona,    Kqpler^a 
bones,  Ac 

Arithmometer,  -mom'et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  assisting  in  making  arittir 
metical  computations. 

Arizona,  ar-i-zo'nah.  A  territory  of 
the  United  Htates,  N.  and  formerly  part 
of  New  Mexico. 

Ark,  ark.  A  small  close  vessel ;  coffer. 
In  8crip.  the  repository  of  the  Jewish  oot- 
enant  or  tables  of  the  law,  made  of  tUtAtr 
tim-wood,  overlaid  within  and  withoat 
with  gold,  over  which  Were  placed  the 
golden  covering  or  mercy-seat  and  the 
two  cherubim.  The  same  name  is  given 
to  a  repositorv  in  modem  synagogues. 
The  large  floating  vessel  in  whldi  Ifoah 
and  his  ikmily  were  iH*eserved  during  the 
deluge.  In  Zool.  a  common  name  to 
the  molhisca  of  the  fam.  Arcadn. 


I.,  _,i ^,      Ar-kAn'saw.     One  of  tbo 

Southern  United  States,  W.  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi: capital,  littie  Bodk.  Prindpal 
rivers,  Arkansas,  Bed  and  White.  Ai^a, 
52,198  sq.  m.;  pop.,  802,525,  ef  whom 
210,866  are  negroes. 

Arkose.  fir'kds.  A  fialspathlo  sandstone 
formed  Irom  the  disintegration  of  graniteu 

Arm,  firm.  A  branch  of  the  military  ser- 
vice, as  cavalnr  or  artillery.  Armorial 
bearings ;  the  aevioes  armorial  of  a  com- 
munity, office  or  fiunily.  First  employed 
by  the  Crusaders,  and  oeeame  hereditaxy 
in  fSunilies  at  the  dose  of  ttie  12th  cen- 
tury. In  Law,  anything  which  a  oaum 
takes  in  his  hand  in  anger  to  strike  or  M- 
sault  another.  In  Bot.  anything  titat 
serves  as  a  defense  to  a  plant,  as  pnckles, 
thorns,  or  spines.  In  Falconry,  the  legs 
of  a  hawk  from  the  thigh  to  the  foot  A. 
of  predEdon,  fire-arms  rifled,  fiimished 
with  scicntincaliv  graduated  sights,  and 
appliances  calculated  to  enable  them  to 
act  with  great  precision,  rapidity  and  at 
great  distances.  Small  A.,  arms  that  can 
be  carried  by  thoso  who  use  them. — A 
stand  of  A.,  a  complete  set  of  arms  for 
one  soldier. 

Armadillo, 
-ma-dil'lo.  A  n 
edentate  mam- 
mal, gen.  Dasy- 
puB,  ram.  Dasy- 
podidffi,  consist- 
mfg  of  various 
spedes,  snd  with  the  allied  genera 
Chlamvphorus  and  Orycteropus,  forming 
a  flunifv  intermediate  between  the  slotbf 
and  ant-eaten. 


Armadillo. 


AKHi  A  TiA 


ABOPH 


Armada,  ir-mi'dA.  A  iUet  of  armed 
ships,  nsosUr  mp^iieA  to  the  Speaiah 
fleet,  called  the  Invincible  A. /inteaded  to 
act  against  England  in  the  rel^  of  Queen 
EHzabeth,  a.  d.  1588. 

Arxnatme,  'ma-tiir.  Annor ;  somethiaflr 
worn  to  defend  the  body.  Iron  framing 
employed  to  strengthen  a  building.  A 
piece  of  iron  connecting  the  two  poles  of  a 
magnet  to  maintain  the  magnetic  power. 

ArmeniAn,  -me'ni-an.  Pertaining  to 
Armenia,  a  conntry  in  Asia,  now  called 
Torcomania.  A.  bole,  a  species  of  clay. 
A.  stone,  a  soft  blue  evfoonate  of  copper; 
also  a  commercial  name  for  lapis-lazuU. 

Arxneria,  'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Plombagiiiaoen,  distinguished  from  6ta- 
tiee  by  the  haiiy  stales  and  capitate 
flowers;  thrift  or  sea-ptak. 

Arznet,  'met.  An  aactent  helmet ;  when 
worn  with  the  beaTer  it  was  called  A. 
grand ;  when  wtthoat,  and  sopptted  wftti 
a  tripM-barred  AMe-gnard,  it  was  called 
A.  petit. 

Aimiflrer,  'mi-jer.  In  times  of  chivaky, 
aa  arm(v-bearer  to  a  kni^t ;  the  second 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  knighthood. 
In  later  times,  one  with  a  right  to  armo- 
rial bearings ;  an  esquire. 

ArmilBH OT  ,-la'aa.  An  ancient  gannent; 
a  kind  of  ahort  doak  with  a  hood. 

Armilla,  mflla.  Anarmlet;  a  eireular 
or  spiral  oniament  worn  roond  the  upper 
arm ;  atao,  a  bracelet  for  the  wrist.  Aji 
iron  ling  in  which  ti»e  godgeonsof  a  whed 
more.  A  cironlar  Hginneiit  of  the  wiist 
binding  ti»e  tendons  of  the  whole  hand. 

Armlniaii,  ^ninl-aa.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christiana,  so  called  ftom  James  Armin- 
ius  or  Harmensen,  a  Pkotestant  divine  of 
Leyden,  Htrfland,  who  died  !n  1009.  They 
s^Mrated  from  the  Oalvinhrts,  objecting 
to  their  views  of  predestinattMi. 

Aimlet,  flrmlet  A  Httle  arm ;  aa  an  A 
of  the.  sea.  Apiece  of  protective  arm<Mr 
for  the  arm.  Part  of^the  sleeve  of  a 
dress. 


ar'mis-tls.  A  cessation  of 
arms  for  a  short  time  by  convention ;  a 
trace. 

Armor,  'mer.  Defensive  arms ;  any  cov- 
ering worn  to  protect  the  body  in  battle. 
Metal  was  used  from  the  10th  to  the  18th 
century,  until  tho  introduction  of  dre-arms 
rendered  it  useless.  The  steel  or  iron 
covering  of  a  ship  of  war.  Coat  A.,  the 
escutchaon  of  a  person  or  fiimily,  witii  its 
mantling,  creat,  supporters,  motto,  Jke. 
Bubmazmo  A  a  water-tight  covering  worn 
by  a  direr. 


.   -mor'ik.     Pertaining  to   tlM 

northwest  of  Prance,  formerly  Armorlca, 
now  Brittany,  inhabited  by  a  Cymric  race 
who  fled  lh>m  Britain  in  the  dth  and  Cth 
centuries. 

Armatrongr  gxin,  arm'strrmg  gun.  A 
cannon  of  wrought-irun,  roni*triiot*'<l  of 
spirally  coiled  l>arA,  and  ticcaAionaliy  h.iv- 
ing  an  inner  tube  or  cor«  of  sttN'].  Viliiyl. 
ThucommonoHt  form  in  hro««h-l<»ai(lirig ; 
but  those  of  the  highest  calibru  ore  muz- 
zle-loaders. The  gun  is  uanuid  froui  its 
inventor.  Sir  WilUiun  Armstning. 

Armnre,  ir'mur.  A  twilled  fabric  hav- 
ing a  cotton  warp  and  a  woolen  woof. 

Arm,y,  'mi.  A  body  of  men  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battd- 
ions,  regiments  or  similar  divisions,  con- 
sisting of  inlkntnr,  cavalry  and  artUlery. 
Standing  A.,  a  boay  of  men  hired  and  kept 
permanently  under  anna. 

Army-oorpa,  -kdr.  The  largest  divisfaa 
of  an  army  In  the  fleld. 

Amae,  'n£.  One  of  the  Indian  varieties 
of  the  BuflUo  (Babalus  ami),  the  largest 
animal  of  the  ox  kind. 

Amioa, 'ni-ka.  A  gen.  of  plants,' ord. 
CompoaitA.  There  are  twelve  spedea, 
one  of  which,  A.  montana  (the  monntidn 
tobacco),  produces  an  acrid  re^  and  a 
volatile  cu,  the  flowers  an  acrid  bitter 
principle  called  amidn,  and  the  root 
tannin. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  A  brigadier  gen- 
eral in  the  American  Revolution,  who  de- 
serted to  the  British ;  b.  in  Connecticnt 
in  1740 ;  d.  in  London,  17SML  Umjot  An- 
dr6,  a  British  officer,  who  negotiated  the 
treasonable  bargain  with  J&nokl,  was 
captured  and  hanged  as  a  spy. 

Anioldist,  'nold-ist.  A  disciple  of  Ar- 
nold of  Brescia,  who  in  the  12tn  century 
preached  against  the  Bomish  Church. 

Arnotto,  -not'td.  Bixa  OreUana,  a  small 
tree,  ord.  FlacourtiaoesB.  The  dye  or  col- 
oring matter  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
this  plant  is  used  for  silks ;  also  as  a  color* 
ing  ingredient  for  butta*,  cheese  and 
chocolate. 

Aroma,  a-r5'ma.  An  odor  from  plants 
or  other  substances,  more  especially  an 
agreeable  odor;  an  odorous  or  spiqr 
emanation. 

Aromatite,  'mat-it  A  bituminous  stone, 
in  smell  and  color  resembling  myrrlu  A 
foctitious  wine,  containing  various  aro- 
maticB. 

Aroph,  &'rof.  A  name  by  which  saflh>n 
is  sometimes  called.  A  chemical  prepara- 
tion of  Psyaoelsus,  as  a  etrfvent  for  the 
stone. 


AKpad.  ir'pduL     A  Mif-nr  lAdeT  m<1  |  Arils. 
fonndur  of  Uh  kingdom  of  UmHTvy'  -    ■    -' — '-*' 

MS,  o.wn. 

Azpent,  ii-pu.  A  FrsDoh  mnuorD 
land,  oiutl  Ifl  l.oes  uiu»  rardB,  or  f 
muu  or  u  EDgllsb  H».  It  yiriK 
dUTtTCnt  partj  of Vmwa.  IE  La  Dsvd  I 
Lmllsd   — '-'  ■-    ' • 


Arirailaax,  -ka-ti,    A  Isk)  an, 
-'—i^groea  THTiiLfthlo  pottoj. 
"-l, -»ii'ch».    i.gtn. 

ADte.  iQDlTldLDIE    A    Kf 


Dteonind  from  fermeDtod  rl«,  tho  Jnlc^ 
of  ttaa  i»ei»4Dt  ud  ochar  pAlmg. 
AtTU,  'u.     Tftttrr  ;  itagfagr,  canilht 
log  DrwoTsn  gtnfft  omuneiiud  vlth  9  l^ 

Aj^a^Te,  I-natiA.  Amictiliiolbriwni 
mlnatlnit  ore. 
AjrCMWlM,  w'u-Tli.  Id  Her.  vhi-i 
ADytblDf  of  ft  iquuolbmi  la  plaoedwlt: 
one  (ornor  IB  front,  ihowing  ito  loiiani 
tvro  of  Ui«  >ld«. 

AiTot.    t-rJL     Ths   dKlslon  of  >  oonn 
AppUed    partloul&rlj   U 
of  trfboiuU  In   nsnet. 
~i]r  1«fit  ■athorit)'. 


<6e  analaal  UngM  if  I>iu«  ud  Otnuny 


Hllent  Angle*  of  ft  gtikdft.  I 


, —  fen,  Trt^oohln,  ocd. 

AiTOW-liHul,  ft'n-twd.  A  gta.  of 
■qnnUo  plftnli^  to  cftDed  Onm  tlift  ftbftpo  of 

AiTOW-liawlad,  -bod-ed.     B^Md  Vkt 

Tm,  formed  br  ft  oombliutlOD  of  trlnn- 
lar  or  'ncdmllka  flgnna;  oftHcd  daa 
cQDi^fijna  flhftrftotera,  ffmnd  lucdbed  Da 
noltny,  and  monoiiHata  M  FlnepaHi, 
BftbTlon.ftnd  other  plfteaaorthoEftfttftBd 
buTo    b«n   dadplw«d   by     Snttnod, 


lund  or  Diva]  senice  ;  •  pubBo  aauNlab- 
iathI    and   mlUtuy  aqoi^ 
lOlbctDrod  or  atftffld. 
len-it.    A  salt  formed  liy 


ie  A.  nftbi 
tbfttvblah 
d  death  17 


ABSENiUKKTKD 


er 


ABTOTTBITE 


like  many  other  vimlent  poteons  it  is  a 
aafe  and  aseftil  medidne,  when  Jodi- 
doosfy  employed. 

Araeniuxeted,  -een'b-ret-ed.  Com- 
hined  with  anenie  bo  aa  to  form  an  anen- 
ivet.  A.  hydro^n,  a  gas  generated  by 
ftislng  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  of 
granuated  zinc,  and  deoompoeing  the 
alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric  add. 
A-ruyti-n  Sr'shin.  A  Bossian  measure  of 
2  feet  4.242  inches. 

Art,  irt.  The  artlfkdal  dispodtlon  or 
modlflcation  of  things  to  answer  some 
Bpedal  pnrpose.  A  system  of  rokss  serv- 
ing  to  ftdnurta  the  performance  of  certain 
actions ;  knowledge  of  such  roles  or  skill 
in  applying'  them  In  a  trade,  handicraft,  or 
other  special  aabject.  The  oaeftil  or  me- 
diantcalartsindade  those  In  which  the 
hands  and  body  are  more  concerned  than 
the  mind,  as  in  making  clothes :  the  fine 
arts  and  the  liberal  arts  indnde  all  the 
branches  of  academical  learning,  as  well  as 
fine  art.  Fcnmerly  the  dnue  of  the 
sdenees  was  eonflned  to  the  seyen  liberal 
arts — grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic, 
mnsio,  geometry  and  astronomy.  In  this 
sense  the  term  is  stUI  employed  when  we 
speak  of  the  arts  classes  in  the  nniyersf- 
des,  a  master  of  arts  te.  Art  diflSers  from 
sdence  in  being  practical,  while  the  latter 
is  theoretical  or  speculatiye.  The  rales  of 
**  art  partake  less  or  more  of  the  natnre  of 
directions.  They  are,  howeyer,  nltimatdy 
based  on  prindples;  thns,  tbeartof  baila- 
ing  is  based  on  the  prindplcA  or  laws  of 
mechanics. 

Ai-t^iwlain.  Ar-td-mia'i-o.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Compodts,  o(mi]Hrising  mng- 
wort,  southern-wood  and  worm-wood. 

Artery,  'ter-L  One  €tt  a  sjrstan  of  cyUn- 
drical  yesaels  or  tnbea,  membranons,  elas- 
tto  and  polsatile,  which  conyey  the  blood 
jfrom  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
There  are  two  prindpal  arteries,  the 
aorta  and  the  pnlmonary. 

Artesian,  ir-te'zi-an.  Of  or  bdonging 
to  Artois,  in  France.  A  partiealar  kind 
of  well,  first  used  in  Artois. 

Arthritis,  thrT'tis.  Any  painAil  dis- 
ease or  inflammation  of  the  joints,  partic- 
nlarly  the  gout 

Arthroffastra.   -thrd-gas'tra.    A  name 

eyen  to  those  Archnida  which  agree  in 
lying  the  abdomen  segmented,  and  not 
separated  troxn  the  ceplmlothoraK,  indud- 
ing  the  trno  scorpions,  book-seori^ons,&«. 

Arthropoda,  -throp'o-da.  One  of  the 
two  primary  diylsions  (Anarthropoda  be- 
ing tiie  other)  into  whidi  naturalists 
haye  diyided  the  snb-kiqgdom  AnnnJosa. 


Arthur,  ir'th&r.  The  hero  «of  tht» 
**KnightA  of  the  Bound  Table,**  a  semi- 
mythical  king  of  Britain,  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, who  herotcally  opiKMed  the  Saxon 
inyaders. 

Artichoke,  Ar'tl-chuk.  The  <;.vnara 
Scolymus,  an  edible  plant,  onl.  (^>niiioi»- 
itr,  somewhat  resemMinir  a  thlHtlo,  with 
large  divided  nrickly  learpA.  ThuJeruM- 
lem  A.,  or  Helianth'uA  tuberonuA,  U  a  8p4'- 
des  of  sunHower,  whose  rooti  are  usAi 
like  potatiies. 

Artioulata,  -tik'Q-lii''ta.  The  thinl 
great  section  of  the  anbnal  kiagdom,  di- 
yided by  Cnyier  into  five  classes,  Crusta- 
cea, Araohntda,  Insecta,  Myriapoda  and 
AnneUda.  The  first  four  classes  are  now 
conunonly  placed  together  under  the 
name  of  Arthropoda.  Also  applied  to  one 
of  two  sections  Into  which  the  Brachio- 
poda  or  lamp-shells  are  diyided. 

Artlonlate,  -lit    Jointed  ;  formed  with 
Mnts ;  as,  an  articulate  animal.    Formed 
by  the  distinct  and  intelligent  moyement, 
of  the  organs  of  speech. 

Artiftoer,  -tins-er.  A  maker;  a  skill- 
ftU  or  artistic  mechanic.  One  who  con- 
triyes  or  deyises ;  an  inventor.  A  soklier- 
mechanio  attached  to  the  artillery  seryico. 

ArtiUeinr.  -tlinor-1.  Gannon  ;  ordnance 
and  Its  necessary  equipment  both  in  men 
and  material.  The  science  of  the  use  and 
management  of  great  guns.  A.  level,  an 
instrument  having  a  pendulous  pointer  by 
which  it  indicates  the  angle  between  the 
axis  of  tiie  piece  and  the  plane  of  the 
horizon. 

Artimorantioo,  -tA-m5'ran-t£''kA.  An 
alloy  of  tin,  sulphur,  bismuth  and  cop- 
per, made  in  imitation  of  ancient  jewehy. 

Artiodaotyla,  'shi-d-dak^'tl-hi.  A  sec  of 
the  Ungulata  or  hoofed  mammals,  com- 

Sridng  all  those  in  which  the  number  of 
le  toes  is  even,  including  the  ruminants, 
and  also  a  number  of  non-ruminating 
animals,  as  the  hippopotamus  and  the  pig. 
The  sec.  indudes  ail  tne  ungulate  an<mals 
used  for  human  food. 

Artocarpacen,  'td-kir-p&'^sd-ii.  An 
ord.  of  pUnts,  the  bread-fruit  a  sub-ord. 
of  the  urticacesB  or  nettles.  The  virulent 
antiar  poison  of  Java  is  obtained  from  the 
upas-tree.  ■ 

Artotyrite,  -tl'rlt.  One  of  a  sect  of 
heretics  In  the  primitiye  church,  who  cele- 
brated the  eucharist  with  bread  and 
cheese,  alleging  that  the  first  obligations 
of  men  were  not  only  the  fhiitof  the 
earUi,  but  the  produce  of  thdr  flocks. 
They  admitted  fteiales  to  the  priesthood 
and  epifoopaoy. 


.1 


AXT-vmon  t 

Ait-XJaloa,    Irt-a'nt-an.    An    uudil 

tendthj  cbfl  kbowlcdgft  of  mlA  Idva  ftv 
the  Bt>.  TberorlftnUedls  Fnncn  dnrlag 
th«  Ume  or  KbpoLeon  I. 
Anun,  A'nun.    A  g4D.  of  pUmti,  on). 
whMi  Id  kriovu  u  FortlBfla  h^d  or  Amm- 


>,  >-nin'dB.     A  reed;  i  gM.  of 

'-■wUdiacreawHhlt. 

Tu'ilB.    On«  of  1  eUM  of 
ntt  Komo,  or  StTDriu  ort- 


Arrlocd^  ir-Tlk't-lik  A  nai.  of  ndeat 
talnalt,  ntMini.  UnrUa  or  Wol  t. 
npWMila  Um  usterTalo,  or  witirat, 
ad  A.  Knitli  I*  the  field-Tola,  or  idiort- 

Arriin, 'Ho.  An  Ivdo-Emopcu ;  ■mem- 
kw  or  tkit  dlTMon  of  Uis  hunu  noa 
vUeb  ludndoi  tha  HIndni  nid  Ftrtkan 
M  Its  tuUrn  'bnndi,  Md  ths  OelU,  tlH 
Sreak*  ud  ItaUuH,  tho  Sdin  ud  tlw 

TmloiUMlMnwWni,  "" ""^  ' " 

■    lofEnroiwiri 


BMDd.  myth,  ons  of  tbo  godii,  ths  tobiib- 
Itaitiof  Algird.    It  AppflOrfilii  UieoA  of 
ndt  auDHM  Oxar,  Osbn^,  Oswald. 
Aaaitotids,  ••-fs'tJd-L     a  (Mtd  inph- 

ulsd  BU,  decDti<:rels]nk»  of  tlW  iflir- 
tbai  irnfiittilii.  %  lugs  ambellUbroiu  plant 
lOasiI  In  WmlBTti  Tlilbal. 
Asasita*,  a-u-gri'L  a  gen.  of  nluta, 
ard.Heluitbiioe»OTColc1iloomB,  tooludlDg 
bnt  A  single  ipMtM  (A.  offldnsUa). 


,— _t]o]chDeaizioD  l!lfl«.  which  prey  upon 
ud  kuflp  In  cheek  tho  qihJdot. 
*"°rT'"T.  -ftu.     A  gan.    of  trOoUtaa, 
diaaotvlnlot^tliBkrwsrpaliHiHrhiroakik 
■AmMjmbmona,     -n->iak"kL 


S^SSILi 


bfonght  into  Ui«  ayataillno  ttata. 
JD.  A  fen.  of  nlintA,  Ad. 
I,  Thelrnitliidx-nHed 
inntod    hj  Ike  penlaUBt 

A»b— to*.  ■  bea'to*.  AflbmiNTarlr^af 
"^1  boTDUeDdo  Ikzn..  u  auglta,  aotb^ 
to  ud  tHmoltta,  aoDipaaea  of  amanu 
■maatLwllk  ■  lOkyiater.  It  Is  (■ 
mbuatlble,  ud  la  WTOogkt  lato  %  BAft, 
DM*  dotli,  *1m>  toM^mUbl*  pipar 


Actniry,  Franola.     The  D 

■ '-iiM.B.  Chnwh;  a. 

io  Virginia.  ISll 

~   aa^ar^-ds,    A  &m.  oT  Ea- 


oH-Uks.  nibqgfr 
om  aoot  oTwud. 
lie  flrttt  hiahop  of 
EngtaBd, 


ToDleata  or  ■ea-nntrta,  mdllnaDOtuud-. 
mala  of  ■  k>w  gnda.    A  hvge  proportloli 

of  oaUnloae,  a  itarab]'  snbatuoeefaancttr- 
latla  of  phnta.  Usloandtfematoreprodiuy- 
tlre  organa  «Tlat  tn  each  asddlui.  ud 
tbey  paaa  through  pectdiar  phaaeo  of  da- 


is oraporiffla 


-Uke  anpHidflge    found    In 

, .ofteodoHdl^aUd,  aalo  th 

ptUhn-iilanV 


of  MuoLonlsui  nha  pppearcd  lb  t 
Mntary.       Thcj  Inlroifdcea    ham! 

Asomal,  ii-»k«'i-iiL    Hal  wnnd 

[vrfeat  ormns;   perlVirmpd  vldumt  Ihe 

jLtgar^  nx'gdid.  In  Snud.  Ujrlli.  Uw 
tuns  or  the  eod),  rWiw  UkatkaOnt* 
OLrmniu  tpanx  mldgint,  tbe  middle  vorid, 
tkeevtii.  UwMWeUiMOdfiKBdtlw 
net  of  the  godi,  flw  twdTvAeelr,  dwelt 
-«dB  IntbameuioBamadOledriielm, 
n3dewe  In  TInnIC  VellHlle,  ta  wMdi 
bmwA  AlAin  In  battle  dvelt,  wuilea  *"" 
Below  tha  bonplu  of  tlio  u 
TnKiImill  tlie  gods  exenibled  erei 

Aab,  uh.    Tha   oaminaB  nuse  • 


Pfrtilnlni  to  or  like  the  uh.     Whet 
ABliery,  'cr-L      A  pUce  for  dBpoiCtiiv 


of  pot  < 
imbuttlblc  iwidD 


re^teblfi  BobatAniwA^  Itom  which 
tnel«t  theilkaUiieiuilUr]  mlloil 
peeri-uta,  tulp.  bulUi,  An.  The  i 
or  the  hnuuuL  body,     flodhnoatj 

of  water,  »fter  herin^  iHien  t 
fleaoroA  or  arttterH  iD'^  ' 

ABll-fDmM«,  'Cer-nia.     A  linuee  ; 
which   muerliili  Ibt      ' 

A^ilar,  1«r.  A  aamnuin  ben-ato 
tffooeht,  rough  end  chipped,  tmi 
qiUTTT-  A  tuiHK  made  of  dqaAre  ■ 
«nthe  front  of  bi3ldhi):s. 


Agh-Wodnaaday,  -weu'dL    The  Ant 
dfl^  of  Lent ;  ao  cfilled  from  a  cojti 
■prii^tliig  eahes  on  llio  beede  f>(  pool 
Ibaaedinitted  to  peouioe:  Intlltat 


UlD  nngmmlhaAlula,  the  KleXm^ 
HtnmlBym  mid  Ceufuaa ;  prludpAl  rlvrrH, 
■be  DtJ,  Unl,  Leni,  Anioot.  novii!  be, 
OuEe*.  Ipdut,  Tlgrli  tod  EunhnHet; 
pHndpe]  taket,  the  t^plAa,  Aral  (rulled 


&>p,>ap.   A  iperleSDrTlperlVlpi!! 
roeembfii*-  the  eobnuU- 
opello  or  spectacle  ht- 
paat,  celabnited  for  uea   ^ 
oa  acwiuit  of  the  aoiull  ^ 


.  the  Tt.  0. 

f 


ASPAfilA  T 

ft«IHi«llt.  i*-pl'ilii-Bh.  The  buullflil 
mlatrflu  of  Pendeit  r«iDvn«il  1m  hflr  wit 
ml  ■ccorapUllUDuU.  hn  honH  bdni 
tba  nurt  of  the  moet  tDtcllMtsil  Atbcnl- 
UB.  After  thedesthorP»<deii,  the  1k- 
£nia  thomlatRU  or Lyeldca.  4S9 B.C. 

Aspaala,  M-pii'tU-i.  A  ite°' oCelegut 
Fpiphytdl  pIfuilA.  ord.  OrobldAooe,  with 
the  »|Kict  of  KpidcDdrnm. 

Anwn,  un'mi.  A  inedsi  efpoplB.  the 
1«T«  orivbloh  nirenlth  theiHgbtist 
Impulse  of  tho  eLr. 

A«per.  u'[>#r.     A  Tutlah  eolii,  ofwUcb 

three-flftbt  ofe  Britjthpeo 
AspertWiu,  -per-jQIu.  _ . 
Oh.  the  bnub  Died  for  aprtak- 
llnn  holjr  wetor  on  the  peopl- 
A  MD.  cf  hrphauiyoBUui  rbi 
d.  A.  g(uioii9  la  the  bit 
meld  vhldk  fiwmi  on  dieek 

AapuVM,  'J«.    In  the  B.  C. 
Ck.    ■  abort  een\oe  Intodno-; 
lorylotheioiae,  durliifwhloli~^ 
tlie   oongregeUon  it  iprinkled  Aiperfll- 

Aa^eraorinm,  -aa' 

ftjr  heldlDf  holj  wata.  _  _ — 

flied  pernuiiently  doAe  tothemtrmiH 
-      SemattmeB,  however  the  A.  la  partible. 

AsphodeL'm-AcI  ~ 

Me'Cta'DrTLI 
tiTetod  forttivbeqiilv  r>f  ihib-J 
Bowere.,  .They  iupludu  the 
onlaii.irirllc,hvaclnth.BniilLI, 
■tv  »fBetUi!lIuo],  Bsd  iilr»B. 
AJQllO,  'pik.     A  ipedF)  of 
liTendv,  lihn    eilluil    Unli? 
liTODder,  %fh-a  Nirdi,  nnd 
FsendiMeTdiia.    Tin-  t>ll  Is 
lued    by  patrjtera,   fkrrlers. 
md     oQier    trUfloen.      Id   Brsuchsd 
caokery.icleer,  UKOiYDiEst   Aiphodel. 
'ytMy,  FODt^niiis'  fowl,  gamn 

Ajiplialt,  -fliH'.    The  common  nrloty  oF 

pollahed  ft«tare,  melts  easHy,  and  when 

U  (bnad  In  a  UqDid  sUle  on  Ihe  sarAcii  of 
'  BoL  Bko  In  the  earth  In  muiy 
LBla,  Eorope  and  America,  and 
fldillT  Id  mBUDgeoal-na. 
L,  a  Bmestone  oontalDliiB 


OooHag,  and  ai  a  cement,  the  chief  In- 

DniMionoTlTilsfsinlied  with  bltomen, 

und,  or  other  Uigredlenti. 
Atpidlum.    -ptd'l-nm.      Bhleld-ftm,  a 

^n.  of  ftrna  mcladlng  all  which   have 

round  sort  prolBcIed    with  a  rai:ndl9h 

eoverlnK  or  Indoslum. 
Aapldophonu,  -pl-dofor-afl.    A  £«!. 

of  aeanukoptorDoa   flahes,  Inctedln^   the 

■rmod  bull-bead  or  po^re. 
Aaiddoaperma.    'pl-da-Bper"mL       A 

gen.  Df  plinte,  ord.  ApocyDuea.    One 

Apedea,  paddle-wood,  hu  a  deeply  1ta.UA 

Btau  eoraposed  of  solid  projeoDu^  ndli, 

irfaloh  the  InrUaag  aepanu  and  DM  M 

natonl  phrnks. 

A^p't"'"™,  -ple'Dl-UD.    Bpleenwort,  a 

fen.  of  fbma  charaoteriied  by  thdr  frwe 

UquAly  on  the  s^^ment  of  ^ftond. 
Aim,  Be.    A  (olld-uniulate  quadraped  ol 
thehmlly  Ki|aldB;t£e  Eqniu  aalnui;a 
nau™  of  Central  Asia,  w" ■ 


A0,000,  but  were  <?ventnally  crashed  by 
thaBultanBlborlB.  One  who  kills  orst- 
tempts  to  klUhyBurprlaeoTBiwrGtuisuult. 
AjMay*!'.  BU'er.  One  who  eismloea  me- 
taUto  Mva  or  alloya  fOr  the  porpesa  of  da-  . 
tarmlnlna  the  amount  of  any  parllDulv 
metal  In  Ihe  tame.  ADoOMrofthelUnt, 


ASTEKOPIITLUTES 


Aaaaylnr,  H^alne.  TIi«  Kt  or  irt  of 
tanlDg  mtait,  OTM.  or  Blloyi.  Thms  «r8 
two  snodeB  of  MBsyliiff :  lbs  faoiDld  cr  wvt 
pRMHB,  br  whltih  ■  MlutliMi  orthametAlB 
t  effeoted  by  ■n.ms  of  .d.H,  ud  the  dij 
profl'w,  perfornied  bj- tl' -  a^nbi^yatHn- 

Asse,  sH.  Th«  Vnlplg  (.  unn,  Xbe  anuDatt 
uiPtiibir  of  the  tfa.loi. 

AsBembly,  -; 


mrpou,  whctjipr  EvUg- 
actal,  BpaiflfllllJ,  ifas 
-  ono  of  Uis  OMiSoai  at 


niiiits,  Fflppdflllr  for  pnrpoflflA 
A.  Id  tbe  Seauk  naUarAatt, 

Ilow^  siittaUitas,  tho  nnhPT 

Iho  PUmrlBw).  nnd'Emeiies. 
AsalKnat.  'elf-ut.     A  pnbUD  note  or 
Nil  <n  :''Tiiiicfl  daring  Uifl  llrat  nmilatinn. 
In  :Fr«ic)i  Inir,  tbeiHlgnmeDtof  an  u- 

.__.__      -,     orlginallj.  an  ossimibl/ of 
jther  BabrtMluamM,  wilhm 

or  In  ft  fiolnniD  a  bIh^o  (^Uodriail 
Ibirnlng  ■  complata  aefmant  of  tiio 


buSor; 


^ ,    Jent     RUw  opWftH; 

Applied  to  *  nmn  or  bout  whon 

IsTUA,  loAVOB  fimt  brut  doVn,  "but  rIalDg 


upcr. 


Assyrift,  li-ilr'r&ih.  Tbs  moat  undent 
emi^  of  ■KTsd  UMorr,  ftmnded  by 
BebL  an.  IMS;  It  oonpriHl  wbU  fi 
Bowiaowu  u  Knriittu,  In  Aril.    At 

Iba  death  oF  BurduuHlnt,  wlio  WH  bmn- 
•d  fa  big  pilue  In  Babrloo  by  hla  Bubteia. 

too  B.  D.,  tbe  ampira  n*  dlTldedtnta 
tbivfl  TdonnrebloB,  UsdiB,  Auyria  and 
Habylonla.  It  Miare-unitiid  loBibylonli. 
in  828  B.  c,  but  vat  conquarcd  by  CjTue 
Dfia  biKiamu  &  i>itrt  of  P<?nta,  s.  c.  &»S. 
Assytheiaent.  sB-elth'meDt.  In  8col. 
murdored  from  tbo  perHD  guUty 

(iiatt^yed),  SHI 

r  other  "n 


:e"* 


the  curioD.  apHlcs  "llhoutCTM 
Ibf  MBUimnlllCmrtof  KrntnAj. 
,  lir'lS.  Aiililorrlh,  Ihff  win. 
itle  diTlnlly  of  lb>  rhonlf^anii. 


mnllnoko.  e«.  Kiphanlilii. 
AaUtdo.  i-Mni'lk.  With, 
needl'',  a  magiit^o  nenllf 

IcDily  oi  .Kolfier  n<«ll( 
gr.ph. 
Aatal.  u'U.  In  mlnlnc.  i 

Aster,  'm.    A  brgo  ei^" 


AMeracftDtlmn.  .ii-kui"ihuf.    A  emi. 
uf  pluvld   fossil  Sibcs,  ooDUrrlng  In   tlw 

Aaterla,  -le'ri-a.      A  Tiriciy  of  mpphlre, 


Aateridn.  'l-d«.    Ths  > 


ttEUmoB  In  whlcb  It  ]Im.  or  irhloh  is  not 
•  pan  of  any  particular  tonit>-JktlMl. 
Three  aatertoks  platwd  Cin»  •-•  to  direct 

of  astrology  baaed  on  the  Bjted  alani. 

AataniiC  .old-  Oneofthaimiill  pluati, 
■hout  eUOln  number.  brlKcpii  li.e  orbit* 
orMnriind  Jupiter,  called  plani'Ioldi. 

ABterolepIs.  4l'^|d>,    A  k^.  at  r<cu- 


heen  reatrlcted  lo  tbc  dermal  platea  of  tk* 


■  nn.  of  rbflBll  pbmtt,  whlob  aboDD 
the  oKl-idHiuro,  ud  IT*  lMU»«i  t 
llif  [altags  or  tht  Ctlmmllei. 
AatOQunu,  'tu-mna.    ~"  ' 
BpeclllcBlly  jippUed  to 

Astnea,     trv'a.     A    du 
flvvD  Ut  the  bI^  Virgo. 


li  froni  llie  Bun. 


The   apper  iHDS  Qfthd  foot   at 
thetlbk 


Qom.tiuiiciuith  is  obuiped  Ih 
mifor  toA  othur  aplnj  apedea. 
Aatral.  'irml.  Belongbig  li 
A.  flplritfl,  believed,  Id  the  mliiuje  iikud,  wj 
peo^e  the  hcAvenlj  bodied  or  tbe  Atrial 
ngfoa.  By  the  demonolotiatB  of  the  IBth 
oenlnry  they  were  regBrdod  u  oooapylng 
the  fint  rank  imong  the  demanlKal 
epMtA.    A.  IvDp,  El  Uinp  whoBe  Ufht  la 


'Se-colored  leiMlha  Inro] 


all,  SI  one  of  the  detached  artleaLitliHiB 

of  foMll  enoriidteB ;  itw-atoiie. 
A^trooaJTOiIi..  •Mt-kfi'rl-niii.      A,gaa. 

of  AiD«ri«n  palina. 
AstrOKIUMr,  4n!|r^«-BL    Snowledge  of 

the  Bt*ri  in  reapeol  to  their  iiune<  aag- 

AsCroKT^ph?,  'm-B.    The   art   of  ds- 
HTibliig  or  dellnHdn^  the  bIatb. 

JUtTcAA,  'Iroid.  In  He 
fhim  a  Diimet,  oomlitint 
■AxtroloBy,^.    Tba  id 


AatispliotasTapbT,  'tr«-fD-tiw"i»^fl. 
A  term  eiproaliig  the  appHaaro  of 
pbotognph]'  to  thfl  deHneattoD  of  volar 


pboto^phf  f 
AatnMKope,  -akOp.      An  aalmiiDDiliial 

Uneated. 
AahiT,  'ter.    A  gren.  of  hnvtki,  Includln^r 

Astylar,  e-au'lar.      In  Anh.  havlnc  no 

Astyllen,  a-stU'en.    A  bidaU  etoppaKe  In 


of  refo^  wb<ffe  crimlnnlB 

wm  Bhettovd  from    JaaUoe.     Templea 

■wen  udAoUy  laThmti,  uvcn  ChrlitUa 


ABTMFTOTB 


Ik«tc<l  for  li«T  BttOen^  BbD  tmtd  bo 
DIRT  tha mu  wbo eooM onlnuilwr.  un- 
<Ur  tha  ondltlan'  ttet  Ut  Hh    ' 


AtoiVU.  la  Hrtli-tbAOoddeuofHb- 
cbleJ^  wba  iraicMt  Aown  ftwn  b«T«Q, 

Aielaa,  ■t'e-Ki.  A  pD.  of  plityrliliw 
Amertan  raoDkitya. 

Atelier,  -[£-1.  A  workibop :  spplint  U 
lbs  worluvaiD  of  Molpbin  ud  pulaten. 

AtenchnB,  s-tu'feaa.    A-gi 


,    i-d£'i1-4d.     Pertolo- 

_^ .th*iuBiuA,  biBbop  «f  AlexuidriA, 

1i  tha  4th  fiento^.  A.  ened,  it  pbocI  or 
npoiltloi  of  lUtb,  iiippdud  ftHmerlrto 
hara  b»n  diawo  np  bj'  ^Uudjihiu, 
OfhlrA  tir^  trjylnlan  is  tiow  gc  ii^nlty  rc- 


h*  Kitiipaattkii 


IF  bj  Hudriui  tW  tb«  pro- 
Hi,  mn  Inritlmtton  for  IbJa 


KowTt^th 


;  pop.  48,329. 
Atharioaim,  >th-ff4li'ir«.  A 
HfUnm  liuwt*,  lai  ■- * ■■ 

Sot-Olis, 

bHl  Babe*,  hiTli 


uitj  r«»Bi-e^boJl*'a  which 
re  slk-d  dliltaermiuioDa. 

□f  apctrnJixia  p^la,  liavblf 


thfl  tuftid-UiUcd  porcnplDa. 
Athlete,  'li'L     Ona  «ho  a 


Atlanta,  (t^lii 

duui  nwUuak. 


A  gtm.  aftKit«n>po- 
lypLcaJ  gcB.  at  ue 

On.   nf  the     tliTfe 


tluMaof&yrujuid  Anblo.  and  coru 
Kvpq  jfroupA.  A  bm.  of  tfutijri>| 
moUiiiiiLi.  ord.  NuDleotnnrblBU. 
Atlantldee  'tl-dci.  A  ouna  El' 
tbD  PIotulMor  Bcren  aUri.wUol 
ftilf^ed  taba  tha  dau^hler&Df  Atlu 

Ulcdtollcnvi^n. 
Atlu.    Id  Mylh.    odd  <il  the    ' 


lir«iJ«u 


-frulIDwa.  . 
Jom.  ■I'om.  A  p«Tiid«  of  inin»r  » 
nlDntsuloadiiittiifnadl'lifai];  unltl- 
utB  tnillitelblc  pvticje  of  mUter.  Sa 
ilUuisM  iwlIclaDr  DuttCT,  wltiwatrwad 
Ji  to  ubittaall  t>  dlTiribla  arlsdMriUs; 
iina1»ala.  AtaralaphOonphj'iai^aUB 
if  ptall(i«nli7"wUdi  tMMdwa  Uut  Uodu  « 
xiddM  wth  gt^fr  ud  molloD,  ud  tlitt 
>r  than  Kloma  lU  Ibln^  *B*  fimwd 
HlhDUt  thd  Did  of  H  flDprcrae  JntelUgieiit 

Atriplsx,  'rl-p!eki.  A  kod.  of  pluti, 
'Ord.  rbi>iinpod!iK«iF -,  DTmcho.  Ta»j  n 
' — ^-  rnrwsly  ahruba,  with  unitJ  unlKU- 
len^  growing  on  fthoreH  uid  wu(« 

I,  iaufiudln  Fnmco  ILA  a  fifLnoah. 
Atrium, tt'lri-um.  TbiirnTniD'K-hHil.iiid 
usually  tbomoeteplondld  apAran  131  tiOfft 
Kiiinan  hDDH.  onuubenlM  witli  BtotneL 
ether  i^etnna,  ua 


at  tliD  Icvol  of  tbo  >«i,  Is  found  to  bo  nboul 

Ifeht.nrodudnglliojilii'noiDuiuiof  relVse 
tlon.  dUhiutloD.  nfloatton   ud  iDteiAr 

^toU  a-toi:    A.  aBTB\  Inland,  nonnl'ting 
Bfa  tlrlp  or  ling  ot  eon\  aniroundlng  \    . 
tmtrml  ijgooB,  tad  covarai  Kilh  *  Vigor- 


It  vn  llt'hled  b;  no  openlri  In  tlis  fodI 
cailkiiUi»c»iiii>1uiiuui,towird>wblchIb8 

Into  D  dstors  In  the  Uoor  oallcd  tholm- 


poipui  oiLd  eof  ly  Cluintian. 
Ltrova.  'ro-pa.      A  ecn.    of  polt 

doniio.nr  duid'ly  ul^htHliailo.  hiiii  a ' 
)Hh  tauti-,  but  la  jKilaauoUB, 
Atropln,  'r<l-nln.    A  cri'ttnlllne  aJ 
_i...i-.,,    *. —    .1,.    fleadly   nlRhtBhiidi 


nbUilni^d   frooi 


ilold 


itlful  ciiJIlDiLcoona 
rrrbaptDH  Vallail, 
u!  nnii  ]«rlrld|«, 


Attalna. -U-IG'k.  A  b^h.  of  lulmn,  < 
dn^iAbed  by  Its  nut  contilnliitf  tt 
cell*,  each  UidMing  »  etiif  1a  hcfA.  ' 
flberE  of  Ltae  l«it«tiilkB  or  i..  ninUIn 


Greooo. 

The  A.  dUeot,  mcd  IrSie  uialeni  juae- 
Biaiu,  hiB  tha  moM  Gnldvita^flDinhtid  aiut 

A.  bus,  B  peoaur  bue  UHd  ia  Iha  loaio 
ooliiinQ,  inatn' Palladia  udothen  In  Ibe 
Dorlo.  A.  ordsr,  applied  to  tba  mull  |ill- 
lira  dHOTBdnf  aDamn. 

Al^tio.  A  loir  ator?  nreotod  dtbt  a  prin- 
dpal.  Ad  aparUneot  la  the  uppmnoit 
partofalMiua. 

AttUa,  U'tJ-taii.  CaHtid  tho  "ScKmrKo 
or  God,"  UliB  of  the  Hnna  Ib  tba  Mb  oen- 
tiinr.  Ha  DTBiwi  the  Oieelia  £inplrs 
anil  TTorUKrn  Italy t  ■'^  *■>  ^e  aoluiowl- 
adnd  Bornliii  of  all  tba  taDrn  between 
QuIaadtbeObliiseebDFder:  d.US. 


provy,    Ppodflcally,  one  appointed  or  ad- 

An  A.  msT  bo  either  priiatD  or  public! 
The  tint  I9  ana  antborlieil  to  maEe  con- 
tracts nnd do otbtTiBls  fbrhls  prinelpsi, 
DOt  ofeaort,    A  public  A.  or  A,  at  hw  Is 

SlaoUdonH.  "Letter.  warTBiil,  or  powerof 
.,  nn  Instruoient  br  whiph  one  peraon 

Attoniey^vaeral,  -Jeii'Br-tl.  'ITiallrsl 


law  oHIoer  of  the  irovemmMil.  The 
proaecQtftf  on  behalf  nr  the  grtvprnn 

Ankum.  a'btm.  Redillab  brows 
sally  applfed  10  hair. 

Aaohaiita, -iLc'iil-a.  Afm.  ofru 
Ine  anioula,  hm.  Cunclldc,  th« 
Worid  n-preaentadrca  or  the  cami'ti 
only  dlattnet  apcdra  era  the  tliina  1 
poanbla  proffenttor,  Iho  (pjanaeo  orj 
"id  the  Tkq^a  or  Tlcuni, 


Audit-honse.     'dlt-honi 


Andltoriam.  -i 


linn  of  BlfnngTS, 
Audubon,  John  Junes,  n'doo-bong. 

TiYen^  deBcent  aod  a  most  dlatlncultliBd 
nanumllit;  a.  ITSO,  n.  IR51.  hIb  |»1d- 
dMlworkeaw  "Blrdiof  Ammca/'ard 
"The  Qoadnipeda  or  America."  lbs 
fbrma-work  oooupybif  Iho  author  14 
yean. 

Aufrean,  -Jf'ao.  Of  or  pertafulBe  to 
'  ug^AS,  000  of  the  AivDDauta,  afterwarda 
ICKorEUs.  A.  ■table.biOredaDinyth- 
DEy,  the  slablfl  of  thia  k  ng.  In  whloh 


rf  Imptacdablc,    Hopcnle*  nndcrtook  it 
ind  aceompUthed  Itlna  Bln^e^y. 
LOBBr,  ^ger.    An  inetrunicnt  larger  than 
I  gimlet  Bir  borine  holes.      '-  ' 


AUGUB 


76 


AUBICHALGITE 


JLosTur,  'gr.  Among  the  andent  Bo- 
inaoA  a  functionary  whose  doty  was  to 
foretell  future  events  from  the  raoyements 
of  birds  and  animals,  and  unusual  occur- 
rences. There  was  a  college  or  commu- 
nity of  nine  augurs,  four  patricians  and 
five  plebeians.  One  who  pretends  to  tell 
future  events  by  omens. 

Au^nut,  'gust  The  eighth  month  of  the 
year,  named  for  the  Itoman  Emperor 
Augustus. 

AuflTUStan,  'an.  Pertaining  to  the  Em- 
peror Augustus ;  as,  the  A.  age,  the  most 
brilliant  period  in  Koman  literature.  Per- 
taining to  the  town  of  Augsburg ;  as,  the 
A.  Confession,  drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
Melanchthon,  embodying  their  reasons 
for  separating  from  the  Koqiish  Churdi. 

Augnistin,  'in.  A  member  of  one  of  sev- 
enl  monastic  fraternities  who  follow  rules 
framed  by  St.  Augustine.  Also  an  order 
of  nuns  who  wait  on  the  sick.  The  Uo- 
tel  Dleu  of  Paris  is  served  by  them. 

AiifiTUstiniaxi,  -gus-tin'i-an.  One  of 
those  divines  who,  from  St.  Augustine, 

,  maintain  that  grace  is  absolutely  effectual 

'  fit>m  its  nature.  One  of  a  sect  of  the  16th 
century,  who  maintain  that  heaven  will 
not  be  open  till  the  general  resurrection. 

AuflTUsUne.  St.,  -gus'tin.  The  most 
celebrated  of  the  Latin  Fathers,  bishop  of 
Hippo ;  B.  854  in  N.  Africa,  d.  480.  He 
was  noted  as  a  successftil  controyerdalist, 
and  his  teachings  are  the  accepted  doc- 
trines of  the  Church.  His  principal 
works  are  the  "Confesdons"  and  &• 
"City  of  God." 

Au^Tuvtiui,  Oaius  Ootavitu  CsMar. 

Son  of  Caius  Octavius  and  Atia,  daugh- 
ter of  Julia,  sister  of  Caius  JuUus 
Ciesar,  the  dictator,  by  whom  he  was 
adopted.  After  tne  assassination  of 
his  great-uncle  he  was  elected  Con- 
sul, and  became  one  of  the  trium- 
virate, his  associates  being  Antony 
and  Lepidus.  After  the  defeat  of  Brutus 
and  Cassius,  Lejddns  was  first  deprived 
of  his  power,  and  five  years  later  Oc- 
tavius defeated  Antony  and  Cleopatra, 
becoming  sole  ruler  of  the  Romans.  He 
was  the  first  who  bore  the  title  of  empe- 
ror, and  the  Senate  bestowed  upon  him 
the  name  **Angnstus,"  signliying  "Ma- 
1estic,"aname  which  all  ms  suooessors 
assumed  ;  b.  68  b.  c,  d.  a.  d.  14. 

Auk,  ak.  English  name  of  birds  of  the 
tarn.  iHcidre,  ord.  Natatcres,  including  the 
great  and  litlle  auk,  or  black  and^  white 
Giver,  the  puffin,  /be.;  members  of  the 

gvn,  AJat,  coataining  two  spedes,  fhe 
groae  Muk  (AJea    impeDni»\  now,  it  it 


believed,  ezttnct,  and  the  raaor-biU  (Aka 
torda). 

Aulio,  'Bk.  Pertaiiifng  to  a  voyal  oourt 
In  the  old  Geniuui  Eqmire  the  A.  Oonndl 
was  a  court  of  jotifldiracn  which  decided 
without  an  appeal.  It  eeased  to  exist 
in  1806.  The  title  Is  now  applied  in  6er> 
many  to  Uio  chief  council  ox  any  dq^art- 
ment. 

Aulio,  lik.  In  some  European  universi- 
ties a  ceremony  observed  in  oonHerring 
the  decree  of  Doctw  of  Divinity. 

Aulostoma,  -los'to-ma.  A  gen.  of 
fishes,  fam.  Aulostomid»  or  Flstukoide, 
closely  allied  to  Fistolaria. 

AuloiitoinidflB,  -tom'i-d£.  A  flan,  of 
acanthopterous  fishes,  of  which  the  g«n. 
Aulostoma  is  the  type. 

AunoeLan'seL  Akind  of  balance  known 
as  the  Danish  steelyard,  having  a  mov- 
able ftilcrum  and  a  fixed  weight,  the  fore- 
finger often  acting  as  the  former.  It  was 
very  inaccurate,  and  was  prohibited  by 
statute. 

Aune,  an.  A  French  cloth-measure,  now 
superscN^ed  by  the  mdtre.  The  A.  noo- 
velle,  47i  English  inches,  is  still  uaad  in 
selling  cloth. 

Aurantiacen,  a-ran'ti-ft"86-6.  The  MS 
ange  tribe  of  plants,  ord.  Bataoe«,  oom- 
prtoing  the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  citron, 
bergamot,  and  shaddock  or  f<Nrbidden 
fruit 

Auxelia,  ^'li-a.  A  gen.  of  Acalej^uB  or 
meduslform  Hydrozoa,  whieh  passes 
through  several  changes  of  form  in  its  de- 
velopment 

Auxelian,  -an.  An  amateur  oolleetor 
and  breeder  of  insects,  particularly  of  the 
Lepidoptera. 

Aurelianus,  liucius  Bomitius. 
The  son  of  a  Boman  peasant,  who  be- 
came emperor,  s.  Claudius  II.  He  cleared 
Italy  of  the  northern  barbarians,  defeated 
and  captured  the  celebrated  Zenobia, 
Queen  of  Palmyra,  and  carried  on  other 
successftil  cuDiMdgns.  He  was  killed  by 
his  troops  while  on  the  march  to  Persia  ; 
B.  212 ;  crowned  270 ;  n.  275. 

Aureole,  -dl.  In  painting,  an  illumina- 
tion surrounding  a  nolv  person,  as  Christ, 
a  saint  or  martyr,  and  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  luminous  cloud  or  haze  supposed 
to  emanate  tfom.  him.  When  it  symbol- 
izes Christ  a  cross  is  Inclosed  in  the  aure- 
ola. 

Auric,  Mk.  Pertaining  to  gold.  A.  ox- 
ide, a  saturated  combination  of  gold  and 
oxygen. 

Auxioiha&olte,  -H-kal'alt.    A  mVuecal  oo- 


AUT0CASIO1TB 


1  yield  t  foii- 


.    The' 


wt  which  Is  proniliif 

mencheid  M  thac«r  lobHiBtitj  hfortfljc. 
Aoiieala, -lik'a-lL    A  nrdon  Sower  d«- 
riTPd   from  Ihft  fellow  JMuiqIh  AortOdla. 
BOEnedTii«  caU«d  bev^s-air.    A  fren-  ^r 
phjWplu^rDiu  or  pluit-eatiDp  guti^ropo- 

Atirtea  -ri'its.    In  Attron.  tbr  WngoarT, 

ilaiilne  CnptHs,  of  thTBrtl  Dimgnltndt 

Aurlacalp.  'ri-atalp.    An  Inetnuneiit  to 


IB,  B'rokn.  A  ep«lu  of  wild  b 
la,  th«  boniHni  of  Artitotlo,  oi 
~  *■•— -  of  Plinr;  the  Burtipe 


Annira,  'n.  The  ridnit  U^t  of  tlie 
morning;  tip  a«wn of  d»)r.  ThogoaSsM 
of  the  loorDini,'.  or  dawn  delB«d.     The 

onm  in  s  ohwiot,  Iior  rosy  flngan  dron- 

Kirentle  dew.    The  A.  boralli  or  Ifie 
utnHi  (polR  lirbto),  >  EnnilDana  me- 
teorid  phenomeDon  sppovlDff  it  nigfat ;  it 


above  Ibe  bi 

ttaawes' 

wltblla 


id  ttntcbius  Urxiri 
u  to  form  HI  urn, 

n  borealia  emulr 
of  onUdll    cloo- 

AnroieUnrite.  -lenn-rlt.     An   ore  of 
lellnrlnDI  conlaininff  gold  And  nlltfer. 

golddl 


d,  obd  prtx:iplut«d  bjimmoDbk; 
faJmioAUnf  fold.  A.  nuHaiaani,  moBalo 
Ipld,  a  fivla-bke  alloy,  oonUtnliig  ooppw 

AnsterlltB.  'tor-Uti.    A  MonTlsn  town 


pole,  tbe  p^e  of  t 
posed   lo  tbe   bona! 


.'rimia,  tha  rti 
V  Uuw  BOUlil  of 


etUmalfd  at  S.sm.OOO. 
&.aatralia.  aaa-trile-ali.  Tbo  lannvi 
laland  on  the  xlobe.  harlnir  an  area  of 
a^UOO.OOtf  »],  mllM,  hetnF  iMltn.  from 
E.  to  W..  and  l,snu  Ihm  N.  lu  S.  It  Hea 
b(lweailoI.ia>andllu>8..  and  Idb.  IIS<> 
■ndUU-E.  lUeblefmouiUlaraivaain 

liverpool  lanire ;  the  idiiwl vl  livflra  ar* 
[be  Adetaldo.  Vlslorla,  Miurar  and  BwaL 
Sheep  and  cattle  Ckrminj;  jr«carEledoB 
exIBillreljr.  and  it  la  rich  in  minM  of 
gold  and  wl  and  quarrloi  of  alate,  asid' 
BlDDe  and  llRHBtose.  A.  IB  a  Britiibda- 
pflDdaDoy,  and  waa  np  to  the  middtoof 
the  prvBent  centary  prindpelly  notod  aa  a 
place  of  EiUe  for  criminals ;  the  dlKOTerT 
of  eoU  Id  I9M.  Loir—-    ' —■- 


of  European  ImmUnDta,  and 
II  u  uu-  lino  of  thoinost  Ihrlringaod 
Important  of  T    ""    "  "  '"'"     ""'  ~""" 
ttpUn),  Sydnej 
Aiutralioid. 


AluArla,  'tri-ah.  An  empire  of  Centnl 
EotomTb.  ofOeriDJuiy  anJ^W.  ofBoHi^ 
ODveriDg  an  area  of  23T.2S4  eq.  m-,  and 
harlnK  a   tola]  pop.  of  39,400.000.    lie 

Elnc^al  dlvialonB  are  I'ppe^  and  T.owcr 
utrb,  Hungary.  Cimtlii,  <nd  Rkvanla, 
Tranflylvanla,  Boanla  and    Ilencp^vlna, 

<ierjnan  Empire,  bnt  Frauds  t,  (VirmoUy 
r«iti^4Kl  tho  title  of  Emi>iTor  of  fiflnium" 
In  1§04.    The  prlndpai  inountalD9  of  d 


Praf^e and Trinls.  ^ha  Kn^Brnmentia 
a  bereditary  Diooarcby,  the  rdtrnlnf;  bonaa 
efllawbiiix  gobiR  baek  in  an  nnlnlo^ 
rupled  line  loltadalpb  I.,  12TS. 

AutoMoBiBpher,  'to-!*ijB"™-ftr.  Ona 
whowriteaan  aonDontofhlaownElb. 

AiitiKMixpcnu,  -Ur'pni.  i  nonis  slyen 
lo  Ihiit*  OODIlMibig  «t  the  perloarp,  with- 


AUTOCHEONOOEAPn 


T8 


ATKEBHOIST 


out  any  organ,  such  as  the  calyx,  ont- 
>vardly  adhering. 

Autochzonoffraph,  -kronVgraf.  An 
lustrum  tint  for  tho  Instantaneous  sdf- 
recordlujf  of  time. 

Autochthon,  tok'thon.  One  of  the 
priinitivu  inhabitants  of  a  country.  That 
which  is  original  to  a  particular  country. 

Autocrat,  'tO-krat.  An  absolute  prince 
Of  Huvcroign  ;  a  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
]>orors  of  RnsRia.  One  who  is  invested 
with  unliraitod  authority. 

Auto  de  fe,  ou'td  da  t&".  ^  judgment 
of  the  Spanish  Inquisition.  A  public  so- 
lemnity held  by  the  courts  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion at  the  execution  of  heretics.  The 
last  auto  de  fe  took  place  in  the  middle  of 
the  18th  century. 

AntOffenoos,  s-toj'en-us.  Self-produced; 
self-generated.  "A.  soldering,  the  process 
of  uniting  pieces  of  metal  by  the  fUsion 
of  part  of  their  own  substance. 

Autogrraph,  'to-graf.  A  person's  own 
handwriting.  A  machine  which  writes  of 
itself;  an  antographic  press. 

Aatomaton,  -tom'a-ton.  That  which 
has  the  power  of  spontaneous  movement. 
A  self-acting  machine;  docks,  watches 
and  many  machines  may  be  denominated 
automatons  ;  but  the  ^rm  more  specific- 
ally denotes  an  apparatus  In  whudi  the 

-  concealed  power  is  made  to  imitate  the 
motions  of  living  beings.  A  balance,  a 
machine  for  weighing  planchets  and  coin, 
and  sorting  the  pieces  aooording  to  weight. 

Autophoxi,  'to-fon.  A  barrel-organ, 
the  tunes  of  which  ure  prodnoed  by  per- 
forated sheets  of  mill-board. 

Antositarli,  -si-tfi'M-L  An  ord.  of 
double  monsters,  joined  as  by  the  umbiU- 
ens.  The  Siamese  twins  are  a  well-known 
example. 

Autotsn^e,  -tfp.  A  photc^Taphio  pro- 
cess resembling  heUotype. 

Autotypography,  -tI-pog"ra-fi.  A 
process  resembling  nature-printing,  by 
which  drawings  are  impressed  on  a  metal 
plato,  from  which  copies  may  be  taken. 

Autumn,  'turn .  The  third  season  of  the 
ye.u>.  Astronomlcallv  it  begins  at  the 
autumnal  equinox,  wncn  the  snn  enters 
Libra,  2U<I  beptember,  and  ends  at  the 
winter  solstice,  21st  December,  when  the 
sun  enters  Capricorn ;  bat  it  popn- 
lariy  comprises  September,  October  and 
November. . 

Anzometer,  §ks-om'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment  to  mMsurB  the  magnifying  powers 
MTaa  optica!  appamtuB, 


Avalanche,  av'a-lansh.  A  vast  body 
of  snow  and  ice  ali^big  down  a  momtaia 
or  precipice. 

Avant-coorier,  a-yfin-kr>-r6r.  A  per- 
son dispatched  before  another  or  a  oom> 
pany  to  give  notice  of  their  approach. 

Avant-fiOBse,  -fos.  In  Fort  the  ditoh 
of  the  counterscarp  next  to  ihe  country, 
at  the  foot  of  the  glacis. 

Avanturine,  -van't&-rln.  A  brlOlant 
variety  of  glass  or  artificial  gem  made  by 
heating  pounded  glass,  oxide  of  copper 
and  oxide  of  iron.  A  variety  of  quartz  rocdc 
containing  spangles  of  mica  or  quartz.  A. 
glaze,  a  glaze  for  p<Mrcelain.  It  is  brown- 
ish, with  crystalline  lamina)  of  a  goldeo 
luster. 

Avatar,  av-a-tar^  A  descent  from 
heaven ;  particularly  applied  to'  the  incar- 
nation or  the  Hindu  deities,  or  their  ap- 
pearance in  some  manifest  shape  upon 
earth.    An  incarnate  form. 

Ave,  &'t&  Haai  ihrewelll  Ood  bless 
yon  I 

Aveler,  aVel-er.  A  machine  for  remov- 
ing the  avels  or  avms  of  barley  fix>m  the 
grain ;  a  hummeller. 

Avellane,  a-vcVan.  In  Her.  a  term  im- 
plied to  a  cross  whose  quarters  resemUe 
a  filbert  nut;  when  placed  on  the  mondea 
of  kings  or  emperors,  ensigns  of  sovereign- 
ty. 

Ave-SCary,  Ave-Marie,  aVe-m&-ri, 
a've-ma-re'a.  An  invocation  totiieYir- 
gin  Mary ;  a  formula  of  devotion  in  tiie  B. 
G.  Churcn,  chaplets  and  rosaries  being 
divided  into  a  certain  nomber  of  ave- 
maries  and  paternosters.  A  particnlar 
time  of  the  day,  when  the  bells  ring  and 
the  people  repeat  the  A. 

Avena,  a-v6'na.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 

Gramineffi.    The  most  important  sp^es 

is  A.  sativa,  the  cultivated  oat. 
Averdant,  a-ver'dant.    In  Her.  covered 

with  green  herbage ;  chiefly  applied  to  a 

mountain  base. 

Avemian,  'ni-an.  Pertaining  to  Aver- 
nus,  a  lake  of  Campania,  Italy,  represent- 
ed by  classical  poets  as  the  entrance  to 
hell. 

Averrhoa,  av-er-ro'a.  A  pen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Oxalidaceae,  or  wood  sorrels,  consist- 
ing of  two  species. 

Averrhoidt,  a-ver'6-Ist.  One  of  the  sect 
of  Peripatetic  philosophers,  so  denomi- 
nated from  Averrhoes,  a  celebratca  Ara- 
bian author,  bom  at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  in 
1149.  They  held  the  soul  to  be  mortal, 
though  pretending  to  submit  to  the  Chris- 
tian theology. 


AVERBUBCATOB 


Arermikcatar, 

nrdcn  ImpUmeni 


■e-runrWl-or 
...  pruning lra« 


&Teinaiit.  t-van'taL     Ii  r y 

Her.  Cbs  r^bt  baud  turned  I     lu     I 

of  Tntflbmtos,    ■tijtiiala  ^^^^^^ 


Iv.who  aiijdc* 


■^"^^ 


lilhatnf  Hq" 
QA  Ulrdfl  into  three  or- 


kvuyar.  m-nn-er-     i  na  rniei  nufruETUB 
irtmpoU  dtiM  of  th«  oM  flfnnio  Km- 

Awt,  %1.    A  polbted  ifiHrnmcDt  r-tr  plvre- 

Awlwort,  '"(Tl.    Th«  populni  OMr»  n( 

Awnlns,    'Injc,    A   corerlng:  er  cuma 

TJjAt  pnrlDrtliopoo;!  d^  forward  of  ue 
bplkhaui  ota.  twmI's  caMn.    . 

wboae  eg^  ara  iu«d  aa  * 


Aviary,  -n-rl.    A  baUdlng  fu. 

{□^aad  koepln^of  tdjtia. 
ATlcenna.  ar-t-Hii'iiah. 

ArabioD    phynidaa   and  phila 


anthnrtly  (br  contnriaa. 


nracbifera...  _. 

maUata  Inoladfl    the  puna 


ABien^  of 


bbiwabii 


ktfilofigrtna, 
(llpro- 


Avif anna.  av'l-Bi-iia.    A  o 
fur  the  biKli  oft  dlatriot. 

ATlsnoii'beTTy,  a-THn-icai-be 
-_.-.,  „.. '--•Ul.laaa  tb 


f  KhiranuJi  aaBlI,1sBitbanB] 


Avocado,    av-8-1 
HAr,  the   f^t  of 

AToirdnpoIa,  -n^da 

onlj- 19.  It  Is  ae«d  f 
Ibepredona  metalaan 
AvOMt.  '8-»t  A  1 
KeouTtrMtn,   nm. 


i'llG.      The    alUgslor- 


L'BS: 


In  which  tho  iugn«dQ  fbroe 

,e  armplC  Tg  Hat  tba  apaoa 
ned  on  the  npiKr  aide  b»- 


A  edf-evirlent  trntfa  a 
propoaltiaa  wtaou  tnlhl 
It  algbt  that  bo  proeeaa  o 

labllahiu]  prindpla  Id  aomi 
u  the  uiomt  of  poUUa 


3tiB.  'la.     TTiB  Jtadsht  Ul 
Alnory,  ppnalng  tbrfiu^h  a.  I 

I  elrolpbt  Una  with  reipiTd 
llfleruat  [Hirta  of  a  muKTJl 


perpdEiillrulu'totheplaneof  vlbntlon,  A. 
ofrafrHlkm,  thsatraiglitUBs  dnwn  pn- 
pendlDalar  to  Qu  huwh  of  tho  rafractlof 


Aaltnnth,  l-muUi. 

Anir<BfUw[ 


AzoOTythrlna,  -o-ritli"rfii.  A  DalariBi 
prfndplo  aLulnad  from  Ih«  HchlL 

Azoic.  i-iil'Di.  Dsetttnte  at  maj  Tvtif* 
oforgvil«Mr«. 

Aaolltmiiie,  u-S-af  tnln.    A  rad  Mtop- 


(roup  oTfl  In  tlisN.  AtlBDtkt.     Thsf  n 
>  dspandency  of  Partonl,  «Mt>>  attf, 
Angra,  In  Tanydru ;  toM  pop.  «I3.1H. 
Aateo,  'tek.    Of  or  perliilBing  to  Hi"  '*• 
tecs.  tb«  ruHnc  tribe  Id  Uerleii  il 


InvHion  nndir  (>irtai 
19,    TbeTTereiclrl1tBdptDple,trt 

Amre,  I'thnr.  The  fln«  blae  eolar  af 
Ihaili;.  AnnnieeoinmoBtoBennlWlM 
pigments.  thiC  niiida  of  bpii-Iuiili,  oeJM 
Dllnniiiine,  mid  that  mtda  br  flukic 
gliH  irlth  oxide  of  eobeft  rediieea  to  pov- 

Asmite,  'zhHi-Ti.  A  blue  inlBenl,  tb« 
lazunto.  aflei  iJk  blue  melKhlte,  ■  trl- 

Asymite.  az'tm-Tt  One  of  a  aect  of 
CbrlnClaiifi  vbn  sdmHiliter  tbe  aochirirt 


13  the  tMond  letter  nnd  tbe  Int  eo 
nut  In  tb*  English  ud  meet  a 
MhI*.  ItiiamDteudlii(ilia,J 
hnn  p  br  being  pmdc 
«  of  TOlM  u    dlitlni 

Itii  Kitted  taHit  so 
9  to  a*  f urd  upjnta  £ 


ed^ 


b  ragolartr  lUndg  vben  (bere  li  en  f  to 
I«tln  worde,  n  pb  in  Onek,  bh  in  8u- 
sfalC.  while  (D  OeniuB  vonls  It  II  either 


BACHAKACR 


lutlpuMft,  Aft  ft  nmBanl  B  ma  nud  bf 
tks  Hebran  ud  OrKkiUBow  by  tb« 
AnUskL  ftir  fl ;  br  tiie  Kcmuu  tor  JIML 
•BdwlthKllBaoTarUllIrR.OW.  BlBoied 
**  n  ibbrertatlon  hi  B.  A.,  Bftohdoror 
Arts:  B.  D., Bulidor ofDhrfcttri  «nd B. 
U.,d.dttkTorHedkiDe. 
Baal,  tu'iL  OrigbullT  this  nvrd  rigsl- 
tifd  lotd,  ud  wu  ippHel  to  dUTaeiit 


ths  drthacliiliuiii,  u 

DtCiuaiMjhBitlDDi. 

It  «tBa  Into  tlisinmindllan  or  idiid; 
unmorpsnoni  indplMe:  Una,  Jna- 
hul,  naa&nb^nHlpar  Bui).  HuiRnl. 
jlnca    of   Bwil),    Bul-Hunniaii,  Bul- 

Babblti-metal,  hsb'lt-melT  An  illay 
of  ooppor,  duo  utA  tin,  aud  for  obvlAt- 
iDE  IrlctlDli  Id  tlie  bwin^  of  JoDnulfl, 
ulee,  Ac;,  pvTxed  fi>r  Its  Ipventor. 

Bablller,  'bUt.  An  Idlo  talker ;  ■  teller 
ofseBsti.    On*of>  nvnpaftliniib^lka 

B>b*l.  .UfM.    ne  n>m«  of  (ba  dtr 


BaUnstODlft,  b*biii«4a-iit-s.  A  KHHip 
ot  nnTiiHiecnis  pknti,  ■  hcUdii  of  the 
e«ii.  BiecMs. 

BaUngtonlta, 'toD-it.  A  Tl^oonsinlD- 
atl  tn  tbo  borDblaada  ikra.«  conslstinff 
eblcB]'    of   lUla,     bon  protoitdo    ud 

BabUil.  Is.  ThepodDrasTssl  ipedeH 
of  iKwHa,  SDDtslnliig  pillk!  Hid,  tuflin 
r.n'l  and  doLotIiuf  nutter. 

Baboo,  to-bV.  A  Htadn  title  of  re- 
■peet  equlTiOaiit  b>  muter,  dr. 

Babocm.  ba-bSn.  The  dog-beed  ape,  i 
team tppHad to Qtudmrnaiis  of  tbegfln- 
OB  Ojaaoapialiu  sad  Paplo.  They  hsTs 
almgated  abrupt  mmalea  like  s  do£, 
atnni^  tnska  or  «aiitne  tocllj.  nhort  b^n, 
anaU  deep  area  vlth  hu^  ey«brons,  ind 
nkad  ttSe^tlat  ta  tin  blpt.    Tbertre 

•Iffr,  mOi^  HOTXi  Itattrioa  and  gre- 


niloas.  Thef  eoustitato  tha  Ubk  nnitlw* 
Uia  monkeys  with  Ihe  lover  animlli,  uid 
iDdude  tbe  cbscnu,  drtIL  common  baboon 

Baby-f&naor,  bi'bl-flrm-ar.  A  ironuui 

brinelnfr  them  up ;  one  who  l^ea  by  ba- 
hf-IhrmkBg. 


I'e-lon.    The  indent  capltu 
of  Bmbjlonta  or  AM)-ri*,  IheuldMtdty  of 

dty^of  the  world.     It  nns   foun.Kl   by 


BAOCHANTK 


S2 


BADGEU 


*  Baochantej  -kan't*!.      A    priestoss  of 

-  Bacchus,  o»  one  who  joined  in  the  cele- 
bration of  ^e  feaata  of  Bacchas ;  one  in  a 
state  of  bacchio  frenzy. 

Bachelor,  bach'el-er.  Anciently,  a  per- 
son in  the  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
hood. A  person  who  has  'taken  the  first 
degree  (baooalauroate)  in  the  liberal  arts 
and  sciences,  at  a  college  or  unlyerslty. 
A  nuin  of  any  age  who  has  not  been  mar- 
ried. Knight  B.,  the  title  given  to  one 
who  has  been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a 
knight  without  being  made  a  member  of 
any  of  tiie  orders  of  chivalry,  such  as  the 
(barter  or  the  Thistle. 

Bachelor's  Buttons,  -erz  but-nz.  The 
popular  name  of  the  double-flowered  vari- 
ety of  Lychnis  diuma  (red  campion),  Cen- 
taurea  nigra  ( knap weea),but  chiefly  of  the 
double-flowered  Kanunoulus  aconitifolins 
(white  batchelor's  buttons),  and  Banun- 
culus  acris  (yellow  bachelor's  buttons). 

BacUlaria,  ba-sil-la'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  mi- 
erosoopic  Algw,  class  Diatomaoeffi. 

Bacilli,  'U,  In  Bot  the  single  valves 
of  the  frnstules  of  diatoms. 


,  bak.     A  flat-bottomed  ferry-boat 

adapted  tor  carrying  vehicles,  and  worked 
by  a  chain  or  rope.  A  tub  or  vessel.  A 
wooden  trough  Ibr  carrying  Aiel ;  a  coal- 
scuttle. 

Baok-baad.  iMuid.  That  part  of  the 
hamosB  which  goes  over  the  back  of  a 
horso  and  beurs  up  the  shafts  of  the  car- 
riage. 

Back-bar,  'bSr.  A  bar  in  the  chimney 
to  hang  a  vessel  on. 

Back-bone,  'bdn.  The  bone  of  the  back; 
the  spine ;  the  vertebral  column.  Some- 
thing resembling  a  backbone  in  appear- 
ance, position  or  office :  as  the  Apennines 
are  tiie  backbone  of  Italy. 

Backgammon,  -gam'mon.  A  game 
.,'  played  by  two  persons  upon  a  board  made 
for  the  purpose,  with  pieces,  dice-boxes 
and  dice.  Tne  movements  are  made  in 
accordance  with  the  numbers  turned  up 
by  the  dice. , 

Backing-HP,  'ing-up.  A  term  used  in 
cricketand  other  games  for  stopping  the 
ball  and  driving  it  back. 

Back-lash,  'lash.  The  reaction  upon 
each  other  of  a  pair  of  wheels. 

Baok-linixig',  lln-ing.  In  windows,  the 
piece  of  sash  fhmie  pwrallel  to  the  pulley 
ahd  next  the  Jamb. 

Sack-linlLf  liDgk.    In  engines,  one  of 
^f^IfoJts  In  a  pamUel  motion  which  con- 
Jitvt  tbo  air-pump  rod  to  tho  hoam. 


Back-painting,  'pfint-Ing.    A  method 

of  staining  mezzotinto  prints  with  vanish 

.  colors  after  they  have  been  affixed  to  glass. 

Back-stay,  'stll.  In  printing,  a  strap 
used  to  check  the  carriage  of  a  printing- 
press.  A  long  rope  or  stay  extencUd  from 
the  top-mast,  topgallant-mast  or  roval- 
mast  head  backwuxls  to  tho  side  of  a  ship. 

Bacon,  Francis,  bftlui.  Tho  celebrated 
English  philosopher,  Lord  Yenilflm  and 
Viscount  St  Albans;  b.  1561,  d.  1626. 
His  greatest  works  are  his  ''Essays,'* 
**  Novum  Organum  "  and  **  De  Augmen- 
tls  Scientarlum." 

Bacon,  Boger.  An  English  scientist 
and  publicist  of  tho  18th  century,  the  most 
learned  of  his  day.  He  is  reputed  to  have 
advocated  tho  chango  since  made  in  the 
calendar,  to  have  invcnte<l  gunpowder, 
and  is  known  to  have  manufiictured  mag- 
nifying glasses.  His  great  work,  "Opus 
Majus,"  urges  philosophical  reform,  and 
is  a  marvel  of  learning  and  prophecy. 

Bacon.  Hog's  flesh  salted  or  pickled  and 
dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

Bacon-beetle,  b^tl.  A  species  of  Der- 
mestes,  tarn.  Demiestidie,  ord.  Coleoptera, 
whose  larva  is  very  destructive  to  stufiled 
animals. 

Baconian,  -ko'ni-an.  Pertaining  to  Lord 
Bacon,  or  his  system  of  philosophy,  found- 
ed upon  induction,  and  Known  as  the  in- 
duct! ve  philosophy. 

Bacterium,  bak-tS'ri-um.  A  gen.  of 
Algse  comprising  the  simplest  forms  be- 
longing to  the  Nostoc  group.  A  simple 
plant  is  not  more  than  the  twenty-thou- 
sandth part  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  gen. 
of  orthopterous  insects,  fiun.  Phasmidc, 
tho  stick-insects. 

Bactrian,  'tri-an.  Pertaining  to  Bactria, 
an  ancient  province  of  Persia.  B.  camel, 
the  common  or  two-humped  camel. 

Bactris,  'tris.  A  gen.  of  tropical  Ameri- 
can palms.  The  fruit  is  small  and  soft, 
with  a  subacid,  rather  fibrous  pulp. 

Bacolites,  -u-U'tHz.  A  gen.  of  polvthal.v 
mo  as  or  many-chambered   cephalopoils, 

"  fam.  Ammontidie,  only  known  in  a  foftsil 
state,  having  become  extinct  at  the  close 
of  tho  cretaceous  period. 

Badger,     bs^'er. 
A  plantigrade  car- 
nivorous    m  a  m- 
mal,  gen.   Meles, 
fam.    Melidffi,  ac- 
cording to    somej 
natunuists  XJrsidsB 
or  bears,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  Mus- 
t^dtt  or  woaao\a.    T\v«  oomuion  badger, 


Indian  Badger. 


BadderloCka,    'er-lnkii. 
namo  fi>r  Ihe  AbiriB  ciKu^rnu 
flri.  r^mliuriueiv. 


bi  On  Holy  Load.    It  mn^nnl  lh>  >ut- 

BamaSMhwik.  -iy-rbik.  A  ua  or 
libi-r  1o  1h'  mu.'Iih1  id  ui  nrtlcJu  t>7W 
™i  Iwlnnt-tnir  til  n  lailBiy  ]>uicii;«U 


inning  the  l«id)-. 


Bagnio.  bAu' 
bAifaln/r^  nixl  i 

BasnoUon.  buff-niVII-oD.     Onoofn  K«t. 

rvjivlHl  Ibn  whnle  of  tlio  Old  uiil  put  of 


1   PolBiid,    Itnl.v,  ths 


ThoiiEh  rriwilH  an  n  i 


the  toft  uirl  melixlloiis  Irlah  luiiniliic.  tba 
nuiro  marlial  HU^hluid  bkgl^po>  tha 
Itolimi  bugpipe,  d:c 

Basnet,  bt-fn't'.  A  littlo  nniiid  moldlus 
Uko    On  utru^l,    caUeA  wben  iiUn  i 


jula.  Part  of  tb«  W. 
Inaies.  cumuriBlE);  newly  MK),  tho  HnsllHt 
bdiur  calka  keys ;  they  belong  to  tirat 
Britain.  Kaaua,  or  New  Prorldciice,  l> 
tlieoj^tiil.    Totnl  ]Wp.,  41.84». 

BalUW.-hir'.  An  K.  Indian  niHounmiJDt 
of  «rt((ht.  TurylDB  from  fcl3  W  025  lbs. 

Balkoltte,  bi'kal-lt.  A  mlnenl  otaa- 
rlnif  In  adcular  prtaioB. »  vorluty  of  Augltf. 

Bail,  )ul.    An  Bdiutccd  poit  oatsidntho 


Bailiff,  'Hf.  A  tuboiJIniU  BriHth 
officer  or  (ttncttonaiy,  Tho  sberlif  l« 
monnrch'n  hiiWtt,  hiA  W»  coavAs 


BAILIWICK 


BAI.AKCB-KEBF 


llnick.     But  Urn 


d«>tgDiit«dbylh1a  lumau 


banimomflrtl™ sppotated  by'lhe'iorts 
tn  UiFlr  r0sp«llvoJiulsdlcU<>D>  to  perform 

Bailiwick. 


Mjuri* 


tinn  tie  ihsln-midl  i^th  wt! 
BainbrldKe,  William.   A 

fflte  JflViL  of  pTMlly  Bupcrinr 


The  pfifdnols 


loal  fbrtn 


'.veUihla. 


flailbla,  en 
KilKhlDK  m 


llnJa,on8ln 
M  of  the  & 


BaIoo^o,  bi-^nk 
the  Ptmal  Butoi,  [ 
BrtUsh  hrtMngs. 

BAJnry,  biO'll-rl. 
Indies  ror  honei  & 

Bafc»mi>li,  lak'i 


1,  tallim.    A  oelebnted  Amblui 
■eer  menliotied  in  theBiali>ture>iheUved 
In  the  ISth  oenturjF  b.o. 
BsU-lMda,  bili-brdi.    A>orletafbed« 
eon^dii;  of  about  S!^  feet  of  lichl^lbeel]' 


fl.OOO  fcct  In  thlcknoH 


listen  ud  Hh-bedB  tl,i 

Small  tth 


dried;  1 
ips,  bs-le'nl 


Balanidn,  -Ai.  The  tnothlem  vhilai,  s 
Iknir  of  marlike  mammals,  oomprlalnf  the 
largeit  ei^Bliflg-  anLmals.  in  ivhldl  the 
-'--"  -'  ''-"-  '-  -ippUeii  by  platea  of 
.__^  jB  divided  into  two 
imoeth  and  Aitrowed  whaloa. 


whalebone.    The;^ 


equal  weights  o 


balance  coDfltructod  Ihr 

but  of  equal  wel^te. 

hSrt  arm  a  lee.  weight 
7  scale  will  canse  (he 

ent  equlUbrtnin.    'The 
IhaTestilfabalanoe 


at  in;  banker's.  An  eoualltrofwelghtor 
power;  Mulpolse  or  Jnst  projmTlon,  m^ 


Ubra,  » ,_ 

Doi  In  aeplomber.  B.  of  power.  In  [wll- 
tlcs,  a  certain  equality  of  power  amons  a 
oomln  of  different  ataioe.  B.  of  tnoe, 
a  phrase  need  to  denote  the  dlJFVrence  be- 

modldes  exported  *nd  lmpoct*ll. 
Balance.  To  bring  lo  an  eqnfpoio  ;  aa  to 
balance  the  weights  In  the  scnlea  of  0  baT- 


lahaU  fill  up  the  I 
very  email  point.  aaatlght-ro[ 


mmts  tov  oonntenwlslng  Ih 

■reof.  -r*f.     A  r 

la^  A^a^aiZQ^ .  nw 


BAJ.ASCB-EI.ECTB01IETXK 


!l!r.?™12i?*~™  »pedMg™ii[«d  Balder,  uva^.    in  BmBrt.  Mvth.  <hf 

tnto  tni  g«ln».  son  of  Odin,  Uw  j;ounft  nnrl  bi»ullftiLpKl 

Sf^'*"v25i;^\.''*y5"^'"  '*™"  Bold-eme.  bsM'ern.    Thf  *l.lu.  hn-IM 

Butrisd^hell  «d  In  being  dwUlutoof  h„„.i  Lw^iJn^™   ihn  .^di^d  „f    tt^ 


BaJ«a  'h.    a  \ai1M;r  of  tpinrl  rab)-;lu 
M  of  two  four-Hided  i>yr>]pldB,  apiiilHl 


Bwoi^,  diner  or  horr 


BALEEN 


86 


BALM 


Baleen,  ba-lSn'.  The  whalebone  of  com- 
merce. 

Baliki,  lR&-ld'kS,  In  Russia,  the  name 
for  the  back  pieces  of  the  sturgeon,  which 
are  salted  and  smoked. 

Baliol,  John  De,  b&l'e-61.  The  fomous 
competitor  of  Robevt  Bruce  for  the  Scot- 
tish crown,on  the  death  of  Queen  Marsaret, 
1290.  He  was  an  En^ttsh  baron,  and  sup- 
ported by  Edward  I.,  who  was  made  arbi- 
ter, was  crowned.  Baliol  soon  joined  the 
French  against  Edward,  and  he  was  de- 
feated and  imprisoned  ;  reliered  through 
the  intcroessicm  of  the  Pope,  he  died  in 
France  in  1814.  Edward,  his  son,  attempt- 
ed to  seize  the  crown  in  1832,  but  alter  a 
year*s  flghtlnff,  renounced  all  claims  in 
ravor  of  Davla  JSruce ;  d.  1868. 

BcdlnflT-press,  bSl'ing-pres.     A  power- 

6ress  eqEiployed  for  compressing  soft  goods 
ito  boles. 

BftllnaiiT,  bal'i-sa-5r.  The  Mydaus  or 
Arotonyx  colhuris,  an  omnivorous  quad- 
ruped, Ihm.  MusteUna. 

Balistes,  ba-Us't^:.  An  extensive  gen* 
of  pleotognathous  fishes,  fern.  Balistldffi, 
known  as  trl^o^r-fish. 

BalistidsB,  ba-Us'ti-de.  The  flle-flshes, 
ft  Amily  of  brilliantly  colored  tropical 
fishes,  ord.  PlectognatnL 

Balistraria,  bal-is-tr&'ri-a.  In  old  Fort 
an  ^>erture  through  which  crossbowmen 
discharged  their  arrows.  A  turret  in 
which  an  archer  was  stationed,  projecting 
'firom  the  parapet  or  ttojxi  the  race  of  the 
building,  common  in  border  counties  of 
ikigland  and  Bcotiand. 

BwlTran,  bdl'kdn.  The  mountain  range 
of  European  Turkey;  greatest  height, 
5,825  feet 

Balker,  bak'er.  A  flsherman*s  name  for 
one  who  stands  on  eminences  to  espy  the 

*  shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give  notice  which 

•  way  they*  pass. 

Ballad,  bal'lad.  A  short  narrative  poem, 
especially  such  as  is  adapted  for  dnging ; 
a  poem  partaking  of  the  nature  both  of 
the  epic  and  the  lyric. 

Ballahou,  'a-ho.  A  fast-sailing  two- 
masted  vessel,  used  in  the  "W.  Indies. 

Ballam,  1am.  A  canoe  hollowed  out  of 
timber,  used  by  Ceylonese  pearl-fishers. 

Ballan-wraase,  lan-ras.  An  acanthop- 
terygian  fish,  Labrus  bergylta  or  macu- 
latus,  fern.  Labridffi. 

Ball-oaUbxe,bal'kal-i-ber.  A  ring-gauge 
■fbr  determining  £be  diameter  of  gun-shot 
oa  board  aldp. 

^^^^-oartrid^re,  ^kir-trlj.    A  cartridge 


lies. 

t 


containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to 
blank-cartridge. 

Ball-cock,  'kok.  A  stop-cock  which 
opens  and  shuts  automatical^. 

Ballet,  bal-lu.  A  dance  la  which  several 
persons  take  part.  A  theatrical  represein- 
tation,  in  which  a  story  is  told  by  gesture, 
music,  dancing,  scenery,  &c.  In  Her.  a 
bearii4>  ^  coats  of  arms,  denominated  ac- 
cording to  the  color,  bezants,  plates, 
hurts,  &c. 

Ball-flower,  bal'flou-er.  In  Arch,  an 
ornament  resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  cfa-- 
cular  flower,  the  three  petals  of  which 
f<Nrm  a  cup  around  it,  characteristic  of  the 
style  of  the  14tibi  century. 

Ballln£r-siin,  'ing-gun.  An  instrument 
for  admlnlBtering  medicine  rolled  Into  balls 
to  horses. 

Ballista,  bal-lis'ta.  One  of  the  military 
engines  used  by  the  andents,  often  oon- 
fbunded  with  catapult,  used  for  throwing 
darts,  while  the  ballista  threw  stones. 

Balloon,  -Idn'.  A  glass  receiver. 
In  Arch,  a  ball  or  globe  on  the 
top  of  a  pillar.  In  pyrotechnics, 
a  ball  stcmed  with  combustibles, 
which,  bursting  like  a  bomb,  ex-  ^  .^ 
Wbits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars.  A  **"»««» 
bag  filled  with  gaseous  fluid  lighter  than 
common  air,  causing  it  to  rise  and  float  in 
the  atmosphere.  The  greatest  height  yet 
attained  in  a  balloon  was  T  miles. 

Balloon-fish,  'fish.  A  curious  tropical, 
malaoopterygian  or  soft-spined  fish,  ord. 
Flectognathi,  the  Tetraoaon  hnestus  or 
striped  sptoe-belly . 

Ballot,  lot  A  ball  useu  in  voting.  A 
ticket  by  which  one  votes.  The  system 
of  voting  in  such  a  way  that  the  voters  can- 
not be  identifled. 

Ballota,  -Id'ta.  A  gen.  of  woolly  plants, 
ord.  LabiatsB. 

Ball-8Crew,  b&l'  skro.  A  screw  fiwtened 
to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a  gun,  usedtn 
extracting  bullets  fi^>m  the  barrel. 

Ball-train,  'tr&n.  A  set  of  rolls  for  roll- 
ing puddlers'  balls  Into  bars. 

Ball-trolly,  'trol-li.  An  iron  truck  used 
in  conveying  balls  of  puddled  iron  froln 
the  puddJing-fiimace  to  the  squeezer. 

Ball-vein.  'van.  A  variety  of  iron-ore 
containing  iron  pyrites. 

Balnx,  b&n.  Odoriferous  or  aromatic  ex- 
udations firom  trees  or  shrubs.  Any  fira- 
grant  or  valuable  ointment  The  name  of 
several  plants,  partioulariy  of  the  gen.  Me- 
lissa, ora.  Lablatie.  Balm  of  Oilead,  the 
exudatloixft  of   a  tree,  Balsamodendron 


ailaiUt  llr,  wUdi  pcDdnw  Oma 
•BD,  l»  tba  AUea  l«lnmtAn.  : 
telDi  Is  ■  plut  oftha  gta.  UdltUi 
Bolnunml,  tHl-mo'nL  Allm  th 
nflSdenca  on  1>«efi1dfl«  AberdecoBb 
tenn  hppUed  Id  vhIdoa  BrUalH,  u 
nLboDti,  peMooU. 


llrniiaTMdg  mriTh «  IuIhII i  B.  ono- 
bMwmiiM,  UiB  bdm  of  Meooa :  B.  iilM' 
dou^  Mm  or  QUwd;  B.  AlHcwum. 
jUHmb  bdeinom  ;  B.  Unkul  o(  Bdade, 
a  min  called  gowul.  IhUstoI  to  b«  the 
Udlnm  of  UwBtUe. 

BaltmUL  WU-iu.  In  Bom.  ■oUi.  the 
baltbrwUiik  ths  nrord  or  qulTet  wu 
n^odad.  In  iztb.  ■  bud  In  tlu  fluk 
of  an  loids  pnMuMd  oqdbiL 

BmIUc^  twiritlfc.  Th*  M«  luoloHd  br 
D«uiiaik[FTawla,  KdmI*,  Bwedsn  umI 
HorwAV.  900  m.  long,  180  ra.  wide.  It  In 
eonnsoUd  vllh  tbe  BorUi  Su  Iij'  the  Cu- 


B,  bvrl'te-mOr.  A  connb'  end 
chief  conuneRla]  dtjr  of  MenUnd,  on 
CheHp«ke  B*;.  lODBded  In  lTg>,  sod 
named  mfter  Lord  B-,  the  t>)QDdet  of  tho 
edon; ;  pop.  In  1S80,  S<l,4(ia. 

-  "■*  a-mili-bwd.    Thf 

I.  loCeridn,  Ti«u1y 


BASASA 

.  -.  Ul'ai-tfr.  ADDdleoliunnor 
plluUer,  edoniHl  irilh  moldlnn,  uied 
fnrbdiutndes.  Tho  literal  oMitot  tba 
rolnte  of  the  lonle  upltal. 

r*d'.  A  row  of  1*1- 
n.jDicea  sysralL  serTlRKuafenoe 
loloeure  for  Altm,  beloonleK,  ^.,  and 


I.  Thonpireofoar 


Bambino,  Um-M'nc; 
Sevdour  ropreeeoted  H 

>er  by  angdi.    The  ButlBBlma 


DANAHA-BIBU 


BANNOCEBmtN 

BoJWkok.  biDg'Uk.  Capltnl  or  SIub, 
A^i.    Pop.  85T,[iOO. 

Bangor  bin'goT.  The  >«»nd  ein  ta 
Elie  lUd  comnierdll  [mporume  of  tli» 
BUloof  Mi4iie.an  tha  reuobsoot  BlT«t. 

biuig-)r.Vrt-azi.    Relating  U 


1jv  a  ftennoQ  preocbed  befoi«  Oforge  I.  lb 
illT,  by  Dr.  Uoodlr,  Bl^op  of  Bangor. 
^      "  ui.    Aq  Indian  tradar  or 
-a  pArdaulorly  one  of  llio 


work!  m  "Hlitmy  oftbe  Colonluthni  m 
ttaa  LTnUed  Statu,''  and  "Hlalory  or  tbi 

BandaU,  ban-dili. 


Unaa  teitiUa  otUa. 


!e,  B.  driyi,lii 

Banjo,  banMo.    Tbi 

Id  played  with  lbs 
ink,  baagk.  A  a 
»ie  tbe  lamHUidliie  plain. 


Bamdloaot,Iwi'dl.Mt.  TbaMoaglenn- 
t«u3,  ths  ImmM  kiunni  ipedw  of  nt,  a 
DoUva  orisSi.    Itliartml^oMiUei!. 

T^  *^iti  Tlg-p1  ftUff,  baal'tng-t^An.  A 
1^0  uaad  for  cutting  oat  croorea  eliii] 
lalayln;  atrlnga  aod  buda. 

OTffl^fi^S'staatwhlkKHiTbe'b?^ 
to  ibciD  tlM  brim. 
Bandoline,   'de-lSn.     A  mnenagliiDiiq 

Cnuoed  adbatande^  prepAnd  from  ice- 
i  ar  Irlili  mint,  qmnce  aeeda  and  mm 
ttn^acoatb,  uaed  Id  the  toUal. 
Band  aaw,  tond'tf  A  law  mudmrii,' 
ofsateel  belt  with  aaenated  adga,  niulr. 
Ing  ofl  wheelfi. 
Bane-beriy,  bin'be-rf.     The  oomniDii 


Bana^wort, 'wert  A  name  oomman 
two  plantar  AiropaBeDidotuu,  callid  n 
DaaiDy     Hl^itabade,     aod    Bananaii 

JBitng-lc,  laag'le.   An  onwmenta]  ri 


•B  opoa  tb 


PT  nhlcli  ibe 


thabaDkou^em 
Bankrupt-lawB,  'nipt-ljii.  . 
of  atatutorjr redi-'-" —  —.i— 
propartT  and  vttrv^  ui  *■!  uiwj>«iil  m 
eqidtab^  dlatrUmtsd  among  bli  <;HdltDn. 
'"■"fc^l^j  'al-a.  A  geo.  of  trcea  tsi 
ahmli*,  «M.  protaaoen,  a  alngls  head  of- 


BannOcX'nol 

croat,barieyoi. 
Bannookbom.  bln'iiAk-bani, 


BAnQcirm!  et 

hnd.     Pop.  S,4WJ. 

BuuinattB. 'kFL  Id  yorC  a  nlwd  ftwt- 
lukbuMaaun^wt,  on  whlab  muikel- 
Wn  BUDdtonrflDpou  Ihif  enemy  la  the 
moat.    Tb*  ftotmjr  of  a  bridgu ;  luiuii- 

Saaatae^'Ae.  Aftmaln  MrrbcUeTcd 
la  liriwf  Ml  MBS  parti  or  HeoUud  W 
attMli  ItMlfta  a  parlleuliir  Louu.  aod  lo 


it  tiaiKli,  l>  the  OH 


i  orp^ledw 
bAt  of  Japan. 

'tens.    A  apeolaa  of  ox.  Bob 
lutensor  B.  Bosdiilciu,a  localmwln 
1^  Uunyan  AnhlpeJa^. 
Xwto,  'M.    A  nams  appUnl  to  th«  Af- 
rican kniUy  of  tonEuM-     Ono  peculUdtf , 

wecIaUy  of  Iha  KiiiBc ' "■  '-  •"■ 

orduoha  Qr  cUcka 


BAEBA-IIl.tPANICA 


BkptiataiT.  'il*-tiT-L  A  huJlcllnr  or 
lao1[  lu  wtafih  li  wliiiiiil.'tiT.iJ  th^  rlui  of 
lApllMn.    Inllirt'arlyi.'liriniiinlliiin^U 


taptlatcrtvs  HIU  nruala  In  ui 
of  St.  Jutin  iJLtcniii,  JI'ioLL-. 
Bar,  Ui,  A  ptnce  of  wUil  nmiirr.  Irnur 
lu  1ira|<art<un  lu  lU  tlil<'kni'S<.  H-rvlni-  ai 
a  r«er  an  axli,  a  r-mnwrltii;  |rt.'.'.-.  but 
npcolii])}' Hit  an  obilrucllon  :  uaisinlan 

^iDDuUiorurtvirnrharlKT,  Thrrall- 
oreupy  In  courU.  TTia  Ijai^e  wlim.-  pril- 
™7ln^'  Tho  Inrlodfl  |Tih"'  uTt>  (arm 


Bpain,   rcioaikalilo   t 


_      Banbabtrea. 

iDlyftoo  W  to  TO  fHt  bigh.  Tbo  only 
itkcr  ■pedeaor  Ola  can.  known  lath* 
^gamlUB  aonr-foura  or  oreannrf-tartar 

BuibU, 


Bapboiaflt,  'A-mel.    Tbs  InuglnwyMol 


_     _  ilel^dlnf  tho 

itteorfcrtlfludtown.    An 

Id  the  wall  ihrouuli  H-hli-U  pins 


iloea,  bar-bii'doi.  Tho  pitndpiil 
if  Ibe  Windward  group,  tho  must 
nuiH-iy  of  tho  W.  Indlet.  They  belong 
to  Great  llrilaln,  and  Bridgetown  on  B. 
la  the  caplLil  jinii  reildenco  of  tbe  oolonlal 

Bar bsidoea  Olierry  Tbe  (Hdt  of  tha 
MnlplghU  nrena,  ocd.  UalplgblaoM). 

Barba-HlapanlOft,  'ha-hli-niii'1-ka. 
Spaolah  moM ;  the  horM-tuUi  Ilka  flbtn 


BASBAET 


DfUieTUluH)Eiiinani?flliles|  im  epI^h/U. 
used  In  Amerlrai  flir  imflliii^iniahraDs,  Ac. 
BaAaiT.  Mr'holi-re.    Tbo  nnnia  rIjcd 

from  £gn'"'>'tae  Atlantic,  uDcl  Ibim  Ibe 
M^lternoeaii  10  thflOrBBti'rATIiui  Moun- 
tains. It  Includca  tbo  ststLfi  nr  Trlpnll, 
Timls,  AtearlB  and  Uonx»o;  lbs  rralon 
e.  ofOia  Lessor  Alljia  is  onllfil  Belfd-nl- 
Jcrid.  **  Cmujhy 

eoverelgntf  uf  i 


Borberrr,  1j,.-ri.  a  plant,  gaa.  Bit- 
bwla  (B,  mlgmia);   rililieridBO  bush. 

Barhnlo,  'bfii.  A  emnll  hcnrfl ;  n  h.'ard- 
ii*8  uei  to  thnjwrlstonio  nf  Bome  moMw 

"-      A  sen,  orjJaha,  flim. 


CfprlnldiB,  nblob  Mak  tlicte  fbod  b]r  roi 
iDKln  Uiowlllw-'- 


pnobtlujf   . 

enckooB  uid  tngoDS,  dlilded  Into  »<«•■ 
BBDcni.  M  ro«onli«,  Buooo,  w  Buo  b«r- 
bets,  and  Tamada,  of  puff-birds. 
Baroarolle,  'ks-rol.    A  elmplo  laiilodr 

BuDeleai&,  bir-se-Io'aah.  A  MlebnCad 
Bpuilsb  sotport  on  Ihe  MedltfrruiQiB, 
»wmt«l7  -well  fordfled.  Fonnded  br 
Romllcn  Barm,  of  OtrthKo,  ftther  of 
Bumlbul,  B.  0.  «M.    Pop7^,ll>. 

Baroon.'kon.  AlMditressel  oHd  tn 
Oh  UsStoiuen. 

Sai^^ntter,  'knt-sr.     A.  aluvlng  nu- 


achierei 


I.  ganenUlj    I 


HcnieromeQLB,  gtmwmij 
panlmtut  of  the  harp. 
Bardoawlat,  birdea'n-lgt  0ns  of 
tbo  fbtknven  vf  BardnaDes,  of  Me«opo- 
tamla,  In  Oh  td  oenMnr.  wlia  tsnrht  that 
(bfi  AcUoDS  of  tD«n  depend  on  nte.  tn 
-rhlehGodhtmaeiriaButiJMt.'-'  '—•- 
IS  incanMtiin  ot  Cbilat 

BMn^-boaKI,  i>ard. 

SancT  ex- 
tends OTV  the 
vaOi  pKjaM- 


Bbt-Itoh.  l>Br'[-fiii.    Ima  wrqnfrht  Into 
BuUuble  bin  by  pnddMag  ud  ruDlog. 

Barltk,  ba-ri'U.    A  gen.  of  irogririij 
Riiiiruacril  lilrd6,  oUurwIaa  caS^  PSl 


Ui8  cry  uf  a  ooK- 
BKrklii«-lzoii.  -l-ura,     Aj 


1  f  An«olath 
H  JlMUihu 


1  Ihs  (bird  inrt  or  ui 
IDCb,  iTohn  nrKlrJohn  B.,  A  Ducnoroufl 
nAreoaldfritLofl  orth«i|i|-|t  ofniAlLU^iitor, 

r1a1i>tt'U[>onmaltUqaon«hai/lTTDontln7, 

pis,  I'omta  Ueruiiiil*. 
Bam.  bOrn.    A   cnver«l  bnlWillK  Hir  •»- 

QuriDiT  brm  prtKluoa  ;  iUao  fijr  sUbllDg 

bonwi  or  <ME[e. 
BwnalMS.  81,  Ur'iuli-bb.    Oneorst 

Piul'i  mETFTU  and  UiumrUIsUi  ttaa 

JoBea.buC  the  snmuna  B,,  or  "fanol 


Banu«,  Albert.  A  Proabytcrlan  dl- 
»ini>,  B.  In  Nfw  York  SIbid  in  1TM6 ;  n. 
137U,  A  nruUHc  wrilfr,  auA  aathor  of 
"NoUwoiilhs  New  TcsUunenl,"!  wort 

Bamsy,  7oBeiih.   bir'nt.    A  «nnn»- 


BaroKTaph.  bur'S-gnf. 


BARONET 


99 


BARTHOLOMEW 


was  introdacod  under  the  Norman  prln  ces. 
Barons  of  the  exchequer,  the  Judges  that 
try  cases  relating  to  the  revenue.  Barons 
of  the  Cinque  Ports,  members  of  the  Com- 
mons formerly  elected  by  the  Cinque 
Ports,  Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney,  Hast- 
ings, Hythe,  Winchelsea  and  Rye. 

Baronet,  -et.  A  hereditary  rank  or  de- 
gree of  honor  next  beloAv  a  baron,  not  a 
member  of  the  peerage,  but  having  prece- 
dence before  all  knights  except  those  of 
the  Garter.  The  order  was  founded  by 
James  I.  in  1611.  The  number  originally 
created  was  200.  Baronets  of  Scotland 
and  Nova  Scotia  were  an  order  founded  by 
Charles  I.,  with  the  professed  object  of 
colonizing  Nova  Scotia. 

Barony,  -i.  The  title  or  honor  of  a 
baron ;  also  the  territory  or  lordship  of  a 
baron.  In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division 
^62  in  all),  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
English  hundred ;  originally  the  district 
of  a  native  chief. 

Baroama,  ba-ros'ma.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Butacese.  The  leaves  of  B.  crenata 
constitute  the  article  of  materia  medica 
called  buchu. 
-  Barouche,  ba^5sh.  A  four-wheeled 
two-horse  carriage  with  a  fklling  top. 

Barouohet,  bfi-r5-sh&'.  A  small  bar 
rouche. 

Barrack,  bar'ak.  A  hut  or  house  for 
soldiers  in  garrison ;  the  permanent  build- 
ings in  which  soldiers  are  lodged. 

Biurracoon,  -a-k5n\  A  negro  barrack ; 
a  slave  depotf  Barracoons  used  to  exist 
at  various  points  of  the  west  coast  of  Af- 
rica, also  in  Cuba,  Brazil,  Ae. 

Barracuda,  -kO'da.  A  spedes  of  per- 
coid  fish,  Sphyrana  Barrocuda. 

Barrad,  'rad.  A  conical  cap  of  very  an- 
cient origin,  w<M*n  by  the  Irish  as  late  as 
the  17th  century. 

Barras,  bS'ras.  The  resin  obtained 
firom  Pinus  maritima ;  galipot. 

Barrel,  bar'ol.    A  wooden  vessel,  round 

and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of  staves 

and  bound  with  hoops;    a  cask.     The 

quantity  which  a  barrel  contains.    Any- 

tning  hollow  and  long,  as  the  barrel  of  a 

gun.     The  cylindrical  case  in  a  watch, 

within  which  the  mainspring  is  coiled. 

'  The  cylinder  studded  with  pins  which  in 

the  barrel   organ  opens  the  key-vidves, 

aod  in  the  music  Dox  sets  in  vibration 

the  teeth  by  which  the  sound  is  produced. 

B.  of  the  ear,  a  cavity  situated  witiiln 

£b0    membrane    of  the  tvmpannm,  by 

frb/cA  itia  separated  ifonrtno  meatus. 

-Barricade,  ba-^-kSd'.    A    /ortiflcation 


made  of  anything  that  will  obstruct  the 
progress  of  an  enemy.  A  wooden  fence 
erected  around  any  space  to  be  kept 
clear. 

Barrigudo,  bar-«-g5M5.  The  Brazilian 
name  for  the  gen.  Lagothiix,  the  laigest 
8.  American  monkeys. 

Barringtonia,     bar-ing-ton'i-a.     'fhe 

type  gen.  of  the    Barringtoniaoen.    B. 

speciosa  yields  lamp-oil  from  its  seeds; 

B.  racemosa  fields  drugs. 
Barrifl,  'is.    A  name  given  in  Quineft  to 

the  chimpanzee  and  mandrill. 

Barrister,  -ter.  A  counsellor  or  advo- 
cate admitted  to  plead  in  proteotion  ef 
clients.    In  the  IT.  S.,  a  counsellor  at  law. 

Barrow's  Straits.  The  strait  connect- 
ing Baffin's  Bay  and  the  Polar  Sea ;  200 
m.  long  and  60  m.  wide. 

Banry,  Sir  Charles.  A  distinguished 
English  architect,  who  planned  Impoeing 
Pariiament  buildings ;  b.  1795,  d.  1860. 

Barry,  John.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can commodore,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and 
one  of  the  first  holding  a  commission  of 
the  RepubHo ;  b.  1745,  d.  1808. 

Bar-shear,  bar'sh&r.  A  machine  for 
cutting  metal  bars. 

Bar-shot,  'shot  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar,  with  a  round  head  at 
each  end. 

Bartlett,  Joshia.  An  American  states- 
man, a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, one  of  the  signers  of  the  Dedara- 
tion  of  Independence,  and  first  Govern<» 
of  New  Hampshire;  a  native  of  Maa> 
sachusetts;  b.  1729,  i>. 
1795. 

Bartixan,  'ti-zan.  A] 
small  over-hanging  tnivj 
ret,  pierced  with  apcT"! 
tures  for  an  archer,  pro-' 
jectingfrom  the  angles  on 
a  tower,  or  firom  the  parar  i 
pet. 

Bartsia.  burt'si-a.  A" 
gen,  of  plants,  ord.  Scroph- 
ulariaccfe,  containing 
about  thirty  species,  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  other 
plants. 

Bartholomew,  St.  One  of  the  twelve 
apostles,  whose  mission  field  was  the 
southern  part  of  Arabia.  The  Massacre 
of  St.  B.  in  France  occurred  on  August 
24, 1572,  St.  Bartholomew's  Day.  It  was 
ordered  by  Charles  IX.  and  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  and  it  was  intended  that  all  the 
prtnelpal  Protestants  should  be  included 

.  in  the  tlaugh,te!r.    A.c«q«jiA&  ^'VrVi  ^Sftw 


Bartizan. 


M  In  theBrnDln  of  TtctlDU,  um*  pi 
this  M  low  ma  i.OOO.  whOe  oUun 
artlttwdMdT<t,OOI). 

B^nuh,  bu'naAk.     Th«  IHaDd  hi 

ntey  Df  the  FnpbM  JtHmloh,  ud 
nOMT  of  thaBotAof  B.,  mxHtilisdu 
wmiloil  t^  Iha  E.  a  Ck.,  bat  u 
UMtuTpIiil  bF  FntMUol*.  R«libs- 
Vmi  (oUn  bean  Uis  bnthwor  ■>-- 
Pi«b(t  Boaldi,  ud  to  han  died 
Egjpt.  •»»"'  «■  o-  MO. 
B»jywLreutl»Blt«,TiT-i-»ttijc'»lil-«i-lt. 


atnntliif  aiilpbat«of1)bytauidUiue. 
BantB.  tiMl'tL  Oidde  orbuliira,  aUed 


lltg  jiii^b^Mi  wiSt  tbau  < 


•klsoaeiipy  thtrMtDfthofloId.   Thatiall 
vlth  whkS  Iha  emt  la  pLayo). 

bv-aMA'au-Vr    A  nit-  dM, 
imjdaons     dlcnrjlcdonooa 


BMdl,  bai'U.    A  U>lala  plant.  ncTinmi 


EjnpAror  of  CoDAtaDtlrTO]>)a» 
T  of  the  bod;  of  lifii  iiaU«il  the 
rhtch,  eDkr^ed  and  amendnl  by 


plre :  B.  Bia,  (nwDad  MO,  i>.  BS«.  BaaO 
II.,  B.  »58,  crowned  •"!,  1>.  low.,  hivlBg 
ral^vd  60  yeora,  and  almost  ountLnuoUy 

BaalUaS, 'i mi.  BelonslDK  Id  [hs  urdtr 
oFstTB^  aa  order  of  monLs  fooodad 
lnthe4tlie(aiUiryinC*|>pad<icla:  14  pope* 
are  aaid  to  bayebeloBgad  to  Uio  order. 

^*""'—  bHQ'tk-a.  OtIglDaUy,  the 
Dama  applied  bf  Bonuna  to  tbelr  pnbUo 
balla  afhiBtlee,  aiohaiiea,  or  other  bnal- 
n«s.  Tba  gronikd-plaii  of  Iheio  build- 
iagi  waa  rtrnoally  iolloved  In  the  Mr^ 
Chrlsdan  ^lUTtae^  and  It  Is  still  applied 


lyxoQtlnQeaiirire,  adapted  frum  the  laws 

Baallloon,    'lli-on.     An  olotmcnt  wn- 
eliUtiK  oryellav  wu,  black  pilch,  ruahi 

Baallldlan,  hai-l-lld'l-an.  OneofihRlbl- 
lowors  nf  BasUlflea,  an  Aleiandrian  Onga- 

Christ'n  boAy  waa  Immattoial,  and  that 
Simon  orCyrene  died  In  hie  stood. 
Boslllak,  'il-lsk.  A  Obnloua  criuCure, 
Tarlously  regarded  aa  a  serpent,  lizard,  or 
dngon,  and  sametlMes  IdentlSrd  with 
the  eockntrlce.  It  tDbablted  tho  deeirtBOf 
Afrba  and  eT«i  Its  look  waamtal.  A  gen. 
of BMriaa wptUea (Bailllaoua),  Ikm.  Ignao- 


the  opentiaR  af  bowiotf . 


Baakinc-aluik,  'Ing-Hifrk,      Seluche 
tmulml^  lui  caUiid  trBm  tU  bablt  nf  Ijiag 

Ba«lB,bi.lo.    A  omtonnnacltf  nf  Swil- 
mrluiit,  Ihs  dty  bang  one  of  (he  moat 

uJfnaj.    Pon.  t>r  ouitaD.  M,1m ;  of  Ihe 
dty,  41,sno^    The  ImporUnt  4Ecaindi1u>] 
CduudU  an431-IM1  wu  h<^14itt  B. 
Bawine,  hlsk.  A  phdHv  lon^e  ipokcn 

d<T  hctwei^ii  France  and  Spain,  ennpnsed 
to  be  tlut  of  the  Iberiuift,  the  priniltlTe 


- .- anyotiior  lulfuaiife  hu  u 

tM  bem  mid*  dill.  A  ibort-nUrisd  jack- 
et worn  br  lullei. 

BBa-rellef,  BaBBO-rllievo,  bA-ra-lc-f, 
bai'ia-ra-lu-t'Tu.  Lov  reUsf.  *  mode  of 
■eqlpoirtng  on  a  B"t  BUrfb*,  thu  flgnrea 


ifT  rolAed,  but  itt 
EngUsii  n 


rha  Anifr& 


ntb^uJ  n»ainblli>g 


rnonyof  amOilcn]  compoflJIlDii^  wbethiT 

Bosaoiio,  Euffo  Banurd  H&ret, 
Soke  of.  Ninaleos'B  lutlnutD  trivad 
srelATV  befbm  he  bcninu  mnptror ; 
irds  Seeretary  of  Sou  and  MbilBter 
-■-a  AflilH,  remaining  tilthftal  lo 


iridiB.  aUled  lo  Ui 


ord.    Bipotaecio,  ^oldlas   oleaginoui  or 
-J  daablB-baiia  retSuoad  la  size  and  power. 


B&TEATT 

bat  noMnoompaHp;  hu  IViur  sTjHri^  o 

!d  or-  f 

^yed  like    Iba  { 


It  H< 


:a  (hr  IhG  I 


\ 


'«,  MmetloH  «i  an 
vtled  fiogo'-baird. 
Baat  baiL  Thaliuerbark.  Ubav*  F 
bartflbari.     " 

BcKoCtOT  li 
«...    .Airu    »u..    V.     .ilwOll    Iliatrl- 

moay;   lUix'tiinare.      tlpQriouBJ  ' 

B.  lyp^t  hjivlDjf  a  Fb^  larger  or  aoon. 

niulli-r  than  tbal  usual  lo  a  body 

ofitlTeii  >lie. 

Orirltinlts    B    lanpomrj 
---Uiwatfar.'.    Tba  B., 


t'wwn   1S^ 


(If  mollBllTl  by  thi 


iMjed  pooplo,  1J3U. 

_,    tt.    To  beat  -wllh  • 

id^l;  tobeatDUttauaoleiaftha 


M/^ 


^ed  nfsci 


Butnrd  Bar,  Batoa  Slnlp 


Batavia.  bih-M'Tp-ab.  Capital  o(Jan 
and  of  tholmtoh  PniiBeiialonB.  B  In  Ui« 
nrlDclpal  oommordal  tifntor  of  thd  AetaUo 
Areblpi'Ugo ;  (bnodcd  UlS ;  pop.  1S3,euO. 

BaUi,  hat  Tlie  alkaUoe  aolullon  In 
which  hld«  nre  Btwpcd  ani!r  taring  limod, 
ti)  remayr  or  nrntnUie  the  lime, 

Bftte&u,  bi-U.     A  Ught  boat,  long  bi 


to  Its  breadth.    A  pootpon  ot 

„_lilK«- 

BKt,1tft.    One  of  *  gnrapof  wtPf'hmiliiiT, 
flj^ng  maTTimf^,  «^  CAdEDplerei,  ttoln 


Baton  Bouse,  IjiU'nnp-rt 
ihe  Qair,  u<l  lAm  jibovu  N 


Atwk  iBui-  AHabrew  Hijnld  me__-. 
tfflithp«trf«]ionier.  Knlffhts  of  Iha 
B.,  ft  firtUdi  order  iuppoeed  to  h«e  bsOT 


■  baing  pot  Into  bIiM 

laB,uiaUimt  thwwt 

g^  BOW  aft.    The  pteeml  order 

rfth«>rthw«»l«rtltolsd  &  **XoJ: 


BATTLEMEST 

Ijnu.llnPerrfe,  la)!^'-  A  pir"i:i  »1. 
Lawnd  bytho  DrltlBli  Kuvi-nininit  tu  vrnj 
dompaoyofft rofflmoit no  Ibrt'lim Pvnrm 
to  tue  chorire  or  tbo  oootlniT  ulcJuUe,  &0. 

- -~i.      Airen.   nf  MnUrtrt, 

lire  tMoll  tbcUi,  elUed  to 


Bat-piinUiiS,  bi 
of  jH-bitlnur  on  ^lu 
B&traahla.  ba-tr 


/prlpt-big.   Thflmodr 
iitorclu>.K<^pllHs'. 


S3-     . 


uUq.  >a  enrlne  need  to  bat  down 
inUa  of  beelcsed  plueei.    Ab«Tybli 

lu^tioatdlj. 

~   "  I*.  -rSI.     A  pliunbJlDa 

'   -  -"le  rsqulrad  ongia  1 


wUchliflied  * 


.      _    >■  m  ^ 

■  Hoe  IB  dlepAiuea  wlttu 
Bat-bcffae.bM'lursorbi'faorB.  AborK 

mUomd  to  ■  tHDnu  fn  the  BrtUali  •rmr. 
Bath-stoua,  bl&'ilfiii.     A  epodi 


e,  oiled  nIuBftth- 
Bae^rUiu.  ba-thlb^- 
InK  tha  »•  bottom  it  great  deptli^  eon 
HittDB  of  »ti*iKtoiM,  rtKld,  Batny  eub- 
atuDoe,  correepondlDg  to  protoplum. 

"■^l^Sti  i^to^SidSo  ot°t 
Afrtea  bdong* !  aiUed  slso  the  Coant-rut 

Battdas,  btdd'e-s.   Tha  bbh»  inariii. 

hm,  »  KieailBnt  ibnib  groirlng  in  the  W . 

bidlei,  lued  In  plaklea. 
Batlato,bl'tiM.  A  fine  Hnm  clott  miia.' 

U  Fhiiders  and  Ploudr  :  oambrtc    E 

Indl*  looda  otiimUu- qiuUtf . 
Babnaa,  bef  DiSB.    An  OrlentUirelgbt. 

InfioUwB,  Wllbg.;  In  Tnrker  tba  grfst 

latt^ta  abont  ICTl  IbB.,  the  lener  only 


'  platee  of  oDpper  ud 
HioeA  euaceptib^e  ofg 
Battery-Kiin.  -girn. 


Abodyofunnon  Ibr  lleM 
th  «Hnple>n.Bl  of  wwtoM, 
Ao.  In  Fort  B  puruMt 
eover  tba  gunnoi  trant  the 
G«ly»nlo  bMtery.  Bwrtea 


or  mltmllieuM.  '^j^  f^Jrf 

bttle,  1.    A  dght  or  <"!-■■     \3>K 

3attlo-axe,   -Bk>.      An      i  I 

Bxa  anntent^  used  u  b      ■  I 

Sattledoxe,    -dtr.      An      |  | 


Sattlo-axe, 

Battledore, 

t-lt_     . 
bcMrd  oTpElm, 


eeri'ei    of    ridng 
parti  oBltod  oopa 


^  f^  f^ 

"y  ■■?..■< 


BATTALIOK 


In  buIW!n„_  _. 
Battalion,  -tal' 


u'Ton.  A  body  of  InnuiUy, 

I.  A  .hoit«tlcV  iriih  n 
iLmOy  Mrrli-l  by  Uk  fools 
freat   bouapo.     A   \iWhkg 

A  lYoDcli  dni^^t  llibxicttt- 


Bauhlnla,  bg-blo'l-s.    A  gc 

Banlita,  l)il'!i.  A  tranxpar 
founil  In  (ho  mUtet  eiietei  I 
Icelnml ;  a  nirfely  ofgliMyl 

BaTEuia,  koh-TaM-ata.    A  k 

Sbonlih  B.,  or  tha  P^Hsal' 


bjNap, 


BOd  ftlll_HllBiOUI 


or   iirusUtDUoD.  and    DODdDEti  CTlinlDal 

Baxter.  Blohard.  The  DmlOFtit  au- 
thor and  pri-achGT  ;  B.  In  Shropshire, 
Eni^lnnd,  IGia ;  d.  1601.    tlu  wu  a  non- 

tion.  Hlmhtut  works  arf^tte  Hulnfd 
Eivrlastlni!  Hal,"  "  DriDit  Tbouifhu," 
■Bd  "CWl  to  tlio  UnconrerlBd." 
BB7>  bi.  A  mwBS  1q  Ihe  tnore  or  a  ui 
or  lake ;  the  eipania  of  wtUv  between 
two  capm  Dr  bendhuidii;  affulf.  Apriu- 
dpol    compartment    or   dmslon  In  the 


Ba7a,ViL   '___     , 

iag  E,  Indian  puaerlnD  bird,  wboiw  nes 
reieiubli-H  a  bottle,  BndlqjtuBpendedfnm 

fWnD  boncath,  to  that  neither  apoa,  ier 
penu  nor  Bi|ulrreli  oan  roach  ft.  Iti 
wllj  lamed,  and  win  fbtoh  and  eairy  a 


kolniC,  to  whom  the  ad Bjre  la 
"T&i  foMlBr  w*lhont  tar,  f 
tHit  nptoteh,"    B.147t,  j> 


Baybeny.  "be 


,    Tbs  DliutMjrlot  certf- 


_.. .    _JB  plMitMjrlo. 

. ^jTtle),  B.  tallow,  ■■utwtaDoe 

obtain  cd  ttma  bajbarj  or  fru^njrtle. 
Bayonet,  'ou-et.    A  triao^nliir  Bword  or 
docffur,  vith  u  froD    haodlfl  and  rijig 


Bayou,  bl-O'.    The  outlet  of  h  Uku ;  a 

Bay-mm,  bi'mm.    A  ipfait  obtained  br 
dlitllllngllie  leans  of  (he  bar  tree, 
Bay-aalt,  'salt    Coaree  gnbiod  ult,  ob- 

Bay-window,    'n1n-dA.      A    window 


Lnrreudofid  M 
■nana  hi  ISTO,  fbr  whhib  be  wu  IHed  tn 
1&T8,  fbiuid  guilty  and  ttnprisoned,  eBcap- 
Ihgln  tHT4.  Bowu  I  bllbni)  adHerent 
ofSajwIcon  III. 

Baaaar,  ba-iir'.  In  the  Eut,  a  pluie 
where  ptods  are  eiposeil  fur  Bale,  usually 

narrow  street,  Iteqnontly  shadod  by  a 
light  material,  and  HiinetllneB  arebed  olir. 
A  aaleof  nilsoelUneounartlafealn  turiinr- 
anoe  Ufa  charitable  imrpoiw  ;  a  Ihnay  fUr. 
Bdellium.    de]'II-am.      An      aromatlii 

BdelloBtoma,  del-loa'to-ma.  A  sen,  of 
Rlntinana  haK- 

a  lake;  the  etnnd;  sometJiDus  used  for 
tha  shore  of  lar^  rivers. 
Bead,  bfil.    A  purtbrat«I  ball  of  amber, 
ffUse,  ortbollte,  etron^  OD  a  thread,  and 


I  ■  osrtalQ  muDbT  oT  pr 


BBi3>-nBOOr 


BEAYJSB 


»r  eooBted  off  <m  the  beadfl  of  a  «hip- 
tmry ;  a  roll  of  pzmyers  or  hymns. 

L-I^oof ,  b€d'prMl  Spfrftaonsllqaon 
lioBB  snrihoe  a  erowB  of  bobbles  will 
1  Dmt  some  time;  spirits  which  come 
>  a  oertaia  standard  of  strength. 
Sle,  NS'kL  An  EngMsh  bound,  Ibr- 
y  kept  to  hunt  hares;  smaller  than  the 
ler,  aad  little  larger  than  the  lap4og. 
mU  name  for  several  spedee  of  snarks. 
hdzon,  b6k1-em.  An  anvil  with  a 
beak  or  horn,  used  by  workers  In 
t-metal. 

n-engtuBt  bvra'en-Jin.  A  steam- 
ae  in  which  the  motion  of  the  piston 
■snsmitted  to  the  crsnk  by  means  of 
rerhead-beam  and  conneotuig-rod. 

mingumaohlne,  ing-ma-shta.    A 
Une  by  which  chains  or  webs  are  put 
lie  heun ;  a  kind  of  roIler^nilL 
Bi^-tzee,  'trC.    I*yms  Aria,  alsocsOed 


OL,  b£n.  A  name  given  to  several 
a  of  legominoos  seedfs  and  the  pUnts 
jieing  them  :  Faba,  garden  and  field 
:  Fnaseolos,  IVenohor  kidnejr-bean ; 
Ddlchos,  tropical  bean.  The  com- 
bean  (F.  vulgaris)  is  extensively  cul- 
»d  as  food. 

d-iflyt  'flL  A  beautiflil  fly,  Ibnnd  on 
,  flowers,  prodoeed  ih>m  a  maggot 
dmida. 

ap^roofle,  bSn'gSs.  A  species  of  wiM- 
e,  the  Anser  segetom. 

ilHdloi,  'shot  Copper  grains  form- 
yj  pouring  melted  metal  through  a 
Mated  ladle  into  warm  water.  If  cold 
IT  is  used,  flakes  are  Ibnned,  caOed 
ler-shot. 

P-trefoU.  'trO-ML  A  smaU  legn- 
His  tree,  the  Aaagyria  ftetids^ 
r,  bir.  Apbntlgrade 
tvorons  mammal, 
Unas,  iiam.  Urside. 
teeth  are  42  in  num- 
aa  in  the  dog,  but 
9  is  no  camassial  or 
»rlal  tooth.  The  brown 
lack  bear  is  anatfve-of  the  north- 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The 
rlcan  black  bear  is  rar^y  above  5  feet 
Bgth.  The  griszly  bear,  an  tohabitant 
le  Bodcy  Mountains,  is  a  forodous 
ji,  sometimes  exceeding  9  feet  In 
11  The  Siberian  bear  is  perhaps  a 
ty  of  the  brown  bear.  The  polar  or 
B  Dear  Is  possessed  of  ^eat  strength 
tereeness,  and  is  7  to  8  feot  in  len^h. 
native  iMar  of  N.  S.  Wales  is  the 
I,  ofthe  marsupial  gen.  miasoolarctos. 


Bear. 


The  name  of  two  constellations  la  tbm 
northern  heinisphtre,  called  tli«  Greater 
and  Lesser  Bear.  In  the  tail  of  tha 
Lesser  Bear  is  the  pole-star. 

Beard-mofls,  b&d'mos.  A  lichen,  Ua- 
neabarbata. 

Beaxdy.  'L  The  whliothroat  A  Scotch 
name  of  the  loach,  a  small  fk^esh-watcr 
malacopterygian  fish,  Ihm.  Cyprinldn. 

Beaxing^xeilL,  bar'Ing-riin.  Tho  rein 
by  which  the  head  of  a  horse  is  held  up 
in  driving. 

Beaz^it,  'nit  A  pit  for  tho  keeping  ot 
bears  in  zoological  gardens. 

Beast,  best  Any  four-footed  animal,  as 
distinguished  ih>m  fowls,  insects,  flsnea 
and  num.    A  brutal  man. 

Beanhamais,  Busvne  de,  bo-hAr'naL 
Son  of  Josephine,  wife  of  Naiwleon  I.,  ■ 
adopted  by  the  hitter;  a.  1781,  d.  189i. 
lie  served  with  distinction  in  the  NapoW- 
onic  wars,  and  was  appointed  Viceroy  of 
Italy.  After  Napoleon  wi  Ikll  he  retired  to 
Milnlch,  and  married  tho  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Bavaria. 

Beaahamaifl,  Hortenae  Bngenla 
da.  Daughter  of  Josephine ;  b.  178S,  d. 
1887.  She  was  married  against  her  will  to 
Louis,  youngest  brother  of  Xapoleoa 
Bonaparte,  ttom  whom  she  sepsrated  i» 
1810p  after  he  was  driven  flrom  the  throna 
of  Holland.  Her  son  by  him  was  the  lata 
Nap<deon  III. 

Beanmarohaia,  Pierzo  Anguatin 
Oazon  de,  bO-mar'shay.  An  eminent 
Frenchman,  b.  1782,  d.  ITiW.  He  warm]|y 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Americans  in  tiM 
Bevolution,  and  sent  more  than  60  officers 
to  sssist  them  at  his  OMrn  expense,  among 
these  bdng  Baron  Steuben  and  Pulaskt 

Beau  IConde,  b5  mond.  The  ihshlon- 
able  worid ;  people  of  fkshion  and  gayety. 

Beanregaxd.  Peiter  QuMtavum 
Toutant.  A  Confederate  general ;  b.  In 
N.  Orleans,  1816.  A  graduate  of  West 
Point  he  resigned  from  the  Federal  army 
when  South  CHiroIina  seceded,  and  com- 
manded at  Charleston  when  Fort  Sumter 
was  ci4>tured;  also  at  the  first  battle  of 
Bull  Bun.  Surrendered  to  Gen.  Sherman 
with  Oen.  Jos^h  £.  Johnston.  Has  hdd 
Federal  apiK>intments  since  the  -war. 

Beaver.  The 
movable  fiuse- 
guard  of  a  hel* 

met  ^  <^Q~ 
structod  that 
the  wearer 
could  raise  Kfr 
lower  it  to  est 
and  drink ;  a  viior, 


Hehneta. 


I 


Baav«r,  Wnt.    A  lOdinC  qutdraiwd. 


npplleil  lo thoEsn.  Hyaromja ;  sd 

BMLTer-tree,  -tiv.    A  deddocn 
gea.    Mf^olla    (M,  gbma),  or 


rhd  ullTa  prlnd- 
ebwru,  wJopjaB 

if  nrltlati  Oi 


nnbJIng  ■  nlghUDgsIs, 


BE£-nAWE  , 

Bwle,tlMTan«r«.U«.  bed.  En^Hid>i 

-aril«t  hbbniu,  ■  mank,  B.  073,  ».  T8S. 
Qi  "  EocleriuUa]  History  of  linicluKt." 
»n>d  Jn  LaUii  In  TO4,  ud  tnnBlsted  br 
Ung  AltVed  the  Gi«iit,lIsliUu  cstMDuA 

Bedeg&r,  bod'e-gar.  A  Bpongy  sicrea- 
oeaoB  or  gall,  Also   t«nued   sws«t-brlw 

eecta  ss  rM«ptsol«  fOr  Uielr  eggA,  hs  ths 

Sedlam.  Ism.    A  mad-hDOK;  i  i>1>o« 

Bedlamer,  -er.    The  asms  flven  by  Md 

Bedouin,  bod'Mn.    Oneof  slrlbaotno- 


it  p«tty-<^pB  uid  ffvdeu 


■8di,b«k'lis-re- 
mh  ■■  ires,  D.  1798 
bnted  "  TreatlHj  on 


^elohnblUne 
t,"Bt.^ 


a,  nh-bik'tt. 

oekbrated  K.  C.  dIvlDe,  s.  In  Loado 

CMUrbiiry  CsUiodnl.  of  irhli^  be  n 

kl»g,  nanij  1I„  ll?i7™ioalMd,  IITS. 

Beoolba-niit,  bi-km^'bi-nut,  A  n_. 
prodaoAd  from  s  Bnxlllsn  tree,  ttom  irhlch 
s  baleam  Is  drswn,  used  la  rtienautdsDi. 

Beoana.  be-kifos.  A  hnxrlDus  tisl 
Ikm.  SphyrenldB,  memblbig  tli«  pike. 

Beaj«ai  b«(l'ii-gnt.  The  ntnns  (rtron  \ 
the  licnd  books  oftbaBnddhiiti  In  Bn 

B«d-lnv,  b^'bng.  The  Cliaoi  l«tdl 
i1li(,tBftKlBelwd>. 


QflDt  Intended  for  ilsftp  and  repoBe-  Lords 
'  sftbeBed-sbanber.c^cenoftheBrlttBb 
rormi  hooMebt^  uoaer  tbe  vroom  ' 
tol'.    Ib  tin  (HUB  of  ■  qneen  r 


Boo-bird.'brad.  J 


Beech,  bfch. 


ifl  £sst  Indies,  s  Isdy, 

I  spotted  Ay-ostoher. 
"be  poUeu  of  flovm 
pQd  foF  tbalr  young. 
«,  g;en.  Fsgua,  ozd. 


llie  WLXid  IB  msauftutDTod  Into  s  gnst 

Beechsr.  Henry  Ward,  Bev.    Son 

ori.ymui  Beeohn-,  su  amlnant  Nsw  Eng- 
Isnd  CunKrentionBl  prowbar  ud  Ihaela- 
glm  ;  B.  ISIS;  enteiwl  thsOmgregstloBil 
ministry  In  18M,  snd  In  184T  beam*  pss- 
Cur  of  Plymouth  Church,  Dnnklrii,  *  ra- 
;stlDn  H'hicb  >tlU  ointdnues.    Ur.  B.  Is 


Culeoptero,  film.  CurcnUflnldffl  or  veevUs. 

Beecli-oll,  'oil.  A  blscd.  Bied  oil  u- 
pn^sMMl  from  the  nots  of  the  beeoh-tr«e, 
used  In  partj  of  Franoe  loateod  of  bntto-. 

Beef -eater,  K-rst-er.  An  AMoin  Inies- 
Borlal  bird,  gOD.  BnphBgs.  One  of  Uw 
Yeom*fi  of  the  British  royil  guard. 

BBef-waod,  'wHd.    The  timber  of  Ans- 


Iwe.  l~'S|^*-  ""•  nnMnnu*  nu 


BEEHIT^HODBE 
10  ailed  from  pKylng  on  hymi 


icnii.  Th<  pnpalH- 
mlail  bnLlolnjfs  In 
Irdud,  KmHa  uiuatea,  tha  uppir  kjm 
■Iwqn  oToitprlui  the  ons  lennlh  II. 
Ho  MnwQt  ia  DKdT  The;  ooonr  bUieIo  or 
diut«nd,  ttiabiUa  KHnaUmn  mdrclDil 
bf  a  ttonc  will  Ibr  delMH. 
Badsebab,  -el'ifrbab.     A  goil  of  tlio 


BaalmBbnl,  -iml  X  nuno  gimi  bf  cl 
Jffw^to  tliflpfijioo  of  ilemoiu,  twlng  ■ 
opprotirlaiu  cbu^  oa  th«  tana  boelx 


D^urtionnfr.  In  Tunit,  tli»  ivlnrn 
BflffluLTd,  btpfiiinl.  Ononf  nlkjityiifr.'llii- 
lD  tho  IHlh  wntur}'.    Thry  nltlHil  lo 

bauBiI  tbniiM'jTi.fl  10  a  llii>  or  uncilty 
without qtilldiiK  thirlr  Rnuhir  ToaUiinn, 
Thi'V  wrrv  nuhiMtril  tv  mmtT.  Mnruii- 
Uori.  Ml  ETuduilly  ill>l»irwil. 
BaffleiboB.  iHiir'I'i'lHir.  Thn  irovenior 
ufu  iinMuni  fn  tLv  Turklxh  Kiniiliti,  u-it 
In  iliffnlty  to  the  t^naul  \\2i1r. 


.  lodlt  hu 

phoBofnult. 
Beet-fly.  bSt-flL    A  two-wlneed  IneHtt 

(Anlboinyta  beta)  Infesting  erupt  of  boot 
BaettaoTen,  Iiadwls  vtai,  ba-to'ven. 

fioDD,  Germany,  iflO',  p,  1837, 
Bestle,  bC'tl,  A  hea'vy  wooden  irudtet 
A  irvbchine  fbrprodudng  flgoHd  Aibrkfl 
by  prcMore  ftmii  eorrugsted  ro"  - 
BmtU.  AnylnmilbfilaiiKlnK' 
Celeoplem,  but  BumeUinom  reaTricted  to 
80f*D«^die.  a  Irlbfl'of  IblH  ordfr  embrac- 
ro  than  8,on0  spedc  -    " ' 


BestlB-BtOne.  -sMn,    A  nndnli 

UUo  Ironstone. 
B«&lia.   bu-lSl'ii&.     In   Ttaly,  s 

Wry  who  It  Is  prrtandod  brfnm 


iiFille  manyresTinl  it  aLmply  aa  a  ( jpe  ol 
Behria^  Stndta.     Tlie  eh.mnel  oon. 


BeldBlaar,  bwli^l'sAr.    A  pl»nt  uaol  in 

ofBerpenlH  ;  amipoaed  tobv  Ihc  Aactepl- 
u  procpn.       The  IWpiiani  used  Ihe 
down  orita  saeda  u  tinder. 
BajMla,  bfrll'rl-t    A  een.  of  B.  Anwl- 
Isan  alpine  punU,  oid.  EdiaaeiB. 


Belchar,    belsfa'ar.     A   nsckercbli 

Apatutho  »DtaT  of»di;DKm4 
sn  KngHili  pnglUM. 
'  Beldune,  bel'dim.    in  old  vgi 


In,  bel-om-nltl-dC.  As  u- 
UDDt  mn.  of  oeptulDpodaaa  mdtlusbA^ 
UL  Deenod*.  Denlf  lUled  In  Uw  oi- 

,  tilJnsSepb,  ibqlidalit  In  tlw  ebslk  ud 
Jnruiko  UiDHtoDB.  Tbere  in  Riur 
known  CHiBrtt — Balomnltn.  BfHanaoUia- 
Ois,  BdanaXUsOm  ud  XIphotcathla. 

B«l  Eapiit.  '«-pce.    A.  Ons  geilae  or 

XelAst.  TlMceiiiiiientMlnpltidofnnrth- 


nBaof  tha  ptacs  to  be  e 
on  wludlB  ubd  oovemi 

to  pmtMt  tboM  uidar 

toiMr  ItaiaUiBd  with  ■  bell  to  Klie  tbe 
■IBB  to  Am  nniMin,  indAlio  to  nnmmoii 
ttanwk  ofkftwhf lord.  Ab^toww. 
■"  "  In^  bd^un.  A  EnropHWi  klng- 
tanuided  br  tbB  Borth  Bin,  FnniM, 
ralltaknd^  Hollud  ind  Gennwir, 
juTing-ui  wftof  ll.SlSeq.Qi,,  iui~ 

tbu  ^vtiTDmaiit  Ifl  hereditary,  o 
tioUA]  And  representatlvflmDiiucli 
preeent  kJnmium  wiw  esUbllBhed  Id 
^hB  prBv.lBnB  rnligionli  "  "  " 
tolenaoe  prflvalls. 
BaIwlo,/JUt.  _Pertalj 
try  betvAon  lb   ^' ' 

'  Eelgravian^  -gri'Tl-aii.  Belonglnjr  to 
IlDltmnK  un  aiHstoomtlo  portfon  ofLciD- 
don  around  llmllm;  arlslDcraUu. 
BelL  A  metiilin  nw^l  whli^h  ^to 
.  (brth  >  rlDjdne  Hnnd.  mud 
•Itloii  csUod  W-meUl.  ' 
■  In  tba  worfd  ta  tbfi  emt  Ih  _  __  __ 
cut  Id  ims,  opmpnlod  to  weigh  IBS  torn 
Tb*  phrua  amplayed  on  aUpboird,  ■ 
"  o'lAuk  "  Ii  on  Bbora,  to  denote  the  dl 
fMmm  of  SiHy  Uma  To  onrw  by  ball, 
*uu  4flr/ ctoarfla  B  sofdnuT  mode  of  exeem- 
»-ofl(o«Uiui  OHdio  theS,  O.  Church,  the 


I V  l5^ 


9  M;th. 


BsUDTOpbon.  bSl-lft. ,_  „,_. 

tUo  BOD  of  Glunoiu.  who  Isimmd  tba  ha- 
bfdorAntao,  wife  of  BeUami,  Un^  of 
At^b.  by  rariifl[pe  to  Bawntl  her  amoroiu 
BdvBnflw.  und  killed  BeQaiiB  In  defbndlrv 
Ui  SHU  IU9.    lie  engaged  la  TVkms  af 

BUii/ed  lliu  Ohimora  by  Iha  »lil  of  I'fgai- 
eoi,  the  HtDg^  horse,    lie  flnully  mar- 

Belleraplum,  'o-bn.  A  gen.  of  foMa 
DJLuElJoM  ah«lLs,  allied  to  the  lJetifmpi»dB. 
Bellea-lettrea,  -lel-it.  PoUta  or  cloguit 


HgTT.WI 


101 


mClCBlCIDiB 


'      BcUowi. 


**n  rirsta,'*  **  LaSomuunlHila,'*  "Komu" 
■nd  ''I  ParitanL** 

Bellia,  bdlis.  The  daisj-, »  Bnudl  gen.  of 
loniuil  or  pcroDBlnl  herbt. 

Bell-mietal,  'met«L  An  alloy  of  80 
pnts  of  eoppet  and  tO  of  tin,  used  fnr 
makinur  bells.  Small  shrill  bells  genenOj 
eontidn  line. 

IMltOkak,  -lO'na.  In  Boni.  myth,  the 
Coddeeaofwar.    In  Astron.  an  aatoroid.. 

BeUot  Straits,  bt'l'lo.  The  channel 
Qonnectlnff  Prinee  Kegent  Inlet  and 
VhttkHn  Channel. 

BeUoWB,  belOds.     An  in- 

stnuBflOt  tor  producing  a 

enrrent  of  air,  i»inoipdIy 

■led  tor  blowing  fire  in 

iMgea.    Bellowt  of  great 

power  are  eaOed  bkrwlBg  maehlnea  and 

are  c^ierated  by  steam. 
BallowKiafmnra,  -kam-er^u    In  Fho- 

Utg.  a  form  of   expanding    earners    In 

wueh  the  bodlaa  are  oonneeted  bjranex- 

panslbla  portkn. 

BeUowfl- 
ftsli,  An 
aoanthop- 
terygions 
fish,  fltm* 
Flato]aiid»y 
gen.  Oen- 
Wsens,  call- 
ed also  the 
Tmmpet- 
fish  or  Sea-anlpe. 

B«llow*-inimp,  -pomp.     An  atmoe- 

pheric  pump. 
Bell-pepper,  'pep-per.    Guinea-pepper, 

the  ihiit  of  G^>acum  grossum. 

BeU-telesraph,  'tel-£-graf.  A  tele- 
graphic apparatus  in  which  two  diffcrent- 
fy  toned  dmIs  give  the  signals. 

Belmont.  A  Tillage  in  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  Siver,  the  scene  of  the  first 
victory  won  by  Gen.  Grant  ovvr  the  Con- 
federates under  Gens.  Folk  and  Pillow, 
Nov.  7, 1861, 

Belooche,  bcl-n'ohe.  A  native  or  Inhab- 
itant of  Beloochiston. 

Beloochistan,  bol-oo-chls'tan.  A  conn- 
try  of  Asia,  8.  of  Afirhanistan,  with  a  eea- 
coost  on  the  Indian  Ocean  of  600  m.;  area, 
800,000  sq.  m.;pop.  706,000.  The  inhab- 
itents  are  called  Celoochos  and  Brohooecs, 
of  mixed  Tartar  and  Persian  blood,  and 
the  country  is  governed  by  several  chieft 
who  pay  nomtual  allegiance  to  the  Khan 
ofKdat 

b0l-sb4<diMr,  KingofJUby-  i 


Ion,  and  the  last  of  the  ChaMc&n  drnartx. 
He  was  ■.  about  MO,  crowned  about  n64, 
and  D.  639  n.  r.  The  nimantic  hlntory 
of  his  rdpi  is  flunillar  to  all  readers  of  the 
Scriptures. 

Belt.  Two  straits  (Great  and  Littk)  con- 
necting the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  Catu-i.'at. 

Belt,  belt  A  girdle  in  which  a  Fwnnl  or 
other  weapon  is  hung.  In  A«tn>D.  ono  of 
certain  rings  which  surround  thu  pIan<'C 
Jupiter.  In  Her.  a  badge  iriven  to  a  per- 
son when  he  was  raised  to  knifi-hthoixl. 
In  Mach.  a  band  poMing  around  two 
wheels,  communicating  motion  flrom  one 
to  the  other. 

Beltane,  bel'titn.  The  name  of  an 
aoeientflre  festival  still  kept  up  in  ro 
mote  parte  of  Ireland  and  ScoUanil,  no 
doubt  derived  from  tbo  womhlp  of  the 
sun  or  fire,  formerly  practlci'd  among  the 
Celts  and  other  houthfu  nations. 

Belt-laeinff.  beR'las-ing.  I^eathcr 
thongs  fur  laoing  together  ends  of  a  N'lt. 

Belt-ehifter,  'shift-cr.  A  contrtvouce 
for  shifting  a  belt  from  one  pulley  to  an- 
other. 

Belt-epeeder,  '8pcd-er.    A  cuntHvance 

for  transmitting  various  rates  of  motion. 
Beluflra,  K'-lu'fn^.    A   gun.    of  Cetacca, 

fiun.   Delphtnidie  or  dolphins.     The  B. 

arctica,    loucas  or  albicans,  ctUled  white 

whole. 

Belvedere,  bel've-dfr.  In  Italian  Arch, 
the  unper  stor}'  of  a  building,  open  to  the 
air.  In  France,  an  elevated  summer- 
house. 

Belvidere,  M-dfr.  \  plant,  Kochia 
scoiuuia  ^broom-cypress),  much  esteemed 
in  China  as  a  salad. 

BelvlsiacesB,  -vis'i-&"8c-s.  An  ord.  of 
plants  closely  allied  to  the  M^-rtocoae,  in- 
cluding only  Xyvo  genera,  Napoloona  and 
Astoranthus. 

Bern,  Joseph,  Oen.  A  gallant  Polish 
officer,  n.  171)5,  i>.  ISTh).  lie  fought  un- 
der Napoloon  I.  a^^ainst  linssia,  in  the 
Polish  revolution  in  LsHO,  in  the  Hun- 
garian revolt  agninttt  Austria  in  li<4.S,  de- 
feating the  Austrian.s  in  govurnl  lNittU*s, 
and  on  the  failure  of  the  revolution  es- 
caped to  Turkey,  Iiecainc  u  Mohammc- 
edan,  and  avus  uf:]>ointed  u  pasha. 

Bema,  br-'ma.  In  (rrcek  .intiq.  a  stage 
or  jHilplt  on  wliicli  siR'akerrt  sttKwl  when 
addressing  an  assembly.  In  the  early 
('hristian  churcli,  a  part  raised  abovr  the 
rest  reserved  for  the  liighcr  clergy. 

BembecldsB,  bem-besM-de.  A  fam.  of 
solitary  aculeate  or  sting-bearing  liymen- 
opteroQB  uiiQcU,  T«waii\kYla:(  hi%k^  ^ 


BEUBBIDOK  BEDS 


b«»,  mi  «IUi  II 


Btmbrldse  Beda,  tirll-bcdi. 
ISmusilii-ialoaoflUoupiKTMM 


LU  Met  cltl« ;  the  Ougea  iBd  Bnhml- 
I  pootnills^nclpkl  riven,  ThelnlubltAiiU 
lacLdds  HIndui.  Blkhi,  Ri4|>oi)U.  Mo- 
ffuUn  Mktimttu,  and  a  larva  DDmberof 
brittth.  B,  Buy  It  ■  imn  at  tbe  Indian  . 
Ooeui  twtwHD  ladla  proper  and  Fartlier 


BensoL    A  thin  etuffmadt  ot  a) 
^3air  fbr  women' B  mppBrtl.  / 

BeoraJ-liS'Iit,    nit 


hymn  uaed  In  the  An^Uoio  Gtanrflh  *t 
aUMtbaijinaotOtt'Dma  ChOdnnlB 


an,  «p«i^lllj  one  who  haa 
own  long  a  uohfllor.    Alio  appHed  to  a 

Beiudlck.  Ludwls.  0«Ea,.  Uo'n-dlk. 

ISM.^e  won  Jlsttnedon  In  the  win 
tilth  Italy,  1348  and  iSSa,    and  In  Orn 

aitnusly   defUUd    by  the  Pnuilaniat 
Biliowa.  July  8,  IBM. 
Benedict,  -dike    Ths  name  uauiaed  by 

who e.  Jo^'nl.^Ttll^ud eaded  with  B. 
XIV.,  whoe.  Clemanl  XII.,  ITMjandp. 
n08.  B.  VI.  WM  munynid  ;  B,  IT,  vai 
depo»ed  ftir  hli  vloea ;  B.  X.  waa  iiwrn- 
Urlr  elocted  aid  campelled  to  nalga  bit 
dignin  to  Nloholu  II.;  B.  XII.  wh 
Frenct,  and  the  third  pope  whe  relgnad 
at  AvlgiHin  :  B.  XIY..  Cardinal  Lanbcr- 

aged  eduHtlon  In  all  dlFscUDnt. 
Benadtot.  St.     Foondar  or  the  Bensdle- 
tlno  order  of  Monki.  B.  In  lulv  In  480,  a. 

Ufa,  hia  eloquence  and  hie  reputed  power 
orperfonnlD^  miracles.    ThoflraE  Bone- 


aeverinfSeo,304iQ.  m.;  pop.  ( 
{UmUm,    Dtlbl,  ign  md  B« 


oTthfl  Bflaunnm  orfed- 1 
Mle  and  B.  lndl«a,fl 
UKd  Ilka  oUveHtU. 
Bennatt,    Jamaa 


leu   knlnuUit,  founder  or   the  S.  T. 

Herald, ;  >.  In  Bootland,  ISOO.  d.  laiS.  HI) 
■en,  Jamaa  Qordan,  Jr.,  a.  his  tltber  and 
ttJll  condocla  tiu  paper,  in  many  roapeoti 
tho  greateotjoomallo  ^o  wtff-ld. 
Ben-nut,  'nuL  The  seed  of  the  ban  or 
borae-radiah  tree  of  India,  irhkh  Tielda 
an  oil  called  beo-oll,  remarkabln  foc  not 
beoominK  r«iold  for  many  jtm.  It 
lansedasthebariior  temta  and  l>  nn- 
ployad  by  watnhmakari  fbr  luhrloatinif 
dellcXe  worts, 

Elentluun,  Jintna-y,  Mnt'ham.  A  dla- 
UDgulshed  English  writer  on  nojIHoal 
ewnomyand  Jurlsprudenoe ;  s.  174S,  d. 
1882. 

Benthomla,  ben-thiml-a.  A  gen.  ot 
planra,  ord.  CnmacAB.  B.  fruzlftva 
yields  an  edible  fruit. 


Aooc,  propel 


il  imAitoia  uA  Inc  deaidii([ 


BEBTON 


lOB 


BEKTHIEK 


rlores,  removing  gitiin  ipoti,  Jbe. 
Called  also  benzina. 

Benton,  Thonuui  H.,  Wn'tui.  An 
eoiinont  American  stftteenuui,  b.  In  N. 
Carolina  in  1792,  n.  18S6,  after  holding 
a  seat  in  Congress  from  Mlwouri  for  80 
vearA.  He  was  a  consistent  Jackson 
Democrat  in  i»olltlc8.  His  "Tliirty 
Tears'  View  '*  embraces  a  history  of  tlM 
government  from  1820  to  1860,  and  is 
recognized  as  a  standard  authority. 

BeraxifireT,  Pierre  Jean  de,  bii-ron- 
zbah\  The  French  printer  who  became 
the  Ibremost  lyric  poet  of  his  conntiy ;  b. 
1780,  i>.  1867.  His  poems  contriSnted 
brgielT'  to  the  rerolntion  of  1880. 

Berbeor,  bern>er.  A  person  belonging  to 
a  group  of  tribes,  estimated  at  8,000,000, 
inhaUang  parts  of  Barbary  and  portions 
oftlieBahara. 

Berberla.ber'ber-is.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
BerbefMacett,  known  as  barberry  orber- 
bernr.  The  baries  are  acid  and  astringent, 
and  Ibnn  with  sugar  an  agreeable  preserve. 
The  atam  and  bark  are  ezoeesively  as- 
tringMit,  and  are  employed  as  a  mordant. 
The  root  jrielda  a  yellow  dye. 

Berean,  be-rt'an.  One  oTa  sect  ot  dis- 
■antera  from  the  Church  of  Bootland,  who 
profesa  to  fbDow  the  andent  Bereans  men- 
tioned in  the  Acta. 

Berensarian.  ber-en-gft'ri-an.  One  of 
a  sect  which  rollowed  Beraiger  in  the 
11th  century. 

Beireal2ia.  A  Bussian  river  which  emp- 
ties Into  the  DniepOT,  made  Ikmous  hy 
its  disastrous  passage  by  Nwoleon's  army 
on  its  winter  retreat  ftvm  Moscow. 

Beoramo,  ber'ga-md.  A  coarse  tapestry. 

Bervamot,  -mot  A  variety  of  pear. 
Hie  lime,  the  essential  oil  from  the  rind 
of  which  is  in  high  esteem  as  a  perftime. 

Ber^ander,  'gan-der.  The  Sheldrake  <nr 
Borrow-duck. 

Bergrniannite,  borg'man-rt.  A  mineral 
classed  with  analdme,  in  the  flun.  of  zeo- 
lites. 


'mSL  Mountain-meal  or  fos- 
sil farina,  a  geological  deposit,  consisting 
of  the  siUdous  frustules  or  cell-walls  of 
diatoms.  It  is  eaten  in  Lapland  mixed 
with  corn  and  bark. 

Berlin,  bairHIn.  The  andont  cap.  of 
Prussia^  and  now  of  the  German  Empire ; 
founded  in  the  12th  centurv,  on  the  river 
Bpree,  in  Bradenburg  ;  it  is  surrounded 
by  a  wall  7  m.  in  length.  Pop.  about 
1,800,000. 

Biriia-irauvt  ^Ua-wir,  A  kind  ofpatUry 


which  resists  the  action  of  almost  all 
chemical  reagents. 

Berm,  berm.  In  Fort  a  space  of  ground 
between  the  rampart  and  ftMse.  The  side 
of  a  canal  oppodte  the  towing-path. 

Bernmda  Talanrte.  A  group  of  the 
W.  Indies,  SOU  in  uumbiT,  iH'longing  to 
Great  Britain.  St.  George  Im  the  princijial, 
its  chief  dty,  Hamilton.  Wing  the  capital. 

Bemardine,  ber'nurd-in.  The  name 
given  in  France  to  the  Clitterdim  order  of 
monks. 

Bemadotte.  Jean  Bapticte  Jules.  A 

marshal  of  Kranre.  under  N'npoleon  I.,  b. 
17M ;  elected  king  of  SwinIch  and  Nor- 
way on  the  death  of  Charles  XIII., 
assumed  the  throne  under  the  title  of 
Charles  John  XIV.,  and  in  1813  com- 
manded the  united  amilen  of  Germany 
against  Napoleon.  I>.  1844,  after  a  wise 
and  prosperous  reign. 

Bernard,  St..  (Great),  bair'nar.  A  noted 
Alpine  Mountain  passbetwei'n  the  Valoia 
and  Piedmont  at  the  summit  of  which 
is  the  Hospice,  founded  by  Ht.  Bernard  in 
862,  for  the  care  and  succor  of  travelers, 
and  ever  since  maintained.  The  pass  baa 
been  utUiaed  for  the  passage  of  invading 
armies,  the  most  notable  instance  bdng 
that  of  Napoleon  with  80,000  men  in  May, 
1800. 

Bernard,  St.  Abbot  of  Ckirvauz;  b. 
at  Dijon,  1091,  n.  1168,  canonized  1174. 
The  most  eloouent  and  fearless  preacher 
of  the  age.  He  was  equally  renowned  for 
quick,  unerring  Judgment  and  his  advieo 
was  sought  by  popes  and  princes.  Hia 
vnitings  were  voluminous,  and  he  is  ac- 
corded the  distinguished  title  of  "  Last  of 
the  Fathers.**  Christians  of  all  denomi- 
nations pay  cheerftal  tribute  to  his  piety 
and  abilities. 

Berne,  bem.  A  canton  and  dty  (the  lat- 
ter the  cap.)  of  Switzerland ;  pop.  606,141. 

Bemhard,  b&m'htird.  Duke  of  Saxe 
Weimar;  b.  1600,  d.  1689.  lie  was 
among  the  bravest  and  most  succossftil 
generals  of  his  day. 

Beroe, 'd-S.  A  gen.  of  small  phosphoric 
marine  animals,  class  Ccelonterata,  ord, 
Ctenophora. 

Berry,  be'ri.  A  succulent  or  pulpy  fhilt, 
the  flesh  of  which  contains  several  seeds, 
as  the  gooseberry,  strawberry  and  cur- 
rant The  name  is  sometimes  extended 
to  superior  fruits,  like  the  grape. 

Berserker,  ber'sei^ker.  A  kind  of  wild 
warrior  or  champion  of  heathen  times  in 
Scandinavia. 

B«rthi«r,    A1oz8aAx%,   YiAbm    <A 


BKBTHOLLBTIA 


Fnnofl    attocJifd    hLmaclf 


■oqiiinDCd  Irt 


imltwd  suidUa  In  b  jnomoBt  of 

BerChailetia.  -Ihol-k-'n-ii.  A  ntn.  oC 
Mvmucffi,  orwUchonljono  »pMt«  (B. 
eiiMlMl  U  tnn.*n,     Tbc  ftiitt  Is  the  Bra- 

Bartrand.  Henri  Oratlen,  Comte. 

and  hlB  CDmrmnion  on  KlbAADd  SC  HpJeju; 
Beryl-  iKr'll.    A  titMt  "f  emenld,  sl- 

ItA  erysials  jire  Bbr-oldad  uul  lorp-r  tlua 

U-uupureDt  TorlfilLetara  uajl^  mqua-iuu- 
BerBaliiia.  Johan    Jakob.  B&ron. 

palK  u  mifdun  raeUiodi;  b,  1716.  d. 
BsaauBur'a  ProcMii.  bMVmin  pnt'- 

Beta,  bu'u,  A  gen.  oF  ipetilniu  planla, 
onl.  CbsDopodlHrw;  UiobwU. 

Betal,  be'tl.  A  speslai  of  pepper,  ChiTla 
Betel.  onL  Plporioiw.  TSo  lam  art 
employedU  Inoloie i plma or  (he  bctfl- 
□Dt  lad  n  Hnls  lime  Into  >  pdHet,  whlcb  la 
enonitiEl/  chewed  In  tUo  Emt- 

BetelKenJn,  'lel-JOi.  A  star  or  the 
ant  tuignltudi.'  In  the  eonsCollaClan  Ortoo. 

Batel-nut.  nut.    The  kernel  nrthe  IHilt 

Bethany,  Wtb'jib-no.    Tbo  Jud™.  \-U- 

XDD  the  EasuirD  slope  oi  Ut  Olivet, 
ro  lived  Ijiairiia  nncl  his  Btatert,  Mary 
and  Martha,  the  eii>e«lal  friend"  of  Chriat, 
often  vimted  by  him,  nnit  the  8i;i.iio  nf  Ihc 
n^aolslD  whlohJ^uirua,  after  bcloedend 
thiwOaya.wu restored  10 lifi.  Iiunuw 
■  nllec^on  of  huti.  called  Ailrlyeb,  a 
uUDa  darlved  team  Laurus, 
StBtblabem,  Iwth'Ie-hem.     A  tons  or 
TlOuv  la  JuilHt,  abuut  H  niflos  Mtutheast 
ofJeran^ani,  noted  an  being-  the  plane 
ofOaltfi  aaUrl^.     A  Ikmoiu  hOBplM 


BeChlehemite, 


BettonK,  '<ong, 
Ben^yplprymi 


f  JiJ  order  fUanded 


dlcotyledonotis  plants,  of  wb 
BetnlBle  tbetyplcaliten.,  and  coni^nl 
beeldee  thla  onV  the  gen,  Ainus. 

Betnlln.  'U-lln.  A  lubetance  dlscavei 
Intho  bark  of  the  while  birch,  cryei 
ilifd,  ftislble,  vobflle  and  InHammnblo. 

Beadautlte,  bfl'dan-tlL,  A  inlneral 
lurrlng  In  small  oloicly  Jggr^aliil  or 


m  paid. 

Beae,  Tlieodore  de,  bal'il.    The  cml- 
neot  French  l-mteeUnt,  >.  of  Cnlvin ;  h. 

BeOettB,,  h4-l«'U,    (^iitbo  Unen  ragi  or 
asckllis  Mek^  to  ^\EiiiMn* -,  fti*  H^BtmM 


luelL    Bed  beictu  is  tokirfd  wiUi  (DehJ- 
□rini^,  anJuHd'lo  wkir  tbs  riod  DtDulcli 


]D  April  unci  Miy,  and  nspod  ta  Au^uat 
hdA  September. 

BhaDB'.  hsnu.      An    Indiiu  inrlstr  of 
hemp,  tharv^n  obtained  IWHn  which  it 

prepvfld  from  tho  r«lD — »  hffrhJy  ironiiliir 
■tlmnUDt.  «Uiid  llubUi,  Alu  Empbyed 

Bl&noo    oeocx),    bfi-Enr^t    »k1to.    A 


Bib.  Irib.    tjorrhiu  lux 


Bible,  -bl'M.    Tha  book,  bj 


, JSorinWj 

.    parts.     The  OM 


EiMcltth  nraton  cf  th*  Bible  tu  eom- 
menerd  iD  the  relni  ot  Junes  I.  [n  the 

CI<M.  Hid  pobUBhWI  lDl«11.  belig 
d  on  WTCrtl  preTlonslT  erlHJiie  tnins- 
HHoiis.  TtieNewTentonouDiQiBghed 
In  1S81. 

BlbUogTaphar,  blb-Utw'n-rer.  One 
yeraod  In  bibliography,  wno  cotnposes  er 

BibUolStry.-ol'i-trl.  Wonhlp  or  hom- 
age paid  t4  boolu  i  HpetJOcAllj  applied  b; 
S.  C  dldnea  to  the  eulUtlon  or  the  ea- 
tborl^  e(  Bcrlplora  ow  thai  ol  the  Pope 
er.the  ehnzofa. 

BlbM,  Ulna.      A  nm.  or  anb-CAn.  of 

'  ffl^htffflt  mMnTiialr,  fcm.  BoTldn,  IbClDd- 

tattbatr^eeatargiuii,  aad  bulaiiff. 


pcUed   by    the  Bhnrehi. 

fMterUi.r!d« 

wheel,  which  may  be  tnni.>.l  at  plaiaii™. 
Biddlna-pnyei,  Md'lnir-nril-er.  Inth 
B.  C.  Ch.  Uie  nnver  (or  the  i>«iil>  of  bent 
Ihttura  aild  beforo  thu  "eminn.  In  th 
AflKHcan  t3h.  a  Ibrra  of  oihortatlon.  «hi 
chidlDF  with  Ihe  Loid'a  Prayer,  uud  b< 


y  Ihreadt  In  the  warp 


tvo  spcdee  of  dUTerent  genaa ;  a  mule. 

Bigvln,  blg'ln.  A  imaU  wooden  veuel ; 
aean.  A  contiivjmce  tot  boldlnif  eoffee 
grounds ;  a  bag  or  vueel  perfinsted  at  the 
bottom,  tbrongb  which  water  it  poured. 

Biggttaot,  'gon-et.    A  hood  with  eaia. 


fanning  a  hay ;  aa.  the  Ulgnioi  Benin, 
doable  part  ofa  pope  when  foMed.  in 
Ineliiu  ftom  the  end;  a  ]dod.  Th* 
I  of  a  bana's  ^aaktel   at  tin- 


3IONONIA 


IM 


BINARY 


Blgnonia,  bi^-nd'ni-a.  A  ^en.  of  plants, 
ord.  BlgnoniAceflB,  seyeral  species  of 
which  arc  used  in  medicines  and  the 
«rt8. 

Bijou,  be'zhd.  A  jewel ;  something 
small  and  veiy  pretty. 

Bijouterie,  -trd.    Jewohy ;  trinkets. 

Bikh,  bik.    A  virulent  poison   derived 

flrom  the  root  of  a  variefy  of  Aconitum 

Napellus,    The  plant  itself. 

Bilberry,   birbe-ri.     A   shrub   and  its 
fruit,  Vacclnium  Myrtillus. 
Biil^oes,  'bdz.    Long  bars  of  iron  with 


%     V5  VS 


Bilboes. 

sliding  shackles  and  a  lock  at  the  end, 
used  to  confine  the  feet  of  prisoners  oi 
offenders. 

Bildstein,  bild'stln.  Agalmatolite  fig- 
ure-stone, or  pagodite,  cut  into  grotesque 
ornaments  by  the  Chinese. 

Bile,  bn.  A  vellow  bitter  liouor,  separat- 
ed from  the  blood  by  the  pranary  cells  of 
the  livor.  The  use  of  bile  la  to  separate 
the  chyle  teom  the  chyme. 

Bilimbi,  U-Iim'bl.  Malayan  name  of 
the  fruit  Averrhoa  Klimbi,  much  es- 
teemed when  made  into  syrup,  candied 
or  pickled. 

Biliphadin,    bil-i-f8'in.     The    pigment 
'    contained  in  bile  and  the  intestines,  and 
the  BubsUmce  coloring  the  fieces  and  the 
skin  in  jaundice. 

BHiverdiue,  -i-ver'din.  An  ingredient 
in  the  bUe  of  the  ox,  fishes,  amphibia 
and  birds,  prized  by  painters. 

Bill,  bil.  The  beak  of  a  fowl.  An  in- 
strument with  a  concave  cutting  edge, 
used  by  plumbers,  gardeners,  &c.  An 
ancient  weapon,  hook-shaped,  having  a 
pike  at  the  back  and  another  at  the  sum- 
mit, attached  to  a  long  handle. 
Bill,  bil.  A  declaration  in  writing  ex- 
uresslng  some  wrong  or  fault  committed 
by  some  person  against  the  law.  In  Com. 
acknowledgment  of  debt  in  writing.  A 
form  or  drut  of  a  law  presented  to  a  legis- 
lature. A  paper  giving  public  notice  of 
something;  a  placard.  An  account  of 
goods  sold,  services  rendered,  or  work 
done.*  Any  written  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  particulars.  B.  of  credit, 
authority  given  in  writing  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  to  receive  money  from  a 
third  party.  In  the  U.  S.,  a  paper  issued 
on  the  credit  of  the  state,  designed  to  otr- 
^^toM  monmy..  B.  of  exohtatgey  an  or- 
aerformoner  ^r»wn  on  a  person  in  a  dit- 


U 


tant  place.  B.  of  health,  a  eertificato  as 
to  the  health  of  a  ship's  company.  B.  of 
lading,  a  memorandum  of  goods  shipped 
on  board  a  vcssi'l.  B.  of  safe,  a  formal  in- 
strument for  the  tnuQsfer  of  personal  chat- 
tels. 

Billet,  'let  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing;  a  short  letter.  A  ticket  directing 
soldiers  at  what  house  to  lodge.  A  small 
stick  of  wood.  In  Her.  a  bearing  of 
an  oblong  form.  In  Arch,  an  ornament 
consisting  of  an  imitation  of  wooden  bil- 
lets placed  in  a  hollow  molding. 

Billet-doux,  -le-d5.  A  love-note  or 
short  love-letter.    • 

Bill-hook,  'hok.  A  small 
hatchet  curved  inwards  at  the 
point  for  pruning. 

Billiard-ball,    Verd-bal.    A 

ball  used  in  billiaras. 
Billiard-oloth, -kloth.  Green 

woolen  cloth,  manufactured  to 

cover  billiard-tables. 

Billiard-cue,  -ku.    The  stick      _ 
with    which    billiard-balls    are  Bill-book, 
struck'when  playing. 

BilliardB,  'yerdz.  A  game  played  on  a 
rectangular  table  with  balls,  wnteh  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues  or  maces, 
caused  to  strike  against  each  other,  and 
also  to  roll  into  pockets. 

Billiard-table,  -tft-bl.  A  table  on 
which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played. 

Billion,  li-on.  A  million  of  millions ;  ac- 
cording to  French  computation  a  thou 
sand  millions. 

Bixnensal,  bl-men'sal. 
in  two  months. 

Bimestrial,  -mes'tri-al.  Continuing  two 
months. 

Bimetallic,  -me-tal'ik.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  two  metals ;  a  double  metallic 
standard  in  currency. 

Bin,  bin.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as 
a  repository.  One  of  the  sub-divisions  oi 
a  collar. 

Binomial,  -n5'mi-al.  An  expression  or 
quantity  consisting  of  two  terms  connect- 
ed by  the  signs  plus  or  minus ;  as  a  -|-  b, 
8a— 2c. 

Binary,  bl'na-ri.  Twofold;  dual.  B. 
arithmetic,  the  invention  of  Leibnitz,  in 
which  two  figures  only,  0  and  1,  ore  used 
in  lieu  of  ten.  B.  engine,  having  the 
piston  of  one  c)rlinder  impelled  by  steam, 
which  communicates  its  unutilized  heat  to 
some  Uquid,  the  vapor  of  which,  by  its 
expansion,  yields  additional  force.  B. 
logaiithma,  &  sy«tom  fofc  taicAU&tLnc  mini' 


Occurring  once 


van^KTZ 


BI0I097, -ol'o-^  Thebruiih  ofkiun 
edpe  tf  hlch  treaLa  df  Drjonizal  bi^la^ 
Knlinals  and  plantB.  Iflduillllg  th^  mi 
I'liulogy,   phyalolaay,  origlii     -  ■•  —  •- 

Blgptaaill.'n'plnzm.  Theulbi 
tbfi  fj?m«ntjirvpjirt  DrccTHn  planta  m 
It  flllTari  from  proloiilBam  chl«fly  in  bell 

Blotite.   -tit. 


Biped,  'pad.    An  unlnulhiTliigtirarDcl, 

Biponnia,  -pga'Dls.      An  u  witb  two 
blidea,  oneon  etch  »(do  of  tho  haiirilo. 

Biquadrate,    bi-kTCod'rtt.      In    Milh. 
ttin  fonrdi  T>E>w^,  Arisliiff  from  the  niultf- 

qpvtrate  of  tbat  nombra, 
Blroh.  bwch.     The  caminon  nimie  tor 
BacuU  (lb*  snrl  other  plonla  of  the  mdie 
cen.    In  Lijibnd,  Norwsr  nail  3w«d«n 

A  egFeiing  for  bouaes,  and  tbo  Inner  Zuirk 


BlrdofR^adlw,' 

nwk»bl/ bmutifiil.  Thafcilb™ 

lilnmM.    They  aro  ctmaDed  to  0,o  mjo, 
Biretta,  V     ■■■ 


Blrd'B-sye,  herdiT.  The  ponnlnr  Min*  ' 
of  J.  eon.  of  nljuils,  lallci  also  PhaMMit's. 
fvo.inownVtbe  gtnertoterm  Adond. 
Ons  of  ■  kind  of  wtifioliE  bIus  «;«. 
Bltd't-syo  Tlew,  >  mwls  of  perspeeil™ 
TepreAanutlon.  BIrd's-eya  llmeAtnni^  ■  . 
lOKflr  fittoriut  nek  ivVi^  f^«^S^h  nvm^ 


BiKD-fr-FOtrr 


ton,  reeardod  mt  Ih 


Blld's-DMt.  'DMt.  The  bW  In  nhhdi 
»  bird  lBy4  djf^  And  hatches  bn'  roiuig. 

bla  birds' DHlAorthaMalAyvi  AnldpoU- 
ffo.  A  Duna  popoUrlr  ^VflD  t4>  fieversJ 
pluiW,  u  NhiuU  nidin-«TlB,  Moiatnui 
llypopltyB,  iDdAtplenliimNldiu. 

iBTffQ  Irirdy 

ud  Spdn, 
BiKtnlt.  blilLet.    A  hird  dry  bn»d,  sfl 

ft  FunaUcAkfl  vsriouiuy  uiade.    Id  Potbryr 

fliudng.  In  Saulp-  n  apodos  of  dd^ Inzed 
pDroelAlD  of  wbfOD  flA^rei  ftra  (bmi^  is 
Imluaon  ormubla. 


I,  -Hki'llL  Lav  jrtt :  tirrj 
Ml  ror,  iQwUehadftyuidtladta  tbe 
ith  of  rabciiBT  oo  unoont  of  iLo  M- 
of  (  bam  irUdL  Ika  glvll  ynrniD- 
HS  dir*.    Tbii 


div.  flatejvptan,  Jhm.  CotLsIb. 
BIA,  bilk.  Bonp  Duda  bT  boUtag  seiTsl 
.-sieU*  tontlHr.     Odda  at    tennli-pls}' ; 

mHfSoatlr,  B  atralu  lUlowvd  tfaa  wEnlier 

Otto,  Frlsoe  von.    Chanoollnr  of  the 

nf'tiiB  Emwror'wiLbdBi  1°  <lii«  IMS; 
B.  IBIS,    fa  hit  ulfDU  and  enargf  In 

BUmillah.  Ws-mUli,    Ad  a^drtUon  or 

JfUmmatb.   bbtaaOi.     A   metal  hardar 


oaadrujrfHla.  i 


aurooba,  Bleoa 
iattorlH  npDally  hutlmproporly  called  tha 

SiBque,  bl^.     A    vsrloty  of  nn^Uud 
wUltd  porwlaln.  mnch  rm|dD;«l  fur  BUt- 

BlBOl^kte,  M-aol'fiit      A   lult  of  EOl- 

thurlD  add,  one-halfflf  Iha  hydro^n  ba- 
Lg  replaced  by  a  meuL 
Bisulphite,  -ax.    A  »1t  of  imlpUnraiu 
ftclil.  oDB-half  of  the  hydrogan  \te\at  ra- 

Blaulphnrat,  'fn-rft.    A  mmpound  of 

Bit,  bll.     A  mull  picn  of  aBythlni,     OF- 

iDcllao  oolD.  and'appll«l  Ib  iho  Soulhsm 
ewtoi  of  N,  Amerfon  hi  tho  Spailih  ahill- 
iDK.  orailT  siun  TelirflHI&dllJF  0Dfr4lghtll 
of  a  dollar.  1110  IDOtal  part  Df  a  brUla 
whlr.hlt  liiHTtfdInlboiDonlhnlahona, 
The  Mine  common  to  borlne  loola  applied 
bymum  of  tbanarpcnUr'atiraH.  Tin 
drlli-bo»,  nilchel,  litaca,  Ulba  or  drtlHng- 
miHihise,  ue  termod  diiilt  or  drm-biu. 
Bltcb,  tdch.    Tho  fomale  of  oaniae  ani- 

Bittar^Jnumd,  blt'tnr-i-mos 
blLter  Tartety  of  AmygdaltiBconu 
Bltter-eartb,    -rrth.    Talc  eartli; 


jta)  called  btltertne- 


Black,  bilk.  Tbo  rti 


«>lor ;  tba  opposite  of 


fl,  dcriTodlhjm  Lba  m 


Black-blid. 'brrd.  T)io  EngUth  Duna  of 
■  HpeideB  of  throflh  <(>■■ 
Turd  01  Memli)  nimii.„- 
tliroughoiit  Enrapfl,    Id 
AmeHn  tUs  nirai  I-  -■- 


tba  Orlolui  pbcpolgeui, 
nd-wtnged  blackbird. 


Bladt-book,  Hjuk. 
ohe^iiurfD  EiuCtnd,  c 

Onvtta  of  Tllboiy.    J. ^ , 

ord«aftbsYlil(DnDriDDiiuIalM  nndir 
HearyVni.    A  b«.k  kept  it  hhiio  Dnt- 

Aa  incleDt  book  of  ndmlrally  compUed  la 
tkatDlsnafEdnirdllL  A  book  treU- 
Inj;  of  Uio  black-art. 

Blaly  lixlure ;  ■  vaHflto  of  aiElUtoHU 
slaio.    A  prepantion  ca  ivtwf  blbA  and 


Uutog  (TiuUJga   amw^ 


Bootlind  by  the  wife  ofMakolm  Cumura, 
oonalMlngofiplMooflhelrue  miM,  ««( 

In  >ii  i-hnnj.  flguro of  Iho SBYtODr.      Uinc 

EnKluid  by  Edward  I.,  uiil  iD 


tile,  ftm.  Colnbriae.  the  Ootnber  CDS' 
■tddoi'.  It  bu  no  poisoned  laiira.  Tht 
blKk-aimlieof  Jamuica  Is  Ifae  NUrli  stn. 
WlUltUB,  biU'stun. 
The  emlneDtlenl  BntbDrilv.  b.  bi  LindoD, 
1728;  n.  ITSO,  He  was  JudKeof  theCouH 
of  CoiuiDOD  PI«ik  And  lus  "Comineii' 
'be  Lawa  of  Enebud"  la  ■ 
ook  imd  authomy . 
Black-tea,  tr.  A  genarlo  name  lot 
Bubea,  CubgDu,  Pekoe,  *nd  Bouchong. 
Black-vamlsh    Tree.     'iSr-nlsb  It& 


prououamiDt  plUBge :  [evled  la  tbs  du-      Is  Known  as  the  ngnum-vltje. 
^i.'^wE.k""  i."»'''*El;^"  '^*    aiaok.voiilit,'™ni-lt.AdhBhsrBe(roin 

mlddlSofthelSthoentlllT.      EltOrU™  In        tlini.lmniu.h  nf  anhatinne.  nf  .    kE,t  .11. 

«Tm<.d.bf-.^..fb.iln,idaltcn,  ^iL?^„  to  yXT^™'^."^'"'' 

fUe*  M  fob  m  tnd«  iinton;   ■  tool-      ^^  „,^  i,  ,  jrylnf  ingredlsit  In 
Bladk-walniit,  'wal-nat.    Tbe  Jngluii 
fa!  nuUiiul  Tor  cablDCt-work. 
_  pblMk'uMd'tnai^^ili^'    Bladder,  blad'er.    A  thin  membrMom 
i,(hctiirtj«fprinleim'lnt  i™.  tn  .nt™.!.    ^M^i.  ..^^..11..,^ 

Blaok-plae,  'phi,    Pinu  uiialuk,  dob- 
UlDlDK  more  ruin  thu  uij  other  £a-    . 
p^pwn  tree-  -^ 

'  ~'        '    '     '     '    ~     '     '  "       ■'"'      otn  at  m  loaf.    A  thing  resombane  Iha 
InetiameDt.  Thebniad 


Bl»c]c-iilsineiit,  blak'plg-: 

baiE  In  antmaL,  , — »..  ^^,.^^—,  . 
le  aecnCed  Hiild ;  th< 


VLumatrm 

the  lirge  pbta  of  tbe  ciinp«a  of  Ui 

Blad»«IIlittl,  'Emith.  A  iword  ontla 
BlunchtmotOT.  blon-iihliD'eC-iir.  A. 
luetnuiiflit  Utt  meuiiilD^  th4  blnwhlit 
pawer  at  ojryjburlate  or  Lima  uid  ^KiUitli. 
Blano-nuuise,    bli-muih.       fnpus- 

M —  J  .1. d.. o(  tolly,  ennifnud 

t,  Boor,  in.,  wl;ii 


■IghC'  OblHOT   COD-   { 

■iBtttiK  of  ■  twnw  Bt 
ofoooluiilimBcifon,  furni 

dur    uid  Ume,  tbs 
hmMBngMiiaiii.    Themoltoj 
drawn  olf  Bt  stated  periods,  th 
beJDK ktut ailod.    Tbearslakti 

Blaae.  blOz.  FlBms ;  tlie  Btr«ii 
md  best  from  >ay  beidy  Kheo 
Bi^Ulant  lunHKht;  filTulgT'iioG. 
tpoi  on  ibe  forehA&d  of  a  borat 


1  BLOCK 

renioving-  the  birliwllli  a  talthcl. 
Blaalng-rtar.  'Ine-Btiir.    A.  Fnmet.    & 

BliiBirtnrr.  'u-rL    Tli«  4rt  of  Llncrlbbiff 


freeing  Mitlle  lllKTb 


idfiibilcB; 


Bleachlng-powdeT.  bJicb'iag-poa-dH'. 
Clilucidu    oT    Uinu  muLs  bv   cxpoala^ 

Bleek-boc,  blAktiak.  Thu  t(<»iu>|>bnnu 
Curthl^  tbd  Irido-buck  of  SoutL  AfrlfO^ 
aneoCttia  ADiitupldv. 

Blend,  l:knd.     A   mlitnrel  tpecinuUjr, 

Blende,  bliuid.  An  orn  of  due:  oiled 
il»  Uook-leiid,  y»l»Giilun>iuidBl*Dk- 
Jack.  Al&oE^mplnyedln  uompouiid  tvnnit 
■   u  tnADguia^n>lendB,  z]nc-bli?nd4    "*"  " 

Blenheim,  bkn'em.    A  breud  o: 

tonisblro,  KngUnd,  elnoo  the  baglnnlng 

Btewfta,  blu'its.    Agaricua  iietsunUni. 

BUnd-beetle.  blind'M-tl.  The  cock' 
chafer,  Eo  cilled  from  fljiiig  aa  If  blind ;  i 

BUnd-fisli,  'Bsb.  Tbs  AmblyonBli 
apiilD'UB,  £uD.  HelaropTgldHi,  lobnbltlni 
the  Mummoth  Ciis  orSanCucky. 

Bliudman'a-bnS,  'muu-buf.  A  iilay 
In  vhlch  one  perHm  tB  bUnd-fuVled  aoa 

Blind-ahell.  'ehsL    A  bmnb-ebell  whloh 

Bllnd-tooUnK.  'tfll-liifi.  In  bonk-bind- 
iog.  ihBlmpTBaaloBiiiifheBicd  tools  upon 

Bllster-ated,  biis'icT-Bi^iL  fital  bars 
coTBTodsritb  blliters.frumUiecTpsmtoii 
Df  bubbles  of  >lr,  OBOU  Ibr  veldiug  lo  Iruo 


whkb  erlmlnala  lay  Uwir  iiecks- 

f  maUoD.     Blocks  are  sloelc, 
ble  or  foiir-foM.    A  eanneewd 


BU>OKADK  1 

irhlcli  BoiD4tl]liif;  li  Ahupfld.    A  pleaa  of 

BlockBile  -M'.    The  thntttaK   np  nf  ■ 

Blocluda-nuxner,  'rug-er.  A  Ti^ual 
fngiieed  tn  running  a  Uocksdo.  A  i«r- 
vja  CDKAfEHd  ill  biookEido-ruTuiliif . 

Blook'honse,  blok'boui.  An  odlfioe 
buppUflil  wllhk>oi»-haWflfuriiinakMr7aii<l 


Block-System,  'i 


U  A  perpvndlcuL 


whirh  the  UUD  li  divided  Into  an 
wltU  n  ilgnil  null  toloeraphli;  conni 

dUdwed  to  onter  npoD  ujj  odd  euctloD  Lul 
tClsill^alBdclsur. 

Blomaxy,  bl'im'B-ri.  The  flrat  fc«^ 
throufb  wblcb  Iraq  dumb  after  H  *" 
m«lu3lW>inthear«. 

Blonde,  blond.    A  penKm  of  Ur  m 
pluxtou.  «-IUi  %ht  bdr  uul  bine  eju. 

Blond-lace,  lit.  Lues  uads  arl^naUy 
or  unbleacbcd  silk,  now  of  oUte.  bluk  or 
oolured  allk.    AUo  a  kind  nt  threul  li 

Blond-matal,  'inet-aL      A  Tsriaty 
day  Iroiutafla  of  tko  AoaJ-mt&Buroq. 

Blood,  bind.    Tbe  fluid  vhkh  nlnialiiWe 
tbraupb  tiio  iirtoH^  and  velnA  or  Ibe ' 
man  Wr  aod  ulmalo,  ceseuiul  to 
predervntlDn  of  lEGiBJid   nntrlUun    of 
Bsanca.     The  Bpcdflo  gravit]'  of  huj 


Tpu0c]»B  or    globus,    rci 


]    aji  Ihe  IVDiph  oi  clijle  corpusclas,    Tbo 

\    oulDTortberedcnrpiisi^es  Is  doa  to  ^o- 

bulln  ud  homaUji.    Tlia  word  Mood  Is 

used  to  d«lgiiato  rcdiUauiblp  by  desceot 

Tim  blooSI'^B  tojS  femWy"^^ea«e! 
AIki  applied  to  lionea  and  otiier  bhIdiiiIb 
of  known  and  dlctlngulihed  strains. 

ai^ed  by  tbe  prlmlHTo  ClirlBiIanB  to  tbo 
marCjrrdom  of  tboafl  who  liad  not  h^&L 
bapt&ied,  regarded  H  a  ftiO  labigtltDta  for 
llturnl  biptJUD, 
■Stoodt&ait   'iiJL    A    dsgnia   or  lisit 


jloo^SnS 

niglUris  bIhvu. 
Blood-rain,  'rin.    Bed  ebuivi-rij  Ibmia^ 
ly  ftuppofitd  lo  comn  ftom  llii*  uloihla,  bat 

nlgfl.  Protjitjiociia   nivulja  or  red  nnow. 
Also  a  ffinucntBtlan  fun^n  (»>De]iitlnir  ol 
minute  Dial  cells,  roluivlk  prodinlou. 
Blood-apBiVlii.  'H|i>r-i^,.     A  dllatnUon 

Bloodatone,  'at*n.  A  atone,  hnoirinod 
to  boa  prevoDtlToorbleedingat  the  jiobb^ 
Ked  hematllo.  A  spedea  of  lieUotroH 
dotted  with  spots  of  Isspw. 

Blood-veaaeL  '>«s-bdL    Any  vesael  In 

BloonijblDin.  A  blossom  ;  sa  mpsnded 
bud.     The  tat  or  Etoto  of  bloaBomlug. 


lUis,  wlioB  newly  slnlcl:.    The 
t^Q  Bur&ce  of  leBtber. 
A  Ininp  of  pnddled  iron,  which 
^flirnacolD  arou^betate. 

and  prlndfJes  adoplod  by  Mrs. 


BloHdnK-paper.  blot'lug-pil-par.      Pa. 
per  without  Blu,  aerving  lo  Imblbo  Bupa> 

Bloiue,  bloui.    A  loosa  upper  eannont 


BLUITDBRBUBS 


mm  b7  nuo.   A.  (taidkr  int  wucb  br  I  Blna-book.  t^, 
Blowcn,  UfiB.   A  ibnrr,  ]IuBitii(  (s- 


pucn.  printad  0/  order  or  PirtUmaiL 
a-luiied  by  daputmsnta  of  tlia  Britleh 
r)T<nm«Dt.    In  th«  D.  8.,  >  bcnk  eoB- 


plDTsd  in  a  _.-    ^  _ 

tin.      AbhW  nkto 

•be  enmirt  cf  v  In  ■  <Umii»  b;  baing  ,    r«d-it 
plaoed  In  ft«at  af»fc«.    IB  muting,  ■  >et      tnl.  1 

£jBiuv  In  a  oonMnlnfl-  A 
pndiidug  *  bbBt  A  nam 
Dvm  Iti  luHitlnf  up  iv«tn, 
Blow-luMa, 'UL  Th«  noa 
cam.    AboU  In  UwIkU' 


Blue-bTMist,  1 


iploy^of 
Tu^idlde. 


Blov-ptpo,  'pip. 
tbron^h  Al 


ku«Dl(tt).  m  dentlFOA- 

BlTI»mat,  'ksL    A  Blbailui  at,  nhigd 

Blna  OoppnM>n,  'kop-er-Sr,     Finely 

itanr   phn«e 


B1im.<Ut11s,  'd«T 
Ibr  hfpocbondrU,  or 
Also  ftppbed  to  ileliH 

Bloe-axiwn. 


lootlasd.  1 


prodDcad  itviag  inch  u  to  c< 
dtanoDd  nod  to  dlsslpfttd  u 


'Ub.     A  bolkiwlron  rod, 
hB  glua-blowa'  Eitlun  ap 
u  ujvmI  from  tbe  pot. 
BT,  blab'BT.    A  bnblile.    Tba  (M 
A  KSlulnDiu  inbaUdoe;  henee 


IiitfbootaTliJ«liBbaB. 


Bltic)i«r,I«bTaobtTon,bkio'Ui.  A 

duhlDE  Pnuuun  fsBml,  vhoiia  itritHn- 
tn  dw^rlni  Hn&il  Qmuohj  ud  fOroed 
Tuna  ««CiitNf— — '-■-—-■  — — 
9ad«cid«l  ttial 


wblnitban 
the  ofAor  oTuiftflloarikjor  dupHA. 
dye  or  pigment  ot  tUa  bus.  Tbs  aki 
the  BtmoBphBre,  from  Its  blue  ttn^. 
term  eppHed  tee  pedeDtio,UleTerv  feme) 
The  nMue  of  tlM  Brltlib  Borel  Hot. 
Ouards,  or  Oilbid  Uoea,  ndsed  li  IMl, 
Bhi»>Mjd,  'tmi.  A  anudl  dot 
lueeeorlel  Urd,  the  Erytluoa, 


Wire.gTMa,  ■  jwr- 


Blne-Jeokat,  '>k.et    . 
Blue-Uslit,  lit.    A «.[ 
'ilgbt-BlguL 


mb-phoaplule  of  krou. 


Blus-patar,  'pe-ter. 
neyil  slgneL  """.  •"^ 

Slns-iibboa.  'rib^in.  Tbe  ribbM 
broldered  witb  gold  worn  br  inetDbi 
tbe  Older  or  tbe  Gerter,  A  memb 
TUe  badge  of  e  bod;  or 
,  _jlled  tbe  Blue  Kl"-—  - 
by  Fmnili  Mur^y 

the  Deck  ef  e  ^oieli 


iKi 


'BtAn,  Solpbete  or  copper. 
lYK  covering  goJd'beerlng 
0  later  terdiry  pcrtode  In 


BlgndBrtP— I   bhm'der-bne. 


BOe-TSOTTXB 


Tba- 


BoatMlU,   Abu   Ab 
-   "lH     KoHam 

,    M'ib-dil.      (K. , 

)    Tbe  lut  Moor-  Boi  C 


Boaiieix«a,  bft^-aer'lez,  SonaofTti 
der,  a  nsma  given  by  JesoB  Chrljt  to 
twodlsotplwJmnfunilJohn.  Son--"- 

'  Applied  ta  a  loud,  powerful  preaoht 

tnuj.'-  Wild  boar  (Sub  seroh).  as 
Uite  or  hoofed  maoimaL,  fom.  Bull 
orll^lDAl  of  the  hog  klDd.    In  Hi 


Bo&TdinB-IlUu.  bbid'lng-plk.  A  weap- 
OD  need  by  ullori  in  boardlui;  an  enemy^e 

BooTd-Tnlo.  bfrd'rSL  A  twle  tar  Ind- 
IDK  tlie  DDmberof  Bqnmfeetln  >  board 
wflhoDt  eAleulatloTL 

Boat.  bJt.  A  amall  opm  vater  cisft, 
usually  moTsd  by  oan.  The  boat!  W 
longlngto  a  «blp-of-ww  nnmber  eight; 


I.  virytng  viQi  Its  tOEUiage.     Any 
.  Boat-bill, 


Boatswain,  'a-riD  or  bii'ui.    An  c 

of  a  flhip  who  haa  ebvge  of  the  equip- 
uient    BtioIBoeti  ulso  to  inmnutn  tde 


■Boaf-tailM,  'Uli,    A  aDb-lkm.  of  Anterl- 


Bobollnk.    '6 

DTTri.oruLB  e< 
ftun,  loleriSB ;  t 
Bob-wMte.  'vhlt    : 

BcKuacclo,  OiovKimt,  1 
The  celebrated  ItaUaD  Dovelos  ■» 
the  "BecamerDn  f  ^  ■'  In  Paria,  1 
181S.  HeoaBlbeMeDdof  retnrGti,iuid 
vaathednttobrlDe  nj^ei  of  tbe  liUd 
and  Odyssey  from  GTrMoe  toHaplea. 


Bodice.     bod'Is.    A    mliCoaM    quUtsd 

Bodkin,  'km.     Ad  tDsCnuauiC  with  a 
aharp  point  for  mfthitiff  holes  by  plordiif^ 

iDg  thread,  tape  or  ribbon  throogb  a  loop, 
Acq.    a  pr^nter^s  tool  for  picking   \vtt&t 

Bodle.  bo'dl.     A  copper  colii  fbimerly 


IS-ao.  Of  or  port^nlng  to 
Sir  Tbamaa  Bodler.  vho  restored  th* 
pubBo  library  of  OrfOrd  UniTtosllj  tB 


bS'dl-poli-tlk.    Ths  ool- 
One  who 


(Or  the  purpbseof  dii 


regeublo  matter ;  a 
BoK  tom-ore,  l-er 


rs  the  bodies  ot  tt 


of  peat  tbr    1 


BoK-trotter. 

temptnous'  appdMoB  gli 


BOGUS 


110 


BOMBTX 


_  bd'gns.  Countofeit;  original^ 
applied  to  ooonterreitbiils,  notes,  &o.,  but 
now  to  any  spurious  object. 

Bohea,  -hd'.  An  inferior  Und  of  black 
tea.  SometlmeA  applied  to  black  teaa  in 
preneraL 

Bohemia,  bd-he'ml-ah.  A  division  of 
Aastrio,  formerly  an  independent  l^nf[- 
dom ;  area  20,000  sq.  m.:  pop.  5,947,000. 
C-ap.  Prague.  One  of  the  ntles  of  the 
Emperor  of  Anstrla  is  King  of  Bohemia. 

Bohexuiaii,  b&-h€'mi-an.  A  natlye  of 
Bohemia.  The  native  tongae  of  Bo- 
hemia, a  member  of  the  Scbyonic  fam- 
ily of  Aryan  tongues.  An  artist  or  liter- 
ary man  who  leads  a  free,  often  dissipat- 
ca  live,  despising  conventionalities  gener- 
aUy. 

Boiar,  Boyar,  boi'ar.  A  member  of 
a  peculiar  order  of  the  old  Russian  aris- 
tocnunr  next  in  rank  to  the  ruling  princes, 
abolisned  by  Peter  the  Great,  who  gave  its 
members  a  place  in  the  Bussian  nobility. 

Boil,  boiL  An  inflamed  and  painful  sup- 
purating tumor ;  afUruncle. 

Boiler, 'er.  A  person  who  boils.  A  ves- 
sel in  which  anything  is  boiled.  A  strong 
metalUo  vessel,  usnally  of  wrought-iron 
plates  riveted  together,  in  which  steam  is 
generated  for  driving  engines  or  other  pur- 
poses. 

Bokhara,  bdk-hah'r&h.  One  of  the  di- 
visions of  Independent  Turkistan,  Asia ; 
area  185,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt  2,400,000. 
Cap.  Bokhara,  a  rich  commercial  center, 
noted  as  a  seat  of  Mohaomiedan  culture. 

Bola,  b5'la.  A  stone  or  iron  ball  attached 
to  the  end  of  a  line  or  cord,  used  as  a 
weapon  by  tribes  of  5.  America. 

Bole,  bdl.  In  Oeol.  any  friable  clayey 
shale  or  earth  used  as  a  pigment.  In  Min- 
eraL  an  amorphous  earthy  hydrous  blsili- 
cate  of  alumina,  with  iron  peroxides  in  va- 
rious proportions,  and  with  a  little  magne- 
sia when  soapy  or  greasy ;  probably  an  al- 
tered felspatnio  or  fuummous  mineral. 

Boleyn^Azme,  biiiasn.  Second  wife  of 
Henry  vIII.,  of  England,  and  mother  of 
the  celebrated  Queen  EUzabetV.  She 
married  the  king  after  his  divorce  from 
Catherine  of  Arsuron,  against  the  vigorous 
j.rotest  of  the  Pope,  and  this  marriage 
was  the  cause  of  the  separation  of  the 
English  Church  from  that  of  Romo.  She 
enjoyed  royal  honors  only  four  years, 
when  the  kmg  charged  her  with  infidelity, 
and  she  was  convicted  and  beheaded; 
II.  1507,  crowned  1582,  d.  1537. 

Bolide,  bOlid.  A  meteoric  Btone  or 
aerolite  which  explodes  on  coming  in  con- 


tact with  our  atmosphere ;  -a  fire-tSall ;  a 
bolis. 

Bolivar,  Simon,  bdl'e-vir.  The  *«  Lib- 
erator *'  of  8.  America  from  Spanish  rule: 
B.  in  Caracas  1788,  n.  1880.  He  waged 
war  against  the  Spaniards  in  1810,  and 
completed  the  emancipation  of  Central 
and  S.  America  in  1828.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  Colombia  twice,  and  Dictator  of 
Peru,  voluntarily  relinquishing  power. 

Bolivia,  bo-liv'e-ah.  A  republic  of  S. 
America,  N.  and  W.  of  Brazil ;  area,  842,- 
780  sq.  m.;  pop.  about  8,400,000 ;  cap.  Chu- 
quisaca.  Aboutthree-fourthsofthe  inhab- 
itants are  Indians.  Itwasnamcd  in  honor 
of  Simon  BoUyar,  who  drew  its  origiittl 
constitution  in  1£^.  Also  called  Upper 
Peru. 

BoUandists,  bolland-isU.  Jesuit  writ- 
ers who  published,  under  the  title  of  Acta 
Sanctorum,  the  well-known  coUectirm  of 
the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  R.  0. 
Church. 

Boloffna-phial,  b5-15'nya-n-al.  A 
small  phial  of  unannealed  glass,  which 
flies  in  pieces  when  its  surface  is  scratched 
by  a  hard  body,  whereas  a  load  bullet  may 
be  dropped  into  it  without  causing  ii^ury. 

Boloffna,  bd-ld'nya.    One  of  the  prind- 

Ktl  interior  Italian  cities,  prov.  of  .^mlUik 
mous  for  centuries  as  a  seat  of  art  and 
educatlAn ;  pop.  102,470. 

Bolor-Ta«rh,  bd-ljkr-t&h.  The  great 
mountain  range  of  G.  Asia,  defining  ^e 
W.  boundaries  of  China.  Some  peaks  are 
20,000  feet  above  sea  leveL 

Boltant,  Boltinsr.  bait'ant,  bSlt'ing  In 
Her.  terms  applicable  to  the  general  posi- 
tion of  hares  and  rabbits  on  coat  armor, 
and  imply  springing  forward. 

Boxnb,  bom.    A  destructive 

f>roJectile,  consisting  of  a  hoi- 
ow  shell  of  cast-iron.  fliUed^ 
with  explosivematerials,  flredf 
from  a  mortar,  and  explodedl 
by  a  ftise,  which  is  ignited^ 
by  the  discharge.   Bombs  are 
now  commonly  termed  shells, 
though  the  latter  has  a  wider 
meaning.     In  €^eoI.  a  block   of  seoriA 
ejected  from  the  crater  of  a  volcano. 

Boxnbardiez^beetle,  bom-bSr-der'be- ~  ^ 
tl.  A  coleopterous  insect.  &m.  Carabidae, 
genera  Brachinus  and  Aptinus.  They 
possess  a  remarkable  power  of  expelling 
a  pungent,  acrid  fluid,  acoompanied  by  a 
smart  report. 

Bonxbyx,  'biks.  A  gen.  of  Lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  type  of  a  fiun.  (Bombycida') 
Including  many  geneni  of  motha.    Tbi|j| 


Bomb. 


BOUBABDON 


cat«rp]l^a 
Bombarilaii.  'do 

nnllko  thi  ophklol 
BombHam,  Bi 
baalne.   -li-i£o' 


Boiabay,  bom-bn 
iirislon  of  India,  _.,  „  ^  , 
am  ooeupled  in  tho  Bojdb.rdon, 
BriMsb ;  sren.  I^.IHD  tq.  m.;  jH)p.  abt. 
1,400,000-  Cap.  Bombay,  od  thft  Arablui 
G<s.{>  tho  prindpalcommerclaliiDipinl- 
nm  at  IhB  %  iDdlH,  w<tb  an  fnwilenC 
barber,  but  luB  few  anporlDr  buUdlA^ ; 


,  p.»4i,4S 
Bonaparte,  bS'Dah-pbi.  Tha  OunllT 
Dame  otNapDlsnn  I.  aod  III.,  toipMOfs  of 
Frincu,  founded  bv  Carlo  Bonaparic,  a 
lawyer oftho  island  of  Ooreica,  n,  n4fl, 

Tbry  bad  S  >ona  and  R  dadiihU'ni.  theold- 

Iho  second  Napo/eon  J..  Emperor  of 
Franne,  and  conqueror  of  newly  Ao  whole 
nfEan.pe. 
Bone,  \aa.    An  Inlwrtl  pordon 


BontaeoT,  Bosk,  boo-h 
gnitbod   femila  paUiter, 


BoniAuM, 


anrped  Iho  papacy  on  ' 


Jobn  XlV.^d'^i 


,  dylnj  imldealy  Bhortly 

B.  Vfll.  B.  CelesUno  V.,  ..».. 

ikcd  PhUIp  thB  Fair,  ElnE  ol 

liilm!lct,1ho' -— ■--^-' 


ok  tba  none  itriaoner 


^  oSr^fU 

m  la  Thynnna  paUmya, 

the.Wp.d-bi.lll 

head  worn  h, 

for  the    head' 

only' a  pawpe 

rk  iilth  two  tiuaa,  iavlBg 
»1th  1*0  ro...  <if  piff- 

oatlni;  nlth  the  eoFerod 

ofawU.    a™ 

-Iron  plato  to  ooyer  tho 

voivs  chamber. 

of  a  pump-    A  IHme  of 

erllochiinnei  of  a  loeo-_ 

inotlvo  ensino. 

the  had  of  a  n 

liner.    A  wlnd-op  fur  a 

ohlmuey. 

-pfia.    A  kbM    cobi  of 

Jamee  V.  of  Re 

Uaod,  the  klog'tbesdon 

ifl  a  dlat1n£ul.hlDi7  nara  by  I 
)f  Iho  flral  Fxtinnh  reToluHon. 
BoiUTilel,  'ap«l,    A  maleb  between  two 
parties,  as  two  iwH.Iidb,  at  arcbaiy,  colt 
oarlbijr  Ob  the  ice,  Ac;  generally  appUed 


B^BriSc^y,  ttA  VStla.    I 


dcpl.  of  Clronda  ;  pop.  MT.i 


-■« 


CbutiM  t'enJInipd. 


Ihe  N.  >Hnil.    TUB  I 
Boreoole,  bur'k<il.    , 


Borsia,    lior>h,     A   natorlDai 


clcd  Vom  ia 


Bornlte,  bw'i 

uru>LluriBU(>iii 

.ionsiatlDg  of  1 
Irun  and  Is  ml 
Boron.  ba'roQ. 


TstnidymlU.  ■  tbtIsV 
>ut  60  parta  (wpper,  ii 


I'roo.    lo  Chpm.  lie  i 
mt    contalDod   In  bo 

Cryaltaiiei   Imron  Is 


Borongh,   Imr'ni.     fnrmrrlj-.  iftirHllod 
limd,  jl  carpontfl  town  or  towQfihfp.     If 

is  a  parlTiiaeatJuy  boroq; h,  itoot^  «  jtm- 
nlclpil  boranch.    iD  tome  of  the  Stata, 
a  bkwu  or  Tillotre  iDcwrporatAd  with  cor- 
tain  pdvUcgaa. 
BorrelLit,  bgr-rel-iai.    Onsof..«tof 


Bjlliff  op«ratloiiH,  and  iiati 
mHi&  aDdlB  iniUiiE  ffl"' 
Bordaaxix,  bur-SB'.  : 


hg. 


too  small  (Or  IohcItt. 
Is,  BotllBTDreillCMlla 
or  giindliiK  and  poUah- 


BOS 


H& 


BOTTLE-FISH 


I,  bos.  The  ox  gen.;  niminont  quad- 
mpeds,  6ub-fiun.  Bovidffi.  The  Bpecies 
are  the  eommon  ox ;  aurochs,  or  bison  of 
Europe ;  buffalo  of  N.  America ;  proper 
buffalo  of  the  Eastern  continent;  Cape 
bufiUo ;  yak  of  Thibet,  &c. 
Sosa,  bo'za.  A  popular  Oriental  drink, 
made  by  boiling  millet-seed  in  water,  and 
fermenting  the  infusion,  adding  astrin- 
gents. An  inebriating  mess  made  of  darnel 
meal,  hemp-seed  ana  water.  A  prepara- 
tion of  honey  and  tamarinds. 

Bosoh-vaxk,  bosh'vfirk.  The  bush-hog 
of  S.  Africa  (Choiropotamus  africanus), 
one  of  the  most  formidable  of  the  swine 
family.  Eaflirs  fear  it,  but  esteem  its 
flesh. 

Bosnia,  bos'ne-ah.  A  semi-independent 
Turkish  pashalic,  comprising  Bosnia 
proper,  Turkish  Croatia  and  Herzegovina; 
Ctap.  Bosna^serai;  pop.  1,870,000.  B. 
was  put  under  Austnan  protection  in 
1878.  The  InhabitanU  are  Solars,  but 
Mohammedans. 

Bosplioraa,  bos'-f5-rus.  A  strait  or 
channel  between  two  seas.  The  strait  be- 
tween the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black 
Sea ;  also  the  strait  of  Caffa,  connecting 
the  Sea  of  Azof  with  the  Black  Sea. 

Boss,  bos.  A  protuberant  part ;  a  pro- 
tuberant ornament  of  silver,  Ivonr,  or 
other  material,  on  harness,  &o.  InStmlp. 
a  projecting  mass 
to  be  afterwards 
cut  or  carved.  In 
Arch,  an  ornament 

? laced  at  the  in- 
erseotion  ot 
groins  In  vaulted 
or  flat  roofs,  fre- 
quently richly 
sculptured.  Any 
projecting  ball  or 
knot  of  foliage,  &c. 
In  Mech.  the  enlarged  part  of  a  shaft  on 
'  which  a  wheel  Is  to  be  keyed.  A  die  used 
for  shaping  metals. 

•  Bossuet,  Jacques  Benigrne,  b6s'pwa. 

'A  celebrated   French    priest,  bishop  of 

Meaux ;  b.  1627,  d.  1704.    He  is  said  to 

have  preached  Ms  first  sermon  at  the  age 

of  18. 

Bostansri)  bos-tan  Md.  A  class  of  men  in 
Turkey,  originally  the  sultanas  gardeners, 
but  now  employed  about  his  person,  num- 
bering about  600. 

Boston.     The  caji.    of  Massachusetts, 
cAJef  (H>mtnercial  dty  of  New  England, 
snd  fourth  In  size  in  the  United.  Stages  : 
pop.  682,451, 


Ulili 


ftf-r^j^^ 


Boss. 


Botany,  bot'a-nl.  The  sdenoo  which 
treats  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  dealbig 
with  the  forms  of  plants,  thefar  staracture, 
the  vital  phenomena  connected  with  them, 
their  arrangement  into  groups,  aooording 
to  affinities,  and  the  classification  of  these 
groups  so  as  to  exhibit  their  mutual  rela- 
tions and  their  positions  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom  as  a  whole. 

Botargro,  bo-tar'gd.  A  food  relish  made 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet  or  tunny  strong- 
ly  salted  after  they  have  become  putrla, 
used  en  the  Mediterranean  coast  as  an  in- 
centive to  drink. 

Bothnia,  b6th'ni-a.  Formerly  a  Swed- 
ish province^ut  now  divided  between 
Sweden  and  Kussia ;  situated  N.  and  W. 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  the  N.  arm  of  tiie 
Baltic  Bea. 

Botryogren,  bo-trrd-Jen.  A  mineral, 
consisting  of  the  hydrous  sulphates  of 
protoxide  of  iron,  omde  of  iron,  magnesia 
and  Hme,  said  to  have  been  found  on 

Vesuvius. 

Botryolite,  bot'rl-o-Ut.  A  variety  of 
datolite  or  borate  of  Ume,  occurring  In 
raammlllary  or  botryoldal  concretions,  in 
beds  of  magnetic  iron  in  raeiss,  usually 
as  a  deposit  on  calc-spar.  it  dlflfers  from 
datolite  In  containing  two  atoms  of  water 
Instead  of  one. 

Bott,  bot.  The  larvffi  or  maggots  of  sev- 
eral species  of  gadfly  when  found  In  ttie 
Intestines  of  hors^,  under  the  hides  of 
oxen.  In  the  nostrils  of  sheep,  A«.  The 
botts  with  which  horses  are  troubled  are 
the  larvae  of  the  (Est^us  equl. 

Bottle,  'I.  A  hollow  vessel  ot  glaaa, 
wood,  leather,  or  other  material,  with  a 


Ancient  Egyptian  Botties  of  Glass, 
narrow  mouth,  for  holding  and  oarrybii^ 
liquors. 

Boitle-flsh,  -fish.    An  eel-like  fish,  fua. 


Bottle-flsh  Inflated. 
MursenidsB,  gen.  Saccopharynx,  theS.  am- 
pullaceus.    The  body  is  capable  cfbeibg 
uflated  like  a  sack  or  bottle,  henoc  the 
nama. 


BonldaT,  MI'dv.  Aw»l«-woni  itone, 
tea  IsriQ  to  bd  n«rt)«d  u  h  pebblf ,  In 
OaoL  mppiled  to  ke-word  ud  smoothed 
MookBlyHwon  Ihstnrfcoaof  thfl»ll  or 
■  ■ded  6  thB  elart  ud  gravali  of  Uio 
if  thB  plelflloceae  period. 
I-Tir.     OrlgllimU;. 


^tSb   ii»ii 


ofafonlflnUoaoi 


eeAble  Kronudc  odor,  Aucb 
>B  drawing  tbe  cork  of  any 


trud,  bnthw  ot  tlie  Bmpemr  diu-lei 
Nlrtcl,  ud  In  1BS>,  In  ths  |><T»n  of  Hen- 
IT  IV.  of  R«™rT«,  mocaoded  to  Uie 
throne  of  Fnnaa.  Thef  ffte  flnallr  «- 
pdladin  1B4S.  Tbo  flMnloh  BourboD" 
ondeioiDduttof  PUlIp  V.,  gnuidton  of 
Ldourv.  of  Fnncs.DudeklnxDf  Bpiiii 
Id  ITOO ;  tb«  ItiUin  Bnurbnns  fKm  tha 

Phnip,  who  «u  mSa  Ung  orNnplei  In 
ITSi. 

Bonrlviuniiat.  bui-ia'jon-IiL  Oieofi 
Hct  founded  bv  AntolnvtU  Boorlgson, 
who  In  1«!SS  auumsd  tbe  AdkoiIIdo  Bnblt. 
■Bd  tnTAledeiUnalvelf.  Bb«m4lnta]iied 
that  ChrlsDultrdoa  notcanalillnhllh 
ind  pnotJfw,  but  *>i  Inwoid  fevUng  and 
jApMutural  luxpolao, 

^n  JistlDR  twenty  lioun  it 


ninbow.    Ths  pari  of  1  yoke  which 


Bhelter  made  with  bonjrhfl   or    twLulbg 
planla;  an  arbor;  aahady  tecMa- 
Bower-blrd,  -berd.     A  namo  of  ctTtalO 
Auetralliui  conlToelnl  bInlB.  bin.  Oiiol- 
lila;.generaPUlonorh}-achiisiiid  Chalamj. 

called    runs,    and     adorning    Uiem    vrlOi 
briKhl-culored  objacta  :  r  -   ■  ---' * 


.Dehor  carrtod  at  th« 


Hb-bcru,  I 
Wond    t. 
again  tho  fir- 
ing J  lb.  boom. 
A  BlwidlngB.  Bowaprtt. 


for  general  bualneaa. 
Bover-ooaX.  hCvl-ksl.    a  lirtlary  llg 
plp«.fllaj.  In  dovonahlre,  EntrliiDd.     It  1 


.  .._la,  or  holtaw-bo^ledqDad^^|>edn.cDa- 
U  JoflndSae  ame«,  Wboh,  ljXl"ot] 
musk-oi.  nnia.  tx. 

Bow,  A  mlaaile  wMpon  mada  of  daailc 
nuUarUI.irtth  ■  atrlog  itretebrd  from  end 

•BdwlM.    Tbabov  la  hant  iy  dnwlag 


Drogheda.  In  whldi  the  EugllBn  onder 
William  HI,    dliaatroualj  deftated   ths 
Irteh  onder  Jamea  II. 
B071UW,  bom'na.    A  lai^  lerpant  of 


-marri 


iditlSu- 


Brachiopoda.  bril-hi-ap'i 


>  perp«iHUinihr  Burfkce.  i  tri 
iroa4«D  sapport  forAih^forthi 
tn  onunuAtA]  b|fc«  eqpporUn^ 
er-beuQ.  In  Uiuh.  m  pleoe  at- 
iftw>U,b4un,&c.,farAnpport1iip 
ihiftliig.    InOan.  thacEieckofti 

wd  to  Inolofte  ft  reftreuce^  explan  ■ 
.;  thai,  [  ].  A  gM-plpo  projMaae 

i.    A  term  appllad 


Tlth   ^Id,  the;  Ira  lo   bs  found 

Brad.  bnd.  A  headleii  nail  UEsd  In  -work 
whi^re  U  !b  dealr«d  lo  ilrlvo  nulls  ontirely 

Brasaiua,  br»li-gin'tbii.  The  uBme  of 
tha  reUfnlng  fuulllee  of  Porlaml  snd 
Brazil,  aeufndrd  from  John  Vllf.,  Dnks 
of  B  tha  l.tlfT  renrBMDling  IhB  niaJe 
lln«,  the  fOrrnertha  female. 

Bracir,  Braxton,  den.  An  Amerlrum 
offloer.  who  served  with  gallADtry  m  cap- 
In  tha  confadorata  lervlca  dnrfaff  tha 
olvtl  war ;  B.  In  N.  Carolina,  ISIS.  □,  1ST6. 

Broho,  Tycho.  brih.  The  most  dla- 
tlnfrulahed  aatronotoer  of  the  16th  ^Mmturr; 


le  sacred  or  aaoerdata] 
spnceedt  ~ 
id  to  be  a 


Gnltonla  of  Ugh    anOqulty.       Tliednt- 
Uj  ttaa  Bntuoaiia  venenUd  eqnally  tba 
tbree  goda  oftfae  Hlndn  trltnurtl  or  trln- 


gulEhod  by  thalln^^Ain,  or  emblem  af  the 
— 'loigan  of  generation.  Called  also  Btnh- 

Biaiuna.  bri'mL    in  ladlim  mjth.  ana 


tatal  acnlhllatlDD)  that  hia  servlees  wUlba 
BTahman&B,  -ma'n 


ir  thopprltorm 


P.-'f^l"? 


.    _._«6'mfl!.  Thanion- 

otheiatlc  rehaloii  of  India,  aboUalilnz 
caste  and  aadent  superstlttoiifi,  fonnded 
by  Eammohnn  Eoy.    Callod  also  Bnunu- 

Brahmapootra.  bm-mah-poot'nh.     A 

trlnglrlo'theBay'ofBeneii.  In  canioni^ 
tian  with  the  maTn  branch  DflLe  Gan^ea. 


Scals-ooml,  lio-ral.    A  variet 

>aoDrrlng  Ip  hemlapherleal  h 
BTBin,  ^xtai.   That  maaa  or  Ti 


SSt 


BBATO 


ons  orill  Uvlng  ulnuli.    Altbaiich  res- 

ignLicd  u  D  Tertebntcd  udnul  It  hu  no 

'en^bm.  buC  oTjEy  a  pwriatoflCnotocboi^t 

d,  no  true  hMrLnoBj-M, 

en,  UiB  mnMliia  being  Bt-  > 

ovtUBfe,  ud  DO  projwr 

Brand.eiibiuB',  bric'di     ' 


tilled  ftom  I 

tad  pluined  &t.  Btatu  parti 

jBdnoad  Eiplual  pochHi.     U 

totlwFipaleoiin.  britHo  1>  m 

Biaaioh,  bruBb.    A  portton  of  ■  trat,  •ddlng  irgcri,  br 

dmb,  or  oUiec  ]dut  apriaglng  (hom  tlw  ™l|'*]'ji  ^ 

Mte.' SoBwt^ig  nHmbltnc  ■  bnnab:  BnuidywlnS Oraek.     AatreuBWbMi 

MSalmuiliot*  aadJuUck.  of  no  «r-  >*»«>  m  Pennsyl'mta  Md  «mptl«  InW 

tM7,  of  ■  itic'i  barn ;  ■  tivR  nuuilnt  CbrilOuw  Cnwk,  oeai  IFilinliigtaii,  r 
■■to B Inctr one.    Any  manber  or  purt  «•-—--  .-...-.      ■..■>._^. 

of  ■  bodr  er  mtxn :  ■  I* ' "      ' 


«  KngHrii  or 

work.'  Tba^l^iiwareaiBraiulDnglTen 
to  n  Sii|4)A  plloL  BtBHhe*  of  o^tm, 
tba  rib*  otgnUaA  nalti  tnTenIng  tram 


CbrilOuw  Creek,  uow  n  iiuiuwluu,  j><ii_ 
notedfortba  batUetouKbt Bept.  ir,1711, 
between  the  Ameriani,  under  Waahlng- 
ton,  13,000  Blmng,  ud  the  Brltlah  under 
Gen.  Ilove,  18,000.  The  (brmwu  derat- 
ed, Inilair  PblUdalpbto  to  " 
oribeBilfi^. 


drbTiue« 


bnnru-v- 
roif«i«;~Ti6'B.W9dlT(ded      irreeniant 


__•  IndlTldnil,  glUt  eipaeed),  u  aea- 
■Infi,  A^;  Heteropode  (free-avlmmin^ 
futonpods),  H  Cnrinirts. 
BrBOohlpoda. -M-op'o-de.     Anord.  or 

Med  on  the  feet,  dMded  Into  tba  Ikmlllea 
{^oeerlLi     Fh^QopodA,    Oetracodm    and 

Lmphloxni*  b:- 


TrOoblta. 

of  flihee,  klae  eaUed  A 


Sr!!iiii.  the 


turnip,    sola,    eiirled. 
kiae,1u>lenbl,  w  tnr- 

|lp..t«inmfd  ab^        

Braxe.  brui.     To  solder,  especUllj  with 

BlttKil.  bnh-ill'.     Tbe  Inieit  guie  of 


n,  Hid  CiB  JjAdeiro.  PoAna, 


Braall,  BrMdl-wood.  bre-iU',  bn-iil'- 
v^d.  A  very  1i«HTy  wood  of  «  r»d  oolor, 
gnving  In  Bniir  md  oiber  tnploi] 
mimCrieii,  iu«d  for  dftiDg  lad,  the  pn>- 
dnco  of  Cosilplili  BObluaiud  C.  Bnidl- 

Brazll-iiTit.  'nut.  Tbe  Meda  of  Ibe  fFnlt 
of  BertholletU  eioelu.  ■  tree.  ord.  Lm;- 
Ihldaoeie.  B»ld«  bdiE  nwd  u  id  irtlcU 
of  duuirt,  >  blud  olT  nued  by  «BUh 
makers  imd  othen.  !■  expKuod  teiaa  the 


ktnilorai 


•oaten  bulk  Berviag  to  brtak 


Utile  bolow  the  loT*]  :i 
Breaatwork, '' 


Breckliirld8«,  Jolm   O.,  brik'n-^. 


p^UlQoit. 
Braecblns,  ' 


BBBECatHO-LOOP 


^SX"'' 


iaCMm, _      . 

'   jiakiid,  or^ni 
•IbyUiBIUHHr 
...  id  Bt  UTery  early 

pariod  In  tm  liln  unUnt  wrftlDi!i  Ldoitd 


hnhi^rol  eryiula.     Calli-d  sIm  llrum- 

Brerat.  bre-ret',    A  sammlHion  tn  ui    . 
•rmyolSccF  which  BOtltlH   hlmtoanok 
nbora  Uwt  irhtch  h«  nccnally  hulili.  wIUi- 

mlsBlon  ;  a  royil  Act  conh^rrlng  wme  jiriv- 

BreTlarr.  bre'Tl-a-rl.  An  BbrldKinMit : 
HI  epIUiioB.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch,  >  book  ton- 
ulnlug  the  dally  affliisa.     Tbe  En^ih 


BtVrlttT,  brfl-r^.    A  prlntloe  typo,  In 
hIxo  between  bour^uti  on'  —'-'-- 
BrarlpMl.  'Tl-ped.    A  b 


Hog  t] 


Brewing,  'lug.      The  i 
phTln^    HqllurA    tntm    tai 


Brian  Boru.  BoroImlLe,  bri'iu-bo- 
nw'.  A  colebtaiMl  Iriab  obfof.  King  of 
UuDiiter,  udhfterword  Bov^fulim  of  »ll 
Inliind  ;  a.  VSl,  i,.  1014.  Ue  d^eited  tbe 
Danes  In  40  balllos,  his  last  victory  beliw 
at  Clontorr.xhi-ro  bo  HBs  killed.  Hewu 
oquaUy  difltloguliibod  for  hla  pbtrona^  of 

BriareuB.    In  Myth,  the  soared  name 
»nimoLS  Biiint.  son  of  Ccelns  *nd  Tin 


1  Ksrtb).    He  I 


:srth).    He  Is  rMroseoSk 

iiuiua  •iiiui.i;  inorlnls  w»9  ^eOB. 

Briak.  brik.  A  kind  of  artlfldal  etons 
uiadoofclay  formed  In  a  mold,  burnod 
In  a  kiln,  or  dried  In  the  emi. 

Brlok-kUn,  'kll.  A  kiln  or  tvoasa  In 
whldi  brieki  are  bakrd  or  bnrned ;  or  it 
roMlve  Ihfl  foal.      '      *' "°  "■"™ 

Brink-tea,  'ti.    Tbe  Iire:e  leiTUof  the 

Into  &  brlch-sbaped  inwH,  eitenalT^ 
aentoierland  to  Roula.  In  Aula,  kRIcIh 
are  Tiiued  by  brickft  of  tea. 


Brloole.  bn>-ki>l.    llamiHi 
fur  dni«gtii((  guiu  wUci  -  " 

Brfdow«lt.  br1d'wi.l. 


I«tIl»-tnUgg. 
boDElDEln^a  tortxiot  uitoTerted  vch 
from  DD«  pdlDt  or  bupj>{>rt  ID  uiuthtq'.  A 
fljiDg  brtdga  li  Hilda  of  inntoiuiB,  llghl 
bouts  hollow  baoDJi,  empty  aa\t.  or  the 
*  Uke,  fbr  Iho  pjuu^  oT  armloa.  A  tubular 
biiil^ula  Ibniinl  Df  a  rcataatruldr  tubo, 

nnd-the  wi^ht  t<»bii  ^uatftlDcrd  greut.    A 

rtfterlii  over  tUo  bosea  of  the  two  od- 
}olnldK.  TliBupporpartortbe  note.  In 
Hn^ravlng,  abdonl  on  whioh  tbe  to^fTATiir 
TOBtA  hla  hand,  lu  tnnmct^,  a  rordnaJ 
partidou  fbr  duio]rirltlii«  thu  Cama  Aod 
hoitoil  vapor  to  Mcend.  Iii  Odd.  two  pieces 
of  ttmberbfltwHai  tba  tiwiAomaof  affon- 
otrrlttie.  InMataLtbeplatfonnby wliith 


gofplanl 


wUch  ha  )■  diTMtiKl  an 


Brief,  bivf.  Ad  epildins ;  >  ahortaroia- 
oinc  eutcment.  In  law,  an  ibrld^ad  re- 
action- A  iHpal  OF  apDiitoll(Al  biief,  let 
tera  which  thu  I'opo  addreiuiafl  to  IdAvM- 
uolB  orrrUi^oUACouitiiitnltlM  niton  tnat- 
I«n  ordlsolpllne.  dlBtinguliih«l  (ram  ahull 

Butled  wltll    rnil  wai  and  Imprpssi-J  Willi 
idU,  written  a: 


I>  vanoo.1)  ap- 
plied hythomark., „- , 

Brtende,  hrl-gid'.    A  division  of  troops, 

or  ballnHani.     A  body  at  Indl'iiduals  or 

Saiiti  and  autlnr  uador  autlioiily :  as  * 
B  Meade, 
Bri«adier-«eneral,  brig-a-d£r"-Jen'er. 
al,    TbeoWoorwhocDninandsabri^idei 

Brlgsjid,  'and.   A  robber ;  a  frwbootw; 


Btwo-masted  TCBstl  partly  squnrv-r^ited. 
Biis-ht,  Jotm,  brIL  A  dlsHogulahcd 
English  raaouAiclurar.  orator  aod  statei- 
luan;  1. 1811. and  still  In  acllvelile(I8M). 


EnjrUab  waterin^-phii!*!.  In  Saawit,  47  m. 
Brlshf  •  DiwBBe.  briu' diz-ai.   Adls- 

ttammatlaa    Dftbe    miilpl)rhlan    l«Ktles. 
OUled  alio  Gnnulju'  Uctfennratlun  of  the 


pBIMBl*0]fK 


1» 


BROMINE 


inf  ,  a  type  a  siie  leis  than  diamond.  In 
the  manege,  a-hlgli-splrlted  hone. 

Brimstone,  Inrim^ttdn.    Bnlphnr. 

BrindXe,  rin^dl.  A  miiEtare  of  oolors  of 
vUeh  gray  1b  the  base,  with  bands  of 
darlur  gray  or  black. 

Brine,  brin.  Water  stroaglr  fmpregnat- 
ed  with  aalt,  Uke  the  artlfldal  brine  nsed 
Ibr  the  preaerration  of  fleah  of  animals, 
ilsh,  yegetablee,  Ac 

Brine-idiriinp,  'shrimp.  A  branehi- 
opodous  emstacean,  the  Artemia  saUna, 
which  Urea  natmally  in  a  briny  solatlon  of 
Bofflclent  strength  to  pickle  beef. 

Brii^az«e,  brin'Jare.  A  Tsrlety  of 
ereyhonnd,  said  to  be  the  best  hontlng- 
dog  in  India. 

BBdnvflliers,  ICarq^iee  de,  bran- 
Teefe-aL  A  notorious  French  woman, 
eiMiTleted  d  poisoning  her  Ikther,  iMrother 
sad  two  Bisters,  also  several  hospital  pa- 
HflBto,  Bhe  was  guillotined  and  her  body 
bomed,  1676. 

BrleUe,  brisl.  One  of  the  stUf,  ooarse, 
glossy  hairs  from  the  back  of  the  hog 
snd  wHd  boar,  used  by  brushmakers, 
shoemakers,  saddlers,  Jec.  A  similar  ap- 
dendage  on  ]dants. 

Bristol,  brls'tol.  One  of  the  oldest  dties 
of  England,  a  seaport  at  the  Junction  of 
the  riyers  Ayon  and  Frome,  and  third  in 
commercial  importanee;  pop.  196,400. 

Bristol-stone,  -stte.  Sock-crystsL  or 
Bristol-diamond,  small,  round  crystals  of 
quartz. 

teitain-OJL'O  w  n,  Mfan-kronn.  An 
English  gold  coin  of  therein  of  James  I., 
a  fourth  part  of  a  unity,  of  the  yalne  of 
6s.,  afterward  raised  to  6s.  6d. 

Britannia-metal,      bri-tan'i-a-met'sL 

.An  alloy  nsed  chiefly  for  teapots,  snoons, 
Ac  The  general  proportions  are  85^  tin, 
10^  antimony,  8  dnc,  and  1  copper. 

Britinian,  -tin'i-an.  A  monk  of  the  or- 
der of  St.  Augustine,  distinguished  for 
their  austerity.  In  1256  they  were 
merged  in  the  general  union  of  all  the 
fraternities  of  the  Augustine  order. 

Britaska,  brlts'ka.  A  Russian  carriage 
with  a  calash  top,  and  Bi>ace  for  reclining. 

Broad-arrow,  brad'i-ro.  The  British 
royal  raark  for  goyeriiment  stores  of  eveiy 
description,  to  obliterate  or  deface  whidli 
Is  felony. 

Bioad^aze,  'aks.  Formerhr,  a  military 
weapon ;  battle-ax.    A  broad-edged  ax. 

Broad-cloth,  Idoth.  A  spedes  of  wool- 
en doth,  so  called  from  its  breadth. 

Broadrpisoe,  'pfia.    A  denomination  of 


some  old  En^tah  golil-pi««efl,  bnjad«*r 
than  a  guinea,  especially  Caroluscs  and 
Jacobuses. 


's£L    The  national  neal  of  a 
nonntry. 

Broadside,  'sId.  A  disrhargo  of  all  the 
guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship  at  the  Mime 
time.  The  side  of  a  ship  alM»vo  tbu  wat<T 
from  the  bow  to  the  quarter.  A  houne- 
front.  In  printinfT.  a  shet't  of  paper,  ono 
side  of  which  is  covered  by  a  single  page. 

Broadsword, 'sonl.  A  swonl  with  a 
broad  bbuie  and  cutting  edtres,  formerly 
the  national  weapon  of  the  llifrhlandurs. 

Brobdlnffna«glan,brob-ding-nag'i-an. 
Gigantic,  Uke  an  inhabitant  of  the  fobled 
region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  '*  Gulli- 
yer'a  Travels." 


I,  br&-kid'.  Bilk  or  other  stuff 
yarlegated  with  gold  or  silver,  or  having 
raised  flowers,  foliage  or  other  ornaments. 

Brooatel,  ^a-tel.  Bienna  marble,  a  cal- 
careous stone  or  spedes  of  brecdate<l 
marble  composed  of  fragments  of  various 
colors.  A  thin  woolen  cloth  of  silky  sur- 
ikoe,  used  for  linings,  dec.;  liusey -woolly. 

Brochantite,  brok'an-tlt.  A  mineral 
consisting  of  hydrous  sulpliato  of  oopi>er. 

Brocliure,  brd-shdr'.  A  i>amphlet,  es- 
pecially one  on  a  matter  of  transltoiy  in- 
terest. 

Brocket,  brok'et.  A  red-deer  two  years 
old ;  a  pricket. 

Broella,  bro-ella.  A  coarse  kind  of  cloth 
used  for  tho  ordinary  dresses  of  country- 
men and  tho  monastic  clergy  in  the  mid- 
dle ages. 

Brofirlie,  Aohllle  I«eonoe  Victor 
Charles,  Due  de.  A  distinguished 
French  statesman  ;  b.  1785,  j>.  1870.  He 
married  Mme.  de  BtaeVs  only  daughter. 

Brogue,  brog.  A  coarse  shoo  made  of 
raw  or  half-tanned  leather  ;  a  stout,  coarse 
shoo.  A  dialectical  manner  of  pronuncia- 
tion ;  especially  applied  to  the  mode  oi 
pronunciation  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

Broker,  bro'ker.  An  agent  or  negotiator 
who  Is  employed  bv  merchants  to  make 
and  conclude  bargams  for  them  for  a  fee 
or  rate  per  cent,  or  who  transacts  other 
business  for  his  employers. 

Broma,  'ma.  Aliment.  A  chocolate 
preparation  from  cocoa  seeds  or  beans. 

Bromal,  'maL  A  compound  obtained 
by  the  action  of  bromine  on  alcohol.  It  has 
a  penetrating  odor  which  attacks  the  eyes. 

Bromine,  'min.  A  simple  non-metallic 
element  resembling  chlorine  and  iodine, 
existing  in  minute  qtiactltles  in  sea- water, 


SKOMOFOBM 


MlW. 


A  Ugnid  pro- 
Lye  bromldo  nl 


Hit  Iprlligs.     It  (uw  hi 
obJoruifl,  and  la  Tery  p. 

Bromoforra,  'mo-for 

■oUd^  on  wi>od-Bpbita 

M.  'ml-rit. 
ilBdng  QfBI 

Bronchotomr.  bronm-kot'o-nit.  An  in- 
(dBloa  Into  the  wlad-pipa  or  larynx^  to  »f- 

tiielongs,  iMlti  tnthaotomj  vhon  th« 
opeatig  l>  mida  tnlo  ths  tnohcgi,  ud 
larjiiflDtomr  when  mads  mio  the  IU7111. 
Bnmta,  Chai^Otte,  lir«n't«.  A  oele- 
bmed  EngUah  DOTsUit,  ■'CoirerBeU." 

B.  181*.  D.  isee. 

BRmteam.  bron-tS'iun.  In  ucIdiiI 
flreak  thesters,  t  bmen  yeese!  oaed  tor 
ImiuHiig  thuDder  by  rolling  BUnet  Id  It, 


to  the  ulm&l  produelnf  certaiD  blrd-llko 

new  nd  uridstone  of  UaasbehUHettB  uid 

Blouse,  hronz.  A  compound  of  IKiin  2 
to  SO  puti  of  eopper  to  I  ot  tin,  to  uhioh 
other  meUUIn  Bubstaiicee  ire  nomellmei 
added,  eftpeciaUy  zinc.    It1«  bHttke,  hard 


uid  aei^rttod  fr 
IsfgeBl  dty  In 


k'lln.  Cop.  or  EInn 
tuated  OD  Long  Iflland, 
raMinhittm  Teland  b. 
pop.  ««&.aOO  :  ttaa  third 
he  United  Btatei.  Ills 
iewTorkhythe  Brook- 
^tld*8,onsofthenioat 
I  bridges  DD  the  gtobs, 


BrooniHsoni.  brCkm'kon.  Borghnm  Tni- 
nro  orOiilncft.wm.    The  bruiohed  un- 

Broraribsda,  br^'ra-bedt.  A  Mrlea  oT 
atrau  Bt  the  lover  ooUle,  remarkable  tor 
oantslnbir  the  thtekeet  bed  ot  trna  ooal 
•— "-  ■"-  -         "arf  Blnta  of  Britain. 


•rpaDes,  one  spedes  of  wbloh  Is  the  eaw- 
tree  of  SoDth  America.  B.  Allcsitmo 
produoes  nuts,  which,  when  routed,  are 

Broushoio.  bre'ain.  A  one-horBe  oIoM 
carriage,  aHher  two  or  fonr  wheeled. 

BroiwtLam.  and  Tanz,  HeiUT, 
Lord,  broom.    One  of  Loglsnd's  most 

BTouBKiiletla.  brOe-on-A'aU-a.    A  gen.- 
of  trees,  ord.  Horaoeie,    B,  papTTltora,  or 
lolberry,  alBirds  tho  chief  papw- 
materlal  In   China  and  Japan : 


Spiled  to  slIovB  of  I 
ay  ofabont  Si  pari 
Itin,  Isasedforautnes. 
BroTtze-Uiiaor.  Ilk-er 


IheparpoBeoflaillatlng 
r  Mannheim  ^Id,  terms 


OOf^DK 


ODBod  and  hardened  Tc 


the  army  In  1B21 :  a.  In  Pennei^vula, 
1176,  D.  ISie. 

Brown,  Tohn.  A  dlitingiilahed  antt- 
alavery  agHator,  n.  In  Conn.,  ISOO ;  sie- 
onted  for  IreBBon  BgaloBt  Vlrglola  at  Char- 
leston. Dec.  i.  \m. 

Browilie,  brouo'l.  In  Scotland,  an  ami- 
able Imaginary    spirit  that  haimta  £inn 

Browiiins,  EUsabeth  Banvtt.  On* 
of  Kn|[land'«  moat  prolific  and  dellghtflil 
poeteasea.  wUb  of  Kobert  Browning,  alao 

• '  BiowniBt,    'lat.    A  tolluwer  of  Bobert 


Iron,  and  having    the  eryalala  str^fdit. 
eiderltd  and  breunnerito  we  alao  ^sd 
brown-ipar. 
Btodb,  Kobait.     The  hsrolo  Ktng  ot 


BDCHAmXK 


Beoflnid,  «bo  toUU]' daftated  tha  En^tah 

ymAim-    £4invd     II       -'    ■*  — ' ^"^ ■    - 

Braebu,  Mta'ln. 
dlHOTcndlnthslK 
IMj««[IlHrlc»,  ud   ■fUrwurd  h  •aoom- 

Bmcito,  ^t.  A  n«Hia  hjdimta  of  msg- 
n«1>,  &  mlnerBl  fbiuid  In  thla  Ibllit^ 
plites.    Ansthsr  Dime  fitr  Chaadredlta. 

Bmin.  Iire'la.  A  niunaElTeii  tothsb«r. 

Bmm&lxe,  liia-mir.  The  3d  monih  In 
thsnleodw  idapud  br  Ihe  Ont  French 
repnbUn,  beglDnlng  on  Uie  23d  OeUitta 
ud  ending  iliC  Hovemher. 

Bnmel,  iBwubafd,  Sir.  The  Ea- 
gUsk  sngtaeerirhobnlltOiB'r- -— 

biiT^  Eliwdoin,  dselgiied  the 
em,  the  largeat  ■tCuuhip  er 
1804.  D,  ISM. 


L  pcraoD  vita  a 
.    A  theory  ot 

„ re  dJrtded  5nto 

tboH  dna  to  an  einieaa  or  eidtament 
Bmnswiok,  Ihulty,  of ,  brflni'wlk.  A 
snuill  8tala  of  H'.  GmuDy ;  area,  iJM 
aq.m.;Kip.BN,4TI.  ThenlgnkgAunltTls 
dneeodeditainthaQautpba.  B.,  thacap., 
la  an  ndeBt  dty  on  the  Ooker,  eoDtaln- 
tog  manr  fliH  medlaml  txtlldlnga ;  pop. 


off  his  dltfalae,  roiued  tbe  peoph?,  ex- 
pelled the  Tarqulnt.  and  eiUbllsbrd  a  te- 
pnbltc,  or  nblcb  CaUiUnua  and  falmeelt 
wen  KlecUd  nniuli.     Ho  Hntpno.-.!  bl* 


Bnitaa,  Muma  Jouliia.  Nepbew  of 

desertfdfur  Our,  butUlerJi><n«lln  tba 
congj.lracy  e«T»«9ttheletti;r,  and  uuoh 
o(those»hoM!u»rtnat«dhlin.    Aft.Tfl)-- 

9°n8  <ii'°«imnundor"hoBriny,aDdiiner 
tb«  dc-roat  it   PhLUppl  killed  blm  self  t^ 

Bry&nt.  -Wllliiim  Callen.  An 
AiuarlranJonFullgtandpuel;  aicMau., 
1784,  D.  ISTS.  He  >u  br  minv  yean 
BhW  editor  and  proprietor  of  tde  New 
York  ETcnlng- Post,  llliflnt  poemiwera 

BttoIost,  bri«l'o-Jl.     The  sdenre  of 

Bu&nMnA^  ba-an4G'a.  The  nAUva 
same  of  the  Cdoti  (ChryKem)  prlmnvui, 
or  wild  do;  of  Kortham  India,  euppoaad 
tobetbaoriglnal^peoftlie  doguibe. 

Babalna,  bania-Ms.  Tba  gon.  towbloh 
tha  boAlo  belonga. 

Bubo,  bik'bo.    A  gen.  of  owls.  Including 


at  fivm  dothee,  laying  ^noolerj 
e.     The  small  Ijeea  and  nhrul 


brna'eli.      Cap.  of  Belglon 


-  KroMOla-Iao*,     bnu'e1i-Ua.       A  tags 
madaatBnuaela. 

Bmte,  brCt.     A  b«ut ;  any  aalmal  dea- 
bred,  nnteelillgman. 

Brattui,  looina  Jnttliia.  bm'tfia.    In 
"—     — -    —  of  Tarqnloia,  eiiter   of 
DDd.     Hla    fttber  and 
'idbrtboking,  and 
J  setnl-lillDey.    Af- 

mtUby  Seitoi,  BOBofTiiqaln.hethrew 


ippUed  to  ollco  printing. 

eepeulnlly  the  adventurers,  English  and 
rrench.  who  combined  to  make  deprsda- 
tloDB  on  tho  Spaniards  In  Amertva  In  the 

BucentBiUr,  ba-B«n'tsr.    A  mythological 

barge  of  Venice,  In  which  the  doge  and 
senate  went  to  wed  the  AdrleOD. 


BuohMian,  Junea.  The  IGth  Preel- 
denCofthatr.  B  iB.  iDPenn.lToi ;  elected 
PreildentiSSd:  d.  ISSg.    The  SBnesahni 


blfwil,  dandy.  Tie  luu-k  Dfi  cockold. 
Suck-boaxd.  'biinl.  A  flnir-Hb«lTd  ve 
hide,  GoafilHdn^  dFh  b(»rd  iteElii^  dtroct 


r*n 


If  IiDgiUKl :  u. 


Buaklms'ham.  Oeoive  VUllen. 
Ihiktt  of,  huk'lne-hdm.  A  naiorioni 
tfUlK-       -       -       - 

gunlmtlon  ISSB.' 
Buckle,  'I.  An  Innnnent  soolUtliig  of 
■  rlDi^Dr  rim  with  a  rlupD  uid  (oDipe, 
used  for  fkfllcidp^  bameu^  Ac.,  toyetDDT. 

un  or  wood  fltted  together 


Oho  of two 


tbip  uklii)(  In  WBtei 

whlta  meo  by  Ibe  nKI 
BoDknuD,  'mn.  A 
Dtlffobed  villi  Vina,  ai 
keep  thorn  In  tho  Tor 


,  'ikln.    TbB  ikbi  o(  » bnol 

A  loftldilluriiudetijtnaflnf  deer-tldji 

ftvm  ueepflJdiii. 

Smikwhamt.   'irhM.     Tba  orimo  aon 
manly  glTen  to  tha  Fjvopymm  uouler 

PolmansonL',  aod  aba  to  lte»ad>. 


I  of  II 


rnteUieftlwaorthOEiitiihfiitiiro  iu  Ionic 

and  Oorintldiiii  irchlUiliicri. 
Bnda,  btk'dih.    A  HunEoriiui  eilr,  idth 

Fcatb,  on  Uia  oppoilte  bank  oF  (he  Danube, 

the  me.  ortb*  Mau ;  pop.  M.Mi. 
BndUiH,  blld'da. 

anad :  tha  aamd  i . . 

BaddblAm.  who  apnean  to 


eaoflrUdilalkat  nb- 


uld  to  oomprUie  about  a  third  o 
BnddMot,  'lit.    Relating  li 


bl  Ujrbt  IH  prodncud- 
iDdKe-bBirel.  bninui^el, 
flwllb  only  one  hnil.Qiied 


llDD^y, 

Bneua  Tista,  bwa'nah  Tb'tah.  A 
HeikSD  vUliffe,  M  m.  8.  W.  of  Hontfr 
rer.  noted  u  tba  sane  of  the  dedalTa 

Am^kone  under  Oen.  zicb-  TjLylor  »nd 
thoMeilcnn>QDdDFSaota  Anni,  the  lat- 

Biiftnoa  Ayna^  b^nAa  I'rTi.  A  proT. 
and  city  of  the  Ar^ndno  ConlbderacleD, 

88,00*  aq.  m.:  pop.  848,000,  The  dW, 
as>\:   of  Ibe  Con/EdenUon     l>  eltnated. 


Baft,  bnf.  A  Inthor  prepore'T  ftom 
tba  Bkin  or  (be  bnffalo.  dreuod  irlth  alt, 
like  Fbunmy.    Ttaobamiikln. 

Buftalo,  bfif  l^ta-low.  A  e!^  of  N.  T. 
StaU'.  atthejnncllon  of  tho  Erie  Canal 
wIlhLnkaKrlK.andHintrola  tbe  >reMorn    ' 

Buffalo.  A  large  mmlnanC  maoimaL 
dun.  BovldB,  IbeViit  Vvowa  si)odet  ol 
wbleb  l8  tha  RntialnEi    BnflelnB  or  Hoi ' 


wild  nuen  1q  poncrnl,  pad  parUciuuty  to  ^, 

BaftEOo-robe.  -rib.    The  skin  or  the  U- 

aon  pregjared  with  tbu  hair  nn, 
Boftooat,  'kSt.    A  cloinmlHtary  ootar 

oeotnij  aa  a  delhna*. 


BXTFFEB 


129 


BULL^FBOG 


,  'fer.  sAny  apparatas  for  deaden- 
I  oonoastion  oetween  a  moving 
id  the  ode  on  which  it  strikes.  A 
£^ew:  a  term  expressive  of  ex- 
kmiUarity. 

,  'fet  A  cupboard,  sideboard  or 
to  hold  china  ana  like  articles. 
laoe  set  apsrt  for  refreshments  in 
places.  That  part  of  an  organ  that 
s  the  pipes. 

I,  G^orgres  Iionis  Leolero, 
fe  de,  buTfbng.  The  most  emi- 
f  French  naturalists ;  b.  1707,  d. 

it,  'ibnt.    A  projecting  covering  of 

>r  nnen  for  a  lady's  breast. 

in,  -f5n'.    A  man  who  makes  a 

e  of  amustDg  others  by  low  tricks 

Igar  pleasantries. 

ite,  bu'fon-it.      Toadstone;   the 

id^eeth  of  the  Sphsrodus,  Pyono- 

id  other  mesoxoic  ganoid  fishes. 

ng.  The  name  formerly  applied 
to  insects,  and  still  of  wide  ap- 
»ii.  In  tiie  United  States  the  name 
HBj  used  where  beetle  would  be 
1  Enghmd.  The  Gimex  lectularlus, 
<u«e^ug  or  bed-bug,  or  any  mem- 
tiiifl  gen.  or  of  the  Uun.  Cimicidae. 
r,  'L  A  name  given  to  several 
.  of  carriages  or  gigs. 

,  b&'gL  A  hunting  horn.  A  brass 
nstmment  A  glass  bead.  The 
r  name  for  AJuga  reptans,  a  labiate 

r,  bfig^er.  One  who  plays  a  bugle; 
3uty,   a  soldier  who  conveys  the 

bfiL  Unbumlshed  gold,  brass  or 
r-of-pearl  worked  into  patterns,  for 
<g ;  idso  ornamental  ftirniture,  &c, 
anted  with  buhlwork. 

1,  bnl'bnl.  The  Persian  name  of 
lies  of  nightingale. 

ada,  bul-g&'re-ah.  One  of  the  Bal- 
ivinccs,  formerly  under  exclusive 
.h  control,  but  since  1877  having  a 
Ian  administration  subject  to  Tur- 
urea  81,164  sq.  m.;  pop.  8,246,459. 

irian,  bul-ga'ri-an.  A  member  of 
ilgarian  race.  The  language  of  the 
ians,  two  dialects— Old  and  New 
:ian.  The  former  is  extinct  as  a 
tongue,  but  is  used  as  the  sacred 
ige  4^  the  Greek  Church. 

jfio,  -gar'lk.  One  of  the  four 
tM  of  the  Finnish  languages,  the 
three  J>eing  the  Permic,  U^ric  and 


Bull,  bol-  Originally  the  seal  appended 
to  the  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pope.  A 
letter,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  pnb-  ■ 
lished  or  transmitted  to  the  churches  over 
which  he  is  head,  containing  some  decree, 
order  or  decision,  used  chiefly  in  matters 
of  justice  or  of  grace.  If  the  former,  the 
lead  or  seal  is  hung  by  a  hempen  cord ; 
if  the  latter,  by  a  silken  thread. 

Bull.  The  male  of  any  bovine  quadru- 
ped. Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
zodiac.  In  stock  exchange  slang,  one  who 
operates  in  order  to  effect  a  nse  in  the 
price  of  stock ;  the  opposite  of  a  beu*. 

Bulla,  'la.  Aji  omamrat  worn  round 
the  nedc  by  noble  Bomaa  diiMren  tiU 


Leaden  Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  lY . 

ther  were  17  years  old ;  in  later  times,  a 
leaden  seal  attached  to  a  docnttenC 

Bull-baitinsr,  'bat-ing.  The  pnetloe  of 
baiting  bulls  with  dogs. 

Bull-dogr*  'dog.  A  species  of  dogs  Terr 
strong  and  muscular,  and  of  remaAaJtm 
courage  and  ferocity.  The  great  gun 
in  the  officers^  ward-room  cabin;  alM  a 
general  term  for  main-deck  guns.  A  do- 
composed  protoellicate  of  iron,  used  as  a 
lining  for  the  boshes  of  ftimacos. 

Bullen-nail,  'en-nfil.  A  short  round- 
headed  nail,  tinned  and  lacquered. 

Bullet,  aet    A  small  bail.    A  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  fire-anns  - 
or  other  missile  weapons. 

Bulletin,  le-tln.  An  authenticated  o^ 
fielal  report  concerning  some  puUlc«vent. 
Any  notice  or  public  aanonneement  Pe- 
riodical records  of  learned  societies. 

Bull-flfirlit, 'fit    A  combat  between  men 

and  a  bull  or  bulls ;  an  amusement  amooi^ 

the  Spaniards 

and  Portu- 
guese. 
Bullfinch, 

'  f  i  n  8  h.    An 

insessorial 

bird,  Pyr^ 

hula  mbiciUa, 

fam.  Frlngilli- 

dse  or  fincnes. 


BnOfbioh. 


Ball-£roir»  'frog.    The  Baaa  plpisBS^  * 


i 


tnrffo  BpadH  of  fnjp,  t 
tita  ffMteropod  mnllnaki 


Bollock,  'ak.    A  yonni 
ni  or  Kiatniled  ball 
Sall'B-eya.   ^niXT,      . 


Qiall  cloud,  BappoKd  \a  pu 
I  Sar  or  the  firrt  mugDltadii ' 


wribB 


,    ThB  firal 


"whoro  thu  tabu  by  which  Hwos  ti, 

Bnll  Run.    An  iDsl^Ifloant  cm 
VirirJnlB,   mAde  fbjQ«nm    tf  "^ 

hMtlra  In   thR  Intn  Hvtl  wi!,      .„„ , 

m  tha  Fold- 


ConflidKratH,  nnda  Qcne.  Beuir»Hrd  i 
J- B.  JalmBloflilllofbrDlcrbelDir  def^T 
Tho  second,  Ang.  SO,  1S«8,  wm  betw.._ 
the  Federals  nndor  Sbii.  Pepe,  and  llin 

■od  JmAboil    The  Federals  were  — '- 


■  Bull-toiTler,  bnl'tai-l-or. 
Bull-trout,  'tmnt.    A  sp 


lar^  nmh-Mfce  plants  croifl] 
not  Tory  ^eflnltely  applied, 
'  nstrletflil  toSdrpqA  fn(i — '" 


8,  bola.    In  the  £ul  1 


'aiabla^bee,  baoi'hl-M.    A  large  bus, 
■•anamea  oaflsd  Jmrnhle-bes. 


L-».    E.  Indian  name 

fiah.  vrhfcb when  ilried. biu^ u ■  rsli 
Ibe  Baums  ophloden,  twa.  Seopelldni. 
BaiiKall.bi 


Bnng^nu,    bang'ira-rDi 


works  oominiiDcllnB  Boston.    ThDRrtCtBli 

AmorlRuiBhiirln'eflreiKmt.    The  ivnn 
oumKCd  nnmberod  aboni  e.NH)  on  each 

tilled,  SM  wonnd.'d ;  that  of  the  Kfltlsh. 

raa  kilicd  in  the 

IttlD    and 


he  spot  where  Oun.  W«n 

B^qfZacssoriaiblrds,    Oun° 

EmberiildiB^ileHy  hioluded  In  the  gen. 

woolen  alnir,  of  which  flogH  and'  nlj-nala 
are  mode ;  a  ^^saers  Hags  collectively. 
Bunyan.  John,   bfiu'vin.    Author  of 
■'■•   -1-1— ■--•   allecnries.  Pllerim'a   Pra- 
Wttr;u.  InFjigland,  1623, 

ihoml  roformod  and  joti™ 


«iUdw.       

rand  employed 

flomt    1    cable      ZTny  tJl^bnoy. 

.    A  floating  ati)BM  ated  to  Chmw 

%oard  tot  I  penon  wh 

fihs  inter,  cadad  a  Ufe-bt 

lUWa,  b6'&^».    A  »-eD 

afrds.  (km.  atornlda  (•tutinga),  ealtal 

leatldas.  -pm -U-dS.  A  taa.  atarl- 
vrons  iiLM^u,  d^aTlniriildfaiyl  b;  Un: 

ber.  A  rooE-fc  pricklj  covorinj-of  He 
■  ornett^ii  pluiu.  u  or  lbs  cUeeuiul 
burdock.    In  Eukt,  a  blight  fidff«  of 

:  rrtolni  enrerSiKiiiBinlt  fn  printliiE,' 


upland. 

(I>t,'bol.    AflihdftliBbm.OxUdK, 
LolA<L.  FidgnrlH)- 
lmi.l)D-ro'.    AdiKkorwriane-Uble, 
drawen  ror  napwi;  an  wirilolre. 

Ate,  •»['.  A  gisdiiaU-d  itiiut  tnbe 
iDtbfl  laboratory  and  a&lay  office, 
ba  purpose  at  diyMlas  liquid  lulo 
I  qoBDtltleg. 

rberg.  BulMliigiioriireatsiitlqiilty. 
d  In  the  north  of  ficotlaud.  Orknuy 

Uoni,  and  pmbaily  data  almoht  from 

Moet,  bw'm-nft.  A  hilmot.  with 
■U  cleor.  )t>  lowur  rini  lo  ilti.^  in  tb,^ 

nee,  'jfi.  A  flag  or  pennant  . 
Id  two  polntH.  A  kind  of  att 
btg  [n  thtf  ftiroBcca  of  ODglnei. 

iirtnllfa  town;  >  oiHion  or 
ofabnroueh.  A  roOTotentaUir 
(^InfulUmeiiL    The  tann  ; 


bcTnn  tlie  ReYalBUon  to  Uie  repruHBta- 
dt(4  Id  th"  popular  braii4?li  of  the  leftnlk' 


oiigit,  inaDTOifln  iitui  oim^pimmne  lo 
UieEngllab  borouu-h.appIhHl  to  dintreot 
kind*  aroorpHTattmi,  ud  lo  lowna  and 


jDjoya  tha  iirlrllciiw  oi 
*blD)ilislBaIr«iiuu. 
Boa  If  h    Prflftbyturluni, 


BurBoiiiBat«T,      bn'glMnu-tn'.      Ths 

Itolluid,  Ftanders  nd  UennuiT,  corre- 
HiKiu'llqg  toma^DT.  An  aqiiatiD  Mni.  tho 
inavoDi^ull,  common  Lnarcde  r<^iuiL 
BwtgoyoB,  J'ohn.  Gon..  bOr-iroln'. 
'-VneUihofflo'tin  Uie  AmariMB  ftevo- 

inoT  to  Ocn.  Unlet  at  SanloEa  In 
;  a.  1TI4,  B.  n»a. 
BnrKHndr.    bOr'iiAB-dl.     As     undent 
-- itlnie  of  N.  France,  wbleh  waa  ao- 
Irod  by  nermany  In  lAW,  afterwKd  be- 
ne a  free  (I  late  uud<7  Uio  Unkeiof  B., 


B.  to  H.  T.,  ISM;  flwaed  to  Coneroai 
from  Maes.,  IBM,  'M,  'SS;  npi.olDUd 
ulnlgUrlo  China,  1S61.  and  innt  aaChl- 
ncea  dmbaiBadar  tu  (lie  IT.  S.  and  tba 
prindnal  gavernnieata  of  Eniope,  lSd7: 
n.  In  at  Prlerebniy,  ISIO- 
BDmiBh,  bfir'nidh.  One  of  tbo  largoat 
cmpltta  of  B.  Alia,  AVattA  B.  a(  lb* 


BUBME8S 


188 


BUSH 


OftDres ;  areiv,  2,000,000  sq.  m.;  pop. 
9,400,000.  The^  chief  towns  are  Mande- 
Ujt  the  cap.,  Ava,  and  Bhamo :  chief 
rlTen,  Jmwm&y,  Si-tang  and  San-Lnen  ; 
principal  mountains,  the  Phungan,  a 
range  of  the  Himalayas.  The  goyem- 
mentis  a  hereditaiy  and  absolute  despot- 
ism ;  the  reUgion  Buddhism.  The  kmg- 
,    dom  dates  back  to  548  b.  o. 

Burmese,  bur'mdz.  An  inhabitant  or  in- 
habitants of  Burmah.  The  language  of 
tiie  Burmese;  one  of  the  monosyUablc 
languages. 

Burnett's  Idquid,  ben'net*Blik-wld. 
A  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  employed  to 
preserve  dead  bodies. 

Bumixifir  Bush,  bemMng-bnsh.  The 
•mblem  adopted  by  the  Ch.  of  Scotland. 
The  name  applied  to  an  ornamental  shrub, 

'  Euonymus  atropurpureus. 

Bunxins^laM,  -glas.  A  double  con- 
vex lens  which,  when  exposed  to  the  di- 
rect rays  of  the  sun,  collects  them  into  a 
focus,  produdng  an  intense  heat. 

Bnmixiflr-niiTTor,  -mir'er.  A  concave 
mirror  whidi,  being  exposed  to  the  direct 

.nvs  of  the  sun,  reflects  them  to  a  focus, 
where  thdr  heat  is  concentrated. 

Bumislier,  ber'nish-er.  The  person 
who  burnishes  or  makes  glossy.  An  in- 
strument used  in  burnishing  by  rubbing 
with  pressure. 

Bumoose,  'n5s.  A  white  woolen  man- 
tle, with  hood  woven  in  one  piece,  w(»ii 
by  the  Arabs.  A  kind  of  mantle  worn  by 
laidies. 

Bums,  Bobert.  The  celebrated  Scotch 
poet ;  B.  1769,  d.  1796.  He  was  of  hum- 
ble birth,  and  his  songs  appeal  especially 
to  the  popular  heart. 

Bumside,  Ambrose  Everett,  Gen. 
llie  successor  of  Gen.  McGlellan  as  Com- 
mander of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in 
the  Rebellion ;  b.  in  Indiana,  1824 ;  grad- 
uated itom  West  Point  1867 ;  entered  the 
war  as  colonel,  commanded  a  brigade  at 
Bull  Bun,  and  was  soon  after  made  m^or 
\  general;  given  command  of  the  army 
,  Kov.  7, 18^,  he  was  defeated  by  Gen.  Lee 
at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  18,  losing  over  1(K 
000  men.  Believed  from  the  chief  com- 
^  mand  soon  after,  he  performed  gallant 
service  both  in  the  West  and  the  East  En- 
tering political  life  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
he  was  elected  Governor  of  Bhode  Island 
for  several  successive  terms. 

Bumt-eax,  bemt'3r.  A  disease  in  com, 
Jn  which  the^octiflcation  of  the  plant  is 

destroyed;  minategwrna  of  a  parasitical 

masbroata,  the  Ureao  CArbo  or  IT.  sege- 
inm. 


Bumt-Gfterinff, 'of-fer-ing.  Something 
offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar  as  an  atone- 
ment for  sin. 

Burnt-sienna,  'si  en  -na.  Sienna  earth 
submitted  to  the  action  of  fire,  by  which 
it  is  converted  Into  a  fine  orange-red  pig- 
ment. 

Burnt-stone,  'st6n.  A  term  applied  to 
antique  camelians  found  in  ruins,  which 
apparency  have  been  acted  upon  by  fire. 

Burr,  Aaron.  A  brilliant  and  not<nious 
American  politician,  b.  in  New  Jersey  in 
1766,  served  ftom  1775  to  1779  in  the 
army,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant  col- 
onel;  in  1789  elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate, 
and  in  1800  elected  Vice-President  on 
the  ticket  with  Thomas  Jefferson ;  en- 
gaged in  a  treasonable  scheme  to  detach 
some  of  the  S.  States  from  the  Union,  and 
erect  an  independent  government  with 
them  and  a  part  or  the  whole  of  Mexico ; 
tried  at  Bichmond,  Ya.,  1807,  and  acquit- 
ted, but  never  regained  the  confidence  of 
his  fellow-citizens;  d.  1886.  Uo  killed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  duel. 

Burras-pipe,  bnr'as-plp.     A  tube   to 


th€ 


contain  lunar  caustic  or  other  corrosive. 

Burrel-shot,  'el-shot.  Small  shot,  nails* 
stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  &c.,  put  into 
cases,  to  be  discharged  at  short  range ;  an 
emergency  shot. 

Burr,  ber.  A  name  given  to  cer- 
tain siliceous  or  8iIiceo-«alcareou8  stones, 
whose  dressed  surfboes  present  a  burr  or 
keen-cutting  texture,  used  for  millstones. 

Bursar,  bers'er.  A  treasurer  or  cash- 
keeper,  as  the  burp^  of  a  college.  A  stu- 
dent to  whom  a  }-'  "Hsay  is  paid. 

Burse,  bers.  A  purse:  now  used  only 
as  the  designation  of  one  of  the  official  in- 
signia of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land.  A  receptacle  for  the  corjiorrd  and 
ch^ce  cover,  placed  over  thechalicn  veil 
when  the  sacred  vessels  are  carried  to  the 
altar. 

Burstins^-charflpe,  bersVing-chArj.  A 
small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed  in 
contact  wi&  coarse  powder  to  insure  the 
ignition  of  the  latter.  The  charge  re- 
quired for  bursting  a  shell  or  case-shot. 

Busby,  buzH)!.  A  military  head-dress 
worn  by  hussars,  artillerymen  and  en- 
gineers. 

Buscone,  bus'kSn.  One  who  prospects 
for  ores ;  also,  a  mbier  who  pays  part  of 
the  proceeds  of  his  work  to  the  owner  of 
the  mine. 

Bush,  bnsh.  A  lining  of  harder  material 
let  into  an  oii&Qe  \a  viuxd  against  wear- 


s.« 


BlUll'buck.  'buk.  Tlis  nams  giiFD  to 
jnTora!  Apevia  of  the  gm.  Tn^lAphu, 
ttpedolly  lu  T.  tJirtUa,  ta  uiUlapa  at 
CuOVorla  >nd  Capo  ColosT. 

Bushel,  linsb'Dl.  A  dry  meunn  ood- 
Lilnlni;  8  eilJoDD. 

brcAkln^  hUQUltt ;  nhAmmarfcrdrflullv 


]vfrtet  Kure-  **■*  Bi 

pOD  bird,  often  wplghlnf  SO  p( 
But.  buL  Tim  Ddtrr  apartmpnl 

Batohei^blrd,  b 


irimllTM 
Boatt^hrlkft,  'ihifk.  0ns 
fnumDaphlUDc)  of  tb>    " 


ButlflT,  Benjamin  Franklin.    An 


carto  uooJter^tooBdlothe 

•vunpa  of   tha  Amaion, 

wboM  1«T«  org  ofUD  «0 

r«tl0Egby  itoOfertlB 

.   -hnMaih. 

ffiMj 

Bn**,  bull.    Tho  dgurs  or 

■  penan   In  niltt.  shawtng 

\bafj 

bre.8t.Thfl  chest  orti.or«i 

the  tnmk   of  the  hnmui 
body. 

Bart. 

BtlrtU..a.    Ajudwornbrl 

.die.  tor  1 

e:^?^-/:^"*'"'?^'?;: 

■11°*"  "fj 

e    Batt«,  but    An  Americen  term  Bpplted 
s      to  »  detiwhi-d  ridge  rieing  ebrgptlj.  too 
9      high  to  be  caUeA  ^Hl,  •^&aaK  belD(  UeIi 
eooogh  tQ  \m  cilM  ihiiHraiiMti'- 


BYZAHTUrS 


Buttar-1 


epondfne  to  the  fen.  PapIUoJn  thelifuJJy 
d«velc>ped  BtMtfl.     A  (WTBon  vho»  aCtAQ- 
tion  Is  ^Ten  up  ta  a  Tarl«ty  of  trlQH, 
Buttarfiy-ahall,   -ahel.      Tha  pgptUir 

Bntterfly-TBl'V*,  -nlT.  In  pmana.  ■ 
■pMlu  111  doubl*  Dl»tvi]T«,  employed 
In  the  ll(t-bllcket>  of  IHVS  witer-pumpi, 
■nd  Air  ths  ilr-puinp  boouU  of  nndeni- 
Ing  ilMm-uiiliies. 

BattorinB, -In.  An  nrtiatiilbnttaniiade 
from  ulmsi  fkt.  cboroed  with  mUk,  aome 
•met  butter  uil  tba  felki  oT  eggs,  tb< 


'      fVom  ibe  b<u-lreB^ 

fioEmald,  bni'erd.    A  gen.  (BuUv 

la^t^  nptorUl  blrds^  fUeoD  fom^ 
',    'ByaxA,  bl'urd.    A  plooe  of  leatbo-  c 

ln^  tbfl  breut,  used  by  meo  wbo 

I    Bys.    Ii. cricket,. r™n.«leon.l»I 


-fl'ter.    A  mlnnr  or  woo 

.^ .  „  ifiiitloedan  to  Uis  Ugh  .11 

Lnclenlly.  a  table  for  huldlng  Uie  T< 
jientd,  the  Aured  veaeeU.  ^Ee. 
Sy-law,  'I..    A  looitl  or  prlraie  Uw  ^  i 


in  wood  for  paring 

hefaMtfofab 

Battai-mlUt,  -ml 

t.    The  milk 

Battop-nut,  -nut 

The  fruit  of 

dneroa,    »uni«lin« 

ailed    oU-D 

Dt  and 

^S^Nut 

,cl/enim;»lK) 

called 

Sntter-trae,  M. 

A  eiwoleiof 

fDaDdli]AlHu,»hlch  j^eldias 

beUine« 

called  ihes  bntter. 

Battery,  -l.     An 

jrtne.,  liquor,  and 

apBtmenl  bi   which 
pniYlslona  are  kept 

■re  kept  for  sale  to  tbe  alndentii. 

Button-tooL 'n-tSI.    Anlnstrm 

suttlng  out  tbo  d 

wblcl 

wtththokejeoflh 

organ  and  pi 

Buttrau, 'rea.    A 

port  tB 

1. 

But^,  'tT  A  mln 

rirho  raleei 

ore  by  ooBlract,  em 

i^gtoX. 

work.    B.  B'nn,  a 

>  par- 

tlonof  thevDik  1 

ngdldded. 

:^tyrio.  bt-Ur'tk. 

rerWnliw 

t!"J^ 

ngdatlan  of  Its  own  ulUn. 


u  or  private  uw:  a 
rporatod  body  forlu 


rtna  Amo  batt^.  B.  Mid,  obUtali  from 


ngDlatlan  of  Its  own  ulCiln. 
Byron,  OaoTseChiraaiiHael,JiM4. 
An  Enrilah  poet,  b.  17SB,  d.  ISM  st  MU- 
■olongbl,  bi  Orvwo,  vhare  he  hadgm* 
10  offer  bis  HrrlssB  In  tbe  war  oflnde- 
pendencs.  HIa  domutio  life  waa  Inf^el- 
tona,  he  and  his  witb  living  togetbarbata 
single  year,  iriien  he  lefth^ and  England, 
never  returning.    Unch  of  bis  poetry  U 

ByrrhidEe,  blr'ri-di.  A  bm.  of  p«- 
ly  known  BI  pUfbeetleL 
I  Byrrhiia,  'ns.  The  mdal  g«i.  of  the 
above  Ihmlly,  contalninc  B.  pUnla,  th* 
aoDimon  pUT-beetle,  whloh,whenalaRned, 
■Imuhilea  death. 

BywK>lU«,  bla-o-Ht.  An  amreblne  tnn- 
aparent  nrineral.  In  long,  flne  oapiUa^ 
cryetala,  A  name  given  to  the  £iier  fl- 
ea alntanIhu^  tiemollte,  scUnoUte,  Ac. 

Byanw,  'ua.  Amodg  the  andenta.  a 
Dloth  of  exceedingly  flne  teiture.  Ooe  of 
I  the  bjBBl.  filamentous  oryptogamlo  plante. 
A  long,  sllliy  bunch  of  fllanienls.  by  mams 
ofwhtch  theMyt]lua,Plnnaand  other  bi- 
valve moUueke  are  attached  lo  filed  ab- 
jfcla. 

Byttneriaceee,  blt-n«-rl-a'Bi.6.  Anat 
iH-d,  of  plants,  sometimes  IncIndcdaiDonK 
the  StorcullaceiB.  The  typlml  gen.,  fi 
Byttnerla,  but  the  most  Important  Is 
Theobroma,  to  which  the  tree  yieldlngttaa 
cocoa-bean  belonga. 

BygantliWi  bli-anlin.  PerlalDliv  to 
ByianUnm,  an  ancient  dty  of  Ttuioe, 
thalxA  on  tlie  Boaplurna.    In  tk*  jtn 


BotJt  tlu  Normu  & 


1  tha  Lomburdto 


th6  Bj'iuitlne,  imd  all  vfl  comprlKf 
der  th«  tmn  BoioMMque.     Tfia  Ml 


CIS  tiia  third  Isttsr  In  the  Bngtlili  alpli*- 1  OaballeiO,  Tl'rA.    A.  gnn  ud  bUMt 
bstuid  thsHsond  ortheoonBotiuiti.  I    Hpsalah  dsnoe. 
U    rqa-Ment*    twii    perfeotlj    dHUnot    Cabaret,  krii'tK*.    Atanmj  *  honH 
•oonils,  nMorfy^thfl  jruttureL  part»lnlag  ]    where  Uquois  >»  nUtlad. 
to  k,  ud  the  hird  or  tble  noimd  ori.  (he    nahh_«    i..>^i->     Tk. i..  »._ 

OsTrawhilgnphQh.    Im  the  LiKa  ■!■  |   J^tS^  ^la^.^^W 


_M  soond  wblflh  beloved  U 
Aiiglo-fla'oo.    Aa  e  niunefaJ^  C  BtADdB  for 
100iCOr<>r«00;4Eo. 

OmAk,  kk-l'ha.  An  abking  atone  bolld- 
InicvtthlD  ths  nut  moinue  at  llecsca, 
soatiliiliig  the  fiimoiu  black  stone  or  Keb- 
lah  preseDted  by  tfas  fULgel  Gmbrlel  to 
AbnhunoD  tbeowuloaatbnUdlDg  the 
ori^alCubM. 

Oaainv-irhale.  kglng-vhll.  The 
roand-faekded  porpolae  (OJoblMpbnlDi  de> 

'dastor.  DetpUiiii  melig.  or  D.  eloUoepg), 
bm,  Delphlnldie. 

OatL  kib.  A  Hebr««  drr  mexnire.  oon- 
tdnlfiffAboiitf  plntt.  A  Dod  of  haokney 
euriigB,  with  twa  or  IMnr  wheeli,  dimn 
bj  one  horse,  llieeoTered  pert  oieloeo- 

0>a<lm,  '»!■.  A  mrttertont  eelenee 
■■Aar  Jewlflh  rsbWns,  pretended  to  luTe 


Cabbaea-riMe,  -rOi,      Boh  eentJIbKi, 
^ving-  Bumy  Tuietla,  nnlnent];  filled 

bom  ItB  fmgnnov ;  ProTenoa  roM, 


itofUieliwIiiDpposM  to  eon- 
tain  *  Dyaterr,  ud  the  CataHata  pretend 
even  to  foretell  fntnre  e»ant»  bjlha  •ludj 
ofthlaarfenee. 

Oabalist,  'Ml-lst.  A  Jewlah  doctor  who 
profbaaea  the  etndr  of  tbe  eebela,^  or  the 

Okbaliatlo,  'Ik.  Pertaining  to  the  cab- 
ala or  mratcrlona  adenoe  of  Jewlah  Cradl- 
tkHia-     Cont4di]lnf  ma  occnlt  meKnlng. 

CmttllarU,  -li'rl-fc    AfSadil 

land*,  the  teni 

aoltablreqDlp' 


[Anca  Dlenon).    The  unopened  bnd  of 

KBg  laavea  la  Biiinb  prbed  u  ■  -rrgMt- 
bat  the  reoioTal  of  It  deatrora  tho 

Portn^esf 


reoelTed  from  India,    i 


n  the  w 


A  pole; a 


eauatofAHe*. 
Cabar,  kl'bsr.  i 

land  nmee  of  atJ 

tree  tor  Loaaln^  or 
Cabin,  kab'ta.    A  imall  n»n>;  a  hut  or 

imall  hooae.    An  apartment  In  a  ship. 
Cabljut,  -eL    A  doaet ;  a  retired  apart- 

nrtn  CO  or  MoeoUTO  government ;  the  ool- 

nlEure,  with  dnwerB  aid  doors.    Any  part 

afworks  of  an.  InUqnlUea.  Ac.  L. 

larKe-aized  photograph,  highly  di 
Oablrl,  ta-bT'rI.    Andmt  Greet  dlrlnl- 

tle>.  VeryUtttelaknawnregudlnethem. 
Cable,  kiHil.  A  atTDngropeorohilnDaed 

lo  retain  arev^atanofaor.aadeofbeiflpi 

)ate  or  Iron.    BnbDwIno  er  eleotrto  tele- 


flabhidr' 


tooted  by  Iron  wires  be 
fbrm  or  n  fi|>lrn!.      O 


OableKTam.  -gnun .    I 
Cablet,  ku'blet.  &BJ  a 


titfiinf  pho^phorl 
barjta,  proCoifdc 


ibUnp  re.1 ,(, 


called  A^lley. 

OaAot,  -bo.    In  tlin  lalD  of  Jer 
(ble  dry  iDEninrs.    The  imUIi 

Oabot,  S«baatlaii. 


'.\^l 


ish  n»vi™io 


■  TV^ty  ofoptili  often 


Oacholonff,  kub'o-Iotig. 

tha  qusrUl  dunllv,  ■  Tr-'-'- 

ullod  Pcori-opul, 
Oaohon.  tB-shfl.    A  iwoetmest  mud' 

tbeeitnctorUquorhH.cuhevt-DDt,  g 

&d. ,  used  to  eweeUn  an  oSeDslFs  bre 
Oachuca,  -cblt'lu.  A  Spuilsb  duco 

' '  liy  B  mm  Md  wodhb. 

I.  lu-e«k'.    Native  ehleHi  of 


Oltde,  kSd.     A  bBrrel  or 

sSSm 

oat.  AeideorherriiigB 

W^^^ 

Is  60(l;«f  sprats,  1,000, 

^B^m 

Oade^il,  'oil,    aa  oil 

-■swaicc 

^f  mwTo'oTth!!  n't 

C«tm. 

of  Iho  Jnolpe. 

ms  Cycodrq.. 

0»d8t,  ka-aef.    Tboyoi 

who  MTrtea  ernii  Inlrej 
veto,  with  a  view  to  siaju 

1T„1L%.X- 

In^.S^'SS.^S 

la  tutaliig  Sot  an  offlcH 

ubij",  or  In  »  mUltarj'  Boli 

ool. 

Ctadl,*^'!.    Ajndgoam 

omlbeTiuki., 

CAIABABH-TXIE 


Oulileakac.  -l-lM't«r.    Theoliiaf  judgs 

In  Uie  'IHtrkieh  emplK. 

Sorghum  i-ulgiue,  ealtly«fd  InAMoiM 

<ftidi»,  ka'rti..    Cp.  of  pror.  of  C.  In 

t  eer»L 

Jnd.luili;  sIluKsiloii  HbAUuiHo,  hikI 

OaiBlB.  keri.ht.    An  nmeUJ  Penlui  ut^ 

Sp.111 ;  pop.  !0,l»0. 

Oadmean.  m*'M.    R^tattng  W  CWnum, 

OB«e,  kiy.  A  hai  (tor  eonflDlni  Mrda  or 
bnmts.      Fonnerly,   n  plus  of  oonfloe- 

."hJirSi  Wbli^tat^Wl'lntoG™ 

which  ^thereSira  oUl  C.  iBtler-.''  A  C. 

"•UFHork'^Dt^uiy  kind.  'Acnpunuin' 

Tictgry,  n  proi'iirbtol  phrwo  for  »  TiPloty 

In  which  th«  vhltoni  eifer  u  n,Mh  a>  Ihe 

or  A  .leutcDsnl-urneral  Id    the  Tortdih 

aBdmimn.  'ml-nm.    A  maul  foimd  In 

«Ylce;i^U,leof:hedeJ,.tyoftbB,«u«l 

Oainite,  k^n'^t.    A  ise>i>ber  of  >  >e(:t  of 

BsuiirlnE  mgla.  In  culUnf  gemi,  «nd 
keeping  diem  »t  s  proper  SDgle. 

Caiuoaolc,  hu-na->6'lk,    A  lenn  spplled 

u  the  lUeit  of  the  Ehroe  dlvltloni  Into 

Manmrr's  rod ;  n  wmuI  mtwltted  by  two 

referen™  to  the  ige  of  the  (omlSrilhey  In- 

*r  qnnTlty  uid  olBee. 

Cywn  mny  be  tnted  M  the  lype. 
Omuw,  'w.    a  Utie,  Driglnillytha  tar- 

ClalTii.kim.  A  hopof  stones:  einHtdlr 
one  of  thoie  «.mm<^  In  Uretl  BrftUn.  it 

lumaor  tbe  JdIIui  Jbolly  nt  Home,  wbiob. 

•Iter  belne  dl>nifled  In  the  ponan  of  the 
dIeUtor  C-  .Joiiat  Ow.  w»  wJoptal  by 

(kulum.  "zi-iun.    AnreolkidlnBDilner- 

C^a^in.  kis' wn  An  .mmontUon  wegon 

orehen     lnAreh...nntei.  penfl  .  1.. 

mraTn  the  mhierai'le^ldDllte'^d  l>^ 

cun«.     ln01vllKn^,.vo«elo«d».. 

envlrone  tha  vhols  GOTlh, 

which  rsMelr.  mny  bo  ™l»«l  »Bd  floitod. 
A  wst«r-llEht  culflg    D>ed    In    bulldtne 

C,    chuntuit,  t  coa-ec-hoiiH  In   Franee 
«hera  the  guesu  nre  lr«.led  with  mpelo. 

Otvlemit,  knj'l-pnt.  An  oil  rMembllng 
Ibrxt    of   Mntmone,   obtnlned    from   the 

ObI,  kal.  A  mlninir  Is™  for  butiFd 
metal  Riund  In  tin  ore ;  wol&am. 

Calabar  Bea^. -<i-ttSrlii;n.  TheeeedoT 

tn   coBee-benius    Me-leavoe,    io,    Ooffea 
acmtnlDi  tram  .9  to  8.6.  tmd  ton  from  i  to 
4  per  lent.    Culled  bIu  Thelne. 

AtHcan  plant,  nearly  .IHed  to  the  kldnej- 
h«n.  1  poworftil  narootle  p.>lBon. 

QtooSm.  m  brown  oIL 

OaflBi-bread,  kefot-bred.    Th«plthQf 

tU.  beuBuee  of  theli  eoord-llke  rnilU,  the 

•belli  of  which  ue  mHl»  low  ieo.e.H; 

;ilu2iii-Iii4  naml  J>r  I^f  l^e/nw  as  fbod. 

aUBtUt.  A.n«mi..l»»^t«iW><la"»>itt*- 

OAUuntAS 


OalabrU,  kib-IA'bre- 


OsJada.  k^lU'. 


Calais,  k*'l(.  A  sfipori  nf  N.  Frw 
ths  uaaett  bl  EcgluiA.  LxilDg  but  26 
from  Dover;  pop.  ISJlfl. 

o.  Kam-uiMg-ko,    A  i™ 
la  glfUA  uid  oheckwiH  In 


duigmu  Ibon  of       „ 

•1k>  Squid,  BeB->l»ve.  Prake,  or  PsnBj 
Oalamlue.  -mln.    The  nuUve  gllic« 

oxLdA  af  ilDfl,  from  which  Iha  mfltEl 

gr>t  by  miHUstloa. 
Oalamite,  -mri.    i  mlnn-al,  prounWj 


botb  kindi  ii 


lioii  when  thuy  partook  ot 

la-lan'dn.  A  spedMoflvk. 
AlaqUK cDUadra.  A^pd.  or  «ilMT»t<hrona 
1d8«cUi,  pffctlDii  Ehjni^opbt 

aalapltto.  knl'i-plc.  A  stDii;aincret 
WHUuoniillT  present  In  tb«  pocoa-ri 
-  (i.Uail»HoVeKet»bleB«o«r,  worn  V 
MiUya  ne  in  uniilot. 

Oalaah,  kn-lubh'.    A  light  ourlage  with 

tlmoa  Att^  to  Biich  a  CHrrie^.  A 
for  tba  beid  uuil  by  Frsnsb  ladles. 
Oalatrava,  koJ-nb-tri'Ts.    An  on 

jr: 


wklch  the  ruUnc  King  c 


,  nited  OKok  eooUi-    - 


Troj  nnd  pi 
nrtbelnogi 


forthenalliiofrooii] 
OaloImaTlte,  -nl-in 


n  upplled  to  ti 


Iho  most  widojj  dlffmed  of  1 

OalooKraph7.  -kee'n-a.      The 
dratvlnE  "ilh  oolored  cbi^ki. 
Oalc-alstar.  kalk'aln-tu.    A  el 

formLn^  sUlncUt^  and  etola^mitc 
OBlo-Spar,    'Bjiir.     ColrHooua    I 

Oalculua.  kal'kB-lu>.     Jo  Pethol 


body.  InMiilh.iinolhQdofuomputMli 
Oalcutta.  UI-kQt'U.  Can,  of  BrlU 
India,  on  Iho  Hoogly,  B  brsnifli  of  I 
0iinK>4<.  lot  m,  from  Bay  of  BeoKOl ; 

Oalderarl.  -dil-ri're.  A  poUUeo-rel 
loai  iPDtln  Italy  during  the  reign  of  U 

OaledonitOH  'l-do-niL    A  EnlDorol,  « i 
prfous  iulphato-cvbonotaaf  leod- 
Onlefaotor.  -l-ltak'Ur.    A  nmnl]  swve 
Oalefaatory,  'lo-ri.    A  wnrnilng-roi 


Calembcrro, -cm-bor'.  A  rare  spedej  of 

Oolendor,  'en^dor.  A  register  of  the 
vrar,  In  which  Iha  months,  wec&s  uid 
'dnvs  iTD  hM  danti  in  ordor,  nith  lbs 
ffiBts  obscnod  by  the  chnroh,  &c. ;  u  ■]- 

vblch  Btiind  1^  Irinl.    O.  month,  ■  lelir 

cUdo  eonilsting  of  oylinilers  nTolTliv  1M> 
nearly  In  oontoct  that  doth  pnadnjc  bfr 
twMD  tbi'Di  is  imoolbsd  and  gloied  Vr 
tbeir    prestori'.      An   eitsbliBEmul  (  m 


CAISNDEB 


fld,  BUrched^  Jtc.    A  uervm  who  Diuagwi 
Caleitder.    Oneof  umrducifderTlglwB 


Qalenda,  'endi.    Ammu  the 

Uie  tint  amy  ot  euh  wCFBtti. 
Oalendnline,    ki-lso'du-Un. 

Dbulaed  fkvoi  Iho  invi^d,  Uie  C 

nrbounlBU. 
Oalf.  kif.     Proper]}-  tbs  jmuii 

boYioo  gen.  of  qu»dnipedfl,  bqi 


CEilhoiui.  John  Oaldwell  As  Amer- 

Uds  nm,  D,  taM).  Hu  wu  elecMd  to 
Congress  In  ISIO;  spfxrioted  SemuiyoT 
Wit  ISIT ;  In  ISM  d«l«t  VtiH-ProsliI«BI, 
ud  re-elected  in  IBSS;  nslsfledlhe  Vlce- 
Ptatdtacty  la  1E82,  and  wu  Bricmnl 


OaliBtoai^wood, 

dyp-wood   I 

Oitliber.  t 

of  >  bodv 

wm.  FlK.,conipuBOrDii>iic- 
Ily  of  niind.  C,  Bnnp»we«, 
ar  cBllperi,  '  •    ■  • 


?5i  JL» 


craM-hwU,     one   of  wMeh    tn   ailJuiUd 
idtehUr  by  innl,  ths  other  moviible. 
Calioo,  -ka.  A  teim  for  a.B<r  whiH  ootton 
cloth.    fleBco  WM  fiTBt   mamnfeCTiirfd   in 
IndU.    Printed  cotton  olotb  owser  (ban 

CaUett-printlniti  -printing.  The  irtof 
loipn-sslDg  ^Icoea  with  vvlo^ted  flg- 

OaUd-nls.  ClaJuM  Onur.  kth-Ug'a-lih. 


rwtrml'nt,  o 

eof  hlsmiatdliiruBlinapei- 

(brmiBces 

bebiH 

decree  ■ppolcllng  his 

Oalifomla.    On 

of  the  P«lfle  Slllt«. 

the  A 

m'!r™p''!''aM.'w4fU 

ler  "iB 

prlnclp-J  d 

Dicnlo.  the 

iDJOH^eed^tocklon: 

chief  rlTsrs 

gnlDi    mo 

nuUiis 

the     Monl.    Dilblo 

ruiffOilonj 

the  P. 

dBemndtboHlrmKa- 

Bivn 

Hhi  Prueleeo  !•  ona 

oftheanes" 

hi^bo 

dtj-  of  the 

h«id,  Is  th 

CTcWamporiqD.of'h> 

Oalln.    kii 

which  tha  ChlnesB 

niEka  Wa-culstan  Lid 

OallpoBh,    tal'l-puh.     That  part  oi  ■ 

OolipQQ,  -pe.    Tbmt  nart  ofm  turtle '■<hlok 
'lonesM  the  lower  sWid. 

title  (tiTM  W   tb* 


Caliph.  hi'Hr. 


dl^altj  Mid  power.  Th 

sultans  Dr'J^lu,r 

•ssiime  this  u  one  oft 

<4t  titles. 

Oallpvic,  ks-Hp'lli.    f 

f  er^perlrintae  to 

l^allpjioi,  1  Greelc  njtr 

ORlUwyaBBTk,  ui- 

fur  the  febrifugal  Inoer 

bffl-ti'i.fijlneliona 

Oalixtina.  ka-llkK'tIn 

One  of  a  sec  i  of 

ho  published  their 

leadtagortidoof 

ivblch  was  I  demand  to 

partake  oftheenp 

(oallijaaWBUatoftho 

lnpper.    A  follower  o 

Oeorre  CbIIiIdb, 

wbod]edlnl«M.    He 

™iih.^t  CaOio-' 

n  the  basis  of  Iha 

Apostles'  Creed. 

Collztn^  St.,  Pop*. 

HDCeeededZeph- 

Iriniis  219 ;  martyred  «a.    C.  H..  son  of 

i['.'!'nT»."p'  uT"c5 

s.  1-ope  GolasluB 
11.  {Alfonso  Bor- 

Ela>.  B.  NlcboI«!  V.,14«B.  P.  1468;  wa. 

uaeletoPopeAlaianderVI.. 

"SSk'.'L.US, 

f  Iron  with  rt-rp 

of  the  .hoe  to  pre- 

yentsllpplliFontheloe 

Tho  ctremtW 

Callao,  kiMa',\ 
ijfl'mi,  flm.  (ron 

QKtL-twU.  kalt*]. 


Copying  ■  piotD 


ftm.  brrminlij-rfdai:  I'haDlink- 

OHlUohthy»,  -Ik'thli.    A  gt 
Abdominal  mAlacuptwygliuid. 

Oa31ia:ia,sib.Y.  -iig' 


OftlophyUnm,  -fll'ion.  A  ffen.  of  pimta, 
(.rd.  Qutaftno.  C.  InophyllQiii  y<M»  * 
lasa/saj  i-hiJd.    fAoinuhK.      Tho   b»i1> 


Caloric,  tn-liir'lk.  A  suppMed  mibUt 
lDipflti<lrnih)e  (laid  to  vbUOi  the  Hora- 

MtribDUd.  C.  englnB,s  nims  Kl"°>  br 
CJi[itidJi   ErJouDD  td  bla  improved  air- 

OaiorlB,  -lo-rS,  Tho  nanodty  of  h«t 
neouory  to  Tsln  the  WpKnture  af  ■ 
kllumiinins  of  w«lor  ono  flcgrao  CbdU- 

OalDrimetsI',  ki1-a-Tim'e-trr.     An  np- 

Oalorimotor,  kii-lar'i-iaD"ier,      A  gol- 

powor. 
Oaloeamai  kil-o-^'nui,    A  cm.  of  csoln- 

A  pljiln  BkQlL'<iu)   or 


Oalotts,  t 


d  by»«; 


Loiiit  ilV-.wid  fmriMlar 
dtrtbeiiumi>LiiCi«hlMU  0 
by  Ihfl  prl»l>),  whicli  w 
uiPBodetj. 

Cnlotypa,  kil'o-tlp.    1 
dDcLugphotogrnpiia  by  ' 


lytlilnff  liy- 
!  UK  cap  of 

K  cup  wgrn 
the  aymbol  of 

uUuB  orl^ 


CEav.k. 


>-EipaaleH  of  wboDitfl 
rl,  rslled  niM  Ac^Uo- 


imipnnd  flnreymndstonuilnil 

Oaltroi),  ksi'tron.  Anin- 
HriimoDt  wlUi  fenr  Iron 

™™lry.    InBot.tiinconi- 

thLAtio ;  the  M-fttPT  oaltnp 

Oalumst,  '[t-ini^t.    Atobe 

ofpeDDoleamokid  toratii; 
in  rejoctfon  mcnni  «nr. 


I  ofsl»K 


CALVINISM 


141 


GAHEKA 


Calyx. 


Cam. 


cradfied.  In  R.  G.  ooontries,  aohapel, 
in  memoiy  of  th«  place  where  our  Savioar 
flaffered. 

Oalvinisxa,  'rin-lzm.  The  theological 
tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Calvin,  who 
was  born  in  Pioardv  in  France,  /ind  in  1686 
chosen  professor  of  divinity  and  minister 
of  a  ehnrch  in  Geneva,  Switzerland. 

OalyptrsaidsB,  ka-lip-tre^-dd.  A  flun. 
of  gast«x>podons  mollusks,  known  as  bon- 
net or  chambered  limpets. 

Oalyx,  ka'llks.  In  Bot  the  ex- 
terior covering  of  a  flower  vdtb- 
in  the  bracts  and  external  to  the 
o<nx>ia,  which  it  incloses  and 
snpp<Mi8.  In  Anat.  small  cup- 
like membranous  canals  which 
Invest  the  roints  of  thepapilln 
of  the  kidney. 

Gam,  kam.    In  Kach.  a  simple 
eontrivanoefor  oonvertinf  a  uni- 
form  rotatory  motion  into    a 
varied     rectiuni 
motion. 

Oambaye,  -b2^  A  O 

cotton  cloth  made. 

In  India. 
Oaxnber,  'ber. 

oonvexity  upon  an 

uppw  surfiioe,  as  a 

deck  amidships,  a  bridge.    The  part  in  a 

dockyard  where  timber  Is   stored,  and 

where  cambering  is  performed. 
Ckkmbez^beam,  'ber-b€m.    In  Arch,  a 

beam  laid  upon  the  straintDg  beam  of  a 

truncated  roof,  supporting  -  the  covering 

of  the  summit. 

Oamberwell  Beauty,  -wel  b&'ti.  A 
rare  British  butterfly,  Vanessa  Antiopa. 

Ckkinbistzy,  'bis-tri.  The  science  of  ex- 
change, weights,  measures,  A«. 

Chunbrasine.'bra-sen.  A  fine  linen  cloth 
fikbrioated  in  Egypt,  resembling  cambric. 

Oambrian,  'bri-an.  Belating  or  per- 
taining to  wales  or  Cambria.  C.  group,  an 
extensive  series  of  gritstones,  sandstones, 
or  slates,  often  metamorphosed  into  chlo- 
rite and  mica  schists,  ana  gneiM^  lying  un- 
der the  lower  Silurian  beds. 

Oambrio,  kara'brik.  A  fine  linen  fiibric, 
named  from  Cambray  in  Flanders,  where 
it  was  first  manu&otured.  An  imitation 
is  also  made  of  fine  cotton. 

Oaxnbro-Britoxi,  kam'brO-bri-ton.  A 
Welshman. 

Oamail,  ka-mftL  The  chain-mail  or  ar- 
mor appertaining  to  the  casque  or  bas- 
dnet,  fiUUng  down  over  the  shoulders. 

Oamaldolite,  -mMl^do-lIt    Aneartyex- 


Had  fraternity  of  monks  founded  in  1018^ 
by  St.  Itomuald  {  they  wear  white  robes. 

OanLarlUa,  kam-a-ril'a.    A  company  <rf 

secret  counsellors  or  advisers-;  a  cabal; 

a  clique. 
Oaniayeu,  ka-mft'O.    A  stone  or  onyx 

engraved  in  relief ;  a  cameo.    In  fin  3  arta, 

monochrome  painting. 

Gramel,  kam'eL  A  large  quadruped,  gen. 
Gamelus,  flunily  Camelidae,  ord.  Rniiii> 
nantia.  There  are  two  varieties,  one  strong 
and  slow,  for  burdens,  the  other  slighter 
and  fleeter,  fat  travding.  The  gen.  An- 
chenia  (llamas)  have  no  nump.  A  water- 
tight structure  placed  beneath  a  vessel  to 
raise  it  in  the  water. 

Oaxnelid8B,  ka-meVi-dd.  A  fiun.  ef 
quadrupeds,  including  the  true  camels  9t 
tne  eastern  hemisphere,  and  the  llamas  of 
the  western.  They  are  the  onhr  mml- 
nants  with  canine  and  incisor  teeth  in  this 
upper  jaw. 

Cazoelopardalis,  karn'ol-o-pAr^'da  Ha. 
A  gen.  of  ruminant  quadrupeds  of  whidi 
the  camelopard  is  the  sole  spedes.  A 
northern  constellation,  situated  between 
Gepheus,  Perseus,  Ursa  Mi^rand  Minor, 
ana  Draco,  containing  82  stars. 

OaxnelopardL^  ka-mel'o-pfir-del.  An 
imaginary  beast  of  heralalo  ereatloo, 
formed  by  the  addition  of  two  horns  on 
the  head  of  the  camelopard. 

Oameo,  kam'6-6.  A  general  name  for  all 
stones  cut  in  rdief,  in  contradistinc^on  to 
those  hollowed  out,  or  intagUes.  0.  in- 
crustation, the  art  of  produdng  bas-relief 
casts  within  a  coating  of  flint-glass. 

Cameotype,  -tTp.  A  small  vignetts 
daguerreotype  for  mounting  in  a  Jeweled 
setting. 

Camera  , 
'er-a.  In  Anc. 
arch,  an  arch- 
ed roof,  ceil- 
ing, or  cover- 
ing; a  vault. 
The  variety  of 
camera  obeou- 
ra  used  by 
photograph- 
ers. G.laoida, 
an  invention 
for  Ihdlitating 


Camera  Obsoun. 


the  delineation  of  distant  objects,  and  also 
copying  or  redudng  drawiags,  by  pro- 
ducing a  reflected  picture  of  them  upon 
papor.  G.  obscura,  an  apparatus  in  which 
the  imagea  of  external  objects,  received 
through  a  double  convex  lens,  are  exhib- 
ited ^stbictly,  and  in  their  natural  colony 
on  a  wMto  Bumm  i^ImoI  •>!  the  (Qcn&  ^|g 


CAXEBIISQO 
OielenB.    The  0.  obionrs  . 


nployed  by    Oamplior, 


■linBO.  ia-incrlen'ftr..    The  high-      belongs  lo  the  vesftabU  ollt, 
it«r  Id  tha  pBjal   household ;  iba    Oamphor-oll,  -olL    A  frs^^ruit,  Um^d, 
oolorleflA  Dkl  Dbutbcd  from  the  Drjobilft- 

.  kun-er-rt'iil-im.     One  of     rops  Cunpbon  hj  dtetiUln^  the  wood 

r  Klehuil  Cameron  Id  Boot-      with  water. 

U>  tbe  Pnebvtaidan  ok 


ETchi- 

formed  Preshyleri-..  . 

tmeot  of  BrltlBh  inOinlij.  uStTifr  lueeUiiBheli 

,  '1-zIlrd.    One  of  Uie  Frsn<A      uUDdanu  smsmplT 


IWSUUlWKk  OBJnpo,  kHo'p*.    The  PortnrnMe  nam. 

°'™*?*^i5?- ..*  'il^Jrt' **T1T'  oftbewldegnMplBlniofBrKlt.oneeUio 

worn  by  ladles  when  drawed  In  aegHg*e.  alio  of  foreata,    A  kind  of  Bohe*  lea. 

A  aWgbt-Jaofcet  put  upon  lunatlDS.    A  Oampong. 'pong.    A  native  vllWe  !■ 

Kl^',^aeir°iBT1<?;JS^  tholS^lf'ofrh/F«teri>SrS,S]^ 

in JisnceaiureondeQiDation  tatbe^u-  «„,„„  „*.««i  i.  „  -  .^i      x      \.       ^    * 

Ijane.  Ofcmit-Btool.  fcamp'slfll.    ABentorBtoel 

OanUrt,  let    A  slnir  originally  made  of  "'tb'iMsloffa.somadBaa  tofoldnp, 

mmel'aiialr.  now  of  wooC  silk,  or  hair,  Oamp-viUBKOT, -vta'a-gar.    A  mlitdr* 

esnedallythatofp«U.  >«ltti  ttoolorallt.  of  vloegar,  Cajcano  popper,  soy,  walnnt- 

TEb  pure  oriental  eamlel  la  made  from  the  o"t<n  P.  anchoTlee  and  garlic. 

'--'rofUinAngTirtgoat.  Oampylito,  kam'pl  "■        '    — '■ 

'  "      "    lecret  aodety  mlmtata   or  araeiiBl 

■a   membere,  pboupborio  Imyeljr  rc| 

alawleas  1b-  Oam-wlieel,  'whal    . 


OMnp>  kamp.    The  place  whfre  an  ormj      ofprocatlnff    rectLllneal  and    Inla 
or  dUht  body  of  men  Is  enoainpHl ;  the    jnotton  Id  maneoling 


ilarrnpted 

Camwood,'™ 

•  "jphlanltida.oi  ..         

laklDe  kiilfo. 
a  T«7  brief  period.    C.  of   Oan.  it 
oampibnned  fbrlbereoep-      veaspla 


priidiioo  of  Baphlanltida,  onl.  I,»uml 

_„. .        jamp  la  sumranded      nosie.    It  Is  aaed  alao  lOr  oiatlnB  imfc 

))■  eiHiworkB,  *e.    Aijingca--' 


b^^X^o:,  e/orat,  eopalbii,    OampaoUe.        . 


veasfla.fupecfaiTylo 

Teasel  B  made  c 

ifaheeV 

■DoUI,    for  eonlalnl 
oases  provided  wllh 

■H'rr 

Iwl.""' 

thelaDiof  Can™, 

the  Israelttea  frDm 

OanadBBalaain, 

kan'a-da  M'l 

«-.i 

talced  from  WistOT 

e  In' the  bark 

of  the 

bahamflrandntFr 

seer's  baleami 

.    Zlzantaaqo, 

:roi.%r, 

protlflo 

'"   Ir^  l^nooeon 

.afford 

0aiiaill8,'kB-nSl', 

The  loweil  0 

Iho  people ;  the  rabble,  the  Tnlgar. 

Owiii -Eri'.    Al,  : 

utlflelal  water. 

*onn». 

MAxiJU^un 


CABOLB-BOMB 


Uxd.    -bord. 

An  ISMBsorba 

■hieliiK  bin!,  s  tlnii  uf  finch 

doelia    caiiurln,    .ir    FrlnglUH 

lun.  FringiUbtip.    Thsjwejoj 


L    Lstdoe  work :  rjHvintr- 
^hnreb,  V  oo^atractdd  u  not  to  Intcnwpr 


..  who  k  propOHd  (or] 

br  cleotloii  or  ^^obltraeiit. 
fTuwillail,  'did.    PrwArrad  with  logv, 

ortucnutad-wtthlt.    VboNr  or  pwlfiUr 

oanToitoil  Into  Biic*r. 

Oandlot, 'dl-ot.  An  latubitint  ort^sdli. 
Oajtdle,  'dL    A  taper ;  a  cyllndrioal  bodj* 

of  loUow,  wm,  spernuMwtl,  or  other  fclQ' 

portablB'llgSt.    A  caiidJe  power.   Eicom- 

wUeh  ths  otftndcr  la  nllowed'Hinfl  to  re- 
pebtohL;  whUescandlsburnsouI.  Knah 
c«odlo,  DiidBof  thoplthofcErtalo  rushoi, 
peeled  oioept  on  one  side,  Md  dippoil  In 

die  (Lo  jeu  Da  vaut  pis  la  ohsndelle),  a 
phnao  of  I^eoch  ori^,  lDdl<stlnE  tbat 
ui  aUeoC  la  not  worth  the  patna  reqnlalte 
forlbiMlaliuiieiit. 

CaWUe-baiTy, -be^  ThofrnltofUio 
eandlo-beiry  trek  the  kemelaofwhiahm 
naed  br  the  Fahriiealaiis  u  cuidlai. 
CtOBi  aba  Oaodlfr-nnt. 
Otuidle-berry  Tree,  tr«.  Tba  Alen- 
-■---  irtlobs.  Also  the  Mjrica  oatem, 
u  myrtle,  ord.  MjiKaeee,  th* 
s  or  berries  of  which  are  oorerad 
L  mx  of  which  ouidlec  are  nude. 
Oandlfr-bamb,  -bom.     A   amiU  itew 


CAHSLK-riBH 


OaiuUemas.  niu.  An  kcIwIuUkI  «t  or  all  the  aifd  tun.  Guilcalw  dnt, 
fcaUval,  held  on  the  M  day  of  februiuy,  of  doK-dsys,  »  certain  niimbw  of  din  be- 
in  honor  of  the  purtflcitton  of  the  Virgin  fore  and  after  the  faeJlacal  riatajt  of  CWit- 
Mary,  On  this  day  the  Catholics  eonao-  nla,  Canlcnlar  year,  the  EgvpUin  dM- 
cntri  all  candles  and  tapert  to  tieuiied  in  utal  jrear,  compaled  Itnoi  onelwbHalrii- 
Ihcchumliea  during  the  year.  (ngof  Csnlcula  to  theneit. 

OajidlB-powar,  -pou-er.    The  illDmi 

»ItIUBtlnV°hs'lBmlnosltyof  anyagb^.,       o „,  — . , 

HgaaDf^Bcaadle-pova'.    Tho   utanrlanl  OonlB    Majof.     ka'nll     mi'Jor.       The 

!■  4  BPf  rmacetl  vfldle  bumlny^  at  the  me  Great  Do^,  a  conafellattan  of  the  Hoathem 

«ri2ugtilu  per  hoar.  bemlnphepe,  below  Orients  feet;  It  coo- 

faring  notton  ^ths  for  prlotini;.  Oanla  Minor,  mi'nor.    The  IJttlo  I>og. 

Oand7.  'dl.    Anolld  preiM^tlon  of  anifar  aconaleliathin  of  the  northern  hemlwilierB, 

irlfb  other  ■DbBt■Ilce^  to  flavor,  eolor  or  bright  ■tar  called  Fioeyon. 

'  (ive  It  the  dealred  oonslsteney.    An  Eaat-  Oanlater.    kan'la-ter     A    amall  tiaeket 

erniaeasareofHolglit,  Taiylng  (torn  MO  mideofreeda,  tnlga,  ortheHks,    A  amall 

In  sail  Ibi.      In    Malabar,   a   meaaore  box  or  caas  lor  tea,  coffee,  As.    IntheB. 

•qnlvdeDt  lo  3S)  Inehu.  C.  Ch.  Uie  TCHel  need  to  sonCilD  tksira- 

Okdo,  kUi,    A  term  applied  to  the  sterna  fers  before  oonaecraHon, 

of  the  bamboa,rsttin  andangir^cane.    A  OaaKer-Ar,    king'kerm.     A   fly   that 

ooonlrfesof  Eorope;  alKaples,  I  feet  8+  ^uiker-iroTTii,    -weno.     A   worm    or 

tnchen ;  In  Toulouae,  B  ti»t  81  Inches ;  In  [ir>-»  dBstraotlve  lo  trees  or  plant!     The 

ProTenc*,  Ac.,  fl  feel  Bf  Inches.  larva  ofQeomeCrabrumata  or  winter  moth. 

Oane-gTin. 'gnn.    A  weapon  comprlitag  Caana,  kan'na.    A  gen.  of  planta,  ord. 

■  gun-barrel  with   Its  diaoharglng  derlees  Marantacem,     Theta- leaves  are  large  and 

arranged  vdthln  a  wattlng-aUi.  luugh,  aad  are  employed  at  envelopes  for 

■ ■■         -        imeroe.    He»rly    all  the 

meaanre  of  length  equal 


thropophiglta. 
Oaanon,  'nim.    __ . 
fhr   throwing    balla 


CUmOE-BALL  14 

fOO-tAB  pun  rftmilnw  840  [b*.  of  povdcr, 
nd  dlH^sgn  sMICorthe  ndchC  of  S,OW 
poundii.  GuDoni  ire  cluaiaed  u  gunii. 
towltieni.  cwmDidn  and  mortan ;  ilto 
•t  n<M,  mounUiii.  ouit,  Kt.  and  alege 
jnDB.  In  Hach.  a  hoDoir  crUndi-lal 
jAtoe  throoffh  vhlch  i  rerglrlng  titmft 
psBAd*  and  on  which  It  ib  carried,  and 
may  nnd*a  1ndftp«nd«Dtlj.  In  bUUardfl, 
thaa>]torhlUiHaball.Ki  that  th«  Uller 


Pnijoctllea  an  now  moally 
lut  the  term  ball  h  applied 

■OU-ball  tne.  a  nanis  eomeHmea  «tVen  to 
the  Lci^'tJila  OUarla. 

OanDOii-pliilou.  -Mn-yon.     In  watth- 
Uh  arbor  et  the   center-wheel,  to  bold 


e^yA  a  prebend   aOlied   by  tb 


■kHip  with  wUdi  It  la  IhruBt  iDUi  a  tumor; 
the  perfcradon  made,  the  iDatnimeDt  la 
wtthdrawn  aod  the  tabe  left,  that  the 
flold  mi^  i>au  tbTongh  It. 

Ouioa,  ka-nS'.  A  lV>t  Iioat.  narrow,  and 
propelled  bj  poddlfO,  orl^Ually  Ibrmed  of 
Ihetraiikarbaaeofatree.  BlmiluboaU 
■re  now  made  of  calvaniied  Iron,  oaant- 
ehooe,  and  paper. 

OajuM-biioh,  'bereb.  Betnla  papyr- 
aeea,  or  paper-birch  tree,  the  bark  of 
wblcih  Is  need  fur  making  eaooH. 

OanoTi.  kan'on.  A  law  or  rate  Id  general. 
Ecoln.,  a  Uw  or  rale  of  doctrine  or  dl»!lp- 
Une,  enacted  by  a  oDancll  and  conDrmed 
by  tboBorei^gn.  ThebooliBafthe  Holy 
Satotnrea  nnlTenally  roMlvad  m  m-nuinB 
hr  (Aitltiaiia.    The  miee  of 

In  wbleb  aueh  mles  are  wri 
eatalfwue  ^memben  of  the  chapter  ofa 
eatheual  or  ooUcclate  ohnrch.  A  dlg- 
nltan  Viw  poaafaaea  a  revenue  allotted. 
IbrlOS  poftamanM  ofdlitne  servloein  a 
eathedral  or  ooUe0ate  church.  A  eata- 
lagneofMtnCslnihoK.  C.  Chunh.    The 


t.    ThB  people 

whloh  tbe  dif- 
r.  In  Phar, 

»  of  body 


SSKi 


{•nnt  parts  r«(^t  t1 

a  rule  tat  eomponndliig'  m 

Printing,  MW  ofU»  largest  Hi 


Oanon,  k*-nyan'. 


•^■S.-ii 


by  Eeypdan  prleate  to 

CODOPUa.    -Dli'pDl. 


Canopy,  i 


L  ofa  woAdea  ciw-wheaK 
,    AbbrcviaHuD  of  Can- 


Cantab,  kan-U 

taLrlglaa. 
Cantabrloji,    -U' 

CuUbrla,  on  Iba  B 
Oantabrlslan.  -t 


from  11  to  CMTv  moldinga,  eavts,  bn!- 
coDlea,  Ac.    C.  Nidge,  a  form  ot  Iron 

oen*^  Indented. 
Caotalonpe,  -Iflp.    A  vaHe^  of  mnat- 

L    A  measure  of  w^bt 

^  .onntrlea;  In  Turkey Itis 

about  ISSlba.;  In  Egypt,  8S;  In  Ualla, 
lTa,*e.  'theep«nto¥wlBamoaanroom- 
Urals«,tiaQtB\iiltoii». 


CAITTATEICE 


146 


CASADA 


Oantatrice,  -ta-tr«'eIiA.  A  femalo  singer. 

Canteen,  -ten'.  A  sutler's  shop  in  bar- 
racks, camps,  «kc.  A  vessel  used  by  sol- 
diers •for  carrying  water  or  liquor.  A 
so  uare  box,  with  compartments,  in  which 
omccrs  pack  a  variety  of  articles. 

Canter,  'ter.  To  move  in  a  moderate 
gallop,  raising  the  two  fore-feet  nearly  at 
the  some  time.  Also  called  Canterbury 
gallop. 

Canterbuxy,  -be-rL  A  receptacle  for 
music,  portfolios,  loose  papers,  &c.;  a 
stand  with  divisions. 

CantliarelluB,  -tha-rellas.  A  gen.  of 
fUngi  nearly  allied  to  Agaricus.  G.  ciba- 
rius  is  one  of  the  best  mushrooms. 

Oantharidin,  -thar'i-din.  That  peculiar 
substance  which  causes  vesication,  exist- 
iBg  in  the  Spanish  fly. 

Cantharis,  'tha-ris.    A  gen.  of  ooleop 
terous  insects,  type  of  the  fiun.  Ganthari- 
cUe.    The  best-kn«wn  species  is  the  Span- 
ish or  blistering  fly. 

Oantharus,  -ros.  A  gen.  of  aoanthop- 
terygious  fishes,  tun.  Sparoidei.  C.  gri- 
seus  is  the  black  bream. 

Oanthook,  kant'hok.  A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  at  the  end  for  turning 
over  logs. 

Canticle,  kan'ti-kl.  The  Song  of  Songs 
or  Song  of  Solomon.  An  unmetri^ 
hymn  taken  from  Scripture,  arranged  for 
chanting. 

Canton,  'ton.  A  small  portion  of  land 
or  division  of  territory ;  also  a  district  con- 
stituting a  distinct  State  or  government, 
as  in  Switzerland.  In  Her.  a  portion  of 
the  shield  comprising  a  third  part  of  the 
chief.  A  distinct  division,  as  the  cantons 
of  a  painting  or  flag. 

Cantonment,  -ton'ment.  A  division  of 
a  town  assigned  to  a  particular  regiment ; 
the  dwelling-places  occupied  by  an  army 
during  a  suspension  of  operations,  fre- 
quently used  to  designate  the  winter  quar- 
ters of  an  army. 

Cantoon,  kan-t5n.  A  kind  of  ftistion 
with  a  fine  cord  visible  on  one  side. 

Canvas,  kan'vas.  A  coarse  cloth  made 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  tents,  sails  of 
ships,  paintings,  Ac.  A  cloth  woven  reg- 
ularly in  squares,  used  for  working  tapes- 
try.   Naut.,  sails  in  general. 

Canvas-back, -bak.  A  species  of  wild 
duck,  the  Fnlignla  valisnena,  highly  es- 
teemed for  its  delicacy. 

Caoutdiine,  kd'chin.    An  inflammable 
rolaWe  oil  produoed  by  difltlUation  of 
mtoaieboaa. 


Caoutchouc,  'chok.  An  elMtlo  gummy 
substance,  the  insplasated  loloe  ox  several 
tropical  plants  ;  {ndift-rabber ;  gam -das- 
tic.  Obtained  fhnn  SiphonJa  elastica,  a 
euphorbiaoeons  plant,  and  Ficns  elastica, 
oru.  Moi*ace»;  also  from  several  apocjrnace' 
ous  plants,  as  tlie  IJroeohi  elastica.  Oastil- 
loaelastiGa  and  other  aitocarpad8,A«.  It  is 
impervious  to  water,  and  is  composed  of 
87.5  per  cent,  carbon,  and  12.5  per  cent 
hydrogen. 

Cap,  kap.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover 
the  head,  of  softer  material  and  less  defi- 
nite form  than  a  hat  The  badge  or  en- 
sign of  some  dignity;  specifically,  of  a 
cardinalate.  The  top  or  chief;  the  acme. 
A  size  of  paper.  Anything  resembling  a 
cap  in  appearance  or  use.  C.  of  dignity, 
a  head  nre  formerly  worn  by  dukes  and 
commanders,  now  an  ornament  of  state 
carried  before  the  sovereigns  of  Engiand 
at  their  coronation,  and  also  befere  the 
mayors  of  some  cities. 

Calvin,  John,  Bev.  A  disttnguiahed 
religions  reformer,  b.  in  Franoe,  1609.  d. 
in  Switzerland,  1564.  He  was  a  pronfie 
writer  and  eloquent  orator.  He  relin- 
quished Catholicism  at  the  age  of  25. 

Calypso.  In  Myth,  one  of  the  Ocean- 
ides,  or,  according'to  some  writers,  one  of 
the  daughters  of  Atlas.  Ulysses  was  ship- 
wrecked on  her  coasts,  and  she  detained 
him  seven  years,  oflfering  him  Inmiortality 
if  he  would  marry  her,  an  oflSor  he  reftisea. 

Canibridgre,  kam'brij.  Gap  of  G.  of 
same  name  in  England,  and  seat  of  the 
fiunous  universily  founded  1287 ;  pop.  80,- 
000.  Cambridge,  a  dly  of  Massaohnsetts, 
separated  fh)m  Boston  by  Charles  Biver ; 
the  seat  of  Harvard  Colivge,  founded  1688; 
pop.  62,669. 

Camillus,  Marcus,  Fuilus,  kah-mll'- 
lus.  A  Koman  patriot,  elected  director 
five  times.  He  was  banished  for  <Uviding 
the  spoils  of  Yeli.  During  his  exile  Rome 
was  captured  by  the  Gauls  under  Bren- 
nus.  C.  was  recalled,  and  drove  the  en*- 
emy  out  of  the  country ;  b.  abt  478  b.  c; 
n.  865  B.  c. 

Campafima  di  Boma,  kAm-pfin'yab 
de  ro'mah.  The  plain  near  the  center  of 
which  is  the  city  of  Rome.  It  Is  mias- 
matic and  sparsely  populated. 

Cana,  ka'nah.  The  Gallilean  village 
where  Christ  performed  his  first  mirade, 
turning  water  into  wine;  now  in  dilapidar 
tion,  and  called  KAna-el-Jelil. 

Canaan,  ka'n&n.  Scriptural  rame  for 
the  portion  of  Palestine  W.  of  Jordan. 

Cajiada,  The  Dominion  of ,  kin'ah- 
dtti.   T\ift  t&QL«ni  ^Qx&sa  oit  the  Brttlak 


CAHAXT  ISLANDS 


ind  goverood  W  an  nppulBlM  iif  ilic  Dtiae  foi 

Cnwoi,  HiUad  n  OoTcmor  OooLTaL.  nn.l  II  ,  the  RiUI: 

pmUmrent;  ana,  8,3M.1«  «!■  m  :  i-p  (mduUn 

A.BU,<1S.     ThB   proHneM  »ro  l>nl;irl.p,  nfllmuc 

Qtubn.  New  Bnimwtolt,  Nnva  (•■■"[I'.  Caper-* 

Prinos'lMwiKl'B  Island,  RrillJillC-pliiiijlM  i  w«"  Mpi 

ud  UuiltDbL    Tbe  nrlndpal  Hlk-i  iit-i  Caper-ti 

Quebee.  Montreal,  HalllSoc,  BL  John,  i  'i  a  luiott>- 

tawa,ToninU)aiidKlnmton;  ehlefr'-   -  - 
UlO  St  LmrrBBM,  OlUwa,  Sugueni 

Canavr  IoIihuIb,   a  n.  AiuotiE 

(SMoldi)   of  7  Uiree  and  wrtnl 
lalmda,  IKtm.  N.W.  uFL'^pe  Hojadi 
AIH<»:  ar«i,l(,»»sq,in.;  ijoD.  K 
TeimUPo  la  llio  pHndrnl  Isia 
talu  tfap  cap.,  Sunu  Cmi  di 


Capet    Hnwnea,   M'pi.    Foundu'  of 

monardU;  s.  iM.  BBS,  d.  abt.  Wt     Us 
'  I'aril.   and    u.7urprd    the 

Tbc  CupoUi 

Sve  na  BOV?n4^fl  to  J-^arone,  8lr  ktn^ 
PranH.  and  ■  BmsHernumber  tn  fljoln, 
Porlojtal,  N— ' •■■"-'■-    " J 


in  the  dnt 


Dojile.  and  dnki^s  (o  Brittany,  Barifiuidrt 

Oaplaa.  'nl-u.  In  law.  a  writ  of  two 
wrl&;  onebeforc  Judj^ent,  caIIchI  ad  re- 
■pondendDm  ;  the  other,  after  Jndfmeot, 
ad  satlsRHHcndum. 

OaplllKlre,    ka-pll-lir'.       OnrlaallT    a 
flirup  prepand  with  maiden    hair  rara, 
bat  DOW  applied  to  any  almple  Btmp- 
■■     ■     kapl-tal. 


S'4C  "™.ai"  ;EgTptUnC^dt.L 
metropolK  A  tj-iio:  a  capital  lellrr. 
Money  or  wealth  omptoyed  fn  an;  bud- 

CnpitaliSt,  -Itt  A  man  who  haa  a  capi- 
tal or  Blnck  In  Inde. 

Oapitan-paohk,  -l-un'pa-sha'.  Tba 
chief  admiral  of  the  Tnrklah  fleet, 

Capitol, 'I  Ml.    InancfcntRoma,  thehin 


was  siven  to  the  T^dpBl  templeaoftba 
KoDianalnthettcolaniee.  In  llie  United 
Statee,  tho  cdinces  occupied  by  Concrete 
and  tho  Suto  Leglilaturei. 
Oapttolinfl,  -In,  Pertatntng  to  the' 
Canital  In  Kome.  or  to  Jupiter.  O.  Kunei, 
"luual  ninoe.  Iiutltuted  by  Cainillua  tn 

thepreiervation  oflheCai^lDl  mm  the 
lale,  and  rBlnBUI,ilWAVl'0<™^^A>o<*^« 


Oaplln,  iln.    Sal 
Qapnomor,  'dd- 

Oapon,  kii'iKiii. 

OajtpwUns,  ^p'na- 
Ihg  uppn-  part  of  tbo  ok 
lUk  hu  bam  voiind  off. 

Oanxwlt  Brown,  'p: 
guuK-bniwn ;  ■  Utninli 
6d  br  oxldfl  of  munDeB 
jUian  ptgmeDtfl  of  noh  b 

0*p-pnper.  'pi'per.  i 
paper,  uiiullf  oAUfld  Rio] 

OappeUtM,  'pal-In.  J 
of  iron  worn  by  anhen  1i 


ircthnu  or  MiUotiu 


i-dlD.  Sim  Book  mm 


kam.   OneofttiolS      jS  ^jit 

rigna  of  tho  zodiac,  ..^^Ht 

tha  winter  aolatloe:  tf^^^^^^^B 
npnaantad  b;  <>">dM|^Bt^r 

a  flgnra  haTlng  ths  f  ^^^P^ 
bra  part  like  a  mat,  '  * 


tha  winter  _  aolatloe : 

flpireor  ■  mtx 
a  fflgnre  hariDg  — 
Ibra  part  Ilka  a  goat, 
md  tbo  hind    part 
Ukeaflab.  C.beeCle, 


Oap*ld«», -di.  1 
ttaloo  of  the  Ca' 
antelopcfl,  A 


of  moBopatolonadleotfledaDB,  allied  tn  the 

BnUacnis,  Inoladlni    tbs    honoj^uckla. 

alder,  Tibtiniaia  and  Anowberry. 
Okprimnlcldn,  -rlmurjl-da.  Tha  gruit- 

aaokera,  aftm,  of  IniuBeohsl,  flulroetral 

blrda,  aJUod  U  tho  8«allo>r  tribe,  lacludloe 

tba  vhlp-poor-wlU  and  the  Dlght-hawk. 
Okprln,  'rin.    A  subatanca  wblch,  vrlUi 

busline  aod  aaprone^  ^vae  butrer   Ite 
'  uptabla  tuta  and  odor.      It  li  a  caprato 

olfljBarlnB. 
Qaprglo, ka-pri)'l)i.     oror  pertslBlne  to 

•  ir«t.    O.add.tbeflth  '-  "■-  — ' * 

IkU^r  naldi,  produood  fi 


tbaaapauleaafCaroima 

.    _      .  -.  A  gen.  of  anona]  anb- 

ahrubby   p^t«.   ord-   Solanacae.     Tba 
frnlt  la  DaadforplDklet.  taDaea.  Jcc,  and 

of  the  invund  poda  of  C.  Irutaoana  and 


OapBtan,  'stan.  An  ap- 
paratus wurKlDK  on  £a 
principle ofl^--'---'  --' 

Sl^d"  adjS; 
n^t  Kda,  chiefly  need  on      Capstan, 
ahlpa  (br  weighing  anchor, 
hoistbig  lallt,  Ax.    It  differs 


HT  oaam  in  tna 


hlaoes   by  rvgular  valveo. 

Tossal  for  avaporatioha,  aoh 
like.    In  An£  a  mambrani     . 

iDcloalllE  *  part  like  a  bw.    Affnmiliy< 
Tclopeflimaaseouainedldnoa,  Thamei 

"■ —- aloalBg  a  bottle. 

-  a  who  It  at  tha  head 
»ar  otheri  ;  a  loader. 
-  -uha  commanda  a 
•r  In  the  British  nary 


Capuchin,  -[ 

oJpii^.a'Btnai 
flef.     ^«  C.  ( 


head  of  the  body  of  players 


the  badse  of  t 
irofbotod,  and 


ittai 

id  hood.    A  fhia.  of  cowled 

Capybara,    ka-Bl-bS'n.      The    largeat 
1 __!-,..    BytoidtBraa  or— ■- — 


CAB 


140 


CAKBONABO 


tuned,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed.  Called 
^so  Water-hog. 

Car,  kar.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle ;  a  csrt. 
Any  vehicle  of  dignity ;  a  chariot  of  war, 
and  the  like.  A  carriage  for  running  on 
rails ;  hotve  and  steam  railway  Garriajgpee. 
Phcebas*  car,  the  sun.  The  Northern 
Gar,  the  constellation  also  called  Charles* 
Wain  or  the  Plow. 

Oarabidce,  ka-rab'i-dC.  A  fun.  of  eole- 
opteroos  insects,  section  Pentamera,  oom- 
prtefng  more  than  6,000  species.  The  bom- 
Mudlw  beetle  belongs  to  this  ftunily. 

CteuraUna,  kar^a-b!n.  A  Spanish  flre- 
ann;  dmter  in  the  barrel  than  the  masket 
er  ri^  usnaUy  spelled  oarUne.  They  are 
osed  by  cavauy,  and  by  Irish  oonstaba- 
\sary.  • 

Carabns,  kar'a-bos.  A  gen.  of  coleop- 
terous caniiyoroas  insects,  flan.  CWabldss; 
beetles. 

Caracal,  kar'a-kaL    A  species  of  African 

Srnx.     It  possesses  great  strength   and 
erceness,  and  when  tamed  is  sometimes 
used  for  hunting. 

Caracalla,  Marcos  AtirelliiB  An- 
tonius,  kir-a-kAl'lah.  The  most  Infii- 
meus  of  Roman  emperors ;  b.  abt.  180  a. 
D.,  crowned  211,  assassinated  217. 

Caracara,  ka-ra-k£'ra.  Birds  of  the 
sub-flmi.  PolyboriniB.  flan.  Falconide. 

Oaraoci,  kah-ratch'e.  The  name  of  three 
lMX>ther8,  distinguished  painters,  natives 
of  Italy.  Annibale,  b.  1065,  d.  1609; 
Agostino,  B.  1553,  d.  1602 ;  Ludovico,  b. 
1560,  D.  1619. 

Caracole,  kar'a-kol.  In  the  manege,  a 
semi-round  or  half-turn  which  a  horse- 
man makes.    In  Arch,  a  spiral  staircase. 

Caracoly,  -kol-i.  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver 
and  copper,  for  inferior  jewelry. 

Oaradoc  Sandstone,  -dok  sand'stdn. 
The  upper  division  of  uie  lower  Silurian 
rocks,  <x>n  slating  of  micaceous  and  some- 
times quartzose  grits,  and  limestones  con- 
taining corals,  moUusca  and  trilobites. 

Carafe,  ka-raf;    A  glass  water-bottle. 

Carambola,  -raml>d-la.  Indian  fruit 
used  in  making  sh«*bets,  tarts  and  pre- 
B^ves ;  the  fl*utt  of  Averrhoa  Carambola. 

Caramel,  kar'a-mel.  Anhydrous  or 
burnt  sugar,  used  for  giving  a  brown  color 
to  spirits  and  sirups.  The  name  given  to 
a  popular  confection. 

Caranx,  ka'rangks.  A  gen.  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  fiun.  ScomberidsB ;  one 
species  is  cidled  horse-mackerel. 

Oarapaoe,  kar'a-pfis.  The  shell  which 
proteota  the  cbelonlaa  reptileB,  aa  the  tor- 


toiae  or  turtle ;  the  covering  of  the  crus- 
taceans. 

Carat,  'at  The  weight  of  4  grains,  used 
in  weighing  predoas  stones  and  pearls. 
A  term  used  to  express  the  proi>orUonate 
fineness  of  gold. 

Oarauna,  ka-ra'na.  A  resin  produced 
by  the  tree  Bursera  acuminata. 

Caravan,  kar^a-van.  A  company  of 
travelers,  pilgrims  or  merchants,  who  as- 
sociate together  that  they  mav  travel  with 
greater  security.  A  huge  close  carriage  ^ 
for  oonveving  traveling  exhibitions  from 
place  to  place.    An  anknal  exhibition. 

Caravansary,  'sa-rL  In  the  East,  a 
place  for  receiving  and  lodging  caravans ; 
a  kind  of  inn  where  travelers  rest  at  night, 
but  which  ftimishes  no  other  acoommoda- 
tloos. 

Caravel,  -veL  A  Portuguese  vessel  of 
100  to  150  tons  burden:  also  a  fishing 
vessel  of  10  to  15  tons.  A  large  Turkish 
ship  of  war. 

Carbasotio  Add,  kar-ba-zot'ik  as'id.  A 
substance  obtained  by  the  action  of  nitrio 
acid  on  indigo  and  som  other  substances, 
of  great  importance  in  dyeing. 

Carbide,  l>ld.  A  compound  of  carbon 
with  a  metal.    Formerly  called  Carburet. 

Carbohydrate,  'bd-hi-drat.  A  com- 
pound of  carbon  and  the  elements  of 
water,  such  as  starch  and  cellulose. 

Carl>olic  Acid,  -bol'ik  as'id.  An  add 
found  in  that  i>art  of  the  oil  of  coal  which 
boils  between  800*  and  400",  much  em- 
ployed as  a  therapeutic  and  disinfectant. 

Carbon,  'bon.  Pure  oharcoal :  a  simple 
body,  black,  brittle,  light  and  inodorous. 
When  crystallized  it  forms  the  diamond. 
Wood  carbon  or  charcoal  is  employed  to 
convert  iron  into  steel  bv  cementation.  It 
enters  into  the  composition  of  gunpowder, 
forms  the  basis  of  black  paints,  Indian 
and  printers'  ink.  C.  occurs  as  diamond, 
wood  Charcot^,  animal  charcoal,  graphite, 
lamp-black,  and  anthracite;  its  compounds 
are  more  numerous  than  those  of  all  the 
other  elements  taken  together.  C.  points, 
in  electric  lighting,  two  pieces  between 
which  the  drcuit  is  broken,  so  that  the  re- 
sistance offered  to  its  passage  produces  a 
light  of  extraordinary  brilliancy.  C.  print- 
ing, in  Photog.  a  process  by  which  per- 
manent pictures,  &c.,  are  printed  worn. 
photographic  negatives. 

Carbonaro,  -bd-nA'ro.  A  name  giveA 
to  the  members  of  a  secret  political  society, 
formed  by  the  Neapolitan  republicans  dur- 
ing Murat's  government,  for  the  expul- 
sion of  the  stranger  and  the  establishment 
of  a  democraUo  goverimx^ivt. 


■^ 


CAKBOTTATK     It 

Carbonate,  'bon-it.  In  Chem.  a  cnm- 
nclrt  with  a  hMe,  •»  osrbonnte  of  linie. 
Oarbonlo.  'It  pertaliilnB  to  carbon,  in- 
otitilnwl  fromlt.  C.  »dil,  mora  p^o]^^^l)■ 
C.  Antiyitride,  or  C.  Dloild«,  If  i  guconB 
compoiipd  of  ISparU  arbon  and  83  <iiy- 


...,_. 


idjiir  Id  th«  Btmoaphf 


«hj..lr 


,  )(  only4orB _.. 

>enga««l  from  renueuUlig:  llqnois  ui 

w  the  tbolii 


polion  when  preHntln  thealj 

-  -'  -' "'^""     ' 

■tgeUbfi 

djunpof  inlD«,    It  ion  ap]  ... 

lonfl,  puiL^nt  t3at«.  And  aersted  bflvemg^efl 
of  all  kinds — beer,  ahampa^e  and  car- 

jjiff  qualltlea  te  Ita  iireaence,  fDrthoiiiFh 

agreeable  when  tnken  Into  ttn  stomach. 

boDloacId  overrsd-hotfrapnenttof  cliar. 

oolorlessgM,  Tory  pol^o^ou^  and  tsprcf- 
duced  when  a  eeal  fire  biimn  with  a  Bmi>1[,<. 

CarbonlfBrmia,  -bo-nlTer-na.    Ckintdln- 
Ingor  yielding  carbon   or   eoal.  C.  hvn- 

botween  the  old  and  thenewred  Biiml- 
stonee.  Including  the  coal  mcainrea,  rmll- 


.  1-non.     A  Ecm,  lA 

tertiary  ebirka,  often  otgnM  ■Ih> 
Oarolixiia,  'bI'Ddb.     A  gen,  of  desapad 


paateboard.  A  piK«  of  caiflboard  on 
which  are  painted  Azures  or  points ;  * 
ptaylnff  card.  A  piece  of  rardboord  with 
one  s  name.  Ac,  wrlllen  or  printed  on  H, 
and  Indicating  the  name  or   name  and 


Corbimole.  'hnni 


fc% 


paper  on  whldi 

are  marked.    A  pie 

to  an  entertalDmenl 
wmblng.  opentn;: 
flax,  freeing  It  from 

Oardtuoom.   kir' 


emplayed  In  DiedlolDB 

Dudboard,  kird'b(._. , 

tor  making  cardft.  &e. ;  pasteboard. 

Cardiadn.  kSr-di'a-d^,  A  (Un.  of  Um^ 
llbranchliM     moUaaha.      ioolDdlDg     Ui* 

Chief,  principal^  pro- 


It   Til* 

itedan  iBTiWtkm 

D  InslnuneDt  ftir 

td  breaking  wool  or 

-entap^osofAmo- 


r  paper 


Ooidinal,  'di-Bi 


KtlaDi  o^the  horl- 
and  tho  prljue  yflr- 
the  rising  and  set- 


Captlcorn. 
Cardinal,   Ani 

Si*'t"e  B.  <?.  Cl 


Cardinal's  ISA. 


acbBTEoor  bearlnB,  generally  coi 
of  eight  radii,  fonr  of  which  make 
mon  cross,  and  the  other  fonr  i  sal 

Carcajou.  'ka-JS.  A  specleB  uf  1 
tha  Meloa  Isbnujnrlca. 

CaroaTolhoa.  -vil'yas.  A  sweoi 
frown  In  L'ortu£^, 

Oaxvbaiiam,  -ka'r1-ai.    a  gen.  < 


_e  Pope'a  oonncll.  OrlglnaUy  subordi- 
nate In  rank  to  bishops,  they  Dow  hns  tha 
precedi^nce.  The  dreas  of«  cardinal  la  a. 
.J  — ^_,_.  _  — 1..^  J  short  pvrpls 
icdbroad-brlmnied 
red  hat.  with  eordadepending  tram. dtlMr 

sMe,  each  bavlng  Bftor-  ■ ■-  -»  " 

ttemltt.     A  cloak,  or.„ 

'  It  doOi  w\tti  a  too4  W.  VI,  ■« 


UAKNALLITE 


ofllia  IBlhcentuiy.    it .  taWr  pariod  Uia 

OarlM.  kOr'lot-    Aalng 

e<at  Ala  wlUi  ■ 

milerblUidintorTBriad. 

Oardinal-bird,  -bnd.     CWdlndls  Tlr- 

Oarlimt, 'Ust.    A  follow 

T  of  lion  Carina 

glBlauiui,  fern.  FrtngilUd*.    lu  iBOtf  fo- 

crepaln.orofCluirlesS: 

or  Henry  V.  of 

onu  common  nrunca,  Virginian  Nlthti"- 

Carlock,  'Irk.  A  Riiaalan  iilnrlaai.  uiada 

gLS'--^—- •"™""" 

d  usod  In  dartiy- 

Carlovlogian,   -lo-rtn 

Jl-an.     I-rrtaln- 

A  mochLno  fur  combing,   bnaking  anil 

a^.tl.nC,  race  of  kings. 

Omdinm.klr'rtt-um.    Tin  c«*l8, »  ecu. 

Cartabad,  kfirb'hid.    A  ponnlar  »pa  In 
Bohemia,  AusWn;  the  Hpmdel  aprfri!  !• 

ObMoI.    'dol.      An   oHj  liquid   fromthn 

Iho  hottest  In  Europe, 

IK.-  F.h. ;  pop- 

6,aTO. 

Si^SC 

p,ld(&ch.mJrisltiii.                             ^ 

Inareguhulj-conjtflul* 

Oarduiui,  -us,    A  ^i.  of  rr^t  lierb., 

Oarantaue,  tiiir'»n-lim.    A  popiJ  Indul- 

cean',  uialQplvUie  tbo  rsmlseli^n  of  pcn- 

yOl.    A  npubU. 

uto  by  fcHles. 

can  Kng  and  danoe  In 

Oaray,  EeiUT  Charlai.    An  eminent 

olnUanary  BongB-    The 

American  noUtloU  economlil ;  B.  iJi  riill»- 
aclpbia,  life.  t>.  1513. 

'^nHo"  ^'-n^ 

Jaooblui  during  the  r. 

OBriaoou.  'I*tr..    Tlw  Virginia  d«r 

Oulb,  UT'Ib.    AboTlgtD«of  Ui«BnulIiir 

Gannel,  Mt.     A  Byri 

an  Monnlaln   or 

V.  India  laludi  wbcn  dlKonred  hy  the 

?£«§€ 

ru^w^^T'th;' 

Biln)p«ai ;  tWo™  unpfrior  to  m.ul 

oflliBDUiwtrlbMofnsUves.    Thiiy  wu™ 

BpmUBrdi.  snd  OiB  romnnnt  topt  rcfngo 

m^'a^wSuDftboO 
by  the  prophet  EUJih. 

'  pricati  of  Baal 

OarlbbeBii   Sea,      That   part  of  Uie 

Oarmellto,  'mol-lL 

Alluitiu  Ij-inE  between  B.  and  B.  Am«- 

A  mandloant  War  of 

le».  C,  America  mid  the  W.  iidtoa ;  area, 

Oiriboo.    -bB.      Tarindnn    nuiBllir.    a 

luel.  Bstabllshod 

sr?i',i'.-j:!;«"' ""•""■•■■' 

SfwYi;??  j 

flwRir 

Oarioa,    -ka.    A   (ten.    of  planla,    ord. 

branebes,  one  boing    > 

fUTDlahed  i-ltb  bellJ,  nroperly  tuned,  play- 
ed nith  flngor-keya  like  the  nlanD-lbrW. 

walking  ^Wcfooted. 

HHk^ 

Oarmlns,    'mln.  ^ 

Oarliiaria,  -l-niM-n.    A  pen.  ofeatter- 

ofmcblneal,    if^g. 

"jl'^^i- 

efellaare  known  ai  Vaaoa  ellppcra  uiiil 

^hlneaL    °     """ 

Carmelite. 

fhii  nautilus. 

aanuot.  'mat.    The  na. 

Bultto-  T£eC- Include  all^Ll.dnK  birds 

pos^thopbll^^S^r'a" 

^SL-S^ILT 

emept  tile  Ouraorej,  or  Bon-aylag. 

Oamallite, 'na-lTt.    A 

mineral  cuoalat- 

Ooriole.  1-01.    Aamall  o»neiiTla«e;  a 

waUir,  mbtiUatn,  i^ffiAuiiiu^\ffQii^i^ 

CASSATION 


ion.    Jl«h  color  I  tbe 
'hlob  Bro  naked  or  wlth- 

tlios  CaryophvUin,  a  perendtal  gltueus 
plant  burlnir  boaudfnl.  frBeruLl:  flowerA. 
Oamelfan.  -n^'ll-in.  A.  illkeoua  ilane, 
avflrl^^ty  of  chatcodony,  tolerably  hard, 
rapjiblo  Df  a  good  pofiah,  and  uaed  for 


'nl-fcka.      A   pubUt  eieou- 

Oaintv*!,  -val.  Tha  feut  or  aeeaon  of 
rrjolclnic  toftire  Leat.  DbsrrTodlnCathu- 
llc  TOUDtriva  u'lthgrutraveb^.    I'outing 

CamlTOro,  -nlv'ii-ni.  A  torm  (ccnenilly 
applied  1o  crwtures  that  fOed  on  flesh,  but 

quadrupeds  vhlch  prey  upon  other  ajif- 
mils.  TtaeyaredltidedtnloPlaDtlfiradea, 
compiinlng  tho  bearfl,  bad^na,  raeeooTiB, 
gluttons   ud    eoatiDiondls ;   ths  DUfiU- 

'  dofffl,  and  the  Amphibloan,  oomprl^;  the 

OarolKn,  ITaflonch  O'.     One  of  the 

last  and  moat  fUnoos  of  Ireland's  bar^ 

and  harpists ;  b.  ISTD,  c.  Tm. 
OaroUn,  kar'A-Ela.    A  gold  odn  fitrmet- 

It  current  fa   parts   of  Gennsnv,  iTOrtb 

about(4.tI>. 
OaioIuB,  -iDa.    An  English  gold  ndo  of 

therelgD  of  Charles  1.  and  orlgi  Dally  aOa. 

In  Talue.  afterward  !Se,     The  name  waa 

Oknmd.ka-nit'ld.  An  artery  of  the  DKk. 

Oaroufta,  -rout'.  A  drinking  match;  a 
noUybmqnat 

Out,  klrp.  A  teleoataan  flab,  bm, 
Oypiinide,  The  type  li  the  common 
earp.  The  gold-flah  laC.  uuatus;  ud 
tbe   OermiD  srp.  C.  eiraaatoa, 

Oarpathlan.  kir-pi'tbl-an.  The  nmge 
ofmonntsins  botweeo  Poland,  Hungary, 
and  TraDsylvaala.  C.  balsam,  a  r»ln  dis- 
tilled from  the  DOnea  of  Plnus  Cembrt. 

Carpel.  'poL    In  Bot  the  slngrla  cell  of 

"  ao  OTBry  or  seed-veaael,  togetbfr  with 
That  bfllonge  to  tbat  cell,  as  a  separate 
a^ls  sod  illgina  of  the  pistil ;  regarded  ae 
BmodUedlea£ 

Oftrpet.  'pet.    A  tbkk  IWbHo  used  for 

•oft  smooth  oorering,  ai  of  torf.  0. 
knight  a  person  knights  on  aomo  other 
groDnd  than  that  of  mihtary  service  or 
dlMttBotlon. 
Ouvrnt-bas:  -Dae-  A  tnTeUnit  big 
latdh  oftba  jama  nuttrial  u  arpeta. 


.     CARUONADE 

Oazpet-ba^rer,  'er.  a  needy  poUtk 
adyenturer  uho  goes  about  the  eaiutt 
pandering  to  the  preJQdloflB  of  tb^  IgV 

Caipet-beddljiv,  -bed-lni.  A  ayatd 
nf  hndrftng  In  which  flwarf  (Ottage  plan 


jf  the  M  century, 

so  called  ftom  Carpocrates. 
Oorpollte.  'po-ht.    A  fossil  ftnlt. 
Oamtfeen,  kar'ra-gSn.    Obondms  eris- 

us  edlhr  making  soups,  Jeltles,  slie.  As. 
Oairora.  kir-rd'ilh.    A  city  of  central 

Italy.  ptoT.  Uaasa-Carrara,  noted  for  Its 

quarries  of  flna  marbla  naad  by  flcniptors ; 

'rO-Bprlng.    An  alaa- 


C&rrler,  'tl-w.    One  v 
of  goods  or  persons,     j 


Corrion-OTOW,  - 


Cut,    Urt.      A    mo-wb 
vsutay  wltboDt  eprtngi. 
Carte.    A  bUl  of  tire.    A 


(M,  or  for  soma  mulnal  uTiiinlaitt  0. 
iJilp,  eai[il<i)'ed  In  Iba  Eachurn  of  pnian- 
Bi,  or  In  arrjiog  proportaum  lo  an  bb- 


1-10.  Fntslnlng  lo  ih< 
t  DesarUi,  or  t»  Hi 
_.  C,  devil,  aphlloMpUisltoy. 
(HfULBKe,  Urth'sL  TheiodcnCrlTBlol 
,  )mi4  with  which  war  preymllod  almasl 
evndniuniBlF  tor  oenrly  ^SyalrR  ;  Fitnatnl 
M  Om  M.  OMtt  or  Anica,  near  moAtm 
Tuii.  ud  miatreai  of  Bpnin,  BMIr  and 

taken  mad  cnHr^  destrojM  h      ■     - 


prarljue,  a  email,  wUta  disk  9i 
Cartoon,  -tan',    A  doal^^^r 


rcpreaented. 


iniidiifly  In  fte«oo.    A  t>i< 


'labomtaly  Ibrtlflcd  placvaln 
Rumpa ;  pop.  M,8H1. 
CBaoadsB&use.  Aniauii 
uln  cbidn  In  W.  Oree^n  ui ' 
Alnaka,  ftr-  '"*  •-  ""''  - 


Alaska,  the  hlgheal 


OaaGO  Bay,  In  MoJos,  bat  Capfi  EIIm- 
botb  and  Small  Pnlnc;   over  IHIU  small 

Caae-hardenln?,  A  mrtht"!  of  ean- 
vertlnKUieoutursurfaraoflnjElnWatM). 

CBoelno,  krise-lb.  The  iirlnclnnl  wni- 
sUtlluoU  of  Qheci",  reaainbllug  llbum-^D. 

Casemate,  kua'ni 


CASK-SHOT 


IM 


CASBIUS 


Oase-sliot  (canister).  Musket  balls, 
scraps  of  iron,  &o.,  put  into  an  iron  case 
and  discharged  from  a  large  cannon. 

Case-rack,  'rak.  A  frame  of  -vrood  to 
receive  printers'  cases  when  not  in  use. 

Oase-shot,  'shot.  Small  projectiles,  such 
as  musket  balls  or  grape-shot,  jiut  in  cases 
to  bo  discharged  from  cannon ;  canister- 
shot.  A  shrapnel-shcU ;  that  is,  a  spherical 
iron  case  inclosing  a  number  of  bullets  and 
exploded  by  a  fuse. 

Gasll,  kash.  Money;  money  in  chest  or 
on  hand,  in  bank  or  at  command.  A  Uiln 
coin  of  a  very  base  alloy  of  copper,  used 
by  the  Chinese  as  small  change,  22  being 
equal  to  one  penny  sterling. 

Oashidaws,  'i-klaz.  An  old  Scotch  in- 
strument of  torture,  consisting  of  an  iron 
case  for  the  leg,  to  which  fire  was  applied. 

Cashmere,  'mdr.  A  shawl  formed  of 
fine  downy  wool  found  about  the  roots  of 
the  hair  of  the  Cashmere  goat  and  the 
wild  goat  of  Thibet,  now  successfriUy  im- 
itated. 

Oasixnir,  k^'e-mer.  The  name  of  several 
kings  of  Poland.  C.  III.  (the  Great),  who 
reigned  from  .1888  to  1370,  conquered  a 
large  part  of  contiguous  Russia,  and  de- 
feated the  Bohemians. 

Gtetsino,  ka-se'nd.  A  small  country 
house ;  a  lodge ;  formerly  a  house  capable 
of  aflbrding  defense  against  attack.  A 
dub-house  or  public  room  used  for  social 
meetings,  gaming,  music,  &c.;  a  public 
dancing  sakran. 

Oask,  kask.  A  close  vessel  for  containing 
liquors,  formed  hv  staves,  heading  and 
hoops,  Gomprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  &c. 

Oasket,  kas'ket.  A  small  chest  or  box 
for  Jewels  or  other  small  articles.  Some- 
times applied  to  a  book  consisting  of 
selected  literary  or  musical  pieces. 

OaspiaxL  Sea,  kis'pe-an.  A  salt  sea  in 
W.  Asia ;  area  abt  120,000  sq.  m. 

Casque,  kask.  A  term  applied  to  hel- 
mets of  every  description.  In  a  more 
precise  use,  the  term  designates  a  head- 
piece worn  more  for  parade  than  serious 
warfhre. 

Casquetel, 
kas'ket-el.  A 
small  steel  cap 
or  open  helmet, 
^rithout  beaver 

.  or  visor. 

Cassander, 

Son  i>f  AntipoteTf  King  of  Macedonia,  b. 
fS^,  J>.  291  B.  o.  ABSisted  hy  Ptolemy, 
BeJeuoua  and  LysimaoimB,  he  defeated 


CasqueteL  Side  and  Ba9k 
View. 


Antigorus  at  Ipsns,  the  latter  being  killed. 
Alexander's  empire  was  then  divkled  be- 
tween the  conquerors,  the  four  kingdoms 
being  Macedon,  Egypt,  Syria  and  Tlxraee. 

Cassandra,  kas-san'drah.  In  Myth, 
daughter  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy,  and 
Hecuba ;  she  received  the  gift  ofprophe- 
cy  from  Apollo.  On  the  fifll  of  Troy  she 
was  allotted  to  Agamemnon,  and  was 
killed  by  Clytemnestra,  A.'s  Jealous  wife. 

Cassava,  -sa'va.  A  species  of  manihot 
(M,  utillissima),  ord.  £uphorbiaeefe.  The 
nutritious  starch  obtained  from  the  root 
of  the  plant  forms  a  valuable  article  of 
food,  upon  which  many  of  the  inhabitants 
of  S.  America  live  almost  entirely.  From 
cassava  the  tapioca  of  conmierce  is  -pre- 
pared. 

Casserole,  -51.  An  edging,  border  of 
paper,  or  encasement  of  rice,  paste,  or 
mashed  potatoes,  in  which  meats  are 
served  at  table. 

Cassia,  kashi-a.    The  leaflets  of  several 

species  constituting  the  well-known  drug 

called  senna. 
Cassia-bud,  -bud.    The  flower-bud  of 

Cinnamomum  Cassia  and  otiier  species  of 

the  same  gen. 

Cassia-l^rnea,  -lig-ne-a.  The  bark  of 
the  trees  that  yield  cassia-buds.  Its  flavor 
resembles  that  of  cinnamon. 

Cassia-oil,  -oil.  The  oil  of  cinnamon, 
procured  from  cassia  bark  and  buds. 

Cassioan,  kas'si-kan.  An  insessorial 
bird,  gen.  Cassicus.  Sometimes  improp- 
erly applied  to  the  barita. 

Cassicus,  -kus.  A  gen.  of  insessorial 
birds,  Am.  Icteridse,  allied  to  the  stiu<- 
lings,  remarkable  for  the  ingenuity  with 
wmoh  tiiey  weave  their  nests. 

Cassimere,  -mer.  A  thin  twilled  wool- 
en cloth  woven  in  imitation  of  Cashmere 
shawls. 

Cassiopeia,  -o-pCa.  A  constellation  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  situated  near 
Cepheus,  containing  55  stars. 

Cassis,  'sis.  A  gen.  of  gasteropodous 
mollusks,  fam.  Buccinidfe,  including  the 
helmet-shslls. 

Cassiterite,  'si-ter-It.  The  common  ore 
of  tin.  It  is  a  peroxide,  consisting  of  ttn 
79,  and  oxygen  21. 

Oassius,  -US.  A  purple  pigment,  used 
in  porcelain  and  glass  painting. 

Cassius,  Longrinus  Caius.  A  noble 
Roman  philosopher  and  general,  who 
Joined  Brutus  in  the  assassinatioi)  of  Juliua 
CsBsar,  and  commanded  one  wing  of  the 
armv  defeated  at  Philippi.  when  the 
batde  -waa  \ott  Ya  Yia!L«^  Mmeelf  by  fklUng 


CASTLE«UAKD 


ra<A  thA  iwotd  irtcJt  wtaleta  hfl  had  atnuk  I 
Omi.  He  m*  gtrked  b;  UrnDu,  who  ! 
«u  U>  b»tliiir4D^w.  "tbo  tut  o[  111 


SS" 


.  •oTtli^hl- 
■"16  gwro  bj' 

"""''whiu!" 


oTtbaodor.    Tbe  uwtor 
nUd  for  the  emlidoD  oT  I 

Id'.  Bmw  Higir;  iocbt 


•I  Urd,  gen.  Ounuioi,  hm^DnChloDJ- 
de.  ItrnpiwIUignUnpidltr.  onUtrlp- 
ftatl  tba  iwlftMt  bona. 


^^ra 


onorBriUlD. 


or  Bp^,  divided  by  tbs  moanUln  range 
InWOlil  Hill  Nb»C.;  «««.  1i.44I  m.  m. 
Old  C.  laoi^iiea  8  proTlnaea,  Nrwl'.  4. 
The  dUact  li  tbo  >uudird  luieuiice  at 
BpilD,  udtbaCuIUianaiMdltUll^lsbod 
for  Kibriel)',  linnor  and  |ili;ly. 
aaatll»-«o«i>,  'iii^Ti.  A  white  nr  Dint- 
Ued  tollat  »*p,  niBdit  vlth  uUva  all  ud  ■ 

Owtle.'l.   Abulldlnif.arHrietDfaailnact- 
ed  balldJiun  rnrIlB<<d  for  defrnee  >Kaliiit 


the  pvtB  of  a  piaj 

Oaatalift,  ka*-tl'U.iL  Tbe 

— "■--!   ftinntaJn   of  1d- 


mnUo 


Imejit  to  tba  guitar. 

OBste,  kaat.  One  ol ^ 

HiaHlDdiutm  divided  aooording  to  Brah^ 


OasteUaii.  kaa'tel-lan.    A  gi 
(onstable  of  a  atHa. 

,    -Ut4d.     rnml 
I  Mtttementa  Hka  s  i 


A  Fwncb  CaallB 
out^growlh  of  fondaHsm    and  were  flrsl 
brought  to  a  lilif h  plloh  of  strengtli  anl 

roolt.    C.  in  tbe  air.  a  vifllonflry  project, 

denote  the  paUdcal  bflaence  ol  the  f  ourt ; 
DubtliiCaattebuing  the  offldol  roaldence 
of  the  lord  Ikutanant. 
Oaatl»«narcl,  .g*rd.    Tlie  gnard  whiffh 


CATAPHRTeUN 


culle,    Hieclnmlt  i 


It;  ortxoiidclotb, 
OutoT  EUid  FoUuz 

tkuy  were  educUed,  n 


uDd  n  cBHla  taxed  i 


mildered  IhB  patron  of  boiing 


IT  and.  Pollux.    In 


l^anluln  thelBUmd  o/E^ba. 
Oaatorlna.  -l< 


thealUror  a  Q 
are  kepi. 
CatacauBttos, 
UghC,  dlBttognlai 


itHe  refleeUon  of  isjb  of 
ed  from  the  diaauuQc, 

A-klizm.  A  deluffa  or  OTer- 
w  1  ipeel9csU]>,  tba  flood  la 

JD  GeoJ.  a  Cerm  ippdod  to 
otent  e«iiw  of  Tarlona  pbe- 
he  depoMUoB  of  differeat 

dlln^nm  or  drift,  ratlwr 


,  Cataoomb,  -kom. 


QatatalQue.  -MJu    A  tempomrj  Btra*- 
'— -  repTflBentkog  a  oeDotuph,  pLoeed  orer 
offlD  of  &  dlaUntfulahed  peraon  at  tba 


n,  an  iDdltcrtmlnnta 
3'ne-ah.     The  S.  E. 

V  divided  tDlo  4  pTDT- 


OaiitMttD,  -tri'ta.  A  male  perwn  emu 
•ulalad  fiir  the  porpou  of  ImproTlng:  hli 
Toloe  I  ID  irtiadid  or  male  soprana. 

Owt-ihadow,  hiat'ibod-S.  Inpalctiaf 
a  shadow  oait  bf  an  Db|«t  within  the  pic 

behind  it. 
Oaat-Bteel.  'tl«l.    Bt«l  mode  by  futlni 
the  maruiaU  and  runclnff  the  prodao 

Oat,  hat.  A  ivuQa  applied  to  certain  our 
jUvereuaqnadnipeds^^n.  rellA.  It  la  no 
cerlaln  whother  any  anltnol  now  oilstbii 

domoaUo  cat;  nrobat^y  It  Ia  debcendci 
fhHn  a    cat  onrinaUy  demeatia " 
Egypt.    Thewltl  catlamuchlara 


tUporrotrboatfonaeiooibe^tanrtifltM 
madaL  Aitmiig  Ucktetobootiaimm 


A  larger  thi 


Oatalonla,  kat^n 
™^™,iid 


wood 


iashed  togBthcr,  the  middle  p' 

Thl»  nQino  WS9  alio  applied  to  the  llat- 

fbr  the  Inyaalon  of  England^  and  la  alio 
applied  to  a  modem  American  yaoht.     A 
quarrelsome  woman  ;  a  vliea. 
Catamount,    -mount.       The  wlld-qat. 

CatapbrtLct,  -<Vakt  A  ploco  ordpfenslTe 
the  rider,    in  ZdoI-  the  onnor  protecting 

OataplUTRlan.  -o-fHl'l-an,  One  of  a 
oeat  of  beretica  at  the  !d  century  who  tbl- 
,  UswsdtlwwrmaotMoatanM. 


CATRABUiE 


lu  imrj  itanes  uid  olbv  balkr  nil>- 
dfai,  bnt  afln-wvdB  confoanded  wuh  the 
bidUHU.  A  una]]  IViriied  ttick  oaed  b^ 
bnyi  for  threwliig  luiiJJ  inlHllcfl, 

jiecJptM,  u  tlul  of  KlMsra.  Any  tnri- 
ana  ru.b  or  downnoor  of  «t.ltT.  A  dlt- 
BMeDtUieejE.  4fonnnfK.ter-poviTn- 
or  IfiT  regaiiting  Uio  Btrcko  ot  HJii^fl-aat' 

Oatarrhina,  -a-ri'ii«.    A  kc.  or  qiud- 


n.    A  pUulD; 
las  of  .u™. 

M»  AbdamiixftJ 


•ven,  pirdcnlirlr  In  tba  prloolpU-i  Dfri 
HglDn.    Ad  clenuaitu;  book  oontidiilng 


Oat-blook.  ' 

bL«k  D«d  i< 


Catach'Pineii,  -S-kn'mm.  One  who  1< 
under  inatnifltlan  In  lbs  flnt  rndimeiiti 
of  ChriaUBDllj  ;  s  BBophytB,  GMiwrnlly, 
oai  who  Ifl  be^DiilnK  tu  imqaln  uiy  kJnd 
of  doDtnnra  DT  priuolpLeB. 

OateKOTy.  'C-eor-l.    In  s  popular  ncnio, 

Ib«  highest  olnMH  to  whkb  objwU  of 
tbaafthtian  b«  nfRred.    Aristotle nmdi 


>n  ud  niodnlK}'.'   Mill  mitee  nv 


OBtettHtroda. 


utnun,  a  »rlefi  of  pufiK^s  fr 
Oatenipora.  kut-f-nip'rj-n.   Ch 


bri^gubtf-fo 


I.  A  IIlKbluod  or  Iriah 
A  freBtH>Dt«r  or  ftover. 
'     A  provider  or  pnr- 


daterplllar.  kai'ir-pl 

bir-      [*roperly  the  lat> 


MW-By.    Thanamsof  pliiita,Keii.  Htur- 
pii.ru.. 
OBterpllUx-aater,  -ft'er.    The  Ims 

hiidy  of  «a{Fr^l1arjt,  uflt^v  tbcir  way  out. 
A  blrdorthoibrlketOm.  and  vrhkh  IWea 

on  CAl^I^illArB. 

Oat-fall.  'M.    The  mpa  thu  fann'a  tba 


Oatha  kath'o.    i 


of  pilots,  ord. 
"SS!'2od''  ^ 

OBtbarins,  -ar-ln.   The  Dime  of  three  of 
tbe»l](w1ye>DrBaiH7Vlll..ol_En^ad; 

divwoed  in  IfiSS  to  mirry  Aone  BoLei-o ; 


CATHABIST 


Ih1kI]i.  Une  uid  qnDru  uf  Epoln  ;  b. 
14Sg.  D.  IKID.  (!.  Uowud,  tbird  wife  of 
Henty  V[ll..niu<»DvlitUi<l  of  lofldelltjr 
find  b?bGsdisd ;  n.  IMO.  b.  i&a.    U.  Put. 


_ e  de  Mcdlcl,  wlfc  of 

MenrllI.ofF«iica.iuidmoUnTofF™icto 
1I„  <Tlurlei  IV.  nod  Henri  ML,  succea- 
atvelykliiiranrPiMce;  n-  IBM,  i>-  1M>9. 


EhB  waa   pniOlffBle,  erael   mid   f 

dDuirbti^r  Dr&  XJvonlnn  paiiaantr  whoae  flmt 
hasbaiid  wis   ■  awedljli    irmy  ofliwr ; 

but  Poter  Uic  Gnat  hiviag  bllnobilove 
with  and  Duuriad  bar  aba  beuuifl  a  luyd 
uid   niDdt  dcvotad  wife,  frnoiifldnff  hm 

,  from  the  Turkn.  Aftar  tla  death  of  Peler, 
0.  loled  wliielv  and  vlBoroagly ;  h,  1683. 
D.  1I«I,  C.  n.,  of  auaili.  a  Qmnan, 
wift  of  Prter  III.;  b,  ITM,  n.  lT9fl.  Hot 
life  wu  one  rniuid  of  Inlbmr.  H«r  chlsf 
avDrllp.  Alexis  OrlolT,  haylBir  mnnlBred 
lier  huebiuid,  BbomltKl  \v1th  ^Mit  yiptr. 


OathuiM,  -tilt.    OnD  who  pretsnds  to 

terra  used  V  tba  FauUolaiis  li>  the'  Tth 
»nl^7:tbeAnU-CAtballo  tents  Id  Fnnce 
rndFledmonC  of  the  lath  cantnry;  the 
MDiiliinlitB.  tha  Navatbuu,  Jic 

OoTtiuirteB,  ka-chlr'blz.  A  eeo.  of  Il]s 
vulture  (BlnlK-,  oonMlDing  Iho  torkoy- 
■    buBinlnnrl  other  apeolei. 

Oarthutlc,    'tik.      •    — "-■"   •'— 


'Od.    Tho  Doenliro  pole  of  ai 
elaotrlo  aiuTGHt,  or  that  by  whloh  Uie  ou 

Catholic.  VII  k.    A  mrmbeF  nf  the  ddI 


bead  of  tlio  AitiiodIsd  Chimdi. 

CatlinK,  kat'llnE,  A  kitten.  Catmit; 
lh«  Blrlnir  or  aTuto,  rloBn,  ftc.  A  dl^ 
mfimberln^  knife  used  by  auricfhinfl- 

Catlinite. 'U-Blt.  Aredol*,itonc,  sUlod 

Onto.  k»'ia.  TbB  name  of  two  dtsdn- 
^Ished  Roman  foneralt  and  pblluAu- 
pbera,  Kr^ndftthor  aod  ffrandaan-  The 
flrat,  Mmt.bs  Poroln»  Prliicui,  known  aa 
Cato  M^or,  B.  !S*,  a.  149  D,  a.  He  ™n- 
<[Uered  i^u±  ofSpaln.and  fought  at  Tbor- 
raopyla*-  His  lltarftiy  remains  lududa 
"lfr(«lnea"nnd-r>oReKn»[|oe."   Mar- 

Btorfi?'B."lon,  snlclWlfiB.  c.  Hoao- 
qnlred  mlUtdry  flime,  and  waa  Dotal  for 

HIa  reading  of  Phtto'i  (raiMeo  on  the  Im- 
moFtnllty  of  tbe  aool  It   aald    lo  havo 

Otttoblepaa,   ks-tet>1e-pu.    A  s«b.  of 


the  ooDiDr,  or  Oato  Utieoi 
flonlhle. 
Oat^'Kliie-tallB,  kal-n- 


Oatopter.  ka-tnp'ler.  A  reHMtine  opa- 
<al  elms  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 

Oat-rope,  kat'rOp.  A  rcipe  used  In  ban! 
oft-o  II.  tho  mt-heod. 

Oat-BBlt,  'salt.    A  eolt  heontlflilly  grana- 


.    Oallod 
.ppalaeh- 


CATTLE 


CAYE9DISH 


Cattle,  'L  A  tenn  applied  eoDeecfrdjto 
the  lu^er  domestle  qiudrapeds,  or  sodi 
as  serve  tor  tillage  or  otlier  koor,  and 
for  food  to  man. 

Cattle-giiard,  -gtrd.  A  ditch  eroning 
beneath  a  raflway,  toprerent  the  atraylng 
of  catUe  onto  the  line. 

Cattle-plagTze,  -lAig.  A  yimlentlr  oon- 
tagioos  disease  affecting  cattle;  rinder- 
pest. 

CattLe-mn,  -rvai.  An  American  and 
colonial  t^rm  for  an  open  grazing  ground. 

CatUe-idiow,  -ah5.  An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes. 

CSaucaaian,  ks-k&'zi-an.  The  highest 
type  of  the  hnman  fiunily,  including  near- 
ly all  the  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Ar- 
menians, Persians,  Jews,  Ac. 

CSancasofl,  kan'ka-siis.  The  mountain 
range  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas, 
forming  port  of  the  boundary  between 
Europe  and  Asia ;  the  highest  peak  is 
18,500  ft.  ahov«  sea  lereL 

Oanocui,  'kns.  A  private  meeting  of  dtl- 
zena  to  agree  upon  candidates  to  be  pro- 
posed for  etoemm  to  ofBoes,  or  to  concert 
measiires  hr  supporting  a  party. 

Oandle,  k('dL  A  warm  drink  made  of 
wtne  or  ale,  mixed  with  bread,  sugar  and 

OaxidIe-tfiU>t  k('dl-kup.  A  vessel  for 
holding  eaadle.  A  caudle-cup  and  apostles' 
rooona  fonmerjy  oonstitntea  the  sponsor's 
girt  to  the  child  at  a  christening. 

Qauf,  kaf.  A  chest  with  holes  for  keep- 
ing fish  alive  in  water.  In  mining,  a  vessel 
of  eheet^t>n  emploved  to  raise  coal  flrom 
the  bottom  <^  the  shaft. 

Oanfle,  'L  A  drove  of  black  slaves ;  a 
ooffle. 

Caul,  kal.  A  kind  of  head-covering  worn 
by  females ;  a  net  inclostug  the  hair :  the 
Imider  part  of  a  cap.  A  portion  of  the 
amnion  or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus, 
sometimes  encompassing  tne  head  of  a 
child  when  bom. 

Caulopteris,  ka-lop'ter-is.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  tree-ferns,  found  in  the  ooal-meaa- 
nres. 

Causeway,  kaz'wa.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  &e  natural  level  of  the 
ground,  serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet 
or  marshy  ground,  or  as  a  mole  to  confine 
water,  or  restrain  it  from  overflowing. 

Caufltio,  k§s'tik.  Any  substance  which 
bums,  corrtKles,  or  disintegrates  the  tex- 
tures of  aidmal  structures ;  an  escharotic. 
Lunar  caustic,  nitrate  of  rilver  when  cast 
Into  sticks  for  ^e  use  of  surgeons,  Ac.  In 
Hath,  the  curve  to  which  rajs  of  Ught, 


reflected  or  refracted  by  another  curve,  ar« 
tangents. 

Cauterisation,  ka'ter-lz-A''«hon.  The 
act  of  cauterizing  or  searing  by  the  appH* 
cation  of  a  hot  iron,  caustics,  Ac.  The 
effect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic. 

Cauzi,  'zu.  An  Indian  Mohammedan 
Judge,  who  also  officiates  as  a  public  no- 
tary. 

Cavaignac,  Louis  Eugene,  kah- 
van'yak.  A  French  officer,  b.  !<¥>>,  n. 
1857.  He  was  appointed  govemor-peneral 
of  Algola  by  the  pro\ifllonal  government 
of  the  republic,  1848,  and  the  same  year 
he  was  recalled  and  made  dictator  of 
France ;  he  resigned  after  supprcssin^r  the 
Parisian  insurrection  of  Juno  '28-26,  but 
was  recalled  to  the  military  command  ;  in 
November  of  the  same  year  he  woa  muni- 
cipal rival  of  Louis  Napoleon  for  the  pres- 
idency, and  permanently  retired  from 
power  Dec.  20,  1848,  dying  in  retirement. 

Cavalcade,  kav'al-kftd.  A  procession 
of  persons  on  horseback. 

Cavalier,  -a-l£r.  A  horsenum,  especially 
an  armed  horseouui ;  a  knight.  The  ap- 
pellation given  to  the  partisans  of  Charles 
I.,  as  opposed'  to  a  Boundhead,  an  adhe- 
rent to  tne  Parliament.  A  gentleman  at- 
tending on  or  eseorting  a  lady  ;  a  beau. 
In  Fort,  a  raised  work  commandtng  all  ad- 
jacent works. 

Cavalry,  'al-ri.  A  body  of  troops  that 
aerve  on  horseback,  classifled  into  light 
and  heavy. 

Cave,  k&v.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth ; 
a  subterranean  cavern  4  a  den.  The  Mam- 
moth cave  of  Kentucky  incloses  an  extent 
ofabout  40  miles  of  subterraneous  wind- 
ings. 

Cavea,  ka'v5-a.  Among  the  ancient 
Komans,  a  subterranean  cell  wherein  wild 
beftsts  were  confined  in  readiness  for  the 
fights  of  the  arena ;  by  synecdoche,  the 
amphitheater  itself. 

Caveach,  ka-v3ch^  Pickled  mackerel ; 
a  West  Indian  name. 

Cavear, -vSr.  Amon^of  Mocha,  worth 
about  one  cent.  A  nommal  division  of  the 
Spanish  dollar,  forty  cavears  making  one 
dollar. 

Cave-dweller,  k&v'dwel-er.  A  name 
given  to  such  of  the  races  of  prehistoric 
man  as  dwelt  in  natural  caves,  subsisting 
on  shell-fish  and  wild  animals.    A  name 

gven  to  a  religious  sect  known  as  the 
ohemian  Brethren,  in  the  15th  century. 
Cavendish,   Henry,   kin'dish.     An 
English  chemist  and  philosopher;  b.  1781, 
J>,  1810.    He  was  the  originator  of  the  ex- 


■H 


ran^Ur  cakfa.  C.  «]cpei1mtnt.  an  Im- 
porUnt  DiDcbarLfcol  eiperlinflnl  for  the 
purnOBOof  MoorUinlnn  tho  mesa  denrity 

OaTe-awallow,  klT'ewol-ls.  A  epecles 
nuU  (o  tbe  roofli  oravn. 

Cla-rla,  kSM-s.  A  gen,  of  rodent  anl- 
inalfi,  type  of  the  taa.  CsTtdF,  tlie  most 
thmtllMT  tixomple  being  the  guinea-pig. 

Oavlar,  kST-l-Sr'.  The  n>es  of  flsh  pre- 
pared end  ulfed.  llje  beat  le  m&de  from 
tho  sterlet,  stnrgeoD,  sevrnga  uid  being*, 

Oavicomla.  -kor'nU.  A  bm.  of  nim- 
Ijuuita,  obaruolCTlaed  by  pornlfllant  home, 
laaladlnR  the  uitelopefl.  goatji  ud  oxen. 
The  prong-liam  lutekipe,  wbloh  renewa 
the  homr  ahsdh  pCTtodlesUf .  Ii  the  onty 
eiMptlaiMl  merabsr  of  the  gnop. 

Okvoor,  OMnlllo,  Ooiwt  dl,  k*h- 

T«ir'.  A  aiUigidihad  ItallMi  atUeamu; 

IBtl.    He  oontillnited  luvely 

oTltiJj',  md  u  prtme 


to  the 


;h,  religiouB  tolenUoD  sod  IhtB 


Oawanaw,  ka'kTi.   The  i 


bbck-ktta-.  "  The  Bec\.i'eU  or  the  Hle- 
torrefl  of  Traye,"  prtnted  bj  CutDU  At 
Cofanie  Iq  14T1,  l«  oonaWertd  the  MrUeet 
■peolineD  of  niwgnphy  In  the  EnijUth 
IsBEUBite.    "  The  Osme  and  Ptsfe  ol  the 

in  14T4,  T>  reniraed  u  the  flnt  vaA 
printed  la  Engknd. 

often  termed  e  Key. 

OaTBTUie  Pepper,  W-on'  pep'er.  A 
pau'der  formed  of  the  dried  end  gronnd 


siaum,  nnd  eipoolillr 


of  C-  FttiteMe 


0  CRLBSTIH 

OnMlQiie.  kn-iSk'.  The  nnoie  of  Mtiv* 
when  discovered  by  the  Spanluda.  Wrll- 

OebicUB.  B<''bl-dC.  A  Dun.  of  plstyrhlM 
monkeys,  Including  the  spider  iDoa]u7«i 
sapnjous,  equlrn'l  monkeys,  Ao. 

Oeo^lill.  e«k-k«D'.    A  <»l>  of  Italy  and 


Oeierea.  'or-es.    In  Bom.  "'<'<t»  ^T 

Itom  the  wealthier  dtlune. 
Oalestlal,  sS-lea'tl-al     Ao  InhiUtaDt  ot 

-"-len.    ADntlTeofChliu,theM-oaDad 


D  tdhneDt  of  Ftli- 


Oalibate,  'i-MC    On«  whi  i>r 

Ofllebite,  -ML  A  mank  UHn 
cnmnwD  ind  rr^Lir  dlKlpUno 
Oelidography,  -1-iIok'ti-H. 


Cell 


irrs^den«.  u  n  mi>D  or  hmnltJwe. 
'  ^  the  |rart  of  a  (4>mn1e  wher«  urn 
.f  »K>Kl;lood:»hollow[i 


fo  of  ■«"<!  ftlood  ;  A  holloa*  place  be- 

bJiloT  M  of  a  fionev-tonib.     In  BLoL  m 
aombtaDOQi  b»g  nitli  fluid  conUqlji,  uhI 

bt  celii ;  Jk  Aamf-aoUd  mus  or  tnaticr  with 
Do  daHatta  bmmdvT-wiUI.     In  Kleot.  n 

ttLAtr  oppndtaa  or  to  «ach  atber. 
CUl«r,1v.    AroooiinahonM  oTolhcr 

bnlUtu,  wboUy  cr  parUy  midw  groand, 

■dapladfbr  atonga  purpoies. 
(MlBIwbOOk,  -bnk.    A  book  guBtalBliie 

diMla  npD^as  win™  sad  Uqiiora  ni- 


<Mlanr.-er. 
vfao  hu  sbarge  < 
the  pTDTMor    ' 


OellariDO,  cb^-l»«'na. 
pirtoracg,plaJb<loirUwk.u.^.... 
CelleiiorB,  »l-1ep'o-fi.    Agon,  ofnorali. 

CellnUrea, -la-lu'rct    Oooof  [lis  grand 
'    tflof  Ibtf  vrtfetable  kin^'t^itm,  fonn- 
}  fiTHflU'r  though  bum  blar  j>orllon 
fOtyJ^ODOua  or    cryptogunk 


17  r  ■; 

Oellalicola,  -I! 
OellaloM.  -Ion. 

CelsuB.  Aiu«llasOoriieli'ua. 


lODOfwblDh 


"I)a  Madiclna," 


Crtt,  »^t.  On  nf  th«  rarllMt  AiTM  IB- 
habllanU of  ths uulh  ami  umI of  Rnniw, 
ThD  hmlly  liai   twii   l.nDrhr>,  Ibr   liad- 

Ivid,' Uu  fritb.  and  Mux':  iu'd7li"  (ViB- 
rid,  ODinprUIng  I)h  WWth  Had  lirviniiii. 
Celt.    An  laiplumi'nt  ornnni' iTiurtal, 
fbund  In  anf^jil  tumuli  atil  huT«>n]liir 
thfl  Cthirt  pnlod.    Koiur-  ni»pjjiiM*  it  lo  ]#f 

Oeltibarion.  -l-bu'rl-un.     ■''-rulnlnif   la 


a  by  Iba  (MU,  Induiliii^  Wdidi, 
F  Bnton.    Iriata,  Gat-Jk.   and 


Any  idnUnoui  or 
oi^unlUiiE  bodha 
bydraiiTIo  llinea  Hhlob  oontaln  alllu  akJ 
tberofbro  iwt  quickly.    Ilvdnullo  nqmuU 

<t  of  airiUrin.  vhloh  Inr 
i'^L«-ii.      A    [plactf    aet 


Cend.  B«atri«,  cbJu'ohu. 
or  (.^unt  KnutclKO  C«n<il.  a 
lulbm  ILha-tJDs;  n.  IfilS,  n.  I 


luitand 


of  ttas  IkmOy,  wa>  charged  witb  > 

L    G  ■■ 

knmc.  Ik  l^itiir  to 
Cenoblte,  ean'o-blt.    On«  of  a  nllgloDa 


una  and  Iheb-  pFupaFty,  In  moiieni 
dmH.  an  DRIcial  enumsraUoD  Of  th*  In- 
haUtanUofaatUa. 


CENTRirUGAI. 


■la'«-mS.  In  Ittlj-,  tbf  hnn- 


iindr«iLU]  part  of . 


etar;  Uh 


Oeut,»Dt. 
with  pn,  u  iia  p« 
proporUoD  or  ten  to 

dndth  put  of  ^t 

OmtaUaen'UL    A  mdght  of  IW  lU. 


ftm.  TalpldiF,  nurlfjuSed'  U 
bogs;  OiiibaiTBca. 
OmtiaiQ,  'ti-ir,    A  eqnue  i 
bumlrttlth  pHrt  of  tho  ^renoh 
tol.19  squire yordi. 

OeaUKiade, -grU,   CoMiitiDsof«him- 

dr«d  degrvD5i  grkdo^tf)  Into  a  taundrpd 
dlvl&lDtii  of  cquAl  pBrta.    O.  thomoiDS- 

tervtU  b?tvrteB  tho  freezlof  *Dd  lioll^ 

fUu-echult'BUiaeiinio  Intcml tidiiridod 

Centime,  -tiim'.    Tlio  haodredth  part  of 


BWly  eqaiil  tolWIbs! 
OantuuLriaa, - 

CenteiuuT,  'te-on-rL    Tte 
handled  jam. 
Oentoniiial,  -tan'ni-iil.    Ths  oommeino- 
~~1oD  of  any  ATUt  wbkch  oociin«d  ■  bun- 
id  ye«r«  beftira. 

ibg.     Thft  fruDiknir  of 
othAT  ■tmetnro  ia  Bupported  daring  ItA 


.nubleor 
Oontor-pln,  -pin. 
CentrifoKBl.    -trlfa-gul.      Tending 


I  »t«p  of  procravioD 

ifl^ihon.  Aniillt«7 
.Oay;   or   Uu  Uke, 


oenCrlfun]  fo. 
■  oentrinigul  I 


nd  to  fly  ol  from  tho  uIh  of  theb 
Ln  a  tangent  to  tho  periphery  tit 
IB.  AotJng  by  or  depending  on 
_i  # — „  _-  _  — ilrifiig^  ?Q™P> 


GEISITBIFETAL. 


CESAUN06COPE 


OemtripetaL -trIp'e-taL  Tendlnf  toward 
the  center.  C.  ft»roe  is  thftt  ferae  whieh 
draws  a  body  towards  a  center,  and  there- 
by acts  as  a  eountapoise  to  the  centrif- 
ugal force  in  drcular  motion.  Oraiity'  is 
a  centripetal  torec. 

Centriflciui,  tris^kus.  A  gen.  of  teleos- 
tean  fishes,  sec  Acanthoptetygii,  tun. 
nstnlartdiB,  Including  the  bello  ws-lish  and 
tnimpet-fisiL 

Oentrosnfl,  'trS-pns.  A  gen.  of  seansorlal 
Urds,  caeikoo  Ikm.,  the  pnessant  cackoo. 

Qentamvir,  -tom'vir.  One  of  a  hundred 
and  five  judges  in  anoknt  Boaae  ^point- 
ed to  dedde  eomnum  causes. 

Oentaxion,  -t&'ri-on.  ABoman  officer 
who  commanded  a  eoitnry  or  company 
of  a  hundred  men,  answering  to  the  cap- 
tain in  modem  armies. 

Oentnxy,  'ri.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  a  division 
of  the  people  for  the  purpose  of  electing 
magistrates  and  oiacting  laws,  the  people 
TodiDg  by  centnrles ;  also  a  company  con- 
dstingof  a  hundred  men.  Apwlod  of  a 
hundred  years.  Centuries  of  Magdeburg, 
an  ecdeafastical  history,  arranged  in  thir- 
teen  centuries.  C.  plant,  the  American 
aloe,  formerly  supposed  to  flower  only 
once  in  a  century. 

Ogphalalgic,  sef-a-lal'Jik.  A  medldne 
for  the  headadie. 

Oex^lialaspifl,  -hia'pis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
ganoid  finbes,  oocunring  in  the  old  red 
sandstone. 

Oephalafca.  -li'ta.  A  div.  of  moUnsks 
having  a  distinct  head,  with  eyes,  as  the 
gasteropods,  pteropods,  cuttle-fishes. 

O^pha^t^lliui,  86-fftl'o-ftis.  An  Aflicsn 
gem.  of  antelopes,  including  tiie  dnyker- 
bok  or  impoon,  the  rhoode-bok,  red- 
buck  or  Natal  bush-buck  and  the  blue- 
buck. 

Oeplialopoda,  sof-a-Iop'o-da.  A  class 
of  mollosca,  the  highest  in  organization, 
divided  into  two  sections,  Tetrabranchi- 
ata  and  Dibranchiata.  The  nautilus, 
and  the  fossil  genera  Orthoceras,  Ammon- 
ites, Goniatites,  Ac.,  belong  to  the 
Tetrabranchiata.  The  dibranchiate  in- 
cludes the  argonaut,  the  octopus  or  eight- 
armed  cuttle-fishes,  and  the  ten-armed 
forms,  as  the  calamaries,  the  Ibssil  belem- 
nites,  Jkc. 

CephaloptericUB,  'a4op-ter''i-d6.  A 
sob-fam.  of  the  ray  fish,  of  which  the  gen. 
Cephsloptera  is  the  type;  fin-headed 
rays  or  homed  rays. 

Oephalote,  -UM.  A  Ihtty  substance,  in- 
soluble in  aloohoL  but  soluble  in  ether, 
obtained  JOroat  the  bnUa  ;  s  mixture  of  the 


cerebrates  of  potsssium  and  so«lium,  Hiih 
traces  of  oUen  and  oleo-phosphnrio  add. 

Oephalotoma,  -lo-tr>m.  An  instmrnvnt 
for  cutting  into  the  fetal  head  to  assiM 
contraction  and  faciUtato  detivm-. 

Gephalotrlbe,  -trib.  An  obstetrical  in- 
strument fur  crushing  the  head  of  the  in- 
ftmt  in  the  womb. 

C^lkheua,  sc'fe-us.  A  constellation  in 
tho  northern  hemisphere,  surrounded 
bv  CasMopeia,  Ursa  Major,  Draco  snd 
CJygnus,  containing  85  stars.  One  of  the 
moss  mites,  ikm.  Oribatids. 

Cepola,  sep'6-la.  A  gen.  of  fishes,  ncc. 
Acanthoptwygli.  A  species  is  known  ss 
the  red  band-fish  and  i^  snake-fish. 

Oepolidaa,  sC-pol'i-d^.  Bibbon-flshes ; 
l»nd-fishcs.  A  fam.  ot  acanthopteryglan 
fishes.     Also  caDod  Tmiodee. 

Oeraeo,  -rft'go.  Bee-bread;  a  substance 
condsting  chiefly  of  the  pollen  of  flowers, 
used  by  bees  for  aliment. 

OerambycidsB,  -nun-blsM-d£.  A  Aim. 
of  coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Longicomes. 
The  musk-beetle  belongs  to  this  nin. 

Oeramlo,  se-ramMk.  Of  or  bdonging  to 
the  fictile  arts  or  pottery,  as  ceramic  art. 

Ceraphron,  ser'a-ftxin.  A  gen.  of  minute 
parasitic  insects,  hm.  IVoctotrupidte, 
some  of  which  prey  on  iuBocts  destruc- 
tive to  plants. 

Cerapus,  -pus.     The  caddis-shrimp,  a 

gen.  of  amphipodons  crustaceans,  wUch 
ve  in  a  tube. 
Oerasin,    -sin.    A   gum  which   exudes 
finom  cherry  and  plum  trees. 
Cerasite, -sit.  Acherry-Ukepetrifiiotion. 
The  native  muriate  of  lead. 

Cerastes,  se-ras'tSz.  A  gen.  of  Afl^can 
vipers,  r«narkable  for  their  iktal  venom  ; 
horned  vipers. 

Oerate,  so'rat  A  thick  ointment,  com- 
posed of  wax,  lard,  or  oil,  with  other  in- 
gredients. 

Geratites,  ser-a-tf'tez.  A  g«n.  of  fossil 
Ammonitidffi,  allied  to  the  ammonites. 

Oeratodus,  se-rat'o-dus.  A  fish,  allied 
to  the  Icpidosiren.  Tho  native  salmon  or 
Barramunda  of  Australia. 

Ceratospongriffi,  ser'a-td-spon''ji-<:.  An 
order  of  sponges  of  which  the  bath  si»onjfo 
is  the  type. 

Ceraunite,  se-ra'nlt.  A  thunder-stone ;  a 
belemnite.  **  , 

Oeraunofloope,  'nd-skdp.  An  instru- 
ment used  tn  the  mvsteries  of  andenta  to 
imitate  thuidfir  viaY^\i\sS!!^. 


i 


,  mmkeri,  _._,     _.     ..    ._.   ..  ., 

,  dof-tuM    iDCmkej,  tli»   nungftbyi  jumI 

Uw  gnoi  monkflyi. 
,  OsmoUbea,  -kot'>-l>«i.    A  aen.  of  Bn- 

ilBanpaiiMiJnw.fmiiirkiiblaBirltirirloiii 

jnbenilla  tidli. 
Oano^dn,  -kop'l-de.    a  inb-bm.  ol 

bomopteniu  InueU,  Shu.  Cbodelllni,  In- 

dodbig'  tbe  onstoo-^U  uid  Itog-boppm. 
OvnoplthMnj*, '>i«-pl-th4"k<ia.    Ages. 

of  loiiE-liUad  mookefs,  Tity  teOje,  ud 

*»  (Asa  pnldljF   nrisg*<^     Ahaobc 

th«m  Is  ths  Udu. 
Oeodooyon,  -doat-on.     A  gm.  of  Oh 

dof  tril)a,lnliniiadUte  bMwHO  the  true 

Aif«  Mill  the  dues,  hiving .   ' 


«Did9  t. 


A  ilngubr  pro- 
ite  brilUutob- 


Oerebriii.  •or'tbriq.  A  aaat  gtven  lo 
Hraial  s'ibaumeea   obtained    obHukolly 

Oeromont. 'rnent.  Chjth  dipped  In  melt- 
ed MIX,  wlih  wbiiA  dead  boolM  ire  en- 
fblded^hen  embalmed.  GreT&<Jothea  In 
general.    The  iindor-Dovarofaiiiller-sUb. 

OoremonlHl,  -e-mo'nl-^.  A  Bjstem  of 
iltes  or  cereiijoiilei  In  i^lgfona  vorablp, 
khjIbI  Intarcaorafl,  cpr  la  eoorta;  f^mn^- 
ItlH  to  be    cbserred  on  UT    nnimtna. 

TliB  order  KtriiUa  tod  tbrmi in  the  B.  O. 


*»  *«  oAmttkI  on  aolrma 


lUbtlng  tlw  ti 


Cerinthiau, -cin'thl-in.  One  oramt 
"  rlj  heretlia,  so  called  from  Cerfnlhni, 
lAhe  flnt  hereelucht  In  tbe  cliurct. 
Oerlph.  ler'ir.  One  of  the  flue  linee  ofa 
'  tter,  eepeeUlly  one  of  the  flue  srou  Udh 

Oarit«.  ■«'rft.  A  rare  mtnenl,  ahrdnted 
■tUoate  of  wriuip.  Tery  hard.  It  lithe 
ehlef  HHUVe  of  sari nm.  and  eoatilna  il» 
''""""inTn  andAdTmlniD, 

OarlthUda,  aer-i-thl'l-dS.  Club-ihellj, 
atfhm.  of  iilant-eatliiggaatafopodoiKiuel' 
Inske,  oonul- 

elei  b^ng  etaaisctertido  i 

The  tf  plal  gaa.  li  CeretUam, 
OefOgnpliy.  ■B-ng'n-n.     Tli 
wrltdng  or  engraving  on  nm.    T 
painting  In  wai  eokiri ;  enouBI 


a  oomposllion  of  oil  and  wax. 
Oeroplaatjo,  -plu'db.    Tbe  artofi 

Qvrro  Gordo.  A  deflle  between 
"maud  tbedtTDrMeilcc,  noted fo 
imal  Tlat<4T  achieved  by  the  Anie 
mrnnderaen.  Bcottovsr  the  Meil 
ider  Bmita  Anna,  April  IS,  IMT. 

0«lthla>&ak,uiUL'Urdi.    The  cnw| 


CBBTIOKABI 


166 


CHACO 


a  fiuD.  of  tenoirostnl  perehing  Mrdt,  «on- 
siBtingr  of  the  tre«-creepen,  nat-hAtches, 
Sue. 

Certiorari,  Ber'ahi-6-ni''ri.  In  Law,  a 
writ  of  a  superior  oonrt,  to  Mil  up  the 
records  of  an  infericM:  court  or  remove  a 
cause  there  depending. 

Cerateniiij  se-rnld-um.  A  blue  pig- 
ment, coMBiBting  of  stannate  of  protozidfe 
of  cobalt,  stannic  add  and  siuphate  of 
lime. 

(Sejnuneii,  se-rn'men.  The  wax  secreted 
by  certain  glands  lying  in  the  external 
canal  of  the  ear. 

Gemxa,  sd-ro'ra.  A  gen.  of  moths,  ten. 
Bomby«ld»,  of  which  the  beat  known  is 
the  pussrinoth. 

Geniae,  'nia.  White-lead,  a  compound 
of  hydrate  and  carbonate  of  lead,  produced 
by  expodng  the  metal  in  thin  {dates  to 
the  vapor  of  vin^^.  Lead  is  sometimes 
found  native  in  the  form  of  ceruse,  but  in 
this  case  it  is  an  anhydrous  metacarbonate. 
C.  of  antimony  is  a  white  oxide  which 
sq[wrate8from  the  water  tn  whidi  dia- 
phoretic antimony  has  been  washed. 

Osmsite,  'rn-sit  A  native  carbonate  of 
lead,  a  common  lead  ore,  found  often  in 
eoninnction  with  galena  or  sulphide  of 
lead,  and  supposed  to  be  derived  m>m  the 
deoompoflttion  of  galena. 

Oexvi^at,  ser've-lat.  An  ancient  musical 
iBStmment,  prodndng  tones  resembling 
a  bassoon. 

OervidaB,  'vl-dd.  The  deer  tribe.  The 
princii»l  genera  are  represented  by 
the  stag  or  red-deer,  wapiti,  roebuck,  &c., 
the  elk  or  moose-deer,  the  reindeer  or 
cariboo,  the  ftUow-deer  and  the  muntjjac. 
Th^  are  first  found  fossil  in  miooene 
strata. 

Gestoidea,  ses-toi'dfi-a.  An  order  of  in- 
testinal worms,  class  Scolecida;  tape- 
worms. 

OestracionticUe,  -tra'si-on''ti-d6.  A 
fun.  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  consisting  only 
of  a  single  Il'dng  genus  and  species,  the 
Cestradon,  although  fossil  forms  are 
abundant 

Oestnun,  ses'tmm.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  8<daniRcee ;  the  bastard  jasmines. 

Oefltmn,  'tnm.  A  gen.  of  Ctenophora  or 
idgher  Actiaoaoa,  represented  by  the 
TeDOs's  girdle,  which  exhibit  phosphor- 
eaoepee  at  night 

OeitllS,  'tns.  In  Bom.  Myth,  tbb  girdle 
of  Venna,  on  which  was  jreproseiited  evoy- 
Hiiag^liuUeoaldBwakgalov.  Amarriage> 


girdle  given  bj  a  newly  mar- 
ried ^mb  to  her  husband. 
Among  the  andents,a  leather 
boxing-glove  or  gauntlet 
loaded  with  lead  or  m>n. 
Oetaoea,  s^ti'shd-a.  An  ord.  Ceetu.-^. 
of  marine  mammiliarons  an- 
imals, surpassing  in  size  aU  others  in  ex- 
istence. The  Balcnide,  or  whalebone 
wlL'los;  the  Physeteiids,  or  sperm 
whales ;  the  Delphinids,  or  dolphins  ;  the 
Bhynchoeetl.  or  beaked  whales ;  and  the 
Zeuglodontide.  All  are  fossil.  The 
Sirenia  form  a  distinct  ord. 

Cetioaaunui,  'ti-d-sa''rus.  A  gea.  of 
fossil  sauriatis,  the  most  gigantic  of  the 
ord.  Deinosauria.  The&  remains  are 
Ibimd  in  the  oolite  and  wealden  forma- 
tions. 

OetoniadsB,  -td-nl'a-de.  A  flun.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive groups  of  the  beetie  tribe.  The 
type  gen.  is  Cetonia. 

Oetrarin,  'tra-rin.  A  vegetable prlndpla 
extracted  by  alcohol  from  several  lichens, 
as  Iceland  moss. 

OetUB,  'tus.  In  Astron.  the  Whale,  a 
constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere 
containing  97  stars. 

Ceutorliyncliuji,     8a-t<3-ring'kus.      A 

Sen.  of  coleopterous  insects,  flun.  Guron- 
onidse,  including  the  turnip-seed  char- 
lock, and  the  turnip-gall  weevil. 

Oeylon,  sS-15n'.  An  isbmd  ft.  of  Hin- 
dostan,  belonging  to  Ot.  Britain ;  area, 
27,400  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,828,000.  The  in- 
habitants are  Buddhists,  and  the  sacred 
tooth  of  Buddha  is  preserved  in  one  of  the 
temples. 

Oeylon-mosfl,  ^moss.  Plooaria  oandlda, 
an  alga,  lately  introduced  as  a  substitute 
for  nmnaceouB  foods,  having  the  same 
properties  as  carrageen  or  Irish  moss. 

Cha,  cha.  A  kind  of  Chinese  tea,  rolled 
up  like  tobacco. 

Chabasie,  kab'a-sS.  A  variety  of  seolite 
which  occurs  in  crystals  whose  primitive 
form  is  nearly  a  cube. 

Chablis,  shab-Ie.  A  celebrated  white 
French  wine,  having  an  exquisite  per- 
fume. 

Chabouk,  oha-bnk^  A  long  whip ;  the- 
whip  used  in  India  for  inflicting  corporal 
punishment 

Chaoma,  diak'ma.  A  8.  African  bab- 
oon. 

Obaoo,  chfl^kfi.  Th^  native  name  for  an 
unctaoiM  tirth  Vn  ft.  Am«tea^  whldi  is 
eatan  vrith  thowAa^ 


CHADAM 


166 


CHAUOOTHEBIUH 


Chad  am,  chad'am.  A  money  of  Account 
In  some  pArts  of  AsIa,  eqoal  to  one  pajsa, 
25  cowries  or  a  half-farthing. 

OhOBronea,  kS-ro-nC'ah.  A  <Aty  of  Bceotia, 
the  birthplace  of  Plntarch,  celebrated  as 
the  aeene  of  the  victory  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
don  over  the  Confederate  Athenians  and 
Thobans,  b.  o.  888. 

OheBtonotus,  kS-to-n6'tas.  A  remark- 
able gen.  of  rotifers  or  wheel  animalc^leB. 

OhsBtoplioraoeaB,  'to-fi>-r&"8S-«.  A 
&m.  of  confervoid  a1g»,  growing  in  sea 
or  fresh  water,  and  invested  with  gelatin- 
ous matter. 

Chafant,  chi'fimt.  In  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  boar  when  represented  as  en- 
raged. 

Ohaito,  oh&f  er.  A  beetle ;  generally  used 
with  a<Mne  jn^flx;  as,  cock-chafer,  rose- 
ehafer,  &c. 

Ohafery,  -L  A  linrge  in  an  hx>n-mlll,  at 
which  the  iron  is  wrought  into  bars ;  also, 
a  kind  of  blackamith*s  forge. 

Ohai&noh.  chaf  finsh.  A  British  bird, 
gen.  Frlngilla,  whose  song  is  heard  from 
early  spring  to  the  middle  of  summer. 

Ohaflnff-diah,  chafing-dish.  A  vessel 
to  hold  coals  for  heating  anything;  a 
portable  grate. 

Ohamu,  Paul  B.  Du,  da  shA-ya.  An 
American  of  Trench  descent,  celelN*ated 
for  his  travels  in  Central  Africa ;  b.  1820. 
Ho  was  the  first  to  positively  verify  the 
existence  of  the  gorilla. 

Ohain,  chAn.  A  series  of  Unks  or  rings 
fitted  into  one  another.  In  weaving,  the 
warp  threads  of  a  web.  Links  or  plates  of 
iron  bolted  to  the  ship's  side,  used  to 
contain  t^e  dead-eyes.  In  Surv.  a  meas- 
uring instrument,  generally  consisting  of 
100  links,  each  7.92  inches  in  length. 

O  h  al  n  • 
pump, 
'pump.  A 
pump  con- 
sisting, in  Ita 
commonest 
form,  of  an 
endless  chain 
equi  p  ped 
with  a  num- 
ber of  valves 
or  bucket! 
moving  on 
two  wheels, 
one  above, 
tbeotb&r  be- 
Jomr. 

^Bi^rnoM,  'gKtg.  •  AmmUrotom- 
nets  ehmiaed  tog^SSt^ 


CSbain-pnmp. 


Ohaln-snard.  'gfird.  A  mechaniam  in 
watches,  provided  with  a  ftisco.  to  pre- 
vent the  watch  being  over-wouna. 

Ohain-sliot,      'shot 
Two  balls  connected  b}  | 
a  chain.  -  „ 

CJhain-rtitcli,  'stich.  ^^^-^^^ 
In  sewing,  threads  or  oorda  linked  to- 
gether in  the  form  of  a  chain,  as  line.-;l 
chaining  or  tambour  work,  reticulation  or 
net- work,  he.    A  sewing-machine  stitch. 

Ohaln-^heel,  'whel.  An  inversion  of 
the  chain-pump,  by  which  it  is  converted 
into  a  recipient  of  water-power. 

Oliair,  char.  A  movable  seat,  with  a 
back.  A  seat  of  office  or  authority ;  as, 
the  chafr  of  a  Judge ;  the  office  itself,  es- 
pecially the  office  of  a  professor,  as,  to 
hold  the  chair  of  logic  or  divinity.  A)so 
used  for  the  chairman  of  a  meeting  or  as- 
sembly. One  of  the  iron  blocks  which 
support  and  secure  the  rails  in  a  railway. 

Ohaiae,  shiz.  A  two-wheeled  carrisge 
generally  ftimished  with  a  movable  hood 
or  top.  A  gold  coin  curr^it  in  France 
from  1846  to  1480,  varying  in  value  at 
different  periods.  Chaises  wero  also  edSn- 
ed  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

Chalcedony,  kal-sed'o-ni.  Asub-spedes 
of  quartz,  a  mineral;  white  agate.  There 
are  several  varieties,  as  common  dhaloed- 
pny,  chrysoprase,  sard  and  smdonyx. 

Ohalcedonirx, -niks.  A  variety  of  agate, 
in  which  white  and  gray  layws  altetnato. 

Clialcoflrrapliy,  -kog'ra-fi.  The  art  of 
engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 

Ohaldea,  kil-de^ih.  The  country  lying 
between  the  rivers  Tigris  and  Euphrates. 
The  name  of  Chaldean  was  sndently  ap- 
plied to  the  learned  Babylonians. 

Chaldron,  chfil'dron.  An  EngUsh  meas- 
ure of  coals  consisting  of  86  bushds,  or 
V^  cwt.;  the  Newcastie  chaldron  is  52^  or 
68  cwt.  In  America  the  weight  Is  gen- 
erally 26J  cwt. 

Chalet,  shfi-lft.  One  of  the  huts  in  which 
cattie  and  herdsmen  are  housed  for  the 
night  on  the  Swiss 
mountains,  and  where 
the  cheese  is  manu- 
factured ;  any  dwell- 
ing of  the  Swiss  peas- 
antry having  local  char- 
acteristics. 

Chalice,   chal'is.      A> 
communion   cup  used 
to  administer  the  wine 
In  the  celebration  of  the   .     ChaUoe,. 

Ohali60thsiiQxii,   \sivvv.v\!D»>i^:qB£u 


IBd  In  llnM  nf  u*  nlMBiii. 
ibgk.    An  eHthj-  tfaooMic,  af 

ine  vtdtft  ooUtt,  loft,  uid  adiiilt- 

C'lh.    It  la  u  (rapnn  BirbomU 
nA  wUsh  IBmt  the  bliher 


dt  Sir  ths  dlipining  at  mittmi  not 
itjj  Importnnt  to  ba  iinpird  In 
ApUc«whero«iMsembLTDiwta: 
itv-obunber :  Oh  luemlilr  Itwlf ; 
hnmber  groom  JnfToe. 
larlaliii  -Un.  A  iieraan  rliu^ed 
&  muiotfeinuit  af  a  chnmbflr.  An 
Ehirgea  wllh  the  dlrecrtlon  of  thu 

Tba  Lord  (jbsaiberlnln  of  Oreit 

pDdi^hlia  *Tlai>-chiunbcrlaln.  A 


bibla  tor  B  [irlT«lB  rot 
^rwlbaxg.    Ctp,  of  J 


M,  1M«;  pop.  «,F>7T. 
CluunlmrtiD.  iban  bn-ti 


CtuuDtiray.  "hn.    A  kin.l  nf  irinshui 
OIiamtMwl.  kuin'hrel.    Tbt-lniot  vf  11 


Ohampao,  cham'pak,  A  buiiiiLnil  In- 
diui  lr«.  drd,  Ma^ollsoen,  hi^UI  In  hl^ 
eMeam  by  BmliiniiiliU  aai  BuddhliU. 


pmliraeW  tlia)api>ci»i  FtuM. 


OHAMrlGItOK 


pln'joD,  .  Tb*  FreDoh  I  Oluuulcxi,  rtun-dS'.  Asutrutsf 
ma  la  gmmL  \    aani  by  tin  ChlneH  for  imoklBg. 

OIuuiv-<nu>o-!F(K>,  ■ 


lerdBl  city  o(  Chins, 
B»o.     i.uo«um  111  ii.  n.       HI,  S.  W,  of  AmojT.ltilL-..,  _    _ 
idlnii  Into  Onarto,  nnd     OhaiUfo-irliBal.  chinJ'whei.    On; 


port ;  pop.  SM.OOO; 
lei.  One  of  a 
>f  cflp-whoeJB,  awd  to  Tarxlh*  adrv- 
iHT  velocity  or  the  ftjda  or  trbor  of  a  mo- 
chine  ta  »ay  reqnlivd  degree, 
Chonk,  cbuKk.  The  common  cnnch- 
flhell  flnhed  np  bj  dlveri,  Lar^^  fimflll 
b**lfl   0/  chMnhH  bkva  been  R>iiDd,     TbeAO 


Chuuplon,  'pl-on.    The  tltla  ilTen  to  > 
pmon  who  hu  <l«refit4d  all  rivui  at  on«n 

jwdeBtrlan,  ]>ujdll>^t,  iai. 

New  SoS.ff 

(uniwct«d  vit 

Chamber  €aiuil ;  Icofth  110  m, ; 

irldth  14  m, 

;'n  tha  Jur  and  thi 


duuicellor.  ■«■.    Originally,  a  chltt  no- 

tatar  times  an  EngUah  olHoer  inc«l«d 
with  Jndlda]  powera,  and  narttoularly  wUh 
tliB  ai^flt1nleBd«ice  of  alloffldal  writinn 
of  the  srowK  that  tcqnire  to  be  aolemnly 


BUHd  u  the  Chordi,! 
tlabop  hu  hl>  ohueetlc 
Oerman  Ktnpln  lh«  chi 
dent  of  the  Federal  Cou: 
%.,  achuoellor  li  ' 
chanoarj  or  equity, 

ahftBOsUonTlUe,     A  vniags  of  Spott- 
rr1i"l«  C^.,  Va,,  TO  m.  M.  Tf,  of  filoh- 
mond.thaBCfneofonaoft'    ' 
noBt  deeHrat«4T  Ibagrbt  ] 

dytl   war.      The   reie™li  _      

Hooker  wwe  flnt  UtKked  In  flank  b/  ibroudg  uid  kMiofl 
a*n.-<StoiMwaU"Jacktan.AprUS(l,lS(»,  them  clear  of  theV 
Md  be  repaatedthlioQUa/l.bedlyde-      ganwale. 

tlraCoDfedentefari: 


Tedarala  being  flniU]'  Ibretd 
atnu  th(Biv>pahannock  River 
The  fidtnl  loag.lDcludlnE  fi,  MO  prison  en, 
mi  n,l«;  Conl-"'—-  ■—    ""~"  -' 
whom  S.OOO  were] 
w^  "  Jaeki 

hlB  own  treopi  ounng  a  ntg 
•anceon  (heM,  dfliiR  M*y  10. 
OluuicerT,  'ie-r1.    In  Esgbuid,  (brmerlj 
lie  highest  oourt  of  loatliie  neit  to  Par- 
Uament.  but  ginee  IBTS  ■  dltUon  of  tlie 
Rteh  Oonrt  of  Jnstloe.    In  Scotland,  an 


„ 1  Mirlater-honje  _. 

Bdinbnrnh.  Dianiced  by  ue  director  of 
clinicerj  and  hia  depntlae.  In  the  TInlted 
Statea,  a  oonrt  of  eqntt]'. 


One  who 

a  ebvitn.  In  ba^liHB.  the  to^ 
flnffflt-holes  for  pEarfng  the  melody, 
Otajuitloleer,  ohan'tl-kler,    A  eoA. 


CHABQE  D'ATFAISIB 


.    KlXlU'i  llrgMt 


Dhapomtl,  chup-w-nl'.  A.  xmio  «t 
Igw  orercTDen  Dake.  A  clamp  nf  thtckcl 
rarmeil  by  tbamj  ihnibd,  muiglod  vrlth 

CSlape.  chip.  The  uliillng-biap  nn  ■  belt 
to  which  «  bttyonift-BUKbbud  la  Ktuohed ; 
the  hiwh-pl«oe  by  whlc!!  k  buckla  Ia  flied 


OhApel,  chap'el.  A  ■ub'^lnate  ploco  o 
vrrnbip  usujUly  «t(aoh64  to  ■  church  o\ 
cMhednO.  ilnuleil  lo  BjiMtol  nerviest,    i 


ponUoii.  A  pUco  of  worship  nsml  by 
Sjuenlm  tWimUie  Church  «F  T.Dg\iini, 
Anntoa   of  tba  workmen  In  l  pribOpg- 


-hkwd  M  doftofi.  ind  Ka 
Igfo.  A  IkkhI  or  cap 
XnlaAta  ol  tho  Garter  whr: 
A  null  ihleld  DODIalnlnK 


ChAplet,  li^t.    A  Eorlind  or  wrealh  to 

■  uarUnd   ot  loayes' nlth  fUar  eowen 

strlne-  of  hesda  aisa  by  Cltholld  In 
counliDg  thplr    piyera,  hntiog  only   a 

Chapter,  'ler.  A  dlrtBlon  of  b  Ijoot  or 
tiatlgs.  The  mandl  of  a  blnhop,  cdd- 
BliHog  of  tha  canons,  ana  olhtr  cIbtkj'- 
meh  attHbed  to  a  cathedra]  churcli,  pra- 


bnncb  of  Boms  h 
decretat  epiitle. 
Chapter-bouM,  -b 


V  broths'bDod.  A 
u      Thf  tmlldlng 


iilly  forUllsd.  i  n 

tmopt    nn'dcr    GcB.   BODtt, 
Sept.  18,  IWT. 


nr  Dtbpr  ban)  maw- 
a  or  elpi.    Muiical 


tf«,  when  they  nnderf  o  au 


One  olio  (nnueu  dlplonulli 


to  b«Di>ToUmt  1r 


>  IbondsMan  (Ur  roUar  I 
■mu,  vaiHiitlcni,  or  othcrvlx);  an  Jiwit 
U.  BMBiDfC.,nnD*whi)  mlDEsUr  I 
lh«  |Mfjr  Uld  uniw  th4  dak ;  k  ooD^reE: 
tlon  fonnded  liy  Tlnoenl  dt  Pinl. 
C&lBTltl^^alUKd,  -akSL  A  Eobsot  mill 
tBinrd  1>7  vo^UDtuy  oantHbnUoDB  or  b 
oaeBU, 
Clli«rlvarl.  tbi-rf-vn-r",  A  mnck  te 
'  enule  of  dLsoordant  iniinfa^  kettlep,  rli 
lionii,  Ac,  iHirrun 
the  hoiucK  of  oh*  - 
ud  pnctloed.  In 
aoDtnnul  uma^ftacu. 
'  CQuulAtAn,  ftblT^tan.  One 
incuiplftc-.aniofiBte: 


Vsr1f\ ;  KIde  cf  Fnnnj ;  a.  T43,  D.  eu. 

mlj.  4ad  All  of  Oermany  to  the  BobfiaiM 
borders,  belnv  crownM  Kmp«Tor  of  thfi 
Wesl  tf  the  Pope  In  800.  He">»a» 
mnit  cnllgbtened  u  mil  u  the  moat  eo- 
er^dc  Kutoi^eui  satBrBl^ofth««eiitiU7. 
Oharlea.  The  nima  of  niuiMrVDe  Ka- 
mpenc  Fmperon.  Ungs  BDd  IsiHr  potn- 
U1«n.  GrTmonjr  luvlnirliad  ftnirklngaud 
tbrM  emperon  beiriagtble  iwaie;  Bkv 
dflo  fin«fla  kln^  tbe  fffeaant  ruler  befaif 
tbc  lin»Dih :  Spiin  taar,  faaei  ten,  N^ 

BaMlnla  twn  ud  HnBgHT  tvo  kliqm 
Thu  name  bu  iilta  boras  by  l>iikH  ol 

Oharlea  KBjtol.    The  ll!<«<i!a»to  aon 


:  or  Fnnoe,  und  wu  the  tei 

UliutrloDfl  CuiorlbglBa  He 
nvoe  being  tskeo  fnra  C,  1 


Oharleaton.    The  c 


ttom  Ihe  Atlutle.  noled  u 
1.1c  C.MI  Wur,  the  two  (nrta, 
der  M^or  And«r»oo,  bolne 

OboTleatown.  A  dtj-  of  U 

Mmi.  a.iihartlofBoE'ton;  1 
ins.   a  Bring  t 


EirUIIL    . 


hBttIs   of 


Oharlea'B  Wain,  chtrlili-H'bi.  The 
Hevun  brightest  kUra  in  the  eonBteBafloa 
Urg.  baJoF,  or  tbe  Or»t  Bev. 

OhartMl.hoaae,  oUi'Del-hani.  Aplu* 
where  bunun  bonen  am  dspoifted ;  en- 


in  vblcb  the 


tB  eiblblled  In  ■  cnethmltin 
lAUd  form,  as  An  hlstortcaJ  or  ge 
uhHt.  A  drmngbtorportgrUiBe 
nioe,  with  the  eoun,  tflanHi.  nv 
of  oompuA,  depth  of 


CHAXPOT  1 

of  Iho  iJccpiiiBl  o.BrthrBlji,mrl.rrof 

cdipoe  prerfmiB  tQ  borbL 
Charpoy,  r1iiir'po[.    Id  tlir  E.  IniltM.  > 

Hnail,  poruljlo.  Blretiilntr  b*rt. 
Charqui,  char'tj.     Jiu-trf  bcof;  Utf 

ilrlo.l  by  Bipoauro  10  Ibe  sun. 
Chart, 

ublblled  InicnethDiltoO-. 

ipuiui   wBLEu  su.,  ture^- 

JofBWpi,    TliBtfmidiart 

li  apphfid.  lo  K  mortDe  niAp ;  inupid  appl1«] 

^enognphTo  cbvts  rfpr«qi?nt  lint  ppoU 
mud  flppunnciiB  of  Ibo  tnooo.  Tom- 
fn^phio  obartfl  are  dnvnghu  of  partloulHr 

Qhartar,  cbnr'Mr.  A  written  InnIniiniDt, 
^ven  u  BTldaucB  of  b  gnat,  contnicl,  or 

mad  Bolamnlty  bealowlug  riffbU  and  priF- 
llenH.  In  Com.  Iho  letting  or  hlrlD^ar 
h&tdp  by  upcrdnl  nub-act;  tho  Ifmlu  or 
tamtofaacb  ■  contract:  Ibo  wi1tt<*n  in- 
fltrmnent  ombodyhig  ttas  urm»  of  the 
conlmot.  In  ihJiUm,  &  docDmont  em- 
boilj-ing  tho  prlnoiples  oi  tho  <.'b«rtlst!i. 
ObaitexJlouae.     hom,     a   chirlubls 


HKt  in  PirlUmeDt.  lUDtial   partlami 
niui  ropnaenUtlon,  piymeni  of  n 
bSTMOirtalsbytailnt. 
Cbartogxaphor,    kilr  toe'raf-c r. 


CBASUSLX 


djatHUUB  BjfiDUllD  plants  ^rawin^on 
A1i>fl,  vhicb  derivBt  IL4  noma  Artm 

lL»r't6-l»-rl.  A  officer  In 


LsUn  Ctaonh.  who  hid  the  an 
ten  and  0th«-   pDbllD  papen,     A 

■hirlpool  on 
if  jptmnd 


OlwTTbdlB.  lu-rib'dla. 
Rcj-iKDnthoIUUancai 


BUitod  wtth  wild  bffutB  or  guno-    , 

oped  by  prlnlorm  to  coo  One  typeHln  ool- 
uninn  nr  \aaes.    Tbu  put  of  a  gan  la 

Cbue,     Salmon     Portland.     An 

u"'  m?.  V.  mS.    Hs  B  w'"wnt''to  tha 

S.  S^enal*  from  Ohio,  and    ■«  elwjtod 

tary  of  tho  Traaanry  by  Prooldenl  Lincoln, 
Bt&ieoDtfanikDfthiiClvll  War.huoon- 

■ooccm;  wpolnted  Chief  Justice  of  tns 

nttlidealh.  '  °    " 

ehwft.     A   »t»l  tool  aned  ftir  mtltiit 
IhreadBof  atrewt;  tha  outtlng  InMnimeiit 

Obassepot.  ahaa^po.     The  briH!ch4«ad- 
Ing  ride  used  In  tha  FrcDch  anny. 
ChaMeuT.  -mt.    One  of  a  body  of  tal- 


mmiarj  Btylo. 

tdovablo  rallwaj, 

bwdcward  «Eid  forwi 


^rain^   Itam*^ 


CHGEAE.dK8 


It  1,  I.BW  mM.U  ahlonr,  li^ag\De  do-TI  bfr 

anrlonlhenort 

hernlafceafn  tb«  war  of 

(Ora  an.l  hnJilnd,  Inyliiff  Uio  iinni  ft™. 

1914-14  with  a 

reatBrtUln. 

Cll.t.  dial.    The  iwpular  nuno  of  blrdi 

CbKOa,  Xa'TU. 

A  (KD.  oriyues.  Indnd- 

ur  Ihe  got.  SuiiDoli,  Dun.  SylrUdo  or 

InBtboDbyH. 

Cham,  and  the  CwfrMtt. 

irnrhlcn.. 

Chana,  choui 

OhttMao,  sia-in.    A  autli^;  «  toonBy- 

Interpreter,  or 

ttendintoTiaFTaiCinan. 

Biiate,  Tiioount.  An  omlncnt  French 
]>hltii»>ph»,  poet  and  histurinn;  d.  ITIH, 

Orionlal  nrlgln 

riDOrlf  worn   by  nearly  all 

lil  of  ChrijClMiilj-,"butlllll  travel.,  noT 
cla  uifl  poeiua  ve  of  tcmel)' leu  repute. 

.L.dy'SHal!.t,ftomeiichof»hlfh  l»  ens- 
pendml  eom  J  srtklo  of  household  use. 

OhautanqiM 

^°ent.  1890  fL 
aho's  Lake  En 

Ac<..ln'w.KewTork, 
■aiillfullaKealdto).etl» 

GhauVlu,  ahc 

Tan.  Oneof  lh<«.Teter. 
Praneh   Empire  who   ppo- 

iSspd.  nncr  th 

IkU  or  Napoleon,  a  nrt  of 

foe  Amerlcm 


Id  the  early  pan 
ilonlata.    C,  WHIInj 


ClIKtl.  Bhi-te.  A  epeelea  of  leopard, 
■very  denlruellTe  lo  nnnll  ciuadrapeds  and 
blniA,  butflo  nbtLe,  when  domejitlmled, 
aa  to  be  oaliodXfloparduB  tdltlA,  or  genUe 


Ohatoyant,  nha-toi 


i>llabeil  aehatoyiiit 
India,  an  smbrella. 


Ohattaiioog»  A  otty  uf  S.  Tenoiiieep, 
on  tbo  Tenneesea  Rivar,  doted  for  the  Bad- 
KDlaarr  battle.  Nsv.  !h,  ISSn,  In  wbleh 
Ilia  Fodnrali  under  Gen,  Grant  defeated 
thaConlMtratH  nndcr  Gen.  Brngg,  lb? 
latlerloilng  10,000  killed,  woond^  and 
itriaDnerfi,  nnd40^Da;  tbo  former  loAln^ 

maniifcMnrlne  IndnttiT ;  pop,  B, 000. 
Chattel. 'tel,  AnltemorarUelBof  »;oode, 

have  the  nature  of  ftwbotd.    (Aatlelg  are 


.  Cham 


^'Jli''^n\t 


.!  EnglUh 


IVeDoh  inrgeDn  ;  i>.  IS^, . 
priiicl|(olworkwa«»  teit-book  Ihronffh- 
-  out  "anapetot  MO  yeBr^  and  Is  tbe  tinili 


Qhebec,    chc-hek.      A  laree   boat   am- 
pIciyM  in  tho  NewtbuQdland  ftHherlea. 
Oheck-book,  'bnk-    A  book  ooDttinloi 

SlleakeT,  'er.  One  of  the  aqnares  of  a 
checkered  pattern ;  the  pattern  Itself.  In 
Areb.   ebinni    In  tbe    thdapi    of  walk 

Kaenling  the  •ppeamnco  of  ohook-irork. 
a  gamo  of  diaoghta.  A  pleoe  of  thb 
pine.  A  gommon  name  In  olden  tbna 
for  InnB   baring  checkered  algn-boarda, 

ulayed  within.  It  U  a  curlnog  Act  that 
bou.teii   marked   with  siAna  of  thla  Und 


of  pe 

ppl.; 

loeetlle 

kak. 

with 

a   Jelly 

f  toft 

and 

A  cak 

ityof 

IngTsdie 

einou 

cheoae-cato 

'Pl^ 

CHEESK^TLT 


m 


L  A  dlptawu  I] 
tha  PtotMH  owd, 
»toirUdilhahaiui 


OheoB  p«J»,  'p*L 

(>r  ptfTDlnr  olMeta, . .     . 


Ohet.sber.  Hnuloc 


hold.  ■  I 


C3lsUosil«.th&.  ki-lot'iA-Ui*-     As  aid. 

of  myrtepodB,  iBprmioted  b;  tlta  b^iry 

■ami  ormUUpedi. 
OhellopOdA.  -lap'o-d*.    One  at  Uia  two 

srden  of  HyiftpoCU,  raprManled  by  tm 


ord.  of  riun«l-riuped  (lulBsdRHilMe)  Dui- 
rloa  FdIjzu. 

Chalracantlma.  -n-ku'llitu.  A  lb«lJ 
guBotd  ftgb  or  tbe  Dsroniu  or  old  red 

<BLelTolei>l>,  -mt's-pta.  A  gta.  at  (HsQ 
gtavUi  flBb««,  wfUi  vay  mlnoti  Malas. 
leloDgiii«ta  Uk  hm.  AouUhhIh. 

OheiminTa.  'rt-mlt.  A  eao.  of  lamiulDe 

Sirnpflda,  ooDfllitiiic  of  a  ilnfle  ip*- 

OhalTOiiectea,  ^lek'Ui.  A  gen.  of 
■MDthopterygtoiis  BthM.  hivlig;  ihc  pec 
loni  fluB  supported,  Uke  iIkitI  ten,  npon 
MdanelM ;  u>o  aneil  ftw-fisb  uid  hud- 
lih.  'HwT  TU  Hva  ant  of  nter  for  tiro 
or  tliree  dnya.  The  imine  given  tbo 
Tipvck  DpasMm,  >  nunuplil  quwlrupid. 
RHud  Id  b.  AmerloB, 

Ch«lK>pteia.  -rop'ter-s.     An    ord.    of 

'ISt     A   eon.  of  Uurdi 
D.  Chelrolfde.  oontalnlnK 


CliairotlLeiiam,  -rs-the'ri-nm.  . 

fermed  tlM  Urge  fixttetepa  on  the 
tlM  Mtr  nd  umdalonB,  nUcb  n 
tlia  hntMn  bmd;  supposed  to  be  1< 
with  (Iw  Bawt-Uk*  ubyrlniliodon. 
Ohekinttk,  ohA'msk.    A  Turkls 


In  ■  danble  nhrlt.  Indudlnc  the  TarioU 
ftp#«]esoriorto1sfiBcd  turtla,  divided  lota 
fTie  bDiltJFIi— the  rhrUdldB  or  rroH  tcv 
(olem;   Tantudlnlilv.  or  lard  torUiliea; 

snft  lArtnlMs;  Chelnnid*',  urees  turtles 
OlMllUltto,  -lb'>1-d<-,  Tbe  wnod-bnr1i« 
~'"iDlp^  a  fua.  of  msrUia  sbrlmptde- 

ilS-lyphio.     kem-l-firlirik       Any- 
engraved  by  Che  ageacy  of  Bhe  fil- 

OhemlM.  i,Y      '  ■      •        ' 


lofaa 


nslM.     A  w 


tlDgntshlng  >»bire  of  cherr 

different    propartlaB    tfom 
bodlea.    In  stadylDi;  the  < 


T  oH^inl 


csn   ba  brokan    up  Inio   simpler 

iBziDftatorea,    and    of  lilrh  impo^ 

In  madldna. 

A  proeeu  for  olr 
uuuim;  uiELB  m  teller  from  engrailngs, 
particularly  ulapldd  for  prododDg  Iaapt> 


Ohenille,    Bhe-i«l' 

caterpUlBTf 
Ghaao',    U'ap*.    Ai 

EWpdan     ktng,     s.     o 

R^DipnlDttne,  Qw    nup 

posed  builder  of  the  frrU. 

Pyramid,  between  B.  o.  SSSt 
OhubOWC, ibalr'boorE.   Asei^ortiad 


UEBOKEE 


1T4 


CHEVALIER 


principal  naval  arsonal  of  France,  improg'- 
nably  fortified ;  sitaated  on  Marche  Bay, 
185  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris ;  pop.  48,300. 
Oherokee,  chiSr'o-kg'.  One  of  the  Ap- 
palachian tribes  of  N.  American  Indians, 
formerly  occupying  the  country  E.  and  8. 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  but  now 
occupying  a  reservation  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, adjoining  Arkansas ;  they  number 
Jibt  20,000,  and  are  largely  Christianized. 

Cheroot,  8h6-rot\  A  cigar  of  cylindrical 
or  tapering  ahape,  with  both  ends  cut 
square  off. 

Oherry,  cheM.  The  fruit  of  species  of 
Oerasas,  which  is  commonly  regarded  as 
a  sub-gen.  of  prunus ;  a  tree  producing 
this  fruit,  whicli  is  a  pulpy  drupe  inclos- 
ing a  on^seeded  smooth  stone.     A  oor- 

.dtol  composed  of  cherry  juice  and  spirit, 
B^fOetened  and  diluted. 


Gheraonaae,  kor^so-n^z.  A  peninsula; 
a  tract  of  land  nearly  surrounded  by 
water,  but  united  to  a  larger  tract  by  a 
n^k  of  land  or  isthmus,  as  the  Cimbric 
€.,  or  Jutland ;  the  Taurio  C,  or  Crimea. 

Ohert,  ehert.  A  variety  of  quartz,  com- 
monly called  also  Homstone,  Petrosilex, 
or  Rook,  flint.  It  is  less  hard  than  com- 
mon quartz,  and  occurs  often  in  veins, 
owociaUy  metallic,  in  primitive  moun- 
tams.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  other 
ipinMttls. 

Obenib,  cher'ub.  One  of  an  order  of 
angels  variously  represented,  but  gener- 
ally as  winged  spirits  Mith  a  human  ooun- 
t«MDee,  and  distinguished  by  their 
knowledge  from  the  seraphs,  whose  dis- 
tinctive quality  is  love.  In  the  celestial 
hionrchy  dierubs  are  represented  as  spirits 
iaexX  in  order  to  seraphs.  A  beautlAil 
child. 

uherubixn,  'tl-bim.    The  Hebrew  plural 

of  cherub. 
Cherubini,    Maria    Luisri    Carlo 

Zenobi  Ssblvatore,  ka-roo-be'ne.    An 

eminent  Italian  composer:    b.  1760,  n. 

1842.    His  operas  and  sacred  pieces  are  of 

equal  merit. 

Ohenuci,  ke-Hls^si.  A  tribe  of  German 
Ck>th8  who  totally  destroyed  the  Roman 
arm^  undor  Yaras  in  the  Teutobnrg  for- 
est, 9  A.  D.  They  do  not  appear  in  his- 
tory ttf>m  abt.  the  dose  of  the  4th  cen- 
tuiy. 

OSiesapeako  Bay.  The  largest  bay  on 
til* .  Atlaotlo  eoaat  of  the  U.  8.,  800  m. 
long',  4)y  a  breadth  of  from  4  to  40  m. ;  the 
Potomac,  James,  Susquehanna  and  '^ovk 

jirav  empty'  into  it. 

eheg. .  A  game  plBy«d  by  two  per- 


sons, with  different  pieces,  on  a  board  di- 
vided into  sixty-four  squares.  Each  has 
eight  dignified  pieces— a  king,  queen,  two 
bishops,  two  knights,  and  two  rooks  or 
castles ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  object  is 
to  checkmate  the  enemy's  king. 

Chess-board,  n)ard.  The  board  used  in 
the  game  of  chess. 

Chess-man,  'man.  A  piece  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  chess. 

Chest,  chest.  A  box  of  considerable  size, 
made  of  wood  or  other  material.  In  Com. 
a  casein  which  tea,  indigo,  &c.,  are  packed 
for  transit ;  the  quantity-  such  a  chest  con- 
tains. The  trunk  of  the  body  fh)m  the 
neck  to  the  belly ;  the  thorax. 

Chesterfield,  Philip  Dormer  Stan- 
hope, Earl  of.  A  notorious  English 
infidel  and  roue,  celebrated  for  his  wit, 
and  quoted  as  an  authority  in  manners : 
B.  1^,  D.  1778.  He  was  iu>pointea 
Viceroy  of  Ireland  In  1746.  His  "  Letters  " 
to  his  illegitimate  son  are  a  mixture  of 
worldly  wisdom,  wit  and  Immorality. 

Chest-founder,  'found-er.  A  disease 
in  horses:  a  rheumatic  afiection  of  the 
muscles  of  the  chest  and  forelegs. 

Chestnut,  ches'nut.  The  seed  of  the 
chestnut-tree.  The  tree  or  its  timber. 
The  color  of  the  husk  of  a  chestnut ;  a  red- 
dish-brown color. 

Cheston,  'ton.    A  species  of  plum. 

Chetah,  che'ta.  The  FeUs  jubata,  or 
hunting  leopard  of  India. 

Chettik,  chet'tik.  A  tree  of  Java,  the 
Strychnos  Tieute,  vieldlng  a  very  viru- 
lent poison,  known  by  the  name  of  Upas 
Tieute.  It  owes  its  properties  to  strych- 
nine. It  Is  more  powerfhl  than  the  poison 
obtained  from  the  upas-tree. 

Chetvert,  'vert  A  Russian  grain  meas- 
ure^  equal  to  0.7218  of  an  Imperial  quarter, 
or  5.77  bushels. 

Cheval,  she-val'.  A  horse ;  cavalry.  In 
Comp.  a  support  or  frame,  as  a  cheval- 
glass.  A  cheval,  on  each  side  so  as  to 
command  any  Intermediate  space. 

Cheval-erlass,  'glas.  A  swing  looking- 
glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  and  laige 
enough  to  reflect  the  whole  figure. 

Chevauz-de-frise, 
she-vo'de-fl^z.  Pieces 
of  timber  traversed 
with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed     with    Iron, 

used  to  defend  a  pass-  r^u^^^^  ^^  tm-^ 
age  form  an  obstacle  ChevauxdeFrise. 

to  the  advance  of  cavalry,  &c. 

Chevmlier,  nhey-tASr*.  A  horseman ;  a 
knight ;  a  cavalier.    In  Her.  a  horseman 


nntm  of  ksfyblbooi.  u  tba  Chf  vill 

C.  d'indiiBIrl?,  odswling-'l'i' °  Dving  by 

Chevet.  -v*.    In  Arrh.  a  Tarloty  ol 
apse  iHi^lv  »n!lDfd  to  French  & 

andopfneliitdiii  uiils. -wliloh  tiniii  riwiivi 

CheriOtB,   chul'yAU.     A   ru^    or  Ion 
moontnlos  on  UiatioBinJaiy  IwtwHjn  Eng- 

Cheviot,  ch>'vl-aL    A  biorile  vul 


CheTTotain,    'rO-Un.       Tha    Ttb^I- 
pyjrniiEiiB.  t!un,  Tnealldc.  s  gpecl»  of 

Chewing-ball,  cta!fliiir-lal-  Amedldiial 

ofanlloionj.iind.pi!llllDry'offipii]B. 
Cheyenatu,  Bkl'^ni.     A  norllle  ta-ll 

.iK^liTrilorybolwoonW.  K»nma  »i 
the  Kocty  Mmintaln.. 
Chlan.  kl'ui.  Tigiiilnliigtn  CMas,  anli 


OmaaUilite.  -u' 

Bty  of  ondBlai 
vTuwft  QiTfltaJfl 


■lofllio 


■Ll-bflk.  A  TorkUti  pipe. 
Ohica,  duyka.  A  red  ddIdt  aitnctod 
IHim  tlisle>v«  of  Blgnmiiii  Oilca.  oude 

lorafS.Anietlai, 


™.ofb. 


OhlcaKO.    Ihe-tl'lto.      The    annmrrcU 

Iarcf4t  gnin  entrepot  of  ibe  world,  and 
mlnD  hivLne  a  IJir^  trulB  In  cattio,  bo^sad 

ter.    C.  WM  nlmoHt  lolally  deAtmyed  l^ 

Kon.DOil.OOO.'  Wlcbtn  tvo  y«r>  the  Fill 
(lubi^tADtlnl  fltylij  than  nii^DJI;.   In  IBT* 


nimu  riven  to  the  bUok-oi 
nlliod  £iM«. 


n.  Ccwy's  dWaiooof 
Oen.    Lee;    l]>a   tw 


CimfedcTitea  qjider  Guu.  Lee,  iTutHiL 
uid  Lou  street. 
Ohlck&maoga.,    chlk-lh-tiiiiB-gilk.      i. 


Oen,  Tbomu  bytheContbd-   ' 

T  Gen.  Brim.   Bopt-    !»-M, 

lo  wBB  BtQbborn  If  oen  tested, 


CUcoree, 
Chiakaaaws,  uhlk'ih-unE 


crippled  ma  to  ba 


Chief,  di 


oririnoUy  Of 
uuu-y  ueiTecn  the  OhI 

..lil  hugely  clTlUi™!. 


.    Tbe  prindp^  pflreou  oi 


CHIEFBAltON 


IW 


CHIMBORAZO 


horlzontaUv  bv  a  Btrai^ht  line,  and  eon- 
Uining  a  thira  part  of  the  dizneDBtoas  of 
the  eflcutchoon. 

Chief-baron, 'bar-on.    President  of  the 

British  court  of  exchequer. 
Chief-Justice,   'jas-tis.    The   presiding 

judge  oi' a  court. 
Chieftain,  'tfin.    A  leader  or  coinmand- 

er ;  a  chief;  the  head  of  a  troop  or  elan. 
Chiff-chaif,     chifchaf.      The     vhite- 

throat,  an  English  song-bird. 

Chilfonnier,  -shif  o-nur.  A  small  side- 
board ;  a  kind  of  cabinet.    A  rag-plclcer. 

Chi^rnon,  ah^-nyon.  The  term  applied 
to  ladies'  back  hair  yrhetk  raised  and 
folded  up. 

Chiffoe,  chig^d.  AW.  Indian  insect  re- 
sembling the  flea,  but  more  minute,  which 
burrows  beneath  the  skin  of  the  foot,  and 
soon  acquires  the  size  of  a  pea,  becoming 
distended  with  eggs.  If  the  eggs  hatch 
great  irritation  and  even  troublesome 
sores  are  sure  to  result. 

Chihuahua,  she-w&h  Vih.    A  pror.  of 

S.  K.  Mexieo  on  the  Sio  Grande,  having 

rioh.sllyer  mines;  area,  107,500  sq.  m.; 

^  pop.  217,460.    C,  the  cap.,  has  a  pop.  of 

14,«00. 

Chikaxa,  chi-k&^.  The  Hindu  name 
for  a  species  of  goat-like  antelope  of  which 
the  male  is  Aimished  with  four  horns. 

Child,  child.  A  son  or  daughter,  of  any 
age ;  a  male  or  firanale  descendant  in  the 
vst  degree. 

Childe.  A  noble  youth;  especially  one 
of  high  birdh.  before  advanced  to  the 
honor  of  knighthood;  a  squire. 

ChildemuM-day,  ohil'der-ma»-da.  An 
anniversary  of  the  Church  of  England, 
held  DeoembMT  28,  in  commemoration  of 
the  children  of  Bethlehem  slain  by  Herod ; 
oilled  also  Innocents^-day. 

dhildrenite,  'dre-nlt.  A  mineral  sub- 
stance, a  phosphate  of  alumina  and  iron. 

Chili,  chil'e.    A  republic  of  W.  8.  Amer- 
ica, between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific, 
1,150  ra.  In  length  by    110    to  120    in 
■f  breadth  ;  area  182,624  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,864,- 
109.  .  Santiago  is   the    cap.,   and   Yal- 
pnraiso,  Valderia,  Conoepdon  and  Taka 
the  ehief  cities.    G.  became  independent 
of  Spain  in  1817,  and  progressed  rapidhr 
in   commercial  Importance    until   1882, 
when  she  engaged  in  war  with  Peru,  and 
'    tn    two   years  'Pctti'b  armies  and  navy 
-were  completely  defeated  and  almcst  de- 
stroyed and  the  coon  try  overrun  by  the 
lietdn.    Peace  was  formally  declared  in 
JtauMrj,  1884.  P,  MubmlttiDg  to  the  most 


i' 


Chiliad,  kil'i-ad. '  A  thousand ;  a  cole^ 
tion  or  sum  containing  a  thcmsand  ^ndt 
viduals  or  particulars.  The  period  of  a  ^ou' 
sand  years. 

Chila^on,  -a-gon.  A  plane  flgnra  of  a 
thousand  angles  and  sides. 

Chlliarch,  -ark.  The  niiUtaiy  oomnoand- 
er  or  chief  of  a  thousand  men. 

Chill,  chil.  A  shivering  with  cold ;  sai« 
sation  of  cold  in  an  animal  body.  That 
oondition  of  tiie  atmosphere  or  other  ob- 
ect  which  produces  the  sensation  of  cold, 
n  Metal,  a  piece  of  iron  introduced  into 
a  mold  so  as  tor  rapidly  oooi  the  sur&co  of 
molten  iron. 

Chill-hardening*,  Iwrd-n-ing.  A  mode 
dt  tempering  steel  by  exposing  the  red- 
hot  metal  to  cold  air. 

Chiltem  Hundreds,  'tem  hnn'dredx. 
A  district  of  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
which  has  belonged  to  the  crown  from 
time  imnxemoriaU  To  this  a  nominal  of- 
fice is  attached,  the  title  being'* Steward 
ofthe  Chiltem  Hundreds.''  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Commons  cannot  resign  his 
seat  directly,  any  member  who  wishes  to 
resign  may  accomplish  his  obleet  bv  ac-> 
eepnng  the  stewardship  of  the  Chiltem 
Hundreds,  which  vacates  the  seat. 

Chimsera,  ki-me'ra.  In  Class.  Myth,  a 
fire-bre  ithlbg  monster,  the  fore  parts  of 
whose  body  wm«  those  of  a  lion,  the  mi^ 


Chlmflera. 

die  of  a  go&tt  and  the  hindler  of  a  dragon  ; 
supposea  to  represent  a  volcanic  moun- 
tain in  Lycia.  In  ornamental  art,  a  fEtn" 
tastic  assemblage  of  animal  forms  so  com- 
bined as  to  produce  one  complete  but  un- 
natural design,  frequently  seen  on  an- 
tique e  n- 
gravedgems 
and  bas-re- 
liefs. A  vain 
or  idle  fan- 
cy. In  Ich. 
a  gen. of  car-       Chimsra  monstrosa. 

tilaginous  fishes.  The  only  known  spe- 
cies is  the  Cbimspra  monstrosa,  sometimea 
called  the  king  of  herrings. 

Chinuerid8B,  ki-me'ri-dS.  A  fkm.  of 
cartilaginous  fishes,  containing  the  gen- 
era Chimera  and  Callorhynchus. 

Chimboraso,  chim-bo-rih'zo.  One  of 
the  highest  peaks^f  the  Andes,  21,420  ft.» 


CHIHOLIHE 


Ohiuka.   ihlsgkV      Tba   tln^  '»b)« 

bHd^  of  the  E.  lDdL«a,  npon  which  Im- 

vcr»os  A  ac&t  Id  tba  f^nn-or  ut  ox-foh«. 

I    Obltloliixe, Un'a-Ua.    lA'j^^'^n^«i. 


OHIAUTPHOKUB 


by  Itio  hoDi) ;  polf 
Chiron,  kl'mn. 


fnda  pEaccd  himj 
OhironomuB, 


BbB»d  jAkb  of  wood  Atbiohed  to  the  end 

of theI(i(;-1LrLc;  (helo^' 
Ohlp-hat,  'hit.    A  hat  made  of  chips, 

liklwil.  BO  u  W  roBemble  n  slunT  hsL 
Chlpmniilc,  'munitk.  Thcpopnhir  ninie 


,    ftoquently  appli< 


'S'i 


Ohlppinfli-blTd.  -bcFd.   j 
Ohlpplng^plece,   -pi's. 


Chiragra,  hl-mj'™.  Gout  In  tho  bmA. 
Chlrotttt,  kl-rpfla.  An  E.  IniUan  bitter 
derived  from  tho  dri*yl  ■tamBorA^tholes 


Oliirogyiniiaat,  'rfi-JIm-nmL    A 
trivanae  for  excrcittltift  and  BtroD^h 

^^loltvy, -rol-o-jl.  Thowtof  niing  the 


-man-al.      Dtvliiatioii 

try. 

'^ed^Bod  AklU  LninaHlaaj 
lurhlmnDklad  the  iu«  of  btuii. 
irtilly  wonnded  by  1t«tnil» 

islnglttvliu. 

un.  TIpuUdm.  re 


■plmit.    An    i 


Ohlroplast,  'n 
tho  plino-finia. 

Ohiropod,  -pod. 
■ — "-.  bavlDi^  hiL 

OhiropodiBt, 

Chi«el.  chlivi. 


., A  fom  of  gute-Topodfl. 

Ill'  bueit  in  ths  typlul  gen.  Chiton  li 
itnposed  of  (^g-ht  pieinw. 


oipoKlnUy  ciFiilry,  Court  of  C,  esta 
llihod  by  Edw&rd  IIL,  or  which  tbit  Ut 
ntgli  ronslablo  and  tho  Karl-Mirahul 
EoKlanrl  were  Joint Judccs.  pow  In  ■bo.y- 


nrand  Its  nrek,  which  lies  bJiek  In  plaits 
when  the  inhnnl  is  tranqall.  but  wblob 
BleiMesltMlfwhenltttlrritatedorMght-   . 


irttiUdMo  roaanVVw  1 


^C 


CHLAMTfl                        1 

t                     CUOKHADAR 

Ohloropal.  -rS'pal.    A  mineni  ef  two 

\  sH^Sn^/^ 

tydnicd  >lllc*le  of  Inn. 

1  gjSS  mr" 

Ohlorophwito,  'rO-fe-ll,  A  rare  mlnn.1 

1  llSfi?.  M 

•nit  wiUT. 

light  wben  heated. 

1    Chloe,  kio'e.     Tiis     Jb'mL 

Ohlopophyll, -fli.    The  green  eolortng 

ln"iubte"ln''  wata'r.  "ugM  ™«     India- 

f       romiii«,"aiplintamndClilo,"Md  of. 

.      of  chlorine  on  .tiroh.     The  hjrtnte  of 
chloral  1«  B  "hllB  orj-itumiiB  suhttanM, 

.       into  chlamRmnindformle  add!    I^-  UU> 

which  affedla  young  feualea. 
OtoanitB.  ko'an-It.    A  pen.  of  fpongt- 
foim  fl™ii  Bophyles  of  l£e   chalk,  rmlM 

I      by  pmlrzlDg  tho  utloD  of  the  h«rt. 
Ohlonuiil.  klor'B-BlL  A  compound  pro- 

(d^"'"r'"'The  Hindu  .>ame  for  . 

dnred  by  the  uUon  of  cUnrfgo  on  sn- 
■Une,  phenol.  snlldD  md  allied  bodies. 

\       rUes  of  sodium  nnd  poUatlojii  lire  aaod  Id 

IsDhiwyer  and  HUitirBnian;  a.  In  Maaa. 
mo,  D.  1»«.  llcierredwltlidleclnraiui 
In  the  Inwer  honae  of  ConKTCiI,  and  from 

the  death  of  DmM  Web»tnr  wii  ntog- 

OUorinatlon,  -rl-n»'ihon.      A  prooou 

nlied  u  Iha   ablest  and  most  eloquent 

,  tS^'SJSASXS..-"" 

Chocolate,  ehok'*  Ut'  A  p«to  or  cak» 

■  p.'a,»ss.r.:."a£-t 

Ohoctawa,  'Uni.  A  North  Amerlcac 
Indian  tribe  tortdorly  oooupvInK  uaitB  of 
MlBslutppl  and  Alabsnia.  now  allied  with 

'      Ohloriodine, -rl'od  In.    A  omopooml  of 

ChloHta.  Mt.    A  mincnl  KtDelntlnE  of 

largely  cl  .liked. 

ofiro'n.clotelynllledlomlesiuifujc,   lo 

Ohoir,  kwlr.  A  eolleotloB  of  alnceni, 
ejpeelally  In  dlvlna  servlrB.     A  pan  of 

C.bfm.  SHlt  ofohloroniMld. 

Ohlorcf-,  'rf.    A  (em.  formed  from  the 

where  the  nuns  slug  the  office. 

(Iroek,  to  Indicate  ■  olmr  green  oulor. 

r.'ssSifxa.rrissss 

E'B^'^w^'  eomblnod  to  an  orgim  of 

or  Hme  or  l>l«iiUna-pa«deF.    lu  rspor 

Choke,  chok.    An  Indian  term  for  Uw 

priodpiJ  street  of  a  town  or  vlllase 

Choko-rtnw.  'slrap,  A  altiip  ,u»slng 
from  tbe  lower  portion  of  the  ooJLar  w 
the  belly-band  of  tlie  harnoM, 

(        oentfortoBtliiKtbiiblBHhlnti  pa»era  »f 

eUloridnoffim.;  alMifitflMdng  olilwldB 

Chokhadar,  'ho-dtr.    An  Kaat  ludlDo 

ofpoUabuidHdi. 

CHOI^OOGUK 

CliolBBOKue,    kot'K-gog.      A 
that  bu  Uia^iiullty  ofconTlTigorfbUe. 
ChoLbta.  kii'Iut.    A  »lt  formed  by  Ok 

Choleate,  'l^-ut.    A  uU  formifd  bj-  th» 


itdldSD  ]  Obonl,  kord.    Tha  i 


choloro.  Soma  puhotogiau  recof^lza  a 
tbird  Mrtfitf  undtr  the  nams  of  cholora 
uiphyxlaT^  which  differs  fr>un  cholera  mot- 
buluiamoTfirapldprogTeBfl.  more  vIolnDt 
.  6|HiiiuiB.  In  naphyxla  ur  ctsuUon  of  pulsn 
and  «peody  death. 
Cholerine,  -fo.    The  flrat  aUEo  of  epl- 

CtondnwlcHaoB,  koa-dru-gkn'ang,  i. 
Diuech]  ninQla^  from  tha  carCUaglnoua 
JolninRoflh^body  andhomof  thehyold 

Chondropta^Kli.  'dmp-le-rt)"l-T.  Onp 

vier  divides  Iha  cIm«  Plaeos.  Ths  ftudUiea 

prej- 

ladudln^  Iriab  louea. 


ought  to 


oomblnaUini  of  differeol    ^/f^. 
fltrai^bt  line  Huppoeed  to  t  "m 

other,    ThusiomutAB  'V^^v' 


Chore,  ehor.    A  cha»  oi 


Chop-houae,  'bona.      A  house  «here 

Cvlsloni  ready-dreMod  are  said  ;  an  eat- 
hoosc.  In  China,  a  onsloni-houBe  fOr 
the  eolleelkin  at  Uwelt  dues. 
Ohopln,  'In.  An  old  liquid  meuure  Iri 
France.  An  old  Gngllih  meaauro  eqnii! 
U  hair  a  pint.  In  Scotland,  a  meaaurr 
equal  10  half  aScolcb  pint. 
Chopin.  FrsdBrlck,  si 


worn"  by  laJloa  i 
Ibem  rroin  the  ground.  & 
Chopatlok.  'iHh.  Ooa  f 
of  two  amaU  atteks  of  ^ 
•rood,  iTonr.  Am.,  uead 
fyr    tbo    dbleeae    and 
Japmeae  tOi  conveytttg       Cboptoes. 
Btodte  theBtoath. 


representing  dancing  by  ^gne,  as  ■ 

Is  repreaented  by  uotea.  ^ 

Chorobatfls,  -rob'a-l£i.    An  Instr 

uaadlndotwmlnethe  slope  of  an 

duct,  and  lavela. 
Oboroffraph,  'rS-gnf.    An  Instr 

shnllar  IrlinglM  ou  two  giyen  nl 

ChorogTBipliy,  -rog'ra-fl.    The  i 


pet  of  loud  lone 
OhoM.  ehdi.  In  lav,  property ;  a  right 
lo  poaiwealon ;  or  that  which  may  be  de- 
■nandcd  and  Taoovarad  by  anlt  or   autlon 

Ohonoea,    fcfla'ro-ti.       Two    warlika     . 
Perelao  klngi.  G.  1.  (the  Great),  crowned 
GS4  a..  P.,  jraneht  tbe  RoaiaDS,-but  «• 

I  AeteaUi  bT  'fiaauAut  >iA  vs^tij  tUw 


cntlUTlKA 


'   OIuiMlIU^  krifrU'io.      . — „....    — 
-  -"■■■-■»Tii»Atlolphin,KliiB«f8>'«i™; 

,  jKxrned  KBl.    On  UUtiilni  lur 

DUijDrit;,  1H4,  C.  It  MUM  took  KUn  pv- 
■oiul  clurgaor  tbsEnTanuneot.  wbk' 

•dmlnlilered  onUl  IBH  wlUi  wl*dal. 

Tlgor,  nrryliig  on  *  luomaafDI  var  wllli 
DeDDiwk.  DmMIdk  to  noaaiKe  ProWt- 
UnttBin  C.  iMKuted  in  hTor  of  bn  conBta 
Call  Oiii(*T,  ind  KUred  Co  bnwcb,  whm 
(he  embnoH  ttaa  Cathollo  Mth.  Bniior- 
Ing  to  Pirt9,  the  Ulltd  UouldcKlii,  htr 
V J -vpWon  ofluT- 


;tit«T  of  Fnndi  I.  or^ldly, 


O.  Uiite,  (tuctita  o(  Frtneta 
wUa  oITk^iuuI  YU.  of 


CHUISTMAS 


183 


CUBONOSCOPE 


mother  of  ex-Quocn  Isabella  II.  C.  be- 
came notorious  after  her  husband's  death, 
as  recent  during  her  daughter's  minority, 
havin;?  contracted  a  private  marriage  with 
her  paramour  Muftoz,  a  private  soldier,  by 
whom  she  ha<l  several  children ;  she  wtfi 
banished  from  Bpain  In  1864. 

Christmas,  'mas.  The  festival  of  the 
Christian  church  observed  annually  on  the 
26th  day  of  December,  in  memory  of  the 
birth  of  Christ.  The  festival  "includes 
twelve  days.    Christmas-day. 

Christxnas-loflT,  'mas-log.  A  large  log 
of  wood,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  fire 
at  Christmas. 

Ghristxnas-rose,  'm  as- 
rdz.  A  plant,  Ilellebo- 
ras  niger,  which  blos- 
soms during  the  winter 
months. 


m 


Christmas-rose. 


Ohristolyte,  'to-l  1 1 . 
One  of  the  sect  of  Chris- 
tians of  the  6th  century 
who  held  that,  when 
Christ  descended  Into 
hell,  ho  left  both  his  body  and  soul  there, 
and  rose  with  his  divine  nature  alone. 

Ohzistopher,  krls'to-fur.  The  names  of 
8  kings  of  Denmark.  C.  I.,  elected  1252, 
D.  1269.  C.  II.,  son  of  Eric  VII.,  b.  1276, 
8.  his  brother  Eric  VIII.  1818,  d.  1883.  C. 
III.  of  Bavaria,  became  successively  King 
of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Norway  In  the 

J  ears  144(Ml-42.    lie  made  Copenhagen 
Is  capital  and  reigned  wisely. 

OhToniatics,  kro-mat'iks.  The  science 
of  colors. 

Ohroniatype,  'ma-tip.  A  process  for  ob- 
taining colored  photographic  pictures  by 
the  employment  of  paper  sensitized  by 
some  or  the  salts  of  chromium.  A  picture 
produced  by  this  process. 

Ohxome-aluxn,  krom'al-um.  A  crystal- 
llzcble  dqjible  salt,  formed  by  the  sul- 
phates of  chromium  and  potassiom. 

Ohroxne-grreen,-  'grfin.  A  green  pig- 
ment prepared  from  the  oxide  of  chro- 
mium. 

Ghroxn^orange,  'or-ai^j.  A  yellow 
pigment  prepared  from  ohromate  of  lead. 

Ghroxne-red,  'red.  A  red  pigment  pre- 
I>ared  from  red-lead. 

Chrome-yellow,  'yel-ld.  A  name  given 
to  chromate  of  lead,  a  brilliant  yellow  pig- 

•  ment. 

Chromic,  'ik.    Pertaining  to  chrome  or 

chrondnm,  or  obtained  from  it;   as,  C. 

add. 

Obromidte,  krbm'i-d€.    A  tan.  of  tele- 

cetean  SabeB,  Milled  to  fiheLohrids  or  true 


Chromium,  kru'minm.  A  metal  which 
never  occurs  native,  bat  may  be  obtained 
by  reducing  the  oxide,  employed  to  giT» 
a  deep  green  color  to  the  enamel  of  porc^ 
lain,  glass,  dec. 

Chxomocher,  kr5m'5-ker.  A  mineral 
containing  the  oxides  of  chrome  and  of 
iron,  elllca  and  alumina. 

Chromo  -  Uthography,  krd"md-H- 
thofi^ra-fl.  A  method  of  producing  a  col- 
orea  lithographic  picture,  by  nsing  stones 
having  different  portions  of  the  picture 
drawn  upon  them  with  inks  of  varioa* 
colors. 

Chromosphere,  'm6-sf6r.  The  name 
g^iven  to  the  gaseous  envelope  supposed 
to  exist  round  the  body  of  the  sun,  through 
which  the  light  of  the  photosphere  passes. 
Stellar  chromosphere,  the  gaseous  enve- 
lope supposed  to  exist  round  the  body  of 
a  star. 

Chronicle,  kron'i-kl.  A  historical  ac- 
count of  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
order  of  time.  The  title  of  two  books  of 
the  Old  Testament  ascribed  to  Ezra. 

Chronogrraxii,  'd-gram.  An  inscriptioB 
in  which  the  date  or  epoch  is  expressed 
by  numeral  letters. 

Chronogrraph,  -graf.  The  name  eivei^ 
to  various  devices  for  measuring  and  reg-. 
istering  minute  portions  of  time  witli  pr»- 
dsion.  Benson's  chronograph  registers 
to  one-tenth  of  a  second.  Btrange'sto 
one-hundredth  of  a  second.  Schultze's, 
in  which  electricity  is  applied,  to  the  flv»- 
hundred-thousand  part  of  a  second.  S^ 
it  tiie  initial  velocity  of  a  bullet  may  be 
ascertained. 

Chronolosrist,  kro-nol'o-jist.  One  who 
{investigates  the  dates  of  past  events. 

Chronology,  -Jl.  The  science  of  com> 
puting  time  by  regular  periods,  accordia^^ 
to  the  revolutions  of  tiie  sun  or  moofi, 
termed  astronomical  chronology.  The 
science  of  ascertaining  the  true  periods 
when  past  events  took  place,  caUed  his- 
torical chronology.  When  the  word  is 
used  without  a  qualifying  term  it  has  this 
signification. 

Chronometer,  -nom'et-er.  Any  instru- 
ment that  measures  or  divides  time  into 
equal  portions,  as  a  clock,  watch  or  dial. 
Applied  to  timekeepers  used  for  deteiv 
mining  the  longitude  at  sea,  or  for  any 
other  purpose  whore  an  accurate  measur* 
of  time  is  required. 

Chronoscope,  kron'o-skdp.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  duration  of  ex- 
tremely short-lived  phenomena  ;  more  es- 
pedally,  instruments  for  meastutag  tbs 
Tdod%  of  vto^^C!^^> 


0HRT8AI.IS 


Qhryaalla.  krls^a-Ua. 


proper  devptopmmt- 

ChiTaelepbaiitlDa. 'oK-- 

fnaed  of^M  nnl  Itorj' ;  «[]^alTj  applied 
to  tiatgn  ovarLiiii  «Hh  p>[d  and  iTon 
Tb*  BlatDU  or  Athflno  by  PbMiaa  !•  l£ 

OhrTBoberyL  'S-brr-ll.  A  hIIIckiii 
rem,  next  ti>  the  utpphlrB  In  bardii«fli,  Ui 
ipedaiens  ffh[ch  preflcnt  u  vpkJeBoei 

EVofllKht  IwlnBMpwUlr  Klmlred.    1 
ul&luallDAEeDfi^qdIlJ^  with  infia  t 
tmoL.  Inm,  *B. 
Ohroisochliirla.  -klfrrii.    A  gen.  of  li 


no^,  Is'Sfo 


Ohrysollta,  krU'ii-llt.  A  ml 
podi^0r0lElcK.inAEnHlilniHnd 
er  than  ^Ibm,  bin  Ioh  herd  thj 

OhTTBomelldn,  -a-mel'l-dn 
of  aleopCsnnii  inteeu.  Ma,  T 
IjUnOte,  ooniUtatliig  ■  niim 
bsatifDI  Ikmfly  of  Uu  baetle  t 

""  ia,'flprfa.     A  q 

fdony,  of  ft  lurdn 
offlfnt. 


loajesl  HTltm  of  Uia  ewly  Cbrlitlui 
lUhm ;  B.  mt  AntSoeh,  UT,  d.  MI.  He 
*u  ecHUBcnted  Bp.  oT  OanHviUDopls  la 
SB,  ud  lutrodiuied  nsh  Tlnnni  rafonng 
*)  to  SB4ts  eztrsma  appaaTtlaii,  reealllDe 
In  tall  bulshment,  m.  Hli  f^tlTBl  1> 
ttUbraied  bf  (ke  K.  C.  Church.  Jut.  ST. 
OhIT■o^^'4^  kria'6-ejpr  A  pbotograpiAo 
proaiMM  jrodaeed  b^M  eolation  otgm.  A  I 


I  cnuBCBEsarr 

phoUterapblc  iici'nt  j>rep4rvd  hy  Impra 
IMtlDpt  p&pFr   with   k  neutnl  HolDQeq 

Ohabdar,  'dir.    In  lodla  KHmnCvl 

Ohuok-Wlil'^wldmr.   ohnk'wit 
Ikjn.  C-iiprlina3frl<UD  or  gnftt-fluckpn. 


Chtukam.  chii'ni 


lupBttr.   chn'pot'tJ,     An 

-Jt. 
Obaqniraoa.  choo-kwS'«i 

of  Itullila,  8.  Amerloi;  pap,  j 
Churob,  chereh.    A  bouK 


iiB  Lord^a  house.    Alee  odierl  ahiipeL  md 
renal  t'bareh.     A    pirtlouliir    body  ol 


the   lulv 

nt  of    Cbrtal;    «.,    the    J 

nllh 

Chnrch. 

A  temple 

t  plsra  ilera 

Ih«t 

porHon 

f  (■hrl.tl.n 

C. 

etl.e  body  of 

ShuTch 

Fredarlok    Edwin. 

CiD|-uh>b<HlB»a 

enWrof 

nCoan.,  1»2A. 

Ohurota 

of  Ood-' 

founded 

0  vm  by 

Kaformod'c 

htri 

i>a. 

Jhuidi-lnur.  liae. 

Uu., 

»  *V^«< 

of  Iha  w 

oDiI-llui  tkm.. 

ord. 

otetiUj  iWeo  In  Ihe  chni 


CHURCHMAN 


184 


CIMB£X 


CTmrohTnan,  'man.  An  eoclseiastio  or 
clergyman  ;  one  who  ministers  in  Bacred 
things.  In  England,  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

Clmrohwarden,  Var-den.  A  keeper 
or  guardian  of  a  ohurc£,  and  a  represent- 
ative of  a  parish. 

Chiirl,  cherl.  A  rustic ;  a  peasant ;  in 
Efiglish  history,  one  who  held  land  from 
or  worked  on  the  estate  of  his  lord.  A 
rude,  selfish,  rough-tempered  man. 

Chum,  chem.  A  vessel  in  which  cream 
or  milk  is  agitated  for  separating  the  oily 
parts  from  th«  caseous  and  serous  parts, 
to  make  butter. 

Churrus,  chur'nis.  The  Indian  name 
of  a  resinous  extract  which  exudes  from 
the  Indian  hemp.  A  powerftil  narcotic 
and  highly  intoxicating. 

Churubusco,  choo-roo-boos'ko.  A  vil- 
lage 6.  m.  8.  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  noted 
for  the  victory  of  the  Americans  under 
Oen.  Scott  over  the  Mexicans  under  San- 
ta Anna,  Aug.  20,  1847.  The  fight  ex- 
tended to  Contreras,  7  m.  distant,  aid 
was  the  hardest  fought  of  the  war.  The 
Mexican  less  aggregat«d  10,000;  the 
American  1,058. 

Chute,  shdt.    A  river-fidl  or  an  opening 
in  a  dam  through  which  to  float  tunber ; 
an  inclined  trough  or  tube  through  which 
articles  are  passed  fi*om  a  higher  to  a  low 
er  level. 

Ohutney,  chut'nl.  An  E.  Indian  con- 
diment compounded  of  sweets  and  acids. 
Mangoes,  raisins,  spices,  sour  herbs,  cay- 
^ine,  lemon-juice  pounded  and  boiled  to- 
gether and  bottled  for  use. 

Ohyld,  ktl.  A  milky  fluid  separated  fh>m 
aliments  by  means  of  digestion,  found 
in  the  intestines  after  food  has  been  mixed 
with  the  bile  and  pancreatic  juice.    The 

'chemical  constituents  of  chyle  are  nearly 
the  same  as  those  of  blood. 

Oliyme,  kim.  Digested  food  before  the 
chyie  Is  extracted. 

Ciborium,  sl-bo'ri-um.  The  pvx.  A 
pendent  tabernacle  for  the  pyx.  A  recep- 
tacle for  relics.  A  portable  altar.  A  case 
for  displaying  the  calendar  of  feasts  in 
Greek  churches.  In  Arch. ,  an  Insulated 
building  composed  of  an  arched  vault  sup- 
ported on  four  columns ;  a  baldachino. 

Oioero,  Maxoafl  Tnllins,  sis'd-rd.  Son 
of  a  Roman  knight,  and  a  lineal  descendant 
-    oMhe  andcnt  kings  of  tJie  Sabines,  illustri- 
oas  as  a  BtaiMmaokf  philosopher  and  ora- 
tor /  B.  106  B.  a ;  aasasBin&ted  by  order  of 
the  aeoond  Momvintef  b.  c.  48.    He  de- 
^^otod  Mxtd  BuppreaBod  th^  Catalina  con- 


spiracy, and  denoano«d  Mark  AntMiy  ft» 
the  murdor  of  Ciesar. 

Gloerone,  'ne.  In  Italy,  gntdes  who 
show  travelers  the  antiquities  of  tiie 
country ;  hence,  one  who  .explains  the 
cariosities  of  a  place ;  a  guide.  An  rider- 
Iv  female  companion  to  a  younger  in  pub- 
lic places. 

GioeroniaJi,  'ni-an.  An  imltaUnr  of 
Cicero. 

GichoracMB,  sik-o-ra'sG-^.  A  subdivis- 
ion of  the  nat.  ord.  Compositie,  tnclnding 
the  succory,  endive,  lettuce,  salsafy.  trag- 
opogon,  dandelion,  &c. 

Cicindelid8B,  sis-in-deri-dd.  A  fam.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Fentamera,  tlie 
tiger-beetles  and  sparklers.  The  typical 
gen.  is  Cicindela. 

Cicisbeo,  si  Ms'bc-o.  A  dangler  about 
females ;  in  Italy,  the  professed  gallant  of 
a  married  lady.  A  knot  of  ribbon  attached 
to  walking-sticks,  hilts  of  swords,  or  han- 
dles of  fans. 

Cioonia,  sT-k5'nl-a.  The  gen.  and  Dun. 
of  birds  to  which  the  stork  belongs. 

Cid,  Sid.  A  chief;  applied  to  Buv  or 
Roderigo  IMaz,  Count  of  Bivar  (E>  ad 
Campeodor)^  a  champion  of  ChristiMiitx 
and  dpanlsh  royalty  against  the  Moors' (n 
the  lith  century ;  also  the  name  of  an 
epic  which  celebrates  his  exploits. 

OidaridSB,  si-dar'1-dS.  A  flua.  of  Echin«r 
odermata,  ord.  Echinoidea.  Cidaris  Ts 
the  typical  gen. 

Gidarifl,  sid'ar-is.  A  gen.  of  sea-urdiins, 
fam.  Cidiulde. 

Cidarite,  sid'ar-It.  A  fossil  specimen  oi 
the  gen.  Cldaris,  fiun.  Cldaride,  found  til 
the  carboniferous  limestone  and  upwards. 

Cider,  sl'der.  A  name  formerly  given  to 
the  juices  of  ftuits,  and  various  kinds  •of 
strong  liquor ;  but  now  appropriated  to 
the  juice  of  apples. 

Ciergre,  serj.  A  candle  carried  in  relig- 
ious processions. 

Cifirarette,  slg-ar-et'.  Tobacco  rolled  up 
in  tissue  paper  so  as  to  form  a  small  cyl- 
inder for  smoking. 

Cilia,  sil'i-a.  The  hairs  which  grow  teom. 
the  margin  of  the  eyelids  ;  eyelashes. 
Hairs  or  bristles  situated  on  the  margin  of 
a  vegetable  body,  as  those  of  the  inner 
peristome  of  a  moss.  Small,  hair-like  ap- 
pendages, found  on  the  surface  of  the 
tissues  of  most  animals,  and  in  some 
vegetable  organisms. 

Cimbex,  sim'beks.    A  gen.  of  hyme»- 
opterous  \nfeWi\A,  t«av.  Teathredmid#  • 
1    ta«\NfgM!tsp««^«»<»t%wi-^\fi*.  ^ 


I  CWBU  11 

dmbla,  'U-L   A  lUM  nHmd  Um  ihiift  o' 

'  %  eniamn  to  ■traufthen  It. 

(^mbri>  'br«.     A  GflmiAB  trpH,  Inhibit- 

■y  whKl  in  nov   known  ■■  Dcmnurk. 

T^ey  won  entirely  dflfk«t«d  In  lu  InTMkm 

arthul,  1D2  B.  0.,  by  Mvtiu. 

mioldK.    Tbo  bed-bug  <■ 


tnhiblumla  of   the  Crimea.  >  no- 

muUcrBi;ef  eipeUedby  tb&  Boythinnfl,  ibd 
OilLlag  refogo  In  AsU  Minor.  Thoj  dls- 
mpMred  from  history  «bt.  611.  TrrfiUon 
ueerled  thM  Ihslroonntry  wm  InTolicd 
to  dorknesa,  and  ft^HD  this  oHfliuted  the 
phnao  ^'  Ciiflmertui  dukocoa/' 
(Umi^ta,  '8-Et.  A  spedM  of  ctay,  or 
hydrous  sUlcMo  of  micDvsli,  Dseful  lo 
taUng  ■pots  (Tom  dolb.  Anolher  speelH 
Is  tbo  vu4tlt«  or  Boib-ro^  hiA  nuin  k 
miety  fOnnd  In  the  lateor  Wight  tabKco- 


Otnder,  da'dv.  A  soUd  pisca  of  mste. 
nmilnliig  lUtor  bavtof  bwQ  snbjeotod  t 
i»vbQSt]on,  uiil  Id  whloh  Are  Is  «TtlQC1 
A  iDull  oobI  ;  jiti  omboT.  A  scaJo  throw 
^  vbflfl  forging  IjOQ,  ^bc 


CTNQUK-FOIL 


Clneimtion.  -s-ri'sbon.  The  ndodng 
of  »nylhlng  lo  •afaei  hy  combusdon. 

01ii8«leae.  idng'n-Hi.  A  niemher  of 
th«  ]>rtmltlve  rue  ibbiibltlng  Cerlon. 

CUnsultun.   'gik-lam.    The  Kirdio  vtlh 

-tlom.rt.-.     A  flunlly 
iplilers  rt«ldlng  In  cnvlces  of  rook* 


t-bAr.    RMsDlphldnormrr- 

n»b«r  is  pTMiired  by  soblimlng  theamor- 
pbous  sulnlitilD;  it  laiised  »•  ptinient, 
ud  Is  aba  mlled  Tgnntllon.     liepstlii  dn- 

Jiil«  oStMped  liom  nn  E.  Indiu  tree; 


elDDunon  and  ciii«U-]l^i««, 
OinnamQn.  -mon.    The    nain*    given 
.. . —  _._  ™ -jpetWly  tr 


the  bark  of  dlffereat  trees  oT  the  gen.  C. 
OmnajiLoa'UtQnv.  -slSn.    A  variety  cS 

gunot.  Tised  in^welry. 
Clnnamon-wftter,  -w;-uf.    a  medM- 

WnnyrldB,    nir'l-di     A  fern    nfinses- 
— ,.,  V..J.    .^-  inn  birds     Thotyplial 


Cloque-M«lUdDV. 


of  vbloh  la  oqoaUr  dli 
■9.     Aitronomioml  In 


KlntsdntvliiofMthltMturt,  omitlitlngof   ranilo.'tr.  A, „,„,,._,. 

a  euaiilcUted  ilivlilDilB ;  cdled  iil»  Hie-  by  n  atn^le  eurvs  Itns.  cnlM  lU 

Clngue,  iLnitX.    A  flvo ;  n  wgrd  n»d  to  from  tlie  m 

Ctnque-ports.  'pnrta.  Flie  porl»  on  tha  peraons  MsodiiWd  by  some  tie;  a  wUrte ; 

HjuUnTU    shore  of  Erglind,    IIucIiieb.  "»"■    C.  of  deeHnjidOD  .ETMlclrde  the 

Kumney,  llythe.  DoYcr  iqcl  Smulwlch;  piMcofwhichlJnorpcpdleDiBrtolhBoqm- 

to  whtdi  were  ullerwanls  added  WInchel-  •«"-  <J-  of  litltudo.  In  Ailron.agiealclrrio 

1,  K)-6imdS<aford.  periwiidlouliir  lo  the  n!«ie  of  the  Ml^pll^^ 

oher.   »l'f«-.     rn  Arith.    a  chKneter  I"  0'WB;''Bmill  dnJeof  Ihe  sphere  the 

IK  bj-  llMit,  f  .pniBia!  Doth-  r^«  ^  ^  KnirttnCTn  aJi^  ^dJi 

tth«- Ainin-ji    itnHtrHloirlnllfl   nn-lrtnn  ^^    leSSer    C^rdeB  parallel  t4  ttio   eoUptle, 

neSlnfTio^lDe  or  eoniJS^uenw:  llmtaWitag  as  they  recede  from  \t.    6.  ot 


CHplier.  ( 


perpetiul  sppiritloii,  one  of  tbs  lea 
circles  putUelle  the  eqnitor.    The  M 


Into  Bwlne.  Ulysses  hlmseK  belne  proof     ,i,.,im,h„f™h™.m 
nmlnst  her  spells  Uireugh  theforeftonght     "*  "*»"  orwater  oo 

ofMaronry,    C.  flnally  restored  hia  oom-  Clioumr -"•"-*"- 
pasiona  to  their  uatonl  wndition,  and      trbe  drcii 
Buffered  them  to  lean  the  Island.  who  has  Balled  round  the  glob*. 

Olroinna.  Bsr'sl-iiut.    The  Compuseg,  s  Oiiona,  linB,    In  Bom.  Antlq.  il 
iafoftttan.  tttrnlBlwd  wlUi  rowi  of  awUrii 


'  <hoT*ioothgr.  In  modtn  Hi 


C»-D3T.  A  term  inptlDd 
(0  in  Ofd.  of  flBliei  rcpiwrattd  tjr  the 
luoeletoriuniihtaiua.  Ibe  b%r«et  HsL 
Ofrma, 'rn>.  In  Bat.  i  tendril;  a Lnng 
tkiwd-Uks  DT|nD  by  whlobupluit  cUmbs. 
IhZoAI.  A  AluamtArv  tppeoda^  la  the 
feaCor  enrULn  lolmdL  u  bunaclei,  ud 
UMjiin  of  ovUin   JibeL    A  form  of 


Vm.  a  I^Un  pnpodtloD  /ttrBitflag  "on 
tUi  tfda,^'  ofteo  preni«d  to  tbe  ruunflfi  Qt 
ilnn.  monnlillK,  Ac  Kanie  wu  eon- 
iUend  tbe  iioint  of  departure  In  noplt  of 
BonuDori^. 

aaalplne  BapuUlo.  A  diTlalan  of 
lull  mide  by  Hipalsoa  I.  in  ITU :  tn 
IBOS  oalled  the  Itiflsn  BejuMtfl,  mi  In 
18M  (onetltQCInff  tbe  pcindwl  put  orthe 
Itidlui  KlDKdoDi.  It  Ini^iured  portions  of 
IbBtiu,  UUui,  Vilti^Una.  VenetU  W.  and 
B.  of  tbe  AOige,  Medsu  ud  the  N.  Pod- 

CSmao.    Blilio.     A  fleh  or  the  hnrbig 

UimL 
OUeltue,  aei'lar.     The  ut  of  ehulDg. 

dtued  metal  work. 
OUparfftnn  BepnUlo,      One  of 

(tba  Traalpadane  K.    being  "--  — 


ither) 


Italian  fliate*,  fbunded  br  Napolsoi 
[torn  terrllm'  nwDnqneFed  from  Aufii 

ptoe'R. 

CUaaold,  ali'iold.  A  onire  of  the  2d  or- 
der, Inwntad  bvllloolea  with  artowto 
thoBolatJob^if  tbe  Ibmoofi  problem  of  the 
duplication  of  the  cube. 

plantaindnded  To  the  aame  ^eniu  with 
Oiiit,  eltt.    A  ase;  a  chest;  a  baiket; 


upetiod,  ■omatimee  hewi 

ItMlC 

atHua,  tem.    Ad  uUBbIm 
Jbr  boMlBf  wmUriirBqaor. 


the  C.  email 

FeoUlaDtfl   In  PrvK&i 
the  nun.  of  P(- ^^-"i 

oflj  Tri|H,i .    TUi^y   ^*?*t^^r"-- 
vear  a  whiii.'  I'aisivt       Olelerdan. 
with  blnek  foaputar}',  hat  whenoffletaUiv 
■re  clothed  wltli  a  larj^  whits  ituwb  aM 

Citadel,  tit'a-del.    A  fortreu  or  coatte 

OltSitloil.  ><-tA'aboB.     A  iiiminoniian 
offldol  call  or  nodce  gtven  to  a  pi-non  to 


Citiaon,  sll'i-ien.  T 
or  an  Inbabltant  who 
and  prlvUfveHoflhec 


'  a  eltf «  aa  oppcwed 
al  privllegee. 


long-oira  at  luiy  ;  frugtlia  flItrlDeUii. 
Sltrina.  'rlc.    Lemon  ookir  ^ 

Sitnm.  'ran.     The  fruit  of  W 

the  cltmn-tree,  a  lanie  epedee  * 

ofli^mon;  the  tree  Itaelf  M 

[Jftnu, 'mB.  Agvn.ofplantd^  J^M 
ord.  Amantta«ffi,  lnd5udliiK,^»l 
the  oraree,  lemon,  dtro..*c>^l 
SIttem,  'tern.  An  old  In -I  m.dm 
slrnmentof  the  gullar  klnd.XV^ 


Oity,  1.    In  a  general 
ImportanCpoellloiiln' 


large  and 
iMIng  an 

QQtvanM.    In  Amer- 


Civet,   ilv'et.     A   lubitaDce 
fUnda  or  ulmaGi  of  tti4  q 


Civilian,  nl-vil-l-i 


I  ehlDed  In  t 


dvll  lire,  not  DilliUTT  or 

Clvlta  VeooMa.  ehe-< 
Ihn  Btanort  of  Bgrno,  on  ihe  Medltr 
n«D,  t  m.  H.  W.  of  thai  dty  ; 
U.DM. 

Claok,  klik.  A  elian,  abmiit  tound. 
tdnuAlly   rematod.     The  lnaCFCin«nt  that 
BMkos  Ihu  happer  of  i  irrlBt  mill,  to  shake 

Miinlred  lo  bo  put  in.  A  liall-TaiTt 
oectHl  nith  Che  boiler  of  a  looomotli 
Olaok-boi.  'bots.    In  Mach.  Uio  I 


food-plpd. 
Olaok-VBlve,  'viIt.    a  ve 
wlthaaln^lp  flap,  hinged  at 


Oladocera,  kla-dos'er-a.  An  ord.  of  sn- 
tomofllraoODa  crUAtacM,  witJi  two  pain 
of  branched  aDteanie,  the  lower  pair  of 
which  icrvo  aa  oara,  and  with  only  one 
larve  oye.    Tho  vater-flea,  a  mlcroKopki 

01aire.St..(SantaClM«),  An  It^tan 
lad;  of  nobia  dMoent.  u.  1188,  d.  12S8. 
She  renounced  the  woiU  and  Ihnnded  the 


OlAire-ooIe,  klSrHiOL 
'lofSwiD^.i 


_...  ._...      In   painting,  a 

prcuaradon  of  slie  put  od  an  absorbent 
Burraco  to  pnteot  the  sinking  Id  of  oil- 


Ihitene  or  Wndi ;  a  nlo™  of  wood  or  met- 
al omening  two  pfecea  to-  — 
Sslher.  A  thick  plank  on  Xa 
le  Inner  part  of  a  ahlp's^^S  T]| , 
aid*.  Any  plats  of  Iron?^  ,  111 
made  to  tnm  or  open  and  \^^    j_^J 

or  boom.    In  Wnerr,  an  In-      ST , 

anmeBt  aieitbr  balAlBg     ^'l™?- 
pl»e*t  ofttmber  clo*dy  to^llier  natU  the 


glne  btrdene.  One  of  a  pair  of-tnaviilile 
cheeka  ooverlng  Che  lawa  or  a  vlaa,  AJ*^ 
of  biiclu  laid  np  for  hDmln^ ;  a  jA&  of 

Clairvoyance,  klir-Toi'ani.  A  povar 
attributed  to  neraons  In  the  mesmerte 
Blalc.  The  clau-Toyant  la  allied  to  ace 
by  the  eplrlt  latlier  than  by  the  eye. 

Claiiiper.  klamp'er.  A  l>ame  ol  Irm 
havhig  sharp  ptonrn  on  tho  lower  part, 
allpped  onoirer  the  aboe  to  enable  a  person 

Olan,  klan.  A  race;  n  hmlly  j  a  Drib* J 
an  aasodatlon  of  persona  onderacble/Uii, 
A  clique  or  body  of  persons  united  bj 

Olapper,  klap'er.  A  person  vho  ap- 
plands  by  clapping.  That  which  clua  cff 
Btrfkes,  aa  the  lon^o  of  a  belL  u  tha 
medlieva!  church,  a  wooden  rattle  uHdM 
a  sommona  to  prayen  un  the  last  tbraa 
dayl  or  holy  week,  when  the  belli  wen 

dlaaue.  klak.  A  name  appHed  roHee- 
tlTely  to  a  aet  of  jneo,  oallecT  claqueura, 
who.  In  theaters,  are  hired  to  applantf- 
Claqueuta  hare  eaeh  a  reapectlTe  role— 
thus,  the  rtearniuit  laugh  at  the  oomio 
parta ;  the  pleorenr  weep  at  the  pathntgj 

CluentiQ,  klu'oDs.  A  close  four-wheeled 
carrier,  with  one  seat  Inilde. 
Clorenoenx,  'ej 


a^^lC* 


.Diy 


to  wlneg  of  a  Ught  red  color. 
Claiibal-flnts.    t-bel-flat.     An   orgai 

stop  BhuUar  to  the  elirlbella,  bnt  genetill) 

ornmifUCpltob. 
OlaribeUa,  'la.     An  organ  tiop.  of  sotl 

■west    lone,    conalsting  of  open    wood 

pipea,  usually  of  eight  ieel  pitch, 
ClarlchoTd,  'l-kord.    An  andent  inual- 

cal  ilrhiged  InstrumeBt.  resembling  thi 

(na^n^'-net.    A  wind-In stmment  ol 

larger.    It  lina  a  flxed  rnonthplme,  con- 
taining a  reed,  which  (brma  the  upiiec 

OlaJino,  klil-rS'nK.    A  clarion.    An  or. 
gan  htopconalBtlngofreedidpes.genn*!!^ 

Olariou,    klar'l.on.    A   tnunpet  whoie 
tabe  Is  narrower  and  tODO  more  jHHite  than 

OUtk.A*^"'"' 


CLARKE 


IW 


CLEAliINO 


•f  the  Doclaration  of  Independenoe,  a  nft- 
UfBof  N.  Jersey ;  b.  17M,  d.  ITM. 

darke.  Adam  An  Snglfsh  theolo- 
gkm,  c^tMrated  for  his  '*  Commentary  on 
tboBtble  ;**  b.  1702,  d.  1882. 

C&aq>>kxiifb,  klaap'nlf.  A  knife,  the 
l^hde  of  which  folds  into  the  handle ;  also 
aWg^kntfe  the  blade  of  which  folds  in, 
ukI  may  be  locked  when  open. 

daas,  klas.  In  Anc  Hint  a  term  ap- 
blied  to  each  of  the  larfre  divisions  of  the 
koman  people.  An  ordor  or  rank  of  per- 
Mas.  A  number  of  pupils  or  students 
of  tho  same  standing.  In  Nat.  Hist  a 
croup  of  plants  or  animals  formed  by  the 
UBoaation  of  several  orders. 

Cnaialo,  Ik.  An  author  of  the  flrst  rank ; 
•  writer  whose  style  is  pure,  correct  and 
refined.  A  literary  production  of  the 
flrst  rank  ;  the  classics,  spedileally,  an- 
dent  literature. 

CSaMEUsalist,  -al-ist  A  devoted  admirer 
of  dassicaUsm.  One  who  scrupulonsly 
idberes  to  the  canons  of  Greek  or  Koman 
art. 

OlUMJl.  'sis.  An  ecclesiastical  body, 
convention  or  assembly ;  a  Judicatory  cor- 
responding to  a  presbytwy. 

fflaiB  imnn,  'man.  In  universities,  a 
candidate  for  graduation  whu  has  passed 
so  examination  in  one  of  the  departments 
in  which  honors  are  conferred,  and  is 
placed  according  to  merit  in  one  of  sev- 
eral classes. 

ClandlTlB,  klan'de-us.  The  name  of  two 
Boman  emperors :  Tiberius  Drusus  Nero 
(C,  I.)  was  the  4th emperor,  s.  his  nephew 
GiUgula:  b.  10  b.  o.;  crowned  a.  d.  41. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  both  his  wives 
wero  infomous ;  Messalina  was  executed 
bj  his  order;  Agrippina  poisoned  him 
jofcer  inducing  him  to  make  her  son  by 
L.  I><Mnitins  his  successor :  d.  54  a.  n. ; 
Marcus  AureUus  Flavins  (C.  II.)  b.  214, 
s.  Galllenus,  266  ;  d.  270.  Under  C.  I. 
Britain  was  partially  conquered  ;  under 
C  II.  the  Goths  wera  defeated  In  several 
battles. 

Olavarla,  kla-vft'rl-a.  A  gen.  of  fUngi, 
division  Hymenomyoetes ;  club-shaived 
fongus.    8ome  species  aro  edible. 

Olavecin,  klav'e-sin.  A  harpsichord.  A 
key  with  which  a  player  of  cwiUons  i>er- 
forms  on  the  heUs. 

Cnavellinidse, -el-Un'i-dd.  A  fkm.  of  so- 
cial asddians.  Each  has  its  own  heart, 
respiratory  apparatus  and  digestive  or- 
gans ;  but  each  Is  fixed  on  a  foot-staDc, 
through  which  circulation  takes  place  that 
connects  .them  alL 


Clavlola,  M-kl.  Tliv  iollur-lxinf.  foriM- 
ing  one  of  tlio  olomeuts  of  tbt*  iiet'turul 
arch  in  vertebrate  aniuial^. 

Clavloomes.  -kor'nr-z.  a  flim.  of  pon- 
tainomus  beellfci,  |Mirtly  tcrrtiitriul  uimI 
north'  aquatic.  The  'i>uiH'in>,'  ami  iKuum- 
neetlfS  ore  examplfs. 

Clavier,  kla'\i-('r.  The  koy-YioanI  nf  a 
piano- fori <•,  oivnii,  or  other  instrunii-nt 
whom*  kcyH  htv  arrangi.'il  on  thi-  >uine 
plan. 

Clavls,  'vis.  Tliat  which  sctvch  to  un- 
lock or  explain  any  ditllculty.  u.s  u  tranii- 
lation  of  a  foreign  auth<»r ;  ur  ttiat  whtclt 
serves  to  explain  a  cipher ;  a  key. 

dftW-haTniner,  'hain-mer.  A  huiiiiiier 
having  one  end  divided  into  two  eluwii, 
lor  convunienoo  of  drawing  nulls  out  of 
wood. 

Claw-WXenoll,  'rennti.  A  wreiicli  )i»v- 
ingttlooiM  pivotHl  J:iw  and  u  relatively 
flxe<l  one  so  arrange«l  %a  to  bite  tot;ether. 

Olay,  Henry.  A  diHtinguishnl  Ameri- 
can statesman unil  orator;  h.  In  Vu.,  ITTT; 
D.  in  Wortliin^'tou,  1nV2.  Hu  repre-Hentitl 
Kentucky  in  her  I^'gislature,  and  in  iMttli 
branches  of  (N>ngres.>t ;  wu.t  u  iiieiiilKT  of 
the  Peru  rounnisrtion  of  1S14,  Secretary 
of  State  in  It^iA,  and  was  tho  unsuccesHftil 
Whig  candi<late  for  the  preMidenoy  in  three 
campaigns. 

Clay,  klil.  The  name  e^niinon  to  various 
viscous  eorthH,  compounds  of  fiilica  and 
alumina,  souietlines  with  lime,  magiiesia, 
soda  or  potash,  and  metallic  oxides ;  the 
materiall»  of  brick,  tiles,  i>ottery,  Ac.  C 
ironstone,  a  ferriferous  rock,  from  which 
iron  is  procured. 

Claymore, 'mAr.  The  large  two-handed 
sword  of  the  8cotch  Highlanders ;  now  a 
basket-hilted,  double-edged  broadswonl. 

Clay-slate,  'slut.  A  rock  consisting  of 
cby  hardened  and  otherwise  changiii, 
often  affording  good  rooting  sLitt*. 

Clay-stone,  'ston.  An  earthy  folstone 
or  felsj)athlo  rock  of  tho  igneous  group. 

Clayton,    John    Middleton.       An 

American  state.suian ;  n.  in  Delawurn, 
179(5;  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  Del.,  1SJ7; 
elected  to  tho  I'.  S.  Senate,  K^J^-Cj-W 
and  In'SI  ;  made  Secretary  of  State,  ls>4i>; 
negotiating,  hStW,  tlie  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  known  as  the  Clayton -Bulwcr 
treaty. 

Cleadingr,  kled'ing.  In  engines,  the 
jacket  of  tho  cylinder;  also,  a  timber 
casing  inclosing  the  boiler  of  a  locomotivo 
engine  and  flro-box;  a  covering  of  hair-felt 
on  steam-pipes.  Any  kind  of  plaak  cover* 
ing. 


],  tbD  dcirinir  or  bod.  The  act  of  ds- 
ftnillncor  vlnahstlngona'aaelf.  AiDoni 
bankers,  excliHDglii^  dniTU  on  aura 
oUiar'>  houses  and  ntltllngtbedtlTi-rencei. 

c«edB  or  thQ  through  tiimc.    A  tract  of 

liDdDliAivdDrvaoiL 
Olaajriu^-hcruae,    -hoai.      The    pLice 

whtTe  Iho  operaoon  lermed  ciMring  Id 

bankj  nid  rsUwayi  ta  carrfed  on. 
Olaetrliur-nut,  -nnt.    Thofrnli  of  the 

BtryehEi^a  poutorum,  uud  ]□  tho  £,  Id- 

dlea  for  clearing  inoddy  water. 
Clear-Btory,  'K6-ri.    The  npper  utarv 


T  boUdiag,  perforat 


Claddyo,  kled'yo.    An  udeni  hronu. 
Icof-Bbaped,  Iwo-edged  aword.    They  Br» 

aduwhuro,  and  Are  Buppoaed  to  have  been 


OlofTK,  hleg.    A  name  applied 
Inseota,  the  femnles  of-'-'"'-  - 
gome  from  their  blosd- 
the  RToat  horsrfy. 

Glelfltoffaioio^  kOB-to-gani'lk.    A  1 

tIoIcL  and  wood-sorrel,  thjm  Ibelr  b 


otvbi^h  are  troubke- 


bapllzod  hy  Bt   fetrr  and    coneu 

rardod  Maaalnl'and  martyr.  The  liit 
C.  (XIV.lB.  C.  XUl.,  nSB,  aniltn  lUS 
laaued  a  bull  ahollah]n>f  the  order  of  *" 

Olamentliui,  hlem'ent-Tn.  One  ol 
rlea  of  CODIIlllatlonB  aecrlbed  lo  St  ' 
(nt,  l>  contemporary  of  Bt.  Paul,  bo 
beUevod  Ifl  be  toooypb^.  A  d«n 
Popo  Clement  V^ 

CQaobiilQa.  Ue-o-bQ'liiB.  0ns  0 
Bbodet  In  the  fitli  eentnry  a.  o. 

CEtoombrotiw.    King  or  Bpaita: 

a.  0.  ;  tmed  la  tbe  bMtSe  ot  LeoeCra.  811 
*■  □■     Tbi  SparUat  vera  UMrlf  annihl- 


CLKT£LAND 

e  battle,  and  from  thattlmabs- 
■jndory  power  In  Ore«ce. 
Oleomeiiea  m.    King  of  gpvfK;  b. 
DO  B.  r. ;  a.  hltMbef  Leonldu;  wude- 

Lchmm  Le^e,  S!3  :  Bad  lo  Egypt  and 
ommltlod  aidd^.  Sit. 

OlMin.    A  IunerorAtheii8,wbo  became    , 
noted  fbr  hla  atoqaent  oppoalllon  to  Peil- 
elee,  aAdr  wtioae  deatli  v.  bv»m<>  a  popn- 
tar  and  aueeesifDl  general ;  b.  aS<  b.  o..    I 
killed  loan  eipodmoaagilaatThnloe,4ii    I 

Olsgpatra,  tle-o-pa'ini.      Daughter  of    I 
Plfllcniy  Anli>tus,  and  Qaten  of  Enpt. 
notorious  for  her  beanlr  and  UouBoni-    j 

b™'l7,  a^d^Lt^°hlm  aHHi.  After  U>  ' 
death  aha  peratudod  Uare  Antony  to  »-  I 
pndlata  bla  wU»  Octarli,  and  bocs  Un 
aerenl  ehUdren,  Aftir  tue  deftat  of  Aa- 
tony  at  AoUnm,  ahe  deapibcd  of  nuktoc 
terma  wlib  AnputoB,  aod  pat  an  end  to 
herllf^bypermlttlag  in  aaploUtelw; 

laoatratoB,  1 
Jth  erptury  B.  0. 
zodlood  fllgna. 


uu  i  jk   lauii    In    holy  Ot^erfl,    tvifouiuiy  ui 

rcSli  i^an  of"fetteri:aSlar.  ■raS 
laymao  who  loads  In  reading  reBponaea  In 
(he  BCTvlcQ  of  the  EpIscopdCbuKb.  One 

nioipal  and  other  oorporationa,  aaeoda- 

of  proceedliifB.  An  ■ealataiit  in  the  ahop 
ot  a  relaU  dealer. 

CD«veIaiuL  The  prlnolpal  lake  port  ol 
OUd,  oil  Laka  Erie,  and  ^  dif  In  aba  In 


iklsTia.    ABbMit>*i>tt«Uialtorin 
iiip,  wHh  tba  oddi  urfbntad  to 

•  pBi,  lued  tseonneet  ■  dnft-obijn 


,  kU-ihL  A.  ■tareo^'pt)  plMe,  h- 
'  oae  d<r]¥«d  from  ui  eugrftHng. 
tw.  ■  n^atjva  plcCare.  C.  cuUiiir. 
of  obliUlDg  *  out  bvm  s  wood- 

Ulk.  A  loT,  ■haip  unnd.  The 
rttnuUves  or  Souli  AfriA    A 


tbw,  tbecoi 
■ddlitrlbalt 


imong  thfi  other 
»  rnggsd  bee 


±j  "hxAghtl  »Bt«ep  n 

Hmrla,  ks-nuk-io'lk.    A  trittal 

eoniataUon.       The  fed  jew  li 

t^  'm&t.    In  OM   6«g.  t  tone 

[  to  tfaaequlor,  there  belnfr  tbirtf 
B  the  DqMtor  and  tha  jwla.  The 
OBo/ntTHtor  nglon  in  relition 


«  kBm'cr^    One  who  ellmbfl  or 
r&e  hudi  and  reet    In  Bot  ■ 

MilHabymttKhtiisltHlftoBcme 
t.    In  Oniilh.  the  name  applied  to 
ig  Urdi,  ord.  gcusorea,  u  the  pw- 
]«kBli»«,  voodpeckerfl,  ^. 
«taite,  UiDi;:'ablii.    A  Tarletf  of 

,  yfn'It    One  confined  to  the  bed 

juas.    One  vho  melTes  bapHun 

ik-lwd. 

•tone,  Ulngk'atin.    A  relspathlo 

f  tht  trtebjOQ  group,  sometlmea 

I  roofing  ilate. 

sr-work,  'ei^irert  In  ihlp-bslld- 


so  ^0  low. 
A  dlstJ^olahod 


of  tb«  S.  Y.  legtalatuB-,  alaa 
9.  8eiiato,  nelgnlng  tlie  Ulut 
>  accent  the  mayorjlf  of  N.  Y. 


but  vaa  re-elfcted  Vloe-I'realdviit 
CUo,  kn'S.    Id  Mytb.  I 


Clippttr,  kfip'er.  One  who  cHps;  one 
whooataoSIhenlGeiorcata.  A  vhhI 
with  eharp,  forwnrd-nklng  bowe  and 
nuBta  nkliig  an,  bnlU  and  ngged  with  a 
Tlew  to  bat  laiUng. 

OUtafl.  A  generel  nnder  Alexandff  the 
Great,  who  UTed  the  lattar'i  H(b  In  the 
bUIle  of  flTMicai,  and  waa  bUq  bj  Atat- 
uder,  la  a  drunken  fr^tBTy,  326  b,  o. 

Olive.  Bobeit.  LonL  An  SngUih 
geoenl  who  roaa  from  ensign  thrangb 
hli  giUantrraiid  talanU  totbSTlaaroTaltr 
or  India ;  i.  ITIK,  P.  by  anidde,  ITli.  •* 

disttapiiahed '■ "  '-  ■ 

vlDtoilH  from 

1T5T    rooted , 

>rU,O0Oatthe^eiid  of  an  Engkih 


lihed  hlmteirinr  wintUnr  a- 

■.oJVeiwhlnim.  a 

I    Bor^-ad -Dowlah   with  a 


Dree  of  oniy  i 
lis  life  he  ben 


e  of 


Clock,  Uolc    An  Inttnunent  or  m 
for  maaarlng  Ume,  Indtaattnf  Ow 


OLOTBB-iraSTIL 


nlii<iu>  Hid  >«Kiad>  bj  1D«D>  or  hiuidi 

idoHDK  over  nlliil-pl.l«. 

dook-star.  -tUr.  Prontiifiil  oUn  nud 

dothaB-moOi,  tlotbi'moUi.  The  bbm 

Ttnca,  -whose  liirv»  nre   dMOTiottTB  to 

woolen  hbricB,  fcathorc,  rnra.  *e. 

Olotho,  klfi'tliS.    in  Greek  Myth,  that 

OlDK-dauce,  kkiit'iloin.    A  fliuwe  mih 

OOP  of  Iho  Ihreu  FatM  wlloM  du^  it  WH 

clop",  in  whlnh   tbu  ftut  IJCi-farm   fl  Bdlsj 

ID  put  tba^rool  for  the  thread  of  llAiniimd 

rsu: 

men.  brluD  and  Ida  mo  w«o  both  billed. 
Close,  Uas.    An  laelosnd  pUce ;  tbo  pre- 


k  bDlldlng 


OtoMt,  kloz'et.    A  auiill  rmm  ur  Dpni 

ipartment  commnnkatlnic  n-tui  aitotbi 
H  B  dreu^-roDm  with  &  bod-Foom. 
small  reoeea  fbr  htorlnf;  ntenalEB,  pro* 

Olotaire,  klo't 


18,  C.  I.,  aon 


rtpgdon 


ci'ivf.VeiT,  D."™,  was  only 

llml  king  for  tWE)  TOira,  the  real  ruii^r  ov- 

\ne  Charlaa  Martel. 

Olctll.  klolji.  A  Hibrto  of  wool,  lair,  ool- 
lun,  flni-heuin.  or  other  veueUWa  flla- 
mealB,  formei  by  wnavhig  or  inlertei  tur« 

tiftbratdf,  mill  [»sillbrrarian»]>nrpnao»; 
«  mn/Iea  doUi,  wttOB  dolh,  bali  cloui. 


■Tiht  it.  iind  tktt  of  Alrojws  to  Eot  Ihg 
Ibnui  oirwhunainnnhadUidle. 
Cloth-prorer,  Molh'prOT-or.     A  ni«- 
ntlj-lnit  Bliiss  employed  in  conntlnB  the 

Gloth-wbeel,  'wbCl.  A  polishing  whed, 
oovr^rml  11  (lb  doth  cbarepB  ititb  an  abi»d- 

pultv-p      ■    '  ■ 


...!.  Ooii , 

Cumulus  ondHIratiH,  Thoo  m  snb-dl-, 
vided  Into  Clrro^aumitloa,  Clrto^bvtiu, 
Cumnln-Btntua,  and  Nlnibai,  camnlo- 
clmi-etrstDa,  or  rata-flload.  What  nMn- 
WMHilouil,uabadyafJ!niokoor  flying 
dnat;  adnrksroi  of  color  ins  lighter  ma- 

Olout.  kloiit.    A  pain ;  a  plooe  of  doth 

--iMthfr.AcnMdtomend   something. 

Atoliery,  tlie  murk  flied  lo  thccenleror 

koop  it  from  Hearing.  A  blow  with  the 

nd. 
OlOTO,  kli^T.    A  Tery  pungent  aromatJe 
■wer.MdB  of  Cftryopbyl- 
loloaglng  to  the  inyrlls 


CloTBT-weevil,  kli 


L  Ths  OHne  of  Omt  kinn 
0.1.,  HHiuidi.  otChUdcrio  r, 
»  Ft»nk«;  m.  «!,  n.  flU  ;  be 
HlbBDdn  artbBFKnchmnD- 
ibg  tJw  RoDUDfl  fhim  G«JI|l 

u    jirlncdu  OuULdu.  of   Ibc 


'ie" 


nti'iTwij'a  open  U>  Uxxe  who 

k.    A  Hmod  nttend  br  1  hen. 

■LHiiKiilly  Uia  Kifflri  uid 
TbiH  ■»  BniTiDoh  docks  or 
inl,  puktii,  dentil  ud  turml. 
Abdlortlrad.  TlieUireHl 
ftbalL  FnKB  Uia  mnlioUigl- 
■t  TlHHilB  wu  guided  b;  a 
■d  tliroti^  the  Cretin  Jnby- 

li  noma  of.  •11™°  cluM  rf 


Lnatet  of  trees  tn-  ohrulv.    The 

rderof  Benmllcllne 

,  klB-pOl-ds.  Ttia 
AbdomliuJes.  lu- 
pOf^ord,  &d. 

OollUIUL 

lar  wki^    anpAirfl     I 

iMBOd  togetiier. 
OeJl.  A  prippinf 
r  of  tlia  tBgun; 
■■p.  A  eoDtrlvanee 
tiDE  ibofta  wllb 
orwltliwhedi.  -  ' 
^  tM  diaanfnr 


I  OOAL 

OlTde.klM.  The  tiriiidpii!riTtrarB«t- 
land.  noud  fcr  lis  ihlp  bulldlnc ;  11  rliM 
in  S,  Luarkslili*  ud  HiipUr>i  Intntbs 
FrlthofCiTde.nnrniu^w.  The  FiUi 
of  Of  de.  sao  fL  blirh,  are  nor  Luurk. 

Clyde.  Oolla  Oampbell.     A  Kriitidi 


!•    Ind 


In  Il.a 


OlymaniB.  kU-mu'sl-a.    A  mn.  of  ri- 
flshi'S.  tun.  KudlldK. 
Olymet, Q«araa,    OBaoriheslitiieniiif 


a.  Iiaiw)it«ran>Bdaniu, 
.     .  and  Lack,  Bod  wif^of  A»- 
KInc  of  Areot ;  aha  beoaiAelii- 
th  AgystUi.  woiiii  gf  AfiuiHBi- 
e  the  tatln  wu  abaaat  u  the 
IVojr.  u)d  on   her   hnabaod's 
lUrdBHd    him    Kod    CoeoajidrA, 
i  hod  brouffht  with  htm.    C.ta- 
\o  Ltirona,  but  OreaU^,  ion  of 
r»n.  sl^v  tier  vtd  h^^r  puruDonr 
npLe  of  Apollo. 
Olirpeasterlda,    Ulp'S^a-tn'l.de.     A 
--*-  ' —  -'-a.urehliiB,  ffcm.  Echlnoldefc 
A   lljiir-wheeled   elOH 

[y  iitppbyed  to  ana  ■  pir- 
lOa  eiUDlnidoa. 
Caaaii'dog.  'iog.    A  dog  sT  IMmatlu 
biv^,  of  hudsome  fonu^  and  gmenJIj 


who  prepuv*  uid  ffwi*hM  trimmiDga  fa 
cerriA^o-buOdan. 


or  appointed  to  peHbmi  the  dDtl»  of  an- 
othA.    Tlie  uflutut  of  a  bishop  or  other 

Ooalta.  ka-I'ta.    A  Diull   spedci  of  S. 

Ooal.keL    A  plawaf'woodorothn'aoiii- 

bustlMa  anbalaDcw,  Ifniled,  burning  or 
charred ;  ebarooil :  *  dnder.  A  solid, 
DpAqoa,  InOajnABlila   anbatance  fbnned 


edthraa^thalaxnrtoaagmrttiofplMita 
In  fbnnir  epooba  of  the  carth'a  hUtoiTi 
divided  Inia  three  chleridBda-iBHinsiib, 

hltntnlbons  and  Ugnlte ;  nndsr  irUoll  dl- 
ilalonB  are  InclDdad  mmj  "mteftt*. 


Coal-beil. 'iHMl,  A 
Ooal-brasa,  trsB. 
Oonl-fleld.  'It-Id.    t 

Ooal-msBaurea.  'a 


toalfadiin.  " 
Ooal-plant.  'plant. 

Oool-slock, 

CobJ- 


b-lln.    The  u|ipei 


TiSS. 


IB   liquid  nhlob   conilcDie^ 


ik.  liImA,  vlsold. 


Ooostlllff,  klitt'lne.     BsIUn^'  Dear  tbs 


Ct  f>r  thB  lodj.  &«t«i]^  lo  II  Blroi 


.    Tbe  Gr« 


ivEly  vu  Dl90  ctUIrd  a  > 
Ooiit'«Tinor.  'iir-iaBr. 
Ooat-oord.  \i^.      J 


m  teongfng  to  tbo 
t  ranlUne  li'  oiipenc- 

Ooat-liuk,  kAi-Unek.    A  pilr  of  baitnim 
bfld  to^retberby  finnk,  lunlJbr  butanlng 

airiKJAcan^,  a  Dob-lcuir    A  Sponifeb  coiii 
flirmiTly  cnrrcnt  In    [Mlind;  il»,  tba 


!br  IWdiDg  fowls.  J 
11  boise  or  ponj.  i 
lacmlfdonAoMm,  I 
!d  wbUe  sowtng. 

mincnd,  yeri-brittto, 

r; 


Cobalt, 

Iblo  to  pc 


ie^re 


«  uld,  villi  enipbor, 


Cobb,  Hcrnrell,  Au  A 
Ei^nt^'Oi.  iDibe  I^wiir' 

and  o  brigmibT-gHiBriJ  In 
Cobble,  kob'l,  A  roiuidlfl 
Cobden.  Rictuml,   A 


,r(C 


life  ^  «  prlYBto 
nombor  ofrarUt 
toonbil  onifiD,- 
r  of  lUo  rep«I  of 


OOm-PEATHEB 


OobiUH.  lifl-bi-aB._   A  pen.  of  fl«hi 
.    CyiirliiLdM3.     It  1r 


Cobxtk-de-CaiieUo.  kob'n^e-kitpd'ld. 


n-orsLed  and  ootlti'i.  ur  mmlcd  and  idfk, 

Ooca^nii,  TSb  dried  lenfofErvthreiy- 
lon  Coca,  ard.  ErythroEflen ;  tha  plAUC 
tUfllT.  It  lA  a  AtlTnqlaLJa^  QvcoUv,  In 
effect  someirluiC  Himtlu  to  Ol.lum.  A 
mall  qnuitllv  uf  It  <]nabli»  a  parsoa  to 
bar  D|i  gainst  bKgua,  bat  lAed  te 
flicflfiH  ft  bnags  oD  varloaa  dlADrdflra,  and 
Uiod^BlrafArll:liiorpA<Begw1th  iadqJgeQce, 

Imre  ubw  b«a  realised. 

or  menlr  bun,  aflijn.  of  bBmiuieroaa  In- 
.udU  bdonilnR  to  Uie  mo.  Moaoinen. 

Tfafi  uuIm  ODly  liaVfl  WlDgB. 
QaodneUldai.   «l-neI1l-d^.    llie  lady- 

WrdB,  ■  Oun.  of  ouLeopWrout  InnwiLa. 
Coclo*,  P.  HoratdoB.    A  Itumsn  btru, 

wh*     wLth    twfl     comiHinlDDi.  [ipiiriui 

army  of  rorwima  at  bay  at  Iho  bridge 
overlHBTlherundltl,«btWee»i«b™ten 


er^iin'old  (niwU  fiiJiei  DsiurrltiE' 
ouvered  witli  a  stmsa. 
CoccdIoB,  1ia-1n>.  A  gnn.  of 
tneirfapermaoeoiia  planU,  Tbe 
Bvt  treno^Dr  powerful  blLl^r  fobi 
TbeTrnltorD.!.  wmBllin™  empk 

namlptcia.  There  are  upnonlt  of 

Cachin-Chlna,  kuchlti-ohl-ni. 
flpniled  to  a  larfffl  varfetT  of  the  di 
fu«-|.  aadro  to  Coohtn-Obln*. 

Cocblneal,  l-nil,    Aoinuon  or 
dj-u-fltutToDDAlBdjig  of  Iba  dridd  ba 


Cock,k 

aoo^fow 


for  Uio  piirpoAO  of  TK^rfnltUOK  or  aTT«tinbr 
tbe  flow  Of  11  LildB  tSrough  a  pipe,  u  feef 
ouck,  ^u^e-coek,  &o-  A  ponloD  of  n  lonli 
of  a  QroflLnn;  la  a  peratiftfllaa  ]a':k,  the 
bammer.    Theitjiaar  ^omonof ndlaL 


ba  bud^QA  rbr  poUUciU  pBrti£>a. 

An  ImaflOBTT  oooDliT 
■ The  land  of 


tlltk.  [a  Her.  the  oockaulDO  la  hprae 
ib«d,  waiLiM  aad  tpEirreil  Uka  tha 
k,  and  with  a  a»!rp«il4no  loU. 


sthir  [bat  ilodd  opon  1. 


Cockpit,  'pit 


iha  loww  f^uL-dML  of  ft  *Qlp  of  war.  In  m- 

iiJn<tiT  (^  Mhfnii  Her  Hajestj'i  prtyj- 
i     wunoll  hold  tbslr  sltHngi. 
Cockroach,    V  ^v  - 

iDBectB    of  Uw      f  J^  ]K 


(  COFFBB-BOQSB 

Ooomn-'biitter,  'knmbiitter.  A  mild 
oil  g^  IKnn  the  ai>c<1s  of  Gvdal*  pur- 
purm,  a  tree  of  Ihs  muis  grai.  with  mail- 
footefld,  iisvl  in  India  to  itdulterfttfl  ffhw 
or  BnldTmCtiT. 

Cod.  tod.  A  apoclei  ot  UleaiuaD  n»)i, 
Aun.  Qadlds,  Uie  aodUs  mnrtlma  or 
MoTTliDft  ml^dv,  rtviMag  tha  herring  In 
Its  Impurtmin]  to  lUhOkfiid.  It  liag  bo- 
coiDD  af  ^froat^r  vaXat  by  reason  of  the 
dUtuTory  of  tho  thuApanilc  "nine  of  ood- 


Codax,  'rickii,  A  iniiiDseiipt  Tohure,  u 
ofickualo  vDrhuroftbaSniptirrtii.  In 
lied.  ■  DolluUoa  of  (pprovad  meddsl 

Oodcer.  kol'ar.    A  mean  mJHily  inia. 
AooTtouoIdNlow;  Bsbanstar. 
OodUla,  ko-d01*.    The  aoHuit  part  of 

Cod-llTor  OU,  kodllv-w  on.    AnoHob- 


OodrlUAton.  Bdward.  Blr.    Ad  Enn- 

uoommiuidine''thesi:ii^Qi<euarFnu«. 
Rnailfl  luiil  Bnglind  in  tto  bilUe  of  B«v- 
jvTnn,  which  ^voOiveoetDdepeudenco. 
Codros.  ThD  last  king  of  AUiohb  i  >. 
Bbt.  1(170 B.C.    ■Whon  fli8  HanicBdB  Id 


Omhom,  ii'^yora.  A  RniU 
Uirowtnj  rtmadeii,  e^AblB  of 
ried  by  *  few  men. 

OceUcKntU,  aa-U-han'Oii. 
fbuil  guiold  flj^hee.  ranging  tn 


a  Ibr  brldeea,  plsr 
Coffin.  'On.  The  cbett  nr  l»i  fn  -vrhloh 
a  dead  hqioaD  hti^yii  buried  arilDporited 
In  K  vault,    Infmioy,  Iho  hollow  r"'"' 


Oobort,  1»rL    Id  Knm.  Aallq.a  hodr 

■"  —  -aHI  niHD.    FaS  nibort 

mnnlplH.  Ruih  m-ulple 

Duid  or  bod/  of  wur- 
rigl 
OolSette.  kw^-fef . 


iir  .OlHi-jrii.li.     tiait  vUob  strrM  Ibr 

Coiner,  '..r.  Oaa  who  >tamps  coin  ;  > 
inlBtar;  iirui'ly   ippltod  tn  a  makiT  of 

mrikfr,  J.!ofwurd8. 

OoInins^prcHS.  Ing-prei.  A  pawM- 
levi'r  tcrew-presi,  by  wtaloh  lui'UI  1>hint 
igiUol  blanks  iM  lm[rrBMed  vltb  a  doilfB 
and  logfflid,  and  so  ooovwtoii  Inlo  noio, 

OoiT  kuir.  Aipedu  of  jrun  nuu;uIliO- 
torod.  frtHn  Uie  hoflk  of  doeiNj-initB, 

Ooke,klik.  Cmldeprivaloritabltamen, 
iulphor.  op  other  BiHaniwiia  or  voloim 


Co9,  ko;.  l^atooQioftwlieel,  br  whtob 
II  drtvea  another  wteol  or  body.  A  kind 
nfnotdt,  madaius  of  IntalUne  Joists  ai 

Oo^nao,   kl^nyak.     A  popolar  Frencti 

htt  oftiSaUuva  nameallr^^haKDniiu 
sfgwd  fcmllTwsalmoinutadtaaUpBUii 
houe  to  iAloh  lis  AoJoqpKL 


rton,"  la  oi 


Ooke,   Bdwnld,   Sir.      a   eclebnted 
KnEUshJoilst  and  pablldBt;  B.  IbOi.D. 
-"^     "*-  -irlBdpal woA,  "CotB  npon 
ofUw  U^ieal  JndLiUl 

(tolander,  knl'an-dcT.  A  veuel  wtlh  • 
butloin  rm-fbtated  vKh  UtUa  holm  jor 
straining  UflQorfl. 

Oola-nnt  kVlB-nnt  i 

•      ■  BtrfttchMtnut. 


seed.alnBt 

OiBai«t^ttehHitnut.rro.luMd  bJ^CW* 
AonmlnaUt  ord.  t^t«rcall&o«e,  vhkui  UM 
nati'ea  efQaioaa  lalns  lii|b^  aa  ■  gmtt- 
mentuddigMtine. 


Oolbert.  Jean  Bap(late.Kar(iiilB  de 

B.I lay  kni'balr.  A  FraDi'h  riiMiiDt, 

unF  Bui.prlntomJcnt  of  FIriinoo, 


of  Uarlner  uid  nijiixl  tbi 
Oolbum,  Warran. 


tolltvtiiiil  Arlthmetl 
pnpiilKloAnn 
OoloatliBJ,  ki 
which   ri^ioiliki 

Oolobia.    An 


Oold-C>lEwt,L... 

turo  Ibnwd  tbi<»irh 
Inm  j  oppiuAd  to  be 


BU«"flrBt  LoBIoiu 


>t  Alto,  S.  of  A 
10    hiiu-plutf   . 


e  bj  h»Uilgfoiir  juirU 


1.  Is  S.  T.,  tses.  RemoTtDg  to  laddni, 
10  VBd  olooted  to  the  lower  boDBfi  of  Oju- 
rrnn,  bcraunn  Bpenher  in  tS«8.  and  vu 


Oollcnr,   OamMid  de  ObatUlon, 

Bin  da,  ko-Uii-Te'.  A  noted  Fmiiih 
HncnanM;  B.lSIf;  mntdaed  tnthaEL 
Bartholoii  "        '  "* 


Prlncs  de  Condi,  IhilMdero/ tie  Hu^ne- 

OoUna,  'l-u.  A  g«ii.  ol  AIMun  molroa- 
tndblrdi,  unL  Fuiem,  Oat-iloMB  or 
DoUleF,  (llled  to  tho  pluutii  tutn. 

OoUor,  av.  BomcOiliiB  -wora  raond  tks 
D«k,  iriiethv  tjp  OK  Drnunoiit  or- 1«- 
Mimblt;  lbiutliBIIim»lagl>i-ii  totkBeolL- 
laos  or  dhllli  Torn  b;  knlehti  of  soTenl 
ordan,  ind  hnfnf  tLg  hadgs  of  d»tinlsr 
■ppsuded  to  It  i  loaHrtarUiohBniiiuDf 
Hny  ■DlDulnudlbr  drm^t;  and  to  u 
unda  or  drtu  cr  urt  of  a  pvmut  tahii' 
round  ILcnnk.  AlnOlDpnuoiblnv  ■ 
eonar.    In  Aich.  >  i&g  or  (dnoum ;  (ton 


dolenao,  John  "WlUlaiu,  Bisliop. 
An  KogUsb  Ep'jOQpil  tlmolrwliui  uid 
nutbom»tlclan  ;  b.  IGll,  d.  ISS2.  Ap- 
polnlwl  Bp.  of  K>t^,  a.  AMei,  ism,  he 
■hookMtbs  orthodoi  vorlil  brpubUib- 
tD(>  work  In  wWoh  Ihp  tiupinfloa  wid 
bletodcal  aeoancr  of  Bevflnd  booka  uf  the 
OM  Tutiment  t>  deided.  His  B^1Uun(^tll; 
iitheatudirdlaScgUsbcnUBgaii. 
'  OcAeoptera.  knl-«-Dpt«-i.  One  of  the 
ordsri  Into  whieh  Ini«ot<  un  dMded.  lit 
■pediis  bring  ronnnonlj  known  li  IwcUpji. 

KtMor 

Oolerld^.  Samael  Tuylof.    Adli- 
tlnpiiahad  Ene'l^  ^J^ot  u>d  phUoKpher  ; 

OaWax.  SohuylOT.  An  Amerlcao 
gUtaiiBaii,  fn-aodsua  otQe-i,  Vm.  Colfu. 
vooJasMBder  of  WMAbijiftaa^tJ^u  &urda; 


]ft1r«  of  legfl,  and  fbur  to  the 
r ;  Te^foiifn^  wKh  fOur- 
'-    -"   "--  loire;  Trfmare, 


Junction  between  theradloleiaid  pin 


,TS5 


aiib,  for  Ihe  plflEon-Htd  to  pua  lUranfb. 
AriBsIui  hiliopEpwrt  f.T  holding  Bie 
end  of  the  ounaraVnnC  Itieehnck.  A  . 
Heel  ring  which  oonfines  n  plmchet.  In 
toinlnc.  N»ut.  ki  eyt  In  the  blicht  of  e 
Bhroud  or  stay.  A  ropo  fur.ned  Into  > 
wTHith.  wttbthebBU-tordeul  eyafnlbe 
b^ht  In  Zool.  the  colored  rioe  rounit 
"----■-  -"-'-'  ThB  thlftwil e.-^TCt 
itlKotlhatM^-^.m 


dollai'-da.y.  •dll.  A  ity  on 

OoUbxet,  -et  A  snudl  coUe 
or  the  like,  worn  by  wnuioi 
Collect,  lekt.    A  BhorC  ( 


Oollece,  lej. 
with  certain  Pi 


lie,  ■  i»ll«(o  of  libyelu 


COLLET 


199 


COLORADO  BEETLB 


tat  pnrposeR  of  instmctton  and  stady  In 
the  nigber  branches.  Tbe  edifice  belong- 
ing to  a  college. 

GoUet,  let.  A  band  or  collar :  speoiflcal- 
Ijr,  a  small  band  worn  by  the  inferior 
clergy  of  the  B.  C.  Ghnrch.  Among  jewel- 
ers, the  horizontal  face  or  plane  at  the 
bottom  of  brilliants.  The  part  of  a  ring 
eontolning  the  bezel  in  which  the  stone 
is  set.  In  glass-mnking,  that  port  of  glass 
Tesfols  which  sticks  to  the  instroment 
need  in  taking  the  sub^^tance  firom  the 
melting-pot.  In  Mach.  a  smaO  band  of 
melaL  as  the  ring  which  fiistena  the  pack- 
ing of  a  piston.  In  Bot.  the  part  of  a  plant 
1\  om  which  spring  the  axes. 

Gollibert,  -lO-bnr.  A  member  of  a  de- 
si.i»ed  race  of  people  inhabiting  Poltoa, 
Mafne  and  Anjon  in  France,  and  resem- 
bling the  caguts  of  the  Fyieneee. 

Collie.  'li.  A  variety  of  Scotch  shepherd 
dog. 

Collier,  'yer.  A  digger  of  coal  A  coal 
merchaiii.  A  coasting  vessel  employed 
In  tiie  ooal  trade. 

OoUlery, 'yer-l.  The  place  where  ooal 
is  itag ;  a  eoal-mlDe  or  pit 

OolHmator,  -lim'&-ter.  A  tetoBoope 
Med  Ibr  determining  the  eoUimatlon  er- 
ror In  aetroBomioal  inatnunenu.  Tbe  ob- 
|eot-gls88  of  the  tdesoope  of  a  speotro- 
acope  to  wbioh  the  slit  is  attached. 

Oollin.  tin.  The  purest  form  of  gelaUne, 
taken  as  tbe  type  of  all  similar  substanoes, 
wlri<di  are  hence  called  colloids. 

OoUinJi,  William.  An  eminent  Eng- 
Ihh  poet:  n.  1780.  n.  17d6.  C,  William, a 
eetemntea  Englisn  painter ;  b.  1797,  v. 
184T.  0.,  WUUam  WOkie,  son  of  the  lat- 
ter;  b,  1884 ;  a  popular  novelise. 

Oollodlon,  -Id'dl-on.  A  substance  pre- 
IMrcd  by  dissolving  pyrozlllne  or  gim  cot- 
ton in  ether,  or  etlicr  and  alcohol,  forming 
a  nseftil  substitute  for  adhesive  plaster  in 
the  case  of  slight  wounds.  In  a  slightly 
modified  form  collodion  is  employed  as  tbe 
basis  of  a  photographic  process. 

Collodiotype,  'di-d-tip.  A  picture  pro- 
duced by  the  coDodion  process,  or  tbe 
method  by  which  such  pictures  are  pro- 
duced. 

OoUold,  ^Id.  The  name  given  to  a 
transparent,  viscid,  slightly  granular  mat- 
ter, resembling  liquid  gelatine.  Colloids, 
as  starch,  gum,  albumen  and  gelatine, 
dlffkise  through  a  given  septum,  as  porch- 
BMnt  IM^MT,  much  more  siowly  than  ci^s- 
taDotcu,  and  while  permeable  bv  crysUl- 
lolds  are  Impermeable  to  eaob  other. 

CUDot  d'HailMis,  Jean  JDCazie,  kol'- 


lo-dair-bwah.  A  leader  of  the  Jaoobina; 
B.  1758,  D.  1796.  In  1798  it  la  estimated 
he  caused  the  murder  of  more  than  16,000 
souls.  He  was  active  in  the  deposition  of 
Robespierre,  but  was  soon  after  arrested  ' 
and  buiished  to  Cayenne,  where  he  died. 
Collyrium,  -lir'i-um.  Eve-salve  or 
wash ;  a  topical  remedy  for  disorders  of 
the  eyes. 

Colobixun,  ko-loa)i-um.  The  sleeveWs 
dress  of  a  monk.  An  episcopal  vestment, 
similar  in  kind  to  the  tunic,  only  without 
sleeves.  A  dress  worn  by  a  king  at  hiSi 
coronation,  corresponding  to  the  derlcai 
dalmatica. 

Coloffue,  -Idn'.  Cap.  of  the  Prussian 
Hhlne  provinces,  connected  with  Deutx 
by  a  massive  iron  bridge ;  it  is  strongly 
fortified,  and  noted  for  its  magnificent 
cathedral,  only  now  completed,  although 
begun  in  1218.  C.  was  founded  by  ue 
Bomans,  pop.  125,629. 

Cologne-earth,  'erth.  A  hgnt  bastard 
ochre,  durable  in  water -color  painting ;  aa 
earthy  variety  of  Ugnlte  or  partiaUy  foMil* 
ized  wood. 

Colombia,  XTnited  States  of.  A  S. 
American  republic,  form«rrly  known  at 
New  Granada,  situated  in  theK.  W.  an^ 
of  the  Continent;  area  475,000  sq.  m.; 
pop. 8,186,460.  FHndpal dties^Bogota, the 
cap.;  Carthagena,  Asplnwidl,  Panama  sad 
Chagres:  emef  rivers,  Canoa  and  Mar- 
dalena;  cnief  moontaios,  the  Andes,  divia> 
ed  into  three  rangea. 

Colombo.  Cap.  of  the  Britiab  laUuid  «f 
Ceylon ;  pop.  61,800. 

Colon,  Ion.    In  Anat  the  large«t  portloB 

of  the  intestines,  forming  tbe  midale  see- 

tion  of  the  large  inte«tine.    tn  Oram,  a 

point  or  character  formed  thus  [:],  used 

to  nuurkapause  greater  than  that  of  a 

semicolon,  but  less  than  that  of  a  period. 

Colonel,  ker'nel.    The  commander  of  a 

regiment  of  troops,  inihntry  or  caAlry. 

Any  grade  above  this  converts  him  into  a 

genera^  officer  belonging  to  the  army  ool< 

lectively,  not  to  one  particular  regiment. 

OolonliBt,  kol'on-lst.    An  inhabitant  of  a 

colony ;  a  settler  in  a  colony. 

Colorado,   -o-rah'dd.     One  of  the  W. 

States  of  the  American  Union ;  admitted, 

1875.    Principal  cities,  Denver,  the  cap., 

Central  City,  Black  Hawk,  Pueblo,  Sao 

Louis,  and  Canyon  Oitv;   chief  rivers, 

Arkansas,  Oranu,  OostlUa,    Yaiiipa  and 

Grande  del  Norte.    The  Snowy  range  of 

the  Bocky  mountains  interseota  the  Stato 

abt  the  center ;  pop.  194,400. 

Oolorado  BoetlB,  WU.  k  caVm^nmiwia 


OOI.OKniBTXB  1 

ISHCt,  Ikm.  Chi7»meUdB,  betonffnc  Id 

Oelorlniater.  -rlm'at-cr.  An  iDitnmmt 
tor  moMurlng  IhB  dopUi  of  oolor  iB  « 
Itquld   by   compsrlBou    wljh  a  atudArd. 

Oolosseum.  -osxj'uui.      Tbe    FltrUn 

gliuliUoriol  nnmbsu,  IlKtaUDf  wild  bruta. 


Oolosnu.  A  numouti 
Ainilla,  Hhkli  ipBuned 
th«  Jurbor  of  Bbodes, 


Color  ■TKBTt.  -dr-Jcnt  A  non-com- 
Diltiloned  otncer  ohonnki  blitDsr  thtu 

UiKwkin.   There  li  OB*  to  €Mh  pejtaienl 

Colporteur,  kol-pSr-Ur.  In  Fnnoa,  i 
liAwk«of  wua«:  ■  hivkerofboi^kA  aiul 
paqphletfl^  lb  AtDBriu  and  Enffraod  a 
ilui  of  man  >ub>idlud  by  wdstlei  or 
uiodlitlaiii  wltta  tho  Tle»  of  dLssemlnit- 

Oolt,  kCH.  A  yoang  hone,  or  b  yoiui 
ulmd  of  the  >o[k  gniu>:  cominnnly 
■pplled  U>  the  male,  My  being  the  femate. 
Ib  tha  Bible  It  la  uppUedloayoDiifcaine] 
orayogiigHi.    A  rope'i  end  uwd  An 

loaii«l  and  tued  aa  a  weapon. 

Botadlbrhli  Improvamantain  Ore-anni: 
■.  In  Oonn.  1811,  o.  ISM. 


OolnmlML-lDm'ba.  Asan.Dtblnli 
Mlutliw  Ui«  (km.  Onliimbldie,  li 
ineJlBval  charsbi  th<  Dams  glten  ti 


teaael  In  »Md>  tiw ._  ...... 

■    unuMandwaa  aiu- 
frwD  the  Toat,  bafore 
biRh  altxr.    C.  Koaehl,  Noah'a  Duie ; 
inilellation  to  Cbe  Bonthcru  bemliphere 
«  to   Gaols  Utior,  oonfbtJif  of  111 


C 


-bi'aS-I,  A  mlHord. 


OolombliiB,  1 _._.    __.  ,._,_ 

name  of  pla^t^    gran.    ArjullriU,     Tne 

OolmnbiiB.  OhilatoplLer.    Ths  dla- 

14Sft.  D.  at  Berllla,  Spain,  lOM.  Hta  im- 
ages woro  made  nnder  the  pitronare  of 
FerdlDUid  and  lubella  of  Sndn ;  tha  voj- 
i^  In  wbloh  America  vaa  dlBoorared  wag 
nnderUken  to  demonstnte  tbarotnndl^ 
«r  tli«  tmiti,  ttii  that  India  eonM  Im 
raaehed  br  aaHbu  dns  west :  ha  aaOad 
Anm  Mna  Aug.  i,  MM,  and 


CDLUMN-BULS 


Ml 


OOMMKlfCSiaEHT 


tbiduiMa,  generally  Berytng  m  a  sapport 
to  Boaaething  resting  on  its  top;  apUlsr. 
Ckdnmns  are  disUntraiahed  by  the  styles 
of  arehitectnre,  as  lUndii,  Egvptian,  Gre- 
cian, Boman  and  Qothio:  also,  by  the 
name  of  tiielr  order,  as  Doric,  lonlo  or 
Corinthian  ;  and  again  by  some  peculiar- 
ity, aa  attached,  twisted,  cabled  or  ra- 
dented  and  carolytlo.  (n  Bot  the  united 
stamena  and  BtyloB  of  plants  when  they 
form  a  iioiid  central  body,  as  in  the  gen. 
OreUB.  MiUt.  a  Ibrmation  of  troops,  nar- 
row In  fttmt,  and  deep  ifrom  front  to  rear. 
ITaut,  a  body  of  shtpa  f<dlowing  each 
otiier.  In  printing  and  wilting,  a  division 
ofapagA. 

OoHUBll-rald,  -r6L  In  printing,  the 
name  gtren  to  pieces  of  brass  of  different 
ihiekTi<woafl,  raado  type  height,  used  to 
separate  matter  that  requires  to  b««  dis- 
tinct, aa  into  oohmins,  Jto. 

CSolure,  kd-l&r.  One  of  two  drclee  sap- 
poaed  to  intersect  each  other  at  right  an- 
fdeain  the  poles  of  the  world,  one  passing 
thraui^  uie  sdlstitiai  and  the  other 
tibroogh  the  equinoctial  points  of  the 
ee^iiOB.  via.  Cancer  and  Capricorn,  Aries 
ana  LObra,  dividing  the  ediptic  into  four 
equal  parts.  The  points  where  these  lines 
Ittteroept  the  ecliptic  are  called  eftdlnal 
points. 

ColymbicUa,  ko-UmOd-dS.  A  ftm.  of 
natatcnrial  or  swimming  birds ;  .the  divers. 

OomA  Bexenioes,  kd'ma  ber-g-nl'sez. 
Berenioe*s  Hair,  a  constellatiuD.  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  composed  of  indis- 
tiaot  stars  between  the  lJon*s  Tail  and 
Bodtes. 

CkmumdlM,  ko-min'cheK.  A  savage 
and  warlike  tnbe  of  N.  American  Indians, 
whoaeiaQge  extends  overportionB  of  Tex- 
as, New  Meadco,  Calilbnua  and  Mexico ; 
estimated  at  20,000  souls,  with  8,000  war- 
riors. 

Ck>m.b,  ]R>ra.  An  instnmient  with  teeth 
for  separating,  cleansing  and  adjusting 
hidr,  wool  or  flax ;  also,  an  instrument  of 
tortoiae-eheU,  ivory,  metal,or  other  materl- 
al,  usedbv  women  for  keeping  the  hair  in 
place.  Tlie  crest,  caruncle,  or  red,  fleshy 
tuft  growing  on  a  cook*s  head.  The  top 
or  ereet  of  a  wave.    Honeycomb. 

Oomb-broadi,  a>r6ch.  The  tooth  of  a 
comb  with  which  wool  is  dressed. 

Ooniboloio,  kom-bo-lO'yd.  A  Moham- 
medan rosary  consisting  of  beads. 

OomephonUL  ko-meTor-us.  A  gen.  of 
flahea,  <nd.  Oobioidn.  C.  baicalenms,  the 
sole  apedea  iscoDected  and  pressed  for 
oa,  bat  not  eaten. 

Oata^k  kom'^    OslMtial  bodiet  which  1 


appear  at  irregular  intervals,  moving 
thrbu^  the  heavens  in  paths  which  seem 
to  correspond  with  paraboUc  curves,  or  in 
a  few  instances  in  elUptical  orbits  of  great 
eccentricity.  The  former,  after  being 
visible  fh>m  the  earth  for  a  shorter  or 
longer  lime,  diB^>pear  into  space  appar- 
ently never  to  return ;  the  latter  return 
periodically. 

Cometarixuxi,  -ftM-um.  An  astronomi- 
cal instrument  intended  to  represent  Um 
revolution  of  a  comet  round  the  sun. 

Ckmiet-flnder,  -find-er.  A  telescope  of 
low  power,  but  with  a  wide  Aeld,  used  to 
discover  comets. 

Ctomfit,  kiun'fit.  A  dry  sweetmeat :  fhiit 
or  root  preserved  with  sugar  and  dried ;  a 
ball  of  sugar  with  a  seed  in  the  center ;  a 
b<»n-b<)n. 

Ck>]llforter,  'fert-er.  One  who  comforts 
or  consoles.  Tho  Holy  Spirit,  whose 
office  it  is  to  comfort  and  support  the 
Christian.  A  knit  woolen  fobric,longand 
narrow,  for  tying  round  the  nuck  in  cold 
weather. 

Ctomitia,  ko-mi'ahi-a.  In  Bom.  antiq, 
assemblies  of  the  people.  These  were  of 
three  kinds :  the  assemblies  of  the  i>atri- 
dan  houses  or  poDulus  in  wards  or  curin ; 
tiie  assembUes  of  tne  whole  Boman  people, 
induding  patridana.  dients,  and  plebe- 
ians in  centuries ;  and  the  MffflDbltftW  <ft  the 
plebeian  tribes  only. 

Coznznander,  kom-mand'er.  A  chief: 
one  who  has  supreme  authority;  the  chief 
ofllcer  of  an  army  or  any  division  of  it. 
Nant.,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  Ueu- 
tenant  and  under  captain,  ranking  with  a 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army.  Com- 
niauder-ln -chief,  the  highest  staff  appoint- 
ment in  the  British  army ;  a  title  borne  by 
the  President  of  the  Umted  Btates. 

Ctommandery,  -l.  A  term  used  in  sev- 
eral senses  in  connnection  with  militarr 
and  relifi^ious  orders.  Among  sevm^ 
orders  ofknlghts,  as  the  Templars,  Hos- 
pitallers, &c.,  a  district  under  the  control 
of  a  member  of  the  order,  still  used  by 
Free  Masons.  In  certain  religious  orders, 
as  those  of  St.  Bernard  and  St.  Anthony, 
the  dibCriot  under  the  authori^  of  a  com- 
mander. 

CtommandTnent,  'ment.  A  command ; 
a  mandate ;  an  ii^imctlon  given  by  auth<Mr- 
\ty.  A  precept  of  the  decalogue  at  Mount 
Sinai :  one  of  the  laws  given  by  €k>d  to 
the  IturaeUtes. 

Ctom  fnenoeTfiftn t,  -mens'ment  The 
act  or  flMt  of  eommendng;  beginning; 
rise;  origin.  In  oolleges  and  higher 
sdiools,  tie  daf  whoa  rtndati  r—sAw 
their  desTMA. 


OOUHITTATOK 


'hL    Ooeoflwo. 

inui  or  pluu  alwBYt  Ibimd  toatthtr ' 
ulaul  HUoh  Htm  on  M'  In  uioth«,  - 
'      '  ig  Hndtio,  H  the  Plnnotbe 
b.  BM  within  the  Mvily  of 


Oonuaonwaalth, 


Tvliriipd      ib    GoaAUfUdnnnls    lOiV 
AImIs  I..  I09M118-,   Jotn,  lllf>-.™, 
Uunet.  1143-llBn:  Aleilsll.,  llH1-n8n: 
AadraulcuB,  llS3-llSG,ilsthr«Kdbyluu 


bMTitarul  tike 


AlatAof  thnapaHfl; 
thB  txo,  tba  <xA  or 

&vid  tiu  necdla. 
nscdla  ti  of 
□ugnatlieA  bIwI,  In 

pAtMd  DO  ■pototeil  pin  «  tl 
• — itftMlyro---"' 


ij  the  p«[ 


hperty  of  tha  DMdIe, 


oompm  nupanded  wllh  Iti  ttee  dawii- 
mrd.  AmubenuUisIlDiCrninentlbrae- 
HdUsE  einilss,  meuuring  flgun*.  dli- 
tanoM  MtwMD  two  pnlnO.  As.  Oomraon 
iiDrnpauoB  or  dlTldcTfl  uoDsEit  of  two  poliit' 
pd  kjf«,  movablo  on  a  plFi>t,  OBed  ft>r 
mounriiijr  luid  tnnKfprrln^  dliiuac^ui. 
Ilnlr  oomiMBKii,  n  arirlntf  uttMchod  lo  tbf^ 
luridaafonDof  tliA  retr'^.  And  presolDff  out- 
iTud  affirtiut  Iho  I'nver  part  of  tho  uther, 
thni  tondlnj  to  t»p  tha  Inn  iporL    By 


DT  tha  paojut,  by  wiiicli 


R  OOIDOTATOB 

Oomplina.  knm'riln.    Thi^  lait  of  iba 

4rt' ;  Iha  UtC  t»™Ter  it  night  to  ba  raollad 
Mfter  BiiniM.    CiilLed  (dao  Comp^tapy. 
Complgt«ii»l  Bn ,      -pIB-lsn'nl-iiii.       A 
term  oni^od  to  tbe  flrti  polyglot  rdltlDn 

Alsila  de  H^lurei.  in  Spain,  !&I4-I61I, 
by  CordlDil  Xlmenei. 
OompIaTliiiit,  'yi  um.  An  opmlnir  In 
Uie  nnf  of  tha  itrlam  or  anCnunn-lun  al 
undent  Eomui  bouus,  l»ft  for  thn  pnr- 
pnno  ofsdmlttbie  ]|«til  and  coUoodng  tha 

Oompo,  "pO.  A  eoncreln  hbrI  flir  tba 
outiidn  Df^brlck  hou»e^  an  u  tn  frita 
thorn  UioDppairHlice  of  >tane.  NauL,  the 
moDlhly  portion  of  vaffoa  paid  to  a  ohlp^a 

Oompone,  'ni.    In  Jin.  dddiihishI  of 

inonerow.  Rordnra  ooinpoD«,  >  bnrdH 
ronnd  tha  sbleld  compoaed   of  ani^Iar 


Ltid  In  K  compnaltor'a  oompo^nj(-BtJo] 
and  uiri>D  nhJch  he  amzigeB  the  types. 
CompOBisg-attok.  -itlk.  In  priadnj 
an  adJiuUhlo  IneTmmDnt  in  wbtab  typi 


pounded.    In  Aral 


m  appUad 


..jmpoHd  of  the  Tnwui,  Dodc,  Corln- 
thlun  and  Ionic  It  la  oslled  ol»  tiie 
BomoD  or  tba  ItaBa  order.  aAnh,tha 
knoet  or  polnteil  arota.    la  thlp-bnUdiu, 

Bot  belonging- 10  ■■ 
C  oarrlaffa,  n  ndln 


_B  ot^er  OompoiltB^ 
ay  oarrlwo  made  Dp  of 
IflanntolBMea,  u,  nnt, 


xnnd  ud  third.    C.  m 

m  be  tneunirad  exAatlrbyananiberBX' 
sedlng  ontty,  aa  ebySorl,  toUutOU 


id  mind.    Ron  com  po.  in 
D sound  mind. 
Compost,  'post    A  mliturc 
Im-Jllilng  land.    A  Fom|>osll 

Compoblitor.     -pS-U'iar. 


1  drlnlu  vlth  an 


OOMPOTK 


90i 


OONOOBDANCE 


Ck>xnpote,  'pot.  Fruit  8t«w«d  or  pre- 
served iii  sirup. 

Oompound,  'pound.  In  the  E.  Indies, 
tliH  inolosure  m  which  isolated  houses 
stttiid. 

Compounder,  -pound'er.  One  who 
compounds;  one  who  mixes  different 
thin^.  One  who  attempts  to  brings  par- 
tics  to  terms  of  af^eement:  one  who 
brings  about  or  enters  into  a  compromise. 
One  who  compounds  with  a  debtor  or 
felon.  In  £ng.  Hist,  a  member  of  one  of 
the  two  seotlons  into  which  the  Jacobite 
party  divided  diortly  after  the  BctoIu- 
tion.  , 

CSomprador,  -prt'dflr.  In  the  Chinese 
open  ports,  a  naiiye  trading  manager  for 
European  merohants  and  residents. 

Comprint,  'print  The  surreptitious 
printing  of  a  woric  bekmging  to  another ; 
a  work  thus  printed.* 

OompsoflrnatllxiB,  komp-sog'nath-us. 
▲n  extinot  reptile  (G.  Longipes),  ord. 
Dinoiauria,  oocurring  in  the  liuiographio 
slate  of  Solenhofen,  and  remarkable  for 
the  singular  aiBnitiM  whieh  it  exhibits  to 
the  true  birds. 

Ooxnte,  Aucrnste,  k5mt.  A  French 
philosopher,  b.  1795.  d.  1857 ;  noted  as 
the  founder  of  the  Sdtool  of  Positive  Fhil- 
oeophy. 

Comptroller,  kon-tr51'ler.  A  control- 
ler ;  an  officer  appointed  or  elected  to  keep 
a  oounter-r^rister  of  accounts. 

OomuB,  kO'mus.  In  Myth,  tho  god  of 
revelry,  depicted  as  a  drunken  young  man 
with  a  tcMTcn  In  his  light  hand. 

Concave,  oonOcftv.  Hollow| 
and  curved  or  rounded,  tu 
the  inner  surfiioe  of  a  spherical 
body.  A  surfktce  is  ooncavt 
when  straight  lines  drawn  Concave, 
from  point  to  point  in  it  fall 
between  the  surface  and  the  spectator, 
and  convex  when  the  eurlbce  comes  be- 
tween him  and  such  lines.  C.  lens,  a  lens 
having  either  one  or  both  sides  concave.  A 
concave  leaf  has  its  edge  raised  above  the 
diskT 

Concentrator,  'sen-trip^ter.  An  appap 
ratus  for  the  separation  of  dry,  oomminnt- 
•d  ore,  according  to  the  gravi^  of  its  par- 
ticles by  exposing  a  foiling  sheet  of  ore 
dust  to  intermittent  puffs  of  air. 

Oonoepdon,  4hdp  the-fin.  The  name  of 
several  8.  and  0.  American  towns,  the 
principal  being  in  ChiU,  cap.  of  prov.  of 

jutias  jjsaw  ;  pop,  IS,  724 

-Ber4e^JiA,    A  imulffU  In- 


strument,  the  principle  of  whidi  is  rimilsr 
to  that  of  the  a<)tordion. 

Concerto,  -chftr'tA.  A  piece  of  muslo  for 
a  concert ;  a  species  of  composition,  usn- 
aUv  in  symphonio  form,  written  for  one 
prmclpal  tnstmment,  with  accompani- 
ments for  a  foil  orchestra. 

ConcettUm,  -set'tizm.  T)ie  use  of  af- 
fected wit  or  concettL 

Conch,  kongk.  A  marine  shell,  especially 
that  of  the  Btrombus  gigas,  sometimes 
called  fountain  sheO.  A  spiral  shell  used 
by  the  mythologicBl  divinities  called  Tri- 
tons as  a  trumpet.  Theextwnal  portion 
of  the  ear,  more  especially  the  hoDow  part 
of  it.  In  Ardi.  tilie  plain  ribless  surfoce  of 
a  vault  or  pendentive;  the  semi-dome  o^ 
an  apse ;  the  apse  itseUl  One  of  the  in- 
habitanta  of  the  Bahamas  and  neighboring 
islands. 

Conchifera,  kong4df  er^  That  larm 
class  of  acephalous  molktsoous  animds 
which  are  iMt>tected  by  shells  consisting  of 
two  pieces,  commonly  known  by  the  name 
of  bivalves.  They  include  the  Lamelli- 
branohiata  and  the  Brachiopoda. 

Conchoid,  'koid.  The  name  of  a  curve 
of  the  4th  <Mrder,  given  to  it  by  its  inventor, 
Nioomedes. 

Conchology,  -kolVJi.  The  department 
of  zodlogy  which  treats  of  the  shells  with 
which  the  bodies  of  manymollusca  are 
protected. 

Oonohometer,  -kom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  molluscous  shells  and 
the  angle  of  their  spire. 

Conoiergre,  kon-sy&rzh.  One  who  at- 
tends at  the  entrance  to  an  edifice,  pubUo 
or  private ;  a  door-keeper  to  a  hotel,  house, 
prison,  Asc.;  a  Janitor,  male  or  female ;  a 
porter. 

c3onclave.  konld&v.  A  private  apart- 
ment, partioularlv  the  place  in  which  the 
cardinals  of  the  K.  C.  Church  meet  for  the 
election  of  a  pope.  The  meeting  of  the 
cardinals  shut  up  for  the  election  of  a  pope; 
hence,  the  body  of  cardinals. 

Conclaviflt,  -ist.    An  attendant  whom 
a  cardinal  is  allowed  to  take  with  him  into ' 
the  conclave. 

Concord.  A  town  in  Middlesex  Co.. 
Mass.,  ^  m.  N.  W.  of  Boston,  celebratea 
as  the  scene  of  the  first  battie  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary war.  A  city,  cap.  of  N.  Hamp- 
shire ;  pop.  18,848. 

Concordfuace,  -kord'ans.  The  state  of 
being  concordant;  agreement;  harmony. 
A  b<x>k  in  which  the  principal  words  used 

■i,  in  any  work,  as  the  Scriptures,  Shako- 
■peare,  &o.f  «t«  acnaisQd  alghabetically* 


OOirOOBDAT  MO  COKE-PnLLKT 


coRMpond  Witt  the  »^:  »«•*.*  be-  ormercenarrltillan  mlUUry  idTontnim 

ComnUttioiioftuVA,  -cfl'thon-roi.  A  fan  OoTutoctoT,  -dnli'ttT-  A  leader ;  %  rnldfi : 

wtatek  U  IguUsd  by  tba  oaninuilDii  of  Out  one  oho  gnea  befOn  or  tosampsDrea  ind 

"iBMIng;  Bhows  tba  my.     A  ehlaf ,  one  wbo  lends 

11a.    In  Romin  rttee  the  tntelur  "  •™>'-  J'''*  ^Ireelor  of  a  ohordB  or  oc- 

of  OoDsoid,  u>  whom  CamlUat  '"Mtra.    The  pmoB  who.tlend.  lo  tt» 

-. 1-  oflflsengoTs  La  ad  omnlbuAT «  railway  (jala 


of  lbs  FHawof  OrMim{»ftBniard  Will-  bwiMtlitfty  plpea  and  rnmi  "hlih  II  u 

tarn  III.  or  EiiBluidTTn  the  auruiury  ^",9  **  5"-  *  "^7  "T^'**  t™'^^ 

Wtleof  S«ief,  ini.    The  henaol«»ini  """'  T  """'"  f"""*.  ""  ^^  I^T*"  "' 

(sUnct  with  the  anldde  of  Daka  Lonla  »<*"}  eommnnlaUon. 

HenrfJoaeplideBoBrbaii.IBSO,  CDudurrlta,  km 

Oondeiia^,  -den'aw.    A  pnenmatloeii-  ors  ofcoppcr,  ™nt 

gtoeoraymwelnwlilclislrfceooiprceaed.  proportion  of wasn. 

iTSMi  iBwhleh  aqneoiiaoraplritLoiM  Oondylura, -dim 


fUNinB  Der«daced  lo  « llqnld  fbrm 
bjlnjortlooo'"  ""-'■"<- "'-"'^  - 
In  tt*  eenden 


OOBS,  kon.    A  soltd  Acnrs  rialns  etraigbt  I 
peringto*  polnl.     Om  of  the       A      | 
.      (*ell8.'™'niehUlbnmiiiMlnelho    ^1 


tuneofravB  iunn-   Cone. 
lUlhBrtysof  Ugtt 


'a  glaes. 


Cone-alieU,  'diet.   Tbe  nw 
tiie  shells  or  the  molLudis  then 
tbe  gutenpodoue  gen.  Cddust 
nJdSiord.  PeotiiilbnnchtBtd. 

OmtlBiXXCL,  kon'fU-on,  One  of 
order  of  eeoulBn,  celled  elso  I 
ersotcd  Into  e  oonfrAternlty  by  l*opi 
OlemertlV.  IDIMI.  The  prtnclpol  cm 
of  this  eesodWloD  woj  to  deliver  ChrlsUai 
prisonere  from  the  esBwiTiB. 

OonfEureation.  -h'r«-s"sbon.  Tb 
»leiaD<udan  of  marriage  amoDS  the  Ro 
ZQaDa  hy  a  ceremoDj  In  which  the  gnxdi 


Qf  coDflnulDgareatabllelilTie. 

Irue,  ««6y  naw  artdanoe;  the  not  o'tcor- 
roboratlnB,  reuderlog  TaUd  or  raHIVliig. 
rhe  caremony  of  laying  on  of  bands  by 
>  bishop  In  the  (dmUelaa  of  baptized  per- 
MinB  to  the  enjoyment  of  ChrlBttan  1  '"' 
legve.  prai:tii^  in  (he  Qreek,  £.  Q. 

'-     nr  the  burning  of  any  i 


Oonflnent, 'Bfi^nC.  A  ta-il 
Oonftatomltr.  -l^t«r'nJ 
ertiood ;  a  Bode^  or  body  i 


naaoo  ongaeeo  in  a  confederacy ;  an  all] 
One  who  took  eldevtih  the  Confederal 

Mlowed  their  attempt  to  aeoede  from  ll 
'Unloli.    Opposed  tol^flTAL 
Oonftrrlte,  -fer'Tlt    A  fossil  plant,  o 
cuninif  dfleOr  in  the  ehnlk  formation,  ai 
pirently  aUtoa  te  '^~  --«-•**  — ,-* 


■iMi,  bnioir  ■ 
■HnBllopao- ■ 
tREurlKileat  1 
■aeh    lid* 

whlub    til  a 

penitent,  kneelln;  irHhout,  oiakea  oo 


Stoa; 


be  Aloo  of  duiger,  and  adheres  to 
^oe  of  pertecntJon    and  tortin. 

K  priest  who  heare  confeailon 
lea  pQwv  to  grant  absoludon, 
ataon,  -flK'a-ra"»hon.  Eitar- 
Qgiiro,  or  shapeofathlnKasre- 


rebitlTe  poBltton  01 
alilne.  '■ 


philosopher  oni 


place,  teaching  and  nniing 


writings,  which  fOrm  9 


lo  Beihg. 


Confl'i    , 
Danire.  hi 

— -"  -     dlflUlUH 

iri  bypi 


.  gallon  o 


aTa  to  depart;  ftrfr 
n  act  of  roepBot  pep- 
on  separating  or  tak- 
aconinwy.  C.  d'6Hre 

dean  and  chapter  to  ehooae  a  bishop. 

Convener,  -jS'ner.  A  thlnit  of  the  aams 
kind  or  neai^  sOlod ;  snedflcBlly,  a  plant 
or  animal  belon)[lng  to  the  same  genos. 

Oonsvr.  kong'ger.  C.  vnlpirls,  »  torg* 
voradoos  Bpedes  of  sea  eel. 

Coniri^ry,  'Jl-B.rl.  A  laiTfcss  or  distribu- 
tion of  Horn,  oil,  or  wioo,  arterwards  of 
I  money,  among  the  people  or  eoldloiy  of 

\  iiuiBionaoDiiIttav^niiwaawiliBU. 


OOtTNECriNG-EOD 


-ConsiuS,   -tjfl,     A    DlfftBarfl   of   aijtmciiy 
•mnng  Iho  K/imsns  tiiortehlll  p«rt  of  "■  ■ 

Phir.  s  gHOao. 
Oongloinsr^te,  -g1om'«^»t.    A  nm 


OoagrmtlQBJit,  -clA'cli 
rice  that  promoleiSie  be 
ll.veloitngUiBinup. 

Oonso,  tAnp^jio.    A  aeetS 


nod  botpditlDlIy^kulorcfi 


The  fDbtli\tMiiU 

type. 
OonKO,   kon^'lcS.      Tbe  nsonnA   lowwi 

^uall^ofblAcfc  t«a.  belnff  the  third  plalc- 

jilg  froiD  a  pLuit  during  t£a  Hnaan. 
Ocm«o-8Dake,    a  muna  given  to  nna  oi 

two  of  the  lunpbmiansnrtho  Duu.  Aiiipbl- 

CSonKregatlOii.  'gr^gll">hoii.  Tbe  aot 
qf  brin^n^;  toother-  or  buumbHog,  A 
«inF«tlaa  or  UKinblagfl  of  Bfipomie 
tbtn^L  Ad  vuemblyorpAV^Tip.  espiHilal- 
l»  SB  metnWii,-— '--  •-- 


FBUelqil,    t 


A[lpDblUll  b^ 


mmuaUo  wdCTi  £o.    At  OiA>rd  ind  Com- 

tnnlnwUdi  Ongmig  of  dogreei,  ^., 
U  tawuHted.    la  Bcotlmd,  an  ippoUit 

fcnngd  fldth  iboat  tba  mlddJs  nt  the  letli 

OoDgT^ratiOnallst.  -gr<>-gJi'ihon~a]-iBt. 
Ode  who  belongs  to  i  CoiiEreiiilionsI 
dumb  or  aodety ;  ana  who  holda  that 
Maait  onUreli  eiompt  fcom 
u  Jorlsdlctloll,  and  tbo  gOT- 


rtonera,  depnttea,  lie.;  psrdcutar];r:  ' 
meatingofBOTerelgn  prlnccaoroftberep- 
mmtto™  of  HBTMI  oonrta,  for  (ha  nnr- 
oofla  of  UTsnging  bJteniBtloiu]  nfnln. 
The  tarm  appHod  to  throe  dMBrantly  con- 
MHated  bodlei  of  reprsBeiitiitlves  nf  the 
pmojfie  1^0^  barf  gawefdtd  eaeh  other  In 


Oonereve,  William.  _  Sir, 

bearing  hie  niuna:  b.  IT 
Conio.  knn'lki.  Thai  i 
cti^  of  eurves  which  u 

.lumoltuilu. 

Oonlrostrea.  -mt'cnii.     A   eectton   or 

stBTJin^  horphllls,  Mr<lB  of  ;Hrtdliio,  Jco, 
Coulte.  kflnlt.  Amlnersl  nHmrrtiietDaa- 

BliaDreUlsotmalD  Suany  nod  loelind. 
OonJUKBitn,  kon-JO-ES'ia.     A  tribe  nf 

erofln-sponMl  AIgs*,  diallngnlBhed  from  *!» 

Confervaon'  t'y  their  eadoohrome,  or  col- 

olherwlse  rllti-ou'd,  uA  not  sqnilly'dir- 

OoimaiiS'ht,  ni-.it.  Than'utcrTy  ofths 
N.  provtQced  of  Irthujd.  bavlng  HTcnd 

Connsotlcat,  ken -Dtt'e-kat  Oin'ofthe 
ort-bi.d  New  England  DrKastanBlatuBof 
the  American  Dnlon,  Dmalolng  B.  New 
Ynrk  on  lbs  W.;  una,  4,130  tq.  m.;  iiop, 
0!B,1(W).  Principal  rttka,  Hartlbrd,  tbe 
mp..     New    HiToii,    Norwich,    BrtSfB- 

&n;'ohlefrl"r™°CoqncoaBHt,  HoUMlonta 
and    ThaniM,-  all    eniprrlai;   biti(  L.  1. 


ilo  Ij-m  Island  He 
,    li,  I4nm. 
ConiiBctliis-rad,   -i 


a  the  plibin  with  the 
TbesDtalde  rod  which 


COHirBCTOB 

7  'Ui«  ends  of  kIb 


OOKSONATTT 


A  fish  found  on  Uis  Nen 
I.    Csllcd  Hao  Blue  Piiroh. 

I  ipHilal  knovJeil^  of  HI] 


it  any  ait,  pkrtioulirir  of  phti 
onoid.  knn'old.      A   noHt; 


£jS- 


Ooniiueror,  koDir' 

■n   oplthet  mppUnJ 


a  a  rlotiB7.    The  C, 

t  of  EDgUodln  IDM- 

1,  kAn'rad.    Ths  nuna  of  aenral 

jiTOMlpH  of  Odimuiy.  C.  I.  (Ooniit  of 
rnnoonls).  elected  ampsrnr  Bll,  n.  >U. 
C.  II.  sleeted  King  vrQananj  102^  and 
drowned  Bmnaror  lOiT;  D.  1089.  OlIIL 
(Ilntast»Uaffen).DukeorFnuH»til*,ele(it- 
edvmnwarllSe.D.  1153.  C.  IT.,  »n  al 
Viederlok  IL,  •esumed  Qifl  title  t^M;  d. 

itJBposneMFdby  bl>  unele Uanfred,' eap- 
tnml  and  bnhouled,  12IK. 
OoTuaiwnliiity.    -Mnu-Bwdn'E-a.    The 

freui  B^lty  or  rolaUon  by  uurrls^. 

Oonaoilpt,  'ukrlpt.  One  uomnnleorily 
■umiljBdfor  mlllt»rT  or  natjil  .ervloe. 

Oiniaecmtloil, -ee-kri'ehon.  Thesetor 
BeTomonj  of  aepimtlnff  IVcim  a  common 
to  e  «Kflrail  lue,  or  of  deralJng  nod  dedl- 
caUnr  >  pereon  or  thitie  to  tba  tervloe  and 
voruilp  of  Ood,  by  oertaln  r1t«e  or  eoloiD- 
alllea.  In  neeklnjt  of  the  nncdent  Bomen 
empSTOTa,  deUvtJon ;  Ilia  onramony  of 
*    de  apbtneoiiU  of  an  anperor.    In   tbe 

E.  O.  ChuToh, —■ '—     "~-  — 

rebderln^  veoe 


toe  preaervl]]^  uijtldDir  frttta  losi,  dnciy. 
WHflta  or  Injury.    A  ereenbonia  fbr  pre- 
BerTlne  exelitii  end  otlior  tendn-  plento- 
Oonaerre,  -tarr.    a  swcetmant  made 
mfl/H  loMpltmtedJalat  at  lhil(1>sUed  wllb 


«.  rootE,  fHiiU,  Afl.,  In 
'.    One  (o  whom  gaodi 


e  of  JubUcq  bi  ■  BplAtlul 


CoaiiiBtoiy. 
ofJn»a«"^7 
ev«y  dliKweui  Muhop.  held  in  mlhednl 
Dhunhea.  for  Ibe  Irtel   of  «  '    '      '    ' 
»»«..     An  uwuihly  of  j 
ooILeffOofoBrdlnalH  At   Borne 


United  BtatH.  renowHhlgi  or  nnion  at 
n  meednif  of  peaton  and  delo^t^B  ofm 
Lne  An  adrlsory  ooimoil  in  eDdesUaticel 
■'  ThPnhlefftiDded  leonrMy 
*  P"^^  eenL  lotereeL 
ConBoiB.to  d^l  Uara,  -lu'tadd  mJ'ri. 

indll,  wilh  II»rcier™a,^iMalll«a^  AO; 


of  Edward  Slnfford, 


If  Jud^   of  DlL 


mUteoribetdng'speiKiii,  Iba  pBrJiunimt, 
tbe  privy -ooflDdl,  or  of  odt  general  cod- 
ytaaoaotthORtateiotihaBagioia-  The 
Dffioe  lA  horodltary  In  the  fiuDltj  of  Errol. 

Ihe"  onino.  'coinnuuidcr-bi^J  of  Hid 
HBiy-  and  the  hfgheAt  Jadge  In  oU  ques- 
tionn  of  i^vAl^  nod  baDor.  ThU  offlue 
vpBsmpvwBealn  10!7.  Nnpnleon  ri^-e^ 
MhUshM  tt  In  Ikver  of  the  Prinoe  of  Wn- 
gtmi,  but  h«  bud  do  ngooeBaar,  C  ofH 
castle  titM  the  keeper  or  governor  of  ■ 
e»t]e  belDDKlnr  lo  the  king  or  t  lOfU 
nobis.  CsDKtuCtn!!  in  Great  BrlUIn  nt  the 
preiHiDt  dav  hre  of  l«o  frnduB :  hUih  oon- 
MBbles  Uld  DOttv  Donsd^lea  or  UlhlDK- 
man.  tn  the  D.'H.  oonsuMu  Hre  loin 
or  rUx  officers  of  the  peoot  Invetled  with 
poven  to  eiacDte  Livll  u  well  u  crimloBl 

OoDKtHJUie,  kAo'Etaai.  A  hendBome 
an  of  Baden  it  thehabdoTLalie  V.,  pop. 
aUO.  LikeC.  abeiotKUIimdrainiuitlD 
ehtwt  of  wnter.  bet.  BwlUerland  and  Ba- 
den, 49  m.  In  lactilli  by  Hoi.  In  width. 


viirmoned  to  cooatdpi  the  c 
XVIII.,  Greporj  511.,  and  Senefllot 
Tin.  tolhepuiHiT.Bnil  prommnoenpon 
thadostrloHof  JobnUDU.  It  wucom- 
pOBSd  of  IbnEiDpsar  Slglamond,  Pope 
jofafl  ZZni..  IS  prbesi.  19)  counti.  ^ 
oij^ittlB.  t  pftMktoha,  £0  arebblBhope,  91 
bMupa.  (00  prelatH  Bud  deotora.  uidaht. 
4,000  prlesU.  It  prononnral  against  all 
three  olaJioanu  lo  Iba  p»i«oy,    p|wt«! 


Conataiu  I..  FlaTlna  Jnliiu.  Third 

Iteil  the  euverei^ty  of  Italy.  AMita  and 
W.  Illyrtcnm,    fel,   and.  by  the  delKal 

Unu.  beramo  sovereign  of  the  entire  Weet- 
em  eiui>lrB ;  hit  tynmnv  resultrd  in  a  re- 
volt in  whii'b  ho  wse  klUed,  WW.  C.  IL, 
Flavlni  llervllui.  n.  SSO.  a.  bin  Ikthar 
Cnnalaiilinelll..  BBempxrornf  the  Hut, 
Ml.  Defeated  by  the  Snnueni  and  also 
by  the  Anha  at  a«.  be  ubibltod  Buoh 
avariei>  and  cmelty  Hat  he  "aa  aiaaeil- 

Conatantlike.  ki'm'stan-tln,  Tho  name 
of  IS  emKrora  of  Home  and  tho  Eiut. 
C.  1.  (Tbo  Cnst)  wu  the  flrat  Gfarletlaa 
emperer  of  Rome ;  B.  27S, «.  his  IhUicr  C«n- 

bittht'in  whkhhe  AufeBled hiis Ifval Mu- 
entlua,  C.  elahned  to  have  Bean  ■  cron  Ed 
Uie  >kT,  which  he  Inltntretcd  u  an  omen 
of  victory ;  he  soon  aiterwKrd  Hnbraoed 
Christlaidiy,  and  made  tt  the  religion  -if  ' 
the  etate.     In  SSS  the  Conndl  of  Nloa 

condeDin«l;lD  S^he  removed  theeeil 
ofthe  empire  lo  Byzantium,  ohanfflntf  ft* 
nametalN>nitant]0Dp1e;i>.SST.  V.  II., 
•Idetteonof  the  above,  e.  to  theiover' 
elitntrofSpaln.Oan].  Britain  and  anoftlan 
ofAl^rji;l>ewu  delated  and  efiln  by 
hie hntherConHsni, S4D.  C.I[I.(((a%-iia!, 
emperor  of  the  Eaal.  b.  013,  crowned  «l, 
B.  ill.  C.rV.(P<«onBtnB), crowned  em. 
peror  of  the  Eoit  MB,  n,  A8S.  C.  V. 
nrowiicidT4B,  n.  7TB.  C.  VI.  (Flavins)  1. 
his  Dilhor  Len  IV.  TSO.  nnder  the  reaeney 

canned  his  mnrd^.TTB.  "c.  VTI.  (Por- 
phyragenlluB).  crowned  aos.  o.  WW.  C. 
VIII.,  cmwniKl  M«,  o,  within  a  few 
montht.  C.  IX..  n.  Ml:  >hsred  the 
throne  with  bis  brother  Baall  until  the 
brother'a  death.  1IK»:  n.  109S,  0.  X. 
(Monomacbas)  became  emperor  thrcngh 
hie  morrlaf^e  wlthZaa,dangh1^afO.  IS. 
The  lebism  botweeo  Uie  Soman  and  On»k 
lAurchee  bevan  In  hit  retn ;  d,  IOM.    C. 

XI.  (Dncas),  crowned  l&tf,  n.  lOflT,    a 

XII.  was  crowned  ml,  but  never  artn- 

IBiMlT'f.  WsbrotherJohnVII..14*S: killed 
14fiS,  ivhen  ConBtuatlnQ[ple  witfl  itormed 

Oonatantbie,   FlaviuH  Jnliiia.   A 

flp  409  ;  coaqmered  Spain  and  Gau!',  tnd 
Hied  Ui  Dooil  »  At^el.    '^■^vu  v^ohvi^ 


COireTANTINK 


210 


OONTSABASSe 


by  GonBtantiaB,  general  to  the  emperor 
Honorlus.    C.  was  ezecated,  411. 

Ctonstantine.  The  name  of  Ibnr  kings 
of  Scotland.  G.  I.  reigned  45&-479  ;  C. 
II.,  858-871 ;  C.  III.,  908-948;  C.  IV.  was 
a  usnrper  who  was  captured  and  killed  by 
the  brother  of  the  rightftil  king,  Kenneth, 
1002. 

Oonstantinople.  Cap.  of  the  Turkish 
empire  tn  Europe,  and  chief  Moslem  city 
of  tne  world ;  situated  on  the  Bosphoros, 
a  narrow  strait  connecting  the  sea  of 
Marmora  and  the  Euxine,  also  dividing 
Europe  and  Asia.  G.  was  the  ancient 
Bjrzantlum,  founded  by  Byzas,  666  b.  o.  ; 
destroyed  by  Severus,  it  was  rebuilt  by 
Gon  Stan  tine  the  Great,  a.  d.  828,  and 
made  capital  of  the  Roman  empire :  aften:- 
ward  the  cap.  of  the  Eastern  or  Byzantine 
empire,  until  stormed  by  the  Turks,  1468, 
since  which  time  It  has  been  the  cap.  of 
the  Turkish  empire ;  pop.  626,000. 
»  Ck>n8tantius,  k5n-stan'shus.  Father  of 
Gonstantine  the  Great ;  b.  267.  Distin- 
guishing himself  as  a  soldier,  he  was  de- 
clared Gsesar  in  292  and  pieced  in  com- 
mand of  Gaul,  Spain  and  Britain;  he  re- 
conquered Brit^,  disastrously  defeated 
the  Alemanni  and  obtained  tiie  title  of 
Augustus  In  806 ;  D.  at  York  807.    0.  II. 

gilavius  Julius),  son  of  Gonstantine  the 
reat,  was  prodalmed  Giesar  820  and  as- 
sumed the  purple  887.     In  the  division  of 
the  empire  C.  iolocted  the  East  as  Ids 
■    share  ;  d.  861. 

Oonstant  White,  'stant  whit.  A  pois- 
onous* pigment  prepared  from  the  sul- 
phate of  barytea,  used  in  water-color 
painting. 

Constellation,  -stel-la'shon.  A  group 
of  the  fixed  stars  to  which  a  definite  name 
has  been  given.  The  names  have  mostly 
their  origin  In  the  mythology  of  the 
Greeks,  derived  and  modified  from  the 
Egyptians  and  the  East;  and  the  stars 
forming  each  configuration  are  ranged  and 
named  in  order  of  brilUancy  by  letters  of 
the  Greek  alphabet  Ursa  Major,  the 
Great  Bear,  in  the  northern,  and  Orion  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  are  the  most 
important  of  the  constellations.  The  con- 
stellations are  divided  into  northern,  84 ; 
southern,  45 ;  and  zoddacal,  12. 

Oonstrictor,  -strikt'er.  That  which 
draws  together  or  contracts.  Spedfioally, 
a  muscle  which  closes  an  oriifce  of  the 
body.  A  name  applied  to  the  larger  class 
of  serpents  which  envdop  and  crush  their 

prejr,  as  the  ilxM  oonstrictor.' 

Chnaubatanti&ttoxi,  -sub-Btan'«hi-i"- 
'wUk  22«  oaf  OH  0/ the  body  of  our  bless- 


ed Saviour  with  the  sacramental  elemeiiti ;  * 
impanatlon.     A  dogma  of  theLatheian 
diurch. 

Ckmsnl,  'soL  The  chief  magistrate  of  the 
Soman  republic.  Invested  with  r^sl  au- 
thority for  one  year.  Two  were  annually 
chosen  in  the  Gampus  Martlub.  At  first 
they  were  selected  from  patrician  funilles, 
but  in  the  year  of  Rome  S88  the  people  ob- 
tained the  privilege  of  electing  one  of  the 
consuls  from  their  own  body,  and  some- 
times both  were  plebeians.  In  French  Hist, 
the  title  given  to  the  three  supreme  mag- 
istrates of  the  French  republic,  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  Directory  i  n  1 799.  G<m- 
sular  government  was  al>olished  in  1804, 
and  Bonaparte,  the  first  G.,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor.  In  modem  uai^^,  a 
person  commissioned  by  a  sovereign  or 
state  to  reside  in  a  foreign  country  as  an 
agent  or  representative. 

Oontaxini,  -ta-re'ne.  A  noble  Tone* 
tian  family  which  gave  to  the  state  6 
doges  and  other  eminent  public  serrants. 
During  the  administration  of  Domenioo 
O.  II.  Gandia  was  surrendered  to  the 
Turks  after  a  si^e  m  which  they  lost 
100,000  men. 

Oontemporary,  -tem'po-ra-ri.  One 
who  lives  at  the  same  time  with  another. 

Oonti,  k5n'te.  The  titie  of  a  branch  of  the 
French  Bourbons,  descendants  of  Armand 
de  Bourbon,  vounger  brother  of  Prince  de 
Gondd;  b.  1629,  d.  6660. 

Continent,  'ti-nent  In  G^M>g.  a  gi«at 
extent  of  land  not  disjoined  or  Int«v 
mpted  by  seas,  as,  the  Elastern  and  West* 
em  contments.  In  reality  there  is  no  true 
continent,  a  continent  dmering  from  an 
Island  only  in  extent  Land,  as  contain- 
ing, inclosing,  or  bounding  seas  and  rivers. 

Ciontinental,  'al.  A  native  or  inhabl- 
tan  t  of  a  continent,  specifically  of  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.  In  Amer.  Hist,  a  sol- 
dier belonging  to  th^  army  of  the  con- 
federated states  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Contortionist,  -tor'shon-Ist  One  who 
practices  wry  motions  or  twistlngs  of  the 
body. 

Contonme,  -tor-na.  A  term  in  Her., 
used  when  a  beast  Is  represented  stand- 
ing, passant,  couront,  &o.,  with  Its  &oe  to 
the  sinister  side  of  the  escutcheon. 

Contraband,  'tra-band.  Illegal  or  pro- 
hibited traffic.  Articles  hj  law  ptbhllnted 
to  be  Imported  or  exported. 

Contrabcuuso,  -bas's5.  The  largest 
of  the  violin  species  of  instromenta,  of 
"vrMdi  It  forms  the  lowest. bass  ;  the 
dou\i^i&^Ws»a. 


CQNTBA-DAirCE 


Sll 


COOKIE 


■danofl,  -dflEns.  A  duioe  in 
he  partoen  are  amnged  &ce  to 
n  opposite  lines. 

Ito,  -tral'tft.    In  Mosio,  the  hi^- 

a  or  amale  adult,  or  the  lowest  of 

D  or  boy,  eaUed  also  the  Alto,  or 

CMMessed  hr  a  num.  Counter-tenor. 

son  who  smga  with  Uiis  voice. 

be,  'trSt.    Having  cogs  or  teeth 

3^  parallel  to  the  axis ;  nsbd  chief- 

I  -meels  in  dookwoi^ 

,  ken'tr.    In  Her.  an  i^pellation 

I  bearings  on  aoeonnt  of  their  oat 

e  aUeld  oomhrary  and  opposite 

ontre-bonds,  o<Hitre-(dievron ;  oon- 

,  Ac 

itemps,  -ten.     An  unexpected 

owardaocident. 

lom.     -tfi'zhon.       The    act   of 

and  Dndslng,  or  the  stote  of  being 

.    The  act  of  reducing  to  powder 

particles  by  beating     In  dorg.  a 

dram,  kd-nnn'dnun.  A  riddle 
h  some  odd  resemblance  is  pro- 
irdisoovery  between  things  qnite 
the  answer  involving  a  pnn. 
^nns.  A  gen.  of  gasteropodons 
:s,'the  type  of  the  fam.  ConidaB. 
3B.  forms  part  of  the  Buccinoid 
ttie  Pectinibranchiate  ord.  of  gas- 
a.  In  Bot  a  term  denoting  that 
laflorescenoe  called  a  strobUus  or 

LeooezLt,  kon-va-les'ent.  One 
s  recovered  health  after  sickness. 

Okt,  'voit.    A  community  of  per- 

voted  to  religion  ;  abody  of  monks 

w    A  house  for  persons  devoted  to 

;  an  abliey  ;  a  monastery ;  a  nun- 

ntiole,  -ven'ti-kl.  An  assembly 
artng,  especially  a  seo^t  assembly. 
Ing  of  dissenters  from  the  estab- 
fanrch  of  England  for  rdigious  wor- 

atio^  'shon.  The  act  of  coming 
r;  a  meeting;  an  assembly. 
ooaUtion.  A  formal,  recognized, 
itory  meeting  for  civil  or  ecclesias- 
irposes ;  particalarly  an  assemblv 
litea  or  representatives  for  consal- 
n  Important  concerns,  civil,  politi- 
welesiasticaL 

nMEione,  -ver-sa'tsi-o'^nS.  A 
p  for  conversation,  particularly  on 
anli^ects. 

rt,  'vert.  A  person  who  is  con- 
Drosn  (»e  opinion  or  practice  to 
;  wfK>  reooano00  a  reHgioua  sy%- 


Convex. 


tem  or  party,  and  cmbracGS  another ;  ap- 
plied particularW^  to  those  who  change 
their  religious  opmionA.  In  monasteries, 
a  lay  fliar  or  brother  admitted  to  the  ser- 
'Vloe  of  the  house,  without  orders,  and  not 
aDowed  to  sing  in  the  choir.  Fkt>selyte  la 
sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  for  con- 
vert, but  is  strictly  confinnl  to  one  who 
changes  his  religion ;  and  profU'lytism  does 
not,  Uke  oonvenlon,  necessarily  imp^ 
conviction. 

Ck>nvez,  'veks.  Rising 
or  swelling  into  a  spherical 
or  roundM  form;  gibbous, 
opposed  to  concave. 

Con  veaco  -  o  o  n  c  a  ▼  e, 

'6-kon-kav.  Convex  on  one  side  and  con- 
cave on  the  other. 

Oonvexo-convex,  -veks.  Convex  oo 
botii  sides,  as  a  lens ;  otherwise  termed  a 
double-convex  lens. 

Oonveyancer,  -v&'ans-er.  One  whose 
•ccnpation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of 
property,  deeds,  Ac 

Oonvlct,  'vikt.  A  person  found  gruilty 
of  a  crime,  either  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury 
or  other  l^^al  decision. 

ConvocatioxL,  -va-ka'shon.  The  act  of 
calling  or  assembling  by  summons.  An 
assembly  of  the  clergy  to  consult  on  eo- 
clesiastical  affairs. 

Oony,  kd'ni.    A  rabbit ;  a  quadruped  of 

the  gen.  Lepns.  In  Scrip,  a  species  of 

Hyrax  included  in  a  special  order  of 
mammals. 

Oony-wool,  -w^I.  The  for  of  rabbits 
used  in  hat  roanufbcture. 

Cooie,  k6'i.  The  cry  or  call  of  the  Aus- 
tralian aborigines. 

Cook,  James,  Oapt.  An  English  sea- 
man ;  B.  1728 ;  d.  1779,  murdered  bv  the 
savages  of  Hawaii;  he  circumnavigated 
the  globe  and  discovered  many  unknown 
islands. 

Cook  Inlet.  On  the  Alaskan  coast,  180 
m.  N.  and  8.  by  70  m.  in  width.  C. 
Islands,  a  Pacific  group,  bet.  Tahiti  and 
the  Tonga  Archipelago.  C.  Straits,  sepa- 
rates the  two  islands  which  form  ITew 
Zealand,  All  the  above  were  discovered 
by  and  named  for  Capt.  James  Cook.      » 

Cook,  knk.    One  whose  occupation  is  to 

Srepare  victuals   for    the    table;    who 
resses  meat  or  vegetables  for  eating. 
Cook-house,  'hous.    An  erection  on  a 
ship's  deck  for  containing  the  caboose  or 
cooking. apparatus ;  the^dley. 
Cookie,  'i.    A  kind  of  small  swvet-bfoed 
for  eating  at  tea ;  a  Yrasu 


COOL  ARBOK. 


Thl>  Inula  I 
luinlearColi 


Coolie.  'I 


Tlint  whlcli  awli ;  i 


a'cDDlul. 
ibe  i:.   In  din, 


^D3lgTUltl4barflr 

,.    A  dry  inusi 


OoCip.  kap,    A  lattiDcd  box  (<>r  i 
Ooopsr,  James  Fen  i  more. 


"  LiuiUier  BloolElng  "  BsrlcB  I 


Oopal.  ke^sl'.    ' 

Intod  with  tpirit 
beaaUnil  Irannpiu 


OopaJia,  lln.    tllgli^itc  res    . 
reita,  reeeoihHnp  impal  resin  In  ippesr- 
■d^f^  ADd  aoaie  of  its  ctmtactfTis1Sc&, 
OcPAn, -pin'     An  midantcltj'cifOnite'' 


l>.  C.  Ameiim,  now  In  ndiiB :  naoBt 

'QiplD  6IJ0  fl.  Id  leogth. 
Cope.      ksp. 


Dt,  whUs  the  uliHB-  . 

leDDBor.Dte  Tart- 

.  _.  ;loiCT"f''"'<'ti™* 

or£Dg1aj]d.    AnyOADg  sprud  or  eitend- 

dveorthssfcr,  lie  roof  or  coveringofa 

tholopportofaflMli. 

Oopeck.  ku'nct.  A  Raesloii  ooId,  ivortb 
Ui.  hiiiidriHltli  put  of  1  lUver  rouble.  Ui* 
upproxlinElsviiliiiiDrvblcJilsTOconti.    . 

OopraihBe6Ji,-pcn-h6'B*n.  C«..  ofDo»- 
luuk,  s  fordfieil  c>  ty.  locited  on  Uie  tsludi 
ar^aoJftni]  and  Apiqk ;  pop.  227,000. 

Copepoda,    -po'p6-da,       An    ot4.    oC 

muiiiB  o-u&ucca.  TLoBe  spf^ieB  whkh 
haTotwoDvtB  aocTosply  set  logeLherM 
to  oppear  one,  form  the  fiimfllos  Cycloptdu, 
NoUdi-lphldiB  uiil  Hu^ukcUdu;  tliose 
wlildi  buTD  trra  or  mote  eyei,  the  AunDlH 
PanieffldiE  Bod  Calinldra:  wMla  Uivaa 
with  two  >ei7  i)(8tinct  BCBBlIe  eyos  nooiU- 
tnte  Iho  ftmlly  Corjii^de. 
OopemiouB,  NloholAB,  A  PmKidiii 
EntroDotDff.    Atnn^^  nf    tlie    aodgdUA 

fc'S,  ■«", 


OopUime,  kc 


Lystem  was  orl^tnallj 
bod  lon^  been  n?]nted. 
i-ua.  Tlie  niuno  elvm 
oniM-klngs  In  the  Bflu- 


Oomyr.top'oer.  t^xci 


tog^ 


00PPERA8 


SIS 


CORAL 


eable  of  the  metals,  more  elastic  than 
except  steel,  and  the  most  sonoroiia 
pt  anmilniam. 

peras, -as.  Sulphate  of  iron  or  green 
ol,  a  salt  much  used  in  dyeing  Dlack, 
lakiof  ink,  and  in  medicine  as  a  toidc 
nyqiii&y  made  by  the  decomposition 
on  pyrites. 


L,  -hed.  A  poinonous  Amer- 
aerpent,  the  TrigonooephaluA  contor- 
.  -wnMh  glyes  no  waniing  of  itA  attack. 
06,  a  secret  foe ;  a  name  given  during 
oiTil  warofthe  United  States  by  the 
to  the  peace  party. 

tlver.  One  of  the  lorg- 
HfBrltishN.  America,  emptying  into 
Atluitio  Ocean  N.  of  BearXake. 
pV^plate,  -pint  A  plate  of  polished 
Mr,  on  which  concayo  linos  are  en- 
'ed  or  corroded,  according  to  some 
Mated  ISgnre  or  design.  A  print  or 
reasion  from  a  copper-plate. 

per-smith,  -smith.  One  whose  oo- 
itfm  is  to  manulkcture  copper  uten- 

pcnuwcnn.,  -werm.  A  worm-like 
toak,  the  Teredo  Nayalis,  or  ship- 
D,  that  frets  garments,  and  a  name 
n  to  a  worm  that  breeds  in  one's  hand. 
pioe,  'pis.  A  wood  of  small  growth ; 
lod  cut  at  certain  times  for  Aiel. 
ra, 'ra.  The  dried  kernel  of  the  oo- 
nat,  from  which  the  oil  has  been  ez- 
md.    It  is  used  as  on  ingredient  of 

^'    ^-_^ 

ITMibyter.  kft-pres'bi-ter.     A  deri- 

nembCT'  of  the  same  church  presbytery 

I  another. 

rUUe,  kop'ri-d j.    A  ftm.  of  ooleop- 
as  Insects,  so  called  from  the  typiod 
Copris. 

raUte,  'ro-nt  The  petrified  itecal 
tor  cUefiy  of  extinct  lizards  or  sanroid 
JB.  In  form  they  resemble  oblong 
>1m,  varying  from  2  to  4  Inches  in 
lb,  and  from  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter ; ' 
e  are  much  larger,  as  those  of  the  ich- 
waofl. 

XOphAgi,  ko-profa-il.  A  sec  of 
dlloom  beetles,  which  live  in  and  upon 
inng  of  animals. 

HRjdboner,  kop'spin-er.  An  Amerl- 
(■Tention,  comoinlng  the  qualities  of 
tiuoatle  and  mule  in  one  frame,  capa- 
if  apbining  double  the  quantity  of  the 
'•pudle  "^th  one-oalf  the  power, 
b,  kept.  A  desoendaht  of  the  andant 
ptfan  race,  belonaing  to  the  Jacobite 
ttUxmojAiyaite  CbaetUuu,  who  Jiave  / 


for  eleven  centuries  been  in  poseeedon  ctf 
the  patriarchal  chairof  Alexandria. 

Ck)iytio,  kop'tik.  The  language  of  the 
Copts,  an  andent  Hamitio  tongue,  used  In 
Egypt  Hn  within  the  but  three  or  fonnr 
centnriee,  but  now  superseded  as  a  Uving 
language  by  Arabic.  It  is  still  used  by  the 
Copts  in  religious  servioea,  but  after  b^ 
ing  read  is  explained  in  Arabic  There  ia 
an  extensive  Coptic  Christian  literature. 

OopyinflT-xnaohlne,  'i-lng-ma-shfin.    A 
machine  for  copying  any  piece  of  'vritlng  « 
with  perfect  aocurapy. 

Copyrierht,  -rit.  The  exclusive  privi- 
lege which  the  law  allows  an  author  of 
printing,  reprinting,  publishing  and  sell- 
ing his  original  work.  Intemauonal  copy- 
right is  an  arrangement  by  which  the 
copyright  of  an  author  residing  in  one 
countn^  is  protocttHl  in  such  oountries  as 
are  parties  to  the  arrangement. 

Coonette,  ko-ket'.  A  vain,  airy,  trifling 
girl,  who  endeavors  to  attract  the  admira- 
tion of  males  from  a  desire  to  grati'^ 
vanity  ;  a  jilt 

Coquilla-nut,  -kwilHa-nut  The  seed  uf 
the  palm  Attalea  ftinlfera,  one  of  the  oo- 
coa-natgroni>  extensively  used  in  turaery, 
and  especially  for  making  umbrdUh 
handles. 

Coquito,  'kf'-td.  The  Jubsa  spectabOis. 
a  very  bfAutifUI  S.  American  palm,  allied 
to  the  cocoa-nut,  from  the  sap  of  which 
palm  honey  is  made. 

OoraciadaB.  -ra-sl'a-dfi.  The  roHers,  a 
fom.of  fissirostral,  birds,  ord.  Insessores, 
including  the  sub-ihmilies  Coradanaa, 
Todinae,  EuryUdminn,  and  Momottoa. 
The  gen.  Corocias  is  the  type. 

Cknacle,  'ra-kl.  A 
boat  used  in  Wales  and 
on  the  Irish  coast  by 
fishermen,  made  by 
covering  a  wicker  frame 
with  leather  or  oilcloth. 
Ck>rall,  'ra.  An  In- 
dian pattom  sUk  hand- 
kerchiefl 

Coral,   'raL     A  gen-^ 
oral  term  for  the  hard' 
calcareooB  skeleton  se- 
creted   by  the  marine  _,  ,  .., 
codenterate  polvps  for  *i8hainan  wffli 
their  Bupport  and  habit-         Corado. 
ation  (poqrptdom).    The  ooral-prodndng 
zodphytes  are  usually  compound  anhnals. 
yonng  bods  sprouting  lh>m  the  body  of 
the  parent  pol]^  and  remaining  connected 
with  it  on  the  same  spot  even  after  it  la 
dflid.   Oonl  U  iMHcky  %  vom 


OOSALLINA 


ReitUoniL  JJ 

dilefiymths  Mtdttumm 
Oarallina.  -Vai.    A  eto.  of  roH-tpond. 
:il,-n.-,  »lth  culdareoasJoluIDd  hnnds.  llu. 

cl^™A  term^ppmT^lddWle'^j  or 
the  zo-^h>'toB  juia  polywK,     Tbv  poLyjd- 

OoraUillltB.  -In-It.    A  foull  ptriypldun 


Coral-wood, 


bV  tha  Umum  ( 
0D\y  iBllcd  a  cw 


I  red  ur  brli!bt  Don]. 

.^ '''iMth  I^und  In  Ihsol^kftr- 

luUlana,  dlSeiliig  (tain  r»»Dt  teeth  In  be- 

Oorban.  kor'bui.    In  Jewiib  Antlg.  > 
lolenm  c<ni>H;n»ion  of  anythlDK  to  Ood. 

sloDi.    An  liil«irllctioD  oF  one's  self  l^om 
glvlag  or  Too<dv1ii(5  Bome  jhU-dciilBF  tbtng, 

ferlngs  are  depoBll«d, 
OortMlI,  'b<^.    A  buket,  lo  bo  filled  with 
BBrtb  ujd  A«t  up^n  ft  perapet.  toBhefUr 
BoMten  rrum  Uio  flre  of  Wlwen.    In 


CSorbel-atepa.     etvpa  luLa  ° 


t^iag  IS8  enblB  feet 
Oordal,'i>L)nHer.  isMnEartlioinull* 

or  robe  of  ceUte,  rqidaar  Mlk  uidgoM 


Corday  d'Aimana,  CharlotM,  kii'- 
GrBodduclilCT  of  Uia  dnmUM 
rnsille ;  a.  IsSonmaOr.  Fnaae.  17*9; 
me  to  nalrlotlg  d«Mmtlon  trf  M* 
odU«  oYHint.  IheobUlned  Mmu  U 
boaNbyaDTdUus,  md while U a* 
arbiuiilln>blm*lMM  UMerauaputa 
1  BUbhed  film  to  tha  heart,  11B8.  Bba 
B  gnlllDtlned,  prMcnlng  her  fiirtltala 

\    Tha  nBmeapplladla 
rnincB  to  tiia  swotost  bnumb  of  Trwid*. 

girdle  or'  bnottul  lurd,  Tba  name  u- 
Bnoiod  bv  DBS  or  the  Putilu  poU^ 
elubB  In  tliB  Ume  of  the  rovoloUon,  wUeb 
nnoiberod  llanun  and  Maistunaa![  IM 


Ooidlcepa,  kor'dl-aapB.  i 
orwhlcharofOuDd  o 


Andeg  la  BonCb  America  but  prapwlf 
■ppllcable  onlf  to  lU  Innermoit  and  high- 
Cordon,  'don.  In  Fort,  a  rovoratoM 
Jutting  heforetbo  rampart  and  the  batln  of 
the  pnr^ietor  betweeD  the  vail  ThlehUta 
Hliipc,  and  tha  parapet  wbloh  Is  parpan- 
dleulnr.    A  serlei  ormlUlarv  poau  or  aat- 

plww.'lo  ]>rer«itIhB  putage  ofpaiMHlt 
other  ibon   thnte  entitled  to  paia,     Ui 


OOSDOYA 


S15 


OOBX 


lOfdiyy^  Om,  of  the  Span 
i  0.,  on  the  CMadalqaiTer,  in 
;  O.  wu  cimtared  by  the 
i  11.  and  ooocq^ed  by  them  tlU 
Dtalnfttlie remains  era  Moorish 
niUt  in  the  8th  oentory ;  pop. 
'.  CS^.  of  a  prov.  of  same  name 
peotine  Bepabllo,  8.  America ; 
10^000. 

r,  'dt'ToAf.  A  thick  cotton 
)d  or  ribbed  on  Hie  surftce.  C. 
broeted  ^vitfa  loes  laid  tt^rether 
tpe  or  marshy  puces. 
1,  kord'wftn.  Spanish  leather ; 
tanned  and  dressed. 

Ml,  'wnd.  Woodcut  and  piled 
the  cord,  in  distinctiou  lh>m 
I:  properly,  wood  cat  to  the 
I  SBei. 

The  heart  or  inner  part  of  a 
rtioalarly  the  central  part  of 
Ining  the  kernels  or  se^s.  In 
e  Bnmber  of  hours  each  parly 
ir«»lL  before  being  reUevea. 
10,  k5-reg'on-as.  A  gen.  of 
r  fish,  including  the  yendace, 
«d,  the  powan  or  firesn-water 
la  pollan  and  the  white-flsh^  by 
rded  as  the  finest  of  all  fish. 
ICtontb  -r^-spond'ent.  In  I^aw, 
xmdent,  or  one  opposed,  along 
ter  or  others,  to  the  plaintiff;  a 
fed  with  adultery,  and  made  a 
ioit  fi)r  dissolution  of  marriage. 

r'ibo.  A  Grecian  island,  one  of 
group ;  area  287  sq.  ni. ;  pop. 
Lndentty  called  Goroyra;  the 
ibr  centariesbeen  an  important 
loo;  the  Corinthians,  Byzau- 
nans,  Venetians  and  the  British 
id  it  ror  this  purpose.  The  cap. 
irtiiied  dly,  rriuk  an  excellent 

rSD,  kor  hi'drS.  The  heart  of 
;  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
itdladon  of  Hydra, 
ko-rin'na.  A  Theban  poetess, 
of  Archelodoms ;  a  suooessftil 
r  of  Pindar,  winning  flye  prizes 
he  entered.  8ho  Uyed  about 
Only  firagments  of  her  writings 
Uaot. 

klirlnth.  An  ancient  Greek 
be  Morea,  5  m.  fi*om  Athens, 
eoording  to  tradition,  by  Bisy- 
tfth.  son  of  ^olus ;  it  was  a 
M  diy  657  e.  c,  and  took  a 
•t  in  me  history  of  Greece  down 
.,  when  it  was  completely  de 
Oie  £omaa  geaenL  h.  JuiUi' 


mius.  it  baing  considered  the  bead  of  the 
the  Affhifian  League.  Rebuilt  by  Jiillaa 
Ctesar,  and  mada  the  op.  of  Aohaia.  it 
anin  became  an  Important  eeatM.  St. 
rvaX  established  a  ehardi  there,  and  twt> 
Qfhiamo^t  important  cfilatlee  were  ad- 
dressed m  it.  It  afterward  psined  into 
the  possession  of  the  Yenetbms,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Turks,  and  retaken  by  eani 
power,  losing  both  prestige  and  commer- 
cial importanoe.  At  one  time  hailnff  » 
nop.  of  7O,00U,  it  is  now  a  yfllag^of  S,oOO. 
isthmus  ot  O.  connects  the  Morea  witih 
the  Oredaa  mainland,  90  m.  In  length. 
Ooxlxitfa.  A  Tillaffe  In  Aloom  Oo.,  Miss., 
noted  for  an  obstmate  two  di^s'  battle, 
Oct  8-4, 1889,  between  the  Federals  un- 
der Oen.  Boseorans,  and  the  oonftderatea 
under  Oen.  Tan  Doth.  The  latter  num- 
bered 80,000,  and  Aade  the  attack ;  the 
former  had  but  90,000,  but  held  the  field. 
Federal  loss,  9,800 ;  Confederate,  9,808. 

Oorintfaian,  ko-rin'-^ 
thi-an.  Pertaining  to 
Corinth,a  celebrated  ci^ 
of  Greece,  noted  ftnr  the 
magnificence  of  its  ardk- 
itecture,  its  luxury  and 
Ucentionsness.  The  C. 
is  the  most  delicate  of 
all  the  orders,  and  en- 
riched with  a  profusion 
of  ornaments.  The  cap- 
ital is  usoally  ad<Nmed 
with  <^ye  leayes  aat 
acanthus.  A  gay,  Ucen" 
tious  person.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  aristocracy. 
Two  epistles  written  by 
St  Paul  to  the  Church 
of  Corinth,  about  a.  n.  Corinthian  Order. 
57  or  58.  From  I  Cor. 
y.  9,  ithasbeen  coi^jectored  that  a  prevloaa 
epistle  is  lost 

Goriolaxxiia,  Oaius  KaiocuL  A  legen 
dary  Boman  genial,  the  subject  of  - 
Shakespeace*s  tragedy.  C.  atta&ed  his 
surname firom  a  great  ykrtory  oyer  th^ 
Corioli;  afterward  made  the.  subject  c! 
iealous  distrust,  he  joined  the  Yolsd,  and 
led  them  against  Bome.  Faltering  in  hij 
purpose  through  the  intercession  of  his 
wife  and  mother,  he  was  slalii  by  Tullus 
AnfldJBg.  - 

Oozk.  A  spedes  of  oak,  Onerous  Buber, 
haying  a  tmok.  rough  bare,  for  whien  It 
is  enmyated.  It  yields  bark  every  six  or 
eight  years  for  180  years.-  The  ouier 
biok  of  0e  tree  or  epIuhloMm,  of  which 
stopples  for  bottles  ana  euftus  we%  tnaite^ 
Thto  back  te  iko  >raxM^  X<»  «Aik»  %«qaBM^ 


coBitm 

nS                       CORN  LAWS 

bUok.  Wh.noiMl»d,»i 

•aberio.  anil  cenln  tdda  1 1 

mthlafljfflnn-      tar, t.  a. 

.Qberln.    MDOBUtooork, 

iTinelj  of  u-      OeriDw  pBUiMr;  i,  IT>T,  o.  18*1.    HK 

bSAlos. 

■' LMlJnil™eiit,"ln  thaeli.  ofBL  Loobi, 
(-^            Munlrh,  Ilia  bj  m  ft. 

Oorinm,  U'rl-nm.     L«> 

tbcrn    body-nmor.    »(.rr 

\£S            i.otwoflh»tnetorlMUi  In  rtlherJ«»o( 

bylhsEomuis  uid  ..tbti 

nBtlgnjof  aoHnollj.    Tbf 

'       if^^S3l       '  boiM.    There  *re  two  dioia  ud  two 

principal 
CovoofC,  being  krye,  Hfe  ud  pletnr- 

Oork^fbull. 'ran-iO.  A  rnlnenL;  i  >p«- 
cIba  flf  AmlAntbus,  resfimbUnff  TCSetAble 
eark;  tlieU«ht«Cafillm]]ier>la. 

Oork-jMlnt, '>k4t  A  ^eereleHtsek- 
«tt  pedded  with  oo^,  defllgned  to  buoy 
up  ■  person  In  the  »«t*r. 

Oor  LeOnU,  kor  lo-a'nla.  ThB  IJnii'n 
Heart;  Bnotber  nmnefiir  Be^lui.  a 


Oom.   kdrn,    A   >bi«1e   leed   of  oereiJ 
plADU,  M  wbait,  lye,  barle;  and  maiie ;  ■ 

end,  in  bulk  or  quumy.    In  this  eenu 

gnlD.  but  In  Knglaad  II  la  ir«°«^lr  op- 

C"  d  to  wheat,  rye,  oits  and  barlfv,  in 
Uand  onlflo  oatz.  andlc  the  Unlled 

Com.    A  bard  eicFeeoanco  or  Indnrution 
orthBBkln  on  name  put  or  tbe  feet. 
Oom-lMetle,  'b«-lL     The  Cucujus  tes- 

CombTBah,  'braeb.  J 


belovi,  and  the*  ihoet  when  the  hone  la 

•- 'half  yean  old. 

,  jet  A  wind  (natninMBt,  blown 

with  the  inonth,  oiigii»dif  Hrpemtlne  In 

"" —     ""■■  ■ ilu  Id  dJanietcr  from 

-      '       -  U-IiUlM. 

panf  oreamby.    Ths  fbtmar  tlt&  df  the 

""-——' ■""■ ' — ■--  trow  of 

Alfttle 

capofpapertwlalsdat  Uh  end,lii«liMi 
— "-"-raliHAMeair-" •- '•— 


of  ■  hone,  the  lower  part  «f  bl>  pwtan. 
Oom-axoliAiiae,    kcsn'eka-ehw.     A 

place  vthera  grain  la  sold  or  bartend. 
Oom-lly,  'llf.    A  DBme  glren  to  aerenl 

IneeoU  of  thesenaraCUotftpaaadOKilBlt, 

bm.  Mutdd*,  from  the  I11J1U7  thaf  Inffiet 


Ooni-liasUiitr.  -h 


affiled :  apedllailir,  the  highest  part  of 
an  enbiblatnre  reaUng  on  the  Meie. 
Wben  plain  It  !•  called  a  ooptng.    O.  ring, 


alnla,  Cha  hlghei 
Com-ontter,  'knt-e 


shire,  England.  The 


lawei    Oomiufr-houBe, 


cnttbjg  n 


-atedl-renrbdrBinatJat;  b,  Itoe,  b.  1081. 
ta  tragedlea  are  aa  Ihmosa  Is  EVaoee  aa 
^iiakeepeare^a  Id  EngUnd. 
OoraeliA,  Tbe  most  renowned  of  Ro- 
auo  aatroBS,  danrliMr  of  Belplo  AMek- 
aunAdatthartttht  t>ro  QnHnbl,  Tlb«- 


beglnning  of  the  prei 
ConL.la^,  lAi.   Legl! 
the  tnde  of  | 


rnlng^iona.       A 
r  la  gnuolated. 
ident  lan^nage  of 
in  langoage  abont 


Jawa^  Gieat  Brltabi  were  repeilad  la 
184A,  andforelgD  grain  admitted  on  |i^ 


ooioruoopu  t 

lOOpiK.  kor-Bfl-tft'iii-*.  In  CUw. 
■  nruUied  born  ornflaidnr  with 
Sowen  Md  griln,  ths  sjinbol  of 


Tallla,  Charlaa.  KaiqulB.    A 

i.niiiin1:H.in«.i>.IHI>lS.  HuMDi' 
4U1  Amcrioddurlnif  t1ieltflvnluth>n, 
fter  KalDlng-  htstiI  minor  riclorhi 

.  uid  LAAyells,  St  Vnrktown,  Oct. 
Ha  wba  ofuwBrd  iiiirH>lDli>d 
,   a«f«Ur,f 


'UV" 


«  B»filb  -,  Ih™  insd*  Vlow 
QonnDy  hedl«l. 

aaadel.    Tho  S.  K-nouiot  iiin- 
1,    betweeo    FcHnt    CnHmere  ind 

aaadal-wood.       ko-rA-mu'dfl- 

du  eniot  ot  CarotnnndeL 

fltw«eD  U»  bed  moldlnguid  rrmat- 
ItcandatiorB  brand,  yerClcal  pn>- 
[<Si».  ItttolBtltgcoaMjnaM- 
wudto  bOUUlf  Ibe  lU]  arndn  fnm 
B.  Aniooy 
In   AoM. 

n     0^    ifa« 


nerred  dnrfnff  totitl  ct]lp»eii  «f 

r  rejflon  of  f^lorerl  prom- 
A  orowii  or  drcLat  HUFpevdixl 
■cfT  of  chncrJiei  to  hald  rapm 
iolemn  Donuioni;  «lIod  hIk 
Among  lUo  KomnnM  crown 
u  n  rewurd  lor  illAIlnt'nlnLad 
rTicB^  AjiecuUflrphnioof  the 
AllL    C.  boruUd.  tba  Nonh- 

initnllB.  th«  Bontbem  Crown, 


jnd  ud  ovH.  TboHorUis 

S longer  mAmbfln  of  th«  ronl  Aioitlrlxik 
amhandappemraH.   'rbnUf n  duka 

or^  marqall  hES  Ji 

Xva  tiis  lenvi^i',  . 

Burroundfd  v\Kh  poaria  onlj-;  thuluf  h 

bvnn  baa  bnc  Aix  pMrld. 

CoToao-nata,  tri'uVnula.  Tbn  seeds  at 
■  Iropbad  Aoierton  nalm,  tho  PhyleteptM 
iDocracarpa,  whoM  iiitrdaDed  nlbnmflp  ta 
known  u  vugotabLa  Ivar^^  < 

Corporal.  kor'no-raJ.    Tbo  lowest  non- 

liaOy.  Tbo  Bblp'l  corpnnr  fa  lbs  »np9- 
rior  of  tba  flnt-cIsM  warliiBg  patly  (tB- 
cen,  ud  itiendn  to  no»M  millan  niKlar 


0OKPO8ANT 


slon  orDnarmy.    C.  d'umes  ilia  lar^t 

lialiUlU!,  tlio  main  body  of  on  nrmy  dtirap 
lip  for  batUo  betwcrn  tba  wlaii.  C.  lie 
(■■Mflu,  0  post  ocouplfd  by  *  body  of  men 
on  waich,  nlw  tbo  bodv  whirii  oocuptet  II. 

irlth  A  vlewof  holntf  broughl:  fonrtird  If 
IhelrnldshonldbercnutreS.  C.  dlplomit- 
imic,  tliobody  of  niinlstws.    C.  l^sh- 

lun?,    (1.    volant,   s  body  of  troop*  In- 
tendod  forrapfd  movements. 
GorpVA,  korps.    The  d«adf>ody  of  nhn- 

Oorpiia  Christl.  A  festival  of  Ihe  K. 
C.    Churcb,    «lcbrated   Thorsday   after 

Oorpoaola,  koi'pns-L    A  mlouta  psrll- 

nute  animal  cfillgeiiersllj  loclosiDe  grann- 
Ur  matter,  and  aometlmei  a  splierolda] 
body  called  a  nadeas ;  as,  blood  wupna- 
dest  chyl«  oorpnscJea. 
Oorral.   -rll'.    A  pen  or  Inclosnra  tor 


K 


a  maglBtraio  post 
Oorre^o.  Antonio  AJlegrl.  k«r- 


the  same  religious  MrBi 


M  from  each  other.    The  co'ered  w 


looftheAnslj^Uo  n^dioce. 


OorScorplonlB.  Blior-pl-6'qla.  A  nam( 
for  AnUrea,  a  star  of  the  first  ma^nltiLda 
In  tlio  zodiacal  ooostetlatlon  e< 

Ooralva.  'se-ka.      A   French  Island  In 

the  Medltemtneui. 


Ibe  SMfM  of  BoiiUMo;4Slqr 


].;  pop,  VHfiiS.  Ajiedo,  tha  siIl, 
ted  IS  IheblrtbDlaceof  Napot«nl., 
tbe  Island  ai   the  pluo  of  hia  llrsi 

Ooivelet.  kors'let.  A  caW 


,1»Uy»  of  cities,     _.    

PirHmiiePt  orgeat  Britain. 
CortM,  HmwadO.    A  BpBdabadTeii- 
tnrer;  II.1485.D.  IMT.  OelAnted  asth* 

cooqoeror  of  Meiloo, 

Oortez, 'tei.  Bark,  aa  ofalng;  houB, 
an  onler  onverlnK.  The  ooitei  or  plants 
consists  of  an  Inner  flbioiu  layo- eallad 
tbe  liber  or  endopbliBam,  a  middle  cda- 
lar  layer,  the  mesophknin,  and  an  oatcf 
corty  layer,  the  eplphlmom,  on  the  ar- 
terior  of  which  Is  Ibe  epIdennH  or  euUda. 
InMod.Pernvlaobark. 

OortlData. 'U-ki-ta.  The  barked  corals, 
"  illj  Inclndlnit  the  polype  (hrrnlng  ti^- 
orol  of  iMmnioroe.    The  apedes  prop 


e  apedes  prop- 


Oortile,  kort1-l&.  A  amalt  court,  InokMid 
by  the  dlvlsIoDB  of  a  building.    The  o»a 

n'dnm.  The  earth  all- 
1,  as  muna  native  In  a  orystalllns 
I.  In  hardnoM  It  la  oeit  to  the  dU- 
d ;    the   amethyst,  ruby,   eappbbe. 

^1.  It  Is  nearly  pure  anhydrous 
ilna,  and  Its  apeol&i  gravity  la  uearif 
times  that  otviater. 


in  T..  Dpiiui,  a  jiaeaoaporton  theBa7  of 
Betaniaa ;  pop.  SS,tni>. 
Oorvette-  kor-vot'.    A  flnah-deoked  vo- 
te}, ihlp-rlaged,  but  without  ■  qoartir- 
aeol,an&lDlvtait'sn.lYOQe  Uerolpma. 


OOBTBASISa 


'ti-da.     Tho  crows,  n   flim 


piKwn  I.  ftoni  istb  ^Ul  hiB  ubdlcstlan. ' 


Danrin,  Tlioiiiaa.  Aji  eloquent  Am^r- 
loB  BUtcsDiui ;  H.  Id  Ky.,  ITm,  d.  Id 
WubinjItOD.  ISeS.  Hd  terved  In  the 
BMe  Leglilutiire.  both  hDueag  of  Cad- 
greai,  bb  SiKTetvy  of  ttab  Treuuiy  nod 

Oorybaut,  ko'ri-bint.  A  priest  of  Cy- 
bd«  wh*  wlebTQled  tho  myaliriefl  with 

Oorynlda.  -rinl-di.  A  hm,  of  hy- 
dnld  enlaiiHTMei.    Tbc   body  omibu 

:iltlur ofailii^  polrpltJ^,  or  of  fl^vural 
WdtCd  t»  k  ewMlrct,  uhlch  ninully  de- 

.  Tolopa  a  firm  outer  byor  or  polypary. 


Oorypliodon,  -rirA-don.    A  sen.  of  I'j- 

Ihe  olppbBDl4  ODd  tap1t«,  fhnod  In  tba 
EocvflO  JbrmatloD  J  of  Jijif  land  and  Frafioe. 
Ooryotldsa.  -rlitl-de.    A  bm,  or  sbort- 


(ddtndol  custom  wl 


-;toW;   orth 
a  the  sino  ol 


r  wblcta  III  order  U 


lncini«jlT>bly  (treat  or  ppoinngpd 
tiuii.     C.  ipwd,  thBtlooDDCelvabl 
™io  .t  vfhfch  coonlad  bodlee  n 
tbf'lrorblu. 
Oosmocony.  -mng'oii-l.     The  i 


CoBmoUtTT,  -I 


OooiDopolitaii.  - 


OoBmoroma.  -t 


Itor  «hi>wfoc  the  position  ol 
uiy  (rtveii  time,  with  reipe. 


'L^^ ;  a  klnf^  E>r  qnf^D  eoDSOFt.  . 

O088.    koa.      Id  InAla,  a  road-meunn, 

OosaaDk.  'eb):.    One  of  a  nu-Uke  peopla, 

OoBaaa,  'im.    PlBln  India  tanalln. 
CoaeaniiB,  -«o'nuB.    A  gen,  of  ooleop- 

teraiia   InaeMa,    dun.    CurcnHoEliiie,    of 

wh!di  C.  llncnriB  l>  tbo  type. 
OoHus,  'bus.    a  sen,  of  molhn,  IXiti. 


up.,  Pnnta  Araou  and  Mattra, 
line  imall  piu  li 


COTTIOPHOEA 


OottagB-piano,  pl-l-no 
right  piano. 

Oottiaa.  '. 


arUieb«Ddl«t;iTh«nl 


smbHDg  ^ne  Tool,  Rrowtof  Iz 


llbrwy,  Ibaiidsd  fc*  Bin  Eob«t 

CdUod  aitf  In  tba  ITth  «taiu]r>  added  to 

^-  *-'^  tan  ud  mndiob,  iad  baAds^ 

sl«B  nir  lk«  bnaaflt  of  fii*  fl 


to  aS  bOYlDA  41ld  DATvtQD  r^T""*l*  (AlDOp 

Tngnlfli  ud  tbe  omelg).  lbs  plKcal 
bfilOff  cotjledoiurj. 

ymihae.  kSih-l.  Bed-dme ;  ■  vltit  n 
oelTedkboDtbAd-tiinfl;  oppawd  lalerw 
laugaax,  lOit'Btz.    A  thras-muud  Ua- 


TlfHwi.  mOl  A  piece  or  timber  ..._ 
%«noTe  In  It,  B  the  alidn  In  nhhsb  the 
^■Manofathectre  run.  (ha  Dprighi 
kMtlortaaadgmteDrilDloe,  A«.  Onci 
aa  Ala  Baaantifthe  slwa  In  >  thutr 
artb*  (fM*  lualaded  betwan  the  tlil 

lonllsr.  kOl-Ur.  Ai]  Inni  blude  or  knli 
turn  1 1  il  tnto  the  bann  of  i  phi«  fOr  tl 
porpoae  of  outtliig  tho  KTannd  In  front  < 
bft  plowHhAre. 

IvnltQ^-HAb,  k^lt'er-neb-  A  popnli 
Buna  tw  the  Hm-blrd  atberwdne  knowni 


if  the  tiee  (Dfpl«rii  odoraU),  ord. 


ialieT^i 


jmt  of  n'  h 
ittraldnaH 
■aftiehed  i] 


Xqnl  weight,  power,  or  agency  MJtlng  to 
etfoaltlan  to  Hiythlni;.  A  weight  to  bal- 
MUe  tlie  TlbmdDK  pArti  of  mKhloery 
upon  th^  ault  \  bIbo.  a  welehC  by  which 
ft  l«Ter  uled  upon  hy  an  intnmltttllt 


Ooanter-flory,  -OO-rt.  In  Her  detiei 
that  flowers  with  whLeh  vj  ordlnen 
edomed  fltBDd  Dppoelle  each  oth^  u 

OountBi-JiTltaat.  -h'-ltant.  In  H 
a  siibatanco  employed  to  prodaee  an  i 
flclal or etnondary  dleaaHjln  order  to 
lleve  tbe  primary  one.    The  eommoi 


■a  of  a  fbrma  order 


L  already  eiJatlng  fbr  gn 
CDTlty  or  more  Bore  IdeatlflcBtlon 
ore  or  InBcrlptlen   atampfld  oo 


Oountaiiiaiui,-  pin.      A  bed-corc 

<%iuntorplot.  -plot.     A  plot  or  ar 

Ootutterpoiiit,    -point.      In   Mue' 

alH  as  meaning  the  art  of  mualoal  eoj 
ftltlon  genortlly, 

Oonuter-poltite.     In  Her.  when 
chevronB  meet  witb  their  potnia  la 

OooIkterpTOOf.  -pref    In  Eiigr.  an 
prcaalon  yleMed  l^  a  newly  printed  ] 

O^intenonnd,   -ro 
Connteiacarp, -Urp 

parapet  and  gitOa. 
Coimtarslarn.    -eln.    A  private    nlgnal 

6ven  u  joldlers  on  gnard,  with  order*  to 
t  no  man  pees  DDleas  he  Bnt  gIVM  tint 


Fort,  the  ei- 


CX)UNTRY 


228 


COTTSIN-GEBlfAN 


oarl  or  count,  or  a  lady  possossod  of  the 
6^\ty  In  her  own  right 

Country,  kun'tri.  A  tract  of  land;  a 
kingilom.  Rural  porta  of  a  region,  as  op- 
posed to  cities  or  towns.  Land,  as  op- 
posed to  water. 

County,  koun'ti.  Originally,  the  dis- 
trict or  territory  of  a  count  or  earl.  Now, 
i(  district  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  territory  for  certain 
purposes  in  the  administration  of  Justice. 

Coup,  kd.  A  French  terra  for  stroke  oi* 
blow,  and  used  to  convey  the  general  idea 
of  promptness  and  force. 

Coupe,  -pa.  The  front  seats  of  a  French 
diligence  ;  the  front  compartment  of  a 
first- clflDBs  railway  carriage.  A  four- 
wheeled  carriage  carrying  two  inside, 
with  a  seat  for  the  driver  on  the  outside. 

Couped,  knpt  In  Her.  a  term  used  to 
express  that  the  head  or  any  limb  of  an 
anunal  is  cut  off  from  the  trunk :  in  con- 
tradistinction to  erased,  which  Indicates 
that  the  head  or  limb  is  torn  off. 

Couple-close,  kop'1-klos.  In  Arch,  a 
pah*  of  spars  for  a  roof;  couples.  In  Her. 
the  fourth  of  a  chevron,  never  borne  but 
in  pairs  except  there  is  a  chevron  between 
them. 

Coupllngr-box,  -  i  n  g  - 
boks.  In  Mach.  the  box  or 
ring  of  metal  connecting 
the  contiguous  ends  of  two 
lengths  of  shaft. 

Coupon,  kd'pon.  An  in- 
terest certificate  attached 
to  transferable  bonds  given  Viiair 
for  a  term  of  years.  One  />,.„«m„„  v^^ 
of  a  series  of  tickets  which  Co°P»ng-l>o^- 
binds  the  issuer  to  perform  some  service, 
or  give  value  for  certain  amounts  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  in  consideration  of  money 
received. 

Courant,  -rant'.  In  Her.  ahorse,  hound, 
or  other  beast  represented  running.  A 
piece  of  music  in  triple  time;  also,  a 
kind  of  dance,  consisting  of  a  time,  a  step, 
a  balance,  and  a  couple.  A  drculating 
gazette  ;  the  titie  of  a  newspaper. 

Gburap,  -rap'.  A  distemper  in  the  E.  In- 
dies, in  whicn  there  is  a  perpetuiU  irrita- 
tion and  eruption. 

Courier,  'rC-er.  A  messenger  sent  ex- 
j)res8  with  letters  or  dispatches.  A  trav- 
eling servant  whose  especial  duty  is  to 
make  all  arrangements  at  hotels  on  the 
journey.   A  frequent  titie  of  a  newspaper. 

Cfoarse,    k5rs.    In   a  general   sense,  a 

moving^  or  motion  forward  In  any  dlreo- 

tion;  a  conttnuouB  progression  or  adyanoe. 


The  direction  of  motion ;  the  line  in 
which  a  body  moves.  In  pedestrianiam 
and  horse-racing,  the  ground  or  diatanoe 
to  be  covered.  The  chivge  of  one  mounted 
knight  or  champion  against  another  in  the 
llsta.  The  period  occuided  by  a  revolution 
of  the  moon,  or  of  the  earth  round  the 
sun.  The  continual  advance  or  progress 
of  anything.  The  part  of  a  meal  served  at 
one  time. 

Courser,  'ear.  A  swift  horse ;  a  runner ; 
a  war  horse.  One  who  pursues  the  sport 
of  coursing  hares.  One  of  the  gen.  of 
grallatorial  birds  (Cursorius),  belongirg 
to  the  plover  tribe,  Gbariaarlad».  One 
of  the  order  of  bifda  called  Coraorea  or 
runners. 

Court.  kOrt.  An  indoaed  iuiooyer«d  area, 
behind  or  in  firont  of  a  hoaae,  or  snrround- 
ed  by  buildings ;  a  oourt-yard.  A  palace; 
the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or  aovfflr- 
eign  prince.  All  the  surronndlDgs  of  a 
sovereign  In  his  regal  state;  tiie  body  of 
persons  composing  the  retfame  or  council 
of  a  monarch. 

Courteaan,  'S-san.  A  woman  yrbo  pros- 
titutes herself  for  hire. 

Court-eruide, 'gid.  A  directory  or  book 
containing  the  addresses  of  the  nobility 
and  gentry. 

Court-house,  'hous.  A  house  In  which 
established  courts  are  held. 

Court-martial,  -mfir'shal.  A  court  con- 
sisting of  military  or  naval  officers,  for  the 
trial  of  military  and  naval  olTenses,  the 
members  acting  both  as  judge  and  Imy. 

Court-plaster,  'plas-ter.  Silk  varnished 
over  with  a  solution  of  isinglass,  often  per- 
ftimed  with  benzoin,  used  for  coverings 
slight  wounds. 

Coury,  kou'ri.  A  superior  catechu  made 
in  India  from  the  nuts  of  Areca  Catechu. 

Cous-COUS, kdz'koz.  A  &vorito W.Af- 
rican dish,  consisting  of  millet-flour,  flesh, 
and  theleaves  ofthe  Adansonladigitata, 
or  baobab. 

Cousin,  kuz'n.  In  a  general  sense,  one 
collaterally  related  more  remotely  than  a 
brother  or  sister.  Specifically,  the  son  or 
daughter  of  an  uncle  or  aunt.  In  the  sec- 
ond generation  they  are  called  second 
cousins.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a  no- 
bleman, particularly  to  those  of  tiie  €k)un- 
cll. 

Cousin,   Victor,  koo'zAng.    A  distin- 

fulshed  French  philosopher ;  b.  1792,  ». 
867.    He  was  the  fuunoer  of  Syatematio 
Eclecticism. 

Cousin-firerman,  -jer-man.  A  consin  tf 


Cow,  kou.    TbB  j^enenl  bina  applied  to 

Uieftm^Mnf  the  gen-BoBorSr  B<* 

OlpltmlbeWEenthortuwaJnindUlCMlllnui. 

Ooatean,  ko-ts',    A  ihort  dagger  lo  use 

dnring  the  middle  i««3  ;  ■  banger. 

Cow-boy,  Twf.  A  pswon  who  bu  chai^ 

OouUlOmG»OIWO»,koo-Wlllt.   A  mem- 

ofcilUe.   Tbe  Dume  glTsu  to  a  buud  at 

ber  ofthebluodyKredthlriumyfraW,  his 

uiaruuderi  durlne  the  American  Kevoln- 
tioi.,«holiifesl«rib8BemnJ  ground  be- 

uiocliiUi being  RobcapletTovid  Si.  Just; 

B.  17M.  guUluUned  Jd^  23,  nai. 

tween  the  BHBhh  wid  American  Unes.  and 

Couvade,  -rid.  A  sbigular  custom  prev- 
Uent  uaoag  Boma  Qf  flie  primlUfe  racM 

DDw-hunMncr  lm.'l,..T,i.l„i.      Th.  u^ 

In  al]part«  of  tbe  world.    After 


to    IbOM    I.L.     , _- 

League  lud  CoTenut  In  Sootland.  and 
_.  ^.....    ..    ,B „ijg  jjjrgHii^  resialod.  the 


I    joined   In     the    SoIsd 
pTmnnt  In  So-"---'  — ' 
e  wbo  tordbli 
of  Charles  11. 


'n-ti7-     One  of  the  oldnt 
'"—  "T.  E.  of  Birmingham, 


urUest   refbrmen : 


OoTU^imiiit,     -point      A    fleli 
gitbBr ;  as  s  covey  of  parDldceg. 


OowhB««.  'a],  Tha  hsirs  of  the  pod  ol 
a  legumlnons  plant,  Mucuna  prnriens. 
They  eaaUr  penetrate  Ibe  akin,  and  nro- 
duee  an  Intolerable  lb 
l^ored  medicinally  ai 

Oowlith,  'leh.    A  pbnt  fliun< 
iCTof  IheOregon.    The  ro-- ' 

sweet- potato. 
Oowl,  kouL  A  hood,  eapeelall}'  a  monk's 
■---■,  A  covering  fw  the  top  -of  a  cUim- 
whlch  turns  with  the  wfnd,    A  wire 


■..  Theyar 


:mblea  bi  taaie  thg 


Gvn*  Monui 

Cowper,  WUUam.    An  EniUih  poet. 
tor<-  hla'rt.'ulh. 
Crabba,  Oeorse    An  Eoglisb  poet:  b. 

Oow-pox.  'pol".    Tlio  varcine  dJuue 

genulns  oow-l-OK  to  Ihe  human  Bubjeet. 
uid  of  conferring,  In  >  grcU  mKjortC)'  ol 

fiDrAe'a  heel,  1a  said  to  pouesa  the  Bimie 

Cowry,  'A  A  tmill  gutcropodona  ihell, 
tho  CyprnA  iDonel*,  iwd  fbr  oolii  1&  paH4 
ofAfrk*  andAftla.  Tht/yvaej  Iq  T&lue. 
In  Indt*  a,0(PO  lo  T,OW  are  tquil  to  a  ru- 
pee (CO  oenUI, -vrblle  la  the  Interior  of 
itrha  (00  are  wwtb  about  thaauDB.  The 
name  Is  alu  glien  lo  other  liutOt  of  the 
gtn.  Cj-piia. 

Ooxcoml3.  koka'kOm.  The  umb  reeem- 
bHcEthator  iioock  nhkh  BoemedfoolB 
wort  fbrmerlf  ta  tlielr  CAfia;  hence  qaed 
uftcD  tor  theoKp  Itaelf.  AfDp;  a  vain, 
■hour  ftOoir.  The  name  glnai  tn  a 
bsclaled  ntlet7  of  Cdoefai  ortBtalii. 

'"   '  "leperaonwhoslBOra 

rioan  prajria 
loui  Idraoi)- 
laine  or  B  B. 

Ibniier^  used  In  tJie  iniauhcture  of  hats. 
-Orftb,  kn^.    Apopnlar  nameforaU  Uie 


matn^B  iDeflku,  Doaa«tloDa  ftumed  hi 
the  plQiniLch  of  tlio  cnyflah,  fonuerl;  vJqad 
putfili'rLHl  In  Etfach  repute  aa  aotadda. 
To  mLuli  n  cnib.  In  rowlus,  to  mlai  a 

Crab-apple,  'np^.    A  wild  appla ;  alao  a 

III  I  ill  I  eiillh;.lp,l  apple, 
CrabnaatcliBr,  'liaeh-ar.     A  spedee  of 

bltti't-D ,  Uio  1 1  criidlaa  Ylreeoens,  Indlgenons 

Crabronidce.  tra-brO'nl-dS.    A  fhm.  of 


Crocldce,  krus'l-d 


i'  Bwom.    Tba 


Decapoda,  oomprtring  manr  »ner>.  The 
aomuion  large  edible  crab  [>«Dn|ta  to  the 
fflD.  CaDoer ;  tho  snuQ  edible  crab  to  the 
niL  Orchma;  thalon|f-Ajiii«dctabtii  the 

-am.  Gor7sta;tta«hermlt-enibtotbogaa. 
Fagnrna,  and  the  land-crab  lo  the  Een, 
Qeoandnua.  Cancer,  a  algn  Ih  the  zodiac. 
A  Mine  givm  to  twIoui  maohlnee,  used 
tn  bulldlDi  opeiMlona  (br  nlalng  wel^ita, 
and  Id  kMSIng  and  dtubarglng  Tesaeb.  A 
inadj|nonHatnTvH>a-wariulorBtrclchiDa 

a*  yMiB  lo lU  fiilleit  aUtttthtAm  tt 6 


duck.    (Anaa  acuta). 
g,     SHght  abmpt  r«pon 
ted.    The  bnnnied  (kli 
Und  of  cake   used  for 
a  from  Uw  relbse  oftal' 


CracUiuv,  '  ILig.  SHght  abmpt  rvporta 
tViiquoDily  reputed.  The  bnnnied  skin 
ufroMtl^K      '    "- 


..  ^if  ihe    FoUi 

ri  Auelrlan   cjtj,  o 


Crag,  feriig.    A  alMp,   f  „ 

gull    rooli  ;  n   rough    brokeD     J 

o'id^  lllioc^ne  linlod,  Bub^r£ 
Tldad  Into  throe  mambfr 

DrBfT,  the  red  crag  sod   t.., 
lowtt  or  coriilline  oniB.  Cra« 

hlllB,  In'wydi  spredj^loDB    ' 

west   or    n'i^-wflBt,    while 
the  oppualle  Me  Is  a  sloplnn  decdlTlW. 
The  rook    on  which  Edinbnrgta  Oattl* 
Elands  present*  a  dne  emuopls. 
Oraka,  krOk.    Crei.  agen.  of  mlantnT 
,  cnUaUK^BltMif.tkm.BsUldB.    'niabart 


known  spcdn  It  tli4  corngat*  or  lui£-  ,   er^^r  l!;«  nlixf-.-^  prvmibmv 
..    _   .        .!_  _^_  ,..  ._..    i._.  .J    Crank,  Lnuk.      An 


Cnunplt 'pll.    Alibrfa  nriii"l;>l  ■!  t:." 

eBiurihB P'lliljanI  nf ■  nninl : a I.t <  f 

bm  Willi  finuJl  >iilki4  In  it.  tt  -■  ■  :<l>..' 


AulfUHl  to  tho  t 


•ppuntiu  BttA  [n  tbv  nialn^  i 
Ormmp-rliig'.  Immp'rlmr. 
K  III*  Kngliih  •ovwrfDT 


Ontnk-plit.  'nlB.    [n  a  rinn  nrin*.  Un 


CrBii»-(ly, '(  .    ._ _. 

Tl|.all.l».    T.  olenrva  ii  tlio  wuU-lLr 
dai!dy-lDnff'le|^. 
Onusnn.    kranir'tMn.       Th"    Flhrlir 

CnmfoBnomy,    kr;i'nt'nc'n<~>-iii\. 

OBBlOMOpr.   -m'kii'Tii      An    i'lnn 
IkaofttwiilLiillirltliUuiiinr  iif  di> 


, Tlw  fterj  fnm  wWeh 

„...,.  tin  nJIflu:  aymbnl  Inlha  lllcli- 
luiliofr^cnllud.MaUol  b«aii»  dlM- 
bwllrnnt  lul^md  Inbiny. 
Otspo.  krap.    A  lUn.  tiuapanat  Mnff, 
nuduot  nwftDi  emniiKd  uil  twtalcd  oa 


Ch'AvmA,  H&rcii«  t^^¥iI^^_  IctiU'iAl 

bHliK    I'l-HTjiiid    Poni(«^v;      Khlrh    d«- 
Btroj'ed  (he  Mnalnrtal   power;  a.  TM.    D. 


;iIMii1n>  Ilu1<.'iip. 

Cratlppiu.  A  eclrbnted  MTtlkna 
liKllnMinlin-artba  rrriinUIlca.  tkiurisbtd 
st»iit  Nl  n.  .'.  Il«wn«  thi)  twhn  «f 
<:ii»-n<,  v.'bii  |>rDDOun<.'«l  hitii  (he  ablcU 
m.noftliaiFr. 

Or&Tat.  kn-ntt'.     A  nevk-clolh  :  no  arU- 

d.  Tticnna*.  An  Annlru 
II.  tn  Vtw  Turk,  m4,  d.  tn  Idn- 
r.   Ammg  tiU  w«iki  m  th* 


IroDn  ■tntas'af  Beethorel  In  B«toa  Mu-     oUldreD  ofiXKir  mnoBi  irbo  Iutb 
WMUin|rtoii  (t  the  <'»pltol.  Kichmond,    Crecy  (Cr«K»y),  lirt»'(        ■      " 


■nn  |M|wr. 

«floa|^mll.,      _. 

tednvluKHpoii  IJUHif,Ta|ihtc 
OMUn-kTSin.    TlHi  butynuoi 
MiUkrwiloli  -■ —  ■--  •' — --»■— 


ai«ditPoiialer,  kru-il^  roa-gTi.  Ain«]« 

Thiibsiit      "'  irtrtnB  money  on  land  In  Knnoa,  the 

-      '"fiynitBl  of  IhB  lian  litlBK  l>y  u  iuiiuiiE7 


;    Credit  UobiUer.nin-b^lrJ 


whteh  orlielBUiMl  In  Ii'tsDn  In  18H,  Iti  ob- 

)But9  betpff  to  undertakd  Irmdln^  finlar- 

prites  of  M  kinds  on  IhQ  piindple  of 

liniCM  HnblUt;.    A  elinllir  erhnmo  In  the 

United  BUtflk  tUcIi  Innilvrd  the  nputA- 

..  ..isvnn     """  of  B  nnmber  of  public  men. 

chcMP        Credo.  krv'dA.  Thscr»il.  isuklorsmw 

or  ihort     Intl'Oiprvlo.'ofthoK.CChHrch. 

Creed,  lavd.    A  brirf  iummmy  of  tha 

>Zdu^-     A]™,.toJlo  Cr,,.d.    Any  i^-slUB  of  prtn- 

OieMoto.   kro'.-»ot,     A  .Lbstmeo  ex-    ™?^i^':l':  h*  .rt""  '"'"•'«  "^    ■*■ 
Ifnclod  from  wood  t»r,frenenillyobt»lned,      «'i»ii "J"''- » nvmii. 
howDviT,  thini  tho  pmduoiB  of  Ibu  de-    Creek  Tnriinm     a  TS.  American  tribe 

erfl]  I  nntlM-utlc  porUoortof  Flnrlcla,  Goinviniuid  Alabama, 

-  •  ■  — '  -~  "■-  Tfiillkflof  Uie  ti 

tided  with  flret 

bilLi.liilhetatUr 

oainjiidgn  buinit  rteni'l')'  deft»t*d  by  Ocd. 

,„    __      J«Saon;lutheSemlnokMrM-of)BI8U»y 

™;rr^      were  thealltonof  tho  whllee.    Theym 

'•ly,  the      no,  peacafWly  located  In   lb*   lodlu 

Territory. 
IT  tot  the    daeser,  krdp'er.    One  vha  ereefa;  tlwt 


__  _  llkflofUie«b- 

»„n_aa  it  1- formed  in  tte     B'^J' 


CKEUATIOX 


d  tnflde 


Iff  plant 


CBIBBAQE 


il  aUDOiin];  ibe  BUndvd  ItMiruiil 


fliedoniiboeto  prevent  fUpiiinir 

naler.  Tha  popular  name  of  u  tu 
birds  (Cfrtliladit)  wbicb  renemb 
<ivoodpecten,  ui  too  joruifT^  iiuu    uiu   luiru  i^  Dwuji, 

mnomofbomingtliodrad.  Ut.1  Ndson.    A  TurklBh  mUlbuj  mmlc- 

ooa  muo  a.  v^ii...,,.,  *uo  «.,..™  ^.        ,   , ,  '"'"«"  "'  l'""'""*"  In  Oielbrm  of 
.iBiiK  ntbrcatury,  by  lbs  ArnsM      "laiinioon.         i 
',  and  by  Smdoiirlns  la  the  ISlb    ™"^*'  ^    j*tj 


nrr*;  BDd''tbo  l^rt  HBi 


ftm.,(buiul  in  apoD)^,  ud  nuwrvd  ta  [„„,„     ^ 

W"™"""-  PIIIJI      fUSbfnrlod 

Onnellatod,     'ool-lit-»l.      FunHihod  l,n  plvota/nd  ourl.'doa 

™h^"l^.'^:f™?£i"'"'"''"""™'''''  CrBtoeeoiis  Period.    la  GwL  U«  up- 

0»enll»l>rn«,-nl-liTmi<^Afen.offl8liei.  fow  ,hu  Torllary  and  abovo  tto OoHW. 


ttasgoldSnn] 
Creole,  'fil. 


-lilHTia,  A  een,o 
b  tbs  ^It-hesd  or  pildcn  Diaid,'aud 


Tbom. 


iropslael 


natlyo  of  OiB  W*|8t  Indies      tw^,i„l  tdlutalntliB'vIjiej'ofthiAlpi. 
"n"^  naa^a  ofthu  W     C^**"".  lirWiini.    A  falsobood ;  a  Or«- 

Croon.    In  Uytb.Klnitot  Corinth,  wbo     indaUarwere 

1'"?.''.T^2''?^,.';.^™.''J    Cretonne.    tro-b,n-.     A  ooioo    cloth 

prlntid  on  ono  aide  wlCb  ptotorial   anl 

GreuM,     ktla.      A   d«pb    of    CenMl 


lendasll]',  thai  a  Cralaa 


betrothed  h 


hayiag  abandoned  Uedf 

"indaoinuble  dreea  whio 
e  »nd  desiioyed  thopalaco  with  < 
von  and  tbs  rcnialndW  of  lila  turn 

Oraon.    InMyUi,  King  ofTbpbos,  whonf  "kf(f™7Arcnt 

tarltories  wen  nvBg<^  by  tbo  ilphlni.  <;.  arrou    a  |[b>- 

eff^red  hia  erowo  to  whoever  would  solve  dtr  na  deep  ai 

thflrlddlca  andlbnacluar  tbo  country oT  the  glaoFor    It 

the   Snblni,  n  fMt  which  mu  ancom-  thick.  Abreach 

pllshed  by  <£dlpiil,  wlia  became  King  of  in  the  embanli- 

Onpon,  'pon.      A  9no  stntT  msAe  of 


Gufat ;  pop,  abt.  a80.0l»._ 


nated  D 


The  erepotift  or  Kapica  consist  altogethc 
of  silk. 

OrepusmilarlBi,  -poe'ku' 
of   Eepldoptcrous  Inaecta 


socha. 


Oiewel,  krf-   | 

9   occupylns  an      woratod     or 
tween  the  butter-      thread  of  allk 

'ent    The  Incrouing  or    Orlbb&ffe, 

flgure  of  Uu    new  moon,      giiua  U  aaii,    Gonunt^  kOiaAn. 


CBOCODILIA 


pLired  with  ibe  whole  pock  by  two,  thnw, 
trtmOT  yer^uat.    t'.  lH>Ard,  a  board  UMd 

Olicetua.   kri-s.-'t"«.      Tbe    ininiitor,    1 


Orlckat,  krtit'-  ^^-s,^ . 

rt.    An  liMet     _.>^bBV 

wd.  OrOKptu*.    Tlun  ■»  it^eni  ■)» 

.,,,^Uckrt.    An  op«i-^  gime  pli; eil  wltl 

Oli<*rt-<illb, -klub.    An  u»Ml»tlon  or 
fuLud  Jor  filHyliLX  cHcket, 
Orlmen,    Tie,   kri-tiTu'l.      A  penlnanl 


Orlsper.  krtsp'o 
Crispin,  kris'j>i 

O^pln,   St. 

BhoeuiiilLcm;  B. 

mulyrdniii  M  a  < 
CrtM-croM,  'ki 


AlAtas  by  children 


CTdttendeu.  John  Jordan,  An  Ameir 
SttUt  lAjgir 

teolncky.      RMppoinUil  u 
Lh  thrj  close  of  PrraWent  Hll- 


znel,  krIi'L  A  roEurhDcfiH  oD  tbe  iur- 
e  nfidaM  which  douds  In  IrtiBpurcncj. 
>ak.  krc'ik.  Tha  low,  hArah  bdudA  ut- 
<'>1  by  ■  fr««  or  nvGD,  or  a  ilka  loond. 
Croatia,  kro-a'abo-a.  Anandvotkinj^oui 
of  cvutnu  EurofK',  ai^olnln^  nad  dvpen- 

tila.  governed  l^  a  viceroy,  oallfH)  th> 
Ban.  Cap.  Agiam,  pop.  ubt.  i,20lt,000. 
CrDObei,  kro'aliH.    A  spcdeaofknltUnf 
pfrtormoA  by  incaiitiof  a&mHll  liooki  tl|a 


{omgiMiit  Ilia  ttma  fiuDUlcB  CnwodDtdat 


CBOS».BSAB(B 


AlUgitorls  uid  Oaililldiv.  af  which  the 
erooHllle  or  KgTpt.  tha  AiiutIchq  alliga- 
tor, uid  the  Tpdum  g^riH  are  renpvctjrely 


cUifE  of  Lydi 
u :  D.  fi^,  I 


. ;  AUflHrtuAted  Mf<,  by  w 


Btopped  dlbpuBon  to   the   open.    Bome- 

OnunweU.  OllTer.  Lord  Protenior 
of  the  CommoDHialth.  Tho  dsBcundant 
of  B  nobte  Envllnh  tiaoily.  v.  at  )(unt 

lu  the  ^ritanB,  and  r^nteicd  Parliament  In 

oiill'  WMjfe.    Hd  rapiifiy  i™e  to  the 


Cromwell,  Hlcbard.  Soa  and  b.  lo 
Ua  fcthor,  Ollvfr.  B.  IftfB.  n.  1712.  Ho 
nslgied  the  ProliTtorahlp  In  ICW. 

Oromwell.  Thomas.  Sari  of  Eaaax. 
Art  Ttpjflifth  BUtesman,  d.  14b0;  beheaded 


DP  a  Ailae  c}iarirp  -of  1 
hpld  Urn  ntHM  cf  prii 
1l™ry  vril, 
Oronstadt,  krAD'nUl 


xik,  kriik.    Anr  bnid,  to 
ly  bvnt  or  ourvM  liintTtub 

-al  itatTofablshnpar 


._ jphonl'a  laa.    Thi 

Iron  chain  wUh  Ita  appruDrlituhoakB.  bi 

A  Bmalf  curved  CDbe  mpp 


l>><:k  ;  hcner,  falL^  in  aa'  underUklnt. 
Croppy,  '1.    A  (wreon  whoss  r*n  hurt 

Cross,  krvs.    A  nlbbrt.  conilstliix  of  two 
"'"^''-"tBii_Dftho''rhrHaanrellBlon.°_T"« 


lar,  atid  1"«  trtM.flrte,  behfbynianT  ■ 
athorlOM  to  be  tho  most  honontj; 
haxzii  In  all  heraldry.  A  mixlnr  of  hreedi 
1    produdnp  »-' — '- 


csoqusT  .    M 

IiiqulilUm,  who  iniMla  >  tow  btfbn  Ida 
lualHllnra  to  rtpftind  Ui«  (.luliolin  lUth, 
thoivli  with  thn  lou  ot  lurtuno  nnd  11(0. 
OnquBt.  kni'kk.  An  np«n->lr  Rune 
pliyud  witli « rni11«C,  halln,  pf^  iir  |ioBt«, 
elAt  Mrimof  ln>n]i.x'i»  .ir ari-li.*.     It 

be  rilvlil.^l  Intn  p»riii:'«,  or  lilay  e»uli  for 

Oioquatt*.  -Xrt.     A   Med,  )brcr-mut 
tall,  inulu  of  clilrkMl.  m.'iil.  und  linllar. 

OroH-bUl. 


Orotalu*, -lu..    .Thorn 

fUckoo-,11    lfeD.Of  t.trd(, 

ord.  Sc 

dun.  CuouU.ln;. 

Croupisr,  krfi'pi'^T.    Or 

tepdi  ud  cultotts  tlH  n 

■oney  ot 

IWTiv  >itl  H  tho  lowur  I'Dil 

UTS 

HalitiDt-chslriDim. 

Otow,  kru.   A  |!m«n]  nu 

Tie  fern 

luff  ofn  alfllT  coTTTlnff  Abraaadrak.        

Into  fbur  equal  parta  or  quadruita. 

QrotalldB,  krA-tal-l-dS.  A  hm.  ot\ea- 
oinoui    mptaU,  end.  OpUdU,   dlTlded 

Into  asrwal  f«Btn,  ot  which  Cmtalui  ud 

OrMmlo,  tM-16,    A  TuUih  mulaa  ta- 


llbarlcmi>K 

treatrvnt  In  uia 
iDperlal  Trenaury  of  VlenniL,  Isoompoaftd 
oT  eight  platea  uf  gulil,  four  luga  and  Ibbr 
■mall,  oamuntsil  by  hlnffca.  Tls  laija 
ptitea  vo  Btadded  with  predoaa  atou^ 


CEOTS-OLA8S 


ORTFTOaAVU 


nd  luiah.Inii  L'brltt 
flaming  H«niphLni, 


plAGpd  nUernwUlj 
ivlDg  In  thsmlil- 


drvle  with  jvoiUiiiB  llku  ttauM  ofi 

rasnt^  «'kb  plflit  fii'Tin'-ili'-lb. 
whloh  rifto  ad  mont'  qujirli'r-druli-H 
DDder  a  dniiUu  lli^Tir-di'-lls.  The 
wJlMlhclta™,       '"  ""i^"' 

Oiowu-BlasB,  'gl«.  Thn  flnps 
irlth  ftLDt-ck.is  fur  mnptric  Ln'lruui 
Crown-piece,  't>ri.  A  titiiM 
OKnni-prliice.'|<rlnf>.  Thi'  prjni^ 

Crown-wheel.  'whi'I.  A  Kh« 
■Hth  ect  (t  rWbt  iini;lon  Hith  lis  pi 

(bow'B-feet.  kwi'fit.  Tbo  k 
broogitoulbyiMtn  undfrund  nrau 


-  aaibalUrortholttik-ominui, 
Qrosier.  krA'zM-iT.      An  or- 

m  flwUt^d  cmsH  or  cruclflx, 
boma  Itj  or  berbra  lui  nrch- 

The  mm^cr  l<  olbn  nonfounded 
wllh  Itia  bishop'i  nulnnl 
>Uir,  irbkb  in  quftu  iHinlmlkr, 


Cyprinicte. 

Omolble,  'ai-bi.  A  mpldnir  pot^  hia 
of  aarth,  nod  m  tnnparcd  >nd  hskcd  u 
eadura  oilreiiio  liuat  wlthuut  fininE,  nil 
Sir  meltinE  aroi,  meUJn,  /cc.  liruelb] 
■»  aom^jmim  inida  of  uthcr  mntarin 
u  htoefc-lMd,  plHUiui,  rtav,  *o.  A  h 
loir  place  »t  Iho  bottom  of  a  ohcmlcalfi 


Oniaiflx,  'al-Bks.    A  runrespatntten  or  ■ 
CFoaa  »1Ui  the  llgn™  of  Chrtal  cmolfled 

Oraat.  'at    A  tIbI  or  nnall  glaaa  txitila 


Orypt,    krii.t.    A  lubtomuiBin  cell   or 

temiuTt  orboJ'let!'' Tbat  part  of"!  «iU»- 
droloreliTirchbiiiiiatbthDlIoar,  eet  apart 

THpptaale   fbr  wcrplSon  prcunt  In   the 

aTd'iDyrUo.  In  AnaLa'uttiaround'rd  ei- 
CTCKil^co,  In  wblch  tba  rnmmoItliinB  or 
tho  artorK-a  tcmlnae..  lo  tbo  wrUcsL  put 
of  the  UdncYS. 

CTyptooephalQa.  krlp-td-Mfal-oa.  A 
gao.of  ooLSDptflroaa  Lijvf>cti,  &ni.  Crjai> 


CBTPTOMWT 


OryptoloBy. 
Ciyptopen 

A  K-C  ..Tc-I.  ... 

Ural  to  nlJ  thcXyn,  Ibu  Drill  Ii 
hcmivpr,  cann.'ircd. 
OlTptoplutBTU,  -tofa-^.i. 

jiBlcdhj  »fertfrlD  numDcr  of  plane 
a  bent  Is  Iho  Vnnli^s'  ' 


luA  crTBtnl,  jk  TJiriety  or  cnltAmui  apai, 

orOFTiUllHd  (vtnamu  nrUiiic. 
OrrataUlna,  -[n.  A  m-iUlllEed  rock,  or 

DUB pirUallT  cryBUIIIiea,  uenultij.     In 

Chsm.  »  old  nim«  for  loillue. 
OiTBtallotd.  -old.    Tbo  ntinii!  frlT^n  to 
,     HlnUon,  of  iBmlne  throueh  membmnpB. 

morpliW,  u>d  oiaUit'xHd,  aro ciyntslloids! 
Tliir \tb  opposed  to  colloMa,  \rhleb  bivt 
■olUl1>  poTmnnllnB  power. 
OrratallomstiT,  -om'et-ii.      The   art 

OMnobranolilata.  ten-vbrnnuk-fa"- 
B.    VrnidrrllnovCT-iiimhtomlljofinol- 

ber.  The  scicj  wo  wparklp,  and  Iho  di- 

OteuodaotyloB,  -d^'tll-iii.   A  gw.  of 

Otonoldei, -id'd'C-1.  The  Bd  or.1,  of  fMall 
flihra.  uiDordliiK  lo  the  cluoUcalloii  of 
AffaaptE.   locJudliif  tbs  pcrdb,   floqudor 

Oteaomya,  'O-inlfl.    A  iion.  of  rst-llke, 

Otenophora.  -orfi-m, 

cb  m  » typo.  They  ( 

mftrml  irlilch never dovalopioond, 
Oab.  tub.  Thej-onof  of  thadoR,  lion, 
kMr  or  flu ;  ■  i>nppy  :  ■  whelp.  A.  yooDg 
her  or  glrt~lM  watampt. 


CUOUUaVB 

Cuba.    Tho  iBT^eat  uid  moat  luportAnt 
or  tlia  W.  lodloi.  oiled  tho  "  Queen  ol 

een  m,;  bmultTi  frooi  il  to  B.S  m.'  ™W 

ri'sa  of  in^lnal  BboUtion  ;  chief  dtlofi  and 
Ihicrbi  PrinclpcrCardsniiaudManiMil™; 


vollil  IxHly   -Hith  al: 


In  Arilh.tho   product    of  ;     Cub 
innibFr    mulllplled  Into  it- 


niiinbcr  vhlch.  mnltlpllal  Into  lUeir,  ud 
thon  Into  the  product.  uroduci'B  the  cube; 
DC  which  IwIm  malMplInl  InUi  It^ir,  pin- 


ia  So\.  ti^iQcA.  en  \aai!in^'i^'3m. 


CUCUBBIT 


.  • 


CUPKITK 


OnouTbit,  Icn-blt.  A  chemical  vMsel 
mftde  of  copper,  glau,  tin,  or  Btoneware, 
and  nsed  in  distillation.  This  vessel,  with 
its  coyer,  constltates  the  alembic. 

Ouonrbitao8B,  -ll"s6-6.  An  ord.  of  pol- 
vitetolous  dicotyledonous  plants,  compre- 
nonding  the  melon,  gourd,  cucumber,  col- 
ocjnth  and  bryony. 

Oudbear,  knd'b&r.  A  powder  used  in 
dyeing  violet,  purple  and  crimson,  pre- 
pared from  lichens. 

Cuddle,  'dl.    A  hug ;  an  embrace. 

Coi  bono,  ki  b5'nd.  For  whose  benefit  ? 
Popularly,  for  What  use  or  end  ? 

Cuinafire,  kwln'^.    The  making  up  of 

-.  tin  into  pigs,  dbc.,  for  carriage. 

Cuirass,  kwi-ras'.  A  breastplate  ;  a  piece 
of  defenrfve  armor  covering  the  iKxly  from 
the  neck  to  the  girdle.  The  1st  and  2d 
liife  Guards  and  Royal  Horse  Guards 
Blue  are  the  only  cuirassiers  in  the  British 
Army. 

OuiX^Bouilly,  kwer-bo-il-li.  Leather 
■oftened  and  impressed  with  ornaments, 
Used  for  shields,  girdles,  sword-sheaths, 
coffers,  pen-cases,  shoes  and  many  other 
articles ;  also,  in  the  16th  century,  for 
hanging?  for  rooms. 

Ouisll,  kwis.  Defensive  armor  for  the 
thighs,  originally  of  buff  leather,  but  later 
of  iron  or  steel. 

Cklisixie,  kwe-zSn'.  A  kitchen ;  the 
cooking  aapartment.  Manner  or  style  of 
cooking;  cookery. 

Cujas,  JaOQues,  koo'zhds.  A  French 
iorlst ;  b.  1520,  d.  1600.  Ilallam  eulogises 
nim  as  the  '*  greatest  of  civil  lawyers.'* 

Ouldee,  kul'dS.  One  of  an  ancient  order 
of  monks  in  Scotland,  Ireland  and  ^Yales, 
supposed  to  have  been  founded  in  the  6th 
century  by  St.  Columba. 

Cul-de-sac,  kul'de-sak.  A  street  or  pass- 
age closed  at  one  end ;  a  blind  alley. 
Milit.  an  army  hemmed  in  at  the  rear  and 
flanks,  and  having  no  exit  but  by  the  front. 

Culicidsd,   ku-lis'i-de.     A   sub-fam.   of 
dipterous  insects,    fam.    Tipulida).    The 
:i  gen.  Culex  comprehends  the  common  gnat 
~  and  mosquito. 

CuUdt,  knl'et.  Broken  glass  brought  to 
the  glass-house  for  the  purpose  of  being 
melted  up  with  fresh  materials. 

CMUoden.  A  moor  in  Scotland,  near 
Inverness,  celebrated  for  the  total  defeat 
of  Prinoo  Charles  Edward  Stuart  by  the 
TZngWah  uider  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 

itS. 

Calm,  kolm.    Anthradt*  shale,  an  Im- 
~  pcmaooal. 


Culmination,  kul-mi-na'shdh.  The 
transit  of  a  planet  over  tlie  meridian,  or 
highest  jwint  of  altitude  for  the  dky. 
Top ;  crown. 

Cult,  kult.  Homage :  worship.  A  system 
of  iviigious  bi'lief,  esi>ecially  the  rites  and 
ceremonies  em  ploy  oa  in  worship. 

Culverin,  'vcr-in.  A  long  piece  of  artil- 
lery, serving  to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  dis- 
tance. 

Cidvert,  'vert.  An  arched  drain  carried 
under  a  road,  &c.,  for  the  passage  of 
water. 

Cuma,  ku'ma.  The  first  Greek  settle- 
ment in  Italy,  1050  b.  c,  in  the  Campagna, 
near  Baiffi. 

Cumana,  koo-ma'na.  The  first  citr 
founded  by  Kuropeans  in  America,  1528, 
in  Venzuela  ;  present  pop.  abt.  10,000. 

Cumberland.  William,  Duke  of. 
Second  son  of  George  II.,  of  England,  b. 
1T21.  i>.  1765.  He  commanded  the  English 
army  at  its  defeat  by  the  French  at  Fonte- 
noy,  1745,  and  the  same  year  defeated 
Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart,  at  CuJlo- 
den,  Scotland. 

Cumberland  Gap.  An  importaat 
strategic  defile  in  the  mountains  dividing 
Kentucky  and  eastern  Tennessee,  sucoeas- 
fUlly  occupied  by  the  Union  and  Confed- 
erate forces  in  the  late  Civil  War. 

Cumberland  Mountains.  A  branch 
of  the  Appalachian  range,  dividing  Vir- 
ginia, Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  ex- 
tending  through  Tennessee  Into  Alabwna. 

Cumberland  River.   A  oonsidenble 

stream,  which,  rising  in  Kentucky  and 
running  through  a  portion  of  Tennessee, 
re-enters  Kentucky  and  empties  into  the 
Ohio  ;  length  600  m. 

Cummer-bund,  knm'er-bund.  A  doth 
girdle  or  waist  band  worn  in  Hindustan, 
sometimes  embroidered  and  ornamented 
with  lace  and  pearls. 

Cumshaw,  'sha.  In  the  East,  a  present 
or  bonus ;  originally  applied  to  that  paid 
on  ships  which  ent^^  the  port  of  Can- 
ton. 

Cuneiform,  ka-nd'i-fbrm.  Having  the 
shape  or  form  of  a  wedge;  spedflcally, 
the  epithet  applied  to  nie  inscriptions 
found  on  old  Babylonian  and  Persian 
monuments. 

Cupola-furnace,  -fer-nas.    A  fUmaee 

for  melting  iron. 
Cuppinsr-erlass,  kup'ing-glas.    A  glass 

vessel  to  be  applied  to  the  skin  in  the 

operation  of  cupping. 
Ouitrite,  ka'prit    The  red  oxide  of  eep* 

per;T9dQQfpv«coT«, 


hz?.,z^^^^ 


Oatt^valTS.   kap'i 


id  With  DTJiD^  [welf  DfiuLaini 

Omarl.  kn'n-r<"  A  rcatiindB  snbn 
toatMtut  ot  Oir  uneaun  citnuit  cif  S 
BOa  toitnm.  a»d  V  tl>R  S.  Anierli^ 
Ham  St  poltoBlnr  Iheir  arrows,  i 
mv<»li'Iivduced  wlih  comiuritli- .... 
ninl^lnto  th«  aUmentAiy  caJia].  but  ir 
-  ■  fntrodaottd  Inio  *  pnDcture  bo  iu  to  mix 
with  the  blood,  llie  etTEicta  htd  luatuitly 
fttil, 

Oorate.  'iBt.  A.  rlerg;^iiii  In  Eplscnjial 
dhtirehoii  vmpLoffd  fa  pctrorm  dlvlnn  nor- 
yUMiniSmf^tntlbaiummbsai.  pstmid, 

■dpendtory  ud  perpetual. 

«aperlntendfiDC4oruriv[hlii|,',  u  anxilvor- 
■IQ',  pHbHc  Ubiuy.  rn'osuQui,  Aa. 
tbrlw,  knr'bi.    An  AlHisn  iniuii»i  of 
am^tr.  '"rrtoj  from  T|  to  18hi11™«. 
wa  A.r  lit  nttmea  In  tha  ula  el  pum- 


thJ  i".rf  jT^enMlW" 
Ourmn.  JohnPhtlpot.  A  dliUngulili- 
od  Irlnh  tdToraCa  noil  BUlannui,  the  moat 
elomiaiit  omlor  at  big  day ;  r.  ITH,  n. 

OoTTanoy.  tnr'nD-al.    That  which  in  In 


I  dKK^kMMu'u 


CURLEW 


-8A6 


ClTfiP 


Curlew. 


currency,  gold,  silrer  and  copper  coin. 
Paper  earrenOT*,  that  which  passes  car- 
rentraa  »  aabsotuto  for  money  or  a  repre- 
■entatlTe  of  it. 

Chxrlvw,  kerlQ.     Nnmeniaa,  a  gen.  of 
grtflatoitel  Mrda  of  the 
sam^  fiunfljas  the  snipe 
and  woodcock. 

Curling',  korl'ing.  A 
winter  amusement, 
ogriginoting  in  Scotland, 
on  the  ice,  in  which  con- 
tending parties  slide 
large  smooth  stonee  of 
a  OTCular  form  from  one 
ouu-k,  called  the  tee,  to 
another. 

Cnrrent,  'rent.  A  body  of  water  or  air 
moving  in  a  certain  direction.  The  set  of 
a  eurrent  is  that  point  of  the  compass  to- 
ward which  the  water  runs ;  and  the  drift 
is  the  rate  at  which  it  runs.  Electric  cur- 
rent, the  passage  of  electricity  from  one 
.  pole  of  aa  apparatus  to  another. 

Oarride,  M-kl.  A  chaise  or  carriage  with 
two  wheels,  drawn  by  two  horses  abreast. 

Olirricillilin,  -rik'ii-lum.  A  race-course; 
aplace  for  running,  &c.  A  speoiAed  course 
of  study  in  a  unircrsity,  school  or  the 
like. 

Ouxry,  'ri.  A  sauce  much  used  in  India, 
containing  cayennc-pcpcr,  garlic,  tur- 
meric, coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  other 
a^ng  spices.  A  stew  of  fish,  fowl  ^bc, 
cooked  with  curry-sauce. 

Ourry-coxxib,  -kfim.  A  comb  "with  very 
short  metal  teeth,  for  cleaning  horses. 

Cuxxy-powder,  -pon-der.  A  condiment 
used  for  making  curry,  composed  of  tur- 
meric, coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  cay- 
enne-pepper, to  which  salt,  cloves,  carda- 
moms, pounded  cinnamon,  onions,  garlic, 
and  scraped  cocoa-nut  may  be  added  at 
pleasure. 

CSursores,  ker-sOV@z.  The  runners,  an 
ord.  of  birds,  fom.  Struthionidte  of  most 
ornithologists,  ord.  Ratltse  of  others),  so 
named  tram  their  remarkable  velocity  in 
running.  The  order  comprises  the  ostrich, 
cassowary,  emu,  rhea,  and  apteryx.  A 
name  given  to  those  spiders  which  make 
no  webs,  but  catch  their  prey  by  swill 
pursuit,  such  as  the  wolf-spider. 

Oursorius,  'ri-ns.  A  gen.  of  grallatorlal 
birds,  the  sub-fam.  Gursorinte  of  some 
naturalists,  belonging  to  the  plover  tribe, 
indnding  the  black-bellied  courier,  the 
brazen-winged  courser,  and  the  cream- 
colored  courser  or  swift-foot. 

Onrtottoa^  keH-i^aboa,   .The  diffarenoe 


between  a  planet's  true  distance  from  tht 
sun  and  the  curtate  distance. 
Curtein,  ker-tfin.  The  pointless  sword, 
curled  before  the  kings  of  England  at 
their  coronation,  and  emblematically  oon- 
sidered  as  the  sword  of  mercy. 

Curtis,  Georgre  Tioknor.  An  Amer- 
can  jurist  and  writer  on  political  economy; 
B.  in  Mass.  1812. 

Curtis,  Georffe  Williaxn.  An  Amei>> 
lean  j>olitical  economist,  author  and  edit- 
tor,  for  some  years  editor  of  "Harper's 
Weekly,*'  and  previous  toMhat  editor  o/ 
"  Putnam"  and  **  Harper's  Magazine;"  b. 
in  R.  I.  1824. 

Curule,  kQ'r51.  Belonging  to  a  chariot. 
Privileged  to  sit  in  a  curule  chair.  0. 
chair  or  seat,  among  the  Romans,  an  em- 
bellished chair  or  seat  of  ivor>',  gold,  Ac, 
S laced  in  a  chariot,  wherein  the  chief  of- 
cers  of  Rome  were  wont  to  bo  carried  in- 
to council.  It  was  also  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion for  dictators,  consuls,  pnrtors,  cen- 
sors and  ediles,  who  were  from  this  cir- 
cumstance called  curule  magistrates. 

Curvilixiead,  kerv-i-lin'e-ad.  An  In- 
strument for  describing  curves.  '^ 

Curvilinear,  -er.  Having  a  curve  line ; 
consistiAg  of  cuirve  lines;  bonnded  by 
curve  lines. 

Cushew-bird,  knsh'&-berd.  Ounuc 
pauxi,  a  bird  resembling  the  cnrassow, 
and  sometimes  called  the  galeated  ouru- 
sow. 

Cushixiff,  Caleb.  An  American  jurift 
and  statesman ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1S0(^  d.  UB79.  - 
He  filled  the  civil  positions  of  member  6f 
Congress,  Commissioner  to  China,  U.  S. 
Attorney-General  and  Minister  to  8pain, 
and  was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Mexiosn 
war. 

Cusp,kusp.  The 
point  or  horn  of  ■< 
the  crescent, 
moon  or  other 
crescent-shaped 
luminary.  InAfi- 
trol.  the  first  en- 
trance of  any 
house  in  calcula- 
tion of  nativities. 
In  Math,  the  ter-| 
minal  point  or* 
corner  formed  by 
two  branches  of 
curves  meeting. 
In  Arch,  a  term  applied  to  the  points  of 
the  small  arcs  or  fonations  terminating  the 
Internal  curves  of  the  tre-foiled,  dnqne" 
foUed,  Ac.,  heads  of  Gothic  windows  and 
panels;  iUBo,  the  p«&!S«dX  qI  «.  \K}is^Kil 


Cusps. 


i 


CU8TAKD-AFFLE 


Ifi'di-iL    Tho  ulirlnn  nf  pra- 
In  Uiu  ahupe  qf  >  uUinlnl. 

OuModlan,  -in.    Onn  wU"  hM  thn  nn 
or  fliubHl]-  uf  allbnry,  public  tiuUdlug. 

OuBtom-houwi.  'tnm-linmi.    Tbahoiinp 

hh°rFtliiicii<Iuin>  IK  piM.    Thuvhale 
«j-Hrn.   hym«nj  of  vridcli  thociiitoms 


under  eeD.MiuMi 


Outohsrv-,  'b-t1.      Io  tun  E.   IniitM,  ( 
ttourt  of  Junllce  or  public  offic. 
ffntliliart,  Bt.    An  Anclo-Suon   monk. 


dutlvle,    ku'd-hl.      Tb«  outerrnoat 

or  Itic  hody,  ejioept  the  nolla ;  Ibe  e| 

■  •^  tbo  liarltof  splsnt;  Ibeouter  p 
of  th«  epidemilt.    AlhbiiUnform 
Iha  iQT^ce  or  liquor. 
Ontlaaa,  totTw,  a  broid  cnrrlnu  ( 
used  hy  CAvebj ;  ji  hanger,  aa^d  b, 

Oatlar,  'Icr.   A  maker  of  dmler  in  k 
■bd  other  eunlDi  InstnimenU,    Om 

Oatlerlacen,  -l-ii'FA-f'.    A  hm,  o' 
furolil  alga'.  rvpr»enl«L  by  the  gen. 

ObUat.  lei.    A  pinvor  ml  orm^ 
KaBunlly  s  nvt  of  the  rib  wttb  tlu 


tflleallniclbiimo 
sir  girdl« ;  i>aa 


u  dlstlnpulnlied  Cutler. 

on  InolMir,  A  ^miiU  bwt  used  bf  sblpa  ol 
Wir.  A  vewel  rtwed  nearljr  Uke  s  ifcop, 
itith  one  mMl  Md  m  itrrieht  randtog-bow- 

employml  fcr  the  prsraiUDti  orimnrellng 

10(1,  jcSm  mslm-brlck, 


In  I 


Bub"lAiico  of  a  ciyital,  deatroylng  or  leu- 
Cuttar-bax,  -hfir.    Tbe  bu  of  ■  boring 


W  applied  to  thofii 


,  patolJiig,  TU-nlabLng, 


for  poUahln^wnoi 

Ontwal, '»>!.    In  the  K.  Indies  thocblef 

Ont-water,  'ws-ier.  The  fore  part  of  a 
ship's  prow.  Ttie  tower  portion  of  the 
pier  of*  bridge,  (Ormod  nlQi  BU  ancle  d  I 

acHon  of  Sia  iralfiT,  loo;  *e. 
Cnvier,    OeoTKea    Ohrstieil    Jjbo- 
pold   Daffobsrt.   Boron.     An  emi- 
nent  Freni^h  nalumUsI  :  n.  ITM.  n.  MSA 
}ll«   principal  "wotI 


Animal  Klng- 

MoUuHn,  ^ 

.  irtv,.<ia^  -^ ,M^^-^  -  .-  tj  thu  aeeeptod 

\  \iuVtoCTAfAji£U^  f^^^s    Hq  rifto  pab- 


OnTpli  iKayphi.  Albert,  kotp,    A 
C^OO.     The  cap,  ur  I'i'ru  at  ttiri  lllliii  i 


Lima.    Prvii«nt  pop.  Ai^  A't 
Owt.     Anabbr«viDll«n'>rh[ 


p.     A  [ihotoerspli  ot^- 

Oybele.  eIb'E>-lc.  Tn  Mvtb.  >li>o  known 
uOneii,  litaf'S.  OnniuKi  VwM;  diiiBbfrr 
of  CWuKor  Ur»im»lp4id  Tww,  wlfu  of 
(>Mnrii.  anil  nintbur  «r  .Tanllrr  M'l  otb.T 
df)lL«i;  hL?n<»  rulJr;!  "^KihiT  rif  Ikf 
G^M3^"  Bhols  (rcm-TiJly  rcnmwnlnVtn  n 

chariot  dr»»ii   li»  11 -■  -    -  --  - 

with  M.crKl  hrnMUl, 

Orblnni.  'bl-iim.    A 

Oycladsa,     nlkln-dc 


pljIB  Uflln.     A   InnR-  pcrEnil  nf  yeftrt  :  u 


D  BdI.  m  tana  emjilK/ni 


In  Ibr  tlipojy  of  »n1nl  leaf  Drini^flnHBt, 
to  cipnM  ■  (iinitilMt  IDn  of  Ibe  tpln. 

Mrtflrtlfl  f.rpli',  ■  paiori  <*  19  faun,  aflv 

spi'r4vilof^y»n.irtKE  the  domlslai 
or  Siudaj  leUen  return  to  their  former 
place.  Atxaprocoed  In  tlie  Ibrmer  ordor, «» 
eonllngtotho Jolhuiealvhdu-.  C.  of  1d- 
dtctloD,  ■  period  onST»n,  ilthaeodor 

filrmonUBiiT  toi,  to  i<ty  the  tnkUeriwbo 
were  oblteeu  to  ««r»0  on  Ij- for  that  period. 
OycUcm  llUlE-a.     A  Ikm.  of  leltmmemaa 

tob^i,eMles  (Cosaidi)  ud  Chrytomelr. 
C^obranchlttt* .  IIA-bnuink'i -a-ti. 
Anord.  of  f^Pteropodi,  eohalstlii^  priui- 


CycloRTaph,  -rnl.    An  biatnunaat  Ijt 
^N-rlhlni.'  the  iKt  of  drcloi. 

CTcIoid.'klold.         ^"j^^r-^ 
A    nirvu    gen      /^  f        \  \ 
H«e<t     by     «  /         V  J         \ 

point    In     ihe  /  \ ■'        ,   _^ 

phuifarariKla  CjdoM. 

IS  rolled  Blond  >  ilnlgbt  Use.  ud  kept  la 


Oycloidat  'o-i.    Tbo  * 


Cflona,  laolud- 
n  Ddiuo  mb 


OTcIopedia.  -klo-pO'df-o.  A  work  oon- 
ulnlnK  deflnltlfHia  or  uconnbi  of  tbo  prin- 
iflial  inbjeita  In  oas  or  aU  bnnohei  ot 
Htenoe,  Art,  or  lounlng. 

Cyelops.  -klAno.  In  Mfth.  a  nue  at 
fiiuiUi,  bavlnebnt  one  cyo  In  tbe  centre  of 
the  forebeid :  tbev  were  thff  armoieni  of 
.'opller,  forfrlRK  his  thunderbolu  heneatk 
Mount  Etna,  under  direction  of  Tiiloin. 
Homer  TBrioi  tills  accnnnt.  detcrihlni-  ch* 
C.  uiiglgaDtlo  triboof  lawleiscunlbsli, 
who  were  destroyed  by  Apollo. 


dlTUediatA  rauY  B«a«V  n  vnUfis  UM. 


CTCLOFEA^J 


Anulte.  Lyn  m 
^liodei^preM.    »H'LD-dpr-i>i 

■^■SSZ'h mX'S J"™"  of  »' 

fBCti-ail  Ufa  flat  Fu/bcs. 
Crlindrold.  -dmM.    A  -"Hil  IkmIv,  re- 

Mmbllnirnncht  cvliiidrr,but  tunlntthe 

1MK09  sMIptLial. 
Ojrllndro-osivBl,     -drii-ii  ir'val.       In 

Omi.  n  Wrm  .p].ll«l  lo  »  shot  iavlnB  m 

ej-llndrlaa]  Iwdy  tmiL  OElval  lirsil. 

the  cornice,  tiiopraflln  of  which  IS&FIIrcc 


«ro  tiHichrd  uul  ehlltcd  with  in  iron 
mil  hrld  In  the  rlrbt  hnnil,  KhtlMlie 
CfintullBinpiiDrtedlntbulcft  l>/a«rd. 
CymothoadM,  al-tnu-thu'D-iIi'.  A  ftm. 
Driau|ioi1uil9  iTMlmwMS  ndlimliko  the 

ElllquiwniiuiD>-Bp«li'!i  of  nnh. 
CymiT.  Uiu'il.  Thn  sitnc  ilvcii  lo 
IhnnfrlvH  by  the  Welnh.  [n  lln  wider 
sppHisUcm,  that  jxirtlon  of  the  Cdlla  noa 
vThlcb  at  one  tluiu  oiniplnl  nil  Britain, 
and  -xnif  (X[ie]le<l  ftvm  Ibo  llislibiidi  bv 
tht  GadhcHo  tlcotn,  mod  fhiin  t  ho  IaitIuiA 
of  Proltand  and  Esuland  tiy  the  Baiona 

Iho  andi'nt  Rrltalnn.  The  Wtlsh,  Btecou 

Cynanthropjr,  nl-naii'ihru-pl.  AHndof 


ouentn;  litwIplMof Antlmheow 

g  hnlt  flnd°r;  a°^llwor'af^ 
mkuuithrofie. 

nWeud^ofiifc. 
OTnictlB,  -Ik'tle.    A  rn.  a 


nthocl 


}.  Thcri 


™ttIld^ 


atthobntlom 


■    Cynipidffl.   -I].'l-d*.     Tlo  eall-fllwi,   i 

vbleb  prodac 
»M.iD,  ■.■'iiiui-'ii.j,  t.dii<Ht  (ralte  or  anl-iiaiiD, 
The  irxil  ns?d  )n  themannnu^iiroorint 
Is  FniiB«cl  hy  Iho  Tynlpi  gatlie  tlnclorla 

Cyuoaeplialas.    "I -n<i-fef"»-hif.        Tha 
ven.  ofbaboona  having  ahead  Ahnpodllkfl 

OynoKale, -nog'B-ID.     Agnn.   of  mam- 

OynoBTaphy,  Bln-og'tn-fl.    Ahlstoryot 


Botl.  XInda  BIS  tlso  called  Ogee. 
CtFmapben,   -ten.    An  ajipAmtnA 
Mepboae  Jbr  iveelrlag  U '"•' 


■hiriat,  uul  8  lunrtliwlKP,  like  thubra 
buica  ninadUiG  CWrli)  t  or  Obiriea'a  W 
[I  dontiin*  tlH  pole-eUr,  imi  the  eya 

Ir  dlmtad  (sit;  bBUw.  uiydilng  I 
nromfly  (Oncta  nWanslon ;  acenl*rol 

Oynthlo,  alD'Uil-l.     Id  Myth,  anc  al 

gen.  of  Asddldrc,  ODdap^en.  or  JtDld 


OyprsM,  'pres.    Tie  popular  m 


S^'c»]ar,BndC.dlad^  or Uti^'dgoua 

able  tot  Ita  ibimUllty.  The  cnfflDa  In 
wMeli  tbe  AthoDlui  taeropa  weredonoBlli^ 
WDTB  mado  of  the  firfit  Ht>od(fBH  aqa  tMima 
■athoritJoa  beHcFo  that  um  i^phcr-wood 

fbr  tli«  iead,  ryprraa   hrancbea   having 

Oyprlan,  'prt-an.    A  Cypriot;  a  lewd 

Crpciau,  St.,  Tliaaoliis    CnaiUns 

Ofvr- "  ■         -  -     . 

abl.  a™ ,  . 

CypridlnidEO,  -dtn'l-do. 


fOmUy,  whlcli  c 
ronch.  bleak,  bi 
Oypria.  'prla. 


4a!acopt«y§^]  Abdom!- 
'prlDna  In  the  tj^AofUie 
btlna  tlw  oarp,  f^ld-fieh, 

.  ((nn.of  mtniiW  fresh- 


Oyprna,  'prAs.A  An  Important  Mcdl- 
tfin-aD«an  IclBiid,  lylQ^  bctwevn  tiyrla  and 

.  AaUMhiDr,  (onnorly  balonglne  tn  Tur- 
key, hnt  alnee  ISTS.  nnder  &e  Berlin 
treaty,  DootiDlfld  by  QL  Britain  :  pop.  abt- 

fn,m. 


Cyvaelidn,  alp-iGl'l-iti?,  A  flun.  of  In- 
9»aorlal  birds,  nub-iinl.  >lMlruilrei.  Id- 
sludlij;  Uie  ewlfu  and  theli'  coniicncn. 
BccldcB  tlusnn.  Cypieliu,  the  bmily  In- 
c^defl  tba  N-  AmDricaa  awnllow  and  U» . 

CyreaaJc,  a1-re-Dil'lk.  PprtalnlnK  Is 
(.ijTPnB  a  Grcrfi  colony  on  the  north 
cfMiat  of  AtHca.  beioi^rlnfr  (o  Ih^edionlof 
E[ilcdr(iui  phlloIophFrf  ftiunded  i>y  Arb- 
Uppaa,  a  dlwlple  of  BocntoB.  at  (.'ynne. 

Oyril.  St.  Elahop  of  JcruulciD,  qf 
whlr.li  plaw  ha  f fi  bcHcved  la  havo  been  » 
naUfe  ;  n.  aiS.n.  SMi.  In  ullp.    A  ■coond 

SID,  prcndMlBttbe  Ooandl  of^phogiH, 

Council  or  AntlDch!'  the  aamc  year.  A 
Uib'd  Ht  Cyril  (ConabintlDel,  n.  In  Th«- 


Oyiilllo,  al-ril'Ik.  The  lerm  inpHod  to  an 
idphabel  ailoptad  by  all  Ihi'  ^faFonhi  peo- 

auperaadBd  Ui°  OlairoHtlii  andaoDiaonu 
alllDa  am  inadlfl(<d  trom  Ihe  Qteitolltju.    It  ■ 
wBB  bronnht  into   Ksntral   uBc  by  St. 
Cyrll'i  pu^,   Clement,   first  blahop  ot 
Bulgaria. 
CfTiia,  Thfl  Oreat.    jMao  known  >a  tha 

daiiehl^rorAatyages,  KtagofModla;  a. 
aht.  6<jn  n,  o„  aaoonded  the  throne  <tf 
Media  MS,  conqnered  Lydia,  Eabylqnaod 

tho  Pewlan  Kingdom.  C.  waa  klUed  iB 
jinlniMloDOf  Pcythla,  OSSf.  o.;  CpM 
the  Vnonger,  aon  ot  Darlue  Nothna,  Kinf 
nr  Perata,  rtmltiid  agahist  his  brotlii*  ix- 
taierun,  Hho  a.  hla  futlier.  and  vas  d» 
r«lfldiuidkmod;B.abt.470n.  o.,D.aM. 
HS8. 

Cyet,  elat.  Tn  Fbyalol.  a  holm'  orgaa 
wltlithln  walls,  as  the  urlnaiy  bladder  or 
the  gall  bladder.  In  Pathol,  a  bladder- 
like  W  or  Teelolo  vhl^h  Inrlodee  mor- 
bid muUerlnsnlaial  bodlei, 

CTstiden.-ld'li-e.  A  ftm.  offasEll  ecblO' 
oderma,  ooodrrids  In  fliB  ailarlaa  and  car- 
bon I  feiona  strata. 

Orthere,    e^-thC're.    A  frcn.  of  nilruts 

insrino  habll,    and    funnd  tbull  In 'the 

OmX.iiT.    AklBE;  a  chief.    A  Mis  rf    . 
tha  Emperor  of  Rnaafa.  flrst  adnnwdln 
UTebyfianU.,vhfa^l»d  hlmaalfCBr 


VZABXVHA 


UAeiUCSTAlI 


Omicrma.  d-n-fiu.  -Tha  xrft»  at  the 

ASUnnndn'  Alennder  I.  of  EumLi,  bnf 

Joined  In  the  nvoH  of  liBI ,  and  >u  alMt- 

Oearlna. -r."ii».    A  ilil...f  ilw  l^mprow 
■or  i;  11  Alii. 

His  eon.  Priow  Ladl.lF^u^  a.  1S29,  mar- 

rlfd  a  daiiKht.T  of  Qnsno    OhrlBllm  of 

Caorowita.  zfA-rtW     Tb»  till,  of  the 

dpilD.  ai.a  nuilo  hULou.o  In  lingliMl. 

Osemy.  Oeoifre.  luir'no.    Tho  ms  of  a 

OaartorTiOLi,  ohor-f^riB-k..      A  i.oW« 

PoIWi  rjinlly  of  VLTT  indent  rmoTrn  snil 

Mflotho  Icadornblp  of  bit  canntjrmen 

roy.1  bLMd.    BU.ph^o,  B,  IBM,  I..  IttW.  U 
cdlwl  tba  l>u|{u«Bcltii  of  Poluid.  and  the 

in  Ih.'lr  ruvolt  again.t  tlie  T^rk^  eapturtd 

8]ocU-d  governor  anil  rcooimliod  as  prinoo 
ortterrlibythoBultsn.    Daring  the  In- 

<^n'^f'klni,S?rn"S[ns.i..  iSl,  d.  I6«'; 

Tustarofitguienlof  fodoliauid  proil- 

imionof  RuiL^hy  Nupsleon,  C.  waseom- 

dtnt  of  tha  Diet.    Jdom  Goorge,  eon  of 

pelled  to  abandon  ewvia,  and  on  Ma  «- 

18Sl."""He  b«smo'  Mtalster  of  Foreign 

Prince  HOoKb. 

nod,  formed 
of  thstoDfue  leitDBt 
ii|i[>or  tcetll,  and  then  IbretngnDTOcallaed 
bruMh,  Uia loft pilita balnKnued  topre- 
nntltaesoafWlbroDghtba  i  "^ 

D  taUowB  ■  wblaperM,  i 


piulna  tbe  Up 
"  "»t  of  Uie 

lo'eyliablelt  Uhds  tho 
:  a  rapid 


Daotylettiridn,  dak-tl-tetb'ri-de.  A 
tarn,  of  unphlblan  lertebrau,  campTidnf 
~~i1y  onegen.,  nnd,  so  """  ""  "" '""^ 


apoclM. 
Dactyll,  'I 


.    In  Chias.  A 


C3aas.  4ntiq.  (hbalau 

.habWDgMonnt  Ida  tn  IHuTgU, 

to  whom  thodlHbTerroflroa  and  tbo*rt 
ofnort^lnirltisiiaiTltibd.    Tbey  ware  sec- 

timci  eonfciLjiided  lylth  tha  Cor^banlea. 
DactylioKniphy,  -ai'i-6g"n-B.  The 
art  of  gem  engraving.  A  deseHptJon  of 
engmvvd  flnger-rlnge  and  prvdous  stones. 
SactylloloKy,  -or'o-ll.  Tho  selenM 
which  lieats  of  tbe  blitery  and  QuailUoa 
E,DI»the2d|  offlnger-rlngB. 
iwerlngto  ro.  I  DactylolORy.  -oi'o-Jl.      The  art  of  oom- 


Saotylaiiteroua,  -oii'i 

:'a.   It  contains  the  flying  goriiard  or 

DsdalnB.  dSdVI&i.     In  Uyth.  an  ar- 

LaUrlnth,  and  Invontod  tho  aaw,  auger, 

libytLntb  by  >nnoa,  King  of  Oeto,  he 
m&ao  himaelfu-ki^ri,  jind  ojxiouipanlad  by 

fliirht.     loorus   f4.'IL  Into  tLe  sea.   ainoe 
knoivn  as  the  Idarian,1>ntn,  landed  BofSy 
Apollo!™'  "  ''°     °      "      ' 
DttKheBtaii.    That  portion  of  W,  Ash 

CsuoMus ;  ETOa  n.OOU  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt. 
l,«»,0(ia,  prl^^r  Tartar  uomada. 


d-HprUlal, 

Itagoa.  Ai'eon.    Tlin  natlnnal  a^td  of  i 
PhUlalliK^s,  rc[;rpseiiUi<l  nith  tbo  Dpp«r 
part  of  n  moD  ana  tho  tail  (itifinh.    HLb 

Arfidod.    Ho  had  a   fuuiulo  comlatlvp 


Xtalkokn,  dr-ko-kil.    The  i^  (pi-clalljr 

wnpfiblpcd  bj  tha  artlBuia  of  Japan.    Ili> 

^prcMDtedassIttbieon  aMH  orrire, 


fill  nf  sUtw,  rice,  cloUi.  u 

DaimlO,  'mi-fi.    Tbo  ilUi 
frudal  lords  tn   Japan, 
with  a  decree  tssneJ  In  1S 


Basnam,  Lotiia  JaoQuea  U&iide, 


worlt  In  Ihc  dolry. 

MlaardilrypriHluae. 

»»i--'.";.T'»        ^ 

S'^j's/dfiSTv 


9^^IU 


«tnod.  The 
ohlufsmtBt  Chs 
Uph  txbla,w1Ui 
hucliiEB  be- 
hind snd  oftan 


DAIEI  M  '  DAUASOITS  BLADE 

n  iliurndlrs  name  tat  the  I    poUtlclu,  ud  held  tb*  oflloe  ot  fl>aW»/ 
Kin,     Hu  In  held  Is  be  de-     uF  tbo  OonmoBweUdi  ud  BeinUiy  d 
the   Hun-i^ldi'iM,  anil  u[   the^vaauir;  D,  I^T* 
U«  person  tl]  the  utMbntee  I  Oallaa,  OMmn  *n*>1"     Bon  ot  Ui«   ' 
\   atMve.B.ln  Peon.,  ITK.tleetodtAttatr. 
S.  8eD>(e,  ISSI.AUornw-Geiienlof  PeUL, 

uid  In  1^  (lecUd  Vtce-Pn»ldsnt  of  tb> 
U.  S.     B^nt  u   MlnbUr  la  Qt.   Britllla, 

Dallas.    A  Tlllue  or  PalukI  Cn.,  Ky., 

Ml  Ihf  t-edenils  ucdirGgo.  SUennim 

the  Conl«]^ralf>  under  Gens.   Hood 

Iludec.    ThulatlT  floBU^  reDHled . 

DaJmatla,  d;ll-mD'iihD-iL    As  Aastilu 

- -he  E.  ehore  or  ths  AdrliHo; 

iq.  m.;  pop.  ibt.  aM.WO.  Cv- 

DEdmatdca.  dul-met'l-ba.    TheTestmenE ' 

biBhope  auder  tbo  chaJuble^  knd  from  k 
very  early  period  by  the  popee  when  oD- 
cluisn  ponUaodl;,  IlconeWofnlonf 
robe  vlth  lancer  lud  fUlW  Bleeni  this 
Ibo  lunls.  The  hldea  m  left  ptrUnU]'  nn- 
dosed.  It  hu  km^tudlnit  itripe*  h«- 
rbre  and  behind,  cheee  etrlpee  orifftuIlT 
belce  black  but  la  Uier  tlmea  red.    A 

En^Unrt  on  bJiih  oociuhiiia  u  >  enpv 

Dolrlad,  'ri-ad.    One  of  %  tribe  ofth* 

In    Irebmd,    Hhleh  oocnpled    the 

lern  put  ot  the  Coonty  of  ADtrla. 

Damajava^,  di-ma-Ji'yiir.    The  nam* 

nml'i>;*!-<'l  aTn  «iib9tl°nu  for  oak  bukud 


1^1 


imp.  41.<HH).     Ysnkluii 


DakOit,  da-liolL  One  of  o  dam  of  rob- 
ben  In  Inlli  who  iilunJ^' In  bund-,  bill 
Kld.>m  ate  HU?.    The  h<m>  n-sH  dw  ap- 

Sle-1  tn  trirat.4  who  InfrhWl  the  rivm  ho- 
leen  Cidoulta  und  Bnrhimpore,  but  are 
■nw  Bupiimned. 
Dakota.    Alerrltorj-ofther.  B..  TT.  of 

UlnnMoaawlN.    '       "       -■ 

150,1X11)  BO.  I 

the  oap..Te 

Orrcnvmoil  aro  the  i>rlndiia1  towna ;  the 

MiBBOurl,  Obe; enno  and  Kebraska,  cblet 

I>alai'-lamB,  -BTi-ma.  One  of  th"  two 
lama  popes  of  Tibet  and  MonenHs  (his  (Ct- 
low-pope  hcllie  Tcsho-lamnl,  eirJi  «o- 
uremu  in  t&i  own  district  When  he  dies 
edert  bj- a  biff,  generally  of  four 

_.  ._.   ...e»««)  dalnl  f*  mpponed  loliavr 
entered.    The  lialal  reoldca  at  Potala  near 
Ijiesa.  In  Tibet 
Dalber,  dll'ke.     An  Irish  soiulda  ro- 

Sallaa.    jjexandAT   janie*.     An 

jlintrlBin  MuleeiiiM,  B.  In  Jamaloa,  ITW. 
ImmlealPd  to  I'enn.  1TX1 :  beeama  rtie- 
"       -  '    '        1  lawyw  ud  EspubUou 


'  of  tho  ^t 


I'an.    A  mbblt-llka  aninul 
\lynx.  tupposed  to  be  tba 

Daman.  A  Portujiueso  town  In  Indlk, 
10*  m.  N.  of  ISonihav.  nolal  QJ  uontalnlnc 
the  bmous  Templu  of  Fsnls  ;  pop.  abt 


K.    Ills  "Summanot    . 

lus'kiLs.     An     sndert  - 

now  cap.  of  a  Turkish  puhiuio  of  saOM 

Damascua    Blade,  -bUd.      a  Biwr4 

a  »arlopit*d  appea«no«  of  watHlna.la 
Qua  Unu  M  ulot*.  flbniu,  cirou«a,tB- 


tflriftcpil  or  paraUi?!,  ACr,  1 
nt  DhleHy  nl  Dsmspni. 


I     San 

\        E.nl 


lorljr  ftbrlMl- 


',  ^{]Q  and  Elnly  !^p^iit. 
Samietta.  dnm-o-et'ti.     An    F^ptlin 


:     Dmi)  m  nr-reiiln,  'iiuir-f!-!:ln,     A  icm 
rcacmbllDi;  in?|>fil,  pro^nced   by  vajiot: 

Damn.     Ttaa  necrstlnn    emiilnycd  b 

Damooleau.  -o-kle'-iui.  Krlatinj;  I 
Damoalcs,  >  fluitaret.  via,  buiDK  h 
toUcll  IMnnyailu,  Tyrsiil  or^rmcuso.  m 
'  plooed  by  the  lAtter  lukdi-r  fi  fwunl  sui 
Haded  over  bla  head  by  n  j^Jn^lc^  luL 

ly  OBB  of  nnlnenoe,  throsleiiu.tnlih  ej 

Da^^on.     One  ortba  tndJdonnry  hi'roi 


I  KngUab  dr- 


Nltrnrbi 

IDampter,  WlUiam.    An 
'  Sampler  AfoUpelago. 


ampler  J 

;■.  ofAil.tr 


I   Sana,  Trancla. 


Daoaidea,  In  Myth,  tbi  M  dupehlen 
or  llnnuiM.  n'ldL-k&K  wllb  bis  tmtlat 
Kl!i[ituii  of  E^ypt,  TTipyirera  UL  mU-f 
rii'd  t<^  Tha  pons  of  Ejn'ptua,  and  by  eon- 


DBiib7.  Francis.     An  cmlnerii  Iriel 
Danoe.  iljinr>.  A  Urdy  niTdiHi  or  unnu 

H'hiiih  danulnslfl  rpfniLiit«d,    l>.  ofdeat^ 
which  n  Rt:clpU)D   d^rures  promlnomly 


Uie  thmoo  o(  which  pfty  «™  offeroil  him, 
but  arcllDcl:  n.  im.     Berml  of  ths 


SandT.  'dl,    A  boalmu  of  (ho  GmiiKM. 
ArnajinbnlnCuitidlDua  a.1  to  drn«.    A 

pri'W  ibo  liijoldlKiiu  ilio  pulp,  and  to  bur 

or  Mr\pc  tho  pappr. 
Danebios.  ''-bnur.    A  Dnnljih  m^sr  el 

knl|thl)in.Ml.  InnUtutfd  about  lilB,  lUdVfr 

vlvi.,l  In  li;il». 
I}aiigeiNslgiiaL  dlD'jsr-nI^-na].  Tho  pIk- 


^'i^dtompalBlglit  "'   '' 

Daniel.    In  flcrlp.  nnn  of  Iha  frrmter  Hs- 

tatM  Snlhgr  Je»-fih  eaptl-M  to  lUbv- 
lon  In  tho  M  jaa  of  Kinif  Joholiklm^ 
rol^.  Ilo  Ivcanio  dkinoiiFt  fbrhls^ftoi 
prophpry  and  *l#iidy  dorollon  to  his  re- 
(won,  bi-lnit  idirfe  governor  of  Babylon 

tothe  ktnK  hlmartf  by  Diini.  tho  fecde. 


Saata.  dun  bil,      liaJ.v>  pimtrKt  nan 

Ilontoii.  Oteorge  Jaoquea.  A  Fri'iic 
Jncnbin,  ■-  il.'*.  BiifUulInwl  hi-  ordiT  i 
Kubi-Kj^iTii-,  1TU4, 


l«iBlh«.-inOin,;MvlpraWu  ■ 


fmportann^,  nnd  cmplnyciiln  the  laai 

Bapbnla,  'ni-n.    Tha  watiir-neii. «  p 

gf  inliiiitn   rniitBceann,  onL  Clsdocc 

diT,  Itniii<italDpod&, 
Saphllia.    In  Myth.  thononnrMeraii 

a  Bk'Ubm  uh^phurd,  untt  iDvi.'DtDr  of  ji 

torn]  |M»(iy. 
Saiby,  dnrlii.    A   uWtenvr'e  IddI,  hi 

raFflwUntrucrillnc.    HandculTi. 
Saxbor,  QeorgBa.    Archhinhopof  r 

K'hatby  IhcComrBBidiiU,  1971. 
SaidanalleB,  Tho.     The  Btralt  i}. 


aonciiprt  InKpiptln  1S1.1,  md  ■  norl  of 
thofouilim,  now  In  reholllon  nnJer  (be 
Ifudenlilp  of  El  Mabdi.  the  FuIh  iMo  . 


wrU-hlncntH 


and  thdncfl  coUed  a  duio-    Any  very  puru 

irdW  ooln. 
Daiien,  Oulf  of.    As  arm  ar  the  Car- 

IblHm  Hra.  (J.  AiiK^riui;.    letbniDS  of  D., 

C.  .luiDdca.  "       luii"™. 

SoiiuB  I,  (Burnaiiisd  HysttiapiB). 

Klnjt  of  I'oralu ;  a.  Canibyaes,  021  a.  c. 


■nm  tongliiiaiinh,  depnsed  [be 
•I  Sotrdlaciie,  ond  b«9uiia  KIdr  oT 
,  4lHi..  c;  r.405.     D.  l[I.,  called 


flpld.  s'lnHni,  dauirhlDTotr 
of  tbo  Hives  of  Alexander. 
Daxler,  Felix  O.  C. 


Damlsy,  Hennr  EKoort,  Iiord. 


noble,  of  tbt 


'er.    Ono  who  throws  a  iart    ' 

One  wha  or  that  whlflb  eprlnn  Ibrward. 
A  Ren.  (Plotss)  ofireb-Ciotsd  birdi  oTtli* 
IxUuan  tribe,  resenitjUnit  tbe  snlli.  An 
nrd.  (Jaoulstorce)ori^rd>  onntatiil^r  thl 
ting-Behpra,  bce^ators  and  jacaman, 
from  their  boblt  of  dartliij;  on  Ihrfr  prey. 

Sftsviu,  Obral^ns.    1^  ^Dgllah  Datnp 


1  pabtldtt. 

'    lw-UDn,"'Dcipnliily  kaawn  "  'he  K 
thm  thnij. 

Dasb-bokrd,  dmb'bOrd      A  hiwrd  or 
nrua  Tiltused  an  the  lure  lart  et  u  Tchkle 

'  SMh-pot.  'pat  An  ippnntns  Jbr  'leul- 
SiflnB  U.8bloKDrBbr/Bri1nEndKht,aml 
jmiBntliiirlBrlii  thn  maclilnery. 
Daah-irlieal,  'whi'l.  A  name  applied 
10  two  rylillllers  retoltlne  iratnst  mcll 
■atherJji a clslera,  nB«lfiir»Ml;lnBwoveii 
goodsby  AlleniAtfly  dipping  IhoiD  In  Iba 
inner  uil  dublnf  thflin  a^nFt  th*^  jildeA 


SlHypiibB,  -rip'l-di'.  A  cmnll  Fiirn.  nl 
•denuu  iDunmalfl,  caioprtiiltiFtbeiiiUdi. 
imiiidmo.  ont-eatH-  uDdthe  nlitypag  DT 
iock-blU.  ^ 

Bumrs.  'tl-Qr.  The  bmnh-lailrtl  opos- 
•anu.s  gro.  of  plnntlgmdu  martuplela. 
AMUd  In  Aostnlli,  BO  mined  in  oniitrul 
to  tbsopMtnm«DftlniN*WWorM,ithloh 
tuvaniEcd'tiillsMim^wbntllt:  n'* 

Mttzla  -ti'ri-B.  Th«i»piilaffli 


Daun.     I«ODold   Joaepb    IIQwla, 
Count -von.      An  Auiirlun  mcM-Mir- 

Fr.-d'wtek  th»  Orrii lithe  baltlMafKo- 


Xtni-ufPrttBCB  prior  m  tho  Itevolutlon  r 
1"3(i. 
Dauphlne.  'fiin.    The  wjfa  or  luLy  g 

Dauv.    A  S.  AlHcui  irbn.  the  E^db 

DaTsnant,  WlUlain.  Blr.    An  Eng 
llnh  dtnuialiJil,  ulii  lo  havo  been  tlm  nsl 


>.  imiA.  u.  16Se. 


IK  or  I  m 


t,  poet  and 


David  I,    Kln((iirflDoiland.i.  hlibrothT 

(pavldBrnM|''(ioii  of  the  rrtil  Eoberi 
Bnim,  rrUred  to  Franco  on  hisfBthtr'i 
duttb.  ^vtio  via  n.  by  Ikllol.  18)B,<bDt  le- 
turned  Id  lM:j  and  rrioaTerf^  tala  thitmBj 
In  ftlB  ho  WM  (JpfiMteil  tnA  cratnrod 
while  Iniadtag  eniclMiit  HiTlinnrlaoiwd 
iBtb   Toner  of  London  tm  136Y    u.  IBII. 

DBTid,  Jaoguealioiii*.  An  en^insat 
Frrni'hjulnttT    n.  1143,  D.  Inrxl[i),182IL 

Davidlit.  diMd-isL  Odo  of  s  iwct  » 
caltod  torn  DuTld  GMFCd,  vho,  In  tba 
16lh  century,  Rive  out  thil  ImmiiUw 
Mi'SPlnh,  rpjeetinl  innniieo,  ud  denied  - 

33aviB,  CniarlM  Hamr.  Bear  Ad- 
miraL  A  American  duvhI  ortirpr  h. 
1n  Mw.s,.  Or)' :  •^mmmAfi  lb?  Winds- 
ii(]ipl  floUII.  duiing  IhB  CivH  Wnr.  ud 
■«i.  miypoiDipd  Hiipprintenrtont  of  Die  Ni- 
lloDul  Obsurvekiry.  ISU ;  u.  I9>B. 

Huvia.  JSflerBOn.  An  Amwl™n  »!- 
oilqd  nt  Welt  Pirinr.  BDrv«)  TyamnlOi 
oredIL  aod  rfBlgcpd  tn  bwoine  n  pknter 
In  MiMlulppl.  KIrcttd  to  the  lower 
honsDofConenisi..  hetookulondinit  p»rt 
In  BlIdebiilBB.    ll»  tonmBmitA 'CwL\%'ai 


rfflellDM  rhfl  anpt^jilinfit  hr   IVnLdnit 
Toik  o(  lidit*u>T  p'Drnl  nf  ¥oliint«T«, 


luthorilUw.  ]!U.<<iti-<l  to  tho  r.  B.  f>fDi 
In  IS4T,  ho  Tu  MfriaLpli.-d  Pi^rMnrv  < 
Wur,  IJW,  Mill  Hi  llio  <:U>Kn  of  IVi^ln 
la  tha  Spnuo.    Taklnir  n  1<'u<Une  part  1 


.  releuga]  on  hsll.  sod  unii  Inclimal  (n  iht 
Act  of  Uencnl  AiiiiiHIv,  Dec.  25,  l§e8. 
tie  nov  rrildm  lii  H.  Mli«l>»l[ipl. 

Davla,  John.  An  Knf-ll^h  ntclnior : 
B.  IMI.     Ila  <lliwiir«nul  Urn  tlralt  whtdi 

Int.  white  noi'kiuic  >  S'.  W.  jiuuga  to  In 
dli ;  ho  wu  klUcd  <n  .lapui,  Idna. 
IteTla   Strait.     Tho   jnfrant  dtvldlni 

GroonLiii.i ;  IW  m 
lonebTiailo60»wMo 
DaTit.  liav'lt  Onao 
two   pn.jaoariK  plcoa 

tho  boats  by  mcruiA  o 
thaiTa      and     pullpy  „    „ 

tlah^laTft,  n  Bpar  with  Uavits. 

a  roller  or  oIk'Svo  al  lis  (^d  luwd  for  1 
ins  tho  andior. 

SavouBt,  Louis  Nioolaa.  dth-Tc 


ABont&lt  oBd  l-rinoo  of  BohmOhl. 
■  Davy.  Hnmphiey.  Sir.  Bart.     A 

Blatlnitnlsho.1  KnellnhehninlrtandQiliiral 
phlloiophiir  ;  B.  ina,  D.  IMiP. 
Dayy  TOnoB,  aa'vf  jrini,  Tho  spirit  of  th» 
Incti'i'.  fliooDi-an;  fi]>f«ll1c^y»  lu&aenive 

Davy-lamp.    -lamp.      A   limp   whose 
Tloniof:!  AurroniidLsl  with  win-.  1aTenl«d 

rroin  eiplni^i  or  nro-dsrnp.    Called  alio 


eotl  of  a  ^ta^  doal^ed 

■"-  ^ blanqiiln.    To 

Q  paluqnlu 


aun.  Thin  hi  IcnnDd  lG«  day,  and  mntD- 
tutra  what  aatmnotncn  call  (ho  artiflcial 
day.    ThoiBTlodnrnherovolutinnor  the 

ca])i'<l  the  natar^  day.  Tho  Babjlonlaua 
boinin  tho  day  at  hiio-rMng ;  the  Jowb  at 
«un-H>ItlnR:  [he  K|iyptlansat  inldnlEht, 
an  do  the  Brldah.  French,  Sl<aiUsh,  Anuz- 


Xhiyfly.  'III.    The  papntar  name  o(,  lb* 
-  idled  V-ainao.  thouKh  they  way  sr*-' '- 


the   tuval  and   pupal   Mala  far  Hwil 
yeira.  In  thoir  perfect  form  they  eilataiilr 
from  a  few  houra  to  a  few  flay.,  taking  no 

Daysman,  dta'man. 
Dayabai.   dl'>tar.    Th 

;j,^'o™U"s'.i.t.""Tt 

in  nmplre  or  a^ 

'whlt'p^c^ 
sun,a<t£eorbof 

Dea« 

IIl.d«'knB.    A  pnaen  In  the  lowMt 
of  the  holr  nnltra.    Theoffloeof 

ven^t.'iSwJ^  oEoiSjafSSt; 
t  th'efca.H of  (;hrlMlan^  and dta- 

DffioeTslnIJ] 
DeaconsBa. 

primltlTe  chdruZu  A 


BeBd-beat,  dad'Mt. 
plewlyto"      


DeiUl-lMAd,  'hsd,  InRiTiiidliig.thDfitn 
leneUi  of  uetal  given  to  a  tan  gan,  con- 
iBlnlDflr  tba  dnhtfi,  whkrh  rlsf,'^  10  the  nur- 
Am  ofthe  liquid  mctsl.  Whun  rwlcd  the 


Ct-offlco,     An jthloe  which  has  lojtlL 
« «^  AQtborlty,  fiv  upAO  oftimo  oraai 
•asruiiee.    Dod-klMroftlcc.  b  denirt 

Xtead-marfh.  'inircL.  A  pl<>ce  cf  sol 
HUD  Iiiualc  Itlayorl  At  Hincnd  prooiiBHlODB 
«p«ola^y  tho»iQ  t>f  niUltory  aioa. 

SMd-reckonluK,  -rok-n-lni;.    Tha  ul 


evDipaM.  rocUllod  bytbo  allou'ancoa  l^r 
drift,  iHj-wsy.  «^. 
Doad  Sea.  Tbo.    A  lako  or  PaloBtme, 

WH.  ud  tbqro  la  no  pi<rc?ptlble  oiiUoL, 
iihboiuh  the  Jordan  Ittds  U  ftvHn  tho  X. 
ItlslllSlfwtbclowtho  luYfloftheMed- 
IteiTlneiui.  It  Is  ^viKtillv  hcHovcd  lliut  no 
KtIiib  thlntt  cui  cslM  111  in  watoni,  but 
this  Is  dlapulcd  hy  (ume  whu  luxlnt  thM 

DMLflMM,  d;f 'aEi.  Incapndty  ofpprrelv- 
in^ Bounds;  waot  oftboaimso  ofbairltig. 
HmrlULD^efla  to  hear, 

Dmui.  den.  An  (wlestoetloal  i^DTFrnor  or 
d^nllir;,  id  uillcd  bttaneo  «ch  dli»wae 
WM  dlTid«d  Into  detiDcriei.  oub  oimprla- 
iac  tui  pwlifaei,  witb  ■  d«ui  pmulnc 
OTBr  fiAch,  A  dena  or  TiUey. 
'    SMHDrBxy, 'h4.  TbeoOa  or  the  i*rma» 


ormlaiui.    Tho  hauuocjuriadlcUon^tfi 
Hout  mute,  deTmUt    A  poKui  who  I* 


Seath's-hend,  doths'hod.  The  ahull  of 
Ihfl  lor^'pst  flpwlos  of  Iftpldoplpmiis  Insirct 
by  the  vulear  as  the  forerunner  of  death 

AjiytJdng  which 


DEBAUCH 


%4B 


DSCEMBEB 


A.  UMMlatum,  >rhoi»o  ticking  is  suppoMd, 
by  BupcrHtitiou.s  aud  iniorant  people,  to 
p'roj[,^noi4ti(»te  death.  It  belon^^  to  the 
gen.  Anobiiim.  The  ticking  is  tho  call  of 
the  sexes  to  each  other. 

Sebaucll.  dr'-baeh'.  Excess  in  eating  or 
drinking;  intem'perunci' ;  gluttony;  lewd- 
ness.    An  act  of  debaucher}-. 

Deborah.  A  Hebrt*w  prophetess  and 
judge,  who  lived  in  the  13tJi  eentury  b.  c. 
Bhe  took  an  active  jiart  in  delivering  her 
country  fW)in  the  Canaanites  under  Siscra, 
and  is  the  reputed  author  of  '*  Judges  v." 

Debauchee,  de'bo-she.  A  man  given  to 
inteinp<>nince  or  bacchanalian  excesses  ;  a 
man  habitually  lewd  or  profligate. 

Debris,  du-bre.  Fragments;  rubbish; 
ruins.  In  Geol.  any  ucoumnlation  of 
broken  and  detached  matter,  as  that  which 
ari.oes  from  tho  waste  of  rocks,  or  a  drifted 
Jieap  of  animal  and  vegetable  matter. 
Debtor,  defer.  The  person  who  owes 
another  either  money,  goods,  or  services ; 
one  who  has  received  from  another  an  ad- 
Yantsge  of  any  kind. 

Debut,  d&-b&.  Beginning  or  entrance 
n]>on  anything;  first  attempt;  hence, 
first  appearance  before  the  public,  as  that 
of  an  actor  or  actress  upon  tne  stage. 

Debutant,  -tAn.  One  who  makes  a  d6- 
but :  a  man  who  makes  his  first  appear- 
ance before  the  public. 

Debutcmte,  -tant  A  woman  appearing 
for  the  iirst  time  before  the  public. 

Deca-,  dek'a.  A  prefix,  from  the  Greek, 
signifying  ten. 

Decade,  dek'od.  The  sum  or  number 
of  tun  ;  an  aggregate  or  group  consisting 
of  ten  ;  fipecitically,  an  aggregate  of  ten 
y<'iirrt. 

Decagon,  'a-gon.    A  plane  figure  having 
tn<.'  bi<les  and  ten  angles.     Wh^n  all  the 
fides  and  angles  are  equal  it  is  a  regular 
.deougon. 

DecafiTamzne,  dA-ka-gram.  A  French 
W(>ight  of  ten  grammes,  equal  to  &.644 
drams  avoinliipois. 

Decagyn,  dek'a-Jin.  A  plant  having  ten 
pistils. 

Decahedral,  -hO'dral.  Having  ten  sides. 

Decalitre,  da-ka-lu-tr.  A  French  mea- 
sure of  oapacitv,  containing  ten  litres,  or 
610.27  cubic  inches. 

Decalogue,  dek'a-log.  The  ten  com- 
mandments or  precepts  given  by  Ood  to 
Moses  at  Mount  Sinai,  originally  written 

on  tvr9  tsblea  of  stone. 
JJooameron.  de-kam'e-ron.    Tbe  angU- 
cised  jumte  of  the  celebrated  ooUeetlon  of 


tales  by  Boccaccio,  which  oonaiflta  cf  IW 
•tories,  ton  of  which  ore  told  on  etch  of 
ten  days  by  seven  ladies  and  three  gentle- 
men who  had  fled  from  Florence  (oa  conn- 
try  house  during  Uie  plague  of^84S. 

Decametre,  dft-ka-in&-tr.  A  Frmeh 
measure  of  length,  10  metres,  equal  to 
8*2.8  feet 

Decandria,  de-kan'drl-a.  The  10th 
class  of  plants  in  the  artificial  sjrttem  of 
Linneus,  having  10  stamens,  and  one  or 
more  pistils.  It  inolndes  Dlanthiu, 
Lychnis,  Ccrastium,  Saxifraga,  Sedum, 
Oxalis,  &c. 

Decanter,  -kan'ter.  A  vcMel  used  to 
decant  liquors,  or  for  receiying  decanted 
liquors  ;  a  glass  vessel  or  bottle  used  for 
holding  vrinc  or  other  liquOTS. 

Decapitation,  -kap'i-t&''Bhon.  The  act 
of  iM'heading. 

Decapod,  dek'a-pod.  One  of  an  order  of 
crustaceans  having  ten  feet.  One  of  that 
division  of  the  cuttle-fishes  which  hare 
ten  prehensile  arms. 

Decapoda,  do-kap'o-da.  The  highest 
order  of  crustaceans,  so  called  ft'om  having 
five  pairs  of  legs.  They  are  subdivided  Into 
Brachyura,  or  short-tailed  decapods,  the 
crabs;  Macrura,  or  long-tailed,. indadtng 
the  shrimp,  lobster,  nrawn.  crayfish,  Ac., 
and  Anomura,  of  wnlch  tne  hermit-crab 
is  an  example.  One  of  the  two  divisions 
of  the  dibranchiate  cuttle-fishes  (die 
other  being  tho  Octopoda). 

Decastyle.  dek'a-stll.  A  portloo  or  oolon- 
nade  often  columns. 

Decoan,  The.  That  portion  of  Ilindo- 
Stan  H.  of  the  Vindhya  Mountains. 

Decatur,  Stephen.  Com.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  oflle«T;B.  in  Md.  1779,  killed 
in  a  duel  with  Com.  Barron,  at  Bladens- 
burtr,  Md.,  1S20.  As  a  midshipman  he 
distinguished  himself  in  cutting  out  'the 
cai>tured  Philadelphia  flrom  under  the 
guns  of  the  Tripolitan  forts,  1808 ;  In  1612, 
with  the  frigate  United  States,  he  cap- 
tun-d  the  British  fiigato  Macedonian,  af- 
ter a  nanguinurv  battle ;  in  1815,  whUo  In 
coiuniund  of  the  President  he  was  at- 
tacked by  four  British  vessels  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender;  in  the  same  year, 
with  a  strong  flotilla,  he  broke  tho  power 
of  the  Algerian  cruisers. 

Decedent,  dG-sud'ent  A  docoased  per- 
son. 

December,  -sem'bcr.  The  12th  and  last 
month  in  the  year,  in  which  the  soil 
touches  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  at  the 
-winter  aolstice,  being  then  at  his  greatest 


DEOEMVIBATE 


M9 


DEGXJMBKNGE 


Deoemvirate,   'ver-at.     The  offloe  or 

term  of  office  of  the  ^ecemvlra  or  ten 

maglstrateA  In  Rome,  who  had  absolute 

.  sat&ority^for  two  years.    A  body  often 

men  in  authority. 

Decenxiary,  -sen'na-rl.    A  period  often 

years. 
Decennial,  'ni-al.    Continuing  for  ten 
years ;  consisting  of  ten  years ;  as,  a  de- 
cennial  period.      Happening   every   ten 

•  years  ;  as,  decennial  gamts. 
Decentralization,  'tral-iz-a"8hon.  The 

act  of  distributing  what  has  been  central- 
ized or  brought  to  a  common  centre. 

.  Deciduate,  -sid'u-at.  A  term  applied  to 
those  mammals,  aa  Man,  the  Quadrumana, 
Gunivora,  Insectivora,  Cheiroj^tera,  and 
Eodentia,  which  throw  off  deoidua  after 
parturition;  or  to  the  placenta  of  such  ani- 
mals. 

■  Deciduous,  -us.  Falling ;  not  perennial 
or  permanent.  In  Bot.  applied  to  trees 
whose  leaves  &11  in  autumn  and  to  the 
leaves  or  other  parts  of  the  plant  which  do 
80  felL    In  Zool.  applied  to  parts  which 

•  lUl  off  at  s  certain  sti^o  of  an  animal's  ex- 
istence, as  the  hair,  horns,  and  teeth  of 

'  certain  animals. 
-    DeoifiTam,  des'i-gram.    The   anglicized 

form  of  decigramme.    A  French  weight 

of  one-t9nth  of  a  gramme. 
Decil,   dd'sil.    An  aspect  or  position  of 

two  planets  when  they  are  a  tenth  part  of 

the  zodiac  distant  from  each  other. 
Decillion, 'li-on.    According  to  English 

notation,  a  million  involved  to  the  tenth 

power,  or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  an- 
'nexed ;  according  to  the  French  notation, 

a  thousand  involved  to  the  eleventh  power, 

•  or  a  unit  with  thirty-three  ciphers   an- 
nexed. 

Decixnal,  des'l-mal.  Any  number  ex- 
pressed in  the  scale  of  tens ;  specifically, 
and  almost  exclusively,  a  decimal  fraction. 

Decimitre,  da-si-mS-tr.  A  French  mea- 
Bure  of  length  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a 
metre,  or  8.98T10  inches. 

Decimo-sexto,  des'l-m5-seks'^to.  The 
size  of  one  fold  of  a  sheet  of  printing  paper 
when  doubled  so  as  to  make  sixteen  leaves. 
Written  usually  IGmo. 

De<^xis,  Cains  KEessins  C^uintos 
TraJ  anus.  Emperor  of  Kome,  249-261 , 
notea  for  his  persecutions  of  Christians. 


^„^__,  dek.  A  horizontal  platform  or 
floor  extending  from  side  to  side  of  a  ship. 
A  paek  of  pla^g  cards. 


Deck-beaon,  'b«m»   A  strong  transverse 
I^eoe  of  timber  atreUMng  actoBB  a  ihlp 


from  side  to  side,  to  8\>pport  the  deck  and 
retain  the  sides  atthefr  proper  distance. 

Deckle,  '1.  In  paper-making,  a  thin  frtnne 
of  wood  serving  to  regulate  the  width  of 
the  sheet.  The  rough  or  raw  edge  of  paper, 

Deck-passeng'er,  'pas-en-jer.«      A  pas* 
senger  who  remains  on  the  deck  of  a  ves- 
sel, and  is  not  privileged  to  go  l)elow,  or 
only  to  a  cabin  of  an  inferior  description ; 
a  steerage  passenger. 

Declinator,  'lin-at-er.  An  instrument 
used  in  ascertaining  the  declination,  as  in 
dialing,  of  a  plane,  and  in  astronomy,  of 
the  stars. 

Decliner,  de-klln'er.  One  who  declines. 
In  dialing,  the  name  given  to  a  dial  which 
cuts  either  the  plane  of  the  prime  vertical 
circle  or  the  plane  of  the  horizon  obliquely. 
Called  also  a  declining  dial. 
Declinometer,  dek-ll-nom'ct-er.  An  in- 
strument lor  measuring  the  declination  of 
the  magnetic  needle,  and  observing  its 
variations. 

Decoction,  de-kok'shon .  The  act  ofboil- 
ing  a  substance  in  water  for  extracting 
its  virtues.  The  liquor  in  which  a  sub- 
stance has  been  boiled;  w:ater  impr^- 
nated  with  the  principles  of  any  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  boiled  in  it.  » 

Decollation,  -kol-la'shon.  The  act  of 
beheading ;  the  state  of  one  beheaded.  It 
is  especiwly  used  of  St.  John  the  BaptisL 
of  a  festival  of  the  R.  0.  Church  instituted 
in  his  honor,  and  of  a  painting  which  rep- 
resents his  beheading. 
Decolorimeter,  'or-lm"et-er.  An  In- 
strument for  estimating  the  decolorizing 
power  of  charcoal. 

Decolorization.  -kurer-iz-a"shon.  The 
process  of  depriving  of  color. 
Decortication,   -kor'ti-ka"shon.     The 
act  of  stripping  off  bark  or  husk. 
Decorum, -k5'rum.    Propriety  of  speech 
or  behavior ;  decency.    In  Arch,  the  suit- 
ableness of  a  building,   its    parts    and 
ornaments,  to  its  place  and  uses. 
Decoy-bird,  -kol'berd.    A  bird  or  duck 
employed  to  draw  others  into  a  net  or  sit- 
uation to  be  taken.    A  person  employed 
to  decoy  others  into  some  snare. 
Decretal,   -kret'al.      An    authoritative 
order  or  decree ;  specifically,  a  letter  of 
the  Pope  determining  some  point  or  aues- 
tion  in  ecclesiastical  law.    A  book  of  de- 
crees or  edicts ;  a  body  of  laws. 
Decubation,  -ku-b&'abon.    The  act  of 
lying  down. 

Decombence,  -kum'bens.    Th«  poBtiif» 
of  lying  down. 


■SEITEB-DAB 


Deoupla,  dak'li-jil.    A  Dumber 

repealed. 
Detmrloii.  d3-ka'ri-«n.    An  all 

Boman  armv  win  ejmmoiiiled 


De  tueto,  dfi-ftik'tfl.      AotiuQy ;  in  diet ; 


\  cwmpliiia^  demand, 

10  who  defends  by  ep- 
— -'□talus,    BUijparta, 

la  ldi!)n  of  Eug- 


ns  or  tij-  argiuni 
onfcpted  by  ^p&  I-i 


DeflUation.   -lll'lt-. 


Tbe  pn>ceBa  roroxldidog  labetaniwa  bj' 
iiii?BnB  of  nlire  la  called  deflo^nUon. 
DeflagPBitor,    -grit-or,    A  g»lviinte  fa- 
atrumout  for  prodnclDgthe  combuatlea  of 


he   diaphragm 


beautteA  ;   portlcnlBFly, 


Seforciant,    -rsn'l-iiit.     In   law,    one 
who  ket-DB  out  of  poHosslon  the  righUU 

I>«fintudeT,    -frad'er.    One   vrbu  t^ei 
tram  another  lilti  rl^ht  by  deoGndaD,  or 

embcBler :  a  pemiktor. 
Sefter-dar,  ileripr-dar'.    Tha  MlnlMsr 
of  F^muicB  m4  Hljli'TrtMiirar  of  tiM  , 
1    ToAleliEjBiAn. 


>  Swnd,  de-gts.  Tbs  acotb  owl  of  tbe 
drtumCercmec  of  uv  elnile^^uifl  <:drcuDi- 
'  fr»iioe  of  flrerr  draA  bot^ff  eappoflcd  to 
bsaiTlded  tnbi  MO  «iul  paa,  esUcil  de- 
cn«.  AdegMW  of  latitude  iatbaSniKIi 
-pvt  of  ttie  gvtb'B  dmumftrcDrx  norlh  or 
mtaih  ofOiaeqiutor.  uid*degn>e  of  Idq- 
gltuda  tha  wne  port  of  tbe  mirfira  wt 
otwntof  iny  fflTeii  u^rMlui,  ineuar^d 
ODllkclrDbi   pMjiel   10  the  eijuatar.     Dc- 

Tbe  Ongrea  1i  lub-dlvidcd  into  ^xty  mln- 

Thui.  «•  12'  !!0"  lOHUia  4S  dfKTBB"] 
IS  minDtee  wd    SO  uqiiiAs.    Id  Ale.  b 

[>  the  idgheit  powf r  iindET  which  lh"mi- 
knovD  quaaUly  npiieun.     In  music,  id 

Hsls.     In   Artth,  three  fleuro   Uki^n  lo- 

Iw.Beo  cnnslsu  of  two   dejtrei'ii,    A  rll- 

■Inimiiat.  Id  unlverelUea.  >'mu-k  o?dl>- 
tlnctlon  conreiTe<t  on  ttudcnte,  mi^Enben 
w  dlfitlii^ltibed  smjigere,  na  a  t«llmoiiy 
oTproflcltuijyorBaQEnArkof  rcufh^t.  Thu 
dt4rr«iB  MTB  bBchulor,  jnaattr  and  doof^^r, 
-JDeliiwiBiuie.   -hi 


Dei^atia, 'l«ri"Hhl-B.   B>'tlieF 

Seljudidum.  Jil-dl'sht-um.  tn  lav 
IhaiuiiCTnentotiiod;  a nhraaa appHed t 
the  old  enion  trlnl  by  urdeal. 

Beinadida,  ili-iiak'rl-diL    A  iron  of  tb 

IktinoaaurlA,  -nrj-rn'ri-u,  A  Rroup  n 
AhbII   colossal  llzdTrii,   reiwmblinir     th 

Sute  between  the  itralhinna  birds  and  lb 
■41.  The  m^joHty.  *s  Mt«iilo8Burni. 
wbloll  (llajned  to  JO  feet  la  luiffth,  were 


Delpafous,   ilc-lii' 
DelpnoBophlst,  A 


slewed  u  >  mid.    The  auppoaed  dJ?los 
flualltit"  of  a  juipin  (tnd. 
Dqlaalra.  1nMyih.,dMae')itfrar'Eneo>, 
KIni;  at  XMli,  and  wirt;  of  IEmcuIu. 

by^vlnffhiiuthepolBonedvblrtof  Neu^ 

BeJenner,  lU-zha- 

oflUediiy,  with  moat  aao  wlna  ;  aiunei. 
De  Jura,  di  JCi-n:,    By  li^bt ;  according 

Sekabrlat,  dek'a-briat.  Anomberofs 
milituy  ooniplracy  which  broko  out  In  St. 
Petaraburi'  bee.  26,  IfW.  on  Itae  uoea- 

I>e  Ealb.  John,  Baron.     A    nobis 


Brenkhut;  fli* 
ice  It  Is  now  Died 
F.nKlliblunobeon. 


Selabeclieii,  de-ls-bish'64.    j 


Delabeoboi  or  BoCtk-lcaei.  • 


DELA^BOIX 


DSLPHnre 


gen.  of  trees,  ord.  Stnrouliaeec.  D.  ni- 
pestriAf  or  bottle-troc  of  Australia,  is  re 
markablo  for  the  form  of  the  trunk,  which 
bulges  out  in  tho  shape  of  a  barrel.    The 

'  stem  abounds  in  a  resinous  nutritious 
substance,  resembling  ^um  tra^^acanth, 
vrhicli  is  use<l  by  tlie  abori^nes  for  food. 

Delacroix,  Ferdinand  Victor  Eu- 
gene, d'lah-krwa.  An  eminent  French 
painU'r ;  b.  17U9,  u.  1^(V). 

Delaine,  de-lan^  A  muslin  made  orif?- 
inally  of  m'OoI,  but  now  generally  of  cot- 
ton and  wool. 

Delaroche,  PanL  A  celebrated  histor- 
ical painter,  founder  of  the  iilclectic 
school ;  B.  in  Franco,  1797,  d.  18!i6. 

Delavifime,  Jean  Frangois  Oasi- 
znir,  d'lah-yan\  A  French  poet  and 
dramatist ;  b.  1798,  d.  1848.  His  stirring 
song  "■  La  Parisienne,''  was  the  popular 
ahr  of  the  Bevolntion  of  1 88U. 

Delaware.  One  of  tho  18  states  of  the 
American  Union^  named  ft*om  Lord  de 
la  Warr,  Governor  of  Va.,  1610.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Penn.,  £.  by  the  Atlantic 
and  D.  Bay,  8.  and  W.  by  Maryland;  area, 
2,120  sq.  m.;  pop.  146,608.  Chief  towns, 
Dover,  the  can.,  Wihnington,  Lewes, 
New  Castle  and  Smyrna.     D.  Bay  is  a 

-  largo  estuary  of  the~Atlantic,  separating 
tho  state  team  N.  Jersey;  lengtn  65  m., 
breadth  18  to  80  m.  l^ith  D.  river,  a 
considerable  stream,  it  affords  open 
navigation  foi  tho  largest  ships  to  rnil- 
adelphia,  120  m.  from  the  sea.  D.  river 
rises  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y. 
State,  and  running  as  the  boundary  line 
between  that  state  and  Ponn.  for  some 
distance,  then  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Penn.  and  N.  Jersey,  emptying  into 
D.  Bay,  40  m.  below  Philadelphia.  It  is 
navigable  for  small  craft  to  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Delectation,  -lek-t&'shon.  Oreat  plea- 
sure ;  delight. 

Delegate,  del'6-gat.  A  person  appointed 
and  sent  by  another  or  by  others,  >vith 
powers  to  transact  business  as  his  or  their 
representative ;  a  deputy  ;  a  commission- 
er ;  an  attorney. 

Delenda,  du-len'da.  Things  to  be  erased 
or  blotted  out. 

Delesseria,  do-Ies-seM-a.  A  gen.  of  the 
Ceramiaccse,  or  roso-spored  algaB. 

Deletion,  dfi-lG'shon.  The  act  of  delet- 
ing, blotting  out,  or  erasing.  An  erasure; 
a  passage  deleted. 

Delf,  delf.  Earthenware,  covered  with 
wbite^la^ng  in  imitation  of  chinaware  or 

poroeMa.    Spelled  bIbo  Delph. 
IMfti,  dUf.    A  dty  of  the  Netherlands,  9 


m^  N.  W.  of  Rotterdam,  formerir  noted 
for  Its  pottertGt.  WiUfaun,  Prinee  ot 
Orange,-  was  aseasslnated  at  D.,  1564. 
Pop.  28,107. 
Delhi.  Cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name 
in  llindostan,  and  the  ancient  cap.  of  Uie 
Mogul  Emph-e,  880  m.  N.  W.  of  CalcuttA, 
on  tho  Jumna  Kiver;  pop.  160,420.  D. 
is  fame<l  for  its  magnificent  temple,  Jumna 
Musjid,  and  palaces. 

Deliac,  du'li-ak.    A  kind  of  scolptnred ' 
vase ;  also  beautiflil  bronze  and  silver. 

Delian,  -an.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Deloe, 
a  small  island  in  the  ./Egean  Sea,  now 
called  Dili.  D.  problem,  in  Math.,  thd 
duplication  of  the  cube :  so  called  beomse, 
when  the  plague  was  raging  at  AUiens, 
the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delos  rolled  to  a 
deputation  that  the  plague  would  bo  stayed 
when  they  doubled  the  altar  of  the  god, 
which  was  a  cube.  The  problem  has  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  some  of  the  greatest 
mathematicians. 

Delille,  Jacques,  d'Hel'.  A  distin- 
guished French  poet ;  b.  1788,  d.  1818.     • 

Deliquescence,  del-i-kwes'ens.  Spon- 
taneous liquefaction  in  the  air. 

Delirium,  de-Hr'i-um.  A  temporary  dis- 
ordered state  of  tho  mental  &cuUics  occur- ' 
ring  during  illness,  either  of  a  febrile  or  <^ 
an  exhausting  nature.  Violent  excite- 
ment ;  wild  enthusiasm ;  mad  rapture. 
D.  tremens,  an  affection  of  the  brain 
which  arises  fi-om  the  inordinate  and  pro- 
tracted use  of  ardent  spirits. 

Dell,  del.  A  small  narrow  valley ;  a  rar 
vine. 

Delia  Crusca,  la  kruslca.  An  academy 
founded  at  Florence  in  1582  for  promoting 
the  purity  of  tho  Italian  language. 

Delos.  Ono  of  the  islands  of  the  Cyda- 
dcu  group,  in  tho  Grecian  Archipelago,  an- 
ciently sacred  to  the  worship  of  Apollo,  and 
the  reputed  birthplace  of  A.  and  Diana. 

Deloul,  de-lol'.    A  dromedary. 

DelpMnaptera,  del-fin -ap^te-ra.  A 
gen.  of  cetaceans,  fam.  DelphinidsB,  in- 
cluding the  right  whale-porpoise,  or  D. 
Peronii,  tho  D.  Commersonii  and  D.  bore-  ■ 

alls. 

DelpMne,  'fin.  Pertaining  to  a  dol- 
phin. Pertaining  to  the  Dauphin  of 
France.  D.  editions  of  tho  classics, 
a  set  of  Latin  classics,  prepared  by 
thirty-nine  scholars  under  the  snperin- 
tendenoe  of  Montausier,  Bossuet  and 
Huet,  for  the  use  of  tho  son  of  Louis  XIY., 
called  the  Grand  Dauphin.  They  are 
now  valudess  except  n>r  tiieir   Indices 


2LPHIHOBHTNCHOS 


S» 


DEUIUBGE 


'oetaceans,  fein.  Delphinidje.  1>. 
B.  the  lar^rent  species,  is  frfim  8U 
;iong. 

LU8,  'ous.  The  dolphin,  a  gen. 
lalia,  ord.  Cetaoea. 

ft.    The  Greek  letter  anRwerlng 

ifrUsh  D.    The  island  furmiHl  hy 

tal  dci>oeitj}  between  the  mouths 

^ile,  was    named   Delta   by  the 

and  the  naioe  has  since  been  ex- 

>  tile  idluvlal  tracts  at  the  mouths 

ara. 

.    Delta- 

triangnlar. 

un,  de-lQ' 
[n  Soman 
a.  temple 
a  basin  or 
re  persons 
U>  saerifloe 

Acbarch  ^  , 

I     with    a  Deltoid, 

font  or  baptismal  basin. 
'eanAndTe,d*lulc'.  An  eminent 
ilosophcr  and  inventor ;  n.  1727, 
agland  1S17.     lie  invented  the 

barometer  and  iniprove<l  the 
ieter,  but  hiH  fame  rests  upon  his 
rlLDubllshed  in  England,  1773 : 
,  Pnysical  and  Moral,  on  the 
►f  the  Earth  and  of  Man,"  in  which 
lonyofthe  Mosaic  history  witli 
3  maintained. 

del'tij.  Any  overflowing  of  wa- 
Dimdation  ;  a  floo<l ;  specifically, 

flood  in  the  days  of  Noah. 
an^,  do-lunMung.  The  native 
Prionodon  gracilis,  a  quadruped, 
the  civets,  hut  probably  forming 
ting  link  between  them  and  tlio 
idng  destitute  of  scent-pouches. 

letization,  dii-mag'net-iz-u"- 
he  act  or  process  of  depriving  of 
:  t>r  mesmeric  influence. 
hi,  dem'urk.  The  rul«»r  or  mag- 
'a  dome ;  the  mayor  of  a  modern 
wn. 

iskl,  Henry,  Gen.  A  noble 
1791,  1).  1SC4.  Ho  distinguished 
n  the  revolution  of  1831,  and 
le  Hungarians,  1849.  Kossiitli 
1  him  commander-in-chief,  but 
garian  officers  reftised  to  8er^-c 
Im.  -Ho  accepted  a  subordinate 
1  and  was  deroated  at  Temesvur. 

A  Bnbdivision  of  ancient  Attica 
odem  Oroooe ;  a  township. 

r.  d6-mw'ter.  A  Greek  goddess, 
iding  in  some  respects  to   the 


I^tln  lUirt^s,  the  goddess  of  agricultore. 
She  was  the  mothi'r  of  liacelius. 

Demetrius.  Known  as  "  The  False  De- 
metrius," claimed  t«>  bo  tl»e  son  of  Ivan 
IV.,  Czar  of  Musrovy,  inva4le<l  Uussiaat 
the  head  of  a  Polish  arm  v.  IMH,  and  on 
the  death  of  ](f>ris  s.  to  the  thrope.  He 
was  killed  in  a  revolt.  1C()6.  An(»ther  D. 
the  False  rluimeil  tlie  Musoovit«<  throne  m 
the  rival  of  JSahil  11.  ;  h(>  In'siegfil  Mos- 
cow, but  wa.s  ttssa.Hsinate<l  by  his  own  sol- 
diers, IfiUJ. 

Demetrius  Nioator,  Son  and  s.  of  D. 
Hoter,  King  of  Svria,  who  only  secured 
the  crown  after  <lethroning  ISelus,  who 
had  usur]>e<l  it,  140  k.  c.  He  was  defeated 
and  made  prisoner  by  the  Parthians,  and 
on  his  release  was  murdere<l  at  Tyre.126. 
1).  Soter,  fhther  of  the  above,  son  of  8e- 
leucus  PTiilojiator ;  «.  abt.  Is5  b.  c,  pro- 
claimed King  of  Syria,  161,  and  waskflled 
in  battle  with  Belus,  150. 

Demetrius  Phalereus.  An  eminent 
Gri'ck  orator.  philoso]>herand  statesman  ; 
B.  84r)  ]{.  c,  u.  2s4.  He  was  am>oiuted 
governor  •f  Athens  bv  C'assanaer,  816, 
and  for  10  years  ruled  with  justice  and 
Mis<lom.  When  Athens  was  c:iptured  by 
D.  Poliorcetes,  he  found  refuge  at  the  court 
of  Ptolemy,  King  of  Eg}'pt. 

Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  Son  of  Antl- 
gonus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals,  re- 
ceived his  surname  tnym  his  military  suc- 
cess in  capturing  cities ;  b.  885  b.  c,  d. 
abt.  2S3. 

Demi-grod,  dem'i-god.    Half  a  god  ;  an 
inferior  deity ;  a  fabulous  hero,  produced ' 
by  the  intercourse  of  a  deity  with  a  mor- 
tal. 

Demi-groddess,  -es.     A  female  demi- 
god. 
Demi-island,  -Mond.    A  peninsula. 

Demijohn,  -jon.  A  glass  vessel  or  bot- 
tle indosod  in  wicker-work. 

Demi-rep,  -rep.  A  woman  of  doubtftil 
reiMitation  or  suspicious  chastity. 

Demi-rilievo,  -re-le-v«.  In  Sculp,  half 
relief,  or  the  condition  of  a  figure  wiien  it 
rises  from  the  plane,  as  if  it  had  been  cut 
in  two  and  only  one  half  fixed  to  the 
l»lane. 

Demiux^re,  -erj.  The  name  given  bv  the 
Gnostics  to  the  creator  of  the  world  of 
sense.  He  was  chief  of  the  lowest  onl«r 
of  spirits  oraK)ns  of  the  neroma,  and, 
mingling  with  Chaos,  he  evolred  fh)m  it 
a  corporeal  animated  world.  He  could 
not,  however,  impart  to  man  the  tmo  soul 
or  pneuma,  but  only  a  sensuous  one, 
psyche.    He  was  fdso  regarded  as  tha  orl- 


glnofav)!.    Iniuinial 

l<>|>onnnb 

nnutvi 

PrinUuR  'raymmanAi  InohH  far  1I(J 

ltmn«imiKftt,r,Bt 

finagls- 

tnt»L 
Deml-mt.  -vniL  -  1 

th*  mux 

9f  Ilw  Kcn-n  vaatM 

loU-mMT 

nhnnv. 

C>ll«.-o.'Oi.tonl. 

In  wlilrh  W  nlsm  lil> 

•ru-lcgA  tn 

partlo- 

Senaln,  d^-w'.      A.  tova    m     dept 

gf  Nonl,  F»noe,  Ounons  (i«  ths  dofMl  ot 

Sttml-wolf.  -vuir- 

RnJ  brtwii'n  a  il»i;  luii 

of  AlbaMTlo,  Iw  Iba  Fnrach  under  Uu- 
sliol  Vllbn,  ITH;  pop.  ibt.  10,000. 

DemocPBcy.-l.-m'.k' 

r«-.l.    ThB 

f..nnnf 

or  Ui«  «UI»  li  VMli-'l 

'''.tl''^^- 

I'^ln 

i^"'^?:S^*fi3fiKKV_^J^ 

■ynhiD  r>r  nrlndftlaii  fauld  by  oni>  oT  Ibo 
two  (real  inBtloi)  pirtjoi  luto  whloh  Uut 
snuntry  1*dl*l<l«l. 

li«¥H  (a  dVmnvmcy.  A  ninnlvr  of  UiB 
1>miocratlo  |iarty  In  tho  UnltMl  Statos. 
Semoorltiu,  dv-mAk'n-iHii.  A  Ortet 
pUlufifllilUT:  B.  tn  Thrtdo  »bt.4"ftu.  c!.: 
nlobrmUil  Rw  Ills  xtndy  of  Iha  nstarsl 
■0laiBH.imd  u  (he  prornuJfatur  of  tlie 


.Wn.  dP-m.Venr'gon.    A  mj-iv- 

tvrfuuii  dli-lnlly  In  Vafpai  mythoW-y, 
Ylvwed  »  »n  ulijMl  of  U'mir  rulUir  tUon 
orv\H-«hl[i,  T>y  (MJiue  rcmrdvd  (utheau- 

inoun  iiioidi'lin,  to  whiHiepfii'll  all  tbe  Jn- 

Dsmolaelle.  dJl.iiin'a-»:'L  A  youne  k- 
dv;a<laniH'):  alady'auuld.    Ablrd.the 

Bemon,  iir-'nion.    A  aidrit  hniillnir  i 


mullenai 


ry  wloked  or  crtip] 


^llyinc 


1«T1 

...  ..."^rby  a  demm.  an  cvll'.i.lrll.  or 

bytcreibid  >plrltusl  iKiag  of  Knprrlor 

Sita.  nho  malnUlIi  that  Uio  do>l'i9n'iil 
ultimately  bo  aari-d. 
Bemotic,  -innt'lk.  Topnlar;  pratalnlnfi  to 
theooinniiin  [iroiilc:  ipodfiiialty  apviapA 
to  (he  id]>hnbet  UJfe<i  by  tho  iK^pla  of  an. 
di-nt.  Fiivnt,  aa  oinCradl>tlni.-ul>^«l  from 
Uiatii»dby 'l>''l>ri'"fy™•'^BUod  (lie 

The  moot  pni 


•;.»;: 


lityu 


IF  Alhcni 


IJemotloB,  'I'-ta,  A  city  of  Kuroi 
Turkey,  Ti  Ri.  ».  or  Adiianople,  nolt 
the  asylum  of  Charl«  XII.,  of  Bm 
titer  his  dcfaaC  at  Pnltonj   pop. 

10,000. 
■Ztenir,  ■mf.    A.  puUnilar  ilM  of  paps 


m'lKht  of  the  u  wu  redua 


t   tbe   flsona  of 


Denary,  dei'a-rl. 
Sendzacliate.    'dc 

mratu:   agile  mntal      „ 

shrubp  or  parta  of  idanta. 
DmdnwpKbB.  -(Inui'p|.d«.  A  Dun.  ofS. 

ftnifs,  iKTforalHl  anflportoaiiBiitly  ereot. 
Dendnrpeton,  -drer'pC--tan,      A  gen. 

dvtiTijjIned  tW>m  tticth  aad  bonoa  Ibqad 
in  thu  cavity  of  a  stirillarla  from  ths  aod 

Dandrlt*.  'drIL  A  atnno  or  nlnua)  on 
•>rtn  whleb  arofl|nire»FQKmbUnKihnib>, 
tjw*,  or  nlo>Kl^  duo  to  arborescBBt  Brja- 
EalllntlDn,  niiembUng  froBt-mrrk  on  wtn- 
dc»wa,  attributable  to  tbo  presfiooa  of  the  * 
h^ilroua  oilde  gf  manEaniAe. 

DendrooolaiPtM.  'dTa.k<>.|ap"lfi.^  Th< 
h'."k-WIIe.l  cterixTK.i J^-  ■-—-■ 

Xtandrodna,  -dnn.  Ths  nune| 
allyiilvi'n  to  a  fiimitl  >r<'i>.  DfTerU 
SendrolEteiu,  -ilmra-imt.     ' 

kanmiroo  flun. 
Dendrolite.  -tt,     A  pacrltled 

Dendrologry,    'o-ii.     a 

rtondraiEieter,  -dr 
iDentofvorious  fon 
Jiotiibt  and  diameter 

Id  tt^ 


itural  hUtory  of 


\  ^\»Ta&(^»aQt 


.   Thay  b^nitotha 


DxirDBOPins 


SendiQplila,  -fli.  A  g 
ttiD.Ca1ulirlil«.ti>Dii<l)D 
■nd  imt  venuDiDue. 

-•^(Botiijlntin!  tMlod 


heKdA  symbol^  the 
miDta,  aid  th<j  hud 

Senlm.  'Jm,    A  cut 
CenlH,  St.   Tba  e 


cation  drilUni;. 
Usbop  ol  T-ai 
n  [ler 


Senia,  Bt  AIowd  In  dppt.  flrtheSt^nc 

bnrla]  plaoe   of  Freniih 

Demnark.    A  lOnedum  ofS. 
I    Brchlpel^n, 


'LSS^ 


ora.  The  prlndnB] 
lOaat,  Lulnml,  ¥d 
■nd  the  farolgn  dopen 

Croix,  St.  John  and  a _    .. 

cop.,  bdo—     "-"■■-■-°-'*°'  — -' -5 


.    Tho 


.   KOnna  uid 


DenoTO.    -    -■ 


DentaUdn.-Ul'l-dC.  Twth-shclln.  nnun, 
■ofidrrlbmnFhbiUi  ninllusks,  uinMstiug  of 
Iho  rtnp-lo  gen.  IJenlsHum. 
Dentafy,  'tn-rl.    The  bone  In  tho  lower 
Q  lower  Jaw  of 


IlQiitelle,  <: 
I)entelli,'U 


ngioni  fi 


Dflntiole,  'U-bl.    A  imill  tooth  or 

^v<^tiDit  pOlDt. 

Dentlfoctor,  -fftk-t«r.  A  mnchbi 
and  pobt?,  nacd  In  d«i»tal  surger}'. 
Sentlflice,  -Ms.     A  jiuwdcr  uau 

QenUlBTS,  -m<.  A  lotion  for  nlii 
SentUe.  'ta,  A  Boiidl  toolh  llks  th 
DeutUoqay,  'o-kvd.     Ths  pnctli 


DentiroBtreB,  -H-roa'tnii,  A  sub-ard. 
of  Inai^Anurlol  tiLrd^  lucludlng  Ihv  buuher 
birds,  ihrlkca.  &v. 

for  scmplBE  tho  tcBlh! 
Dentist,  'tl>t.    Oat  oho  mtkea  It  Ua 
biislncu  to  clfliD  sod  Htnot.  rcp^r  and 

nracljcea  denial  Bnrgery  and  merhiiilcal 
&ontl>trJ. 
Dentolliiffual,  'to-llng-fwat.     A  eon- 
HODun  t  nrouDDriDed  ^y  appTylng  thp  lon^« 
b>tliutou(h,ort9  lg<!  goniSnmedtalaIr 

SeDTeT.  Cnp.  or  Colorado,  on  the  B. 
Plutts  nrer.  m  m.  V.  oftho  Mlulaalppl- 
FoundiHl  ISSa,  It  baa  a  pup.  of  4S,0D0, 

Doodata,  dfi'S-dil.  A  elft  or  offering  to 
God;atf        ~      "■     ■  ■"■' 

prl.«of 
powor  o 


oiiuru,.;.  ohlorlde  of  I 

"Deontology, 

of  Jeremy  Bentham 
ethlffl".  founded  on  th 

Departar,  -plrt'tr. 
Dephlefrmator,  -I 


principle  of  Judging 


«-DiaW^,A  0 
lafbrWf 


oSj'^n.S'an"^ 

A  place  of  deposll 


DSFItESSABU 

■  building  IW  IhH  nr^mmoda 
rteller  of  piiHwnRvrK  by  tallwiy. 

•rg  itrpnaltsd ;  or  ■  HtafloD  whiir 

DepresaariEt,  -ptfs-i'ri-a.  A 
duNnill  ■iiil'chWKx'VTDUHld 

DepuratiiHi,  -]>itr-u'i>hnii.  Tl 
liiiri^nic  Ilnld^  iVnm  hcteriiai'ni 


DGBVBMTVATEK 

nk  d*r-mMi'tBr-i.  A 
itrlcted  U>  ths  enrwlgi 
lu'U-da.  Abm. 


prluclpll  Kmen  are   DnmatM,  Aslbn- 

Ilu^  Mnnlnms  ird  Atti^eiius. 
Deimobranchlata,  'ino-bnmek'l-a"U. 

A  bin.  ni  futeropoda,  mora  commoDj; 

cuUi-il  NudlbrmicbiHt'L 
Sermo-akeleton, 


Se  ftuincey,  Thomaa. 

«ef .  »  most  orlelnB]  Ihinkor  wd  brilUiiBt 
llofell.i 

ap'O-U.    A  pa 
cClbr*nol]Hr 


.  Derby,  der-bl.    A 

Enhnin,  Snirpy,     II 

«06lnEtlBl»I,J. 
Derby-das',  -de.     The  dar  on  which  the 

Derby  swmpstakea  Is  run,  flieWedneads)' 

before  Whlurandoy. 
Derby,  Bdward  Oeofbey  Smith' 

Stanley,   14tli  Earl  of.    A  diaUn- 

thoh«idonno'imi;loiit"huij9a'of''8t«n^ey,' 
dflSC^Dded  1W>in  Che  blood-nt^al  of  Eng- 
lind  and  BroUand  ;  n.  1:99,  d,  1869.    Ho 

rta   CiTiMryaHvaa,      8.    a^'IBuMell   u 
Prime  Mlnlaler,  IBM. 
Serceto,  dslr'se-Ui.    In  Myth,  a  Syrian 


Iho  ijilDQlpal  horfle- 


__,__   _. .....  ja  dlatin^iiehedlVoE 

Ibe  oaUcIt,  epMannll  or  Kartstda.    It.- 
jIh)  lalita  mileron,  the  epldcrnili  bolug 


DESAIX 


257- 


DESUETUDE 


llesaix,  lioals  Oharles  Antoiue, 
da-Mi'.  A  French  general ;  b.  1766,  killed 
ftt  Marengo,  1800.  He  foucht  nndcr 
Moreao,  1796-97,  and  under  Boniq>arto  in 
Egypt. 

Besatir,  de-sa'tlr.  A  book  which  pro- 
fosses  to  be  a  c()il<>(>tion  of  tlio  writiiitrs  of 
fifteen  old  Persian  jirophcts,  toirrthcr 
with  the  book  of  ZonKisU'X.  Soiim*  ini- 
thoritius  ascribe  it  to  a  Parsi-f  who  lived 
is  the  4th  century  of  the  iK'irini. 

Descartes,  Bene,  du-kurt'.  A  eminent 
yrench  mutheinaticiun  and  philosopher ; 
B.  15J)0,  i>.  in  Swoden,  1(»5;», 

Describent,  do-skrib'uut.  Tn  (room,  tlic 
line  or  surface  ftvm  tho  motion  of  which 
a  surface  or  solid  is  suppoKod  to  l>o  gener- 
ated or  described. 

Desert,  doz'ert.  A  region  in  Ms  natural 
state ;  a  wilderness,  sandy,  stony,  or 
rocky  expanse,  almost  destitute  of  mois- 
ture and  yegctatiozu 

Deserter,  de-zert'er.  A  person  who  for- 
sakes his  cause,  his  post,  his  party  or 
flriend.  A  soldier  or  seaman  who  quits  the 
service  without  permission. 

Deshabille,  -za-boL  Undress;  a  loose 
mornllig  dress. 

Degiocation,  -sik-ka'shon.  The  act  of 
Tnakfng  dry  ;  the  state  of  being  dried. 

Destemator,  'sig-nat-cr.  One  who 
desii^nates  or  points  out.  In  Kom. 
Antiq.  an  officer  who  assigned  to  each 
person  his  rank  and  place  in  public  shows 
«nd  ceremonies. 

DesUverisation,  -sirycr-iz-a''shon. 
The  process  of  depriving  lead  of  the  silver 
present  in  its  ore.' 

des'man.    The  mnsk-rat. 


Desmlne,  'min.  A  zeoUtio  mineral  that 
crystsllises  in  little  silken  tofts.  aooon> 
paoyiog  spinellane  in  the  lava  or  extinct 
voksanoes.  It  is  a  silicate  of  alumina  and 
Ume.    Called  also  Btilbite. 

Desxmodi- 
unL,  -md'di- 
Qin.  '  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord. 
Ixigaminose, 
The  best 
known  species 
is  D.  gyrans, 
the  semaphore 
.  l^UuiU  remark- 
Able  for  the  pe- 
.ealiar  rotatory 
movement  of 
Its  leaflets, 
which  move  in 
ways ;  two  of  them  ma/  beat  rest  and  the 


Semaphore  Plant, 
nearly   all  conceivable 


others  revolving,  or  all  three  may  bemov- 
ing  together.  The  movements  are  most 
obvious  when  the  plant  is  in  a  hot-^ouse, 
with  a  strong  sun  shining. 

Desmodiis,  'mo-dus.  A  gen.  of  bats, 
including  tho  true  vampires. 

Desxnology,  -mol'o-jL  The  brancJi  of 
anatomy  M'hich  treats  of  tho  ligamcnti 
nn<l  hiiM'ws. 

Des  Moines,  do-moin'.  Cap.  of  Iowa, 
at  the  junction  of  thu  Do.)  Moinos  arid 
lia(M*oon  rivers,  Va)  m.  N.  of  Davenport ; 
pop.  *2ii,4o><.  Albo  thu  name  of  a  county 
and  river  in  Iowa. 

Desmo'iilins,  Camille,  du-moo-];.hn. 
A  French  writer  and  revolutionist;  h. 
1 762  ;  guillotined,  1794.  He  was  a  school- 
mnst<>r  of  Robcispiorro,  and  tiio  bosom 
friend  of  Dauton.  Giving  earnest  sup- 
port to  the  most  extreme  measures 
against  the  Girondists,  ho  agreed  with 
Dan  ton  in  opposing  Kobespierre^s  bloody 
programme,  and  suffered  death  on  the 
same  scaffold. 

De  Soto,  Hernando,  A  Spanish  ex- 
plorer ;  B.  1500,  D.  in  Louisiana,  1542.  He 
served  nndcr  Pizarro  in  Peru,  and  after- 

/ward  commanded  an  expedition  which 
landed  on  the  Florida  coast,  and  from 
there  marched  inland,  discovering  tho 
Mississipni  Biver,  on  the  banks  of  wU«h 
De  tioto  aiod  of  fever. 

Desperado,  des-per-il'dd.  A  desperate 
fellow ;  a  person  urged  by  fkurions  JNI»- 
sions ;  one  fearless  or  regardless  of  saMy. 

Desquamation,  d^S-skwa-m^'shon.  A 
scaling  or  exfoliation  of  bone ;  the  separa- 
tion of  the  cuticle  in  small  scales. 

Dessalines,  Jean  Jacques,  dspss- 
len'.  The  first  emperor  of  Hsyti,  an  Af- 
rican negro,  b.  abt.  1780 ;  assassinated  by 
Christopher  and  Petion,  1 90ft.  He  was  tbo 
favorite  officer  and  s.  Toussaint  rOnver- 
tnro  in  the  bloody  Dominican  Insnrreo- 
tion,  proclaiming  mmself  emperor  in  ISOi. 

Dessert,  de-zert'.  A  service  of  Ami  ts  and 
sweetmeats,  at  the  close  of  the  entertain- 
ment; the  last  coarse  at  the  table. 

Dessiatine  desa-o-tln.  A  Russian  huid 
measure— 2.702  English  acres. 

Destiny,  'ti-nL  In  Class.  Myth,  tho 
ParciB  or  Fates :  tho  powers  which  pre- 
side over  human  life. 

Destraotioni8t,d6-6trak'a]ion-ist  One 
who  delights  in  destroying.  One  who  be- 
lieves intiiie  final  oompfete  destrnotlon 
or  annihilation  of  the  winced. 

Desuetude,  dos'wo-t&d.    The  oessation 
of  use;  disuse;  disoontiQiuuioe  of  X" 
tioe,  castom  ot  twAAon. 


BETECTITB  i 

DotootlTa,  dS-lefcttr.  A  ipedsB  of  po- 
Un  o!n<»r.  vbano  Eipit^al  duty  It  la  Id  do- 
Icflt  DffbTiMS  and  bpitri^ena  aiinilndn. 
Ills  diiOw  dlBar  ftmn  ihote  of  the  ordi- 

nni<l!"a^dhMa  (nncLn^  "th°bX^n^ 
vriTiiluiUii  to  jiiBtifl)  mthcr  tbui  dlnwtly  In 
Ike  i.roniDtlun  of  ivltne.    TIiotd  Dra  ilrui 


luck,  As.  Thud.tfDt 
Uie  itrlklDg  nbn.1.  iix 
riBlitniimbcr-    ■-  ' 


rloni  m-der  Gf«^  JI,    of  England, 

Deuce,  dOiL    Tvo;  t'carO.  «  dto  yrttb 
two  B^Hitfi ;  a  term  nfr«d  la  ffsmlDi;;. 
Dentero-canonioal.  dO'iprD-tui'iicni'- 

Ik-id.  *  A  tcrni  nppHffll  m  iKwks  of  Bcrip- 
turu  admlUcd  law  Itao  uumd  aftfr  tbo 


uf  pblluaciiiliy  wbleh  dunles  Itbortr  of  bc- 
tloQ  lo  uiw,  huldb;!  that  tbs  wni  li  nol 
IKtsbiitt^  Inrlndbly  doUrmlnedby  jno- 
llTuai  spviddcully.  [b  the  iDhDlulla  pbll- 
osopiiy,  t)io  doQtrinu  tlwl  onr  baman  wll) 
Is  ilrimiilDed  by  a  inutlFs  whlcli  divine 

2>eterslTe,  -lerslv.    A  inofllulne  which 

ifetiliold.  Cap.  DrUppo-Detmold,  Osr 
many,  noted  for  the  battle  feoHht  Baa  by, 
A.  n.  6,  In  1 


made  by  tba  InBamioitluD  o 
.nertaln  aomliaiitililii  bodlog,  « 

ItilniliiatlDK  gabl. 
Betonc,  -tnr'.    A  ronndBbnol 

or  drcnltcms  iny ;  a  devlatliii 


In  OeoL  ' 


dcliioh^^".^^ 

frain  anlid  bodlea  by  attritiun  ;  Detmiatlng 
dMut«rn>twl      mnliiHiilB     of    Tabo. 
nMka,aadyuTia]detilCai.  De- 
Wlus  may  ooodat  ef  clay,  Kind,  inofid. 
Tnl>bly  ftaein«DtA.  or  nay  admlitarc  o 
these. 
Betrolt,  da-tml.     The  ahlef  ODmnier 

the  B.  BItbt,  wfiloli  lopnratM  tbo  Slate 


DetUnffer.  A  rlUage  of  Bnvaria,  on  the 
Main,  IS  m,  from  AKhalfanliiiTv,  noted 
M  ibe  MODS  oflliB  doAat  of  the  Frenoh 


Deucalion.    In  Myth,  a  son  of  Frame, 
thellii.  wlio  TriJUIinl  FyrThn,   ^uj^hter  of 

vlTora  of  the  E^blnn  deloge,   nnnpoaeil 
to  hace  DoeUTTCd  Ifltt  n.  c, 
□eatemnomy.    In  Script.  Uie  Oth  book 

;n  by  lilDseei  wiUi  the  eiiwpttou  of 
—  '"flt  chapters. 


Anything  flinolftilly  conodisd,  u  a  plo- 
turu,  plecs  of  I'Ui broidery,  or  out  of  n  icar- 
meot.  An  cmbleia  Intended  lorepreient 
nfunily.  person.  iwClau,  or  qneli^.wltli 

a  mvtnphoriunl  idmUltudfl  betireon  thu 
tbln^  repreavntln^  and  reproaented,  no 
Iho  flffTira  of  a  plow  ropreBentln^  ncrl- 
cultiir.'.    Henoe  &a  motto  attaoW  to,  or 

Devil,  devn.  In  TheoL  an  evil  spirit  or 
bdng;  fipcdllcBJly,  the  Qvjl   one,  reprc- 


namo  puiialDrly  given  In  Taajtaar'- 
maranplaT  anlmo]  (naByiimH  nnt 


DEVIL-FISH 


!  Dew-point,    pstat      Thu  di-grw  indi- 

KlnsMVclpposittd      It   'mIm  Willi  Uil 
I   dogrL'D  ofllit  biimidttr  >f  tLi«  atinoopboiT. 


Devil's  D&TQlns-iieeclle,  Uz  dura* 

Itovil-wonhip, 'll-wer-Bhlp.  Tboivor 
ihip  pAld  to  aa  evil  Bplrit,  ■  tnoli^uit 
defly,  or  the  [Mr«ODlM-«TU  piinulpleln 

the  utuinpdan  thtt  the  g«Ml  ae\ty  duel 

tlut  the  IHWLTS  of  evil  ma  ua  lolgtitjr  u 
tin  powem  of  I5DO.L 

Devonian,  du-vo'nl-ui.  Oforperbilniiig 
to  l>uvonHlilro  In  tln^lAtid,  In  tinoL  a 
torm  applliMl  to  a  nn-at  portlun  of  the 
pilieoiolc  strala  of  tliat  BMtlon,  and  fM- 
niorfy  UKHlumj'niinvmom  wiUi  old  reiL 
■udlUiie,s9  uccupyiuK  an  luurmeillstii 

If^Tons  rocka.  Modeta  iroolujiliita,  how- 
erer.do  not  d>c  tho  tormsu  Iduntira], 
tb«  coodEUoDn  under  which  th«  auala 
mre  d^poalteJ  bi-lnf  Tory  dlffereDt. 
Demnpoit.  dtv'on-iiurt.  A  Email  urft- 
lBg-tal.18.  nttoJ  up  wllh  drawera  anil  other 

Dewkn.  dQ-an'.    In  tho  £ut  Indldi,  tho 


whlcbcanws  tb  '  |ihi""  °f>W '>f  I>o1t 
lied  Uuht  to  rotsta  to  tho  right.    l)a.i 
trine,  utxtFu^gluoofio,  tajiuHi  Kdd.  loollo     , 
acid,  cluohouliia,  jvo  dcEtro-cviDpouodB. 
Dextro-8'l<i(MM.   -tHaki'M.    In  (^hi^ 

oIho  ir^iie.  TrLilt,  honey,  etoreh,  diahvdc, 
urine,  i^hcBtuut  and  roff  auj^.  uooordiDic 
to  Itfl  or%lti.  It  has  Ua  uama  from  Eu 
prop^Tlj  of  Lumlng  the  plane  uf  poLarlxa 
tlon  to  the  right. 

Dey,  diL  The  title  of  the  old  gowraora 
of  AIeIots,  Tunii  and  Tripoli,  under  tlw 
protwdon  of  the  Bullau  of  Turkey 

D.  F.    Ahhrevlatlonrotdaftinaorllilei.d» 

D,  a.     AbhrotliUon  for  Dd  patla,  bj 

the  gnue  of  God, 
Dbamlaclil.    One  of  the  lofUut  of 

the  lliuialiyaa,  Id  lilnduilui,  hL  £8,080  ft. 
Dhole.  dOL    The  UnKaleis  nun*  ror  the 

Willi  doK  of  Indli  ICbda  dukhimeula),  Id 

bLm  between  a  wi^  aod  JaokaL    Uhimla 


eicqit  the  ele)diaBtud  rUnaoeroa. 
Dbotee.   dfi'ifl.    A  lonK  mrro^^^of 

natdd  of  pantaloonfl. 
Dhow  don.    An  Arab  teaael,  t 


permont  claw  In  a  do^'a  fboC 
De  Witt,  John.  A  dlatlneulshod  Hob 
lander;  n.lB25,  aausalnattiJ  by  a  mob, 
ieT-2.  nowas  ft  dtnrdy  riirubllowi,  and 
Wttprly  opposod  to  tho  bnuM  of  Orou^e, 
AaOranil  Prote8torheailminlj"lcT.d  the 
■nb^oftilneoDnbvwIth  viEor  ami  n-li- 

.     ll.^of  »:n?lMiX  Loul*  SIV.  of  Froncf 
o^i^nun  a  large  part  of  lIollaDil,  < 
In?     I^ojiubir     dlikMhtoht    aicalnat 

and  Dlo^tholder,  Do  Witt  bnlQK  ahun 
tar  (hli  muidored  with  hU  br 
Comdina  by  a  mob. 
■  Dewlap,  Tar.  Tlie  Mi  of  elan 
huiga  from  tho  throat  of  ojccd  aod  < 
The  Utah  on  the  thiwt  becomea  S 


Slare  Dhow 

with  ono  maat ;  employed  In  mcnuitlla 
trading,  and  also  In  onrrylog  slanM  from  - 

GulfudlhaBodSe*. 
Dim,  d)v    A  canmwn  rttatal  In  Ogltl» 
nlace  and  pawul    nama,    almifrtnc 
tlaolc, »  DbWIo  CUnMi  """l-,^,^^ 


DIABLERIH 


800 


DIAMOND 


Diablerie,  di-2b'le-re.  Misohief  ^  devil- 
ry.   Inoantation ,  witchcraft. 

Sdaboliam,  di-ab'oMzm.  Th«  actions  of 
the  devil ;  conduct  worthy  of  a  devlL 
PoBsetwion  by  tho  ditvll. 

DiacoxiAte,  -ak'on-at  Tho  ofilco  or  dig- 
nity of  a  deacon.    A  body  of  dwusons. 

Diaoope,  'o-nv.  In  Gram.  tmeBlR ;  a 
cutting  a  word  in  two  and  innprtiiigono  or 
more  words  between  thoni ,  as,  "of  whom 
be  thou  ware.'*  A  gen.  of  fishes,  sec. 
Aeenthopterygii,  tun.  Percidte. 

Diaooustics,  -kous'tllcs.  The  science  of 
refracted  sounds.    Galled  also  Diaphonics. 

PiadeTn,  -dem.  Anciently  a  head-band 
or  ffllet  worn  by  kings  as  a  badge  of  roy- 


Parthian  Diadem.    Diadem  of  Constantine. 

fllty,  embroidered  with  gold  or  set  with 
pearls  and  precious  stones.  Anything 
worn  on  the  head  as  a  badge  of  rovalty ;  a 
«rown.  In  Her.  an  urch  arising  from  the 
rbn  of  a  crown  or  coronet,  and  uniting 
with  other  arches  to  form  a  centre  which 
serves  to  support  the  globe  and  cross  or 
flenr-do-Us  as  a  crest. 

Diaffometer,  -gomVtcr.  An  electrical 
apparatus  for  ascertaining  tho  conducting 
power  of  oil,  as  a  means  of  detecting  its 
adulteration. 

I>iaflroxuU.,-ag'on-al.  In 
Oeom.  a  right  line  drawn 
between    the    oppoRite 
angles  of  a  quadnmteral 
figure,  and  dividing  It 
into  two  equal  parts, 
called  tho 
diametral, 
garments. 

Diagrapll,  'a-graf.  An  instrument  for  re- 

1»rodncing,  without  its  being  necessary  to 
Luow  dra>ving  or  perspective,  the  figure 
of  objects  before  the  eyes. 

DiaL  'aL     An  instrument  for  showing 
the  nonr  of  the  day  from  the   shadow 
thrown  by  a  Ftilo  or  gnomon  uj)on  a  grad- 
uated sarfacc.    When  the  shadow  is  cast 
by  the  sun  it  is  called  a  sun-dial.  Tho  face 
of  %  watch  or  other  time-keeper,  on  which 
the  time  of  the  day  is  indicated.  A  miner*s 
compass.    Anvphie  or  face  on  which  a 
poSbter  or  index  roFolvei,  moves  back- 
ward and  forwardf  or  osoinates.    KVght 


Diagonal. 

It  is  sometimes 
diameter,  and  sometimes  the 
A  light  woolen  cloth  for  men's 


or  nocturnal  dial,  an  instrument  ftxr  show . 
ing  the  hour  by  the  shadow  of  the  moop. 

Bialeot,  'a-lekt  The  form  or  idiom  ol 
a  language  peculiar  to  a  province  or  to  a 
limite<l  region  or  people,  as  distinguished 
ih>m  the  literary  kmguage  of  the  whoio- 
j>eople.  The  Greek  language  is  remark- 
able for  four  dialects— the  Attic,  Ionic, 
Doric  and  Eolic. 

Dial-plate,  -plat  The  plate  of  a  dial, 
on  which  the  lines  are  drawn  to  show  the 
time  of  the  day.  The  ihce  of  a  dock  or 
watch,  on  wmch  the  time  of  the  day  is 
shown.    Any  kind  of  index -plato. 

Dial-work,  werk.  That  portion  of  fhe 
motion  of  a  watch  between  the  dial  and 
movem  ent-plate. 

Diaxnagnetib,  a-mag-neV'ik.  A  sub- 
stance which,  when  magnetized  and  aus- 
I>ended  freely,  points  east  and  west. 

Diamond,  -mond.  A  mine- 
ral, gem,  or  precious  stone, 
of  the  most  valuaUe  kind,  re- 
markable for  its  hardness,  as 
it  cuts  all  other  minerals. 
When  pure,  the  diamond  is  TM-„ft_,» 
usually  clear  and  transparent,  /^??Si-J!l\  ' 
but  it  is  sometimes  colored,  CB™l»nt). 
the  colors  being  white,  yellow,  bine, 
green,  black,  &c.  It  consists  of  pure  car- 
bon ;  when  placed  between  the  poles  of  a 
powerfal  battery  It  is  completely  burned 
to  carbon  dioxide.  One  of  the  largest 
diamonds  known  is  that  belonging  to  tho 
Bajah  of  Mattan,  in  Borneo,  wdghing  86t 
carats.  The  Koh-i-noor,  now  belonging 
to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  originally 
weighed  about  800  carats,  but  it  has  been 
reduced  to  108|  carats ;  the  Orlow  dia- 
mond, belonging  to  tho  Emperor  of  Eus- 
bia,  M'eighs  195  carats ;  and  the  Pitt  or 
K<^ent  diamond,  among  the  French 
crown  jewels,  186^.  Avery  small  print- 
ing letter.  A  geometrical  figure,  other- 
wise called  a  rnombus.  One  of  a  set  of 
playing  cards  marked  with  the  figure  of  a 
diamond.  A  glazier*s  tool  for  ci^ttlnff 
glass.  Diamonds  so  used  are  uncut,  and 
so  mounted  as  to  act  upon  tho  glass  by  ft 
curvilinear  edge  of  the  crj-stal.  Black 
diamond,  a  term  applied  colloquially  to 
coal.  Diamond  edition,  on  udltioii 
of  a  work 
printed  in 
very  smail 
type.  Dia- 
mond &et,in 
Arch,  a  spe- 
cies of  mind- 
ing consist- 
sistlngoffil- 

i  \eU     V&\«t-  T^texQiQnd  Fret. 


DUHONB-BEETLE 


DIBBAHCHIATA 


•mine  tiKli  otbi 


dice. 

J)lc»-1>0S.  'boka.  A  box  from  wblc: 
■re  thrown  In  KU 
.Sloluibune,di- 


mdAOtloa,  -d^'Uks.      The   adtaae 
Dldac^I,  'ul.    An   uiinu]  hulDg  t 


DlokaiiB.  Oharlaa.   An  EngU! 

._.... l^io'iij^i"  ■" 

mra,B!inad.,iT8a*D.°i8w! 
ber  cr  tha  flnt  ColoiiW  " 
Psnn.,  17U^  ha  dnfbd  ine  reioluaDiu 
4'  'Ibmied  br  tut  bftdy,  and  m  ■  membtr  of 

papen,  but  bft  declined  to  Blmi  the  llecU- 
n^on  of  Independence,  cnnnldering  Ibe 
step  premilore.  Hit  •'  FttAat  Letlen," 
ns3,  urg»d  Uie  •doptlon  of  the  new  con- 


IHcnuiii«a,di 


of    deni 


J    birds,    c 


Uuof  tho  erowi 

MHnpned  10   tlu 
nl^nnfflle. 
Biotator,  dik'ti 


ZMctlonafy,  'ntioii 
the  <rord>  of  ■  lane 
nhfibetieal  order, 
deflnitloDH  of  their 
Tix«bolary.    Any  " 

or  branch  of  a  inbjoct,  under  vorda  or 
faudi  uTHifn'd  ilphibetlcolly. 
IMotTophyUniu.  -tt-onl-lum.    a  pro- 
TlHlonnl  fon.  Intended  to  Include  all  fiiBHll 

Sloynodoii,  dlil'nA-don.    A  fOuill  Ren, 

-■•— '-naJjoaiurHniiliifi,  AfHc«,<uppMed 

•r  trluaUi  iige, w-i"-"-  ■•— '- 


vblcb  profeau! 


toeflo?  trfitjM(«J^  oomMnlngL 

tor*  tAs  o&vMten  of  tha  aurd,  srooodOB, 


Diderot  Senia.  dii-dro'.  A  noted 
French  phOosopher:  B,  17IS,D.  JIM.  He 
la  considered  the  chief  ot  tbo  wbool  of 

DldodocaJiQdTal,   ill-<lij'd<'k-a-hu"dn]. 


Die,  dl.  A  BDialloabenHriiadDnltafHoM 
from  one  to  six,  uaed  In  ^mln^.  AJiy 
cnMc  body ;  n  a»t  Ublet.    In  Areb.  the 


Dieman,  Anthony  Van.    A  I>ii4sh 

luvlgntor;  u,  1IMI3,  II.  1U6.    HewuTl«»- 

,  .L.  Dutch  EMt   Indies,  HM-a, 

dlBoovered  Van  We- 


ld vUh  Tas 

ao'alud,  n< 


fnue,  on  tbe  English  Cbani 

tbeprindpilvtatlanAoftheB^ 

tw«eD  Engluid  uid  Fnucn ;  y 
I>l«-«lnkn.<U'alru!k-et.    An 

dies  tfbr  itampiniT  or  emboHln^ 
IMbbItSB, 'eil'r^'.  Theniune. 

mudUvval  hytnn  ob   Iha  laet  , ^ -. 

Kbilbly  nnnpnflvl  hy  Tlioujoa  of  Culimo 
tie  ISth  CL-ntury. 

IllM.'et.  Feod  or  victuals.  A  mm 
u  •rdltnllAiH  or  'IfU-^tes,  buld.'n 
day  today  forlei^alatlvc.  pullUnJ,  ec 
uthal  or  municipal  pnrpoiws.  su-ctHciiJIy, 

.tbslt'glsbltve  and  sdmlDlsmdi-o  iis»rn- 
blKs  In  Iho  Qenma  Empire,  Aastj 

IHetetiaB,  -ft'lks.    Tlint  dcpnrCn 
medlciuo  vhleti  rplou^  lu  tha  dint. 

I>i«a  flt  KoD  Droit.    Lit.  '■<] 


the  ball  which  holds  the  liquid  be  heated, 
the  elutlclty  ortheetuiflDedDir  vlllii^e 
Itrlseln  tbeopbniitlo  bfMioh  proportkaiiil 
I,,  the  cicoM  of  elaetlcllj,  or  of  he«. 
DigeBt,  dijHt,  A  collemloii  or  body  of 
Rumait  ]a»s,  ■rrUKod  under  proper  tfUei 
by  order  of  the  £mperor  Jnsdalon ;  tba 
Pandects.     Any  eollecaoD,  compllalloii, 

posed  under  proper  heads  o-  '"*— 


i  CtUlfomia  tribe, 
~    ilaalu  of  th* 

>mui  Mytb. 
ttes:  d"  — 


IhKtt,  dij'lt.    A  Auger. 

a  IlDBOr's  bresdUi,  or  J  lutu.    m  jtoinm. 

the  19th  put  ofUie  dlaincter  oftba  aim 

orniDOD.   In  Arlth.  u>y  loteeoruDder  10. 
Blsitalln.  -i-lln.     A  n«eUble  ilkaU, 

tboBctlvu  principle  arUlfludis  porpum, 

or  foxglove,  a  strong  poison. 
SigitlKTade.  -l-grid.    An  animal  that 

Di»lyiili,  dl'trllf.    In  Arch.  aproJeeHnr 
hce  v/lth  with  two  panels  or  chunala 

Siliedron,  -hS'dron.      A    Bgan  wllii 

Sllett&nta.  dll-e-ianl'.     An  admirer  of 


DUnvlal,   i!  ..    

flood  or  delnn,  mora  «p«l>Sr  to  lbs  ' 
deluee  In  Noah's  days.  EAotid  or  pro- 
duced by  snyeitraordlurymsliofwvCer. 

fli^l  deposits'  the  result  of  uy  nousiiil 
nr  eitnordlnary  nub  ot  water.  The  term 
Is  now  nrely  Deed,  the  dapiieft«  gronped 
nnder  It  being  assigned  to  the  post-pflo- 

Slme,  dim.  A  sliTer  ooln  of  the  ITnlled 
BtatesoflheTsloeoflOnaita;  the  teatli 
or*  dollu. 

Diauaa,,  dlm'*- 


I      ernamantsd  In  the  loom  by  nleed  si 
)     or  Dioey  flgnres ;  It  is  nrnly  dyed, 
r  I  Dimpla,  'pV     A.  imA  -ulaaA  ( 


DDTOLE 


SM 


DI0MEDE8 


rion  in  th«  cheek  or  chin ;  a  slight  in- 
terra  ption  to  the  uniform  rounded  flow 
of  the  fa^al  lines,  appearing  especially  in 
youth  and  in  smiling.  A  slight  indenta- 
tion on  anyr  surface. 

Dingrle.  A  Beai>ort  of  Co.  Kerry,  Ire- 
land, 40  m.  N.  W.  of  Killamey;  pop. 
4,700. 

DinffO,  dlng'go.  Tho  Australian  dog 
(Ganis  Dingo),  of  a  wolf-like  appearance, 
and  extremely  florce. 

Dinner^  din'ncr.  The  principal  meal  of 
the  day,  corrcMponding  with  the  deipnon 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  coena  of  the  Romans. 
An  entertainment. 

D i n o r nis,    di-  ,.-''^\ 
nor'-nis.  A  gen.  or 
esrtinct     cursorial 
birds,  of  gigantic         i 
size,    which    formerly  1 
inhabited    New    Zea-  \ 
land.       The     largest  V 
must   have   stood   at  \ 
least  14  feet  in  height,     \ 
and  probably  more.  By        "^v.,^ 
the  natives  they  are  called  rooa. 
It  is  supposed   they   became 
extinct  in  the  17th  or  18th  cen- 
tury, as  traditions  are  sttll  our- 
rent  concerning  them. 

I>inotheriuxn,-n6-th6M-nm . 
A  gen.  of  extinct  gigantic  mam.   , , 
mals  occurring  in  Uxe  strata  of  Dinomis. 
the  tertiary  formation.     The 
remains  have  been  found  in  Hesse  Darm- 
Madt,  also  in  sereral  parts  of  France,  Ba- 


Dinotherinm    restored. 


Taria  and  Austria.  The  largest  species 
hitherto  (yscovered  (D.  gigaDteum)is  cal- 
•  cnhitcd  to  have  attained  the  length  of  18 
feet  It  had  a  proboscis  and  two  tusks. 
Kaup  regards  it  as  intermediate  between 
the  mastodons  and  tapirs,  and  terrestrial, 
while  Blainville  and  Pictet  regard  it  as 
allied  to  tho  sea-cows. 

Diocese,  '6-s*5s.    The  circuit  or  extent  o  f 
a  bishop's  jurisdiction;  an  ecclesiastical 

dtviBioa  ot&  kingdom  or  state,  subject  to 

tbe  Mutbortty  of  a  biahop. 
JO^ooletian,  Gains  Valerius  Auxe^ 
•OOM  IXtooletUamM  A  Roman  general; 


B.  abt.  945  A.  D.,  proclaimed  emperor  hy 
the  imperial  gnard  after  tiie  assassination 
of  Numerianus,  284.  D.  divided  the  em- 
pire with  Maximian,  and  governed  Asia 
and  Egypt  In  ^  he  signed  an  edict 
against  the  Christians,  abdicated  i>ower 
804,  and  d.  818. 

Diootahedral, -ok'tarhe^dral.  InCiys- 
tal.  having  the  form  of  an  octahedral  prism 
with  tetrahedral  summits. 

Diodon,  'd-don.  A  Unnsean  gen.  of 
teleostean  fishes  now  giving  its  nfino  to  a 


\ 


Diodon  Hystrix. 
fiun.  Diodontidffi,  ord.  Plectognathi.  They 
live  on  crustaceans  and  sea-weeds,  for  the 
trituration  of  which  their  mouth  is  admir- 
ably adapted.  The  fiimily  includes  the 
sun-fish. 

DiOBcia,  -d^shi-a.  The  22d  oUms  of  plants 
in  the  artificial  system  of  linnsens.  It 
comprehends  such  genera  as  have  male 
or  stamen-bearing  flowers  on  one  plant, 
and  female  or  pistil-bearing  flowers  on  an- 
other, as  willows. 

Diodoms  Sicoliui.  A  Sicilian  histo- 
rian who  lived  in  the  first  century  b.  o. 
He  published  his  universid  historr^  In  40 
books,  brought  down  to  the  year  60  b.  o., 
but  of  these  only  15  are  extant 

Diogrenes.  A  distinguished  (>nlc;  b. 
in  Sinope,  Asia  Minor,  b.  c.  421,  n.  at 
Corinth,  826.  He  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  Athens,  where  he  Uved  upon  alms,  and 
taught  his  philosophy  from  a  tub. 

Diogrenes  Laerttiui.     An  Epicurean 

{)hilosopher ;  b.  in  Cicilia.    He  wrote  the 
ives  of  the  philosophers  in  10  books. 

Diofirenes-orab,  di-oj'en-ez-krab.  A  spe- 
cies of  Ccenobita,  found  in  the  W.  Indies; 
so  called  flrom  its  selecting  a  shell  for  its 
residence. 

Dioeenee-onp,  -kup.    A  term  applied 
to  the  cup-like  cavity  of  the  band,  formed 
by  bending  the  metacarpal  bono  of  the  ^ 
little  finger. 

Diomedea,  -o'm6-ds"&.  A  gen.  of  birds, 
ord.  Longipennes,  including  the  various 
species  of  ubatross. 

Dioxnedes.  In  Myth.  King  of  Thrace, 
fton  of  Mare  and  Ciyrene,  who  fed .  his 
\Mn«m  on  \i\m\«a[i^«ek\i.    Hereiilea  kUtod 


DIOMEDES 


296 


DIPLOMATICS 


Dioxnedes.  Son  of  Tydeus  and  Deip- 
yle,  Kin^  of  ^tolia,  aud  one  of  the  he- 
roes of  the  Trojan  war.    He  was  a  favorite 

'of  Mtnenra,  who  bade  him  attack  and 
wound  both  Mars  and  Venus. 

IDion.  A  noble  Syracnsan,  son  of  Illppa- 
sina,  a  fiivorito  disciple  of  Plato,  and  relat- 
ed to  Dionysius  the  Elder,  who  admired 
his  abilities,  and  freely  consulted  him ;  b. 
abt.  410  B.  c.  After  the  accession  of 
Dionysius  the  Yonnper,  D.  fell  into  dis- 
prace,  reimired  to  Athens,  and«oon  after 
led  an  army  against  Syracuse,  which  cap- 
tured the  city  after  a'three  days'  assault. 
T>.  was  assassinated  854. 

Dionasa,  di-d-ne'a. 
A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Droseraceap. 
Only  one  species  is 
known,  D.  muscip- 
ula  (Venus  fly-trap) 
a  native  of  Caro- 
lina and  Florida 
The  bristles  on  th 
leaf  are  remarkably 
irritable,  and  when 
touched  by  a  fly  or 
other  insect  the 
lobes  suddenly 
dose  on  it.  It  is 
Bald  to  digest  the 
ibod  thus  captured 
by  means  of  a  fluid 
which    dissolves  it 

•exactiy  like  ordinary  gastric  juice. 

Dion  Cassius.  A  Roman  historian  of 
the  2d  century  a.  d.  He  spent  12  ytan 
on  his  history  of  Rome. 

Dionysius  I.  Dictator  of  Syracuse, 
known  as  The  Elder ;  b.  abt.  b.  c.  480,  d. 
869.  D.  II.(The  Younger)  son  and  8.  of  the 
above,  B.  abt.  889,  died  in  exile  at  Corinth 
abt.  835.  He  was  driven  from  his  throne 
by  Dion,  but  recovered  possession  ;  was 
deposed  a  second  time  and  exiled  to  Cor- 
inth. 

Dionysius  (of  Halicamassus).    A 

Greek  historian  and  critic;  b.  70  b.  c,  d. 
abt.  1  A.  D.  He  wrote  in  Greek  at  Rome 
his  ''  Roman  Antiquities,'*  muchofwhich 
is  preserved. 

Dionysius    (The    Thraoian).     A 

teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Ro'iie,  whose  "  Art 
of  Grammar  "  was  authority  for  several 
centuries.    He  flourished  abt.  60  b.  o. 

Dionysos,  dl-o-ni'sos.  In  Greek  Myth. 
the  effeminate  god  of  -wine,  called  also 
Bakchos  by  the  Greeks,  and  Bacchus  by 
the  Romans. 

Diophantine,  -fan'tin.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  DiophaBttis  of  Aleundrio,  tbaflnt 


Venus  Fly-trap. 


Greek  writer  on  algebra,  who  flourhhod 
according  to  some  about  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century,  acoorrling  to  others  abont 
the  end  of  the  ('th.  D.  analysis,  that 
branch  of  algebra  which  treats  of  indeter- 
minate (juestions. 

Diopsis,  -op'- 
sis.  A  gen.  of 
dipterous  in- 
sects, fam.Mos- 
cida^.  A  gen. 
of   turbelhulan 


worms 

Diorama,  -5- 
ru'ma.  A  mode 
of  painting  and  ''' 
of  scenic  exhibi- 
tion, ])roducing 

a  greater  degree  Diopsia. 

of  optical   illu-  A'*"*""- 

sion  than  the  panorama,  and  suitable  as 
woll  for  architectural  and  interior  views 
as  for  landscape.  A  building  in  whidi  dio- 
ramic  paintings  are  exhibited. 

Diorite,  'o-rit.  A  tough  crystalline  trap- 
rock,  consisting  of  hornblende  and  a  trl- 
clinic  felspar  albito  or  oligoclase,  either 
mctamorpnic  or  volcanic  in  origin. 

DioscToides,  PecUmius.  A  notsd 
Greek  physician  of  the  1st  centary  ▲.  d. 
His  "  De  Materia  Medica"  was  a  text  book 
for  more  than  1,800  years. 

Diota,  -O'ta.  In  Anc.  Seulp.  a  sort  of  yass 
with  two  handles,  used  for  wine. 

Diphda,  difda.  The  star  Beta  of  the 
constellation  Cetas. 

Diphthonsr,  'thong.  A  coalition  of  two 
vowels  pronounced  in  one  svllable.  Im- 
proper aiphthong,  a  union  of  two  or  more 
vowels  in  the  same  syllable,  only  one  ot 
them  being  sounded. 

Diphires,  dl'fi-^z.  A  gen.  and  tun.  ot 
coelenterato  animals,  ord.  Caiycophoride. 

Dipleidoscope,  -pirdo-sk5p.  An  in- 
strument for  indioatmg  the  passage  of  the 
sun  or  a  star  over  the  meridian,  by  the 
coincidence  of  two  images  of  the  object, 
the  one  formed  by  single  and  the  other  by 
double  reflection. 

Diploe,  dipld-S.  The  soft  medullanr 
substance  between  the  plates  of  the  skolL 

Diplomat,  -Id'mat.  A  minister,  of- 
ficial agent  or  envoy  to  a  foreign  court ;  a 
diplomatist. 

Diplomatics,  'iks.  The  science  of  dip- 
lomas or  of  ancient  writings,  literarr  and 
Srablic  documents,  letters,  <fec.,  which  has 
br  its  object  to  decipher  old  writings,  as- 
certain their  authentiolty,  ^.;  pwBO^- 


Dlpldplil.  dl-|jri'pl-ii.  A 
flTB  In  wlileh  the  nulflot 
double  or  eToa  Iilpre. 


Dipiopt«ra, 


leotds,  MusrldiD  ud  Vu- 
plde. 

Dl^optenw,  -u.    a  k^d.  or  fouti  ^n- 

ola  fliQU.  fintr  ipadee,  belon^if  to  th4 
jrid  T«d  MndMoDf  ■ 

L,  d1p-lc1-1^0n,     A  MAAltlf 

m  which  wpgari  to  b«  fbr._. 
Mt  bodlsunllwllntlieuilddlt 
Uljr  mMore  bodioi 

Slpnot, 


gdmttks  marsupuTininimsl,  found  In  the 

Dlieotory.  dl-r.*'to-rt.    A  book  oooUlii- 
iDir  dlrwlloDB  for  public  woF^IP  or  »- 
llglons   wrvlcos.     A  book  contt&lnft  ta 
alphabetical  tlitt  of  the  Inhabltsnta  of  ■ 

Itli  «m«I  to  the  kangaroo,  bal  much 

city,  Viwn,  and  the  like,  with  their  plaiju 

hu-gH-. 

gShn  U  Ihat  MndlUoii  to  which  hublt- 
nil  Unintirda  of  ■  nerroat  4Dd  UDEUlne 

MTfw,  aiHJ  la  whlcb  liey  mimlftiil  in  UB- 

power  of  the   French   Republic  IWWW. 

?ss'^.«'i;.ats  ?^Z'^.  "^ 

of  dlreoton ;  dlrootorate. 
BilVM,  dar'Jfi.    In  the  B.  India,  ■  n. 

,  ..  — ^  ii  betow  It  from  the 
.aporincpmbentwelKht-commonlv  UB«d 
over  llntfla  uiil  Oat-fojed  op^nlo^. 
mwdplloe,  1-pUn.  ErlDoillgn:  in- 
■tntotlonj  tnlntag.  Bulo of eavemnisnt. 
8ii>|ertloa  to  nils.  CorrecUnn ;  puntub- 
menl  Inflicted  by  miy  of  eorrertlon  mii 
tnlnlng :  [DntrncUon  by  moana  at  mlafor- 
tniwanillbolHip.  In  Uia  R.  C,  Ch,  hod- 
-  U/nunlshinfn[|DmcU>loiia  ileHnquflntj 
-or  Uut  uutdbI  morttBciUan  irblob  npui- 


iliacLp^Lne,  two  booki  dmvD  an  far  tb 
reBjrni.tl"!!  of  the  BcolA  Chunh— lb« 
flrat  by  Knoi  uirt  ftiur  athcr  mjiilil«»  In 

bLvo'f  ia:8,  In  whloh  Andrew  Msl<rtll»task 
>  kadlnur  port.  Thla  ia  bUU  appnlfd  to  w 

Disobidlft, -kid'- 


lfl!8  oppendajM. 
Dlsdplas     of   T 

Chiiat  (Oomp- 
bemte«>.Anlo- 


cedcd,  und  bli  ton,  Ee..  Al«andsr  Camn- 
bfll,  both  natira  of  Irekud.  TIi«  mt 
nambora  nearly Uinie-aa»rlBrn.r»lnlUkHi 
Dommnnlcanl*,  m»t  of  tbain  being  la  lb* 
S.  and  W.  8tot«. 
Dlsooboluo.  -kob'D-taa.    In  Claai.  Aa- 

llq.   ■  liTOMW    o 

tbedlMiuorquolt 
a  qnofl-player.  Tbi 
nuns  given  bj 
Curler  to  bis  Sil 
ftmlly  of  Boft- 
flnned  teleoatflau 
flahM.  Ths  lump- 
flah  (CyclDptema 
LDmpiu}laagood 

Dlaoopliont, 


whlob  tbe  leech  bfr 


1>I8G0yEBTUBB 


DI8TANCB 


DiaoovTture,  -kar'ert-Qr.  Freedom 
ofawAouu  from  theoorertnre  of  shiu- 
bnml. 

DiflCraae,  -krfis.  A  rftre  ore  oonsisting  of 
antiiiiooy  and  nilver,  fouod  In  metamor- 
phic  strata,  alone  or  aasooiated  with  otiior 
on'8. 

Tyson »,  Icuii.  A  quoit ;  a  piece  of  Iron, 
oopner  or  stone,  to  bo  thrown  in  play, 
uKod  by  tlio  ancients.    A  disk. 

DisinfBotant,  -in-fekt'ant  An  afirAit 
for  <lestrovtni;  the  power  or  means  of  prop- 
af^ating  diseases  which  spreaii  by  infec- 
tion or  contaffion  ;  anything  that  purifles 
the  air  lh>in  noxious  matters  or  removes 
odors  or  hurtftil  organic  substances 
from  the  ground,  water,  Ae.  The  more 
common  are  chlorine,  bromine,  sulphur- 
ous add,  nitrous  acid,  chloride  of  lime, 
carboHoadd,  &c. 

Disk.  A  quoit ;  a  circular  piece  of  stone, 
iron  or  copper,  used  in  games.  Any  flat, 
drenlar  plate  or  surfkoe,  as  of  a  piece 
of  metal,  the  fltce  of  the  sun,  moon,  or 
a  planet  In  Hot  the  name  given  to 
markings  on  the  woody  fiber  of  certain 
treea,  aa  the  oonifsrs,  as  seen  in  a  longitu- 
dinal section  of  the  wood. 

Dlak-ooapliiiflr,  diskHcu-pl-ing.  In 
Maoh.  a  ooupUng  oonsisting  of  two  disks 


Disk-coupling. 

keyed  on  the  connected  ends  of  two 
shafts.  In  one  are  recesses,  into  which 
corresponding  projections  on  the  othor 
are  recdved. 

Dispart,  dis'pfirt.  In  Oun.  the  difrorenoe 
between  the  semi-diameter  of  the  base 
ring  at,  the  broech  of  a  gun,  and  that  of  the 
ring  at'th(^  swell  of  the  muzzle. 

Dispart-siffht,  -sit.  In  Gun.  a  piece  of 
metal  -  cast  on  the  muzde  of  a  piece  of 
ordnancie  to  make  the  line  of  sight  parallel 

~  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 
Dispensation,  -pen-a'shon.  The 
granting  of  a  license,  or  the  lioenso  itself, 
to  do  what  is  forbidden  by  laws  or  canons, 
or  to  omit  something  which  is  oommand- 
«d.  Tbto  pope  haspower  to  dispense  with 
tie  eanon§  of  the  VMvroh,  but  has  no  right 

t^ffrant  difipeuiatioDt  to  the  injury  of  a 

uUidpeiwoa, 


Dlspermoos,  dl-«perm'ns.  In  BoL  con- 
taining two  seeds  only ;  as,  umbellate  and 
atdlate  plants  are  dlspermous. 

Disposltor,  dis-poz'it-er.  A  disposer. 
In  AstroL  the  planet  which  is  lord  of  the 
dgn  where  another  planet  is. 

Disraali,  Bei^amln,  diz-rAKe.  An 
English  statesmen  and  author,  b.  ISnS, 
D.  i8S8.  lie  was  of  Jewish  descent,  and 
ft>r  years  was  the  leader  of  the  ('^>nsOTva- 
tlve  party  in  the  Ckimmons,  holding  the 
offlcc  of  Prime  Minister  in  1868-70,  and 
1874-76.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  created 
Earl  of  Boaconsfield. 

Disruption,  dis-mp'shon.  The  act  of 
rending  asunder;  breach;  dilaceratlon.  £c 
des.  the  term  applied  to  the  rupture  which 
took  place  in  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland  in  1848,  when  474  ministers  and 
professors  demitted  thdr  charges.  The 
controversy  proceeding  the  rupture  lasted 
for  10  years,  having  originated  in  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Veto  Act. 

Dissection,  -sek'shon.  The  act  of  cut- 
ting in  pieces  an  animal  or  vegetable  for 
the  purpose  of  examining  the  structure 
and  uses  of  its  parts;  anatomy. 

Dissiflrlit,  -sit.  An  eyesore;  anything 
offcndve  to  the  sight. 

Dissyllable,  'sil-la-bl.    A  word  of  two 

syllables. 
Distaff,  'taf.    The  staff  to  which  flax  or 

tow  is  tied,  and  from  which  the  thread  is 

drawn. 

Distance,  'tans.  An  interval  between  two 
objects;  the  length  of  the  shortest  line 
whidi  intervenes  between  things  that  are 
sepfuvte.  Contrariety ;  opposition.  The 
remoteness  which  respect  reqnuires  or  re- 
serve inspires.  In  Music,  the  interval  be- 
tween two  notes.  In  horse-racing,  a  length 
of  240  yards  from  tile  wire  or  winning- 
post,  at  which  point  is  placed  the  distance- 
post.  Mean  distance  of  the  planets,  a 
mean  between  their  aphelion  and  peri^ 
helion  distances.  Proportional  distances 
of  the  planets,  the  distances  of  the  several 

Slanets  fW>m  the  sun,  oompared  with  the 
istance  of  any  one  of  them  considered  aa 
unity.  Real  distances,  tiie  absolute  dis- 
tances of  those  bodies  as  compared  witii 
miles,  leagues,  Ac.  Accessible  distances 
may  be  measured  bv  tiie  application  of 
any  lineal  measure.  Inaecessible  distances 
cannot  be  measured  but  by  means  of  trig- 
onometrical rules.  Lino  of  distance,  in 
persp.  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  c^e  to 
the  prindpal  point  of  the  plane.  Point  of 
distance,  that  point  in  the  horizontal  Una 
which  is  at  the  same  distance  frmn  the 
prtnc&i^  V<^^  **  ^^  ^^  ^  ^i'^o*™  the 


DISTANCE-SIGNAL 


DIVER 


same.  'Angular  distanvo.  the  angle  of  sep- 
aration which  the  directions  of  two  iMdies 
include. 

Distance-8i8r]ial,-Rig-nal.  In  Rail,  the 
most  distant  of  the  scries  of  signals  under 
the  control  of  a  signal-man. 

Disthene,  dl'sthcn.  Kyanitc ;  a  miner- 
al so-called  on  account  of  its  unco ualhard- 

■  ness,  and  because  its  crystnls  nave  the 
property  of  being  electriiled  both  positive- 
ly and  negatively. 

Distich,  dis'tilc.  A  couplet ;  a  couple  of 
verses  or  poetic  lines  making  complete 
sense ;  an  epigram  of  two  verses. 

Distillation,  -til-a'shon.  The  volatili- 
zation and  subsequent  condensation  of  a 
liquid  by  means  of  an  alembic,  or  still  and 
reflrigerator}',  or  of  a  retort  and  receiver ; 
the  operation  of  extracting  spirit  fW)m  a 
substance  by  evaporation  and  condensa- 
tion ;  rectification.  Distillation  Is  of  great 
Importance,  not  only  in  obtaining  spiritu- 
ous liquors,  but  also  in  procuring  essences, 
essential  oils,  &c.  Dry  distillation,  the 
distillation  of  substances  per  se,  or  witii- 
out  the  addition  of  water. 

Distillery,  'e  ri.  The  building  and 
worlis  where  distillation  is  carried  on. 

Distoxnan  'to-ma.  A  gon.  of  trematode 
or  suctorial  parasitical  worms  or  flukes, 
inhabiting  various  jiarts  in  different  ani- 
mals.    AH  present  the  strange  phenome- 

.  non  known  as  alternation  of  generation. 

Distraint,  -trant'.  A  distress  or  dis- 
training. 

District  Court,  'trikt  kort.  A  court 
which  has  cognizance  of  certain  causes 
within  a  defined  district. 

District-JudgB,  -juj.  The  judge  of  a 
district  court. 

District  Parish,  par-ish.  In  England, 
an  ecclesiastical  division  of  parishes  for 
all  pnrjjoscs  of  worship,  the  celebration  of 
marriages,  christenings,  Ac.  In  Scotiand, 
similar  divisions  ore  called  quoad-sacra 
parishes. 

District  School,  skol.  A  school  with- 
in a  certain  district  of  a  to^vn. 

Disunion,  dls-An'yon.  Separation ;  die- 
junction.  A  breach  of  concord  and  its 
effect,  contention.  The  separation  or 
withdrawal  of  any  state  tram  the  federal 
union  of  the  Ignited  States. 

Ditetrahedral,  dl-tet'ro-he'dral.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tetrahedrol  prism  with 
dihedral  sommits. 

Ditheism,  -thO-izin.  The  doctrine  of  the 
<>xi8tence  of  two  gods,  especially  that  on 
trhlch   the   oJd   Porsfan     religion     was 


founded,  or  the  opnoaition  of  good  and 
evil  principles ;  diuuism ;  Mankheism. 

Dithyrambio,  dith-i-ram'bik,  A  hyms 
in  honor  of  Bacchus  or  sonao  of  the  other 
Greek  divinities ;  dJtb>TamD.  A  n^ 'poem 
written  in  wild,  enthofiiaado  etrains. 

Ditrigrlsrph,  (Btri  gflt    An  tntervalb*- 


1 


i"JWi'  v^.'/'-'.'r/'/',',--"^^  • 


JUiLlllUlUi 


Ditriglypb. 
tween   two     columns,     admitting    two 
triglyphs  in  the  entablature ;  used  In  the 
Doric  order. 

Ditrihedria,  -he'dri-a.  A  gen,  of  span 
with  six  sides  or  planes,  formed  of  two  trig- 
onal pyramids  Joined  bttse  to  base,  vritE- 
out  an  intermediate  column. 

Diuma,  -em'a.  A-it^otion  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  corresponding  with  the  Lin- 
ntean  gen.  Papilio,  or  butterflies.  Also  ap- 
plied to  insects  that  do  not  live  more  tbMi 
24  hours,  os-the  Ephomone. 

Diurnal,  'ol.  Relating  to  a  day ;  per- 
taining to  the  daytime ;  happening  every 
day;  performed  in  a  day.  Gonstitnting 
the  measure  of  a  day;  as,  the  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  earth ;  iw  apfriied  to 
another  planet,  oonstitnting  the  measure 
of  its  own  day.  In  Med.  an  epithet  of 
diseases  whose  exacerbations  ore  In  the 
daytime.  D.  arc,  the  apparent  arc  de- 
scribetl  by  the  heavenly  bodies  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rotation  of  the  earth.  D. 
motion  of  a  planet,  the  number  of  degreea, 
minutes,  Ac,  which  a  planet  moves  in 
twenty- four  hours.  D.  flowers,  open  only 
during  the  day.  Flowers  which  endure 
but  for  a  day,  as  the  flower  of  TIgridia. 

Divan,  -van\  Among  the  Orientals  a  * 
court  of  iustice  or  a  council.  A  council- 
chamber  ;  a  reception  room  In  palaces  and 
houses  of  richer  citizens.  Any  council  as- 
sembled. .  A  coffee-bonse  where  smoking 
is  tho  principal  enjoyment.  A  cushioned 
seat ;  a  kina  of  sofa.  A  book,  especially 
a  collection  of  poems  hy  one  and  the  same 
author. 

Divertisement,  -vert'iz-ment  Di- 
version;  amusement  A  short  ballet,  or 
other  entertainment  between  tho  acts  of 
longer  pieces. 

Diver/ vet.   Ou*  ^\i»  ^NWk\«kft  >«\»» 


DirEOTm-EE 


mBEEtlNXG.-?  LUfP 


rlilli.i  nt  thr-B _ , 

miy  hn  lalM.  Ihr  ifnU-ii  mod  iitilllRix 
IMT«Mttun.  -Tntl-lfir.  Ttif  trf 
MrfifilDK  ur  drjitlviae.     Ii  ' 


Irt   »f  Mw  ntnUD   fnini   tfariH   of 

rldar.  -i-M'er.    A  pdr  <>r  ■Diull  " 
wei,  iikmI  iiir  d^TlfUiHr  Unn,  dtsci 

CiTl-dlTl.  'vWl'vl.   ^  Thf  nmiive  i 


Hil  lU  lUlii.  Tha  litUr  ive  «in«aln 
MltlD(<nt  uid  mnUIn  ■  Ww  prupnm 
or  UiiDls  ind  K*Ulc  KfcL. 
IMvldllBl.  'Tbl'h-^.  In  Aiilh.  and  A 
nn"  uf  ilir  M^ml  inrtaof  oillvldfmlftT 
wJikh  iw^b  iviMnM  Ib^rn  or  Irrni  of  I 


dlTlDllT;BtlH»lllK^. 

DlVlnrdmu.  ■nv'Lnn-iln'n.  A  ilrru  of 
liidln-raWKT  luwHl  by  prnfumlnnni  .IWat, 
harlmi  ■  hud-plam  of  mtitiil  nirnlBbpd 
with  nlrnriK  IftnM  i-rni  ukI  two  jJlatile 
■l|HvitntnninUlnBntiMil]>nrtlr.  WcUtlit* 
are  MtwhFil  lu  (lie  i^d»  MM]  ghnM  of  the 


altncbt^  Ihroutrh  which  trnh  air 
.  .Slvlaor.dl-rlz'rr.     In  Artth.ihr  i 


tbu  \naii  ill  mn 
'Divemtir.  '«-. 


^  h^al  diHoluttun  of 


II.,  i;!>4.  n.  l-'-a.    Ili-m  IT.tl.  MoBtor 

Uiy  nf  tho  V.  K.  Tnwui}-  and  a'niajoc- 

Dlxon'B  Entranoe.  A  i>tnlt  lim  m. 
Iimir.  bPl.  yiipen  CharioKc  Island  and 
Prlnpe  at   WbIpb   AirhlpWaeo,    Jf.    W. 

lifelMl,  Jth'oL  AnAmWinwnrd  rtimt 
fvini  niniintain  ;  ■%  DJrh^-f]  Modu,  tha 

Djereed.  Jisif d'.   A  blunt)arclin  u»dln 

Clrlpnul  milllary  tparO. 
Do,  dA.    In  MiifLi%  the  nnm.'  ciTcn  hj 

ih<'  Itallrii»  uid  Knicllih  lo  th,:  Km  of  tha- 

•yllahlM  UH'd  In  tnTmlistlun. 
lie.  AnabbrcTlatlonordlttn. 
Doasta.  dA-u'ts.    An  InDirinr  Indian  er- 

dcnt  aplrlt,  often  drugfifd. 
Doab.  'oh.    In  -  -   - 


K.  IndlH.  n 

Sobeniner'a    Idunp,    iiob 


limp.  AooDbiifADas  for  jvodudng  vi  Ip- 
Btutan««uHg1it,  produoed  by  throwlDga 
jet  oflydioganirmniin  Bnanuy  plmilniini, 
vh«n  uieinetuiiiatantly  beooiaflsnxltiat, 
u4  then  wta  fin  ts  tlo  gu. 
Dobhaah,  'huh.     In  ths  E.  IbiILm.  u 


DooetoB.  ds-su"!!^    Aa  lu 


lined  Ihst  Chrlit  noted 


DODO 

ibflldluy  openEtDiii 
I  otuMihieorj.  An 
I ;  B  doBker^eiiKlii* 
Hied  bmiuw  niai 
tliln  vlie  bf  Cha  a 

Doctor-fliti,  'flsh. 


chfoe  or  I 


Acaathunia.  CUlidiilnag 


Doctrlnains.  'I 
nalivnm.iled  lo< 
luUlinlimaorinai 


.    Tbojiams  orld- 
ly  LIlxTal  prtn^pliA. 


iins  who  thmrlies  wlthont  a  suBU 
?rol;  meuillnrKy,    Thp  urt  of  iscer-  I    f^nl  rvir^il  to  praoUoal  eoDrfdenadnt ; 

',  or  of  (Mis  pwulnliig  to  phyalolon'-  i  Doddait,  rtod'ert.    The  hont  idck  n«M 

The  pUeeivfaciv  a  crlmluJ      In  playlniF  tliflmi«ei>f  riodilsrt.  thaoUtict 

.  nlaooon  thonlde  of  ■     belDKIodrivaii wooden  InU  to  sneornn 

ik  of  t  river  tor  ItiB      boundwloj oteoslj. 

"  Dpddiid«e.  PhlUp.    A  dimognlalwd 


J>OCkyaTd,  ySrd.     A  jKrd  or   mji^fizlne 

Doctor,  ter.  A  lacher:  one  nktHed 
In  ft  prolbBalon.  In  a  unlTerstly  ona  vho 
hu  HHod  all  Ibo  dsgrces  ofafoeulty, 
Thoaegreeli  often  raetelyhonorBry,  hut 
U  cooftered  on  pbTslduii  u  n  uronwlon- 
■]  dwree.  A  psion  duly  llunsed  to 
pmotwe  medklna.  A  tartn  applied  to  Ta- 
rloiu  niBoliMilaU  eontrivuM*  Ar  pailtinn- 


anthorof    Lvldoio 
Sodecacon     dO-dak'»«o|.     A  ngnlar 
polynoD  coDilatlng  of  twetn  aqnal  aldfi 
radonc'-- 


idUOglB,  * 

kdeaacjni     -Jlu.      In  JE  \ '  - 

iL      ■      plant      haTlDff  ^^^    J*i.% 
.elvestifc.  ^%X7 

znslnlDg  to  a  dndoeahe-  ^^      V 


Dodo,  dOnin.  An  exilnet  gen.  ofbtrda' 
(DIdni),  ord.  Columlw,  and  onnatltollng 
anowfiunlly.  DIdldu.  It  wu  a  maailTe. 
eIubhj'    Wtd,  target  Oum  i  mi^h,  ™-t- 


I>OG-TI>OTB  ' 


tho  sun.      Tlio  dog-devs  ]ut  tor   forty 
Myt,  twenty  before  nnfl  twontt  sfter  tho 
IwliHillrUipeitrmrlus,  baglnnliiR  oo  the 
8cl  of  July  sotk  eDdln;  llUkof  Au^hL 
Dce-&Mb,  'Bih.   A  uma  gina  u  hv- 


'      av  e!|thlh  nut  of  Ik  ellver,  !n  ydIud  luilf  s 
ftirthiog.    AnyamiJL  pioMof  loonBy.    A 

Sokmeh,  dok'me.    A  Ponee  rMepUcto 

tower,  on  lie  FT>ted  ton  or  whteh  bodies 
ire  expo>od  till  they  drop  Uirough  iou> 
UMboayotlbetower.  6lmilw  iliiietBrfli 
■refoond  Dou  Lake  TlUaua,  Peru. 

DoIabeUa,  doU-bel'lB.  A  gen,  of  teo- 
ttbrancbiste  moUoatLil,  tilled  to  tlie  bw- 
bvefl  (AplyfilA).        < 

I>ol&bra.  do -lit' 


Soli  capax,  d6'II  ki'nski.      In  Lmr, 


Doltohun.  'iT-lnin.    A  gen,  of  o 

uokllonn,  ollted  to  theSidpie,  uid  like  tlieia 
eihlMlbiK  lnlM«al«it  brm*  of  ilb •- 


dl.llik.im.iiu  the 

';.zx£i.<s 

DoU.dol,    Aimill 

Imi^  in  [be   li 

form   fortbomniiB*! 

Elrl  or  womm  more 

'^mirkable  Rn 

\n'A>t  OiB^  biUlUgeD 

DoUar.'ler.    A  rfl 

fr  or  gold  coin 

United  Slst«,  ol  th 

The  Eoglhh  namo 

f  "  ™'"  "f  l^] 

HIngnpore'  tko  Ft^pplDO  Isbinds,  *&• 
Tbo  value  of  a  dollar,  tbo  unit  eiiiplo/cd 
in  reckoning  inonc}-  In  Uie  United  gtstel. 
SoUinBsr,  Jotaiin  Jo«eph  Ignaa. 
AncniUient  German  llieolng1an.il.  17W, 

CaltaoHcs  -wbo  refused  to  scce|>t  the  d(^ 
afterwirds  founded  tho  tMd  Cihollo  sett. 
ZtolmAn,  'nun.    A  long  robe,  open  In 

toneS  at  (he  nr^t.  warn  bv  the  Turk! 
orer  tiidr  otber  giruif  nts.  A  gnrment  of 
tlie  naUue  of  a   wide  Jacket,  worn  by 


althongb  BftBrwA 
Deed  as  altars. 


tidy  of  Dokm,  III  till?  1!.  U.  CD,  the  Vir- 
gin MuT,  »  au1»l  11 ''rrtnuit  of  bf    " 
rtiw  at  Iho  poufdo  or  put  Lord. 
Dolpbljl,  dol'fiu.    Ths  poimlnr  ni 
-ecvvriil  FpndrsorDrlpliinu.v  sffcii. 

dolplUn  proper,  tlio  botUiwinncl  daiphJB, 
UiB  gTsmpni,  Ao.    The  oommon  dolphin 
Ib  peoulbirlr  agOe,  nod  oftoQ  ruUaws  rlit 
in  Idcge  hcrdji,  exoeqtlnff  amv^nc,''  pii 


auflpFDdtcl 
■nifiuildr^i 


fiSm'tC-lS 


DilddiD  Been 
■emallj'  el> 


Soim,  dom.  A  Utle 
Ejven  to  Oh  popet  oiu 
C.  dtenHvUBudsa 
la  Portonl  Hid  Bm 

Dom-boa.  'but     Lit.  doom-boot ;  U 
""oaoflhoklngdt  "' 


nnlraded  with 


vlth  B  block  (doak  uid  polntod  vp  of  tLo  , 

■Jw!ol>lni^  TliOTjlgiiropromliKnl^llitlia 
history  of  tlio  InquUlain,  tod  ft  wiam^wp 
.,.K ,Yrt|. 


dlcry  of  Christ. 
Dominica,    One  of  the  losocBn]  rroop 
onv.  I.lBkndB,  bdoDgtiii;tnOt.Brltdn; 


Domiaicide,  dn-ioin'l-sid.    Tha  net  of 
murderlD^ainobtor.    Oaa  vho  tlUs  hli 

'1-qE.  a  hood  or  cnpo  tbp- 
t-iDbsr  by  prlefltB  whsD  oJ&< 
idifloes.  A  haod  worn  bv 
cltid  r.boinliisB  In  laij.    A 


on,  don.     A  tills  In  Spain,  formn-lr 
ivca  to  noblomen  and  nentlemBii  onlj-, 

™  of  hTgh  lEnjiortanco  or  1  fjhllD^  poeltlocL. 


r  of  B  oollego. 


pFlIlf]1|>rdli^ 
ItsMi  »uc?Lia,rlalng'ln  tho  ti:o' 
and  impWlnB  into  the  Boa  of  i 
aRIKKTm. 

B.  1883,11.1401. 
Donotiat, ' 


nbod/orAlH- 
Doaatus,  liis" 
tintOiaagbCl 


BOHAUWBETH 

ChornawMoot  Inftiirblo,  bnl  hiu 
Knd  becornfl  praDtluHJty  etUDcL  a 

Sfmaufvertli,  d^a'nQ-YBlrt.     A 


,.X 


1  fur    tho    Yletorv,  ITM, 
AkB  of  Msrlborouzh  o>-ei 

r  Uuihal  Boult  b;  llii 


Douagid.    Tba  H.  yf.  oo.  of  Ir 

Sonlzettl,  a-oetano,  di>iild-<iA 
ITBS.V.  ISIS.  """  ™  ""'" 
Donjon,  'Jon.    The  prlndnal  tc 

Sonkey,  donjt'ki;.  An 

Donkey-engine, 

and  «ra  UB<^  for  pnmpln?  «»ter  Into 
twilerg.  rulBlng  heavy  weights,  Jto. 

r»oly,di>ll.  In  tlieE,  IndlMnbaml 
«halr.  MTriad  on  men's  ihonldcrs 
pole.!,  naod  Ibr  convoying  poraona,  cs 
cislly  tlis  ikk ;  ■  pilnn^uln ;  a  Utler. 

XHxmuday,  dams'da.    Tbe  day  of  fl 


Bor,  dor.    Tho  bluk-bwtls  or  C 


I>OTado.  do-rii'do. 


R.'ml.lini  the  dolphin  of  Iho  i 
Dora,  Fanl  OiiataT,  do-r 
Eulshol  JVencb  urun  and 


log  both  thB  French 

lAlnlng  to  JXrrU  of 
the  T>oiianalnOreBi>n. 


dlnli-^t  chsractirlicJ  by  {^^^T 

n'aj  ■°h'<,n™  appUeil  to  1  [  T  ff 
■ny  dIalMt  Willi  HlnillM  11 
DbaiwiWrisasi.  ospudW-  I 

ly  10  Ihe  BmttUh,  III  I       I 


0  11,0  orbits  of  Mara         order. 
Jijpllor.    The  lypl- 
.;en.  ofllBDortdB. 
Doris.  In  Mytli.  dnngbUr  of  Oi^ojinnn  and 
Totlij-9,  End  mother  of  tha  bn  Nerrirtss  by 

Dorking.  dcirk'lDe-    A  apeciea  of  barn- 
door fowl,  dlat]ngiilBh«d  by  having  fl™ 


Domtok, 'nlk.    A  eEnrBdllnpn  afBtont 
fbbric,  principally  ofled   for  table-clotts. 


Ztormor-wiiidow, 


bwnal,  'rrl.      A  iHiBiiln-  fv  ■  hMM  ol 

miiiliT  ur  rurintii  «t  Ihu  buck  i*t  a  flirone 

bort  (SoTdtlebt).  Onn  of  tba  uMnt 
ritkoi  or  llollniHl,  uu  m  Inland  1u  Ote 
MI-HUP,  silt.  lOni.  from  Bottcrcttm.  Not- 
nl  u  UH- pboo  of  mni'ltnic  ofthnflrptu- 
■nnli1r,imt,aftlli>ftiit<'iafnollancl.[ineT 
thrir  ri'lcaM  lhHnl<uiiMidiuniiintlnn;al- 
•n.ftirtbeliirftllWDrtha  «]Dbnit«<l  ftvnod, 
miH-lll.  wMrh  tipprDTSil  a»  CllvlnlsUo 
diHilrlnr  Mul  n^M  AnntnlaalnD ;  pop. 


tfaHr  finindcr,  TkoalUii^u 


tn  IhiiillliH.'ilUliInillmi  of  their' 
Dot.  dni,    Ttao  fortuiK 


MSKIII.  tB  Uh  lit 
ihrtT^llntd 


Dooar  Bible.  Ao'l 


a  libvIM 
nmpiiin-v  HUketlDIHd 
rh.  of  whlab  Uh  Km 
t  urtnwa  Bt  BlHlnu  iB 


„.    --ih'l-l**.     Tbe  1i 

iiiiif  li>:il  in»lri™™t  of  tlw  vtol  Uod. 
Itenble-CTOwn.  -ki 


I   EwlUli 
I.,  (^tb 


DOUBLK-TAUM' 


phrwo  un°St™HonJlj- 1 
tlmo,  A  rtmpln  ft,™  0 
XJoable-TaoU,    'J-riil 


PlMhi,  nuaUloeuDlsb  AmcfriDin  SlaC 
orldnallydoablstbcTiiliii)  of  tbe  pMo 
'L'he  doublnOD  orBpidn  fi  of  IDA  ivhIb.  T 

Slfllrialj.orlSljinldolliin'.      ""' 
SonbB.  doulK  A  ilapt.  ofFmnee,  Imnl 
tug  ^"itzcrluiil.  wllb  tbL'  Jaa  ModdiK 
iin  the  E.    Cnp.  BfsiuicDn  ;  [lop,  vol.lii 
Done,  d5k.    A  gei      ' 


Held  oFFlHldca, 
DousIbb,    Stephen     Amold. 


Abntaiuii  IjDcvbjia 


lao,  hev 


his  EiicHuhil  coinpcUlor,  Mr.  LIecqId. 
StniTO.  doo'to.    A  river  iclili:h  tlJD3  In 
Araeon,  Bjniln,  tranmcs  Portupil,  nml 
cmptlFi  iaui  the  AUutUc  new  Oporla ; 

Souronconll,  d6-rA-k«-]l.    Tho  nBHre 


ftun.  of  Coll 


In  Kent 


Jf  plgHIl 


rlctfd 


.    Tbs  euilE  In  ■uppMed  la 

iregniblo;  pop.Sliill. 

.  of  lbs  StaWof  Delinrr, 


cr  Cochpon,  the  oldrsl 


(icmn  nr  NilrUi  Era ;  avHuge  ^dlb  23  m 
Ddu  (Daaw),  OvTard,  dnw.    A  -Ilii 


Dowdy,  'dl.    J 
Joining  titgcthor 


DoTB'kiB.   dl 

A  •rdb-fooUd    1;1H1,     ^v  1 

the  blnpk  guillcmcil,  "'  ' 

SovBr'a-powder.  dA'rerz- 
cojnnouDd  nf  Ippcocuuiliii, 
Hiilptiata  of  potoah. 

Sown.  A  ni.  In  Ulstor.  N. 
tnvKned  by  the  tinarm  Mnn 
"--yrnpatrick ;  p.)p.  2Ift.8ei. 


3AB.IS.V.  Vc!  Va*-  J 


eelobrflt'*d  for  pmdndnf^  thu  r«<fn  csUed 
drTVun'[i-hUKKl>  and  Ibr  Uin  oxa  nntl  Im- 
znfiido  nroportlonn  nf  on  InilLvlduBt  nt  Or- 
dUvi.  diFHirm'M  by  a  hnrrlnin*  tn  19(11. 

ft.  hlirh  In  l-un.    It  Ku  hD]k>w  tnoldc  nod 
BiosRdiil  b/  a  (iUlrcii». 
Dreuibenftl*,  Ths.  dHli'kn-I?li,    A  ro- 


Oreokjqf  nbootaawe.  Tgr.  tniy. 
Draco.  draHiG.    Th«  nrsfn>n<  >  conMf  tin 
Hon  of  the  nortliPm  liemlsphwi',  t — ■-'- 


Draoo.  The  lint  UtoIvw  at  AltieDi 
tyhiM-  KnAe  wu  pvMlshiid  ««  h.  r.  Tl 
' ■nil  popnlu-ly  mW  1 


IiMre  bean  vrfftan  In  blood. 


Mun.    ^STliylng  of  1 
OeOTife  lg  probibly  m  nmii.ir)  lu  .mih. 
the  triumph  of  (lie  ChrtBUan  bero  oi 
fvll.    A  lien,  of  Hinrlinj<  lUrsco),  im 


poDtr    A  spiteful,    wnlcbfu]   woman ;  ■ 

In  UoL  the  popular  namoof  a  c^n.  of 
■potalmu  plimu,  DrUDDtlnm,  A  rsos  of 
curler  plf^eona  of  the  aame  stock  as  tb« 
POBlIUI  ud  Ba(dad  carrier.  In  Snip. 
dragon  aomednua  Blgnlflee  a  Ivm  flsb  « 
««rpcnt,  and  aomeOmea  a  Tsnomont  land 
Borpent.    Itlaal»ltwdfi>r  tbederll. 

Sraaronade,  dcw-on-td'.  OneofH  Hrin* 
nf  piTscTuUonri  of  FreuohProtcatantB  In 
lbs  rclirn  of  I.011U  XIV.,  whlnh  drore 
tbiiuiianilflof  ProlnBtaDtaoatofFrBnaB. 

DraattO-fly.  -fli.  The  ponnlar  nama  of 
a  Dim.  of  JDAKti.  LIbrllulldiP.  Tbrv  an 
"tmng,  nwifl  of  niBhl  and  voracloua. 

Drai^xm.  dra-jtun.  A^cavalty*  aoLdltr. 
Aklodof  plgnin. 

Drain-trap,  'trap.      A  mntrivanoa   to 


Draka,  drik.  ThsmHlo  of  theduck.  Ths 
lilvrr  sbllllnEor  the  reliin  of  Queen  Etba- 
betli,  havlnc  a  martlot,  |iopularl.r  imIM 
a  drake,  as  the  mint-mark.  A  BpedM  at 
ft]  dhA  \a  uufftnt. 


bdergiLFDieft  wurb  on  the  UgM 
part  of  the  body.  Clmt  of 
cBHd  or  Alldln^  bortfl. 


Itroj-M  over  I 

nil  unnttJDipliiUKl  iDvuton  of  England. 

iiianricdliithehiitUe,16S3.whl.-    ■ 
cA  the  BpanLih  AirnidA. 
Drake,  Samuel  Oaidlikei. 
Icon  AnttoiLvyud  Author;  h 
lTJi.D.  ISTT.  llewuttaetDtlio 


»  or  firnr«  ofohtKts  on  ■ 
*,  by  man.  orTlnB.  uid 
th  B  peDotl,  eompusesT  Ao. 
Ion  of  priztiB  andhlaokdbi  & 


™l^,»i 


SramatdB  peiaoiuB.    ' 
I>raneavllle.    A  Tlllwre 


.  2,500  ContedorotcB  ui 
fonaa  belnff  vIctoiiouFi. 
SfrRper,  Johs.  William.  A  disti: 
gulabed  sbemlBl,  uhyitoluidiit  nnil  autho 
s.  In  En^laml.  IfiM  ;  i^T&iliiatT'd  at  tj 

-  UDlvsraltj' ofPenn.  hocune  b  profess. 
Id  Hsmrten-Braiiey  roiltgo,  Vs.,  ifu- 
wnnl  In  the  N.  Y.  Collfite.  IIo  ™  ai 
Ihor  of  sopral  stondinl  wic ntlflc  Korh 


Drawlng^rooni.  -rSm. 


Drawins-alate,  -ilit.  A  flnf^gnlnad 
compact  clay,  ufluaUy  fOuod  iD  oonoection 
with  m^tamorphlo  root,  ai  elav'ilate, 
Knelns,  Ae.    It  la  lometlniM  oallad  black-  • 

Draw-Unk.  Ilagk.    AUnk  brooDnnit- 
lnif  twocvriagcflof  attain  together. 
Dnty,  drO.    A.  low  eart  or  carriage  on 


iluaiBtkeTjnil.Rovrs  thmucb  Auntrin 
and  Hnnni?,  and  empttet  into  the  Uui- 
nbe  ofar  Eaaig ;  kngth,  TAO  ui, 
XtoavldlBIl,  drB-lU'l-ni.  Otor  pcrtuln 
iDg  M  DraTtda,  an  uld  proTlnco  of  Indin  ; 
'  Awcif  caJly.  apblted  in  n  nunlly  of  tonp  o4 
■pokenlnS.  fndto,  Ceylon,  &e.  If  hi 
dades  Tamil,  Tetugu,  CuarcM  and  Mul- 
abar,  ^ 

Srawbridse,  niri]. 


letdovn  tondni 


Siawee.  -a'.    Tho  p*r»on 


STBirar.'ar.  Hawhedraw.iWIIof  ■  .. 
Oaan  or  im  Drd«r  for  the  wnnent  of 
noMf.    A  lUdlw  Ivx  la»  Mds,  dMk, 


naed  to  deepen  riyera,  dooka, 
I>repano,Capa  (Drepmnr  ~  ~ ' 

Undon  V.-waatorSMlY,  w 
Carthaglnlr--  ■----■  ■*--   ' 


which  the 


&  B 

Cap.  of  the  Kingdom  of  Sax- 
my ;  on  bolb  gldca  the  Elbe, 

ofl^^elpilg.  KotL'd  for  i|a  niag- 
lacf B  and  Ita  picture  ffallciy  j 
u  of  Naiiolton^in'Gatoit  vlcto- 

ISl.OUil  men.  oriir  the  allied 


I   fuU-dresB     parUea, 


Drill,  drtl.    A 
flir  boring  hnloi 

InguMien.    In'Airrl.  a  row  of  aeeda  4a 
posited  In  ttit  «*!&■,  tl»,'Ou\«»^' 


DKOr-DBQJ. 


IMIl-lMnr.  'b'l.  A  sniiill  boo  EMimill; 
RiAi]^  of  ft  thin  Mlp  ot  »l«c],  naod  for  ha 
nunxMD  ur  npliUy  lumlnK  a  drill 

Drlil-luUTaw.  'hi-nV  a  iwuill  huruw 
unplnj-ol  la  drill  liusbuudry. 

Willi  var  or  inon'orilln  lor  borlDg  hoK^  Id 
mi^,  and  dtalf^fuunl  u  vvTtl<nl  h  rkon 
till  or  iinlvomul- 
Srill-Mivsaiit. 'Hur-Jint.  A  nnn-cotn 
iiiUwloni'daniiH'rH'faoinslnicut  d  n  in 
(lii,>lr  dnlU'H  mi  Imlns  them  to  m  Ulary 

Drink,  tlrinik.  Urinnr  to  bo  tnillowed 
ons-Hiil.)  to  bu  "<■ h.  ., h  «,- 

toxieatlnK  llqiio 

neatia  poutorla. 
Drlnlilnv-liorii.  'inn-horn.    A  horn  an- 
oleDtly  uiedundrlDkiDg-vsuel.    A  cnp 

Drlp-Btone, 


Dromedary,  d 


iP'*ft 


KQTinro.    A  illtorinf-etoDO,  Aunlliarly 

DriTOr-ant,  drtr'oMnt.  Anommi 
ooni^  A  Hlnjnilar- AfHcan  ftpHdce,  boudi: 
tntm  its  ilrtvlD^  boftiro  itabnoBtoTor 

DrivinK-Bprlng',     'InK-npring. 

Biivliig-wlieel,  -vihc<l.  A  <rb»l  t 
othrin.    The  Inreo  wheel  in  h  loeomoi 

Stok,  Droime,  drof.    AbnoTBiUo: 
to  tho  ond  ol  s  barpoon  line. 
Uroger^  Oroghor,  drfi'gtr.    A  ii 
1^.  IndUa  eMtOag  mlt. 


thiintho-wortliiB-bee.  The  dmnos  malw 
tio  honoy,  but  uter  Uvljw  a  fovr  w««kA 
tiDd  Ininrfiniating  lbs  ijueen  they  in 
killrd  or  driven  Avm  the  hlro.    Antdlerj 

The  Untetllubu  of  thp  boirpijie,  whleh 


I    DrODKO.  dronietro.    ' 
I      offl)--c»lcbldBblrdB(I 


ImuItAnaouil^. 


DIWPPITIO-BOTTUt 


Droskf 


•t  ■  Jonp  nwroi. 
Ucb  pusenffert  rida  an  od  a 
lie  natoB  i*  nowkppUal  Ion- 

ter,  dFD-um'el-cr.     An  in«Im. 

icciiRlDlaff  the  quanUty  of  dQu 

tDmt  oonaei^HS  on  abody  tinos«d  u  tlit 

open  ilr  during  Ihe  olghl.  JT"  "  ""  ■"■""""J  "• 

Sronet,      Jean     Baptdats,    Ooont    ^'^it.r^"-       .1 

— —        __     .      .  _  I      ebony,    apnwt  and   dbbcd. 

"  1  the   eadoairp,  tbe 


oonntlng  noDierom  lodg«  or  groTU  1b 

Earope,  Amerla  ud  AuetnllL 
Druideu.  -«.  A  ftoiftle  drald. 
Drum,  drum.    A  nunlBl  Inimimeiitor 

ninslc In  tbe form  of  shoUow  cyllndwof 

Drum.  A  Celtic  wor<1  e[giitbinc  >  round 
Lnul),  nrld«e,  Bumjillhtll,  It  cntmlDtu 
tho  compoBiaoD  ur  uioiiy  plnce-punel.  u 
DmmcoDdra,  l>rum{:lfl£a,  Ih-iunoab,  sod    , 

Drum-flsb.  'Bab.  Tbc  jnpular  ntqia  of 
s  R«a.  of  flsh<«  |Pog«nia8),  ouned  from 
the  OKtrBDrdhiaiy  nolao  tb«y  mako  ander 

UkM,  'mood  lit    A  Terjr 


Dtber  of  hydroKOD,  In  a  atate  of  Ignldoii, 
upon  a  bull  of  lime.  Called  altDbiyaldiim 
tli;bt,  ]lm«-baU  light,  Ume  %bt. 
Drunkard,  drunck'erd.    Oos  glieti  to 


lo  babltually  or  (rB]ueBtly  la  dmnk. 


onJ^°    ' 
Id  LoDdoDJAalit  1^, 


DruBua,  K.    Llvliu.      A   

Roman,  who  renewed  tlifl  propasala  ni- 
i;udlng  Uis  Agnrian  lawi.  Hhloh  pmred 
Iktal  U  th«  Griodii. 
DryfUiUl,    InH^So.  WTmiJ™^;^!:*^ 


•d.  Tlity  wn  BU|n.>r1gr  In  thu  l[aiui- 
tA  TAFllriilDT  (»4-p,  [KTUhln^  «ltb  thpm. 
Srytleii,  John.    An  rmlDnii  Kg^llih 

9nrit«.  ilrMi.  l''rMin*iita  »t  j>niia>^\  nt 
AhKll  w«h1  In  vhlrli  Ih>-  Mmrtiiru  of  [hu 

br  l.ii^i.*!.  IKTkP.  ikf. 
Ih7'4aia«.  'ni-Tii.  A  nurv  irhn  sltpndi 
■iidrwliis.^liU.lwllhcHitUiBlirrut  Ono 
whu  >.taiulK  lu  smilluT  In  *  nimiio'liiil  alm- 
BarrrlBtlaniJiiplu  thatormlry-nuTM;  tn 
unit,  tliii)!,  (U  luflirlor  ulfl«r  nhu  In- 


Siy.plle.  'pfl. 

nith  eii«Dr  >na  v 
eblellr  uiuyl  In  tU 

Ihuoitr.  • 


■  in  India'  to 
miie  ofunlu 
IhibbiiiK. 


)r  being  divided  into  Ih 


iblln.    Tbe  up.  [ 


JI»jor- 
Snbli 


poi>.  827,6 
Dubois.  GkdUai 


intiToftlial 
Duboqiio,  i 


ymnco  u  Prime  Mln- 
'fdrlt'ana.  ri!|tent. 
ak'.    A  CO.  und  OXj  of 


ths  UlMlaalpid, 
ommoninlt^, 


Dnctaen,  dnoh'u.    ' 


■  liEmiil*  Bovtrilgn  ofi 


MrecenUyulSTO. 
DaotUlDieter,  -tU-l 

I>aotUlt7.  1-tl.    Tha  pnpai^  or  acM 

bodlid.  luu-tlcniAHf  metals,  whiefa  randerm  , 
Ibam  capjLbla  of  balQ^  eiUbdfd  br  draw- ' 
in^p  thtir   Ihlckn^   or  diun«t«r  bda^ 


Albnny ;  n-aa  PlMtol  Statu  Senator,  Mayor 
of  Albany  and  U.  S,  Senator,  ISM.  \\p 
rounded  Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany ; 

Dadley.    Tho  chief  Iron  mioitlkctarlDg 


I>aanna,  -en's  a.  1 
inir  on  tio  Qnoon  c 
fbmalfl,  holding  *  nil. 


I>iier,  John.    An  A: 


■BDiirfcable  pscuHarlty  thallie  ventricle! 


Dngonj. 

by  >  deep  noteh  st  the  spei.  Tha  tkbte 
monoBld  seeou  to  h.™  origbMad  troi 
tbe  Angoog  or  tbe  nuitee,  Uie»  imlnul 
■npK"*'"S  Oiemselvfli  fn  t  lemC-upright 

Ihika.  diik.    In  Gt 


jffulsbed  Frenel. , 

B,  l«n,  D.  1742.  He  i1er«ti^  the  Unloli 
SDd  Eogltib,  nnd  captured  Klo  de  Jineln 

DuKoeaoUii,  Bertrand  Cnmtnbloof 
I'mnw,  and  Mngng  tho  Mat  mllllMy 
Mmmuidtriofthenie;  b.  18U,  d.  1391). 
Ho  tuice  drovB  tbe  Kngrllsh  out  of  n*4rlj 

:b  defeicea  and  captu.    " '     ■' " 


lntb«i>lrin)n  runntni^rrom  top  to  boltorn. 
lod  In  bFiOK  played  by  one  ptecCnua.  tlw 
left  hand  belDii  employed  either  to  twonif 


DulcdiilM,  'sln^fst  A  follower  of  I>al- 
rlnUB,  t  layman  of  LomMnly.  In  the  14th 

Holy  Ghost,  sinning  that  the  Father  bad 
reigned  tin  Cbrlst'B  IncamatJon,  and  that' 
tho  SoD'a  reign  tennlnatiid  In  ism.  He 
WM  Jl"""^  by  a  KTMl  nany  people  U, 

burned  by  order  of  aement  IV. 
Dulla.  dull-a.    An  Infertor  kind  of  n-or- 
ihlp  or  sdoration.  at  that  paid  to  aolDta 
inif  mgela  In  Ibo  E.  C.  Churfh. 

th.    Oip.  ef  Bt.  Louts 

»t  the  V;  end  of  Lake  e 

immerclal  metropoUa  o: 

l.«43. 

Dninaa,  Alexandre,  doo-mfih'  (The 
Elder).  A  dlttdngolehed  French  drama- 
Hat,  noioHst  moil  radleal  BUteaman ;  b. 
im,  D.  1$11.    Hie  ion  (The  YoDDget): 


I 


>v  s     >■ 


■»--.. 


^4. 


ir^rrs-oe*    * 


".fTI       ,^*SBCi^' 


7;-  _:_:.:rr^.«  »tti 

•i?.-  ■■       IS-:     i.CJOCL 

-  -  -.  ^      ' 


^■.■^'V:---«    ^2.i:7.t*a   -rnj: =l 


»-• 


«.•  ■  J' 


J  :» 


»lt   t   •■■•  •I'f.H-  '■'(•*'',      '-f      'I.'      l'/*,r    %f     fi 

un -.t  §,.".'     -.i-'t    t'l.-u,!*/',  ,f    ']' f' :.*    ',t  *•,'• 

bttitui  i  /  '  II, m  '•'■il   l''.V»    |i«,|t  ;#»,*    t  .V/>. 

||it*ii>  il-'ii'lr'' f  'if  Muli'ilffi  II.,  niiir* 
f|M<f|  If  Mn«-IiI'Mi,  'I  lifiiii-  '*r  (MNritor; 
||*MiiMi«'l  nM    llif  I'-ir  Mhlfi  10 

UiiiirHii.  Adn-iii,  VlHiiMini     A  Mrll 
liltHilmlnih  H    llill,   ii    lMl»i.     lliiwiiiiA 


:  -.:  1      ■  .-nz^ui  the 

■  _■     :-■_■.■■.'.  :■"  i^«. 

.'i.v  :.j£.ry  rank, 
.  :-:  ^  ^.".i;  ofaftun- 


•  _■  •.-  r.     A  ::■-•  raJx-r  of  a  sect 
■  r:_-::.i:::.g  in  rhiladelpMk 


.i.ktT. 


Dunkcr. 

Wrl*l*-;j  aj-.o  i 
I>u  nkirk,  A ::  .'im-i^-nt  soaiH>rt  of  Franoe, 
utrofitrly  fortilk<l.  I;i  dtpt.  Le  Xore,  40  m. 
N.  W.  of  Lllk-.  1).  was  burned  by  the 
I'liitCllnli,  iHhH,  liiid  cai)tiiro<l  by  them, 
jCiTiH,  iMitHff  r<a^U>r^'(l  to  (Vance  throogfi 
piirnluuMt,  100*2;  i>op.  abt.  45,000. 


13uiiOifl.  Jean,  Connt  de  Lon^^e- 
Tille  (known  as  "Ths  BaeUrd  of  (Ir- 


S  DL'SKENSTEI^ 

The  SaxDUB  and  Bamriana  raptand   It 
AlffU  18, 1M(,  ui<l  ft  »H  trten  by  th» 
Frusslani,  April  IS.  IBU. 
Dupuytren,     QulUauma,   Baxon, 

econ;  B.  lIIT.'n.  JiS5. 
Duqueane.    Al)iub«m,    HamiiilB, 

Ho  BQoiculTely  defCatM  tiib  Swa- 
Dntcta  and  Danes.  wlnntDK  ftmnil 
J  over  thG  cpbbratod  Dutch  adml- 


nl.  lis  Kapi 


ir  L^UBlB,  lOTB,  the 


'  or  Charlci 


Saodedmal,  dn-o-rtes'l-mal.  One  of  a 
tvelT^  °  d>!uwl  ilao  Cn>MMiilllpUcallon. 

I>iiodecIiiiO,  -mo.  A  liook  In  whkh  a 
Bboet  la  folded  Into  twelve  IcavoB,  The 
■Ize  or  s  book  cunalBtinir  tt  aheete  M 
folded  ;  usually  Indicated  thus;  ISino. 

Saodenuni.  -do'Dnm.    The  fl™i  por- 


I>aoUtenLt,  -llt'er-al. 
Ifltten  onl;  ;  hlUteral. 
Suhh  Scotoa,  John. 

theologti 


Dunee,   l^GS.  p.   ISOS. 


^b^M  Aqnlnae. 
""I""*"".  St.     A 


Engllsli 


ohtalned  greal  poHUail  fiifluenoo,  which  be 

Bnperre.  Victor  Out.  Baron,  doo- 
nam'.  A  Frencli  admiral ;  a,  ITTB,  d. 
Bral  Encilsh  ahlps, 
the  fleet  wblcll 
nd  compfilled  the 
MneenBtuns.  ISSO. 


pmhanlod    Al^en 


J>nppsl  (I>7bboI  or  Dnppeln). 

ntsd  from  the  Island  of  AlecD  by  nnc 
.tnilt,  noted  as  the  scene  of  M.eml  .  .. 
culiiai7  hnltlcB.    The  Danes  dereated  the 


I>nrand.  Aaher  Brown.    An  Ameri- 

can ecgrovcrimd  palnte 

r;  B.im 

D.18T8. 

I>iirbBT,  der'har.    An 

the  palaces  offtenatJTe  prinoea 

r  India. 

Aa&te  levee  held  by 

the  gova 

Bor-gen. 

end  of  India,  or  by 

-natlT* 

prineee    anoffldalr«- 

)«on 

I>urOT  Albreoht  d( 

pncraver  nnd  iiafnler 

B'^4tl'* 

n   15S8. 

tehlng 

Dttwa.liir'                 * 

Ki   Alllndn          ^ 

mSfs 

I 

1 

consort  ofll        ^ 

Ctae'V^       ^ 

«,*"fel^w'       ^ 

bp.flph 

1 

^'ftjfi! 

i 

paml  to  the  it~- 
lldafJuno)  '-— 
and  the  Pal 


DURIO  £U 

tlH-iHYB»<irill«iIrR'U..f  UioillM  Itno-    ] 
•ton  mkI  Aiinlrliui  uriuy  br  the  Fnucb 
nnlrrlini.  M.nliT,  1SI)S. 

Bn.  of  jitoutJi.  nnl.  k.    TWiCJli^l     Dyad,  ilT'iul.    Twnnnlta  tnsUdu 

-     liHiiw,  rivrt  'lu-  — i«a  ■ ■ 

'iliuidA,  Ihc  luily  ^T^pJ  j^  D^i^^/        blJilnir  with  oI^ktIkhIIu.  la  o^ulviJ^b' 

njKH.'lf*.  in  n  kifty  uw    ^^Jiri^S'  *""  "Wiuri  of  hy<ln>(,-«B. 

MoJurKnir     •^l"[™      ^ffil^KW.      I>rauB,  <lv.iu».    In  llind,  MyUi.  o 

teiU  tnii.  nf  lh«  nlu        Vl^^Vt       U">  rliTOcnlul  dlvliiIUw  of  Ihe  Vedai 

{,1111  of  Ihv  brlKbt  Kky.  Mh  DUDS  bcdngoii]- 
iwclva  KiUi  time  uf  tliB  llreck  Zcui 
tbroufh  the  rotitdyu,  ta  ablnct  mid  the 
LMId  Jujillor,  wUch  la  merctv  Draat 
Bttrr  or  Xmi  \M*T,  aOvir  Uy tut  or  Zcaa. 
lis  niw urlinuUr  tba  akT  rniiu  wblsh »li 
lUlB.  He  gmve  |iliicti  lo  elIi  ftoa  IndrL 
Dye,  dl,  A  culoricg-  U<jDor ;  italn  j  tinge. 
Dye-wood,  'wud.  A  iiEiianl  nuns  ftw, 
anip'  wiHul  frum  rhich  dye  Is  extrAeted, 
Dyaaotiiiometei',     -tuk'tlfl-om"eta'. 


„ _, ,._^ power  uflaloscopi'e. 

DwiKht.  Timothy,     a  dlaUn^nlidiea  Dynamica,  Ikn.     Tlio  Mlenco   whlcb 

Ainrrieim  tbuolui;lui ;  ■.  In  Mua.,  ITM,  IuvcmII^uIhi  Ihunctlonofforcii. 

D.  IHIK.  Dynamism. 'nuiii-liDi.    Tba  doetrlne  of 

Duster,  dnil'n'.    One  n-ho  or  Ihnt  wblch  Lvibulu,  iJutnU  bubeUncalniolTeilbne. 

«Uy«ft™nliiit.    AbIcv*     AliirUtoYcr-  Dynamite. -It.    An  c.ploslve  enbaHnoe 

«»[  iTuni  to  |m.lwl  the  .lotldnt,-.  eonsl.llufr  of.  Ulic-uui  eortb  Impiwn.Itd 

Dutoh,  durh.    OriBfniHy  lbs  iioimnnlo  wllh  iillro-Blyu.-rlii*.    Tbo  objnjtof  the 

Ttct :   the  OtTinsn  pcoiami    cciwnUly—  mixtilni  Is  U  •llmlniMi  the  nunoepUbnitr 

BOHDnly  nppllrtllotfioiK-oiilpoflluUiiid.  ofnllni-Blyiwrine  to  ellBbt  shock,  mid  » 

Tbo  iMcnws  spoken  lu  iluUiunL  to  6dUU(«  Ita  oirrtiwo  wllhont  deitroy- 

Duteh-Sold.  'g!M.    An  tUluynf  11  want  liw  Its  iiiitotilvs  thFToe.    Tbs  disruntin 

oomiFr  snd  li  line.    Cdled  also  MnchWk  flnvoot  d}-nunilv  livstlniated  st  ahont 

BnifTonibac.  olcht  llitiiii  Ihot  of  pnni»iwdw.  Chsrooal, 

Dutcli^aitieral,    -mln-cr-sl.      Copper  saml  and  siw-iluht  are  employed  >s  sob- 


to  a  jiernlbiF  line  of  paloUnK 
Ulouf  Its  lil-^—  ■' — • — 


piled    Dynamometer,     -na-moi 
llol-      otjiui'lally  tlutof  iiiim,  snlm 


land,  charoatnlEoil  by  the   a 

anW.'Msofalowc-Jiiiniclor.wlHoraiWnk-  DyiiB»Ud«.  dMias'U-dJ.    A  Dim.  of  Is- 

ln(r,  litiMih™' slioiiH,  Ae  ,  but  rulswl  to  ini'lllecini  U^ollos,  Including  the  olenhant- 

tho  hlphwt  lapularlty  Ijjr  perfMUou  of  bM.^]t,  hLmuleii-U-otlo  and  allas-boctlB. 

oSi^-rti, -om'YiT.    Oneofti.«Romm  l>78nomy.  dis  Wd.  Hod  leirfsbUon;  the 

ofllemorina^stniuuidtiid  iDtbesauic  fnaelruent oriind  luivs.                   ,    ...  , 

pnbUo  funeUoM.  Dysodile,  'ii-illl.  A  spoi'les  nf  «m1  whlcK 

Dux,  daks.    A  Imd.T ;  a  chief;  Bpedfl-  ""'"  "  '''■"''  '"*"'  "'""  I'"'""'"'- 

cslly,  the  head  ]—"    '  - -' .i.--,.— 

In  a  publls  sch» 

Dwato,  dwii —  _      , 

jolor.   Tbs  dtMdly  nl)chleliJi>ta,  vblcb  pas-  Dyaphoula, -ffi'ol-L    ObstnieilaDoflbr 

Munu  JtupsQ'iiw  or  poliauoui  propecuu.  orsiia  otaewch.                                      ^ 


DTSraCEA                        KI                            EAr.L 

'"*■ 

Pwaprl  guttuwM.      When  >lumud  It 

^ir^'Sr'^^Srxxis 

•  ol«ar.*i!(l  lo  as  feet  it  MB  botiBd. 

J^-    ,. 

Dalreetal,  dzlg'?e-l*.    Tie  wild  ox  ol 

Dytl«cid£6  ai-U.'rt-a4:    Ali™.ofp«.- 

AsiB  (Eqou.  hemloBus).  belle.e.1  to  b< 

the  Jiemlonos  of  Herqdolas  and  rllnT.    It 

the  goo.  DydBcuo  (wsttr-bwUo)  is  tho 
tj-pa. 

E 


EIS  the  id  Towfl  and  the  l»]i  letter  of  tlia 
EDRllBh  alphabet.  It  occun  more 
frequently  than  any  nther  Mua  of  the 
Alphabet.  llH  lon^  or  iiatured  ADUnd  coin- 
It  baa  aleo  inoUicr   prindp^  louild.  a 

a  Bound  like  >  In  name,  aa  In  there,  where, 
&C.,  and  the  obficureaouud  which  fa  heard 
in  her.  Ae  a  final  letter  it  Is  eeoeraUy 
siloDl :  bat  It  serves  tu  Icnglben  the  eoond 
of  the  preceding  TOWf  1,  or  tO  ludlrjale  that 
the  preceding  vowel  Is  to  hive  Its  ' 
nound,  SB  In  mane,  Muo,  ^nme.      A 


Bliieie  «  ^g,  n/ln  de^^Eateem,  need ; 
Hheu  It  Dccura  nith  t  and  1,  as  In  mean, 
hear,  aelffe,  deedve,  it  often  bae  the  same 

one  vowel  Kood  ie  heard,  l<  called  ■  dl- 

iD  tbe  calendar  It  l>  thelinb  er  the  domin- 
tolletten.  As  an  ■bbreriadonlt itande 
Jk  East,  aa  in  chart* ;  In  the  eomblnaUon 
e.  g.,  for  exempli  j^ralia.  fhr  example; 

sic.  Is  the  Uilrd  note  or  degree  of  the  dia- 
tonie  Bcale,  anawering  to  the  mi  of  the 
Italians  aed  Fnnoh.  Also,  ihe  key  bar- 
ing IbDr abarpa  in  Ita signature ^the key- 
note  of  Ibe  church  mode  caHed  FbrygUn. 

End.  An  elementlo  Anglo-Saiou  nam«, 
(lgniQrlDghapp7,fartDnate,aa  in  Edward, 
happy  pregvrer;  Edwin,  b^ipy  oc" 
qneior. 

XiaKli>-liawk,  -hgk.  Horphnoi,  i  gen. 
JUoonidie. 

BMrle-Owl,  -odL  One  of  a  aob-bin. 
oWta,  the  moat  remarkable  of  whieh  lit 
gnat  hoTBed  owl 

B^le,  J'gL    AoDlla,  a  gen.  of  raptorial 


EAB 


288 


"EAST 


a  chased  circle  of  ^uld,  liavintir  on  its  upper 
ci^e  oi^htBtrawlHfrry  lca<'uH,  and  between 
each  puir  a  pearl  ruisi'd  on  a  Rpire  higher 
than  the  lciive.<<,  caji,  «\:<'. 
Ear,  Or.  The  or^an  of  hearing,  contained 
iKirtly  in  the  HubMtancu  of  the  temiioral 
bon*.',  un<l  partly  projt!*;tin;^  cxtiTnuUy  be- 
hind the  joint  of  t  ho  lowir  jaw.  Anytiiing 
ri'St'inbliiitr  an  ear.  A  sjnko  or  hoad  of 
corn  or^rain;  thutjiartof  the  cereal  ])lanta 
whioh  (N)ntuins  the  llowers  and  ^eed. 

Earldom,  Mum.  Tho  seigniory,  juris- 
dietion  or  dignity  of  an  earl. 

Eamest-moiiey,  er^nost-mun-i.  Money 
paid  to  bind  u  buz^ain  or  ratify  and  prove 
a  sale. 

XSar-rinfiT,  Mng.  A  i)endant ;  an  orna- 
ment, sometimes  set  with  jewels,  worn  at 
the  ear,  by  means  of  a  rin^*-  passing  through 
tho  lobe.  Among  Orientals  ear-rings  have 
been  worn  by  both  sexes  from  the  earliest 
times.  In  England  they  were  worn  by  the 
Romanized  Britons  and  by  Anglo-Saxons. 
After  the  10th  centnry  the  fashion  de- 
clined, bat  it  was  re-introduced  into  Eng- 
land in  the  16th  century.  In  the  17th 
century  ear-rings  were  worn  by  male  fops. 

iESarth,  erth.  Tho  i>articles  which  com- 
pose the  mass  of  the  globe  ;  more  jtartic- 
uUrly  tho  particles  whit^h  form  the  mold 
da  the  eorrace  of  the  globe ;  any  indefinite 
portion  of  that  matter,  as  wo  throw  up 
earth  wiUi  a  spado  or  plow.  This  sub- 
stance being  considered  by  ancient  philos- 
ophers as  simple,  was  called  an  element ; 
and  in  popular  language  m'c  still  hear  of 
the  four  elements — fire,  air,  earth  and 
■water.  The  terra<iueous  globe  which  we 
inhabit.  It  is  the  8d  planet  in  order  from 
the  son,  its  orbit  embracing  those  of  Mer- 
cury and  Venus,  but  being  within  tho  or- 
bits of  all  the  other  ]thinets. 

SSajrth-closet,  'kloz-et.  A  night-stool  or 
convenience,  in  which  the  fieoes  are  re- 
ceived in  a  quantity  of  earth. 

Sartliexiware,  'en-war.  Crockery  ;  any 
household  utensil  made  of  clay  hardened 
In  the  fire. 

Sarth-flax,  'flaks.  A  fine  variety  of  as- 
bestos, whose  long  flexible  filaments  are 
so  delicate  as  to  resemble  flax. 

Earth-house,  'hous.  Tho  name  given 
to  the  underground  buildings  known  as 
Plots*  dwellings,  freauent  In  Scotland,  oc- 
GOilonally  thirty  or  rortybolng  found  In 
the  samo  locality.  Querns,  bones,  deers* 
horns,  plates  of  stono  or  slate,  earthen 
yessels,  cups  and  implements  of  bone, 
stono  oelts,  bronze  swords,  and  the  like, 
are  oooaslonally  found  in  connection  "with 
ibem.    Yety  similar  structures  ooonralso 

JiiJreiaDd. 


Earthquake,  'kw&k.  A  shaklziff,  trem- 
bling, or  concussion  of  the  earth ;  sodie* 
times  a  slight  tremor;  at  other  times  a 
violent  shaking  or  convulsion ;  at  other 
time:i  a  rocking  or  heaving  of  the  earth. 
The  shock  generally  comes  on  with  a  deep 
rumbling  noise,  or  >vith  a  tremendous  ex- 
nlosion  rei>embling  the  discharge  of  artil- 
lery, and  the  ground  is  rais<Ml  vertically 
at  "the  center  of  the  disturbed  tract.  There 
is  little  doubt  that  ei'U'th<inakes  and  vol- 
canoes are  due  to  the  operation  of  tho  in- 
ternal igueou.s  forces  of  tho  earth.  I*rol>- 
ably  the  most  destructive  earthquake  of 
moilern  times  was  that  which  nearly  de- 
stroytnl  Lisbon  in  IT-W,  by  which  from 
80,0U<)  to  44),000  persons  perished,  although 
it  lasted  only  six  minutes.  Nearly  haU 
that  number  are  supposed  to  have  per- 
ished in  the  eorthquako  of  1883,  in  which 
some  isla:ids  8.  of  Asia  were  completelf 
submerged  and  others  ixartially  swallowed 
up. 

Earth-shine,  'shin.  In  Astron.  a  name 
given  to  the  faint  lino  visible  on  the  part 
of  the  moon  not  illuminated  by  the  sun, 
due  to  tlio  illumination  of  that  portion  by 
tho  light  which  the  earth  reflects  on  her.. 

Earth-worm,  'werm.  The  common 
worm  found  in  the  soil,  a  type  of  the  class 
Annelida  (ord.  Oligoohflpta).  The  name  is 
common  to  all  the  species  of  the  gen. 
Lumbricus.  E.  oil,  a  medicinal  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  common  earthworm,  and 
used  in  earache. 

Ear-trumpet,  er'tmm-pet.    A  contriv- 

anco  for  tho  benefit  of  deaf  persons.    It 

magnifies  sound. 
Ear-wax,  'waks.    The  cerumen,  a  thick 

viscous  substance  secreted  by  the  glands 

of  the  ear. 

Earwiflr,  'wig.  The  popular  name  of 
certain  species  of  Forflcula,  which  are  or- 
thoptcrous  insects,  fam.  Cursoria. 

Easel,  ez'el.  Tho  wooden  frame  on  which 
painters  place  pictures  whilo  at  work  upon 
them.  E.  pieces,  the  smaller  pieces  which 
are  pain  tea  on  tho  easel,  as  distinguished 
from  those  which  are  drawn  on  walls, 
ceilings,  &c. 

East,  Sst  The  point  in  the  heavens 
where  the  sun  is  seen  to  rise  at  the  equi- 
nox, or  the  corresponding  point  on  the 
earth;  the  point  of  the  compass  in  a  di- 
rection at  right  angles  to  that  of  north  and 
south.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points, 
llie  eastern  parts  of  the  earth ;  applied  to 
Asia  Minor,  Bvria,  Chaldoo,  Perslajl  Indi^ 
China,  &c  Empire  of  the  £a§t,  founded 
895  ▲.  D.,  when  Theodosius  the  Great  di- 
vided  the  Boman   empire  between  hbi 


EABTLAKK 


289 


£CX?B  II0M3 


sons,  AixMuIios  and  IIonoriaB.  The  rae- 
tropulis  vr&i»  Oonfltantinople.  The  western 
divisiun,  whose  capital  was  Itome,  was 
colled  the  Empire  of  the  West 

XSastlake,  Charles  Iiook,  Sir.  An 
English  historical  painter;  b.  1798,  i>. 
1869. 

Xiast  India  Ooznpany,  Tha  An 
English  commercial  association  incorpo- 
rated in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  1600, 
and  given  the  monopoly  of  all  ti^o  £.  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Iiope ;  abolished  1838. 

XUurter,  Cs'ter.  A  festival  of  the  Chris- 
tiun  church  observed  in  commemoration 
of  onr  Saviour's  resurrection.  Easter  is 
the  first  Sunday  after  the  full  moon  which 
happens  upon  or  next  after  the  21st  of 
March ;  and  if  this  happens  upon  a  Sun- 
day, Easter-day  is  the  Sunday  after. 

JESaster-day,  -d&.  The  day  on  which  the 
festival  of  l^ter  is  celebrated. 

Sast  Biver.  A  strait  connecting  N.  Y. 
Bay  with  Long'  Island  Sound ;  18  m.  long. 

Saiiy-oliair.  &cM-char.  An  arm-chair, 
sometimes  >vith  rockers,  padded  for  rest- 
ing or  reposing  in  ;  a  chair  for  rediningin. 

XIau  Cfareole,  kro-ol.  A  highly  esteemed 
liquor  made  in  Martinique  by  oistilUng  the 
flowers  of  the  mammce  apple  with  spirit 
of  wine. 

San  de  Ooloffne,  de  kO-lAn.  A  per- 
fumed spirit  conflisting  of  spirits  of  wine 
flavored  Dv  different  essential  oils  blended 
so  as  to  yield  a  fragrant  scent. 

Bau  de  Ijuoe,  lus.  A  solution  of 
ammonia,  scented  and  rendered  milky  by 
mastio  and  oil  of  amber ;  used  in  India  as 
an  antidote  to  the  bites  of  venomous  ser- 
pents. 

Eau  de  Vie,  vd.  The  Fk«no1i  name  for 
brandy;  spedflkwlly,  the  coarser  and  less 
purified  varieties,  oognao  being  the  best 

Eauz  Bonnes,  6-bdn.  A  popular 
French  spa,  dept  Basses  ^r6n6es,  80  dl 
8.  £.  of  Oleron. 

Bbanchoir,  a-bash-wfr.  A  large  chisel 
used  by  statuaries  to  rongh-hew  their 
work.  A  great  hatohel  or  beating  instm- 
mentoflod  by  rope-makers. 

Ebb.  The.  reflux  of  the  tide ;  the  return 
of  tidewater  toward  the  sea ;  opposed  to 
flood  or  flow. 

Bbeliana,  e-bdli-aaz.  A  Oerman  sect 
whieh  had  its  origin  at  Konigsberg  in  1884 
under  the  leadership  of  Arehdeaoon  Ebel 
and  Dr.  Dfestel,  professing  a  doctrine 
called  spfaritoal  marriage.  The  leaders 
wiB»  in  1889  tried  and  condemned.  The 
sect  li  po^Uarlly  named  Huoker,  or  hyp- 
oeritea.   . 


Bberhard,  Jobaxm.  Anffost.  'A 
Ocrmon  philosopher;  B.  1789,  v.  1809. 
Ue  wrote  in  defease  of  Ilebnitx  and  in  op* 
position  to  Kantlsm. 

Ebionlte,  £'bl-on4t  One  of  a  sect  of 
JcMish  Christians  who  denied  tlie  divinity 
of  Christ  and  rejected  parts  of  the  New 
Testament.  They  were  pronounced  her- 
etics by  Justin,  Irenasus  and  Origen.  It 
is  thought  St.  John  wrote  his  gospel  in 
the  year  97  against  them. 

Bblis,  eb'les.  In  Mohammedan  Myth. 
an  e\il  spirit  or  devil,  chief  of  the  fldlea 
angels  or  wicked  jinns.  liefore  his  lUl 
he  was  called  Azazel  or  Ilharis.  Uall  of 
E.,  the  hall  of  demons ;  pandemonium. 

Bbonlto,  'on-i  t  A  hard  bhMk  com  pound 
obtained  by  blending  caoutohouo  or  gv^ 
ta-percha  with  va- 
riable proportions 
of  sulphur.  Called 
also  vulcanite. 

Bbony,  -L     The 

popuktf    name  of 

various   plants  of 

different     genera, 

having  wood  of  a 

dark  color,  but  the 

best  known  ebony 

is    derived     from 

plants  of  the  gen.^ 

Diospyros,      ord. 

EbenaoeaB.       The 

most  TaluaMe  eb- 
ony is  the  heartwood 

Ebienus. 
Bbri0ty,d-bffi'e-tl.  Dmnkenneu ;  Intox 

ication  by  siriritoooa  liqoors. 

Ebullition, -bol-U'shon.    Theoperatioa 

of  boiUng ;  the  agitation  of  a  Uq«or  by 

heat,   which  throws  it  up  in  onbUea. 

EfliervvsceBML 
Eborna,  -ber'na.    A  gen.  of  spiral,  onl 

valve,  gasteropodona  moUoaks. 
EbnmiHoation,   'nl-fl-kft'^shon.     The 

conversion   of   substances    into    others 

i^hich  have  the  appearance  of  ivory. 
EbnminflB,  -nVniL    A  snb-ihm.  of  the 

ftm.  of  mollasks  TnrfalnoIlidA,  having  the 

gen.  Bbnma  for  its  type. 
Ecarte,  ft-k2r-tft.    A  game  of  cards  for 

two  persons  with  83  cards,  those  from 

two  to  six  being  excluded. 

Eooaleobion,  ek'kal4e  o'^bi-on.  A  con- 
trivance for  hatchiog  eggs  by  artifldal 
heat 

Eooe  lunno,  'se  hd'mO.    A  name  given 
to  paintings  which  represent  our  Saviour 
erowned  with  thorns    and   bearing  the 
reed,  partlciUariy  to  «  uoVkVA  \i&sdd^  \fi 
Correggto. 


Ebony, 
of  tlM  Dioepyroii 


_....    Jn  III*  Kolniwfci 

imUiu  lb«  jiDppiu«il  Dlrrulnr  orbit  of  « 
lilfinpt  Alniit  Iha  Hrthf  bnt  wlthtbePArHi 
i-.  1.  ...  — ntPT.  A  ctrolo  <l«a1bed 
lia  <•!  >n  clllptlal  orUt, 

nicnl  rantrivMrL-.  ftweon- 
.  'iwcif^r'ln'licli™.  "* 
■Kit.    In  Mh-]i.  b  term 


p.    The  bwid  of 

itrto.mnd  within  nhirb  itrevg 

^trlarod  Ib  iLttAchoil  to  It. 

\K'ti-».  An  saspmbly;  _. 
bbly  ot  tha  people  of  AtliBBS,  U 
r  tttx  clUzeii  Imd  ■  right  to  st- 


i«  Old  Te^tmneut.  i>la«<l  bctweoD  tlifi 


BocIeaioloST.  -oL"o-a.    The  «de 
■DtiqulUeK   u  (pnU^  to  churcLi 

Xioderon,  'de-ron.    Tho  outer  la 
tlio   JntctniinDot;  Um  epItbeUiil  li 

of  the  ak]p  ;  the  eododfrm  Ib  the  c 
Annaa  %er. 
£oheneia,  -o-nS'it.    A  icn.  of  ts\ 

eccimlod  by  a  liiailDACad  disk,  by 
of  H'hich  [hey  attach  Ihamsolvee  lu 


riy  S&ted 


^  umbUog  a  larj^  bcd^ehoe,  nuHj  aUtod 
to  tha  OrnlthorhytiehiK-  One  BnaoleB  (E^ 
li>-strU),  Ib  iwpaWly  known  at  the  Per. 

n  Myth,  danj-'i'i^''  of  Tar- 
aaented  aa  half  woman  and 
'mb.    A  $ta.  of  B.  Amtrf- 


ho.    In  M.vlh.  dangfater  ofOis  Ati 

Bhe  was  deprived  of  speech  bj  Juno. 
Ecila,  a-se'bali,    A  dty  of  Sevtlle.  B] 


Eahometrr,  e-kom'ct-ri.  TheartorHt 
Tho  Brtofoonstmoangwnhalo  {mdHB 

EclBiTclasem«nt.  i-kUr^a-nin,  Bi- 
ninnitinn  ;  Ihe  otearlDjT  op  ofaaytUiigMil 
before  un'Icrstood, 

SclBjnpBy.  ekOimp'ii.  A  Saehfaut  of 
llpt  before  Uie  eyes;  renU  codtuMx 

— avmptomolio  of  epllepej ;  hmce,  Fplle))- 

Eolat,  i-hli.  Abiint.  u  ot  anplaoae; 
acclunatlon  ;  spprobidun.  BrilWer  of 
ouccess;  splendor  ofefl«t;  loner. 

Boleotlc.  ck-lek'tlk.  One  who  (Mloira 
an  eelegtlo  method  In  pbllotiophy.  adeDBB, 
reli^rlon  and  the  like;  apeotflcsllr, a  M- 
lower  of  the  anolent  ^ocUo  phlkAAnlir. 
A  Christian  who  bellerfd  the  doslri»of 
Plato  oonformible  (otliil  tuMt  ofUMnw 
pfL 


ECLIPSABEON 


991 


EDITOR 


Sclipsareon,  u-klip-e&'rc-on.  An  In-, 
strument  for  explaining  the  phenomena 
of  eclipses. 

Eclipse,  -klips'.  An  Interception  or  ob- 
struction of  tne  light  of  the  sun,  moon  or 
othor  luminous  body,  by  the  intervention 
of  some  other  body  either  between  it  and 
the  eye  or  between  the  luminous  body 
and  ths^t  illuminated  by  it.  The  number 
of  eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon  cannot  be 
fewer  than  two  nor  more  than  seven  in 
one  year.    Darkness. 

Ecliptic,  -kUp'tik.  A  great  circle  of  the 
sphere  supposed  to  be  dirawn  through  the 
middle  of. the  zodiac,  making  an  angle 
with  the  equinoctial  of  about  l8»  27',  the 
sun's  greatest  declination.  It  is  the  ap- 
parent path  of  the  sun,  but  as  it  is  the 
earth  which  moves,  the  ecliptic  is  the 
path  among  the  fixed  stars  which  the  earth 
in  its  orbit  appears  to  describe  to  an  eye 
placed  in  the  sun.  In  Oeog.  a  great  circle 
on  the  terrestrial  globe,  answering  to  the 
falling  within  the  plane  of  the  celestial 
ecHptic.  Phine  of  the  ecliptic,  an  imagi- 
nary plane  which  passes  through  the  ecUp- 
tie,  and  is  indefinitely  extendi. 

Eoorche,  a-kor-sha.  In  painting  and 
Sculp,  the  subject,  man  or  animal,  flayed 
or  deprived  of  its  skin,  so  that  the  musoa- 
lar  system  is  exposed. 

ISctoparasite,  ck't5-pa'ra-slt.  A  pant- 
sitio  animal  infesting  the  outside  of  ani- 
mals, ns  opposed  to  endoparasite,  which 
lives  in  the  body. 

Ect3rpe,  'tip.  A  production  of,  or  close 
resemblance  to,  an  original;  opposed  to 
prototype. 

Ectypogrraphy,  -og'ra-fl.  A  method  of 
etching  in  which  the  ones  are  in  relief  in- 
stead of  being  sunk. 

Ecuador.  A  republic  of  S.  America, 
lying  on  the  W.  coast  directly  under  the 
equator,*  bounded  N.  by  New  Granada, 
E.  by  Peru  and  Bolivia,  8.  by  Peru,  and 
W.  bv  the  Pacific;  area,  208,000  sq.  m.; 
pop.  1,726,000;  chief  cities,  Quito,  the  cap., 
ana  .Ouayaqnil,  the  principal  seaport; 
principal  mountains,  the  Andes,  two  of  ttie 
nighest  peaks  of  which — Chimborazo  and 
Gotopaxi — are  within  its  limits;  thero  are 
no  lu'ge  rivers  but  several  considerable 
feeders  of  the  AmasBon. 

Eczema,  'ze-ma.  An  eruptive  disease  of 
the  skin,  preceded  by  redness,  heat  and 
itching.  E.  epizo5tioi,  foot  and  mouth 
disease. 

Edaphodont,  e-daf  5<Iont  One  of  a 
fbssil  chimicroid  fishes,  fh>m  the  groen- 
sand  chalk  and  terOar^  strata. 


Edentate. 


Edda,  ed'da.    A  book  containing  a  sja- . 
tem  of  old  Scandinavian  mythology,  vntb 
exploits  of  the  gods  and  heroes  and  some 
account  of  the  religious  doctrines  of  the 
ancient  Scandinavians. 

Eden,  'den.  The  garden  In  which  Adam 
and  Eve  were  placed  by  Ood ;  hence,  a  de- 
lightfhl  region  or  residence. 

Edentata,  -den-t&'ta.  Thatord.of  mao^ 
mols    to    which 
sloths,     ant-eat- 
ers, armadilloeB, 
&c.f  belong. 

Edentate, 
-dent'at.    A 
animal  having  no 
fore  teeth,  as  the 
armadillo. 

Edfirar.  King  of  England,  somamed 
"The  Peaceable,"  s.  his  brother  Edwy, 
948;  D.  975.  St.  Dunstan  was  his  chief 
political  adviser.  £.  Atheling,  grandson 
of  King  Edmund  Ironsides,  was  proclaim 
e<l  King  on  the  death  of  Edward  theO>n- 
fessor,  but  submitted  to  WiUiam  tiieOon-. 
queror ;  b.  10S8,  d.  1120.  E.,  King  of  Scot- 
land, was  nephew  of  E.  Atheling:  b. 
lOCl,  D.  1107. 

EdgrehiU,  ej'hil.  An  eminence  in  War- 
wickshire, Eng.,  7  m.  N.  W.  of  Banbury, 
noted  as  tiie  scene  of  the  first  and  lode* 
cisive  battle  of  the  civil  war,  Oct  28, 164S. 

Edgre-tool,  ej'tfil.  Any  instrum^it  hav- 
ing a  sharp  edge. 

Edgeworth,  Tffaria.  An  eminent  Eb- 
gUsh  novelist ;  b.  1767,  d.  1849. 

Edfiringr,  'Ing.  Lace,  firinge  or  trimming, 
added  to  a  garment.  In  Hort.  a  row  of 
small  plants  set  along  the  border  of  a 
flower-bed. 

Edible,  ed'i-bl.  Anvthing  that  may  be 
eaten  for  food  ;  an  article  of  food. 

Edifice,  ed'i-fis.  A  building;  a  stmetnre; 
chiefly  applied  to  elegant  large  structures. 

Edile,  e'dH.  In  Roman  Antiq.  a  magis- 
trate whose  diief  business  was  to  super- 
intend buildings,  especially  public  edi- 
fices, temples,  bridges,  aqueducts,  Ac, 
and  who  had  also  the  care  of  the  highways, 
public  places,  weights  and  measures,  «&e. 

Edinbnrflrh,  M'n-bHih.  Gap.  of  Scotland, 
on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  867  m.  N.  W.  of 
London ;  pop.  208,400. 

Editio  princeps,  -di'shi-6  prin'seps. 
The  earliest  edition  of  a  book ;  the  first 
printed  edition. 

Editor,  ed'it-er.    A  person  who  superin- 
tends, revises,  corrects  and  pre^jarea  «. 
book,  neN7ftpap«t  ot  -ms^cBoKsL^  tost  v^^ 
Ucation. 


El>bn 
MS.  .E. 


brother   AlhtllUl 


1  King  at  Kntilud, 
U  ar<M;  >.«»,■. 

M."MnofEUielred 


CuDls  the  OrcU.  tbe  Diolih  KlnE,  lo 
divide  Gr^»t  Hrluiii,  bot  vns  sAAualiiat- 

Edom.  In  Berin.  the  cuunCn  orer  vMih 
Ewu  ruled,  a  itrJp  100  byJOiD.  bel.8. 
Fil«tl»  ud  Uw^wl  S« :  up.  Boznh 
(BOW  BuilnliX  Ako  Qia  HStton  bet.  tlie 
lUdtttnuau  ud  Oolt  gf  Akib4li  on  Uu 
B«d  8«*  (Mnaea). 

■drlo^thalMM**,  M-a(-tb*i"iiiA-ti. 
One  ot  the  gnM  dliisIiHIi  of  the  Cnu- 


lud.    Oribeni  S  belonged  to  the  Au^lo- 

(.ofAUtwl  thB  Srwt,  erown'ed  Mil,  », 
K5.  E.  II..  '-the  U)>rtyr,"CTest-Ennd- 
>DD  of  the  fftrmer,  h.  hia  bther  EdfAr,  ^S; 
H5iieetnat«d  by  direction  othie  elep-moiJier 
Elfr1d«,m^  B.^III.^^'tfie^CoiifeaMir," 


iota;  1 


■huki."  s.h!>l1Uher,Hem7lIl 
ISOT,     E.    II.. Ua   ion,!,    ia   Tiuei 
tho  ar>t  to  uiame  the  tfUo  of  Prtr 

the  throne.    He  s.  his  t^er,  1R01 


red  by  BofFT  de  Mortimer, 
bla  qneerj,  lubeUa  of  PrHnce. 


Isn.    E.  III. 

York,  gnat-mat-gnDAioi 


by  ordcToflhclx  uneK  Klcluird,  Dnkoof 
(/loucesler,  memuH  Ulctara  III.  Id  the 
~   ■      ■        ■  ■       lof  Ihonwne- 


bwatne  ureildcni  of  FiliioBlaa  CeDeEe, 

N.  J.,  im.  B.  n». 
EdwliL    Ad  Aoelo-SaioiikbwofSronh- 

ombrli,  ton  ind  I,  or  MH^  B.  mbt.  BM, 

srovoed  <1T.  killed  In  buttle,  <8S. 
Ed-WT,  fd've.    An  Eu^Hsh  ktnr  of  the 

Anerlo-Suon  line,  ■.  his  niele  ££s(l,  OSK, 

Bel,  a  A  tam.  of  lelBoaleu  Dihes  be- 
longing to  the  tpodnl  eeoUon  ot  the  lilib- 
copleryirll.  The  name  li  ilio  ^jtUtd  to 
other  fiih«  belonglnc  to  dlelbiet  geoan. 

Beltiuol^  'bnk.    A  hHkot  he  catching 


•otldUed  the  hthsI  tti 


sljIslicB;  thus^tl 


dil  title  of  Turks,  n 
■ultsn'g  Ant  phygtclii 


the  hnbH  of  ciUlln^  their  lkt}i«ra  Afl«Ddi. 
EKSaJi.  -ji'i-a.    A  l^rm  ■ppHed  la  tb 

part  of  the  M^ttmnun  olhcxwlieiaU 

the  Archipelago. 
Eger,  'gw.    Ib  But    *  toHp  «v1y  tn 

Ee«rla.  -Jo'ri-a.    One  of  the  smrili  uter 
oiaa  IwlwesB  the  orbiti  of  Uira  mi  Jn 

Bgeria.     in  Hvtll.  invmi.h  ofArinlL  <i 
Itai;,  vhwe  Oaof 


>    PompUlut, 


le  ivtndpol  ob- 

»■>  mined  by  N|- 
,  KcooriUnf  to  OtI 
U  his  d«th  >be  WO) 

eo  violently  thit  Dlum  chuged  her  Intu 

fBaDtaln. 
Em,  ^.    Thebnly  fhrmodlnthefeniili 

of  ill  ulnulB  (wtth  the  eieeptlini  of  a  tt' 

of  Ibe  iDwau  bpe,  whicb  we  reprodnsed 

byeswmmtloB  «  dlv-'--'  ■ ■-■-■-  '- 

Impregnation,  the    4 

Amu  teke*  plane. 


the  jelka  of  c«t  beaten  up  witl 
■nd  the  y^UU  oteggt  "hipped,  w 
■ddlUoB  of  wine  or  BplrlU. 


•rtheCHyptMbek  ot 
Sgnumt,   Lamorel.  Count  of.    A 


the  SputBh  omltT  of  Cbarles  V.  he  da- 
ftued  the  rnnob,  IGST-W,  bat  Ineming 
tba  uiiiiltr  of  PbiUp  IL,  tlinni^  his  len- 


Egypt,  (-Pp.    A  oonntrflotheNll 

lommisn  E.  by  Ibe  R«l  8™  nnd  Iithmn'i 
ofSaei,  W.  byBirauidtlieamt  Sev 
ert.B.by  Nnbta;  uw,  sbt  180,000  sq.  m. 
Prtm^  dtlei,  Cairo,  tbe  ap.,  Almn- 
drlit,  DualetU,  Sno,  KhBtDun,  Bocatt* 
and  Port  Bsld,  the  litter  betDg  the  Hedl- 
ternuiean  port  of  tbe  Sua  CiiuL  Tbe 
Nile  le  the  ooly  rlrer  ot  oobteqaenoe,  end 

the  Nile  eitwd  framBjrene  to  Cidru.  uid 
from  the  tniotlo  Tslle;.    Pop.  abt.  S,EO0|- 

EgyptolosT.  -tolVjI.  The  sdeDoe  of 
Egyptian  antiquities;  that  branch  of 
knowledge  that  treat,  of  Ibo  ancient  kn- 
llsloiy,  ic.,  of  Egypt 


Bider,  !■ 

tbeoomir 


Iti  ■^!«Jor  -.ail 


nicls  licid  In  Walca  In  udont  tiin«s,  ic- 
yised  by  Ibn  Tudor  BOTerrlgna  tokd  AgjiJii 
papulir  H  henror  tha 'Wulah  live  In  mj 

BkidarinotUf ,    Op.  of  Iba  Counckt 
Kiusln :  imy.  sbt.  li,S«0. 
Ekaterinoalav.    Cup.  ori^nvt.  of  un» 

960  m.  S.  E/of  Odem;   ponrS^SS! 
BtroDgly  fortUtd. 
EtooUM.  ol-vo-nt.    A  eWM,  moHln 
VQiicIy  or  ne [>b«Uiie.    The  prsdomiDaDH 
QtHHUlBlUniiiipaeltlanrBBdeniualta- 

55g. j;-  c..^.,Ty.,i. ..»»;.  S&.,^'Si.S!SKrs 

finiidcur  of  lU  iiiKbinloI  opcmUoiiL  In    Sl&iaa.  t'-loln.    Tbe  liquid  ptUtdpl*  •( 

fonliig'vut  btrwlii  or  HmeBtnne  and  of  Bl&ud, 'land. 

mwltb    E.  blue,BbrIllluit|il|tuiiintcon-  AM«n       tpedei 

HMriK  nf  Ihe  hjdral*d  protMldB  of  <!o|>-  (Oeii  anam)-  ths 

HjrmlisdirtthsDilDntDqnHiUtyoflrDi;.  ianfomor     " 

S.  pBNil8,»«n«.1«iofi«niif  Mjaspw.    K.  ]„pM   su 

thwD,   tb«   AcuU  Tcro.      K.    vulture^  the  unly 

cm  tovu,  whon  It  li  protected  u   &      sizoofal 
tll«  dasert.     Called  alao  Pbaraoti'B  LcA  or    unaTiTf 
fbrmliv    tbi 
TmpljinjTuio  IhTo" 


„__.    _ _,   ._.  EUnd. 

formlDK    tbe     only    FosmopollUn 
^'[If.-™?.  j?*^''     nifinber  of  the  gionn,  of  wbleb  the  blioli. 

Elaphomyoea,  eLm-toni'\-iit.    A.   gea. 

Tbiiy  vrra  once  nevdcl  B9  (phrodldM; 

■pparlUoD.  Elands.  G-lip'l-dS.     A  fllm.  Df  Ysnonl- 

Bidounuiioil,  -dou-rl'al-on.    A  rsprs-      out  niTwnu,  Inclmllng  the  ^enen  Bnne*- 

Blffht,  ftt.    OneofthaurcUul numbers.    Zaaunobraiichli,    -lu'mS-brEiii't^l-l- 
A  ByniholrepTMenanifBlghtniilti,  M  8or      AnonLof  i!i-lil'»,   Inolndlnc  the  Ihirkl, 

Xiis'titeaiiiiio,  'i^n-mA,    Tho  bIio  of  B    £la>imMlati.-don. Atuh-i;<in.ofthng«. 

tienlaiTM.     Written  genrrslly  lamo.  DlBOimothlinii  Aelltlcspsde",  theAlHoiBl 


.maRistriito  lowborn  lbs  keeping  of  the  BUamotherium,     -thu"rl-nm.        An 

pamt  vol  IntruKed.  eiUnol  gen.  of  munioitU,  raltind  Uj- 

XiSlA^n,  ii'lt-ben.    A  town  of  BuoBy,  eoins  to  Ihe  hone  hmlly.  by  athanta 

«  jn.ir.  W.  0fM««berr,  theblrthplioe  the  rhlnooeroi,  being    lnlwin«dl«IB  b»- 

«/■  JArdn  LBther,  1*88,  md  where  h»  t"«™  U«iB. 

— ._^__>._^    AMinrt-Ai,      A  ftB.   of. 


KLATKKITK 


995 


ELEGTBO-CHBMI8TBY 


ooleopteroQS  insects  oorresponcUng  to  tli« 
linnaean  gen.  Elater. 

Elatexlte,  €-lat'cr-It  An  elastlo  mineral 
resin. 

£lba.  An  Italian  island  In  the  Mediter- 
ranean, off  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  18  m. 
lon^',  by  3  to  12  in.  wido.  Notwi  as  the 
T:Iaco  of  banishment  of  Napoleon  I.  after 
his  first  abdication,  1814.  He  remained 
on  it  only  ten  months. 

!Elbe,  clb.  A  river  of  N.  Germany,  rising 
in  tho  Biesengebirgo  Mountains,  and 
emptying  into  the  German  Ocean  70  m. 
below   Hamburg ;  length  850  m. 

£lberfeld.  A  mannfiictnring  city  of 
Khenish  Prussia,  on  the  Wapper,  15  m. 
N.  E.  ofDusseldorf;  pop.  abt.  90,000. 

£lbtirz,  dl-boorz'.  The  highest  peak  of 
the  Caucasus  Mountains ;  18,626  ft. 

Slcesaite,  -sS'sa-It.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Gnostics,  which  arose  among  the  Asiatic 
Christians  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 

"Elchlngen,  -ahdng'gn.  A  Bavarian 
village,  8  m.  N.  £.  of  Ulm,  on  the  left 
bank  of  tho  Danube,  noted  as  the  sceneof 
the  victory  by  the  French  under  Marshal 
Ney  over  the  Austrians,  1806. 

Elder,  eld'er.  A  person  advanced  in  life, 
and  who,  on  aocoont  of  age,  experience 
and  wisdom,  is  selected  for  office.  Among 
the  Jews,  the  seventy  men  associated  wlu 
Mosee  in  the  government  of  the  people 
were  elders.  In  the  first  Christian 
■  ditirehes  the  word  includes  aposUes,  pas- 
tors, teachers,  presbyters,  bishops  or  over- 
seers. Peter  and  John  called  themselves 
elders.  The  first  oonnoils  of  Christians 
were  called  presbyteria,  eoandls  of  elders. 
Among  some  modem  seets  the  title  Is  ap- 
plied to  ministers ;  among  others,  to  the 
nighest  lay  officer. 

El  Dorado,  el  A6-r&'d6.  A  country  that 
Orellana,  the  lieutenant  ot  Pizarro,  pre- 
tended that  he  had  discovered  in  S.  Amer- 
ica, and  which  he  thus  named  on  account 
of  the  quantity  of  predous  metals  in 
Manoa,  the  capital,  ifis  relation  was  soon 
discovered  to  be  a  figment.  The  word 
has  become  a  proverbiu  term  for  a  region 
represented  to  bo  unusually  rich. 

Eleanor  rof  Gxdenne).  Queen  Begent 
of  England  during  the  absence  of  her  son, 
Bichard  Coeur  do  Lion,  In  the  crusades : 
B.  1122,  D.  1204.  E.  was  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  hst  Duke  of  Aquataine,  and 
was  married  to  Louis  VII.  of  Fraaoe, 
1187 :  divorced  1162,  she  married  Haary 
II.  orEniHand,  her  extensive  posseesioBS 
In  France  Mng  the  oaose  of  the  protracted 
wars  between  tbe  two  coontriet. 


Bleoaropane,  'c-kam-pfln^'.  The  com- 
mon name  of  Inuhi  Heleninm,  aoomposite 
herb.    It  is  an  aromatio  bitter. 

Elector,  (^-lekt'cr.  One  who  elects  or  baa 
the  right  of  choice ;  a  person  who  has  by 
law  or  conntltutlon  the  right  of  voting  for 
any  f^mctionar}'. 

Eleotrepeter,  -lek-trep'ct-er.  An  in- 
strument for  ehanging  the  direction  of 
electrical  currents. 

Electric,  'trik.  Containing  electricity  or 
capable  of  exhibiting  it  when  excited  by 
friction.  E.  apparatus,  tto  various  things 
necessary  for  conducting  electrical  exper- 
iments and  illustrating  the  laws  of  electric 
action.  E.  ctrcnit,  plates  of  copper  and 
dnc,  with  the  acid  solution  which  renders 
them  active,  and  a  wire  connecting  the 
uninmicrsea  ends  of  the  plates.  £.  cur- 
rent, a  stream  of  electricity  traversing  a 
closed  circuit,  or  passing  by  means  of  con- 
ductors firom  one  body  to  another.  E. 
battery,  a  number  of  electric  iars  connect- 
ed with  each  other.  E.  machine,  an  ap- 
paratus capable  of  exciting  a  great  quanti- 
ty of  electricity  and  exhibiting  its  effects. 
Thev  are  of  a  great  variety  of  forms. 


Electricity,  -tris'i-ti.  The  branch  of 
natural  philosophy  which  investigates  the 
attractions  and  repulsions,  the  jwoduo- 
tion  of  light,  the  elevation  of  temperature, 
explosions  and  other  phenomena  attend- 
ing the  friction  of  vitreous,  resinous  and 
metallic  surfhces,  and  the  heating,  oooUng, 
evaporation  and  mutual  contact  of  a  great 
number  of  bodies.  Electricity  is  positive 
and  negative,  the  first  like  that  evoked  on. 
^ass  by  rubbing  with  silk,  and  the  latter 
hke  that  evok<^  on  sealing-wax  by  rub- 
bing with  flannel.  Similarly  electrified 
bodies  repel,  and  disslmiburly  electrified 
bodies  attract  each  other,  while  neutral 
bodies  are  attracted  by  tlM)se  which  are 
electrified.  Besides  friction  there  are 
other  sources  of  electricity.  After  cleav- 
age or  pressure  certain  laminated  min- 
erals exnibit  electric  excitement  at  the 
surfaces  cieft  or  pressed,  ono  of  these 
being  always  positive,  tho  other  negative. 
Many  other  bodies,  not  minerals,  possess 
the  same  property. 

Electro-biology,  'trr»-bi-ol-o-ji.  That 
branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the 
electric  currents  developed  in  living  or- 
ganisms. 

Mectro-ohemifltry,  -kem-is-tri.    That 
science  which  treats  of  the  igenoy  of  elec- 
tricity and  galvanism  In  effeoting  <Aeml- 
oal  changes,  divided  intA  cVwteQKS^^^^^ 
deetro-metaUxLTgy.  ■ 


KLECTBO-CHBOITOOBAPH 


prvditA  iDsunl 


ni  thi 


—  ITOhl    "■-  —■■■—'— 


Elootroffr&pliy,  -tro 


iiit.uBKilvuik  Uttiry.  or 

io[^  1b  umployed  lo  produce 

idiaae,  'tro-fSn.  j 
t  prodadaE  woods, 
'timeA,  bye[«c(ricoum 


tnunpflt-tinuA,  byeu 


isS 


Auother  or  pollfthed 


i 


poaltachiri^byliidatTfctn, 
Blaetro-pUte,  'tr^-piit.  ArticlM  a«t«d 

ifMk  ifFTO'  or  other  mctiil  ij  the  prooeH 
«t»laetiv-plMtbig. 


cllk  threufB.    On  pi 


ttiuirl.  Tht«li«  %^ 
wojianpeiwded  "s^.. 
1/  Ihu  goM-louf  Guld  ki 

ooaiUlloB  tttw'o  pines  of  aald-h<  Oiad 

to  A  braMrod  uicl  hang  luHlao  n  dir  ffbu 
Klobo.  I(  u  eteciHi;  Iwdf  ba  bnmitt 
MM-Oietniitrnni^iiHiidnetloB  WkMplnoe. 
To  Bad  iriha  ]«™  ■»  padttrelT  or  iw- 
•lively  ihargrd  in  eleotriflod  gisu  rod  ll 
brought  neu  j  If  posttlTdy  ^luir'd,  tbo 
IntTM  will  diverge  mUI  more ;  IT  aenavdy. 
thflr  •riU  (oUiDM. 

X3ectio-1dnt,  -Itnt.  An  irt  by  vUeh 
dni«lDgs  nro  Inieed  by  Oio  kUod  of  alee- 
IHdty  on  a  cohp«r  plstF,  fOr  ue  1B  flie 

X^sotrotyiM, -lip.  The  Kt  of  pndBdic 
cupliMofwood-ooli,  typefcic,  lynmuis 
of  the  electric  deposition  of  oopi«r  npon 
A  znuld  lukcn  from  the  odgioaL    A  oopy 


mber.    InMlnanL 

H  nMlve  allny. 

ythe  ndaitt, 

nofgoUvMhaUk 


Uferont  geld  or 
of  golj  osad 


p>rt  ofBUvH. 

Elegy,  A  plslntlve  potm,  or  ■  flni«l 
ton  10  elegise  verse. 

Sloment,  -ment.  In  Chem.  one  of  tbeM 
elinple  enbsUnoM  whioli  hlltaerto  bsie 
resisted  resoluttoD  by  chemleil  uislyilt ; 
nne  of  the  ultlnut«,  Indecompouble  oon- 
EUlneiiti  of  «T  klod  of  mitler.  Tbeflnt 
or  simplest  ralM  «  prinelplei  of  u  art  or 
"clencD ;  rodlDUMlii.  In  Bcholutio  Phlkis- 

uutednl  voiid— Are,  ur,  pwth  mid  wntiT, 
wblch  were  suppoeed  to  be  ultioute  tode- 
eompoB^le  principles. 
BlaphMlt.  -bnl.    Tbc  popnbr  nuns  of 
>g«a.  coDitlCuUng  a  eub-flun.  offlva-Med 

Kboaddlso  oisoimfllH^  umprahendlD^ 
I  ipedei,  EHephss  (Glumndon)  Indkoi 
ud  Hephis  (Loxodon)  AiHoamu,  tiM 
fomur  loliOUtlns  Indte,  Uia  littfr  Afthm. 


■ble  rell-      ^'^  of  AfHan  EtephuL 
(laD*  uitli|gltl«.    Amani  tlMt 
immfDAe  av>aa  «l«pluot  front 
•lo|>«  leads  to  in  utiniW  rock  an.  w 
trMtL.Iharoorof  whtcblsMpportcd  lif 
iiilli»18n.hliti.    It  [1  cut  iiplnln  aput- 

UHDU.  •rbkll    eODtalU    IVlil  iDllflCl    of 

otdnn  ud  unlnuib  In  Ulndn  Mfib.,  lu- 


ll pvti  01  Aftlca  tha 


_. ber  dughUT  I^o- 

rirofldljiff  priMt  wH  termed 

artli«  lilM  wu  M  oStsH  that  oodU  not 
Ml  of  brfBK  iirDRMl  bj  tha  godi. 
Eleutheropoml,  e'lu-thfr-o-pA"inL    A 
ftub-DTd.  at  cbondropteryfUa  IUIhh,  1n> 

morator,   eW-rtt-n,    A  mmielo  -hdrfi 

lOr  taiab;  per»Da  or  ^oa4t  fhnn  b  Urwv 
atfay   vt  ■   bulldlDf   to  k  btfbw,      A 

gnln.  maJ.  Id.,  Id  i  mtU.  '  A  boUdliiii 
conblnln;  niRlHJilaal  •IsnUn.  H^acWIr' 
>  enln  wureboOM. 

Blere.  i-l&i.  A  pnollj  oub  bconftit  ap 
or  pmtdcted  bj  uotbflr. 

KLeran,  e-Wn.  Th«  iDin  of  Urn  uid 
ontr  A  aymbol  nprnendudoToii  nnttB, 
u  II  or  il.    In  erlokct,  t£*  nnmbw  at 

Blf ,  sir.  A  nndsiug  apMt ;  ■  tttrj  ;  ■ 
gobUn;  40  iDu^nirybeinrueleDtlf  inp- 
poted  tolnhnUt  unftfiquantcd  planiL  ud 
Id  Tmrlooa   mjt  In  aJTect  miwiml,    A 

tlra  pcriDD;  a  dinrf ;  haec,  m  pet  nnnu 


".E-SK 


9epbaiitl< 

naladed   u 


BlfHUTOW,  '«-ffl.  Tha  B 
(ITOD  to  ths  fliDt  UTOW-hB 
in  nH  at  an  Hrl;  puW  •' 

'  '.   YTOre  auppoflcd  io  ba  ahot  by  J^lrifa. 
I  SU-land, 'lud.    TbanslonoftliotlT* 
blrj-land. 
'  I  VHifla   and  Klsoardiua,  Thomaa 

'1   Bruce.  7th  SotI  of.    .'   " — ' "- 

i  daotnded  from  the  royal  I 
B.  mi,  D.  1S4I,  Whfloln 
•ervlaa  In  Turkey  and  Om 
-     celebrated  colleflf 


*  (JoolJh  n 


Wntir  DHUT  rnlDa,  the  moat 


knann  u  (he  EMn  mlrUea.  Jw 
AamaU  KUotJc  Ha.  Bth  earl,  RTieOl,  d.  IS«8.  n  > 
:.  Eevpt.  eon-  '    or-fenenlarCaBad**DdTlM«irof 


-kable 
toby 


SO.    InSciip.aUtb-pcleetiiidllia/adc* 


An.  DraUlMia  I  SUJalL  (.TlM  TUhUX^.    «>«  *l 


ELUTBUTIOH 


buen  tnuielub 

XUOt,  John  ^Tbe  An>it]«  at  (h*  In- 
dliu>).     Al    BrgUih   cfcrit)''"".  «■  "*>*■ 


bnt  part ;  u  tba  i'ltte 
BUWibeth.  Qhhii  of 
oTIlriirryin.  uidAuz.o>K;..-/n. 

eoniuinmiilnl  ibe  eiUblltbiDDiit 

XlixAlntlun.  -lti'*-b«Ui"iii. 
Inr  to  QDfen  EUiabeth.    E.  •rohluictu 
.^.  _.__,  __  .......  —'.-fciura  ol  I 


*  II.,  King     . 

wUb  of  Lonlt,  Ludgnn  of  Thurini 
iVn,  D.  1!81.    Bho  wu       ■ 


imblned. 


pLft, 


itsaiig»p«f[ 

Itltluund  In  Europe  uK 
It  li  «]l»d  the  Moose  or  Mwae-drm-. 
BlkB,    Cygnni  [crui.  tba  wUd  Bwui   01 

mi.  el,    A.  mounn  asf<l  ohleUr  far  msu 
'  uriDE  cloth.    Tho  EhkIIiIi  ctr  li  *i  In., 

-     "-        ■    —    -iQ  Scotch  S7.S,  una  tin 


Hlndtulu,  o^brAtflJ  fbr  I 
BUlptto,  -Up'tlk.    A  flmt  I 


■nngrt*!. 


'mto-fTr,  A  popular  nan« 
for  >  molairlc  ipp««™B08  hmu  pllylINt 
■bout  Ih*  Dijuti  of  •  BUp.  (Ul«d  •!» 
^... J........  .,.. —  -ndnnipnunl 


ElogiMt,  o'1o-]lit.    Ong  Hbo  prononiMM 
'   pADf^iryrlc,  npedallj  apoD  Che  dead; 

Slohtm. -hiu.  ODeorthanunHorOod, 
occurrehcelQ  tbeBIUe.  Itli 
>r  tlie  ims  Ood  uid  at  blu 
Jehovjih  It  u»fd  onlf  «f  the 

let.  The  epithet  ippUedbillM 
Titer  of  the  Elohlitlc  puaigee 


E10hlirt.-h 

ElonKatioa,  -li 

Uiei>n|:iiUrdl>im 

on  the  furtC";   i 

>  "ortM  dl>l»^ 
Mrrtchlnfi:  of  the  ll^meii 


of  Bpluiet  hvmflw 
the  ^>-#  offt  Bpe«tBt4r 

n  lie  orhStln  Sore, 
oned  by  the 


merlytbo  plsce  wbero  lbs  IMoMi  tp}r- 
erniucnt    collMtol    duel   fri>tn   vsieli. 

Kronbeiv.  theeuplHiiiedeceue    of  Shilk*- 

■peere'A  tregfldy  of  Huii1«1. 
EloLlnl.    thelSthmanthoftbeJewiih 

dill  yeu.  uid  the  8th  of  the  uxUtlMtOmi, 

eorreipoDdlDi  nearly  to  our  Augnit 
Slntil&tloii, -lQ'trl-*"ihoa.   TheopMV- 

tlonot^ioWDCi,  »nd  (ubltUKe,  (Ur- 


of    betlle.     __» ,— __ 

FBrntlliod  — ^S£."f ^-->~-. 

dydorlo,  el-l-dDr'Ik,  A  msUiod  of  paiiit- 

Tu^^i-  ^^n^S^ 

iiig  wlLh  Dll  ud  -Kutet,  In  irhlch  tlio  work 

hM  the  freriiBeM  of  w«Mr  orian  and  the 

.p^Cu'y.  AfllHiHr  ' 

niiUonnaH  of  oil  pelDttng. 

."buttle*         EmbMtled  UoMIiw. 

My«ia«l«,  .i'«J«.      A  misU  Ihm.    ef 

be«a  deteoutd. 

mcQt.  E.  molding.  In  Arab.  Indented  Ulw 

^r'pS2,-s-is;?s-,S5Si 

Smber,  "ber,    A  ■mill  Ktb  eoa. 

Xmber-dayg.    -dii.    The   Wednodir, 

heithen  wotM;  they  wtn  Tulouelj  1o- 

rood-SyIn  eeplember.  m^BfterSt.  Ln- 

Elytrina.  el'i-trtn.    The  osnie  glren  lo 

oli'e  d«y  In  Deeember,  •ppolnted  In  the 
Church  of  Engknd  for   lu5ag  ulA  IblU- 

Elievir,  el-rt'ver.    Of  or  bslonjlng  to 

the  Elicrlr  ftmlly.    K.  edlUoni  of  tbe 

cluMloi.  *c„  pubHihod  bj-  the  ELiorirfiun- 

feiown  bIso  u  the  Er»t  northern  dlier 

imio  168V,   bighlj    prized  for  uxancy 
ud  elegonw.    A  pecaltBT  ent  of  typfl. 

indluon.gen.Colymtiut.ord.  Satatona. 

Bmberlzlda.  -li'l-do,    A  fun,  of  unin 

Em.  en.     In  printlnf.  the  nntt  of  .n«.- 

tree, '  Itlncg°dM°^e*b"tln«>,  the°tnDw^ 

titke,  yeltov-baminer.  roed-ejjeiTnw  uid 

the  ortoliD,  enteemcd  for  Ihedellcaey  0( 

lU  flenh.  By  wme  nnliiniHiitl  they  m 
eluslfled  u  leub-lkm.  nltho  t'ringlftlde, 

h^'^O^r  ^ JTta  PhMo«.  ."yllem™ hl^ 
enppoHS  lh«t  all  eilsteoces  proceed  hy 
inflceselvi'  dlsenitegcnienU  from  one  be- 
ing, which  1.  GmT" 

Emancipation.  i-iiiM'.l-pi".hoo,  The 

Mt  of  HltinE  fr«  from  BliTery.  egMec- 
tlon.dTllreiiniliitsDTdlsabUlilea.Ae.;  lib 

Bmblsm,  iJleni.  A  work  of  trt  rrpn- 
leulingonelhlajtlolhocya  icd  UioUm 

tolhenndenUndlng;  »  painted  or  ecnl^. 

obilons  history,  orBoggntlnEHiineDioiil 

free.    BiUBedbythoToteeer  thBBUM 

It  the  doae  of  the  BebeUloa. 

Bit  of  deprirtngi  mile  of  the  ptrU  whloh 

eipnrgiUni  HHne  paru  from  ■  bouk.  writ 

InnerlioD  of  davK,  oionthB  or  yeati  la  an 

■DCDUnt  of  time,  to  produce  regnlirily. 

TboGreeke  nude  u«ofthe  lunar  y«r  ol 
SM  dayn.  and  to  adjuil  il  lo  the  tohr  year 

the  eoelgn  of  roy^ljr ;  promodon  to  »t 

relimty. 

ecconil  or  third  year. 

cned  1  o  thai  It  nilgbt  pierce  u  enemy^e 

£mbraTOn.-bri'-    ^t  l_j  f«zn- 

Embft«y,  T).^A    The  pobHn  function 

fnTwall or  ™i|St ^^j^BI^^ 

non  1'^  Anti^'and  ^^^^K^^£ 
crenelle  of  an  <!"-^^|BHh 

aI^.  *^*ot\bW-         l^^^ 

EMB068MIirr 


MO 


ment  of  the  aucrture  of  a  door  or  window 
Inside  the  wall. 

Sxnbossment,  -bos'ment  The  act  of 
Torm\ng  iinituberanoca  upon,  or  stato  of 
\tcinj;  raibo«0«d.  A  promloenco,  like  a 
Immm  ;  a  Jut    Kellef ;  naini;  work. 

Embrocado,  -bro-k&Md.  A  iiaas  in  feno- 

Smbroidenr,  -broi'dc-ri.  Work  in  ^M. 
Rilver,  Rllk,  or  otlier  thread,  formed  by  tha 
needle  on  cloth. 

Embryo,  'bri-A.  The  flmt  radimenta  of 
an  aniinal  in  the  womb,  before  the  seTeral 
members  are  distinctly  formed,  after 
which  it  is  called  %  ietas.  In  Bot.  the 
rudimentary  plant  contained  in  the  seed, 
produced  by  the  action  of  the  pollen  on 
the  OTulo. 

Sxnerald,  'e-rald.  A  precious  stone 
who!^  colors  are  shades  of^ffreen.  It  is  a 
little  harder  than  quartz  and  is  composed 
of  67  to  68  per  cent  of  silica,  15  to  Id  al- 
umina, 12  to  14  glucina,  and  minute 
quanties  of  p<>roxide  of  iron,  lime  and 
oxide  of  chromium.  The  emerald  and 
beryl  are  rarieties  of  the  same  species.  A 
size  of  printinj^  type. 

SmeraldL  Gkreen,  grSn.  A  durable 
green  pigment  prepared  firom  the  arseniate 
of  copper. 

Xbneritos,  €-mer'it-us.  A  soldier  or 
other  pubUo/^ctionanr  of  ancient  Rome 
who  had  senred  out  his  time  and  retired 
from  service.  Hence,  one  who  has  been 
honorably  discharged  from  public  service. 

Eznenion,  -mer'shon.  The  act  of  ris- 
ing out  of  a  fluid  or  other  covering  or  sur- 
rounding substance.  In  Astron.  the  re- 
appoarance  of  a  heavenly  body  after  an 
cciipfte  or  occultation. 

Bxnerson,  Ralph  Waldo.  An  emi- 
nent American  poet  and  essayist ;  b.  in 
Mass.  1803. 

Emery,  em'e-ri.  An  amorphous  variety 
of  corundum  and  sapphire  extensively 
used  in  the  arts  for  grinding  and  polishing 
motals,  hard  stones  and  glass.  Its  com- 
I>oflttion  isalumlna82,  oxide  of  iron  10,  sili- 
ca 6,  lime  H.  Kazor-strop  paper  is  made  by 
raidng  the  finest  emery  powder  and  a  little 
finely  powdered  glass  with  paper  pulp. 

Hnieti04,6-mot'ik.  A  medicine  that  pro- 
vokes vtHulting. 

ZSmeute,  o-m&t  A  seditious  commotion; 

a  riot. 

■  Emigrant,  emM-grant     One  who  re- 

movej  Ilia  habitation,  or  quits  one  country 

or  fvgion  to  settle  In  a^otker. 

JBk^:^:re,  i-nO-grk,      Oaib  of  the  dd 


French  noUM  who  bMsoM  ttiagem  d■^ 
ing  the  revolution  of  1769. 

Sminential,  em-iHEien'shi<«l.  In  Alg.  a 
term  applied  to  an  artificinl  kind  of  eqna* 
tion,  which  contains  another  emin^tiy. 

Emir,  C'mir.  The  title  gtreo  W  Mohara-* 
medans  to  all  independeot  chlen.  When 
associated  with  other  worda  it  denotea  the 
heads  of  certain  departments  in  Turkey. 
Thua  the  caUpha  atyle  themselves  £mir-al 
Mumcnin,  Prinoe  of  the  Faithfhl ;  £mir-al 
Qmrah,  Prinoe  of  FHnoea,  is  tha  title  of 
the  govemora  of  the  different jprovtocea, 
&«.  The  title  is  also  given  toaU  deaoeod- 
ants  of  Mohammed,  through  his  daughter 
Fatima. 

EmmanoeL  In  Bcrip.,  a  title  of  the 
Saviour,  alluding  to  His  incarnation. 

Emmanuel  (Tha  Great).  King  of 
Portugal;  b.  1469,  n.  1621.  He  was 
brother-in-law  of  Charles  Y.  of  Bpain. 

Emmet,  em'met    An  ant  or  iilsmire. 

Emmet,  Bobert.    An  Irish  patriot ;  n. 

17S0,  executed  1808. 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addia  Brother  of 
the  above ;  b.  1764 ;  tock.  an  ai^ve  part 
in  the  insurrection  of  1798,  and  was  im- 
prisoned 8  years.  In  1814  emigrated  to 
If.  Y. ,  and  became  attorney-general  of  the 
State ;  d.  1827. 

EmoUient,  6-mol1i-ent  A  medicine 
which  softens  and  relaxes  living  tissues 
that  are  inflamed  or  too  tense.  Emol- 
lients proper  are  oils,  cata|daams,  fomen- 
tations, &c. 

Empaiatio,  em-past'ik.  Andent  inlaid 
work  resembling  modem  buhl ;  marquet- 
ry. It  consisted  of  pressing  threads  or 
mies  of  one  metal  into  another. 

Empasm,  -pazm'.  A  powder  used  to  re- 
move any  disagreeable  odor  ftt>m  the  per* 
son. 

Emperor,  'per-er.  The  sovereign  of  an 
empire ;  a  title  of  dignity  superior  to  tlutt 
of  king. 

Empidas,  empM-d€.  A  group  of  dipter- 
ous insects,  which  are  at  the  same  time 
vegetable  fe(Miers  and  carnivorous,  prey- 
ing on  ephemero,  phryganeie,  tipu£uto, 
kit. 

Empire,  om'plr.  The  territory  ta 
countries  xmder    dominion    of  an    em- 

nr  or  other  powerftil  sovereign ;  nsnal- 
tcarttorr  of  greater  extent  than  a 
Icingdom.  The  population  ot  an  empire. 
.Supreme  control;  governing  influence. 
£.  State,  the  State  of  New  York,  so  called 
firom  the  enterprise^  of  its  people,  i^ 
weaMh,  populadon,  *Jbc.    £.  City,  Ifew 


BmpTiean.  -ni-nr'an.  Tbo  hi^liwit 
heaTen,  where  the  pijro  eli-ineut  of  flro 
wM  BDppas«dby  the  "--■-—-' 1-' 


'hiiiii>u»t^Uij» 


Eilclielr&.  k«]'1->.    A&n.  of  IbOuoiI 
of  very  simple  onranlutjom.    The;  ll< 


I  fouU  attrnt  tOoBi  !□  th 


A  after    jDhAnn  Fnox  EhoIlp.    of 

Himbdii!.  vho  esUbUihed  iu  pntnlldty. 
Baotm.tB-ktiT.  AgntajonMinun);  iih>I 
1^  Itie  aiidltDT«  ^bcn  tbqj  oUl  fur  a  reiM.-ll- 
ttonofsporttmlvpiirt.  Oar  nie  of  till* 
voH  Is  nnknowB  tn  U»  Frenidi,  vbo  KH 
tlie  word  Ug  (twtiw)  IT  the;  wlih  >  npod- 

BlUTatltaM.  ra'krm-OM.     A  Bune  gf*a 


ESCeUTTTK 


ESTBOTTMBIT 


■nnh  RnrnpHatiofl ;  jiI"o  %  penou  whoK 


IHH-'ofiuiy  pwaoii  oroyect.    Thali'-blrh 

EfZlotd.  O-nc'liI-    An  «plc  puotu  wrlUaii 
InLitin  hf  Vlrgtl.nf  whldh  ^ntiu,  re- 


-jet'lks.  That  brwialt 
VI  Bvivuw  k-  uKjii  lu  Featlgst£«  tha  taw5  n^ 
ulsHng:  rihfs^cal  or  meclualoal  ttma,  m 
oppMed  lo  vital. 


ENHEACOIITAIIXDRAL 


_  ,  imenl  EngBue 

in  an}      egre&  ctnppllcat  uir 

ed    tia  bv  whteh  anv  er 
fSrtlspiodiuwd.  UB  sonon  thn 
bstrtsrifes 


X^iKlaud.  Church  of.    ' 

EnKlauta.  loglln-tl.    In  Ho.  bimtni: 

Bngliah,  Inrtllih.  One  of  lie  Low  a«r- 

-   --  ~  -iLip  of  langasees,  aod  Ibat  Bpoktt 

■-  of  EnKlMd  add  th«  do- 

Mooty.    It 


s:..";,.':?'!: 


ml(TO«oo|ie. 
^Uod,  liiK^luid.  Tha 
J8  bland  (tf  at  Britald,  boi 
Seotlani  E.  bj  the  North  ..,.,  .. .  ,, 
W  J«,  tba  AtlutlB  Ooain  and  Irinh  8», 
e.  I7  Uie  XogUah  Chanfiol ;  area  aj,S12 
•J.  m. :  nop.  At  M,000,0«.  Tha  prln. 
opal  cttlea  an  LoDdoD,  the  cup,,  LI^i^f- 
PoaU  Maoobaaler,  Laeda,  BlnDlnghud, 
HdU,  BiMd,  S'sirovUe-on-iyna  isd 
Mulllelii ;  eUef  tiTta,  Thamas,  Seiorii, 
a^t,   fiaraer.    Oii«,   Medway.  Tync, 


bfl  dominant  and  ntamr 
— — ountry,  and  tho  imnwdtoto 

TautoDio   aa   renrda  fta  ffammar  and' 

porticlea,   OB  wfU  B4   tbo  gnat  prapor- 

tloDof  wDrdslnd^raBO,  ytoCpanapAM 

InoorpoiatsdaattunyftirBlgil 

-     chtef  aaur-cfla  from  wuoh 

coDtrlbatioiiB  have  bean  raeafvad  ara 
an-French^FrcoiohAiidthaotfaar  fii>- 
ilan^naRea.  Latin  and  Greek,  bccldej' 
bqUoDarroux  Celtia,  O^tnau,  Bntdi, 
iw.  Penlan,  Hindu,  ChlneH,  Turk- 
i>u,     Malay,   American.  Ao.     A  grrat 
many  of  Iho  tanns  borrowed  from  the  laat- 
mantloDed  lu^acssare  oomea  of  arUelri 
of  trado.    Ah  a  collecflva  nouQ^  tho  peojjb 
of  England.    In  printing,  asko  of  type. 
Bngraver.  -grit'rr.  Ona  nho  fbgnivcs ; 

ana  mammak,  nun.  MnataUdai,  aab-bm. 
Latrine,  conalatlng  of  oily  ona  apedas. 


itahedraL  an'nfr«-feon-ls- 
ne-nw.  Ilaviig  «£  Ikoaa:  Bald  of  a 
cryatal  or  other  aoUd  Bgtin  boandad  hj 


ENJXEAOONTAUEIJBOR 


luiior-mawor.     'wr-iaa-a-.       a     nan 
^ndiuUT  ehiuifuv  the  oolor  vflU  f^pthovK, 

Bntomold,  'lo-miild.    An  oblsot  iatiif 


UUindclustfliatlonorDie  InKt 
Bvcta.    EitwnolonF  formerly  deoK 
1  utlaitlatrd  uliu&. 
Butomophaca.  -oCii-gii.    A  grc 
h7m«oopt«r<jUB  InMoU  wboBO  Iatth  „ 
enUyffwdparulticAUyupfHillTliwInBecb- 
Atrfcoof-— >- — 


lO-trOp,    A  card  on 
1  oljJectA  Are  tTbBirc  ' 

rioiu  Agnnis  or  ptdan^.  by 
1  rerolTB  npldlj' ;  ■  tbsunul 
i'cSi.    TheelduC  unorSc 


!,X™Ewi* 


th«  opooBiunB, 


niipUvd  to  a  JjUnt  gntwing  ia  tha  tntOivr 
nruilmuJ  or  v^eUble  BtmctiL  t.  Qaa- 
emlly,  howsTsr,  rfulriclBd  to  pL-  u  gnnr- 
IsK  VDorlnUTliis  uiiiiiili,lH  «1I|C  to 
thsAtgaorFunirt.  ThsfDraut'  tauDM 
orpcnoni  with  dbordovd  Moii.,.nh«  U  u 
Alia,  Iintothifi  feneialli,  ud  the  -bbu 
nuulte  £ififlta  Ul-deuied  teMh.  Othn' 
lUsBuea  ftro  referred  to  the  gmwUt  of  on- 

thodlBeuoliiDiLndbykltllDp  tfappvutlo. 

yejeA  Ihrougli  the  ulr. 

w  pAruit^]  antoulft  whliA 

neut  parrujuod  duiiiig  eiujk  litar- 

[lOIU.  -tr  dA.   BotimD  otmelTea.. 

^aiadeposhlii?^ 


nm 


ItlBFO-oiported;  0 


BpanUere 


o  lbs  iksT*  of  tlw 


ihealaoB,  EiKlatle  to  tbe,  t-le'ihiBi. 
Lu  Horip.  letlen  writun  bj  St.  Piuil  la  tli* 


EPHIALTES 


Bphialtee.  -ii-Mi'iet.    The  nl«btiii«re. 

Bphesus.  vf^-aikn.  A  niittnl  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  cap.  of  loniA,  novr  in  niin^.  It 
WM  oel«*brated  tar  it5  temple  of  I>ijuia, 
oooflfdertHl  one  of  the  T  wi»nd«*rA  of  the 
world ;  al.v>  a.*  tlio  st-at  of  oov  of  the  flr»t 
7  ChriritJan  rhuirhi-s,  founded  by  m.  Paul. 
It  wasAituaU-d  a\)t.  ■i'yui.  ».  £.  of  dofiyroa. 

Ellhod,  'fod.  In  Jowi.<«h  AntU].  a  epeclos 
of  VMtuifMit  worn  by  thit  faiirU  priest  over 
the  second  tunic.  A  frinlle  nt  one  piece 
with  the  C'phod,  fSutvnfd  it  to  the  ImxIv. 
Joat  lUrave  the  girdle.  In  the  middle  of  the 
ephod,  and  kiined  to  it  by  little  gold 
cnains,  re«te<I  the  square  breoAt-plate  with 
the  rrim  and  Thummim.  A  similar  vest- 
ment of  an  inferior  material  seems  to  have 
been  in  use  in  later  times  among  ordinary 
priests. 

Bphor.  'for.  One  of  the  Ave  magistrates 
chosen  by  the  ancient  Spartans  as  a  check 
on  the  regal  jiower  and  the  senate. 

Spio,  'plk.  A  narratiye  poem  of  elevated 
ctiararter. 

Spioarp,  'pi-karp.  In  Bot  the  outer 
akin  of  fruits,  the  fleshy  substance  being 
the  niesocurjt,  and  the  inner  iK>rtion  the 
endooarp. 

Epictetus,  ^-plk-te'tus.  A  celebrated 
Koman  stoic  philosopher,  b.  60.  v.  in  ban- 
ishment at  Nicopolis,  abt.  124. 

Epictiras,  'e-ku'rus.  A  Greek  philos- 
opher, fotmder  of  the  Epicureans,  b.  abt. 
840,  i>.  270  B.  0. 

Epicurean,  -ru"an.  A  man  devoted  to 
sensual  pleasures  or  luxuries,  e8i>ecially  a 
gouni.aiid. 

Spidemic,  -pl-dcm'ik.  An  Infectious  or 
contagious  disease,  which  attacks  many 
people  at  the  same  period  and  in  the  same 
country. 

Epidermis,  -dcrm'is.  The  cuticle  or 
scarf-skin  of  the  body.  In  Bot.  the  exterior 
cellular  coating  of  the  leaf  or  stem  of  u 
plant. 

Epifiraatrium,  -pl-gas'tri-nm.  The 
upper  part  of  the  abdomen. 

Epifirlottis,  -glot'is.  A  cartilaginous 
plate  behind  the  tongue,  which  covers  the 
glottis  (luring  the  act  of  swallowing. 

Epifironation,  -pig'on-&'^i-on.  A  loz- 
enge-shaped piece  of  stiff  material  which 
forms  part  of  the  dress  of  the  Pope  and 
of  bishops  in  the  Greek  Church  while 
olficiating. 

Epiflrram,  'pl-gram.  An  interesting 
thought  represented  bappily  in  a  few 
woroB,  whether  verse  or  prose ;  a  pointed 
or  aatitbetlcal  sayimg. 


BpUogne,  'pl-iof .  In  Shec  the  elpriiK 
partofadiaeiNme,  tn  vUeh  theprin^il 
matters  are  reea|ritiilBtod.  In  the  dnaa, 
a  speech  or  short  poem  by  one  ^f  ^ 
actors  after  the  play. 

Epimarhingt.  -ina-1d"n«.  A  ■nb-AuB. 
of  blender-biUed  (tnniroetral)  birds,  ftm. 
Upupidc,  resembttng  birda  of  pandiaait 
the  luxiulance  and  brillianey  of  their 
plumage.  The  gen.  Ejdmaehoa  (|diune- 
birds)  is  the  t>-pe. 

Epiphany,  ^pira-nl.  An  mpoannee 
or  a  becoming  nuuiifest.  A  Chnraan  fes- 
tival  celebrated  on  the  6th  day  of  Jannmy, 
the  I2th  dav  after  Christmaa,  in  oommem- 
orationof  tlie  appearance  of  oar  SaTioor 
to  the  magians  or  wise  men  of  the  East, 
or  to  commemorate  the  appearance  of  the 
star  to  the  magians. 

Epiphyte,  'pi-ftt  A  plant  growing  npoa 
another  and  rooting  among  the  aoil  that 
occupies  its  snrfhoe,  as  a  moaa,  Hchen, 
fern,  &c.,  but  whieh  does  not,  Uka  a  paia- 
site,  derive  noorishmentfrom  the  plant  on 
which  It  grows.  Many  orehMaeeoaa  pits 
are  epiphytes. 

Epirus,  e-pi'ras.  A  pror.  of  aae. 
Greece,  di\ided  firom  Illrrla  by  the  Ott- 
anuian  Mountains,  and  from  Thnanaty  bj 
the  river  Pindus,  now  the  Tnrklah  pror. 
Tania. 

Episoopaoy,  e-pisncd-parsL  GoTen- 
ment  of  the  Church  by  uiree  distinet  or- 
ders of  ministers — deacons,  jwieata  and 
bishops. 

Episcopalian,  -pa'li-an.  One  who  be- 
lougs  to  an  episcopal  church  or  adheres  ta 
the  ei)iscoi>al  form  of  church  govemnMBt 
and  discipline. 

Epistle,  M.  A  writing  commnnloatby 
intelligence  to  a  distant  person ;  a  lettsr 
missive;  applied  particularly  In  dig^fled 
discourse  or  in  speaking  of  the  letters  of 
the  apostles  or  of  the  ancients. 

Epitaph,  e'pi-taf.  An  Inscription  on  a 
tomb  or  monument  in  honor  or  memoiy 
of  the  dead.  A  brief  descriptive  sentence 
in  prose  or  verse,  composed  as  if  to  be 
inscribed  on  a  monument. 

Epithalajniiim,    -thal-ft'^mi-um.       A 

nuptial  song  or  poem,  in  praise  of  a  bride 

and   bridegroom,  and   praying  for  thfllr 

prosperity. 
Epitiiet,  e'pi-thet    An  adieotiye  ezpres-  * 

sing  some  real  quality,  applied  to  a  penoa 

or  thing. 
Epitome,  6-pi'td-mi.    An  abridgment ;  a 

brief  summary  or  abstract  of  any  book  or 

writing. 
Epizoon,  e-pi-z6'on.    A  termappUedtf' 


EPIZOOTIC 


807 


ERA 


those  parasitio  aBunftla  whioh  Hye  upon 
the  bodies  of  other  animalB. 
X*pizootic,  'pi-zo-ot'^ik.  Amturain  or 
postilcDoe  among  animals.  It  differs  from 
enzootic  in  not  being  confined  to  a  dis- 
trict, and  l^m  epidemic  in  affecting  only 
the  lower  animals.  Foot-and-moum  dis- 
ease, pleuro-pneamonia,&o.,are  examples. 

£  Pluribus  TTnuin,  6  ploo're-bas  &'• 
num.  Lit.  '*One  from  many."  The  motto 

ofthu  United  States. 

Epoch,  o'pok.  In  Chron.  a  fixed  point  of 
time,  from  which  succeeding  years  are 
numbered.  In  Astron.  the  date  at  whioh 
a  he:ivenly  body  has  a  given  position.  An 
arbitrary  fix^  date,  for  which  the  ele- 
ments used  in  computing  the  place  of  a 
Slanet  or  other  heavenly  body  at  any  other 
ate  are  given, 

£pos,  e^pos.  An  epic  poem,  or  its  fiible 
or  subject ;  an  epopee. 

XIprouvette,  a-pro-vet.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  explosive  force  of 
gunpowder,  or  for  comparing  its  strength. 

£p80ni,  ep'sftm.  A  town  15  m.  S.  W.  of 
London,  England,  noted  for  its  horse- 
races ;  pop.  7,250. 

XSpsozn-Mtlt,  -salt.  The  sulphate  of 
magnesia,  a  cathartic  prepared  from  sea- 
water. 

Bqiiailt,  e'kwant.  In  the  Ptolemaic 
system  of  astronomy,  an  imaginary  drole 
used  tor  determining  the  motions  of  the 
planets. 

Equator,  -kwa'ter.  In  Astron.  that  im- 
aginary great  circle  in  the  heavens,  the 
plane  of  which  is  perpendicular  to  the 
axis  of  the  earth.  It  is  everywhere  90** 
distant  ftom  the  celestial  poles. 

SUmatorial,  -kwa-t5-M-aL  An  astro- 
nomical instrument,  contrived  for  the 
purpose  of  directtng  a  telescc^  upon  any 
celestial  object  of  which  the  right  as- 
cension and  the  declination  are  Known, 
and  for  keeping  the  object  in  view  for  any 
length  of  time. 

SSqaerxy ,  'kwe-rf .  An  officer  of  nobles 
or  princes  who  has  the  care  and  manage- 
ment of  their  horses. 

£f<iues,  S'qwez.  In  Roman  Antiq.  one  of 
ttie  2d  order  ef  citizens  called  Equites  ;  a 
knight.  A  gen.  of  teleostean  fishes,  fun. 
Scia'nidffi,  including  the  belted  and  spot- 
te<l  horseman. 

XSquostxiail,  -oues'trl-an.  A  rider  on 
horseback ;  specifically,  one  who  earns  his 
living  by  i»enorming  feats  of  agility  and 
<-l-:ill  on  horseback  in  a  circus. 

XSquestxlenne,  -en.  A  female  rider  or 
peifonder  on  horsebaek. 


I. 

iteral,  -lat'er-al.     A         A 
actly  corresponding  to        /  V 
in  length,  or  a  figure      /      \ 
il  sides.  /  X 

brist.     'kwil'f-brist.  i  \ 


EqaidflB,  'kwl-de.  The  horse  fun.,  ord. 
Ungulata,  sub-division  Pra^ssodactvk^ 
divMed  into  two  groups— one  ineloAhg 
the  asses  and  zebiis  (gen.  Asinus),  the 
other  comprising  the  mie  horses  (gen. 
Equns). 

Equilateral,  -lat'er-al. 
side  exactlj 
others 
of  equal 

Equilibrist,    >kwii'ibrist. 
One  who  keeps  his  balance  in     Equilat- 
unnatural  positions  and  haz-       eral. 
ardous  movements,  as  a  rope-dancer. 

Equinia,  -kwln'l-a.  A  dangerous  conta- 
gious disorder,  originating  in  the  horse, 
ass  and  mule,  conununlcable  to  man; 
glanders  in  man. 

Equinoctial,  -kwi-nok'shal.  In  AstroiL 
the  celestial  equator,  so  called  because, 
when  tiie  sun  is  on  it,  the  days  and  nights 
arc  of  equal  length  in  all  ports  of  the  world. 

Equinox,  -noks.  The  precise  time  when 
the  sun  enters  one  of  the  ecuinoctial 
points,  or  the  first  point  of  Anes,  about 
the  2ist  of  March,  acd  the  first  point  at 
Libra,  about  the  28d  of  September,  miUdnff 
the  day  and  night  of  equal  length.  Callea 
respectively  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equi- 
noxes.   Equinoctial  gale. 

Equitation,  e-kwit-a'shon.  The  act  or 
art  of  riding  on  horseback ;  horsemanship. 

Equites,  ek'wi-tC'Z.  An  order  of  Roman  cit- 
izens originally  forming  the  cavalry  of  the 
army,  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  Rom- 
ulus. About  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  (1S8 
B.  c.)  the  Equites  became  a  distinct  order 
in  the  State,  and  Judges  and  farmers  of  the 
revenue  were  selected  from  their  ranks. 

Equivocation,  'O-ka'^shon.  Ambiguibr 
of  speech ;  the  use  of  expressions  suscept- 
ible of  a  double  signification,  with  a  view 
to  mislead ;  prevarication. 

Equuleus,  -kw^'le-us.  The  Horse's 
Head,  a  northern  constellation  consisting 
of  10  stars.  In  Rom.  Antiq.  a  rack  Aw 
extorting  confessions,  at  first  used  acoinst 
criminals,  but  afterwards  against  Chris- 
tians. E.  Picloris,  the  Painter's  Horse  or 
Easel,  a  southern  constellation  consisting 
of  eight  stars. 

Equus,  'kwus.  The  horse,  a  gen.  of  ani- 
mals, ord.  Equidse. 

Era,  'ra.  In  Chron.  a  fixed  point  of  time, 
from  which  any  number  of  years  is  begun 
to  be  counted,  as  the  Christian  era.  A 
succession  of  years  proceeding  from  a  fixed 
point,  or  comprehended  between  two  fixed 
points,  as  the  era  of  the  Seleucides  ended 
with  the  relgu  ot  KuMoOassA. 


EBASIBTBATUS 


Cdud*.  flonDBolM  tiUh  L.  Ontirlo  bf 
theNtNiu*Glv>r;«i«,I,B(»H|.n.  A 
l>  <»iiiihiIh1  with  tlde-wMer  b7  Ihsbto 
Caulud  thi  HadKHi  rarer,  ud  t^tto 
Otahi  Ouul,  Ohio  imd  HtoaltdppI  rlnn: 
ud  OD  the  Cu^lu  dOa,  by  the  WrUnd 
OuuL  Uko  Ontario  ind  IheSt.  La wmiaL 
Itt*  inclHed  an  tbe  S.  hj  VntmOn,  E.  b; 
Nov  York  ud  Feniiiylniili,  6.  by  Obis, 
ml  W.  br  Hlddgu ;  Ita  Iiiiie:^!  la  ibi, 
M'<  m..  lU  brMdth  from  10  to  SB  m. 

A  all;  orPenniylTxaU  on  Like  E., 


klp'ment.  Tlw  gmiai 
hne-plMflbr  wMeh  Ui* 
.1—1-  „a  ti„  TlbrMtoTT 


dn«,  Thomas.  Z.oTd.     A   dis- 
d5b«l  S™wh  tawycr  iDd  UMtaaun ; 

thlng  wbli^  m.)-  bfl  uft-  "^^^W 

BO,  D.  18ia. 

»,  i-ri'ilii     An  ln»ct  In  ths  lunl 

Utkm.    e-ru-dl'thon.       LtmtlKE; 

Ewn^iKL  The,   -ken-     E«a^lt■u. 
F«-U.      Tbx    Ml«bral*d 

liaciius,  'l-lh«-(l"n«.      The    red- 

buiitbyPiimp'i.,stiio(»t<ir|ui,(io£Ma.' 

n-  of  pHaerlneblrdA.  bm. 


I   to  the   Flohl*l|?eblr«e  taii«e,  nymbolof  one's  birth  and  flfgnll)-, 

i^|_Sim>n)' «nil Bohemia.  Eadma,  BookBof,  M'llTM.  Twol-mki 

1  (Bdom).  C'wn.    EUlo.t  mb  of  Ihe  (f„nnerlT  four)  of  the  Old  TfliUni<-nt. 

«nh    laue.  brother  of  Jnoob,  ud  The  othen  arc  new  DalM  Em  ud  Kelie- 

iKror  the  Eilomltei;  n.  aht.  1^  n.  c.  mtili. 

illop.  H-kol'Inp.    A  fku.  orhinlvH-  Bakajr.  n'ket.    A  teriD  lor  >  lata  gfo- 

hfO-ilih,  whoao  shell  ii  ncularly  In.  imHcn]  Ibnnitlon  In  the  >Dp«rfl(dal  dilfc, 

•^ jnnenlly  consisting  of  i  long  linear  rtdgs 

»  Msatsbean.  irilh  llnea  Te«niMlnir  of  «ll  or  bowMer-olay ;  their  ammtement 

HiUIBei  ol  Kallop  ihalla.  oreriappliw  took  idace  probablr  Dndar  watA   am: 


Bapadjm,  Fti'iHi-rton.    A  )i>nir  snnni  or 
fpinlnh  larFDtlnn,  ue«]  by  font-ialdlsra 

Xspartero.    JoBoMm  Baldamero. 
Sokeof  Viotory,        -       -  ■ 


?e.   'pl-nn-ij.     Tho  piwlioo  OP 
■ioplnvU],.iit  or  eplet;   tbe  pmoHoe  of 

Eapousal,  -tjoue'hI.    Tlin  Bot  of  e»pou>- 


AbIh,  Qreonlandana  AmoiiaL 
Egaulre. -kwir'.    Properly,  a  ehleid-bmr- 


■tDwed  n|ion  InlMar  JudECi,  tod  niiTSll)' 
eiren  to  profualoniil  uia  JJttroiy  jat^D  ; 
In  tlieiid(lre»oaorluttFn(K|iilrelnputu 


ami  by  tU 


A  elty  of  nhonfah  rnmlj,  noted 

eniployliiE  B.OOn  men  ;  pop.  43,9)1). 

Ajiubalnnwofa  porly  anpenriinpa  fooDd 
nt  thn  bpee  of  Iho  iK-ilas  ohbo  blnik.  used 
to  Knr  rliolnlfrinr  of  rIus  bubbles  tn  the 
minu&gtUTeofartlflclal  pearls. 
XmtUBE,   ea-aiiu'.    A  JawiilL  Hot  n- 


Bmaex.,  Ebx\  ot.  A  tttle  of  (he  EnilUi 
houBD  or  Dcvor^ui.  Three  ot  theH  i» 
renoiTnixi ;  Wultor.  n.  IHO,  n.  ISTS.  H> 
was  a  favnrlle  of  Queen  EUabrth.    Bob- 

ISOl.  IlDwunlsonftivoriteofBlliuiMli, 
butlneuirlniiber  dlapleuun,  ittempUd  tg 
locdle  a  KTolt.    Kobnt,  Lie  ion,  b.  IWl, 

forces  In  tbocontuilnlUi  Charles  1.,  rutin- 
InK  artrr  bis  rtclnry  i>t  EdgehllL 
BHtBiii4r.  ChBTles  Sector  Comted', 


ao.dieilby  tl 


tEuUlotlnallH.     H«  <rM 

on  of  ITtO-Dl  bo  unno- 
ored  lo  save  the  Urea  of 


books  nf  Scrlplnro  and  of  the  hen- 
iDD  of  tbe  bwk,  held  lo  bare  Ihu 
written  Ule  In  Ihe  reign  of  XrTifs  or  early 
in  that  of  bis  son  ArlaierxeaLoq^DunDt, 
and  soppoaed  to  bo  tbe  oomposldon  of 

EstlTBl.'-tW'aL.  Porlalalnit  lo  >iiinDi«r. 
Satolle,  Aa-tatl.  tn  Her.  a  star  with  sli 
th'wBfilgbt.'  '""'  '  ""^  ™'  " 
Brtolloo  'e.  Id  Her.  a  lUp  ivlUi  four 
ystn  til  ■  "  ■       ■ 


BtuBre.  l-U-ihir.     A  plwe  of  dom«- 

[Ifl  fiirnttarB  mpplltd  wdb  ihelvw,  H  a 

nlrlf^-bo^ird.  a  vhil-nat.  A<. 
Btanin.  et'i-Dln.  Tbaeur04innii>orUi« 

lbs  Htur    by  tb«  obKrvBtloD   of  which    Etlmarcb. 
BrtdLny  WM  led  lo  the  iUtwverj'  -*-'■-      --■ -- 


1  EUCALTPTUB 

BtMopB  XutUI,  a'tbl-^ 
BlBolc  Dxlile  of  Iron ;  Iron  Aaely] 
Sthlopa  Mineral,  r 


Ethulc, 'nik.    A  lieaUiai ;  ■  pagu. 
£M)lm<wi;aplier,  -nog'n-ftr.    On«  vba 
---'''—'  -    -itlmDgrtphj,  f-"  —^'   ' — ■" 


Jio    hydntgeD  o 

tiMt  br  nloohoUs  n^ole. 
Ethloa,  ath'Iki.  Tbe  idtnce  of  hi 
duty,  Tbowboleof  ths  moral  sde 
'— '-ItoginDrtl  phllonophy.  lnl«rml 
_..,  ;w£lls  or  poBtlal  law,  civil  lav 
htMeff .  prokna,  dTll  itul  paHUcal. 

' »,  »tliB-o'p*-ah.    TbeDami . 

msriy  giTvQ  to  Alt  Tttimanaa  sad  Ti^nalr      bark  an 

deflnal  wotlon  of  0,  AHaa,  now  known      '" 

u  AbyHlula,  KindoAii,  SlI^  te  ' 


Eucharlat, 


EDCOAKIST 

..  dobuluihuliwixiii 
llirm  h.'omiiBr. 


Suohm,  Icr,  A  ewne  of  CArda  ;  a  mofl' 
}flm]  fi>rm  nf  ^cart^s  [iJajh^  by  two,  three, 
or  tout  player*  wlUi  Uuj  Uiirtj-twu  high- 

BnoUd,  DHiIkl.    A  noted  nutheoixUiilu 


£.ofMeg(ni,iiat 


4k  pb]k)S0]iher,  pupil  of 


teui  of  phllojophy  which  iDakoi  humun 
btpplnou  lU  hlKheit  nt^wt.  doclndnK 
"■-»  •'■H  prodBceon  of  hspplDeai  In  [hu 


BoKena,  Piinse,  c 
.  Engine  ae  Suvoy).  1 
Aooiiniader  orbu  day 
D.  In  Vlonnt  1T86.  E 
In  the  Fnucn  Army,  hi 
Mui  HTTleo,  and  In 
Tnrka  «id  I^aooe  wo 
tetmptad  HriM  of  iHn 
(jTBoarearoraSyf 


S  SUPBBIIIBH 

Biwanle,  oe-Uu'oi).  lEutfrnle  Uirkdi 
GuuniiD).  DsiuhtBrofOondida  lIonU' 
Jd,  u.lwlftiDrNipoleaD  IIL;  B.  In  Gnn. 
(dn,  ^poln.  lfI2S;  orowned  innpreuofUw 
Froncli,  1853;  anr>olni«d  Regent  while  ha 
hnilunit  wmiriih  Ibo  unny,  IBJO;  flodW 
Eniilsnd  ilUir  the  lose  of  (lio  bsltlo  o(8f 
rtnn,  ud  sUU  mskea    that  country  ba 

KuKenlna,  il-Je'Dc-Qg.  Thenunooribla' 
pn[tt^,  tbe  DiOBt  noBid  being  E.  III.  (Eep 
ninlofPlMl,  who  i.  LaduBlI.,  lliB,n, 
IIM.  Tho  on[br»k  ninlaM  lb*  vfte^, 
lod  by  Arnold  of  Brr«AlB,  aociiiT«a  dnrimr 
hli  inndfloue.  E.  IV,  (Oibrlole  Ccod^' 
miTo),  ..Msflio  v..  1481:  D.  144T.  The 
K-Jiindi  uceuloDed  by  tha  nctlan  of  Uk 
Council orB&sleoQonjTod  tn  hia  ponOfl- 

Euffublne,  'gd-hin.  Of  or  bdonglnK  to 
tbe  uioieni  Eueubium  (now  GnbWo), 
or  to  the  Mven  tnbleta  discovered  then  In 
1444.    TbMe  IsblcU.  allad  the  K  UUh, 


ne'Dez.  A  &ToritflgeDenl 
]eGr«t.B.S80,D.SlBB.o. 
PoDtua,    Cappidoda   t   ' 

iilh,bntwii.kiUed'ts" 

rAnHEonpi. 

n  Olus.  Mytb.  • 
'"  ' — lUM  It  wi» 


IS,  bishop  of  Cy- 


tlm,  dlsi^lpk-sof; 

Diture  tmm  the  Hon.  wd  thi 

^iunacll,  fl'Quk,    A  caelmi 
EnamphaiuB,  -om'tht-ni. 


Bnpatrled.  'pst-rii 

■  nClCDt  BrlAtfflTm?y     u,     auinjia,     ■■,     puvih 

were  Toatfld  tbo  prlrUoi^eB  ud  povfln  of 
Baphsmlam,  'r^m-Imi.      In   Hhst   • 


XuphoniutB,  -mn. 


EcmbJiTig  tlieiiprighl  piiuia  in  lorm  ind 

EuiiirateB,  D-frii'teoi.  A  targo  rlvm  oi 
W,  deU,  joined  by  the  Tigris  at  EuroAb : 
I.SOO  m.  in  length,  nod  urlgnble  aearjy 


Biiphroayne,  -fros'l-n 
dldcovbred  by  F«rguic 
Eupyrion,  -pir'i-on. 


Knreka,   -rets.      Ths   Piolsniation   d 
AfohiinedeB    wIibb  he   disoovmwd    thi 


IIVIL,  now  kngw 

HuGrvgatli. 

^:fjft,SK. 

and  JnnltM,  JlsL-monid 

T)y  Golrtidimldt,  Februio'  *.  IBM. 

Bnrosa.    -ro'pn. 

In    Mytli.    aister  «f 

<Mniai.  End  motlier<>rMU>ar  ood  Rbitdii- 

rdaiitliiu.1>yjQn 

■"KS'^X'^ofE^ 

theAirmorihan 

ropod«ivMl«n 

ThB^ancloftha  fliB 

nno-flftli    tbe   t\ie  of 

™nf^  'it'lflb 

nnded  N.  by  Oio  WlilH 

*»  >i.d  AttMc  C 

■man,  E,  bl  Atta.  B.  (ry 

ttte  MedllerTia™. 

aDdW.b/tbeAOanctc; 
71=  18-  S.  I>t„  and  B" 

jylBit  bcl.  SB'  and 

SK  W.  and  W  a 

YK.  lone.    lugutBrn- 

Mllty;  B*l((iBm, DtSmarlt, Grtat'^lJla' 
OrewM,  Hotlaod,  Italy,  Portoi^  and 
Bp^trlnedoim;  Anatria,  Gennsny,  Rub. 
■b and Torfcay, mnplree.  Itunirinodlvli- 
tniu  indoda  IhsOemianODcun.  tlioM^- 
itemnsan,  BalUo,  Soilne,  Irlab.  Nnrlli, 
'WUte,  ud  aaaa  of  Mannura  nnd  Antf.  i 
IH  priDdpal  Island!  are  Qroat  Britain,  i 
Inlmd.  BardMa,  Hldly.  Conica.  Malta. 
Cuidla,  Zealand,  Kon  Zernbla  anil  Spttt- 
.  tMrgen.    Its  moiuutn  ranges  Indnde  Ihii  I 


Alps,  Pyreneei.  Carpathians,  ApiWDlnea. 
BalbaD  and  llarti,  «ltb  ttao  ir^  tanri 
dlTlding  II  from  Ada  En  tha  N.  and^ 
CancMnshiUiBS.  Itiohlof  rivers  are  the 
Thames,  Bevom  aydo,  ahannon, 
nK,iibe,pnleper,tnlgn,Dnditor,  lililna 
Ithono,  Peine,  Tigus,  Quadnlquiver  and 

oanip  Constraco,  CumberJiind  nnr;  West- 
inoreland,  with  Lqogb  Kea^li  and  Lodhs 


BarylftimlnBB.-rl-lii-nii'n 6.  Aaub-fhm.ot 
da.  fitnnigg  nns  of  ths  cannecting  Ibilu 
elosely  Billed  to  tha  todiea.     *        "t*™! 

EiUTptorlda,  -rtp-te'ri-da.  An  eitliMit 
■"•^  onl.  of  imsraDBans.  ord.  Marutomata, 
-..uoely  allied  lu  the  klng-orabs. 

Bniebian.  -ae'bl.an.  A  fuDoirer  ocona 
■-  ildlng  the  opinions  of  EusebiBs.the  b.tbtt 

uead  of  Ihu  somi-Arian  or  mnderau  party 
atlhoCuunclUfNice.  '^^ 

EuasliiiU.  Fampliill.  Q-se'be-Is.  A 
celuhrated  divine,  honored  with  tbetltla 
■slher  of  EMlesiaslical  History:"  a.  M 
niu.!«S,  D.  aliLM).  IlewasblihDp 
iH  Djs  native  dty  A-om  S14  tiU  his  death, 
Snatachltui,  -sU'ki-an. 
inglo  Eiistaehl.  alhinan) 


-aUBTATIIIAH 
nnvl  tiy  Iha  Hysod  of  (UulKdmi 


Vfoujvam 


IIOIII1P9  tyain  Indbi  tmdor  [heDoJiiD  ut 
piim.0  «  lB.ll*n  ...nnw.  ud  Is  mod  u  * 
plKiarnt.    It  Is  ILn  inigasilii  milt  or  uoi- 


XTanselloaL  E-nn-Jrl'Ik-s],  CDotnlnml 
In  cbupwpQlH,  or litur  Ursl  boitlia  iff  tbe 

A  tcmi  nppHud  M  ■  Bvt'llon  In  Iha  I'rat- 

priDciplM  on  Bcriiitnro   iitnp«.    Appllml 
In  Gfimiuir  to  PrDteBlimtB  ludlitlDitiilBhud 

flunstjoial  Pntcitnnt' church  !£uin«l  In 
Frnuln  In  1311.    E,  AUIiDcr.  an  aneacls- 


of  KD  cnnghlenod  Protostaqtlsill  ugllll!! 
tba  oncroMhioanta  of  Poppiy  ond  ffiiMi- 


Bvaa»ellat,  Isl.  A  writar  nftha  biBlnrj- 
or  dnotrlncg,  prorepts,  nrtlaDS,  Ute  and 
duth  or  the    Sarfour;  ipeclflcallj,   SS. 


npjhAr  to  haTo  been 

Dut  not  baTJnff  a  cbarse^  hlaj-inH 
piff<?d  in  nileslouaiT  work  of  *ny  klr 
X-TaDKeUatary.  "uii.  A  eoloct! 
piiffsiwue  ^iiu  thD  Goapols,  u  a  lf« 


to  prouh 


Id  or  Itouli 


profocltor  ot  tha  hiimim  raca. 
Sre.    Tba  eloao  »r  tbo  Aaj ;  tbi 
Eveotdon.   ^vrik'tbon.    In  Aatron. 

moat  cDoaldtnbla  of  Iha  1 


by  tba  ution  oribe  ann  ih 
Its  ffanenl  and  oonMdbt  fwt 
b  tha  vqintlaiiDr  thai 


.boat  ST  day) 


Holland  an  dSpal,  I.    Ed 
iKflthdr :  a.  tm.  D.  1 


verdure    thraiwh    all    i 


ErarlaMlns', 

Brlotlon,  -vlL' 


aprtng 
lat'lng'.    Eternity; OB 


EvoIbUoii,  -la'sh 


nylnff 


Elvolute.'6-mt.    In        _  D 

G«>m.    a    rarve    ftom       frr"  1  J* 

which    another    i^nrye,    jC\     \  i 

galled    tba   InTolote  or,/\i,  / 

by  the  and  of  a  thr«d  ^HBL/ 
(trodually  wDond  npon  "^^^^"A 


involution.    lIlLit,    tbo  whoollnE.  ooi 
ItrirnarrJiIng,  or  nthar  motion  bywlilah 
tbo    disposition    of   troops  la  chaagad. 
Nanlthflchanifa  of  form  and  disposition  of 
Billet.    In  Mlnlocy,  ibeiheoiT  ofgeno*- 

of  spodanii^  that  later  apecLas  hare  bovi 
davelopail  by  oontinuoua  dUTuranltatioBof 

spodaa  Blmpler  and    leaa  dlf^^thittl,    . 

man  hlmsalf,  may  bo  troc^  bade  to  B 


EWB 


816 


EXEUNT 


£we,  u.  A  female  sheep  ;  the  female  of 
the  oTine  race  of  animals. 

XiWer^  'er.  A  kind  of  pitcher  with  a  wide 
8i)out,  that  accompanitts  a  wash-hand 
basin. 

XiWlnff,  Thomas.  An  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Ya.,  17S9,  d.  1871. 
He  was  a  iiifmber  of  the  U.  8.  Senate, 
SecretttT  of  the  Treasury,  and  first  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior. 

Xbcceresis,  cgz-e're-sis.  That  branch  of 
surgery  which  rdlati*s  to  the  removal  of 
parts  of  tiie  body. 

Sxaltado,  eks-fil-t&^dd.  In  Spanish 
Hist,  a  member  of  the  extreme  liberal  or 
radical  jioUtical  party. 

iBxarch,  'ark.  A  prefect  or  governor 
under  the  Byzantine  Empire.  A  title  as- 
sumed for  a  time  by  the  Bishops  of  Con- 
stantinople, Antioch,  Ephesus  and  Ciesa- 
rea,  as  superiors  over  the  surrounding 
metropolitans.  A  title  given  to  inspeot<Hrs 
of  the  clergy,  commissioned  by  the  East- 
ern patriarchs. 

SxcalibuT,  eks-kal'l-ber.  The  mythol- 
ogical sword  of  King  Arthur  given  him  by 
the  Ladv  of  the  Lake,  to  whom  MerUit 
directed  him  to  apply  for  it. 

Excellency,  ek'sel-len-si.  A  title  of 
honor  given  to  governors,  ambassadors, 
ministers,  and  the  like. 

£xcerebration,  eks-se're-bra''shon. 
The  act  of  removing  or  beating  out  the 
brains. 

Sxcerpt,  ek-serpt^  An  extract  from  an 
author  or  from  a  writing  of  any  kind. 

Sbccise,  ek-slz.  A  tax  or  duty  imposed 
on  certdn  commodities  of  home  produc- 
tion and  consumption.  That  department 
of  the  civil  service  which  is  connected  with 
the  levying  of  such  duties.  In  some 
States,  the  Board  of  License. 

Sxcision,  -si'zhon.  The  act  of  cutting 
off;  extirpation ;  destruction. 

Bzcitator,  -&f  er.  An  instrunfent  em- 
ployed to  discharge  an  electrical  apparatus 
In  such  a  manner  as  to  secure  the  operator 
firom  the  effect  of  the  shock. 

lEzolusiomst,  eks-klu'zhon-ist.  One  of 
a  par^  of  English  politicians  *n  the  time 
or  Charles  II.  ihvorableto  a  bill  to  exclude 
his  popish  heirs  from  the  throne. 

Ezcoxniniixiioation,  -kom-m&'ni-ka^'- 
shqn.  Expulsion  fh)m  the  communion  of 
a  church. 

Bzoorlation, -k6M-a"shon.  The  act  of 
Having,  or  the  operation  ofwearlngoff  the 
skm  or  cuticle ;  a  galling ;  abrasion ;  the 
stBt«  of  being  gallea  or  stripped  of  skin. 


JBateortioation,  -kor'ti-ki'^shon.  The 
act  of  striping  off  bark. 

Excnement, 'kre-ment  Matter  excreted 
and  ejected ;  that  which  is  discharged 
firom  the  animal  body  after  digestion ;  al- 
vine  discharges. 

Ezcubitorinni,  -ku^bi-td'^ri-nm.  A 
gallery  in  a  church  where  public  watch 
was  kept  at  night  on  the  eve  of  some  fes- 
tival, and  from  which  the  groat  shrines 
were  observed. 

EzcuTSUB,  -ker'sus.    A  dissertation  or* 
digression  appended  to  a  work,  containhig 
a  more  full  exposition  of  some  impoirtant 
point  or  topic  uian  could  be  given  in  the 
notes  to  the  text. 


.  'e-at.  Leave  of  absence  given  to 
a  student  in  the  English  universities.  The 
permission  granted  by  a  bishop  to  a  priest 
to  go  out  of  his  diocese. 

Ezecutioiier,  ek-s€-ku'shon-er.  One 
who  executes  or  carries  into  effect ;  espe- 
cially one  who  carries  into  effect  a  Judg- 
ment of  death. 

Executive,  egz-ek'ut-iv.  Any  officer 
who  superintends  the  execution  of  the 
laws ;  the  person  or  persons  who  adminis- 
ter the  government. 

XSxeoutor,  -er.  The  person  appointed  hr 
a  testator  to  execute  his  will  or  to  see  ft 
carried  into  effect. 

Executrix,  -triks.  A  female  exeoutcnr; 
a  woman  appointed  by  a  testator  to  exe- 
cute his  will. 

Sxedra,  -ed'ra.  In  Anc.  Arc.  an  apart- 
ment provided  with  seats  for  the  purpose 
either  of  repose  or  of  conversation .  They 
were  open  to  the  sun  and  air,  tmd  were 
appended  to  the  portico. 

ExfigftfliB,  eks-C'-Je'sis.  The  exposition 
or  interpretation  of  any  literary  produc- 
tion, but  more  particularly  the  exposition 
or  interpretation  ot  Scripture. 

Exelxnans,  Bexny  Joseph  Isidore. 
Baron,  £k-s^l-m&n^  A  French  mar- 
shal ;  B.  1776,  D.  1852.  He  fought  in  Na- 
poleon's chief  cam];)aigns. 

Exequatur,  -c-kwa'ter.  A  written  rec- 
ognition of  a  person  in  the  character  of 
consul  or  commercial  agent  issued  bv  the 
government  to  which  he  Is  accredited. 
An  authoritative  recognition  of  any  official 
document ;  official  permission  to  perform 
some  act. 

Exergrue,  egz-erg'.  The  small  space  be* 
neath  the  base  line  of  a  subject  ergraved 
on  a  coin  or  medal,  left  for  the  date,'  an- 
graver's  name,  &o. 

Exeunt,  ©ta'G-xml.    K  N«at^"«ka«ftLN3\.  ^kv 


EXFOLIATION 


EXPOSENT 


nstlB  Hlmtiirr  to  dvnot*  I1i«  IH'rlnl  aX 
I,  ■ISHWjJmii..  In  Sure,  ihp 


•iiiiiid  jiaii  1  iInii|iiuiiiltlnD.     In  H 
•ilMntliin  InrniHlHurliinlniB. 
XxbMrMUUan,  rki<-lu''rt<l*"ihnn. 


S^nmation.  i;kf>-hnni-i>'ah<in.  Tho 
ncl.iriihDmlnB  ordlt-glngup  ihsi  wliloh 
hu  ht^n  burlod. 

Bhdle.  («i'il.  BsnlihmFPt ;  tho  stute  of 
brlin!  eiih^lwl  from  one's  nollv*  miintij 
or  pivw  of  nridcDW  by  Authorlly,  uul 

olffn  country  for  mldonco  IVtr  uiy  «iua 
distinct  Initii  buBlnvH.  Tho  ponwn  Lhd- 
Ishvd  or  axpellod  ur  who  stuDduni  hla 

Bxmontli.  Edward  Pellaw.Vta- 

181«!  ■  ... 
hours  bo  dostTovHl  tbe  AI^tIah  s] 
dk<ne«l  Xbeir  forrf>,  nb'lled  tho  jtalac?, 
nnpelLed  tbf  I>cy'a 


Exodiu,  'O-dns.  The  pmlRntlon  ol 
laive  b>d^B  of  people  from  one  ■:oun  try 
to  uiolliiir.    Tho  depvturo  of  tbe  Ismd- 

MoM*.    The  *oond  bookVlho  UUl  ^«s- 

Bx:  nfi<>in  j.f.fl'Bhl-fi.    By  virtue  of  of- 
t  siwclol  authority. 


o)ienoui,  ud  dtstlDgDUbedftoin  the  «ndn- 
L-enous  by  the  retlcBlBIal  vMiMlon  or  ■   ' 
luavea.  and   by  tbeir  eeeda   havUic 
outyledons  or  lobes. 
EbcoTdium.  cgi-or'dl-om.   Tholulni 

ElKDBmDae.  pks'os-mAs,     Tbe  ptratt 
(mars,  vnpirt   or  liqnidf.    throngh  D 


EKQterloa,  -to'rlks.  „ 

lulotle  on  rhtlorte,  to  whldh  lUmnld- 
niltt«d  ;  his  pobllabod  writiiigi. 

Exotic.  fCT-ot'ic.^   Anything  not  nntlTO. 


eipoctoraUaii  or  db 


Expeotorant,  -prk'to 

Experieatiallaiii.      -pO-rl-en'ahnl-lun. 
Tbo<loclrtno  that  all  knowledge  or  Idou 

ExplatOT.    -er,    Ona   icha   npliCH  or 

Expletive.  'pli'l-iT.    A  word  or  syllalil* 

ExploelTe,  -plii'alv.    Anythlug  with  ■ 
Undcncy  to  usplodo.    In  PhlJol.  a  mat* 

~  lent.    In  Alg.  the ilnni- 


EXPOBT 


81T 


£TE 


an  Index  or  representative.  One  that  ex- 
pounds or  explains  anything. 

Sxpoxt,  'port.  A  commodity  conveyed 
out  of  one  oountay  or  state  to  another  in 
traffic. 

'F-'T  IK>st  facto,  post  fkk'td.  In  law, 
done  after  another  thing.  An  ex  post 
facto  law  is  a  law  made  to  visit  with 
penal  coiisequenees  an  act  done  belbre  its 
passing. 

£xpreS8,  -pres'.  A  messenger  sent  on  a 
particular  errand  or  occasion.  Any  regn- 
101'  provision  made  for  the  speedy  trans- 
mission of  goods  or  messages ;  any  vehicle 
or  other  conveyance  sent  on  a  special 
message.  A  railway  train  which  travelfi  at 
a  specially  high  rate  of  speed. 

Kgwifflfttion,  -suf-Aft'shon.    A  blowing 
■  or  blast  ft'om  beneath.    A  kind  of  exor^ 

dsm,  performed  by  blowing  and  slotting 

at  the  evil  sphrit 

Extempore,  ek»-tem'po-r6.  Extempo- 
raneous speiUdng ;  the  act  of  expressing 
one^s  self  without  premeditation. 

Extensor,  -tens'er.  In  Anat.  a  muscle 
which  serves  to  extend  or  straighten  any 
part  of  the  body ;  opposed  to  flexor. 

Exterminatioii,  -ter^min-i'^shon.  The 
act  of  exterminating;  total  expulsion  or 
des^nction;  extirpation.  In  Alg.  the 
process  of  causing  to  disappear,  as  un- 
Known  quantities  from  an  equation  ;  elim- 
ination. 

Extern,  -tern.  Outward  form  or  part ; 
exterior.  A  B.  C.  student  or  pupil  who 
does  not  live  or  board  within  a  eollego  or 
seminary  ;  a  ddv  scholar. 

Exterritoriality,  -te'ri-to'ri-al''i-ti. 
Immunity  from  a  country's  laws,  such  as 
that  enjoyed  by  an  ambassador. 

Extersion,  -ter'shon.  The  act  of  wip- 
ing or  rubbing  out. 

Extinguisher,  ek-sting'gwish-er.    He, 
who  or  that  which  extinguishes  ;  specifi 
caUy,  a  hollow  conical  utensil  to  put  ^n  a 
candle  or  lamp  to  extinguish  it. 

Extirpation,  -sterp-a'shon.  The  act  of 
rooting  out;  eradication;  excision;  total 
destruction. 

Extortion,  eks-tor'shon.  Oppressive 
or  llle^  exiikction ;  illegal  compulsion  to 
pay  money  or  to  do  some  other  act. 

Extra-oonstellary,  -tra-kon'stel-la-rl. 
A  term  applied  to  those  stars  which  are 
not  classed  under  any  constellation. 

Extract,  'trakt.  In  Lit  a  passage  taken 
finm  a  book  or  writing ;  an  excerpt.  Any- 
ttttng  drawn  tNJua  a  substance  by  beat, 
Mutton,  dlstOlstioo,  or  ehemioal  process. 


Extradition,  -tra-di'shon.  Delivciyby 
one  nation  to  another  of  Itigitivos  vrota 
iustice,  in  pursuance  of  a  treaty. 

Extrados,  -tr&Mos.  In  Arch,  the  ex- 
terior curve  of  an  arch ;  the  outer  ciurve 
of  a  vousseir. 

Extrajudicial,  -)&-di"shal.  Ont  of  the 
proper  court,  or  me  ordinary  course  ot 
legal  procedure. 

Extramnndane,  mnn'dan.  Beyoad 
the  limit  of  the  mat43rial  world. 

Extramural,  -mur'aL  Without  or  be- 
yond the  walls,  as  of  a  fortified  dty  or  a 
university. 

Extraneous,  -tr&'n^us.  Foreign ;  not 
belonging  to  a  thing  ;  not  intrinsic. 

Extratropioal,-tra-trop'ik-a].  Without 
the  tropics,  north  or  south. 

Extravagant,  -trav'a-gant.  One  who 
is  confined  to  no  general  rule.  Eccles. 
certain  decretal  epistles  of  the  popes,  pub- 
lished after  the  Oementines,  but  not  at 
first  arranged  and  digested  with  the  other 
PaiMd  Constitutions. 

Extravasation,  -sa'^shon.  The  act  of 
fordng  or  letting  out  of  its  proper  vessels 
or  ducts,  as  a  fluid ;  efiPiision. 

Extrinsically,  -trin'sik-al-Ii.  From 
without ;  externally. 

Extroversion,   -trG-ver'shon.     A  mal- 
formation consisting  in  an  organ  being    - 
turned  inside  out,  as  the  bladder. 

Exude,  -ud'  To  flow  from  a  bodv, 
through  the  jKtros  or  by  a  natural  dis- 
charge. 

Exuviation,  -a'^shon.  In  Zool.  the  re- 
jection or  casting  off  of  some  part,  as  the 
deciduous  teeth,  the  skin  of  Rorpents,  the 
shells  of  crustaceans  and  the  like. 

Eyalet,  I'a-let.  A  Turkish  government 
or  prindpality  under  the  administration  of 
a  vizier  or  pasha  of  the  first  class. 

Esras.  'as.  A  young  hawk  just  taken 
from  the  nest,  not  able  to  prey  for  itself. 

Eirck,  Jan  Van,  ik.  (John  of  Bruges). 
One  of  the  greatest  of  Flemish  painters ; 
B.  1890.  i>.  1440.  His  brother  Hubert  was 
also  a  noted  artist ;  b.  1866,  d.  1426.  The 
brothers  have  been  pronounced  the  origi- 

^nators  of  oil  painting. 

Eye.  The  oi^ran  of  vision,  formed  by  the 
combination  of  two  segments  from  a  larger 
and  a  smaller  sphere.  The  segment  of  the 
lesser  sphere  is  composed  externally  of  a 
strong  membrane  coUed  the  cornea,  with- 
in wmch  are  the  aqueous  humor  and  the 
iris.  The  iris  is  a  col<M:ed  membrane  cap- 
able of  contraction  and  dilatation^  «>\x«<Q«tA- 
•d  in  the  aq^ucooa  \kxuaQx^  ^wNSol  »» V^^ 


■bin  ur  Uiclit-  The  Jiujcrr  •[•hera  unisuiiu 
Uuw  riMtx.  OH'  imliTouxt  bdnr  Ok  hJct- 
Mlr,  vliUu  wbMi  In  the  ohonild  uid  liuil- 
Ij-thnnHlu.  Tlw  •?!.■■  lira  ahl|>,tliucf.-> 
of  har,  Uhi  fbrvuimt  put  Id  llii' buuri  of  ■ 


Tbe  vri'nJ  li  uiigiUiil  u>  mui)'  ottaur  Ihlnga 

Bre-lMdl. 'biL    The- bill.  kLuLh,,  "''■pplx 

Till]  halter  •rch  ibdve 

_ A  Khiin  to  ailM  llie 

SItfhC-  Thv  <>3-iHLilecH  or  A  tvle«coi>e,  inl- 
orvAwpvuniJ  tliv  llk^.  [d  tiurK-  ftguBAlbr 
D]  cuJIjriuin  to  Cb9  ejfl. 


^1 


l,'P«».    1 

Mop*,   ur  uUxr  op 

Jons  tn  nblflb  tha  sjreb  ippUsd. 
BTeatoma,    ■IAd.      a    luaa   MlMmw 

""'     "•   "'^°   ■"''  ''of  U.a™«     IMu 
irDsr  of  ttu  ariTTt 


r.™iofW°  I  "':'■.  ^rt^Kl^K 


Byl«i,l'loo.  A  town  on 
«J  tu.  from  KSniicxlH'ric.  K. 
u  the  iceaa  or  (bo  ^uat  v 


BTslld.  'li 


ByeatriiMr.  eMng'  Thataudo&bfwliliili 
Ey«ooth.  toth.    A  pointed  tooUi  In  (b 


SFTle,  -ri.     A  bM 
nMtgfm«gl8or  .     . 

EmUqI.  Id  Mcrlp.  uneofthogTMIirS*- 
bruir  prophetA,  nan  of  tlu  prlcat  BoL 
»bg.  wtth  .IcboUUin,  king  of  JniU,  wu 
Durrled  cipKvu  to  UoHpatunii;  ■.  ilit. 
ATU  u.c;  tba  d*I?  oT  Ug  d«th  li  u- 
known.     Tha   book  of  K.  ooBtatu  hk 


^ 

oBorip. 

Jawlib 

DriML  wbo  U 

nd  aipt-dlUan  ofhli  wopla  hooa 

'.no  a? 

n  li  still 

riiowB  on  tb> 

TVI". 

m.    ibo 

a  Ita  IniuAn 

wii 

KuphmK 

*    Tba 

book  o*  K.  »- 

nneetad  tilth  tba  Haosd 

t^tofNahemlub 

'STX.T 

boo 

koi 

K.)  tha 

iddanU 

■p  19  tba  <(b  lotltr 
oUMad  aa  a  siird  sp 
UncnlBbM  from  t 


>r  Uia  Kaicllsb  Blphs- 


by  Muk  pronoan 
irhn^atb.   Tlie   Be 

blob  It  h\M,  oWai'Iy  nHiablai 

IbolattorCwDo 


bain;  oAandoubtod. 

u  In  fly.  mo.  13  iilimlii 
1,ul  n  kiilto,knWe8io.: 
Ijtib  namamjIC  Blamed 

torFollov;F.  e! 


Fellow 


F.  0/1*71  sUndi 


SoolelT  :  F.  8.  A.,  Fallow  of  tha  Sudaty 
of  AnttquariM,  F.to  Moala.li  (ha  ruurth 
■loteorUiadlMODia  Male.    In  the  «len- 


eortbaurab  Dnalaksllottai. 


DolaylBgj  dllMsrr: 
mlUlioaor  Q.  FaUna 


All   defenH   ngnintt    Uin 
Table,  'bL    A  falenad  •: 


FABLIAU 


819 


FAIBFAX 


FabliaiL,  Ikb-lS-d.  In  Frendi  Lit  one 
of  the  metrical  talee  of  the  TrouTdrM  or 
early  poets  of  the  Langne  d'Oil. 

Fabulist,  t-list.  An  inventor  or  writer 
of  fables. 

Facade,  fSEb-sM^  The  &ce  or  front  yiew 
or  elevation  of  an  edifice. 

Face,  fas.  The  front  part  of  an  animiU's 
head,  made  up  of  the  forehead,  eyes,  nose, 
mouth,  cheeks,  &c.;  the  visage.  Aspect 
or  air  of  the  face;  cast  of  features;  look.  In 
a  general  sense,  the  surface  or  side 
which  presents  itself  to  the  view  of  the 
spectator :  the  fit>nt ;  the  forepart. 

Pacet,  fas'et  A  little  face  ;  a  small  sur- 
face, as  the  facets  of  a  diamond.  In  Arch, 
aflat  projection  between  thefintings  of 
columns.  In  Anat.  a  drcumscribed  por- 
tion of  the  Burfiioe  of  a  bone. 

Facetiss,  &-se'shi-€.  Witty  or  humorous 
sayings  or  writings. 

Fcucient,  fl'shi-ent  In  AJg.  the  variable 
of  a  quantic  as  distingruished  fit>m  the  co- 
eflficient. 

Facinoroos.  -sln'er-us.  Atrociously 
wicked. 

Facsimile,  fkk-slm'i-16.  An  exact  copy 
or  likeneiSf  an  imitation  of  an  original  in 
all  its  proportions,  traits  and  peculiaritieB. 

Faction,  'shon.     A  party,  in  poUtics, 
combined  or  acting  in  union,  in  opposi 
tion  to  the  gov^nment  or  state.  A  party 
promoting    discord     or   unscrupulously 

■  promoting  their  private  ends  at  the  ex 
pense  of  the  pubnc  good.  In  the  IT,  8. 
usually  applied  to  any  active  subnillvision 
of  a  poUtical  party  Tumult,  disoord, 
dissension.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  one  of 
the  four  classes,  distinguished  by  spe- 
cial colors,  into  which  the  combatants  bi 
the  circus  were  divided. 

Factor,  ier.  In  Com.  an  agent  em 
ployed  by  foreign  merchants  to  transact 
Dusiness.  He  may  buy  and  sell  in  his  own 
name,  in  which  particular  consists  the 
main  difference  Detween  Acton  and 
brokers.  An  Arith.  the  multiplier  and 
multiplicand.  In  Alg.  any  expression 
oonsiaered  as  part  of  a  product. 

Factory,  to-ri.  A  building  or  collection 
of  buildings  appropriated  to  the  manu- 
ihcture  of  goods ;  the  place  where  work- 
ers are  employed  in  fabricating  goods, 
wares  or  utensils.  In  Great  Britain,  asso- 
ciations of  traders  and  merchants  doing 
business  in  the  East,  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection. 

Factotum,  -tum.  A  male  servant  em- 
ployed to  do  all  kinds  of  work. 

F&cnlaB,  'ii-l&    In  Actztm.  apota  on  the 


sun*B  diak.  which  appear  brighter  than 
the  rest  of  his  snrikoe. 

Faculty,  'ol-ti.  The  body  of  indiyid- 
uals  constituting  one  of  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, more  especially,  medicMl  and 
surgical  professions.  In  colleges,  the 
masters  and  professors  of  the  several  de- 
partments. 

Faeces,  lu'sez.  Excrement;  also,  set- 
tlings ;  sediment  after  infUsion  or  distilla- 
tion. 

Faffot ,  fog'ot.  A  bundle  of  sticks  Or  twigs, 
used  for  f^el,  or  for  raising  batteries,  filling 
ditches,  and  other  puri>oBee  in  fortifica- 
tion ;  a  fascine.  A  bundle  of  iron  for  re- 
manu&cture,  or  steel  in  bars. 

Fagotto,  -got'to.  A  mu- 
sical instrument  with  a 
reed  and  mouth-piece  like 
the  darionet  and  resem- 
bling  the  bassoon.  The 
alto-fogotto  has  a  range  of 
three  octaves. 

FafiTUS,  f&'gus.  The 
beech,  a  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  CupnUferse.  There 
are  about  twenty  species. 

Fahrenheit,    Oabriel     ,,     ^ 
Daniel,    ftr'en-hit.     A      fagotto, 
disttnguishea  Cterman   philosopher;    b. 
1090,  D.  1740.    He  invented  the  tiiermom- 
eter  known  by  his  name. 

Faience,  iS-i-ens'.  A  sort  of  fine  eartii- 
enware  ^azed  with  a  fine  varnish,  and 
painted  in  various  designs,  named  At>m 
Faenza  in  Romagna,  where  it  is  said  to 
have  been  invented  in  1299. 

Faint,  funt.  A  fainting  fit;  a  swoon. 
The  impure  spirit  which  comes  over  first 
and  last  in  the  distillation  of  whisky, 
much  impregnated  with  fetid  essential  ou 
(ftisel  oil). 

Fair,  f&r.  ElUpticaUy,  a  fair  woman ;  a 
handsome  female.  The  &ir,  the  female 
sex  ^  specificidly,  the  loveliest  of  that  sex. 
A  stated  market,  or  meeting  of  buyers 
and  sellers  for  trade.  Among  the  most 
celebrated  fidrs  in  Europe  are  those  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main  and  Leipzig  in  Ger- 
many, of  Nijni-Novgorod  In  finssia,  of 
Lyons  in  France.  A  festivid  in  behalf  of 
a  religious  or  benevolent  object. 

FairLsle.  An  isUmd  in  the  N.  Atlantic, 
bet.  the  Orkneys  and  Shetland,  the  scene 
of  the  disastrous  ^vreck  of  the  Duke  of 
Medina  Sidonia,  with  the  remaining  ves- 
sels of  the  defeated  and  scattered  ^iianiah 
Armada,  1588. 

Fairfiaaiy  Thomas,  I^ord.     An  Ea 
gliali  general,  who  eiMntnanded  tiio  Fw 


miiWn,  n.  I 
hit  Ufa  in  Tim' 


fakir,  fa'kcr.  An  Orient, 
tKKBbiK  iiionk.  They  Are  tUl 
luia  iadirt  nixm  thumiujlvM 
tortumi  BniTaiartianUiinA. 

ILppUfSl  tli  B&DBthAwklTA  Df  C. 

IcrfvLlJi'W.'liT,  trlnkati,  Ac. 
wltb  u  nllicli^]'  Furniil  point 


PolUuid  Island!.  An  Bncllah  ertiuii 
In  ttie  S.  Atlsnlla,  nbt.  300  m.  S.  E.  of  thn 
StniitBofUagaUnn:  jnp.lau  tbim  1,000. 

Fall,  M.  The  net  of  rlmpplng  IW>m  i 
higher  U>  n  lovtsr  [iluDe  by  gnrtly :  do- 

from  InM;  aDtumD.     TbUwhlcb  IUIh. 


)  KAinUST 

Ituli ;  ilHi.  tbs  ■noMur  of  Um  wbtlBiia 
uif^A.  auk  tha  iwt  of  k  MUa  h 
vblch  Uis  power  li  applied  In  hetaUat. 

Fallinc-aickueM,  Inr-alk-neL  m 
piilli'lMvl  II  dliuwe  In  wfilcli  thapBttat 
nudrluily  iata  hlseanaea  nod  BdlB. 

7Blllna>-atar,  4tir.    Ueleon  wUoh  ^ 

Sivr  u  luDilnoaa  points  nhoodiu  or  dart' 
II,'  through  tha  aty,  and  tboimd  by 
lone  tndni  of  lliilit  lW  are  ballered  to 
mnilit  uf  aniall  oasmlcil  bodU*  which  m- 
lu-pur  AtmonphoFflUDder  thalnflnciwaef 
this  (.■arlli's  itlraotlon,  Ignlta  ana  «ra  »»- 
nnriEcd  Id  mnKflaebiu  of  thq  MeOon  Tf 
'alociqr  wilt 


nlao  (4ll9d  tha  Failow-ohit, 
PaUBlver.    AdtyanilBemortofBrft-     I 
lul  i!o    Us*!.,  Kinoqlhof T.itnto-  '"-'-     ' 
tan.  S.  W.  of  Boeton;  Ithu  ei 


fdnnlty  lo 

Want  of  verwlly ;  ni 
PaUBtto,  M'jsot-tA. 
natMTiloimiaHofthi 

Fald  ciimeii,  bl'si 
fraurl,  forgrry. 


alllnr,  et-mD'yar.  An  Indnub 
»  oompanfon.  A  demon  euppoH 
nd  at  a  call ;  h  Dunlllnr  splrlf.  U 
■■'"■"""  "        employed  Itiaji 


FAMILY 


8S1 


FABOE  I0LA2m6 


arose  in  Holland  in  1556.  They  taught 
that  religion  consists  wholly  in  love,  inde- 
pendently of  any  form  of  truth  held  and 
believed. 

Family,  'mi-li.  liie  ooUective  body  of 
persons  who  live  In  one  house  and  under 
one  head^qr  manager;  a  household,  in- 
cluding parents,  children  and  servants, 
and  as  the  case  may  be,  lodgers  or  board- 
ers. The  parents  and  children  alone.  The 
children  as  distinguished  from  the  parents. 
The  descendants  from  one  common  pro- 
genitor ;  a  tribe  or  race ;  kindred  ;  lineage. 

Famine,  'min.  Scarcity  of  food ;  dearth ; 
'   a  general  want  of  provisions. 

Fan,  fan.  The  name  of  various  instru- 
ments for  exciting  a  current  of  air  by  an 
instrument  made  of  palm -leaf,  feathers. 

Super,  or  taffeta,  mounted  on  sticks.  In 
Lach.  any  contrivance  of  revolving  vanes 
or  disks,  as  for  winnowing  grain,  cooling 
fluids,  urging  combustion,  £c. 

Fanatio,  fo^iat'ik.  A  person  affected  by 
excessive  enthusiasm,  particularly  on  re- 

'  Ugious  sutgects. 

Fandango,  -dang'gd.  A  lively  dance, 
in  triple  time,  common  in  Spain  and  Span- 
ish Ajnerica.  It  was  originally  a  dance  of 
the  Moors. 

Fane,  f3n.  A  temple ;  a  place  consecrated 
to  religion ;  a  church. 

Fanfare,  Ikn'fSr.  A  flourish  of  trumpets, 
as  OB  the  approach  of  some  oersonage. 
A  short,  lively  tune  played  witn  bunting 
horns,  to  inspirit  the  nunters.  An  osten- 
tatious parade  or  boast ;  bravado. 

Fan-foot,  'f^t.  N.  African  lizard,  gen. 
P^odaotyliiB2macb  dreaded  in  Egypt  for 
its  venom.  The  poison  is  said  to  be  in- 
lected  by  the  teem  but  to  exude  fi*om  the 
lobules  of  the  toes.  Itis  so  much  dreaded 
as  to  be  popularly  termed  Abou-burs,  or 
flither  of  leprosy.  A  name  given  by  col- 
lectors of  moths  to  the  gen.  Polypogon. 

Fan^,  fimg.  The  tusk  <^  a  boar  or  other 
animal  by  which  the  prey  is  seized  and 
held ;  a  long  pointed  tooth,  as  the  hollow 
poison  ikng  of  a  serpent. 

Fan-liflrlxt,  ftmlit  Properly,  a  vdndow 
in  form  of  an  open  fim  situated  over  a 
door,  but  now  used  for  any  window  over 
a  door. 

FanninflT-miU,  'ing-mil.  A  machine 
for  leaning  seeds  from  chaff,  husks,  &c.  ; 
a&n. 

Fanon.  'on.  A  headdrees  worn  by  the 
Pope  wnen  celebrating  mass  pontifically. 
The  handkerchief  used  by  the  priest  dur- 
iBg  the  e^bration  of  mass.  The  white 
Hnen  cloth  in  which  the  lai^r  m^ke  theh* 


oblations  at  the  altar.  The  lappets  of  the 
miter.  A  church  banner  carried  in  pro- 
cessions. 

Fantoccini,  -to-chS'nfi.  Pappetsmade 
to  perform  by  coiiceaied  wires  or  strings. 
Dramatical  representations  in  wiifch  pup- 
pets are  the  performers. 

Fan-tracery.  'tr&s-er-I.  Elaborate  geo- 
metrical carved  work,  which  spreads  over 
the  surface  of  a  vaulting,  rising  from  a 
corbel  and  diverging  like  the  folds  of  a 
&n. 

Faraday,  Michael,  f3r'ah-d&.  An 
eminent  Lnglish  physician,  chemist  and 
electrician ;  b.  1791,  d.  1867. 

Faradisation,  fiu-'a-diz-u^shon.  The 
medical  application  of  the  magneto-deo- 
trio  currents,  which  Faraday  discovered 
in  1887. 

Faroe,  ISn.  A  dramatic  composition,  of 
a  broadly  comic  character,  differing  from 
a  comedy  chiefly  in  its  grotesqueness. 

Farcy,  nu*'sL  A  disease  of  horses  in- 
timately connected  with  glandors,  the  two 
diseases  generally  running  into  each  other. 

Fardingr-basr,  fSrd'ing-bag  The  flrst 
stomach  of  a  ruminant  aolmal,  where 
neen  food  lies  until  chewed  over  again ; 
the  rumen. 

Fazina,  fo-rl'na.  A  soft,  tasteless  pow- 
der, obtained  by  trituration  of  ^the  seeds 
of  cereal  and  leguminous  plants,  and  of 
some  roots,  as  the  potato.  Fossil  tkrina^ 
a  carbonate  of  lime,  light  as  cotton,  and 
easily  powdered. 

Fanner,  fum'er.  One  who  forms ;  an 
agriculturist ;  a  husbandman.  F.  g^ieral, 
in  France,  under  the  old  monarchy,  « 
member  of  a  |»1vikged  association  which 
fumed  oortain  branches  of  the  revenue. 


,  Tkr-nSz.  An  illustrious  Italian 
itoiily.  Aleasandro  F.  was  elected  Pope, 
under  the  titie  of  Paul  III.  A.  F.,  son  of 
the  Duke  of  Parma,  b.  1530.  d.  1592,  was 
one  of  the  foremost  generals  of  his  age, 
saving  under  Don  John  of  Austria,  and 
made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  on 
the  latter's  death.  He  obliged  Henry  IV. 
to  raise  the  seige  of  Paris  during  the  war 
of  the  French,  and  afterwards  defeated 
him  in  the  fleld;  he  also  defeated  the 
Prince  of  Nassau. 

Faro,  fu'rd.  A  game  at  cards  in  which  a 
person  plays  against  the  bank. 

Faro-bank,  -bangk.  A  bank  or  estab- 
lishment, against  which  persons  phiyat 
the  game  of  foro ;  a  place  j()r  gambling. 

Faroe  Islands  (Ferro),  f&'ro.  A  group 
of  22  small  islands  In  tVi(&'K.O«»u\.^tiic^^ 
176  m,  N.  "W.  ot  t\ift  SVkfiWLsiAv 


TkniahaT,  O^orge, 


Faioioularia.  flis-Bftt'o-ls' 
.  of  pxtlnel  polyios.  fiiin.  Tubullporidje, « 
ciirriDEln  tbe  corslUm ong  DrSnntlk. 

la  I'lnt.  ii  ftgsot! 
bundle  of  sniiiU 
.tkli.  of  wood, 
□wd  tn  rulsinE  but-  , 
t?rl«i,9mnKdflch. 

IQlktnjF  ponpflLg. 

BWaoioIaria.  V-o-Wrt-t.      -A  gm. 
moDuBka,  taia.  Mojiddc. 
Vaatlhit.    B«m;  diulpated;  tndc 


!■» 


throe  centurteB.  Btflad  Prfmltlie  Fatten 
■n  JneUn,  Thoopnlhii,  btibop  of  AsUid, 
Imiteiis,  blBhop  or  LyoB.  demvtif 
Alsxandrb,  Crpriui.  btitiop  of  CkirtiM 
OrigBD  of  Aleiandrli,  OroKOtT  n^t- 
tnqnis  INonrriun.  biBhop  of  AloaaML 
TertmiliuiDH  of  Cuiluice.  and  tha  ft* 
ikore  nuned.  TtaeOtthenaftliefciiuat^ 
Bfth  optitmive  u«  nngAd  In  tivo  (iiM^ 
Jibe™  of  tho  an-ek  iind  Litbi  CbvA. 
The  hmior  m  Enublas  t^  OnaMK 
AUunulas.  Bmdl  Iha  Orcrt,  bMntt  it 
CMmii.  UnKorr  Nutsnieniu,  QtaWT 
M[  Hyiu.  Cjrlt;  blnhop  BtSmSS, 
ObrjBwUini,  pntrlaicta  of  (' — -■ — *■ '• 


TATHEE-IN-LAW 


82S 


FEBBUARY 


Epkihanlus,  bishop  of  Salamis  In  Oypmg, 
Cyril,  bishop  of  AlezaiMlria,  Ephraiin,  the 
Syrian  deacon  of  Edeesa.  The  latter, 
Lactantias,  Hilary,  bishop  of  Poiotiers, 
Ambrose,  arohbishop  of  Milan,  J«x>me, 
the  translator  of  the  Bible,  Angnstin, 
bishop  of  Hippo.  Adoptive  &ther,  one 
who  adopts  the  children  of  another.  Pnta- 
tive  f&ther,  one  who  is  onhr  reputed  to  be 
the  fhther ;  the  supposed  father. 

Father-in-law,  -in-la.  The  fltther  of 
one's  husband  or  -wife." 

PaihoiZL,  'urn.  A  measure  of  length  con- 
taining 6  feet. 

Fatixnide,  &t'i-mld.  A  descendant  of 
Fatima,  daughter  and  only  child  of  Ma- 
homet. A  fine  of  caliphs,  the  Fatimtte 
dynasly,  was  founded  in  909  by  Abu- 
Mohamraed  Obeidalla,  who  gave  nimself 
oiit  as  grandson  of  Fatinut,  and  continued 
tm  the  death  of  Adhed,  the  14th  Fatimite 
caUph,  in  1171.  The  meipbers  claimed 
poutiflcal  attributes. 

7at-lut6,  l&t.  A  mixture  of  pipe-day 
and  Ilnseed-oil  for  filling  joints,  &c. 

7aun.  ikn.  In  Rom.  Mvth.  a  demigod  or 
rural  aefty,  diffi^ing  little  from  the  aatyr. 
The  form  was  principally  human,  with  a 
ah(»t  goat's  tail,  pointed  ears,  and  prokct- 
ing  IwMrns;  sometimes  also  wiui  cloven  feet. 

Fauna,  'a.  A  collective  word  signifying 
all  the  animals  peculiar  to  a  r^^ion  or 
epochs  and  also  a  description  of  them ; 
correspiHiding  to  flora  in  respect  of  plants. 

Faust,  Joihann  (Fast),  fowst.  One 
of  the  three  reputed  inventors  of  the  art 
of  pHrlnttng  by  movable  types ;  a  citizen  of 
MentK,  B.  abt.  1400,  d.  1460. 

Faust,  John  (Dr.Faustos).  A  ede- 
lA^ated  astrologer  of  the  latter  part  of  the 
15theentury,  the  hero  of  numerous  tales 
and  dramas,  from  the  superstitious  legend 
tiiat  he  sold  himself  to  Satan  for  24  years, 
was  served  by  Mephistopheles,  Satan^s 
emissary,  who  carried  him  to  his  master 
sttbe  ex^rfration  of  the  contract. 

FauteuU,  f5-tnl.  An  arm-diair ;  an  easy 
chair.  A  seat  in  the  French  academy. 
Iht>it  de  ihuteuil,  the  privilege  formerly 
enjoyed  by  gentlemen  of  rank  at  the 
French  Court  of  sitting  on  a  fiiuteuil  in 
luresence  of  the  king,  corresponding  to 
ttify  droit  de  tabouret  enjoyDdby  ladies. 

FauvBtte,  -vet'.  A  twm  introduced 
£rom  French  works,  applied  to  the  spedes 
of  aoft-biUed  birds  or  warblers,  such  as  tiie 
nlghttngale. 

FKUE.*pas,  i)fi.  A  fiilse  step ;  a  breach 
ofBUUUi^rs  or  moral  conduct-;  more  ^tae- 
tedi^  a  laiMe  from  «kMtl^. 


Favose. 


Favose,  -v6so'.  Hav- 
ing pits,  depressions 
or  cells,  like  thoso  of 
a  honeycomb. 

Favosite,  fh'vo-sit. 
A  gen.  of  fossil  con^B 
common  to  the  Siluri- 
an, Devonian  and 
Carboniferous  sys- 
tems. 

Favre,  Jules.  A  French  statesman  and 
orator,  b.  1809,  n.  1878.  He  was  one  of 
the  prlndpal  leaders  in  the  establishment 
of  the  repubUo  after  l^apoieon  III.  surren- 
dered to  the  Ctermans  at  Sedan. 

Fawn,  tan.  A  young 
deer ;  a  Duck  or  doe 
of  the  first  year. 

Fay,  ti,  A  fldry ;  an 
eUl 

Feast,  fSflt.  A  samp- 
tnous  repast  or  enter- ! 
tainment.  A  festival 
In  conmiemoration  of 
some  event,  or  hi 
honor  of  some  person-  Fawn, 

age. 

Feather,  feth'er.  A  plume;  one  of  the 
dermal  growth  which  form  the  covering 
of  birds.  Those  which  cover  the  body 
aro  called  tiie  plumage.  In  founding,  a 
tUn  rib  east  on  iron  framing.  A  lAlp  in- 
serted longitudinally  Into  a  shaft  or  arbor, 
and  projecting  so  as  to  fit  a  groove  In  tha 
eye  of  a  whed. 

Feathering,  -ing.  The  uniform  turning 
of  the  blade  of  an  oar  horizontally,  when 
raised  from  the  water.  In  Arch,  an  ar- 
rangement of  small  arcs  separated  by  pro- 
jecting cups,  used  as  ornaments  in  tha 
molding  of  arches,  &c.y  in  OotMo  ardii- 
tecture;  foliation. 

Feather-weiffht,  -w&t  Scrupulously 
exact  weight,  such  as  that  a  feather  would 
turn  the  scale,  when  a  Jockey  is  weighed 
or  wdghted.  The  lightest  weight  that 
can  be  placed  on  a  horse. 

Febrifaclent,  fe-brl-fa'shi-ent.  That 
which  produces  fbver. 

FebriftlfirB,    -fuj.     Any   medicine   that 
mitigates  or  removes  fever. 
Febris,  fu'bris.    Fever. 

Febronianisxn,  -brd'ni-an-tem.  In  R. 
0.  Theol.  a  system  of  doctrines  antagonist 
tic  to  the  admitted  daimS  of  the  pope, 
asserting  the  independence  of  national 
ehurdies,  and  of  bishops  within  their  own 
dioceses. 

February,  feVr^-ttrxV.  'TaibTttsftA^AHSB* 


FEBKUUS 


SM 


FELLOW-CKAFl' 


Mooml  month  In  the  year,  introduced  into 
the  KoDian  calendar  by  Numa.  In  oom- 
mon  yeorft,  this  month  contains  twenty- 
eight  days ;  in  the  bissextile  or  leap-year, 
twenty-nine  days. 

]^bruu8,  -us.  In  Clans.  Mvth.  an  old 
Italian  divinity,  whose  worship  was  cele- 
brated with  Imttrations  in  the  month  of 
Februjiry. 

Pecial,  fT/shal.  A  member  of  a  college 
of  ancient  Uoman  priests,  whose  provinoe 
it  was  when  anv  dispute  arose  with  a  for- 
eign state,  to  demand  satisfaction,  to  de- 
termine the  circnmstanoes  under  whioh 
war  might  be  commenced,  to  perform  the 
Tarious  religious  rites  attendant  on  the 
declaration  of  war,  and  to  preside  at  the 
formal  ratification  of  peace. 

Veoit,  'sit  A  word  which  is  placed  on 
one*8Work,  as  a  statue,  Ac.,  along  with 
the  name  of  the  maker  or  designer ;  as 
BtradoariuB  fecit,  8traduarius  made  it. 

Veonla,  fe/kti-la.  starch  or  lluina,  called 
also  Amylaceous  F.  The  green  coloring 
matter  of  plants;  chlorophyll. 

Fedellnl,  fSl-del-e'nS.  A  dried  Italian 
paste  in  pipe  form,  smaller  than  vermicelli. 

VMeral,  fe'der-al.  An  appllation  in 
America,  given  to  those  politicians  who 
wanted  to  strengthen  the  fceduR  or  general 
fovemment  compact,  in  opposition  to 
others  who  wished  to  extend  tue  separate 
authority  of  the  several  states.  In  the 
American  civil  war  of  1861-5,  the  term 
Federals  was  applied  to  the  Northern 
partywho  strove  to  retain  the  states  in 
the  Union,  in  opposition  to  the  Confed- 
erates, who  deaiml  to  secede. 

Pederatioii,  -a'shon.  The  act  of  unit- 
ing in  a  league.  A  league ;  a  confederacy. 
A  federal  goverment,  as  that  of  the  U.  S. 

Feed,  ftd.  Food ;  that  which  is  eaten ; 
pasture ;  fodder.  In  Mach.  as  much  ma- 
terial as  Ib  suppHed  at  once  to  a  machine 
to  make  It  act.  In  Mech.  any  contrivance 
for  giving  to  a  machine  a  regular  and  uni- 
form supply  of  material  to  be  operated  on. 

Feeder,  'er.  One  that  gives  food  or  sup- 
])!{&»  nourishment.  One  who  ftttens  cat- 
tle for  slaughter.  A  fountain,  stream  or 
channel  that  supplies  a  main  canal  Avith 
water.  A  branch  or  side  railway  or  canal 
connecting  with  the  main  Hue.  In  iron- 
founding  a  lai^e  head  or  supply  of  fluid 
iron  to  a  runner  or  mold  in  heavy  cast- 
ing».  In  mining,  a  short  cross  vein  paao- 
ing  into  A  lode. 

Feed-water,  'wa4er.  Warm  wat«r  sup- 
plied to  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine  by 
the  feed-pump  throngb  the  feed-pipe. 


Fe^ee  lalands  (Fiji),  fe'je.  An  En- 
glish group  of  800  islands  in  the  8.  Padflc, 
66  inhabited ;  pop.  abt.  150,000. 

Feeler,  'er.  An  organ  of  toadi  la  In- 
sects and  oth««  of  the  lower  animals. 

Fee-tail,  n'm.  An  estate  limited  to  a 
man  and  the  heirs  of  his  bodj,  or  to  him- 
self  and  particular  heirs  of  his  body. 

Feint,  font.  An  assumed  or  fhlse  appear- 
ance ;  a  pretence  of  doing  something  not 
intended  to  be  done. 

Fel-bovinixni,  feI-b6-Yl'niun.  *Ox-gril, 
or  bills  bovina,  an  extract  of  wUeh  is  wed 
by  painters  to  remove  the  gi^aiJiinaii  of 
colors,  Ae. 

FelidaB,  f&^-dS.  A  fkm.  of  carnivora  in 
which  the  prodaoeons  instlnctareaeh  tiidr 
highest  develomnent.  Tliey  are  nmoog 
quadrupeds  what  the  FaloonidflB  am 
among  birds.  The  spedea  are  naoMroaa, 
but  none  are  fbnna  in  Australia.-  -Ilta 
ftmily  comprehends  the  d<Mnestle  oat,  the 
wildcat,  the  Hon,  t^rer,  leopard,  lyaz. 
jaguar,  panther,  cheUh,  oonoe,  eaiEMia^ 
serval,  ocelot,  Jcc 

FelinSB,  -B'nd.  The  cat  Ikinily ;  a .  s«V 
fkm.  of  theFelidae,  comprisini^  tha  caMi^ 
lions,  tigers  and  lynxes. 

Felix,  fe^likz.  The  name  of  four  popes. 
F.  I.,  B.  Dionysius,  269 ;  d.  in  prisoh  aad 
was  canonizea.  F.  II.,  s.  LIbains,  198^ 
D.  865;  was  canonized.    F.  III.,  s.  BiAf 

Elicins,  488,  j>.  492.    F.  lY.,  s.  John  L, 
26,  D.  580. 

Felizian,  -lik'si-an.  One  of  a  Spanish 
religious  sect  of  the  latter  part  of  tne  8th 
century,  who  sided  with  the  Archbishop 
of  Toledo  in  the  Adoptlan  controversy. 

Fell,  fel.  A  scam  or  hem  sewed  down 
level  with  the  cloth.  In  weaving,  the  line 
of  termination  of  a  web  fbnnea  by  the 
last  weft-thread  driven  up  by  the  lay; 
the  line  to  which  the  warp  is  at  any  in- 
stant wefled. 

Fellah,  la.  An  Enrptlan  <«  Syrian 
peasant  or  agricultural  laborer,  ^efly 
applied  by  the  Turks  in  a  contemptuous 

sense. 

Felloe.  nr>.  One  of  tne  curved  pleoes  ef 
wood  which  form  the  circular  rim  of  a 
cart  or  carriage  wheel. 

Fellow,  Mo.  A  companion ;  an  asso- 
ciate. One  o'  the  same  kind.  An  equal 
in  rank ;  a  peer ;  a  compeer.  One  of  k- 
pair.  An  appellation  of  contempt ;  a  man 
without  good  breeding  or  worth.  A 
member  of  a  college  that  shares  its  reve- 
nues ;  or  a  memb^  of  any  innnipnisiai 
society. 

F^Uow-oraft,  -kraO.    A  IVeemaaoa  xtf- 


Felo  de  ae,  rt-ns  an  se.    In  hw,  on«  who 
tommils  feloDr  hy  lutcids. 
Felon,  fel'on.     In  bw.  ■  person  wbohu 


Biui.i  theforTefture  of  londi  or  ftooiii.  or 
FeUcar,  'ipdr.    A  mlasral  cnnilatlDg  of 


Feme-sot*. -gel'.  An  nnnuirlHl  iromu 

Femioide. 'l-rid.  ThsMlllngDravnHnu. 
^       IT,  fD'mer-    In  Tcrtobrato  uiliiuls, 
rsEhono  of  thelotr  or  [lolrlo  extrom- 


A    dlMUMV 

h  ftndi!  otTi  ■ 


Fence,  tins.     That  n 


riltgod  wllh  two 
the  Uddlurtsneii 
Female,  K'mll.    Among  nr 


id  t^nn  ftirUt 


IWn«  ' 


■ad  rwolTM  tbepoUen  of  tlia 
m-kn'TOit. 


married 


^.    ^hslrtof^- 


'eou,  CBpecdallj  by  theiword;  iklllln 
dug  or  iword-play  ;  honce.  flg,  iklU  ta 
rumen  t  and  T«pBrt«e.    A  pnrchaHr  or 

..  a  guard,  guide  orgjmgo  to  r«gu]aU 
Doer,  'er.     0ns  who  Uacta«  or  pno- 
botse  good  at  leaj^g  fonow. 
nder.  fcnd'f  r.    A  ntsnttl  employed  to 
ider  ooola  uf  dre  from  rolling  Jorward  to 


Fenelon,     ISn'a-IAng. 


ipnbllo.  Itpropsiiatrdltspirraiildlyo''"' 
»laod,  ■»  wslL  ai  In  I'-e  largo  lowiiii  of 

t_rltaln  having  ooniWenible  Irtshekinoo*,. 
In  IsaB.iaafianfllSKHiiB'SeiAKOiTOJj* 
««TCrtl  abortlva  all«m?l»  »*.  ■rtA'vtt.'i 
twe  OTthTMniaa  »««  aWKa^Xi*.  ^ 


Vuiulit  wllL  oiuullv  llllla  Bi 
lutwiumadolDia^l. 
Feuka,  fi'nKkt.     The   roAii 


tK! :  rlrtcr  brulbcr  of  INitvr  tliu  Grunt 
Ferw.  r^'rf .    The  third  order  of  Mamnu- 
lUwwardlnelo  Llblutu^,  plmccd  botweau 


Tsr-de-Iuioe,  fl 


D^d.    Tbs  u 


eralgnso 


Verdlnand.  f Ar'il 

Mverul  Eunipoui  maniroDi,  US  XMomuf 

Amtrli,  B.  ITOa ;  a.  hJa  ftlhcr  Fran'git'l., 
ISU;  sbdlcntcd  In  hyoi  of  tbo  preaent 
MOpomr,  Fraocii  Joaeph,  IMS.  F.  V. 
iThe  Calluillc),  of  CoalQe  ud  Leon. 
Min  of  Ju»n  of  ArifTon,  m,  IsibcLM,  heir- 
--!0fC.l*C»:  tlio  wtr  were erownert  BOY- 
-■— ifCindA.  UTS;  eaUbltahedthe 
DD.  UW ;  took  OnnBrii  ftom  the 
MoorB,  .nd  scat  Columbua  lo  Americi, 
lUI-a  ;  dofoatod  the  French  In  Italy  Iti 

Yarn,  nhoie  klnf  hid  Billed  hlmHlf  vfDi 
Tnmat.  The  [elgn  of  F.  and  Igibellali. 
the  moat  Rrlorioua  la  BponlBh  hiatDry,  bnl 
was  nuLTTDd  bj  relleloiiB  Intolrnuiee,  F. 
I.,  ll.iuid  III.  of  BotiemlB  ■ndOermui] 

Charlei  V.,  n,  1G03 ,''■.  hlB  brother  1556.  o 
IMl.  F.  II.,  emndBon  of  V.  1.,  n.  ISIS, 
orownedkliiff  of  U.  lAIT  ;  hit  peraf-'cutlon 


FEBUEirrATIOIf 

uul  ilio  Iho  BiTodas,  bntpMoemaOiiini 
aeourMl  by  the  treaty  of  Wntphalli.  wtM 
eecuml  lo  l>rota>tuB  full  rellziooiM 
ecsllon.  F.  IV..  ofNsplei,  and!.,  oflh 
Two    Hidllo..    «>n    or    ChATl*,     III.,   n 

with  liapnloon.  who  placed  Uurst  on  th 

under  the  naue  of  the  Two  SldUta :  i 
leSB.  Ho  WH  K  tyiut  uddstaaledb 
hU  aDb>ieu.  F.  II.  (Bomba),  aon  ud  i 
of  Fiwda  I.;  a.  ISIO,  erownal  18M,  i 
189*.  Uia cbamcln' vH Inhmoiu.  F.I 
dT  Portninl,  ion  uid  B.  of  bli  Iktbcr  F«ti 
(The  Cruel),  IBffI  B.  1»~     ■■ •- 

brolh w"  llom  Podro  \'', 

S^xWory,  fo'ra-i 


^  ■.  k 


Intheabapeuriridnid  I 
ehoBtHiUi  aroof.Hke  ' 
top  for  contain  hie  ths 
roflcs  of  BilntB.    Itte 

Parln,  tu'rl-e.     Id  Boman  Antlq.  M 


day«,  duTlE 


Ingw 
Dirtmi 


ita  me  Romani  loiiMBi 


and  Blayes  onloyed  a  ceai 
They  were  dfrMeil  InM 


laandUv 

Don  from  kiba 


ortadlvldiud>,lhs  M 


Ferine. 'rln.    A  wDd  beait;  i 

Yeringeo.  fo-rlng'itB.    The  lu 
Id  Kngllabmen  by  the  Hlndui. 


tation  dlSi^ri  In   klnU  accordlog  to  tl 

It.  Vinous  fcrEneDEatEoli  la  produced  h 
tbegrowth  ofthoyi^at  plant;  laotlofb 

llquldof'oommon  bluo  moU.  In  Ttont 
formentatfon  the  Biiifor  iBoonTertoi  III 
oarbonio  add  and  aloohcl.  Iwtle  ttanBd 
tation  tekeaplaeolnTnllk  la  thoproABaa^ 
becomlnl  anur,  vrluiilheingarljeoBTtf 
ed  into  laotlo  add.    Acstana  ftanBaalatH 


e." 


uUF.aadTLQvanrlsprodDood.  TuIf 
I  \6  itrobqbly  dtie  to  tbe  growth  oft 


EiliiApUilW-meiitii11aii,'DCcuTrlnglnmiisUn 
mi)lewn«d  with  WBUr.durlDswblGb  oils 
inuBUrdia  produtwd. 
Pern,  fnni,    OnBofspwop  of  TMonlB 

stod  at  from  ^M  to  «,(l 
Tbey'a 


'»r 


rnlniof  NlnaTrhimd  SAbjIon.  it  Perw- 
polis,  Ao.  BDmedmeH  It  appoBrii  m  * 
winnH  dnlo;  itothera  tik  dHinl-fliftiro 
oriSn  god,  »tlh  uipuidsd  "idgi,  ud  Id 


fDn.  rtrabldic. 

Parrara,  tor-ri'rg.   A  b™* 
cicellGDtqDalilr.Duned  iher 

nli«tb«r  ba  wBi  o  Spaniud  oi 
not  dFtennlDbd.  Tlii!  gonul 
■    -Lsdo. 


Bfl  tba  bJrthplooa 


Ferrloalolte.  -rl-ki 


one,  tnnt&lDlii^ 

ProdHdpg  or 
fk'iaiDg  Iron.  F.  coBin  oontidn  ubuodamH 

Ferrol.   fiilr'rill.      A   .tronel*   fortiBrt 

iSin.  S.  W.  ot  C>po  OitoeiJ.  Only  w«r 
reHcli  DTB  permltltid  lasQter  [Is  harbor. 
Fsrrotype,  'r6-ap,  A  term  uppUfd  to 
'  itDgrapliicprooBBteaiD whlcrh tbeultsof 
r.  —  ,1...  princEpol  Bfl*nw.    A  pholu' 


gfitih  tAkpEi  on  Japu 


n  Vrodo  apd 


Itting.    In  lie 
pandfDff  tbo  <n 


gcrrumlnatiQn.  ^rn'min-l" 
HlduiDg  or  snltlDe  of  meUII. 

Ferry,  M.  A  tbhpI  In  whlob 
and  icitoda  ire  eonvfyed  OT«r . 


'ra-lii.    Tha  (ooptrr  nf  Ihno 


Piwae.  In  Hot.  i  bund  or  cbiUo  oomprU- 
IniF  the  center  third  part  or tliG  ewiutob«in; 
onoofthoShonorallBOrilniries. 

Faaae-point,  'point  Tho  oxwjt  otntor 
DtlhB  esculchMO. 

Festival,  't| 


ff  stfiring  or  rJutkUiif . 


day  ofjoy,  dvU  or  relli,-laiu. 
form  dFpBDatag'cur»ii>.  In  Amh.  ■  ccnlp- 
FeatuB,  Poxcbu.   The  'Bsdm.iv  nnwttr 


FETATION 


FIAT 


Fetiches  of  Dahomey. 


or  of  fludva,  appointed  62,  before  whom 
the  AiM)Aile  Paul  was  charged  by  tlie  Jews 
with  troaAon  ;  n.  abt.  81. 

Fetation,  fe-ta'fthon.  The  formation  of 
a  ft'tii9. 

Fete,  f;U.  A  feast ;  a  holiday  ;  a  festival 
day.  Ft't<»  d«*  Dim,  a  frast  of  tho  It.  C. 
Clj.  In  hiuior  f»f  thti  rt-al  i»rc'Scnoe  In  the 
Kurlmri>t.  kt'pt  on  tlio  Thurs<lay  after 
Trinity  Sunday. 

Fete-chaxnpetre.  -shan-patr.  A  festival 
in  tho  f>iK'n  uir  ;  a  rural  untertalnmeut. 

Fetich,      fu  - 

ti>h.  Any  ob- 
ject, aniinato 
or  inanimate, 
natural  or  arti- 
ficial, ro^farde<l 
as  havinff  mys- 
terious |H)wur8 
rcsidinjf  in  it 
or  as  bein^'the 
representative 
or  habitation 
of  a  deity.  Fe- 
tichism  pre- 
vails in  Africa. 
Each  tribe 
has  a  fetich 
iJi  common,  but  every  individual  may 
have  one  of  his  own,  to  which  he  offers  up 

Erayers,  and  which,  if  these  are  not  heard, 
e  punishes,  throws  away  or  breaks. 

Feticide, 'ti-sld.  In  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence, the  destruction  of  the  fetus  in  the 
womb,  or  the  act  by  which  criminal  abor- 
tion is  produced. 

Fetlock,  fet'lok.  A  tuft  of  hair  growing 
behind  the  pastern  joint  of  horses.  The 
joint  on  which  the  toiir  grows.  An  instru- 
ment flited  on  the  leg  of  a  horse  when  in 
pasture  to  prevent  Us  running  off.  The 
fetlock  is  used  In  heraldry ;  thus,  some 
branches  of  the  Scotch  family  of  Lockhart 
have  for  arms  a  man's  heart  within  a  fet- 
lock, signifying  that  one  of  its  heads  ac- 
companied Sh*  James  Doughis  when  he 
set  out  with  Bruce*s  heart  for  Jerusalem ; 
and  a  falcon  within  a  fetlock  was  a  badge 
of  Edward  IV.,  for  the  duchy  of  York. 

Fetlock-Joint,  -Joint.  The  Joint  of  a 
horse's  log  next  to  the  hoof. 

Fetlow,  'lo.  A  whitlow  or  felon  in  cat- 
tle. 

Fetor,  jfo'ter.  Any  strong  offensive 
smell ;  stench. 

Fetter,  fet'er.    A  chain  for  the  feet 

Fvttle,  a.  The  ststo  of  being  in  Ugh 
condition  or  order. 


Fietos,  tytOB.  The  jovmg  of  Ttviparsiia 
animals  in  the  womb,  and  of  ovfparonsn- 
imals  in  the  egr,  after  it  is  pertsetlr 
formed,  before  which  time  it  Is  adled  em- 
bryo. 

Fetwa.  fot'wi.  In  Turk.  Law,  the  writ- 
ten decision  of  a  miifti  on  some  legal  poUit. 

Feudalism,  fud'al'izm.  The  system  of 
holding  land  by  military  services. 

Feudary,  arri.  A  tenant  who  holds  bis 
lands  by  feudal  service ;  a  feudatory.  X/x 
ancient  officer  of  tiie  Encdlsh  Court  of 
Wards. 

Feu  de  Joie,  fh-d-zhw^.  a  LonflT*.  or  a 
firing  of  guns  in  token  of  joy. 

Feuilla^,  -yazh.    A  bunch  or  row  of 

leaves. 

FeuilUms,  -yanz.  A  religious  order, 
founded  by  Jean  de  la  Barriers  in  1677  ;m 
called  fh)m  the  Convent  of  Feuillant  Id 
Languedoc. 

Feuillant  Clut>.  A  French  poHtieil 
society,  formed  1791,  daring  the  Kevota- 
tion.  Its  leaders  held  ministerial  power 
only  a  month,  179S,  and  were  oTertuofm 
by  the  Jacobins. 

Feuilleton,  fw€l-ton.  That  part  «f  • 
French  newspaper  devoted  to  li^ht  hfeeta- 
turo  or  criticism. 

Fever,  f«!'ver.  A  diseased  stote  of  the 
system,  characterised  by  an  aooeknJid 

Sulse,  inereaseof  heat,  deranged  ftmettsat,- 
Iminished  strength,  and  citen  with  ex- 
cessive thirst. 

Fez  fez.  A  red  head* 
dress  fitting  closely, 
with  a  tassel  of  blue  at 
the  crown,  much  worn 
in  Turkey  and  N.AfHca 
generally. 

Fea  (Fas).  Cap.  of  an 
ancient  kingdom  of  that 
name,  now  a  walled  city 
and  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  F.,  Morocco,  SO  m. 
8.  E.  of  Tangier.  The  city  id  deem«<i 
sacred  by  the  Mohammedans,  ani  onlv 
good  Moslems  are  permitted  to  enter  ft"; 
pop.  abt.  62,000. 

Fiacre,  f5-a-kr.  A  small  four-wheeled 
carriage;  a  hackney-coach. 

Fiance,  fin-sa.  An  affianced  or  betrotfasd 
person. 

Fiants,  fl'ants.  The  dung  of  the  fox  or 
badger. 

Fiasco,  fS-asacd.  A  fkUnre  in  a  mnsicsl 
performance ;  an  ignominious  fliilnrecen* 
erally.  • 

WiB,iLtl'at  A  decisive  or  effectfye^pooi' 
mand.    In  Law,  a  short  order  or  wamit 


^STPtian  vni 
Turkiah  Fet 


FIB 


829 


FIESCHI 


by  ajudge  for  niAking  out  and  allowing 
certain  prooesaes. 

Pib,  fib.  A  lie  or  falsehood ;  used  as  a 
softer  expression  than  either. 

Fiber,  fl'ber.  A  gen.  of  rodent  mam- 
xnois,  fain.  Castoridce.  the  only  known 
speoies  being  the  musk-rat,  or  F.  zibethi- 
cus.  A  thread  or  filament;  one  of  the 
hair-like  bodies  of  which  the  tissues  of 
aniinaLs  and  plants  are  partly  constituted. 
The  slender  root  of  a  plant. 

Fibril,  'bril.  A  small  fiber;  the  branch 
of  a  fiber ;  a  very  slender  thread. 

Fibzilla,  'la.  One  of  the  components  of 
fiber :  specifically,  one  of  the  hairs  from  the 
epidermis  which  covers  the  yonng  roots 
of  plants. 

Fibrin,  'brin.  A  peculiar  organic  com- 
pound substance  fooQd  in  animals  and 
vegetables,  procured  in  its  most  charac 
teristic  state  from  f\'esh  blood  by  whip- 
ping it  with  a  bundle  of  twigs.  It  also  ex- 
ists in  chvle,  forming  the  chief  part  of 
muscular  desh,  and  is  composed  of  carbon, 
Bltrogen,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  being 
olosely  allied  to  albumen  and  caseine. 

Pibrocartila«re,  'br6-k«r"ti-lftj.  The 
substance  intermediate  between  the  proper 
cartilage  and  tho  ligament  which  oonsti- 
tutes  the  base  of  the  ear,  the  rings  of  the 
trachea,  the  ep^lottis,  &c. 

fibroin,  -in.  The  principal  chemical 
oonstituent  of  silk,  cobwebs  and  the  horn/ 
skeletons  of  sponges. 

Fibrolite,  'bro-lit.    A  mineral  eomposed 

of  silica  and  alumina. 
Zicthtelite,  fish'tel-it.    A  mineral  resin 

found  in  the  Fichtelgebjrge,  Bavaria. 

Piohu,  fi'sho.  A  light  piece  ot  dres* 
worn  by  ladles,  covering  the  neck  and 
shoulders. 

Fictor,  fik'ter.  Any  artist  who  works- 
in  wax,  clay  or  other  plastic  material,  as 
contradistinguished  from  one  who  works 
tn  solid  substances. 

Fiddle,  fid'l.  A  stringed  instrument  of 
music,  the  finest  of  solo  instruments  and 
the  leading  instrument  in  the  orchestra. 
Naut.,  a  contrivance  to  prevent  things 
from  rolling  off  the  table  m  bad  weather. 

'  Fiddle-bow,  -bo.  The  bow  strung  with 
horse-hair  with  which  the  player  draws 
sounds  from  tho  violin. 
Fiddler,  'ler.  One  who  plays  on  the  vio- 
lin. In  the  IT.  S.  the  popular  name  of  a 
small  crab  tidth  one  large  claw  and  a  very 
•naall  one. 

Fides,  fi'dcz.  In  Class.  Myth,  the  god- 
dsBS  or  iUth,  oommonly  rsprssented  with 


her  hands  closely  ^joined.    An  asteroid  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars  and  tTapiter. 
Fid-haxnxner.  fid'ham-mer.  A  tool  con- 
sisting  of  a  fid  at  one  end  and  a  hammer 
at  the  other. 

Fidioula,  fi-dik'u-la.  A  small  musical 
instrifment  in  the  shape  of  a  lyre. 

Fidonia,  -dd'ni-a.    A  gen.  ot  lepidopter- 

ous  insects,  fam.  (>eometridie. 
Fiduciary,  -du'shi-a-ri.   A  trustee.  One 

who  depends  on  faith  for  salvation ;  an 

antinomian. 
Fief,  fbf.    A  fee ;  a  feud ;  an  estate  held 

ofa  superior  on  condition  of  military  or 

other  service. 

Field,  Cyrufl  W.  An  American  mer- 
chant, B.  in  Mass.  1819.  The  organizer  of 
the  Atlantic  Cable  Company. 

Field-artillery,  feld'ar-til-e-ri.  Light 
ordnance  appHcablo  to  the  active  opera- 
tions of  the  field,  including  officers,  men 
and  horses. 

Field-book,  'bnlc.  A  book  used  in  sur- 
veying, enjrineering,  geology,  Ac,  in 
which  are  noted  angles,  dfistances,  observa- 
tions, Soo. 

Field-cricket,  'krik-tt.  Acheta  campas- 
tris,  one  of  the  most  :  oisv  of  all  the  onok- 
ets,  larger  and  rarer  than  the  house-erisket. 

Field-duok,  'dak.  The  litUe  bustsrd 
Otis  tetrax. 

Fielder,  'er.  A  cricket  or  base-ball  play- 
er who  stands  oat  in  the  field  to  satoh  and 
stop  balls. 

Fieldfare, 'l&r.  A  bird  of  the  gen.  Tar- 
dus. 

Field-grlass,  -glas.  A  binocular  tele- 
scope or  opera-glass  of  great  power.  A 
small  achromatic  telescope.  That  one  of 
the  two  lenses  forming  the  eye-piece  of 
an  astronomical  telescope  or  compound 
microHCope  which  is  the  nearer  the  object 
glass,  the  other  being  the  eye-glass. 

Fieldins,  Henry.  An  eminent  En- 
glish novelist;  b.  1707,  of  a  flunily  allied  to 
the  royal  house  of  Austria ;  n.  at  Lisbon, 
Spain,  1754.  He  is  known  as  the  ''  Father 
of  English  fiction." 

Field-marshal,  -mar'shal.  The  highest 
rank  conferred  on  general  officers  in  the 
British  and  some  other  armies. 

Field-Of&oer,  'of-fis-er.  A  military  of- 
ficer  above  the  rank  of  captain  and  below 
that  of  general,  as  a  major  or  colonel. 

Fiend,  fend.  An  infernal  being ;  a  damon ; 
the  devil;  a  person  with  malicious  quali- 
ties. 

Fieschi,  Joseph.  Maroo,  fe-«a'ka.  A. 
OoriitU&,  B.  11M,  >nYio  %xv^q&a^  «&>  \» 


FIESOLS 


880 


FILB-LEAD£B 


fernal  machine  in  tho  8ti««U  of  Faris^ 
1886,  by  which  -Manhal  Mortier  and  9 
others  of  the  suite  of  King  Louis  PhiUippe 
were  killed,  the  king  receiving  tX^t 
woumis.     F.  vros  guillotined,  188i&. 

Fiesole,  Fra  GKoTanni  da,  fe-ais-o'- 
Ik.  (lU>ato  Angelica),  whose  real  name 
was  Giovanni  (iuido,  among  the  greatest 
of  luiy's  painters ;  b.  1887,  d.  1465. 

FierycroMi,  fi'e-ri-kros.  In  Scotland,  in 
ancient  times  a  signal  sent  as  a  summons 
to  repair  to  arms.  It  consisted  of  a  cross 
of  light  wooa,  the  extremities  of  whioh 
were  set  fire  to  and  then  extinguished  in 
the  blood  of  a  goat. 

Fi.  fa.,  G'tk.    The  abbreviation  of  Fieri 

FifiB,  flf.  A  small  Hate  having  but  one 
key,  and  a  compass  of  two  octaves  rang- 
ing upward  from  D  on  the  fourth  line  of 
the  treble  clef. 

Fifty,  flfti.  The  number  whioh  consists 
of  five  times  ton.  A  symbol  representing 
this  number,  as  fiO  or  1. 

Fi^.  fig.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree  (Ficus 
Garlca).  An  excrescence  on  tho  frog  of  a 
horse's  foot  following  a  bruise. 

Fiftieth,  fiftl-eth.  Ono  of  flflv  equal 
parts  into  which  a  unit  or  whole  is  divid- 
ed. 

Fifth-xaonarchy  Kan.    One  of  a  sect 

*  of  English  fimatios  which  sprung  up  in 
tho  time  of  Cromwell,  and  considered  him 
as  commencing  tho  fifth  great  monarchy 
of  the  world  (Ass}rria,  Persia,  Greece  and 
Rome  preceding),  daring  whioh  Christ 
should  reign  on  earth  1000  years. 

Fifteen,  fif  ten.  Tho  number  which  con- 
sists of  five  and  ten.  A  symbol  represent- 
ing this  number,  as  15  or  xv. 

Fiff-apiple,  fig'ap-1.    A  species  of  apple 

without  core  or  kernel. 
Fiff'-eater,  '6t-er.    A  bird;  the  greater 

petty  chaps. 
Fiffhtinir-ftsh,  f^t'ing-flsh.  Macropodus 

or  Ctenops  pognax,   a  small  fish,    fiun. 

AnabasidsD.     in  8iam  they  are  kept  in 

glass  globes,  for  tho  purpose  of  fighting, 

and  on  extravagant  amount  of  gambling 

takes  place  about  Uie  result 

Fiff'-lliiell,  fig'shel.  The  name  given  to 
the  >nuioiu  species  of  Pyrula,  fiun.  Mor- 
iddse. 

Fi^tree,  'trG.  A  tree,  gan.  FfcoB,  the  F. 
Carica,  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean 
region.  Tho  tree  in  its  native  countries 
yields  two  crops  of  ripe  finiit  each  season, 

FiJBrurant,  'ur-aat  One  who  dances  at 
the  open  in  froopt  of  figures.    An  aeoea- 


Borr   character  on  tlM  atag«,  who  hm 
nothing  to  say. 

Figure,  'itar.  The  fwm  of  aaytbta^, 
as  expressed  b«  the  oDtUiM  or  te^ 
mtnating  extremities ;  IksMon.  In  AtMl 
a  character  standing  for  a  nanibir, 
as  8,  7,  9.  In  Aatrol.  tb«  horoaeope ;  the 
diagram  of  the  aspects  of  the  astrmoclesl 
houses. 

Fignre-head, 

figure,  statue  or 
bust  on  the  bow 
of  a  ship  over 
the  cutwater 
and  immediate- 
ly under  the 
bowsprit. 


-bed.     The  ornamental 


Figure-head. 


er,  -mak-er.    A 

modeler  ;    one 

who      practices 

the  most  refined 

part  of  the  art  of 

molding  and  casts  busts,  animals,  IbBaye, 

Ac.;  a  maker  of  wooden  anatomtal  moi- 

els  for  artists. 

Fiflrore-fltone,  -stdn.  AgalnuitoHta  or 
bildstein :  a  variety  of  talo-mioa,  so  soft  as 
to  be  easily  cut  into  flgrnrea. 

Filament,  fll'a-ment  A  thread ;  a  fiber ; 
a  fine  thread,  of  which  flesh,  n^res,  skin, 
plants,  roots,  A)0.,  and  also  some  minerals, 
are  composed. 

Filatory,  -to-rl.  A  machine  wUdh 
spins  thread. 

Filature,  -t&r.  A  reel  for  drawing  off 
silk  from  cocoons ;  a  filatory.  An  ostMb- 
lishment  for  reeling  silk. 

Filbert,  'bert  The  fruit  of  a  eoltivated 
variety  of  Conrlus  Avellana,  or  haaeL 
The  oil  is  little  inferior  to  the  oil  ot  al- 
monds. 

File,  f  n.  A  line  or  wire  on  which  jwpera 
are  strung  in  due  order  for  preservation. 
The  papers  strung  on  a  line  or  wire :  a 
collection  of  papers  arranged  according' to 
date  or  subject  for  ready  reference.  A 
roll,  list  or  catalogue.  A  row  of  aoldiers 
ranged  ono  behind  another.  A  steel  in- 
strument, having  teeth  upon  the  aarfiioe 
for  cutting,  abrading  and  amootUftg 
metal,  wood,  Ac 

File-cutter,  'kut-er.  A  maker  of  fllea. 

File-flslx,  'fish.  A  name  given  to  cer^ 
tain  fishes  flrom  their  skins  being  granu- 
lated like  a  file ;  they  oonstitute  the  g«n. 
Balistes. 

File-leader,  'led-er.  The  soldier  plaead 
in  front  of  a  file. 


FILE-MARCHING 


881 


FINGEB 


File-xnarohinff,  'mdroh-iog.  The 
marching  of  a  Ifhe  of  soldiers  two  deep, 
when  faced  to  right  or  left,  so  that  front 
and  roar  rank  march  side  by  side. 

Filiation,  fil-i-ft'shon.  The  relation  of  a 
eon  or  child  to  a  Ihther  ;  theomrelative  to 
paternity.  Adoption.  The  fixing  of  a 
bastard  child  on  some  one  as  its  nther ; 
affiliation. 

Filibuster,  M-bas-ter.  OriginaUy,  a  buc- 
caneer in  the  W.  Indian  Islands  who 
preyed  on  Spanish  commerce  to  8.  Amer- 
ica: now  applied  to  adventnrers  iirom  the 
U.  0.  who  invade  a  foreign  country. 

Filioes,  'is-^z.  Sdentlflc  name  of  the 
large  groap  of.oryptQgamic  pbmta,  known 
as  fens. 

Filioite,  'i-«It    A  Ibseil  fern  or  flUcoid 

plant. 
^iliety,  fi-Ii'e-tl    The  rehition  of  a  son  to 

a  parent ;  sonship. 

Filifonnia,  flri-form-i-a.  One  of  the 
two  sections  into  which  crustaceans  of  the 
order  LeDnodlpoda  are  divided,  the  other 
being  the  Ovalia. 

Filigree,  -gr£.  Originally  grannlu:  net- 
work, the  Italians  who  introduced  it  plac- 
ing beads  upon  it ;  an  enrichment  on  gold 
or  silver  wrought  delicately  in  the  manner 
of  little  threads  or  grains,  or  of  both  inter- 
mixed. 

FilitelSB,  -i-te'le.  A  tribe  of  spiders  who 
spread  their  threads  about  the  places  In 
which  they  prowl  in  pursuit  of  the\r  prey. 

FiUibear,  'll-beg.  A  dress  reaching  only 
to  the  knees  worn  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland  ;  a  kilt. 

FilUpeen,  -U-pdn.  A  present  given  in 
accordance  with  a  custom  borrowed  from 
Germany.  When  a  person  eating  nuts 
flnds  one  with  two  kernels,  one  of  them  is 
given  to  a  person  of  the  opposite  sex,  and 
whoever  at  the  next  meeting  shaU  utter 
the  word  flllipeen  first  is  entitled  to  a 
present  from  the  other.  The  term  is  ap- 
plied also  to  the  kernel  thus  given.  Writ- 
ten also  Phillipena,  Philopena. 

FillmoTe,  Millard.  The  18th  Presi- 
dent of  the  U  8.,  B  m  N.  T.  1800 ;  sat 
Mtveral  terms  in  Congress,  was  defeated 
for  Governor,  but  elected  Vice-President 
on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  Taylor,  1848,  and 
became  President  on  the  death  of  the  lat 
ter  1850 ;  d.  1874  at  BuffiUo. 

Filly,  'U.  A  female  or  mare  foal .  a  young 
mare.    A  wanton  girl. 

Film,  film     A  thin  skin ;  a  peuide,  is  on 
the  eye .  a  fine  thread,  as  of  a  cobweb. 
Filter,  flrter    A  strainer ;  any  substance 
'throoga  whioh  liquors  are  paaoed  tov  de- 


igns. 


fecation.  Filters,  with  charcoal  and  sand 
filling,  are  now  largely  employed  for  the 
purpose  of  filtering  water  lor  domeatie 
uses. 

Filtrate,  'trit.  The  liquid  which  has 
been  passed  through  a  filter. 

Fimaahixiflr,  fim'iab-ing.  Among  hunt- 
ers, the  dung  of  sevenl  sorts  of  wild 
beasts;  ftimets. 

Fiznble,  'bl.  The  male  plants  of  hemp, 
which  ripen  soonest. 

Fimbria,  'bri-a.  A  flange;  spedfieallr* 
in  Anat.  applied  to  the  fkinged  extremity 
of  the  Fallopian  tube.  In  Bot.  applied  to 
the  dentatea  ring  of  Uie  operculum  of 
mosses. 

Fin,  fin.  One  of 
the  projecting! 
wing-like  organFj 
which  enable 
fishes  to  balance 
tiiemselves  in  an 
upright  position,  and  assist  in  regulating 
their  movements  in  the  water,  consisting 
ofatliin  elastic  membrane  supported  by 
little  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossicles.  Tha 
pectoral  and  ventral  are  known  as  paired 
fins,  and  represent  the  limbs  of  other  ver- 
tebrates ;  the  dorsal,  anal  and  ^eaudal  are 
median,  vertioal,  or  impar  fiqs,  and  peoa- 
liar  to  fishes.  Applied  to  many  things  re- 
sembling a  fish's  fin. 

Finance,  fi-nans'.  The  system  or  sdenoe 
of  public  revenue  and  expenditure.  The 
income  or  resources  o1  intuvlduals. 

Finoh,  finsh.  The  popular  name  of  the 
small  singing  bfrds,  gen.  Fringilla.  Also 
applied  to  the  numerous  group  constitut- 
ing the  fSuii.  FringUlidsD. 

Finery,  fln'e-ri.  Fineness ;  splendor ; 
ornament ;  showv  or  excessive  decoration. 
In  iron-works,  the  second  fbrge  at  the 
mill  at  which  the  iron  is  hammered  and 
fashioned  into  a  bloom  or  squ«re  bsr. 

Finesse,  fi-nes'.  In  whlst-plajring,  the 
act  of  playing  with  the  view  of  taking  the 
trick  Mith  a  lower  card  than  may  be  in  the 
hand  of  your  adversary  on  the  left,  while 
a  higher  card  is  in  your  own  hand. 

Fineetiller,  fin'stil-er  One  who  distils 
spirit  from  treacle  or  molasses. 

Finestoif,  'stuf.    The  second  coat  of 

S bister  for  the  walls  of  a  room,  made  of 
nely  sifted  lime  with  sand  and  hair 
Fin-foot,  fin'f^t.     Heliomis,  a  gen.    of 
S.  American  Urds,  so  called  from  their 
fiset  being  lobed. 

Finger,  flng'ger  One  of  the  flvo  extreme 
members  of  the  hand,  exclusive  of  the 
thumb;  a  digit. 


IH^dpldi.  dl-nia'pl-L    J 

rin  which  Ihe  nMlei 
bla  or  eion  triplo. 
Slplopoda.  -plan'o-d*.    On« 
dlvbloDH  \A  tho  MjriHpoda,  ly 
wlUi  CliilugnMlii. 
Diploptera.  'Wr-s.    A  groT 

hjinunopwrour  ' '-     '"' 

fiUDlUei,  Eumi 
pldc. 

Dtploptaroa,  ..        „ 

da  flalui»  four  ipecfes,  bdlaiigliiif 
<M  rM  KudMoDC. 
IHplatWOIl.dlp-la-ifi'i>ii.  AjHTUlUi 


iBg  only  tbe  ela^laj 
fllrui),  important  u 
ttom  bBtfloen  flBhn 
Vofmortr  LepldosLr 
lowMtofthsiinphll 
the  hlgbul  order  of 
,  IHpodldn,  dl-pod'l-de.  The  Jerbou. 
flum.  of  Toddntflf  Dhartetftrlzfd  by  tb«  dii 
proportloD»t«  leagth  of  the  *"'"'  "— »-- 


DttMomanlK, dlp-nn-inl'Dl-n.  Tliui 
flf^  to  Uut  iKuidlUoD  to  which  ) 
Ui]  dninknrilt  at  ■  nn-fniia  lUiil  Miinilt 
Uiapinman  ia  lUhIn  to  rwlniu>  tlwn 
t^rn,  tml  In  whhh  Vity  muiinfl  u  ui 
amtralltbh  (nr/uir  Ar  iUruaiUti. 


of  tbocburqh. 

DlnotOlT,  di-rvk'to-H.    Abooliciontatn- 

'    [  (llrMsUona  Gir  pul.Uc  worabln  or  re- 

ioiw  sen-k'o!.     A  book  couUfnlng  id 


jbode.    The   „ 

IKiwor  of  tbB  Fnnob  Rppublio.  ITSI^M. 
qmuhtd  l>f  NinolooD  Bonipiru.  aod  Cb< 
CoBialitoutiitiltihod  onltiruls.    Bawd 


Pinsei>«Ipliabat,    -d-b-brl.     CnUln      brewltb  K 


ud  EeTd. 

1.      A  Nnn  .„.__    , _. 

northerlj  portloD  <it  EDn>pp;  n^ 


Viasta-giaam.  utrn. 

FinaiAliaa:.  -Ing.     lnmiiiiL«,tbeni 
nii^jit  of  thft  flDff«ra  |q|iWln;ODi 

fiMt  lb(  ftngwn  Id  [■liying.     A  ' 


ne.,   ■Qialily                 Flntals. 

htvob^en  Irish  toflltlt, 

mdHKn: 

ef  bHn»  Hnl- 

iml :  Oltrrnio  ni«ly  In  iliwss   ormmnncM; 

llKHrnaine,.   from  Flu.. 
Fli.nM«<,oulof  DuDba 

M«Oiimb«l  (tbt 
r.  ODd  FXagil  </ 

M«phor«.«),   tMr    m 

.t  dlstlnica^ 

Plnlnf.  nn'lDH-     Tha  pni«M  of  nnrtfj-- 

IcJrf.-r;  bill  others  bflKc 

0  tbem  to  itT 

InK.    I'lariiyinK  of  wind,  mslt  llquoni. 

been  of  tbe  nice  Ihatlc 

i  8ci)tlii^d°S 

of  miBgluii  or  gilsUne,  luwl  'to  Ooti  or 

[rclaiulbfrorothoSinU 

cl.riiy 

Plr.fer.    *Mins 

Ptoinr-pot,  -pot.   A  >™ei  III  xruth 

™-*iiteiiBl«B  with  _ jg 

uwUlBin'  nllnt4l. 

PlnistBTB.  fln-k-Ulr.      A  dop.  of  'IT. 

a«l.     W.    »nil   e,  b^  th*    AII»nUc;    enp. 

strict.^  to  lh«KC.      ^ 

QuImper.  pop.  Il)0,«fl. 

bnH  TiJujibiB  la      S? 

Kalte-fi'mw.     lUvlim. limit;  oi-po«.l 
hilnDBlw.    In  Ortrni.  .  l«™  »ppl(ed  lo 

boose   mil     lUp 

bulldlnK.                        as 

lb»*  mtod*  or  >  verb  wUch  •»  Ibulted 

PIrduBi.    An  /S 

A  fonntrj-  of  N.  Enropt,  ter- 

Btrlr  bdoBtring  lo  0wedni  but  now  i 
BduIu  itnoil  aticbT  ;  tup.  Ilclilniifbn ; 
H*aU'.4l3  >t.m.:  i«p,  obt. *,iW«,iloi). 

Ptal»d.6harof.   A  Y«t  K'D,  of  lb. 

BalHC  diTldllMC  FInlwil  IVnm  tbo  RdhIhi 


Plra.    nf.      Ths  Scotch  Ffr 

during  tbo  prw«s  of  poml.ustlijn  i  ««■- 


<iae\  misd   wltb 


lag  wM«r    (n    citfneiitoli   Are 
■fl  uf  forco-pnmp,  In  wbioh  Uia  wi 


plBdsdi 

i  wool 

y   fromipirwaB 

FlreoMp,  'ship. 

BunbnstlblM  to  bt 

pOBO  ot  boniliig  ui  enemy'i  9Mp>. 

ban  a  high  degroe  of  heif, 
■    Tirewwk,  -werk.      A   pMp*ratlon 


FIRE-WOKSIIIP 


FissiuurauiA 


»iiiii>t  In  thi>  air  on  iNvoKionft  of  (>iitillc 
toU'lnf.'!*,  A-«'.:  iiN'i  till*  iiiiiiio  fflrtii  U* 
vnrioii.-«  ciiiiiliii^lilili*  |iri-|Ktr»tiiiim  um^I  in 
w:ir.     All  i-xiiiliitiuu  v(  ilrfworkii ;  pyro- 

tii'linl«"». 

Fii*e-worahip  'wcr-Hhfp.  Tliownmhip 
I'f  til-',  t'if  lllL'h••^t  l>i»i*  III'  wlilt4i  wrimliiii 
U  r-ii  Dill  tliciwliiratiiiii  fif  tlu'iiiiu.  Intho 
<  :ii>  ri'ii;n<'ii  I'f  Imliu  thi*  mui  ni»{H'»re 
ill  till-  r<iriii  <if  till'  t:\Ml  Atriii.  what  ^^^ltB 
\\t'1  n  u'lnittl  a-*  a  nicn"  iitu'noiiM-non  In 
tiiiif  ill -in;:  n'tranliil  aa  a  M>ntU>ut  indl- 
vlilii:il.  Tiiu*  ill  the  Vnllr  hymn:*  Apnl 
Is  thf  irrxl  of  tin*,  coiTv:*pon"ilinir  to  the 
Oni'k  lli-phji'stdA.  Till*  worship  of  flro 
was  jinM-tii'til  by  tho  aiHicnt  Persian n  or 
Mairiaii.'*.  and  i/ronilnuiil  by  the  ParMOfi. 
'llii'  otatilishiiiontof  thin  K|*>f<*ivA  of  U\o\- 
atry  Is  uxtIImiI  to  ZonmstiT,  who  taught 
tliat  ill  tho  Min  ami  in  thr  kictimI  flros  of 
tt'iiiiiirH  (iiMl  nion*  wrxTinlly  dwHt,  and 
tluit  thrr^foro  divino  uoinugo  wa^  to  be 
I>aid  to  thi-so. 

Firingr-iron.  'Inff-I-crn.  An  Inntniment 
usi'd  ill  fjirriiTj- for  rautorlzlnj^ ;  a  cauttTy. 

FirkixL,  fi'r'kin.  A  inoa8urc  of  capacity, 
Immiilt  tlio  fourth  part  of  a  harrcl.  A  pinall 
woiMlcn  v**}*:**'!  or  ru>k  of  no  determinate 
capa<:lty;   uwmI  chielly  for  butter,  tallow, 

Firm,  form.  A  partnorsliip  or  association 
of  two  or  niort>  ]nTs«»ni*  |!i)r  rarrylnjj  on  a 
bu.sincRs  ;  a  eomnii'n'ial  houMv 

Firmament,  'a-nient.  Tho  ropion  of 
th«>  air;  tho  pky  or  hoavons*.  In  old 
Astron.  tho  orb  of  tho  lixod  stars,  or  tho 
most  remote  of  all  tlio  celestial  spheres. 

Firman,  for-man'.  A  decree,  order  or 
irmntofan  Oriental  sovereljjn,  issneil  for 
various  special  i)ur|)ose8;  passport,  per- 
mit, lieenso  or  prant  of  privilege*. 

Firmilian,  St.  Bishop  of  Caraurea ;  n. 
abt.  200,  i».  2Cii).  He  was  the  friend  of 
Origen  and  i^t.  Cyprian,  and  suppressed 
tho  Novatiim  heresy. 

Firolidaa,  fl-rol'i-dfi.  A  fJim.  of  paster- 
oi)odous  mollnsks,  ord.  Nncleobranchiata 
or  lletoroiMxla. 

First-day,  ferst'dft.  A  name  given  to 
Die  Loni's-day  by  Quakers  and  other 
Christian  bodies,  firom  its  being  the  first 
day  of  tlio  week. 

First-fruit,  'frot.  The  fruit  or  produce 
first  mature(l  and  collected  in  any  season. 
Of  these  tho  Jews  made  an  oblation  to 
God,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  Ilia  sover- 
eign dominion.  In  the  Ch.  of  England, 
tho  income  of  every  spiritual  benefice  for 
the  first  year. 

First-znate,  'mat.    The  cliief  officer  of  a 


inerchant  veMel,  next  in  rank  to  the  a^ 
tttln. 

Firat-wuter,  'w§-t«r.  Th»  flirt  » 
biirbest  quaHhr;  purest  huter :  ippllieii 
Iiriuci|ially  to  uhunonds  and  i>caik 

Fioh,  Hamilton.  An  Amerion  itKH- 
man.  ii.  In  N.  V.  isa9,  has  be^n  sacottt- 
Irely  a  member  of  Con^n^ess,  Goreraord 
hb  native  Htate,  and  Secretaiy  of  btat* 
under  Prosideuca  Grant  and  Arthur. 

Fish,  fish.  A  general  name  for  a  class  of 
animala  subri«tui;2rin  water,  the  first  divis- 
ion of  vertebrate  animala.  Cetsceoos 
animals,  as  the  whale  and  dtrfphfn.  are 
iiopulariy  called  fishes,  bat  they  breothebf 
lungs,  are  '\ivlparoii8,  and  suckle  thor 
young  like  mammalia.  Tlie  term  bM 
Dcen  also  extended  to  other  aqnatie  sol- 
nialfl,  as  moUusea,  cmstBcea,  Ac. 

Fish-carver,  'k5rv-er.  A  hnal  knife, 
generaUy  of  silver,  Ibr  carving:  fish  at  table; 
n  fish-slice :  a  flsh-kntfe. 

Fisher's  Hill  An  elevated  ptatean  fn 
Vlrginfa,  20  m.  B.  ef  Winchester,  noted  as 
tho  scene  of  a  severe  battle  between  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Sheridan  and  the 
(.k)nfe«lerates  under  Gen.  Early,  Sept  82, 
ISM,  the  latter  being  defeated,  with  1, WO 
kiIlo<1  and  wounded,  over  1,000  nrisoner«» 
and  IG  gims ;  Federal  loss,  abt.  8,000. 

Fish-flour,  'flour.  A  kind  of  iloar  made 
by  grinding  dried  flsh. 

Fishin^-fly,  'ing-flf.  An  artifiolal  ily 
nseil  as  bait  for  catching  fish. 

Flshinff-tackle,  -tok-I.  AH  the  appar- 
atus, as  rod,  Hnes,  hooks,  artificial  fliesy 
Ac,  used  by  an  angler. 

Fishjoint,  'joint.  In  Rail,  a  splice  con- 
sisting of  one  or  more  oblong  p!at«B,  bolt- 
ed to  the  sides  of  two  rails  n>eetii^  end  to 
end. 

Fish-louse,  Ions.  A  nante  fbr  several 
crustaceans,  ord.  Biphonostoma  or  Ichthy- 
ophtlih-a,  as  tho  genera  Argulus,  GaUgus, 
Ac,  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Fishplate,  'plat.     In  Rail,  one  of  the 

plates  composing  a  fisl^oint. 

Fish-sound,  'sound.  Tho  swimmine 
bladder  or  air-sac  of  a  fish.  Isinglass  n 
prepared  from  tho  sounds  of  some,  ethers 
aro  converted  into  glue,  and  some  are 
eaten. 

Fish-tongue,  'tung.  An  instrument 
nseil  by  dentists  ftn*  the  removal  of  the 
wisdom-teeth. 

Fish-way,  'wu.  A  cfmtrfvancetoenablo 
flsh  to  ascend  a  fall. 

Fishwife,  'wif.  A  woman  wlio  soils  fish. 
Fissilinsuia,  -ling'gwi-a.    One  of  two 


FI88IPABA 


TLASEUfJJU 


ns  of  the  laoertilte  or  Uzardt.  The 
Lacertidn,  the  OMMiitors,  the  gen. 
'%,  and  some  foasU  genera,  belong  to 
otion. 


;>ara,  -eip^ir-A.    In  Zool 
propagsto  by  epontaneooA  flaslon, 
polypi,  InAuoria  and  coiain  wormi. 

ped,  'sl-ped.      An   animal  whose 
re  not  connected  bj  a  membrane. 

pcnuuB,    -pen'nS.      The    plumed 
.,  a  small  group  of  lepidopterous  fn- 


-ros'trSz.  A  tribe  of  the 
ores  or  perching  birds,  divided  into 
ections  :  the  Noctuma,  Caprlmnl- 
comprehending  the  night-Jars  or 
ickers,  whip-poor-wills,  Ac,  and  the 
ft,  Hirunoinids,  tndnding  the 
WB,  swifts,  martins,  ^kc 

rellidad,  -sQ-rd'Ii-de.  The  key- 
Impets,  a  tarn,  of  gastat>podou8 
iks,  ord.  Scatibranchiata. 

re-needle,  fls'h&r-nCMl.  A  spiral 
for  bringing  together  theHpsof  a 
I,  so  made  as  to  introduce  a  thread 
a.  which  is  left  in  the  place  when 
edle  is  withdrawn. 

flat  The  hand  clenched.  The 
of  a  bird  of  prey. 

)a,  fls-tu'ka.     An  instrument 
r  piles ;  a  monkey. 

La,  -la.  A  wind  instrument  of  mu- 
ll Surg,  a  channel  ezcaTated  be- 
an Int^nal  part  and  the  aUn-eur- 
lowing  no  tendency  to  heal,  differ^ 
m  a  sinus  in  being  callous. 
Laria.  -irt^'rl-a.    Tobaone-pipe  fish, 


Ibr 


Tobaooo-pipe  Fish. 

of  aoaathopterygioua  fishes,  tkm. 
Mnidie,  or  Fistularids.  charaoter- 
theelongatioBof  the  ndal  bones 
oog  fistula  <Mr  tube. 

ina,  -ll'na.  A  gen.  ot  Fungi,  al- 
t  Boletus,  found  on  old  trees, 
eeemed  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as 
d»  of  fiMd.  When  grilled  it  is 
r  to  be  distinguished  from  broiled 

fleh.    InFnr.  thesUnofthepole- 
Jioihll.    An  Amerloan  in'veiitor. 
1748k  o.  1798.    He  baftt  tb« 


first  boat  propelled  brateni,  taitod  oa 
the  Delaware  Klver,  1T8T. 
Fltobr-liniah,  ^Mtiah.    A  brash  orhalr- 
penefl  made  of  fhe  hair  of  the  poleeat. 

Fltchet,'eL    Apolecpt;  Aflmnurt 

PitB,  fits.  A  son  vpsed  as  a  prefix  In  oer- 
tala  surnames,  aslltuenld,  jntxbertMrt, 
especially  of  the  UlBgittauite  ■ena  of  kfnca 
or  priooM  of  the  Mood,  as  Htnoy,  Fn- 
ohffenea. 

FltBgesald,  Bdwazd,  XiCHtd.  A  no- 
ble Irlahman,  soil  of  thoDakeof  Idtadh 
ter ;  b.1788,  p.  In  prison,  ITWw  He  w«t 
an  entfawriaatSo  patriot,  and  Jotaied  the  so- 
ciety of  United  Irishmen,  and  was  leadsr 
in  the  «*rlsing"  of  *»8.  Arrested  on  « 
chaigeof  IrcaMn,  he  died  whflo  awtftint 
triaL 

Piuma,  Iboo'ma.  An  Austrian  aeMMKi. 
on  theOnlfofQaamero,^  m.8.  W.  of 
Trieste ;  pop.  abt  18,000. 

Five,  fir.  The  number  which  eaurfata  of 
four  and  one ;  the  number  ot  the  flngera 
and  thumb  of  ono  hand.  A  symbol  r^ 
resenting  the  number,  aa  5  or  r. 

Flve-flncer,  'JBng-ger.  Potaatflla  rep- 
tans,  a  perennial  plant;  <ftiqinlhfli 

Flv»-wic«ni»  -geck  The  nuMghrea 
to  t  wo'Bpeeiea  of  atar-flab,  fho  Uraatsr  nr 
bens  ana  Bolaster  pi^posus.  The  Itn  of 
trumps  In  certain  games  of  cards. . 

SlTakflTz.  Agamoplaifedwithnball, 
sometunea  eaDed liand-teuda. 

Fivva.    A  dleeasoor  boraeV 
the  atranglea.    Written  also  vlTea* 

PIto  Bimdiad^  Oomuiil  d.   One  of 

the  two  IVeooh  eoundla  (tbe  other  Iteing: 
*'  The  Andenta  ")SnTeated  with  MakKlTO 
powers  by  the  Convention^  ITBo;  disr 
solved  1^  Napoleon,  17M. 
nabeUom,  Inm.  A  ftn;  apoeifloab, 
sn  eeelesiaatlaAl  ftn  andwflr  n«ed  to 
drive  away  fiiea  from  the  obdMO  dortnr 
tiha  eueharii>r.    Such  ftna  are  n  mark  or 


HabeDnm* 


lul.'.i  on  fUt "  tK'i^uI  "u'i! 
PlabellarU.  D.vbrl-lr.'ri-n.     A  wen.  <; 

Plaoeoa.  Caina  ValerliiB.    a  Ttomni 
(dk  tbu  upvdIUnn  orjwon;  n.ilit.  19,1 


rjUUCX-SBAKEle 


Buinttsdlillngulahed _. 

ttiO  nn-J,  floea  not  only  dsBlenntB  tin 
country  tu  irhli;h  tlipy  buloiiE,  but  dciioti 
ttlOTO*OflhDofflwr(nK>mni>nd,  ThiT. 

qiiUbnl.  Ked  9oii.  &  token  of  defluioo  U 
battlr.     Whtto  a»ir.  n  flag  of  tr 


BTagoUnm. -lonnm.    In  Bot.  ini  _..  . 

bntlom  of  lEeetctn,  ud  glrlnir  off  atlti 

luh'llko  appendage  exhlbltad  by 
Infasorln;  an  Appendaga  to  tho  legs  of 

Slaseolet,  'lel-ot.     A  amall  wind  Inatra- 

mnnth-plese  Inaerted  In   ■  bnlli.      Tbe 
dODbte  B«g<alst  «ou|M  •(  two  butru- 


-^ hlsfii«li 

Fla^A-Thlte.  9 — 

-  whltfrlnd.    WbcD 
b»dy-whll 


Flamboyiat  WtB 


PlBJno- bearer, 'bSr-at.  ThonamoelveB 
toIbcDHinbiTgofairen.orii  ummlni-bMl, 
liaiing  llary  nrlTnian -Colored  ftathm 
round  thsnecliltlie  sgnriKt.  Tbe  IllU*  - 
flune-TKVPT  Inhablta  tho  extinct  vnlano  ' 
OUrifdl,  la  Veniciu,e,Om  fset  abova  tb« 


udias  In  Icn^^ 
Xiamen,  t^'men.    In  Kom.  Aodq.  the 

sscTUaofoDcputlcularilaltr,  OrlgiiuU)' 
Ihf  ra  vero  but  three,  Flam«D  dollt,  con- 
rccroltHlto  JuplUr;  Flunen  MortlBlls  ts 
Hnrs :  Bod  Flimtm  QillrlDall^  la  Qulrlmu 
nr  Ttninirknii  The  ntimber  vu  ultlai»t«lj 
b«  orlglDAl  three  »' 


r  gnnliHl,  aA  appoHd  to  ■  hoidle-im 
iteepl«-ahau. 
Flattery, 'tfrrl.    TheiotofonewSoflit- 
jol.'^.       '         """■■'  .    ■  ■*■ 

FlatUuc,  'log.    PreMrTlng  anbnrnlshsd 
gilding  by  touoblng  It  r'"-  -•-•     '  — •- 
ot  boim-BtioOng,  In 
mixed  with  tnri— " — 
wlthontrioM 

^attiiis-iiiill>  'Ing'RillL    A  n 
Ung  oqt  melslB  by  oyUudiital  pi 

Flax,  fluks.    The  comman      - 
nudeorplanCa,  ceo.  Uoma, 
ord.  Unocen,    ThoBpecIci,^ 


dslnted  by  Haulbil  it  Liike  Tbiuyraeoe, 

-     N>d  perfthed  on  ttag  field,  wllh  llu ' 

psrtafhbMmr. 

Elandsia.  Aodently  ■  Bsiirtihli.,  _ 
dependent  Bnrmean  elBte,  uow  oeneO- 
nilliV  two  Bclgbo  provlDCM.  E.  tud  W. 
F.,  bsTlDgn  totelpop.  ef  iM.  1,NW,<I — 

Fluice.  flinj.    A  projecttn?  tiga.  i 
or  lib,  us  the  prowcdDe'  plecns  en 


»  flange  OB  one  Bide  to  nretenttl 
of  an  ruDnlng-  off  the  Sloe. 
Ftanuel.  flen'nel.    AeoRntp; 


body  ot  B  flattened  tana,  bwI 
Bide,  and  baa  both  eyea  on  e 
tho  floonder,  turbot,  blUbnt 
Blao  applied  lo  tbe  elule  nod  oi 

Flatld»  l-ds. 


onglng  to  theFulgor- 


h  turpentine,  leaTes  tbe  work 
ou.   Tbe  relUiiE  out  of  metal 


lOm,        In  iDBtrament' 
irongh  whlDh  flax  <b  dmwB 

nut  a'nd  (ba°thlTeB.    C^'alao  Hackle, 
Heckle  and  Hilchel. 


fT"JS; 


Flaz-mm,  'mil.    A  mil 
feoturu  of  linen  goods, 
FlBzaoed,  'sud.    Tbe  >e 


Flea-beetle, 'be-tl.  IWerenta' 
beetles,  tua.  Haltlclde,  eo  called  tr 
iMplnir    powers,    beUig;   nrurldi 


onofBWpn; 


rLAME-axAaat 


Flag,  floe.    A  flu  etone  Died  fur  paTlsg. 

flog.  Ad  eDslen  or  colon;  a  doUi  on 
wbicb  corUlQ  fiKiireft  tre  palnwl  or 
vrDU^ht,  ]>oni«OD  a  ibiff,  MtA  enip\oyeA 
to   dUtUi^tah   on«   compftii)',  jiarty  or 


FlBsahip,.'shlp.  Tbe  BMp  wbfch  bcB> 
the  lU«-<imocr  imd  on  w&la£  his  fli«  la  dl»- 
pLayud- 
Pl^ks-wMte,  flili'wlilt.  Id  nulattBg, 
'blte-lnd.  When  kv^UML 
Mdy-wUls.     BhIo  nlkiua  at 


rhff. 


utlan«n^  fPoQi  BBolfaer ;  ■  ituiilvd  on 

BfttloDollty,  party    or  oplDion.     In  ttto 

muDtljdUUngulfhed  frum  another.     Id 
the  navy,  fisRa  not  odIv  desigonte  tl>« 


Jl  flaj^  1 


lad.  Tb<T< 
Block  S^,  H  >{ 
[oken  of  daBsnco 


batlLc.     Whlleflim, 

DicandineanatiacBtlon  th>t  tiie  flghUsg 

FlaKellom.  -Hlnm.  In  BoL  ininner 
•  v.eak,cre(ipliii;br»Doh  sentontlhim  llii 
bottom  Df  tho  >toin,  and  clilne  off  at  tt 
citreinttyleaTesBDdrooU.  In  Zool.  th. 
luh-llke  appendix  eiUblted  by  aim: 
Infusoria;  an  appoDdngo  to  the  lega  o 

Elagmlet. 'lel-et    A  >man  wind  laatni 


tlamo-bei.- .- ---. 

Chlrl^nl,  In  Vangu,  »,M 


eyd  or  tha  us. 


anprsaiaCT.    F.CiiuaNepoe, 
Censor,    built  Iha  celebnud 

jj  HumHiHl  St  Lake  Tlirssyi 

h«d  on  Uia  field,  wltli  ths  lufw 


dBpeadut  EarepsHn  >tste,  sow  c 
tntiBf  tvo  Bsl^flSD  prDvlaoeB,  E.  m 
P.,lintig  s  taBliKip,  or  sbt.  l.MN 

FlanKa.  SmiO,    A  DnJectfDn  edge, 

wlM^li'oriaUwsyrirTHiiges  to  k«p 
»n  Uh  nib,  Pon-flsnge.  s  plwe  of  1 
&steDfld  over  s  sbLp>  port  to  nrpvci 
or  iit/UT  mm  enlerlflg  wh«n  tl  |9  o| 


ilmto/theEn"™ 


FlBimel.ai 
Flat-flah.  'Ilib. 


lofthemyriunllr. 

1^.    A  Aub-flud,  ot  homlp- 
,  bdoDglsg  lo  tlu  Folgor- 


tofolswhofls' 


'  hoaB«-psii]tin 
lied  wltti  toninitlDC 


Flattdns-inUl,  'iDe-nlU.    A  BiUin>!-n>l- 
llDf  ont  tneuls  b/ syllDdrloBl  pneBnrfl' 
Fl^x,  Ilka.    Tha  OH 

ismaorEilBnts.zea-Llltuni. 

— '  •' Triie  species  r3 


Cud  the  ablTM.    Culled slso  Hackle, 
tie  ud  HstcheL 
Plaz-drBBsias.  'drea-lng.    ThepnioeM' 
or  tnde  ofbreaklngud  aonUUiig  flsx. 
John.    ADemlseDt EngUA 


FLXUISH  SCHOOL 


bokn  Rub 


namlsh  SohooL  The,  in  Pnlni, 
Ktuwl  (suDilwl  In  FJ>iii)tT<>.  wiv  In 
IGlh  MMur}',  by 

Ilaiubois'.  flslm'hAre.  A  Gnrnan  m- 
uorl  111  SchlMwlK-Hnlsli^ii,  on  s  llordor 
tha  Bums,  ImlBg  kif  shlp-]>tnl> ;  pop. 

iBgcbicarof  fl^vlih  tlbuuiVn.  Rdo- 

ipbttA  of  potAHlum,  ptiutpbAlo  and 

uid  cSlorMe  of 'sodlliin,  ppnupatcd 
t  ucId  Huld.  callrd  floah-Ji. 


ntatot  tha  op  of  B  wlnd-mlll  u  tin  wtDl 

Inv  DiT  DT  ddiTsriBK  tho  tbarU  bvo  ■ 
prlnUni!  mKhlne,  Wrluan  aim  Fl^v. 
Flivhtar,  aiCsr.     la  bnwlns  ud  dlMI- 

FUnt,  fllDL  In  MlDonl,  b  BaVapeelio  ol 
qiiorli,  ver7  hard,  itrlkot  flr«  with  BtotL 
ud  In  us  imcTsdlent  la  g\im  uid  In  tU  Oh 

EtUry  mn.    Uoaor  nffllna  It  ■  uh- 
iiofnintoratHaln  natuh.    Aplnil 
fllDlf  atone  med  la  s  fflnt-look. 
Fllikt-slaa*.  'glu.    A  Biwdei  of  linL 
BO  colled  bwauso  jinlvfiizAil  flIntB  wi 
orlglnAlly  cr     ' 


which,  by  moHBitiipidlT,  coniHici  nnd 
DvulBtKi  Uie  iiintlKn  of  the  wbolii ;  a  iy, 
OoBoftbe  aringBlUcbed  to  IheiplndloofB 
IplDnlni-wbeei,  OTor  whtcti  the  thread 
puHi  to  th*  bobbia.  Tbtbo-vhedvlikik 


FLOOE 


8S9 


FLOTOJR-PIECB 


Ploor,  flor.  The  bottom  or  lower  part  of 
a  building  or  room.  A  platform  of  boards 
or  planks  laid  on  timbers,  as  in  a  bridge ; 
any  similar  platform.  A  story  in  a  boud- 
ing  ;  a  saite  of  rooms  on  a  level.  That 
part  of  the  bottom  of  a  vessel  which  is 
most  nearly  horizontal.  In  legislative 
assemblies,  the  part  of  the  house  assigned 
to  the  members. 

Plora,  flo'ra.  In  Bot.  a  work  systemat- 
iaiUy  desci'ibing  the  species  ofplants  of  a 
country  or  geological  period.  Tne  botany 
or  the  complete  series  of  plants  indigenous 
to  any  region  or  period.  One  of  the  small 
a&teroids  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter. 

Flora.  In  Roman  Myth,  the  goddess  of 
flowers,  identical  with  Chloris  of  the 
Greeks.  She  was  the  reputed  wife  of 
Zephyms,  and  was  worshipped  before 
Borne  was  built 

Floran,  flor'an.  Tin  ore  stamped  voy 
smolL  An  ezeieedingly  small-grained  tin 
ore,  scarcely  perceptible  in  the  stone, 
though  perliaps  very  rich. 

Florascope,  flo'ra-skdp.  An  optical  in- 
strument for  inspecting  flowers. 

Floreal,  -rS-al.  In  the  French  repub- 
lican calendar,  the  eighth  rabnth  of  the 
year,  dating  from  September  22, 1792.  It 
commenced  April  20  and  ended  May  19. 

Florence.  One  of  the  first  of  Italian 
cities,  on  both  sides  of  tiiie  Amo,  187  m.  K. 
Vi.  of  Rome,  in  a  beautiftil  Apennine 
valley.  F.  was  anciently  the  cap.  of  Tus- 
cany, and  of  the  Italian  Kingoom  from 
1865  till  1872.  It  has  magnificent  palaces, 
churches,  art  galleries  and  other  public 
bnildings,  ana  its  roll  of  distinguished 
dtizens  Indades  Dante,  Petrarch,  Bocrao- 
cio,  Galileo,  Michael  Angelo,  Leonardo  da 
Yinei,  and  Leo  X.;  pop.  120,400. 

flozlcultlire,  ild'ri-kul-tOr.  The  culti- 
vation of  flowers-or  flowering  plants. 

Florida,  fldr'e-da.  Lit.  "Land  of  Flow- 
ers." The  8.  E.  State  of  the  U.  8.,  b.  N. 
by  G-eorgia  and  Alabama,  E.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic; 8.  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
area,  69,268  sq.  m.;  pop.  142,808  whites, 
126,090  negroes  rpnnclnal  towns,  Talla- 
hassee, the  cap.,  rensaooia,  Appalaehicola, 
Bt.  Augustine,  St.  Mmy's,  Femandina, 
JMdoonviUe,  and  Key  W est :  St.  Augus- 
tine and  St.  Muy's  on  the  E.,  and  Pen- 
saoola  and  Tampa  on  the  W.,  hove  fiifr 
harbors;  chief  riven,  the  Escambia,  St. 
John's,  AppalachlodB,  Perdido,  Snwanee 
and  Choconvhatohee ;  lakes,  St.  (George, 
Macao,  Kisahnee  and  Okeechobee;  June  10, 
1861,  F.  formallr  seceded  fttnn  the  Union, 
but  was  re-Admitted  in  186K. 


Florida  Kesrs.  A  group  of  small  islands 
and  reeft,  extending  S.  W.  i^m  Gape 
Florida  some  900  m.  Thompscm's  Island, 
on  which  the  dty  of  Key  West  is  situated, 
is  the  chief. 

Florin,  'in.  A  name  given  to  different- 
coins  of  gold  or  silver,  of  different  values, 
and  to  moneys  of  account,  in  different 
countries.  The  English  florin  is  60  cents, 
the  Austrian  gulden  or  florin  about  tiie 
same ;  the  gulden  or  florin  of  C^ermanyand 
the  guilder  or  florin  of  Holland,  40  cents. 

Florinean,  flo-rin'e-an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Gnostics  of  the  2d  century,  so  called  from 
Florin  us,  a  Roman  priest,  who  was  exeom- 
mun  cated  by  Pope  Eleutherius  in  176. 

Floripondio,  flor-i-pon'di-5.  Datura 
sangnuiea,  an  inftision  ih>m  whose  seeds 

}>repared  by  the  Peruvians  induces  stupe- 
kcnon,  and  if  used  largely,  ftirious  deliri- 
um. 

Florist,  'ist.  A  cultivator  of  flowers; 
one  who  deals  in  flowers.  One  who  writes 
a  flora  or  an  account  ofplants. 

Floss,  flos.  A  silky  substance  in  the  husks 
of  certain  plants.  Untwisted,  filaments  of 
silk,  used  in  embroidering  on  satin,  &e. 
A  fluid  glass  floating  upon  iron  in  a  pud- 
ling  furnace,  produced  by  the  vitriflcation 
of  oxides  and  earths. 

Flotsam,  fldt'sam.  Such  portion  of  the 
wreck  of  a  ship  and  the  cargo  as  continues 
floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Flounce,  flouns.  A  strip  of  doth  at- 
tached to  a  gown  or  dress,  with  the  lower 
border  loose  and  spr^idtng. 

Flounder,  floun'der.  A  small,  flat  mala- 
copteiTfious  flsh,  fam.  Pleuronectida, 
gen.  rleuronectes  or  Platessa.  A  tool 
used  to  stretch  leather  for  a  boot  front. 

Flour,  flour.  The  meal  of  wheat  or  other 
grain,  especially  the  flner  part  separated 
by  bolting ;  hmice,  the  fine  and  soft  {ww- 
der  of  any  substance. 

Flow,  flo.  A  stream  of  water  or  other 
fluid  ;  a  current.  The  rise  of  the  tide. 
Abundance;  copiousness,  as  a  flow  of 
spirits.  Any  gentle  jM'Ocedure  or  move* 
ment,  as  of  thought,  language  and  the  like. 

Flower,  flou'er.  In  Bot  the  organs  of 
reproduction  in  a  phenogamous  plant.  A 
complete  flower  consists  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  together  with  two  sets  of  leaves, 
uie  calyx  and  corolla. 

Flower-doc^  -klok.  A  oontrivanet 
for  measuring  time  by  means  of  flowert 
that  open  and  shut  at  certain  hours  of  th4 
diqr. 

Flowar-pieoe,  -pds.  A  painting  or  pic 
tore  otflowen.  ^ 


lrl:»WKETET  » 

Fl0Vt«tr7,  'ret-rt.  C»rv«l  irgrk  irpre- 
Plus,  fln.     A  piHur«  for  amaks  In  > 

lio«tlniv»lrrlii»loDin-l»llor».  A  [iMMfe 
SluS,  Huf,    l^tl.t  tlnwn  or  n»p  inch  a 

Eluld,  lltl'id.  A  bodj  whose  jurtfdos 
Divvc  nnil  chuiee  thflr  rrbtlve  pmldon 
wlUiuut  noiianitloD ;  a  liquid  or  gu  ;  op- 

Fluko,  flOk.      Tho  pu-l  or  in   »nchor 


fljlly  bandsd,  eepedKllr  whenlDnodulfiB, 

turoof  voaes,  ud  DCCfiAloitally  iVjrb^ads, 
broocb-atoDoa,  iLDd  olii«r  orDUDtbt^  pur- 
poaeB-  ItvoiheldlDblfh  esteem  by  Ihe 
4DC]enl4  for  tho  baidb  purpose,  bolnic  IliB 

Hate,  nil t.    Amnslcit  wlnd-lnetramfiit 

STeVfOt^he  flneora,  sod  ftora  ona  to  fonr- 

moulh  IdU  u^ovet  u>ert'iiro''it*the  tide 
or  the  thick  end  of  the  inMrnmenl.     lU 


tlthto-fish 


^SSS^iJ 

'of  '.tap, 
UnoOont 

In  orpm-bulld- 

PlnTlalUt,  BriM-J-ist. 
plains  Ri«loElulph«iioTn 

MVtTj'^™ 

PlnvlooIliiEO, 
Mp»,ns«b-ftm 

ofblrfls?(lim.Tj^",dSi 

Fly.m.    A-vli. 
cici,  >vhDse  dlntl 

°^Za'u!^ 

ha>e  no  ooms 
(ho  motion  of  n 

r  cov-TS.    Id  M«h.  no 
Iriou*  6e*^^  torernlate 
aehlnerj-.    In  w^vlw.  . 

mjort.    IB 


thaaMAik 


position  ttbllo  pHaliV  tbi 

roanil  the  Bobbin  and  [wist  tiu  ninttlt 
la  wound  on  the  bobbin.  TbM  «»«•/■ 
rue  which  shows  wUob  wn  ihe  wtal 
blowi.  A  U^ht  ovrlaffe ;  a  tai«uw  «>*^ 

or  other  Insects,  uaed  braoftot.  ta  ■ 
tb»Ur.  a  galUTT  ata^  at  ■  iBrd,'  wfatn 
the  ropei  for  dnwlog  up  p*rW.  t€  tt* 


FLYFISHING  M 

aahiuf ,  'flah-lDg.  AoeUDE ;  fba  ut 
rsFtlco  or  (BzUlig  tOt  &h  wttb  £!«, 
rol  or  nrtifldj.  u  toil. 
sg-fox,  Toks.  Ptwopui  rnbricolHi. 
lipvla^,  the  largHt  of  the  bat  tribe, 
Ji0-9umard. -nr'Dird.  Agen.oT 
■a,  fam.  SLk^rogtmdfl]  or  CAtaphnota, 

nK-Iem-or, -I4-D1S'.    ThonnmcflT- 


iwl  leaps  from  tn» 


.ng-phalanaar, -fa-liui -Jar.  Apopn- 

suplill  IPsUurujV  Aun.  Ptinlaogltt- 
n«ELr1y  atllcd  to  the  truoph&laiteora. 

Lne^^quld.  -tkxld.  The  popolir 
Bofftccn.  of  cepholopodom niDlliisk" 
loiulfcphea),  illled  to  IheoUuiwriH 

■wheel,    whfl.    Is  Mech.  »  wheel 

It.  TheDimo  under  wblch  Buddha 
ot^pped In  China.   Thl9nune|writ- 

mtappnoob  that  the  C'blD«o.  owln^ 


]-taetlL    't«tlL     Tbo  Atet  teeth  or 
)efl,  which  ihcy  fthed. 
m,fi)in.    Froth;  ipnDie;thei 
oilofbnbblMftirmodan  thp  «ur(l 


en  pn>i>erljr  HhtoD 
*  liay,  itraw,  Afl, 


ftom  tbo  «Dvth  or  from  riven  and 
or^eaentedln  the  atmosphere  d< 

Fovliank.  Iwigk.    At  h*  on  i] 

luf  loud  at  a  lopg  distance,  but  ' 
Toblshea  u  it  iB  approiohed. 
Fog-ball,  'bol.    A  bellpUcod  on 


made  to  rotou  In  front  of  ■ 
exoatljr  slmlln.  a  cost-Iron 
^CloDS  tormiBf  put  Df  the 


Fov-aicSAl,  'slE-Bol.  Anr  stftial 
durinff  tog  to  preTeDt  ooUisloD.  In 
a  signal  msdeb^  plaolDf  detonatiiu 
der  OF  tATpedoea  on  the  rails,  wbli 
pIodooDtbeeDgine  pooslag  orer  thor 


tarnlBK  of  danger, 
vmsiie  to  give  nmlng  tliai  a  irun  u  ap- 
BftiaohlDg.    A  si^rna]  made  on  board  sblp 
daring  a  Ibg  to  provent  oalHsloag.  or  on 

Toll.  foil.  A  leaf  or  thin  pUtle  at  metal, 
aatlnlMl.    Amone  Jewelera.  a  thin  leoT^ 

moke  IneTn  appear  tnuiepareot.  and  ^vm 
thorn  a  pardciuar  color.  A  ooat  of  tin 
with  qolcliBDTer,  laid  on  the  hook  or  a 
looklng-cioBs.  to  oanBfl  nllectlon.  In  ki*^ 


Ill  in  In  Ibc  liHUiy  oti  < 


klndnfflir.bbnlto 


Folx.  Oaaton  de,  r< 


a  FoUlaf  people,  udlMiaCBU 
ilud.  DT luut  IhM  by  Amw 

hid  ll  could  not  ba  *U«iuted^ 
Folklore.   'iSr.      SbtmI    ■■pmlUlB 

FomkUiBiit,  ffi'Dul-hft     A  «Ur  at  tbi 
flmt  ma^liudfi  In  ibit  coDBtflOiiSiiB  Fbib 

Aa8tr»IU  «  SonOiem  *"l«h,  nmoh  1 


I'jiuntdoNarbonnc;  i 
inmiud  of  Iba  Frciir] 
in  tbs  irmt  hi     ' 


ITU  killed  ivhllo  purBulng  Iba  tl)1ng  foe. 
Foldiav-doois,  'tnK-<l>'in.  Tiiodoon 
whluh  iiKVI  In  tlio  niiddlf .  uid  either  >Ud« 

FoldlnK-inachliie,  'ing-ipii-iihi^.     a 


Fnn 

-du-lao,  n 

70  m.  S.  W.  of  Hit 

Fondiu,  flin-dfl.    A  tnni  sppHed  bi  tbu 
Ac.  In  wbleh  die  ealon  an  'Uvid?^ 


ivUlch   I 


iv>]»iwn 


Poley,  Jolui  Henry.  A  dl«t!niralah«l 
Irilboculptor:  ii.ln  llublln,  1818^  n,  1BT>. 

Foliage.  tH'U-ii.  Lfsveg  In  cenarsl.  A 
cluBter  of  LcaTVfl)  flaven  uid  bruichet ; 
Hrtleularljr  In  Arcb.  tho  rpproHntadoa  or 
t«Tai.  Unvare  ud  bnnehoi,  Intanded  to 
onitneDt  uid  enrich  oapluUs.  ttiatM,  pedl- 

VtMa,  Ci'U-6,  A  sheet  of  paper  snca 
(bidod.  AbOofcoflliel»rKe«talio.toraied 
by  once  doublliiK  anhect  of  paper.      In 


Font.  font.    The  Teiiael  nud  la  oL* 
u  the  repneltory  of  tJta  bnptimnti  v 


hSE 


to  Puck  or  KobiD  Ooodfellow, 
Folkeatone.  A  forUnsd  x 
A.  W.  ofDoTcr.  Enffluid.  ftoi 


TenlrfiL  aumra.  and  baTing 
no  donnl  tutnro ;  ■  taS- 
TtdTnlpr  peiioarp  fbnned  of 
■  ilmpio  platll,  A  v»h1 
dlileodod  wllh  ilr,  u  on 

of  inrluulwlii  ud  on  the 

learea  of  Aldrovuidl,     In 

Annt  B  Hnls  bafc  In  uilniil     FolHela  ol 

hoiIlM ;  a  t-land  ;  a  mlnuta   Colnmblni 

■ecreUn;  <av1^. 


-  -.  — ,1.  t)elna-at-Haraa,S3  u.B 
of  Ftiin,  noted  kr  It*  TOKnlflaeBt  nun 
paUceand  gn>andBofSt,!IMavM. 
FontajiA.  Somonloo.  Ajn  IMto 
arrtiltect:  t.  IMS,  n.  leoT.  Under  Paw 
Blilus  V.  ha  erected  the  EtypUm  OUIM 
In  IVant  of  Ht.  Feter'i,  Koma,  lESt,  ul 
later  bidlt  the  I^teren  And  QoirinalHt 

.    FoQtsnalle,  BacuAnl  la  Borlar  dt, 

I  fSnl-nmir.  An  emlDeot  French  wrUw, 
nei>boH'  of  Corneille ;  n.  la  Boned  ItM.t. 
nSJ.    One  of  bis  ablest  works,  to  "  Euar 

.       on  the  Gcomolry   of  the   InHnlte."  vH 

Fontenay.    A  Belirlaa  Tl1U(a<m.  B.S. 
'      battle,  April  Sn.lTIS,  In  which  the^S- 
'■■■   — '  •'—-  -'"-  under  tbsdnk«af 
.jagtniBsij  deft 
h,  under  Manhil  fiais ; 


Foolacap,  ITih'kap.     Paper  of  th*  until-  I 

est  rmilar  slio  but  one;  soealMfrini  I 

ItanneleDtivxer-inark  belnit  U»  raMn  I 

ofaRnl't  bead  and  op.  1 


FOOT 


MB 


FOREMAN 


Ffit.  In  aniraal  bodies,  the  lowest 
lity  of  the  leg.  The  part  of  a  stock- 
boot  which  received  tne  foot.  The 
part  or  foundation. 

ind-moath  Disease.  Eczema 
:ica,  a  highly  contagious  eczema- 
QTection  which  attacks  the  feet  and 
s  of  cattle,  and  occasionally  spreads 
udder  of  milch-cattle. 
>all,  'bal.  A  large,  light  ball  to  be 
by  the  ?oot ;  hence,  fig.  any  object 
ted  to  many  Ticissltades  or  changes 
Ution :  as  be  was  the  foot-ball  of  for- 
A  game  played  with  a  foot-ball  by 
rties  of  players. 

K>ard,  'bSrd.  A  support  for  the 
I  board  at  the  foot  of  a  bed  .  the 
m  on  which  the  engineer  and  fire- 
r  a  locomotive  stand  :  a  foot-plate. 
ridge,  'brij.  A  narrow  bridge  for 
Asengers. 

ruards,  'gardz.  Guards  of  Infan- 
rhe  foot-guards  in  the  British  army 
;  of  three  regiments,  the  Qrenadier, 
ream  and  Scots  Guards. 

ifirllts,  'llts.    In  theaters,  a  row  of 

|>laoed  on  the  front  of  the  stage  and 

vel  with  it  to  light  it  up.  To  appear 

the  foot-lights,  to  appear  on  the 

lan,  'man.  A  soldier  who  marches 
%t8  on  foot.  A  male  servant  whose 
are  to  attend  the  door,  the  carriage, 
»Ie,  &c.;  a  man  in  waiting. 

9<nind,  'pound.  The  unit  selected 
Aurlng  the  work  done  by  a  meclian- 
t;e,  representing  1  lb.  weight  raised 
h  a  height  of  1  foot. 
rint,  'print.  The  mark  of  a  foot, 
il.  an  Impression  of  the  foot  of  an 
on  the  BurtacG  of  rocks,  made  at 
le  the  stone  was  in  a  state  of  loose 
r  moist  clay;  aniohnite. 

"ace,  'rus.  A  race  by  men  on  foot. 
it,  'rot.    A  disease  in  the  feet  of 

p.  A  vain  man  of  weak  nnder- 
tg  and  much  ostentation  ;  one  whose 
>n  la  to  gain  admiration  by  showy 
ad  pertness. 

,te,  fo'ral-It.  In  Genl.  a  name  ap- 
a  tube-like  marking  in  sandstone 
,er  strata,  which  appears  like  the 
**  of  a  worm-like  animal. 
dnifera,  fo-ram'ln  if 'e-ra.  An 
Bhlzopoda,  sub  kingdom  Protozoa, 
fid  with  a  shell  or  test,  simple  or 
K,  usuallv  perforated  by  pores 
luO*  So  far  as  yet  known  the  fo- 
hn  w«r«  the  eaniest  of  created  be- 


L 


Ings,  the  oldest  knovm  fossil  (Eozoon  ean- 
adense,  of  the  Laorentian  rocks  of  Canada) 
belonging  to  this  order. 

Forbidden-fmit,  for-bid'n-fr5t  The 
fruit  of  the  tree  of  knowledg-,  prohibited 
to  Adam  and  Eve  in  Paradise.  In  Bot. 
the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  decumaoa,  or  shad- 
dock,  when  of  small  size. 

Forcemeat,  f^rs'met.  In  cookery,  meat 
chopped  fine  and  seasoned,  either  served 
up  alone,  w  used  as  stuffing. 

Forceps,  for'seps.  A  genoml  name  fbr 
a  two-bladed  instrument  on  the  principle 
of  pinceiv  or  tonga,  used  for  seiang  and 
holding,  and  for  extracting  obfeots ;  used 
by  watchmakers,  lewelors,  aentiflts,  ac- 
coucheurs and  machinists. 

Foroe-puxnp,  fSrs'pump.  A  pomp  which 
delivers  the  water  under  pressure,  so  as  to 
eject  it  forcibly  or  to  a  great  elevation,  in 
contradistinction  to  a  lift-pump  in  which 
the  water  is  lifted  and  simply  runs  out  of 
the  spout. 

Forcing,  'ing.  In  Hort  the  art  of  rait- 
ing plants,  flowers  and  fruits  by  artificial 
heat. 

Forcipation,  for-sip-ft'shon.  Torture 
by  pinching  with  forceps  or  pincers. 

Fonl,  f&rd.  A  place  in  a  river  or  other 
water  where  it  may  be  passed  by  man  or 
beast  by  wading.    A  strelun. 

Forearm,  fSr'irm.  That  part  of  the  arm 
between  the  elbow  and  Mnrist. 

Forecastle,  Icas-l.  A  short  deck  In  a 
ship  of  war,  forward  of  the  foremast,  above 
the  upper  deck.  In  merchant  ships  the 
forepart  of  the  vessel  under  the  deck, 
where  the  sailors  live. 

Forefather,  'fS-ther.  An  ancestor ;  one 
who  precedes  another  in  the  line  of  gen- 
ealogy !n  any  degree. 

Forefinger,  'flng-ger.  The  finger  next 
to  the  thumb  ;  the  index ;  called  by  our 
Saxon  ancestors  the  shoot-finger,  ftt>m  its 
use  in  archery. 

Forefoot,  'tut.  One  of  the  anterior  feet 
of  a  qoodrapeid  or  multiped.  Nant. ,  a  piece 
of  timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  che 
fore-end. 

Foreground,  'ground.  That  part  of  the 
field  or  eacpanse  of  a  picture  which  is  near- 
est the  egr«  of  the  observer,  or  before  the 
figures. 

Foreigner,  fo'rin-er.  A  person  bom  in 
a  foreign  country ;  an  alien. 

Foreman,  f5r'man.  The  first  or  chiei 
man  ;  particularly,  the  chief  man  of  a  Jury 
who  acts  as  their  speaker.  The  chief  of  a 
set  of  hands,  who  superintends  the  r«tt^ 
an  OTsneer  *,  %  iav«nn\«i&A«DX« 


FOREMAST 


8M 


FOBMICABIIDJB 


Foreshortened. 


Fbremaat,  'mast.  The  mast  of  a  vessel 
Bearest  the  bow,  which  carries  the  foresail 
and  foretop-snil  yards. 

Foremajit-nian,  -man.  A  common 
sailor ;  a  man  before  the  mast 

Forename,  'n&m.  A  name  that  precedes 

the  family  name  or  surname. 
Forenoon,  'n5n.    The  part  of  the  day 

ft'oin  the  morning  to  midaay  or  noon. 

Foreshort  e  n , 

-  R  h  o  r  t '  n  .  In 
P<Tsp.  to  repre- 
sent figures  in 
sucham.innoras 
•  to  convey  to  the 
mind  the  impres- 
sion of  the  entire 
length  of  the  ob- 
ject when  repre- 
sented ns  viewed 
in  nn  oblique  di- 
rection ;  to  repre- 
sent nny  object 
as  pointing  to- 
wards the  spec- 
tator standing  In 
tnntot  the  pic- 
tare.  The  projecting  object  is  shortened 
in  proportion  to  its  approach  to  the  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  picture. 

Foreshot,  'shtft  The  first  portion  of 
liquid  that  oomes  over  in  the  distillation 
of  low  wines.    It  abounds  in  Aisel-oil. 

Foreskin,  'skin.  The  skin  that  covers 
the  glans  penis ;  the  prepuce. 

Forest,  for'est.  An  extensive  wood  ;  a 
tract  of  mingled  woodland  and  open 
and  uncultivated  ground ;  a  district 
devoted  to  the  purposes  of  the  chase. 

Forestick,  fore'stlk.  The  front  stick 
lying  on  the  andirons  in  a  wood  fire. 

Forest-marble,  for'est  -mfir-bl.  An  ar- 
gilliiceous  laminated  sheUy  limestone,  alter- 
nating with  clays  and  calcareous  sand- 
stones, forming  one  of  the  upper  portions 
of  the  lower  oolite. 

Foretop-man,  f5r'top  man.  A  man  sta- 
tioned in  the  foretop  in  readiness  to  set 
or  take  in  the  smaller  sails  and  to  keep  the 
upper  rigging  in  order. 

Foretop-mast,  -mast.  The  mast  at  the' 
head  of  the  foremast,  at  the  head  of  which 
stands  the  foretop-gaOantmast 

Forey,  Elie  Fxederic.  A  distinguished 
liVench  marshal;  b.  in  Paris,  1804,  d. 
1873.  He  served  with  distinction  In  the 
war  with  Anstria,  and  in  Algiers  and  Mex- 
ico. 

ForfloulicUe,  for^-fik-a'U-d^.  A  ftmlly  of 


insects,  ord.  Orihoptara.    To  this  flan,  te- 
long  the  different  species  of  earwigs. 

Foxve,  f5ij.  A  ftmaoe  ia  whidi mrtalis 
heated  to  be  hammered  into  ibmi;  s 
workshop  in  which  metal  is  hamratred 


Traveling  Forge. 

and  shaped  bv  the  aid  of  heat ;  a  smitilor ; 
also,  the  works  where  iron  is  rendered 
malleable  by  puddling  and  ftfatagHag ;  a 
shingling  mill.  For  military  porpoeos  a 
traveling  forge  is  used.  The  act  4^  beat* 
ing  or  working  iron  or  steel : 
the  manufkcture  of  metaUlc 
bodies. 

Forgret-me  -  not,  for^t'- 
me-not.  The  common  name 
of  MyoBotis  palnstris  or  boot- 
pion-grass,  ord.  Boraginacen, 
a  very  beautiftd  plant,  con- 
sidered to  be  the  emblem  tf 
fHendship. 

Fbrgre-water,    I5ij^wa-ter. 
Water  in  which  a  blaekimlth 
has  dipped  his  hotirons-««  F<Hrget-m»- 
popular  remedy,  as  a  lotion,        not  ■ 
for   aphthae,  &c.,  and   also 
drunk  as  a  chalybeate.    It  contains  sul- 
phate of  iron. 

Fork-chuck,  fork'chnk.  An  appendage 
to  a  turning-lathe,  which  screws  on  the 
mandrel,  having  on'the  outer  side  a  square 
holtt  in  which  forked  pieces  of  iron  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  are  placed  when  in  uSe. 

Form.  A  liatin  termination  denoting 
like,  in  the  form  of ;  as  vermiform,  wunu- 
like ;  cnsiform,  sword-like ;  oviform,  in  the 
form  of  an  eggj  &c. 

Forme,  for-ma.  In  Her.  a  term  i^pHed 
to  a  cross  having  the  arms  expanding  to- 
ward the  ends  and  flatat  the  outer  edges. 
Called  also  Pat6e. 

Formeret,  form-er-et^  In  Arch,  ^e 
arch  rib,  which,  in  Gk>thic  groining,  Ues 
next  the  wall,  and  is  conseqnently  lass 
than  the  other  ribs  which  divide  the  YSi^t- 
Ing. 

FormicariidflB,  for'mi-ka-ri''i-dfi.  "pM 
ant-birds,  a  fiun^  including  tha  iMish- 
shrikes. 


Forreat,    Bdwiu. 


distiBgiitBl 


Forater,    John.     An  emlneDt  English 

ISIirn-  l^«-  lie'wM  ^lt«  ™tLe 
"Londdn  Efjmiiiar,"  imcl  uithor  of  tef- 
umJ  Irio^nplUcol  worha,  junoiu  tbalPtlqr 
.  iHduE-'TbaiJfanf  Ohulia  DTskaii."  u( 
whom  Mr.  P.  WM  tha  -nna  fK«Bd  ud 

fonterite,  Ibn'kr-lt.      A  ery>Ulll»d 


8,  CoBftrts 

inuwr  u  Bjain,  Govomo 

rfOfOrgli. 

6m"^Vm  b"™""*^ 

PrHlrt<..ll» 

Jm 

Sort,  fsrt. 

flirUaod  dIww:  lUiv  build 

iBgorpljK. 

fortmed  for'uxorily'igilDi 

Pttft  A^jno,  U-a-mD.  A  smull  rordD 
e»iloBinBeiart^,.Tfi«,  now  8«n  Ac 
Vonfo  do  B#xiir,  oowd  for  the  i&wttoX 
doFHiSd  of  ita  Bmoll  gBFciflofl  of  Teiui 
unfiiBtiLji  nvtrwheloilng  MviU^ri  Since 

rtetabtng.  alW  kitling  four  Umi^s  lixtt 

Ameriran  torta  lo  whlti  Intorsnt  Mliofta 
are.  P  BciH]r«^ud,  Lo  Port  iEoyoL  hu- 
bor,  8  C,  OBptumI  by  the  Pedorol  iorceB 
Nov.  i.  isei.    F.  DonelHii.  a  Btnng  for 

Dovor,  Tunn..  ciptured  by  tbfl  Federal 
troops  Feb.  16,  IS^.     F    Plabsr,  nfor- 


■tUuti,  Jul.  lM8«l,Mrter)iii 
two  iinrkiDB  iRukn.  F  1 
nriDoltHhl  wurk  DDUUhAiidlni: 
oa  W.fndorLuDgltlsna. 
tba  Tenooun  KKer.  8  m.  fr< 
KfD ,  uptnred  by  the  Fsders 
1,  lata.  F.  JaokBDii,  an  fl 
oa  tha  MIulMlpiil,  SO  m.  be 


rhlUp,  OD  tha  oppoilto  ban 
ba  praot  agalDK  Miaolt.  ( 
howavor,  paaaod  both  « 
April  SB,  19B2,  mptured 
ttd  eompclled  Ihe  somndi 
r.Yiitjene,  on«  iX  Ibt  dM 


with  P.  91. 
,  iuppoied  lo 
jm-  Farniinit, 
Ih   bis    deet. 


rrowi,  hditE  F.  HamU' 
l^Hohn'^ltUl  riim,   In 


'W 


—    JKsipnP.  *)'ra.   N.ol 

Mmrphlnimptaredbythe  redemla  Jime, 
lB«i;  reoaptured  bybui,  Forrejt.  April, 
1864,  many  of  thu  mloraiL  erarrliMin  beinf 
kUlsd  after  Ibe  BDirender.  P  PuluM.a 
dofen  EiB  of  Suvmnah  ai  ver.aiptared  by  the 
FBderaJl  AnrO  12,  IMS.  FortTMB  Mnn- 
mo,  n  formidable  a-ork.harinf  870  pina 
In  poiillion  ;  llfommaodB  theanlnnoa  lo 
Hamploa  GDida,  Vi.  T.  Bteidmau,  a 
Federal  work  on  the  Jamas  KJver,  Va.,  18 
m.  below  Richmond  ,  captured  by  ihe 
Oonfoderales  March  14,  ISJS,  bat  k»r  re- 
taken, r.  Tompklna,  in  N.  Y.  harbor, 
fadngr,  HamlllDii. 

¥oTtB  Tho  xtFen;  porUoD  of  a  Bwsrd- 
bladto  uplsr,  aa  opuouol  Id  thefoibls 
or  f^hle.    Yhat  la  vlilob  one  eioeli '  i 

Fort  G«ai«a.     Ono  of  tba  itrangnt 

forU  in  Gt  Brltilc,  OD  %  peBinnila  In 

Uoraj  Firth,  HmUand. 
Forth,    A  river  In  Scotland.  IBOn.  long, 

«uiptylD|t  Into  the  North  Bea  thmnrh  * 

broaiioslaary.  tho  Frith  of  F. 
Fi>rtleth,  for'tl-eth.     Ono  of  40  equal 

quodenl  oJ  a  unit  divided  by  4(1. 
Fortnle'lit,   fort'hit.     The   apaee   of  U 


A  Tntlflad  plaee ;  a  Jbrt ; 

a  ™uu. ,  .  .uuagboW, 
Fort  BoToI.      Cap.  of  Utrtlnlque,    a 

French  W.  Indian  Inland  ;  pop.  U,STB. 
FortDna,  for-tD'na.  In  Romui  Myth,  tba 


time  the  chief  F.ngllshtn 
Vcat  Wattitr.  On  Moi 


iyinbol  eipreialnf  40  ni 


FOETTAYira 


VortWkyne.  Cap.  ofAlJiii  Co.,  : 
iri  m.  N/K,  or  lbiflu»i»]I>,  it  Juni 
of  St,  JoKph'i  ud  St  Uwr't  rlicn : 

B.  (bVln.    A  >[>wrlM  or  nam 


-bro'ne.  A  dtr  o( 
UrWno,  C.  lair,  noled  for  tha  dgcBl 
defcfttoftheCivtaii^l&iiBby  tho  Komans, 

Fosaoma,  -su'ril-i.     An   eitfnslve  snb- 

AciilaU,  or  tttoae  furnished  wltk  a  gUng 
la  lbs  fomllea,  Including  tho  g*l4«l- 
wup«,  Band-wups,  Ac.  That  groap  of 
qnadrupodvirldDh  cwnuinBtbaburtowln^ 

FMaorlal,  'ri-aL  An  antmal  wbtoh  dl(( 
tnto  Clia  earth  tot  a  roDeat  or  naidaHO ; 
■  buTVirlDg  anlniaL 

Poater,  JObiX.    A  btinunt  and  profMmd 


DK#9ury  ononectloa   with   tha   Ibiulc 
tionornDnlldlng. 
PoumUius.   'llDK.    A  deaactod  ur   a- 


FoundUns'-liaapital,  "Unr-hoa'plHL 
'      ALoAjjJtal  at  wLilohchLldrep  aea«rt«d  bf 

I     Foundry,  'ri.    The  balldlBpi  and  waki 
I    ijrruplcJ  for  caaUngmetala,  aa  ■fesWbr 

Fount.   IbDDl.     A    Bprln^  of  mitai;  a 

Fountain,  'an.  A  tprinr  or  BiitiD*) 
aourae  of  water.  As  aitlO^  ipoB(,JM 
or  ehDwer  of 'nter  1  al».  tbaitnwtUAK 
voiblD  nhloli  soeh  1«  prodniwd;  aMm- 


Forter«liUd, -ohUd.  Achlld  niinwd  1 
ft  vomai]  not  the  mothor,  or  bred  by 
man  not  the  bUier. 

FoBter-fittber,  -R'thcr.  One  who  taki 
thflplBoeofafathorln  bringing  up  a  ehll 

FoBter-mothar,  -mnlh-er.    A  womi 


Fotherlntray.    A  vUlaga  et  Northiu 
btrtimd  Co..  EogloDd,  not^d  ae  the  h 

8«itfl,  waa  Imprlaoned  bf  EDEAbeth,  at 


Foudie,  Jowph,  ft 


■■■."„' Z,' 


Foulard, -lir.  A  illk  material  for  ladlea' 
dreaeea,  orlelitallr  brought  (torn  India ; 
■lilt  hondkerohie/or  oraTat. 

FoMttdatlon-rionB,  fbaBd-filian-elA 
A  Moat  !>/•  pnblls  bnlldlBg,  laid  In  pub 


1747,  edUIo 

■    Triboiul, 
f  tlwnmA 


Fout  Svaosellata,  The.    Tha  nam* 

Sren  lofDur  of  tha  eroiipaf  ielandaof 
•  V.  enmnoa  to  the  BtFoltg  of  ICiodte 
(■Dad  the  Twelve  ApoBtJet. 


'ri-w-lim.     Ths  Sodn 


subdWdBd 


qjoyins  ilie  fmll  of  tl 
Don.    Thouch  I 

lo  t>OTe"Kraed,  noaoewu  u  r>ea 
d  mm  a  oeruln  unoantof  luzit 
mnHmcnt,  A  uDli'erBaJ  lauffuBffl  w 
sat^bUahed,  wbllo  tha  acvenl  grou 
to  ba  asioolalad  together  nnda 
•I  eoTemnient,  Lile  the  csdiddi 
WTludorlho  U.  e,  nf  AmertaL 
•la-hand,  fsr'ln-liuid,  A  ytbk 
n  br  tool  borara  >nd  snlded  bf  oj 


saa 


Mw  •  BUTov  IsUuasa  b 

Iln*.  line-    Ou  of  fbu  chlldr 

pMkOtt,  'p«u-     As  Engliah  allT 
•vcth  fcar  pHUilw;  t  ftturpeiinr  b 

40«twr,   'i)«(t-<r.      A   lane  b 
I  ftnr  poitanr  pUkn  far  than 


iJDth.     Ou  of  14  e 


[iWpiaos,  '!ng-j:i:a. 
Charles  Junes. 


>fthaFniictirev 
l»  or  forHvn  a« 
A  18a«,  >t  Uie  tl] 


Cominoii  Toi  <Cuilja  TiUpia). 
Tox-bat'bit.  A  but.  Ikni.  PleniAdB,  ons 
*pBdea,  Ih*  Ptoopna  ednlla,  or  kuong, 
ictilolDg  ft  tength  of  4  to  It  Ibet  fr«n  ths 
aptaOpotltfliUv- 
Foxhound,  ^ 
'     Ahomia 


, ba  ■  mliHl  breed  betnm  the 

atagboQnd  or  tlia  blDodbamid   and  tlua 
gtvyhoond. 

frak'aboD.  The  Ht  of  break- 
BiauorbelDgUroken  ;  apeiilBally, 
of  breaUiig  bread  In  the  eelebn- 
the  aucbuiat.  la  Arlth.  and  Alg. 
more  n^qiiot  pkrta  or  «,  unit  or 
numbar,  dlatlD^rulahad  aA  vulgir, 
Improper,  ahnple,  componod, 
c  and  decimal  fl-aetloDa. 
ViBKarla,  fra-gl'rl-i.     Ha  Bt»wberi7 

Pnine,  bmgV.    Tbe  Binia  (iTan  to  two 
— ■—  --'—  ■-  ■'^snoe,  tbe  one  of  mid 
rilvar.    A  Ynack  aOrv 


lltB  hai  fbrmed  tbe  unit  of  (he  Prencb 
monetUT  ^tem,  and  baa  also  been 
adapted  a>  the  untt  of  tairtaer  bv  Swln- 
erluid  and  Bal^lDm.    It  la  Ailded  into 

E'ranoa.  One  of  the  Onst  Foven  of  En- 
lone.  ooonpytDC  the  K.  W,  nortJon  oTtba 
contlMBt;  iTS.  br  the  Engliah  Cbaiinel 
and  BelglWi,  E.  bf  OtRnanr,  Swttzar* 
bnd  and  Itak^.  by  the  Uedltemiuian 
and  Hpain,  and  W.  br  the  Atlantto ;  it  baa 
a  lenrlh  from  N.loS.  oT  ««)  U..Bnda 
breadQiofg8fito6»m.;Bna  iOS.T8Saq. 
Dt.;  pop.  S8,m41S.  r.ladlTldedtntoSS 
depariznoitai  all  ballw  named  a/ter  aoma 
natnnllMtnratq'vIiIshther  an  dlaUn- 
ralihed.  OUef  towna,  Paria,  the  Mp., 
Ll'ona.  Idle.  Tonhmas,  BoDeB,  Oriaana, 
Amlana,    Bhsinu,    Tovn,      llnitBei, 


FBAKXIVBT 


niniir,  t-imuHi-.  Yiinnv,  AImui  mil  Cbn. 
Miiiinuliiii.  Pjmiii'i'*,  AI|iB.  Jnn,  Vcn- 
011.  Auvmnii-.  < 'iitr  il'i  It.  IVvrnm'n  wid 
Art.-,  rrliiripvl  ii4nl■l^>.  <-i>r>'lni,  IVh- 
ut.  Ih  Hp'bk'.  NuimHiiilliT,  K<;  OK^vn 
■n<llly<rr<.  Thi'rr«n>u»lak«><>ril<^t'- 
■IJii^li-iirlrnifliniiiK'''.  llw  nhinl.:!  of 
F.  irv  Alm-rlu.  SviHVuntilB,  Ailnwii  ud 
thi'liJaBita  or  Ib'aBloB,  MiiyuUi-.  Niuwi- 
JUandHli-  Mirfuln  A)rta,ilt.PlRnuil 
Mhioi'liin.  Martlnl^iH^riiUKliilnupa  ud 


U,  Uik.i,  Vmi 


■  Ainitii*K,  Kiiullct 


i,  PuuillctuiRy.  K* 


Ijijrili*  uil  Minjai'Mi  iiniupi   In 
uilca.    Thr  Malory  of  F,  u  K  niUon 
u>-KinI    with    PhaniiiKiiul.  vblif  u(   Iha 
Frukii  and  (DuniltT  uftlin  MiTDVlntrlin 

Pmnola,  JoM  Omspar  Bodritfoe^ 

frin'Ihv-nh.     l>lcUitor  uf  I-uwu»-   ■. 
ITart.  ■>,  ISin.    Ilo  wu  ■  yhyhlcfui  b> 

{<Utvlntbe)'!>iinE"cpubu'D,  lallti^tM- 
Ewng  (lirtmor  1914, 


bi'Inic 


k   ITOm,  ( 


w  of  lb«  i.ro.Mut  tmiH^Hil  liouM  of 
burir.  LurrilDe.  tlimuitU  hti  tin 
wllh  M  Brill  ThtTTM,  ilauKliIiTWKi: 
ofthu  Etiipemr  I'hark-jt  VI.,  ■.  < 
VII.  BD  Euiiwriw  of  (Iprmiuiv,  II 
lT<t!t,  F,  ll.uf  t:crtiisn)-.ui<tl.u 
trl»,  Bon  of  tbe  EinmTor  I^unuld 
ITGB;  wu  iIoe]iir»l>:in[H'rur  of  A 


lau,  u 


e  lUW; I 


Hffl  wu  nuned  tn  tho  iilriiir^]*^  i^Klnst  Na- 
pitll-nn  L  F,l,,  of  FTBiici>»>ooufCluir]«. 
Coints  d'AiiBonleiiio,  by  Lonlw  of  Siroj, 
B,  I4«4 :  he  mirrled  the  danaliU'r  at  Loula 
VII,,  1,114,uia  i>.  him  IMS:  D.1.1tT.  Ills 
JbynliinoMoiintlo- 
ind  nrvniuiv,  hut 


lin; 


M^JrSo  and  ill 
» ;  .,  his  BtthiB-,   I 


'''^"-  OnyFria.     I 

X'raiicla  de  Paolo,  8t.    FonndR  «l 
tho  Minim  ordiT  of  monlca;  ■.  In  Cd» 

''rii,  Ml«.  T>.  INII.  oaoanlzod  1«G1.  I 

FAuicla  da  Salsa.  St.  An  (mlnal  | 
Ihi-olOKliui,  MBhop  of  0«s»Ta  :  b.  at  Bain  I 
niw  QciwvB.  IMT.  d.  IBM;    luoebil  ' 


Tot^jiac  I 


Francis  XavleT,  St.    A  dp 
it,   mWi-il  ibo  ■■  ■^"1"  of  tl 

Fuiuiilz"l  lOJ!.  Uoit^'rhlsUfo'^t^    I 

M  ainlfBlonory  In  tho  E.  Indlea. 
PTBJio-tlrenr,  frgn-id-rnr.     0ns  of  Oi 

French  BUwrilla  aotdien,  artranlud  In  Ik 

war  nf  1H70,  uftn  Ihe  defeat  of  the  niniUr    I 

annv.  I<)r  banaxlne  llu  •nemy,  mwIdc 

ofrdrUebin.iib!,  it 
PranKlpaoo.  ftan'^t-pin.     A  apcdn  •( 

pwtry.  ?'"I^!''7'r,SkS'e  •'monda  and 
XVank.  (hinek.  AmemberorthvaiHitiit 

Oimiiui  Iritio  or  OBUrtgue  oT  tdbea  whkk 


r.  orlBln  i 


B  FnnH 


ofF,  f.  ands.  hlahlh 

;th8lnlteioB<  Bomt.!, 

poHHiad  the  tynnnlal  ' 
IlsUug  tlia  attUUea  of  hla 


.  'Frank.  aIdiut^oui 
:i  a^:  also,  that  wbtch 
.  [   ao  the  BlKoatura  of  a  p 

I  nriTlKye. 

I I  nankfort.    Cap.  of  Kfutncky, 


uikfort-bl*ok,  'rsrt-blife.     a  ade  Fnmkllnlte.  'lio-it.     a 

ck  [il^eut  DBal  Id  copp^-plnte  prict-  poDod  of  Iron,  kIhc  ud  mi 
Franks.  Tb«.     A   nw 

inl[fort-oii-tli»JIaiii.      A   Doled  GoDredsmdoi]  of  Sothia 

imun  city,  dd  Itie  riviir  Main.  W  m.  H.  »ded  Gaul  ud  Spilu  UM- 

of  Meli,  toopdedlnlhefitli  cpnlaryby  In  0«ii]  481.  tonndlng  It 

'  Fnuki.  and  «p.  of  tho  KuUrn  Km-  France,    Tbe  OrienuS  cal 

o  from  t^tS  U>  '4WI,  afterword  Ibe  j>Iboo  IUoU  of  W.  Eumpa  Frank 

ikHjHnnofthelltrmaBetopmr.   Laiw  mter,  tri'ta.    A  monk 

bttame  n  ii»:inbcr  of  tbe  >l»n««,ao  .rellgtonseeubltohment. 

l8rf.«hcnit™jneJp,ratcdwl.b  ^.^nwr'thepX..^ 

7^'dod    ibL  \\  £l  dWM^wiffllibed  Id  llal^ 


,'.  AfMcaa  FnoUnaeDie.  Ibii.    Tbe  dark  lines  obeerred  erouing  ■ 

i„  »lar  BpeatniDi   at  rl^ht   aDd:kfl   to  Ita 

AMoan  franMnoenH  ti  tenglh,  caooed  by  theibewptloD  of  por- 

roduoe'  0/ Hnu" Ablw  or  ?,f^'^i^?^J'L'?".!1''J.'L.'^'^J?'*3!^ 


'T^^lin  Bay,  A  bar  In 
HU>  off  lbs  mast  flf  Biidih  K, 
^wMiw      Beiijainlii,     i 


orerj  led  to  tbe  InveDIli 

Sto the HdeDoa  of., 
prHODt  knowlsdfe  of 


id  BUlsa-  Frullk.  ftaka'ln,  A  anhatwwe  eil«tln( 
ui«i  iQ  Phlla,.  In  the  buk  of  Iba  eOBuDDD  ub-lree,  de- 
aa  aprint«r'a      ooctloDa  of  whlob  bave  Uie  propertj  of 


WBpaper  wnicn  oecurae  iwnoqeae  too  uuuoriioor^ia,opp.  yaneouver  sisiano. 

■dium  of  "Poor  KIchard'i"  laying!.   In  preokle,  ffekl,    A  vellow  apvt  In  the 

I  troubles  prDcedlc^  and    durtni  the  jUn,  pwiicnlarly  on  tio  bee  and  hmids, 

voliitloq  howaa  nent  upon  adellMle  herediluTor  prodoced  by  lbs  action  of 

aeinn  to  UnniuBd  and  Fraooe.    He  alao  ihg  can.    Any  Bmall  spot  or  dlicoloratloD. 
Fradeiiok  (Frederlo).     A   oame  nf 

"v,V  h"'*Wi~'ij  numerous  Europ<«D  aororel^s,  the  moat 

^          r™mi>a  noled  of  whom  aro  :    F.  V.  of  Boliomla, 

.„..,,_„„„,    ..^„..™verynw,  of  B.  lOea;  dtodlneillB,  1S32,    Seven  kln^ 

Idenan  of  Blectrlclly  and  llKhl^nf,  of  th«  name  Mod  tbe  thrane  of  Norway 

•  the  ^"J^"*  plaudlla  of  t^  "I"""  ard  Sweden  between   the  year.  l,Vi2  ana 

orarymBmlieroftbeuioeldlatliiguiili-  y  yj    "iio">  hls°SLihe"''l£i8"''iil'y'Sff 

'«'•«"■  himiLeif  wltti  Napol™,  .  Brttlah  flBet'un- 

aUln,  Jobn,  Ur,    A   oelebnted  der  Nolaon  deatniyed  hia  Oeet  mi  boDi- 

rHsh  naval  onaaraDd  Anttlo  aiplorer:  Iwded  tale  cap.    InlBllhe.waa  foreedls 

ITO»;d.  (It  Is  beUered)  IMT,   wbfle  eeda  Norway  to  BemBdotUi,  Kin j  of  Swe- 

k  Tnage  In  aonli  of  a  K.  V.  pia-  den;D,lS86,    F,  rorQermany  |Biiib«^ 


rKSDSXlCSBBimO  K» 


ltuwl*.liilhet>tvM 


:l»nl     f. 


the  ret^lni    Kiniiiror     WllllBin  1.   at 
OfTiDiUf .  Wbo  1.  Kim  u  King  uf  PtuhIb, 


„  A  liW  of  Spoltjyl- 
noii  Cn..  Vl,  on  tbe  KinnBhumack,  06 
m.  N.  orRiehmbnc],  nal.'^iu  (lie  Kencof 

T>rc.  IH-IB,  l»«S.  uf  tbn  lUi  d^n-ar,  re- 
■ultHiKln  th«  d.-fi'Dl  aItbcFiAfnil>nn- 
iet  G«n.  Burai-lilu  b/  Hi!  l^ofwierBtes 
nodiraen.  Loe.  wlUi  ntoUI  loaiuT  over 
l*,OIJil;  pop.  8,010. 

Frederlckahall.  ANonregUn  mnort 
on  Mwlnfiitund  flord.  07  m,  S/K,  of  Cbrls- 
tluE*,  »t  th«  BlecQ  of  which,  1TIB,  rhnrlci 
XII.  of  Sweden  wu  klUnl  by  a  muaket 
Ml;  pop.  8,S00. 


Vnetovra,  (Bt.  Oeor(re>. 
Knullrt  Colony  "t  BIpit.  Irfc 
Qulno«,  W.  Afclrj,;  pop.  ia,Wl 


duRCfl  olecMoU}' 


aal   body  (Friv 
Ilshi-d' 


which  puHB  throng 

i«eh.  Tl»l  er-clMlM- 
rimroh  of  6collsnd), 
.rcipHun  of  Iho  EsUb- 


Pree-clty,  'bIM.     a  oltr  having  nn  lode- 

dtloi,  prfndpilly  cif  QotaulU',  wblch 
■wm  millr  amijl  raflriiilftdEw  *<*« 
ot>»  Dimwnnu,  baU^^BMMM 


thrM,    va.,     lUubOH,      LUMk    al 


Prs«-Uit«e,  iW'wiB      

ofthoBfl  oompaAloB  of  kn^^u  wd  na^ 
ibunumho  uuHl«ndframplnMBtaH.     i 
■n«  the  Crnudoe,  Mlllag  th*HnlaaiB    1 
tbg  hlghaC  bidder. 


rhBTsahi',  the  Tempi*  Dl  Bo^a,  te  I 
Tovcrafltibel.uid  neo  tatbaMllta  I 
>rNojih>>u-k.  InnaUtT  tttooklHite  I 
nthuiulddleiga«loDEirflh(itlMrbe»  I 
sum  BMou  nml   I 


FBEE  TXHPLAB 

Trea  Templar.  A  number  or 
ginlBtloil  oomtilDllIgtlw  prUinlplH 
toullua  with  serUIn  miritlc  rlMs  ■ 
thoss  otFreeniuaDiT.  wblob  brut 
from  the  Good  TempUn  on  the  point  of 
th9  IndopendeoM  of  euh  Jooa]  lod|^  tbt 
FroeTemplanmatntiinlii);  tMBlndepend. 
«ioa,  while  Cha  (Sood  Templin  eabonU- 
nittd  tLomKlToa  to  &  ^nad  Uid^. 

Freethinker,  'ihb;;k-eT.  Odo  who  pro- 
of tUaklii);  In  rellKloDi  mittani  ■  dulit: 
>iia]|]KUeieF;iiBkeptla;oiie>Thadl>cirdB 

Free-trader,  'ta4d-er. 


of  ci 


a  tbfl  Impod- 


troductiod  of  fbrol^  p>odL 
Freese,  tttiz.    To  coniral ;  to  harden  Inlo 
ice ;  to  ehong*  rb«m  a  fluid  to  a  aoUd  r«m 

Freeslns-poliit.  'Ing  point.  That  de- 
preo  of  a  thflnnoniBtor  »t  which  «  llqold 
D«^na  to  freeze ;  apedflcally,  the  temper- 


on  tiftnde  then 


Ig-Krfn 


neUrthafi 

wro;  bfl 

t  of  meroiirT  being  S>° 
inlphnrlo  ether  *&  be- 


(tree  pvte  of  bdow  with  four  parti  of 
aTBtalllud  chloride  of  ealdnm  prodDon 
■  degree  of  sold  wUch  linka  the  Ihermom' 
•ler  to  U°  below  leto  Fahr. 
Vrelborr.  Cap.  efenDtonornmeBaiiie, 
Swlturland,  IT  m.  S.  V.  of  Bane ;  pof. 


.    t,  John  Oharlea.    AnAmoi. 
mlhtaiy  oSleer.  wbo  won  endoilng 

MoBnlite  roglon  ;  b^Qb..  "sIS.'hb  wu 
•iKteil  OoTersor  of  CalUbmla,  ISM,  and 
U.  fl.  BanfllDT  ffom  that  Btito.  IBM.  In 
ISSt  wai  tho  ant  candldato  of  the  Repnb- 
Uoan  pu-lr  tor  Pmtdent.  bring  defeated 
tF^  Jimes  ftuchnosn ;  In  1673  appolntsd 


I  oloUi,  and  Ibr  ilmUar  parposea. 


.-■ndnajtr  widening  ftom 
to  (he  end  whoBM  thoaoi 


Fieiuili-poUBh,  'pot-lih.  Gnm-lio  dla- 
HiJred  In  Bplrlta  of  wlDO,  need  for  ooatlng 
wood  with  a  fine  gloaaj  eurbce.  Uuui- 
aandarta,  gnm-oopaJ,  gum-BnbIc  and  lln- 

Tho  enrfaco  prodnoed  on  cablnet-wor^  bf 
the  applkatlon  of  the  polleh. 
Frenoh-nxtf,  -tit.     A  flat    roof  «Uh 

Frenoh-wMte,  'whit,     nselr  pulrai^ 


performed  with  mlnenl  and  arthf  plg- 

menta  on  freah  plaaEer. 
T^tK"*"",  frub'nun.    A  noTloe ;  one 

in  the  ndlmoita  at  knowledge.     A  aW- 

dent  of  the  flrat  year  In  aonlTeral^. 
Pie«n*l,  AncnaUn  Jean,  fra-naU'.  A. 

diitlngiilihad  Frenoli  natniml  puloaophfr ; 

a.  ITH,   D.  18ST.      He  dbeorcmf  the 

double  rafraotloD  and  polarimlaa  ot  llgtC 

:Rinw.  fpl       In    Hnud.  Ifjth.  tha  None 
;  also  of  the  frolts  of 


godofai 
Filar,  '. 


'.  In  tho  R.  C.  Ch,  a  name 
o  tha  membeta  of  all  rellglooa 
t  more  eepadaUfto  thoM  of  (ha 
idkiuit  ordan— UlBon,  Off 
Frandjcani  ;  AngnsUnea ;  Do* 
-  Blaok  rrian  i  Wlllta  Frlart  o» 

Frlar-blrd.-beTd.  Troptdorhriuhiuooi^ 
nlvnlitu,  an  AniOiUan  bird,  &m.  IleU- 
phagldie.    CaHod  alu  Leathv-head. 

mar^balaam, 'an-btl-aam.  An  also- 


The  Ifnia 

appked  to  variona 
'.  A  dl*h  of  chopped 


FiioaiidBau,  frvk- 

preparaUon)  of  reaL 
FrlonenB,  IH-hai-a. 
ibklienB.  nbblta,  or 

dmaad  with  a  atnmg  udcq  ana  aiewea. 
Friotloil,  (Hk'ahoa.  The  aet  of  rnbblng 
the  lurbce  of  one  bodr  aolnit  Chat  of 
another ;  atDidon.  Tha  i«d>tuoa  nhleh 
■  DioTlngbodrDieMa  wtlhfrom  the  anr- 
tkce  on  whloh  It  moTee.  CoefBolenl  of 
McUnn  la  the  nUo  that  nbalata  between 
the  Ibroa  necclMrr  to  dioto  one  anrftM 
hoiiuintallj  orer  uothar  and  the  preo- 
■nre  between  Die  two  aorbDe*.  Thnath* 
ooefBcdentofMotlaQllK  oak  DDd  cwt-lrafl 


FBICTtOR-BAIJA  K 

Prlotlon-balla.  -bali.  Balli  pluied 
updorBlieivyDbtHitIa  ndoca  Uis  frir^ 
tinn.  wh[l«  (hit  object  Is  madn;  h 


.Tdfi^.^' 


inLvwiaiyo^  Prig'l 
dfled.  '-   '    ■ 

town  of 
me  U,  ism! 


ibl^-banked  frtfrttflA,  fnOh  M 

^  .  .  oQ  two  <1«i]kA  uid  bad  ■Aoih 

ipp«-deok.  HUmn  MgU«,  liirp  MuKii- 
ibLu  canrlng  cum  as  t  Sush  npp«p4Mk, 
ind  hHvl^  a  uer  alflo  on  th«  lower  dc^ 


_^ ;^|,™ 

inMn;  In  Uie  Dmtj  ol  Tdalt 
FrtendlT  IslandB  (TongB).  An 
pdBHU  of  Uie  B.  Padfie.  of  vUcb 


friend,  tnmd.  One  of  th«  Sodetr  of 
Uuenten,  nhlcb  took  IM  rtH  tn  England 
■bout  Ui«  middle  of  the  ITtb  centiu?, 
through  the  preaching  of  QcDTge  Foi. 

FrlflBi 


the  pole  the  ann  la  fW- 
ir  and  biTiilble  thaolhr 

Yrimaire,  tri-mlx.    Tbe  Sd  month  «f 

ft«m  BapteiDbnr  82,  I'm.    HeommmS, 
Soiember  21,  and  ended  Dooemher  ». 
Trlnce,  MnJ.    An  ornamaDbd  append- 


TKIKOILLID^B 


niv  of  UgthturdHiiiKtbsnrinMKi 
laulD  tn  uliniiit  ill  tbo  gtoano 

llldte.  MD'JII'M-dC.    Thn  noflhw 


.    tru«    Uua,  Pint Uld mil uf 
,    bunt-  1  Finch. 

,  «nMi-bMlu,  (fa«  H;:)utllBB  tut 

UUdm.  -1I'n«.    A  >ub-hBi.  nr  Ui< 
I  thi  soldUnoli,  HufflDDli,  bulUnali 


osiwIaniiOr  wtth  (thsr  lncnd 
mth.    A  samm  HTD  »r  Uie  .    ., 
Lrnvfar  oitalibflbh;  akliidDr 

Mi.    Thltwhlnhlifrliudorsnrl- 

.*l4rorl««n.th.lr. 

thn,  KartlD.  Sir.  An  Kmrllnh 

ffianr  ud  iiavlEiitor,  thn  tint  «h<i 

:bM.  W.  puwn:  K.  IE1R.  n.  in«t. 

Ut  ■lIvI'lM  (hoN.  iddn  nf  lIudMtn'i 

Smn  Ota  W,  «l»roof  Rart.'  8lnUl; 

14Din.,  »Idt1ii>l>t.taui. 

,  (Mk.    I'limarlly.  sn  ohiImIhiiUu 

i;  htiiHW  tlio  phiwn,  to  unrrunk  i 
An  iiiipBreual;  in  oulrt>K«rmi^nl 
illr.  ■  liKiiw  Itiiniiout  worn  by  inia 
Mbolhir  eluOim.  A  irown.  "hi") 
Mlad,  worn  1^  fiiuulM  uil  chll 

i«Oa,t,  'kAL  A  ntnlihtbodM 
ii*tnic  tli»  uma  langtli  Mtin  ui 

Bah. 'dill.  Ths  BHna  glTUi  to  tb 
■n  of    tlM     toleutHn  con,    Ba 

Shn.  I/iphUd*.     Th«  KTunCliii 
b    nuwsbJ*   tor    lb*    nol* 


Vrof-boppar.  'hop-w.  AnhnphDmapti' 
mnrla,  ■  auiall  iDaaM.  ord,  ]IuinopUrm,r^ 
"  ftiriiagxixm  nf  iMplu.  U> 
lbUDdnn1«Tia,  InilDaail  ■■  K 
rotlladi     "  -  - 


Vrond.  fhHiil.    In  Bot  ■  tann  naad  la 
^      ^     '«a  of  fflroa  nsd  olhir 

rtan  nams  of  a  JMi^  In 
\g  thn  rDlnnilr  of  Lonla 

if  Uia  hMvj  llioil  Impo- 

TrondMoanae.  nvnd-en'ima.    In  Rat 

nlantani 
idnKlnto 


■y  lu  pawu 


uibir  of  Iho  I 


Ihobonlv, 

VninXiguae,  'Ua-vak.  1 
fruDi  Krontliiliaa  (Ufnult), 
pnidnoed. 


FBOBTLET 


854 


FULCSUM  FOBCEF8 


buflding.      An  ornament   or   engraving 
frontinfr  the  tint  page  of  a  hook. 

I^ntlet.  frunt'let.  A  frontal  or  brow- 
band  ;  a  illU't  or  band  worn  on  tbo  fore- 
head. In  Ornith.  t^o  margin  uf  the  head 
l>ohind  the  bill  of  birds. 

Frost,  ft-ost.  The  act  of  frocrfnp.  That 
state  or  touipcraturo  of  the  iiir  which  oc- 
casions the  conifi-lation  of  water.  Frozen 
dew;  called  also  hoar  ft-ost  and  wiiito- 
frost  Coldness  or  severity  of  manner  or 
feeling.    Black-fh>8t,  a  state  of  the  atmos- 

-  phero  by  which  vegetation  is  frozen  with- 
out any  appoaranco  of  rime  or  hoar-frost. 
i7roBtin£r«  'ing.    A  composition  rcsem- 
bliniir  hoar-lhnit,  made  of  loaf  sugar  mixed 
with  wUtea  of  eggs,  used  to  cover  cake. 


'smdk.  A  thick  fog  re- 
•ambUog  smoke,  arising  from  the  surface 
of  tb«  sea  when  exposed  to  a  temperature 
mndi  below  fteezing-point  When  the 
thermometer  is  down  to  zero,  the  fog  Ues 
doM  on   the  water    In   eddying  white 

WTMthS. 

VrOftwork,  V«rk.  The  beautiftil  oover- 
Inff  ofboar-flrost  deposited  on  shrubs  or 
euer  natural  objects. 

yiwide,  James  Anthony,  frood.  An 
Xni^Uh  essayist  and  historian  ;  b.  1818. 

yniUleBOOnoe,  fVuk'tes-sens.  In  Bot. 
tkf  time  when  the  fruit  of  a  plant  ar^ 
f|TM  at  maturity  and  its  seeds  aro  dis- 
MI«od;  the  fruiting  season. 

'Vrnotldor,  frQk-ti-d6r.  The  12th  month 
of  the  French  repnbUoan  calendar,  begin- 
l4Bg  August  18  and  ending  September  16. 

VkUOtiBt,  'tist.  One  who  classifies  plants 
by  their  fruit. 

yAUUtoae,  'tAa.  In  Chem.  sugar  of  fruit, 
•  onsisting  partly  of  cane-sugar  and  partly 
of  inverted  sngar.an  nnorystallizable  sugar. 

9ralt,  frut.  In  a  gonoral  sense,  wliatever 
vegetable  products  the  earth  yields,  as 
com,  grass,  cotton,  flax,  grapes,  and  all 
cultivated  plants.  In  a  moro  limited 
■ense,  the  reproductive  product  of  a  plant ; 
the  se«d  or  the  i»art  that  contains  the  seeds, 
•8  wheat,  r^-e,  apples,  pears,  acorns, 
melons,  Ac.  'in  a  still  more  limited  sense, 
the  ed'blo  succulent  products  of  certain 
plants,  as  the  apple,  orange,  peach,  grape, 
Derrles,  Ac.  In  Bot.  the  mature  ovary, 
composed  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed. 


'tre.    A  tree  cultivated  for 
fruit. 

VSmmontation,  fro-mem- 1  i '  sb  on . 
Amonr  tbo  RomanB,  a  largcn  of  grain  bo> 
atoweaon  the  people  to  quiet  tbeoi  whed 
•rtarbaJest 


irustam. 


Fnunenty,  'men'ti.    A  dish  of  buQed 

wheat  boiled  in  milk  and  seasoned ;  Pat- 

menty. 
Fruznp,  frump.    A  cross-tempered,  old- 

fsishioned  female. 
Frustiun,  'turn. 

In     Goom.    the 

part  of   8   solid 

next    the    base. 

left  by  cuttingoff 

the   top   portion^ 

by  a  plane 

lei  totbeba8e;or 

the  part  of  any 

solid  between  the  two  planee,  either  per* 

allel  or  inclined  to  each  other. 
Fratex,  frO'teka.    In  Bot.  a  ebmb;  a 

plant  having  a  woody,  durable  atan,  but 

less  tha^  a  tree. 

Fxy,  tn.  A  swarm,  espedalhr  of  Bttie 
fishes ;  a  swarm  of  any  small  anfnute,  or  of 
young  people.    The  young  of  the  ealuMa. 

Fuca,  Strait  of,  foo'kab.  The  ooanes- 
tion  between  the  Fadfio  and  tbo  0«!f  9i 
Georgia,  dividing  Washington  Tenitoiy 
firom  Vanoouver's  Island.  ThA  Island  a 
San  Juan,  the  ownership  of  wrbieh  biy 
caused  so  much  controversy  b^wees  Gt 
Britain  and  the  U.  8.  is  in  the  stndt  of  F. 

Focaoesd,  fu-kft's£-g.  An  ord.  of  dg«, 
consistiug  of  olive-cokn«dinartiealateaea- 
wtfed.  Macrocystis  pjrrifers  is  aiM  tobivf 
fh>nds  fiOO  to  1,600  feet  long. 

Fucino,  I<ake  of  (Ckilona).  The  fkUt 
lake  of  S.  Italy,  10  m.  long  by  7  m.  wlAe; 
in  prov.  of  Asuzzo  Ultra  II. 

Foegrian, -GMi-an.  AnathreorinbaUlHt 
of  Tierra  del  Fu^o. 

Fuel,  'el.  Any  matter  wUdi  aervcB  m 
aliment  to  fire.  Anything  tb^t  9trm  U 
feed  or  increase  flame,  beat  or  oxcltenwt 

Fuentes  de  Onore,  foo-aln'toesdao* 
no'ra.  A  village  in  prov.  SalamaBca. 
Spain.  16  m.  W.  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  iioM 
for  the  sanguinary  but  indecfdve  battte, 
May.\  ISll,  between  the  Anglo-SjMBlik 
army  under  Wellington  and  the  FttmA 
under  Marshal  Massena. 

Fuero.  ftt-er'O.  A  Spanish  tenn,  tigtSfy- 
ing  a  code  of  law.  a  charter  (^piUlhne^a 
custom  having  the  force  of  law,  a  dedm- 
tion  by  a  magistrate,  the  seat  or  joriidiD* 
tion  of  a  tribunal.  F.  juzgo,  m  oodo  el 
Siwnish  law,  said  to  be  the  most  OMlHt 
in  Europe. 

Folcnun  FoToeps.    AforoepevM^l 
dentists,  in  which  one  beak  Is  ~ 
with  a  hinged  metal  plate, 
indianrubber,  whicb  rests 
wbfle  tti  otlftv  bM  the  iiMal  I 


down  ind  ihoSl  foonil 

■J»  nluiUle,    When  ouwhl  or  iih 
11  %httn>  itHlf  by  dlBgn^nc  tlwsU . 


Ughtnlnf   poDetTmUn^     Che  I^Ld  ATOun^j 

tod  filling  ■  porllon  orihs  miMFblii. 
Tulloa,  fu'U-ks.      &  gen.  of  tnUiiorliil 

titrd^  bHlndlnt  Dk  smu. 
PuUsoUiUD.  -U(-u-U'iid.  TbsWKlucka. 

■  gab-ftm.  of  Ui«  Inntlde,  indndiDg  the 

poabMtilMf  «anTu-b*efcfl»  Ac- 
Foller,  'it.    One  Khow  oooquitfoii  Is  to 

«...  ..,.1.      .„  blMkamlUi'i  wffli,  s  die; 


XadB   nlue   Iho 
■ggl,  nbota  thoH  of  UT  oQirr  bbd,  imd 
'  jBiitcii  trv  tham  %f  daioaiMUnf  pndploci 


DtB-tt.       Ajl    crphMiT*    . 

]?alton,  Bobert.    An  AmnlMS  elvn 

(DijIusaruKl  iDisDtor;  a.  In  P«iD.,n«6; 
D.  181S.  Us  in>d«  the  nnl  pnotW  ip- 
pllaUiin  oTiteui  to  nivlgitloD,  16VT. 

X'oin,  ftun.  The  Pliieiili,  one  of  the  fbar 
(ymlwllul  ulnuls  inppoKd  to  pnelda 
over  tb>  deUlnlei  of  tha  Chlneu  Empln. 

FiunaxM«,  m'lui-nl.  A  bote  from 
whEoh  imoke  iHuea  la  a  iDlphDr-uiliiA  or 

?Dinaalt7,  4i1-td.    Tendeoer  to  etntt 
drlBklng. 
Fun,    fun.      Bport;    mlithflil  droiUtyl 

X'uiiainbiillrt.  m-nui'bMiit.  A  np* 
FoucIulL    Cf.  of  the  Partngnmtiliij 


'd4-ra«nl.  th*  nM; 
the  lower  part  of  the  bod^  at  vhl«fa  ona 
rits;  alntLeodftHorthfliiUcltBM;  tb* 


FtuulL'dL 

UTstedlnW 
tr1t]ani,Bnd 
t»lld«.    C— - 

Piuid7.  Bay  of. 


W.  AMa.    It  i>  Ught  and  Da- 
-■■ tended  as  toodlhr  IB- 


*  Bninawtek  fKm  Nan  BeoUi; 


dtrMiac 


the  dead. 
Fonsl,  fUD%    An  ord.  of  KiotTledonon* 
or     cryptoganioaa    plaola.    B.Olli)    bdnf  ' 

of  maahroomg,  toad^etools  and  almllar 
plants.  sIbo  mlorotooplo  planu  grovrtng 
upon  other  plants,  ahdaabstADooH  known 

drr-rot,  A%    F.  dUfteftom  other  planCa 
lo  btlng  nltfDfenons  and  Jn  InhjillDg  oxr- 
gen  und  gililiig  out  oirlwnfc  acid  gu. 
PnnaidgH  'ti.d«.    A  &m.  ofMnp)*  r«d 
tingie    lamellatrd    ootala    naembUng   a 


rUHOOLOOT  tM  TTZAIUB 


ae,  -«n-]lii,    A.  n 

certain  UniB          '■^  "'  «r  ™iuior  mr  •  ^^^^^    mnjiio    •Icohol,  wHfh  prnanm 

mput  nre  ud  heat  ma^   bs  miide  lud  FoBileer, -fir'.  Proiwly,  ■  ■oMIfir  umed 

malntilnod,  MtormelHng-oreiorineUls.  "I'll  »  '■"'H;  »  Boldliir  wlio  bore  lb«- 

1— u —   .t-  vji_   -f  .    .. ._.'  .r.n.    u  iHiUogiilBbad  ftDm  ■  pUama 

of  severe  TuBion,  fu'iJioii.    The  mt  or  oftnUau 
of  iiieltlDgomnderlDgflQM  t^Tnoit.  TLe 

, jven-bird  stale  of  belne  melted  or  dlBsnJred  bj  bort. 

iob-Oun.oflflanJroBlEBllinessoilalblrd*.  Point  of  fnrioo  of  jneUls,  the  degree  « 

lUD.  CerUildB  or  creepara.  Iie«t  at  wtiidi  tbey  melt  or  Hqno^, 

ITazoie,  Gl-tA'rl,    Great  eidtement  i  en-  Tustl&ii.  fut'tlu.      A  muH   tirtlled 

Omsfaem.                                         .  stoff  of  cotton  or  colton  and  linen  wttlia 

Vurtitr,  ier'l-«r.    A  dealer  In  or  dreaser  P<'e  like  velvet,  but  eborter.    It  is^odw 

offilra  loDewbomakeaoraellafurgoodB.  eordnroj-,  moleakdn,  voliaUao,  Ae. .  Ail 

Plu»uol«bild.       Cap.     Bf  diatrkt  of  tafl'ted  styie  of  writing ;  a  wdin,  aljl. ; 

aame  nama,  prea.  Bengal,  India,  on  the  -E""""'!  „,       ,        ,    ^    , 

Gangea ;  pop.  BO.OOO.  Putnrlat,  fa'tilr-iet.    In  TbeoL  one  irt» 

Pnrtrt,   Walter.    One  of  the  Wumvl-  hold,  tbai  the  p™pb«lM  of  Uio  pible  u. 

rate,  the  other*  b«lBE  William  Tell  and  Jjet  to  be  fUlflUed. 

AnoldofMelclithal,  vilio  wrealedBwlIi-  Pumo, -!«'.    In  hrrterr,  aepUnt  appBM 

•rluid  ftvm  AnaMa,  1M1,  to  tba  laga  of  hones. 

Tnrr.n'rf.    Is  daae.  Myth,  one  of  Uie  Fylfot,  fll'fot.  Apfeobarly-ftinnedcTOM, 

Uire«*TniglDC  delClea,  Tlilphone,  AlecCo  introduced  Into  Korope,  about  tbe  Sib 

udIfegcra,dang:hterBorEirthDrNlKlit.  centnry,  (rom  India  or  CMna,  where  II 

repreaenled  aa  nsrttil  viniied  maldena,  vss  employed  as  a  myadaajmlwl  among 

wla  serpentfl  twisted  In  their  hair,  and  rell^na  devotees.    It  was  often  na«d  la 

blood  dripplDB  from  their  fyes,  dwelling  deooratlon  and  embrolderj' In  the  middle 

Inthedepibe  of  Tartama,  and  dreaded  by  ages. 

Koda  and  men.  PyBabad.    Andent  cap  of  Onde.  BiltU 

nua.nu.    A  taba  lllbd  with  eombnaQ-  India,  on  the  Gogra :  pop.  10S,T0a. 


G 

GIB  the  ;ili  lettn-  In  tfa«  EiwUata  alplu-  0«baidln«,  gatiHUn.    A  eiwna  ftoiA 

lural  mnta  iod  llii.  anft  m  wnint  Muni  0«briol.    la  Scrip,  the  uigrf  Mnl  with 

t(orohard)     TUsMundo.  jhiwhitlhe  z;SS«to«,no™.4u.BblTthdrj,SiUn 

0  S!  t  l^en^nLilil^w  S^e  Srt  I  ^P""-  "'*  "  ""T'  "»«•»' o^'™^ " 

tnmt.    a  la  tllant  beron  c  ■(  the  be-  Oablook.  Oek.    A  1U»  ipor  fitted  en  to 

Eefwe  n  1 .  \8  genarrily  pronouuoBd ;  ml  chs  aAnUvs  la  igbaag. 

It  hu  fotmded  ItMlf  before  the  h.  u  In  """y-  f^'IO.    A  dlptereuB  Ineeot,  ga. 

Ibiwhl,  hrirtl,  high     In  wonl.  erlgliijllT  <Eslrus,  whkh  ■tlnm  csttle  md  depoalU 

bii(niilnswlthw,iu.dt«m«r«.d  from  the  la  fKIrt  In  their  .kin ;  o^lod  .iMihcnar; 

Osoua  Inte  the  ffrenoh.  g  h»>  heen  In-  ww  known  by  the  nune  hreem. 

Mrted  b^bra    the  v,  henoe,  gnud  uid  Oadliallo,  -hjlllc.    Of  or  pertilnlnc  to 

w«d.  jtumiitee  mnd  wMTinl.     Aiinnm-  lint  Ijniochotlhe  CelHo  i»ce  cnmprWiiK 

enl.  0  wu  ucleatlr  uied  todeaats«iO,  ihf  Inenf  Irrlud.Uw  OHbofBcoUud 

■bA  with  1  dub  orrr  It,  40,000,     In  the  ud  the  Uui  of  the  Iile  oTMu ;  u  dl>- 

(slsndir  Itli  the  7th  DomlDlosllMter.     In  Ungalalied  from  the  Crmtio  hruah,  cam' 

nusic,  theStti  note  ind  damlnnnt  or  the  prislnc  the  Webb  Hid  BretoBi,  theCom- 

Bonnil  rule  of  a.  aOtd  also  sol:  lbs  kiweet  J^  uid  poimUy  ell  the  MrHett  C»ltlo  In- 

Boleoflhegmv-henehonlitntheGald-  bnWtmta  of  Briutai.      Inlud  wu  the 

onlu  iriteinCTniiMol;  nBHMof  the  bom*  or  tbe  OulheUsbnBdi,  whtneelt 

tretilo  iSaf,  which  ti  ■Hto'  on  the  O  or  jpr«,d  u>  Beotlud  In  the  «h  centarT,  ■ 

■econd  UneorthetKhtetb^.  nhrtlnn    nndir  Uie  nimanr  R«>Ui  uiutlnv 
Oab.  gab.    InMMD-engJnH,  Ihab 
th«  end  of  the  «c«ntria  rod  eppoil 

Oaboon.    A  targe  ilTer  of  W.  AM«,  Gftdollnlte    'O-lln 

eoip  tying  into  tho  Atlintk  JuitB.  of  the  jng  tbe  appeuuiee 

•qHBlor.  wnilBti  ofTlIrln,  dl 

Oabla.'bl.    In  Anb.  the  triuigvUr  end  of  cerliim  udlnn. 

■      bnUdlnir.  from  the  lerel  Qj^waii. 


OAFF£B 


tn 


OALIJLKATfr 


Oaffer.  pircr.  An  uiA  rustic ;  a  word 
ori^innliy  of  respect,  Imt  tU*jroneratcd  in- 
to u  term  of  fiunlliuritv  or  contumpt.  The 
foroiiiiin  of  as«iu]id  oi  Kn^'lish  workmen, 
CHpi'<"l:illy  UttvvifS  ;  an  ovorseer. 

Gkifire.  pfij.  A  plwlgo  or  pawn.  Anything' 
tlirown  down  ua  a  toki'ii  of  challenge  to 
coiiihut.  Formerly  tho  cimllonper  cast  on 
tlu'  f^Tound  a  frlovV,  a  h'aiintlet  or  thu  like, 
which  wad  taken  up  by  the  accepter. 

Oatfe.  Tho  name  firiven  to  several  varie- 
ties of  plum,  as  the  green  gage,  golden 
gape,  &c. 

Gaff-rein,  gag'rAn.  A  rein  intended  to 
draw  tile  bit  into  the  comers  of  the  horse's 
mouth. 

Oaininff-twiBt,  gftn'ing-twist.  In 
ritled  ariius,  a  t^pirol  inclination  of  the 
grooves,  which  shortens  toward  the  muz- 
zle. 

Gainsborouffli,  Tlioaias,  ganza>ro. 
An  eminent  English  landscape  painter, 
B.  1727,  D.  17b8. 

Gaiter,  gutter.  A  covering  of  cloth  for 
the  leg,  litting  upon  the  shoe  ;  a  spatter- 
dash.  A  shoo  with  cloth  upper ;  also  a 
Bhoo  which  covers  the  ankles. 

Galactophaffist,  ga-lak-tofa-jist.  One 
who  eats  or  subsists  on  uiilk. 

Gala^-day,  ga'la-da.  A  day  of  festivity ; 
a  holiday  with  rejoicings. 

Gala-dress,  -dres.  A  holiday  dress ;  a 
p«r«on's  gayest  dress. 

Galatea.  In  Myth,  a  Nereid,  beloved  by 
Polyphemus  the  pyclops  and  by  Ads. 

GalaxidaB,  -laks'i-dc.  A  fam.  of  acan- 
thopteryglan  fishes,  formerly  classed  with 
the  Salmonidse,  much  resembling  common 
trout. 

Galaxy,  ga)'ak-si.  In  Astron.  tho  MUkv 
Way;  that  long,  white,  luminous  track 
which  stretches  across  tho  heavens,  and 
when  fully  traced,  is  found  to  encompass 
the  heavenly  sphere  like  a  girdle,  occa- 
sioned by  a  multitudo  of  stars  so  distant 
and  blended  as  to  be  distinguished  only 
by  the  most  powerfhl  telescopes.  At  sev- 
ei'iil  points  nro-  tieen  dark  spots,  one  of  the 
moat  e-asily  distinguished  of  which  has 
long  been  Icnown  as  the  '*  coal-sack."  Any 
remote  cluster  of  stars.  An  assemblage 
of  splendid  jiersons  or  things. 

Galba,  Servius  Sulpicius.  Emperor 

of  IJome,  «.  Nero ;  b.  ubt.  1  a.  d.  ;  crowned 

6S,  killed  by  his  soldiers,  69. 
Galbulinae,  pal-bairnG.    Thejacamars, 

a  fam.  of  flsKirostral  birda,  allied  te  the 

trogong  and  kingfishers 
ChUemya,  fS-lS'mi».  A  faa.  ofiawnmato 


allied  to  the  shrews.  Only  two  apedetare 
known,  the  Russian  desman  or  made-rat 
and  the  French  desman.  Owing  toa  pow* 
erful  musky  odor  which  they  exhale  they 
are  often  called  musk-rats. 

Galen.  An  eminent  Greek  phyridan; 
B.  at  Pcrgamua,  180,  n.  at  Uom«%  :nJ6.  Ilia 
system  of  practice  woa  in  common  lua 
for  13  centuries. 

Galena,  'na.  A  remedy  or  antidote  for 
poiM>n  ;  theriaca.  Solpnate  of  lead :  the 
prindjial  ore  of  lead. 

Galenic,  -len'ik.  Renting  to  Galen,  the 
celebrated  phvddan,  or  his  prindples  and 
methods.  Tne  G.  remedies  consist  of 
preparations  of  herbs  and  roots,  br  iHfa- 
sion,  decoction.  See.  The  chemical  rem- 
edies condst  of  preparations  by  means  of 
caldnation,  digestion,  fermentation,  Ac 

Galeocerdo,  gu'le-d-sor''do.  A  gen.  of 
sharks  whoso  Droad-based,  sharp,  sentt- 
ed  teeth  occur  fossfi  from  tlie  lower  ter* 
tiaries  upward. 

Ghdeodes,  'des.  A  gen.  of  araohnidans, 
by  some  called  Solpuga,  fbrming  the  type 
of  a  distinct  family,  Galeodidie  or  sol- 
pugidip,  having  som'ewhat  the  appearanee 
of  largo  spiders. 

G«leopithecus.  -pi-th6''kas.  The  ^* 
ing-Iemur,  a  gen.  of  mammals  of  ao  pe- 
culiar a  structure  as  to  constitute  a  fiunlly 
(Galeopithecide)  of  themselves.  The 
bones  of  the  arm  and  leg  are  elongated, 
and  support  hiteral  folds  of  skin  aervie^- 
able  as  a  parachute,  but  not  as  organs  of 
flight. 

Galerius,  Gains  Valerius  Xax- 
fTw<f»Tiiia  A  Koman  soldier,  b.  260; 
was  adopted  bv  the  Emperor  Diocletian, 
and  prockdmea  Caesar,  892 ;  in  806,  on  the 
Abdication  of  Diocletian  and  Maxknian,  he 
became  Emperor  of  the  West  and  OiHi* 
Stan  tins  Chlorus  of  the  East ;  n.  811. 

Galicia,  ga-Ush'ya.  A  section  in  H. 
W.  Spain  di\ided  into  four  provinces ;  eap. 
Santiago.  The  people  are  distingntehed 
forindufitrv,  probity  and  patriotism  ;  pop. 
abt.  2,000,()«0. 

Galicia  and  Lodomeria  (Xin^- 
dom.  of.)  A  division  of  Austria  com- 
prehending the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  em- 
pire; c^p.  Lorn  berg;  area  84,857  sq.m.; 
pop.  abt.  0,000,000. 

Galilean,  gal-i-ir-'an.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Galilee  in  Jndea.  One  of  a 
sect  among  the  Jews  who  opposed  tiM 
payment  of  tribute  to  the  Koraans.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  or  invented  by  Galileo,  the 
Italian  astroBomsr,  as  tiie  GsMsm  Mi^ 
scope. 


PhcenlclB,  tlie  blrtbplnsl  t 
t  ts  now  IncluilHl  In  tk 

iu  Scrip.  IjikoofTibfrtO! 


dlreal*d^to  the  porch,  in  tJ 
o^j_»..__  "  legocth  before; 


»         OALLSOII 

gdl  bladder,  a.  otjilua,  tbe  uenlnl  uU 
AklDimiHl  nIF  tho  BurAioe  of  erowD-^lnflB; 

creiocnconiwlucHl  by  thn  drijoslt  ot  tSii 
eng  otta  fnsect  In  tho  bark  or  leovea  of  ■ 

ducal  by  napcdmof  ojn]pidep<ffillinjflta 

Infrauri^  iiBiMcl[<fl  of  oak,  OhHj  in  In- 
odorous, uhI  uvu  a  nauaoontl^  blttt^i"  and 
Dslrlngcnt  taste;  tbetr  chief  IngndleDtl 
■fa  tojinln  Dad  i^aUlc  add.  Tbvy  if^  also 
termia  uul-gall;!  or  gall-Dnli. 

Qtdl,  Fraiu  Joaepb.  a  diTTiian  pby- 
ftLalan,  and  IbundeTi  wltb  Bponhelin,  ot 
Ilia  Foleoce  or  ptmnolaffy  ;  b.  In  Baden, 
nS3;  D.  In  Pirla,  ISSa 

G&ll,  Bt.  An  E.  eutoo  of  Bwttuiland,  ' 
"   ofL^sCiinitsnM^  up.St."  " 


louder  of  tho  RepnhHoan  party ;  : 

he  waa  SMtetary  of  tho  TnwArr,  end 
Bflerwnrd  Minlstf  r  Kenldent  at  Paris  and 
lo  England  on  Im  boimd«7 


j^  u&: 


,       .  ,  Ing  knU>  the  AtlanUo. 

QftUion,  t^nn.    A  large  ablp  fbrraer^ 
■UMltf  aHiBpMdB4*^&^b>la.<»Ba>iK)h 


fiALTANIBM 


QBlliaan  ChoroK.    Tlic  IHlr  or  Uid  R 
C.  (Jbiirith  la  Fnnco.  which  rofuaed  lo  tc 

--  "id  bodyof  tlio  clern'.    Ujiillcnalaiii  \i 


BiMllp  fowl  li  Iho  lypo.  Including  lufkevi, 

CLrldKCS,    (TTDQH,    TW^IbAl,    LOd  'lllliDd 
■^  the  K'tond  nob-nrd-  b«1ii47  the  Co- 


ircMDted  tifcow- 


UeUeipoDt  uitl 
r  DavoF  rvudo- 


GlAUlna.  Oalua  SolploiitB. 


OolIlwaBp,  'll-< 
beorlnetllP  K\w 
Mnm. 

Oall-oak,  nai'oi 

Oalloon,  gt.\A"\ 


Bid  uth( 


QallowKlaa.  -glu.    An  snrlfDt  hair- 
■      ■    ™e,  a  ligtt 


•ALTWIOeEAMIT  a> 

■Hrjrerv,  Ac.    Through  I  iB  dlncomry  tha 
liiTi'ndon  of  the  d«Irla   wlrgnipli  W- 


Ikapr  (laqujR  mi  bma,  ha  m 


la  grfiKtoat  aqoTET  in 


i  monthi.     AfUr 
■public  O.  fnterfd 


te  Dp  an  atlackln^  pml- 
-0'J(ni'&-ilB.    GanaratHm 

Qansea.  Tb«  iikthI  rtrrr  of  Indti, 
l.MI  IB.  lonit,  ufUi  n  flalla  antqiidllig  HU 
-  "  -'-■-— lyofBeFiCTl-  ThoHot^Ur, 


Qanymedv,  'l-moil.  In  CLus  Mytb' 
B  vmith  imrrl?^  off  by  Jnpitar,  In  caeltf 
form,  imd  made  aup-btfan.T  to  lb«  luimur- 


S,;;"j," 


OABANOAN 


M 


eABT2B 


Garan^an,  'an-i^an.  A  Javanese  specie* 
f>f  irlinruinon,  tho  Ilerpostes  Jaraniciis, 
IKtssl•^^iIl?  tlu'  jM)wor  of  inllAtin^  and  con- 
tntL-tiii;;  it.H  IxMly  with  great  rapidity. 

G-arcilaso  de  la  Vega,  (r&r-tho-lah'Ao* 
A  diMtiiiKulAlicHl  Siianihh  iiovt,  known  as 
till'  Si)jinl«h  "Potrarch,"  u.  at  Toledo, 
VAfi] ;  I).  IfCW. 

G-arda    Lake.     The 

Iirindpul  hike  of  N. 
taly;  Mirrounded  by 
the'  i)n)vliKX'»  of  Ver- 
ona, lirt'.scia  and  Man- 
tua, and  on  the  N.  by 
tho  Tyrol ;  ^  m.  long 
by  V*.\n.  wide. 

Oarde-brace,     rard'     Garde-brace, 
bras.     A  pi«H;e  of  armor 
fastent'«l  to  the  elbow-plates,    and   corer- 
inte  tho  enH>w  and  upper  part  of  the  arm  ; 
uhhI  in  tlie  15th  centtuy. 

G-ardiner,  Stephen.  An  eminent 
Kn^fllfth  prolate ;  b.  1488,  D.  1555.  Arch- 
blitliop  of  Winchester,  he  approved  the 
I'eforinntion,  and  was  imprisoned  5  vcars 
by  Kdward  III.;  released  ob  the  ^ing*s 
death,  Quii'Q  Ifary  appointed  him  Lord 
(.'hancellor. 

Garffoyle.  f&r'- 

(roil.      In  Arch,  a 

proJectiDfr     si>out : 

for  throwing    the 

water    from     the 

fruttersofa  build- 
in  ^'. 
Oaribaldi.  -ibil' 

di.    A  Jacket  worn 


Oar^yle. 


bv  ladU>s,  supposed  to  memble  the  colored 
sfiirt  \Vorn  by  Garibaldi  and  his  soldiers. 
A  peculiar  stylo  of  hat ;  so  named  for  a 
slinihu'  reason. 

Garibaldi.  Giuaeppe.  Gen.  A  dis- 
tinguished Italian  i patriot ;  b.  at  Ni<^, 
1S(>T :  n.  at  Caurera,  IbSl.  lie  was  an 
exile  for  several  years,  residing  in  New 
York  llty  and  vicinity. 

Garnet,  'net.  The  name  common  to  a 
group  of  minerals  varying  in  oomposition, 
as  alumina,  lime,  magnesia  or  some  other 
base  Is  associated  with  the  ailka  which 
oomiHises  about  half  the  mInenU.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  coarse  garnet,  there  are  the 
oriental  garnet,  of  crimson-red  color,  the 
most  priEe<1  of  all  the  vark^ties ;  the  gros- 
sular  or  olive-green  garnet  from  Siberia ; 
the  |iyrope,  the  topaioHte,  the  svicctnite, 
tho  u)t*!jinite.  the  pyrenite,  the  allochroite, 
the  uplome,  and  the  coioi)honite.  Naut. 
a  sort  of  tadtie  Sxed  to  ^bc  inalD-ataj,  and 
AMd  t»  iwgft  tte  W30  til  aB4  9ii(. 


Gamiahee,  -nlsh-fi".  In  Uw,  a  panoa 
Vrarned  not  to  pay  monoy  which  he  ow« 
to  another  ))erson  who  is  indebted  to  the 
I>erson  giving  warning. 

Garonne,  ga-ron.  A  French  river, 
principal  branch  of  tho  Gtrondo,  which 
empties  into  tho  Bay  of  Biscay  85  m.  N. 
W.  of  Bordeaux. 

Garrick,  David.  A  di8tingai.<(hed  En- 
glish tragedian  u.  at  Hereford,  1710 ;  a. 
1779. 

Garrison,  William  IJosrd.  An  em- 
inent American  journalist  and  and-slavAy 
agitator ;  b.  in  Mass.,  li>04 ;  d.  1S79. 

Garrote,  gar-rot'.  A  mode  of  espltil 
punishment  in  Si>ain,  the  vlotlm  being 
placed  on  a  stool  before  a  post  to  whidi  H 
aftixed  an  iron  collar  with  a  screw ;  thb 
collar  is  made  to  cUisfi  the  neck  and  d^WB 
tighter  by  means  of  tho  screw  till  lift 
becomes  extinct.  The  instrument  by 
means  of  which  this  imnlshment  is  in- 
flicted. A  form  of  roboery  by  compress- 
ing the  victim*s  windpipe  till  ho  beoomc* 
insensible. 

GarmluB,  'ru-1ns.  A  gen.  ofinsessorfal 
bir<ls  of  the  crow  fkm.,  oontafninir  thejayi. 

Garter,  gur'ter. 
A  band  used  to  tie  a 
stocking  to  the 
leg.  Tho  badge  of 
the  highest  order  of 
knighthood  in  O. 
Britain,  the  order  of 
the  Garter;  henoo, 
also,  the  order  It^ 
self,  foundetl  by  Ed- 
ward III.  in  mem- 
or>'  of  the  following^ 
circumstance :  The 
Countess  of  Sails- 
bury  having  dropped 
her  garter  while 
dancing,    the    king 

{>ioke<l  it  u]>  and  tied 
t  round  his  own 
leg,  but,  obri«-r\ing 
tho  jealous  glances 
of  the  queen,  ho  re- 
stored it  to  its  own- 
er with  tho  exclamation,  "  Honi  soit  qol 
mal  y  pense  '*  (Shamed  be  he  who  thinki 
evil  of  it).  Tho  emt>]em  of  the  order  Is  a 
dark  blue  ribbon  oilged  with  gold,  beorlnc 
the  motto,  and  >\ith  a  buckle  and  pend- 
ant of  gold,  worn  on  the  left  lo?  bekiw  tb« 
knee.*  The  dross  is  of  different  colored 
velvets,  tho  collar  of  sroM  and  the  star  of 
silver,  the  two  last-mentinned  being  in  Ike 
^mofanrcer.  The  <M4irinal  nnuiltqrW 
kQiffats  WM  96^  ami  thto  iii  itU  the ; 


Insignia  of  th« 
Garter. 


iDul  nnnibcr,  ultboneh  Uie  prtncn  if  the 
bLuDcl  itn  Mniltt«d  «  iup«rDDm<TBr>- 
nnHnben.  OrlfrlullT  known  as  Iba  Order 
ofSI.Oeoirc.ltBCIlIrctalnstfaattme.    A 


-  a  parJbrmcr  to 

Oas.  i;ai.  An  elutlc  uriftinii  fluid,  a 
tenn  orlidnally  lynonymauB  'mUh  nW.  hat 
ifterwarLl  rostrictod  tubodlfseupt'Oiied  tu 
ba  incapabia  of  bcln^rMuced  to  a  liquid 
or  solid  Btits.    Slace  lie  Uqucfbetlan  ol' 

gaaca  by  Farwlj"  ■■'"  '"■ —  *--" ■■ 

Kearly  fc  origtn 


I  flAfHEBISG-FSAT 

habltlBf  a  nnlTal'o  tticIL     Tlis  Rirdaa 
Bnall  It  *  ^pe.    Tha  elua  oomprlH*  aln 


whelk!.  p«iwlnU«,  timpvti  and  oowrlo, 
Ho  knotrn  gularojiod  baa  a  binlTa  shell. 

Onstercstaidse.  -Da.bi'|.dO.  The  Filek1»- 
yglaDflihes.  reuurkablo  fOr  buUdlne  amu 

Qastronomy,  -tFon'o-ul.     The  art  or 


Bvlng.    0»K 
Llordd.  »bic 

h'J^ppon.  ta 

t™?,r  S 

ei-er.  ""Ei 

1       ^ 

IrJ 

ik 

I..  (.'anado.eonlalBlnftwoo 

lorehonM 

aln  Qb. 
iintl«,  Q 

Qaaaendi.  Fisrre.  An  « 

ence  IM2,  u.  1(£b.        " 

Inent  F» 
1  »,   111  ft 

OnoofthOhli 
gl.  couinrlslnit 
•ports  In  wh 

T-i-BU-tu" 

,.,,.^,^,^^  ffood  llTtoir;  th(  , 

ited  ImmenMly      Ibelablfi;  spleortsm. 

' nfmo(t*ro  i  Oaatrotomy, -troi'B-ml.    TheopBraUi 


aBatarophUns, 


-  to  •  dly.  cut1^  abbey,  tol- 
lejeor  maDslon.andlbrtidjiffUtDreflidenco 
or  tbo  gate-kefpAT,  In  andent  tfnifla  these 
honsos  woTO  often  lar^  and  tmpoaliif 
AtnioUires.  of  jrmt  tO'eD^,  and  irere 

Bates.  Horatio,  Otm.  An  Amerioon 
officer  la  the  HevoluUon  ;  n.  In  Knglanil, 
1728;  u,  I80fl.    He  cnpluKd  Oai.  JJuT-, 


ordbwrilTteSedb^.       "       *    =    •"      ItorteKrs^to^krm^lho  ronntry  In  timeof 
HlrUanden.    A  pe«t  nnt  il 


taUaeBu,   nb-teRo'n'.    A 


OatllnB-yua.  cuniiHt-Bon. 

Qaah.  Bsb.    An  lodliui  nun 
tringr^Tit  msdldnil  ftuJt  of  Dh 
bryopn^ris,  Khleb  jlslds  Jui« 
00   p<.T  cent,  of  pure  tibnl 
Juice.  In  addltloD  &  lu  oia  >. 

pnylig  Uio^toma  ofWu. 
Qancho,  rf-D'nbB.    A  naUvo 
pa^  of  U  }>!iu.  iifSpuiiih  do 

in  mbior  dlipulci  ori^  rfflirnd.' 
Cbuas,  Sail  Fiiedrich.    A   diiUn- 


or  flpired,  Iho  Litja-Miii  wortwl  itllb 
flowcn  of  unvcr  or  ei>lil.     Anj  Blieht 
ojwn  mnlerlal,  u  wire  pinM, 
Qav&ml.    Tbe  noin  de  plums  of  Psul 


OiTlal  or  GueeUo  Oraoodite. 
Crooadllii.  obuHlcrliiKl  by  nairow 


Oay- 

ins.  B. 

Oiyal, 


a,  Joseph  Iiouin.  ' 


Chua.    A  div  of  Syiio,  pnshallo  of  B*. 
mMi^Qs;  Mm.  S.  W.  ofJwT— " 


tbo'n^oofBdl^H^tuilmil. 
0«cajrcimu,)S-klr-Bl'nD>.    Tha  gea.  oC 


GMada,  rel  'id-a. 

'baboon,  uvlnKAiuuTji .,  ..,.„.._ ^. 

«Tflr  the  BLouldera,  and  which  only  grovi 

Oelaltetui  Era. 


&u]lAA  or  Khoraafilfi. 
iparcrt  and  wluble. 


si  auld.    Its  loAian 


n  eetlMed  the  Cartka- 


Biiylhini-  rcmarkHblo  Bir  bauti 
or  uiHUlnug".    Amflcisl  ftema  ann 
wtMLa  ternicldpaato.raliBd  wtlh  B 
oildus  for  j.r.idadDK  the  iesitti  ea 

O.J  ^Titaa. 
Oemiui,  Jemd 


m  It  dl<  vi4  U 


otytaldall 


I    OemBtaom,  nmz^i 


OaldtaW.  jteldlna.  A  otinM  horu. 
Formerly  the  word  wu  appHod  to  laen  u 
veil  u' hmtaa,  aad  waa  equivalent  t« 
.  ^.  eonuoli- 

a«eIonK.    k  Wr  •rt  TlstorU,  e.  Ans- 


plpes,  faavtng:  a 

^h9!^-dSiTn.  A  nrtvalslnUc 
if  Franca.    In  hirmar  tlmai 


Qeaealoeir,  ]i-liA-al'o.JL    . 


tlelr  cfclldron   In  Uia   ulIutiiI  order  of 
moooHloD.    FedJip'iw ;  llnrage. 
Oenaral,  J«d'«->]      One  of  the  i^hlcf 
mliltiT]'  olSfm  or  n  eiiuntry  i>r  noytrn- 

order  of  monlui,  or  of  all  congrugiiUoin 

Ovneiml  flirrmTilr  TId  snnreDiB 
«un  oTtho  IOuhllih«d  Chumb  <m'{  Pr» 
OiDrob  orBwrtland.  Tho  hlehegt  tribnna] 
artbs  FrMbj'lerian  thnrohss  of  Amori™. 


QeuerleTeSt.    Tlw pctnwHiaf Tiirta; 
-    --  NiBUrr*  128,  d.   M2.     TrsdlUog 
she  perCbniied  iolnd«»,   predlortd 


it(  Clovli 


sod  MU  Uit  u 


ilH-nilv'r.      4a  Alplno  Imrl 

Frio«  Dud  FI"daiont.  1 1^15  ft.  Q^ 

>ad  uindp  by  onltr  of  Nipoltwi  L 

IM  llslIhslielgbtiifS.OOOn. 

OanehiB  Khan.    A  TuUr  eliter  vb| 

nnrnetiul  and  tiicccttfu)  nir;  h.  II  U,  r, 
Jm.  Ho  DVfmUl  ■  gHBl  purt  Df  V. 
ChtDi.  daOvytid^ainarGiuid  and  BoUi*- 


n  rlM«  in  roltiir  Co.,  P»..  and  empfles 
Into  Liil;c<  Ontario,  tli  mllei  below  Uui>b- 
;  total  IcDgUi,  14S  m. 


very  bcantlfiilsolt  ''^ 

fur,  ai.d.  like    Ibe    civet,  ixm 
a^reoable  porfmne- 
OenflTO.Ee-Dj'Ta.    A  aplrltrllii 
enln  or  malt,  vdOi  the  Dddldon 
barriea.    Tha  word  li  now  uaui 

Oenera.     Tba  leadlno  bat  ii 


CaEW.  Lake  of  G.  (Lcman).  Ibi 
lnSwll»erlaiid,ln  thaB.W,  shKIc 
antnD:laDKth  M  m..  width  1 
Alms  If  (bores  are  N)-on, 
Oucb;,  CLircDS  mud  UeiUerie, 
GensTa.  Blbla.  A  oop^  of  tbc 
EncU^h,  prints  at  Geneva,  1&6I). 
mon  uBsfn  Enrland  Ull  the  Tenil< 
to  ordtr    of    &iag    ' 


Jutm  wa*   lotni- 


1  that  B 


OenltOT,  ■ 


n   wbd    proOrratea;    a 


h--l^ht  or  the  [djwtut 
-DlliobimqoclleiDabiir 
OeillaB  loci,  Ju'nI-ua  lO'A 


Xodoxli  J  jviMiiBr  tp  OMbipL 


n,  Jen'rt 


jcllowlsh  Srown         flentiim. 
and  l3  la  frequent  hbs  an  a  lonld. 


I  of  tralnad  nUcob 


■Hdes  under  <t;acLuii  Drug 

^  of  Bpodei   Twu^Hlne  c 
Un  In  common,  V  H-hlob  tb 

A JtMoent  prefix  In  nnponiid 
OHlved  ftom  Greek,  ref^TTlnjf  jo 
■Ui ;  as,  geognpby,  ^Mjogy,  j 


&  periDdlcoJI^.     6.    maclili..,  „. 


ilKitotAbin^on!      His  o 
arly  Unsa  wo  llgh  oalhoj 
Oeofflvy  Saint'HIUairQ, 


B.  IIM, 


niisbly  iireser 


nalntn^  pimJlel  to 
'a  ^<a  l!i^lLoft<on* 
il.aliimporait»te 


thcT^etaJs,  islii  a^le  balla ;  i 
rettmei  aa  carthp  iiutt«r,  wb 


.  ddndelidiB  and  Carabtdic, 

ly, -od'e-sl     That  branch  of  ap- 


tanta.  Oanenl  or  UnlToraal  Q.  tnoU  at 
tba  eartli  boUi  aa  s  dlallnit  bod;  In  Iha 
imlvmw,  aid  aa  oononlail  wtth  ■  antim 
vt  heaTenly  bodlea.  Ifathamatlcali). aji- 
plcB  matlnmatloiil  trutba  la  Uw  tgm  at 
tho  aartht  and  dfitorniliwi  tho  nlaUva 
poalClona  of  plaoaa,  longltudea  and  latl- 
CDdea,  tha  IinaBinuy  llnea  uid  slrelea, 
their  maaiare,  dEataiHe,  Aa,  Pli^alal  Q. 
daacrlboa  the  pHndpal  fStarca  of  tA« 
earth's  ancAice.  oHraatsa  and  Mnpcratsraa, 
and  ahowB  bow  ihaae,  wltb  atbtf  canan. 
Effect  the  mndltlonof  the  hnman  net, 

inala  and  prodnctlona.  Pnfltlcil  G.  triMa 
o  r  tho  t  Q  tuiM  tants  an  d  thah- aodal  rckdon*. 
eacrod  or  BlbUcal  O.  IrMtt  of  PaJeMlH 

lllDitradiig  and  elnddaUDg  Serblnra 
hlstorj'.  A  book  coDta)nln(  m  dncTQitloB 
oflhenrthororaporUaaorit. 
SqoIoct,  -oI'o-JL  Tbe  adence  irUah 
doala  with  the  atroctma  of  tho  cnut  of 
tho  Klobii  and  of  tba  iDbamoea  whtob 
compoaolt;  or thoValnicoofthoinlnflnUa 
and  the  ralatlans  which  tha  Hreial  mb- 
Btltnent  ina»«a  bear  to  elA  otbv.     It 

that  have  taken  place  hi  tha  mnuilo  and 
Inorganic fclnedtnna or  natoie.  .Thoreelo- 
glat  oueht  to  be  well  Tened  la  chanilatfT. 
mtaieralof;,  loalof;,  botanj,  eompoiatlT* 
anatomy  and  ererf  bnooh  of  aotiBea  n- 

Tba  rocka  have  ba«i  r-ric^^^SiFtdad  In 

aooordanao  with  their  uwiUuii  and  ooB- 
lan  ts.  Tba  fln(  graat  OItMob  Is  Into  on- 
Btntlfled  anil  sintifisd.    Tb«  nntlntiaed 

divisible  loto  '.wo  firouna,  metanuuphic 
ind  vokanfe,  aH  crystalline.  FoDT  Sot 
atanccB  enter  Into  their  compoaltlDn— 
mica,  qTiartz.  fteToiiar  and  hombteade.  Tfao 
stratified  rocka  have  been  deposltAd  from 
nater,  and  hare  been  divided  Into  meta- 


ITld^ 


OBOHBTXICtAK 


New  Ked  Budstoiie.  ODiltIo  or  Jirtusli 
■DbillvHf^  inu  Ilu,  w>UU  iirnper,  |>ui 
beckB,  C'rc(lic»D^  TtTtiuy,  dJ>lS«l  Int 
EoccDV.  Miocene.  PLiDcene  snd  Plelsu 
«4ne,  QuatntiAry  or  Poflt-ttrtLar^.  d 
rldod  Into  Pnhlnorlc  or  I'ost-plcls 
md  lltilorlfl  0- " -->■—■  -■ 


'BklUod  Jn  gaomeby  ;  i 


mnniHuda  In  ffenenJ ;  thai 
nutbematSu  irhlch  tnata  of  U 
JUid  robilioliB  of  nuffnltadet. 
suMt  ^eneml  mad  ImportAot  o 


Trt 


Hlf-evldeDt  ImUis, 


Oio-navigttUon.o-M-vl-, 


lllfr  (reology  «id  phy«ic»l  gaogrmphj. 
GeophaeiBt.  -afa-jlBt.    One  nho  pni 
tluM  geDphoglam  ;  ono  who  CBta  earth. 


•on  of  Erattt  Augnetoi.  E1«lor  o 
over,  by  ^epblA,  ffranddaugliterar 

]S»8,  knd  on  th^o  deltli  of  Qneen  A^n 


ilodod  tliflB.  C.  de 


TSt 


irlct,  PrincB  of  ■W«les,  i. , 

.  iifler  the  longett  reign  of  MJ 
EngUah   jnoamrch.     Daring   bis  reign  UC 


Qepr^,  lAko  IHoriooiil.     A  beult- 
L.  Chunpliilii ;  BO  m.  long  bj  A  m. 

OeorKe,  St.  <of  Cappadoda).    Tb* 

pAtroij  Mint  of  Engliiodjiod  Greece,  vrvs* 
plom  Bnrl  learned  ptieat.  appoinlHl  Ailaii 
Bishop  or  Aleuuidili.SSl.  llowaakUlad 
br  a  mob,  and  mnnnhed  4M.  TradlUen 
uysha  was  named  "  Viotorlaua"  fk-om 
havlug  killed  a  teniblo  dragon  Id  Aila 
Minor,  flDppoflod  to  bo  (hat  mentioned  br 
et.  John  Jn  the  Dook  of  lfeTelaIk>n, 
G«oTffe,  St..  Order  of.  The  mto  ol 
several  orders  of  Eupopeon  knUhUiood, 
Bomenow  eiUeel.  The  pHnd pal  are' the  . 
KuBshui  military  order,  instlluled  by 
CelhmlTie  II  ,  Iflffl  ;  thnt  of  St,  G.  l-POoC 
)S8»;  the  Hanoverian  Orilor  of  6L  Q., 
I3M,atiiltlutofBt.  O.  of  the  Rann1i«, 
foonded  by  Joieph   Bonaparte  In   N^)lef 


Floridn,  V 


ezqBoxTOTii  « 

__  _  I. dty ind port af DDtiT 

of  WMhlngWu  Co.,  DhWoi  orColumbli, 
£m.  N.  WlofWuhln^ton:  pop.  J9.Gm 
Oeorgia,  iir'Jp-Bh.    A    Bmbon   of  W. 

cap.  TlUis,  >riiii  B,000  aq.  m..  pop.  *bt. 
Q«orKl&.  One  or  the  S.  Btitrs  of  the 
..  K.'brUis  Atliutli:,  S.  by 
hilvliiei  tnloISS  couDtlia.    lU 

unsirtct^  'Rome,  StlSiuy*!,  Colnm- 

POJlb,  St.  Uuy'a  and  AltunatlL  O.  wu 
m«d  afttrOeorit^  II.  of  En^lAod.  and 
LA  Che  Ijut  organized  Britirili  colonr 
thin  IhoU.  8..  6»vMn«li  being  laldoot 
>  dlj  by  Ofa.  OBlelhorpe,  1T8S.  G, 
wded  Juf,  IB,  1S«1 ;  iru  rMdmin«d 


OcoTBtan  Bar  (lEuiltoullik  lAka). 

.An  inn  of  Idk«  Huran,  on  the  Cuidiui 
■bore;  fiObTtam. 


iba  lolnt  u 
arts  and  m 


BoU  obtiJnad  bj  Joapaotton. 

Ik.      BelitinE  t 


Th*  lUfun  of  the  Ughs 

jtiiem  diBtjrfeu  of  (Wtannj, 

and  tha  HteraiT  lannuoo  of  (11  OermuiT. 
It  <8  divided  Into  three  nerloda-Old  njgh 
Oerman,  from  Che  8ch  lo  Uu  IZth  oenta- 
ry.  Middle  HlgbOennu,  to  thsinh  (en-  , 
tury.  ind  Modem  High  Oermui.  Ths 
flnt  cmbrHDea  the  AllununDlo,  Frwklsh 
nod  other  sub^dinteota.  The  aecond  la  the 
lan^ruaceof  the  Ulnoeflingerfl,  of  thobA- 
doDDl  nerolo  l^«DdB(Hpldenaa9ep),  and 
of  the  hiy  of  tha  Nibelun^en.  Hooen 
Qermon  Is  properly  tho  dUlect  of  Buooy, 


Q«rnum-aUTer,  .all'rei 
ing  together  lOD  puta  of « 


fitber  et  the  EolwtoDa  Callgnh^  ud  hia 
dMOgblfr  Agrlpplna  wu  the  mother  of  the 

QoimuitowIL.    A  aubnrb  of  Fhlladal- 

S'lla,  noted  u  Uieioenaor  the  defeat  ol 
en.  Waahinglon  by  Geo.  Howe,  Oct.  4, 

iin. 

OermtJiy  (Smplra  Of).  A  sonlMeis- 
tlonofSUleaoocupylng  the  greater  pnr- 
lionofK.  Central  Europe,  bounded  K  by 
tho  North  ind  Bellle  Bed  and  DeDmarli, 
G.  by  Rugals,  B.  tiy  Aaetrla  wd  Bwluer- 
Innd,  lod  W.  by  Tnare.  Belgium  end  the 

Gennao  »q'' "^'pop'  "ahL    U,OM.m, 


»,iM-lnH)'l.d«.  A  bm.  ol 
burrawlnEUmdHeoFnbertlea,  lee.  Pet>- 
leeen.  wUeh,  viien  atarmed.  IMgn  dealli. 
Oaphyraa.  g»4fr«-*.  A  aliaa  of  the 
Aaattfaropbda,    oomprlalnf    the    apoou' 

'  Owah.  gS'r*.  The  enullert  piece  ol 
OW  afth  part  of  a  ahekel.  ornfarly  B  conti! 
Oantrd,  Kaurloe  Btlenite,  ComM. 

aerredvlUi  AlatlncUoo  und..-  Napaleon 
J.,  and  captured  Antwerp.  1S39. 

CtarbUlm,  ]er.T>ll'lna.  A  Beo.of  email 
rfdn,Kiv&iEnloDatall,  tufted  at  the  end. 

O*rio-»axioo,  -lA-u-t«'li6.  A  rare,  rich, 


and  W  urtembnv:  gnnd-duohlea  of  Heaae 
Meeklenburg-Schwerhi,  Saie-Wclmar 
MeoWeabnrf-StreHti  and  Oidenbnrg 
dnchlea  uf  Bnliwwidt.  Bue-UdnhigeD 
Saie-AJtanborg,  Sue-Cobnrg-Outha  am 
Anhall:  prtnel|iaU[]«of  Uppe-Datmold 
Waldeck,      Bchwanburg-  Budolatsdt 


Sclileli,  Eeuea-Orel 


1    fechauD 


nltles  m  Berlll 
Br<^alflu.    Leipzig. 


ce-Lorrslne.    The  prlnd- 


Ncn-atreltii,  Olden- 


Outhj.  I>Hun,Hiiinburg,uremcn,Brem- 
arha«en,  Kflolgaberg,  Fnntlbrt-on-lho. 
UalD  andStruburg.  CJUeTrtven,  tiie^lMi- 


GERMINAL 


870 


eiABTS'  OAunnrAT 


lib«,  Rhine,  tlbo,  Weaor,  Main  and  Oder. 
The  jirewTit  oinplrc  was  formed  Jan.  18, 
ISTl,  whfii  thu  ruling  monarch  of  rrussLi, 
Kiri^'  Willhia  I.,  wa.n  crownetl  hcn»ditary 
Kti]]/<>n)r  of  the  (icrinan:*,  the  con^titutioh 
bclu'f  iiiio^ttcvl  Muy  4  of  thu  t^uiiio  year. 

Qorxnmal.  /.hftr-mJ-nnl.  The  Tth  month 
v(  ihv?  la\->t  >Vi'nch  r«'i»il>lieun  (uUeudar, 
rouitiiencin*;  March  2L  and  ending  April 
lU. 

Gerxnination,  jorm-l-na'Ahon.  The  first 
Oct  vf  {rrowtli  by  an  embryo  pliint :  thu 
tiniv;  in  >vhic*!i  seeds  vogotato  afU.'r  being 
]>lantc<l  or  Fown. 

Oerontes,  ge-ron'tOz.  In  Greek  Antlq. 
inogistruted  in  Sparta  who,  with  the 
euhori  and  kin/?8,  were  the  fioprcme  au- 
thority of  the  fitate.  Tbev  could  not  be 
elevated  to  the  dignity  before  their  60th 
year. 

Qerry,  Elbridgre.  An  American  statca- 
man  ;  n.  i:i  Mass.,  1744,  i>.  1814.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
Commissioner  to  France  (1797),  governor 
of  Mass.,  and  (1812)  Vice-PrGBiddnt  of  the 
U.  8. 

Gexrusia,  -ro'sl-a.  The  senate  of  ancient 
Bparta ;  the  aristocratic  elemvnt  of  Spartan 
polity. 

GervUlia,  Jer-viril-a.  A  gen.  of  conch- 
ifers  ur  bivalves,  fam.  AviciilidsB,  or 
wing-shells,  found  fossil  from  the  carbon- 
iferous system  to  the  chalk,  inclusive. 

Qestatioxi,  jest-u'shon.  The  act  of  carry- 
ing young  In  the  womb  from  conception 
to  delivery :  pregnancy.  Exercise  in  which 
one  is  borne  or  carried,  ra  on  horseback, 
or  in  a  carriage,  without  the  exercise  of 
his  own  powers. 

Gesture,  'tlir.  A  motion  of  the  face, 
body  or  limbs  expressive  of  sentiment  or 
passion  ;  any  action  or  posture  intended 
to  express  an  Idea  or  a  passion,  or  to  en- 
force an  argument  or  opinion. 

Gethsemane.  The  garden  at  the  foot 
of  the  Mount  of  Olives,  near  Jerusalem, 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  the  agony  of 
Cbidst  and  his  betrayal  by  Judas. 

GettysbtLrfiT.  A  tovm  in  Adams  Co.. 
Penu.,  86  m.  8.  "W.  of  Ilarrlsburg,  noted 
for  its  proximity  to  the  desperate  thn-e 
days'  battle  (July  1  -8, 186»)  between  the 
Federals  under  Oon.  Meade,  and  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Lee.  The  latter  was 
defeated,  losing  80,000,  including  14,000 
prisoners ;  the  Federal  loss  was  upward 
of  28,000. 

Geyser,  pl'zer.  The  name  given  to 
springs  of  hot  water.  The  |^y  sera  of  lee- 
lotd  nniolyer  nearly  onie  himdred;     Thcjr 


arc,  however,  surpassed  by  ibusa  IrUd 
have  been  discovered  In   ocnnputitfTelr 

recent  times  in  tho  Kocky  Mountains,  m 
the  Yellowstone  rt^on. 

Ghat,  gat.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  mm 
through  a  mountain  ;  al.so,  anmcreorcbain 
of  hilLt.  A  landing-pkico  or  stafrwav  A 
tho  1  Ivers  of  India. 

Ghazepore,  gaz-e-ooor'.  Cai>.  of  a  dirt, 
of  Ninic  name  in  British  Bengal,  India, 
on  thu  Ganges ;  [top.  107,000. 

Gheo,  gi'.  In  t'le  E.  Indies,  batter  mad* 
fV-oui  thu  milk  of  tho  bufi'aio,  clarified  hf 

boiling. 

Ghent,  gilnt.  Cap.  of  £.  FlMiders,  BjdI- 
gium,  80  m.  N.  W.  of  Brussels,  at  tha 
junction  of  tho  Lys  and  Scheldt ;  built  oi 
id  islands  with  canals  dividing-  tbem,  aid 
connected  by  800  Inldges.  It  dates  mA 
to  tho  7th  century,  and  is  snrronnded  by 
a  broad  wall,  8  m.  in  circumference :  pop. 
abt.  122,000.  *^  *^ 

Gherkin,  ger'kin.  A  smaK-flmited  vari- 
ety of  the  cucumber,  used  for  pickUnf . 

Ghetchoo,  get'sho.  £.  Indian  name  fat 
Aponogcton  monostaehyoa,  the  roots  of 
which  resemble  potatoes. 

Ghetto,  'to.  The  quarter  in  certila 
Italian  towns  where  Jews  live. 

Ghibelline,  gi'bel-In.  One  of  a  fteCkm 
in  Italy  in  favor  of  tho  emperor  and  op- 
posed to  the  Guelf^,  or  pope^s  fiiction. 
They  arose  in  the  12th  century,  and  dis- 
turbed (Jermany  and  Italy  for  800  years. 

Ghoont,  gr>nt.  A  small  sure-footed  £. 
Indian  pony,  used  in  the  mountain  ranges 
as  a  pack  or  saddle  horse. 

Ghost,  Holy,  The,  goet  In  TheoL 
tlio  third  person  in  tho  Trinity.  AU  vrho 
subscribe  to  the  Athabasian  Creed  bellevs 
the  Holy  Ghost  proceeds  from  tho  Father 
and  Son  ;  the  Greek  Church  teaches  that 
ho  proceeds  from  the  Father  only. 

Ghost-moth,  moth.  A  nocturnal  lepi- 
dopterous  insect,  so  called  iVom  the  male 
being  white  and  hovering  with  a  pendn- 
lum-like  motion  in  the  twilight  over  ons 
spot  where  the  female,  which  is  red  and 
gray,  is  concealed. 

Ghoul,  ghol.  An  imaginary  evil  heing 
among  Eastern  nations,  supposed  to  prey 
upon  numan  bodies. 

Giallolino,  )yal-lo-le'n5.  An  oxide  of 
lead  or  massicot,  a  fine  yellow  pigment, 
also  known  as  Najjles  Yellow. 

Giants'  Causeway.  A  remarkablo 
basaltic  formation  on  the  N.  coast  of  Irs* 
land,  oonatituting  a  platform  600  ft.  long 
by  850  broad  and  25  ft  hUgk,  of  dbsa)/ 19- 


(MSAKBOLE 


beriab.  pil/ber-jifa.  BipM  ^ 
dilate  Lilk;  unme&Dln^  voida. 
Bet,  JIb'bi'l.  A  gtdlowB;  ooir 
1  upright  post  wllii  M  irm  pru] 


Kd. 


]«  projHdD^'beua  o 


bcoi,  ril/bnn. 


1»  rib  wH.    ^ 
,  E«D.  Uy]obat«a,bui:uivropvuijuiu 
ratricted  ta  ths  ipedu  Urlobat^a  Ju. 
DguDomKllT  longonna.    lucoLor 

a  or  Bray  bstrH. 

Km,   £dward.      A   dlitioguUhe 

llah  hlfltorian  ;  u.  n&l,  o.  1T9I. 

d,  Hb'«l.    A  Bih  ot  tha  ULrp  i^en 

rlDus  gibellB,  uld  to  bo  able  u^va  E 

KUtlU,  clt>'J'OII-lt.     A  glsTo'i  Blaie 
rtman'slabJrer  i  I  faiiopi-i  drud«( 


gig.  A  little  tiling  tlist  fs  whirled 
d  In  plaj ;  «  lop  ;  a  "hlrllglg:.  A 
r  osfriago  with  tino  pair  or  whrela ;  k 

ilad  for  IMlnr;  also  b  ahlp'.  host, 
nUr  ftmlsbedinthaiilli.  A  machine 
iBtUgoTrjtarycyUnilerfi  covered  with 

t«lh  An  leading  woolen  ototb. 
«Itliie,  g<I'hcrl-lb.    Odo  ol  B  »>«■■ 

order  founded  aboDt  lltS,  b;  Ott- 
,  lord  of  aemMJDghim  in    " ' 
L  England,    the  loale   Bv 
iohHrredlbenleorSe.  Ai 
tlw  fuulei  that  of  BC  Ban« 

fL    Anwunnnfapadty, 
h«  tOluth  put  Dtl  pint. 
Alzt,  'Oeit.    A  BporUva  oi 

4%    Ja  tUHlcUud*,* 


Bmber*  of 


.  I  Qimbal,    gliu'ba].     A 
I  !    tliin,  or  for  lUBpeDdlng 

raTDoln  In  eqnilll^Doi. 


lu^nenileJ.  ■ndnriudlaHliBtUahed.    A 
vhlis  or  ivlndlus  whlvh  turns  n  cvUndtr 

Jca.«  fj-omjt  depth.    A  niaclilne  fOr  ee^ 
nUnir  Kedoftom  oottod.    A  ULbehlnolbr 


Oinxal,  't-al.  A  largo  mnskrt  ns«d  |n 
Asl4  b/  the  nulvedj  and  flrad  ttom  a  ren. 
Some  are  inauntod  on  urrliwee.  The 
CUnwo  uae  them  eiteualrely. 

aingerbrsad-vork.      'Jer-ired-w 


atr*A,JI-nP.  Th*  eunelopard  (Gfraf- 
r*  CiiaietoiHirdilli  or  Gunelopirdaili  Ol- 

tallMt'of  Ml^la.  ™hfne  tbe  IiflRht  of 
IStoKlfeet.  It  Is  ■  mild  BDd  tnoffeailvs 
nnlmal.  ond  In  ciptlrity  li  very  gesUs  and 

OintndOl*,  'ru-dol.     a  ehtudcUer;  ■ 

hm  Mad  K  hikm  MjOmHi^.    b> 


OIBABD 


872 


OLAKDEI^S 


pyrotechnics,  a  revolving  firework  ;  a  re" 
Tolvinff  aiiu. 

O-irard,  Stephen.  An  American  phil- 
anthropist, u.  in  France,  1750  ;  ».  in  rbila- 
delphia,  1631.  Iln  made  n  large  fortune  as  a 
merchant  i:i  Philadelphia,  and  at  his  death 
left  $2.()00,u00  to  found  a  college  for  or- 
phan Doys,  to  be  conducted  on  strictly 
secular  principles.  The  building,  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  country,  was  begun  In 
183B,  and  completed  in  1S48. 

GMrasole,  'ra-sol.  The  turnsole  (Ilelio- 
troplum  curopffium).  A  transparent  va- 
riety of  opal,  usually  white  or  bluish- 
white,  but  when  turned  toward  any  bright 
liffhtit  constantly  reflects  a  reddish  color 
— henco  its  name ;  Fire-opal. 

Girdle,  ger'dl.  A  band  or  belt ;  some- 
thing drawn  round  the  waist  of  a  person 
and  fastened.  Inclosure  *  circumference. 
In  Jewelry,  the  line  which  encompasses 
the  stone,  parallel  to  the  horizon.  In  Arch, 
a  small  circular  band  or  fillet  round  the 
shaft  of  a  column. 

Girl,  gerl.  A  female  child ;  a  person  of 
the  female  sex  not  arrived  at  puberty ;  an 
unmarried  young  woman.  In  the  language 
of  the  chase,  a  roebuck  of  two  yearn  old. 

Girondist,  zhi-rond'ist.  A  member  of 
a  celebrated  political  party  during  the  first 
French  revolution,  so  named  because  the 
most  talented  and  eloquent  of  their  leaders 
were  teom  the  department  of  La  Gironde. 

Girth,,  gerth.  The  band  by  which  a  sad- 
dle or  any  burden  on  a  horse's  back  is 
made  fiut  by  passing  tinder  his  belly.  Any 
circular  bandage.  The  measure  round 
anything  of  a  cylindrical  shape.  In  print- 
ing, one  of  two  bands  attached  to  the 
ronnce  of  a  press,  and  used  to  run  the 
carriage  in  or  out. 

GKttem,  git'tem.  An  iLstniment  of  the 
guitar  kind  strung  with  wire ;  a  cittern. 

GKtteth,  'teth.  A  musical  instrument 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  to  the 
lBraelit«s  by  David  ttom  Gath  in  the  land 
of  the  Philistines. 

GiustO,  jnsfto.  In  Music,  in  Just,  cor- 
rect, or  st^pdy  time. 

Gizzard,  ^'erd.  The  third  and  princi- 
pal stomadi  In  birds.  It  performs  the 
hincti9n  of  teeth  in  triturating  or  grinding 
the  food. 

Glacier,  gla'shi-er.  An  immense  accu- 
mulation of  ice  filling  a  valley  an^pouring 
down  its  masses  to  vallevs  veC  lower. 
•They  present  the  appearance  of  fh)zen  tor- 
rents, frequently  several  miles  in  length, 
trftversed  oy  deep  rents  ealled  erevames. 
Thoy  movt  gradnaUy  down  into  th«  tower 


valleys  at  a  varying  rate  of  18 
inches  in  twenty-Tour  hoars.  la  fb 
terofl81&-19  some  Swiss  glMrfon 
so  iar  down  into  the  lower  vaUnra 
sweep  away  whole  viUagea.  Toi 
founa  in  many  lofty  mountiin  raof 
the  Alps,  the  Andes,  &e.  G.  theo 
tributes  importimt  geographiosl  ^ 
to  the  action  of  glaciers,  which,  d 
the  glacial  i>eriod,  covered  a  hurge  | 
the  frigid  and  temperate  sones. 
name  is  also  given  to  any  theory  so 
ing  for  the  downward  motion  of  gk 

Glacis,  gl&'sis.  A  gentle  slope  or 
ing  bank.  In  Fort,  s  slopiog  ha 
raised  as  to  brin^  the  enemy  ioi 
most  direct  line  of  fire  from  tbelbf 
Geol.  an  easy  slope,  like  that  of  sh 
piled  on  the  shore  by  the  action  of 
and  waves ;  less  steep  than  a  talus. 

Glade,  glad.  An  opening  or  pi 
through  a  wood ;  on  open  place  in  a 
or  foi*est.  An  opening  in  ice  or  a 
left  unfi*ozen ;  smooth  ice.    An  ever 

Gladiate,  g1ad'i-&t  Sword-sh^ 
the  legume  of  a  plant. 

Gladiator,  -er.  In  Bom.  Ajitiq 
who  fought  in  public  for  the  enti 
ment  of  the  people.  At  first  prto 
slaves  or  condemned  criminals ;  b 
terward  freemen  fought  in  the  arei 
hire  or  fW>m  choice.  Under  the  e 
knights,  senators  and  even  worae 
hiblted  themselves  in  this  way. 

Gladstone,  William  Swart.  . 
tinguished  English  statesman  and  o 
B.  in  Liverpool,  1809.  He  is  at  pi 
(18S4)  nrime  minister  for  the  second 
succecaing  the  late  Lord  Bemon 
(Disraeli). 

GlaffOl,  gla'gol.  An  ancient  Sclavoi 
phabet,  principally  used  in  seTeral' 
dioceses  of  Istria  and  Dalmatia  i 
psalms,  liturgies  and  offices  .of 
church.  It  bears  traces  of  having  c 
prior  to  Christianity,  and  to  have  bee 
ginally  cut  on  sticks  in  the  Runic  ftu 
The  earliest  Sclavonic  manaseripl 
written  in  Glagol. 

Glair,  glar.  The  white  of  an  egg  m 
varnish  to  preserve  paintings,  and 
size  in  gilding. 

Glaive,  glav.  An  ancient  cuttlnir " 
on,  used  by  foot  soldiers,  fixed  to  tib 
of  a  pole,  and  differing  from  the  I 
having  its  edge  on  the-  outside  corrs 

Glanders,  glun'derz.  In  Fanie 
dangerous  contagious  disease  of.'h* 
In  Med.  a  dangerous  c<mtagioaa  H 
in  the  human  6al(}eot,  aoeompiiajid 


GLAfiGOW 


978 


6L0BATE 


pustular  eraption,  oommonicated  by  inoc- 
ulation from  glandered  animals. 

Olasgtyw,  gl«6-go.  The  principal  mana- 
Ikcturing  and  commeroiai  city  of  ISootland, 
en  both  sides  the  river  Clyde,  42  m.-  8.  £. 
of  Edinburgh  ;  pop.  abt  470,000. 

Olass,  glas.  A  hard,  brittle,  transparent 
artificial  substapoe,  formed  by  the  fusion 
of  silicious  matter,  such  as  i>owdered  flint 
or  line  sand,  together  with  some  alkali,  al- 
kaline earth,  salt  or  metallic  oxide.  Al- 
though exceedingly  brittle  when  cold,  yet 
it  is  so  ductile  when  heated  that  it  may  be 
epun  into  filaments  of  the  greatest  con- 
ceivable fineness,  and  these  when  cold  are 
pliant  and  elastic  in  a  high  degree.  Holu- 
Dle  glass,  a  silicate  of  potash  or  soda  in 
which  the  alkali  predominates.  Tempered 
or  toughened  glass  is  hardened  by  b^g 
immersed  in  a  hot  bath  of  melted  wax, 
resin,  oil,  A«.  The  name  Is  applied  to 
many  objects  made  of  glass,  as  looking- 
glass,  hour-gkus ;  also  to  different  opti<»l 
instruments.  G.  of  antimony,  a  vitreous 
oxide  of  antimony  mixed  with  sulphide. 
G.  of  borax,  a  vitreous  transparent  sub- 
stance obtained  by  exposing  to  heat  the 
crystals  of  biborate  of  sodium. 

Ohlaaachord,  'kord.  The  name  given  by 
Franklin  to  a  musical  instrument,  with 
keys  hke  a  piano-forte,  but  with  bars 
of  glass  instead  of  strings  of  wire,  invent- 
ed in  Paris  in  1785  by  a  German  named 
Beyer. 

G-UuBB-eye,  -I.  The  common  name  in 
Jamaica  for  a  species  of  thrush  (Turdus 
jauaaicensis),  so  called  flrom  the  glass-like 
Iris  of  the  bird.  A  pulpy  berry  on  which 
it  feeds  is  called  gUiss-eye  berry. 

G'lasaite,  it.  One  of  a  relislous  sect 
fomided  in  Scotland  in  the  early  part  of 
the  18th  century  by  John  Glass,  a  minister 
of  the  EstabUshed  Ohnrch,  deposed  in 
1728  for  his  opinions  regarding  ecclesiasti- 
cal poli^.  In  £ngUnd  and  Amerfos,  to 
whudi  this  sect  spread,  the  adherents 
.  called  themselves  Bandemanians,  after 
Sobert  Sandeman,  a  native  of  Perth,  and 
son-in-law  of  Mr.  Glass. 

(Mass-mosaio,  -mft-z&'ik.  A  modem 
Italtea  work  in  Imitation  of  thfr  antique, 
fbrmed  of  small  squares  of  colored  glass, 
rapresenting  a  painting  so  perfectly  as  to 
deceive  the  eye,  used  for  brooches,  lids  of 
""-boxes,  Ac 


Ohlastonbarir-thom,  'ton-ber-i-thom. 

A  vavfety  of  hawthorn,  the  original  thorn. 

In  popohur  tradition,  having  been  tiie  staff 

'  teoaght  OT«r  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea 

vft«A   llM   Holy  Land  to  Gbatonbory, 


£ng.,  where  he  is  said  to  have  founded 
the  celetoatedabbey. 

aiaubeiHHat,  glalwr-sfilt  Bolphateof 
soda,  a  well-known  cathartic.  It  may  be 
prraared  bv  the  direct  action  of  snlphorio 
aoia  on  carbonate  of  soda. 

OlaiLoolite,  'koMt.  A  variety  of  scapo- 
lite,  composed  chiefly  of  the  silicates  of 
alumina  and  lime. 

Glaucoma,  -k5'ma.  An  almost  incurable 
disease  of  the  eye,  being  an  opacity  of  the 
vitreous  humor.  It  somewhat  resemUes 
cataract,  especially  in  the  gradual  obscura- 
tion of  vision. 

Olauoopia,  'pis.  A  gen.  of  birds.  Urn. 
Corvids,  the  onlv  Icnown  species  of  which 
is  the  New  Zealand  crow,  oidled  by  the 
natives  kokako. 

GlauctiB,  OcuB.  A  gen.  of  nndibranchiate 
gasteropodons  mollnsks,  popularly  known 
as  sea-lizards. 

GlauctiB.  In  Myth,  a  marine  deity,  said 
to  have  built  the  ship  Argo  and  accom- 
panied Jason  on  the  expedition  in  quest 
of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

Glendale.  A  parish,  also  known  as 
Frazer's  Farm,  near  Malvern  Hills,  Ya., 
noted  as  the  scene  of  a  bloody  bat(lo  (June 
80,  1S62},  between  the  Federals,  under 
Gens.  Meade,  McCall  and  Seymour,  and 
the  Confederates,  under  G^s.  Longstreet 
and  Hill.  The  former  withdrew,  naving 
suffered  heavy  loss. 

Glendower,  Owen.  A  Welsh  chief,  a 
descendant  of  LleweQyn,  the  last  native 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  revolted  against 
Henry  lY.  and  suooessAUly  defended  the 
mountain  fastnesses  t^gt^ht  the  English 
armies.  Later  he  joined  Harry  Percv  and 
Lord  Mortimer,  and  shared  in  their  defeat 
near  Shrewsbury.  Betiring  to  Wales,  he 
maintained  a  successfVil  revolt  until  his 
death ;  b.  1860,  n.  1415. 

Gliadine,  gll'a-din.  The  viscid  •portion 
of  gluten,  a  slightly  transparent  brittle 
substance,  having  a  sUght  smell  similar  to 
honey-comb. 

GlireA,  'r^.  Tha  4th  order  of  mammalia, 
accoralhg  to  the  system  of  Linnieus.  It 
includes  the  pdixupiues.  hares,  rabbits, 
Ac.,  beavers,  rats  and  mice ;  guinea-pigs, 
agoutis,  marmots,  lemmings,  hamsters, 
dormice.  Jerboas,  tiie  paca  and  squirrels, 
and  corresponds  closely  to  the  Kodentia 

•  of  Cu  vier/  Their  characterlstie  is  twe  flat 
incisors  in  each  jaw.  • 

Globate,  gldb'ftt  Having  tha  fonn  of  a 
•globe;  spharioal;  sptMroidaL 


noloijy.    Tbe  Klance  of  languue;  b^ 


Ltrl&t  globe,  tbat  V  hk'b  cuuuiiH  ihe  ^\.'t,.j^  ^ 

aiobe-flsh.                         '^  QiottiB,  gW'to.    The  opeDlnc it  Ao op- 

'a>h      Tb7'    ..^mmmt^m         ^  mf pan  or  U»  truba* or  wlDHplpo, ud 

■una  riiDT  II  ^9s^^?S9ltm^E  ^VnaOi  lb*  voqU  egnla,  wUch,  br  III  I 

BmLDtoaona-              iiioh*«rfL  Olove,  ftluv.    Any  Mreriar  >>»  tha  tad, 

ds,  on).  Plea-              "loiwiiH.  or  fbr  tbc  buH  ud  mtot.  with  ■  k]>hM 

Inf  ■  ([lubulir  form  by  Bwallowing  air.  Qlovef's-atitoh.  'en-tHch.     In  Bnrf.  ■ 

OlobulB.glob'ill.    Allllleglob,:;  >«m«II  i-Muli"  "tllob  employed  InHwlagupi 

Ft^alti],  a  dreulBT  or  elUptlctl  cnrnniclo  Qluclna,  ciJ-Bt'nu.    Tbe  only  oddg  (< 

lOtind  In  Iba  bkHHl  of  nil  uilmalg.  Iba  whiaX  gluolDain  or  beirlUoiii. 

OlotniUu.  'u-IIn.    A  protelD  body  fomi>  ^l-luck,  Sohann  Ohzistophe,  Ton. 

Iwioto-globQiln,  tbo  moln  ligl-^ienl  of  "1*  •  "■  ""I- 

tha  lilosd  (;labulei,  anil  kIbo  accurrlne.  O-lucose.  -kta'.    A  Tarietjr  of  annr  Id* 

lulled  u'ltb  Dlbiimen,  |p  the  cells  of  the  Bnctl  than  caDe^ncar,    produead  IMn 

Olochldate,  KlB'Lld-it       In  Hot.  fUr-  mN"'"".  *^,  brthaaoOonof  ^d<.«r- 


cnda  of  ivhlch  OK  bookw!  luick  or  barbed      1'™ 
Ukoollah-hoDk.  "Ix 

aiomeridn.  glu-ioe'rl-do,      Tbeiroai 


InT^rV.flw;].''  „T,^      f  *  ,r«;^'  "^  Iwo  varletl*.  dtaaogulahed  by  thdr 

niieclpi,  railed  Iba  pill-iiillllped  or  pill-  le.o.giucuse  lurnalt  to  tbalaO.    Wbn 

worm,  n-nsronaerly  utrdin  modldno.  jieateij  iiplo*>ll''lt])ei»pie»oapaiiid,  anl 

Oloriule,  eld'ri-nl.    A  circle,  as  of  raya,  la  uiikI  by  uwka  nd  oDsbetloiwi  a*  mI- 

re;>n;Bi-nlei^  In   ondent  lialntlngBU  BUT-  oring  uiatbT. 

rounding  the  beada  of  auiiu.  Qlumfl,  glum.    In  Bot.  Ib< 

dlBtlBcHon  Mcortej  by  wnin^nmnBenl  on   tliB   ul>  of  tbe  apiki 

W«  potion  or  thijiBjbonorabianuuo;  re-  Cmmlneffl  and  Cji™«m 

iiown;  oolebrity.  ^n  |  Hinting,  n  eombl-  buskor  ubaffof  gndq,  Ihe 

oribolumlBonB  hXtn'lmb^cndnilinit  Olutcena.  glu-U'ua.    Id 

(anrealo)  eacompaailng  Ibe  nhaleiienou,  musclca  uf  Uia  bins  wUch 

FounWy,  Ii  Is   mquautly  ooDtoundad  part  of  lbs  buthx-ki. 

with  the  nfmbas.  Oloe.    Common  or  Impii 

ninMnnthrnT.  gloB-aa'thnki.    A  dla-  Udned  by  boiling  animal 

«MlnhonM«l4(Mtl*.«t>*nMB4w)lV  tl)*  AIM  IxvAi  ^.  «l 


1  also  applied  to  otber  TlBconn  Bnb 
.  Mu^nagliK.Bioluttonofuaut 
n  napbtlu  vltli  BheUu. 
L  'ten.  A  too^b  cUbiIa  inbAtADb 
In  tbe  flour  of  whtat  nnd  otha 
It  contribulej  much  to  the  nntri 
^ity  of  Hour,  nnil  (rivps  tuniwlly  ti 


31 


D  UTtbliw  to  exuas. 

Tho 

Gulo 

i.oci.mlvnrous  qujidm 

IH<1 

inUr- 

dw 

BueK 

ling  (bo  formiT  la  (TBI 

al^^'by'thoMmo^o'tW 

olvorlne. 

iae,  gU'ifr^rtD.   Atnn 

l,uirt  tlU.  .  .™t  u. 

uunilfataby8iipi.nifl.ac 

»  hj-  tho  Ktlon  of  8 

ptr 

ffillHl 

-gnitol.    The  iy\.B  0 

a  e 

atsof 

IM  tna  obemhal  rebtlo 

»'s^i^ioif^o.ll!:;i 

diuumic 

rtliiza,  cU-il-rt'HL    A 

Dfk- 

S^f&oird^rtv^" 

gtb 

plODt 

■»,eB-(lJ's.    A  gen.  0 

1  lb<- 

J  ttom  whlcb  Impri 


h  tho  copper  depnslt, 


4ipt«rini.  'to-dlp-l*r-i"nL 
r-«Bi^il- fmill  fisbaocouHUi 
^Un  HrlM  of  roo^ 


Oneiu,  nb.  A  npedu  ofrock.  o , 

X,  felspar  and  miea^  arranfiM  li 
It  li  rich  In  motalUoorw,  bnt  con 
'      "  O.  often  oontatDi 


iBym.    It  la 
tains  10  foui: 


It  syeElIlo  cnelaB.    Tbe  Half 
letween  this  rook  and  nudts 
onalns  In  the  foliation,  lh«  nuteriat*  of 


being  legregated  In  layerB. 

pos«l  hj  tho'caballBtato^SaMttL  In- 

lari   of  mines,  ouurlea.  Ac.     A  dwvrT:  a 
Eoblin, 


hour  of  tbe  daj*  by  tho  shadow  of  a  gna-  - 

OnoBtlOt  nos'tlL    One  of  a  aact  of  pbl- 
lonnnbrTB  that  ■rage  In  the  first  ngoeof 
Ttw/held  that  nil  natDFes. 

(UaibkjKB),  JuhiMHni  B.  Atrie^^  Ren- 


in t*IHBlble,  : 


tbr.    Tlnlbtmol  C.  pm  purlnksi  of  thi 

0«at,  (ul-  A  mll-knawD  hnrntd  Tur 
ianni  iiuwIraiHid,  em.  Oiin.  Thry  ore  i 
tliu  ilio  otfhvtrp,  but  ntrnnirer,  luaa  tlinli 
uid  rimrD  (iftMlv.  Thi'v  rtojucnt  rx^kaar 
muunUInf,  and  mluljiL  an  eamty  man 
Inml.    Thtit  itning  oMiir  la  j.mTPrbln 


turkoy-c«k, 

Chlbollil,  ito'br-lln.  A  rnodci  nf  rich 
taiKntry,  oraBmenlrf  will  compliralcd 
ud  ImuUfiil  dflslsnB  m  brlHlnnl  and  ucr- 
ttuDCDt  coUtrn;  alBu  a  |Hinwd  wonted 
docb  fnr  ^QTonng  oludra,  nCba,  Ao.,  In 
hollatlDii  nf  tniKHU-y. 

Ch>blua.  gri'bl-nn.  The  rihy.  a^™'  "' 
flbhustAod,  Maliuvpttirr^l  AbdumlnaleB, 
hm,  (^yiirinldiu,  Incluiting  tli«  inidRCODi, 

OobUn,  pib'Lln.  An  sill  or  mLiclilMout 
aprtto;  a  irnumo  1  la  rlf;  iniillriauBlUp]>. 

~  tltfl'kBrt.     ■  — -■'- 


a  eodeon  or  goddaughUT. 
Oodenda,  Ei'i-Acii'dt.    A 


OodAtbw,  ti-Ihtr. 


Qodfrey  of  BouiUoa.     The  prtmiltil 

chli'f  111  Ult  flrol  I'rUROde.  a  ean  of  EM- 
1100.    llocopUimlJctuaalsni,  iota.  '     I 

Godhead,  'b»l.  Oodibln:  dcttr;  ft 
tifllty  ;  divliie  nUnn  or  enenee.  1  ^ 
in  i>e«on  ;  a  god  or  eoddou.  | 

Oodmother,  'Dinlh-<Y.    A  wnmu' 
beCDinei  a  Bponaor  fbr  a  ibUd  In  baptl 

QiMliivni,  gu-danii'.    In  tho  E.  Indli 

Ood'aAon,    Ad  aid  Bime  fiira  bn 


Goethe.  Johann  WoUgvua  vcm, 
Kin  fnih-U.     Ths  Oerman  SbakeipHn; 

aomle.  C«e'>-    A  abained   or  ttlMd 

used  Id  ootb  Bnnlaltiu  or  ihe  diatorOW 
oftbopyoswhlahoccartonmi.  Cjlindciol 
tuboalD  whloharfi^odeluHoafordafcad- 
iiiff  llio  fym  ftom  ml<I,  dust,  rffca^  and 
■nmellmcs  with  colored  gluici  bi  aMt 
tbeinleniitynf  Ritbt.  flpucUclPS.  BHihU 
fur  lioniiB  tlint  ore  apt  to  tst:<i  (HgbT, 
Goitre,  pol'ici 


Oolconda.    An  ancient 
dty  m  tlio  NiBun'i    dommiooa, 
unce  the  cap.  of  Dpuwerful  h]n^< 


Oold.  gold,    A  prodoaB  metal  of  a  brigU 

I  Juiy  by  eiM«ure.  and  la  Ibweflire  wdl 
ntled  (D  bu  uncd  119  eoln.  ItmavbebnUe 
Into  Imvei  m  pxceeAlnnly  Ihin  that  1  grain 
in  watebt  trill  co»crM  unareladiM.  It 
may  dao'  be  melUd  aod  romclted  wtik 


aOLDElf'BKETLB 


ler  ineUI,     Graphic  gnld,  Ul  ore 
m,  cosBlsUiigat  loUurlutn,  gold 


I  species  ot  ChineBe 
<|>.      Tba   popular 


ll,'fliuh.ThBFrlii(rin««nloell^ 
yellow  murklng.  on'ltii  wings. 
,  'flsh.  A  flltl  nflbo  gen.  Cjprl- 
i«  Hl£e  offt  pllctiar^,  so  nuned 
bright  color.     Tbef   Bre  rured 

I,  'foil.    A  Uiln  ibeet  of  gold 

4  'liir.    Oald  fnilUed  or  besMn 

HMrsorpaliBbHltraii.    Ittstbeo 

tUat  uul  ogulD  bcDtoD.  unHI  It 
Md  Iha  usoeiur)'  degree  of  ttdn- 


F*ad. 'ttared.    AUreodfo 

■rt  BqM  tald  over  »  Ihroed  i 

ig  ft  wltJt  »  wbeel  uid  iroD  bob- 

MOia  H  flold-wlre. 

L'   A(UMpb7edwJthdBl 


^^ns,  OD  lane  eammons,  wfacufi  au 
smell  boles  ere  cnt  In  [he  tarf  H 
ftnn  1  ebxolt  or  ronnd.  The  oh 
tho;nmal9.  sterllngfrDinthii  first  t 

tbe  hole, 

Golf-olul), /klDb.    A  slab  OKd 
nptho 


being  the  driver,  uu>tb> 

'  i.mbDtUiU' 

tbciDgrl}'  ft. 


(jolsoth^  The  eeeue  or  the  cnwIflxtoB 
-  "'irlst,  last  outside  of  the  E.  gM«  dt 
Boleui ;  *l(o  known  u  Ut,  C>1tw7..' 
Qollath.  In  Berip.  >  Phlllttlna  rlut, 
slsln  by  Uivld,  whils  still  a  ihepbtrd  bof, 

OoUath-bOTtle.  g»-n'Mh^iG-ll.  Th* 
Iir  luine  of  beetles,  gen.  GoHiittana, 
jkalfle    Tor  their  loj^  tf»,  uul  H 


OoiaaritetGoiiuulBt), 'ni9r.|t.  Afbt- 
lower  or  Fnndi  OsDw,  ■  Datab  dlHlpb 
ofCalvlnlntbenth  csentnij.  The  aeet. 
Dtherwbfl  nallod  Dntoh  RemonstnoH, 
stronirly  oppoaed  the  dootrtnca  ofAmilld' 
ns,  adherlBg  rigidly  to  thoee  of  Calvin. 

Gomer.  EMmC  son  or  Japbet,  yonngeat 
sonof  Nodh,  and  prDeenttor  of  the  InlnU' 
tauts  of  AsU  Minor  and  B.  Europe. 

QomuU.  -ma'tl.    The  UaUyu  name  fat 

Oondola.  gon'ds-li.  A  flat-boMmned 
boat,  very  long  and  nimw,  used  at  Ven- 

atwcheDdlD  aitmrp  |>olnt  or  peak  ^^a- 


I  tbebelghtafafei 

^ r  Is  a  onrtainfld  eaL 

gat.    AkiDSiiU(tDraxniA:n'j« 


aosFAWn 


k-ctlvi-  urtn  for  ttae  niiirodncdTS  kk 
Oood  rrlday.    A  ftat  of  tiir  ClirlstUii 
lilnn,  kept  on  ih*  Fridy  of  Pugtai' 


3oodTM)wlM4Mn.Kiid  Mn^lgilm. '    ' 
Tho  nrindplea  of    tbe  xiels^  of  Gggd  r     I 
Ti'iaiSiini.  (inmbliilnilt    teHtotallim  iltk  ; 
arudn  luj'sdc  litn  liullnlMl  loavaiM       < 
fruui  (ttmiuoDry,   hflvlnir  aacttt  ilgiiL 
iiaMwardi  ind  iDEt^nln  gmiillirtollatit 
Tlid  iiirinU'n  ilUTeT  frum  I'M*  THnpbn  , 
In  thnt  Ihty  reaigoize  tbo  autboillT  oitte 
enaA  lodifi.'.  ! 

Ooon,  giln.    &  apadcii  of  E.  Ii>4laD  inab.  | 

AmUf  afDlUliHiil  btrdl. 
Qooaa-atep. 'sUp.      The  krt  or  ■  •olAir 

inirtliiK  Ilin«byr*lilii|  Itae  tsM  alUniU- 

ly  uttlioiit  moAif , 
Oopher.  cu'<^'    Tbg  uunr  Rlvulrlki 


Frltlmln  Ihe  TnUcjrorUia 
-'    Cumdi  lo    tD«o;  bur 

ilimrMit  pBBM*.     A  «p«tnd 

lond-torlotjc  af  the  SsothMI 

araviilacd.  [nOaafk 


*  snikCtbTcX^ 


Oopher-WDod.  -<r.~>d. 


«  cjpre«,  ptni  or  otJar  wool 

IDtMttlod. 

■rak'kB.     Prcpimd  tobaoM,! 
<kML  In  tbelr  brnkabi  by  m 


Hall.  no.  Onilm- 

la  or  Ut^AM 

bmncblilf^     It  U  kv pt  In  Jan  lb  Jitk  aad 
(lUcniKl  an  mlrr-l^nU.    Uliaiwortto 


n.  leu;  iiilddnlirKrilivdi'slhofhliiuii. 
!39.  0., Morons Anlanlu>riB>.aniiJMn 
arstHivi>,  u,  !i.%^  iMMme  KmiHtnr,  SM;  I 
niurdircd  by  Itic  umritr  Plillfii|>u>,  Ml. 
Qordlon  Knot.  The.  An  Inlriato . 
knot,  iniilt  tiy  tiortlliin.  Kins  of  Pbnftt, 
which,  tho  oraclB  d«ln»l.  coiiW  onh  U 


Q«M. 

A  trlmpHar-Bhsped  plna  »*•< 

jmneat, 

■nnWlne.     Tbat  ivhli 


iscin  and  Dnrla  cnultals: 
)or  UollgiT mnWlne.  ""-- 
eA:  >waJlowL-d  txA  a 


A  HnngnrliBi  gw- 


>ii.  'gon.    la  Onok  Mfth.  ona  of 

it  M'blcli  turned  ths  bsho^r  to 
They  ore  re[>reunted  u  Uina  ^- 

ItbfDu,  Euryala  ud  Mtdnu. 

neift,  -tton-fik.  In  And.  mulu 
in  Imltnttea  of  UtA  Oorvon'i  or 

a'l  bend ;  lued  u  ker-BUniH. 

inldK,  -du.  A  ftm.  or  Bclnobaak 
Old.  AkynuMa,  comprising  tlie 

iibA,  ftu-conlfl  and  tbo  rM  coral 

A,  eo-riHa.  The  Inrcest  anlmsl  of 
9  Und.  Didlcd  also  tliD  Groat  Chlm- 


ra*eb«i  closcty  tlie  human  Ibmi 
■hOaildan  navt^lor  IIiuido  fituaA 
me  In  ii»  la  lEa  ftth  ocaturv  a.  c. 
Afrki. 

jbakoff,  EAr-eluih-kAr.  Tho  pa^ 
k  of  B  iioblo  ItniBlan  famU)',  (he 
aisHncalshfd  membora  bfioe 
il.  Prince  a..  B,  IVaS.  who  «-« 
ande'-in -Chief  oF  Iha  lUsOnir  nr- 
a  tho  UanuhianPiindmiHtleaand 
1, 18ae-5,  and  atlwwiird  Governor 
■nd  ;  D.  Utl.  Aieundtr,  Frtnao 
itlwr  of  the  above,  vas  a  dMIa- 
i  dit>l«uUM )  ■.  lixt,  s.  i»n. 


Ooshatf k.  msTialL 


U  it  fumed  bj  omall  ipeelefl  of  aplden. 
Ooaaypinm,  -iln'i-um.  Th«  wKen- 
planC.  ard.  Ha]iiH»w.  one  of  tbO  moat  Im; 
portantersupaoriilaiili. 


I  Daltlo.  Great  Iwrdea 
vd  In  tha  td  mitiUT, 
...  Komana  or  Iteda,  occa- 
pled  the  cDJUt  of  tha  BUbIe  Sea  fhun  tha 
Uon  to  the  Dannba,  and  aftimfd  Ina- 
rm and  took  an  Important  part  In  anb- 
TertlnetbeKoaianEDiu^  Tka  Umo- 
trnbt,  ■  BHitlon  of  tha  Waatan  or  Vtsl- 
Rotha,  aettloUn  Maaia,  and  applied  them- 
salvei  tn  aertenttnre }  and  a  pcMton  oTths 
SoriptBniln  their  langnage^  tbeMrilett 
apcdmaa  of  the  TaatDnlo  or  OotMo  Mho 
of  tonno.  llie  Eutera  Ootha  vera 
callnl  Olt»EDths. 
Ootluunite,  m'tham-it.    A  man  of  Go- 


GOTHLAXD 


OBACE 


pass,  6,800  ft.  high.  The  sooroesof 'the 
rivers  llhine,  Rhone  and  Reuss  arc  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  noted  St.  G.  hospice. 
Gothland.  A  southerly  div.  of  Sweden, 
containing?  12  counties  ;  TK)p.  2,630,000.  A 
Swedish  ishind  in  the  Baltic  ;  cap.  Wisby  ; 
poi>.  67,*K). 

Gottenblirgr.  Cap.  of  the  Swedish  co. 
of  same  name,  2S0  ni.  8.  W.  of  Stockholm, 
and  facing  the  northernmost  iK>int  of  Den- 
mark :  pop.  04),0<M). 

Oou^n,  Hu^h,  Viscount.  A  distin- 
guished British  general ;  b.  in  Ireland 
1779,  D.  1867.  He  won  distinction  by 
ftubjagating  the  East  Indian  Sikhs. 
Gouda,  gouMa.  A  kind  of  cheese  fh>m 
Gouda,  in  Holland. 

Gouflre,  gouj.  A  chisel  with  a  hollow  or 
semi-cylindrical  blade ;  a  similar  instru- 
ment used  in  turning  wood.  An  imposi- 
tion ;  a  cheat ;  also,  an  impostor. 
Gounod,  Felix  Oharles.  An  eminent 
French  musical  composer ;  b.  1818,  n. 
18S0. 

GourinaB,  gou-ri'nd.  The  ground  doves 
or  pigeons,  asub-fbm.  of  the  Columbidn, 
which  for  surpass  in  size  all  other  pigeons. 
The  head  of  O.  Y ictoriffi  is  surmoimted  by 
a  handsome  crest. 

Gtourmand,  gor'mfind.  A  glutton ;  a 
greedy  feeder. 

Gourmet,  -mlL  A  man  of  keen  pahite ; 
a  connoisseur  in  wines  and  meats ;  an  epi- 
cure. 

Gously,  gous'li.  An  old  form  of  harp 
used  by  the  Solavonions,  whose  bards  were 
called  Gouslas,  the  poetry  which  they 
chanted  being  styled  gouslo. 
Gk>ut,  gout.  A  constitutional  disease  giv- 
ing rise  to  paroxvsms  of  acute  pain  with 
a  specific  form  of  inflammation,  appearing 
after  puberty  chiefly  in  the  male  sex,  and 
returning  aixer  intervals.  It  is  generally 
characterized  by  affection  of  the  first  joint 
of  the  great  toe,  by  nootnmal  exacerba- 
tions and  morning  remissions,  and  by  vas- 
cular plethora.  Indolence,  Inactivity,  and 
too  tree  use  of  tartorcous  %vines,  fermented 
Uqnors  and  very  high-seasoned  food,  are 
the  ])rincii>al  causes  which  give  rise  to  this 
disease. 

Governess,  guv'em-cs.  A  female  vested 
with  authority  to  control  and  direct;  a 
tutoress ;  a  lady  who  has  the  care  of  in- 
structing and  directing  children.  Any- 
thing regarded  as  feminine  that  governs, 
instruct,  or  tutors. 

Oovemor^-flre&eral,  -icn"er-aL  A  gov- 
ernor who  has  under  him  subordinate  or 
deputy  governors ;  a  vioeroy ;  as  the  gov- 
arBOT'f  ADcnl  of  India. 


Governor. 


Qovemor,-er.  He 

who  or  that  which 

Soverns,  rules  or 
irects.  One  in- 
vested with  su- 
preme authority 
to  administer  or 
enforce  the  laws ; 
the  supreme  ex- 
ecutive magistrate 
of  a  state,  commu- 
nity, corporation 
or  post.  A  tutor, 
one  who  has  the 
care  of  a  young 
man  ;  one  who  in- 
structs a  pupil  and  forms  his  manneek 
A  father ;  an  employer ;  an  elderly  per- 
son. A  contrivance  in  xnHls  and  vhk 
chinery  for  maintaining  a  unifomi  vefo^ 
with  a  varying  resistance. 

Governor's  Island.  A  nmiin  \tifad 
in  N.  Y.  harlM>r,  on  which  is  ereelei 
Castle  William  and  Fort  Ck>lumbaa. 

Gowan,  gou'an.  Decomposed  granite; 
granite  rook  in  a  soft  or  fragile  conditloit 

Gowlee,  goule.  Lit.  a  cow-herd;  tti 
name  ef  one  of  the  Indian  castes. 

Grab,  grab.  A  sudden  grasp  or  seizure; 
a  catch.  An  implement  for  clntohtiif 
boring  bits  and  the  like  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  power  and  steadiness  in  workr 
ing  them  ;  also  an  instrument  of  varkms 
shapes  for  clutching  objects  for  the  mtt- 
pose  of  raising  them,  as  for  drawing  pipes, 
drills,  &c.,  lh>m  artesian  wells. 

Ghracchus,  Caius  Sempronius.   A 

Boman  orator  and  statesman  who,  ai 
tribune,  was  the  originator  of  many  ext* 
cellent  laws  ;  b.  159  b.  c,  killed  in  a  mas- 
sacre  organized  bv  OpimiuSy  121.  His 
brother  Tiberius  Sempronius  was  elected 
tribune,  and  was  also  killed  in  an  uprising 
of  the  patricians  against  his  proposal  to 
distribute  the  public  lands ;  b.  loS  b.  c., 
D.  188. 

Ghrace,  gnis.  Favor ;  kindness ;  disposi- 
tion to  oblige  another.  In  8orip.  the  free, 
unmerited  love  and  favor  of  Ood ;  also  the 
influence  of  the  Si)irit  in  renewing  tba 
heart  and  restraining  fh)ni  sin.  VirtnooB 
afl^ection  or  disposition,  as  faith,  patience, 
&c.y  proceeding  from  di\ine  influence. 
That  element  in  deportment  or  langaags 
which  renders  it  appropriate  and  agree- 
able ;  elegance  with  appropriate  digntty.- 
Aflectation  of  elegance;  assumption  oi 
dignity  or  refinement.  In  Greek  Myfb. 
hMoty  deified ;  one  of  three  goddetees  te 
whose  gift  were  graoe,  lovdinesa  aiKl  ft- 
vor,  worshipped  in  Gmom  under  thoHMM 


BRACXSJJSM 


at  Ourites,  DaUBdOnUBbrUwEemiiiB.  I  OTmlm-tln,  ETan'tJn.  TbapiuwtkUidiit 
They  were  genenll;  known  u  Aglalo,  Un.  prsjUTaf  rroio  Ihs  on  oilled  Blnus- 
ThiJls  and  Eaphrasfne.  I   tla  roand  Id  rivat-bedi. 

OxEHnilliUB,  enk-Cl-ll'ns.  Thegnuk1»..  ,  Orsllaitore*.  gml-it-U'rei.  Otden  of 
b  AQb-btd.  of  DDDlrfMtrtJ  birda«  on].  Fh^-  i  tilnJs  adaptod  for  wBdLbg  lb  wBtfir,  inolqd- 
sera,  faiD.  Stomldc  or  gUrliii^,  lb,-  \  Ine  the  cracea,  heronn,  utorkg,  plovers, 
Pandleo  frscklo  of  India  baa  aoqaircil  anlpce.  ralla,  coote,  Ac.  &e.  Uoat  modon 
grett  celebrity  aa  a  d«bvyer  of  locoau  oaluraUatB  have,  faawever,  Hwmtod  tiia 
ani  caterpillars.  I    herong  and  slorka  IVom  tho  OnllalorM, 

Qradlent.  gra'dl-ent.  Thfl  divrea  of  a"d  plaoed  them  In  an  order  by  them- 
ir  liclCiatlon  of  lbs  ground  orer  >elvea,  to  wblob  th«y  el>o  the  nam* 
a  rallw^,  roador  eanal  pai  r^^^^i^ 


v^"* 


mlnMtoadegrMlna 


Onf  gnl.    Th«  Omnan  ainilnlaBt  i 
lb*  EnfHah  arl  ud  rmdi  emuit. 
Oraft,(iiift.    AannUahoetorMlonaf 


Onil,  cril.  T1»  lagnidar]'  MrTiaad, 
mppond  to  bars  bean  of  •mnU,  fhna 
■TUab  onr  Savknir  uta  lbs  paaobal  lamb  at 
tbe  liut  lapper,  or,  aocwdliiB  to  other 
knoda,  from  wblch  be  dlapeoied  tbe 
ulna,  and  *ild  to  bave  been  braagbt  u 
~  '  '  ~  ~  >b  of  Arimitbea.  who 
drops  of  ChiiM'i  bked 


■at)oiii,iwnsbelnfaiuilUlsd  to  dlacOTtr 
ttbnt  skalsht  pgi«wtly  idiuta  Intboughl 
■ndaM,  ana  tb«  Btorfes  and  noeois  of  Ar- 
ttnr  and  tbe KnWila oftbeKound Table 
■rs  fbaoded  on  tUs  legend  of  tbe  gnsal  of 
&a  holy  (bailee.  • 

ofprodadni^aD 
libera  or  iTMd; 


whIsE  the  akin  la 


QTBin-lsatlMT,  1elh-er.    A  name   for 


Oralna  of  PuadUa,     The 


gi*mln'a-«.  A  m7  Import- 
muh  i^ruup  v/  Glunwcett,  gensnlly  ber^ 
baoeona,  tbe  bambooa  (brinlns  a  marked 
eiosptlan  to  tbla  mle.  TbeTarloDBoercala 
and  Ibe  Bogsr-cene  are  msmbera  of  tldl 
Sunllr. 
OramlnlTonMU,  mln-li'S-ma.    Feed; 

Onrnnaoalogae,  gnun'ma^.  In  pbo- 
BogAphy,  a  letter-w4Mil ;  a  word  rapre- 
aented  by  a  loffogram ;  ae  It,  repreeentad 


generaj  prlnelplea  and  of  partfcalarn] 
Ib'  Bpeoklng  or  wrlttng  a  language 
book  eontalnlng  nocb  prlndplet  i 
rules;  sdlgesledoompilatlon  of  euilomi 


temperature  of  4°  CenClAHdr.  or 
.  lal  to  lfi.4ei4B  grains  troy. 
Qrmaima.'BiliM.  Tbe prlndpal monn- 
tain  of  Ssotlaod.  Ifae  higheit  tomniit,  Ben 
HavlB,  being  4.M4  ft.  abors  an  levd. .  A 
maantaln  sEain  In  VleterU,  B.  Aoslralln. 

longtb  of  Wrfwi^TkoKramn^^  caaHr- 


^enlie.  -  It  l3 


ID  tbs  Xenll,  120  : 
-  -or  Ita  sp< 
'  of  tbesi 


Uelegnetta,  nat  ord.  ZlnclberKae.  a  plant 
of  .troplgil  W.  AMotThey  are  ehlafly 
lued  In  ealtlanMdMBsa  and  to  gtre  a  aei7 


mogoi  fleer 

Oron  Chaco  (El).  A  lone  tntorio 
Hon  of  8.  AinericB,  ociMipled  by  r, 
[ndlun  tribs?  and  vaat  berda  of  cattln 

Oruidohild,  giud'ahnd.    a  bod 


AfkDlihtbMdlatlwiader  ol 


W.  of 
mens  of 
id  most 


GRAND-DTTEB 


GBAFB 


Grand-duke,  MQk.  Tho  title  of  tho 
Hov«T»'i;rii  «if  srvrral  of  tho  states  of  0«r- 
iiiany,  v  )n>i(l(T«*(l  of  a  rank  botwccn 
duki'  nn-l  kini; ;  aL^)  npplicfl  to  memberfl 
of  tliM  iiniK-rial  iimiily  of  I'ussia.  The 
groat  Jioriied  owl. 

Grandee,,  frran-du'.  A  nobleman.  In 
8|>aiii,  a  iiobliMiian  of  tho  lirst  rank,  who 
haif  tho  kin^'d  leave  to  bo  covtrud  In  his 
proseiico. 

Grandfather,  f^rand'fu-thcr.  A  fiither's 
or  luothi'r'd  father. 

Grand-flrarde.  'granl.  A  piece  of  plate 
armor  ut>wl  in  the  15th  and  itith  centuries 
in  tho  tournament.  It  eovorod  the  breast 
and  loft  shoulder. 

Grand  Gulf.  A  village  of  Claiborne 
Co.,  Miss.,  on  the  Mistrisslppi  Kiver,  00 
m.  above  Natchez.  The  Confe<lerates 
fortitleil  it  8tron<rly  durinfif  the  rebellion, 
but  the  vrorks  were  captured  by  Com. 
Porter,  May  8,  18(». 

Grand-jury,  'Ju-ri.  A  jury  whoso  duty 
it  Is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  aocu- 
sadon  agpalnst  offenders,  and  to  find  bills  of 
indictment  to  be  presented  to  tho  court. 

Grand  I<od^.  Tho  principal  lodge  or 
l^vernin^  body  of  Freemasons. 

Grand-master,  'mas-tcr.  Tho  title  of 
tho  bead  of  tho  military  orders  of  knight- 
hood, as  tho  Hospitallers,  the  Templars, 
and  the  Teutonic  knights.  The  title  Is 
also  given  to  tho  heads  of  the  order  of 
Freemasons. 

Grandmother,  'muth-er.  The  mother 
of  one's  father  or  mother. 

Grand-nephew,  'ne-vfi.  The  grandson 
of  A  brother  or  bister. 

Grand-niece,  'nos.  The  grand-daughter 
of  a  brother  or  sister. 

Grandparent,  'pa-rent.  The  parent  of 
a  i>arent. 

Grand-piano,  'pi-fi-nO.  A  large  piano, 
of  great  compass  and  strength,  and  in 
which  the  wires  or  strings  are  jgenerally 
triplicated.  They  are  generally  in  the 
shape  of  a  harp,  to  correspond  with  the 
varyinjy  lan^rth  of  tho  strings. 

Grond-sei^nior,  -s-in'yer.  The  sov- 
ereign or  Bultaji  of  Turkey. 

Grandson,  'sun.  The  son  of  a  son  or 
daughter. 

Ghrand-vicar,  -vi'ker.  A  principal  vicar ; 
a  French  ecclesiastical  delegate. 

Grand-vizier.  -vi-iSr'.  The  chief  min- 
ister ol  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Qraaffe,  gran]  A  fiurm,  with  the  dwell- 
Ing'hoaso,  staolM,  liyrea,  banui,  Jbo.    ▲ 


•*m 


Bodctx  or  lodge  of  flomen  in  tin V.L,  , 
fbr  the  purpose  of  promoting  tiwiiitflKiti  - 
of  Agriculture,  more  espedaly  tbraboBih- 
ing  the  restraints  and  burdenaimpoaeioi  ' 
it  br  the  commercial  rUnnncm,  and  wot  Mic  ■ 
away  with  middlemen. 

Granger,  granj'er.  A  member  of  a  te»  i 

ers'  grange.    A  fiurmer. 

Granicus.  An  ancient  nameofasnudl  [ 
river  in  liithynia,  on  whose  banks  Akx-  \ 
ander  the  Great  with  80,000  soMlers  de-  ' 
feated  tho  Persian  Kine  Darins  with  661,-  . 
000, 884  B.  c. 

Granilite,  gran'i-nt.  Indetermbui* 
granite ;  granite  that  contains  mora  tin 
three  constituent  parts. 

Granilla,  -il'la.  The  daat  or  small 
of  tho  cochineal  insect. 

Granite,  'it    An  nnstratiiled  loek, 
poeed   genersny  of   quartz,  felspsr  Mi 
mica,  united  in  a  oonfhsod  orTstaUiatiQa 
that  is,  witliottt  regalar  ammgemcttTi 
the  erystals. 

Granivoroiis,  grtn-ir'^-ruB.  firflsg 
grain;  fiBodinr  or  subiistiiig  on  seeds ; « 
granivorons  birds. 

Grant,  Franels,  Sir.  A  esMjnted 
British  painter;  b.  1804,  d.  1877. 

Grant,    TJlyaaoB    Slmpootn,    Qm, 

Eighteenth  Presidont  of  the  U.  8. ;  H.  ii 
Ohio,  1823.  Educated  at  West  PolBt,hi 
served  during  the  Mexican  war,  hat  ft- 
signed  in  1864.  Yoluntering'  at  tho  ontbrnk 
of  the  rebellion,  he  was  soon  oommlsiiaaed 
as  brigadier-general,  and  rafridly  mse  to 
the  command  of  the  western  deparlmciit, 
and  in  1864  was  made  oomnoander-tai-ebief 
of  the  entire  forces,  and  transferred  to  the 
East.  After  a  series  of  repulses  and  de- 
feats lasting  over  a  year,  be  forced  Gea. 
Leo  to  evacuate  Richmond,  oind  mi^tftA 
tho  surrender  of  the  last  army  of  tho  Cm- 
fedoracy,  April  9, 1^:05.  The  rank  of  Gen- 
eral was  created  expressly  In  his  honor, 
and  he  acted  as  Secretary  of  War  flmn 
Aug.  1, 1867,  to  Juno  14,  1868.  Skvtod 
President  in  November  of  tiiatyear,he 
was  re-elected  in  1879.  A  eaadidata  ihr  s 
thinl  term,  ho  was  defisatod  for  tho  aooi- 
ination  by  James  A.  Garfield,  and  remov- 
ing to  N.  Y.  city,  engaged  in  business  in 
which  ho  was  unfortunate,  the  Arm  of 
Grant  &  Ward,  in  which  he  and  his  three 
sons  were  partners,  having  fiiiled  (Majr, 
1884)  with  lUbiliUes  estimated  at  over 
$17,000,000. 

Grape,  grap.  Properly,  a  duster  of  the 
fruit  of  tho  vine,  but  commonly  a  singto 
berry  of  the  vine.  The  casoim  or  hath 
at  the  butt  of  a  cannoa. 


,  ORATB^HOT 


er  prupflTfttorj  to 
Onpaidn,  smps'l-Ji. 


fl  hydi^oft.  fauid 


or    CTilin    ruM.  Bromclls    Plffn*.  Ao. 

Nunc  of  the  plvit:  are  ifnuBU. 
GraBshoppoT,   lioiyfr-      A   ultfltoriol 

onhunliimua  In.'fcl,  hiu..  Or>'lII<U',  ntarLy 

»lll«llotboi™:UBtlril.e. 
'ixaaa-triAaw,  'wi  do,    A  nifu  livlBg 

■lurttromherliiiBbaRcl. 
(jratolnpla  cn-tu-la'pl-i.    A  eenui  of 

im-ll  lilvnl.  B  ui.dlasciL 
Oratlculo,  'tl-kal.      A  flmiV  or  dmft 

G^mtUud,  Hanry.      An  cmlnont  Irish 
Irbb  ind  alio  ortho  BriUih  Pu-UimeDt. 

arftT»-dla»aT,<Ti>'di«-<ii'.   OiwitIkim 


■  QBSAT  BBITAia 

eoisapEtloii  latadlKgnTH.    Tlw oomnunl 
njiinfl  In  JunilcA  at  a  hynMnoptaroui  In- 

OraTsl,  gru'vel,     Bmill  nones  or  Itaf 
mmaottiaat.or-raymttlt  iHtbbUi.    U 

kidDeys  or  bloddiir,  >linllar  M  tond  « 
gmvei;   tba  dluoao  ouopAlunud  by  auob 


OlSTlcUtiOii,  gm-Tid-D'ataoii.  Tbc  Ht 
of  griTWuang  or  omUDg  |ir»giiiBt.  or 
AtBU  or  belnfc  frntvlditpd  or  tuide  pref- 

Oravlsiada.  -tI  erj'iln.     A  ftunlly  of 


dtlTmiiji 


OraTttatton.   ■viCB'il.oii.    The  Ht  of 

ify  wlikh  bodies  urn  prevBoiL  or  drftwn,  or 
hj  which  thty  lenil  to^rird  tbenrntttof 
the  cirtb  or  othir  cCDler,  Or  tiie  ctr«t  of 

Ormy.  ThoDUis.    A  glftod  Enfllih  poet; 

11.  IJ16,  D.  nil, 

Qray.las.  rriloif.    The  aamiaoii '  vUd 


L'gutly  and  erscefuETy^ 
QroBser,  civt'er,    A  nomu  of  contPmpi 
l^rcn  lo  a  Meidcui  or  Central  Aiuerlcai 

Ehrsnt  Britain.  Unlicd  Elnirdom  o! 
Oreat  Brltnlo  aod  Iri'laml,  or,  "TbiBdV 
leh  Emplns."     A  potltliw]  dJctaion  eoT 


GBEAT-OO 


88i 


I 


orlirlnal  oomprislnff  tbc  island  of  Britain, 
formerly  divided  Into  tbo  IcingdoniA  of 
EnfrliUKi  nnd  Scotland  and  thu  principal- 
ity oi"  Wnk'ft  ;  to  this  Ireland  was  added 
bv  conquest,  in  a  weries  of  invasions  be- 
ginning in  1150  and  ending  only  in  1691, 
when  Limerick  Mirrendeivd.  The  pev(?ral 
dlvisiontf  of  the  Kinpiro  with  the  area  and 
population  are  :  In  Europe,  121,987  sq.  ni., 
pop.  «4,Sr.9.90«;  Asia,  1,1«2,94<)  sq.  m., 
pop.  161,(MW,tMH) ;  Africa,  223,881  eq.  lu., 
pop.  1,840,000 ;  N.  America,  8,524,151  sq. 
m.,  pop.  4,372,859;  O.  America  andW. 
Indies,  28,588  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,286,000;  8. 
America  (and  islands),  164,472  sq.m.,  pop. 
2M,810 ;  AustraUa,  8,008,890  sq.  m.,  pop. 
2,815, T26.  The  government  is  a  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  the  title  of  the  present 
sovereign  being  Victoria  Alexandrina. 
Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ana 
Empress  of  India. 

Great-gt),  grat'go.    The  examination  for 
degrees  at  sonote  universities. 

Grebe,    grub.    The 

common     name    of«i 

birds,  gen.  Podiceps, 

fEun.  Colymbids. 
QrecJBTn,  gre'sizm. 

An    Idiom    of    the 

Greek  language. 


Horned  Greoe. 


Qrecqtie,  grek.  An  attachment  to  coffee 
pots  for  boldiRg  the  coffee  grounds.  The 
bottom  is  perforated  with  holes,  and  the 
hot  water  is  poured  through  it,  carrying 
with  it  the  aroma  of  the  coffee  without  the 
grounds.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  oof- 
fee-pot  Aimished  with  this  contrivance. 

Greece.  A  kingdom  ofS.  Europe  compris- 
ing two  largo  divisions  known  as  Livadia 
or  K.  Greece,  and  the  Morea  (undent 
Pvlopenncsus),  or  6.  Greece,  including 
several  islands.  The  sub-divisions  or 
monarchies  are  Attica  and  BuH)tia,  Phocis 
and  Phthiotis,  Acarnania  and  ^:tolia.  Kn- 
boeainthcN.,  (JorinUiand  Argolis,  Arca- 
dia.Laoonia,  Messenia,  Achaiaand  KliB,the 
Gvclades  and  Ionian  Islands ;  total  area, 
20.152  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,864,254.  Modern  G. 
dates  only  from  1882,  having  been  pre- 
viously under  Turkish  dominion  for  cen- 
turies. The  principal  cities  are  Athens 
the  cap.,  Zeitunia,  Missolonghi,  Egripos, 
Nanplia,  IVipolitza,  Sparta,  Galamata, 
Patras,  8yra  and  CorfU,  capitals  of  the 
several  nomarchies.  The  government  is 
allmited  monarchy,  and  the  ruling  mon- 
arch is  George  I.,  of  the  royol^house  of 
Denmark. 

Greek  Church.  That  branch  of  the 
Christian  church  wfaieh  separated  trom 
ifae  Latin  or  Western  diorcu  in  the  9th 


and  10th  centoiieft,  and  is  the  « ^ 

religion  of  Russia,  Greece  and  the  Oils- 
man  Empire.  The  i>rindpal  points  of 
difference  with  the  R.  C.  Cfaorch  are  in 
holding  that  the  Holy  Ghost  proceeds 
from  the  Father  above,  in  permitting  tlM 
marriage  of  priests,  in  denying  purga- 
torial punifthment,  in  holding-  to  ooasub* 
stontiution  in  the  eucharist,  and  denying 
other  than  the  nominal  spiritnal  eapnaaaaey 
of  the  iwtriarchs  of  Oonstantiiiople. 

Greeley,  Horace.  A  dlBdogaisbed 
American  Journalist  and  aathor  b.  in  N. 
H.,  1811,  D.  1872.  He  was  thefoandviBd 
life-long  editor  of  the  K.  Y.  Tribime. 

Greenback,  gr€n'bak.  A  popalv  nans 
for  the  paper  monev  of  the  XT.  S.,  first  fc- 
sucd  in  1862 ;  so  caUed  from  the  baek  4rf 
the  note  being  of  a  green  ookM*.  The  tocB 
is  sometimes  used  to  Indode  the  U.  8. 
bank-notes. 

Green-chaflsr,  'oh&f-er.  A  ooleopterm» 

insect  of  the  genus  Agestrata. 

Greene,  M'athaniel,  Geoi.  An  Ameri- 
can patriot,  B.  in  R.  I.,  1742,  d.  1786.  Hs 
ranked  next  to  Gen.  Washington  in  tbs 
Revolutionary  struggle. 

Green-ebony,  'eb-on-1.  An  olive  gwat 
wood  obtained  n*om  the  S.  American  trss 
Jacaranda  ovalifolia,  ord.  BignoaiaaaSf 
used  for  round  rulws,  tumeiy,  maraaetcj 
work,  &c.,  and  also  in  dveuig,  yleldiBg 
olive-green,  brown  and  yellow  colon. 

Gtareenflnch,  'flush.  An  insessorial  btod, 
gen.  (Joccothraustes,  the  C.  diloiia,  Am. 
FringillidiB, 

Green-flra8?e,  'gai.    A  spedea  of  phni^ 

the  reine  claude  of  the  French. 

Greenhouse,  'hous.  A  building,  large^ 
of  glass,  constructed  for  the  purpoae  aif 
cultivating  exotic  plants  wLIoh  are  t». 
tender  to  endore  the  open  air  dorfnif  tna 
colder  partu  Oi  the  year.  The  tomperatnre 
in  winter  is  kept  up  by  means  of  arttfldal 
heat 

Greenland.  The  northommost  part  of ' 
the  American  continent,  separated  ftom 
tho  main  land  by  Davis*  Straits  and  the 
Atlantic,  and  extending  to  60o  N.  lati- 
tude. It  is  under  Danish  jurisdiction,  and 
its  European  population  number  oulf 
about  10,000.  The  natives  ore  called  £s- 
Aiimaux.  The  principal  settlements  ars 
Disco,  Upemavik  and  Frederickshavn. 

Greenlandite,  'land -it  A  variety  of 
precious  gai-net  obtained  fh>m  Greenland. 

Green-mineral, 'min-or-al.  Aoactonato. 
of  oopper,  used  as  a  pigment. 

GreMU>ok.    A  Scotch  seaport  havinc  «s> 


,. jnelodlnlDliodao,- 

Tten  itf  1^  ChrlnUu  Cluidi  br  t^>|le  6rw- 


OKBUZie 


886 


OBonr 


(ireyliuuutl. 


Greuae.  Jean  Baptiste.  A  dtatlQ. 
ffiiiAluHl  Fn'iidi  iMif liter :  ».  1T2A,  i>.  1805* 

Grey.  Charles.  2d  Earl.  An  Kufrlish 
MalcMiiuii  iiiidcr  wtioM>  priim'  minister- 
ship I  lie  llefonii  liiU  vf  ls.'tO  wait  puMfcd; 
II.  17tl-l,  1".  I'^V}. 

Grey.  Lady  Jane.  Gmndd:iufrhtor  of 
Ili'iny  VIII..  hikI  lifiiuciitlu-d  the  on>wn 
«if  KiiL'luiwI  by  Kdwjini  VI.  She  w:w  |H»r- 
(«iiii«U'<l  a^.'tiiiist  her  will  to  us8Uiiio  the 
tiiroTU!,  liut  was  queen  only  a  few  davR, 
the  pfdpKt  deebirin;;  in  favor  of  l*rineA*w* 
Aiury,  ICdwurd'rt  si»ter.  I^ly  »Fnn«  and 
her  huslMind,  Lonl  (Juilfonl  Dudley,  son 
of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  were  be- 
headed on  Tower  Hill ;  b.  1&B7,  d.  1.V4. 

Gbreyhoiind.CTtV 

bound.  A  tall  tlee 
dog,  reiniirkable 
for  the  keennerts  of 
its  sif^ht,  tlio  sym- 
metrical tttren>>rth 
and  bcanty  of  it.s 
ibnii,  and  its  p-eut 
ileetnesA.  There 
are  many  nub-vari- 
eties fWim  the  Irisli 
and  Illghland  breinls  to  the  Italian  prey- 
hound.  It  fig-ures  on  Epyntian  monu- 
ments, and  is  sunposcil  to  bo  the  gazo- 
honnd  of  old  English  writers. 
Gribble,  grib'l.  An  i.sojKKl  omstaccan, 
which  commits  great  damage  bv  Imring 
Into  suhmergiKl  timber.  It  is  not'unUke  a 
wood-louse. 

GrifBn,  grirfln.  In  Myth,  an  imaginary 
animal,  the  fore  part  being  rei>resente<l  as 
an  eagle  and  the  lower  part  as  a  lion.  It 
was  snpposed  to  watch  over  mines  of  gold 
and  hidden  treasures,  and  was  consecraU'd 
to  the  sun.  O.  male,  in  Her.  a  griffin 
without  wings  and  having  large  ears.  A 
8p«cies  of  vultnre.  The  beardtnl  griffin  is 
tn«  laminwgeyer. 

Gkrillagre,  griraj.  In  Engin.  a  fi^me- 
work  compo.«ed  of  heavy  beams,  used  to 
sustain  foimdations  and  jirevent  their  ir- 

.  regular  settling  In  soils  of  unequal  eom- 
pressibllity. 

Grille.  A  lat- 
tice or  open 
work  or  grat- 
ing. A  metal 
screen  to  in- 
close or  pro- 
tect a  shHue. 
tomb  or  sacred 
ornament.    A 

gate  of  metal  inclosing  or  protecting  the 
entrance  of  a  religious  lionse  or  sacred 
balldlng.    A  small  Bcreon  of  iron  bars  In 


Grille. 


the  door  of  a  nnnneiy  or  convontt  tbroofA 
which  InmatoA  convene  with  TlaitMt;t&i 
-wicket  of  a  nmnaateiy. 

Grimm's  Law.    A  law  diacoveral  bv 

Jacob  L.  (irimni,  the  great  German  plm- 
ologist,  fkiruiulutinis^  certain  changeswUdi 
the  iiiut4>  i'ons4>nanta  undergo  in  corre- 
siionding  u«>nl8  In  the  most  imporbuit 
branches  of  thu  Ar>'an  fiunily  of  langnageSb 

Griquaa,  gK-Hcwas.  S.  African  hatf- 
castes,  <iccupy  ing  the  banks  of  the  Orang« 
River,  resulting  from  the  intercourse  be- 
tween the  Dutch  scttU'Ts  and  Hottentot 
and  Bush  women.  Part  ore  (^rlstians 
and  considerably  dvllfzed.  They  haves 
thriving  settlement  called  Griqoatown, 
53<)  miles  northeast  of  Cape  Town. 

Grisaille,  grOs-ul'.  A  stylo  of  paintlw 
in  gray  tints  employed  to  represent  sow 
bodies  in  relief. 

Grisette,  gri-zet'.  In  Franoe,  a  gfri  or 
young  married  woman  of  the  worUng- 
class ;  more  commonly,  a  helle  of  the 
working  class  given  togayety  and  gaUao- 
try.    A  female  servant  of  looso  morals. 

Grist  Giulia,  gru'se.  An  eminent 
Italian  contatrice;  b.  in  Milan,  1810,  d. 

1869. 

Grison,  grT'snn.  A  S.  American  animal  (^ 
the  wexsel  kind  but  a  Uttlo  larger.  It  is 
very  amusing  in  captivity.  Called  aho 
Huron. 

Grisons,  gre'snnz.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  eastern  Swiss  Alps.  The  lai^est  and 
most  eastern  of  the  Swiss  caAtons. 

Grivet,  griv'et  A  small  green-gray  Abys- 
sinian monkey,  gen.  Corcopithecas.  Tba 
common  hand-organ  monkey  Is  either  a 
vervet  or  grivet. 

Griwennick,  gri-vcn'lk.  A  silver  coin 
of  Kussio,  equal  to  10  copecks,  or  aboat 

8  cents. 

Groat,  gr5t.  An  old  English  coin  and 
money  of  account,  equal  to  fouri>ence.  A 
proverbial  ti>rm  for  a  small  sum. 

Grocer's-itch,  gro'serz-ich.  A  variety 
of  e<szoma  impetiginoides,  produced  in 
gro(*ers  and  persons  working  in  sogar- 
refineries  by  uio  irritation  of  sngar. 

Grog",  grog.  A  mixture  of  Bpiiita  and 
water  not  sweetened;  mm  and  water 
cold  without  sugar.  Also  a  general  term 
for  strong  drink. 

Grogrsrery,  'e-ri.  A  place  whore  gng 
and  other  liquors  are  sold  and  dnmk. 

Grogram,  'ram.  A  coarse  stuff  made  <^ 
silk  and  mohair.    A  strong,  coarse  silk. 

Ghroin,  groin.  The  boUow  or  depressios 
of  the  huuuui  bo^ly  in  front  at  the  Junetios 


OKOCND-TACKI-g 


10  thUli  with  the  trunk.  In  Arch,  11 
ilMT  curve  mids  by  tie  Interseodon . 


ln*the  Nethertodt,  B7  m.  N.  E.  of  Am- 
■terdiUD,  celobnted   fOr  lla  imlTenltyj 
pop.  41.00(1. 
Groninaeiilat,  KrS-nln'Jen-taL     One  of 
B  sub'SKt  or  tho  Anab&pUsu,  vblch  took 


hu  thn  cbuire  of  hor«e9 
offlowsfntdsF-ngllBhroj 
rroom  of  thfl  atole ;  ffrooni 
A  man  Dewtr  jporrked  < 
muTlod :  t  brMflfroom. 


Oxote,      OearKe.    Green    GrOHboL 
Ad  Eiielleh  hlitoK- 

CbwteaqiiA,  grs-Mk'. 


SraUiu.  Hogii  (Ce  Orixit).    A  dl«- 
latrulaheil  D—  ■-    '—■--     -'    -    "    -     - 


tno  to  four  s«edi  of  the  oluofahuel- 
nut.  and  A  root  reflombUn^  llcorlee,  foe 


Cnound-pl&n.  'plu.     The  nprasontn- 

QTOand-rezit,  'renL  Kent  paid  (br  the 
DrivUege  of  building  on  uother  nuo'e 

Oroond-winliTel.  'skwi-nl.  Tho  qiiin- 
M,  slllcd  to  IhB  true  smiirreiB.  A  irell- 
orchlppine-iqutiTpl. 

Onnind-awell,  'iwri-  Abroad  deep 
■wall  or  rollln's  of  the  eei  neu  tha  ihore. 


OKUUdK                     WB                  euiraBON 

Ibr  IhBMdior.,  «bl«,  to.,  uatd  furor- 

^'.S 

clui'rO.     An  [niw-  .  W|jB 

oioii^"^nt.  "^"^-^   --"^,.1.- 

«"ornls  «ri|,'n'*  JSS 

9flF 

fjiiiUroft^uui*-  SyH 

HR) 

»;„c,|,^H^p 

anada.Iiip9.  ^^H 

pBf 

tOusdBluiio  HIdil-  M^W 

s'Vi-'r-o^JK 

ilo,  wc«iigiT.mM.,^^3^B^^K 

M«x]co.  nol*a  »^"^* 

I'-S*  "ir  -^SSS' 

""■ 

onck,  the  onilrLo-            "'■""  lani'WL, 

jiia 

fia.  Uie  tpolted  gioaM,  dusky  gn.ii.o,  Ac 

Orore.  "mu 

Dent  EnjUih  el 
181],  0.  I8T9. 


■OnJidtO, -F'du.     A   fern,  of  WBdlDf 
.    -Onuita,  (nT"!*.    A  popnlar  nmnf 


W.  InrJ 


Oryllldm.  jril- 
ord.    Orthopter*.      The  three  prEbelp&J 
eenem  ue  OrylhiB,  QrytloUljia  luul  Tri- 

tiHtoonat  BffbrdoumploborUioQrJit. 

QryplUM,  icrl-tS's.  A  gan.  or  tntrn  lu- 
msHlbniiahlBts  MvalTet,  cJewily  aUled  Co 
tke  OTiiUr.BbiiiidBDtlD  Iheseoondsr)'  eUnB 
ftom  the  Uu  npwnrds  to  the  ahnlk,  bat 
■oirwly  kmiHO  in  tertlaiy  strata. 

Oxyphlte. KTint.  Annbloa^ruBB!]  shell, 
gen.  QryjibiM,  popnlarly  known  a»  mll- 

Orypixotia,  arl-tS'sis.  A  irrowlDe  Inward 
ofthe  unite. 


Gnalacum.  pwii'yn-kuni.      A  em.   ul 

.._    '     -n,. ■■-■illBodtniDOdldllB, 


»any    pDidll   Inlands,    especlallj    [ 
.  Amerldi  nnd  AtMca.  chiedy  cod 


Ehiatemala,     A  C.  Araerinn  repnblii. 

by  thu  I'aclflo ;  area.  4U, 731  nq.  in,;  uop. 
I,^7,n!<0,    NueFaG.,ttieciip.  ariQi.  Avn 

«nlf^Dto^"h(.m™llike!^"  °    *     ' 

„.  s.  ot  M.-„ 
Ltatli  by  ordvr   9t    * 

OuayaqniL  Cap.  of  dept.  orsameniins 
bail  ]»ri;ic[pal  caintperdol  dty  of  Ecua'lbf, 
B.  AmiTliaipop.  M,SYO. 

Qndsvon.  pil'nn. 
nsh.     (lini.    Oy- 

bluok     j-oby 


ifl  baHi  ind  wood.  Uaoh,  that  part  audgeoa. 

^un,  ifwaii.    A  B.   Ameriom   galllna-  of   a  horiTonlal  

leoui  bird,  gen.  Penslope,  alHed  to  the  nhall  or  siloithidi  WiniBlD  theoolln,  iB- 
'■                   '^                         I  dependent  of  the  body  of  (ho  ihill. 


GDIirEA-rOWL 


II  Antoine  1 

rr«ncb  ptlDter  ; 

».  gl'ber.    Tho  B 

flro-wonhlpwTB,  chUbi 

Bnpreme  Being,     Their   Mcred 

tl.  irwlr.  Thn  nama  of  a  dis- 
hed princely  ftmllj  In  Italy,  orlgl- 

1  lbs  lllh  wntury,  iHII,  howevPT, 
lElsncapoHuaUHiilii  Italy,  Welt 

wilB  of  Charlemngae,  la  aaid  to 
een  llieflnt  to  bear  ths  name.    It 

at  Brunsulek— the  ilnoil  mid  the 
0  vhlDh  IfltCu-  tha  raUcnlbif  Qunlly 
■In  l>eloaE>.  Aftor  tha  butUe  of 
ent,  fiiuuht  In  IIW  apjnat  the 
ifCDI  (Ghibi4lin«l,  Iho  term 
Lleaded    la  that  AusdoD  In  Italy 

ppoTtcd  tho  iKlpo,  while  that  o( 

:iaiytoGiTmany.'"        '" 

n,  n-ni'ia.    A   l-oautlful    Attyg- 


,  eS.  The  title  of  tlio  lialrlol 
If  Oio  Low  Conntrtea  who  with- 
Ullp  ir.  of  flpaln  In  his  efforts  to 

1,    Theoai 
)  ofAftlia, 

I  Its  legs  ai 


*liB.(loorxetuwn,  Paramai 
mitctdam;  prlni^put  riv 
n,  BurlDBin,  Rsnequiba, 
■ntyn.  EVcnch  G.  coinpi 
•arilon;Bna.8S.080sn.  i 
K)0;ltlstheiihlerpeDarsel 

rar,  eitnit.    Th« 


Ooldo  (O.  BenI), 
Quilder,   irtld'er. 


r&s 

a.  and  ather  anwiler 

^iTllortal  ilivlBlDns, 

Guinea-fowl.    -tbol. 


igola,  Bengur 
Dahdmey,  til 


OUK-BABfiCL 


Oniimrs.  nfrpttr'.  An  Inituilon  of  ■ 
tlqiio  loM.  tai7  durable,  ftmelKWiuUft 
md  km  enpiuisi"-    A  aaix  grglmp. 


or  lli^co  tiiroucrh  the  c1uuid>'1 
Cabn  ana  Amnio,  put  Iba  II 
(nachlDK  Iho  tatl  of  llio  Ornit 


kot 


^Tjird  towont  Knrnpo.  port  lEoln^  nortb 
nnd  part  rotnmlng  Boutborl  j  bj  tbu  1mi»lrs, 
Qol-eal,  gul'Bul.  A  Kjrt  of  clinium  or 
CPDiiuit  ma'Io  or  ]>oun<lc]  Fci-sbelln  mlieil 
«-lth  oil,  which  hardert  liko  a  atiinf,  ud 
li  put  nrcr  i  shlp'a  botlwn  In  IndlB,  la 
thit  worms  winot  pgnebnto  II. 


Juniper,  -)D'nl-pt 
UatUtrla  qusdrlTiIvlB.  b  oonlltavs*  trH. 


UbC>\tJ«ei1  Iter  prepuliigpa 


EkLm-iesin.  -r 


Oum-aaneKal.  -sen't-inl,     A  kind  of 
ttao'rlv^r  Honi-eul,  Id  Aftiok,  yleUM  br 


AiWnot  nr^  A^ 


Oun-boat,  "but,  A  bo.t  or  SmnU  •mmI 
ciMbrr,  B^frum IIB llRht draught «p.bfe 
Gim-Ottrriago,  tir-i).    ThorarriBceor 


Chui-inetal,  'mct-l.  An  pJIdj-.  ccnrrnll}' 
ofnlno  lArU  of  copper  jirdiinv  part  i>r  tin, 
MBed  for  tbe  mnnuniatura  ar  godhoii,  Ac 


CKuUIT,  'nf.  AstmnKeosrsQ  Mpkcloth, 
toe  mgK.  etcka  and  packlnjr  p^n«TKlly, 
made  IVtiiii  juif.  ihD  HbiT  of  OoFduinu 
ospgnlirfB,  and  miin,  tbe  flb«r  of  CruUIa- 
ri.]iin«a. 

G-im-port,  'port.    A  huli<  in  a  ihip  for  n 


nteUdandHri^. 
Chm-tBokle. 'uk-l.    Thn  Moeksanrlpnl- 
IfijA  affifFd  to  tbo  sldea  Ufa  jfab^^^aniaiFfi 
aud  tbo  alile  cfa  ihip  hf  rnonn  of  nhtah 


Chuiter^  Chain. 't< 


Hnk 


A  lognrttbiDla  Line 
uu  u-ujiu-L  9  H3»<:,  lilted  Tor  perfonnlDf? 
tbB  mulUpUukKon  and  dMalon  ofODm- 
bera  mecbonlcallj  by  tlio  diddora.  A 
blidlDg  Bcaiti  oon-<«pondljiK  Id  Lo^rwltlitnii 
for  parformbie  theM  niiontiooa  by  inapec- 


>  Qnadiuit,    kwod-ra 


.Lnd  of  atereo^npbio  j 


■oJeclloB 


PDKdln  oneoftbanolca.    It  i9  naed  to 
And  ttaa  hour  nf  ths  day.  the  tnn'a  azi- 
muth, J«.,  aa  al£D  to  tahe  tba  alutudu  of 
an  dhitet  ia  ieercm. 
OvDter'a  Boale,  skiU.     A  larga  nlnln 

jiaCunll  and   lofisrlthmlc,  of  f  teat   ape  in 
•ohiuE  niKhantcilIr  by  meana  of  a  aUder 


1  Folenl  lbn»  of  li.nm 


ID  ofabnye,  waaDUeoftliejiroitnt 
>  of  hlslort;  B.  IBW;  (Towiiod 
(Mini  at  Ilio  bittls  of  LQtieii,  Oer- 


ilooted  by  AnkBralrum,  o 


Chiteiibers',  Joliann.    The  Inrent 
tbe  art  of  printing'  v\tii  mavabLe  ^pm 


Qntta.  'ta.  One  . 
diic^,  altacbed  to 
Chitta  Percha.  p< 


Dd^r  Hide  o7tba 


ChlttifBT,  'f-fto-. 


;  nplailt   balou^Dir   to 


Entflfsl       . 

Chiy  de  LaaigacLa.    A  »ench  kaig-ht 
aiirf  Crusader  who  was    Elected  King  rf 

crown,  Uai,  to  ^larilll,  Siia>B*.C™M  s» 


OTUS 


OTBENCEPHAUl 


Lion  made  Lim  Klngr  of  Cyprus;  ».  1189, 
#      D.  1194. 

Gyle,  fifl.  A  brflwcr'w  rat.  The  ferment- 
ti\  wort  iiMKl  by  vlne>far  inakora. 

Gymnasiarch.jini-nu'zl-Hrk.  Amaf?fA- 
trntc  wIkj  i*uiKTihti'ii(led  tlurfryiunuHlii  In 

Q3niLna8iuxn,  -tim.  A  \)hiro  whoro 
acliU'ti<'.  «"X«'n;l.so»  aro  pcrfornifd.  Amoii^ 
the  anoifiit  (ircckn  thofc  who  took  jmrt 
In  8Uoh  cxt'rriiK'.s  wero  naked  or  nearly  so, 
bonce  the  nuuie.  A  ttchool  or  seminary 
prej»arat(»ry  to  tho  nniversities. 

Gymnast,  'nast.  One  who  teaches  or 
practices  >r>'mnastic  exordses. 

Gymnoderinaa.    'nr)-<U"-ri"ne.     A    S. 
American  .sul>  fain,   of  conirostral  birds, 
*  Ihin.   Corvidsn,  nearly  allied  to   tho  trne 
crowR ;  tho  fruit  crows. 

Gsnnnodont,  -dont.  Ono  of  a  fam. 
of  iilucto^nathotiA  tcloostean  fishes,  in- 
oluainpr  the  spinous  globe-llshes. 

GsnnnOffen,  -gen.  In  Bot.  a  plant 
Mith  a  naked  seed;  a  gymnospcnn. 
Among  the  gymnogens  arc  pines  and  lirs, 
yews,  joint-flrs,  the  Oycadacea;,  Slc. 

GymnolflBxnata,  -le'raa-ta.  An  order 
of  the  Polyzoa,  in  which  the  mouth  is 
devoid  of  the  valvular  structure  known 
at  the  cpistome. 

Oymnophiona,  '-fi'd-na.  Huxley's 
name  for  a  small  order  of  Amphibia,  in- 
cluding only  certain  vermiform  animals 
which  are  found  in  various  tropical  coun- 
tries burrowing  in  marshy  ground,  some- 
what like  gigantic  earthworms. 

Qymnophth  a1  m ata,  -nof-thal'ma-ta. 
A  tribe  of  Medusae,  having  a  disk-shaped 
body,  circulating  vessels  running  to  the 
margin,  and  the  eye-specks  either  uncov- 
ered or  wanting. 

QyAnophth a1  m  1  d m,  'mf-du.  A  fam. 
of  lizards  comprising  several  genera,  in 
which  tho  eyes  ore  distinct  and  exposed, 
the  eyelids  being  rudimentary. 

Gymnosoxziata,  -no-s()'ma-ta.  An  or- 
der of  Ptero])oda  in  which  the  body  is  not 
protected  by  a  shell. 

Gymnoflophist,  -nos'o-fist.  One  of  a 
sect  of  ancient  Hindu  philosophers  who 
lived  solitarily  in  the  woods,  wore  little  or 
no  clothing,  ate  no  flesh,  renounced  all 
bodily  pleasures,  and  addicted  themselves 
to  mystical  contemplation. 

GymnotuB,  -nO'tus.  Aeenusofflshes, 
•ec.  Apodes,  or  those  which  have  no  dor- 
sal fin.  The  only  known  speoles  is  the 
GymttOtuM  tieoMeoA,  or  doovlo'eeL 


GynsBeeunif  fin-S'sG-am.  Among  the 
ancients,  the  femalM*  apartment  or  di- 
vi.sion  of  a  house  of  oonalderatioB.  A 
sort  of  mannflwitnrv  in  ancient  Bome  for 
making  clothes  kdH  famiture  for  the  em- 
p(>ror'N  family,  the  managora  of  which 
were  feniak^.  In  Bot.  the  pistil  taken 
in  a  coll(>ctive  sense,  prcciaely  as  the 
stamens  fonn  the  andrceceum,  the  petals 
the  C4>rolla,  and  tho  sepals  Uie  ci^x. 

Qynarcliy, 'ar-ki.  Government  by  a  fe- 
male or  females. 

Gypaetinae,  jip-a'G-tT-nt5.  The  bearded 
vultures,  a  sub-fam.  of  which  the  type  is 
the  gen.  Gypaetos. 

GkypogreranidaB.  'o-jer-an"l-d6.  A  torn. 
of  vultures,  including  a  single  genus,  of 
which  only  one  species,  the  secretary-M- 
con  of  S.  Africa,  is  known. 

Gypsogrraphy,  -sog'ra-fl.  The  art  of 
engraving  on  gypsum. 

GypsolOffy,  -sol'o-^i.  That  branch  of 
knowledge  that  treats  of  the  gypsies, 
their  language,  history,  manners  ana  cus- 
toms. 

GirpsoplSLSt,  'so-phist.  A  cast  taken  In 
plaster  of  Paris  or  white  lime. 

Ghrpsum,  'sum.  A  mineral  found  In  a 
compact,  crystallized  state,  aa  alabMter 
and  selenite,  or  in  the  form  of  a  soft  ofaalky 
stone  which  in  a  very  moderate  heat  gtTes 
out  its  water  of  crystallization,  and  be- 
comes a  very  fine  white  powder,  exten- 
sively used  under  the  name  of  plaster  of 
Paris. 

Gypsy,  'si.  One  of  a  peculiar  Tagabond 
race  found  in  every  country  of  Europe,  as 
well  as  in  parts  of  Asia,  Amca  and  Amer- 
ica,distinguishable  from  tho  peonlee  among 
whom  they  rove  by  their  bodily  appear- 
ance and  by  their  language.  Their  lan- 
guage, which  they  call  Romany  chlv  <» 
chib  or  Komanes,  is  a  Hindu  dialect, 
closely  allied  to  Sanskrit,  but  much  cor* 
rupted  by  admixture  with  tho  tongues  of 
the  peoples  among  whom  thoy  have  so- 
1oume<l.  Ethnologists  generauy  concur 
in  regarding  the  gypsies  as  descendants  of 
some  obscure  Indian  tribe. 

Ghrpsy-xnoth,  'si-moth.  The  Hypo- 
gymna  dispar  of  naturalists. 

Gyracanthus,  jl-ra-kan'thns.    A  gen.  * 
of  fossil  acanthopterygious  fishes,  Arand    . 
in  the  carboniferous  and  Permian  forma- 
tions. 

Gyrencepliala,  jl-ren-sofa-la.    One  of  . 
the  four  sub-classes  into  which  Owen  has 
divided  the  mammalia,  based  on  tiiestrae- 
tnre  of  the  brain.    To  the  G.  helonir  tbe 
Qoadromana,    Camlvora,     Artlodaetjia, 


aYBPALGOH 


HADITU 


Perissodac^la,  ProboMldeft,  Toxodontia, 
Sirenia,  and  Cetaoea^ 

Gyrfalcoxi,  jer'fii-kn.  A  spedes  of  flil- 
coti,  one  of  the  boldest  and  most  beautiful 
of  tho  tribe. 

G-yrinidSB,  ji-ri'nl-de.  A  fam.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  sec.  Pentamera,  sub-sec. 
ITydradephaga  or  water-beetles. 

Qyrodus,  'ro-dus.  A  thick-toothed  fos- 
sil iish  found  in  tho  oolite  of  Durrheim  in 
Baden,  as  also  in  the  chalk. 

Gsrrolepis,  -rol'e-pis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
pinoM  lishes,  found  in  tho  new  red  sand- 
stone and  tlio  bone  bods  of  tho  lias. 

Gyronechiua,  -ron'c-kl"na.  WMrllgigs, 
a  sub-fain .  of  aquatic  carnivorous  beetles. 

Gyrophora,  -rofo-ra.  A  pen.  of  lichens, 
one  of  which  is  tho  tripe-de-roche,  on 
which  Sir  J.  Franklin  and  his  companions 
liyed  for  some  time. 


QyropriatLi,  ro-prls'- 
tift.  A  gen.  of  loftsil 
placoid  fishes  from  the 
red  sandstono  near 
Bclfost. 

Gyroscope,  'rS-skftp. 
An  apparatus,  (insist- 
ing of  a  rotating  disk 
mounted  by  very  ac- 
curately fitted  pivots 
in  a  ring  or  rinprs,  ali^o 
rotating  in  diffoient 
ways.  By  means  of 
this  instrument  the 
rotation  of  tho  earth  on 
its  axis  can  bo  ocularly 
demonstrated. 


OyroBcope. 


Gyve,  jiv.    A  shackle,  usually  for  tha 
legs ;  a  fetter. 


H 


HIS  the  8th  letter  of  the  alphabet,  and 
often  called  the  aspirate,-  though  not 
the  only  aspirated  letter  in  English.  The 
sound  that  distinctively  belongs  to  it  is 
that  which  it  has  at  the  beginning  of  a 
syllable  either  before  a  vowel,  as  in  hard, 
keavy,  or  after,  w,  as  in  where,  when. 
This  letter,  along  with  most  of  the  oUiers 
in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  was  bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin  alphabet,  into  which 
it  passed  from  the  GrcoK.  In  music,  H  is 
the  German  equivalent  for  B  natural,  B 
being  with  them  our  B  flat.  As  a  n umeral 
in'Latin,  11  denotes  200,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it  200,000.  As  an  abbreviation  in 
Latin,  11  stands  for  humo,  hieres,  hora, 
Ac.;  in  English,  II.M.S.  stands  for  his 
(her)  majesty^s  ship  or  service,  H.E.II. 
for  his  (her)  royal  highness,  II. P.  for  half- 
pay. 

Salmkkuk,  ha-bakHv^k.  The  name  of 
one  of  the  books  of  tho  Old  Testament, 
nitbakkuk  was  the  eighth  of  tho  twelve 
minor  prophets,  and  his  prophecy  is  ad- 
mired ror  its  olevatiHl,  lyrical  style. 

Haberdasher,  'bcr-dash-er.  A  dealer 
In  drapery  goods. 

SEabergreon,  -bcr'jG-on.  A  coat  of  mall 
consisting  of  a  jacket  without  sleeves, 
formed  of  little  iron  rings,  and  descended 
from  the  neck  to  the  middle  of  tho  body. 

Habitant,  'bit-ost  An  inhabitant.  A 
BanTe  appUed  to  Inhabitants  of  Lower 
Canada  of  French  extraction. 

Habit-chirt,  -shert.    A  thin  muslin  or 
Isee  ewmcnt,  wom  byfamsles  oyer  the 
-  brssst  sad  neck. 


Habrocoxna,  -brok'd-ma.  A  gen.  of 
mammals,  ord.  Eodentia,  gub-wd.  Hystri'- 
cidie,  allied  to  tho  cavies. 

Habromania,  -bro-mi'ni-a.  Insanity 
in  which  tho  delusions  are  of  a  gaj.^iiw 
actor. 

Habronexne,  hab'ro-nSm.  In  mineral, 
having  the  form  of  fine  threads. 

Hachiire,  hach'ur.  Short  lines  which 
mark  half-tints  and  shadows  in  designing 
and  engraving,  employed  in  delineating 
mountains. 

Hacienda,  i-th(>-enMa.  In  Spanish 
America,  a  manufkcturing,  mining,  stock- 
raising,  or  other  establishment  in  tho 
country ;  an  isolated  farm  or  farm-house. 

Hack,  hak.  A  horse  kept  for  hh^;  a 
worn-out  horse.  A  drudge  or  a  person 
overworked:  a  writer  employed  in  the 
drudgery  and  details  of  book-nuking. 

Hackery,  'o-ri.  A  rudo  two-wheeled 
cart  drawn  by  oxen,  used  by  the  natives 
of  India. 

Haddock,  hadMok.  A  fish  of  the  e(Ml 
fom.,  but  smaller  than  the  ood. 

Hackney,  'nu.  A  horse  kept  for  riding 
or  driving;  a  pony.  A  coach  or  other 
carriage  kept  for  hire. 

Hades,  huMez.  The  invisible  abode  of 
tho  dead  ;  the  placo  or  6£ate  of  departed 
souls ;  the  world  of  spirits. 

TTn^fth,  had'ith.  In  Mohammedan  theoL 
the  body  of  traditions  relating  to  Moham' 
med,  now  fonnVne  %  vocf^'^^O''^^'^*^  ^  *^^^*^ 
Koran.    (Mfgodi&s  VV^  ^ws»  "mX  "SK^rtA  Na 


IIADJ 


8M 


HAIRCLOTH 


ooRiinit  them  to  writing,  bnt  the  dAn(;^r 
of  tholrlN-inf;I()«t  or  corrupted  led  to  their 
hein^  ploooil  on  r4M'^)rd. 

Hadj,  haj.  Tho  Mohftmmcilan  ]>iIgTim- 
Uffvi  to  Mi-cca  Aiid  Medina. 

Sadji,  'v.  A  Mussulman  who  haft  per- 
formed his  ])i1^ma^o  to  Mecea.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  Grcele  or  Arme- 
nian who  tias  visited  tho  holy  sepulchre  at 
Jerusalem. 

HadrosauruB,  ha<l-ro-sfi'rus.  A  fren. 
of  extinct  reptiles  belonjrinK'  to  the  deino- 
fMuriao  division  of  theOrnithoscelida.  It 
appears  to  have  been  tho  American  repre- 
sentative of  tho  if^uanodon  of  lCuroj)e,  re- 
semblhif;^  it  in  its  enormous  diinenMlons, 
herbivorous  habits  and  anatomical  struc- 
ture. 

SaBxna,  lu'^ma.  Blood  ;  much  use<l  as  a 
prt»llx  In  words  of  Greek  ori^n  referring 
to  the  blood. 

HaBxaachroxne,  -krom.  The  coloring 
matter  of  tho  blood ;  IlR'matosin. 

Haomatics,  -mat'iks.  That  branch  of 
physiolo^'y  which  treats  of  tho  bloo<l. 

Hsamatilioxie,  -mat'in-on.  A  red  gl.ass 
known  to  the  ancients  and  used  for  mo- 
saics, ornamental  vases,  Ac.  It  contains 
no  tin  and  no  (H)Ior!n^  matter  except  cu- 
prlc  oxide.  All  attempts  of  tho  moderns 
to  imitate  it  have  hitherto  failed. 

HsBlxiatosis,  -ma-td'sin.  Tho  artcriali- 
zation  of  blood  ;  sanguification,  or  the 
formation  of  tho  blood. 

Sceniatozoa,  'ma-to-zo"a.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  tho  entozoa  which  exi^t  in  the 
d\(.m([  of  mammals,  birds,  reptiles,  fishe^v 
and  many  invertebrate  animals.  They  are 
generally  micn)seoplc,  without  generative 
organs,  and  found  both  in  the  arteries  and 
veins. 

Haoznogrlobin,  'mo-glob-in.  The  fluid 
matter  of  a  red  color  contained  in  the  red 
corpuscles  of  tho  blood.  1 1  can  be  resolved 
into  an  albuminotis  substance  called  glob- 
ulin, and  the  coloring  matter  htematin. 

Hsexnulon,  'mfi-lon.  A  gen.  of  rcan- 
thoi>terygiou8  fishes,  fam.  Scirpnida*. 

Hafiz,  hafiz.  Having  tho  whole  Koran 
by  heart. 

Hafiz,  Mohanizaed  Shenus-ed- 
Deen.  An  eminent  Persian  i>oet ;  «.  at 
Bhii-az,  abt.  130(),  d.  abt.  1300.  His  writ- 
ings  liavc  been  translated  into  English. 

Halt,  haft.  A  handle ;  used  chiefly  of  a 
knife,  sword  or  dagger ;  the  hilt. 

HaflT,  hag.  An  ng\y  old  woman.  A  witch. 
•A  fhry ;  ft  ahe-monster.    A  gen.  of 
HJt^inouB  UmIum  ftllltd  to  th«  bunpr^y. 


Haflrada,  hag-SMa.  A  legend,  anecdote, 
or  saying  in  tho  Talmud  illostrative  of  tbe 
law.  Tho  free  rabblnioal  interpvetatlon  of 
Scripture. 

Ha^grai,  gl.  The  name  of  one  of  tlie 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Haggai  was 
the  tentli  of  the  twelve  minor  nropheti, 
and  the  first  of  those  who  proimesiod  In 
•Terusalem  after  the  liabylonian  captivity. 
He  urged  the  rebuilding  of  tho  temple. 

Haffioor€u:y.  ha-ji-ok'ra-si.  The  guv- 
ernment  of  tho  priesthood ;  a  sacred  gov* 
ernment ;  a  hierarchy. 

Haffiofirraphy,  -il-og'rar-fi.  The  last  of 
tho  three  Jewish  diviidons  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament. These  divisions  are :  The  Law, 
contained  in  tho  first  five  books;  the 
Pr«»phet8,  or  Nevim  ;  and  tbe  Oetuvim, 
or  writings,  by  way  of  eminence.  The 
latter  is  called  by  tho  Greeks  Ilagio- 
grapha,  eomi)rehending  the  Psalms.  Prov- 
erbs, Job,  Daniel,  Ezra,  Nehemlah, 
Kuth,  Esther,  (Chronicles,  CantJcIes,  La- 
mentations and  Ecclcsiastes.  In  the  fi. 
C.  Ch.  lives  of  the  saints. 

Haffiology,  -ol'o-ji.  History  or  descrip- 
tion of  the  sacred  writings.  That  braiieh 
of  literature  which  has  to  do  vrith  the  his- 
tory of  the  lives  and  legends  of  the  sahits. 

Haerae,  The.  Cap.  of  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  a  prov.  of  Holland,  10 
m.  S.  W.  of  Leyden  ;    pop.  07,800. 

Hahneznann,  Samuel  Christiaii 
Friedricli.  A  distinguished  German 
physician  and  chemist,  originator  of  the 
homopopathic  svstem  of  m^iool  practice ; 
B.  1755;  i>.  in  f'aris  1848. 

Haiduck,  hl'diik.  One  of  a  class  of 
mercenary  foot-soldiers  in  Hungary  who 
sold  their  services  to  the  best  bidder. 
Tho  name  is  now  given  to  inacers  in  the 
Hungnrinn  courts,  halberdiers  of  Hunga- 
rian magnates,  and  tho  lackeys  and  other 
attendants  in  German  courts. 

Haik,  hak.  A  largo  pioco  of  woolen  or 
cotton  doth  worn  by  tho  Arabs  over  the 
tunic  but  under  the  burnoose.  Also 
written  Ilyke. 

Hailstone,  harstOn.  A  single  ball  or 
pellet  of  hail. 

Hair-bracket,  hur'brak-et.  In  Oxi^ 
building,  a  molding  which  comes  in  at  the 
back  of  or  runs  aft  from  the  figure-head. 

Hair-breadth,  bred th.  The  diameter  or 
breadth  of  a  hair ;  a  very  small  distance. 
Among  tho  Jews  it  was  reckoned  the 
forty-eighth  part  of  an  inch. 

Haircloth,  'kloth.  Cloth  made  of  hair 
or  in  part  of  hair ;  used  for  covdinf  the 


HAU-LAP  OOTJTLWa 


HalT-llne,  Ha,  A  ilander 
lurtag  ill  the  iKe-llnss  An?. 

Hair-penDil,  'psn-eLI.  A 
jKiDcil  mad«  or  bur. 

Hali-pIn,  'pin.     A  pLn  aaed 

Hair-powder, '[ 


Hair-aprlns',  'nininc.    In  -vatch-msk- 
lug,  tha  fine  »priiig  glTliig  motion  to  the 


Allghtoat  touch  viU  dluha^  tbo  plec* 
Hair-wrm,  'verni.    A  flUfonn  wo 


-„-^ u  or»  halo  of  ItBhl  inixonncl- 

iD^lhfled^ofidarkob^t  tn  ■  photo- 
rn[AI«  ]flilmt  doTalap«d  upon  Iodide  of 


Hale.  Uatthew, 
EnKH!,hjurij,t;».  16 
Half-blood,  hif  hh 


tb«  um«  ftther  u 
dlffflr«nl  bnedA  or 


Half-breed,  'brod.  One  who  Is  bdt 
blooded  ;  Bpedflcaillj'  »pi,lled  la  the  off- 
spring of  Am^on  Indian)  ind  whltea. 

Half-brother, -brath-cr.    Ahrolhwbj 


Half-dime  -dim' 
l-.B.oriheiilua. 
Half-eosle,  -t-n) 


.deer  gelded. 


1  of  permu^Dl  v«q:qI&^. 


HALF 


Hftlf<leiwt)i,  'Irneth.  I>bi>irliii;  ml* 
tliuuj>|>rrL>lrur  (tiabody.u  *  ixtrtnlt. 

Hidf-paoe.  'pin,  Tho  nntliw-plKc  or  a 
bi'Iw.n'l-u'ttlHbu  Bt  lup>\.'  ■W\»n  It 

Haif-P«aar,  bS'tMn-nl.      An   Enrllali 

<l>|IJH'rnilNartbllTBlu<j  DfhlLri  piUIIIjr. 

HaU-Pike.    liirpTk.       A  tuem-beaiia 

ofUu^ordlnM-ir  pilie.  On*  form  ot  Ibiii 
wwpno.  ciilkcliiJ(u>Bpoiitodii,  vjuforrnvr- 
It  cuTleil  by  InGuiti?  olUivun ;  BDnCber 
Rimi  la  lined  Id  tbe  OBvy  In  l-unllng  tlilja. 

Hklf-round.  'round.  In  Arcb.  «  iriuld- 
log  wtaiiH  inoflle  In  a  nPmtolnls.  It  uiav 
Im elLher atiiHl  orat'inin. 

Hklf-^hlft,  'gblJt     In  nlaylnn  tha  violin 

the  nark  ortho  ln1>tTqmsnt^iw''llint  the 
flrnt  flngrr  can  rM-Illj'  gtop  tha  noU  a  on 

H>lf-*overelffu,  '■o-vaiin.    A  Britiih 
KDliI  euin  In  v.luo  10a. 
•Half-tint, 'ilDt.   Ad  Initrmedlstfl  color : 
DiMdls  tint. 

HaliaettU,  lnU-U'G-tDB.  Afan.ofblnla. 
Am.  FaloonldiD,  eai^a  group,  liitfcring 
from  tha  trna  cairlos  In  tlio  greater  i^miFtb 
«r  the  bill,  In  Elm  torn  aniflon'gr  part  of 


nawlj-kllled  prey,  and  In  Inlbrt 
Tha  moat  noted  apoTli'n  la  II.  I 
Ina,  tbo  wbllo-besilcd  arna  or 
the  iboMn  aynibol  of  the  I'.  8. 
Ballbnt,  ball-bnt.  A  flnh.  g 
■     Kluaiu,  ona  of  (ha  Inrjieat  of  i 

HallctUB,  -lik'tDB.    A  ^an.  ol 


HALTICID^ 


;.2E 


B&liOOTAplir,  -Of;'"'!!-     That  lapM  . 

A  gvD.  of  gifltatapa.' 
both    hiull    and  moi^ 


o  Physiol,  t 


cuimnooly  callad 
H&litUB,  'll-tUB. 
UiBTaiMrrihaledfrut 

athalnl  by  aewiy  dl 
Hall,  JoMpli.  An 

Hallam,  Henry.  Aa  Engllah  blalorla 

H^llMk,  SltB^Jrsena.     An  amlH 

Holleck.  HeniT  "Wager,  Gen.    j 


■loroia  vapi 

EngUih  Ihi 


ninted  u 


r.   Point,  1S8>,  up- 
IH  ™iniii«iui.-r-in-ciiia'/,  Jql^,  IMg,  btlq; 
anporteded  by  Gan,  Grant,  Mandi,  36«: 
n.ln  LoulaHlfe,  Ky.,  1373. 
Hallelujali,  hnl-lli-IS'ya.    Pnlsa  yo  Ja- 

Hallejr,  Edmuitd.  A  noted  EnrHih 
n.troqo^n,.r;  B.  ISM,  r.  1748.  H«  «■ 
(ha   Unit  who  accurtlrly   predlot* 


Halloo,  -IS'. 
Hallow-e'en, 


.. -eo.  Theavi 
All -Sum  ta. 


rTlgUol 
of  AU- 


Hailentioa.  -ll-0'tlkii.  A  tra^itlae  on 
flahea,  or  thoart  of  flahlnir;  loblhyoln^. 

Halifax,  Cliailea  MontaKn,  Barl 
of.  A  celebrated  l^nEllsh  atataamui  aad 
flniaoler;  a.  IWl,  d,  1116.  As  prima 
mlnlatar  ha  was  tha  originator  of  the  na- 
ttonal  debt,  wd  founder  of  the  Bank  ol 

nW.  Biding  Co.,  Tork, 
r  Iti  woSlL  DuuDhel 
riii.n,  ■¥.  of  York ;  pop.  71,800- 
ortJora  Bcotla,  a  iSrtlDed  aea- 
nsval  danot  of  the  SrlUih  N. 
n  flaat,  and  a  tnuu-Allantla  atom- 


IhimcD  toTindlumaa. 
Hallux,  'luks.     Tfa< 


Haimatuma,  -ms 
lusrsaplal..  bcloDgll., 
Halo, 


nl  AU^iatnta'  and  All- 


Halo,  hS'lo.  A  luminous  rinKordrde. 
cither  white  or  oolorod,  appearing  rouod 
thojDnarmoon.  Whan  tVay  n»  of  anHUI 


Haloeoopa,  -akJp.  An  la 
halos,  parhelia  and  tha  Ukf 

HalUofdte,  hal-tli'l-dc.  ' 
tha  gen.  Hi^a  )■  the  typ 


HALTIO 


897 


HAN 


Saltio,  'ti-o.  In  Lapland  Mrih.  one  of 
the  guardian  spirits  of  Moant  JSiemi. 

Salyard,  'yard.  A  rope  or  tackle  for 
liuisting  and  lowering  sails,  yards,  &c. 
AVritten  also  Halliard. 

Salysites,  'i-slts.  A  fossil  gen.  of  coral, 
fain.  Jfuvositidfti,  peculiar  to  tko  palaeozoic 

strata. 

]Saxxi,  ham.  A  common  element  in  En- 
glish place-names,  as  Buckingham,  Dnr- 
ham,  die.,  a  home.  Hamlet  is  a  diminu- 
tive. The  inner  angle  of  the  joint  which 
unites  the  thigh  and  the  leg  or  an  animal. 
The  thigh  of  a  hog,  or  other  animal,  salted 
and  dried  in  smoke. 

Sam.  In  Scrip,  the  2d  son  of  Noah,  and 
progenitor  of  the  African  race  through  his 
sons  Cush,  Phut,  Mizraim  and  Canaan. 

Sam.  Atovmofdept.  Som me,  France, 
86  m.  S.  E.  of  Amiens,  noted  for  its  strong 
fortress  in  which  Napoleon  III.  was  con- 
iined,  l&4<)-46,  and  from  which  he  escaped 
in  disguise ;  poj).  alwut  3,000. 

Samadryad,  'a-drl-ad.  In  Greek  and 
Boman  Antiq.  a  wood-nymph,  feigned  to 
live  and  die  vrith  the  tree  to  which  she 
was  attached. 

Samadryas,  -as.  A  dog-faced  ape  (C}'- 
nocephalus  hamadryas). 

^fl.TnH.1^  ha'mal.  A  porter  in  Constanti- 
nople. 

Haxnartliritis,  ham-ar-thn'tis.  In  Med. 
universal  gout,  or  gout  in  all  the  joints. 

Hamel,  'el.  The  name  for  the  bright 
Btar  alpha  in  the  constellafien  Aries. 

Samiform,  h:Vmi-form.  In  Zool.  carved 
at  the  extremity ;  resembling  a  hook. 

Sambux^.  A  free  city,  cap.  of  prov.  of 
same  name,  in  Oermany,  the  commercial 
emporium  of  the  empire,  on  the  Elbe  at 
Its  junction  with  the  Klster,  and  60  m. 
flrom  its  mouth  ;  pop.  854,720. 

■Saxnilcar.  A  famous  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral father  of  the  more  celebrated  Hanni- 
bal ;  B.  abt.  800  b.  c;  killed  in  battle  in 
Siwin,  220,  Ho  successfully  defended 
Sidlv  against  the  Eomans  for  5  years,  and 
flnlshod  bis  successful  military  career  in 
Bpain. 

TTw.TniltnTi  The  patronyomic  of  a  noble 
tkiotiish  family.  James  H.,  2d  Earl  of 
Arrnii,  became  regent  in  1542.  He  was  a 
warm  partisan  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots ; 
IK  151  o. 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  An  eminent 
Scotch-American  statesman  and  orator, 
B.  in  Nevis,  1757,  killed  In  a  dnel  with 
Aaron  Burr,  at  Weehawken,  N.  J.,  1804. 
He  wBa  A  momber  of  the   Continental 


Hammer-beam. 


Oongress,  one  of  the  OommlssionerB  whloh 
flramed  the  Federal  Constltation  and 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Freal> 
dent  Washington. 

Hamilton,  William,  Sir.  The  most 
celebrated  metaphysician  of  the  Scotch 
school ;  B.  1788,  v.  1356. 

Hamilton,  William  Bowaa,  Sir. 

An  eminent  Irish  scieutiat  and  astron- 
mer,  b.  1S05,  d.  1865. 

Ham i tic,  ham-it'ik.  Belating  to  Ham  or 
his  descendants;  specifically,  appellativa 
of  a  claims  of  AfHcan  tongues,  comprising^ 
the  ancient  Hieroglyphic  language,  Cop- 
tic, Ethiopian  or  Abyssinian,  Libj^an  or 
Berber,  and  the  Hottentot  groups. 

Hammer-beam. 

A  beam  acting  as  a 
tie  at  the  feet  of  a 
pair  of  principal 
rafters. 

Hammer-  fi  a  li , 
'  m  e  r  - 11  s  h.  A 
rapacious  Ash,  fam 
Squalidff)  or  sharks 
the  balance-fish, 
called  also  Ham- 
mer-headed Shark. 

Hammer-oyster,  -ois-ter.  A  bivalVe 
shell-fish  found  in  the  W.  Indies,  res^n- 
bling  the  pearl-oyster  when  young,  but 
when  mature  rosembling  the  form  of  a 
hammer. 

Hammock,  'mok.  A  hanging  bed,  ood- 
sisting  of  a  piece  of  cloth,  gathered  at  the 
ends  and  suspended  by  cords  and  Hooks. 

Ham.pden,  John.  An  English  patriot 
and  Parliamentary  loader ;  b.  1594,  killed 
at  Chalgrove  Hill,  1643.  He  was  a  cham- 
pion of  popular  rights  against  the  oppres- 
sive measures  of  Charles  I.,  and  suffered 
prosecution  and  imprisonment. 

Ham.pton  Roads.  A  broad  channel  of 
C'hesapeake  Bav,  opening  into  Jamea 
liiver  bet.  Nor^blk  and  Hampton,  com- 
manded by  Fortress  Monroe. 

Hamster,ham'- 
ster.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  burrow- 
ing quadrupeds 
(Cricetus)  of  the 
rat  family  (Mu- 
ridre). 

Hamstriner, 

'string.    One  of 

the  tendons  'of  the  ham. 

Han,  han.  The  Qiineso  dynasty  founded 
by  Kau-tau,  andlMfettai^  tcwsv-a.  «^*tf5fcNft 


Hamster. 


Ih^  kf ui'^  tnwury.    Tli1;i  v 
to  iliouiia('nii'icli«iiii<.-r. 


vf  lili  onUvu  State  Iniui  I  iM  U: 


AnAi 

iiHii:  B.  in  :tltM..  ITai.  I.. 
pTAhli'iit  of  till'  Trovliicliil 

tkn  Dnrlanii 

<rn^~.nV  Tlnflflld  Soott,  Sen.  Ab 
Amrrlnn  nllldT;  u.  In  IVlii..  IWtj  fnmlu- 
M(hI  rram  Viest  roint.  l!44.Hnt4  thruueb 
ttu  MmIcbh  Kir,  »|>[Biriiliil  lirtKubcr-itm- 
fnil.  IMl,  nml  ktiuI  vllh  ipilliinti? 
tbroDiA  Uie  ivhrllinii ;  nnw  H'nlor  Miijnr- 
OvniTnl  In  eoDimiinil  nt  Ibc  Pi'partmrntuf 
Us  AUwth!,  lwai1i|iuiTtiTS  Bt  Uovrnior'i 
IilnBil.  In  ISM  be  wan  an  nniuu<r»flil 
ciBittilnte  Ihrtliv  nrmklrmi?,  bdUE  bvMoD 
Iir  (len.  GinlrM. 

Bknd-bOOk.  haiHl'bHk.  A  •null  I>onk 
KUhlo-bnoli'llir  trnn^Uri. 


EMUUaallOp,  'Bll-lnp.  A  ulniT  wid 
VBHV  eBil<>[>-  ill  wfaioh  thu  liAnil  prvuefl  t^e 
liruLlo  ti>  lilnJer  lncHuu  of  B]H-viL 


HMldiOKp,  hui'dJ-knp.  In  rndnji,  in 
iill<>Hvinio/ac<-nalnBinDnnt  dT  llmo  or 
ilEHancetn  lfa#1nftrlaroom[H^(i)ni ' 
In  brtiiE  thnn  all  *»D«ir]v  u  |khibI 
WIHOIH)-,   w   MiB  aitis  wi-lVhl 


led     The   lead    v 


nANOTEB  OOUST-ItOL'SG 

111.    A  mill  tar  ptaliim 
Bratn,  iH'jipfT,  mBee,  ic.,  taoved  bj  Ita 

Hand-presa.   'prea.     A  printluE  pnd 

workLiI  |.,-  luBd. 
Handrail,  -rSL    K  rail  or  rBlUng  la  ■ 

^Illi^  ralMil  njion  nlFDiIcr  posts  t.'allal  hal- 

liic  Blone  tho  ahlca  tu  pruU'cl   (icnau 

wKeii  |Hi^4lu^  to  tbo  fh>ut. 
KandBplka, '8|A.    Atariw.lnlihtli* 

bund  as  a  Ivver  vttt  raising  weights,  bcav- 

Inic  about  a  winUaM,  Ac. 
Sans-ohow-foo.     A   mllw]    Chlniw 

dtv,  call,  uf  [irov.  of  Chc-klane.  on  ths 

rnivrly  vjp.oftUo  kln^^m;  pop. 


bi  was  eaccoMful  In  his  i-trntitlo  agalnrt   ' 
HanoTer  Ocmxt-Hotue.    a  v||1u< 


,i^"Si 


HANBS 


HACMOmCA 


Taderal  brigade  under  Gen.  Fdrter,  the 
Utter  winning  a  deeisive  victory. 

TTaTiBft,  bans.  A  league ;  a  oonfedoraoj. 
H.  towns,  certain  commercial  dtiea  in 
Germany  which  associated  ibr  the  nroiec- 
tion  of  commerce  as  early  as  the  12th  cen- 
tury. To  this  confedcnuy  acceded  cer- 
tain conmierciol  cities  in  Holland,  Eng- 
land, Fruice,  Spain  and  Italy,  until  they 
amounted  to  aeventy-two,  and  for  centu- 
ries the  confederacy  {Hanseatio  League) 
ootnmaaded  the  respect  and  defied  the 
power  of  kings.  Lubeck,  Hamburg  and 
Bremen,  the  three  ft-ee  cities  of  Germany, 
are  still  often  spoken  of  as  ttie  Hanse 
towns. 

Hanselines.  The  loose  breeches  worn 
during  the  Ifith  century. 

Sansoxn,  han'srm.  A  two-wheeled 
hackney  carriage  or  cabriolet.  It  holds 
two  persons,  and  the  driver  sits  on  an  el- 
evated seat  behind  the  body  of  the  car- 
riage. 

ITamiTnan,  han'n-man.  The  name  of  a 
fabulous  monkey,  the  iriead  of  Vishnu, 
much  referred  to  in  the  second  or  class- 
ical ago  of  Hindu  mythology.  Also,  the 
name  of  a  monkey  in  India  to  which  wor- 
ship is  paid. 

HapaiidSd,  hap-al'i-dd.  A  fiun.  of  B. 
A  meriean  platyrhine  monkeys.  The  mar- 
moset, aahoni  and  ouistiti  are  the  popular 
and  native  names  for  these  animals. 

Hapsbnrgr,  House  of.  The  dynastic 
line  of  the  Austrian  emperors,  named  from 
the  OastloofH.,  in  Switzerland,  and  found- 
ed by  Rudolph,  Count  of  H.,  who  was 
elected  Emperor  of  Germany  1278.  Since 
1786  the  dynasty  has  borne  the  name  of 
Hflpaburg-Lorraine. 


%  hfir.  A  syllable  occurring  as  a  pre- 
fix in  person  and  place  names,  and  signi- 
fying an  army;  thus,  Harold  signifies  the 
leader  of  an  army ;  Hereford,  ford  of  an 
army.  It  takes  varioms  forms,  as  hare, 
her,  hOTC,  Sec. 


ITiBCOiiilt.  An 
English  general ;  b.  1785,  d.  1856.  He 
aerved  with  credit  in  the  Peninsular  war, 
was  appointed  Governor-General  of  India, 
1844,  and  subdued  the  Sikhs,  and  s.  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  aa  Conmiander-in- 
Chief,  1852. 

Hazdware,  'w8r.    Wares  made  of  hron 
or  other  metal. 


,  hftr.    The  common  name  of  the  ro- 
dent qtuuLmpeds,  gen.  Lepus,  remarkable 
ftf  ito   fsoondily,   genotdly  producing 
-l&eaoribiirstAtliiMaBd  IreedSog  m>¥- 


eral  timea  in  tho  year.  In  Astron.  one  of 
the  forty-eight  ancient  constellations  of 
Ptolemy,  situated  ta  the  sonthem  hemi- 
sphere. 

Hare-kangaioo,  'kang-ga-ru.  A  small 
kangaroo  of  Australia,  not  unlike  a  hare, 
but  smaller  in  size. 

Har^d,  ha'reld.  An  oceanic  duck  of  the 
sub-gen.  Harelda.  Ita  down  is  said  to  ri- 
val that  of  the  eider. 

Harem,  hil'rcm.    The  apartments  appro^ 

C'  ted  to  tho  female  members  of  a  Alo- 
modim  fUmily.  The  occupants  may 
consist  of  wives  to  the  number  of  four,  fe- 
male slaves,  who  may  be  retained  as  con- 
cubines or  as  servants,  and  of  female  free 
slaves,  with  whom  concubinage  is  ns- 
lawftil. 

BEarfangr,  har^fiinfir.  The  great  snowy 
owl  found  in  the  arctlo  regions. 

Hari,  ha'ri.  A  name  of  the  Hindu  god 
Vishnu. 

Harleian,  hiir'lo-an.  A  collection  of 
7000  manuscripts,  besides  rare  printed 
books,  made  by  Secretary  Harlev,  £arl  of 
Oxford,  and  his  son.  The  collection  la 
now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Harlequin-beetle,  'Ic-kwin-bML  A 
coleopterous  insect,  so  called  ftom  the 
mixture  of  gray,  black  and  red  on  the  ely- 
tra. 

Harleqnln-duck,  -dnk.  A  spedeaof 
duck  having  a  beantiAilly  mottied  plu- 
mage, the  male  being  fimtastically  streuLed 
with  pray,  whence  the  name. 

Harlequin-snake,  -snuk.  A  venom- 
ous S.  American  snake,  striped  with: red 
and  black.  , 

Harlot,  'lot  A  wonum  who  prostitutes 
her  body  for  hire ;  a  prostitute. 

Harmattan,  -mat'tan.  A  hot,  dry  wind 
which  Mows  periodically  from  the  interior 
parts  of  Africa  toward  the  Atlantic  in  Do* 
ceraber,  January  and  February ;  it  with- 
ers vegetation,  and  even  afTects  the  hu- 
man body  so  that  the  skin  peels  off. 

Harmonia,  mO'ni-a.  A  small  asteroid 
between  the  orbits  of  Mara  and  Jupiter. 

Harmonica,  -mon'i-ka.  A  collection  of 
musical  glass  gob- 
lets,  resembling 
finger-glasses,  putf 
into  a  revolving 
motion  on  their 
centers  while  the 
rim  is  touched 
by  the  fingor.  A 
musical  instrument  consisting  of  a  smoD 
boK,  la  ivUfih.  «x«  'raaica\  \)srfajaraXa&;^  v 


Harmonica. 


nAiuioEnuuoKD  «m 


RABBI-KABBI 


dnlnn  |il|K»tn  ImttiUv  

I  oiiil  ui  ik|i|>anitaii  tv  pinMluoc 


iHon  louttlUT 
bjdniRiii  K»  emiw; 


ittiHMlmlDKurlWc 

bHiilou  bw. 

wlildi  B  O-Jiae  of 


Harmonirt,  'moii 
.  l>n>tiii(aiiu  rroni  V 


11  WOrUDIbiirK,   who  bM- 
In  Am<'riQi  In  l«t».    Thny  holit  their 


KB»ptl»nsi 

fi«br  0  w  a ,  £cypdaa  hArpi. 


iii.,llii»k,.uftCwL_. 

HoTpolldEe.  -I 


).  il«odo|:liftea. 


Iwi^ 


.  . ,-  ,..    -,  playiw  nn  the  hsin^- 

bi-oM  coin  «r  tha  kIrd  of  Qumo 
Gll»tirth,i>riiu'iilniufaihltllne  ami  Hi* 

Enrper^  Feary.  A  vlllnini  fn  Jeffms™ 
(\i.,lV.  Vlrsinia.  Bt  the  JunirtJo"  of  Iha 


HbjTOOQ-SUII.  'KTin.  A  pun  for  firinf 
n  liur|N>i>ii,  cniployixl  Id  Iho  whato-fiBbeij. 
Harp-Bsal,   harp'itl.      Tbo   OresDtuid 

HarpBlchoTd,  'sl-kord.  A  Btrlnnd  ma- 

thln^  Ilka  till?  horlzoDla]  ^raibd  pUno-rort«, 

isr-J, '" - 


Harpy-eftffle,  -.'-i-'l. 

rim.  rpliil.ratul  for  Itagrost  itronjith! 
Harridan,  'ci'ti-Out.    A  hi^ j  bd  odjou 

Barrier,  -cr.    a  omnll  <1i>e  oT  the  honnd 

Tin.™  irn  -nriml  bMrtiL  "  A  hawk  ofthi 
B«i.  ClniitEi,  illleil  to  tliu  bmsurdB. 
Harrl-Karrl. -ka'ri.    Tho  MilnL-es  t«nii 
tin-  pie  mula  of  «ulclils  locumbsnt  on 
J^IUM^  oa^akli,  wban  ord»ed  h;  got- 


HABBISBXTBa 


101 


HATCHINC^-AFPABATUS 


ernment  to  perform  it  as  a  punishment 
for  any  offense.  It  is  effected  oy  Inflicting 
two  gashes  across  the  abdomen  In  the 
form  of  a  cross. 

Harrisbut^.  Cap.  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Dauphin  Co.,  on  the  Susquehanna,  107  m. 
N.  W.  of  Phila. ;  pop.  80,762. 

Sarrison,  JoliXL  An  English  mechanic 
and  inventor;  b.  1G98,  i>.  1776.  He  in- 
vented the  most  perfect  soa-chronometcr 
of  hk  tiuiu,  also  the  compensation  pendu- 
lum. 

Harrison,  Wiiliaxn  Henry,  Gton. 

Ninth  l»rci*ident  of  tho  IT.  8. ;  b.  in  Va., 
1773  ;  i>.  one  month  after  hi8  inauoruration, 
April  4,  1841.  Ho  was  tho  hero  of  the 
Indian  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  in  Indiana, 
1811,  and  also  defeated  a  lirititth  force  on 
the  Thames,  C'anmla,  1818  ;  afterward 
elected  to  tho  U.  8.  8enate,  and  sent  as 
minister  to  Colombia,  1828-29.  Was  the 
imauccessful  Whig  candidate  for  the  lYesi- 
dency,  1S36,  and  was  elected  1840. 
Harrow,  'rO.  An  agricultural  imple- 
ment, formed  of  pieces  of  timber  or  metal 
crossing  each  otnor  and  set  with  iron 
teeth. 


c,  hart.     A  stag  or  male  deer  when 

ho  has  passed  his  fifth  year,  and  tho  sur- 

royal  or  crown  antler  is  formed.    Ilart  of 

,     ten,  a  hart  with  ten  tines  or  branches  on 

his  horns. 

Hartbeest,  'b^st.  The  name  given  by 
the  Dutch  colonists  to  the  kaama,  a  a. 
AfHcan  antelope. 

Hartshorn,  harts'hom.  The  antler  of  the 
barter  sta^, formerly  much  used  as  a  source 
of  ammonia.  A  name  given  to  tho  salt 
andspiiitof  ammonia.  Jelly  of  hartshorn, 
a  nutritive  jelly,  formerly  obtained  from 
tho  sha\ings  of  the  horns  of  harts,  now 
procured  from  the  liones  of  calves. 

Hartford.  C-ap.  of  county  of  same  name, 
also  of  the  State  of  (Connecticut,  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  New 
Haven ;  iK>p.  42,015. 

Hartz  Mountains.  A  ran^e  in  N.  W. 
Germany,  abt.  70  m.  in  length  by  28  in 
width.  The  Krocken,  tho  highest  peak,  is 
8,740  ft.  above  sea  level.  Tho  rango  is 
rich  in  minerals,  but  is  especially  note<l 
for  the  superstitious  traditions  wltn  which 
many  of  its  chief  heights  and  valleys  are 

.  identified. 


The  oldest  American  collofiro, 
fonodod  1688 ;  located  at  Cambridge,  now 
A  sabnxli)  of  Boston. 


r,  hfir^vMt-er.  A  machine  for 
cutting  grain,  grasa,  or  other  crop  ;  a 
mctwm ;  •  rtftpar. 


. .  -fli.  A  name  applied  to 
aeveral  largo  hcmlpteroas  insects  of  the 
Cicada  group,  popolarly  called  locosts. 

Harvest-month,  -month.    September. 

Harvest-moon,  -mon.  The  moon  near 
the  full  at  tho  time  of  harvest,  or  about 
the  autunmal  equinox,  when,  by  reason  of 
the  small  angle  of  the  ecliptic  and  the 
moon*s  orbit  with  tho  horizon,  it  rises 
nearly  at  the  some  hour  for  several  days. 

Harvest-mouse,  -mous.  Tho  Mna 
messorius,  a  very  small  species  of  field- 
mouse. 

Harvey,  William.    A  celebrated  En- 
gUMx  ]»hvsician  and  nnatomlst ;  b.  1JS7S,  n 
1(^57.      fie  discovered  tl>e  true  theory  of 
thu  circulation  of  tho  blooil. 

Haslet,  hos'let.     The  entrails  of  a  beast 

used  for  human  food,  as  the  heart,  liver,  ■ 

lights,  &c. 
Hasoda,  ha-so'da.     In  tho  Turkish  se- ' 

raglio,  a  school  established  for  training 

young  slaves  of  both  sexes. 

Hassock,  has'sok.  A  thick  mat  or  bass 
on  which  persons  kneel  in  church ;  also 
a  small  footstool. 

Hastingni.  A  borouf^h  and  seaside  re< 
sort  in  Co.  Sussex,  England,  54  m.  S.  E. 
of  Tendon,  noted  for  the  battle,  Oct.  14, 
1066,  in  which  William  tho  Conqueror 
won  tho  English  throne ;  pop.  82,146. 

Hastiners,  Warren.  Tho  first  English 
viwToy  of  India ;  b.  17:J2,  d.  1818.  His 
impeachment  for  malfeasance  in  office, 
triid  and  aaiuittaU  fonn  one  of  tho  most 
interesting  legal  incidents  in  English  his- 
tory. 

Hasty-pnddingr,  hast'i-pud-ding.  A 
thi<'k  piidilin;;  iniule  of  milk  and  flour 
boilefl  <iuickly  together ;  also,  natmual  and 
water  boiled "t()<:other  ;  porrid^'o.  A  hat- 
ter ma<le  of  Indian  meal  sUrreil  into  boil- 
ing water ;  mush. 

Hatchet,  hatch'et.  A  small  ax  with  a 
short  handle,  used  with  ono  hand.  An 
Indian  tomahawk. 

Hatchetine,  -in.  A  Ikttj  substance  oc- 
curring in  argillaceous  ironstone,  like  wax 
or  spermaceti  in  consistence ;  also  termed 
Mineral  Tallow.  It  consists  of  86  carbon 
and  14  hydrogen.  A  soft  mineral  contain- 
ing 80  carbon,  20  hydro^'on. 

Hatchingr.  'ing.  Bhmling  In  a  drawing 
or  engraving  consisting  of  crossed  lines ; 
cross-liatching. 

HatchinfiT-apparattis,  -ap-pa-rii-tus. 
An  incubator  for  bringing  forth  chickens 
from  egg&  \ij  tlhft  mosMsif  d  %x\iAs&ai2LV«»x. 


nATCHMK'JT 


Zatchwar.  'vii.    a  fiaif<  nr  ubli 


'.  of  runlico  Roiiix 


U.  uul  COu'k.holh  »r  which  w«n 
Auk.  M.  I'MU  I>>-  U>m.  StrlDghi 

Hkttt-alwrlff,  'u->iicr-ir.    An 

M«onl«r  tntm  thn  HiilUn  of  Tui 
■nhnaribuateusullTwIih  Uith 
"Iji't  inj  order  ba  ujucuted  i 
to  Itii  IVirm  and  Impnrt"  The  t 
iHUBllr  mIic«1  with  iculd,  or  othc 


InaiHTU.  In  which  the  inmith  1 

liirt.™umd»,  Isphkijiwruiu  j 

HMtbor.  bS'hol.     An  obBBi   b 
vljMl'liistniuli'iit  vf  wuuJ.  aouudod    j 
UiniDffh  a  ilauhUi  mid.    An  orgAn 
(t»]i  reumlillug   Uiu   luuCbo^   li 

Hauy,    Bane     Jnat,    Abbe. 
huh-vri;'     (>m<  of  thi>  uirist  omlDeDt  I 
ofFri'iich  inlnunlo^gu  1  b.  1T4S, 

BnTana.  C^p.  of  Island  of  Oabn. 
on  Uiu  N.  W.  mut.  foanded  by  , 
riiVO  Vuluiiuai,  mil;  pop.3Sl.-  . 
*«,  ' 

H&Talaok,  hiT'lok.  A  Hght  GOT- 
vrlnir  fbr  Ihrf  hund  ami  neojE,oaTn- 
pwal  of  whltu  cloth.  n«oa  by  eol- 
aUT^  arid  othivA  aa  a  protoollon 
B^lui^t  »iiU'iitroki>. 

HaTsrsack.  'it^wIi.  A  liai;  of 
Mniii);  ninth  ivilh  a  strap  fltting 


I  RAY-TEDDEX 

or  mlnot*  canals  whloh  tnnne  Iba  aiiBi 
«nbn»noe  of  booM,  oonveyfog  Um  BOlri- 
ent  TcsaeLs  to  all  parte. 
BaTUdar.  har^-dar.  Tha  hlgbeM  Ma- 
ouiuinlsalonad  officer  In  tlie  naoVe  araki 
"    "   »nd  Ceyloa ;  a  aepoy  ap 

IB  fr-oqumtlr  ^pUad 


daptttDU 


Hawk-mQtli.  'moth. 
Insect,  bm.  Spblngldc  c 
Hawk's-bill.    hike'hl].      Chdons    w 

Hawser,  baa'er,  A  unull  oabla  or  a  lifga 


Haydn,  Joseph,  hl'dn.    As  aialual 

m».  "  *""'  "■         "■ 

Hayes,  Isaac  I,      An  American  Anna 

fhrvoywea  in  18U  \^Ch  I^.  Kana,  alio  la 

Hayes.  Butherfind  Blxohanl.  Bbia- 
twuth  Prvsldent  of  the  U.  a,;  a.  In  Oh^ 
18IT.    Ijcrvod  vrllb  gallaDtrjln  the  dri 

Wnorofdhto,  andlo  lOTS^Mldent. 

Hay-fever.  liii'i;j.vcr.  A  aummor  flmr, 
poniilorly  but  cmrDcously  ascribed  (o  tlM 
ullfiivluni  of  new-cut  hay.  11  Is  nrobiblr 
due  lo  the  Irriuliou  of  pollen  or  vtveM^a 
spores  enterin;;  the  noatrtla. 

Haynan.  Julius    Jakob.    Baron 

U^  D.  Tt™.    Ho  ™  MTSS'iSider4o^ 

Enrlan  n-llcHI'in,  li^.  jukT  is''3cciual'^ 
h™rtl™»  mlclty. 
Hay-tedder,  hS'tol-cr. 


HATTI 


4M 


HEAVEN 


.  hft'td.  One  of  the  largest  ialaods 
of  the  W.  Indies,  In  the  Greater  Antflos 
frroup,  E.  of  Gnba  and  Jamaioa ;  length 
abt.  4<)0  m.;  maximam  width,  154  m.  It 
is  poIitioiUy  divided  into  two  republics, 
HayU  proper,  the  W.  end,  cap.  Port-aa- 
Prlnce,  and  Santo  Domingo,  cap.  Santo 
I>oaiingo.  Its  principal  towns  are  Port-aa- 
Prin(}e.  Cape  Haytien,  Jacmel,  Jeremie, 
Aux  Caves,  8anto  Domingo,  Porto  Plata 
niid  Gonaives;  chief  rivers,  Artibonlte  and 
Taenia ;  pop.  of  Hoyti  proper,  581,822 ;  of 
Santo  Domingo,  288,419. 

Sazard,  haz'crd.  A  game  at  dice  reqnlr- 
in;?  much  calcnlation  and  experience,  and 
almost  always  played  for  money.  Applied 
to  strokes  in  the  old-fiishioneu  game  of 
billiards  in  which  tho  balls  were  pK)cketed. 


I,  hed'dros. 
The  covering  or  orna- 
ments of  a  woman's 
head,  an  important  part 
of  female  attire,  wnich 
has  assumed  many 
forms  since  early  times. 

HeadinfiT,  Mng.  A 
drift-way  or  passage  ex- 
cavated in  the  lino  of  an 
Intended  timnol,  form- 
ing a  gallet  in  which 
the  workmen  labor.  A  Head -dress, 
preparation  of  equal  (14th  Cent.) 
parts  of  alam  and 
green- vitriol  used  in  brewing. 

Head-liffht,  lit.    A  light  with  a  reflec- 
tor placed  in  front  of  a  locomotive. 

Headrxxioney,  'mon-ne.     A  capitation 
tax. 


.,  'wot-er.  The  part  of  a 
river  near  its  source,  or  one  of  the  streams 
that  contribute  to  form  a  lai^r  stream. 

Heawi.    The  after-birth  or  secundine  of  a 
beast. 


,  hers.  A  hind  in  the  second  year 
of  its  age.  A  carriage  for  conveying  the 
dead  to  the  grave. 

Heart,  hart  A  mnseniar  organ,  which 
Is  the  propelling  agent  of  the  blood  in  the 
animal  body,  situated  in  the  Uiorax  of 
vertebrated  aninials.  From  this  organ  the 
primary  arteries  arise,  and  in  it  the  main 
veins  termlnato.  One  of  a  suit  of  playing- 
cards. 

Hearfe-lmm,  hSm.  A  burning  sensation 
in  the  BtonuMsh ;  oardlalgy. 

Heart-4Mun,  luim.  A  wheel  or  double 
cam.  having  the  form  of  a  heart,  for  oon- 
rertlng  a  uniform  dronlar  motion  into  a 
ndprotttfnir  tttenurtlng  moUon. 


Heart-disease,  '(Uir€z.  A  marbid  con- 
dition of  the  heart,  either  Amctional  or 
organic*  To  the  former  belong  palpita- 
tion, syncope  and  angina  pectoris ;  to  the 
latter,  hypiYtrophy  of  the  lieart,  dilata- 
tion of  tiiti  cavities.  &e. 

Heart-wood,  'wnd.  The  central  part 
of  tho  wood  of  exogens ;  the  duramen. 

Heat,  htft  An  affection  of  matter  be- 
lieved to  consist  in  a  certain  motion  or  vi- 
bration of  the  ultimate  molecules  of  which 
bodies  are  composed.  An  exhibition  of 
energy,  of  whicn  motion,  light,  gravity, 
electricity,  Ac,  are  other  exhibitions  un- 
der different  conditions. 

Heath,  huth.  A  name  common  to  plants, 
ord.  KricaceflE),  but  more  Rpocifically  con- 
fined to  the  genera  Erica  and  Calluna.  In 
the  southern  promontorr  of  Africa  thou- 
sands of  acres  are  covered  with  heaths,  in<« 
eluding  hundreds  of  diffarent  species.  In 
Great  Britain  heather  covers  l:u^  tracts, 
and  is  used  to  thatch  houses,  to  make 
brooms,  and  even  becA  in  the  Highlands. 
Sheep  and  cattle  eat  it,  and  bees  extract 
finely  flavored  honey  trom  the  flowers. 
Tho  young  shoots  and  flowers  are  said  to 
have  been  anciently  employed  for  the 
manufacture  of  beer. 

Heat-enffine,  hct'en-jin.  The  name  of 
heat-engine  or  thermo-dynamic  engine 
is  given  to  all  machines  which  yield  f<nree 
in  virtue  of  heat. 

Heathen,  hd'then.  One  who  worships 
idols  or  docs  not  acknowledge  the  true 
God ;  a  pagan ;  an  idolater.  In  Soip. 
the  word  seems  to  comprehend  all  nations 
except  the  Jews  or  Israelites,  as  they  were 
all  aadicted  to  idolatry.  The  word  is  now 
applied  to  all  except  Christians,  Jews  anA 
Mohammedans. 

Heathenism,  -Inn.  The  rites  or  sys- 
tem of  religion  of  a  heathen  nation ;  pa- 
ganism ;  idolatry. 

Heather,  heth'er.    Heath. 

Heathery,  -L  A  place  -where  heaths 
g^w ;  a  house  in  wnich  valuable  heaths 
are  cultivated. 

Heat-speotnun,  het'spek-trum.  An 
invisible  spectrum,  produced  by  the  rays 
of  the  sun  when  a  b^un  of  light  is  decom- 
posed by  means  of  a  prism.  It  shows  that 
the  blue  rays  have  the  least  heat  or  none, 
and  the  rea  the  greatest. 

Heaven,  hev'n.  The  blue  expanse  which 
surrounds  the  earth,  and  which  api>ear8 
above  and  around  us,  like  an  immense 
arch  or  vault,  in  which  the  sun,  moon  and 
stars  seem  to  be  set ;  the  sky.  The  [»urt 
of  spaco  in  whkSh,  3  ««%  uA  v;^s^>2asA\Ar 


MFAVK-OrrERlSfl 


HBDQE40H0OL 


>IqU  oHba  prlcUos  on  bU  Met 


lODiain,  hu'doD-lnn. 


1-tool.  bB'ii, 
jog  migo  will  I 


IiK,  beVi-ri.  "The  iWit  at  y/latiun- 
rrom  .^vcei.  Septeniber  13, 092  A.  u., 
■witnl  ulopiM  u  the  nnrnB  of  the 
Vom  nbichthi!  MDhuiDuiiMluie  reckon 
■Ume,  iMfrtiinlngiliilrlfl,  fiii. 


Tm"b"Kiipert 


rn-lio.  Tis.    An  Molnmtttion  nm 
eialBg  BDnm  a«|{ree  OT  Tuignor  or 

LB,  Belnrlch.  An  emioKit  Ger 

,  bdng  »ui 

d  (Vom  <b 

in)rj.f.K»  ... 

■glon^  to  0  Ainilly 

3ByB.  hi!1a-mh.    Tho  ia>ap[DE-him 

B<|iInB^»t,  igi-n.  Dfrndcnta  allied  to 

aotOB,  -Ifirk'to'. 


M  wiCiont  i" 


rounil   I 


(U.l%e.  A  Boport-of  the  NethiT- 
i.-"*™!!!!!!!!!!!*  ifio  rnlrancp  lo  Ihe 
in-tSH-,  opp.  the  Tend.  40,  ui.  N.W. 
nitsrdnln  ;  pop,  SO.CTe. 
n.  The  Auppoiril  dioirhterorjupl- 
j  TyDdamB  or  Leda,  and  tlie  atott 


dacl«1  hy  rBria. 
Trny.    Hep  forme 


uwlstsd  In  av. 

«n,  n.  sefl. 


■Iiuimtownlatiieon 


0  ot  Pham,  Xi 
nJMn,  Abi,  U 
flBalsiu  in  the  1 


Dlated  isluid  In  the  S. 


<n  thejil 


Hellao,  'l[-ak.  la  Astmn.  cniiTging 
frnin  lliolichtof  the  «IUI  or  puetBe  tolo 
It.    Tbo  hcliMal  rliinn  of  n  star  ]i  what. 

1n^-|^^b)B,lt  iniffB"  tail*  la  bo'vialhle In  ' 
the  morning bofbrBBnnrisIni!.  Thelell*- 
rnl  lottlnL'  of  A  ttur  is  when  ilu  inD  ip- 
pronihcB  to  neir  in  to  render  Jllqvislbl*. 
HeUadefl.  Id  Myth,  the  OaueDliiri  of 
the  8im,  nnd  sisters  offhuclon,  whowBre 
tnnuHlinta  poplirtre«iutneywept«m 


A  moniililn  in  Bnotta. 

in  Orcwe,  from  whiDh  flowed  tvro  ftiun- 
IjiEds  Hcred  to  tbo  Muses,  A^nipue  and   « 
HlpuDcrepe.    llie  Greeks  suuposel  H  to 
be  tiiu  retlilenr^eof  ApnUa  snd  tho  Muhh. 
Mt.  Falmnivi,  i,0(M)ft.  .bqve  On  una  level. 

EellctU,  he-ltt'tls.     A  gen.  of  Aslitlo 
cQrnlvDroua    qusdmpeds,  allied   to    thtf 

Bauer's,  St.    Cap.  of  Jersey,  ooeVth* 
bnsltsh  chuuiel  l3biid9;]Klp,S8,7iOiills 

Helleolaiul.     A  emitl.  barran    Islnnd    - 


H:oHocentrio,lifi'lVo-sen"trlk.  App 
ln«  u  Ifswn  from  Itao  son's  center. 

aslioohromy. -ILok'to-mt  Thoar 
[irodueing  colored  photograpliH. 

HeliOBTBiph,  li-o-grsf.    An  inslruii 


IIEUOLATET 
HelioUtTTT^l'i'il.    Thaworel 

Heliolitea. 'll-fl-U'Vi.    Arcb.  urc 
■feiii.  M.ll.iKirt.1*.    TUpj- occur  m  1 
lurian  aiiil  lievuDlan  (yiumi. 
Hellometer,  -It'om'tt-or.      An   li 

null,  miiin  tail  pJiin>-U.  or  any  ilL 
linmva  D'lu.UaTuljt'cts. 
BeUopoU*.  A  oni'a  funoui  Kcynllu 
dlv.miivlnrnli.-.,  cl  ni.  N.  K.  ofl-liln.; 
tUu  uriiilDuI  uut  of  tlia  uciont  luii 


i  blmsbenr.]   wllb 


Bgbt  fitter  Mffl^. 


iunofHBhl. 

'Hl-CtlDK  tllD  . 


SCI 


HelIotype,'l!H)^Ip.  A  photogrniihlc  pro 

Helium,  urn.    A.  Bimo  imiposM  tot  i 
nev   h)iioIhoUc«l  plc'Ttii'iilary  BobttAno 

epoct^um  aiHil7»H  fn  Ibofnnn.if  el"Hni 
g*B  la  lbs  itmosphi^ra    BuiToniuliug  thi 


«r  gasUTOpAdoDS  Diollualis,  Irno  of  tbo 
ftzD.  llelkUtip.  onl.  Pubmiiiau.  and  cuui 

Hell,  bcl.    Tho  plaoe  of  tlie  <Ifiii1,  uruf 
CDulA aft^r d«atb ;  thalowcrrp^Dnaor the 

Qro^kshiulo.    Tbaplnoooriuitoof  pun- 
libznoat  for  the  wttArd  iftur  dutb. 
HoUadotherlnm,  '[a-dc-thu'M-uin,  A 
AHtUgea.  o/muninals  Kmewbil  icaciO' 


loglnfTs.    Itocooninthspnos 


who  nft&d  the  Gre«k  Un^ua^  In 
a^Tos  of  CbrlBdiDtty. 
Halleapont,  'leg-poat.     A  nan 
btrtwecn  KurojKf  lud  AaLa,  do^v  . 


icrlallylinprovoil  (hraiiKb  the  reowTal 
most  of  tha  rooka  b;  auboiulika  UaMI 
Belm,  bolm.    TbB  loab^mcDt  by  *bl 


ud    Bo-     "*'""■'-  «■ 

uuD  beliaeta  did  not  protflct  the  face.  T>i 
Inl  the  Middia  Agca  hKluutg  wersBii 
ofitscl,  ftHMimlly  inlaid  with  gohl.  a 
proTlded  with  bars  aid  Bapi  In  i»>crl 
fue  la  battk,  ud  to  allow  of  bcinr  D|Hia 

Helmst^heil.    kM.      Tba    enmiw 


HelmiDtliOlIU,  'thr 
Hclimind.  An  Afjcbanlstan  rfnr. 


SS 


jrin-bevtlu,  &e. 
Bslodiu,  'lo-dui 


H£L6PIDJB 


407 


HEintT 


>pid89,  -lop'I-du.    A  fiun.'of  coloop- 

us  insects,  sec.  Ueteromera. 

it,  'lot     A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta. 

98,  Arthur.  An  cmkicnt  British 
>rian  and  essayist ;  b.  131$,  i>.  1878. 

iin^ors.  Cap.  of  grand  dnehv  of 
and,  European  Russia,  on  the  gulf  of 
3 name;  strongly  fortified,  pop.  84,- 

T'e-ta.amxner,  hclv'ham-mer.  A 
)  heavy  blacksmith's  hammer,  tilted 
le  helve  and  oscillating  on  bearings. 

retic,  hcl-vet'ik.  Of  or  pcrtainine  to 
[lelvotii,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Alps, 
Switzerland. 

retic.  A  follower  of  Zwinglius  in 
»sition  to  Luther. 

lachate,  ho'ma-kat.  A  species  of 
3,  interspersed  with  si>ots  of  red 
)r. 

ladlroxnoxneter,  -dro-mom''et-er. 
nstrument  for  measuring  the  rate  at 
h  the  blood  uiovos  in  the  arteries. 

Ladynaxnoxneter,     -d!-na-mom''- 

.    A  contrivance  for  ascertaining  the 

inre  of  the  blood  in  the  arteries  or 

s. 

lastatic,  -stat'ik.      A  remedy   for 

ddng  the  flow  of  blood. 

lathenxL,  -therm.  A  name  given 
>me  some  zoologists  to  a  warm-blood- 
ilmal. 

Latin,  -tin.  The  red  coloring  matter 
ebloo(l  occurring  in  solution  in  the  in- 
r  of  the  blood  corpuscles  or  cells. 

latite,  -tit.    A  name  applied  to  two 

of  iron,  red   hematite  and    brown 
atite. 
lerobaptist,  'nic-i"o-hap''tist.   One 

sect  among  the  Jews  who  bathed 
jrday. 
d,  hemM.    A  prefix  signifying  half. 

In  many  compound  words  derived 

the  Greek. 

doarp,  -kftrp.  One  of  the  halves  of 
it  whicli  spontaneously  divides  into 
as  a  pea. 

dcrania,  -ml-kra^nl-a.  A  pain  that 
tfi  only  one  side  of  the  hood. 

ddactylus,  -dak'til-us.  A  gen.  of 
Is  of  the  gecko  or  llat-t')ed  family. 

dgale,  hc-mig'a-le.    A  pretty  Bor- 
camivorous  nuunmal  of  the  civet 

ly. 

ina,  -mT'na.  An  ancient  Boman 
•ore  containing  half  a  sextarius.  about 
t  English  wine  measure.  In  Med.  a 
itire  oqiaal  to  about  lOMnld  oanoet. 


Hexnipodius,   -n^^'di-ns.     A   gen.  of' 
rasoriai  birds  aUiea  to  the  quails. 

Hezniptera,  -mip'ter-a.  An  order  of 
four-winged  Insects,  including  plant-lice, 
boat-fly,  cochineal  insect,  locust,  bug, 
lantern-fly,  &c. 

Hemisphere,  hem'i-sfur.  A  half  sphere, 
half  the  terrestrial  globe ;  half  the  surfoce 
of  the  heavens. 

Hemorrhaflre,  'or-Sj.  A  discharge  of 
blood  fh>m  the  blood-vessels. 

Hemorrhoids,  -oidz.  Painfhl  tumors 
or  tubercles,  consisting  of  enlargements 
of  the  mucous  membrane,  forme<l  in  the 
rectum  or  around  the  anus ;  piles.  In^ 
Scrip.,  cmerods. 

Hemp-palm^  hemp'p&n.  A  Chinese 
and  Japanese  species  of  pelm  of  the  fibers 
of  whose  leaves  cordige  is  made,  while 
hats  and  cloaks  are  made  from  the  leaves. 

Hemuse,  hu'muc  The  roe  in  its  third 
year. 

Hen,  hen.  The  female  of  any  kind  of 
bird ;  especially,  the  female  of  the  domes- 
tic or  barn-yard  fowL 

Henchman,  hensh'man.  A  servant ,  • 
male  attendant ;  a  follower. 

Hendecaeron,  hen-delca-gon.  A  piano 
figure  of  eleven  sides  and  as  many  angles. 

Henry.  The  Christian  name  of  many  ^ 
European  sovereigns,  of  whom  are :  H.  I. 
of  England  (Beauclerc,  "Fine  Scholar"), 
4th  son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  b.  106S, 
D.  1135.  He  usurped  t&e  thi-one  in  tht 
absence  of  his  elder  orother  Robert,  whom 
he  imprisoned  during  life :  he  was  a  wise 
and  moderate  ruler.  H.  II.,  grandson  of 
the  preceding  and  first  of  the  Plantagptnet 
line;  b.  1122;  s.  Stephen,  1154;  d.  1189. 
H.  III.,  B.  1206;  crowned,  1216;  d.  1273. 
lie  was  a  weak  Qrrant,  and  his  violations 
of  Magna  Charta  caused  a  popular  revolt, 
in  which  he  was  defeated  and  made  pris- 
oner by  the  barons,  1264,  but  was  restored 
to  his  throne  the  next  year.  II.  IV. 
(BoHnbroke),  son  of  John  of  Oaunt,  bo- 
came  Duke  of  Lancaster  on  the  death  of 
his  fiither,  but  Kichard  II.  refbsed  to  con- 
firm his  title  to  the  estate.  This  led  to  a 
rebellion,  the  overtlu^>w  of  Richar<i  and 
the  croMrning  of  II.  The  repulse  of  tho 
Scotch  invasion  and  tho  overthrow  of 
Hotspur  and  Glendower  were  the  princi- 
pal public  events  of  his  reign.  H.  Y .,  son 
of  the  above,  b.  138^,  s.  his  fiither,  1413  ; 
D.  1422.  He  was  dissipated  in  youth,  but 
reformed  on  ascending  the  throne,  and  his 
reign  was  wise  and  Morions.  He  invaded 
France  as  a  claimant  to  tho  throne^  1416^ 
ttnd  Nvon  tkio  cv«t^  ^iViAocy  ^^  k!3}flMacBihi> 


--T-         t^^    :-:-C'  7~  ^1*1  -a.-ViiT€d      ( 

•  .  -  ■_  —  — t-  •:.-  ▼■  "^  ■iirt  ;•-•?•€      HrditJ 

-.*  -    _    -       —-.   _:.— i»_-:   IlLt.  tha     I 

.-   - .::: — .  -t-l  :*•?-•  "ni^zz  s^v-tfal     t 
.•    -     -SI.  1-    L^i    r  1- i  i-c!t.  it  is 
-  .    T-  11    :•  _■«  I-  1-.:.  -3k::c£  A'jjst 

..■     ;  _  -_-^    4^  _    .r*.:,.-.  i.   in  Va., 


_  «-  .f 


JL  r.i?  rr JIM  after 


^  X' 


"  *" 


-L    i-*.^!*^  of  ihe 
EvL  i:>  &c:oatlie 


3    .     .•       :':*-*-..::•-     — .■ '..  ^ -•  * "  .:        ■ -— L  -.  :--i.t.T;  .f^ifg  Tat:-'  Yulcan. 
•    "     _•••      •  *  "  ■   ■  —     -      "■■•■  "--■  Sf;"Lii*    rill.    T.ur  »i:a  or  camber  of 

-•=  -:-••- '    '•  •    -      "  --■■  H*7:LSifflrc.    aTTi::.    A  iook  in  mtbo 

•— ■ : .  1  1. ..— .   .     ..: .    ■  -       ..•:■-  s  —    * """  ,     ,  »         i 

-  ■■     ^  .    -  -^ .  .  .. . .      ._.    .      _.     ...  ,=.*7'S«,«rr=-  -c::      -.r  »j-^='S2.  a  plane  fi^ 

!;L"..'.^"  ■ .  .r.",^  -^  "  "   ',  '  ■       .  .    ./^.       ^-.  '.■.!.:>- zx   fj^Ter.  sil<r«  an>i  bla  insDj 
-—''-■    T Tr  '    '■/.  .^  ■       ^: '*■'-".      --    ■*      "-"  -^-^--ij^A^  liAi  Laa  seven 

^--.      -'_::  -"*.:.■  -     ■  -  Hfj^JhSTTL   .^j:      I;.  Be:,  a  plant  whidi 

Ij.a.-  .'.     ■ —■>■   *."        ••■'   »'«>'■*'  ^"^ '"    '"  "~    ■^' 

-■'                 '£.:'—'           -■■...           .    "                ■    ■"■       "  •.       ■    _   T-:  ■■  ..7  !■ii.■*- 
■■'■  ■      ■.:-..■'       *  HfTloJ^-ina.  -:--.  irl-i.     The  7th  class 


-Si-r^lATciiy    '."..-i-;     A  r-.»vomnieTit  hv 

■^  I'     r  :i?  «:  ■••.lum-  irovernei 

>-■•>■  ■-'.  _?"-::>- a iij'.lu-i   to  the 

.  ,"       "-.  «.■  «.  -"-x-.   K-.r-.Tioj IIS.  Kent,  the 

-   •  *^.  .  ..    •>■-«•?      •'.if-^^..    West    Saxons 

■    —  \     ■■.--:   "JA  ■..*iE55*x».  the  East 

.    ■_-  "  .       ».   -■  .»   ^'.r.-li  :^.  I  N-Ttnambwland.     In 

"■     .      :       :.''..:  ::iTr-.  wj*  :.o  jK-rfod  of  history 

Jf    ■;;    "..    ''    -■■.•■-•■.      ■'     "    ■-""   ?•■■■--  kiSa'doms  eziBtcdto- 


,',,'.       ir     ..■,..,■.:   • ..''.  ',.■,'•    .'-•'•:    Hertateuch.    :.»:lk.    The  first  seyen 


'./»-#i#i       If    \i  .hi *   Hi'.  *'im'.i,  ■ 


rafihtijii,  who  denietl  that  the  worid  was 
t.rbt^t:*\  hy  the  Son  of  Qod,  and^alao  re- 
ymUiii  tku  Okl  Tcatamoai. 


SerlMlidm.    Ib  Ai 


4M  HK^UIT'^aAB 

M'od- 1  Herder.  Jobann  OotUtied    ■ 


s,  1S09  D.  r 

sUetl  the  Dorbui  mlKntlo 
»1aiL  chroDolo^  the  at>Dn4i 

ImporUnt  dty  of  Al^hantntji 
ng  \tQ\at  or  ail  nWlfl  lendJi 


Imve  ]j^ii<<aua  or  hirrt  w<Kh1j  BU^iru. 
Herbal.  '^.    A  beolt  coiil4iinlii;  mmu 
aorl  descrlpttoDS  of  plfuiu.  or  (ho  cluAsea, 
■tinnn,  aper^egtndqmilltleFiirfTeifCtablpB. 
A  collection  of  pluiu  drlPil  uid  prosorced  i 


t  'Gfinnui    tlmologlui     and 


SeretlQ.  'ro-Uk.    A  persoa  vbo  holds 

the  docuioca  of  Uio  Bcrlpmre.  Id  the  It^ 
C,  Ch.  ooe  vho  does  not  enhinlt  lathe 
teichlngsofUiochunhi  nFrobslwu 
Heretoff.  're-tog.  In  Anglo-Suoh  IIidm. 
-  "aider  or  oommonder  of  in  army,  or 
omlUtliiliiadiiilrlol. 


]n:BMOOENEAN 


410 


HESPEBinSS 


-ino-Je-nG'un.  Oaoofa 
8ort  of  h«»rotIw,  foUowoM  of  Ilermofrcnes, 
who  hold  inuttor  to  ho  the  potirco  of  All 
evil,  niul  tliat  w)ulrt  ari»  rorined  of  corrupt 
matter. 

Hero,  htVro.  in  Myth,  a  kln»l  of  demi- 
jjo'l  .»«i»nin;;  from  tho  union  of  a  divine 
>vilh  a  human  hein;;,  mortal,  hut  p:irtak- 
i:it?  of  Immortality,  and  aftor  doalh  {ilaced 
amon;^  thupxls.  Th«j  central  ti^^nro  iu 
any  ri'markablo  cvi-nt.  Tho  prludpul 
inah»  charactrr  in  a  novel  or  play. 

Herod  (the  Great),  r.oman  Kin^r  of 
c)u«l4M  ;  II.  at  Ascalon  72  ».  c,  apiwintiKl 
Governor  (»f  Galileo  47,  and  Kin^  of  rludea 
40.  Durinjr  his  reipn  Christ  was  bom, 
and  tho  cruel  Kinf^-  ordcretl  tho  "  munler 
of  tho  innocents  ;''  i>.  8  a.  d.  H.  Antipas, 
son  of  tho  i)recetlin{f,  on  tho  death  of  his 
father  hecam .  tetrarch  of  (Jaliloo,  and 
impriAone<l  and  inur<lerod  John  tho  Bap- 
tist ;  he  tre^ited  tho  Saviour  vith  contume- 
ly when  ho  was  brought  before  him,  and 
■arrendere<l  liim  to  tlio  Jews.  Deposed 
and  exiled  by  Kmperor  Caligula,  89  A.  D. 

Herodlan,  hc-rod'i-on.  One  of  a  i>arty 
amon^  the  Jew8,  tiiklng  their  namo  from 
Herod,  and  represented  by  Matthew  and 
Mark  as  acting  inconecrt  f^'ith  tho  Phar- 
l.seos  in  endeavoring  to  obtain  from  Jesus 
Christ  tho  materials  for  his  accusation. 

Herodotus.  Tho  flrst  authentic  histo- 
rian of  Greece,  known  as  *'  The  Father  of 
History."    Uo  lived  in  5th  century  b.  c. 

Heroine,  'rfl-In.  A  female  hero ;  i 
woman  of  brave  spirit.  Tho  principal  fc 
male  character  In  a  i)oem,  play,  novel,  re 
manco,  story,  or  tho  like. 

Heron,  her-nn.  Agralla- 
torial  bird,  gen.  Ardea, 
constituting  with  the 
storks  and  bitterns  the 
family  Ardeidu?. 

Heron    (Hieron     or 

Hero).      An      ancient 

matliematician    of  Alex- 
.  andria,  Egypt ;  he  livtwl 

in  the flrstcentury  a.  d., 

and  is  stdd  to  have  dis- 
covered      the      motive 

powiT  of  steam,    and  to 

'•  Hero's  fountain." 

Herpetology,  -pe-tol'o-jl.  A  descrip- 
tion of  reptiles,  including  oviparous  quad- 
mpods,  as  the  crocodile,  frog,  tortoise 
and  serpents. 

Herr,  her.  The  title  by  which  persons  of 
respectable  position  are  addressed  in  Oer* 
many,  and  equivalent  in  most  cases  to  the 
•Kng»»h  Mr. 


a 


Heron, 
have  invented 


The  ihlcatcd 
a  harlequin's 


Hero's  FonntalzL  hc'ras 
fonn't&n.  A  pneumfttio  appara- 
tus in  which  the  cUwtlo  ibroe  of  a 
ctmflned  liody  of  air,  Incr^fuied 
by  hydraulic  pressure  and  i-euct- 
ing  upon  the  eurfivco  of  waUn* 
in  a  close<l  reservoir,  produees 
a  jet  which  rises  above  that 
surface  to  a  height  euaal  to  the 
effective  height  of  tlie  i»;«Asfng 
column. 

Herpe,    hcr'pe. 
sword  of  Perseus ; 
wooden  sword. 

Herpestes,  -pos'tez.  A  gon.  of  uuro'i 
Old  Worhl  viverrine  camivora, y/ynnfiB 
comi>rising  tho  ichneumons. 

Herrinfir,  herMng.  Tho  name  given  to 
two  distinct  but  closely  allied  apodoi  flf 
mahicopterygion  Ushes  of  the  gen.  Clupct 
— C.  harcngus  and  G.  LoachiL  Thef(»iiier 
is  tho  common  herring. 

Hermhuter,  hem'hnt-or.  One  of  a  sart 
established  by  Nicholas  Lewis,  Count  of 
Zinzendorf.  Called  also  Moravians  aad 
United  Brethren. 

Herschel,  her'shel.  A  planet  dlseorercd 
by  Shr  William  Herschel,  in  1781,  first, 
called  Georgium  Bidus  in  honor  of  Kiog 
George  III.,  afterwanl  Herschel,  in  honor 
of  tho  discoverer,  but  now  Uranns.  It 
has  a  very  remote  place  in  onr  sytitttB, 
and  is  accompanied  by  six  satellites. 

Herschel,  William,  Sir.  An  eml< 
nent  astronomer ;  b.  in  Hanover  1738,  9. 
1822.  Most  of  his  life  was  'si>ent  la  &• 
gland.  John  Frederick  William,  Ids  son, 
was  also  distinguished  in  the  same  Une ; 
B.  in  England  1790,  n.  1871. 

Heroli.  A  Teutonic  race  ancienthr  in- 
habiting  the  shores  of  the  Baltic.  Th^ 
invaded  Greece  262  and  destroyed  thefts 
inous  Epheslan  Temple  of  Diana;  later 
they  swept  over  Italy,  and  destroyed  tht 
Western  Empire  476,  disappearing  from 
liistory  abt.  660. 

Herzegrovina.  A  former  prov.  of  Tor* 
key,  but  occupied  by  Austjria  sinoe  1878; 
bounded  N.  by  Croatia,  E.  by  Bosnia,  fi. 
by  Montenegro  and  W.  by  Dunnuktia. 

Hesperian,  hes-poM-an.    Aninhabltaat 

of  a  westi'rn  country. 

Hesperides,  -pcr'i-dCz.  In  Greek  MjUl 
the  daughters  of  Hesperus,  brother  of  At* 
las,  three  or  seven  in  number,  pooaooioni 
of  the  fobulous  garden  of  golden  flroit, 
watched  over  by  an  enchanted  dngon  at 
the  western  extremities  of  the  earth ;  the 
apples  were  stolen  by  Hercules,  whoaKsW 
the  dragon. 


HESPEBIID^ 


411 


UEZEKIAII 


Sesperiidie,  -n-d<^  A  ilMn.  of  diurnal 
lepidoptcroas  insects,  of  which  the  tvpe  is 
the  Kcn.  Ilesporla.  They  are  little,  largc- 
lieaded  batterdics. 

Se8iod.  One  of  the  celebrat(Ml  poets  of 
Greece,  by  soma  believed  to  have  lK»en 
contemporary  with  llomer,  by  others 
as  Bucceodin^  him. 

Sesse.  An  nncient  division  of  Gorman}', 
now  included  in  Ilosse-Nassua ;  cap. 
OasscI ;  pop.  1,467,580.  II.  Darmstadt,  a 
State  of  the  German  Empire  ;  cap.  Darm- 
stadt ;  pop.  962,700. 

SeBSian,  nesh^-an.  Relating  to  Hesse, 
in  Germany.  H.  boots,  a  kind  of  long 
boots,  originally  worn  by  Hessian  troops. 

Hessian-bit,  -bit.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
jointed  bit  for  bridles. 

Hessian-fly,  -fii.  A  small  two-winged 
fly,  nearly  black,  the  larva  of  which  is 
rery  destructive  to  3'oung  wheat. 

Hestia,  hes'ti-a.  In  Myth,  the  Greek 
equivalent  of  the  Latin  Yesta.  An  aster- 
oid between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter, discovered  by  Pogson,  August  16,1867. 

Hetaiism,  het'a-rism.  The  doctrine  that 
'  in  primitivo  states  of  society  all  the  women 
in  a  tribe  are  held  in  common. 

Heterarchy,  hct'er-firk-i.  The  govern- 
ment of  an  alien. 

Hetero,  'e-ro.  A  prefix  from  tho  Greek 
denoting  difference,  and  opposed  to  homo, 
which  signifies  resemblance. 

Heterocerus,    -ros'er-us.     A   gen.   of 

Smtamerous  coleopterous  insects,  fam. 
eterocerids,    formerly     including   tho 
Clavicomes. 
'Heterogryna, -te-roj'in-a.   A  tribe  of  the 
aculeate  Hymenoptora,  in  which  the  fc- 
-  mides  are  of  different  kinds,  one  fertile, 
the  other  infertile,  or  neuter,  as  tho  ants. 

Heteromera,  -ro'me-ra.  A  section  of 
coleopterous  insects,   including  such  as 

.  have  five  loints  in  the  tarsus  or  the  ficst 
and  second  pfdr  of  logs,  and  only  four  in 
the  third  pair. 

Heteromys,  he'te-ro-mls.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  mammals,  sub-ord.  Saccomyida, 
tam.  Baocomyina,  of  which  only  one  spe- 
cies, the  spiny-pouched  rat,  is  known. 

Heteroousian,  -ou''si-an.  One  of  a 
branch  of  the  Arians  who  held  the  Son 
was  a  different  substance  from  tho  Father. 

H^terophaeri,  -te-rof  &-ji.     That  sec.  of 
■  "Urds  the  young  of  which  require  to  bo  fed 
by  their  parents. 

Beteropoda,  rop'd-da.  An  ord.  of 
jnarine  mollasks,  the  most  highly  organ- 
ised of  the  Gasteropoda. 


Heteroptera,  'te-ra.  A  sec.  of  hcmip- 
tcrous  insects  comprising  tho  land  and 
water  bugs. 

Heteroscian,  -rosh'i-an.  An  inhabitant 
of  one  temnerato  or  arctic  zone,  as  con- 
trasted witn  an  inhabitant  of  tho  other 
temperate  or  arctic  zone,  in  respect  that 
their  shadows  at  noon  always  fall  in  op- 
posite directions. 

Hetxnan,  het'man .  The  title  of  the  head 
of  the  Cossacks.  This  dignity  was  abolish- 
ed among  the  Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine  b^ 
Catharine  tho  Great,  and  although  the 
Cossacks  of  the  Don  still  retain  their  hot- 
man,  the  former  freed  3m  of  dectioa  is 
gone,  and  the  title  is  now  held  by  ihe 
Kussian  heir-apparent  to  tho  crown. 

Hexade,  boks'ud  A  series  of  six  num- 
bers. 

Hexagon,  'a-gon.  In  Gcom.  a  figure  of 
six  sides  and  six  angles.    If  the  sides  and 

.angles  are  equal,  it  is  a  regular  hexagon. 

Hexahedbron,  -a-he'dron.  A  reg^ular 
solid  body  of  six  sides ;  a  cube. 

Hexahemeron,  'mo-ron.  The  term  of 
six  days.  A  history  of  the  six  days'  work 
of  creation  as  contained  in  tho  first  chap- 
tor  of  Genesis. 

Hexapla,  'o-pla.  An  edition  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  in  six  languages  or  six  versions;    " 
applied  particularly  to  tho  edition   pre- 
pared by  Origen  in  the  8d  century. 

Hexapod,  -pod.  An  animal  having  six 
feet,  as  the  true  insects. 

Hexastyle,  'a-slal.    A  portioo  or  temple  « 


Hexastylo. 

which  has  six  columns  in  front. 
Hexoctahedron,   -ok'ta-he''dron.     A 

iwlyhedron  contained   under  forty-eight 

equal  triangular  faces. 
Hey,    hu.      An   exclamation   01  Joy  or 

mutual  exhortation. 
Heyday,  'da.    A  frolic ;  wlldness ;  frolio- 

somencss,  as  the  heyday  of  youth. 

Hezeklah..    In  Scrip.  King  of  Jadah, 
son  of  Ahaz,  crowned  726,  d.  697  b.  0.  ^e 


ormihnir   IdDlMry.   noil  n-u  d«DTiT»l 
from  Seabnchetib  by  miraculous  ' 


Hibemo-Oeltlc.  -»' 

Iwicuiuttarilialrl^h 


HldalKO.  hl-dn]'^    In  ^pala.  u  m 
lonelng  to  tho  ioivet  nubility ;  n  goat 

.    Hide,  hid.    Tho  Bkin  uf  ui  antuul, 

bidrotio.  hi-dnit'ik.    A  modldno 

■aUBBBponplraUun, 
Klalnutr    A.IiikDiirawcdon,4ani.  ...^ 

bv-Bm.  wiao.  It  U  connocltd  nilli  Lako 

Mnliir  by  Ibo  riror  Ort. 


a^E 


IsBBhtUistnonolothijiiiiurir 
obtain  the  fctngdsinorLnivr^ii 


•  hua 
Klenuchr.  ..    . 

pricsthoKl  or  clergy.  •'^^ 

Eiorofflypli. -o-glif.   Ttioflg- r/;-^l 

tuidsd  to  Q1BII J  for  An  uphnbct- 


1  E«jptlan  m 


/a^c 


sUy  appIW  t.,  tboao  of  Eifvpt  WC  J 
In  Ihe^ofUBtthuy  wero  oseil  J|mn< 
only  by  tliaprl6.is,botho3  since  li-ji^iJii 

Hlero^raia.  -(.tuui  .    A  spoclcs  of  t-vto 

Hlrarology,  -ol'o-jl.  The  aolcnce  nhlel 
trcUsoflhsBiiclcntwrllJDgii  anil  Inwrli 
nana  of  the  Kgyptlui,  ot  ■  tmllw  ra 


■llBioi»    .._..  , „ ,  „.  „^ 

Anpii.^tins.  founded  by  ColnmbinI  of  » 
ennri  In  IIM.    Called  hTbo  a  JrauBte. 

Elerophaut. -bnt.    A  prient ;  nn*  nbi    t 
Ji^nghpithcmysluriraanddnltae  Oticllf- 

Hiyli-oarte,  Urtast.  Oforboloigliiii* 
the  highest  order  or  caaleo-ZlCladiS 

HiBrlllaiid-flli«. -ding.  AnortofhPf* 
pjpep.™HilrlotliBecottlsii  Ulghlairfm 

High-ma«B,  'maa.  In  the  K..C.  Ch  Oi 
inmsa  which  la  naid  beR>rD  the  hleh-ilIB 
on  Suodays,  fcaft-davr   ""-■   —  ^  ---' 


-preBanre,  'pra-ah 
iru  LTeater  thio  60  lb 


princes  0[ 

CT 

Sild,  hlU.    An  elemiii 

lor  ..r  rank.  »  Hildobe 
Mut!iild.  Mitllda,  Q  hm 
Hildretii,  BJchEurd. 

HiU-folk! 


l>erftons  ornuik^ 


of   h 


Diiil  airmll  hii 

HiUeL  An  eminent, Imrts 
ILud  wtlh  tho  aulhoTsblp  of 
It.  Bt  Babylon  abt.  noio. 
Ingliti^lffllyfflira, 

Himalayas.  The,  An  A 
tiOn  chsln.  tho  lofHiMt  In  ITii 
inaled  lenclh  l,!(O0ni.,  Hidtl 
hlfhest  pi'Jik  Is  Mount  Evtr 

Himlldon,    A  li'artha^nlg 


.  In  Bcand.  Myth.  > 
intarmedlato  botwe^ 
inraoDilnbatdtlngciivM 


t  iHooy^n* 


g  tho  siith  p«t  of 


The  fSnuls  aTtlw  ni  tUet 


HOrD-CALF 


418 


UIHTEHIDJR 


yalty  'kaf.     A  hart  of  the  first 

,  'd5.  A  dialect  of  ^orthenj  India, 
ff  fh>m  Hlndustaol  in  being  a  purer 
dialect. 

Bfy'B  Screw,  hindliz  skrS.  A 
mt  on  a  solid  whose  sides  ore  arcs 
pitch  circle  of  a  wheel  into  which 
Bw  is  intended  to  work. 

Lstan.  India  Proper.  A  section  of 
,  bounded  by  the  Himalayas  on  the 
tarn  and  Bnrmah  on  the  K ,  Afghan- 
id  Beioocliistan  on  the  W.  and  the^ 
Ocean  on  the  8. ;  area,  1,627,572 
;  pop.  214,826.746.  Its  principal 
jodude  the  Ganges,  Indus,  Brahma- 
Tapteo,  Nerbudda,  Godaverv, 
uddy  ;  its  mountain  ranges,  the 
tvas,  Qhauts  and  Vindhyas.  The 
a  divisions  are  British  India,  com- 
'  the  presidencies  of  Bengal,  Bom- 
d  Madras :  the  protects  States, 
\y  under  British  control,  and  the 
Qdent  States  of  Nepaul  aj^d  Khotan. 

IStani,  hin-du-stan'e.  One  of  the 
^es  of  Hindustan,  a  form  of  Ilindi 
frevr  up  in  the  camps  of  the  Mo- 
Mlan  conquerors  of  India  since  the 
sntury  as  a  medium  of  communica- 
1th  the  subject  population,  more 
tod  than  llindi,  and  filled  with 
1  and  Arabic  words.  It  is  the  offl 
ignage  and  means  of  general  inter- 
threughont  nearly  the  whole  Pen- 
Called  also  Urdu. 

chin^,  Mng'ching.  The  Chinese 
br  the  phonetio  signs  in  their  alpha- 

T",  hin'ni.  A  mule ;  the  produce  of 
on  and  a  she  ass. 

knob,  -nob.  In 
A  finial  or  similar 
cut  placed  on  the 
the  hip  of  a  roof  or 
point  of  a  gable. 

>crateB.      An  em- 
Grecian  physician, 
"The    Father    of 
Ine";  b.  inCosabt. 
c;  i>.  894. 
xsrene,  krC'no.    A 
on  Mount  Helicon 
otla,  consecrated  to     Hip-knub.  * 
[uses,  the  waters  of 
possessed  the  power  of  poetic  in- 
tm. 

jdromp,  'pd-drom.     Anciently,  a 
in  which  horse-races  and  chariot 
were  performed ;  sometimes  applied 
todemciroas. 


Hippofin^ilE.  -grif.  A  fiibulous  monster, 
hak  horse  and  hidf-grifibn  ;  a  wingod 
horse. 

Hippolitli,  -lith.  A  stone  fbtind  In  the 
stomach  oi  intestines  of  a  horse, 

Hippolyte,  po1i-t^.  A  gen.  of  long 
tailed  crustaceans  allied  to  the  shrtntps. 

Hippopatholoery,  -pa-thor'O'ji.  Tbo 
science  of  yeterinory  medicine;  the  pa- 
thology of  the  horse. 

Hippopopliaflrl,  pofa-ji.  Eaters  of 
horse-fiesh.  A  name  giyen  by  the  old 
geographers  to  certain  nomadio  Scythian 
tribes,  on  the  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
who  fed  on  horse-flesh. 

Hippopotamus,  -pd-pot'a-mus.  An 
ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  a  native  of 
AfHca,  whose  flesh  is  greedily  eaten  bv  the 
natives.  It  has  been  found  of  the  length 
ofl7  feet,  and  stands  about  5  feet  high. 
It  delights  in  water,  and  feeds  on  water- 
plants  or  on  tho  herbage  growing  near  the 
water.  It  is  an  excellent  swimmer  and 
diver  and  can  remain  under  water  a  con 
siderable  time.  Its  tusks  and  teeth  are 
cuperior  to  ivory.  Thfero  are  several  ex- 
tinct species  known. 

Hippopus,  'n5-pns.  A  gen.  of  lamolH- 
branchiate  mollusks,  of  which  there  is  bnt 
one  known  species,  tho  H.  maculatus,  or 
bear's-paw  clam. 

Hip-roof, 'rof. 

A  roof,  the 
ends  of  which 
rise  immediate- 
ly from  the 
wall  -  plat  OS 
with  the  same  Hip-roof, 

inclination      to 
tho  horizon  as  its  other  two  sides. 

Hircus,  hor'kus.  The  goat :  sometimes 
used  as  the  systematic  name  of  the  gen., 
but  moro  ft-cquently  as  tho  specifio  name 
of  tho  common  domestic  goat.  In  Astron. 
a  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the 
same  %vith  Capella. 

Hirudo,  hi-ru'do.  The  leech,  a  gen.  of 
n-d-blooded  worms  or  annelids. 

HirundLininSB,  -run'din-i"ne.  A  sub- 
fjim  of  bii-vla  comprising  the  swallows,  ond 
oonrttitiiHrifjr  with  tho  swifts  the  family 
Ilinmdinid.T. 

Hispidae.  his'pi-de  A  fain,  of  coleop- 
to;o:is  insects,  of  which  tho  typo  is  tbo 
gen.  TTispa;|)ov»ularly  known  In  tho  U.  S. 
as  little  leaf  utvtlis. 

HisteridsB,  -tcr'i-<lo.  A  fUm.  of  cb^n- 
corn  booties.    The  gen.  Ulster  is  tl»elyv»e 


TIISTR10NI4M 


4U 


HO&SlfSAD 


Histxlonism,  'tri-on-lzm.     The  acts  or 

]»nuitlciM»r  Bta;f<«- players ,  feigned   reprc 

tontitiitn. 
Hive,  IiTv.    A  T>nx,  choAt  or  basket  for 

the  r(.>oiption  mid  IiaUtation  of  a  Kwarm  of 

h«)n«'y-ln.'rs.    A  Hwai'iu  of  bees,  or  the  boo* 

ii)li:il>itin;r  A  hive. 
Hoar-frost,  hor'fW)st.    The  white  parti- 

<lf>  ol" frozen  (lew. 
Hosirstone,  'Hton.    A  landmark  ;  a  stone 

desi};nutin^  She  bounds  of  un  estate. 

Hoax,  hAks.  RoiuethinfT  done  for  decep- 
tion or  mockery;  a  trick  played  off  in 
sport ;  a  practie-al  joke. 

SDoazin,  hO'a-zin.  A  sinf^ular  grcf^ous 
H.  American  bird,  sometimes  called  the 
Created  Turaco,  gen.  Optsthocomas.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  the  peacock. 

HobartTown.  Cap.  of  Tasmania,  an 
importimt  seujwrt  on  the  river  Derwent ; 
pop.  48,426. 

Hobbisxn,  hob'izm.  The  principles  of 
Thomas  Ilobbes,  an  English  philosopher 
of  the  17th  century,  who  considered  reli- 
gioa  to  bo  a  uiero  engine  of  state,  and  man 
by  nature  altogether  a  ferocious  and  selilsh 
being,  requiring  the  strong  hand  of  des- 
I)Otism  t«>  keep  him  in  check. 

Hobby,  'bi.  A  small  but  strong-winged 
British  falcon,  sometimes  trained  to  chase 
larks,  pigeons,  and  even  partridges. 

Hobby-horse,  -hors.  A  wooden  hoi*se 
on  which  boys  ride.  One  of  the  principal 
performers  Ln  a  morris  dance,  having  the 
llguro  of  a  horse  supported  round  his 
waist,  and  his  feet  concealed  by  a  long 
foot-cloth. 

Hobfiroblin,  -gob'lin.  A  kind  of  goblin 
orfidry. 

Hobniadl,  'nal.  A  nail  with  a  thick  strong 
head  used  for  shoeing  horses,  or  for  the 
soles  of  heavy  boots. 

Hoboxnokko,  •o-mok'kA.  Among  Amer- 
ican Indians  an  evil  spirit. 

Hoche,  Iiazare,  osh.  A  brilliant  French 
general ;  b.  1768,  i>.  1797.  Ho  was  given 
command  of  the  aiiny  of  the  MoscUo  when 
but  24  years  of  a^e^  and  drove  the  Aus- 
trians  under  Wurm&er  out  of  Alsace ;  he 
then  brought  the  (Mvil  War  in  Vendeoto 
a  close,  and  in  1797,  as  Commander-in 
Chief  of  the  army  of  the  8ambre  and 
Meusc,  be  defeated  the  Austrlans  in  sev- 
eral battles.  He  died  suddenly  in  ilie 
flower  of  manhood. 

Hochstadt,  hdk'st&t.  A  Bavarian  town 
on  the  Danube,  Urn.  N.W.  of  Aagsborg, 
noted  as  the  scene  of  four  great  battles, 
the  defeat  of  the  Emperor  lleniy  IV.  In 
1061,  the  dflAat  of  fhe  ImperiaUsU  bjr  the 


French  and  OsrsriniB.  ITOt,  th«  MM 
Jio  latter  by  PHnoe  BaffeiMyl70C,ai« 
defeat  of  the  AnstrlaaB  tj  tne  FnMkifr 
der  Moreau,  1800. 

Hock;  hok.  The  Joint  of  mn  Mohad  \^ 
tween  the  kneo  cod  the  fBtiook  la  naii 
the  iMSterior  part  ofthe  ]uM»-1olnt;thi 
ham.  A  light  Khonlah  wine,  el^ksr wgtA 
ling  or  still. 

Hockey,  '&.  A  game  of  bidl  placed  vUk 
a  club  curved  at  the  iower  end,  Of  •«• 
parties  or  sides,  the  oliJeot  hebut  to  drift 
the  boll  into  that  part  ofthe  JeSd  mafced 
off  as  their  opponents  goaL 

Hod,  hod.  A  kind  of  sbonlder  txvqih. 
having  a  long  handle,  fbr  oanying  mortr 
and  brick  to  masons  and  bflaUaycn.  A 
coal-scuttle. 

Hodja,  'ja.  In  Torkey,  a  profeaear  li  • 
medress  or  secondary  sehool  attained  toi 
mosque.  Ilodjas  nave  been  aoAas  tad 
passed  an  examination  in  the  AnUe  Jm- 
guage,  the  Koran  and  itr  oonunentadei. 

Hodoxncfter,  -om'et-er.    An  tnahiiicwt.' 
for  measuring  the  length  of  way  imnki 
by  any  vehicle. 

Hoe,  hO.  An  instrument  for  entttunp 
weeds  and  loosening  the  earth  m  mhi 
and  gardens.  A  plate  of  iron  with  aaajt 
for  a  handle.  Ilorse-hoe,  a  flrame  dMNOrted 
on  wheels,  used  for  the  same  paipoae  Mt 
hand  hoe,  and  worked  by  horse-power ;  a 
cultivator. 

Hoe-cake,  'k&k.  A  cake  of  Indian  meal;  as 
named  because  sometimes  baked  on  ahse 

Hofbnanist.  hof  man-ist.  One  of  assert 
of  Lutheran  dissenters,  followers  of  Hoff- 
man, a  professor  at  Helmstadt  te  IBN^ 
who  taught  that  reason  and  reUgtan  an 

antagonistic. 

Hogr,  hog.  A  swine,  All  varietiee  of  Os 
domestic  hog  are  doived  from  the  wW 
boar.  They  aro  ongoiate  animals,  and  be 
long  to  the  fkmlly  B  aide.  In  the  game  of 
curling,  a  stone  which  does  not  go  oret 
ttie  hog-score ;  the  hog-soore  itsel£ 

Hograrth,  William.  A  distingolshed 
English  painter ;  b.  1697,  d.  17M. 

"Boggy  Janus.  An  eminent  Sootoh  poet 
and  novelist  called  '*The  Ettriok  Shep- 
herd," b.  1772,  D.  1885. 

Hoe's  back,  hogz'bak.  In  Geol.  a  tofm 
used  to  express  the  ridgy  conformatioa  (rf 
any  district  of  alternate  rounded  iMgM 
and  ravines. 

Hofirshead,  lied.    A  measnre  of  aqpoHy 
containing  6S^  imperial  galkms.  InAl 
Jk»  this  name  is  often  given  to  a  bvtL  i 
taining  from  100  to  140  gsUoas. 


BORKHUHDEK    , 


triao  Tllbcfl  on 
a^  notedfor  tba 


lia  Framh  under  Mon 


tortwaproTUic<4,  and  neat-l^  &iir- 
id  bv  VfirtomlKTg  and  Budtn.  the 
fvufoundalinBOO  by  TbusBilo, 
irZolhrn;  Intkn  Iflth  caotur;  Ui« 
cr  bfSDchQfthflAunLI/becauio  tho 
dynasty  ofPni^la. 
nd,  holTsiid.  (Tb8  NMhwlanda). 
■opcan  Klnplnm  bounded  K.  nnd 

Oe  north  Bai,  B.  by  Belgium,  nnd 
Proasla;  ana  11,801  no.  m.;  pop. 
K^,  It  la  divided  Into  l2proTlnc«a, 
a  Kdonln  In  Un  E.  and  ftf ,  India, 
1  e»s  W.  HBSt  of  AWoa.  Among 
Mika  «ro  th«  l-hnda  of  .Tuva,  Ma- 
30I0IWS,  tho  MolnMis,  Cnmcott,  and 

oflesa  Importvieo.  Theprindpri 
Delude  Tha  Hji^o,  Iho  cap.,  Amo- 

[ddluburg.  « 

uda,  'landi.      A  I 
of  gin    Imported  ^ 


purpoHeof^nUTD-      "tut' 
leaUlaClDn,  or  lo  ^^    *€ 
it  oH^taro  boiu  llE:..'Sii.5 
atlng.«lL  «HPB| 

■      Abodyo*  Bol-    "0"'™-" 
tnnti  Dp  fb  tli«  fitrm  of  o  aqi 

DBOptaBp—  ■       

vwalL-w 

boUt  fa  t'      _ 
li   flu    br 


>v.  HH  caldrons.  kfiUoa,  a 
Ollnr    Wendell. 


byure,  a  Bpi-di-B  of  Nus 
uaeMnoflf  tiio  Jevs  and  eomojiagna  oa- 
tlona:  now  BomHtlmca  oppllvdu  a  eraot 
elanghlor  or  ui     " 


,jj,w, 


aec.  oftlieclusInHetawhj 
iptoto  matamorpboda. 
■     ■,  -lom'et-er.    . 


lot  ippUod  to 
taWMnooDii 


fixall gMiold flsboa.  Than 
tothoaaoi  the  old  rod  ai 
tint  of  Bbliodna  glyna  to 


of  Rsatanpodona  molluaka  In  whkh  tba 
apertnroof  tho  aboil  la  roundod  or  eattn. 
HiOlothaTotdsa,    -tha'ral-ds"a.      Tba 

Kbinodormt,  capabla  of  uundlnE  tbem- 
hItoi  to  KTcnl  tlmra  tba  leislh  Ihry 
barafnaMita  of  rfpow,  and  of  eitraor. 
Mtarj    rvpTodnctlon  of   pjtrta,  oven  of 

luring  dovch>pmeat. 
Hoiue  of. 


ofwhiohls  at  pretet  rcpnMntod  brthe 
I>ali»  of  aoblcnrlK-Holatdii,  Bouderbmf- 
Augnateabun,  ud  of  flvhloawif-HobtolQ- 
BoDdarbtUf-eiDokaborc,  and  tha  yonncHt 
(H.  Qottrop;kbTtheCvr  of  BneaiLaDd 
tl)emaM<dfwaaa,aaa  ofu-Klag  Ova- 
tana  IT.  of  Bwedoo. 
Bblatar,  bAl'ator.  Aleathsn  <wo  fbra 
piatoi.  Burled  by  ■  bocaeuun  at  (bo  fore- 
part of  Ua  aaddlc 

b6Tl-fcro».     An  order  of 


eeDtory.    An  eeoleaiaatloal  onto-   oa- 

labUabad  In  Fnnco  In  1684,  vlio  dsroM 


the  bcotluca  ednntlDg  orpbnn  boya,  and 
tho  alatoa  educating  girla  and  attoudln^ 
tbo  alefc.  A  (OOlety  Hjruied  by  oli-rical 
mombera  of  tba  ennaw  rltuiUatlo  aootlon 
of  tbsED^iab  C^ntoh. 
Holy-fll*, -rir.  InthoE.  C.  aodOnak 
OiurcbKa,  ■  llghl  kindled  on  Holy  Saturn 
day,  tbe  Saturday  prwedlnc  EaatiT  Hun- 
day,  by  apu^bom  a  flint.  AUIhellKhla 
•re  provloo»ly  aiHngnlahod,  and  ibo  hnly 
AraUfiHtadbytbtM'^--' "-^ 


HOLT-BOOD  DAT  « 

BcUlminit  ■'  LninmChriflU"  (Llabt 
III).  AtliomoltBiMiriimonyUi.w- 
1  In  the  pmacnci!  of  Uio  tintid.    At 


BotV'Xaadiiay.  Tlia  Uth  durnr^^tri- 
DbstTVcd  In  ini>nkOry  of  Um  caidmtiDD  of 
Holy-Stone, 


kminnulUtr:  o  nianaLavir.  Tho  xit  ol 
one  jxranii  iiHUuf  BDuUi^r,  humoliiocB 
iiii.tIJbLI,^1iilaw. 


-lomllatlaa,  -i_ _. 

Iireochlbf. 
Etnnlly.  'ml-II.    A  dltdoimo  or  xeri 
of  Homlilm!1n''uiff  C.'of  KnelMil.  or 


of  tmtiniidlHiwrs  bj  tlia  ulmlDiitnlliin 
armnllDlac^  <u]nble  nf  cxcICIok  ta  balthr 
perBoflA  f^ymptumA  AimllfiT  to  thDW  at  tJl9 
dtM'jiBO  troBlod. 

SomoBtmeslB,  -miVisn'eHilB.  Tbe  Son- 
nluit  run  through  the  mmocyclo  of  oi- 

toat  thooOHJiriilgufo^^ruiiioivaDlMDArua 
throDtttaalutaUrdiffurenCacridiJOl  stilas 

BomaioHBlaa, -muI-an'ii-aTi.    Onaofi    i 


nulDt^od  Ihit 


HorooIoKoumeiLBi,  hnm'u-l 
BO.  An  .■i.llhi.t  iii.|ill"l  by  E 
IhLi  mnrraUy  ockDowliilRcd  Ix 


luring  liid  ffrejit  cojiLroTeray  upoa  the 

nnlotiilniMl  that  Ills  nature  of  tha  t^Uior 
uid  Uio  Bob  !9  tho  Bsint,  in  on|wallion  lo 
iba  UoInoioull!Do^  «ha  held  Uut  tlutr 
ofllynlmllM. 


BcctloD  bdng  Chtf  nDleropUri.  To  thli 
Mcdon  belong  thu  Alphldn,  Cooddn 
Clcolidip,  Fulgorldm,  Aa. 


Gi>rl  1:4  Unprcfiood  OIL  tho  body,  LOtoD  t^ 
Homnnculoa,  b'1-mnnj^kn-laL    A  Hl- 

HondoraB.  A  rfpnbllo  of  CodOTI 
Ainertei,  boondoA  N.  eai  E,  by  tho  Cn^ 
fhbfan  Sua,    15.   by  NIcamirnB  and  &ui 


risU  0  A  ^'X"  M 


laetvd  ud  alabonted  from  ttat 


MJokii 


HONEY  AHT                      *VC  HOOdBLT 

BliiiM  by  Bovenil  Wnda  of  Ineecla,  for  Hie  tniiMng  ivllh  Earuptons,   ud  w«M   re 

fiioil  of  theioscliea  acrt  tbotr  proganj,  m-  eponsfblo  for  U»  conduct  o(  tUa  Eonq*- 

IHuHdlybr  ItiD  hDDty-bca.  hds  with  nbom  th«/  dealt.    Bjthe  Ires^ 

Honay-ant,  mI.    a  kind  of  snt tiih»b-  of  184athelrpMuliarfimctloiiaceasod. 

lUnff  ^^ol[lw.     Some    of  those  tiaccUi  Song-Kong.     AnJsUad   and  BriUeh 

like  Email  peUucLd  ^api 


^nbftheiahBl 


LbltODtfl 


Honitoa-lsoe.  b 


Bfoney.bozaard.  -bm-ird.  The  Pemia  ureg'and  snriiFB 

an(timiB,«ooiJl«!(n>n.bre.ldne  Into  too  __   „„_„* 

n™tj  of  beca  end  waapa  lo  oWu  the  ^^^^^;^„t;; 

Hoiie7-coiab,  -kOm.  A  vuf  Bnbetaniie 


Hood, 


thdrjoung.  Aoy         Honey-comb.  rn"r'i°°hta 

cutinB  oriren,  *o..  pr^rforotort  with  sella      ™'  ..jjj^''??;^  ™" 


^mey-comb  Uoth. 

It  bco-htireB.  Theyappfir 


Lllnga    Hood,  John  B.    A  genar^  of  the  Con 


f^enite  army  In  the  £iDerk:ui  < 
a.  in  Kentucky,  18S1,  d.  1B». 


Honey-dew,  ^la.   A  a«oet 
»ub8l»iica_(bniid_to  tho  lB«y*s  of  plan"    Hood.  TJunuaa.    An  emlnrnt  Eii^h 


il  drops  like  dew.    Thow  Me  ttro  pootKid«ll.j  b.  ITOS,  D.1&16. 

kinds ;  one  aooreted  n-om  the  planta,  and  „ .       _    '  .  .        •       ,  ,._ 

the  otW  deporftwl  by  the  InKtW  known  Hood-cap,  'kap.    A  apwlai  of  sol,  th» 

uaphldea.    Difftroni  htnda  of  miione  ore  HtommaUipua  i-ristatiu,  so  niHed  frapi  an 

«ioSricdboney-i8»or  faccharine exuda-  appendagoon  Iheheadwhlch  Uioiaaloin- 

Unna of ccrtnln  plants,    Akinrt  of  tobieco  Oi-les  when ansry  or  Mrfled. 

Hone^rolde.  -gid.    A  name  (flvpo  to  !,™"^      '" 


wtlha  large  bawl  mi  >  lonE 


tin  yurpoM  of  oooilng  It. 
Hooker,  Joseiili.  AnAm^r' 

o.im.  Jloi>.'oVii.'l!iii-n«iiie 
u  Coinnumilcr-lii-Clik'r  of  thr 
Federal  «rmr,  Jan.  1SC3,  but 


HayS-3.oftho« 
Hbok-moUon,  h^k'mA-sbon.     In   1 

ateain-englne  a  Tuivo-goir  which  )■ 
.    TOTsedby  V-toolts. 
Rodb«qal^ 'ttwld.    A  nsioe  sppll 

ta  th«  dvoujodona  cephalopod  mollii^ka 

tba)[«li«raOnyDh(>teuthl9aDd  Knoplotc 


Hop-ftOKflr.    'trogta,      A.   tpedim  il 
^oth-fly  which  does  laueh  imnefa  la !»' 

j.lantadans 
HopUiia,  Btophen.  'klm.    An  Amt- 

Ican  eUt«Biniin.  u.  UiU.  I.,  1101,  d.  ITSi. 

1I0  was  a  Inecnhcr  ol  the  (^Dntlnentnl  Goa- 

enu,  and  fiiipii'd  tbo  Dcclantlon  of  Ind*- 

pcTidcncp. 
Hopkliudan.  -IiLd'bI  an.    A  ftilUnnr  o< 

Dr.  baiuiu'l  Muptlns,  uf  Connmtfcjat,  »rto 

CalrinlH^c  doctrloaol'minat' 

IMS.    Tte 


id  ImputAl 

teag  eonslat  in  difdnUreitfld  bi 


jHopldnMm,  Tiaaelm. 


L     Jgoadi  H.,  Ui 
lariat,  aBdasbarot 


maiinJtl  rariattoii*  la  Uui  prlca  uT  hupa. 


threugta  the  c*nt«r  of  the  eartL  wl 
poka  am  the  K^Dlch  aod  nadir,  iDi  iri 
(Urtilea  the  globa  Into  tvo  efnil  b 


HOBTSOK-OUSS 


■nanoeyllsbl. ,__.    _ 

tiook  eanttlnln;  tlio  HrxlprTndpleiof  any 
Ad«oco  or  branch  orkEinwrpdgD;  flfncuiDaL 

irnrnmlrTii-mrn.  horud'tois.  Tbafuii. 

B^mad-aersauiBr.  '>kr^in-or.  Thn 
kamlclil,  a  eraJlaliirLuI  b^rd.  etii.  FaJBine- 
deA.  having  a  lonjf  rnoTfkblo  horn  Eirojoct- 
ingtFOBllXA  tuTvlH^ad^  Ilfl  roiCD  u  luud 
mod  >htd]l.  sod  Its  cry  U  uttered  titdileDly 
■Bd  with  (ucti  v<iheiaeiii.><i  09  u  Uire  a 
T«IT  Ittrtllng  effeqt. 

Sbiniet.  bom'et.    An  iuBcct  of  ths  iten. 

tlMII  Uw  nwii.'iuid  cuiing  UDn  lerore 
pain  b7  Iti  Hlne. 

Bomis.  t  A  nuna  glmi  In  Siwlliuid  tn 
the  davlLtn  lUuidua  lo  tba  borna  »<Ui 
wUBh  bs  Is  gpnanlly  reiHOMnted. 


D  ]t\pa  with  holei^  uid  4  pl«0 


of  hOTQ  rarmlDg  the  beH'j 
Uiely  dues  kA  lbs  uiDIla 


Indlcalliigtbi:  boun  of  tbo  dsy  iadiue- 


of  ID  Ai 


.    The  Horologe 


wnun'icloek, 


iDeof  lU  Btan.  H.  Flon 

iBBot.  aWileoflheboi 

flovtra  ofceriiilB  ulaote  opeo  nod  closa  in 

tgivealoality. 

. 'ofl-kQp^  In  AatroL  u  ob- 
de  nr  Ibo  upKt  ortba  hcarais 
cut  oT  a  gwnoD'g  birth,  br 
atroLoffCT'  cMm«d  to  fbreCfU 
*  -->— 3orngiinn.flli«a 
le  zMlBO,  in  vhloh 

>r  whioh  utroloffcrt 


ioiue«oria«lt___ 

*  Diarked  the  dlipoilUan 


.given 


cwrdlne  tn  the  noiltloD  of  the  tOn  u  tba 
tlmso?  their  bfrth.  A  kind  orpluisphn 
In  ven  led  by  John  of  Pidnt    A  hiU*  et 


ra  ud  plueCt.    1^  «- 
,1  u  the  time  of  leUld'i 


the  Jenffth  of  the  diiyi  uid  ti]^t«  11 

HoioaDopy, -oi'ka-pl.     TheirCor|n 
Uee  of  predion      ' 

KKt  of  the  be* 
rtb. 

Hots  de  oombat,  hor  de  kon-bi.     Dl>- 
ibled  from  flgbtliiB' ;  miiomi  uaeleu. 
H^>raa.  ban.    A  guidrcped,  gen.  Eqiiu, 
gti  the  fkiD.  Equldie  or  SoUdqn^ali. 

lu^e  fly  tlut  itiiifi 


gudfly. 


HoTM^OBTda,  'gvdi.  A  body  of  cavebr 
for  Eiurde.    Tbe  csmB  Biren  to  the  pubHit 


the  head  of  the  Brltleh 
la  contmUitlDotlon  of  U 
eecrelery-of'Wir- 
HoTse-Jooker,  'Jo-hl. 


Horae-Pcrwer,  'i 


H  Tuiety  of  experimei 
bene,  it  u  eyenge. 


Iieoiyil  chief,  the 
A    profeaMoDi] 

:*;  thB°l?rM"*ltb 
ilt^fonnd  thi^B 


HomirD 


/nrnn'rly  borno  ly  tha  tasMi  prlniKi  ol 
MulJavl.  and  WilUchl*.  and  in  MrBcr 
King  d/ptriimd. 

Host,  hiist.  OnewlionoelTeguileiiUr- 
inlna  angiher  a  bit  own  hoose :  one  ftnm 
whom  Bnother  receLves  food,  ioagis^  a 


icLtj  of  H  miles  ncp 


Hortioiiltnro,  hor-tl-kul-iur,     TL 

of  oiiltlvsUog  or  mnnaBlnK  gnrdtos  or 

nlslDff  frulti,  flow£Ta  lud  cuUaary  v^jx^it^ 

■     bles 

pn^  C9  Ood,  DT  uk  InvoDotluii  of 

HoM,    llltl.       CloBB-mUDg     trOQK 
breeohen  reuhlnff  to  tho  knvo.    Uoi 

tberaol;"loDfclnBB.    A  flcrible  plj 
ooDmyfng  fluid  tu  any  rpnalrad  poin 


Old  TntiuDnt,  boiriiiK  bU  naioa, 
Soae-rsel.  'rfl.    A  ll^bt  cunia^  n 
nlabiid  witb  a  largo  revolvbiir  drum  t 
oonylng  bodo  for  Bra-tatgiinia,  Ac. 

r.  HarriBt.   An  em  loon  t  Ami 


&DBpltal,  'plt^ol. 


luB  tbrthore 

□  iKiEi  public 
pplled. 


^iilnelnabo'splUt  fbrtbe 
pDrpoac  of  rHGivlnir  the 
jKKir,  Ibo  Btck  atS  the 
slnuRvr.  Oooof  nrctlKloua 


,]i  order  of  kol^Lla 
-nbo  buUt  s  hoiipltul  Ht  Jt 
BiUein:I.P.lU4yfori«l^i 

Thev  vare  o«llod  Knfg ^    ,  ^, 

of  Bt.  John,  nnd  ifLor  tholr  ,,    „,,*,,, 
Mmoral  to  Milti,  Knlglita  "™P'™™- 
■of  Units. 

.pa-dlt'.     A  title  of  lilBDit)' 


KttML.  intiieii.C.Qli.'uiBooin«nil«l 
Iter,  repreMBHng  llie  body  of  Chriil,  or 
Koinsn  CbHioIIob  bt llevo,  tmuubetui- 
tcd  into  hlB  own  body. 
HostUlar  bOs'lll-er.  EceIm.  the  monk 
tery.  H.oitaninl, thomookirliorBlisvfll  . 
Kit«r>'.  n.  intrlnaUi.  tbe  oiuak  wbo  en- 
tertalnod  tho  guests  mldlng  in  IbDmas. 

HoataiiUB  TnlUtM.  Tldrd  KIdk  ol 
Eomo;  B,  NumBKbt.  Sfkl;  In  hl»  i-elen  tin 
war  Mllli  Alb«  ended  with  the  UrmHt- 
CunitU  combat  (see  HoratU). 

Hotbed,  hot  Tad.  A  bed  of  Mrth  hated 
by  fiTuicntlne  enbslimces,  covered  wtOi 
g\A«B  lo  defend  it  troiD  tlia  mid  air.  Intmd- 
ci  rot  raising  (-arly  iilimU,  or  for  nourlbh. 
ing  ciodc  i.lrats  of  warm  oUmaloa. 

HothOUM.  'Lous.     A  hni 


Tofitrtntod  to  paftlonli 
XEScd  lo  tlie  bhaae. 


tUo  U,  C  Ch.,  CO  tie  irpEBle 
limf  s  of  the  d»r,  ds  matloi' 
Id   Myth,    godileAaea    uT  th< 

Hoor-g-laas,  'p-lsss.     An  I 


Honxl,  hon'rl.      Among   Iha    .^j 
Mdh&mmalBiui    a   nymph    of 

repmemed   as  most    besulKtil  lirslns, 

unbdine  yooUi  and  Immnnll)'  fiKm  bII 

clltar  foiidly  or  the  fdthlfil. 


HouaBboldor,  'huld-er 
with  his  bmily ;  the  dcc 
Hooaekeaper,  tfper. 


EoaHB-Biuffeon, 'sor-Jon.  The  msldeiit 

HouBBVifa.  'nif.  Tho  mlstrssa  of  s 
minily:  thevire  urshansehalder;  tte- 
milBimuiogiM-ofdumHliosIblrs.  AUttla 
cnaft  Tm-  pins.  Defidlos,  throad^  sdsaors  iind 


ID.  in  Vs.,  ni«,  p.  1663. 
Howoa  I'nuililent  Df  Toxoa  Dfler  Its  leees- 
Bhm  frcin  Uoxlca.  and  Gnvemor  of  the 
Bute  aftrr  Its  Hdmlatlon  to  the  Union; 
also  U.  S.  BeosWr. 
■  ,  Souylmhrnn,  hon'Inm.  One  of  t  Disss 
of  beings  descilbed  by  Swift  in- GullWer'a 


HoTth..    A  pvpuler  seaside  re&ort  wt  tb« 
ni,  N.  K.  of  llinclty  of  Dnbli. 

Cap.  of  pTDV.  Aruniaho, 
_.  N,  W.  of  Ouieo,  noted  fot 
-.7  to  the  bsttlB-gronnd,  IBM, 

Suore,  Old  th^  power  loS. 
itrnJ  psrt,  DtuiJLy  ey- 


nrCEABACE 


.    AnKnplish  aivi 

?"sti«  which  U^'jrs  immc'i^lle  In 


>ai!i1  [0  huTC  perished  at 


Hng.  hug,    A  close  ei 
HngliOB,  Ihomu. 

•,  Vtctoi 

al  poll  Ileal  leDti 
nt  of  tli«  ftfiiod  ur 
Hnll.baao.    . 


I.  ITIS.  i>.   l»tS.    It( 


Hnmanitarlaii.  -in>n't-t>"rl-aii.     One 
llie'aivftlty  QfChrtsl.'sail  bclloves  him  to 


Buntble-iile.  -pi.     A  pie  made  of  th 


Bumboldt.     Fiiodiiali   Helnrich 
Ali>xaiidar.  Baron  von.    A  dliUn. 

Bdoii  vnn  il,.  bruiheror  the 


1.  ISGS.  Sul  Wllbeh 


;[rid«pt«rDiia 

^loHa    steQatanun, 
ram.  Bphln^e.    ' 

beaatinilor  ths  diurnal  speciea,  aiHl  n- 


Tatled-aeAai 


I  ^tln^  |)Todiic 


Block,  first  annoirins  promlneoHr  la  hit- 
lory  aboiil  816  «.  d.  In  that  y«r  *h^ 
crossed  tho  Dnieper,  defPated  Ut»  Oothl 


n  Sniriand, 


I    Wlt^Sedeatho 


to   Tavo   originally 
Hondred-fold,  -fSId,    A  hondrsd  ttmia 

Hundredth. 'dredth.  The  ons*fterthe 
nlnety-nliith.  One  of  a  hundred  parta  Into 
which  anything  is  dlyideil, 

Hundredwaifftat.  'dred-wlt  In  stoIt- 
dugiols  weight,  a  dcnomlDation  oaoaUy 
denoted  by  owt.,  containing  118  Iha. 

HunBary-waitar,  hung^ga-Ti-in-tw.  A 
toilet  dl^lllid  woMr  conslstiiig  i^  dlhau 

leo  of  A  queen  of  Uuufaij. 
oounliT  orcaitml  I 
Independent  UnRdo 


le  fur  1. 


Huneary. 


"C. 

En. 

,9«I  Bq,  in.;pnn,  11,- 


HDHS  ' 


HTAl-filDJf 


aba,  Ui«  Save  ud  othn  triboUrlaa.  ud  csu  ;'lt  Donti 
Bie  CupntJilu]  moaDUlri  luigfl  citeuds  n'Blch,  tba  G: 
ftom  Ji^.  ID  W,  ilongltsnottharnfroDtW-       JaUdiI,  runs  p 

ocoujiied  TarUry  aeveral  cenluries  prior  i  Hnniaaiie. 

Blona  from  which  the  great  »»11  of  t"-'-  .    ..    .     . 

woa  built    Thw  flnufiy  divided  InW 

aaUDOA,  called  north  unci  Bouch  11, 

fluinar  eroBacd  iota  Europe  und  nivtu 

laige  seotion  of  the  nomas  Kmpb'e,  u 

-w^  i„j — i,i„  -#  *,M^    -apturinic 

-ilnrj'.   F< 

Goths  ■ 


Husband^  hnz'bond.     A  mi 
M-oid&n  by  nurrlnge  :  tba  r 


sutnrv.   r 
™a  tie  Ti 


jiowD  aa  aaaffirj. 
In  U.  B.   poUHoa,  a 

party  oppoaed  to  pmgreaa  i  hcDC«,  any  per- 
ton  opposed  K  funoTatlua  Id  ^aocnl  \  a 

Hont.  JamaB  Henry  Leish.  bant. 
A.  dladn^lshcd   liLo|llBh  poet,  editor  aod 


meat  Bariptnrea 


obaae  or  wild  aiiUnala.  A  bunUni^-dog. 
A  bone  nard  In  theabaae.  A  watcb  wboae 
Elaaala  proteoted  by  a  mala]  eovar ;  ahun  t- 

Hnnter.  John.  An  emtnent  British 
■lutomlat ;  b.  naar  Glaagow,  1118,  d.  1T9S. 

HuntliW-COB,  'ing-koc.  laHacb-anodd 
aog  Id  ona  of  two  gearad  wbaela,  aarvbig 
toehange  theorderofDODtaotof  tba  teatii, 

Symeet'"""  "" 


ihliv,  EngFaiid,  a  pblloav- 
■phy  aa  well  aa  ol 

HntcUnaon,  ^lioniaa. 

-!.   loUlU.  1711, 

raa  Chief  Jnatloa 
IGovarnorlnniB 
the  latter  poiltloB 


Oiiorge  Wh1t«aeld   afUir   bia  leparaUo 

Suntinffton,  BanLuel.  An  Amerisi 
BtBloamon  and  jurtat,  n.  In  Conn,  IMi,  i 
ms.  lie  waa  a  memberoftho  CoDtlaei 
till  Cflngwas,  a  signer  of  tbo  Declaralto 
uflndenendence,  Chief  JaaUce  BndGo> 

Hurdjr-Kunly.    her'dl-ter'dt.     A  mi 

by  Iba  Motinu  of  a  wheel  agalnat  fhnr 
Btrlnga.two  ofwhlebara  presaod  by  the 
angora  or  by  t:i<ya.    The  otber  two  atrlnga 

•ra  toned  a  fifth  sport  (o  produce  a  ' 

bua,  and  ere  not  aiopped; 
Hnivn,  Iiake.    The  aniaDeat  of  t) 
great  lakes  of  N.  Amarloa,  bet  lakei 


aedoin.  1418,  a 


Bute] 


In  London 


SUta  17«a,  an 


la  KerolDI 


.-  precipitate  tb 
Hnxl^,  Thomas  B. 

itutabed  English  iclentitt 

acbool  otnatnrillsla. 


a  Darviuiui 

inmeasPeb- 


HYDBOPATHT 


Hyalosrapby.  - 


Hybrid,  'brld.    A  mongrel  or  mule  ;  e 
inluml  or  piuit  which  luw  been  imprc] 

Hyde  Park.    A  puli  of  *00  sorea  In  th 
Ctly  of  London,  Engknd. 
Hydra,  hi'drs.    In  OfmIi  Mitb.  ■  hi 

Aj^hfl,  repreaeiLtfd  u  hATlnE  mui 
heada,  ona  of  vrhloh,  being  em  off.  va. 
Imiaedlutdy  BUCce«l«lbv  uiolhcr,  unless 
tha  wuund  vu  csulerlud.  Tlif  destrue- 
neorUiel»elve 
ithcrn  wnBtC'Ik- 


I  of  tills  IL 

irsofllan 


Lao.  and  Virgs.    A  fcnat  of  fi-eeh-H-Btfl- 

They  maj  be  dJilded  Into  almost  any 
number  of  Avgnipntfl.  oud  Qach  portion 
becomas  developed  Into  afteah  Indt^p^n- 
lliolypita.    Jteproif  notion  la  effected 


-kor'l-ea.     TUB  nUr 


It  also  forms  ocomponent  of  all  TwetaUa 
and  nnlmal  producU,  ud  la  Daiial&  pn- 
cnrod  by  the  actJon  of  dllnte  anlpliui*! 
acid  upon  ilno  or  Iron,  or  by  paaalBg  tbt 
Tapor  of  water  over  rvd-bot  inm.  It 
onlles  with  all  other  elmeutaiT  gaaaoni 


SydroKiioay,  -drog'ao-al.     A  htatory 

Hydrography,  'ra-B.    Tliat  Ijnacb  of 

-    ibieh  baa  for  Its  ot^Ject  thetoos- 

t   and   doscrlpUoa   of  Its   sea, 

jurVeybiB,  the   dttermlaaUoniJ 

forming  cbajta,  wtdoh  eihlbit  the  coMimr 
of  the  DottarDof  tbeaeaand  harbora. 
Hydroinel,  'rlrfi-meL    A  Uqnor  onilit- 

. .  . "'lied  to  water;  irtienil- 

it  tt  la  «aned  maid  or 

Hydrometeor,  -dru-mu't£-er.  A  mete- 
or deiwndeni  upon  tbe  vapor  of  water;  to 
the  iilurnl,  a  gonersl  Mrm  for  all  tbo  aqna- 


Hydrometor, 
ipedflo  KTflvitv  or  di 


HydrocanUtaridM,  -):ui-tbaT"i-d«, 
Watar-beedes.  apoup  of  aquatto  colaop- 
taroos  Inaaote.  with  numeroas  genera. 

a,  ■dro-ki'mB.     A  gen.  of 


gen.    of   rodent  onadnipodw. 

Hydropathy,  -dro'pa-lhl.  .\ 
—  -'-   -'  treating  dEaeaseab> 


HTDBOPHIB 

:^4copbiS.  -fll.    Wj»er4Ukei ;  s  gwi. 
or  VFODmons  reptika.  &oi.  Hyilrldn; 
Hydrophobia,  -dnvrn'bl-ii.    A  dluue 


Hydropnlt, -nult,  AmoclilDeffirthj 
Ing  water  br  £t>nd-puwcr,  used  u  * 
. , = '■^'•-lor. 


Batlnno^Tll|i«H 


HyBoi», -JC'jTi.   InOi 
Myth.     Uii;    gudclcH    .. 
' — lUU,  doogbWr  of  Emu- 


Hyla.TiL     Ab™.  ofbstrachLab  replHM; 
2yIeo*aimB,  1 


rT.%>f#s 


HyetOfflAPh,  'n-to-gnf.  A  cluFt  ehawn 
ing  the  ■venge  HinDiL  tn  tho  diBerentre- 

.  EtonsoftboMrth. 

^Vieoe,  ']l-fn.  Tlut  depuUDFiit  dI 
medicLn«  wnlcb  trcitle  er  tho  pnswvo- 
tion  of  h«Uth ;  aanltary  ftdeacc. 

HjrgTOffTapti.    'erO-enif,      An    lostrn- 

'  nwDt  vblDti  HglaUra  MtouuUciilJy  the 
*nU(h>ni  of  the  ntnioBptieia  ABregarda 


of  phyalea  whiilli  relAtea  i 
of  U»  HKdrtun  ia  tta*  Ui 


BtTDcture  In  lenacdlBEo  between  uat  efex- 

Id  Metaph.  tba  tbeoty 
oattet  a>  the  ortglnaj  jirtii- 
u  oppoaltkm  to  tbe  gooA 

BylopathiBm,  -lop'ith-lam.    The  duo- 

Hyloplia»oiui.  -lof-«*iis.    A  tmnc^'  , 


Hymen,  'men.  In  C1b«b.  MjUi.  a  ftbn- 
lorn  di^lty.  ttoeon  of  UnochiiBaiHl  Venoa, 
puppoKed  10  preside  over  marrlagea. 

>ptora,  'men-op'ie-ra.  Anord. 
n.  the  toll  of  iSe  female  betit; 
ied  vrlth  an  ovlpufdtor  by  mnuia 
lie  perfbrUCB  the  bodlia  la  nblcb 


HYMENEAL 


4S6 


Hymeneal,  -nicn-O'al.  A  marriage  aong. 
Isolating  to  marriage. 

Hyxnezioloffy,  -oro-Ji.  A  treatise  on  the 
mcmbraucs  of  tho  animal  nystem. 

HyopotaxauB,  -iM)t'a-mus.  Tho  rivcr- 
lu)^;  anon-ruminant,  oven-toed  mammal 
found  fossil  in  the  tertiary  strata  of  En- 
gland and  France. 

H3n;>atia,  hl-pu'sliah.  Daughter  of  The- 
on,  of  Alexandria,  of  high  education  imd 
a  teacher  of  mathematics  ;  u.  in  Alexan- 
dria, toward  tho  end  of  tlio  4th  centurj-. 
Blio  became  tho  most  celebrated  professor 
of  the  Neo-Platonic  school  of  philosophy, 
and  was  killed  by  fiinatical  Christians,  415. 
Her  writings  were  burned  in  tho  destruc- 
tion of  the  Alexandrian  Library. 

H3n?»tliral,  -pe'thral.  In  Arch,  a  build- 
ing not  roofed,  as  tho  Temple  of  Neptune 
at  Fa'stum. 

Hyperborean,  -per-bd'ro-an.  An  in- 
habitant of  the  most  northern  region  of 
the  earth.  In  tho  early  Greek  legend  the 
Hyperboreans  were  a  people  who  lived 
beyond  the  north  wind,  were  not  exposed 
to 'its  blasts,  but  enjoyed  a  land  of  per- 
petual sunshine  and  abundant  fruits. 
Thoy  were  free  from  disease,  violence  and 
war,  and  their  natwal  life  lasted  1000 
years,  which  was  spent  in  the  worship  of 
Apollo. 

Hyperdiilia,  -du'li-a.  Tho  peculiar 
worship  ottered  by  Roman  Catholics  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  so  called  because  higher  than 
thatgiven  to  other  saints  (which  is  known 
as  dulia),  though  of  course  inferior  to  lar 
tria,  tho  worship  duo  to  God  alone. 

Hyperion,  -ne'ri-ou.  In  the  oldest 
mythology  of  Greece,  the  god  of  tho  sun, 
distinguished  for  his  beauty :  afterward 
identirted  with  Apollo. 

Hypnolofiry,  hip-nol'o-jl.  Tho  study  of 
the  phenomena  accompanying  sleep;  a 
treatise  or  discourse  on  sleep. 

Hypooarpofirean,     hl'pd-kar-po^'je-an. 

A  plant  which  produces  its  firuitbolow 

ground. 
Hypodermio,   -i>o-der'mik.      A   medi- 


cine introdaoed  iiBd«:  the  lUii,  M.i 
phia  or  oth^  narcotic  ogont.  . 

Hypofftean,  -Jd'an.     A  term  appUed  to 

pm*ts  of  plants  which  grow  beneath  the 
surface  of  tho  earth. 

Hypostasis,  -pos'ta-sia.  That  whMi 
forms  the  basis  or  foundation  of  loino- 
thing.  Used  by  early  Greek  Christian 
writers  to  denote  distinct  subatunoe  of  tho 
Father,  Bon  and  Holy  Spirit  in  the  God- 
head, called  by  them  throe  hvpostases, 
and  by  the  Latins  personae,  wnenco  tho 
modern  term  jKirsons  applied  to  the  (rod- 
head.  « 

Hypotenuse,  -pot'e- 
-nus.  In  Geom.  tho 
subtense  or  longest  side 
of  aright-angled  trian- 
gle, or  a  line  that  sub- 
tends tho  right  angle. 

Hypsiprymnufl,  Up^ 

si-prim'nu8.    A  gen.  ofw 

marsupial      an i mala  a b. Hypoteniue. 

known  as  kangwoo  rate. 

Hypsistaziaa,  Hda-t&'rl-an.  One  of 
certain  heretica  of  the  4th  century,  some 
of  who  so  notions  weiw  Pagan,  some  Jew- 
ish and  some  Christiaa:  8o  called  frma  wor- 
shiping the  moat  high  in  one  person  only. 

H3rpsonieter,  -som'et-er.  A  thermo- 
metrical  barometer  for  measuring'  alti- 
tudes. 

H3rpsometry,  -ri.  The  art  of  measnr^ 
ing  the  relatiye  or  abeoiate  heights  of 
phices  upon  the  snr&ce  of  the  esrth, 
either  by  thubaromet^  or  by  trigtmomet- 
rical  observations. 

Hyrax,  'raks.  A  gen.  of  pachydenna- 
tous  mammalia,  intermediate  in  their  char- 
acter between  the  rhinoceros  and  the  tapir. 

Hyson,  'son.  A  species  of  green  tea 
irom  China.  H.  skin,  tho  reftise  of  hysoa 
tea. 

Hysteranthous,  his-ter-an'thns.  Plants 
in  which  the  leaves  appear  after  the 
flowers,  as  in  the  willows,  poplars,  Ao. 

HystricidfiB,  -tris'i-de.    The  porcupine 

tiibo,  a  fain,  of  rodents. 


IIS  the  9th  letter  and  8d  vowel  of  the 
English  alphabet,  in  which  it  repro- 
Kents  not  only  several  vowel  sounds  out 
also  the  consonantal  sound  of  y.  Tho  two 
principal  sounds  are  the  short  sound  as  in 
pit,  pin,  fln,  and  the  long  as  in  pine,  fine, 
niae.  /t  has  also  throe  ether  sounds,  that 


in  first,  dirk,  that  in  machine,  intrlgne; 
and  the  consonant  sound  heard  in  many 
words  when  it  precedes  a  rowel,  as  in 
million,  opinion,  trunnion.  I  and  J  were 
formerly  regarded  as  one  character. 
I.  The  nominative  case  of  the  pronoun  of 
the  %x%t  vevtou  \  the  vrosd  whieh  STpremoi 


aoat  I  Iceblink,  'hllnck.    A  bright  rellowttk.' 
white  tlnlnebr  tlbehorlzob,7«flwTl4rdfh]ln 


_..    .  *,  TifflY.    ATMt.nd 
hw  fiwilliu'  on  ths  wwiii, 


I(MM»p.  lup.  A  bMda  wnuliitDi 
paasded  Ic*,  appBed  to  the  hud  tn  auea 

fth»t  of  lud  l«  formed  ruDDd  the  pola 
flnring  glMW  tlni«. 

[ce-oream,  'hn!iii.  A  fneotei  of  confoe- 
tlDDery  nikda.  bj  CDD^eAUn^  ercua  Tui- 
o^Ja\y  ditTored  la  n  vewd  eunviuided  bf 


mtm 

tbeiDut-b«d.    AliTgeiihH 

It  of  toe 

Ice-floe. 'flS.  Aehoetofln 

■miUer 

wi  Ice-fleld. 

IcelMid,  li'lud.    An  lelud  of  the  B. 
AUBnUebelOBtUig  to Dennurk ; iro. ibt. 

oform 

Ova, 

ui'rt  ths  gmler  portion  li  Id  a 

ofl«™irlal  station,    Mt 

H  "l.  is  lb. 

prinelp.1  .oloMlc  ii«h,  ud 

SetS 

iDd  buaJtle  utne  ire  unon 

teKBlliigof  thenitarslphe 
world.  l-hon«ttI«»>repure 

tlhB 

vliin. 

P«.t- 

r^'tis 

10,- 

aou.     BelkhlTlk  II  the  cap.  ' 

cMtt 

port- 

n  Bpedes  of  lichen  found   In 

cloni,  uid  on  loft)-  moniitidD 
fo  medlctoe.uidl.»EutrlU 

o'iiirt 

le  Of 

torn 

««.t 

erly  of  llnuWo,  refticllon^  ud  ll 
and  po^arlutloD  of  Ught. 
leo-plow,   'plow.     A  tort  of 


bymunopterouB  InKcta,  the  gentrt  uid 


in)(  en    arginaaaoa    KtmblnliK  Uil 


lolitbya.  'thla. 
(oD^nff   to  Hiriir  GhHaUuil^,  wirl  njp- 


JuatH  b^  mpiuii  oriniAg^ifl  or  b 
nalntlnga  in  n-Hca,  mosaic  u 
Inb'B  nil  |t<;nia  ormetala,  uid  tlie]ik«. 
IconolBitsr,    -al'B-ter.       Oub    vrbo 


rids,     hoar- 
trlbo  boiu  Ui  toroTciiid  hnbiu, 
labnito.  'iiie.     In    Geol,  Itm  ternx  up- 
jilliid  u>  Riun  r<ntprinu;  uduii  UHil  In 


iark«  of  rnilmals. 

lahor.  i'kiir.    In  Mytb.  ui  etbi 
thol  sunnlled  tha  ptus  of  bloi 

relni  of  lbs  eods  of  tli«  Orooks 

mmiB.      A  thlh    watery  Aorid  dL^lutrgc 
rroin  VI  iilcwir,  wound,  ^i 

lohthyollte.  ifUil-s-iit,    a  f„K 

lahXhyalostT,  'tlil-ol'n-Jl.    Tbc 


of  Troy  (TtoIb). 

Idaho.    A  Urrltorv  In  tho  U.  B.,  ornn- 
lyed  1B68;  bounded   N,   by  B"-- '    " 

iuifriciMKl  MoniBOa.  E.  by  1., „, 

B.  by  UUh  ud  Nendo,  W.  by  Oi«M  Ml 


IDEALISM 


429 


ILLINOIS 


Washington;  area,  96,000  m.  m.  The 
mountain  ranges  are  the  Salmon  River, 
Bitter  Root  and  Wind  River ;  the  chief 
rivers,  St.  Joseph,  Salmon,  Clearwater  and 
Coeur  d'Alene.  Boise  City  (the  cap.),  Ida- 
ho City,  CentrevIUe,  Esmeralda,  Lewis- 
ton,  Ruby  City  and  Florence  constitute 
the  principal  towns.     Pop.  82,610. 

Idealism,  i-de'al-izm.  That  system  of 
philosophy  according  to  which  nothing  ex- 
ists but  the  mind  itself  and  the  ideas  per- 
ceived by  the  mind. 

Ides,  idz.  In  the  ancient  Roman  calen- 
dar tiio  13th  of  January,  February,  April, 
June,  August,  September,  November  and 
December,  and  the  15th  of  March,  May, 
July  and  October.  Eight  days  in  each 
month  are  sometimes  called  by  this  name, 
but  only  one  should  strictly  receive  it,  the 
others  being  reckoned  as  so  many  days  be- 
fore the  Ides. 

Idiot,  id'-i-ot.  A  human  being  destitute  of 
reason  or  the  ordinary  intellectual  powers 
of  man  ;  one  who  has  no  lucid  intervals, 
as  distinguished  from  a  lunatic,  who  has 
lucid  intervals. 

Idioticon,  'ik-on.  A  dictionary  con- 
fined to  a  particular  dialect,  or  containing 
words  and  phrases  peculiar  to  one  part  of 
A  eoontry. 

Idle-wheel,  rdl-whel.  In  Mech.  a  wheel 
placed  between  two  others  for  the  pur- 
pose simply  of  transferring  the  motion 
from  one  ans  to  the  other  without  change 
.  -.itfdirectio^. 

Idolater,  -d<d'at-er.  A  worshiper  of 
idols ;  one  who  pays  divine  honors  to  any- 
ttiing  made  by  hands  ;  one  who  worships 
u  a  dei^  that  which  is  not  God ;  a  pagan. 

IfUrin.  In  Celtic  Myth,  the  Hades  of  the 
ancient  Gauls,  where  the  wicked  were  tor- 
tared  by  being  chained  in  the  lairs  of 
dragons,  subjected  to  incessant  distillation 
of  poisons,  exposed  to  serpents  and  savage 
beasts,  &c. 

18*100,  Ig'lo.  The  name  given  by  the  Es- 
quimaux to  a  hut  made  of  snow.  The  ex- 
cavati(m  which  a  seal'makes  in  the  snow 
over  its  breathing-hole,  for  the  protection 
of  its  young. 

lernatius,  St.  (SurnamedTheophoms), 
Bishop  of  Antiooh,  b.  abt.  82,  martyred  in 
Rome,  107.  His  writings  are  still  held  in 
high  esteem. 

Ignescent,  -nes'sent.  A  stone  or  min- 
eral that  gives  out  sparks  when  struck, 
especially  with  steel  or  iron. 

Ij^icolist,  -nik'ol-ist.  A  wanhlper  of 
wre. 


Common  Iguana. 


Ignis-fatuus,  'nis-fiat'&-ns.  A  meteor  ^ 
or  light  that  appears  in  the  night,  and  flits  '' 
about  in  the  air  a  little  above  the  sorfaoe 
of  the  earth,  generally  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  deoomposinon  of  animal  or 
vegetable  substances,  or  by  the  evolution 
of  gases  which  spontaneously  inflame  In 
the  atmo8|fliere.  It  is  ]K>palai:ly  known 
by  iwsk  names  as  Will-o'-the-wisp,  Jack- 
a-lantom,  Oorpse-oandle,  &g. 

Ignorantixi,  -nd-rant'in.  One  of  an  or- 
der of  lay  brothers  devoted  to  the  ele- 
mentary uiBtniction  of  the  poor.  Some- 
times called  Brother  of  Charity. 

Ifiruana, 
-wa'nxu  A 
gen.  of-la- 
certiliai 
r  ep  tiles, 1 
fimi.  Ignan- 
i  d  89,  of 
which  there 
are  several 
s  p  eoies, 
some  herbivorous  and  others  omnivorous. 
They  are  very  timid,  live  ctiiefly  on  trees, 
and  are  used  as  Ibod. 

IgrtLanodo]i,ig-w&'nd-don.  An  extinct 
fossil  colossal  I^ard,  found  bi  the  Wealden 
strata,  its  estimated  length  varying  from 
80  to  TO  ft. 

Thram.  The  garb  worn  by  Mohamme> 
dan  pilgrims,  consisting,  for  men,  of  two 
scarfs,  one  folded  round  the  loins  and  the 
other  thrown  over  the  neck  and  shoulders; 
for  women,  of  a  doak  enveloping  the 
whole  person. 

I.  H.  S.  An  abbreriation  usually  con- 
sidered as  standing  for  J^us  Hominum  „ 
Salvator,  Jesus  the  Saviour  of  Men,  or  for 
In  hac  (cruce)  salus,  in  this  (cross)  is  sal- 
vation ;  but  it  was  originally  tne  first  tiiree, 
or  perhaps  the  first  two  and  the  last  let- 
ters of  the  Ghreek  form  of  Jesus. 

Iliad,  il'i-ad.  An  epic  iK>em  in  the  Greek 
language,  in  24  books,  genially  regarded 
as  composed  by  Homer.  The  main  or 
primary  subject  of  this  poem  is  the  wrath 
of  Achilles  and  tho  ctatsumstances  result- 
ing from  it ;  in  describing  which  the  i)oet 
exhibits  the  miserable  etfects  of  disunion 
and  public  dissensions. 

Illinois,  il'le-noi.  A  State  of  the  Ameri. 
can  Union,  admitted  1818;  bounded  N.by 
Wisconsin  and  Lake  Michigan,  £.  by  In- 
diana, 8.  by  Kentucky,  W.  by  Iowa  and 
Missouri ;  af^^a,  55,410  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
8,877,871.  The  surface  is  almost  entirely 
level  prairie :  theprincipal  rivers  are  Mis- 
sissippi  on  the  W.  boundary,  the  Ohio  on 


-J 


IHAOS-BREAKEE 


IMFOKDESABI.K 


thrfrbodlEBOnrillllt 
Isunortal, 


wipi  riom  dMth  or  miilhtlMlon :  oflan 
udled,  la  the  pliu«l,  W  the  godt  of  oIm- 
£Umrtbaloer- 


InpandeTabla.  -pon'du-a-bl  In  pb 
lies.  >  tblng  »hlch  hu  no  ■ppredat 
Height ;  >  term  tormedj  ippUed  W  lul 


IMPO&IKa«TOKS  < 

■uppoilUoii  Itwl  Uiej'  wera  nuurlil  lub- 
Blnncui  )-i'[  aaatate  of  weight,  or  0/lnup- 
prcdablo  weight. 

ImpOBlnB-otone.     -pdi'l 
printing,  a  ubli-  -*  -' 


tbu  odorn  of  Anicta  and  fmoiB  burned  IH 
rtUflloDiritH,  uruui  ofltoring  bi  loma 
dcky,    ThamalerlolB  burnod  forioQllLng 


ufboUdlngKiUli  D»ed  l^  tho  Ko-, 
fequoffld  Dot-tto  }o[ntB  pkaod  n^larty  i 
lomat.    BMt    TbB  crtma  of   colnb!t»- 

117.    eoirltDslliicinl.  thsorlineariwhsb- 
lluit  sUloccc  by  moiuiH  orbspClun  oi  coO'. 

tHcinh  nartof  afoot.    Th«  lichli  lubdl- 
riil_od   dedmmllj  Tor  iFlentlll 

Inchpln,  'p[ji.  Thoflwaetbrei 


InCTSlOBittoil.  -lEr6-inil'Bhon.     Ths  net 

>  conBaginHoo. 

Inaiibatloii.  -kb-b&'ibon.     Tha  sat  oT 
HlltlnKi  JU  db  f^fa,  for  the  pqrpou  of 

cU  wBTUiIh,    Ths  Egyptians  luiTDiWiiu 

haleh  f ep.  Iij'  nrlKlcfiil  heaL    In  China, 

pmaUci!d. 
Laoubator,   kn-bfit-cr.     An  appamlniior 


mnClDUATE 

pa(odtiffli«nt;  f^nenlly,  ib 
«d  befbrv  tho  jat  IMM>. 


of  iutHIiuuH] ;  nun 
IndecidiuniB,  -i 


iHBionow 


Indepeudeat,  -pFod'en 

Index-fluffer, 'dckn-Sng-ecr,  1 
fiBfcr,  to  tadlod  fn>m  fid  bvln^' 
poftllng. 

Index-slasB. -clu.    In  nMlFctln 


10  who,  tn 


S.  AMiljliigboHveen 
DOW  coniltOng  or  1! 


.    Tlis  undent  nimn  o 


Tnaiaw  411,  pertalnlniF  lo  cither  ol 
Uie  India!,  E.  or  IV..  or  tho  ibnrl^noa  of 
inifrict  i.  Mchilpctore.  pMuILar  lo  In- 
dia iir  Ulnduiuin.  It  cauipriihiiiKliii  forest 
TBilety  of  Btyla.  1.  (hot.  ■  niuiio  i-lrcn 
tu  the  |>lnnu  of  Ibe  i^nus  Qmga.  Tho 
fruit  hoa  Ihri'o  colb.  each  contatnliyt  spt- 
cnl  ronnd.  lisrd,  blsck  bcihIi  n^i'irbllnt; 


ed  N.  by  the  SUIe  of  and  Lofco  MUdjIenn. 
S.  by  Ohio,  8.  by  Kentunky  inil  WTby 


end  HI 


<li1ef  towna,  Inillanapulis  i'caj>.).  »nns- 
flUe,  Rtrt  TiQiK,  Ti^m  Ilmito.  Jcflijr- 
(oniUle,  UkdiMO,  Colninbiu.  Vtncannn 
■ud  aonth  Bend. 


ladlB-paper,  -pt-per.  A  drikstt  ik- 
»rbcDt  papa- m^sln  Chlni.  and  BHid  tt 
tskurtrst  or  ftneat  nrooft  of  BngiiTlngi. 
Jtia  Imitntc^  BaccEinilly. 


IK'S  vlilch  ccdtHT  thel 


.,.0  Chudliwa,  Creekl,  S 

4,  ('hlckMAwkCbcmkoeiiandOugH, 
lyof  whomiraqalte  hlnhly  ettlllHd. 


priBlng  Illodl,  Ulndustunt.  ^Iob^lUI,  B«>- 
eall,  and  tho  d«a>l  langiiaj(o9  Pnkrit 
and  Pan,  and  modorn  Samkrit  and  V«dto 


.  IS  the  dial  and  Index 
It  of   the  alphnbetli  tslw^taph ;  ino- 

vonlod  by  Pnfeaoor  Morse 


re  printed  a>  they  ara 
d  Ur^ 


INFALLIBILITT 


dnudth 

olyniplaila  In  rooboD^nif 

frODlJU.  1,  A.  D.SIS. 

ludlBrena.  'dl-Jiin.    Od 

BOfom. 
Indiso-bird.   -berd. 


ludo-Buiopeaii. 


Thlj  praodca  tntro- 


Uinca  lado-Gcrminfc,  and  generally  das- 
■IBed  Into  six  bnocbea,  Indic  or  lodlui 
(Su^rlt,  HindDBtsnl,  &t.).  Iranian  or 
lfedo-P«tlB  (Zend,  I>eb]<vi,  PueJ.  Per- 
An,  As.),  CelUo,  Sneco-Latin  (eompris- 
InEUa  two  mttentDlauliallaneDageB  and 
slTUia  Bonuniiit  tnDpim),  Tsutonto  (In- 
doding    Eng^Eih,   Oemun,     Ik.}.    Mid 


Indnisenca,  doy'ena.  In  tho  It,  C.  Ch. 
rflmUnlon  bjchtiTohBiitlioiity  tnarppent- 
tut  ilBliar  of  the  adohIc^  pfltumcd  At- 

^buIitdbioartiliittDaliithli  llfa,aodil» 


hl^powar< 


Inertia,  -w'shl-s.  In  ph/Bloa, 
«tr  ot  matter  bf  which  It  retail 
ofreet  or  ofunlforai  reellUneir 


the    liquids    on   be 

poiiK<l  out  at  pleaflnre  Wiineovciin^  the 

wn-pflpoDdln^  fiolQ,  >Thlcb  ndmlts  tut  air 

Infembllity,-mi'i-WI"l-«.    TbfquaHtjr 


speaking  ex  itttiicdrn  u[inri  niultprn  af 
fatllior  mor«ls,  IhoBgh  nnl In  council,  la 
Inflillrhlr. 


InfomtTy,  'ftint-H.  Sotillm 
DO  toot,  A4  dladnguL^hal  IWiui 

XoAtmol.  -fCT'nal.  Ptrtaln 
loKtT  n>glor»,  nrrp^ons  of  thi 


ini(  III  the  doplb  of  botwwn  60 
lIGi  ilhi  nol  cxUinil  twlDw  iOO 
M.-vrino  Ufu  Is  nn«  bollevod  to  « 


Infamatiop,  fa-mii'ib 
InfuBionlsm,  'ihon-fa 


aivlno  orisin  of  I 
piled  by  the  pr 


ES.* 


Infinite,  -nft.  Th»l  -Mhlcli  In  Ir 
BQliiflaltn  apurQ  or  Fit«nt;  epecl 
Uio  IbfiulUi  tn^Lnff  i  tho  ^Imlt'bty- 


leunflJtdiniTDfblnsiomn 


Infra-maxlllttry,    -mBfcs'illo-ri.       . 
Mat  teJonr'—  —  "-'"—!^*. 


lufiuoila,  -e 


FrilcmllBL  caoaioAio  lor  ir  w-iTSftKifloi, 
Ing'liiTies,  i^la'Tl-'iz.    In  Zo.H  thmrDp, 

Ineot,  'cot.  A  wcdgo  of  polrt  or  stlTfr 
aist  m  a  mold  ;  a  mcu.*  of  nnv,-rougbt 
moWl, 

Ingrain,  crnn.    A  yum  or  flibrlo  clyal 

Ingrea,    Jean    Oontinlqoe    Aa< 

IHiiiittt';  n°mi,  I..  ISBi! 


mFHAIiEE 


486 


IN8ECTIV0BA. 


Inia  BoIiTicnsis. 


Xnlialer,  -hiU'er.  In  Med.  aa  apparatas 
for  inhaling  yapon  and  volatile  substances, 
aa  steam  of  hot  water,  vapor  of  chloro- 
form, iodine,  &c.  An  apparatus  to  ena- 
ble a  person  to  breathe  without  Injury  in 
a  deleterious  atmosphere ;  a  respirator. 

Inia,  'i-a. 
A  gen.  of 
Gctacea 
bcloitging 
to  the  dol- 
phin fam., 
containing 
only  one 
known  species,  I.  boliviensis. 

Injector,  Jekt'er.  An  apparatus  for  sup- 
plying the  boilers  of  steam-engines  with 
wat«r.  It  works  equally  well  whether  me 
engine  is  running  or  at  rest. 

Ink,  Ingk'.  A  colored  liquid,  used  in 
writing  and  the  like.  Common  writing 
ink  is  generally  made  of  an  inftision  of 
galls,  copperas  and  gum-arabic. 

I^ok-ba^,  'bag.  A  bladder-shaped  sac, 
found  in  some  dibranchiate  cephalopoda, 
containing  a  viscid  fluid  resembling  ink, 
by  ejecting  which  they  render  the  sur- 
rounding water  opaque  and  thus  conceal 
themselves.     It  is  used  to  some  extent 

-for  drawing  under  the  name  of  sepia. 

Inkermann,  ing'kur-mSn.  A  village  of 
the  Crimea.  European  Russia,  noted  for 
the  battle,  Nov.  5, 1S54,  in  which  the  allied 
English  and  French  defeated  the  Russians; 
the  latter  lost  abt.  9,000  men,  the  former, 
abt.  4,500. 

Inman,  Henry.  An  eminent  American 
artist,  B.  in  N.  Y.  1801,  d.  1846,  while  at 
vrork  on  a  largo  order  fh>m  Congress  for 
the  historical  embellishment  of  the  Cap- 
itol. 

Ink-stone,  'stOn.  A  small  round  stone 
of  different  colors,  containing  native  vitriol 
or  sulphate  of  iron,  used  in  making  ink. 

Inlet,  in'l<)t.  A  ba^  or  recess  in  the  shore 
of  a  sea,  lake  or  nver ;  a  large  strip  of 
water  running  into  the  land. 

Inn.  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  enter- 
tainment of  travelers.  In  England,  a  col- 
1^^  of  municipal  or  common  law  profes- 
sors and  students. 

InninflT,  'ing.  In  base-ball  or  cricket,  the 
time  or  turn  for  using  the  bat. 

Innocent,  'nr>-sent.  One  free  fh>m  guilt 
or  harm.  A  natural ;  an  idiot.  Massacre 
of  tho  Innocents,  the  murder  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Bethlehem,  by  Herod,  as  recorded 
in  Mat.  ii.  16. 

Innocent.  A  tttie  borne  by  13  Roman 
ponttlft,  the  mdai^distliigttliaiAl  6f  whom 


was  I.  III.  (Lothario  Conti).  b.  in  Rome, 
1161,  s.  Celestine  III.,  119S;  d.  1816. 
During  his  pontificate  tho  4th  Cruaade 
took  place;  also  the  persecution  of  the 
Albigenses,  the  excommunication  and  de- 
position  ot  the  Ocnnan  Emperor  Otho, 
and  the  interdicts  upon  the  oommeroe  of 
England  and  France. 

Innocents'-day,  -sents-da.  A  church 
festival  celebrated  on  the  28th  of  Decem- 
ber, in  commemoration  of  tho  infimts 
murdered  by  Uerod. 

Innocua,  -nok'&-a.  One  of  the  three 
sections  into  which  the  colubrine  snakes 
are  divided,  according  as  they  are  venom* 
ous  or  otherwise,  the  other  two  sections 
being  the  Suspecta  and  Venenosa.  In 
this  section,  which  includes  the  boas  and 
pythons,  there  are  no  fiings. 

Izmspruck,  inss'pruok.  Cap.  of  the 
Tyrol,  in  Austria,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Inn  and  Sill :  pop.  16,870. 

Inosite,  'os-it.  A  saccharine  substance, 
isomeric  with  glucose,  found  in  the  mus- 
cular substance  of  the  heart,  in  the  lunga, 
kidneys,  brain,  &c. 

In  posse,  pos'sS.  In  possibility  of  being. 

Inquisition,  -kwl-zl'shon.  In  the  R.  C. 

Ch.  a  tribunal  for  the  examination  and 

funishment  of  heretics,  established  in  the 
2th  century  by  Father  Dominic,  who  was 
charged  by  Pope  Innocent  III.  with 
orders  to  excite  Catholic  princes  and  peo- 
ple to  extirpate  heretics.  Its  operations 
were  confined  to  S|)ain  and  Portogal  and 
their  colonies,  and  to  part  of  Italy,  and  its 
functions  were  exercised  with  tho  greatest 
cruelty.  It  still  nominally  exists,  but  its 
actionals  confined  to  the  examination  of 
books  and  tho  trial  of  ecclesiastical  of- 
fenses. 

Insect,  'sekt.  In  Zool.  one  of  a  class  of 
invertebrate  animals,  division  Arthropoda 
or  Articulata,  distinguished  by  the  fhct 
that  the  three  divisions  of  the  body — the 
head,  thorax  and  abdom^i — are  always 
distinct  from  one  another.  Insects  are  all 
produced  from  eggs.  They  have  been  di- 
vided into  three  sections — Ametabola, 
Ilemimetabola,  and  Holometabola,  accord- 
ing as  they  remain  always  the  same  or 
undergo  an  incomplete  or  complete  met- 
amorphosis. The  first  do  not  pass  through 
metamorphosis;  the  second  undergo  an 
incomplete  change,  while  in  the  last  the 
metamorphosis  is  complete. 

Inseotivora,  -sek-tiv'o-ra.  In  Zool.  an 
order  of  mammals*which  live  to  a  great  ex- 
tent on  insects.  The  shrew,  hedgehog 
and  mole  arc  fiuniliar  examples.  An  order 
of  birds  that  feed  on  insects,  as  the  swal- 


iNTERmracio 


laws.    Tbp  siib-ffT<ler  which  includw  Iht 
IjiOil  ninj<ir1tj-  of  ChElrapUnorbaU. 
IngeuDrea,    -wi-k'tU.      In     OmlUi. 


I.  (o-nnls-rshon.    ThBQpor 
ln«iduld<ub!U>ti<nitlilckfl 


grnerally  ■ppBod  lo  mlnlBUm. 
^istop,  'BtAD.    ThsforepAft ofthAiippFt' 
ride  o(UioliunumliiMt;aietar«u>.    That 
pert  of  Ihci  hiod-li-i  of  K  liorso  whli-n 
— mhefl  Aiim  thobmn  to  thopMlem-joini. 

■  ■  ■,  '(B-iit-or.  A  BIlbstMM  or 
jjuliMi  or  liHriTUbti  Ihecom- 
0/ oioctridl)'  or  bMt  (o  tar. 

Jnjnfiwnt,  -sw'Jiint,  a  pwneB  who 
ijaealilopHMlaonUiclvlI  DrpoUUul  sn- 
■OiortWjKiSwluiOWffll)'  ">■*  «tl«lyro- 
ItaU  uuteiesiilloii  of  tbs  laws. 

XntSffllo, -Cil'/O,    Adpire  (DgniTedor 

Ew.  i  moodoHS  Blona  with  a  flpiro  iir 
ae»l™«nin«T«i  onlt  hj  catting,  the  to- 

TcUeT. 

Inteser.  'tc-Jer,  An  coUro  ralltv.  In 
ArlUi.  s  wlinlB  number,  In  oontraolstmi)- 


mmnitlvo,  IncrBwatliiiiwUiiloopMlij  of 
ho  dcpaill  already  formed. 
jAter,  -1^.    To  hury    to  Inhaml. 
Inter  (n'ter,    A  Lntln  (irFpMttloii,>lgii|. 
tying  Huong  or  botvecn. 
Interact, -akt.  Inthednimik,tfaetiitarvi 
'  -'■—  1  iwo  ODti ;  a  iaart  pImo  hotweoii 

iBtalea. -feoi  tfi'ltz,  InAnat-tht 
I  of  m  usoW  betWNn  the  lita,  the 


Intarast,  sst.  Premluni  piddRu 
ofmonoy;  the  profit  per  nnl, 
from  mOBOy  lent  or  proporti  Hiei 

Interfretted,-(teC'ed.  la  Her.lst. 
ap^illi'd  ti>  Jioy  bearings  Ilnhcd  tog* 
Interim.  In'tw-iv.  Thu  meuUm 

Interlniiat,  -1st.    A  I.uchsui  1 


EoflMd.    Alwlofpli 


ratarmundaiie.  -mmi'din.    Baii 
bltermural  -mhr'al.      Lying  ha 


InteTnattonal.    Mr-Dil'HhaD-Bl. 
n.'C  sfldcty,  the  ob.knaofvhloh.M 


Biento  Ibe  iofluenceof  cnpltid  In  0 
gmiUiillan  of  labor.  BecnluHatlo  and 
miuil^Uc  theorii>s  are  held  hy  mtmf  ] 
bera,  but  thoh  Bpt-Lltmlioo  Is  no  piM 


DTTKEPBLHTIOlf  "I 


.  IntaipeUatlon.  -pc]-lu">lHin.    A  qn 
tiod  put  b/  &  ummbdr  of  «  lofflBlotiTe 


InterreKnum.  -reg'Dam.     It 
death  or  shdiolion  of  n  kiiiE  un 


hopowB 


InterroffatiDii.  'rA«D"ihon. 

S'"TlndS''''thJ''th»''86nii 
mediately  [jrocoolng  It  Is  [iqucAU< 
Interatellar,  -awl'ir.     Situutai 


iS"„ 


BxteDdd  from  the  iij;bt  or  pykuio  i 

portly  diaeal«d  food  Troai  the  Bto 
reldnslt  till  It  mllea  with  [be  Ml 
pmiareBtliJulcB.  uul  UU  the  chyle  la 
DP  by  Iho  luleala,  and  coBveys  the 
-    m  Iho  body. 


Ml  body  M 


dyeing. 

.  In  the  EuL  In  tin  E.  C.  Chnrch  InUno- 
Uan  ii  pnoUoed  by  the  priest  nhi'n  ho 
breikBii  portion  of  Uiebofit,  put£  It  lathe 

Intlne. 'Hn.     ThelonernHitof  thu  Btaell 

uf  the  poUeD-gnln  In  p^Butd. 
In  totO,  to'to.    Wholly;  onUrely. 
Xntozioaat,  ta-toks'l-kuit.    TbeEwbloh 

IjitaJilcAtes ;  en  iDtodoallnj;  liquor  or  qub- 

■taDea^  u  brvdy,  bbiuig,  ^c- 
Intiai,  In'tTs.    A  LiUn  prepuHlUun  idiI 

4dTs-b,  ilipdijing  wtthBi. 
XntrafOUaoeons. -fs-U-&">ha9.  In  tiat. 

sittraiiiiiiiiiEaia,  -mnc'diin.    BelsDglng 
'    to  the  mUeiikl  inM. 


IntrBjnQral.  -mfir'Ql.    BEdng 


iDtroit,  -trO'lt  In  the  T..  C.  Ch.  n  p«i)m 
or  pusa^  of  Boriptnre  anng  or  enonCed 
while  tbo  priMt  prtwaode  to  the  olUrto 

ohurcb  service  or  fDr  the  service  eenoraUy. 
IntnitianallBiii.  -tai'shoa-sl-lzin.  In 
Meteph,  Ihedoclrlno  that  tha  percoptbuL 

weUlng  or  eehirBlng  with  heat ; 


fsn.  llBm.  ti.  or  Edln- 
buroh;  pop.  ie,«4I.  II  )a  Ibe  chief  dty 
of  the  Hli;hlands. 

InTeitabrata.  -Ter'lC-hra"tik  Oae  ot 
the  two  grent  divisions  oF  the  iniiail  klng- 
deuk  — the  other  being  tbo  VertebraU — 
inolridlnz  fill  JiMnielB  oeetltute  orYertebra 


IHTlsfblO,  -t1'ii-ui.      a.    lunuriiuiiii ,   uo- 

Hiuso  not  daring  pabUoly  to  dech^e  hlia, 
self.    Aheretio  ofthoieth  eoatury,  who 
denied  Iho  ilslblUty  of  the  Churoh. 
Involuore.  -T6-lD1ier.    In  Hot.  any  eel- 

IXLVrlck,  'wflf .  In  tbo  game  of  onrllng,  o 
BtBEJr»D  In  which  the  stone  Btops  very  neM 
the  l£4  alttir  paasint'  throngli  a  wick. 

Iodine,  !'od-In.  In  Chem.  a  pwnllu 
aeD-moulllo  elementary  eoUd  eubstaooe. 


at  wlilch  It  Is  chledy  ptoooied.  It  Is  liuge- 
ion.     In  Uylh.  the  eon  of  Apollo  and 


lONA 


488 


JBON-CLAB 


CraosA,  and  reputed  ancettor  of  the  Ioni- 
an s. 

lona  (IdolmkillorOolumbkill).  Lit 
Bt.  OolambA's  Ketroat.  A  stuall  ii»land  of 
tho  Ht^brides,  note<l  an  the  ancient  neat  of 
nionoflturies,  e8tat>U»hed  by  Kt..  Coluniba, 
who  introduced  ObriHtiunity  into  ^4cotland. 
Th<»  remains  of  48  Scotch.  4  Irish,  8  Nor- 
we^:iun  and  1  French  kinif  ore  interred 
in  one  of  its  ruined  churches. 

Ionia.  A  section  of  Asia  Minor,  colo- 
nlzwl  from  Attica  about  1,(XK)  b.  c.  It  con- 
tained the  important  cities  of  Kphesus, 
Miletus,  Colophon  and  others.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Lydians,  ftCO  b.  c,  and 
by  the  Persians  &.~>7,  by  tho  Macedonians, 
xmd  finally,  IS^i  u.  c,  by  the  Komans. 

Ionian  lalaiids.  ^Vn  elongated  group 
of  abt.  40  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  8. 
and  W.  of  Greece,  and  now  belonging  to 
that  kingdom.    OorAi  is  the  chief. 

ToTtiiLTi  Sea.  Tho  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean which  connects  with  the  Adriatic 
by  the  Strait  of  Otranto.  Its  maximum 
width  is  400  m. 

Ionic,  i-on'ik.  One  of  the 
Ave  orders  of  architecture, 
tho  distinguishing  charac- 
teristic of  which  is  the  vo- 
lute of  its  capital. 

I  O  XT,  ro  u.  A  paper  hav- 
ing on  it  these  letters,  fol- 
lowe<i  by  a  sum,  and  duly 
signed ;  in  use  as  on  ac- 
knowledgment of  a  debt, 
and  taken  as  evidence  thero- 
<if. 

Iowa,  T'o-wah.  A  State  of 
tho  American  Union,  ad- 
niitU-d  1846;  bounded  N. 
br  Minnesota,  E.  by  Illinois  and  Wiscon- 
Bln,  8.  by  Missouri,  and  W.  by  Nebraska 
and  Dakota;  area,  55,015  sq.  m.,  pop. 
1,()24,G15.  It  is  mostly  rolling  prairie,  with 
cousidorable  coal  and  mineral  area.  Tho 
cliief  cities  are  Dcs  Moines,  the  cap.,  Du- 
>u<]ue,  Iowa  City,  Ihivenport,  Council 
.Muffs,  Burlington,  Keokuk  and  Cedar 
iCapids.  Principal  rivers,  the  Missouri, 
Mississippi,  Dcs  Moines,  Cedar  and  Iowa. 

Iphiirenia,  if-e-Jc-ni'ah.  In  Myth,  the 
daughter  of  Agamemnon  and  'Clj'tem- 
nestm,  offered  as  a  sacrifice  to  Diana,  but 
preserved  by  the  goddess  and  made  a 
priestess  at  Tauris.  She  was  taken  back 
to  Greece  by  her  brother  Orestes. 

Ipje  dixit,  ip'sO  diks'it.  A  mere  as- 
•estion  without  proof. 

Iranian,  I-r^'nf-an.  A  family  of  Indo- 
£iirop9«n  or  Aryan  toag^ea,  inolndiiif 


Ionic  Or.ier. 


Persian,  Zend,  Peblerf,  Flursl  or  Vm 
and  cognate  tongues.  Tho  word  Is 
rlyed  from  the  legmidary-  blstoty  ef 
Persian  race  given  in  Flrdoai^s  **Bofl 
Kings,'*  aooorainiiir  ta  which  Iran  and 
are  two  of  three  brothers,  from  whom 
tribes  Iran  (Persians)  and  Toran  (Ti 
and  their  cognate  tribea)  npruig. 

Ireland  (Erin  or  Hibesiiia). 

most  westerly  island  of  Europe,  a  dM 
of  the  British  Empire;  bonnded  N 
and  W.  bv  the  Atlantio,  and  E.  by 
North  Channel,  the  Irish  8ea  and 
George's  Channel ;  area.  8S,608  sq. 
pop.6,&18,200.  Its  chltf  eitlee  are  I 
Ua,  cap.,  Cork,  BelAst,  Limeriek,  Wi 
ford,  Gidway,  ClonmeL  SUgo,  Londoi 
I'vand  Enniskillen.  Principal  liTera 
Shannon,  Boy ne,  Barrow,  Lee,  Bnir,  B 
Slanev,  Foyle  and  Erne.  Its  li 
Neugh,  Allen,  Ree,  Erne,  Corrlb,  11 
Killarney  and  Conn.  The  mooi 
ranges  are  tho  Connonara,  Wldt 
Monme,  Dcrryreagh,  Galteee,  81 
Bloom  and  Slieve  Donard .  1 1  is  gore 
by  a  Lord-Lieutenant,  has  83  represc 
tives  in  the  British  Uonse  of  Lorda, 
105  in  the  Commons. 

Irene,  i-re'nS.  The  Greek  goddes 
]>eace.  One  of  the  small  planets  betv 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Iridesoenoe,  !-rid-es'ens.  The  ooadl 
of  being  iridescent;  ezhibltkm  of 
ors  like  those  of  the  rainbow. 

Iri«.  I-fls.     In  Class.  Myth,  the  god 
of  the  rainbow  and  the  messenger  of 
gods;  henoe,  sometimes  used    fbr 
messenger.      The    fleur-de-lis    or 
flower,  a  beautiful  and  extensive  geni 
pknts  of  the  nat  order  Irldaoe». 
Astron.  one  of  the  asteroids  between 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Iriflcope,  M-sk5p.  A  pbllosopbiesl 
for  exhibiting  prismatic  colors. 

Irish,  'rish.     A  native  of  Ireland ; 
people  of  Ireland.    The  Irish  Inngu 
thelllbemo-Celtic. 

Iron,  'ern.  Tho  commonest  and  i 
uscfiil  of  all  the  metals,  constituting  al 
2  per  cent,  of  the  whole  mineral  crai 
tho  globe.  Iron  exists  in  nature  ni 
four  diflferent  states— the  native  st 
that  of  an  oxide;  in  combination  ' 
combustible  bodies,  particularly  sulp 
and  in  the  state  of  saita. 

Iron-clad,  -klad.  A  vessel  prepare) 
naval  warfare  by  being  cased  or  eov< 
wholly  or  partially,  with  thick  iron  pi 
generaUy  having  a  backing  of  tei^  M 
and  often  also  between  the  pittas. 


Iqne  ortwn  of, 
1  with  Jewell, 
otilfiomy  tor ' 
unbsrd   hogi,  ^ 

WU   dUppOACd       II  _  _ 

IT  thB  rlglH  qJ       Lonit^r. " 

IE  an  IrcQ  circlet,  uld  to  have  been 
&ini  ana  ol  Uie  dsUb  UBcd  In  the 
don  of  Chrtit. 
■hat. 


t Hatron. ased ISO  jcui.    Hlillfeliw- 
jrded  In  Oeneeli. 
luuoBica,  'tHoj'llu.  TtaBl  deputmeii' 
^"-'  -uJyir——— 


■sale  or  Die  Intc 


in  or  Bciipni 


Isololl, -u'yab.   In  Bcrlp.  IhemoBteml- 
iieiito?  the  Hebrew  prophets,  tho^n  oj 

Uzzlab.  Jolhsni,  Abu  in 
QtJudeh. 

Itapoatolio,  -psB-ter'Hi. 
■■    ■  -      -'      Cfiristll-    '-■'-- 


Iwfli,  Md  lUiHr  arEuuudJKitb, 
M  Ibe  HDbnw  patdaFche.    Be  died 


ISOGSATEB 


440 


IZZARD 


Isodumun. 


laoorates.  A  Oreek  philosopher  and 
orutor,  fHend  of  Plato  and  teacher  of 
X<>n<»i»hoii ;  n.  480,  d.  838  n.  o. 

Isodoxuon,  l-8od^ 
o-iiion.  Olio  of 
the  methods  of 
h  u  i  1  d  i  iij?  walls 
uinoii!^  thoGrecks. 
imvlilch  the  stones 

forming  the 

c  mrscrt    wore    of 

equal  pizo  and  so 

disposvd  that  the  vertical  joints  of  an 

upmT  course  were  Immediately  over  the 

middle  of  the  stones  forming  the  lower 

course. 

Isopathy,  -»op'a-thi.  The  theory  that 
diseases  ore  cured  by  the  products  of  the 
diseases  themselves.  The  theory  that  a 
diseased  orjfan  is  cured  bv  eating,'  the  sxuuc 
oniran  of  a  heiilthy  animal. 

IsotlienXL,  'so-therm.  An  Imaginary 
lino  over  the  earth's  surface  passing 
tiirough  points  having  the  same  tempera- 
ture. Also  a  similar  line  based  on  the 
distribution  of  temperature  tn  the  waters 
of  the  ocean. 

Ispahan.  Formerly  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  of  Persia  and  its  cap.  for 
many  centuries,  on  the  Zcndarood  Kiver, 
210  m.  S.  of  Teheran.  At  one  time  it  had 
a  pop.  of  600,000,  but  >vlth  the  transfer  of 
tlie  seat  of  government  to  Teheran  it  be 
■gan  to  decline ;  present  pop.  abt.  65,04)0. 

Israelite,  izVa-cl-It  A  descendant  of 
Israel  or  Jacob ;  a  Jew. 

Istliznian,  ist'mi-an.  Games  celebrated 
at  tlie  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  forming  one  of 
the  four  great  national  festivals  of  Oreece, 
and  celebrated  in  April  and  May  in  the 
.first  and  third  year  of  each  olympiad. 
The  contests  embraced  all  vai-feties  of 
athletic  performances  and  racing. 

Itacoliimite,  it-a-koru-mit  A  laminated 
tidcose   sandstone.    In   connection   with 
wiiich  the  diamond  is  generally  found.  In 
thin  slabs  it  Is  flexible. 
aly,  it'ah-le.    A  poninsnlar  kingdom  of 
•.   Europe,  bounded  N.   by  B  vitzerland 
aid  Austria,  E.  by  Austria  and   the  Adri- 
atic, S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  t,  id  W.  by 
I'Vance,  the  Ligurian  an<l  Tyrrhenian  seas, 
arms  of  the  Moiiitcrranean  ;  area  112,766 
sq.  m.,  pop.  abt.  80,000,000.     It  is  diNided 
into  6y  provinces,  and  the  principal  cities 
ai'O  liome,  cap.,  Florence,  Naples,  Venice, 
Turin,  Milan.  Mantua,   Leghorn,   Padua, 
Pisa,  Bologna,  Cagliari,  Parma,  Ancona, 
Perugia,  Potenza,  Chieti,  Bari  and  Co- 
«enza.  Ita  gnlft  are  Venice,  Manfredonia, 
Tatanto,     SqaUIace,    Polioastro.  Gafita, 


Genoa  and  Spezzia ;  riv«rs,  the  Po,  Tiber, 
Adlg«,  Brmsa,  PUve,  Aitio,  Tafrituneiito 
and  Voltnmo;  lakes,  Conao.  Mageiore, 
Goarda,  Bolseoo  and  Bracoiono;  mosB- 
tains,  Alps  and  Apennines. 

Italic,  -tarik.  A  printinjar  tvpe  stoplnc 
towards  the  right,  and  usually  employed 
te  distinguish  words  or  sentences,  or  io 
render  them  emphatic.  They  were  in- 
vented about  the  year  1600  by  Aldus 
Manutins,  a  Venetian  printer,  who  dedi- 
cated them  to  the  States  of  Italy  (wb^ne 
the  name). 

Itsibo,  it'zi-bu.  A  Japanese  money  of 
account,  oonstitntin^  tho  monetanr  imit 
In  silver  it  is  a  coin  of  the  vaJuo  of  about 
88  cents. 

lulus,  T-u'lus.    A  gen.  of  Myrlapoda,  ord. 


Millepede. 

Chilognatha  or  Diplopoda.     The  eommon 
galley  worm  is  the  type  of  the  genus. 

Ivory,  I'vd-ri.  The  substance  oompoBtM 
the  tusks  of  the  elephant,  extensiveQroBed 
in  the  arts.  The  name  Ls  also  given  tetiw 
tusks  of  the  walrus,  hippopotamos,  d«^ 
whal,  &c. 

Ivory-blaok,  -blak.  A  fine  soft  Uaok 
pigment,  prepared  from  ivory-dnstbrc^ 
cination,  in  the  same  way  as  bone-blade 
extensively  used  in  the  filtering  beds  of 
sugar  refiners  for  purifying  tho  syrap  U 
raw  sugar. 

Ivory-nut,  -nut.  The  seed  of  Phytete- 
phas  macrocarpa,  a  low-growing  palm  u 
large  as  a  hen's  c^g ;  the  albomen  is  close- 
grained  and  ver>'  hard,  resembling  ivorv. 
It  is  often  wrought  into  ornamentel  work, 
and  is  ealled  Vegcteble  Ivory.  The  seeds 
are  also  known  as  Corozo-nnts. 

Txion,  iks-i'on.  In  Greek  Myth,  a  king 
of  Thessaly,  &thcr  of  the  Centaurs,  who 
for  his  wicke<lne8s  was  tied  to  a  i>erpet- 
nally  revolving  wheel  in  tiie  inftnal 
regions. 

Ixodes,  -o'dez.  The  ticks,  a  section  of 
tho  family  Acarida  or  mites,  and  olasi 
Arachnida.    They  are  parasitic 

Ixolyte,  iksM-lit.  A  mineral  resin  firand 
in  bituminous  coal.  It  becomes  soft  and 
tenacious  when  heated,  whenoe  the  name. 

Izard,  iz'ard.  The  wild  goat  of  the  ^• 
renees ;  the  ibex. 

lasazd,  'erd.  The  Ibrmer  ubim;  oi  tte 
letter  2^ 


JACK-BTRAT 


leSngHrti  ilpbii-  ,  jacial, 


J  IS  the  10th  lettrr  In 
bi-        ■   ■     -■ 

ofgl „ _„ 

pabital.  It  waaTonn^y  Dsod  Inbirchfuice- 
ably  iviti  I,  boOi  luttere  buvUiB  QriglnolJy 

.  <»m8°tS  be  mmni™°?a  EnKll«h  I  wmb'Xd 
mrltlfO  nbenttalii  sound  must  bsvubpcn 
pronouDceil.  Bepaiatloii  of  these  tit  o  let 
ten  Id  Eoffllsh  dLodfuurlea  1e  of  compaj- 
■ti rely  recent  date,h«lne  brought  mboul 
thronib  Uie  InBaenoe  of  the  Dutch  print- 
en.    Id  tDedhsI  preaorlptlnns,  at  the  end 

fbrl;  is,t]  (Ox);  ifl]  (eight).    J?P.'"ia 

Jaal-Boat.U'al-gBt.    A  sperios  of  goit 
fi>und   in   the  ninuntalin  of  Abjssfnls, 


le  rOHiDblajice  o{  Iti 


Jfcoftmar,  Jah'a-mir.    The  name  ctien 

tocHmblng  birds  sen.  Qalbabi,  enb-hm. 

OatballDie,  ord.  Boanaom,  aeatir  allied  tc 

th*  Ungashus. 
Jmmiui,  -na.    Tba  eommoD  naiue  of  gee. 

Ftrta,  Enllatorial  or  wading  birda.  id). 

garly  ailed  sureeoos  (Mm  a  pmmliuni 

jaoare.  -n.    A  apedea  of  Bmllkn  aUI- 


Jack-fltw.  'flag.    A  Bag  hoisted  at  tha 

iprltsail  topmast-hud. 
Jaok-hare,  'hii.    A  male  bve. 
Jaok-Katoll,  lech.    In  England,  a  pnb- 

lio  eiecQlloner  or  Jungmati. 
Jaok-riE>,  'rib.      In  Arch,  any  rib  tn  an 

Jack-aaw,  'u.     A  natatorial  bird,  gen. 

Tackaoa.  Andisw.  The  Tth  Preeldent 
of  tho  0.  S. ;  B.  In  8.  Carolina,  ITtlJ  :  b. 


do<«;  elected  Preelftent,  1S2B.  and  re- 
elected 1BS2. 

J  ft  o  fc  s  o  n ,  Thonuts  Jonathan 
<Stoiiawall).  One  of  the  most  dlstin- 
gntehed  Cod (edeiste  generals ;  s.  In  Va., 

troops,  May  2, 1388,  dying  on  the  10th. 
Jack-«trav.  'stra.      One  if  a  set  of 

BtrAws  being  thrown  donfusodly  tngetber 
on  a  table,  to  ba  gatiered  np  alnjlr  bf 
a  booked  Instnuneot  wlthoat  dlstorblng 


frrt'ritiT  AiiiDixtun  of  drbuod  lijiUan 
JaooUn.  Jnli'S-Wn,     A  Omj-  nr  IinmLnl- 

'tI^Iodi'  n'lmljHaiiii  in  FnncD  durlog  tUu 
iDin  Id  ttas  munutorr  ot  IliD  Juoblii 
Jnoobtts. -bit     Id  Edr.  ni«t  ■  parUuD 

or  ChriMlam  In'Syria  and  *M»onoBunlll 
irbn  hold  that  Jcgoa  Christ  bad  Wt  od« 

BumliHii,  n  iyttim  disdple  of  Entrohes, 
Jacob'k-Btafr.  Jii'knbz-iuf.  A  Eurre^ or'a 
InatruniDiii  lur  uklnf:  hcl<;hu  end  dis- 

jBCob'o-atoiie, -ftAn.  TbaBtonebraacbl 
from  dronp.  fu  P.Tthshlre,  hj  Edwsrd  1. 

Ibe  kings  of  Enelana  sit  at  their  comuii- 
tloD ;   BO  named  &nm  being  reputed  tt^ 


T>gaiuutthB,  Icg-Ewi  ■"»'  t1i»-  TiifLnrd 
df  Uie  Warli.'-  Urn  nsme  t^ven  ta  Erlsh- 
m,  Uio  eighth'  


bera  of  ]KKiplfi  were  wont  to  throw  thuin- 

thai  hy  snlTarUig  thla  wrt  of  d«th  thej 
abonldbe  ImoiedlatalyconTeyfld  to  haiTm. 
TblB  boRld  jnwdlce,  lioACTCi,  t>  bow  at 


nomlnntlnna  of  thelrdsupd  salnu.  ThR 
den V  thu  dliiDa  arigiD  and  nathorltr  of  tbt 
Vnloj^bntTi^vfTence  certain  hoWmortik, 
who  havo  acquired  bj-aelfdonlaJiuidiiuit- 
tinontlon  n  itntion  auncrlor  to  thit  of  Uw 


Jaoqnanl,  Jtwsph  Harle,  ihah- 
A  FreDch  mccbanic  and  iDv-eotor,  n. 
d.  1S84.    Hla  Intention  of  ths  J. 


Iilef  port  of  Judeo,  During 
twnathe  prtnclfial  landlnf 
inropenn  invadeM.      Po|). 


iDni^h  iiaud  In  trutdcal  oi 
venetlBn  blllid. 
JaioaioB.    The  ehlef  1 
Island  :  ami  n.4O0  iu|.  in 
(KKI.    SpuiishTuwn  iBl 


Jamea.    The  nair 


Enicluid :  it.  lti«e, 


If  ScotJand)  nl 


e  aCdhv 


JAMBS  BtTBB 


r«(cd  In  lr'^ad,u]d  u.onciilc  In  France 
17UI.  J.  IV.  or  Snollsnil,  "Ihe  hud- 
fioiDeat  HDd  Dioflt  jihlvKjroua  prince  of  bis 

vu  nmrdarod  After  the  dlHulfoiu  defeat 
ne»r  EamiocklHini,  118S;  tilled  In  ihe  mh- 
'  Eiilnuy  baClle  it  riodden  Field.  1518,  lu 
wlitehBe«riy thoBiUivSimtcli  purngeot 
miitan  ji^  pertshed  with  their  blag. 
.  JuiuaHiv«r.  The  lirgeatdierof  VIt- 
KlnlH.  BOU  m,  la  length,  formed  by  tbe 

rivers.  It  empties  Into  Chesxpsike  Buy 
Bt  Korfol):,  end  Ulchniaiid.Uu  State  oip. 


J'kmpan,  'i 


«nPl"rl€ 


tMok  buuboo  poles,  Ml 

JKH,  Idii.  In  Mahemmeau  Myth,  ui  tn- 
frrlor  kind  of  demon. 

Jauiaary, 'l-ia-ri.  AtuldlerartheTurk.,. 
leh  rooleuerdi,  the  Grand  Selgnar's 
foirds.  They  became  turbolsDt,  and 
Hdnrill  arms  cgalnat  the  inltan,  wore  de- 
feated and  defllroyed  In  ConataoUDOple, 
1S3«. 

jMl—ntat,  'sen-lit.  A  follower  of 
Jmdhb.  blihop  of  Ypreg  In  Flimden, 
vbs  leaned  to  tbe  doctrlno  of  Irrealstdble 

Baotata  A>nned  a  powerful  party  In  tbe 

JkDta,  Un'tfi.  A  maiAbi*  lor  raMng 
water  lolrrlgate  land.  Heed  Id  Hlndnitan. 

Janiurr,  >a'a-a-r1.  Ilie  lint  month  of 
the  year  aeeording  to  the  preaent  oompu- 

ocebandimdattiain  the 
Idedovor  tho  commenee- 
crla1tln(..    Hie  temple  at 


with  two  fc 
holding  a  ke> 


mated  po| 


,".,S"i'i 

tSJi(y  N.  and  Ion. 

.. J.WO  M.  m.,  aatl- 

U.IM0,00a.  Itla^Tldedlnto 
MN  pivTliMa,  (omriMd  tnt 

iboidlittM  la  Of  UkadO,  v 


emperor.  Tbe  ehlBf  dtlea  are  Teddo, 
sap.,  Ninnakl,  Takohaini,  IIIoko.  Oeaka- 
NugatMIatodsdl,  .Ulikoand  Kfatsnmal. 
Japan  is  mpldly  adapHDif  herself  to  ih« 
highest  bniis  ofdYlBzatlon. 


tide)  the  ftmlly  of  man,  il 

1d«  Mongolldie  and  AUa 

prlsea  the  chief  nadoni  of  Europe  beloDf- 

Ide  to  the  hniUy  gBBerally  known  at  tba 

Japhath.     In  Scrip,  the  third  hhi  of 


d  at  Bra^  and  Tory  pd' 

Ju41iilere,  ihilr.di!n-yb.  An  omamea- 
tal  eland  for  plante  and  Qower^  uaad  aa  a 

Jul,  ybl.    The  name  KlTen  In  tbe  earl; 

the  UeuEenant  or  governor  of  a  proTtnee ; 

T«aper,  Jii'per.  An  Impiire  opaqneeol- 
ored  qnirli.Mu  bard  than  lUnt  or  oom- 
mon  quarti,  but  which  glr«  Are  wKh 
al^cl-     It  AdmltA  of  an  elegant  pobah,  and 


Jaaponyx,  'p>~>-Dlt 


•vautlfiil  green  loaea, 


)d  In  the  &ct  that  It 


tbe  baoda  of  tbe  Tnrki,  Tartar*.  Fd1«(,' 


whieb  the  pasHO- 

Java,  Joh'rah.    The  prinelpaTJelaud  of 

10,vn,1»  K.,  nepirated  from  Borneo  on 
the  N.  by  the  HeaofJaTi;  aresllncIndUir 
Madora).  Sl.SM  iq,  m.:  pop.  abt  ll.ODO,- 
OOa.  Batavla.  the  eap.,  U  the  reaMaou  of 
thaTtoaraj  attlLaOa,tsk&.li>UMk 


JGBSBT  CITT 


Javslln.  niii.  AllMhtHw-arUirawnfroiD 
)>.v'ji..r''uundruui. 
Jay.  Ja.    AMnI,  k<'"- OutuIbr,  bm.  <'<>r- 

Jar.  j<dui.  A  dl'llnculKbrd  Amirfmi 
.Aila>DIRii  lUMl  liirM,  i.  In  N.  V.,  H'U.  Ii. 
1'^.  llfWu*DiMiiliiT«rthaflr»tt;un- 
Uni-ntiil  l'on)ireiw,  I'hli-f  juiiUni  inil  irov- 

rlnJ  niniiuiulonoF  In  niwMiiUUiic  ■  cmtv 
with  >:iii.'liui'l.  IIM. 

nBMi<.rtluMld<lli-A|tn>  to  tumily  ilic 
plua  of  the  huiivr  (vWDr  uf  cbHD  and 
pbte,  eompitEiAl  of  oviTtii|>pkn^  iiln'i-n  of 

whkJm-BBCDvcUdirttlidatli.Bllk  orvcl- 

mired  thfi  plaWs  tormlng  mi  othbiooih  dd 

Jefferson,  Thomaa,  Tha  3il 

took  pa  acUvi^  jtort  fu  the  pn>c 

oflliecominltlFOU-lilrh  rrportcd  and  tha 
repoUil  author  of  tliu  l>pglaraiJon  of  Inda- 

yZ.  Minister  lo  rnaiat.  Sccn'tlry  ot 
HDitniD  PrealdeDt  WniiUln».'ton'B  I'ablnot. 
Vfoc-Hrwideot  wllh  I'nsldfnt  JoLn  Ad- 
■niii.  and  waa  cloetod  Fn>>ld«it  is  1801  ud 

Jtttrtiyu,  Otorge,  Iiord.  An  Engllab 
lud|;»»nd  VlcoJ-'luuioalior.  nolortoas  fur 
eruullv  and  Iniustlcs !  a.  1<S«.  d.  In  th« 
Tower  lflS9. 

Jehovah,  Ju-ho'va.    A  Scripture  nxne      ^„„ 
oftli»Bu|mmoBfiioir,  IhsiirMw  ft^mol     i,|p. 

bo  VahvchorYnhwoh. 

JeloisnK,  jol'or-HDir.  A  apocloaorK.  In- 
dian N|Ulrn!l(Beiiirua]avaDtDidii). 

J«U7-flBh,  'U-flsh.  TbA  i»[iDlar  name 
oflhaMi-dusldic,  AcalopliiB  or  mu-nsului. 

Jomidar.lom-l-dar'.  A  nallvBufltccrln 
tbu  An):lu'IndlaD  army  lia^'InE  tho  rani 

Jsna,  ya'nah.    A  olly  of  Hoio-W«lmnr, 

ImlCy  ta't^e  groat  battj's.  Oct.  14, 1SU6.  In 

iiny'Bllh1rnin''«naoloM;  al-otathnoat 
of  I.  v,.|i.T«hlo  unlvenlly  fouDdfd  IMS. 
Jbh^  Khan  {Oeiighla,}.  Jatn'i,'Is.    A 

In  Uhlna,  PorsU,  BoUiariJuidSuninAnd; 
B.  IIM.  D.  1^.  It  la  utlqatod  that  hla 
nra  Gaaaod  Uu  ■Isngbjg-   of  5,DM,DM 


rufomiiT,  B.  at  llajnio 

A^mtingqW 

»l  Bnpj.;^ 

taney.    The  lart-cBt  o 

Cap.  BL  HeUor'*. 
Jarasr  Ctty.    Cap.  o 
J.,opvoiUa^ni!titk 

lbs  Channel 
to  Gl.  Brim 
u..;  j»p,  6S.S 

HodKn  Co.. 

Ib.  Syria,  8f  m.  E 
it  the  river  Jordan 


■,  and  forming  the  most  eelBbrated 
llie  K.  tl.  retiKioaa  ordera.    Tlwy 


hedoothcprini:Lple«oftlieJc8ulU, 
tpreiwodby  TTrbaii  Vlll.  lu  IGW). 
K'nia.  The  Son  ot  Ood:  the 
■ofmen.  In  tb«  Naw  Toalamont 
me  lesoaa,  Jesue,  la  IVeouenUv 
sd  wltli  ChrisloB,  ths  Anointed, 


.    Ablack.isOaiiiiiiableroS^l  ai 
harder  than  aaobalt.  susoeoti 

id  poUah,  Bj 

nbeda  «r 
highly  00 


if  lignltn  nod  ca 


Uantr&ea! 


>t  Uohammedonifim 


Jlg-er.    Th 

'ff^'^iial 

ttet 

tsr: 

it 

o^o'dJE^i 

MohatL 

medan  Myth. 

thouaandBo 

S 

X 

hon.  tnllt 

l..abdtbelr 

chief  r< 

fltdenco  i» 

In  Kit    Atabfo  wrftem  state 

Joan  of   Aic   (La  Puoelle  d'Or- 

tu  be  iDBpIred  with  a  mlHtfon  td  IVee  her 

eu^ed  a  hirge  portion  ofl^  and  riidtora 
Intemalpeace,  an4  in  1429,  when  but  13, 
vb^tted  Ubarlea  VII.  atCblnon,  and  pniiD- 
Tacd  to  rajae  the  elcge  of  Orleona  and  ooa- 

The  King  c  jmmlaHloned  Eier,  and  at  the 
head  of  an  army  larfeLy  Inhrrired  Iw  her 
o»n  enibniUiDi  abe  aonomplUJwd  vhat 
Hhe  bad  promleed,  the  King*  heln^  orowned 


Job.    InHoriD.  apatriarchofCijtho  ei- 

mif^ar,  althoggb  It^ia  a^matter°^f  duobt 

Jooksy,  jak'l.    A  mim  ichotio  pni<^ialDn 

Toclcey-olub.  -Uob.    A  elnb  or  auooti- 
l^n  of  peraona  Eatereatod  In  horafl-radng, 

Jf^i-Jog'!.    In  theE.  Indiea,  Itae  name 


Johannlabarg,  'is-berg.  Th 
and  most  expenalye  of  the  Bbenls 
John,    The  name  of  a  large  nu 


■of 


son  oftheEmpemr  Charles  v.;  B.  1548, 
D.  IbTS.    Uo»asone  of  the  ablest  gen- 

bined'fliwlB  or  3p:to  and  Italy  gaining 
the  ImpoTtont  haval  victory  oviT  the 
Turks  at  Lepanto.    UeeUnbiK  Qie  Giynian 

lands.iM6,DnA1tlaba!lnV»aHpolMner 
J.  orBurgniidy.euruamiril  'hythe  Saltan 
Bajuiel,  ■'HaasI'BOr-lhD  BWleaa;"  n. 
1814  a.  bis  bthcr  PhlUp  the  Bold  on 
the  Burgnndloo  throno.    Ho  was  made 

ErUooer  in  a  campaign  against  tho  Torlu 
□t  reUaeed :  fought  ag^at  the  1i]cgllBb, 
and  03  guardian  of  the  Dauphin  attained 


•linoit  rvra]  power  in  FnoUt  ti^t  wJI 
munlxnul,  Uli,  >t  thn  lna%>Ui>ii  or  th 
litter.  J,  inunumn]  "  Luikliuirl ")  t 
£iikIiuu1,  a.  liui,  i>.  I21S.  lis  wai  Ih 
youDKi'sl  Kin  ur  lli'nr;  lI,,Biia  brotbi: 

iHWmlliu  tuvBtojtpiultdLnchiijaLUT.  II 
Att^^inplvU  lii  i]4-pnvK  Um  |HKi[ilfl  of  lb 
dtArttr  urlkburtlvA  i^tanUnl  by  llonry  I. 
but  tho  IniniBS  Ocwln  inntuil  uimpellr 
Uui  to  t]go  Jlt^na  Cluni.  1  J]5.  Ho  dU.- 
tbe  nUi-et  or  anlnnal  aiccntlun,  J.  1 
rthe  (irraX}  of  Portugiil,  B.  1»5I,  d.  I4B) 
Ha  OATfipd   on   lucreBdniL  wars  spdni 

iume  dlHcvvvrlc-n  niul 


a.l-m,  >.  hisblbw  Al 


hli  &tber  £m*inii 


^1  tbe  Or«at,  IBS 
IKiJ^    lie  F9iaoufluud  tho  loqulsltloD 

eoioplzed  DrHzIL  and  Japan  W--  " 

-  .    J.\V.{ 


lOltS,  D.    .-~.      .« 

oouDtry  fttun  flpsali 
uppolntad  regtnl  li.o,  .m 
ItJOT,  on  Its  accnnsllon  by  the 
rfldTin^toBrullbecAino  Its  a 

Ubliahed  OhrlsttanUy  la'hlsi 
between  I^oT^^s  62U  uid  U 
Jolm,  St 


tIH' 


hn,  8t    (Tho: 
'elvoaposUes,  X 


In  tlia  ConfEdatale  Mrvloe:  a.  m  a.t- 
1MB,  UUcd  *t  thK  batllo  of  ShlbA,  im 
Joluutoix,  7aMpta  Booleoton.    An 


Jotnt-wonn.  Jolnt'wenn.      i.   tolnttd 


thGL  Britain  h>    

tDissod  anaocoantura  prlnte  qDiVM<  nd 
died  la  Psris  In  potortj. 
JonBoa,  Ben.     An    EneUih  poot  nil 


Johnaoit.  Andrew.     ITib  lltli  presl- 

tion  or  Abrniui^  LlDO^ ;  a.  Id  N.  C. 
1903,  D.  13Ta.  Urlcliiilly  a  laUor,  Mr.  J. 
entered  puHtlca  in  TanneaMje  In  early  maD- 

oflAaLeclabture,  oCtho  Natlaiul  Uouse 
of  Hepreaeatatlvel,  Gorernur  of  the  9tua 
two  tsrnia,  and  lo  tbo  U.  S.  Btnalo.    Ad- 

e^ded,  bo  waa  apuolntecl  mlUlary  ^verD- 
or.andln  18U  waaelaotedVlce-PresldenC, 
b^ni  awom  In  aa  President  on  Mr.  IJn- 
coln'i  death.  Dimrlnff  wlUi  W«  parly  re- 
BpecUaK-  reconali^otloD  ,be  waa  Impeacbcd. 
but  aoquittod  by  a  very  close  vole,    lie 

Johnson,    BeTordT.        An    eminent  , 

AraerioanstflleiinwiiiidJurialiB.lnMd.,  i 

nue,  u,  1876. 

Johoson,  Samuel.  A  diatlngulslwd 
Eugllsli  author  and  lyilwgripbar,  u.  IIW, 


Jordan.     The  cbteT  river  o 
too  m.  In  length,  emptying  In 

JOBOPt,  ja'ief.    A  rldlne  eo 
for  Tomen.  irilh  buttons  dc 

Joaaph.    In  Bcrip.  one  et  a 

Ueaopolamia  e 


II  bralhera  ind  taken  to  VaBt 
If  the  husband  of  Itaiyi 


made  klnifof  Hun 


II  da  la  PtLgerie.     First  vKt 

-  •     -   ■-    MurUolqBe,  ll«,r, 
ow  jftbe  Vloaat* 


or  Napoleon  III),  Napoleon  dliomd 
because  ahe  ban  him  Bo  obildranta  I 
—      -"-loTKlandplaad. 


JOSBPHUS 


m 


jtrecnsBiTAUT 


JosephUSflBlaTixui.  An  eminent  He- 
brew historian  ;  B.  at  jOTOBalem  a.  d.  87, 
D.  at  Borne  95. 

Joso,  'so.    A  Bmall  fish  of  the  gudgeon 

kind. 

Joss-stick,  jos'stik.  In  China,  a  small 
reed  covered  with  the  dust  of  odoriferous 
woods,  and  burned  before  an  idoL 

Jougrs,  jn^-  An  instrument  of  ptmish- 
meni  formerly  used  in  Scotland,  oonsist- 
ingof  an  iron  collar  which  surrounded 
the  neck  of  the  criminal,  and  was  fastened 
to  a  wall  or  tree  by  an  iron  chain. 

JouTdan,  Jean  Baptiste.  A  distin- 
guished French  Marshal ;  b.  1762,  n.  1888. 

Joumeyizian,  Jer'nl-man.  Any  me- 
chanic or  workman  who  has  served  his 
apprenticeship,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
learned  his  special  occupation. 

Joust,  JOst.  A  mock  encounter  on  horse- 
back, in  which  the  combatants  pushed 
with  lances  and  struck  with  swords,  man 
to  man,  in  mock  fight ;  a  tilt ;  one  of  the 
exercises  at  tournaments.  It  has  recently 
been  revived  in  some  of  the  Southern 
States. 

Jon  stl  ng-hebnet,  Mng-holm-et.  A 
wide,  ]ai;ge  helmet  made  to  cover  the 
head  and  nedk,  and  rest  unan  the  shoul- 
ders of  'Uie  Imight,  used  in  Jousts  and 
tournaments.  It  was  decorated  with  the 
orle  displaylDg  his  colors,  and  his  oreet 
above  that. 

Jove,  j5v.  The  chief  divinity  of  the  Bo- 
mans  ;  Jupiter.    The  planet  Jupiter. 

Jovinianist,  J5-vin'l-an-ist.  A  follower 
of  Jovlnian,  a  monk  of  the  5th  century, 
who  denied  the  virgiaity  of  Mary. 

Juan  Fernandez.  An  island  in  the  Pa- 
dflc,  abt.  100  m.  W.  of  Valparaiso,  noted 
as  the  residence  for  four  years  of  Alexan- 
der Selkirk,  an  adventurous  Scotch  sailor, 
whose  lifo  on  this  island  is  supposed 
to  have  suggested  Defoe's  "Eobinson 
Crusoe." 

Zn^xez,  Benito.  President  of  Mexico 
when  that  countrj' was  invaded  by  France, 
and  also  after  the  death  of  Maximilian  ;  b. 
1807,  D.  1872.  He  was  of  native  Indian 
descent. 

Jnba,  Ju'ba.  The  long,  thick-set  hairs 
which  adorn  the  neck,  chest  or  spine  of 
certain  quadrupeds. 

jTabilate,  -bi-lfi'te.  The  third  Sunday 
after  Easter ;  so  called  because  in  the 
Inimitive  church  divine  service  was  com- 
tneneed  with  the  words  of  the  sixty-sixth 
-PMdm :  "  Jubilate  Deo,  omnes  terns  "— 
^  etDf  to  fhe  Lord,  aU  )r«  lands." 


Jubilee, '16.  Among  the  Jews,  every 
50th  year,  being  the  year  following  the 
revolution  of  seven  weeks  of  years,  at 
which  time  sdl  the  slaves  were  liberated 
and  all  lands  which  had  been  alienated 
during  the  whole  period  reverted  to  their 
former  owners.  A  church  ceremony  cel- 
ebrated at  Kome  at  stated  intervals,  ori^^- 
Inally  of  a  hundred  years,  but  now.  of 
twenty -five,  in  which  the  Pope  grant* 
plenary  indulgence  to  sinners. 

Judah.  One  of  the  12  Hebrew  patriarchs, 
the  4th  son  of  Jacob,  b.  1756  b.  c,  and 
progenitor  of  the  principal  Jewish  tribe, 
from  which  all  Jews  derived  their  name. 

Judas  Isoariot.  One  of  the  12  apos- 
tles, and  the  betrayer  of  Christ  for  tluriy 
pieces' of  silver.     He  comthitted  suicide. 

Judaism,  'da-izm.  The  religious  doc- 
trines and  rites  of  the  Jews,  as  enjoined 
in  the  laws  of  Moses. 

Judas-tree,  'das-tre.     A  plant  of  the 
.  gen.  Cercis,  ord.  Leguminosse,  sub-ord. 
Ceesalpinese. 

Jud^re,  ju).  In  Jewish  Hist,  a  ehief  mag- 
istrate with  civil  and  military  powers. 
The  Israelites  were  governed  by  judges 
more  than  800  years,  and  their  history  is 
called  the  Book  of  Judges. 

Judflrment-day,  'ment-day.  In  Thed. 
the  day  when  the  final  judgment  will  be 
pronounced  on  the  subjects  of  Ood's 
moral  government. 

Judica,  jQ'di-ka.  The  5th  Sunday  of 
Lent :  so  named  because  in  the  primitive 
churdi  the  services  of  the  day  were  begun 
with  the  opening  words  of  the  forty-tmrd 
Psahn:  "Judica  me,  Domine"— "Judge 
me,  O  Lord." 

Judiciary!  -di'shi-a-ri.  That  branch  o! 
the  government  which  is  concerned  in  tho 
trial  and  determination  of  controversies 
between  parties  and  of  criminal  prosecu- 
tions ;  the  system  of  courts  of  iustice  in  a 
government;  the  judges  taken  collec- 
tively. 

JuiT&ta,  -ga'ta.  In  Numis.  two  heads 
represented  upon  a  medal  side  by  side  or 
joining  each  other. 

Juggernaut,  jug'ger-nat.  The  popular 
form  of  Jagannutha,  the  fhmous  Hindu 
idol.  A  dty  in  Bengal,  India,  260  m.  S. 
W.  of  Calcutta,  sacred  to  Hindu  pil- 
grims, containing  a  temple  dedicated  to 
Yishnu,  to  which  hundreds  of  thousands 
annually  repair.  The  god  is  borne  on  a 
huge  car  from  the  temple  to  a  pavilion 
about  a  mile  distant,  and  formerly  many 
devotees  cast  tiiemselves  before  the  wheels 
and  were  crashed  to  desth,  it  befnf  estt* 


JULIAS     '  * 

niled  Uut  mtmoni  Iww  thiu  ucrlRced 

tbl-DIMlVfl. 

Jnllon,  Jiill-nn.  TI10  Mlnidiir  h  ndlnsleil 
™"™  iilX'io  oin-lflt  gf  SBr^  .luyii, 
i  hours,  li»t<-wl  cif  MlKi  •Uyn.  vlik'li  te- 
inilnrit  III  iiui  unHI    lUporH.'del  l>y  Itio 


Ml,  cni>Tne.lS61. 11.804.    Hcut- 

»t,  -fst.    Ons  of  a  BocUon  of  Iho 

uirly<!i.ptl«  Church,  who  hold  tho  Bjiv- 
wir'iboflyto  bolncormpUWo:  ao  oalied 


Kgi  torecuUs  uid  poop,  ud  ordinmily 
JUliBfntil,   jvottg'tniTr.     (Hia  Virgin). 


&  SwlH  Alplu^Hk,  ISiTIBft.  Mian 


June.jun.  rh«  eih  coonih  oftheji 
Jnnglo-fowl,  Jung'tri-fooL  A  nl 
»nd  ludto.  Th8]ungl»-(ljwl  of  Aiudi 
JunglB-fuwl  Is  GsUni  SoniierstH,  the  E 


SohuDtaiiuHn  (Pilnca  Blsiruirck).  wbea 
was  an]»lntBd  prime  mlnletei,  SUi 


Ihlnpsd  in  Italy 
early    period. 

Jupiter  did  to  men. 

She  >vBa  ilw  the  Kuardlu  of  Uw  utioi 

floancFS,  and  a  (einplo.  wUsh  oontair 

Itollne.  In  Astron.  oneof  UlB  tDullpIi 
eti>  btdweeo  tho  orblU  of  Uus  ud  j 

aiii-dHluaTly,  a  grand  eeuiDll  of  stats 

Junto,  'ti-.  A  acloct  cooncil  or  asaemb 
whEcti  deUbenUrs  In  secret  oa  any  aflkh 
eaTomment ;  a  mottln^  of  men  njr  sea 
uitiiKUU  for  party  purpoaaa ;  a  lliatlan 

JupItar.jO'pl-t 
supreme  dolty,! 


In  Bom.  MtUl  1 
^ulvalentoftieQn 

(Best  G^eatem), 
Boprema    la  ban 


nrlMlj  wgre  whltB  apt. 


Joatlik,  St.  (The  >bi^).     OnaofUH 
Clirtstlui  htban,  b.  iD.Pululliia  *bt.  IW, 


J!l.OflbsKagfillhlIllll>bct.uidTeprewiits 
ons  of  tb«  wnids  oT  the  arigtns)  ludo- 
Earapau  atebibet.  In  Ah^d-Buoq  h 
WW  OSCUlllHlillj  nwd.  but  a  ms  regn- 
lariy  anplaysd  for  Ui«  umn  Bonnd.  aci) 
prerlona  to  tbelSth  untnrf  this  letter  naa 

Botind,  beln^  cTasKd  u  %  guttural  mote, 
BipfoBiv«,  or  moiaeutKry  ooDHOuit,  and 
KpreeentA  a  hard  or   surd   artleulatloii. 

inhtlck.  An.,  bat  Is  now  omttled  uBuprr^ 
nous.    Knftimisaooniinon  Inlttal 

blutlon  <n  Eai^lsh   words,  but  In 

knifc,  Urne.  B9(b«%  or°l  u  »n 
eoiDbliiMJon  tU>  unnd  ii  repreaeDted  by 
o,Hin  VHin,  gleu.  Ai  ■  oontrtxitlon  K 
stud*  <br  KslEbt.  u  K.  B.,  Enliht  oftho 
Itetli;  E.  O..  Ktilglitartb«Gvter;K.  a 
B.,  Knigbt  OommudHof  tha  BMh. 


^SS-SKCM* 

bird,    a 

p*4e<  of 

ffir™.=!'- 

.    Atflcsn 
huno-bA 

-j^ortK 

Kabanl,  ktbi'm. 

who,  In 

(WentMl  >tal«.  '"p 

1*»  ofj 

noarypuhUs;  lUn 

Leyimt 

^.W 

ra 

lug  to'  lite,  hot  !■« 

l«IIUll»d 

on  oondt- 

EadAilte,  kid'i-rit.  Oih  of  i  Hot 
unoflff  tho  HobuwinoduB  who  donj  tho 
dooirba  of  pndastliualDD  ud  majntilm 
tbst  of  fros-wUl. 

yn«i-h  luTl-l*.  A  frt/  tnnllBC  witk 


mlgUon  *Pl'1*^    *^ 


KaflT,  V 

One  df  * 

SCO  i.nr«cl  OTW 

rn  Amen,  from  Cipe  Coloiif  lo 
J-,  eo  Mllod  by  Iha  Inhj^^lMtt 

?t"^Z 

fu^nl  to  u 

(ptti^  wuT 

SiLftan,  ' 

ntworn  iDEut- 

VMl^tled  1 

iri-ra 

f-33 

,L«Y«  cxtendlBi!  btjo 

Ibo  flnften 

A  long  d 

.bo>«tt. 

»■■, 

^^r^.m 

iSubi^'C^i 

iMBlhofl 

Kakapo. 
eirigoi.^  h 

Bk'a-no,     The  OHl-pnrrot,  the 

B'luid.     A  In 

miemltvwblch 

uri([lnjiled 

^ydWnOMtml 


_      ._.  ThBCoremgdeBgrmda- 

■Qy  de«M)«T«twl  Into  excMKfl.  uid  tJu 
ftWsnirtr  wu  atKiUBhed. 
XmleldoBOope,  tH-U'dS-tkSp.    An  imll- 
«l  lastriiDicDt  whlah  eiblUCa.  by  roBoo- 
thm.  •virtBtj'uf  bE«itJful<»loni»nd  sym- 

Kal^Twa.  kil-lja'gL    Tho  Iwt  of  the 

lavthaluiiy.  It  cduststed  ar4«9,0IK<  eolar- 
eldeKul  vtaTB,  antl  begHn  Boma  thoDBBZiiIa 
oryeu-ibcfbre  the  CtaristUn  era. 
XaIM,  -k^.  An  arBlar  or  liiiam^tlaa  of 
plaAO  about  the  cloeo  of  the  Kottyii^  n^^ 
^  be    Bur 


1  eslabUshiid  od  oerth ;  t 


of  cbit  I«e  ehnU  be  n 
poUodd  u  cr^Bttd. 
SaloDg,  kft'long.    A 


(Trent  kBlpi,  Instend  of  •  iaj,  ooinprlMs 
tho  life  orttnhmi. 

h -pn-eO'lrt.    InVedleUt 


KalsMpea,  -M'pv.  TtaeHibnOooM 
for  ID  ejnnnt  flpede*  of  ujt«lo»,  ud 
guying  Dunlly  bUck-t>tL 

•»•-"—.  ki'ml.    The  Hlnda gol  of  Ion. 

Xami,  kftm'u.  A  jApui«e  Utle  bnk^' 
ing  primarily  to  Uie  c«]eatUI  ndt  whd 
fiinned  the  (Irgt  mylbolDglisl^fUiQ. 
then  eitended  to  the  IdregQiil  ndt  ei 
Uie  acoimd  dynaety,  ud  than  tonalini 
line  of  ■pirltual  prlDeeft  who  m  Mill  rtJK 
reaented  by  the  nitkslo. 

Zamptallooa,  kamp-tQII-koB.    Akbd 

Kftmain,  kam'tln.    Abet  hdUii^wW 

In  Egj-pt;  theelmaon. 
Kamtaohatks.  A  largv  peolnHlion  be 

E.  cDut  of  Hiberii,  bekuiglDg  to  Kuril. 

Tn-nnVw^      JU-Uk'lL.  A     lUtlT*     Of    tb 

Suidwicb  liludL 


Icon  Uelac.  idmltted  ISfll,  hounded  V. 
bvNebn9ka.E.byMlesoiul.  S.brlBdtBi 
■l'er.,W.l>y  Colorado;  »rM81^lSM;in.; 
pop.  me.OM.  Chief  towns,  Tapek&7eu.. 
"•     ■ '.tiitaoi.  »aJ 


I,  UlBBODri,  Ajkoniu 


:  uid   philosophi 
il  or    ^VeDBcen. 


KARASAQ  «Ct  KETTLK-DRUM 

Ban.      kur'B-mn.       VuIjim    K,,    t  whan   bnrnBd,  from   which    c«rboiiiit8  rf 

-a  ofgraj  fOi  fannd  In  the  Buulu  todst>  obulaed. 

t-  Kolplo,  kol'pi.     In  ScoUnnd.  in   Im^a- 

Ito.  ki'n-it    A  momber  of  t  Jew-  try  t^iil  of  Ihs  waWra  In  Uio  Itorm  of* 

iO.  which  nUieret  to   Iho  IrtMr    of  hon«,  baUsTsd  lo  gtV8  prflHoOj  wuirtdi 

to  KAbbhtlAU.  dntwiiiai;  Imtaodb^ 

msin,    Nikolai      Kikliaalo-  EBnt-bTi^e,A 

L      AnemljipntKuMlMi  hUtorUn;  teiifbH-gL  AM 

■Uer.   iLi-rss'tt-M.      One  of  the  teyed  bn^,  I 

ifficanorJuatkwIuTnrHer.ruLdLng  va  whlcb  or- T 

mataatinDp^ef  uid  ft  Di«nib«r  of  tbo  0:7  toueln  th9  

».  marisd   Hsla  Kant-bnato, 

ao.    An  EevdMui  ilUue  DasDnrlnE  f>  b«  »iuid- 

taofuele^  Tb«be>T«U«fl7  nolsd  ed.    Alu oiUal  tha kej-bivK 

.eiMinfyBni[n«.  Eentnoky.      Ona  of  tha  Slulet  of  Uw 

kera,     Ui-tl-U'7L      In    HLoda  AmaliiuiriilaD,Bdmitbiin»l.  bounded 

Uiagodofwiir.oarnapoDdliigtoUie  ir.br  Ohio,  iBdlAna  and   llUnala,  E.  br 

Ittn.    HaUeommudar-ln-shlerof  Vliglilsiiij  W.  VIcstnli,  B.  by 'reim«- 

ItilM  UmJH.  tee.  W.  hr  MIhodtI  ;  ana.  Sl.tSO  tq.  m.; 

mnndoo,     fcat-tl-mim'dfl.      Tha  pop.  I,»*8,<e0;prindp»l  towns. Franfcftirt. 

)u1co  of  tho   E.  lodlan    plant  Eu-  c*p.>    LouIavlUf.    Lailp^^n,   CoTbLtr^n, 

.    libD^daTaw^t  f^mnil'  Hlckmu;:  chlaf  riien,  tha  Ulialwlppl, 

huidles,  4e.  Ohio,   Kentocky,     TeDDSiua,    Combir- 


did.  kt'a-dld. 


,  Pla^phf  Uum  oonuavuin,  a  iped«  Kepler^  Idtwa,  keplenlgi.    Thaliwi 

labopper.  oflbecouneioflhopluaUHUUithed  bj 

H  'VL    A  tptcia  of  pfppar  <>I«ra-  Kapler. 

methfiUDum),  flom  whou  root  u)  '"""-"»;  ke-ri'DL    A  Isog  wind  iDitrn- 

DatJor  bevera^o  Is  inadB  tj    tha  mentHkaatrnmpvt.  mnohaHdlnPrnli, 

.fiaalakiidan.  boluf  aoimded  aireiiljif  and  mominf , 

Xka'ak.     A  Heht  flahtog-boM  In  Xomwu. 'mui.    Adjo-MiUTwnBtoangof 

ilaod,  madeafaeal-aklDa.  tha  diied  bodiu  of  the  femalaa  of  ana  or 

ih.keb'h.    Thepolntlowardwhloh  two  aptelrn  of  Coonni,  more  panDuieal 

■DHdwiB  tarn  thalr  boas  in  pnyer,  bot  lees  brlillinl  than  cochlneiL 

Cl»  dlnalloii    of  Cba   taoiplB   at  Kem.kem.  A  llnht-anncdroot-HldiCT  of 

L  tha  aadent  inab  mllltla  and  the  HlgUald* 


)U.    InbnwIsg.abroadBatTeud 


JMs  nwUotM,  ambiKlng    leveral      wKIi  jMnbuiait,  Ibimcrtr  OMd  tn  prfnU 
>.  mart&tmualcmr  cavalry,  bat  sow  (Uc^ 

kalp.'  Tha  prodnoB  of  laa  iwada     soaflBed  to  orduitni. 


■,  BlUeil  to  I 
Qie  sliB  of  «  guinoM-pig. 

KeroHlena.   'o*i-liJn. 
11)^1,  vuklUe,  liquid  hyd 


itreraelT 


tb»  iMt  pat  In,  Xtjt  grlo^i 

Uag ;  ■  prtnoa ;  i 


the  whole  lo^attafr, 

iriinw_    kui.      In  AftU,  a  RDTemor;  i 
•.tj. 1 -ku      ■     Ifiiiliiiiilm, 


UdbBblti. 

moDOFB  vhQ  remefteDt  tbo  people  In  thi- 
PirHamenl  or  Oonrt  of  Tyowild  of  thp 
leleofMan.ronulniiDiisof  Uie  brmoclier 
of  tbo  leglglitlTe  bod;  of  lbs  lilind.  Uit 
other  bnuioh  ooh^Uds  oT  Uib  goVBmor 


oTtvo  kljiu— ttioao  fbr  bav^M*  »dpB- 
grimi  where  a  lodxtng  la  ftunlibad  grni, 
and  Iboseftv  tndm,  nnullr  btauoDW 

ehkrged  fiir  lodgmoit,  bat  ■  doU  li 
eturged  on  iD  goodi  »ld  wttUa.  Iwh 
mn  belong  to  irDvenuuent  or  ts  I^nle 

Indlvkloihi. 

Kbanate,  'it.       Tb«  JurladleUoB  at  * 


atlr  of  OBptr  HaHh 
Esjpl,  on  IlB  Blue  M6.JBM  *1>0>«IU 
InnQUoa  nllh  the  WllIU  Kile.    It  ^> 
We  omnn  tr«de ;  pop.  84,410. 
KhediTS,  ke-dfiT'.     A  TmUah  tUi^t^ 

eiHl  M  the  Puhi  (x  OoTBraar  of  Bin*. 
plying  4  rank  or  iwthorl^  eaparforto 
a  prlnee  or  Tlc«oy,  bnt  Inftrinr  U  ■■  h- 
deiHDdisIit  (OVIrdgll.    Tha  title  ia  u  old  > 
one  roTlTed  b;  IbduoI  I. 

minlmiTi      latl'BuIl.      Ttw    UttT*  d«  (f 

iBdli;  the  dhole. 
Ebotboli,  kotOn.  A  Mahaiiimsdui  Sum 

of  pubUo  woraUp  In  tbe  moMiBse  mmf 
Friday  monlDg'.  U  Is  rsnrdtd  a*  tlu 
most  laered  portion  of  ttaa  unioa,  i>d 
the  InBerUanorblanama  In  thlspr^rarli 
rceardod  u  the  oblef  premeatlTe  oTIb 


ilBtSngofalhune  ofwoodooT- 

enxl  with  felt  or  leather,  and  pbiced  en 
whQcIs,  BcrilDg  asamoYible  habitation. 
KibllnK,  klb'llng.  A  put  ofsanullfldi 
qae<l  by  flghermeu  for  bait  onthebaoka 

Eld.  kid.  AyouncEoat.  Leather  mad* 
froLQ^enklii  ofakld.  orfromolherliMea 
IntmltaClDnoflt. 

KlddennlnBter,  'er-mln-aiK.  An  El 
Kllsh  OLTpctlng  composed  o'  ' 


rSS 


Xid-fbz, 'foks.    Ayo 
KikeknuemELLo,  klb 

brmlni  thamoat  bosaUfnl  tf ^'aa~n>- 
idahM. 

KlUamer.     A  tmni  In  Co.  Kbit.  Ird- 
land.notadftsttaethrMbeHtltallakM'ta 


blkfl,  uh]  For  Its  tmulEnltr  to  the  hi^b«t 


KlloKnumoeter.  -A-enin'iit-er,  Tlis 
Fninoli  unit  imployod  In  estlmitlnr  Ui« 
DiKhanlc^  ifork  peHbrm«d  bys  machine. 
11  represenW  (be  work  perfunaed  In 
raiting  &  tllofrram  thrvufiS  i  meter  of 


KlloUtn.  kl-tol'lttir.  In  Preni^  dcel- 
Dul  meuuns  1,000  liters,  K.SUt  inUo 
)Mt.  or  lt0.0»6T  Imparfil  (lUons. 

Xilomstsr,  -tom'st-sr.    In  French  deal- 


KIiw-Tttlttim,.'Va]-tIlr.  The  Sb«v 
luUDpiu  Flp*  or  tha  IntaRmplcsI  r«itaM 
of  Amsrtah  ftm.  VulturidB. 

Klnk^OO, 'ks-]u. 


belonging  to  the  emu 
lUlEd  to  the  flunlly  Ui 
Klnnikinio,  Un'i-k 
-"•" 'or  .moUag.  a, 


ip  CwcoleptldB,  ud 
roftheditS 

-OOTKd  Vfl- 

A  Tnrktsh  Mtfllon  or 
It  hu  beoi  fntiodDwd 


from  ToAay  ud  Persta 
psrks,  ke.,  or  Xuropo  and  j 
Elp-okto.  kip'skln.     Lestl 


-•kto.  kip'akln.  Losthcr  prejisre* 
a  the  sklD  of  young  cattle.  [nt«i~ 
llate  hetwMiii  ulhkLo  and  cuwhidi. 


a  EstaUlihiid  e 

Klncb-waaseT,  korsb'^iii-BeF. 

(wboHo  liquor  dlatlUed  from  the  fa 

Juice  of  the  small  bluk  cherry. 

mUed  the  brudy  of  SnllierliiDd. 
Xlah.  klsb. 

plomhwi  « 


Klt«.  in.      A  MP-  Elta. 

lorUiblrdoflheKI- 
oon  fluii  pfBii,  hfllmftgtholcut  fbrmJdubJe 

Klttlwake,  kU'tl-wik.  AmtiUorUlblid, 

Xlaber,  Jean   Baptlata.     A  eiUimt 

u  Artbin  E(D-iit,  isUO.  ' 
Klaptoroanlft,  klep-M-mii'nis.    A  snp- 

poiWl  siifclei  of  moral  lanaiillj,  oihllift- 

EUpapilaaer,  kllp'tpring-er,  A  beauU- 
ful  UtlU  ».  African  «nleUpe,  fvn.  Oreotra- 
^B,ufturfi-fboladaailii^UeA9thfl€bBnio>. 


5>;r 


oKTjIni;  » 


aicF  or  Bcrviot  palnled  on  It ;  b  ]«k. 
Enigiitbood,  'hvi.  .  a  ^ 
Tha  ohimour  or  dUf-  HH. 
nlty  Dfi  kntcht.  Ordw       4^9* 

gnnliMT  and  duly  oon-'I^J^^T^iLj' 
■  tltuted  body  of^^^j^^^ 
knighti.    ""■ '  -^^ 


poUCSBll 

inaepondent  bodloB. 
merply  lion' 


^Uilen  and  T> 

SMigbla.      Tie 

orateiMMI  moit  of  tha  ailBtlii(  Enropeaa 


ordin.  Hioh  ai  tlw  ordir  of  fba  Galta 
TIseoe,  or  Iba  H<dv  Oboat.  ud  «r  Ht  tt- 
«ha«L  Ths  BrlUib  ocdan  ara  the  ate 
nftheOarter,  thsThlatla,  &t.Fatrid.a)i 
Bith,  Bt.  Mlcbad  and  St.  OeoiBe, 


mlttod  to  ■  c«rtBla  military  rajltwllhspe- 

wbo  holdB  a  DArtaib  diettlty  ofmfared  hf 
Ida  »T«nd)n>  and  snUUing-  the  poueawr 
to  lisT*  the  title  Df  BIr  prefixed  to  lili 
ChrtitliD  nsma,  but  not  hcndllan  Hke 
the  dlfrnl^  of  baronet. 

Xnlcht-eiTajit.  -er'nnt.  Anodvlif 
kidfbt;  akntshcwbo  traTslad  in  tatA 
ofUTentuiva. 

Kuobber.  nob'ar.  A  bart  In  Ita  1^00^ 
year ;  a  brookaL 

Knobatick,  mk.    As  EngUah  turn  a 


Knot,  Dot.  A  graDatorial  bbd.  1 
Soolenacldie,  gen.  Tringa  C^.  eaaaa 
cloBufy  allied  to  Ibe  snipe. 

Knout,  nont.    An Inetromatit  ofpnDI 


born  Amerleua  to  bold  oDtce.  It  vai 
(brmed  Is  IS33,  and  laetod  :j  01  B  yean. 
Knox,  John.  Ad  ernieent  Bootch  A- 
Knuba.  nubz.  Waste  illk  fbnned  fa 
KnucUe-duater,    auh'l-diut-er.      An 


ueklos 


striking  a  blow. 


Sob.  kob. 

ba.,  but  m. 
Blng-alDg. 


m  ftvDi  tnja- 
iS  "with  Tinobe  or 
t  Is  used  by  racToters 

'  ref»T«d  to  the  ftOL 


EngUsti  eobllD  ud  Bcotch  brownTe.    Tba 

Eoodoo,  tr/ii.     The  Btrlixd  gniElapt 

Hoodoortlie  miUa  Qf'whigh  bu  horns 
nearly  4  fHl  long.  4Dd  beautifallii  twleied 
In  wlao  aplralB. 

KonlirabsTK.  Cip.  it  E.  Prnssiu.  on 
the  Viiigel  nearlts  uiontb.    II  la  built  on 


Konmtli,  Ziooia.    As  eminent  Himn- 
riim  aUlcemui  ud  ontor,  s.  IWiTSe 


Koatar,  koi't 
Eoth,  both. 


Knal,  k 


ehlny  earthy  Bnbdtan«i 


e  tribes,  u  village  ;    a  collection   of 
niiM;  »om8Umm»9lngl8hut. 
Kmnlln,  krvmlln.    In  Bsula,  tbe  dla- 

■ncloot  lAladeKt 
imperial  pa1ae«, 
>g  wbleli   Is   ibs 


,   efSuUj'  applied  tc 
Houow.  contalnfti 


Chnrcb  aftho  J 


capner  coin,  equal  to  tba  00th  part  of  the 
golden  or  florin.    The  AnstriBn  onrreql 

■  florin,  equiralcnt  to  one-aftb  of  an  En- 
tHib  pejinj'. 
^blBSaplel,  krte'ipa.    A  gimia  of  Oer- 
BWB  odgbi,  In  Bhleta,  t^raaui  of  plteu 


rcpTGMDtJng  trooH 


Kah&trlya,  h 


-  earlli  b«(ot«  Zaui,  * 
id  Gs,  acd  tiithor  bj 
Remoter.  Hen.  Iladiw, 

a  tbrone.  Zeua  being 
He  wu  IdantlBad  b; 


the  aoclil  system  of  tba 
Bmhrasnlal  Hindus,  Ibe  ipadal  dnUaa  of 
the  mflmbera  of  wblcb  are  briTery.  gon*- 
roeltj,  rootltada  and  noble  rwndEUJtjBieiifr 

Enlohiuv.  kwloh'vi.  A  prettr  tlgw- 
oat  of  Brazil  (Laopai^uB  macmniaX 

Enkanv,  kS-kang',  The  natlis  name  of 
Ibe  bIow-»^  lorls  of  Jsva  (Njettoebu 


EuiqIbb.   ks'mls.      A  bquor  or 
dlitUIedj  siilk-splrlt.  Died  by  the 


A  jKcolUr  depoalt  spread  over 
oflndlA,  aua  apparently  ccrr« 
the  bowlder  drill  of  Europe. 


ipplled  br    German    geologlals  to 

dark  ahsles  of  thoperinluii  aerie* 

of  Tharlni^a.  Tbey  are  Impregnated 
wltb  argentiferous  copper.  Bod  abound  in 

XutluoK  Klcbmol.  ARuBslu  gvna- 
r>I,  a.  114G.  d.  1813.  He  defeated  Sapo- 
leon'a  ablest  marshals,  and  received  Anm 
the  Cm  awULttBiit  %n»ft«AJ^- 


In  HlDd.  Uytb. 


Uytb.  tha 
tiTlDg  Is  > 


leuttLoorthoHeb- 


I  LAOZBTILU. 

Kyris.  't1-«.     A  word  used  at  U»  Ix 


Kyrle  elelaon.  'r.  _ 

dant  Gro*Htarat«'iu 


LIS  tho  lath  lelMr  of  tho  EnglliOi  nlphs-      rewntlng  ■  imiul  pninonn«d  l^  lb 
}^l  lud  t>  ft  iwuil-TUWFl  or  A  Uairid.      op«nUon  of  tbs  llpa  ud  trntta. 

Labl-palpi,  -pid-pt.    The   libW  ft 

Labor,  ii-im'.  AMeilan  [ud  meu 

lAbOT-Iwilu,    U'ber-panE.      Pidc 

lAbnuc,  tmlu.  A  gen.  of  uul 
tery^^ar  flshef*,  pptfb  fam.,  wbfafaiiid 
the  roc^-flsh  or  atziped  bw. 

LabridBB.  lab'ri-dE.  Tba  wruK  M 
^m,  er  ncBJithaplAiT^UB  Aihaa  hi 
tbo  ^n.  LabruH  u  tite  ^pflL 


f^i^^WH>b^   " 
EnjiK-h  won 


iBLXlii  ' 
Liwi.    I 


ortwolibrEwi[l»h>lf.   LL.D. 
Lerum     Dofltflr,    Doctor    ef 


dn'llyi.Diik.iofGabini.  Ills  beauUfuilT 
colored  when  allvr,  bul  (Idea  wben  fleml, 
LBbaroin,  kb'n-rum.  The 
biiitcriaJ  BEandard  iMHoiitod 
v_  - — — ..--  the  drcat 


and 

i.dtothefroR..ndlOorlSf«.tl, 

Tht 

boon 

Lac, 

ik.    A  roiiDoaBinbMitnce  nrodi 

by 

ludatlons  from  llu)  b»dy  of  th 

ofthBCoociisfleunor  Cocen.  Ii 

a  auiil  q^tnatf  of  tB.Bral  other, 

ler. 

•,',■, rf:ci'»tis:^i; 

Lao 

la  lbs  E.'  iDiltoa.  a  word  ua« 

tel(Ml,UM;«iLlM0fn.p«,. 

Lace 

lis.    A  doMcula  BfJ-work  of 

ilu 

injt 

cm™  6   dreMM,  it,  U.X'SttS 

hoji 

tToo  oonsf^Sn^f  lo'itaii. 
Lkoartllla,  lu'n-ul-t-a.    An  ocd.  tf 
tllea   kndodlBv  Iha  ilow-iriBn,   Ui 


a  ooug,  Ibo  piiyer  \n  poiFwuion  mnnUie 
with  It  towird  Iha  enemy's  ^tutl.  ujri 
wbou  on  Uifl  nolnt  of  being  oaag-ht,  pAu- 
tng  11  by  bxtloK  to  ono  of  Lli  own  ilde. 

dlrwlion  uriho  gull  lu  poHlblo. 
Iiaca  d'AmooT,  lik  An-nirlr.    In  Her.  u 
cord  cif  mnnlnif  kuoM  .urroun.llne  the 

IdctantluB,  Lucius  CtsliuB  Ptrmi- 

l40tareiLa.  'ta-rvn,  A  nreilinUoI]  nf 
tlA  BMBlno  gf  mllli,  Bitonslvolf  ased  bJ 
oaliOD-priptmi.. 

lAfltine, 'lid.  RuRnrDrmllk.aBiibiiUnce 
ohlafnwl  by  ptniwrMldg  whey,  flllnrin- 

_tiirmu:h  nniinii  cbnrcoal  uid  mjstalllibij 


lypwUcDlsr  mJ 

ig  u'helher  It  liu  ba 
:crijiiiiiii;  lbs  dlflenut  iiuMiln 


ufwhDmwu  I.K  V,  (Jfleellon);  b.1400; 
bcc^o  King  or  Poland,  ud*.  ud  w« 
oJecli>d  King  of  nnnKiry.  IWO.  Hsds- 
fi'ntHl  tbsTnrtiii  In  wsTenl  ba.-tia,  but  Ml 

lAdy.  Il'dl,    A  Dritlth  titir  ciModeil  Ib 

I-ody-blrd.  -bcrd.  A  umall  colmitlcrani 
in)«l,  r«ni.  AphlUlphnel,  gan,  CowlneDii. 

Lady  Ohaiwl,  A  cbapcl  dodlatfd.to 
tbe  Vlreln  >lary,  ffujuenUy  attaolied  Bo 

lAdy-day.    Tbed 


Virgin  H 


y_.  Much  9S.     II  li 


Chnroh. 
Ladr'a-mald.  'dii-msd.    A  (bmil*  it- 

teudiuit  upon  1  ladf. 
LBmadipoda.  US-mS^p'S-di.  An  ordar 

........ «u»-ryta  CTu.iaooHU.    Tb« 

(Gyamng)  ud  Caprvila  ara 

The  ftinrth  Bniiday  af 


.,  R^uk 


'»i-cM,  In  Bnt,  t 
mortin  ]>r>niib ;  applied  (o  bpaiIa. 
B^Fayctto  Horis  Jaon  Paul  Booh 


a  OuUbert  Kotlar, 


ier,  Marauia 


lAICenorhynotiiu. -|u'no-i'lnE"koi.  A 
at  CsUcH.  biB.  italpliliildii  or  ial- 

XASer-beer,  li'gor-bir.   AGmoaBbHl, 


_Ji«ill«)nr«retJierepriaeiiU 

ulnti  unTnoelva  ththomiiiadaal' 
w  eilBtn  numW  of  I 


{rods  or  ■plrUa  mwlve  a 

reteroblJBf  that  of  tbo 
ami  ttiey  Eave :  ' 


R.    C.   Church, 


uLnti  and  Id  the  uylns  r>r  inou 
dead.  In  Ibelileranhv  there  ar 
Dirme  hcide,  tbe  dalaj-lama  and  i 

Iiaraantin,   b-iaui'tin.      The 

Idunartiiie,  Alphoom  da. 

Lttm»«aty,  IS'iuiier-l.  A  Buddhltt  re-  papular  LamiH^. 

Iteloin  »cl«lr,  prebldod  o»er  b)' lis  lama,  nomo      of 

Stay  laeh  luoletj  hu  lU  limi,  In  tlia  leTenl  gpedei  of  Fetrooiyzoo 

aama  wifaa  abbey*  md  prlorlei  bad  tbeir  manlpobnuoblata,      eal-Uka, 

•bbola  and  prion.   TheluiAlinitiTalvtf.  SihM. 


Tbe  porbMdlM.  a  "■V.i^  .»,  i, 

thmily  ofabarki.        Bsuded  Vullim. 
Iiomp  a  d  ro  m  e . 

lainpA  or  torehai, 
ewhoaiTftedatlli* 

'ah>Q.  A  follower 
1  monk  of  tha  Slit 
10  divinity  Cp/Chrlit 


ili«iletorb.Lnstheoii 
Roal  flnt  with  hia  la 

lAmpetUu,   km-pG 


Xainpyrifto, -plr*!-!]*.  ADun.o/ooleop- 

tjpeof  th«  ftm.  Is'thagen,  Lunpyrls  or 

lAiicaMai^«im.  tantis-lw-gnn  A 
■nertesofrlfled  cannon  hnviiig  an  ellip*«l 
bma.  The  projpoUla  Is  also  elllpUcal,  bo 
tbst  IE  follo"!  Ho  twist  of  the  imre,  tc- 


_jr-riflo, -ri-fl.  Arifiooonatrnct- 
10  prlndple  0/  the  Lancaater-gnn. 
Iducastar.  Theiuiino  of  aroval  English 
Una  iKnaisUne  of  three  kiopi,  llentylV,, 
V.andVl.  Inlherelitnofllielatwrllie 
bloody  feud  between  the  rival  |ioa»"s  *' 

rebellion,  whleh  ended  in  the  union  of  the 
two  honaea  Id  the  peraon  of  Hcnrj'  \  II. 
IdjuutsMr (lAnosBblre),  Aou.orw. 
EnstaDd.  noturt  tbr  its  vast  manufacturing 
and commerfial Interests;  It  lociudesthe 
oillea  of  Uvernool,  Mancheslot,  Preaton. 
BlaokbumandLancasler,  cap,;  pop.  abt. 


thoirJurisdlDtloD.    Later,  the  tlUaorthrH 

Land^raTliiQ,  'gra-vCn.    Tbe  wlfv  of  a 
landgrave  ;  a  lad;  at  the  rank  of  a  land' 


Inhabiting  tha 
A  hadgo-hog. 


loo°'old''for  Iho'la^ 
nental  nations  hiv 

lAnd-tOTtoiia.  't 


B,  lana.    An  offenilyo  weapon  con-  '  Landwohr,  lant'Tir. 
jofaloiigwoodeUHhaftwIuiaBharp      the  inllltary  force  of  bob 


LO  conrflTenal 


rr  oocaalonal  tralnir 


eahilcally  languageo  ars  divlfled  Into 
bmUlea  or  groups  In  which  a  eommunlty 
ofori^  Is  rtlsHnclly  traceable,    Bueh  aa 

pVl^ngBad«trit,Per«l«n.  Sdavonlo,  Greet, 
LaUn,GnUite,*o.),  and  the  Semitic  (com- 

f  j»yn»  d^oo,  lin-gn-dok.     Tbe  nama 

evea  to  the  Independent  Romanco  dla< 
ot  apoken  In  l^vance,  France,  In  tba 
Middle  Agfa,  from  Ita  word  for  yes  being 


Lgulshed  fi 


tiled  Langi 
or  Ijngue d'oll.    'Jho  Langue d'oc waum 
lingDsge  of  the  Troubadonn.    CallodaJe 

liBjiBTie  d'onl.-dws.  The  hingui>«i>  ■ 
the  North  ot  Prance,  so  named  from  il 
word  tor  yes  (oil.  oull,  onl.  being  conlrac 
od  ffom  the  Ijitln  hoclllurt).    It  wis  tt 


IdJllldse,la 


ic  ahrlkea, 


LBorial  or  per^dng  birds. 


.     .  to  doth. 

lapldeuent,  M-es'imt.    Any  igbi 

vhlcliIiHitliiiqiiiillty  ofpptrtiytngi 

Xk^IUI,  Ja-pUII.    VohMBla  Mthai. 


pnluh.    L.  liifemAtifl,  fliMd 


LaplAJid.  Tha  mnBt  uortbt^Ij  conn' 
uf  h:Qroi>«,  IxiDic  portly  In  Ranslsim!  pi 
]j  tnSwc^«rj,  bniiD<)Fa  X.  tty  ths  Art 


In^ffnlfleuit  T1IEl^n^ 
[«  Pl&ta,  Rio  ds.    One 

e,  Amerip«n  rl-crs,  fomic^rt 

IntDthsAOintic;  Imcth  M 


Uatoree,  often  f^SjS^^^'u 


XArida.1iit''M.<. 
Tho  ftmllv  of 
n.minrinl  blnls, 
luin«Ti   u    Sea- 


Aun.  AlaudiaiF.  nin' 
liiixialMthonuiieori 
«dlb<tiHMt-kik. 


liark-btmtliif,  'buct-lnjf.    The 
buDtliig  or  SDOw-btrd. 

I4B.  Bopkefoiuanld,  Fcanooia.  Dno 

de.    Aa  emlDVDt  Freaah  phlk>Boph« 


pcntlt  it  rao'ht  ^miliar  • 
la  luKct  In  t^e  cateriifllAr  0 


Iiarvipara.    -vlp'a-n 
brtng  forth  larvwrniUa 


owd,  wHh  ■  o«i»,  DBed  for  aUhlDg  wIM 

liat,  lit    A  DBDiefftren  tn  pnian  commDn 
lo  nil  styles  of  IndUui  srehltectqre. 
Iiatakia,  -b-Wb,  a  Hue  rBrieij-of  Tnrlt- 


'    la  llie  niliaipat  church  of  th 

tea  ft  pdMeaDdottwrbulldli.. 

M  It.  Elsren  otmneilB,  ullfd  IdUnn 
soancOa,  hBTO  been  helil  in  tbQ  pAlHC& 
Kwry  nowly-elMiWil  jxinetiikea  wilemn 
pM>«Hlon  of  the  chnnh,  ind  (Mm  Its 


balcony  bestowi  bts  blesdn^  4n  Iho  poo- 


totho  length  of  S  foot. 
lAth-brlok.  lath'bia.  A  brink  22  lnoh« 
loD^ utdtilaehea broad,  Daed  inkllDaio 

Latlclave.  U'ti-UIc.    A  brMd  stripe  of 

Su^le  on  thfl  fore  part  of  the  tnnio  worn 
y  Komsd  Mnatort,  and  aerylag  u  a  mVk 


otdlyWonoflWr.     ThO 
Jident  Romans. 
lL^AnEn^Msh^«rf™« 


Iiatittide, 

Si ' 


itlc  which  I 


a  thjour 


—    — JBgh  fl 
ths   HtllpSo  ai 

iMofoeleaaaltotlUU' -•  — 

the  ecliptic  are  eaL_ 
llRHiiidB,  InOeog.lh.  „ 
the  globe  north  or 


'e  alMpBidSa 

leog.  the  (Hsttiwa 


The  highest  latitude  la  Vf.  that  Is,  it  tlu 

'La.tria,  -tn'i.  The  blgheat  •^TSh[p,'Dr 
chat  paid  LoQad;  distinguished  from  dalla, 
or  the  Inferior  worflhip  paid  to  salnta. 


lAHdoe.  Is.     Anr 
fbrmlng  open  check- 


when  sir  ntherOian 
light  la  to  be  ad 


LAUD 


4M 


LEAD 


•; 


praiHP.  In  the  1!.  <'.  Ch.  the  socund  ser- 
vici*  fif  the  (I:iy  NiUl  after  nocturns,  ami 
nnunlly  incIml'Hl  in  tho  tomi  matins. 

Ijaud,  William.  An  Enfrlish  divlDe 
aii«i  i«t:it«-Mii:in ;  ii.  I.'m:);  inado  Arch- 
MMki])  of  Cnntorbury  1683  ;  bohoadodfor 
hi:.''h  troa.tori  U>-H. 

Ijaudanum,  'a-mim.  Opium  prepared 
In  ^<p  rit  of  wino  ;  tincture  of  opium. 

liaugrher,  lafor.  A  v.'uifty  of  Arabian 
]>lL'("iiir(,  jw)  nnintHl  fn)m  it«  cry. 

Laughing-gas,  'intf-gaa.  Nitrous  oxide, 
or  pn)toxi<lo  of  nitroi^vn. 

Ltaunce.  lann.  A  nutno  common  to  two 
Api-citM  uf  Ammodytt^d  or  ttand-i'ols. 

liaura,  1^'ra.  Foniicrly  a  collection  of  cells 
or  hcniiitaf;*^  Kcikarated  fh>ni  each  other, 
where  the  monks  di<l  not  livo  in  com- 
munity, but  eiK'h  provided  for  himself,  all 
beliijf  under  one  Huporior. 

Xiaureate,  're-ut  One  crowned  Avlth 
laurel ;  a  poet  laureate. 

liaiLrexiB,  Henry.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  8.  C.  IT^,  d.  1792.  He  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Ha^e,  1780,  and 
on  route  was  capturod  bv  the  Enf^lish  and 
kept  a  prisoner  in  the  "tower  of  London 
for  14  months. 

liaurentian,  -ren'sb1-an.  In  Gool.  a 
tenn  applied  to  a  vast  series  of  stratified 
and  crystalHno  rocks  of  gneiss,  mica-schist, 
qiuu*tzite,  serpentines  and  liineRtones, 
about  40,000  feet  in  thickness,  northward 
of  thoHt.  I^wrenooln  (-anada.  It  is  the 
lowest  fossilifcrous  system  of  rocks. 

liantll,  'ta.  A  cotton  ban<l  worn  on  the 
head  of  the  fnca  of  Peru  as  a  badge  of 
royalty. 

Liava.  Wy&.  The  general  term  for  all 
rock  matter  that  flows  In  a  molten  state 
from  volcanoes,  and  which  when  cool 
forms  varieties  of  tufa,  trachyte,  trachy  tic 
greenstono  and  basalt.  L.  ware,  a  coarse 
ware  resembling  lava,  made  firom  iron 
alag  cast  into  urns,  tiles,  table  tops,  Ao. 

liavender-water,  'ven-der-wa-ter.  A 
j)erfiuno  composed  of  spirits  of  wine,  es- 
sential oil  of  lavender  and  ambergris. 

Liaver,  lu'ver.  In  Scrip,  a  basin  placed 
in  the  court  of  theflewisn  tabernacle,  where 
the  ofndating  priKsts  washed  their  hands 
and  feet  and  tho  entrails  of  victims. 

IjaiBToiaier,  Antoine  Itaurent.    An 

eminent  French  natural  philosopher  and 
chemist;  b.  1748,  d.  by  the  guillotine 
during  the  "reign  of  terror,"  1794.  He 
was  the  founder  of  tho  antiphlogistic  or 
niorlerii  school  of  chemistry. 
liaw,  John  (of  Lauriston).  A  Scotch 


gambler  and  mdyenturer ;  b.  1871,  d. 
Venice,  17))9.  He  galnod  the  coofMei! 
of  Philip,  Kogent  ot  France,  and  beeai 
tho  financial  alrcctor  of  the  kingdom.  J 
formed  tho  Miasiaslppi  Gomjianvandorl 
inated  the  "South  »aa  JSubble^"  the c 
Joct  being  to  monopolize  trade  witk  the 
and  W.  Indies,  LouiHiana,  etc  ItflUl 
and  bankrupted  thousands.  L.  died 
poverty. 

Law,  la.  A  rule  of  notion  or  condv 
laid  down  or  presorlbod  by  authority ;  > 
edict  of  a  ruler  or  a  government. 

Lawn-aleeve,  lan'sluv.  A  sleeve  n» 
of  lawn ;  a  part  of  a,  bishop^s  dress. 

Lawn-texmis,  'ten-nls.      An  ont-da 
game  in  which  the  players  are  Mparat 
from  each   other  by  a  low  nettii^,  a 
strike  a  tennis  ball  toward  each  other 
means  of  bats. 

Lawrence,  James.  An  Amerioaa  i 
val  otRcer ;  b.  in  N.  J.,  17SL  ;  morta 
wounded  In  the  battle  between  the  CShei 
peako  and  Shannon,  1818. 

Lawrence,  St.  A  large  river,  for  soi 
distance,  in  connection  with  the  lal 
through  which  it  runs,  the  boondary  b 
the  U.  S,  and  Canada.  As  the  St.  Lou 
it  is  an  affluent  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
given  different  names  between  t 
several  lakes,  it  being  known  as  the  St 
only  fh>m  Montreal  to  the  sea ;  its  to 
length  is  about  2,000  m.,  and  at  Antico 
itisSTjOm.wide.  Iteinpties  intotheO 
of  St.  L.,  a  great  arm  ofthe  AUantte^ . 

Layard,  Austen  Henry.  An  Kngl 
arclueologist ;  b.  at 
Paris,  1S17.  His  dis- 
coveries in  Nineveh  tad 
elsewhere  In  Asia  have 
given  him  wide  distinc- 
tion. 

Lay-figure,  Ifi'fier-ar 
A  Rgure  used  by  paint 
ers,  made  of  wood  or 
cork,  in  imitation  'f  the 
human  body,  which  s^n^ea,  when  clotht 
as  a  model  for  draperies,  Ac.  " 

IiaKBaroni,  Ifits-a-ru'nO.    A  name  giv 
to  the  poorer  classes  at  Naples  who  ba 
no  fixed  habitation,  and  spend  most 
their  time  in  idling. 

Lea,  le.  A  measure  of  yam,  contain! 
in  cotton  and  worsted  80  threads,  in  Un( 
120. 

Lead,  led.  A  soft,  flexible  and  inelaa 
metal,  both  malleable  and  ductile.  T 
lead  of  commerce,  which  commcHiIy  cc 
tains  silver,  iron  and  copper,  is  extract 
from  tho  native  sulphlae,  the  galena 
mineralogists. 


Lay-tigure. 


LEAD-ABMING 


MS 


LBOATK 


,  I«ead-arxnixiirf  'ftrm4ng.  A  lump  at 
tallow  proBsed  into  the  lower  ead.  of  the 
aoanding  lead,  for  the  purpose  of  aaoer- 
tabiing  the  nature  of  the  bottom. 

IdSaf-cntter,  Idrknt-er.  A  name  given 
to  certain  species  of  solitanr  bees,  from 
their  lining  tneir  nests  with  fragments  of 
loaves  and  petals  of  plants  cat  out  by  their 
mandibles. 

liOaf-liopper,  'hop-er.  A  name  common 
to  the  heiniptorous  insects,  gen.  Tettigo- 
nla.    T.  vitua  is  very  destructive  to  vines. 

Lieaf-loiise,  'Ions.  A  name  common  to 
various  insects  of  the  tam.  Aphides ;  a 
plant-louse. 

I«eaf-nietal,  'met-al.  Bronze  in  the 
form  of  thin  leaves,  used  for  giving  a  cheap 
and  brilliant  surAce  to  metal  and  other 
substances. 

IjOander.  In  Heroic  Hist  the  lover  of 
Hero,  who  nightly.swam  the  Hellespont  tp 
visit  her,  but  was  eventually  drowned. 

lieapin^-fish,  ISp'ing-flsh.  Salarias  tri- 
dactylus,  a  small  nsh,  blenny  fiun.,  having 
the  power  of  leaving  the  water  for  a  time. 
It  displays  great  agility  in  moving  on  the 
damp  shore. 

Leap-year,  'yer.  Bissextile ;  a  year  eon- 
talnbig  8G6  days ;  every  fourth  year,  which 
leaps  over  a  day  more  than  a  common 
year. 

X«eather-baok,  bak.  A  marine  tortoise, 
gen.  Spbargis. 

Leather-head,  -bed.  An  Auatralian 
bird,  the  IVopidorhynchus  oondculatus,  a 
species  of  honey-eater.    Called  also  Friar- 

LtOban,  leb'an.  A  common  Arabic  beve- 
rage consisting  of  coagulated  sour  milk 
dilated  with  water. 

IiebailOXL,  -on.  An  extensive  mountain 
range  in  W.  Asia. 

Ijeotem,  lek'tem.  The  desk  or  stand  on 
whMi  the  lai^er  books  used  in  the  services 
of  the  B.  C.  and  similar  churches  are 
placed. 

Ijeotioa,  -tllui.  In  ancient  Bome,  a 
couch  or  litter  in  which  persons  w««  car- 
ried. They  were  used  for  the  livingand 
for  conveying  the  dead  to  the  grave.  They 
were  used  also  by  the  Greeks  for  the 
latter  purpose. 

Xiectioiiary,  'shon-«-rL  A  book  con- 
taining portions  of  Scripture  to  be  read  in 
worsmp  on  partiealar  days. 

lieefcifltemilua,  -ti-ster'ni-um.  In 
Caaaa.  Antiq.  a  saoriflce  in  the  nature  of  a 
ftaat,  in  which  the  Greeks  and  Bomana 
ptaaed  the  images  of  their  goda  redinlng 
OB  coaches  roand  tables  famiahed  with 


▼ianda,  aa  if  they  were  abont  to  parlaka 
of  them. 

Lector,  'ter.  In  the  early  chnroh  a  per- 
son set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  reamng 
parts  of  the  Bible  and  other  religiooa 
writings  to  the  people. 

Leda,  le'da.  In  CUssical  Myth,  the 
mother,  by  Jupiter,  of  Helen,  Castor  and 
Pollux.  A  small  planet  between  the 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Led-horae,  led'hors.  A  spare  horse  to 
be  used  in  case  of  emergency ;  a  sumpter- 
horse  ;  a  pack-horse. 

Ledru-Bollin,  Alexandre 
Auguste.  A  distinguished  French 
lawyer,  radical  politician  and  orator ;  b. 
1806,  i>.  in  exile  in  England,  1874. 


L,  I6ch.  The  common  name  of  sev- 
eral genera  of  disoophorous  hermaphrodite 
blood-sucking  worms,  ord.  Buctoria,  ikm. 
Hlrudinidie. 


The  patronymic  of  an  illustrioua 
American  fiunily,  of  whom  the  following 
are  the  most  notable  members  :  Bichard 
Henry  L.,  b.  in  Va.,  1782 ;  d.  1794.  He 
was  a  warm  promoter  of  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence and  as  amembor  of  Congress 
active  and  prominent  as  a  patriot  and 
statesman.  Arthur  L.,  brother  ot  the 
foregoing;  b.  1740,  n.  1793.  He  was 
prominent  in  Congreiks  and  was  sent,  1776, 
as  one  of  the  oommlssioners  to  France. 
Hennr  L.,  cousin  of  the  above ;  b.  175^, 
D.  1818.  He  commanded  the  fSraions  Tlr- 
ginian  Light  Horse  during  the  Bevolntkm, 
was  Governor  of  Virginia  aftef  the  war 
and  later  a  roembor  of  Congress.  Bobert 
Edward  Lee,  Commander-in-Chief  of  tiia 
Confederate  forces  during  the  Bebellion, 
was  the  son  of  Gen.  H.  Lee ;  b.  1806,  d. 
1870. 


An  English  borough,  W.  Biding, 
Co.  York,  noted  for  its  woolen  mapufae- 
tures ;  pop.  268,426. 

Lee-tide,  lu'tld.     A  tide  running  in  the 
direction  that  the  wind  blows. 


_',  leg.  The  limb  of  an  animal,  used  in 
supporting  the  body  and  in  walking  and 
running. 

Lesraoy,  'a-si.  A  bequest ;  a  particular 
thing  or  sum  of  money  given  by  last  will 
or  testament. 

Legalist,  l^gal-ist  A  stickler  for  adhe- 
rence te  law  or  prescription  ;  specifically, 
in  TheoL  one  who  relies  for  salvation  upon 
the  works  of  the  h^w  or  on  good  works. 

Legate,  leg'at.  An  ambassador.  The 
pope^a  ambassador  to  a  foreign  prince  or 
state;  i^cardioal  or  bisbop  sent  aa  tha 


H.  af  n.-]lKlnu. 


QVs  vhdTJuHi-r  U'Vl  n-h|nrtljijf  %  Mint; 
hBncs,  ■nTn.'iiiu'luUiiUdn'hindcd  ilown 
ftnin  rvef  Ibuu;  n  ImlJttuii.  An  Id- 
tcil|>lluDur  iniittnoii  itidiMd  or  eumt  at 
■mm;   BiH-dDt'^ny,  tn  !«uinl>.Iba  irnnlii 

tiiif.'ulAlK.'d  fnjm  thu  liucriirtlon  ^hlch  !■ 

Leeerdeaudii,  'i-r-tli'-mFln".    SltlEbtDr 

iMKhom.  K'U'lliini.  A  Jiljiil  fur  tuliDalFi 
iukI  liuu  uuuId  fmin  IhL*  Ptrnw  of  bpanliil 


inJirs/w,  jTw: 


lo^  1='^; 


am.  Mmt.  AnMq.  ■ 

1,1100  U  (tmvB  g.OUO,  oftcD  »Illi  B  oample- 
iDAntDf  UTAliy.  Eaoh  lo^aD  rtu  <livid«d 
Into  ten  cohortfl,  each  oohnrt  Into  tiae^ 

torlcj.   Any  lotHtiry  fcn)i>,    Uonionor. 

botb  dill  uumlhutT.  Tbo  order  orlgl' 
dkIIj  ooofllBted  of  (rrand  cniiEM,  gnmd 
ufflcen.  ciiniDuindeni,  oOlcen  imd  I^ud- 


lABltUniBt.  k-JU'l-nilgt 
h.>n  fluiilLy.  nhloll  mu   d 


yiMlM  rttaporswl  throudhout  Uio  world. 
Four  hOb-nrfers  are  nraiEntlKl :  PanlNon- 
AHic,  tiworUldP,  Cibulpinlnj  uid  MEino- 


T^r'"^l'""HV'i  'Ii)lli-Al-lt.     Olf>  of  t- 


Sin.  of  foHiiU  pl&ota  apparentlrpod-trfii 
(.    Thfir  oecor  in  torttaij  i&nli 

Leibnlti.    Oottfried  WUlWbi 

pllllo»..|.i,sr;  li.  IWfl!  D.'mT" 

Leicester,  Bobert  Dudley.  Earl « 

An    KuKllali    SUHCaman.    oob    of  QnB 
Kliub'ih'n&vorllw;  b.  ISdl ,  n.  1X&  » 

Xielathxlx.  ll-u-thrilci.      A  no.  of  bin 


man,  ohmoterlied  I7  the  BiDoothnwS' 
tha  bDir,  tbo  ntherOivltlen  being  Vlotrlct 
cricniw  woolly  hulrpd  ni-opk.  Tba  Wn 
rlcK1c»mi>riH<thBAuBtnil1oId.Mone«loi 


hatchod  by  tbabi^t  of  the  Bnn. 
Leipsiic  (tiBlpala).    Anlinpnrtintit 
of  Hniony,  Germuy.  »  in.  B.^.of  Hoi] 
on  the  WhIU  KlaUr.      It  la  ui  eil«iil' 

™^°t«t  u  Uic  aoono  of  one  of^s  mi 
uniniliiiiiT  biLtlea  lOot.  1S-1>,  ISIS) 

dofmud  by  ttuj  ftUied  anntes ;  pop.  Bi.SI 
T^mnn  lu'Dua.  A  iireetbean  of  eltli 
aex ;  n  ^rnJlont  of  a  mtatnu ;  qswiQy  la 

LeumlBCUB,  km-Dlg' 
dant  at  Ihn  Uat  —  ' 


Cltrui  Llmoaom,  ord.  Aunuitb"! 


Myodn  of 

others:  fbmd In 

Korwv,  Lyiluul,  Blberli  and  tbo  nc 


IjOO.  ThsnuseoriBnutlDS  emnaon. 
ofwhomthsDion  iioled»ML.l(l.  (the 

blEh  mUItttv  ruik,  mid  b.  AnululnB  II. 
Til.     He  delMed  Oit  Bameat  IwAm 


10.     UurtlW  Ul   poDllfiEUe    J 
icked  b;^  Tud^  iB6,  a 


>y.  D.  4S1.  L.  X.  (OlsTUDl  de  Uedid),  ■. 
UT&,B.  Jiill|UlI.l«a;D.  IHtl.  Hems 
■  maDlfleeDt  [atnin  of  learDlDg  ud  tbs 
MtB^uid  fthrewd  uid  ADCoeflerLjL>Bt«tjit»- 
mmn,  but  the  ehurch  wu  windiUied  br 
tliB  wholeule  tnfflc  ta  Indul^eneo,  wblidi 
flimUy  l«d  lo  the  Befocmitlon. 

Bpartui  king  who  e.  hii 


Thermopylie  lunlnst  XrciicBaiid  bliPec- 
alta  arm)',  oearlj  i  mlllton  stionB,  the 
OreekB  perteliliie  lo  a  mOD  after  killing 


ks,  Frei 


lanit  Huo 


waited  Bf^lnsl 


crown  of  Oreeoe,  ISSO.  aai  <*u  elected 
King  or  the  Belglsni  tfter  the  lepantlan 
ofB.ind  Holland,  ISSl;  D.l§a5.  L.  III. 
ot  AasDia,  n.  ISBO :  killed  lu  the  battle  of 
Bemiiach  by  the  Swlie,  )38C. 
XiepadldsB,  le-iud'MS,  The  barnacle* 
OF  gaose.mauelB,  a  tUa  of  dniped  crut- 

state,  bnt  wben  adult  atUched  by  Ibe  an- 


Philip  II..  the  Pope  and  the  Venetiaim, 
the'HirkilailngilS.OOO  killed  ud  10,004 


LEPIDOPTERA 


466 


LEVI 


liopidoptera,  lep-id-op'ter-a.  The  most 
bi'ttutiftil  of  all  the  orders  of  Inseoto,  oom- 
piirtiiifr  the  butterfliea  and  mothB. 

Iiepidofti- 


ren,  -o- 
»I"ron.  A 
fTC'ii.  of  fish* 
en,  ord. 
Dipnoi;  the 

mud-flsh.  Lepldorirenannectens. 
LepidosteuB,  -os'tu-ns.  A  fren.  of 
flrthcH  with  bony  polishinl  or  i^anolu  seales, 
and  hcncu  known  as  bony-pike«.  Tiiey 
bolonf;  to  the  fain.  LcpidoDtoids,  ord. 
Oanoidoi,  and  rosemblo  many  of  the  mes- 
OKoio  fosnil  goncra  luorc  than  any  other 
Hving  flt«hes. 

LepiduB.  Marcus  ^miliuB.     The 

Great  Triumvir.  The  adherent  of  Goisar 
in  his  conflict  with  Pompcy,  and  his  as- 
sociate Consul,  46  ;  in  43  he  with  Antony 
and  OctaviuB  formed  the  celebrated  trium- 
ylrate.  L.  receiving  Spain  and  Narbonnese 
Gaul  as  his  share  of  the  supreme  power. 
Deprived  of  his  commana,  47,  ho  was 
given  a  position  in  Africa,  but  failing  In  an 
attempt  to  regain  his  former  position,  he 
D.  in  exile,  18  b.  o. 

Xieptodaotyl,  lep-t6-dak'tfl.  A  bird  or 
other  animal  having  slender  toes. 

liepiiB,  le'pns.  A  gen.  of  rodents,  oom- 
prifling  the  hare  and  rabbit  In  Astron. 
the  Hare,  a  southern  constellation  contain- 
ing 19  stars. 

liemseadse,  Icr-ne'a-de.  A  group  of  par- 
asitic suctorial  crustaceans,  ord.  lohthy- 
ophthira  or  flsh-lice. 

lierot,  lu'rot.  The  garden  dormouse 
(Myoxns  nitola),  a  little  rodent  which 
makes  great  havoc  among  fruit. 

Iiesseps,  Ferdinand  de.  A  cele- 
brated French  engineer  and  diplomat,  b. 
ISO.").  Ho  conc<»ived  and  directetl  the 
work  on  the  Suez  Canal,  and  is  at  present 
engaged  in  uniting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
by  a  canal  across  the  Central  American 
istlimuB. 

Iiestris,  les'tris.  A  gen.  of  palmiped 
birdH.  The  L.  i>ara8itlcun  is  the  arctic  gull, 
and  the  L.  catarrhoctes  the  skua  gull,  the 
most  formidable  of  all  the  gull  kind. 

Ijethe,  Ic'thi^.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  river 
of  oblivion  ;  ono  of  the  streams  of  the  in- 
fernal rcgi  )ns.  Its  waters  possessed  the 
quality  of  causing  those  who  drank  them 
to  forget  their  former  existence. 

Lettish,  let'ish.  The  language  spoken 
by  the  people  of  Livonia,  originally  a 
Schivonian  branch  of  the  Aryan  flunily  of 
tongues. 


liBnolscnB,  IQ-olalLaa.    A  gen.  of  fla 
fhm.  Cyprinlde:   the    rcMch,  daee 
bleak  airord  ikmillar  ozsmplee. 

LeoocBthiops,  lQ-k€'thi-opa.  An  all 
or  individual  affected  with  a  want  of  oo 
ing  matter  in  the  skin  and  euticalar 
pendnges. 

Lencx>phasia,  -kfi-fi'ai-a.     A  gea. 

white  butterflies. 

I^eooopterian,  ncop-te'rl-an.  InEet 
Hist  one  of  a  sect  of  the  Greek  Ghn 
chaiiged  with  the  errors  of  the  Orteanl 
and  with  oormpting  the  text  of  the  Gos 

LenoosiadBB,  -ko-al'a-dd.  A  ftmii 
short-tailed  decapodona  croataoeans,  i 
tainlng  many  pretty,  round,  pcrcelli 
exotic  crabs. 

levant,  liS-vanf.  A  name  gfrea  to 
maritime  parts  of  theooontries  lyini 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  Mediternua 
and  its  oontignoos  waters,  as  Tori 
Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  Egypt,  Ae. 
easterly  wind  blowing  np  theMedlte 
nean ;  a  levanter. 

IiBvel,  leVd.  Any  instnimeait  hy  wl 
to  find  or  draw  a  straight  Une  paraUe 
the  plane  of  the  horizon,  and  by  tnla  mc 
to  determine  the  true  level  or  the  dil 
enoe  of  ascent  or  descent  between  8ev< 
places,  for  yarloos  purposes  in  ardiii 
ture,  agriculture,  engineering,  hydrao] 
surveying,  Ac 

Iievelin8>-stafl^  -ing-stafl  An  insi 
ment  used  in  leveUng  in  coi^JuimI 
with  r  spirit-level  and  telesoope. 

IiBver,  15'ver.  In  Mech.  one  of  the  i 
chanical  powers,  which  is  of  three  kin 
When  tiie  frilorum  is  between  the  weij 
and  the  power,  as  in  the  handspike.  WJ 
the  weight  is  between  the  power  and 
fiilcrum,  as  in  rowing  a  boat,  where 
fiilcrum  is  the  water.  When  the  powe 
between  the  weight  and  the  ftilcmm,  ai 
raising  a  ladder  from  the  ground  by  on* 
the  lower  rounds,  the  Ailcrum  being 
foot  of  the  ladder.  The  bones  of  anim 
are  levers  of  the  third  kind. 

Iieveret,  lev'er-et    A  hare  in  the  11 

year  of  its  age. 
Lever-valve,   iC'ver-valv.      A    safe 

valve  kept  down  by  the  pressure  of  an 

justablo  weight  or  spring. 
Iieverrier,  Urban  Jean  Joseph. 

eminent  French  astronomer,  b.   1811, 

1877.    He  discovered  the  planet  Neptn 

1846. 
Iievi.    In  Scrip,  one  of  the  Hebrew 

triarehs,  son  of  Jacob,  and  progenitor 

the  Lcvites;  b.  abt  1760  b.  o.,  d.  in  Sgy 

aged  187. 


LEVUTHAN 


4«T 


LICTOR 


.than,  -vi'a-than.  An  aquatic  ani* 
escribed  in  the  book  of  Job,  ch.  xli., 
entioned  in  other  passages  of  Scrip- 
It  is  not  known  whether  it  was 
odlle,  the  whale,  or  a  species  of  ser- 

•ation,  -  vT-ri'shon .  The  act  or  cus- 
niong  the  Jews  of  a  man's  marnring 
idow  of  a  brother  who  died  without 
The  same  custom  or  law  preTalls 
10  parts  of  India. 

ation,  lev-i-t&'shon.   Among  Spir- 
its, the  alleged  phenomenon  of  boaies 
)r  than  air  being  rendered  buoyant 
atmosphere. 

e,  le'vit.  In  Jewish  Hist,  one  of  the 
or  family  of  Levi ;  more  particularly, 
employed  in  yarious  menial  duties 
cted  Hith  the  tabernacle  or  temple, 
were  subordinate  to  the  priests,  the 
odants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also  of 
mily  of  Levi. 

icUB,  -vit'i-kus.    A  canonical  book 
Old  Testament,  the  third  book  of 
),  containing  the  ceremonial  laws. 

8*1110080,  'vo-glu-kAs.  In  Chem.  a 
isomeric  with  dextrogluoose,  but 
guished  from  it  by  turning  the  plane 
arization  to  the  left.  The  equal  mix- 
f  the  two  constitutes  fruit  or  inverted 
,  which  turns  the  plane  of  polariza- 

0  the  left,  the  rotatory  power  of  levo- 
se  being  greater  than  uiat  of  dextro- 
se. 

leks.    Law. 

son,  '1-kon.    A  dictionary ;  a  vocab- 
orbook  containing  an  alphabetical 
^ementofthe  woras  in  a  language, 
their  definition. 
en-Jar,  U-dn- 
A    glass   jar 

1  Inside    and 
ie,    usually 

tin-foil,  to 
n  a  third  of  the  I 
hat  it  may  be' 
V  charged  with 
Idty,  and  thus 
)yed  in  a  varl- 
'  interesting  and  useftal  experiments. 
s,  Meriwether.  An  American 
rer;  B.  in  Va.  1774,  d.  1809.  L.  in 
any  with  Clarke  explored  the  then 
own  region  in  which  the  Missouri 
and  traced  the  Columbia  to  its 
h.  L.  river,  the  largest  tributary  of 
olnmbia,  900  m.  long. 

en,  John  of  ( Johann  Beooold). 

flous  enthusiast,  b.  at  Leyden,  Hol- 
510,  executed  1586.    With  Mattes 
dted  the  Anabaptists  to  armed  revolt, 


Leyden-jar. 


seized  M&nster,  which  he  held  for  some 
time,  and  with  his  followers  was  goUty  of 
numerous  excesses.  L.,  a  city  of  S.  Hol- 
land, 22  m.  S.  W.  of  Amsterdam,  formwly 
noted  tar  its  university  founded  l^ 
William  Prinee  of  Orange,  1575,  and  for 
its  obstinate  reelatanoe  to  the  Spaniards, 
1574,  during  whldi  0,000  dtiasens  died  of 
fSunine  and  peatilenee. 

JA.  16.  A  Chinese  copper  coin,  otherwlBe 
called  a  cash.  It  ta  w^th  about  one-tenth 
of  a  cent.  A  Chinese  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  .486  inch. 

liLB^flEdL  Lit  Stone  of  destiny.  The 
stone  on  which  the  andent  Irish  kings  are 
said  to  have  been  crowned,  brought  by 
Fergus  to  Scotland,  and  ultimately  de- 
posited at  Soone,  where  the  Scottish  kings 
sat  on  It  at  their  coronation.  It  was  re- 
moved by  Edward  I.  to  England  and 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where  it 
still  forms  i>art  of  the  coronation  chair. 

liias,  li'as.  In  Oeol.  that  series  of  strata 
lying  at  the  basis  of  the  oolitiq  or  Jurassic 
series,  and  above  the  triassio  or  new  red 
sandstone. 

liibellulidsB,  -bel-&'ll-d€.  The  dragon- 
flies,  a  tun.  of  neuropterous,  or,  acMvd- 
Ing  to  some,  orthopterous  inseets. 

Liberal,  Ub'er-al.  An  advocate  of  free- 
dom from  restraint,  espedally  in  jpoUtios 
and  religion;  a  memW  of  an  Eng'dsh 
party  wUch  advocates  conferring  more 
power  on  the  people. 

Liberia.  A  small  republic  of  W.  AlH^, 
a  reftige  for  the  manumitted  slaves  from 
the  U.  8.  Length,  600  m. ;  average  breadth, 
50  m.;  Monrovia  is  the  cap.  Total  pop. 
abt  650,000,  of  whom600,0()0  are  natives. 

Libra,  H'bra. 
In  Astron.  the 
Balance,  the 
seventh  sign  in 
the  zodiac, 
which  the  arm 
enters  at  the 
autumnal 
equinox  ia  September. 

Libya.  In  Ano.  Oeog.  the  name  given  to 
Africa,  especially  N.  Africa. 

Libyan,  Ub'yan.  A  name  given  to  a  group 
of  tongues,  otlierwise  called  Berber. 

Lllotor,  'ter.  An  officer  among  the  Ro- 
mans who  bore  an  ax  and  fhsces  or  rods  as 
ensigns  of  his  office.  His  duty  was  to  at- 
tend the  chief  magistrates  when  they  ap- 
peared in  pubUo,  to  clear  the  way  for 
them  and  cause  due  respect  to  be  paid 
then;  also  to  apprehend  and  punish 
criminals. 


Libra. 


i 


UZiUBUUtKBO 


Idsbls.    Tiutiu,  Baron  von.     An 

eiiiiumtOiTiuuubcinlst;  n.  IfiOi.  b.  197>1, 
Liiwa,  liy. 


Iil^tiilii8^4Vd,  -md.     A  jnlntsd  Im; 


linlUllntra  or  Tesiali   from   Bgiityliil : 

UghlDlDg-ouadBDHir. 
Iilghta,  nti.    Till  lanira ;  tlie  mtui  of 

brvittiliiE,  partlsdlaHj'tiibruteHiliiiili. 
I.iff  ht- 


Ugbt-gtitii. 
iidii Mm- a nnod  welfibt;  a hnxer. }iicll- 
ry  or  hupse  under  n  sUnilanl  wi:lglit. 
Iiifrnite,  'nit,     Famtl-wood,  wond-oul 
mlDenllzpd  lo  &  oerialn  degree,  fa^tw&ii 
1.    Wood ;  that  porOni  of 


Ligny.    A  BcMon  lUliffs,  10  m.  N.  E.  n( 

ln,7haitlouf  tho  loHva  which  ondeJ  >l 
i.JnnnirK-ia,  ISIG.Inwhteb  Ka- 


nntuon  1.'  doTubid  [be 

Pr^Mlu.. 

pnda 

LUlpntiai..  Ill-l-pO'di, 

Hwlft'slmiBinftryWnpl 
pmonurnrFry^mllL 

UlUbullero,  -bul-W' 

«.'     Orfgl 

t.  AllT 

LILT-ltBETLE 


UmltMflMt,  Um^HKrl-an.  One  who 
ho1d> tha djKtrlDa  tlut apart  oftba  hn- 
mu>  rasa  unl;  are  to  Iw  Hrad ;  opposed 


Zime-Ufflit,  'i!t 
produced  by  turn 
of  hydroi^ii  and  tmv  vi 
ortgoitlanDiiatiaUon 


rrjiiviiniiMlTi-c.ri'.iNlnr  <ir  thcfMINtjr  of 
Unfrard.  John. 'ur-l.  An  Eoirlliih  hli- 
Iiintrul't. '(>l-t.    A  prTMii  aklltnl  In 

UnKulk.  'vl  h.     A  urn.  ot  mcillimk*. 

fly  tli>l  l>»  mrvlii-d  wilh  boi'sulo 
rluiii!.'  Mun-  tlw  Hrif  Klluriui  iicriod. 

Liakbar.  llBKk'hni.  Abnyormuthit 
mrrin  « link  ur  torch  to  light  iiuMB^n. 

Unkdnotion, 


Un-nfi'ui.  Firtilnliig  laUn- 
■U'UH,  Ihe  ccltibrMM  botanist.  L.  svs- 
tHn.  In  Bill,  thu  nyiili'in  of  '^wBiJlcUlan 

inti.HlniH'd  liy    UnuiFut,  In      

.  «rs  AhuUiI  uiion 

(Carl  ' 


t^Dtui.  to  (ha  muunotnra'orUu 
tdnuT-wDoIaar,     'sI-vuI-iL 


Ziintal,  tIn-tcL      Id  Ardi.  m  bofi 


the   br?- ■ 


Shar,   by  wliith   I. . 
>'h.<n  nllciUntu  liiiBBU  tt  Is  nted 

An  iiiiiifntltlsiiH?rul  bolli  for  Iron  lui 
wood,  aji<t  J^  Bblp^  battoTna;  a^ncorr 

DrKlacr^ulomlv^MmidcHS  Sn^l  h 


«CI 


ID  unvu  It  rurnii  Uoor-oloUi, 

otb  thug  prodnocd. 

'sug.    A  pretty  udmid  Hilled 


Xilnaeed-okke. 
Uiiaeed-oil,  -oil 


A   vellow  oil 


ZJlM^aadlsf ,  'n^-lne.  Roidlntr  < 
infant  or  tho  llpa :  used  In  rogard  i 
Uppi.  Fra  FUlppa    Ons  of  tht 

'n,  Filipino 


XJqnenr.  II 


medagan 

''.  A  aplrituoDa  com] 

frnlla,  splcea  snd  n 


Zilrs.  llS'n.    An  Ilallui  ^Inr  o 


LISBON 


471 


LrroKBr 


ig  100  centesimi  or  centtmes.  and  in 
I  equivalent  to  a  franc,  or  about  20 

on.     Cap.    of  Portugal,    near   the 

:h  of  tbe  Tagus  ;  pop.  228,749.    In 

L.  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earth- 

e. 

,  lisp.    The  habit  or  act  of  lisping,  as 

tering  an  aspirated  th  for  s,  dh  for  z. 

a.  An  island  off  tbe  Dalmatian  coast, 

1  for  the  great  naval  battle,  July  20, 

in  which  the  Austrian  fleet  under 

ithoff  defeated  the  Italians  under  Per- 

encephala,  lis-en-sefa-la.    A  pri- 
r  division  of  mammalia,  according  to 
D,  comprising  the  Cheiroptera,  In- 
vora,  Bodentia  and  Edentata. 
t,  Xbraziz,  list.    An  emment   Hun- 
a  pianist  and  musiciui ;  b.  1811.    He 
red  a  convent  and  took  orders,  1865. 
ny;  lit'an-l.    A  collection  6t  short 
era  or  supplications  in  the  Book  of 
aion  Prayer,  which  are  said  or  chant- 
he  priest  uttering  one  and  the  people 
Mimng  with  another  alternately. 
amthray,    U-than'thraks.      Stone- 
In  distinction  from  xylanthrax,  or 
1-coal. 

axge,  lith'arj.  The  yellow  or  red- 
protoxide  of  lead  partially  fbsed.  It 
ed  in  assaying  as  a  flux,  and  enters 
)ly  into  the  composition  of  the  glaze 
>mmon  earthenware. 

.odiroxnatics,  'o-kro-mat'^iks.  The 
f  painting  in  oil  upon  stone,  and  bt 
ig  impressions  on  canvas. 

.odomtis,  li-thod'o-mus.  A  gen.  of 
tellibranchiata,  mussel  fitm.,  which 
3rate  stones,  shells,  Am. 

lOgrlyph,  lith'o-glif.    The  art  of  en- 
ing  on  precious  stones,  A;c. 
lOgrlypliite,   li-thog'li-m.     A  fossil 
presents  the  appearance  of  being  en- 
ed  or  shaped  by  art. 

lOgrraphy,  li-thog'ra-fl.  The  art  of 
ing  or  drawing  on  8tone,  and  of  pro- 
ng imprestdons  from  it  on  paper ;  in- 
»a  by  A.  Sennefelder,  at  Munich,  in 

• 

LOlatry,  -thol'a-tri.    The  worship  of 

es  of  particular  shapes. 

lOlogy,  'o-Jl.    The  science  of  stones ; 

study  of  the   mineral  structure  of 

:8.    In  Med.  a  treatise  on  stones  found 

lebody. 

lopha^,  li-thora-jT.  A  name  ap- 
1  to  all  bivalve  and  univalve  mollusca, 
Kta,  ftc,  that  penetrate  strmes  and 
r  bard  substanees. 


lithophytes. 


liithophazLe,  litb'o-f&n.  A  slyle  of  or- 
namentation produced  by  impressing  thbi 
sheets  of  porcelain  into  figures,  which  be- 
come visible  when  viewed  by  transmitted 
Ught. 

liithopliosplior,  -fos-for.  A  stone  that 
becomes  phosphorescent  by  heat. 

liitliopliotoflrrapliy,  -fs-tog^'ra-fl.  The 
art  of  producing  prints  trom  Tithographio 
stones  by  means  of  photographic  pictures 
developed  on  their  surfooe. 

Liithopliyl,  -fil.  A  fossil  leaf  or  im- 
pression of  a  leaf,  or  a  stone  containing 
such. 

liithopliyte,  fit.  A  name  given  to  tboM 
spedes  ot  polypes 
whose  substance  is 
stony  or  horny,  as 
the  corals  ana  sea-^ 
fans.  Formerly 
classed  with  plants, 
hence  the  name. 

Iiitho8iid8d,  -o-sri- 
de.  A  family  of 
Lepidoptera,  section 
Heterocera. 

liithotint,     'o-tint. 
The  art  or  process  of 
producing  pictures  in  colors  from  a  litho- 
graphic stone.    The  picture  so  produced. 

liithotoxue,  -tom.  A  stone  so  formed 
naturally  as  to  appear  as  if  cut  artiflcialfy. 

Lithotomy,  H-thot'o-mi.  The  operation 
of  cutting  for  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

liithotrity,  M-ti.  Tbe  operation  of  trit- 
urating the  stone  in  the  bladder  by  means 
of  an  instrument  adled  a  lithotriptor. 

liithotsrpy,  'i-pi.  A  peculiar  process  of 
stereotyping  witn  a  mixture  of  gum  i^dielhu^ 
fine  sand,  tar  and  linseed-oil  in  a  heated 
state,  which  when  cold  becomes  as  hard 
as  a  stone. 

liithoxyle,  li-thoks'il.  A  variety  of 
opal,  in  which  the  form  and  texture  of  the 
wood  which  has  been  petrified  is  distinctly 
visible. 

Lithuanian,   lith-a-fi'ni-an.     The   lan- 

faage  of  Lithuania,  a  member  of  tbe 
lavonic  family  of  Aryan  tong^ues  gradu- 
aUy  becoming  extinct.- 

liitmilS,  lit'mus.  A  blue  coloring  matter 
prociured  IVom  Boccella  tinctoria  and  other 
fichens.  Paper  tinged  blae  by  litmus  is 
reddened  by  the  feeblest  acids,  and  hence 
Is  used  as  a  test  for  the  presence  of  adds ; 
and  litmus  paper  which  has  been  reddened 
by  an  acid  nas  its  blue  color  restored  by 
an  alkali. 

liitom,  'om.  A  European  bird;  a  spedea 
of  thrush. 


LITKAHKTXB 


iCthv  apod  Oa  gravity 


^SSt 


idttleton.  Thomas.    Ann 

f!U^hJurlit;i>.  141  !i,u.  14^1. 
LlttOrina,  -tA-rl'u.    A  (trn. 


Iiltui^y,  'cT-Jl.  T]i«  cnilre  rit 


inualo ;  A  hind  ot  tnunpet. 
Uvsr,  llf-SF.    Th«  glandolu  etmcture 
Htilcli  Id  iDtmala  iDcrel««  the  bIJs.    Id 
mn  ft  furmB  tba  Ifl^^t  gland    of  the 

Liverpool,    A  fortlfled  tuport,  ud  nns 

or  the  ehlet  eommuroUil  dtlH  of  Koelud. 

on  the  Mer»T,  3S  m.  8.  W.  ef  Uuobestar, 

p<ip.SU,Ii». 
LiTeratone.  -ttfin,    A  stuno  or  spuciee 

or  purth  vhloh,  wbcn  rubbed  or  bcaled  lu 


and  )urlBt: 


LlvlitB«time,  David.  A  dlatlngui^hi^ 
Bqoleli  pinluriir-  a.  1S15,  u.  u  luci. 
AfMcB,  ISI3 

JAvxe.  IC-Tr.    An  old  French  moi  , 
BQcouot.    hnvluii   been    euiiorB<"led   by 

Uvy,    Titos    Uvin*.      An  an 


fipn.   Amieniiti"^ 
cloiely  nOled  to 

bfttAt  of  burdan  ^ 


Uandello  Beds,    lu-dlle   bc4i, 

lieol.tbsnwuaoronsortlKi  lower  SUi 

:k  grouH.     It  Ig  Cono  feet   tbbil 


nortbern  pitot  i.  Amnio. 

LloTd'a.  ioldi,  A  iodrtr  or  ni 
vrlKni  and  otbstt  la  london 
the  coUeotlon  and  dlBo^D  of  mi 
iuteUlgen«,  Hie  iDnmnce.  oUaalfle 
nod  certlflcstlan  ofiMHig.  and  the  ti 
aoUoaofbuilnMa  of  Tariana  klnda 
Baeted  with ahlpping.  "Lloyd'aLUi 
London  dallf  puUlcatloD,  eautiilnlBi 
and  early  InfonnBtlon  as  to  sblpplaa: 
terfl.  "Uoyil'a  Qeftatar/^  a  n^iad 
•blpplng,  publish  Ed  yearly. 

Zioach.  irich.    A  snmll  dsh  Km   Cii 
(C.  iHUtiBtiiM.    InbablUng    uuaU 
eireanie  In  Kniflaad.    A  naoiu  slvcD 
to  the  eel-pout  (I/ito  rulgiiHsJ  anil 
tlkruo-bojirdiid  rockUng  (Motqllu  vi]l4p 

IiOBd-Una.  ICd'lln.    A  lino  dravn  w 


IioadBtane,  'Bt>'>n.  An  ore,  eanslitb 
tbo  proluilde  snd  paroxldo  of  Iron. 
flnoptlycali^t  thouiagnetlooildaari 

were  acquainted  with  Its  alDguLar  pn 

Its  pmpiTtIn  to   Iron  and    steel,  * 

Iioch,  loflb.     A  MrroTi  ano  of  tb 


XOBATE 


4T8 


LOCKBOOK 


liubato  Foot  of 
Grebe. 


Lobster. 


Ijobate,  lOb'at. 
A  term  applied  to 
the  feet  of  birds 
-wlii^,  as  the 
grd»,  are  fur- 
iished  with 
broad-lobedmem 
braoes. 

Ijobipedidse, 

ri-i)ed'i-do.  Afiim- 
ily  ofaqoaticgTal- 
latorial  birds,  near- 
ly allied  to  the  rails,  and  also  connected 
with  the  palmipeds  or  web-footed  birds. 
The  family  includes  the  coots  and  phala- 
ropes. 

liObster,  'ster. 
The  common 
name  of  the  mac- 
rnrous,  decapod - 
ous,  stalk-eyed 
crustaceans,  gen. 
Homarus.  They 
are  esteemed  a 
yery  rich  and 
nourishing  ali- 
ment, but  dangerous  unless  fresh  and  in 
good  condition.  The  sea  crayfish  or 
spring  lobster  is  the  Palinurus  vulgaris 
of  zoologists.  The  fresh-water  lobster 
(Astacus  fluviatilis)  is  called  crawfish  or 
crayfish. 

IiOcliabeT^«x,  -ab'er-aXs.  A  warlike 
weapon  consisting  of  a  pole  bearing  an  ax 
at  its  upper  end,  formerly  naed  by  the 
Highlanders  of  Scotland. 

liOchaere,  lok'aj.     In  Greek  Antiq. 
officer  who  commanded  a  cohort. 

liOCk,  lok.  Anything 
that  fiistens;  specifi- 
cally, an  u;>pi!ance 
used  for  rastening 
doors.chests,  drawers, 
&e.  In  fire^ums,  the 
mechanism  by  which 
the  piece  Is  dischfu*gcd.  An  inclosure  in 
a  canal,  with  gates  at  each  end,  used  in 
-  raising  or  Ipwering  boats  as  they  pass 
from  one  level  to  another.  ' 

liOCke,  John.  An  eminent  English 
philosopher ;  b.  1632,  n.  1704. 

Loco,  IdHco.  In  Music,  a  direction  that 
the  notes  are  to  be  played  exactly  as  tbsy 
are  written. 

liOcoxuoti've,  -kd-m5'tly.  Any  steam- 
engine  which  travels  with  the  load  which 
It  draws. 

IiOOlllCMe,  lok'fi-Ids.  In  Bot  divided 
into  cells. 


Loou  at, 

Tcust      The 


an 


Lock. 


common 

name  of  sev-^ 

eral    insectsT 

belonging  to  Locust. 

the  sec.  Sal- 

tatoria,  ord.  Orthoptera,  of  which   the 

gen.  Loousta  is  a  type.     They  are  allied 

to  the  grasshoppers  and  crickets.     Their 

ravages  are  well  known.     Locusts  are 

eaten  in  many  countries  roasted  or  fried, 

and  are  oftenpreserved  in  lime  or  dried 

in  the  sun.     The  most  celebrated  species 

is  the  migratorylocust.     The  harvest-fly 

(Cicada)  of  the  U.  S.  is  called  a  locust. 

liOde,  lod.  In  Mining,  any  regukr  vein 
or  course.  The  lodes  containing  metallic 
ores  are  said  to  be  alive ;  others,  which 
merely  contain  lapideous  matters  are  called 
dead  lodes. 

liOdi.  A  city  of  Mihm,  Italv,  noted  for 
the  decisive  victory  gained  by  Napoleon 
I.,  Mav  10,  1796,  over  the  Austrians ;  pop. 
abt.  20*000. 

liOgr,  log.  Nant  an 
apparatus  for  measur- 
ing the  rate  of  a  ship's  i 
velodly  through  the 
water.  The  record  of 
a  ship's  progress  ;  a 
log-book. 

liOfiT.  A  Hebrew 
measure  of  liquids, 
containing  about  three 
quarters  of  a  pint ;  it 
was  the  seveniy-seo- 
ond  part  of  the  bath 
or  ephah  and  the 
twelfui  part  of  a  bin. 

liOfiran,  l(^'an.   A 
rocking-stone ;  a  large 
stone  or  rock  so  balanced  as  to  be  easily 
moved.    Written  also  Loggan-stone. 

liOfirazi.  A  chief  of  the  Cayugas  ;  b.  1725, 
killed  in  battle  1780.  His  family  were 
murdered  by  Ohio  frontiersmen  1774,  and 
he  swore  to  maintain  continuous  warfare 
against  the  whites,  an  oath  which  he 
kept. 

liOfir-hoard,  loglxlrd.  Naut,  two  boards 
or  slates  shutting  li:  e  a  book,  on  which 
the  ship's  log  is  kept  for  24  hours,  and 
then  transferred  to  the  log-book. 

LofiT-book,  'buk.  Naut.,  a  book  Into 
which  are  transcribed  the  contents  of  the 
log-board  or  log-slate,  with  any  other  par- 
ticulars relating  to  the  vessel's  voyage 
that  are  considered  worthy  uf  being  regis- 
tered. 


Log  of  a  Ship. 


niu,  iiFrgnmo,  t^mo,  Bresoti,  Crs 

-      1h>in  SIS  HI]  MI.  when  tt  hu  ■ngi 
^Gproiim  Empire:  KvorolEfpii 
until  niluoed  hi  A 


^SFKKfJHJ     TitHTT  ■»  ''™  lormMl    bv   riopolean  Into 

^■O^^I^SP^E  Trail jiuidliiB  Kepatllc,   uid  Jncorpot 

^^'/^T^-jjuSSFn  --  "I'll  "«  Kliifciioio  of  Italy  18U0.  £l 

-     -^oa^Zie^  tliu  crMt  powt™  crested  tha  Klnidoi 


laW-UiM,  loitlln. 
leu  fkthums  In  kiiirtta,  ftileneil  tu  thn  W 
or  fl<K>l  mil  nriunil  on  tliu  loe-wiL 

ZiOSOBIBin,    loir'a-eniDi,     In    rbono^ 
rHjihy,  B «Drd-lellpr ;  B phonojiram  tbal, 

word.    AietofviTiei  fornilngB  puBLe. 
IiOKOS,  lng'fw.    The  Word  i  Ihe  Ulrtuo 


part  of  HBrdlnla,    b«1iu;  monnd  1] 
kingdom  oriUily  ISM. 
TjinrtHntnnn    lon-dlo'l-om.  Bami 


British  S 
jum.  from  tie  «»,    n  is  mo  lurB«t 
4.-98.518.  '    '   "^  »4-  HI-,  1 

"LaagAxrw,  longTiB.     The  hvorito 
llonil  ivBsjion  of  the  Engllih  ffom 

LonSftlloir,  Henry  VwIbwdi 


liOHO  ISLAND 


IwL.  I.  SoQnd;li;nBtlill6ni.;inju[iini 
bi-ciuUh.  2<l  m.  Itb  divided  Into  (h. 
cnunHCB,  Kings,  Quwiu  md  Sutro... 
Brooklvfl.  lu  cbtof  city,  haa  i  pop.  nf 
M6,ee»,  uid  Is  coniuwted  wllb  N.  Y.  city 
by  DmsenlRccDt  nunpenalon  luldge,  od.> 
ortho  e™i"lest  englnMriag  Irlumiiha  uf 
tbefifcs.    L.  I.  Saujid  Is  a  lar^  Binll, 

ihl^Dgh  iSiBt  Klver'eod  od  tbe  E.  b;  tli<^ 
Kudo;  It  la  Che  hlKhwuy  for  tmmIi  tmd- 
IngbrtwccnHcwTorkand  N.  Englmil, 
IiODffitude.  lon'jI-lQd.  In  Geoe.  B  di^- 
tnnceon  tbeanrfKeoriheelobutueiuun-'l 
en  an  vc  of  Ib^  cqTutnT  or  a  ptmUcI  ff 
latitude,  eKtiressed  in  ddgrevB,  mlntttn'^ 


Elundlns  beblnd  wd  to  tboleltaf  tbebai 

ZiI>IlK-*top.  'atop.  A  fielder  it  cricktjl 
wbo  eUods  buhlod  the  irloliet-ioeper  aj^< 
at»pfi  balla  wblch  e^ioApe  him. 

Iionsatreet,  Jamaa.      An   Amerioiii 

fedente  eervlce ;  B.  In  S.  Camllns,  I^L 
Id  ivilll  gsllanlrj  In   the   HeiUn] 


llu  b. 


le  Unit 


'mber  fooeo  tPaa  ltd 


Loop,  ir>p.    A  mass  of  half-melted  lr<<n 

Loop-line,  IID.  Aline  of  nil vrey run- 
ning out  of  tbe  main  line  fend  retamlng  to 
it  j^n,  fornilnf  A  loop. 

Upa  da  VestL  (Pellz  Ziope  ds 
vecB  Oaiplo).    A  dlitlnifolahed  Bpun- 


leli  poet  M , . 

UelacalladUw  SliHiWi"IJhfek«iieare.'* 
Loiibin*,  ISV-iu.     X  gin.  <^  MUthop- 


X«phopb-  Lophobranohli. 

Orinw,  -tofo-ri"n«.  The  moniula,  saob- 
fiiDi.  of  gallluaeeoua  birds  of  ibe  ptaeauDt 

Iioraiia,  h^'chi.  A  CbbieseullliigTea- 
pfui  model,  buiiiggedlifeeajnnk. 

IiOTd. lord.  Aperaon poeeeesinganpnme 
power  and  aatborlty  ;  a  monarcb-  The 
erne  Beln^ ;    Jehovah ;  alao  appUed 

!flrt.'  Lord's  Hopper  In  thoCbrtetlui 
ch,  the  aacnment  of  Uie  encharlal, 
™r  when  he^too'ii'hla'laat''meol  with 


Lords.     Lords  s 


,e  BrtUsb  HoQSeof 


e  seats  In  the  House 
r  Lords.  HoDse  of  I^rds,' tbe  second 
ranch  ofttae  Engllkh  Legislature  or  FarllH 


Iittrd'a-Aas.  lordi'ds.     The  first  iaj  of 
the  "eel;:  Sunday. 
LoTStte,  lo.rel.    A  French  term  dealg- 


rlng  In  higher  style  and  iD 


LOSETTINX 


XjaxKoMte,  lur-nyet.    An  oparkglui. 
Lorikeet,  'l-ki't,     Tho  iicDenl  niuasar 
"Ji  jmnoM,  Ibmilng- 


IiOniilaiw.  A  ?.  suto  cirilii'  Arnvrli 
Union,  buundin]  M,  by  MliBlialppL  i 
Artunnu,  £.  bjr  UliBlailppt,  S.  by  G 


pop.  BM.Ma.    Cblt'f 


u>eh«i     una      AL^en;      priod 
MlulMlppt,  SnblDe,  Gnnd.  U 


Ubtous   T 

d    Ciaouleii.    L 

cui.^  .lu 

A  ise 

Iha  rdl«n 

1S6S. 

Louia  PhiUvpe 

Th»  iHt  Idnc 

P..  Duad'Uileuu 

nVrtk'^wl  by  lb 

I  popnlDT  TdU  I 

driven  fro, 

ooaiuid»UDtrrl 

B.  in  En^l. 

ill&M. 

-ka-tort     4  nyl, 

orebllrclun;    lirrval 

ant  in  Fnmoo  la 

rrtgnofLn 
nineiuid 

Pi.  XIV 

TliepilHai  o(  ' 
tlTDDC  or  Ibo   Lot 

ore  iiromln 

plesoflbBlIyfe. 

Imum.  J» 

a.    Tbo 

Ken.  (Pedlo 

nlB-l,  0 

LouUtUIo.    Tbo 

of  Kenlng 

y,  on  Oio  Ohio  IUTi«>t 
JUli;i»p.lS8,Tfl8. 

jiSutr'i™ 

iwkwwd    feilon 

bumpfcUi; 

LouTn,  1 

A  doniB  » 

X 

L.    windo 

iF^^ 

ebllrob      t 

S3S 

™rtWlj  c 

o«Jby 

ini 

IiaveT,  SamimL 

An    Irish  noiBtht 
andpoDt,  u.  11SI, 

lAva-bird.  Idt'- 


Love-child, 'ohlld.  AnlllF^Unu 
Love-dar.  'dL  A  dsy  In  old  t 
inlnU'd  fur  Ilio  aiiiliablo  adjnati 


Iw    koravlBn" 


LOW-OSBMAH 


LUVBSICIDA 


ZjOW-Oermaii,  IS-Jw'iimd.  The  lan- 
gnace  >pok(n  by  Urn  dwelkre  In  Iho 
nortbert  and  flntMr  p*rt  of  Oermflnr.  la 


a  to  mgh  (JEnii 


llTlni;ssd  foiall.  bo  called  (Ton 


ZiOzodTomiDa, 


■droni'lk.. 


9.  the  PoljKHi,  ud  tts  Bnddo- 


r  Uie  order  of  J«galts.  B 
,D.  llM6,oucHiludl<at. 


-wtth    fonr    obuftl 
ildeB^  btiTtzig  two 

miHid  ;  >  ihoiiib.     J.,  molding,  >  kin 
und  la  Nraiaaa  ■nhlteotore.  of  dU^rei] 


which  the  melee  a 


ttfbl  mndlblee 
AmUehed. 
Imoon.  Maroiu  Aiukeenu  Iiuoanna. 

An  emlnnnt  Boman  poet ;  b.  In  Bpiln  88, 
pot  to  death  by  the  emperor  Hero  A5, 
Iiuce.  Ilie.    A  pike  IOC  grown ;  ■  Ssh  need 
-  -  u  heraWio  bearing;. 

lofttsaidtil,! 

pubHo^''MdofBbeui^ 


DocnwiDg 


darkneflfl ;  Baton.    A  mateb  Ignltlb 


meBsorlnBllis 
^h  procoedafo 


.  __._1?^W.  nf^«Hi°noted 

ibr  Ita  magulflcent  arobl  Lecture,  and  alai> 
for  tha  bmoiu  de&n««,  Ibil,  of  4  montbe 
by  Ite  garrleoA  of  SOO  BHtlah  tuldlers,  the 
beal^tQE  aopoyi  uomboilaK  t>0,l>oa  ;  pop. 

•kU.  InAi 


-    CyolopU^riig.  Ami. 


u.     Aq  InhftbllAiit  ( 
Tha  period  of  a  lyr. 


i[r-broitti]iiff  ui 


Ur^DT  blood- vBBBola. 

XmBeroaL  la-per'kii].  Odo  of  tbo  is 
undaDraFkoiuin  fcuti,  cdobntrd  In 
mlddlo att'ebruuy in  liacorofL 

Unpulln,  'ijQ-Uii.     Tlie  peoulli 


10  EQtopB. 
BtruDk  Iiy  t 


frets  by  tboH  of  the 


)  LTODBGITB 

ImteUa, m-l^'shl-k     A  imill  pknMbi 
twuun  the  orbits  at  Mm  ud  JopHa. 
LdUuit,  Sartlii.     Its  enat  Gona 


if  rellelon  taag-ht  by  MsrUn  Lolba. 
HiTPi^ulef  chaiutoristia  ofwhicta  It  eor 
•gbsloDltatloii,  or  tba  dnctrUie  tbU  tU 
body  of  ChriHt  Is  present  In  tbe  caduriBL 
liQthem,  'thoTD.    Id  Arch,  s  donovor 

Dutaen.  A  unall  town  afBuonr,  Vmi- 
■Is.  li  UI.  B.  V.  or  J^lpdg,  noled  for  Vt 
proilDil^  lotbe  soeDooruie  grat  t1» 
tory,  l«i,  of  tbeGwedm  onder OnstsTU 
Adatphos  over  ths  ImpartiUiU,  uidBt 
WsUeBilBln;  slso,  IP-"  ---■■-  '-■-■  -' 
the  Russo-FnisBUii  t 

Imxentbomv,  PrauoolA  Beoui  da 
IJicuatiiu>i«iioL     One  of  the  gnxtut 

flnmenslvply  iltiniatcd 

Low  Countries,  the  . 

AustrlA,  HoUiDd  sod  bpslo,  sod  the  £i- 

Bliab. 

Ilsnd    ^venied     by  s 
1  WO  sit.  m.,   fio]l. 


toe.Tse.  Also,  *  Bclglui  provAie^ 
Iotma\f  sttH^ed  to  the  knmd  dnob;, 
STell.dtlfi  sq.  m.,  pop.  £23,SflO.  1-.,<ap. 
of  gnud  dnchy,  on  the  Abette.  N  n. 
S.  W.  of  Troies,  uefently  ot  consldtTt- 
ble  importsnn  fn  fl  ZBlUtiLry  BeoMi  but 

IiUBon  (Lnooii).  Ttie  prlislpal  lilssd 
of  ibo  Pbillpiilno  group,  bekingbig  lo 
Siislii ;  nros  Sfi,i>W  s^.  m.;  pop.  a.SJI,m 

Iiyoeum.  li-ae'um.    lu  Oreeoe.  b  plK« 

iiigbt   p 


mirpenta  found  Infl* 


d  the  crown,  InTcld 
n  retamlng  lo  Spirt 


I»y8,  W»lor  Impreenaied  irtth  slkiUiw  Lyon.  Ciip.ufdtpl.ofRliOiie,yriuiw,«» 
"ladon  orsn  sl™alL°  "  *"'  '  ^unetton  uf  iha  Rhfino  md  Smone^  i^!  a 
Lyell,   Charles,   Sir.  "    '^^  "'   """ 


leLyttonBul-      Ly>»-blrd. 

er-LyttoD.)     A  dlBtlDKiildi«d  EnglWl 
„j.»BW;b.  180S,  B.  1ST*. 

iropoiii  Ljnii. 

ifnalftirbiuiaBB.  A  Bwth-      hydroplinblii. 

'  a  dlrMtI;bifiantafITiM    Xijrthe,  llth.      Tlw  nxU-Ilih  o 


Mia  the  ISth  letts  and  lOtli  ooDHmut  PuHimsot.  lie.  M  «u  Ibnnvly  i  tmnil 

tiftbeBlpbabet,wid  onaofUieorigln-  or BUfma Imprcued  on  od*  canvloted  ot 

tl  lada-EDnpHOD  coawnuits-     It  repre-  manelitu^hter  uid  bdAlttod  to  iha  beneflt 

seQtB  A  lAbliu  uid  DkUl  irticnUtlan,  uid  of  i^lergj. 

ths  wnnd  Ib  qnlle  ondtorm,  being  blwiya  jiifnaahn,  mMBbV    An  B.  IndiSB  win, 

thathwriloinaii,  ttmo,  rim.    Itisnerer  suttlemorelluin  tlie lOth  pmt  of « ropes 

^'"itlnEnKHsh  worfa  proper,  thon^  In «  ^  „ei^i.                           '^              "^ 

mnded-moemontriSnithsGreeklbf^S  Kab.nub.    A  inythk«l  parsonigfc  olUn 

oneof  the  lew  e«mpl.>.    M  u.  6imm«3  reP^T^.^S'-mS-T  .iH?»,^'',d,^' 

rt«id*  tor  1000,  with.  dHh  or  etrol^e  oyer  Umigh  otherwUe  TlUnl.  holds  th.t  pori. 

^^"^^iJUT^^W*^.  Mabby,'b1.    A .jlrltoooi llqnor dlstlUed 

A.BirArtlninMB«1»ler,MMit8r  of  Arti:  fn™  poUtooe  In  BMb«ilo«. 

U.  D.  Or  HtdMiUD  Doolor,  Doctor  of  Hao,  nut.    A  GmHc  vbx4  ri(fnH)rlBg  ton, 

HedMna ;  A.  U.  ftr  Anno  Mnndl.  the  uid  pruned  to  muiT  samuiea,  u  Mao 

T«r  of  the  world ;  MB.  Ibr  nunnscript,  DouM,  Mw  Grwor,  4e.    It  l>  ntwi  ajn- 

JIS8.  lbriiiuiuiKr(pIi;U.P.,llaDb«r  of  oDTmoni  with  Flti  Is  buim  of  Konna 


ImnaJlan,  -nfi'ri-in.     An  lohibltint  dI 
the  mooD. 
Xflmatloii,  'ahon.     The  period  of  >  b^h- 


«n  LTCnBODB 

'    LntotHmCi-l^'^-L    A  udill  plnMk6- 

tweeu  the  orblU  o/Uub  and  Jnplte. 
I  IiUther,  Hartlii.  Tba  gttmt  nii»iii 
cBtiirmi^i  B.  BCKls]ebeiil488,  D.  UU. 
LattaeTanlsm,  'thw-ui-tnn.  Thediw- 
trioe  of  rellcion  tniglit  by  IdnrUn  Lather, 
the  chief  eGeneteiietla  orvblch  U  ui' 
the  dnctrins  OU  Uu 


■>  redan  wtlb  flank«.     In  Kan 

bont^hoe.     Id  Arch,  an  unc 

ulmliBlan  of  light  In  n  cni 

A  wfttcb-ghiaaT  flatten^  tr 


iSuonT,I%i» 

n.  B.  W.  of  LdpdB,  noted  f«  fo 
If  to  the  acana  of  tha  gmt  Ti» 
%  of  the  Swede*  onder  SnMani 


lAins.  Inng.  In  Annt  one  of  the  twi 
orgona  of  reaplntioD  In  ■Ir-breublns  anl' 
nude,  bIIeuUkI  one  on  eich  side  of  thi 
eheat,  and  Mpar4t«d  by  tha  heart  aDd 
Ivger  hlood-veaflelfl, 

Zmveical,  m-per'kal.  One  of  the  moil 
middle  of  February  in  honor  of  Lupercns. 

LupuUn,  'pD-lln.     The  pecullu  bltt^i 

LupaHl«.  Tbx  Hne  yellow  powder  o 
hops,  which  coDtaini  the  hitter  prlbdple 

Iiapua.  'pDB.  A  louthern  iioniti.'IUt]oo 
the  Wolf. 

Lu*i»d,  'll-ad.     The  celebrated  Fottu 
gueee  epic  poem,  written  by  Cami 
the  MtaUliWent  of  the  Fortu^n. 

XAutratioii.  lu) 


lA  isf  °* 


WaUensMlnTidu,  1BU,  of  tlw  datat  •/ 
the  Buuo-PniHiini  by  Hipolem. 
liaitaaisoaxg.  n«naala  Bmri  Ae 
SontmorenoL     One  of  fliajrreMdtt 

of  French  eenersll ;  ■■  IffitL  D.  UH.  Hi 
tDCcei-alvfrir  defeated  the  6pul*&  In  the 
Low  CountrlBA,  the  eombined  tanem  of 
Austria,  Uolhuul  and  Spoln.  ud  thaEo- 
glish. 

LuxombuXB.  A  gtvii  duchr,  n  d*- 
pendency  of  Bollond  ^vemed  by  * 
butch  viceroy;  arcs  MO  ao,  oi.,  pop. 
SM.ISe.  AJu,  a  Belglsn  oriytai», 
rormtrlr' Bttaehed  to  tbs  Lraoa  dnohy, 
area  l,m  K'tn-.  pop- 2^-B<W.  L.,c»ii. 
of  gnnd  dnchj,  on  the  Alielte,  W  m. 
8.  W.  of  Tmea,  anelenlly  ol  coQildio- 
ble  Importance  ta  a  nUlULrr  aenia,  bat 
now  dlaman  tied :  pop.  1B.STU. 

liumn  (liUDon).    The  prti.olpal 
or  the   FblUi;|ilne  froup,    belong 

Sffiii 


•bmniilne 


i^E^. 


kind,  formerly  i_^   ,_, 
In  Europe.    Tha  ettliigg 

atruck  by  thrf  Angara  of ^ 

and  atappad  on  the  ftati  by  thoea  of  the 


.  la  Onieoo,  a  plats 
near  me  nvisr  jiitaus,  where  ArhiUUt 
taught  pblloaophy.  A  bouia  or  aparl- 
meatapproprlatedto  InalruoOon^'  Ja^ 

lUerary  Improvement.  A  Mlwallbrtbe 
higher  oducaUon  prapantorj  to  tba  on- 
T«^1ty. 

I>70tmobite,  llh'na-bit  Ona  who  la- 
borg  or  tnnsaotB  huBlneia  by  sl^t,  and 

Z>ycodi>a,    IiTifi-don.     A  gen.  of  daw- 

I^cunniB.  A  dlatlngulahad  E^artu 
^teaman,  known  aa  the  "Lawgiver,"  re- 
paladeonof  Klng^Eon      "'■■  ™" 


right  hind      tfbnnd. 


cnrdofhladeathhi 


alTely  and( 
jdhla  Amou 


Xiyell,   Charles,   Sir. 


XymphHxl,  't&A-  An  Qnolent  alilp  with 
uDD  Diiut.  Tho  rendil  ensit^  of  tbe  lord- 
fiMp  nf  Ijirne.  and  horaeby  thefiimlly  of 
Anjyll  ma  olhora  of  Iha  olwi  CampboU. 

Lynch-lRW,  llcBh'ls.  The  pracii«  of 
panl^biog   men  nn'~ar!ines  or   tiflVppi^ 


.  jBed  tiy  IhH  i^ 

Lyra-bird.    A     Md  Greek  I^™. 


of  the  TUrtr  Tyranti.       ' 
[lyttoil,  IiClld.  (Edwtn. 
GeOTneEM-leLyttan  Bnl-      Ljrs-blrf. 
wer-Lytton.)     A  dlminimlihod   Engltab 
novfUBt;  B.  ISOB,  D,  1BT4. 


Isma  Impnued  OD  ODfl  oonrtoted  of 
Earapeaa  coDeDnuiU.     It  repre-      muiabd^ta  nod  admltKd  to  the  benoUt 
laMd  Hid  Dual  urtlinilHtlaD,  Hid      of  clerKT. 
Bd  li  qnilB  nnlfbrm,  being  alwayt    ■-- 


reekJWiw    ■ 


mythical  panoqa^.  on«Q 
Ise  TltBBla  hnldi  that  poai. 


Udm  tor  mioDi 


M.OOO.    It  eUads  In  abbreila-    , 


•nil 'prtfined  lo  manjanmBiiieB,  na  Mtto 
DoDiM,  Mao  Oreffor,  *D.    It  It  algo  iTn- 


oTiirtn,  with  O  in  trtih,  ind  irtlb  Ab 
A[itn  Wolidi  nniwB. 
— is-kmnii.    A  jm.  -'  — 


."7j^,    ...    f    ^!^'*™i     priBOM^  anople,  wlm,  In  the  *tb  eenWij,  dMW 

mdnrted  111  thB  Apoerjphi,  and  Kconuled  the  (UatinM  <al«t«i™  ud  godliad  of  Ot 

Muonlol  br  Ihe  K.  C.  Cbnni.  goly  BpWt,  whioh  be  KHiDelvtd  to  U 

Uebmw  prints  merel)'  ■  divine  eattgj  dUHiwd  llmiigb 

IE  lie  Syrian!  thsonlvwK. 

lttbi.iaOjear»,  araoheto,  ma-ohS'ti.    A  Spaitih  Impto- 

rnamod  Mji&  "^ntr  rMembllBB  »  l"!?*  MOpplDR  knlRl 


°r  A?pMnd°r  Jannffns       **""■  ""  """  "'  *''*  Arctic  Ocean;  total 
thDd.vniMy  ended  with  AntI 


;    Mackerel-mldse. 


quest.     Helsfttwochlhipen,  ArletobuLuB  Kacklntoah,  'In-losh.      An  OTenmat 

uiri  li(inanine.butthnfani\lybeciuBcu-  renrtereil  n-atarproof   b;  a    H>lDtlan  of 

MaoooubBi,  'k<^ba.     A   anuff  flavored  BCKokliitoah,  Jamaa,  Bit.    A  Brltkh 

nitb  aCUr  of  nHEi.     BpcllocL  alao  Mhdd-  atsteBmaD  and  HttEnlenr ;  b.  In  fiootbod. 

XaodhiftTeUl,  Niooolo.     An  itaHu  MaeUahoiL,  Hule  BOma  P*tilea 


MACMUXANITE 


481 


irJLELSTBOK 


ice,  A  French  manhfll  of  Irish 
t;  B.  1808,  D.  1888.  Ilowondis- 
n  in  Algiers,  the  Crimea  and  the 
th  Germany,  1870-71,  but  was  de- 
al "Worth ;  uiado  coumiander-in- 
ri  thcestablishmontof  the  rt'publje, 
eeted  president  to  8.  M.  Thiers, 
(*>ijrninv:  1879. 

illanite,  -miran-it.  One  of  a 
Iso  known  as  the  llelbrmod  Pres- 
lu  Chnrch  of  Scotland. 

I,  DiH-con',  A  celebrated  red 
I  wine. 

herson,  James  Birdaeye.  An 

;an  general ;  b.  in  O.,  1828 ;  killed  in 
an  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  22,  IHU. 

'biotidse,  'ro-bT-ot"i-d(5.  A  femily 
aie  Tcrmiform  Arachnida,  without 
tory  organs,  known  to  microsoo- 
j  sloth  or  bear  animalcules,  or  water- 
The  most  singular  circumstance 
ted  with  them  is  their  power  of 
Jig  to  hfe,  like  rotifers,  when  moist- 
ifter  having  been  for  a  considerable 
t  a  dry  and  apparently  lifeless  state. 

iceixnis,  -ro-ser'kus.  A  gen.  of 
PsittacidsB  or  parrot  fetm. ;  the 
s. 

*0  COS  XXL,  'ro-kozm.  Tho  grreat 
,  the  universe,  or  the  visible  system 
Ids;  opposed  to  microcosm,  or  the 
rorld  constiluted  by  man. 

idactyli,  -ro-dak'ti-li.  A  Aim.  of 
ord.  Grallatores,  comprl.sinff  the 
ail,  water-hen,  the  jucana,  &c. 

»xneter,  -rom'et-er.    A  mathemat- 

strument  to  measure  inaccessible 

}  and  objects. 

•pus,  'ro-pus.    A  gon.  of  marsupial 

als,  the  tj'po  of  the  fam.  Macroplod- 

ho  kangaroos. 

itone,  -ton.    In  Gram,  a  horizontal 

iced  over  vowels  to  show  that  they 

heir  long  or  name  sound  ;  as,  u  in 

G  in  me,  I  in  line,  o  in  homo,  u  in 

ira,  -rfl'ra.  A  fam.  of  stalk-eved 
d  crustaceAUs,  including  tho  lob- 
pawn,  shrim". 

tioxi,  -ttt'shon.    The  act  of  killing 

n  for  sacrifice. 

pascar.     A  largo  island  off  tho 

oast  of  Africa,  in  the  Indian  Ocean ; 

S4,400  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  5,000,000. 

antanarlvo. 

xa,  ma-de'ra.     A  rich  wino  made 

laleofMiideira. 

X9k.  A  Portuguese  island  off  the 
toast  of  Africa;  pop.  128,700.    Gap. 


Fimch^  M.  (or  Cayarf)*  ft  large  river  at 
6.  America,  emptying  into  the  Amazon; 
length  2,000  ra. 

Madeira-xmt,  -nut.  A  spedes  of  wal- 
nut with  a  thin  shell,  from  tho  island  of 
Madeira. 

Mademoiselle,  mad-mwA-zel.  The  title 
given  to  a  young  unmarried  lady  in  France; 
mibs. 

Madisoxi,  Jaiaes.  Fourth  President 
of  tho  U.  S.  ;  B.  in  Va.,  1751 ;  d.  188«, 
Ho  was  president  two  terms,  1808-16. 

MadjouXL,  'jun.    An  intoxicating  drug,   ■ 
made  by  the  Turks  from  the  pistils  of  the 
flowers  of  the  hemp  plant,  ground  and 
mixed  in  honey,  with  powdcrod  vloyoa, 
nutmegs  and  saffron. 

Madoxma,  ma-don'a.  An  Italian  term 
of  address  equivalent  to  Madam.  It  ia 
given  specifiotdly  to  the  Virgin  Manr,  and 
hence  pictures  representing  the  Virgin 
are  generally  calle<i  madonnas. 

MadoQua,  mad'o-kwa.  A  very  tfny  an- 
telope of  AbvBsinia,  about  as  large  a^  a 
rabbit,  with  legs  tho  thickness  of  a  lady^a 
finger. 

Madras.  Oneofthethre«  presidenolM 
of  British  India,  comprising  most  of  thft  , 
groat  peninsula  of  Hindustan  and  divided 
into  21  districts;  it  has  over  1,700  m.  of  sea- 
ooast,  but  not  a  single  good  harbor ;  pop. 
abt.  26,000,000.  M.,  cap.  and  principal , 
city,  is  on  tho  Coromandel  coast,  870  ita. 
8.  W.  of  Calcutta;  pop.  740,528. 

Madrepore,  'rC'-pore.     A  coral-bnildtng 
K>lype,  gen.  Madrepore,  tho  type  of  the 
km.  Madreporidae.     The  term,  nowever, 
s  more  generally  applied  to  the  imlvpidom 
tself  than  to  the  pofvpe,  and  in  this  sense 
is  equivalent  to  coral.     Madrepores  raise 
up  walls  and  reefs  of  coral  rooks  with 
astonishing  rapidity  in  tropical  cHmates. 
Tho  term  is  often  applied  to  other  branch- 
ing corals  than  those  of  the  gen.  Madre- 
pora. 

Madrid.  Gap.  of  Spain,  on  the  Manza- 
nares  Eiver,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Toledo  ;  pop. 
439,720. 

Madrigral,  M-gal.  A  little  amorous 
|H)em.  Also  an  elaborate  vocal  composi- 
tion now  commonly  of  two  ormoro  move- 
ments, and  in  five  or  six  parts. 

Madidlexiiail,  ri-lO'ni-an.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Madrid,  Spain. 

Maelstroxn,  mal'strom.  A  celebrated 
whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  near 
the  island  of  Moskoe.  It  is  very  danger- 
ous in  winter,  and  at  times  rages  violent* 
ly,  BO  aa  to  be  heard  several  miles,  and  to 
ingrolf  small  vesaels  which  appibaoh  it. 


UAQDALSn 


Masdalox,  mig'da-lni. 
Uwj.    M.'lwif|iilJ.lnrii«J'1ui 


Haeatlap.  PemuoOo.    a  Pcrriuini 

BUrnlHiniUEhthrSlnillnor  M.lntii 
iWJili-:  H.  I47U,  ktlJnl  I7  Uii>  u«ll>->^ 


"Jy  ^ 


.■,  iBlj-  n 


of  .flror 


ilso  Puchtiije' 
lEamrot-  inng'ot.    Tli«  1 

oUier  loicot ;  11  grub ;  a  »  u.  u.. 
Ha^.  uia'JI.    Ttis  cutoofprleBUnmone 

thKUirtunl  Medn  Bnd  Penlais;  hQne." 

lioly  ni«i  or  mgi-a  of  Uie  Eut. 
UaKlc    lAntem.  n   ^ 

ADOi.tiait  Ln.irumellt  |  fU 


HsKlster,  -jia'ter,    Mmtn- ;  dr  ;  in  ip- 

equlvaJintlo  llo  niodrru  Iltle  nf  I>uclnr. 
Xocna  Chorta,  maK'nn  kiir'tii.  Tbe 
■nmi  rlurltT  oC  thn  JIIktiIus  (Mwni  Cbar- 
U  LIlH-rtalnin)  i>r  KniclaiHl,  lik'ncd  nml 
walud  hv  Klnu-lriljn  lii  ■  nanlWi-Div  lin- 
twHD  1dm  and  lit*  hunrnn  ^t  liuDnymnilc, 


l!rt;es. 


i  priv 


Magnate,  'uilt.    Onci  of  the  nibllltj-  1 

UwsaUgln  tha  Nstlomil  rannsontAtlii 
oTHniigV]'.    A  ponHuiofniikordiBUii 


deootntioitnir  cbloride  of  muncflnn  br    I 
mnniar  iioUuIuri.    Tbe  chtrf  hIis in 

{Kiiwni-MLt),'  tliB   i)ht>»jiboIM  and  [l> 


Masnst.    'nft      l^oiAstone;     ^^k 

tlm  [jcculbr  proprrtLea  of  ff  ■ 
iitlractlng  mflnllLu  Iron,  oT  ■  ■ 
pninUnn  lo  the  DmmiBtle  ■  ■  ' 
pole*  of  lb«  earth  whon^^Blv  n  fl 
su«|>pdd«l,  onJ  of  dfpploff  or  II 
inclining  lo  ■   perpendloobir  ^^^J 

IbB  «jualor,     tIimo  It  mm-  T™^ 


na-l"""^*"  class  of  lonenM. 
H&liabliarata,  mn-hil-bbli' 
'  ths  two  gmt 


rest  cpio  ponn 
liber  Mv  U 
4  on,  .^  en 


:  UAHADKTA  '       « 

»oy  bftH-wn  tho  two  nreat  regal  Ihmlbpj 
arNonlilndlii— thol'uiidaniawidK.iirus 
or  Kuurovna-tncUna  tn  the  vlotorj  of  the 
furinrr.  Li  rFiillt}',L>wcvi!r,  this  Dum- 
tlve  occnnlril  liiit  nfuurlli  of  tbc  [HWin, 
the  kiiiuAwUt  Miuc  Vliliwilk'iil  ard  a<1<led 
M  Tnlous  Ihiivi.  Thu  MnhTibhiiraM  tlia* 
ictoama  Hirt  ot  nu'.vcliiiiiHlli.  mnhnK- 
ns ererjlliliie wlilcb It wnnTiuid  u cnlll- 
,  TMOtl  lllndii  toknow. 


i-ra'Ji.     Tlie  Htlfl  u- 
,  Indian  luinccB. 

ulflLn  lodli-s  when  tiicj  ipjieor  abroad, 

"      "  o  Tiirklih 


A  state  of  the  American  UiUon, 
N.  byth9l>innlNlrpn.K.hjrtl» 

S"lk,  BiVnilli-d  Hwi 
.  pop.  O^im.  CUei 
ntla,  csp.,  I'oriUmd,  Had),  Han- 
^  .  .  liOcUanil  and  BvlCut.  iMnd- 
inl  rlVfOi,  Kaincbio,  Pi'nuliwnt.  St 
Civlx,  SftwiHaMk,  Sko  and  Aaimeox-  • 
Bin.  IjiIiM.  Uo.«iliew'  "— -'  -  -^^^iK 
Uinhaipjir  (mdChti  — 


ink's.  Augutta 


jnd.iichaodlc. 


Snltini.    M.  11..  n. 

Muslapha  IV.,  ISOS, 

Tden  tba  JudiiBrlci 

BitennlDBted,  1S2B,  i. ,. 

ftfOnvcOKU  tocnrid  tbruuch  tha  alli- 

anoaorKauls,  rrsnco  and  iVland.  tba 
■  DTiiKlplJ  batda  belnf  tbo  nuial  oflciieo- 

DWBtaCNavailno,  ISiiT. 
2C»ltOiit,  •hiit.    In  Uuj  K.  Indloa,  an  tle- 

plumt  driver  or  kwpiT, 
ICaAcatta,  raf la.    Om-oraraceofllbi- 

')■»  InhaUUng  Central  Indln,  iiii]i|Kis<jd  to 
a  oilgratotl  or  to  liavo  bccu  puihed 


OatholU  M..  thu  titio  of  (ho  kings  ofSimlD. 

Uoit  Chrlttlm  M..  a  title  bnivc  by  tlia  . 

lbnu«rklng>of  Fniiiv'.  Ma>t  FalChfUI  U., 

tlic  title  of  thu  klflgi  af  l>ortDgaL 
Uajollca,  ins-}al'l-kii.      A  kind  ot  earth 

QHd  for  maklna;  dlthea.  Tasei.  iic. ;  alio 

tho   war*  Itarlf.    reHiabllilf   poicelalil. 

Colled  alio  fdlcnea. 
Me^ot.  niu'Jcr.    MlUt.,  an  olB«r  ii«it  In 

aat-coloncl ;  (he  lownt  field  offlccr. 
Wajor-doiiio,  -lor-dii'mS.     A  man  who 

hoiibcboid;  atileward;  Dlao,  □  chief  minis- 
ter or  great  offlri-r  of  a  palace. 
Kajor-eeneral,  -Icn'er-al.    A  mllllarr 


eheekg,  uiuld'chikB,  The  ScbTojronldB- 
at  Tr4^Uip,  a  fhiii.  of  ni'aiiUioiilu'ivi.'iuiis 
-  lltheK.  bMlng  lar(,-o  bunus  in  the  brad. 
Bnll-iieads  aro  memben  of  ibli  fimll)-, 
|C«ill.  (MalneorUayo).  A amaUlcraUs 
river  of  Central  Qerutanj,  emptying  into 
thaBhtoaojipiiiltaUaiiCi;  lasftli  BWm. 


ll^^k^-A^^BlV^lkl^^ 


'     • 


MALACXJA 


484 


MAMELUKEB 


Xalaoca.  A  BrUlnh  ^ettleinent  nnd 
iniHtiiry  hUtlon  un  the  W.  coast  uf  tho 
ld:ilay  iH'ninKu1:i;  jMip.  abt.  GO.(NJO.  Straits 
of  M.,  tliiM-haiincI  tictwucii  Suuiuti-n  ami 
tlu.'  Malay  ]ii>niiisul.i. 

ICalachi.  In  SitI]).  h  prupliot  su]>posod 
t»)  havn  livifl  ulit.4-'."»i;.  «■..  thr  l>o<ik  which 
1)c:irs  IiIm  iiaiiw  IniiiiT  tiu;  I:i>t  of  Ihu  pro- 
jilulii-  utliTaiM-i'M  bi-liin*  tliu  n|>]ii':ii':inor 
of  •loliii  til*.-  I>apli>t.  tiic  iiiiinwlhitc  foro- 
luniu-runil  coiiUinpDrary  of  »lrMisChrfst. 

Malachite,  inalii-klt.  A  onrbonute  of 
vi>]i|K-r  luiiixl  ill  Milid  inn&M\s  of  a  beuuti- 
ful  gri-en  color.  Ittuki'd  a  jrooil  ]>oIiAh 
and  is  inanufactured  into  toys.  Blue 
malachite  or  iizurlto  coutaius  alarger  pro- 
]M>rUon  of  carbonic  acid. 

Malacology,  mal-a-koro-j;.  The  science 
of  molluscous  or  soft-boidied  nnluials, 
includinif  thu  knowledge  of  such  animals, 
vhutlier  protectc<l  by  shells  or  entirely 
naked,  and  their  distribution  into  classes, 
bub-closses,  orders,  famlliuh,  genera  and 
Blieck'S. 

Malacostraca,  -kos'tro-ka.    The  higher 

■division  of  thu  Crustacea,  including  the 
shrimns,  lobsters,  crabs,  &c.,  together 
with  tno  wooil-lico  and  sand-hoppers. 

Malaga.  A  Si>anish  seaport  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, cap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
noted  for  its  fruits  and  wine;  ]K)]>.  43,UU0. 

Malapterurus,  ma-lap'te-ru-rus.  A 
gen.  of  small  malacopterygioiis  ilshes, 
sec.  Abilominales,  fain.  bilurida>,  pos- 
sessed of  a  high  degree  of  electrical  i)ower. 

Malay,  loa-la^  One  of  the  five  principal 
divisi(»ns  of  mankind  according  to  Blu- 
menbach.  They  occupy  the  countries  and 
islands  between  China  and  Ilindustan. 

Malay  Archipelagro  (Eastern  or 
Indian).  A  great  number  of  islands  in 
the  ( 'hioa  Sea,  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans, 
divided  into  6  s^'ctions,  and  including 
Java,  Humatra,  Borneo,  the  Philippines, 
with  hundnNds  of  less  rtize  and  imi>ortanco; 
total  iK)p.  estimated  at  8,000,000. 

Malay  Peninsula.  A  long  and  narrow 
section  of  Farther  India,  S.  E.  Asia, 
bounded  £.  by  the  Gulf  of  Slam  and  China 
Sea  nnd  W.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and 
Strait  of  Malacca;  pop.  *22S,400. 

Malibi:an,  Maria  Felicia.  An  emi- 
nent French  vocalist ;  b.  li>(»8,  i).  ISiO. 

Maligmant,  -lig'nunt.  In  i:nglihh  lli.<«t. 
one  of  the  mlherents  of  Charles  I .  and  his 
Bon  in  their  struggle  against  Parliament ; 
a  Cavalier ;  so  called  by  the  Bouodheads, 
or  opi>osite  party. 

Valingexer,  -ling^ger^r.  Mllit,  a 
Mildiflr  who  feigns  Uoiself  Bick« 


Mall.  mal.  A  puhllo  Trork;  a  tord 
Bha<le<l  walk.  ' 

Mallard,  'lard.    The  conrimon  wild  dock. 

Malleaceed,  -lo-u'se-i*.    A  &m.  of  kunct 

libranchiatc  mollusks,  of  which  the  gen. 

Malleus  Is  Use  type,  regnrdetl  by  some  as 

a  sub-fam.  of  the  Aviculida*  or'pearl-oys- 

ters. 

Malleation,  -Ic-u'shoD .  The  act  of  Ixwt- 
ing  into  u  plate  or  leaf,  us  a  metal ;  exten- 
sion by  beating. 

Mallet,  'let.    A  wooden  hammer. 

MallophagA.  -ora-ga.  An  onl.  of  mi- 
nute ajitcrous  insecla,  parabitic  on  birds  ,* 
bhxl-lice. 

Malmsey,  mum'zl.  A  kind  of  gnpe ; 
also,  a  sweet  white  wine  made  in  Madtin 
of  grapes  which  have  been  allowed  tu 
(ihrivci  upon  tho  >ine 

Malt,  malt.  Grain,  usually  barley,  ' 
bteepc<l  in  water  and  mode  to  germinate, 
after  which  it  is  dried  in  a  kilo,  and  th«n 
used  in  the  brewing  of  i)orter,  ale  or  beer, 
and  in  whisky  distilling.  Liquor  iiro- 
duced  A'om  malt ;  beer. 

Malta.  An  EugNsh  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, which  with  Gozo  adjacent 
covers  an  area  of  115  so.  in. ;  pop.  abt 
170,000.  M.  is  tho  chief  Jiritish  station  in 
S.  Kuro]>e,  and  is  both  naturally  and  arii- 
iicialiy  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  the 
world.  It  is  noted  for  its  nnmemui 
sieges,  that  by  tho  Turks,  1M5,  when  < 
held  by  the  Knights  of  St  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, costing  tho  besiegers  tho  Uvea  of 
50,000  men. 

Malte-Bnin,  Conrad.  An  eminent 
geogranher ;  b.  in  Jutland  1775.  d.  a  dti- 
zen  of  France,  1S26. 

Maltha,  mal'tha.  A  variety  of  bitumen, 
lnterme<liat6  between  liquid  iMtrolcum 
and  solid  asphalt. 

Malthns.     Thomas     Robert.    An 

Knglisli  clergyman  and  political  econo- 
mist ;  ».  1766,  i>.  IS-^.  He  held  that  i>op- 
ulation  increase<l  faster  than  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  and  ojiposed  early  marriages. 

Malt-kiln,  malt'kil.  A  heate<l  chamlier 
in  wliich  nuilt  is  dried  to  check  the  ger- 
mination after  steeping. 

Maltose,  'Os.  Sugar  produced  from 
starch  paste  by  the  action  of  mall  ot 
d  astase,  having  thu  same  composition  as 
glucose. 

MalurinaB,  mal-u-ri'ne.  A  sub-£im.  ol 
dentirostral  insesaorial  birds,  of  which  the 
gen.  MaluruB  is  the  type  ;  the  Bolt-tailed 
warblers. 

Msmelnkes,  The.    Male  bIsvm  ogig- 


MAMUAXll.                      ttb  ICAJfCHOO 

iBully  brauzlit  IKhd  CIrcutli  br  Eoj'p-  ■"<■  McluiDcliralc  (Rilr  imd  duk  irlilts),    , 

tlu  Siiluas.  «'ba  nitr  tn  I!.^^,    i>»«s-  but  omlu  H-rmil  rj»a. 

*'Td''thJ^'"""    ■'•'!''■''"    ^"'I^'fo'm  Man.IalOOf.    A  Hmnh  Irinnd  off  tin 

jmm.    Tlwt'iflUMWwbroktn'h/scllin  boiiSS^tASnB-ii'™  Mi'l''S'lmV 

1.  M.h.inct    AH  eomnlM*!/  ilvslrojml  area,  i!sii«q.  m.;  imp.  iiht.  IM.IKKI.  gup. 

Uif\t     poww     ISIl,    by    trtuclieroiul/  OiaUi'lonn.     It  t*  gm-™i.il  hv ll» own 

■lauKbU'rini;  «0  utlbdr  Indm.  iKjIstaoirt,  coU.-d  tbo  Jlmw  of  K.'yi. 

y airiTTi -llaiinMii-myU-ii.    Tbo  Iriebnl  Uanode. 'itkl.  AntnKtminrntnrlmntbt 

llnclliocli«i«lr.r1.1t«i*  ilut  the  fbraalo  Kanakin. -kin.    Th"  npmn  tfv™  t->  tlw 


affttnmlllftry      'mU-«-H.      In  GeA  rmU,  olHi.il  to  Iha  C«tM«. 

S^m™l'n™'l«lIom"'"'  """^^  *''*°"'  lllaiiby'«  Api«nitn»,  tl.  ft[.-p.-it 

■«T.w^™-J    .       '     .m.     a_.  1     ,  ""■    A"  uppinilnl  by  which  n  fhot.  w1 

ri^^™'lto™Ai    lb    N  iT^t"  KilnonreholnMUiibHtDll.ii'liirownl 

t,  Kh-phBB  [irbnlKeni 

couw  DDfl  flriible,  and  th 
•rwooL    Ad  inHru  ouciuw 


t^abon' 


ibontI(&ct  la  knglb,  th«  liuki 

I  f.i't  hiB(.    Tlilili  tbs  onlyln- 

Minceofafliull animal prcMrv«d  vntbe. 
XMnmoth  Oats.   Tliolmrnt  nsinnl 

fiBVDilun  knm'n,  In  Edumiiiwn  Co.,  Ky., 

lauin.  R*W.  iif  I jqilnKinn.    It  haa  buen 

txliWnl  fdr  B  dlatanca  of  ID  ta  13  m. 
XTan,  tiisn.    An  Imltiidnalnflba  human 

nw;  a  hnmiui  Mug.      I'orU.nilarli'.  a     ni„,tj  ,rtLtia  Atmid,  IW  bottom  am 

mala  luInU uf tbo hninon  nioe,a«  dliilii'      iiuhtdnit 

faididl%-lil«B mankind  laiollVoTiirkUiis:    Xanohorter     One  ef  the  most  impOT 

I^uimAii,  akin  whit* ;  MonniHan, oHto ;      V"' "!""!?"    „'^,i'i,;"i,  ;«"■« 

Ellilu|Aui.i*rii«nd«yMUBrk;Ain<T(Mn.      J5"T.  JL j  "    L     LrrlLv  ' 
■    afclnoViiiTdUnt!  UWav,  ynrjlnft froma     W,  otLondun,  pi.[i.  812,1160. 

HcbttoHiiy  tuailF>.-iibrnwn.    UuiWui-    Uanchoo. -chu'.    A  native  nf  Manchw- 

TTdMinanlnlo  Rvt  gioiina— AmtralluM,      rla.  CblnaionooftbiirelgntngrlTnaitf  la 

■ctn44HoDc0k)UandtLaXuUliooli(Olo     CUaa.    tba  Baan\ts^u«B<AO.i<i>^  J 


MANGO  CAPAO 


MANLIUB 


Xanco  C\pac.  T!i"  nr«t  IVnivian  lnca> 
h-iii-v.-l  t)  hiv,'  Hv.a  a'lt.  l.'Mni.  He 
i'%:  .lilioli'-l  111!'  \viir>lii;i  «»l'  t'l."  sii«.  A 
^o  ■  Ml  I  i.H"  I  <»f  f-iiiii'  II. nil'*  wa.;  crutlly  jmt 
:■)  il«M:!i  It,"  I'i/.irrt.  l."»li. 

Sl.md  trill.  «l:i-r.  ii  .  The  iiuiiii'  friv<>n 
b/  liii!'-»ii(MiH  to  any  <'liini-.'«'  iiiairi:*traU* 
or  o.lii-i.il.  ( i'.il  o.-  i.iiiiia- y  Tim  r!iiin'-.c 
<•<]  livaA'iu  i-<  kw.tii.  >\liii-.ii  nirans  lit^'raliv 
p  iiilii'  si'j-va.Jt.  M.  iliii'k,!'.  braiifit'iil  ^jn-- 
d.'.'«.  ua  \\\'.  itfi'hUix.  ail  1  n-.'ardwl  as  an 
O'lilili-  II  oi"c.>,.jn;ral  «!li'riio;i. 

M.\ndiDulxtc.  -ilihTi-lat.  onoofn  sec. 
of  in.M'iMs,  Siicltuliiiir  all  which  ri'tain  the 
oiv^i'iA  of  mastication  in  their  laiit  or  jicr- 
fe(;t  titug'e  of  inctaiiuirphodis. 

Kandlestone.  dl-.ston.  Amygdaloid  : 
Btoiic.)  or  rock»  which  havo  kcmelii  eavel- 
opod  in  a  matrix. 

Iffandoline,  'do-lin.  A  mu8ical  instm- 
munt  oi'tiio  fruiiar  kind.  A  plectrum  is 
used  in  the  riifht  hand,  the  lingers  of  the 
lofc  Htoiipiu;;  the  strings  on  the  fretted 
fl'i^rcr-l.oarj. 

HCandrel,  drcl.  In  Mach.  a  straight  1>ar 
of  irua  on  which  an  arlicilo  liavinj?  a  liole 
throti^li  it  is  fitted  to  be  tiirnwl.  The 
name  i «  u!ao  ^--ivon  to  any  straight  bar  a])on 
which  a  t  iibo  or  rin^  is  welded.  an<l  to  a  i)iug 
around  whi'.-li  metal  and  glass  are  cast. 

Iffandrill,  dril.  A  species  of  monkey; 
the  ^reat  blue-faced  or  lib-uosed  baboon, 
the  Cvnoeephalus  Maimon  or  Mormon, 
the  largest,  most  formidable,  ferocious 
and  hidet>us  of  baboons.  They  are  na 
tives  of  the  W.  coast  of  Afric^'i,  where  thev 
assoeiatt^  in  large  trooi)s,  and  plunder  vii- 
hvges  and  cullivated  lields  witii  impunity. 

Manducus.  -du'kus.  In  Greek  ahd 
Kom.  Antiq.  a  ludicrou9  masked  figure 
representing  a  person  chewing,  used  in 
]iroc(.'ssion8,  and  in  comedies  to  create 
meiTiment. 

ISfCanesre,  ma-nazh'.    A  school  for  train 
ing  ho;-<e.»  and  tea<!hing  horsemanship; 
als )  tlio  art  of  breaking,  training  and  rid- 

iM'<  llOl'S'.'S. 

llines,  'n.'z.  The  jrods  of  the  lower 
\.').-;.l:  the  benevolent  Infernal  dcltie:^ ; 
t'l  •  jrhists.  slndes  or  souls  of  deeeas<»d 
p  M-^ons ;  the  deilied  sluides  of  the  dead. 

MjLn?a.b7,  mm  ga-bi      A  monkev  (<'er- 
c  ritU  "ju  i  fiilljrinosus).  with  naked  white 
e.i'li.is.  belonging  to  the  group  of  guen 
o  IS ,  t.h»  white-eyed  monkey. 

M  in?ane83.  gan  Cz.  A  metal  of  a 
du  .k»- -.viiae  or  whiti.sh-gray  color,  very 
hard  and  (lifflcalt  to  fuse.  Ono  of  Its  ores, 
black  wadd,  is  remarkable  for  spontoueous 

IttdummaUoa  when  mixed  vritli  oU. 


ICanffanite,  -it.  On^W  tho  ores  of  mtn 
gancMS  the  hydratc<l  sesquloxide,  us«d  in 
the  manufacturo  of  giants. 

Manhattan  Island.  The  island  on 
which  Ni'w  York  City  is  jirincipallv  locat- 
ed, at  the  Junction  of  the  Hudson  and  Kast 
Itiver*  with  New  York  JJay.  and  cut  off 
from  iho  mainland  bv  Harlem  Hirer  and 
Spuyten  I>uyvll  Creek ;  abt  S  ni.  In 
li-ngth,  with  a  maximum  breadth  of  abt. 
'J  ni. 

Manichean.  -i-b«'an.  One  of  a  i^ect  in 
I*er»ia,  founded  lu  tho  8d  centnrj-  by 
Manes  or  Manichtpus,  who  maintained 
tlwt  there  are  two  supreme  principles,  the 
ono  good,  tho  other  eyil,  which  prodnoe 
all  the  happiness  and  calamities  of  the 
world. 

ICaniohord,  'i-kord.  A  mnsical  instra- 
meut  in  tho  form  of  a  spinet,  whose 
strings,  like  those  of  the  cWichord,  an 
covered  \%ith  cloth  to  soften  their  soandi; 
also  calle<l  tho  dumb  spinet. 

ICanidSB,  -do.  A  family  of  edentate 
mammals,  including  only  the  scaly  ant- 
eaters  or  pangolins. 

Manikin,  'i-kin.  A  little  man ;  a  dwarf. 
An  artificial  anatomical  preparation,  made 
with  pasteboard,  plaster,  &c.,  exhibiting 
all  parts  of  the  boil}',  upon  which  surgeont 
practice  ;  called  also  a  Phantom. 

Manilio,  ma-nil'i-o.  A  ring  or  brooelet 
worn  in  Africa  as  an  ornament  for  the  arm 
or  leg.  A  piece  of  copper  shaped  like  a 
horseshoe,  passing  as  money  on  the  W. 
coast  of  AfHca. 

Manilla.  Cap.  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
on  the  island  of  Luzon  ;  ijop.  116,8T0. 

Manin,  Daniele.  A  distin^ruished  Ital- 
ian patriot ;  b.  in  Venice,  1804 ;  d.  in  ex- 
ile at  Piuis,  1859. 

Maniple,  man'i-pl.  In  Boman  Antlq.  a 
comiiony  consisting  of  sixty  common  sol- 
diers, two  centurions  and  a  standard- 
bearer.  In  the  K.  C.  and  some  other 
Ei)iscopai  churches,  ono  of  tho  sacnsd 
vestments  assumed  by  the  bishop  after  the 
C-onOteor  in  tho  mib«s,  and  by  a  priest 
after  the  stole  and  before  tho  cliasuble. 

Manitou,  man 'i -to.  Amouf^  certain  of 
the  American  Indians,  a  name  given  to 
whatever  is  an  object  of  religious  awe  or 
revt'rence,  whether  a  goo<l  or  evil  spfrit  or 
a  ffrish.  Two  manitons  or  spirits  are 
spoken  of  by  pre-eminonoo — tho  one  the 
sjiiHt,  of  good,  the  other  the  spirit  of  evlL 

Manliiis.  Tho  name  of  three  dlotUi- 
goished  Komans.  Marcus  M.  Ci^toHnaL 
consul  in  892  b.  c,  suocestfolly  daHmdea 


lUSn  *  «T  UABAHATIU' 

bntni  iRiTWHd  oBirgedwItb  tnuoo  liiE-iil«HDiidabTllieUl(iJai«ph)[iuitDi 

bf  lbanatrl«iDiuu<1«]i«eut«d,S31.  Titag  orLonHoa,  i  rroovDsd  mika. 

M.  CiiplloUiiosToroMtM,  tribnaslnSM,  Manila  .*=*>_ 

dtfUilor  In  8.M  noil  ■eiln   In  SIB  f.  r.  ,,  ,        .'^      S^k. 

WhlLawnsul,  »W,lied«ftiit«l  the  Ijitlnn,  .„„  '   .,  BiTn||im|    i  i  m 

dfsobfiileijcooTordwsiD.BM.    TltiisM.  ,L,,„",^  T^»— Ji  a  n  ti  i 
Tornuatiu,i»a™iraB».r.,unlae«lniaii  ^Z,"  i'  >/  ^^« 
I'teiullj'  dcT.'aU-d  the  I'lirthnsliitjin*  »16,  [^kJ.L;             tCvIi...  ^....h. 
.Bd^  moilu  dleUtor  WB :  d.  ««.  Kr    lh..|J                              " 
2Cania.in£'Dl9.    _^  (nWiqnofcrms.  M.  ^■llg^l^Bn.o^p^lylJIJr■ 
A  cen.  oT  nlen-         '^ts?viatK&*^  InanU^ll^L^  n-»lvi-l  Iw  mine  livin  the 
tata    mimmala     ^^^S^MmMc^  nHullar  pMlticin  nf  tlie  iDti^rtor  ]«lr  ol 


1TM;b.  ISM.                                          ■■  mrrlnso'o  cunitninfa  thitsiBrwrnH- 

Xaima.     In  Bortp.  a  subitmce  mlpncii-  ""*,'"  ",'"*''  ""'."' "  '"  "^  """"alon ;  * 

louily  (tarBfahHl  lafDodfurlholMMilua  cwrtngo  fi>r  txcniip. 

In  their  louTDfy  Ihroggb  Uie  wUdemfiBS  Manx,  mnnKlLs.    Tho  nallve  Iwirnoge  of 

of  Arabia.    What  Iba  lubatanoe  wag  la  tie  Inbablunis  of  tho  lale  of  Mao.     U 

nnkaown.      In  Phtr.  the  sweet  concrcto  bclnngs  la  tho  nndhtllo  hnacb  of  the 

Xoniiheliii  Gold, 'bTm  f^ld.    a  brus  M&ori,  msVii,    One  gf  tha  h^tlT*  In- 

eontalnlng  SO  jmrta  copper  end  BOzLnc.  bablunliof Sew ZrnloDd. 

Hied  by  JawalHslolinllata gold.  Hap,  map.    AnprceentatleD  of  theinr- 

tolnMl  from  manna.     It  laaLjg  (bund  In  tbs  Hhulo  or  »ny  pm'rt  of  the  wlMUal 

Uielulceiof»fv«iii»pr!deaof  ohrrry  and  apbcr*.  mnalljr  drawn  on  paper  or  other 

Toota.  ancb  u  that  of  celery.  In  Ihe  frr-  Hap-monnter,  'maaat-rr.      A  work- 

menU'dlufcaofbei'l-ruot.MiKita,  onion*,  mon  nho  b«k»  maps  Willi  eaBVM,\ii^ 

*    *o..  aocfln  eonie  BiKi-wwda.  nlshcs  Ibuni,  fiire  Ibum  on  raUcr>,  dec 

inenl  lo  itie.wiro  thoalteistlnns  In  tha  «ao  torin.'nlaiiu'n  with  Wifhinil  rialona. 

Mftata,  iiian'M.  .A  flat  flsh,  very  tronblo-  filarabou-atork,      -ra-bi'satrfc.      Tlia 

Mantdcop, 'tl-kor.     In  1J<t.  »  monster  dWIuala  whili,  fnilher*  bfnealh  the  wine 

or  llmr.  Jonv'  Bi^ral  horni  and  t^n'tuU  of  >  fiathon. 

laorplon.    A  brge  monkey  ot  hnbo:n.  Haraboat.  .bst'.    In  N.  AM™,  among 

Haotilla. -tll'la.    a  wnman'a  hoad-coT-  tbs  B.Tber^  one  of  a  body  of  aalnti  ur 

Infpaln  and  thi'^piniabcDlonloa.  Alleht  Uaracaibo.     A   BQaport  of  Venezuela, 

doak  or  covcrlnir  tbrunn  over  Ihodrcu  300  tn.  W.  of  Cancai ;  pop.  M.6;C. 

of'Udy.  Maxal,  ma-ra'.     A  laerad  Indnanre  or 

Kaatla-crab, -knh.    Anama  gl""  1°  temploamonKUMlilaodLTiar  ihe  Paciaa  ' 

■mitaco*,  gen.  aqullla.  Ocean. 

SbatOU, 'bM.    Tb*>uaii*(lTen  tofirvl-  Maranath*,  nm^a-ni'th*.    The  Ia4 


ICASAKltlXO 

'  ^^,irird].~lllk'<lit1•lllclb'rTl<'J>. 
3Carat     Jsao.     Paul-    A    nntnrliiur 
n.  ITM'  nviiL'-jiiiuliMt  hy  J'ImrliitIv  (-imlaj 

atoratlioii.    AvllIuL-">'r<mnTiMHi  ilu: 
£,  i'.MHurAlll.-j,-Jiiiii.  N.  i:.  ..f.\ih>'i>i>. 

ICarble.  miTrl'l.    Tl>.'  pn|.ukir  mm.'  fat 

tah'Tt^MlU- ll'll'jUl'.ili".    •■t'n  «liin. 

■tBariIine;bQt  miK'pt.mi' !■  smoreprn- 

ilonps   of  in  Inf.^.ir  I'l'iliin-.      Aiun- 
irl  »r  ArmidiHim  iii^.rl.U '.  i.  i^iIIkKqii  dT 


(touilda  oTtbn  priuul)jiil  ovmu 
donhlilaiy  (hull  ttiullingnrtUu 
or  Mml-myLhlFHl » "ninps  ( 1  fiSa  n . 
■rdioniihin  uf  IHncni^iin  ISGI  n 
HHtaf  ft  U  b>Kt,,iui<l  u']u>l,ri' 


.    Klirin  mill- 
■'  '"  bsnio-rl- 


n  of  W  bsmo-rl- 


Uarble-cnttRr, 


KercsUuB.  MarcDH  QlaiiicUns. 


Wmilnri'i  M«,°-n  KnulimS  Bn.l  Scot- 
bnil  anil  F.n^luid  uut  WalM,  wjlh  tba 


I  HABOBATB 

Mftrdtier,  nurdi'fr,     Tho  Lord  or 


iiii-«.    Tifwat 


"'"fit 


rtlDR'iirliiHpTpn  uf  sv<h1  nnJ  edUmi 
!ned  liuU  U'tvwn  tbmi  thin  tslsU 


Morcua  Aurelliu  Antonlnna.    On 


lUl.  Ml  DUDuliKii  bdw 
llr.  wu  »1VM  tbe  «£ 


Ntw  York,  uf  wlildi  Stale  bo  iim  p»- 

Vnr  Id  PrnMi'iil  Pollt'i  ClUnet,  lS4e. 
uhl   f^tvn^ry  of     K(at«    In    l^Mdort 
n.'Fn''>('i>b!n('t,  Its'ift-ai. 
H«re.  uuV.     TJio  fvRuli!  of  tbn  bona  it 
of nih>-r  Fiii-di-a  nfUia  gtit.  Kiiuni. 

A  E«>- If  palmtpBd 

_._^.'nrir.  Tidr. nm. 

b.-  rity  iif  AlMMMilrli,  uotnl  M 


Ilk^Mlhi-lun.-....:! 

-rt-b-."c 

iTlllllU 

bot'-a  tard 

HSS 

5 

A  (in.,  of 

""WW...'!--;.  .^ 

llindll 

Imal  of  tb< 

■  y.  Itirrtnt 

„ .  ^ OHfrfnallv.  lite  ni»t- 

qiii^  a  lonl  or  k^opor  of  Uia  minhH  or 
bonirn ;   now  ^  tills  of  uobUllr  U  8<r- 


]£ABeRATnn» 


489 


1CABQUI8 


SCarsrrabvlne,  'gra-yln.  The  -nlfe  of  a 
margrave.  ^ 

KEariana.  Jtum  da.  An  eminent 
Spanish  historian ;  b.  1686,  d.  1628. 

X£arid,  mu'rid.  In  Mohammedan  Myth, 
an  evil  jinnco  or  demon  of  tho  most 
poworftil  class. 

Dlarigraph,  mar'l-grafl  A  machine,  of 
iVench  invention,  for  registering  tho 
height  of  tides,  <bc. 

Marikin,  -kin.  The  Jacchus  rosalla,  a 
smnll  S.  American  monkey,  with  iino 
siiky  hair,  and  furnished  yritb.  a  mano. 
Aleo  called  the  Silky  Tamarin. 

SEario,  GKdseppe  (Marquis  of 
Candia).  An  eminent  ItaUon  vocalist ; 
B.  1S08, 1).  1882. 

Siariolatry,  ma-rl-ol'a-tri.  Tho  adora- 
tion of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

ICarion,  Francis.  An  American  par- 
tisan general  in  the  Itevolutionary  War ;  b. 
In  8.  C,  1782,  d.  1795, 

Marionette,  mar'i-on-ef .  A  pappet 
moved  by  strings. 

Mariput,  -pnt  The  zoril,  an  animal  of 
tho  gen.  Viverra,  a  species  of  civet. 

Mark,  St.  (Marcus').  One  of  tho  four 
Evangelists,  son  of  Marv,  a  devout  Chris- 
tian woman  of  Jerusalem.  He  aruM>m- 
panied  Paul  and  Barnabas  on  their  mis- 
fiionarY  tour,  and  according  to  tradition 
Visited  Egypt  and  "W.  AMca,  suffering 
martyrdom  abt.  60  or  62. 

Maxkab,  raar'kab.    A  star  of  the  sec- 
ond magnitude  in  the  northern  coustella- 
'  tion  Pegasus. 

Market-cross,  Hcet-kros.  A  cross  set 
up  where  a  market  is  held.  Most  market 
towns  in  England  and  Scotland  had,  in 
early  times,  one  of  these,  sometimes  of 
elal>orate  construction. 

Id^lboroufirlx,  John  Cliurcliill, 
I>uke  of.  The  ablest  general  of  his  age; 
B.  in  England  1650,  d.  1722. 

MarL>8tone,  marl'stOn.  Sandy,  calcare- 
ous and  ferruginous  strata  which  divide 
the  upper  ftom  the  lower  lias  days. 

Marmora,  Sea  of.  A  small  body  of 
water  between  Europe  and  Asia,  con- 
nected with  tho  Black  Sea  by  the  Bos- 

"  phorus,  and  with  tho  ^gean  Sea  by  the 
Dardanelles ;  length  185  m.,  width  45  m. 

Marmoratum,  mar-mo-ra'tum.  A  ce- 
ment formed  of  pounded  marble  and  lime 
mortar,  used  by  the  ancients. 

Marmortinto,  'mor-tin-to.  A  procesa 
flmi^oyod  to  deoorata  walls,  callings,  &o., 
taioittatteB  otmsrbla. 


Marmot. 


Marniose, 

mar'mCs.  A 
marsupial 
quadruped  ro- 
seuibling  the 
opossum,  but 
smaller,  beiii^ 
only  about  MX 
inches  in 
leng-th  exclu- 
sive of  the  tail.  Marmose. 

Marmoset,  'mu-zct.  A  small  Amerioac 
monkey,  gen.  Jacchus.  m 

Marmot,  'mot. 
A  rodent  quad- 
rup  e  d,    gen 
A  r  c  t  o  111  y  s 
classed  with  the , 
Murida}  or  with  ,^^ 
the  Sciurldse.  A. 
monax    is     the 
groundhog      or 
woodchuck. 

Maronite,  mu'ron-lt.  A  follower'  of 
Maron,  nn  inhabitant  of  Lebanon  in  Syria. 
The  sect  originated  in  tho  6th  century, 
and  held  at  first  the  opinions  of  the  Mo- 
nothelltes,  thongh  thoy  now  den v  holding 
them.  Since  the  12th  century  t^iey  Lava 
several  times  submitted  to  the  pope  and 
joined  the  K.  C.  Church,  without,  how-" 
ever,  giving  up  their  peculiarities. 

Maroon,  ma-r?.n.  A  name  given  to  fti- 
gitivo  slaves  in  tho  W.  Indian  Islands 
and  Guiana.  A  bright  white  Hght  used 
for  signals  in  the  £.  Indien.  A  brownish- 
crimson  or  claret  color.  A  rocket  having 
the  case  bound  with  tarred  twine,  so  that 
it  exi>Iodes  with  a  great  noise. 

Marque,  mSrk.  A  license  or  commis- 
sion to  make  reprisals  on  the  belongings 
of  a  public  enemy,  usually  in  tiie  phrase 
letters  of  maroue  and  reprisal.  European 
nations  agreed  to  abolish  them  in  1866. 
but  the  tr.  S.  reftised  to  do  so.  Called 
also  Letters  of  Mark,  Letters  of  Mart. 

Marquee,  mar-kC.  An  officer's  field  tent 

Any    Lirgo    tent   or    wooden  structora 

erected  for  a  temporary  purpose. 
Marquis,      'kwls. 

Originally,   an    officer 

whose    duty  was    to 

guard  tho  marches  on 

frontiers  of  the  tdng- 

dom ;   now  a  title  of. 

dignity  in  Britain  next 

in  rank  to  that  of  duke, 

tho  second  of  the  five  Coronet  of  a  Mat* 

orders  of  nobility.  Cor-  ^ols. 

responding  titles  exist 

la  raaec,  Italy  a&d  Qboeauiar,    TU0  wUb 


BABTrai-HKUBT  AIFLK  ' 


■okl.  nrllh  Kilir  ■tiHwtKrry  l« 

T<itT<«,  irllJi  a  fiM  liiM'l  . 
'     m-i  n|i  >rl(li  miilnr. 


■mhly,  dlr. 


_  J  order  <l 

n  Ptucbh  tbi 


Id  other 


MarqnlaAte.  -H 
nity  111'  l.ird^hlp  c 
Harrow,  inu'i'i. 


HinawofMa.1i - 

iHtkaOfnsnil  A»rmtilv  ( ITSU) 
tainted  wltli  uitinuniliuiLim. 


b«ik  called  "The 


selves      with 

llHl     tll«    ps-  i--S. 

*"ieure»?rii       v""^-- 

Tsnai  J  snil  ni  thf>  nstron  nf  Ihe  stnto  he 
was  oailal  <lalrlniis.  Man  Is  KeiKTsll.! 
rcpnsQutrd  ss  of  yoiitlinil  but  j>o«-crful 
figure,  irmM  v\lh  Uif  hvlmct,  MM  mi 

h«vlixorine.l,"'Tl"7'l«"i-l»liiob'ooiii" 
Beit  to  Uie  earth  luorunufilisluiicu  trom 


UisdU«TUiEnn,anthoGalfDrLvODs,60iii. 
H,  W.  ofTaDloDiiiop  ^ajU). 
UaraelUalBe,  mlr^si-yui,  Tbo  isHonsl 
Siinff  of  Che  Frcooh  K^nbUo,  written  Id 
ITiMby  lto»ircttli'  I'lslo,  anofflcirln  tbe 

Uorshal,  'thai.     Orl/flnallir.  an  otrtctr 

trr,  the  chief  offlesr  of  srmi,  whose  duty 
wu  Co  nguIsM  oomlMIe  la  tM  li>>>     ^*" 


•t  of  Kan 

tuamirh-ii  ui 

uiiinni.  luinrnliiK  til  iimsDmirniaeeu- 
t.r.  Euri  M.  orsniliinil,  iht-clehihaaica 
of  state  insdalirmlltny  IwCbarWlI.la 
tlKRuHlhof  llnwanl.  aitliu  uf  XwOiIL 
I'mvKtt  iJ..  n  military  oflloer,  cicrektnf 

Marshiill.  John.  An  eminent  Anicri- 
ain  Jurti.t.  a.  In  Vo.  ITM.  n.  1SS5.  ire 
WW  for  Wypars  Chief  Juatioo  of  Uw  U. 

Mnreh-haTTler,     infinh'hu-rl-er.       A. 

BtaxslpobTaiichli. 


Ics,  fcm.  Mn«tuliiliB.thefornfwhl« 

Uartini-HenTT  BlAs,  -t;'ni=-hi 
tl'a.  A  tin.'ccU-ioB.llna  rUe,  the  br 
ofivhioh  is  the  InTentkin  of  Martini 
theturrel  that  of  Alex.  Hinry  at  B 
hurfh.    It  «U1  Are  XjMtt  a  i^M*. 


MAETTBT 


491 


MASTEB 


Hartin. 


The  name  of  5  popes. 

MaxUxi:, 'tin.    A 

«  general  name  ap- 
pliud  to  various 
species  of  birds, 
gen.  Hirundo  or 
swaMows. 

Martinet,  'ti- 
net.     A  military 
or  naval  oflBcerwho  is  an  excessively  strict 
disciplinarian. 

Uartinznas,  'tin-mas.  Tlie  feast  of  St. 
Martin,  the  11th  of  November. 

Haxtyr/ter.  One  who  suflFers  persecution 
or  death  rather  than  renounce  his  opin- 
ions. 

Kartyrology,  -ter-ol'o-ji.  A  history  or 
register  of  martyrs. 

Iffamt,  ma-rnt.      In  Hind.  Myth,  a  god 
of  the  wind. 
Iffarver,  mar'ver.      In  glass-making,  a 

filate  of  marble  or  cast-iron,  with  hollows 
n  it  for  shaping  work  when  blown. 

Karylcuid.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  one  of  the  original  18,  bounded  N. 
"by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Delaware,  8.  by 
the  Atlantic,  District  of  Columbia  and 
Tirginia,  W.  by  the  Virginias ;  area, 
11,124  sq.  m. ;  pop.  984.948.  Principal 
cities,  Annapolis,  cap.,  Baltimore,  Fred- 
erick, Havre-de-Grace,  Chestertown,  Elk- 
ton  and  Easton.  Chief  rivers,  the  Susque- 
hanna, Patapsco,  Patuxent,  Nanticoke, 
Gboptank  and  Chester.  Mountains,  Al- 
leghanie.s  and  South  Mountain,  an  offshoot 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  range. 

Mascled,  'kid.  Armor 
such  as  worn  by  the  Nor- 
man soldiers  represented 
in  Bayeux  Tapestry,  com- 
posed of  small  lozenge- 
shaped  metallic  plates , 
fastened  on  a  leathern  or' 
quilted  undercoat. 

Btasouline,  'kflrlin. 
Gram.,  the  masculine  or 
male  gender. 

Mashallah,  mash-al^  A  Turkish  and 
Persian  intcijection :  **  Praised  be  Allah ! 
or  God." 

ICask,  mask.  A  visor ;  a  dis- 
guise ;  a  masquerade ;  a  dra- 
matic performance. 

Maslacli,  mas'lak.  A  Turkish* 
Btini  ulant  prepared  from  opium. 

MaaoxL,  ma'sn.  A  builder  in 
atone  or  brick.  A  member  of 
the  fraternity  of  Free  Masons. 

XiBUMBFliae,  -W.     A  B«n«  glTin  to  hj- 


Mascled 
Armor. 


Mask. 


menopterons  insects,  genera  Osmia  and 
Chalcidoma.  which  construct  their  nests 
with  sand  or  gravel. 

Mason-wasp,  -wosp.  A  name  given  to 
hymcnopterous  insects,  gen.  Odynerus, 
fi*oin  their  ingenuity  in  excavating  their 
habitation  in  the  sand. 

Masoola-boat,  ma-sola-bot.  A  Amrgt 
E.  Indian  boat  used  on  the  Coroman<rel 
coast  for  conveying  passengers  and  goods 
between  ships  and  the  shore. 

Masora,  -so'ra.    A  Hebrew  work  on  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures,   bv  several  rabbins, 
between  the  6th  and  9th  centuries.  It  sup- 
plies the  vowel  points,  besides  critical^ 
grammatical  and  exegetical  remarks. 

Mass,  mas.  A  ser\'ioe  which  forms  an 
es.sential  part  of  both  the  R.  C.  and 
Greek  Churches,  and  in  which  the  conse- 
cration of  the  saOTomental  bread  and  wine 
and  communion  take  place. 

Massachusetts.  One  of  the  18  original 
States  of  the  American  Union,  bounded 
N.  by  Maine.  New  Hampshire  and  Vc?r- 
mont,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  8.  by/  the 
Atlantic,  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island,  W.  by  New  York;  area,  7.800 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,788,085.  Prindpal 
cities,  Boston,  cap.,  Lynn,  Lowell,  \\  or- 
cester,  Newburvport,  Salem,  Beverly, 
New  Bedford  ani  Fall  River.  Chiefirivers 
the  Connecticut,  Merrimack, 'Housatonic, 
Taunton,  Nashua,  Charles,  Blackstone, 
Chioopee,  Westfteld  and  Deerfield.  Moun- 
tains, the  Hoosac  and  Taconlc  ranges.  M. 
inaugurated  the  movement  against  "taxa- 
tion without  representation,"  which  re- 
sulted in  the  independence  of  the  colonies. 
M.  Bftv,  a  large  arm  of  the  Atlantic  extend- 
ing alon  J:  the  E.  coast  of  the  State,  between. 
Capes  Ann  and  Cod. 

Massena,  Andre.  (Prince  d*Essling 
and  Due  de  Klvoli).  One  of  Napoleon's 
most  successful  marshals,  b.  1768,  d.  1817. 
He  resigned  his  command  in  Portugal, 
after  the  sanguinary  but  indecisive  battle 
of  Fuentes  Onoro. 

Masseter,  'se-ter.  One  of  a  pair  of  mus- 
cles which  raises  the  under  Jaw.        •   » 

MeuBsilia,  -sil'i-a.  A  small  planet  revolv- 
ing between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi* 
ter. 

Mast,  mast.  The  fruit  of  the  oak,  beech 
or  forest  trees ;  nuts. 

Master,  'ter.  One  who  ia  placed  in  au- 
thoritj' ;  one  who  has  others  under  his  ijp-. 
mediate  control :  correlative  to  slave,  ser- 
vant, Ac.  In  the  merchant  service,  the 
oaptain  of  a  ship.  In  the  navj',  the  offiow 
m>  ncvlgatee  the  ship  under  the  dlreo* 


UAHTRB-nnraEB 


UATnO-KTItAB 


I.,  brlRht  V  ft.  Bl  In.,  tuaki  T  ft.  2  tn. 
BLutoIoffT,  -(oro-H.    T1i«  nttnnl  Ue- 
.  tory  of  Diiluiila  wblcli  autkls  their  yaung. 
Uat.  m»L    -  


Hatttaew.  St.  (Levi). 

ApDAILes,  too  of  A^pheUft,  u 


»  J«ruu1sra  IB 


mi<uAurc  of  w^ght  vttying  A-om  25  to  B2  lffn-*fniiHai  Ferdlnarid  Joseph. 
1b3.  (Arcbdukeaf  AUHUin.)    Ynusfer  brutlKr 

Maundy-TliurBday.  The  Thnradsy  "'  Kiiipsror  Francla  JoMuh,  b.  lasa,  exe- 
fn  Pu,-Kion-»ei!k,  or  neit  before  Good  o"'*^  '"  MmIm,  Juno  II,  ISOI,  hertoj 
Frirlay,  on  which  the  eoverei™  uf  Eng-  been  twrenedcd  by  Nywleon  111.  to  «e- 
liod  illstribaloi  alms  tuncorUin  number  cept  tho  sovereignly  of  tli»t  eouBtryjlhea  • 
of  poorpersons  Bt  Whitcholl  DccuptDd  by  ibe  iTreiich  troops.    Tho«e 

Kanrioe  of  HBaaaii.  Prince,  Second  ^'''  "'Tf^w^"'?'™,'  ^i,'"'^ 
BOD  ofWllltBin  "llio  Silent,-  Prluco  ol  "^  t^m  ^  7  kf^*"^"^"'  Hta 
«M^c?oM>;^i^ira°ort«^",?o"  S'fe'^lo'^djoghL-ofVM^IdL.klng  - 
•noeosaful  nillltarvHU-ecr  ihloh  he  beem  "'  Boljrtnm.  lost  her  muon  over  the  cAd 
M™1^i?M^^^nS,neriof^  fcteofber  i>,,«land,  «>d  in  .UU  Urtng  i 
United  I^vin COS.  hopclMS  hut  quiet  maniac. 

MauritluH  (Isle  of  Franca).    ABrtt-  l"y™i-    The  aflh  month  of  iho  yew.. 

Ishlaluidln  thuIudlaaOceu].    Cap.  Port  Haya. 'a.    In  niadu.  Myth,  the  wlU  or 

aianrr,  Matthew  Fontaine.  An  ■*  »  fomide,  by  whom  ho  ixMied  the  unt- 
imtrlum  commodore:    b.  InVa.,  1§0«:      »™ie- 

0. 1ST3.    He  »u  iliftlnguisbed  u  a  tay-  May-bird,  'bwd.    The  name  giren  la 


Hatisolanm,  ms-sWf'um.    A  moeulfl-  link  otrtce-blrd. 

cent  tomb  or  stately  senulehrsl  moon-  Uay-day.  Mi.    The  first  diy  of  May,  >o 

ment.     A  BepuWunl  edifice  oroctcd  for  called  in  Engfland,  Id  commfmoratlini  of 

tbn  receptloD  of  a  monmnent,  or  to  con-  the  feetlyltlps  which  from  a  very  early  p*' 

tain  tombs.  riod  were  ohsorred  od  that  day.  The  oBrf 

Maut,  mat.     An  Egypthm  goddcBS,  the  'eaturos  of  Ibe  celebration  oro  the  gather- 

pereonlfiMtlon  of  Motker  Nature,  an^  the  ^"f  fluwers  «o«nlng  1  lo  Mny-qneen, 

:eBpondlng  to  the  Greet  Demeter.    '  Mayenoe    (Manta).       An    important 

itlfu]  pnrple  dye  commercial  city  of  the  Krand  duohy  of 
the  aulphitpof  a  Hesse  Darmstadt,  S.  Germany,  strongly 
!•„  th,.  .^.liH  l»rtia«l  ;  pop.  M.SSa. 

May-fly, 'ill.    The  ponnlsr  nune  of  the 

"'  lis  lularta.  a  neuropteron^  insect.    Th» 

oe  \f  olso  ap]>lled  lo  viHoas  Insects  of 

Mayor,  'er.    The  chief  ofllc«  of  a  mtuil- 
rfpal  corporaUon.    M.  of  the  nahioe,  !■ 


!,  orlftnally  the  first 

undc 
ly   U 

I  red  the  dopoBltlon  of  that  ktag,  lod  htm- 
■Dded  the  Ibroiie,  itoanding  IbtCar- 


.te,  under  thoMeroi-inalaB  Mn-s.  Ul- 
nalely,  Ui  the  year  TM.  P*[iln  the  Short, 
lyor  of  the  pahce  to  Childeric  I" 


mlUan,  msks-l-DiUi-i 
rfao  gold  coin  worth  about  tS 
lEazlmilian.    The  nan 


of  Frpderlck 

(herlandaUTI, 

ife  with  Maji      '  ^ 


„-_. „ Marr  of  B_      . 

(EndT,  and  amparDrl4M:D.  IBIS.   Bwlt-      Folith  idventurer,  b.  1U4.    B«  was  d*- 
■Mudwirandlnr  biibpaiMiaedmlng      tected  bi  an  amonrwlth  thewVk  ofa  IV 


MA^LOGT 


4M 


MKDlNJfi 


lish  noble,  and  bound  Ut  the  backof  a\vild 
bonm  which  woa  turnfd  Iooho  nnd  carried 
hUn  to  tho  (country  of  the  Cossackn,  in 
-which  lio  rose  to  Ikj  Uieir  hetmiin  or  chief 
16*^7.  I)isoovere<l  in  a  plota^inAt  Uunsian 
ruli>,  ho  tinA  to  Turkey,  where  bo  died  in 
obsrurity,  1709. 

Hazoloffy.  -lol'o-yi.  That  department 
of  zoolut^y  which  treats  of  mammiferous 
aniinalfl. 

Iffasurka,  ma-zur^a.     A  lively  Polish 

round  dunce  in  (  or  |  time. 
SCaszini,  Gulseppe.    A  distinfmlshod 

Italian  patriot  and  revolutionist,  B.at  Genoa 

1607.  P.  1872     Most  of  his  matore  life  was 

spent  in  exile  in  £npland. 

ICeade,  Gheorgre  Gordon.  An  Amer- 
ican f^eneral ;  b.  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1816,  d. 
in  Penn.  1872.  He  commanded  tho  Fed- 
eral forces  at  the  important  battle  of  Get- 
tysburif,  Penn..  and  was  second  in  com- 
mand to  Gen.  Grant  in  the  Klchmond 
canipaifrn. 

Keadow-4ark,  meMd-liirk.  A  song- 
bird, oriole  fam.;  Sturnella  magna. 

Iffeadow-ore,  -dr.    In  Min.  conchoidal 

bog-iron  ote. 
Meat-oiferixiflr,  met'of-er-ing.  In  8crip. 

a  sacrifice  consisting  of  meat  or  food,  or 

moro  strictly  of  Hour  and  oil. 

Iffecoa.  The  holy  city  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans, in  Arabia,  270  ni.  S.  £.  of  Medina, 
noted  for  the  famous  mosque  of  El 
Haram,  850  ft.  long  by  800  ft.  wide,  con- 
taining the  venerated  Caaba.  M.  was  the 
birth-place  of  Mohammed.  Tt  formerly 
contained  a  jwp.  of  over  100,000,  but  now 
has  only  abt.  25,000. 

Xecha^C,  mu-kan^k.  One  skilled  in 
shaping  and  uniting  materials,  as  wood, 
metal,  Ac,  into  any  kind  of  structure, 
machine  or  other  object ;  one  who  fol- 

•  lows  a  mechanical  occupation  for  a  living. 
Mechanics*  institute,  an  institution  for  the 
instruction  and  recreation  of  persons  of 
the  artisan  classes. 

)Iech,axiic8,  Mks.  A  common  name  for 
the  science  which  treats  of  motion  and 
force.  Practical  mechanics,  the  anplica- 
tioD  of  the  principles  of  mechanics  to 
prftotioal  purposes,  as  the  construction  of 
machines,  buildings,  &o.  Bational  me- 
chanics, that  branch  which  treats  of  the 
theory  of  motion  ;  kinematics. 

Mechanography,        mek-an-og'm-fl. 

The  art  of  niultipljing  copies  of  a  writing 

or  any  work  of  art  by  the  use  of  a  ma- 

ohlne. 
yeohltarlst,  •it'fir-lAt    One  of  a  sect  of 

^mentMit  MknowMglnf  tlM'  mitiprt^ 


of  the  pope,  bat  retaining  thdr  own  rftoiL 
They  have  pfnted  the  best  editions  of 
Annenian  classics.  ' 

ICechlixi,  'lin.  A  fine  laeo  mado  at  Mech* 
lin  or  Malines  in  Belgium.      • 

Medal,  medial.  A  coin,  a  piece  of  metal  is 
the  form  of  a  coin,  stanii>e<l  with  some 
figure  or  device  to  preserve  the  iwrtraitof 
some  distinguished  person,  or  the  memo* 
ry  of  an  illustriooa  action  or  event,  orua 
reward  of  merit. 

Medalet,  -et    A  small  medal. 

Medallion,  mG-dal'ynn.  A  large  an- 
tique Koman  medal  struck  to  oommeoH 
rate  peri^ons  or  events.  In  Arch,  any  tab* 
lei,  bearing  on  it  objects  in  relief,  aa  fig- 
nruA,  heads,  animals,  flow««,  Ac 

Medallui^T,  -er-Ji.  Tho  art  of .  maUof 
and  striking  medals  and  coins. 

Medea.  In  Myth,  the  \iifo  of  JasoiL 
daughter  of  ^tes.  King  of  Colchis,  and 
niece  of  Cira,  noted  for  her  works  of 
magic.  She  assisted  Jason  in  his  aeordi 
for  the  Golden  Fleece  and  accompanied 
him  to  Greece,  where,  being  deserted  by 
him,  she  killed  her  two  sons. 

Media.  An  ancient  division  of  W.  Alia 
N.  of  Persia,  whose  kings  for  abt.  100  yean 
were  sovereigns  of  the  known  world.  It 
was  conquered  by  Cyrus  560  b.  c,  and  in- 
corporated with  Persia. 

Medici.  A  noble  Florentine  family, 
founded  by  Giovanni  de  M.  in  the  14th 
century,  and  became  extinct  in  the 
male  line,  1787.  Several  of  its  members 
were  distinguished  as  soldiers,  others  as 
statesmen  and  patrons  of  the  arts. 

Medicine,  med'sin.  Any  substance 
used  OS  a  remedy  for  disease.  Tho  science 
and  art  of  iireventing,  curing  or  alleviat- 
ing diseases  of  the  human  body.  M.  seal  or 
stamp,  small,  greenish,  square  stones 
found  near  old  Koman  towns  and  stations 
engraved  with  inscriptions  used  aa  seals 
by  ancient  physicians. 

Medieval,  -i-u'val.  One  belonging  to' 
the  middio  ares. 

Medievalist,  -ist.  One  versed  in  the 
history  of  the  middle  ages ;  one  who  sym- 
pathizes -with  the  sphdt  and  principles  ot 
tho  middle  ages. 

Medina.  A  dty  of  Arabia,  the 
"  Town  of  the  Prophet,"  in  the  H^tar,  100 
m.  N.  E.  of  Yembo,  its  port  on  the  Red  ~ 
Sen,  ranking  after  Mecca  in  saerednesa  to 
the  Mohammedans,  its  mosqne  contain* 
ing  Mohammed's  tomb  ;  pop.  17,860. 

Medine,  me-den'.  A  small  coin  and 
^onev  ofaooount in  Egypt^ the 40th  part 


MEDITEfiBAJraAlf  BXA  4H  ICXLBODBSX 


Wedltemneon    Se*.      Tl»    1ut> 
from  AlHcn  and  W.  JTla^  length  2,800 

theK/wtUithe  B«orMiiniion  by  the 

Ouldn  nr  dog  fkmlly. 
th8l»iBe^o?ttiefra 

ftnwl  on  many  llrttlsh  Mid  othtr  ofllcm 
oribc  Crimtan  Wit.  A  Turkish  gold  ooln 
worMi  about  (4.50. 

ltedriB«i.n.frdri.'M.    A  hlRh  s<;hool  or 
Br  Ui8  eiliKiitloii  oryoulh. 

<Iharaot«r«  or  the  monlt 
»r(«apodiu>,-p,Vdt-u 

i™Te».*c.,  ]S?t,hl«h. 

la  o( earth,  bBiim, 
and  IW  In  drenin- 

odginaHyshMuunil  maiden, biilashov-  n    diipisiu   agas.  leaving  tb«n   to  b« 

lug  her  hair  char^  InloKrpenU   by  halcbfd  by  the  hum  of  the  fenmntlDg 

ttot™Uwbi.''l»ok«l«lc'wa6t<in«d  10  ^^^^^^^.^p.^^^     A  g«i.  <.( 

^T*^'"   ,,  .  .  »,  _^  whfllea.    fam.    Baumlds,  biclDdlog  th»  m 

Uediuida,      'sl-da.    ^^Bjb,  hump-baeksd  vhalss. 

nett^- an  oni  ot'^  Hy- ^BBdIi  UeKirlao, -gl'ri-an.    A  gcQwol  of  pU-' 

dmnn.'      mViIPnaiiefj^^Bnl  loaouhy  IbundiMl  atMemrs,  <nOre««.  bf 

with  the lub-slauUla-l^H^KVk  Euclid,  adliolnlB of Boorai™.    It™  »- 

jophora.  X^EnKlV  markable  tor  the  Bubtlstyotlla  logic.        _  , 

t\w»r«m\  1  allKOt.  of  edontftti  m»mmDla,alliodloli« 

eloitis,  about  B  n.  high,  ud  12   to   IS  It 


rtngJ^aflr^hZ^r     Fonnd'tn  the  '^r.hP^lf^  Srili*^°- 

■ea-ihoraln  [itaces  in  rounded  ]uinps,it  the  uiassaoru  of  their  iFadiri.  and  eon' 

was  supposed  to  tw   peirlBcd  soa-foam.  qupii'd  Syria.    The  viteroyalty  was  maiU 

benco  lis  German  Dame.    It!a  manuGic-  herflitary  In  bia  niinily. 

Uircd  intolobaooo-plpea,  HeisBonier,  Jean  Loala  Emsst.  A 

M«K«!^^      *?"    ""■■            e"l°i*  diatintrnlslied  French  painter,  u.  ISll. 

Sabna  oT'^tland  Md  fhtir^i  of  Mekong,  (Cambodia),    A  Urea  river 

l^l^cTb^low    ;ie'''Ve"*'o'''^K°Sr'tS  °f  '*-,*-A",'-^i:'^'"«  '"'"  ""»  <=^ 

epedmensoftbehonishaTo  been  found  ^""^  length  1,800 m. 

measDrtniE  10  feet  4  Inches,  and  from  10  ICslada.  me-lS'da.      Cmde  or   Impure 

to  1 J  feet  between  the  tip?,  sn<rnr  as  It  comes  from  the  pans;  a  mlr- 

Hesacoem,   meg'a-kosim.      The   jreal  tun,  of  sugar  and  molatsee. 

Melaneaian,  mu-Ia-ne'si-an.    A  (Unily 

Hceillnct  oflanguages  spoken  by  the  Inhabitants  of 

9     lengUi  nnmerousiskndiln  tbaPKllloaudlndian 

Bomao  Uelanlsm,  mei'an-izm.    In  Phyalol.  an 

th  gom^B,  undue  dcvelo]>inent  of  coloring   mVterlsl 

kStinR  six  In  the  skin  and  tta  appendsgea ;  the  oppo- 

molhcrof  kUl,  of  UIMr.ism. 

»nlc  and  Uelbcmma   Cop.  of  Victoria.  Auairalla, 
on  Bayof  Port  l*hllip,thp  most  important 

n.of  AM-  eominerctal  cltysfUM  lalaiid  (MOuatt 

DUDiuls,  fap.9Sa,4SI>. 


lOUrXLATXS 


UelliTOTBi,  tnr-Uv'.v™.  A  gen.  of  iho 
MplWmorhuddirfcinfly. 

Ualodeou,  la'df-on.  a  wdml-faslni- 
ni»nt  runilnlifd  wltb  inctnlllo  ftw  ih-As 
Knit  a  Iun[-boon1 ;  ft  vorlct.v  of  Ui«  barum- 

Insocts,  &IU1.  C^tbarldK-;  th^  (Hl-beelltta. 

Helolontba.  -n-Ui'tiia.   A  esd.  or  la- 

mrlllijnm  beellsl,  gf  wblflb  the  comman 
ooek-chifiir  U  an  eiBiu|il«. 


It,  nien'-..„„     _  .,„_  , 
■'E'^iedaJly.  a  momber  of  a  begging  order 
.>r  rriiternllj- ;  a  begging  Mar. 
Mone,  infn.\     A  Chaldaic  word  ^-nlfr- 

Uenelaus,  lallrnikHlit.KlnRoferai^ 
taati'liiiinbaii.lflnialrn.  wboBeabdaeOoB 
by  Paria  led  to  the  TTojin  war.  -Alta  ttu 
fliU  of  Troy  Uw  i>ili  war*  nwaddaO. 


M£N6BEtUN 


497 


HERLANOITB 


ICengretiaii,  men  -gta'ahl  -an .  One  of  a 
sect  In  the  G^-eek  Church. 

Kenluiden,  -hn'den.  A  salt-water  fish, 
fam.  Cluiwidfle,  or  herrings. 

Meniscus.  A  moon-shaped 
body. 

Memioiiite.  'son-it.  Ono  of  a 
sect  of  Anabaptists  named  after 
Simon  Menno,  a  Friesland  priest 
of  the  17th  centnry,  who  did  not 
believe  in  ori^nal  sin,  and  ob- 
jected to  taking  oaths  or  making 
war. 

Henoponie,  men 'o-pom.  A 
tailed  amphibian  vertebrate,  ord. 
Urodela,  peculiar  to  the  fresh 
•waters  of  N.  America,  which 
seems  to  form  a  connecting  link  between 
the  pennibranchlate  amphibians  and  the 
salamander.  It  is  variously  called  hell- 
bender, mud-devil,  ground  puppy,  young 
allig«t(>r  and  tweoa. 

Keniira,  me-nu'ra.  A  singular  gen.  of 
birds  forming  the  insessorial  fam.  Menu- 
ridae.  The  only  species  known  is  the  lyre- 
bird. ^ 

Mephitis,  -ff'tis.  A  gen  of  carnivorous 
animals,  remarkable  for  the  disagreeable 
odor  which  they  emit ;  the  skunk. 

Iffercliaxit-bar,  mer'chant-bar.  A  bar 
of  iron  in  a  finished  state  for  the  merchant; 
iron  after  the  i>nddled  bars  have  been  pil^ 
and  reheated  and  rolled. 

Kerchant-captain,   -kap-tSn.       The 

master  of  a  merchantman. 
Kerdiantman,  -man.  A  shipemploved 

in  the  transportation  of  goods,  as  distin- 

gtdshed  from  a  ship  of  war. 

Ifferchant-tailor,  -ta-ler.  A  tailor  who 
furnishes  materials  for  the  garments 
which  he  makes. 

Mercury, 'ku-ri.  In 
Myth,  the  name  of  a 
Roman  divinity-, 
identified  later  with 
the  Greek  Hermes. 
Vs  repres  entiiig 
lermes  he  was  re- 
;:u-ded  as  the  son  of 
.Juoiter  and  MaTa, 
ana  was  looked  upon 
as  the  god  of  elo- 
quence, of  commerce 
and  of  robbers.  He 
was  also  the  messen- 
ger, herald  and  am- 
bassador of  Jupiter. 
As  a  Roman  divtnity 
be  was  merely  ihe 

*p8trwi  of  oommeroeand  gain. 


Mercury. 


Mercury.  Quicksilver,  a  metal  whoBt 
specific  gravity  is  greater  than  that  of  f.By 
other,  except  the  platinnm  metals,  gold 
and  tungsten,  being  18.50,  or  thirteen 
times  and  a  half  heavier  than  water.  It 
Is  the  only  metal  which  is  liquid  at  com- 
mon temperatures.  Mercury  is  used  In 
barometers  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  thermometers  toide- 
termine  the  temperature  of  the  air.  In 
Asi^'on.  the  planet  that  revolves  round  the 
sun  within  the  orbit  of  the  planet  Venus 
and  next  to  it. 

Mere.    A  pool  or  lake. 

Mereeroutte,  mar-gnt.  The  first  run- 
ning of  wine,  oil,  <fec.,  before  any  pressure 
has  been  used. 

Mergranser,  mer* 
gan'ser.  A  migra- 
tory arctic  water- 
fowl, gen.  Mergus. 

Meridian,  me- 
rid'i-an.   Mid-day; 
noon.      In  Geog. 
an  imaginary  circle  -^     ,, 
on  the  surface  of  Merganser, 

the  earth  passing  through  both  i>oles,  and 
through  any  other  given  place,  the  plane 
of  it  thus  dividing  the  globe  Into  two 
hemispheres.  Every  place  on  the  globe 
has  its  meridian,  and  when  the  sun  arrives 
above  this  circle  it  is  mid-day  or  noon. 
Longitude  is  measured  between  the  me- 
ridians. In  Astron.  a  similar  imaginary 
circle  of  the  celestinl  sphere,  passing 
through  the  i)oles  of  the  heavens  and  the 
zenith  of  any  place.  Magnetic  Meridian, 
one  of  the  great  circles  which  pass  through 
the  as8ume<l  magnetic  jjoles. 

Meridian-mar^ -mark.    A  mark 

S laced  at  a  convenient  snot  several  miles 
■om  an  observatory,  ana  due  south  of  the 
place  of  the  transit  instrument,  to  serve 
as  a  means  of  marking  the  direction  of  t^e 
true  south  point  of  the  horizon. 

Merino,  -rc'no.  A  dress  stufi*.  twilled  on 
both  sides,  manufactured  from  merino 
wool. 

Meriones,  -ri-d' 
nez.  A  gen.  of 
N.  American  ro- 
dent mouse-like 
mammals,  &m. 
DIpodidBg.  M. 
hudsonicusisthe 
lumping-mouse. 

MerlanVus, 
roer-lang'gus.  A 
■gen.  of  fishes,  tajn.  Gadidss,  inclndiiif  Um 
whiting  and  poUack. 


Meriones. 


,.     A  Hrer  of  KnirlBnil,  which 

Ibtml  n  brouil  Htilivy  it  [iiipiHirii,  Ij  m. 
HbVTflUTarpcwl;  Itla  nivJifubU' Cu  Uui- 

VOTcothsrinm,  niP'ri-ko-ilic-"i'l-nm. 

lheitiKlri™oiimBi,u«uiTliielnlljo  drtll 


mTAOEssns 


ched.      \n    jinportimt  GammnrliJ 

i1  tft  oiin'tatnlDK  Uih  splendid  lamti  ot 
Kuluii  Uoroun-al-lUiBclilJ  1  pop.  TS,- 


JCasmer.  Friedxlcli  Anton. 

ulivafdui  mid  iiUlkMuifliiT ; 
1.'..  U.vuUmiuuliururih 
Jmal  MscDfdflin  or  ML-uatj 


rba'dw 


LTlhowtil  and  n*i-™  ._  .   .._ 
,  ondprodn'--  rtTtain  plifnrim- 


£?M,   .,.,.,   lV„.»i 


n.ln^  Uit«  ]iiw^<a^B ;  "  L*^r  not  Jbr  th* '' 
tliat  pttijihctb.'^ 
Ueaaiad,  -eI'iuI.  A  pocin  irith  tli?  M«- 
fitnU  i<ir  lEn  burn;  HptdHcally,  D  rnodenl 
Oi'miiui  r]>lo  jxxm  wrltton  l>y  KInpstnek, 
rilntlnij  til  Uiu  Bullerlnga  ud  tiiuiDphi-st 


mieiictii£  Jun 


'ndlDf 


luquAdrooD.    Written  alio  MuB- 
ff  irffuprillff  or  a  f^pulUrd 


Hetabola,  nnj-tih'u-li.    : 
Ketoaarpoa.  mat 
KetHeelAtlne.  -Jnl'i 


EnUiiii. 


Phoio*. 

pollodlDn  prmnn. 

UatHKOiiMlB.  -iro'c-rin.    In  Zolll.  t)ia 
rhaiwt   <>r  nirm  u'hloh  tho  rvprtsmO- 

viduiti.  thitn  Ibe  ini  <o  (b«  pwlMtOU*) 


XeUl,'i 


rtahiy  sni 


tlTopoLeoftioti        .     .. 

MBtaUoohronir.  -loli'ro-niL     Ths  art 

KetalloKraphy.  -og'ta-t.    An  jumnnt 

■UDce^;  lie  BoleDcEof  mc'tnK 
KetaUoid,  ^a,     in    Cbim,    a  toTTn  mn- 
ptlcil  Ui  all  the  lOD-msuniD  clcia.>nUiy 

imil'ne,  Biioriue^ulphiir!  B^'ImTlm™^!!™' 
phurux.  boron  and  .lllcob. 
KatalllirgT. -fr-jl.    Thi' art  or  RDrklnK 

KetajnorpliiBt,  -a-mor'Sst.  Dni'  of  a 
BPOfD/sDcnnientimonii  of  Ibo  IStli  c^a- 
tnry,  ivko  effirm  Ihit  tbe  boilv  ivlth  which 
Christ  rote  to  hea.rn  "as  "hollj-  dflflod, 

Motaphraat,  'a-fni«t.  A  i.crson  who 
SCetaatasto,  Platro  BouaTentura. 


KcUoDi  lutD  which  Kail<!T  dtyldvs  the 
■nlmal  klngdoni.  tho  other  b^ng  the  Fro- 

KetempBychoaia,      nia-tem'sl-kiS"ali 
TrajismiBradoii ;  tho  nasalng  nf  tboaoul 


and  hla  raUov-m 

and  lUI 
m  happen 

Meteor, 

-^"; 

>.    Tho 
iri  and 

ni'm-e 

A  ba 

(  ■    MCTHOrQUTAW 

mauUIa  ■nUter  whloh  Aillt  la  the  earth 
ftvin  ppace.    Callulslto  avrdlte. 
Ueteorologist,  'd-JIbI.    a  pawn  who 


HethoBUn,  -iheglln. 


nDded  In  Eniflaod  In  tha 
from  tbo  Act  thai  the  name  uu  applied' 

the  eipct  rrgalnrixy  oflhiilr  Uth,  anil  the 
Blriolnesiof  Ihulrubaerraiico  of  rdlgloui 

Uatliiuelalk.    In  Snip,  son  of  Ensch, 

wbo  llveil  before  the  Deluge,  renchlni:  the 

age  afVei)  years, 
Uetio,  mO'Uk.    In  andcnt  Greece,  a  ao- 

Jouiiht;»  resident  slraofc-er  in  a  Ureoton   , 

.Tltyorplaee. 


UetU.  'tt>. 


Lq  ingeuioDB  poeket  In- 
lor,    Itve),    mmitjt^ 

direction  and  'dip  of 
if  cleavagDanderyatalll* 
WDrkh)^,  the  latitude, 


Metrochrome,  met'rd-krom. 
UetroBTaph.  -cnf.    An  appant 

and  the  time  of  arrival  add  depannn  aC 
Metrontima, -nAm.  An  InaCrDmentenn- 

oEockwnrk.  r>it  the  pUTpoBo  of  determin- 


MKTTEItKIOn 


H.  iLvIlIli'  at  *  dlmilMrv  liKcnoeriWr 

b<>lwi<4-n  ]q(riarrb]i  uk ' 


Brrr.  ii:t.l44  sq.  u.;pnp. 

- IMnripM  aOn,  Mnifo, 

tap.,  Yna  Vmt,  ninulni.  Uunnona,! 
UiiBtliin,  Aajnilco.  San  Hlu,  U  Parbli . 
•nl  Jaliiiia;arih«wVB*  CruiiiiulTuii- 
pkv  *n  nHHldenldo  miiarlii.  CMcf 
rinm,  the  Kfo  (Inuul*  M  Nortr,  on  Ike 
E.  bnundnry ;  Oilundn.  Hhtd  dri  NoHe, 
OnrAoda^lliiiioiiul  Conchu,  IjikMi, 
Meifco,  Pwna  and  diapiila.    Modouln 

Tho  rnJeanlo  nitn.  l>ni>i>nin|M] 
(t.  abiiTa  MS  levrl.  U..  the  np 
odlFtt  ritj  orADiFrin:  pop.  SMi, 

Vaxioo.  Onlf  of.     A  bry*  NkIj-  of 

m.'F  tK-L  X.  ui.l  S.  AnKTh'a.  <vniiKtliig 
j/thB/h-rUlii  ohnnnnr, 


iBtl'l 


-a  I.J  Iho 


■nd  nkh  tlw  Carlhbii 

wlillhCSOiii 

Bwr).     An 
Mdwmi™. 


lot  ni  "»  on  ■>    1    n  nK    n    n  . 

Klako  <lf  saco).  A  sitv  on  Iho  lalind  „. 
miiJion.  Japan,  M)  m.  W.  of  Jnldn,  the 
RililerccoftheMlkaiia;  |Kip.  nbt.  4in,0U(). 

IalO«^ uil'ks.  AmlDmlDralMialrdbtrnc- 
turo,«HiJ9liit1nK'ifthlnllvxi1>Ie  Imulneni 
l«lk«liavlnRashlniii|.'andalni<Mt  ni.-1Dl. 
UclusteT.  Thelimilniuuni'aM^ispantcd, 

ODDtli  pirtatmlnohlD  tblckDHi.    n^ 


MICEOPHOTOGBAFHT 

inplnv«llnRBB«1anir 

u  cnal-bonilllB  sla.-«  i 

ih.     In  Berfp.   B  aAoii!(^  biwk 

hrt  In  the  rslg^ia  of  JotluBi,  Al 

Wldl— 1.    In  Scrip,  tlm  anhaonl  m 
■' — .1  ua  haviiiR  the  llcbrawa  iiiKIrr 
ul  inunlluDahln.     A  uama  bona 

Hlotiael-Aiwelo  Booiuutittl.  lU 


Michaelmaa.  mlk'el 
Xlidialet.'  Jolea. 


.1 


IBST,  boDDdnl  X.  bf 
LakaHDpnInr,  K.  bj-  Lakea  Ilaron  and  St 
CUr,  I'Miada.  8.  by  Ohio  and  Indtona,  W. 
tiT  Jjkf  MleUftaB  and  Wlamnaln  :  int. 
Mi»  M].  ni.;  pop.  l,me,W!.  Prlndfi 
dOn,  luflnc,  cap.,  Detroit,  chtrf  ««■ 
nKiTUi  inrtropoUi,  Bay  Cllv,  lillsa, 
qnMW,AnB  Arhor,  Vnrili.—  "  ■ 
anddrand  llavtn.  (hiel 
bla,  lliuvn,  foRinaq',  UstBrn,  KBlmnatM, 
llnnd,  Hiuii!>te<',  Uunlivi^n,  McaauilnH, 
and  ^t.  -loHiib.  It  borden  on  Lakia 
Eric,  8t  (lair,  Huron.  Mlchican  anil  Sl- 
poriur.  Ths  runnipina  MaiiaUiniirsti 
theeitromoN.rndof  »B?iatp.  M.Litt, 
tbo  second  tnilHof  the  great  chain  of  f 

tsO  to  ino  m.  'it  Ix  U<W  ft.  sbuTD  H'n  JonL 
Xlcroleatmi,  mi'krB-lM-t*!.  A  ga.  of 
eilinrt  jnaranplniB,  containing  the  carlMI 
IcncwiL  mamiLiBlliin  InhabllAntofDnrplaa- 
et.  It  oceare  at  the  npper  purl  of  iba  up- 
per tiiu,  and  oppeara  to  hnvo  been  moat 
□earty  rclHlHl  to  the  banded  ant.eat«rW 

SlcTopantoKTapb,  -paii't&«Taf.  An 
Irstrument  for  ciKuthiK  eilremely  nd- 
nnle  vrltlng and engniTliK.    Called^alaa 


bo  mud*  indibletn  every  pait  on  UL 
KlcTophotoffraplv,  -^■um"rt-i.    . 

C'iolni:ni>hlc  pioceM  W  wbkli  an  oMb 
dlnilnMiMIlD  alu,  and  yetlu  exiMIM 


ra.     ThaM 
tluD.  situated 


lafuur  groups  Into  1 
mmiUs.  The  ItlLin 
Atd,  Inasctlvorat  rod 
In  Myth,  s  Phryfftsn 


lUB  %^ri^  UmscIfof'hl^woB- 
t'oTwL.eh  wcntuTDed  to  fold' 


tman  eia;>ire  and  eiteDdlu^  to  t. 
^ohf  or  bpenlne  with  the  lavseli 
)  by  Clevis,  4S«,  and  rndlnK  wl 
ire  of  Naples  by  (!luirks  VIJI 


d,  mll'irSrd.  la  Scmd.  Mvfh. 
1  oftbe human  raw,  formed  out 
Bbrows  of  Ymlr.  one  of  UiD  flmt 
adjoined  toAs^ard^  or  thfl£bode 
de,  by  therainboff-brfdga. 


Iher  Bomen   in  child  Mrtl 
wiUlioiiDr  of  Ihe  DbAetTlc  s 


IDE  the  mlmbsr  or  pulpU  to  Iha  right. 

whU^^^T^^s  iho°dl™tlDnl>" ->)«■ 
m:andlQlt»copy  of  IheKotuniskept.  • 
A  BlinUar  pniylna  place  i»  foand  In  thi 
the  law,  aad  pointing  out  Uia  dlreoUon  at 

Btikado,  mi-kii'dR.  Tbe  emperor  ot' 
.Ijipan,  the  aplritunl  bs  well  oa  tbe  leaopo 
ral  bead  of  tie  empire. 


»^1£ 

llewu 

1,137  ICngUdh   mllei;    Ibe   Irlah    mlla, 
l.«S  Eneliih  miles ;  the  Qennan  sbori 
□illelsB.SBT  Bullish  mllea^  the  Oerman 
loQg  mile  fi.T03.    Gco.ETBpbleii  or  naailoJ    ■ 
mile.  theWthparlofadegceeoflUltBdi, 


Irish  tradition  or  legenrt,  are  dcscaodad 
Imm  Mllesias,  >  King  of  Spain,  wLosb 
two  wmscoaquercd  the  inland  I.GOO  yean 
before  Chrlel.  raUbUshing  a  new  nobility 

■Mill, ADioneyafBocountoflhoC 

H.  of  tbe  <f  slue  of  a  tenth  of  a  oent. 

lUlI-lUf ,  Oiilr.  Bonrh  bar-Iron  u  dli 
tlu^ilshed  IWim  moitmnnt-bar,  whleb  1A 


mlj.    The  ordinvy  English  name 

BGlt.oako.Mk.    A  oako  of  pinpowdor 

namenlal  glastwork  made  by  ftslnit  to 

myet.    Canadian  name  for  the 

eeiher  tubes  of  ela's  ensmel,  nananytm 

imor.  mM'sutn-er.    The  middle 

bedded  in  fllnt-^s. 

ler.  the  summer  solstice,  aboal 

KOlenftrian,    le-aa'ri-an.      One    who 

of  June.    M.  flat  Is  Ibe  feast  of 
ICyofStJohBlhBBapthit;  com- 
nSonedJaneei. 

Christ  will  reign  on  cortb  wlUi  his  saints  a 
wop""  a  cLllaat. 

[>lt6t.'«lk-et.    rncriAel.oneof 

MB  standing  about  bolf  way  be- 

^tofUie  batsman  who  Is  atrik- 

Re.  IK.  1-e,  »ben  a^tan  »1]1  be  powgr 
less,  and  mUlenarians  beUeyo.  ChAitwOI 

UUlar.     Hnarh 


ibcr  about  IdfO  pilra. 

MDlepDr*. 
icmlnEli't  anilauthoi 


KlUerlto,  'er-It.  A  lilBciplB  of  wnitan 
macT,  «hD  UiiL-bt  ihut  ijis  End  of  ilH 
wurlfl  iind  Uiu  coiniiis  nf  Ohrisl'j  roL^n 

ICill-fiuIiBoe.  'frr-iiilD.  In  Iron-vrorkB 
a  (Urnue  In  »lilc)i  tho  puddlnl  iu<ibd  U 
irhcaledbflrutubtiiicngiiln  rollod, 

UUliard.  -ll-grd.    A  thnunaod  mJlllonB. 

UUliBTOni,  1-pun,    Intrench  wrlgbti 


IClllimeteT,  -mu-ior,     A  Fri?n<:b  IIdcsI 

of'amMiT'  Hi°allo.U398Iof«™iiicb. 
UilllnK-tool.  'liiK-lOl     A  anull  Indent- 

tb  'b'^  "T'  "'  '"'"a"  '""'  ""^  *^*^  "' 
HiUlon, -j'on.    ThcimmbcrDftcn  lian- 

reiiregpatedb/lliafleuroB  t.OOO.UOO. 
Ulllionaire,  -nr.    A  man  vorth  s  mfl- 

SElll.j'amei,  AaGmineotltrlDshnDUtJcaJ 
«oonomiBt  und  blsWrinn;  u.  1JT3,  o.  1S)». 
M   Jabti  Btoirt,  Usiioii.  wu  Diss  an  nHgl- 


jy  theFpdf.  ..  .   _      .        

Tbouiai,  Oen.  Zallloaffer  of  the  Coofedar- 
Mi  inny  bdos  uomc  (li°  killed. 


HUIatona, 'Eton.  Aeionenicdlbcerlrf  1 
Inh-^raln.  TfaOtODC  b»t  eulWdrorlU  ! 
piiri>.isi>l!m[Mhuhr5loiie,nrbiiiT*to«  ■ 

BUlne-EdwardB.  Senri.     in  Uliir  | 

Ulltiadaa.  The  lilnilneiil^hEil  AUiciila  I 
lliralbnn,  and  ured  bin  wantty ;  lUtrb 


UilWBUkBe.  Cip.  ofeo.  orumsnini 
iin  Lakp  Mlchtinn.  ud  tliB  commrrtM 
mctruixills  nrWInoonaln  :  prip.  lie,^, 

UlU-WTlBbt,  'hi.  A  mechnnlfl  or  irrifM 


■l™  Allwrt  Albsrl,  Uu 
lis,  fOrcrd  Kidelzk;  to  omuS 
In  Lbe  Fnuilio-Itallan  war  wnbirf 
laW-ltwustheprlnnlpolstrutgll 

I.  AfordBadlown  of  TMtp)» 
lii^  PruiaH.  on  tbe  Wmbt.  Doled  fcr  tlM 
dpM  In  lis  Tidnlty,  Aon.  1,  IIBB,  of  Hu 
rrvnoh  DijdFr  Uaralig]  CoaUdM,  by  dw 
BlHedOfmiim-EngHihaniiv  undo-PrtwI 
Ferdinand  of  Bruataick ;  pop.  18,462. 
SlneraliwlBt.  -er^l'n-jiic.  OnkiTfaob 
tnMBoTClisprDpvttuofiiriiiaal  bodltK 


rra,  mi-nsr'vii.  In  Eom.  Myih. 
tbethreerhlsTdlvIoltlH  ta  wEiom 
iQion  temple  wu  dedicated  on  the 

b«  In-o,  Hho  n-aa  a  liivin,  dBligtitrr 
liter,  BiidWulileotlfled  by  tho  Ho- 
wltb  tiK  Oreck  goddtue  Atbf  nc,  Ihu 
morwitdora.ofxirindortho  Ub- 


irMsduwlntfaeceuu 
Tellam,  lulnK-Krii'H-D 


sigbth  rent.  Tl 
OS  >ad^elhadl<] 
a-balL     A   rif 


).i  bj    St.  r™ 

InCiasbrlaiiil4 


lUed  to  tbo  polecat  l 


f  of  fcnlghta,  Qobics,  princes  ( 
emperors.  Thejr  often  ennajwd 
al  contests  for  th«  fnttHcitloD 
u  and  ladles  of  tbe  cnart.     Th 

waj  to  the  mastenlnsers  oF  the  IStb 
nth  centnrlea. 

D,  admitted  1SSI,  boiiDdod  N.  bj 
loba.  E,  bf  LakeSnperlQriind  W!9 

"•  BMB.'sS°Ml'Bq,  m^  pop,''780,l^ 
dml  mttei.  St.  Paul,  can.,  St 
ony.  BttUwater,  Ked  Wing,  Tdlnno 
i.Port  endbne  and  Muiksto  Cble 
1,  tbe  Mlislselnpl,  Minnesota,  Eel 
r  of  tbe  Norli.'^Sl,  &i>U  onil  SI 
n  Lekei.  Bed.  Cm,  Leecb,  Ullle 
.  TimUUan  cad  WiBlblgBiA, 


Mlonlwakaii,  Idike  (Devil  lAke). 

r.  wllbout  visible  outlet;  nroa,  7,M 


Ihu' Lenerieus  phoi 


Sinoe.  In  Mvtb,  ting  nnd  kwgirer  of 
Crete,  nneFwerdsioadealudgc  Intlsdes. 
Also  a  Klni;  of  Crete  via  compaUed  tbe . 
Athenians  lo  send  blui  jeorly  9  boys  and 

KJJaot&ur,  mln'e.fv.  Id  Greelt  Uytli. 
n  uionatR-  hUed  to  bave  had  tbe  body  of 
e  mm  with  tho  bead  of  a  buU,  aniT  to 


Mlnute-Kun.  ailn'li-gan,  A 
oharged  at  jntervels  of  n  mlpnM 
ormoiirnlnff  or  uaslgnal  from 


Jie  second 


oF  pachyt 

BUr.mfir 
Mlra,m1 


Ingulw  star  of  as  third 
lUuae.ininenectof  Cetot.  Itap- 
and  disappears  periodically  floroa 

age.  ml-r^h'. 


wni,  Hully Hijrlnpi,  Buyout 

■dL  Ohh'f  rtnm.  tluj  Ulwinalppl.  Ten 
neiwf .  Yttao,  BIk  Blnek.  Pncl  Ud  Tom 
Vtibea.  M.  KlviT  (Futher  nT 'Wulm),  i 
ritw  nf  Hik  it,  R,,  sbt.  mldtrtT  lietwcfii 


Miwolonshl. 

jKtoUmtinllli^nn 
of  LppjiWo,  ni.lcl 


Hltotael,  Ormsby  UtuiKnls-lit.   At 

Fcd<.«i  .mu^,  \m.  ' 

][ltB.init.    Aniuni>e<>mDion  to  nDaB- 

Imnlii.  dun  Aiarhnlda.  dlitnlon  JoridK 
.-J..... t..K ^_,t^  g^« 


,  iptder 


.    The  prindp 


UittLridatea   the  Oreat. 

■KTW  dffrjilff!  by  Poinipey  -imd 
n-timwl  from  lio  to  03  B,  e. 


tho  Mi  1-08  ty  Jupitor. 
Uoalilte,  iiiD'ub-it.      One  of  ■  Mba  ol 
putoTvl  people  inhabLtlnfF  tha  moiuiUi^ 
eui  rif  Ion  tut  nf  Uu  Ptad  8«.  vhow 


a.  nKV.Vrl-n.  Thehvpoth.'KFal  X. 
roiillMnt.  of  whlrfi  Aiislnilin  ami 
mlanil  untho  lonn'st  Ihiimionts. 

Uliiritii-Htiltlw|irrwqitdli<lrlbutiuli 
and  otiwr  nnimjilti  oicrl  pluntn. 
r.mob'L   ThcJiilcpviinrvgM'iI fmm 
and  |K«chefl,  and  distilled  to  makv 

i.mo-bu'.  A.fmneaUd  llqnor  Id 
Indk'S,  nude  frttm  augnr,  glngiir 

3.  Tht  prtBctpul  cuDimerdn]  cltf 
luiu.  cop.  of  county  of  Mine  nnine, 
Buy,  an  ■rm  of  tlie  Oulf  of  Msiioo, 
nouthof  M.  Elvor:  pop.  'ii.l»i. 
a,  finmi'il  br  Iho  liinollon  of  the 
IS  u)<l  ToinblEbH!,  Gi)  m.  N.  of  the 


an  bird,  type    j 
lun'ilj  (Tiu> ; 


■0  nentona  of  the  TrtnlU  ns  difforent 
DTbi-tn)-,  not  o  dlsdnot  ponons. 
ate.  mo'd.T-fit  A  meinbfT  of  a 
thL-CharcliofScotZuiJ  which  nr.»e 
I  Iho  l!!th  crntury,  anil  clntmod 
Hon  In   ductrluo.    discipline  ond 

fidtoUiedtaniptlon.MBy  19.  l.yS. 

of  fkitdon,  pntlinilarly  In  ladlvs' 

Ooth.  ine'aainith.     Onpof  Hat 


Kodilllon, 
Areh.  a  oar««d 


^ttd   hi 


Ionic  ModUUOD. 

>tlklQ. 'Ik.  The  iHDgaHge  oftba 
iSwIpiUTM  hivlnirbe 


.uMonitollaB 


The 


by  tho  Mon^la  nnd^r 
Hohair,  'hdr.     The  I 


oomiiinnd  to  Introdueg  ar^TtnedreUgion. 
In  vhlch  the  Unity  of  God  and  the  i«iiu- 
elarJon  of  fkU^  ^oda  were  tlia  fimdamental 
nolntg.  The  name  ma  *Isd  home  by  ftnir 
Tnrbbh  Sn1Un^  M.  II.  (the  Oreat)  bdor 
the  conqneror  of  CasBUraUnopIe  and  a 
laive  portion  of  CenlfEtl  Eurepv. 


Kolliir,  mfl'her.  A 
Biillah  Indlao  gold 
win,    Tata*     flftom 


HDHZOAin 


■rtiHiii  irT.MurilK!  Aigiiiqiilin,  ooeu]-/[og 


lu-  and  fcD.  Gallic 

.   mo-liiir'ruii). 

untb  or  Ih«  UuluinniHlon  ymr. 


Tfaa 


which  nAillvol  tsfvli'bnlHl'  _   _ 

of  UhhId  ud  tlaniuvlD.  iwDsuf  All,  ua'd 

neptirini  oriba  ]>ru{ihi:L 
Koldon,  nuA'iut.     A  RDjd  culn  or  Pur- 

luRil.  Tulunl  at  aboiit  •li.'K), 
MokalLniSI:;!.    ThstlUoara  doctor  of 

]»vi  In  Turkc}'. 
XolMT,  'Itr.    A  grinding  tooth ;  ■  double 


Holluflcotda. -koi'dk.     _ 

■niU  ooiiimWnB  the  Polvzoi,  1 
Lnd  BraohLopoda,  i 

Hoily  Kairuire,  'II  mt-ffKir".     Tba     | 
natodiitlon  In  Irabad.  norgulied  Id 

Holoch'.  mu'tak.    The  chief  god  of  tba 


Hole,  mnl.    A  s 

■nil,  sen.  Tolpa,  Hun.  Tal]>lda',  -nhioli 
Ibrmi  n  roidjiist  under  Iho  turnice  nf  (he 
gronnd,    Tho  Oino  niolu^  or  chui^-cablu 

DUmnial  that  cihlldu  the  BnlrnAfal  inetaf- 
Ue  rrlli-oUun  vhkli  to  Ihronn  ^ui  the 
iHttbm  of  niMijr  blrdo. 
Kolaoula,  mol'f-kUl.  The  sinoIkM  qiuiii- 
tilj' oruiir  rlHnmliUT  euliManru  or  amt- 
paiind  whlcfa  li  enable  ul  CKlvtln^  in  a 
■Fjiantit Dinn.  ItiltHvraftuDiMoui, which 


Kclllie.  inri'lln.  Tliucrui>«''l  Iron  mn] 
liiilu.e.'nti-r  of  tliu  upiHT  mllM.ne,  r.r 
reecHvIni;  Iho  Fplndlo  ibwd  In  tlie  love 
iit.>n«:ninm-rrn<l. 

Kolliih,  inal'a.     An  hcnonn  UiId  nc- 

.    (grdad  toonyonain  Turkey  w£«  hoa  uo- 

qnlrtd  reapeot fPom  puttty  oruft.  or  who 

eierdmnuiBttaiia  ralittlii(lor*lirliHi  or 


Liistinllao  llrards.    M.  hcnMoilt 
lemost  rerootoiiB-lonlilne-,  thoofh 


I  oriho  cn»«  or  the  uieof  Imi 


.  The.  <Sn'M  litandt) 
.,..,.  .--loneliii;  to  llulkidlnlholli- 
^n-hlik'lBp^o. 


MOnMOnEe,  -mot-i-nc.  The  motnoM, 
B  mh  S.m,  uf  OwlriBlnil  hlnla.  f;,m.  Con- 
fbulii-,  ullk-d  lo  Urn  jiyt  an<l  crowa. 

Uomus,  'mill.    In  Oterk  iirtb.  ihaioA 

r,rv.,nii.nr  i.ltil  HfllftiLk  " 


HLomus,  'mill.    In 
nfriilleryimilridlci 


ten  of  credit,  nMeplM  MDa  on  merouitlla 
amis,  &c.,iillr(pKaeiiClaecnin,  ■rfl'ollid 

Blouse,  Gaspard.  Comtede  PeluM. 

Usiitni',  France.  1I4I1,  d.  IglS. 
UonffOlla.    A  large  counUj  o(  X,  E. 
'  ■ate  Buid  desert  T>-Qobi ;  VKXl  m.  by 

KonKOlldtB,  moD-goL'l-de.  One  pf  th« 
IbrcD  irreiic  <llvislDDalDto  wbloli  Dr,  1^ 
tham  aiviaei  U]C  fanilly  of  mu.  Ihti  other- 
iwu  Iwlng  tJio  AtlauUdie  and  .lupaLidie.  It 
Is  ibe  largest,  ud  takes  lu  Damufroiii  tli* 
MuDgols,  who  are  considered  thutyiw. 
Kcmitor.  'l-tw.    The  popular  nuae  for 

ed  by  Kricsson.  'fff^'M^  "l"i*j'  ""*  " 


Honk,  mungk.  One  of  a  osmmiuili}'  of 
by  VOWB  to  ceUbflcy  and  rcligleus  eiETrdsfle, 

Uouk,  Ofioreei  Duke  of  A  be- 
marle,  Adl^iEiiiKulshf'd  EngllshireDend: 
B.  leoS,  D.  letO.  lie  fuiighCon  both  a\des 
Id  the  war  n  Ub  Charles  f.,  and  finally  ra- 
stored  the  crowq  to  ClutrleB  II. 

iHDi  fumailna,  a 
lira,  the  iDtUeB  of 


KoDday.  moa'dl.    The 

HonxHonrou,  mond-J.VrO' 

ahi  cw,  called  also  Son.Iell  or 

'    rat.  a  nstiye  of  Illndustsu 

Soaeia.  mo-nl^'ra.     A  n: 

gui,lsun.  the  lowMt  group 
p.Kla.  TheynreattJie  Tei- 
BT.Iinal  kliiL-dom,  or  Ton 
licgnuni  yruUallcam,  bet 
and  vegetables. 
Kaney,  inuo'l.     Coin ;  ■ 


the  Ithlvi- 
hase  oT  the 
a  klngdi 


KOBker-wMaiih.,  tenlb.  Jfl  Utoh.  ■ 
screw-key  with  a  moTablo  taw.  wliloh  can 
bo  »4juKb4  U,  lia  ikus  oliift  TUB. 


A 


-ICDnk-aeal,  muuKk'nfE. 

ItHi.  I'i'kslui' rjr  M.inai'huii.'   ll  K'tmo  lo 
iuvo  hnii  till]  me]  tiMl  known  to  Ilii'  iin- 


UuJcorn,    ■  coDsullsUui 
•  Xonoohrome.    'u-t 


chrome,    'v-krvm.     A    paJntliu 
uuu  Dolur,  niUuved    tiy  %bt  uid 


]*M:tlnKrroi»lu1icaA. 

XonOKOmlst,  mnnoE'l-Inlil.  Onu  "ho 
upLutiti  uiuDogamy  ur  (tiu  practkue  of 
umrrjlne  bnlj  oncp.  Ono  wiio  las  o 
jtaglo  nlfi;.  us  opi«sod  M>  8  WjtUDlst  or 
pttlyguuiLsl, 

HonoKeny.  dojViiE,  The  ilocMno  thnt 
.._.  ■■,0 oa»anlUl Bpudao  unit)- u( iho 


]«tti?rd]nterwoyeD,  boinff  an  abbrevlaUo 

Uonolitlt,  -Uth.  A  j.Ulu  or  oolnm 
foruii-d  or  n  bIhcIo  atani;.  u  tho  obcUsli 
and  columns  ofteypl. 

Honomanla,  -Li-mD'ni-a-    That  form  4 


KonometalUsm. -inct'nl-liin.   Tlioflict 
or  t^avlnu  ouly  ODS  molat  ua  1  utaoilard  In 

In  Iho    lulviinluges  of  a  Biniflo  uidUIIIc 

TSonomyaxitL,  -nii-i"rl-s.      A  era 


B.W.PtDi 


[oaopltfoiL 
i){ed  In  a  drole  and  iupporUnc  a  bk- 
o  •  epaltnu.    Having    , 

UonoBperm,  moa'u^perm.  % 

...  -"■odlj-. 


KonoByllabls,  -ill-a-bL    A 
wordofoDoByllobls. 

KonotvaaBMii,  -s-tn'sk- 
ron.     A  Scriptural  nnmtl 
prt'par«d  Itom  a  A>]lallon 
tbs  four  eiaogellaU ;  a  bi 
mony  of  the  four  erao^la. 


Monroe-doctrine,  '1 
*    trine  &ni  propounded  bf 
iiroa,  that  Ainvnca  ahotild  ui 
■nntd.lHne  with  tht "-    ■■- 


to  Inti-rtcru  ivIUi  tliii  i^ln  of  the  K< 
UoiuelBiietii, -cnn-yR-.  A  Fr«ni:h  tltla 
01'  hvaiyt  tfiveh  to  lirlncpa,  blslmija  and 
otluT  liUih  dlRnlt.ii'liii.  llcrnrii  tha  Itpvo-' 
lullein  tliu  Dauphin  of  Frnntij  \ya»  i^-lai 
MonSi  Li;ncur,  ullhoutan;  addllloo. 
MonBlenr,  tnn-aae-jar.  A  tUla  given  to 
thu  uUlc.-t  brotber  of tbo  KIhk  of  Franod. 

KULxerlng  ID  the  EiwUsb  Zr  and  Ib.T 
abhrerlBted  Uoni.,  UT:  plnnl  Mwm, 
MM. 


MONSTRANCE 


000 


MOON 


Konstranoe, 
'moii'strans.  In  K. 

C.  Church  the 
flrlasB- faced  shrine 
in  which  the  con- 
Becrated  host  la 
presented  lor  the 
adoration  of  the 
people. 

'iContaigrn  e, 
Michel  Ey- 
Quem  de.  A  dia- 
tiiiguished  French 
oasai'ist;   b.  1588, 

D.  1592. 

Kontana.  A  ter- 
ritory of  the  Amer- 
ican Union,  bound- 
ed N.  by  British  N 
America,  £.  by  Da 
kota,  8.  by  Wyo-  ,,      . 

miS,  W.  by  Idaho;  Monstrance, 

area,  148,776  sq.  m.;  pop.,  89,159.  Princi- 
pal cities,  Virginia  City,  cap.,  Helena, 
Bannock  and  Benton  City.  Cliief  rivers, 
the  Missouri  and  Yellowstone.  Moun- 
tains, N.  Rocky  range. 

Man  tan  int.  'tan-lst.  A  follower  of  the 
heresiarch  Montonus,  a  Phrygian  of  the  2d 
century,  who  pretended  he  was  inspired 
by  the  Holy  Bpiiitand  instructed  in  sev- 
eral points  not  revealed  to  the  apostles. 

Kont  Blanc.  A  petik  of  the  Savoy 
Alps,  the  highest  in  Europe,  15,777  ft. 
above  eea  level. 

IContoalm  de  8t.  Teran,  Loids  Jo- 
seph, Marquis  de.  A  French  general ; 
B.  1712;  killed,  simultaneously  with  his 
gallant  antagonist.  Gen.  Wolfe,  on  Quebec 
Ileights.  1769. 

Mont  Oenis.  A  summit  of  the  Oraian 
Alps,  celebrated  for  the  passage  of  Bona- 
parte's army,  1811,  and  more  recently  for 
the  railway  tuni:el  through  the  heart  of 
the  mountain,  8  m.  in  length. 

Mont-de-piete,  -de-pe-a-ti.  The  name 
given  to  a  class  of  establishments  for 
advancing  money  to  the  poor  at  a  rea- 
sonable rate  of  Interest.  They  originated 
in  Italy  under  the  patronage  of  the  papal 
government  in  tiie  16th  century,  to  coun- 
tervail the  exorbitantly  usurious  practices 
of  the  Jews.  Thoy  nave  spread  to  other 
countries,  as  Franco  and  Spain. 

Monte,  'tu.  A  Simnish  gambling  game 
played  with  dice  or  cords. 

Monte-bank,  -bangk.  A  gaming-table 
or  estabHahment  where  monte  is  i>layed. 

Moetem,  'tem.  The  name  given  to  an 
andeat  English  onitom,  till  1817  preraleot 


among  the  scholars  of  £ton,  whioh  con- 
sisted in  their  proceeding  every  third  year 
on  Whit-Tuesday  to  a  tumulus  (L^  ad 
muntam,  whence  thenauie)  near  the  Bath 
road,  and  exacting  money  for  KiUt,  as  it 
was  culled,  from  all  persons  present,  or 
passers-by.  The  sum  was  given  to  the 
captain,  or  senior  scholar,  and  used  in  de< 
fraying  his  expenses  ut  the  university.  It 
had  boon  known  to  approach  nearly  £1,000. 

Montenegro.  (Eara-Dagh,  the  '*  Black 
Mountains.*')  One  of  Turkey's  semi-inde- 
pendent  provinces,  bounded  N.  by  Bosnia 
and  lierzc^vina,  £.  by  Bosnia,  8.  by 
Albania,  W.  by  Dalmatia ;  area,  1,700  aq. 
m.;  pop.  abt.  280,000  ;  cap.  Cettigne. 

MontesQuiea,  Charles  de  Second- 
at,  Baron  de.  A  distinguished  French 
author  ;  b.  16S9  ;  d.  1755. 

Montevideo.  Cap.  of  Uruguav,  8.  Amer- 
ica, on  the  estuanr  of  the  I^  Plata.  125  m. 
N.JE.  of  Buenos  Ayres ;  pop.  144,726. 

Montezuma  H.    £uiperor  of  Mexico, 

and  last  of  the  Aztec  dynasty :  b.  1470, 
crowneil  1602  ;  killed  while  a  prisoner  to 
CorU'Z,  1520. 

MontfiTOlfler.  -goI-f>'u.  A  balloon  filled 
with  atmospheric  air  dilated  bv  heat.  M. 
ram,  a  hydraulic  rum  by  which  the  fall 
of  a  column  of  water  is  causcil  to  elevate 
a  portion  of  itself  to  a  height  greater  thaa 
that  of  its  source. 

MontfiTomery,  Kichard.  An  Ameri- 
can general  of  the  Revolution,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1786 ;  killed  at  the  assault  on  Quebec, 
1775. 

Month,  munth.  Oneof  the  twelve  parts 
of  the  calendar  vear;  a  period  of  time 
nearly  corresponding  to  one  revolution  of 
the  moon  round  the  earth ;  called  distinc- 
tively a  calendar  month.  The  iieriod  be- 
tween change  and  change  of  the  moon, 
reckoned  as  twenty-eight  days  ;  a  lunar 
month. 

Montmorenci.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
and  most  celebrated  lantilies  of  France, 
the  head  of  which  was  long  known  as  the 
premier  baron  of  Christendom ;  it  gave 
Franco  G  constables  and  11  marshals. 

Montreal.    A  city  of  Qnet>ec,  Dominion 
of  Conailu,  on  an  'island  in  the  St.  Law-^ 
rence,  ISO  m.  S.  W.  of  Quebec ;   pop. 
188,264. 

Moodir,  mo'der.  The  Turkish  governoj 
of  a  city  or  district. 

Moon,  mr.n.  The  orb  which  revolves 
round  the  earth;  a  secondary  planet  or 
saU'llite  of  the  earth,  whose  borrowed 
light  is  reflected  to  the  earth  and" serves 
to  dispel  the  darkneaa  ol  night.    lU  mean 


»ilurt.ih<>uii>.-Uuiliii 
itldeli  ninhiRiii>->  thr 
-  tbr  Mti'intr  uf  Hny  iiliii 
Ibon-Ulnk,  'bHmk. 
Ill  ilio  iniMni-l.lii.- 


nilUj 


tr<i|tlni]  dliiiali-B. 
viirlFlynriiilularls 


Ibo.;  I 


hliiRl.iOl) 


.  rMcoi 


It  inM-DMii  irrarly  iiliiy  of  vulor  ui..  —     

Xooa-nar.  •}■&.     A  lour  ve«:   the  cblprinoltabln  Pwsto. 

" n,  SU  dayi,  B liuun, 4lj  lulsuUi,  amHtlngaTOOilrlbeldftir  tbs  putpoHd 

dt.  dlHuuliu|  potnUofUw  or  iziuiaf  m' 

11.-W      A  niillvo  of  the  oout  of  a««MlnB  Botitiom  euaa. 

•IM  liy  the  Koniuis  Msnntuili;  KoOt-hlll,  liU.     A  Mil  at  nueOat  « 

i[j-ofJarl:-coni[ik-xloiiedpeuiJs;      "Wch  thuwdeiilSu —  ..-.•"-. . 

iruck    'kok.  .^     tf^  ,iuu  Hoplah.  mon'U.    A  Uohnmiaedu  Ir 

xnh-oflhvKd- ^■r/lWllW/  biibltaiil   of    UilibU'.    deacenda'     * 

t.  The  remiils  ^UUk^mJEW  Arabi  or  Uoora  md  Dxtlvs  iraniBi 

^^^^^"'f\  Xorftvian,  m>i-rl'vl-ui.       A  u 
inUililIBut  ofMnrsiio.     One  of  m 

__      «ect,  cuUal  Iho  United  Brethren, , 

Hem  It!  ofigiu  lo  Jnhn  Ilusa.     Called  In  Go- 


omt  tlimdi,  umogvi)  n  thM  tlia  endi 
rim*'  a  iKillmi. 
Hoschus.  riHv'kiw.     Tho 


HoBOlle,  uiA-ii4'.  A  whllp  Frnirli  itIm, 
KOM*.  In  ltrrl]>.  th-  tMtrw  laur-^rlvH 
■nil  h'UiliT  iiT  Ibr  iFTiU'lihii  than  Hgyiit. 
H.  Id  I'4.T[»  lilt.  l.'ilW  B.  •-. :  1>.  un  MuunI 
r<i«u1i.  ut  tlHi  u/K  «t  ia>  yiin. 


HiiiiITlnK  Inin  ilid  Akt:  Ivneth  lim  in. 
[Iitt  )*o«ir  bank'  or  Binwilno.  IWun  ■ 

FlUain<  In  tin-  rli'liilly,  ifiiii  fuueht  on  Its 


1,  l>l;i,  l> 


n-'lVrnrl 


ortbwlux  MvlMiuianlui. 
lEoMiW.miH'k.    A  Mr'hunniFdBn  Umplt 
or  iiJauii  of  mIIbIoub  wornhlp.    A  glnis  ol 
DkOMlonarr  Kta|Hirt  for  thn  InKtrnrtlon 

hoiplUUuul  inlblkllltchoni  AirthetMUu'  I 
fltarilKIHnr.  I 


BCoullu,  mO  Ibi 
In  tlio  riWi  Is  j^sclpluteil. 
Uoultxls,  Wmiom.  A 
'     "  C.  liSI  ;  - 


Kotb.  niotli.     Tlir  nainilnr  nsmr  oT  ■ 
iiiiiiin<)n» mil  lK<■llll^l^<llvl!4Dn  <>fk'|>l- 

nitrruHH  InMirtK.  Ihc-  U'at  knou  n  hkwI<i 
HIT  thi'  ellkwiain  inulbn  *di1  Ibr  <lEitl>«<- 
inolhii.  (tPB.  Tfnw. 

KoUlMNof-pearL  Thf  hioA  rilTRr 
brilliant  IniiTnnI  nr  nsrmniH  L^it  I'f 
■brlK  imtlnilorlT  t  br  m'ari'r  fimillr,  nflm 
nrhwMHliilihrbiuiKliiiriHirph'iuulnuri' 
tnUrt,  «tiiiiJT«ly  vtfii  In  tlH-  urM  iuhI  In 
tbp  tnaniilbriim'  nf  faawlW  Dir  kntrn, 
bmtiHit.  tnyn.  Niiiff-lKiirs.  Ac 
JEotlar. JolmliOtlmip.  AonnlncDt 
AmvFliun  MMnrfin ;  n.  In  }da»..  1814 :  d. 
In  EiiKkBil.  isn.  He  ma  UlnlMrr  to 
Anatrln,  IMl-ST,  uii  to  Ormt  BriMn. 


Ml.  Illma.  higbrhi  of  lbs  AljM.  Kuni|ih 
I.VTTI  ft.  Ml  Klliinnadiira,  IdghcU  at 
Iho  Miwn,  Afrtia,  11.0)0  II.  Ml.  Uvw, 
UebwluTtkoAribuidJiAi.  Ehws  Co.,  K. 
TViMnft.  Hl  UltufavD.  hlibMt  of  tlM 
Blw-fc.  X.  l'.,<.TII3  ft.  Ut  RnTiwr.liliihnt 
nf  ibn  l^nniK  WubbiKton  T«r..  1S,mft. 
Mt.  M.  KKw.  Akakn.  17.0110  It  UU 
Sbnirti.  nn  Iwliled  ixak.  hbiluiit  In  Call- 
(linila.  njamn.  Sit,  Tvniljll.  lilehertnf 
thi-  Hk'nTl  V.'iirfa.  frtlfornio.  H.WO  ft 
Mt.  VuohlnirUi,  lilebi^at  of  thu  Wblt»,  la 
K.  II..  n.9uan. 

mut  of  (arlh 
immflnlereltl 


'  UOiniTAni-BAKOHETEK  t 

■  ML  Ererest,  In  On  Htanaluu,  3>,«0e 

[omttain-barometer.  -bi-ram'-et-er. 
t.  bonnutler  iduptfd  for  meMurtng  tho 
it>lf  bt  of  fnouatBiflB. 


bniataiti-srreen.  gria.  A  car: 
[oontaiii-aa&p,  -sop.  A  mlaer 
Ml.  it  Is  Q&ed  In  crayon  pBlntlag. 
[onntebank,  'U-bauKli.    Any  bi 

tonst  Venion.  A  Loealln  tn  f 
•ai.,  V*.,  UiB  gffiit  nf  Gon.  WmSHi 


C(nrl]is>4nachlue,      mo'Tng-iiu-ib 
La  HriciUCnrm]   ouahtne,   reHniblllLK 


tci  beloDglOBlo  PortnpU:  ««  !S8,0M 
/!  Chsmiel,  s  wide  tlnlt  In  'l^  IihUhd 
lonmblgna ;     IsDgth     l,Oua     m.,    meu 


■MnHAGATAWirT 

Dd.  tnuuAised  wftfa  nttw 


Kiu^-buffuwar,  liu-rA-er-  The  popubr 


Mud-eel,  'H.  The 

Had-fish.  '&A. 
gen.  I.4pLdosli«n. 
Mud-hen.  'hea. 


I.  DtpaM, 

I  nnneaf 

IsTUgU- 


Had-iill,  'tU.    Th*  bane  or  [owmi  « 
[|   «  sUTicin™,  M  of  a  bridee,  lild  It  Ibe 

Mnd-turtle.  'Ur-tl.    A  owaa  givK 

Hud-valTa,  'r 


Itwiktha 

Und-worm«  '-wtnn.     An  hirertelmta 
animate  gronp  limlools,  or^  QU^ix^uMa, 

Huesaiii,  mn-ed'iti 


ind  n>k^ 


mlnantg  ud  rodanu. 


TtH  wild  iheep  or  mnc 

The  Ugh-prfHtoraUafata* 

I  order  amang  the  McAunnw- 

k-' 

BMtThilt: 


Mnffffletonian, 


iTthantiUT, 
:»Teuiit  Ln- 


;      doTlnMngfletDii.whaokiniedlohivs 
Bjjlrlt  of  prophoej. 
MoKUidEB,  mD-^t^. 


Au^eei 


oirtprlng  of  pa- 
iIM  ud  OK  Dtier 


whioh    Mnliehrlty, 


b*llntn»m«nbr«ieiioflJiemootli,noie,  w onumeimBaa ;  emmiBH?. 

mga,  toteadiul  oancL,  niinary  paAu^ea^  ^^^^Tiy^^  moFa.    In  Hlndnitu,  a  1 

ih  danl«niedlBllu>l4w;  aaAoobr 

C^ajMrth,  BUid'haai.    AWilnd  or  Utb  MnUBKBtawny,  .ek4«"nl.    Ai 

nlWinWul  with  aome  miner*!  ^Kinga,  dlao  oarry^ot^h 


[  MTinQEK 

nn,  tndlUoDsI  InJ  aDoUoaa  of  MdU 
»nadMliliMi»QfB«rlj  mJIpbi. 

Malttim,  'turn.  In  brorlnB,  an 
of  Qnv^lA  KDd  HcDTlct,  urwl  mr  tl 
poM  of  economlifn^  mbltuid  bops 

Xnltuiisnla,    ■tunfr'sa-la.     Ttx 


Knilv,  Friedrloh  Ku.    .  ., 

I^td  OwuHB  jiMlDlogUt :   ».  18SS,   Bl  ^^^^^     , 

becD  foDDd  Id  Enrpt,  ooiutotiiic  HI 

A  niiae  oommon  to  two  ^  humin  hodTw,  bat  of  bulli, 

■^  ^-.  '"'P"°7^'"^''**'^'&*  IM.*e,  croooailM,  ftih.  Ao.     Tlw  ti 

>.  MucUMb  <n-  grwf  iniiDetai.ud  Uia  UkewliacrtTHi  tohoinui  bodkapn 

— 1.  HuIUdsorrod  muneta.    In  Har.  ■  Jn athM- mri  eltbar br irtlflclilpi 

Bran  nHmbllns  the  rowel  of  >  tpnr,  uon  or  Ire  iMWcnt. 

dODbetwAHitlMllBlita 


Kullat,  '< 


I 


il      Kquso,  ■mmr'Kft.     Arti 
pie  wool.  tl»™«r  b7  tMit 


'  alansbMwMii  the  put- 
«b  In  wdaMotbir. 
Knlqaf,     InC      A 


UikUy         _ 

id  wtth  hoEflj. 

Xnltbiwla,  tl-p«d.    Anmli 
lawojltei,  nuh  u  aoutlpod' 

Stnltlplloatlon,  -pII-kii"gliao.  A  onn-  ■  mi«uui  iuikk 
peodloiumsUuidDfperftimilnr  sddttton,  Clare ,Cork. Korry 
4alM stanpls when Oie tcrmii sre ibatncl  "'I  "'JfJ^-., 
BnDben,  uiA  oompound  whon  the  mnl-  naiigtat,  i..  By  Lai 
tipUgudliBOOIHreta  number.    U.  tihto,      AtlsnUo, 

,  ■  llblo  Mntalnbw  tb«  prodoAt  of  all  tha     VunUi 


Artlflelal  ahi 


Xmutor. 


ofTrdAbd.  Orlf 


ThsiieiitnlTcitial 


]EiiUiplTinc>vlwaI, -pH-li«-wba    A 
wheal  vbtoh   liia«aiaa  tba  nniBbar  of 


intiao,  iDunt'lak.     A  amall  >p« 
n-.  a  ontlTS  orjiva.     Tba  mal 


ICDITEZ'S'IIBTAL 


-  and  l«d£«d  . .    , ^    ^ 

(Hlndng  etMUted  in  disismpot 

Xosat, Joaohlm.  AmirahslDrFnuoe, 
■uid  fcr  tour  yem  King  of  NsdIib,  eonild- 
•rad  by  Nipoleon  1.,  bla  brAhur-lc-bH, 

nil.  slujt  by  his  NcupollUm  BubtsoU  ilta 
tii»Jbyoourt-nnrtial,  i31S. 

of  toaaiJ   ffuteTopttdDUB  iDoilaflkA,  fnin 

XoKbiaon,  Boderiok  Impey,  Sir. 

An  «mlnent  BtlOtb  geo]nglBl ;  a.  ITDS,  u. 

Kumx.  mQ'F'OV.  A  g:eiiaB  or  ABien>nad 
nulluakB  nBcmblliiK  tho  ntKlk.  lliey 
vera  la  faigli  Htwm  fruin  Ui*  «rU«tt  srm 
oa  account  of  tiw  purple  dyu  that  eorji^  oE 
UemTtelded. 

Xorbeeabaco'.  Csp.  ofBnthwnjrd  Co., 
Tenn..  80  u.  S.  E.  of  ^nahvUlo,  noted  P.r 
tliB  lugulnuT  tatUes  I>«c.  31,  isee,  and 
Jul.  2,  1S«8,  betwetii  liia  FcdrrBte  unilor 

Qbb.  Bragg:  Uia  lutu^r  bijiDe  drfbited, 
wlUl  B  iou  of  11,000  i  Federal  loBS,  la.OWI. 
Xnrlata,  'rl-lt.    The  old  ouioe  for  chla. 


UITSOnUTE 


rau  and  mica.  Eb*^  Jerbomi,  juole-rtu, 
Unrina.  -rl'-niL  A  htin.  of  rvdGiit  quad' 
Bub-ord.  Mnridjt,  Inomdlppj  the  bunmrif 

Uurlllo,  BartolooLS  Eatsban.    An 

tmlniuit  SiUiniBb  painter  ;  ii.  IBlfi,  n.  ISSS. 
Murk,  lOBrk.    Refuse  or  hujta  of  ftnlt 

afUr  tho  juice  baa  been  cxprcsaed ;  mafo. 
UuToe.    Abird;  tborunr-UlL 
Hurray,  Jamas  Stuart,  Earlof:  A' 

uliinkl  lioii  of  King  James  V.ofSooUMld. 

B.  I0S8.    Hevfaa^efMlnlHtorathlshiir 

Harrhlae.  in.  A  delleaia  wire,  nude  of 
"■■'■■  [D,  brought 


bcvtd  b 


quality  of  bi 


IklDBU 


Uuno.  mer'u,    Tha  beredltuy  nob: 


Muaoa,  'ka.  A  tanthera  conitellaUoD, 
Iha  Mutli  ptie,  oodBlBUn([  offi  slwa. 

UuBcadld.  -doL  The  uaine  glveii  to  eev- 
onl  kinds  of  sweet  and  etrong  llallon  and 
French  wlnea.  Tbo  prapoa  which  prodiuw 
tliiiifl  Kinei.    Calludalio  Uuscat. 

KuaoAt.     Ths  ntlnnlpitl  snnort  of  BL 

Uuacoltiey,  -kol'a-JI.    That  part  of  boi- 

SoBCOvado,      -kn-Ti'dA.       Unreflbcd 

Uoscovlte.  'hfl-vIL  A  natlTo  of  Mas- 
Uascovy-glHas,  -vl-glM.     Mneeovlte, 


s  pmimpff  o^ 


dHnmjit  lEtndjt  DrttOL-try,  tlie  ih 
«rl8.  TbHlr  Drtjtfinl  numlicir  wm  iniw, 
but  afterward  they  m  alwaya  ^unkFii  uf 
■tmaemnumbur:  aio,  Ihs  muKorhls- 
tory;  Kuuti«,  oflyrlo  poetry :  TloiLli,.of 
eouiHly,  ami  ot  merry  or  Iclyllla  po«ljy  ; 
Ui'l|ioin<'de,  of  tnHRdy:  TerpBleliurc,  uF 

■  boHiry  and  iDlmlnry  ;  PoEymnla  or  Poly- 
bymnK  uribe  Babllme  brmti :  DmDla.  af 
aalru^iimy,  and  CalUape,  of  e|iu:  |>»utry. 

Xtueum.  m&^'iua.     A  repmitor; 


thL'JlzuofohOB'BBgB-    The  pi  jmy  mmk. 
dsar,  al»  colted  kulsbll  ud  abeYialidii, 


mimbltv  aome  oT  tbe 
la  oHiBiderubly  amaUar 
Unsk^iiok.  'di 


[aok.  'dak.    A  apeda  of  dnJL 

-ronpouaty    colled    t]bi   MbttfiTy' 

(Calrlua  loosobUa}.     It  r ■- 


liswl  from  tha  Jiving  oql 

qqadruped  allied  to  Ibe  be«Ter.  Ibo  FOia 
atbothloas,  the  only  known  apMledoftht 

mer.  but  lonea  It  In  nlnttr.  Tbo  fmli 
OBcd   by   liALtQr&,     Its   Mpalur    bBmo  U 

□oiled  DiBD  moBk^henTer.  Ad  aqiibtic  ln- 
HwHvnmufl  animal,  aoereclnp  a  aubMnBM 
of  a»UT,o«minl.y  amell,  found  In  «.  hni- 

murlnuA,  AD  IndliLDBpevIeaof  ebrowwldiA 

BL-orelpB  a  powerful  muBky  odor. 
MubhuiI.  mnii'Dud.    In  PorsU  and  lodli 

sUiroDt'orcbaijofBtite. 
Kuaopbagidn.   mH-as-IM'i-de.      Tu 

T^luuuJD.«iun.  a  Run.  of  Inaesaorial  blrdi. 
Kuapelheim,  mns'pel-blm.    In  SoamL 

Mytb.  thu  abode  of  On,  wMoh  si  the  be- 


Htuaqoaw.  n 


ro?A, 


Uusael.  'eL 
lu.ik,  Ki-D.  UyUluB.  fUn.  MTtlllHii'.  Ill) 
name  la  also  Riven  to  moUusfea,  len.  Ulh- 
odiimus.  dste-Bbelk  or  Btane-borcrs. 

Unaaet.  loniB  Cb&rlea  Albed  de. 
An  I'iDlnent  Freojb  pooU  d.  ISIU.  d.  IW. 

a  tmn  bellcver'la  Mohaiomed ;  a  Uoslcm. 
MuBtang,  mufl'tanft  The  wild  ho™  ii( 
the   p[llil[tji3  and   {vijlrlei   ''    '— —'—    - 


t  ofbori 


B  of  Spanlali  Importa- 


mlnb),  akuika,  poleeau  and  vreaada. 


UTKmOOPHAQlDA 


Knatapha.    Tbs  nmneor  fbnr  Tarklib 
Bultaiis;M.Le.bl8bnitli.TAhinedI.,l«r-- 

■  lU^DgJ^bj' order  or  Amnnih  IV.,  IS 
M-  11^  fl^  AcUintfl  II,,  IGUh^j  Ji'mwed  n. 

p.ma  M.iii.i.oaiiiBn  iii..iini: 


Hug  the  edgle-rn] 

'   Uylitta,  -Ut'L   A 


Katase.  Inn'I^^.    ApnKKMia 

Uutahklu,  niucli'kln.  Aliq 
.  )u  SwtLaiid,  tie  fUorHi  purt  ut  *  Bcolub 

iilnl. 
Kuttra  (KatliarBi).    Adty  orBeDKa]. 

re[int«l  birtlipliuw  of  Uia  god  Krlihni; 
pop.  DO.DOO. 
Haaorab.  mn'u-nb.    One  at  ttia  Chrie- 


Myn.  Ciirbnli,  Napni,  Thrflu,  *c,.  man> 
HyooUum,  -»cni-nni.    Tbfl  odlalor  Mu 

ZEycetaa,   'Lin.     A.  gen.   or  iiIaij-rMm 

VrcoloKy,  -ka]'r>-H,  ThU  deputmsni 
of  boumy  wblch  urroAtlgAtei  fua^  \  i 
treati3fl  on  the  Songl, 

Ky^alO)  'gn-lfi.    A  gen-  of  sqaadc  In' 

^cflnmn.    AgGQL  ofhi]iyipld«norwblali 
the  Urd-emtahlnr  apldvr  ia  the  type. 
krlabila,  mMAqirli,    a  ei^ii.  or  vuloa. 
'-      "       "•nthnriaiB, 


Jtrodynamioineter,  -dl-nl'ml-c 

Uyopia. -O'pln.  Sbort-tighlednesa 
Uyozfdee,  ^Im'i-du.  DorDiiee,  r 
UyriasraiiL,    i 


'!'*' 


«.lKbt 


Ib 


Uyriallter,  -ll-ier.     A  I 
Uyilameter.  -mt'-ttr. 
lilyrlapo- 


Uyrlapo- ,  --a:t>-     .ja. 


MyrlaxB,  -St.    A  Fron^b  land 

U  ares,  or  1,000,000  suui 

IU>»T.I143Bcree. 
MyrloloBiie, -a-1og.    Inmadern  Oru 


Kynneoophaffiilio, -fyi-du.  TholmliT 
or  Iruo  ut-uWcr,  ■  &m,  of  edanliita 
inDli  ooaOned  to  B.  Amurloa;  Ib^ 


ITTBIHDONS 


618 


KAIAD 


Xyrmidons.  In  Greek  Myth,  a  people 
of  I'hthiotis,  oripinolly  ants,  but  trans- 
formMl  Into  men  by  Jupiter  ;  PotouB  and 
Aehillos  were  among  toeir  notable  kings. 

ICirrrh.  The  gum- 
my rt'HinouB  exuda- 
tion ot  Ualtiamoden- 
(Iron  Myrrha,  ord. 
Amyri<lacefe,  a  heal- 
ing Atlmulant.  A 
common  name  for  a 

a'ant  of  the    genua 
yrrliia. 
Hysis,  mi'sis.    The 
opossum -shrimps,    a 
gen.    of  crustaceans, 
ord.  Stomapoda. 


mis'- 
ta-go-Ji.    The  princi- 
ples, practice,  or  doo-  MyrdL 
trines    of   a    mysta-  '  ^^ 
gogue;  the  interpretation  of  mysteries. 


'ter-i.  Bomethbu[  hidden  Dram 
human  knowledge  and  fitted  to  Inspire  ft 
sense  of  awe.  A  species  -  of  dnunvde 
composition  much  In  vo^e  In  the  mMdto 
ages,  the  characters  arid  events  of  wUdi 
were  drawn  from  sacred  history.  A  tern 
applied  to  certain  rites  and  ceremonies  In 
andOiDt  Greek  and  Eoman  religions,  only 
known  to  and  practiced  by  those  Initiated 
by  certain  preparatory  ceremonies. 

Myiholoffy,  mlth-ol'o-ji.  The  sdeoee 
which  investigates  myths  with  a  view  t» 
their  interpretation  and  to  discover  the 
degree  of  relationahlp  existing  b^ween 
the  differ^it  myths  of  different  people;  » 
treatise  on  myuis.  A  system  in  irvMk  If 
embodied  the  convictions  of  a  peoj^  ta 
regard  to  their  origin,  divinities,  h«t>ei, 
founders,  &iO. 


i,  miks'in-e.  The  bags,  a  gea.  of 
evclostomous  fishes,  remarkable  for  thdr 
Slippery  integument. 


N 


NI9  the  14th  letter  and  the  11th  conso^ 
Bant  of  the  alphabet.  Its  ordinary 
sound  as  in  not,  sun,  is  formed  by  placing 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  o^nst  the  palate  at 
or  cloue  behind  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth, 
and  sending  a  voiced  sound  through  the 
nose.  It  differs  from  m  in  the  fact  that  the 
tongue  and  roots  of  the  teeth  are  brought 
together  instead  of  the  lips,  that  is.  it  is  a 
dental  nasal  instead  of  beiitg  a  labial  nasal. 
Asa  numeral  N  slgnifies^od,  and  with  a 
stroke  over  it,  9,000.  As  an  abbreviation, 
K.  stands  for  north ;  N.  B.  for  nota  bene, 
note  well ;  N.  P.  for  notary  public,  <Ssc. 

Ifabob,  na'bob.  The  title  of  the  governor 
of  a  province  or  commander  of  an  army  in 
India  under  the  Mogul  empire ;  a  sulxM'di- 
nato  provincial  governor,  who  acted  un- 
der the  soubahs  or  viceroys. 

Nacajrat,  oak'a-rat.  A  polo  red  color 
with  an  orange  cast  A  crape  or  fine  linen 
ftibric  dyedftigittvely  of  this  tint,  and  used 
by  ladies  to  give  thcdr  countenance  a  rose- 
ate hue. 

Nacodar,  na-kG-dfir'.  The  captain  of  an 
Arab  vessel. 

Nacre,  n&^er.    Mother-of-pearl. 
Nadab,   'dab.     The  high-priest  of  the 
Persians. 

ZfiaxUr,  Mer.  That  point  of  the  heavens 
directly  opposite  to  the  zenith ;  the  point 
directly  under  the  place  where  we  stand. 
The  zenith  and  Bii^  ars  the  two  poles  of 
the  horoon. 


Nadir  Bhah.  A  Turkish  chief,  b.  1688; 
given  command  of  the  Persian  army,  1T29; 
he  defeated  the  Turks,  and  in  1789  iisarpn 
the  Persian  throne.  Overmnning  A^ho- 
istan  and  capturing  Delhi,  1788-^,  he  mat* 
sacred  120,000  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
city ;  assassinated,  1747. 

N8BVU8,  ne'vus.  A  natural  mark,  q>ot, 
or  blemish  on  the  skin  of  a  perscm;  a 
birth-mark.  N.  matemus,  a  mother*! 
mark  ;  a  mark  on  the  skin  of  a  ohUd. 

Naera,  na'ga.  An  ancient  race  who  i^ 
pear  to  have  invaded  India  about  six  en- 
turics  before  the  Christian  eacfi.  A  term  w- 
plied  to  a  number  of  tribes  living  on  tie 
borders  of  Assam,Munnipoor  and  Burmah. 
A  class  of  mendicants  in  Hindustan  goin; 
naked  and  carrying  arms.  In  Hind.  Myth, 
a  deified  serpent 

Nasrasaki.  A  seaport  city  of  Japui,  on 
the  isUnd  of  Kion-Blou,  600  m.  8.  W.  oi 
Yeddo ;  pop.  76,000. 

Naffor,  na'gor.  -  A  species  of  anteh^a^ 
the  gazelle  of  Senegal. 

Nagpoor.  Gap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
Hindustan ;  pop.  121,e00. 

NahuzQL  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  12  minor 
prophets,  who  lived  about  718  b.  o.  Tbe 
DOOR  bearing  his  name  predicts  the  de- 
struction of  Kinevetu 

Naiad,  nfi'yad.  In  Greek  and  Bom. 
Myth,  a  water  Ajrmph;  a  fsmale  deity 
that  preddes  ovor  rivers  and  springs,  r«p« 
resented  as  beautlM.  . 


VAipn>A  s 

Haidldn,  -M'1-dS.    Tho  llunilj  orgronp 

lifoiJc,  'ik.  In  India,  t  sepoy  corpoml, 
rajiklng  bulaw  n  bavJldv  or  flergeauC 

Haja,  'ja.  A  gan.  of  sorpente,  am.  El»p- 
Idm.  Culnbrlie  aecUon  of  lbs    OpUds, 


es.  The  beat  kD 


,  BeWuu 


or  ■ 


'  of  Ind 


<■  Jr 


-imbre.S3 

sels.  Ttie  strongly  fartUed, 
tared  fty  tho  French,  Ifll" 
pop.  aAiiKH), 

m'da.    Tbs  8. 


S.  E.  of  BrlM- 


Wankln,  A  Iar«e  Inland  ct^  of  China 
tao-Kiime',  noted  for  tho  Danous  porcdali 
100,0001 ; 'pop.  Bbt4AtHMI.  ' 


■I  of  W 


Uele  ('•1,S0 
Hamtra. 

the  Loin.  210  m 


Boial»tht>pli«&im  wbichllenry  IV.. 

IfiDS,  lunsdlhd  ''Edlctof  HanUs,"  graol- 

Ing  fall  relliglona  riebU  to  his  rral««lant 

ai^edld.  The  edict  nas  revoked,  leSG,  tn 

LoTiis  XIV.    Pop.  12»,847, 
KELp&^rect,  nap'trert.    A  gen.  of  W. 

African  birtla,  allied  to  tbeplanUln-enten. 
Napho-water,  nu'lb-wa-Cer.  A  Awraot 

perfnme  dlsUUed  fr ° 

Kaphtha, 


dl^onal  IftiD  iDlu  til 
Naples.    Cap.  of  p 


hladlddedhilonlM 
.rm  of  utile  sqgarei, 

lubdMded  bj-  a 
)  triangles. 

}.  of  ^e  kingdom  of 
Hoy  of  S.,  at  loot  ot 
S.E.of  Kome;pDp, 

,  rreaoh   goU 
wut  tS.lb.    i. 


NapolBon,  -pOliHiii 
played  with  car 
Napoleoa.  The  name  of  three  rreaoh 
ein(«roti,  onli  t»i,  of  whom  eajoyoi 
royal  honofs.  I*.  I.  (Napoleon  Bonaiarle) 
D.  In  AjuFlo.  1109,  aod  rose  trDiu  a  Has- 
tenant  ot  arllileiy,  nss,  In  Mgadior-mB- 

— 1  ,™.. . landof  tbonrmy,  ITM; 

-'  *•-  '"  yeara,  lIWi 
r.  May  la, 

and  Uraat 
Inte  A^ 
d  of  EAa; 


-eaCed  First  Consol 


iroiiood\Eg°o( 


11,  Iglj,  retiring  u 
oiwaplBff  Fob.  86, 


Bfwiharnals,  1795,  bu 
married   Mario- Lou  Ia 


»a>  called  King  of  Ronie. 
(ols  Bonopartei  eon  of  Iba 
rolgaed.  bnt  on  the  abdlot- 


Holland 
b^^  a 


lira  - 


luurjiHl  lapnne  pawin'  u  DIctHor,  ini 
lif  ■  pirbljidte.  lfV>2.  uru  «l«oinl  tai|j(riir 


IiUI.'>llntl.  AlHsmwl 


1  onLv  child,  )janti- 
in  JuMpli,  K.  19i«; 


ooiiU  ar  OMUmoadl  t*    tb*  bHt-tam 


Natatore*.  oa-ta-Wrei  An  « 
iwlmuilng' MrdB,  dlTldsd  IntD  fliiii 
'-    " — ' —     luclndli 


hes — BraTfpBDiuitB 

(nilni,    tats,    gul , 

{tnllaiUni  ud  pctrsla;  ' 
StsguapodH,  tlie  p«ILciiui 
nniista  IHgnie-blrda,  daru 


Oprq-irMie.     nylolrt 
Noaalla,  ai-ii'iis. 
JM  n.       M, 

KuebeiTy,  nazlntr- 
B«psla,  orfl.  Sapol-ite 

igre»bleofW.''lndlii 
NactaTlUe.    Cui.or 

**,»(«. ' 
'  HMdooinla,  Dt-El-ki 

pcrluodHCrle  munn 

rUnooarol  boliaic*. 
ITuaa,   -SB*.    A  ™i.  of  B. 

plMiaji^.Wmm.lT.^nrf    O, 


ItOh-etrl,  Mdl'gerL  Id  tbs  E.  b- 
.....  ftudve dUdn^-gM. 
NsatUldn.  ni-Ul'l-dS.  a  Jhrallr  gf 
«ph.U,p«|ou,  "oUiska.  eonatmittag 
wllb  at  AmmonlUdiB  or  uumoDlu  ftm. 
tha  ord.  Tslnhnnchlalii. 

Greek  Antlq,  (3i« 


MaT«Joh.i 
N&Tarlno. 


■  Qf  whiet,  Oot  20.  IsiT,  tte 
Egvptlui  BePt  of  7U  ull.  onda  ■ 
1  Pwhm,  vu  derailed  and  da- 
by  tha  Mmblued  lleeta  of  RDeata. 
and  Ei(Uid,  nndsr  Adnilnl  Dod- 


riogton. 

ClnedoDi  of  BpalB,  hc 


KAZAHENK 


d21 


NEGMTO 


Pyrenees  oonstftatinj^  the  line,  E.  bj  A91- 
gon,  S.  by  Old  Castile.  W.  by  the  AtUntio ; 
pop.  848,700.    Cap.  Pamplona. 

Nazarene,  ntararrHD'.  An  inhabitant  of 
Nazareth.  A  name  given  to  Christ,  and 
to  the  early  converts  to  Christianity,  in 
contempt. 

ITaaareth..  In  Anc.  Geo.  a  town  of  Oal- 
Uee,  Palestine,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Mt.  Tabor, 
historically  fiiunous  as  the  birthplace  of 
Christ:  it  is  now  called  Nasirah;  pop. 
8,200, 

H'azarite,  'a-rit  A  Jew  who  by  certain 
vows  and  acts  devoted  himself  to  the  pe- 
caliar  service  of  Jehovah  for  a  certain 
time  or  for  life. 

Neag'h,  Liough..  The  largest  lake  in 
Ireland,  in  Ulster;  area  160  sq.  m. 

Heander,  Johann  Aufirust  Wil- 
lielm.  An  eminent  German  ecclesiasti- 
cal historian  and  essayist ;  b.  1789,  d.  1850. 
He  was  of  Jewish  descent 

Keap-tide,  nep'tid.    Low  tide. 

Nearctic,  nC-ark'tik.  One  of  the  six  re- 
gions into  which  zouloeists  divide  the  sur* 
face  of  the  earth,  based  on  their  character- 
istic fauna  or  collection  of  animal  life. 
The  Nearctic  region  extends  thronghoat 
America  down  to  the  Isthmns  of  Tenuan- 
tepec. 

ITeat,  n€t.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  gen.,  as 
balls,  oxen  and  cows.  N.'s-foot  oil,  an 
oil  obtained  from  the  feet  of  neat. 

ITebalia,  n&-b&1i-a.  A  gen.  of  entomos- 
tracous  Crustacea,  ord.  Phyllopoda. 

ITebo,  ULt.  In  Scrip,  the  mountain  in 
Moab,  from  which  moses  saw  the  Prom- 
ised Land,  and  where  he  died  ;  identified 
as'Mt.  Attorus,  10  m.  N.  of  the  Amon. 

Kebraska.  A  SUte  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1867,  bounded  N.  by 
Dakota  Ter.,  E.  by  Iowa  and  Missouri,  8. 
by  Kansas  and  Colorado,  W.  by  Wyo- 
ming; area  75,905  sq.  m.;  pop.  452,402. 
Principal  dtles,  Lincoln,  cap.,  Omaha, 
Nebraska  City,  Columbus  and  Grand 
Island.  Chief  rivers,  Missouri,  Nebraska 
-(Platte),  Niobrara,  Bepublican  Fork  of 
Kansas,  Elkhorn  and  Loup  Fork  of  Platte. 

Nebris,  neVris.  A  fawn's  skin  worn  by 
hunters  and  others.  In  works  of  art  it  is 
the  oharacteristio  covering  of  Bacchus, 
bacchanals,  &ans  and  satyra. 

Nebochadnovsar.  King  of  Babylon ; 
B.  abt.  626  B.  o„  8.  his  father  Nabopolas- 
•ar  609,  oaptored  Jesusalem  606  and  car- 
ried away  many  captives,  including  the 
-  prophet  Daniel ;  afterward  took  TV^  and 
rednoed  Egypt ;  d.  06i  b.  0. 

''  JTMktr,  JaoqoM. '  An  •mineat  IVmtk 


financier  and  statesman;  b.  in  Bwitzer- 
land  1782.  d.  1804.  He  waa  fother  of  the 
celebrated  Madame  de  Stadl. 

NeorolOfiry,  nek-roro-ji,  A  register  of 
persons  wbodio  within  a  certain  time ;  an 
obituary  or  collection  of  obitoary  notices. 

NecroxQanoy,  'r5-man-ai.  The  art  of 
revealing  future  events  by  means  of  a  pre- 
tended oommunication  with  the  dead. 
The  art  of  magic. 

Necropbaira,  -rofarga.  A  group  of 
clavicorn  beetles,  comprehending  those 
which  feed  on  dead  and  decomposing  anir 
mal  substances. 

NecrophillBxn,  'il-izm.  An  unnatural 
and  revolting  love  or  appetite  for  the 
dead,  manifested  in  various  ways,  as  liv- 
ing beside  dead  bodies,  exhuming 
corpses  to  see  them,  kiss  them,  or  mutilate 
them  ;  some  times  developing  into  canni- 
balism. 

Necropbobia,  -rd-fS'bi-a.  A  horror  of 
dead  bodies.  Exaggerated  fear  of  death, 
a  symptom  occurring  in  persons  suffering 
from  certain  diseases. 

Neoropborus,  -rofo-rus.  A  gen.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  called  burying-bee- 
tles,  from  the  peculiar  instinct  which  they 
exhiUt  of  burying  the  dead .  bodies  of 
small  animals,  such  as  moles,  mioe,  frogi. 
&c.,  aa  a  receptacle  for  their  eggs  and 
larvsB. 

Necropolis,  -rop'o-lis.  Andent  ceme- 
teries, which  in  the  neighborhood  of  some 
cities  are  very  extensive,  and  filled  with 
magnificent  remains.  The  name  has  alio 
been  given  to  modem  cemeteries  in  or 
near  towns. 

Nectar,  'Ur.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  drink 
of  the  gods,  which  was  imagined  to  con- 
tribute much  toward  their  eternal  exis- 
tence. Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant 
drink. 

NectariniadaB.  'ta-rin-l"a-d8.  A  flim. 
ofinsessorial  birds,  comprising  the  honey 
suckers. 

Nee,  n&.  Bom :  a  term  sometimcd 
placed  before  a  married  woman's  maiden 
name  to  indicate  the  family  to  which  she 
belongs. 

Needle-iTUn,  ne'dl-gun.  A  breech-load- 
ing rifle  whose  cartridge  is  exploded  by 
the  stroke  of  a  needle  or  small  spike. 
This  fire-arm  is  now  superseded. 

Negrito,  ne-gri't6.  A  name  given  by 
Spaniards  to  the  Alfourous,  diminutive, 
negro-like  tribes.  Inhabiting  the  Philippine 
Isles  and  contiguona  islands,  not  exceed- 
ing 4  feet  8  inohea  in  height.  Negrito  in 
me4«ii  efhaolefy  liwludet  all  peopleare- 


HSGBO 


■embHoff  tha  negro  more  than  the  IfmUyo- 

~  PolynesuinB. 

Neffro,  n^'frru.  One  of  that  division  of 
mankind  characterized  by  their  black  skin, 
and  Iiair  of  a  W(K)lly  or  crisp  nature,  na- 
tive of  a  limited  area  in  the  Afiican  con- 
tinent. The  term  negnt  is  loosely  applied 
to  other  colored  races  and  to  n^ed 
breeds. 

Neffro-oaohezy,  -ka-keks-L  A  pro- 
pensity for  eating  dirt,  peculiar  to  the  na- 
tives of  the  W.  Indies  and  Africa. 

Neffro-fly,  -AT.  The  Psila  rosie,  a  dip- 
terous insect,  so  named  from  its  shining 
black  color ;  also  called  the  Carrot-fly. 

KegTUK  'gus.  A  liquor  made  of  \»ine, 
water,  sugar,  nutmeg  and  lemon-juioe. 

Kehemiah.  In  Scrip,  a  patriotic  He- 
brew, B.  at  Babylon  during  the  captivity, 
but  gaining  the  favor  of  Artaxerxes  Lon> 
•  gimanus,  King  of  Persia,  and  of  Esther 
his  queen,  obtained  the  privilege  abt.  444, 
B.  o.,  of  restoring  Jerusalem  to  its  condi- 
tion before  being  captured  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar. He  s.  Ezra  in  the  government  of 
Judoa,  and  was  the  author  of  the  book 
ealled  after  him. 

Neith,  na'ith.  An  ancient  Egyptian  god- 
dess, worshipped  especially  at  Sals,  and 
having  some  of  the  characterlstios  of  the 
Greek  Athene. 

Nelson,   Horatio,  Visoonnt.     The 

most  famous  of  English  admirals,  b.  1758, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805,  In 
the  moment  of  victory  over  the  French. 

Nexnatelmia,  nom-a-termi-a.  The  divis- 
ion of  Scolccida  comprising  the  round- 
worms, thread-worms,  &c. 

^exnatoda,  -to'da.  An  ord.  of  entozoa, 
comprising  the  parasitic  Asoaris  lumbri- 
coides,  the  Oxyuris  and  the  trichina ;  the 
last  gives  rise  to  a  dangerous  disease 
known  as  triohiniasis.  The  non-parasitic 
comprise  200  known  species. 
.  yemansa,  nu-ma'sa.  A  small  planet  be- 
tween the  orbits  o'f  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

INexnea,  ne'me-a.  An  ancient  city  in  Ar- 
golis,  Greece.  In  Myth,  the  Ncmean  lion 
ravaged  Greece  till  slain  by  Hercules. 
Kemean  games  or  festivals,  the  same  in 
character  as  those  of  Olympia,  celebrated 
at  Nemea  every  second  year. 

Nexnertida,  ne-mer'ti-da.  The  ribbon • 
worms,  a  division  pf  the  ord.  Turbellaria, 
Bub-kingdom  Annuloida.  some  of  the 
•peciea  of  whioh  attain  a  lenrUi  of  80  or  40 
flset,  which  thej  oan  aaddenJj  contract  to 
8  or  4  feet 

Nwaatiis,  Mm'd-fis.    Ib  Mytk.  a  fenale 


Greek  divlnitv,  regarded  as  apefwiiift»- 
tionoftherigbteoas  anger  dr  the  godi, 
inflexibly  severe  to  the  prond  andinsokiit 
Aeoording  to  Hesiod  she  waa  theduubtcr 
of  night.  «»-•-«- 

Nemooera,  ne^nois'er-a.  A  group  of 
dipterous  inseots,  comnrlaiiif  the  gnita  or 
mosquitoes  and  crane-mes. 

NamoffloBBata. 'm6-^lo-84"ta.  AtSbt 
of  hymenopterous  insects,  including  titose 
which  have  a  long  flliform  tonirue.  as  tha 
bee  tribe. 

Neocomian,  -6-k6'mi-an.  In  Geo!.  \h» 
lowest  of  the  cretaceous  deposits,  the  low- 
er green-sand  and  wealden. 

Neo-Latixi,  'o-la-tin.  New  Latin,  a  term 
applied  to  the  Komance  lang^uages  as  bar- 
ing  grown  immediately  out  of  the  latia. 
Latin  as  "written  by  modern  authors. 

Neologiat,  -oro-jist.  One  who  Intro- 
duces  new  words  or  phrases  into  a  lan- 
guage. An  innovator  In  any  doctrine  or 
system  of  belief,  especially  In  theology. 

Neophron,  '6-fron.  A  sren.  of  birds  of 
the  vulture  fkmily,  known  as  the  Alphie 
or  Egvptian  vulture,  Pharaoh's  chicken 
and  white  crow. 

Neophyte,  -fit.  A  new  convert  or  pros- 
el)rte.  A  novice;  one  newly  admitted  to 
the  order  of  priest.  A  tyro;  a  beginner 
in  learning.  ^ 

Neoplatonist,  -5-pl&'ton-ist.  A  mysti- 
cal philosopher  of  the  school  of  Ammoni- 
us  Baccas  and  Plotinus  in  the  8d  to  5th 
century,  who  mixed  some  of  the  tenets  of 
ancient  Platonists  with  other  principles, 
drawn  from  various  sources,  particularly 
fW)m  the  theosophy  of  the  East. 

Neotropical,  -trop'ik-al.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  one  of  the  six  regions  into  which 
zoologists  di\1de  the  eai-th,  based  on  their 
characteristic  fauna  or  collection  of  animal 
life.  It  includes  C.  America  south  of  the 
isthmus  of  Tehuantepeo  and  S.  Amoiea. 

Neph,  nef.    In  Egypt  Myth,  an  ancient 
divinity  worshiped  In  Ethiopia  and  the 
Thebais,  represented  as  having  a  ram's' 
head  with  curved  horns.    Written  also 
Nouf. 

Nepidsa,  nep'i-de.  One  of  the  fkmlBes 
into  which  HydrocorissB  are  divided ;  the 
water-scorpions. 

NepotiBin,  nS'pot-izm.  Favoritism 
shown  to  nephews  and  other- relations: 
patronage  bestowed  In  consideration  of 
Ihmily  relationship  and  not  of  merit. 

NereidsB,  -r6'l-dd.  A  tun.  of  d<nrsifaran- 
chiate  aanelids  of  whkh  Ksrtls  is  tbetyps 
gtn.;  ths  sea-oenti|peds^ 


NEW '  BBtTHB'WIOK 


raiiii  BDd  cnnsunUf  stt^nded  Neptune. 
Nbto,   Clandliu   Ceeaar    Cmsiu 
OenuaiiloaB.    An  bifsmon!!  nniperw 

adapted  eon  DM  ».  urthe  EiupecnrCUindl- 
NeroU,  ne-ra-ll.     The  eaeentlBl  ol)  ob- 


NesciBUca.  iS'Bhi-fin).  The  Bint*  of  i 
knoMliTKiwuiilufknowledire:  IfcTiomn 
NesMlrode.  CharleB  Bobert,  Count 


Hestor,  nes'lnr.    i 
famUy.  coiinecUngt 

HertoT.    In  Ilerolo 

MiilB.'' l"lawisoi.n' 

Nestoiiau.  aes-ts 


,  ...  antone  of  Tf., 

.  rrlbnure  anil  Vaud ;  iru,  BO  iq.  m. 
NaurolosT'.  Dt-rnlVJi.     That   pirt  of 
inmlomy  wElah  Irats  p?  ths  norTH. 
HeuropteiK.  -rap'ter-n.     An  order  of 

flleB,  caddlf-fllct,'  niiy.aiiii,  whlCn  anil, 
ant-lion,  At. 

Nsuvainea,  'rlni.     Ig  Iba  E.  C.  Cb. 
prjijorB  ofTpi*!    DP  for  p[ne  BiteoeHlr* 


Nerada.  AStat^ortboAini'rlcinUiilao, 
adinitled  16&1 ;  bounded  N.  by  Onson 
and  lilabo  Ter.,  E.  by  Uub.  P.  by  Ati- 
zuDa  and  W.  by  OalUbrnli.  tba  Blem  Ke- 

IIS.MU  ta.  m. ;  pop.  fl2,iK.  PrlD<^ 
dtlea.  Canon  Cfty,  cap.,  VlrnlniH  City, 
HiHnWdC  Oh-,  AnroTBBBdljnilfraiy. 


an/pymmld' 
NewBxk.    Cap.  n 


New  Bmn«wlofc, 


tba  8.  K.  ^ 


SEW  C4I.EDOKIA  » 

DnmlnlnaDrCanidi;  boondAd  N.  by  ih< 
pruvliiocK  of  Itopaventoro  aod  R^moiuU. 
E.  hyOulf  of  fl.  lawrtn™  ind  Prtnn 
■■  Iwird's  Islrad,  S.  by  Kn/ of  Fuody,  W. 
.......  ■'-lihNuTiWdollion 

,  ,  ^  iicl|>al  cttLea,  FrvJ- 

erJoton.  cnn.,  HDil  SI.  .lobn^lhc  commiT- 

Be»llir.niijlifl«nil  PL.Iohu.  Livj-lihilsiir, 

Wnuiilchl,     L'hJgneclD     tnd     l>u«m>- 

qu«ldy. 
Hew  OaledoniR,    A  Krencb  lilaitd  and 

pMiat  coliiny  In  Aiinmilii ;  aru,  6,0M  eq. 

m.;    [io|>.  d^iixii.      (bicf  culfi,    l-on 

Balxlu  ud  I>nrt  Si.  Viiic-iit. 
Newcaatle-npon-Xriie. 


nniplseogee,  OsalpH  udCs- 


Ner  Haven.    Cbi 

T6m.  N.  E.ofN.  Y. 
Naw  Hebridea. 

In  Pnlynvijii.  Pulfii 
■q.  m.  ;  pop.  abt.  201 

New  Jersey.    Om 

N,  by  Ni 


S3«* 


Hew&nuidlaiid.    A  Britlah  talinil 

tbe  Ouir  vf  »l.  Liwr.'ni^,  acpant€d  in 

■     Labrador  by  the  Hlralts  of  ]lelJa  U] 

■StJohn'a.    Rive™.  ^plQlt  and  liumbi 
•KewfoupdUnd  tkjg,    a  vFll-kno< 
■Dd  Hue  nirlety  ofllie  uitar  dng,  nailie 
NawftiuBiIlaad.wh  we  lli<:jareemploy&1 
•    ilmwlDfalednaud  JUilecurrlives  lad 
wllh  wood,  flBb,  Ac    Itisremurkiiblel 
ugodty,  pUlenca  ud  sood  nuluio. 
Nbw  HmupbUtb.      a  8tal«  of    t 
Ainoriun  llnlun,  on*  of  tbs  orlglnsl  1 
bouiHled  H.  by  tbs  Domlntan,    £. 
Milne,  S.  bjr  lIuuotiu«Mta,  W.  by  Yi 
nipDC,*siiuU  McUon  In  the  S.  E.  tonc_ 
Ine  the  Atliullc ;  um,  »,280H].iii.  ;  p"p. 
SU.Wl,      Chief  dtin,    Coneoid,  wp., 
PorUmautb,  ManchMUr,  Brlstfl].  Nuhua, 


i»an  Bay,  W.  by  PenDi/lnila; 

Ea.Sm  M.  m. ;  pop.l,  Sl,ll&  Prto- 
dUei,  TrenloD,  oap.,  JenerCIlT, 
lA,  CuDdaD.  PUnon,  EUnbo^ 
New  Bronnrtok,  BorUngton,  Onnge  ad 
Beverly,  with  tbs  popalir  uulds  tcMrti 
Long  Brudi,  <^pe  Uiy  ud  AIlBittg 
Cltr.  Cbler  riven.  Delawnre  Puuki 
HMfcenaack,  Rarltu.  Rubway,  Navnlak, 
flreat  tuid  Little  Vxg  Hu-bor.  Moimtalu, 
KlllB tinny  and  Il^bland  rugoL 


8.E,  ofProslileni 
pop  IS  Mi 
Mew»-lBttor,    c 


New  Bontli  Wslea. 


bldg^e.    BayB,  Botuiy  and  Uoreton. 
Newton,   Isaao.  Sir.    An   lllaitrion* 
Eoellab  aatroooiner  and  phllotopbn';  i. 

New  Tork.  One  of  tha  ortelDal  » 
Sutea  of  the  American  Cnlon,  bounded 
N.  by  Canada  and  Laks  Ontwio,  £.  by 
Cann.,Mu9.and  VI..B.  by  tbe  Atlantlo, 
N.  J.  and  Penn.,  W.  by  take  Erie  ud 
Canada  ;ir«4T,IWI»l.m.;|»p.SWS,BIU 
Principal  dd«s  Albany,  eap.,T(BW  Tiuk,. 
Brooklyn.  Bnlhlo.  Troy,  Rocbeelw,  VOm 
Kd&ynDiu,<^Un(irt,i<n,1IadKB,EaM^ 


MobDwIc.  MiUtiin,  Dcliwani,  aDsquehan- 

tafta.  Cluiinfililn,  on  the  burderi,  Oneids, 
CsMndBlsuo,  CayugB,  Stnoca,  Chiut»a- 

ruid  Georite.     Uountaliia,    Adlrao- 
_   kg  UDd  HlBiUnila  (CatokUb)  o(   tlia 
,  nod  K.  nngsDrilie  Alinfiliuiigii. 

Ill  i^M^a 


HewZeBlaad.  A  i^niap  of  3  BHUali 
iBlandi  in  tli<  S.  Puma,  with  a  numlwr  of 
laleta ;  area  106.^INI  m.  m.;  puu.  alil.  BDO,- 
1300,  Cap.  ATelllntfton.  PrimilpAt  porta 
MoHRnnul,  Waii)[u-ei,  Auokiaqd,  Bbv  or 
MiDdaaod  WclllnElon. 

XTe^.Ulohel.  (PHiHiadeliiMiuknwiiaBd 
Dua  da  EkhlBKan.)    Ods  »f  Napotaun'a 

tJ6»,  shot  (in-  IrsMon,  [n  liavlnaiolnai  lie 
oDipwor  on  his  return  tram  Elba.  1816. 


Id  and  6i 


"^  ''[^^J^i 


ilobratod  lOr  lla 
ntiaufl,  li^]«olIji  hd^t. 
i-iV.    The  DadTB  name  ot  the 
baOUa  of  W.  AHcaj  the  Cape 


B  KKTITATtOH 

two  flhanh  '  WDiuaa  iSiS-aiH}.  it  iba 
fopmwof  whlnh  titB-'lflceBeCreod"  wai 
preiniilgawd. 

Hicanurna.  A  republic  afCAmertov 
riblwan  Sea,  B.  by  Coala  ItW,  W.  by  tba 
FaoUei  aieaBT.nno  eq.  m.;  pap.MO.TOO. 
Frlndpal  cfaej,  Maoainia.  can.,  Greylowa 
■Dd  SL  Leon.  CUd  riTcn,  Sid  Juan,  - 
BJneHelda  and  SceoTla.  Tmo  ranKsa  at 
the  Andei  BiUnd  aNmg  tba  PadllB  coaat 

Nice. 
Franra.  ronnertr  belom 

Hioephonu.    The  nan 


Nldudaai  Tbe  ponUflml  name  aaeamed 
by  5  foOBS.  Alto  Itae  name  at  the  am- 
poTDrorBoaalii.  Sdaon  ofPaall.,  a.  ITM, 
>.  hia  brother  Aleiandur  L,  laeb,  d.  ISU, 
do  ring  (he  Crimein  war. 

Ntek,  Dik.    Oiidna 
of  the  WBlera,  bat 


Nickel. 'el  A 
'M.  difficult  t 


Nickel-platiiiff,  -i 


lap,  tfeBaraUy  \rttk 
n»tal  of  ureal  harf. 


■Ihy  n 


heaU'd  eoliil  

KiDkel-aUvor,  .ell-ver.    An  aHoy  eon- 
Kiesd  of  ooppor  6V,  dno  17|,  and  nkikd 

Nlcolaitan,  .u-m-tan.  One  of  aaeotia 
ly  UbriaUan  Cburob,  BO  named  rmm 
---'- '-TUiwlem.    TbBylB- 


niooUana,  n: 


«   eencnUiy 
lun  and  ST. 

idh^reeabl* 


rtootlaiilm  -a-nhL    A  <» 


HtBLLO 


Viallo.  i>l-'-]'h'..  Amnlhoil.irnmnienlliw 
m<-U]  |ilal>4  iHwlknl  in  lh>-  inhlilk'  wra, 
whh'li  Bill-  Am!  li.nii.piT-i.l»ii.iuin»vlnir. 

Vlflkafm.  M'B'klm.  In  ^miul.  )[vUi. 
Ibv  rviriun  nrriwIIrM  nilil  imil  cvvTLwtlng 
rlslil.  niUilot-crhrllrk. 

JHSW.  A  Uit*  Tlvrr  et  V.  AMea ;  rpimtli 


!)■  tn  Ibii  Hifvn  ortlif  E, 


:  In  <lpp] 


A(Hr»,  ih«  timlteat  of  EgiB';  Imi 
HUometar.  -lom'M-Br.  An  Inttnii* 
aarinif  tt*  jiiTtoillcaJ  floods.    Wh*n 

Nimbus,  nlm'hd^  A  Ifrtn  ipplW 
diak  tiuniiuHliiie  the  bosd  Id  rqinw 


Brent  men.      The  nhnbiu  of  CM    I 
Father  Ift  r0JH«eente4t    an  of  a  triuiEQ 


Nine,  dId.     One  mDrstbni 

perBoai  often  illuded  la 
Horl  clKwd  toeelher,  liko  1 


.    Cbaiifiaagnc, 
«  nimilMjT  eoaiiH>j 


Hlne-UUer.  Dln'kU-«r.  The  popglv 
□tiDia  of  tha  red'tAcked  (brlk^  OFDntehflT- 
Vrdor  BrIUinuid  tlw  DorUiern  bnlcber- 
Mrd  or  Amerksi.  trom  the  bellsT  that  the 

.nils  on  wliioli  U  {seda  befOrs  Itb^lnallB 
VlnMeen, 'Un.   •TheBuinaf  dIu  and 
Zrinety,  '0.    Nlns  dmea  Un. 
inngpo.    AOhliis»s«iwrtatJiini!tli>u 

«t  riiera  Tun  uui  Kin ;  pop.  SSS.OW. 
niobe,  nT-o-be. 

din^ter  of  Tut 


J  taavltie  all 

S.Venlh.ind  Sharif-  """" 

Hlfwu  DielJUDorpbo^ed  bj  JapLter  Into 
a  fltoDO  vhlch  eh«d  teara  dorlDg  tbe  anou 

Nioblte, 'o-blt.  OpsotSBHtof  Uoio- 
pbyslt«  heredcfl  founded  by  8t«[diaDna, 
.  inrnsmed  Hlubea,  an  ileiandrUn  rliolorl- 


Niptor,  nIp'Mi 

aoma  other  ohc 
liBlUtlon  of  til 


n  Good  rrldaj,  In 


Hlrvana.  nlr-ii'na.      Acoordlnti 

le  highest  state 


Jl,  nl'iac.     Tha  first  in 


nth  of  tl 


a  Jawidh  dTli 

la  dbixQj  Mnployed  in  diaiplBtrj  aa 
'-^-' ntaou  in  tkafiwButkui 


I 500TOGBAPH 

MotKld:  II* chtefDUlB  tlM  aDt*  la  b 
tha  makljig  of  fnnpowdcr. 
mtrooen.  'tr^too.  Tbtt  danxnt  wUA 
la  tha  baala  of  ultrio  add.  and  th«  prtnd- 
pal  iDgredfene  of  atmoapharle  air,  oonstl- 
udng  about  Ibnr-aftha  of  eooinion^  tlM 
"""""*■  "'""prtnolpallyoiTg™.    lt>tB  Ml- 


[*  ^,-\-^,^.^^^   ^.-^^^^^^  ^^'-'aetlng  upob 
with  Dlt»- 


finely  |>ewd«r«d 
■ulphiirio  add. 


a  letlou  of  nllfl* 


and  eulphurloactdBon  rijiMilna. 
Ught  yelloir.  oily  liquid,  and  a  nv 
erful  eiploBlTO  agent. 
NIVOBO.    nil-Yot      Sdo"    mmt 
calenilar  u  a  winter  month,  l^anin^ 

KIx.nlk>.  laTauLUyth.  theoommoB 
ntmeofall  vata-aplrlU  good  and  bad.' 
Tha  aoDtdi  water-ketple  li  ■  wloksd  nil. 

ITisam.  A  atats  ofS.  India,  under  Brjt- 
lah  pcoleclonte ;  •rei,  Se 


na  tW  Jtm  old  irti«  the  Atlas*  do- 
Inyed  oil  the  m  Hoapt  hit  bmllr.wbo 
were  saved  In  the  ark  by  (bllowing  the  dl^ 
Tlnsdlc«ctlon;i>.attliaa«saf»lw. 

Noachidn,  n«-ak1.de.  The  Immsdiata 
ftimllleB  or  CHbfs  defended  from  Koah, 
or  tVom  Bhem,  Hsm  or  Japbetb. 

Nobis,  ii3'bl.  A  iHTSoa  of  rank  above  a 
cornmooH'.  In  NumlB.  an  English  gold 
toln,  (iilue  Ss.  Bd„  BIrucli  In  the  reign  of 

0°  a  roblo  WM^BB^  by  Heni^  VI.  and 

E<l»Bril  IV.,  and  called  an  ingel. 
Noctilianids,  nok-tin-oD'1-da.  AbiD.   . 

of  InsacUionniB  ohdroplen  (bAls),  destl- 

cntaofnaaat  appandagas. 
Hcxitllaca.  -tUh'ks.    A  mlnate  rAi.  of 

phosphoTHoent  animals,  tha  Inmlnoilty 

vhlch  appeara  at  tho  snr&efl  of  tiie  sea 

dnrlngtbenlght  b^ng  chiefly  da»  to  them. 
Woctlluoin.  'Bin.    Tha  Baml-flntd  Bob- 

stance  In  phoaptaoreacent  nnlmala  which 

«n.e.llghL 
Hodtoeraph.  ts-gnf.    A  writing  framt 

Ibr  tha  bHnd.    An  iDgtramsnC  whloh  r^ 

onrda  th 


KOCTTTABT 


KOBNA 


Sbotaaxy,  't&ni-rL  An  ttoeoant  of  what 
MMiios  in  the  nigbt ;  the  oonvove  of  a 
diaiy. 

Vootille,  't&L  The  largMt  British  Rpeeies 

of  iMit.  . 

Ifootum,  'tern.  An  office  of  devotion, 
fonneriy  used  in  the  K.  C.  Ch.  at  mid- 
night. It  now  forms  part  of  the  matinA, 
which  nervlee  is  divided  into  three  noc- 
tums,  each  of  which  consists  of  three  (or 
moru)  psalms  and  three  lessons. 

ITooturnse.  •tcr'nd.  A  sec.  of  raptorial 
hinis,  indudinj^  but  one  fiunily,  the  Strig>- 
Idiu  or  owls. 

Zfoctume,  'tem.  A  patntin^r  exhibiting 
80U10  of  the  characteristic  effects  of  nl&rht 
Bght. 

Ifoetian,  no-O'sbl-an.  A  follower  of  No- 
etas  in  the  8d  century,  condemned  at  the 
Connt^il  of  Ephosns  for  denyiof^  the  dis- 
tinct ixTson^ly  of  the  Father,  Bon  and 
Holy  Ghost. 

ISToxn,  non.  Name.  N.  de  guerre  (lit 
frar-name).  a  fietitions  namo  assumed  for 
a  time.  N.  de  plume  (lit.  pen-name),  a 
sl^aturo  assumed  by  an  author. 

Voxnad,  nO'mad.  One  of  a  race  or  tribe 
of  people  whose  chief  property  is  in  their 
flocks,  and  who  hKve  no  fixed  plao«  Of 
abode. 

Ifoxnaroli,  nom'irk.  The  goveruor  or 
chief  magistrate  of  a  nome  or  provlnoe,  as 
in  modem  Greece. 

Koine,  ndm.  A  nrovince  or  othor  polit- 
ical division  of moaem  Qreece  and  aadent 
Egypt. 

Vomen,  nd'men.  One  of  the  three  names 

generally  given  to  an  ancient  Roman.    It 

distinguished  the  gens  or  clan. 
NonairenaTian,  non'a-jen-a''ri-an.     A 

person  between  ninety  and   a  hundred 

years  old. 
Non  compos  mentis,  kom'pos  men'- 

tis.     Not  of  sound  mind  ;  not  having  ihe 

regular  use  of  reason. 

Nones,  nonz.  In  the  Eom.  calendar,  the 
fith  day  of  the  months  January,  February, 
Ai»ril,  June,  August,  September,  Novem- 
ber and  December,  and  the  seventh  day 
of  March,  May,  July  and  October,  so  called 
an  falling  on  the  ninth  day  before  the  ides. 
The  office  for  the  ninth  hour ;  one  of  the 
breviary  offices  of  the  R.  C.  Ch. 

NonilUon,  nd-nil'li-on.  The  number 
produced  by  involving  a  million  to  the 
ninth  power ;  a  unit  with  fifty-four  ciphers 
annexed ;  or  aeoording  to  the  French  sys- 
tem of  muporatira,  a  unit  wtth  thirty 
fliphen.  ^ 


Nonxwjreil,  -p«-reK.  A  sixe  of  wtatt^' 
tvpe,  a  little  Jargrer  than  roby  and  loiilec 
than  minion;  the  type  in  wliidi  tUi  book 
Is  printed. 

Noology.  nd-ol'o-fl.     The  sdenee  of  tn- 

tellectaaliiMts  or  phenomena. 
Noon,  nOn.    The  middle  of  the  day :  the 

time  when  the  sun  is  in  the  meridiaB: 

twelve  o'clock. 

Nooika^OflT,  not'k*-dog.  A  large  va- 
riety of  dog  domesticatedT  by  the  natiToa 
of  Nootka  Bound,  renuu-kablo  for  its  wool- 
Uko  hair,  which  holds  together  Vke  a 
fleece,  and  is  made  into  garments. 

Nopalry,  no'pal-ri.    A  plantation  of  no* 

Eals  for  rearing  cochineal  insects,  oontaii- 
)g  60,(XK)  plants. 

Norag'he,  -rS'ga.  One  of  a  class  of  on- 
dent  muuniiients,  )>robably  sepulchral, 
very  nuuierousin  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

Noria,  M-a.  A  hydraulic  machine  used 
in  Spain,  Svria,  Palestine  and  other  eoan- 
tries  for  raising  water. 

Norixnon,  nor'i-mon.  A  Japanese 
palanquin. 

Norma,  'ma.  A  square  for  measurhig 
right  angles,  used  by  carpenters,  masons 
and  other  artifloers  to  make  their  work 
rectangular.  A  pattern;  a  gauge;  a 
templet ;  a  modeL  The  Bule^  a  southon 
constellation,  containing  12  stars. 

Norman,  'man.  A  name  gives  jH^mari- 
ly  to  a  Scandinavian,  but  now  applied  tc 
a  native  or  inhabitant  of  Normandy, 
which  takes  its  name  iW>m  a  body  of 
Scandinavians  who  settled  here  in  the 
10th  centurv.  N.  architecture,  the  round- 
arched  style,  a  variety  of  the  Roman* 
esques,  introduced  at  the  Norman  Con- 

fuest  ii-om  France  into  Britain.  N. 
'rench,  the  language  spoken  by  the  Nor- 
mans at  the  Conquest,  the  language  of 
English  legal  prec^-dure  till  the  reicrn  at 
Edward  III. 

Normandy.  An  andent  province  of  N. 
Franco,  now  the  depts.  of  Manche,  Ome, 
Calvados.  Eure  and  Seine  Inf&rieurc.  In 
1066  William  I.,  Duke  of  N.,  invaded  En- 
gland, Mid  established  a  Norman  dynasty, 
uniting  the  two  countries,  a  union  which 
was  finally  dissolved  by  Charles  VII.  of 
France,  wno  expelled  the  English  liSHK 

Noma,  'na.  In  Scand.  Myth,  one  of  the 
three  Fates,  past,  present  and  fhtnre, 
whose  decrees  were  irrevocable.  They 
were  represented  as  three  young  women, 
named,  respectively  Urd, 'Verdaudi  and 
Bkuld.  There  were  numerous  inftrior 
Norns,  each  individual  hKving  on*  who 
datennlned  his  Ikta. 


TSrOSBOT 


089 


NOVA  SCCPTIA 


TOy,  'oi.  The  title  •!  >th«.  third  of 
three  Englidi  Icings-at-arms,  -whose 
sdiction  lies  to  the  north  of  the  Trent. 
"86,  nors.  A  name  for  the  lan^age 
Tor  way.  Old  N.,  the  ancient  langn&firfi 
candinavl4f  represented  by  the  classi- 
[relandic  and  still  with  wonderftil  pur- 
3y  modern  Icelandic. 

sexnaxL,  'man.  A  native  of  ancient 
idinavla ;  a  Northman. 

th,  north.  One  of  the  cardinal  points, 
.'^  thftt  point  of  the  horizon  directly 
f**\te  to  the  snn  in  the  meridian,  at  the 
band  when  one  faces  the  east. 

th  Carolina.  *  One  of  the  original 
('8  of  the  American  Union,  boimded  N. 
Va.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  8.  by  S.  C, 
bvTenn,;  area  50,704  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,- 
750.  Principal  cities,  Raleigh,  cap.,Wil- 
gton,  Newbern,  Edcnton,  Beaufort, 
riotte  and  £li2abeth.  Chief  rivers, 
se,  Pamlico,  Chowan,  Eoanoke,  Tar, 
e  Fear,  Yadkin  and  Catawba.  Moon- 
s,  Blae  Bidge  and  AUeghanies. 

til  Pole,  north'  pol.  That  point  of 
heavens  toward  the  north  which  is 
legrees  every  way  distant  from  the 
noctial,  or  the  npper  extremity  of 
imaginary  axis  on  which  the  celestial 
)re  is  supposed  to  revolve.  The 
hern  extremity  of  the  earth's  axis. 

th  Sea  (Oennan  Ocean).  Alarge 
Ion  of  the  Atlantic,  N.  of  ContinenUd 
ope,  extending  from  the  Straits  of  Do- 
to  the  Shetland  Islands,  and  inclosed 
Torway,  Denmark,  Germany,  Holland, 
^um,  France  and  Great  Britain; 
th,  700  m.,  maximum  width,  420  m. 
onnects  with  the  Atlantic  by  the  £n- 
1  Channel  and  Pentland  l^rith,  and 
I  the  Baltic  by  the  Skager-rack. 

th-star,  'star.  The  north  i>olar 
,  the  star  alpha  of  the  constellation  Ur- 
Vfinor.  It  Is  close  to  the  true  pole, 
iequently  never  sets,  and  Is  therefore 
^eat  importance  to  navigators  in 
northern  nemisphere. 
thwest,  -west'.  The  point  in  the 
zon  equally  distant  between  the  north 
west.  Northwest  passage,  a  north- 
passage  for  ships  from  the  Atlantic 
an  into  the  Pacific,  discovered  in  1860-1 
Jir  R.  M'Olure. 

•way.  A  country  of  N.  Europe,  in 
W.  section  of  Scandinavia,  forming 
1  Sweden  a  kingdom  ;  bounded  N.  by 
Arotio  Ocean,  E.  by  Sweden,  S.  by  the 
Jeft  and  Skager-raok,  W.  by  the  Atlan- 
area  121,779  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,814,000. 
idpal  dtiea,  GbilffiaDia,  cap.,  Berg«n, 


Drontheim,  Drammen  and  S'tavanger. 
Chief  rivers,  Glommen  and  Tana.  Moun- 
tains^ Kiolen  (Great  Scandinavian)  cbalp, 
dividing  N.  from  Sweden. 
Nosology,  no-sol'o-ji.  That  branch  at 
medical  science  which  treats  of  the  daasl- 
fieation  of  diseases. 

ITostalgria,  nos-tal'ji-a.  A  vehement  de- 
sire to  revisit  one's  native  country ;  home- 
sickness. 

Notation,  no-tu'shon.  The  act  or  pra^* 
tice  of  recording  anything  by  marks,  fig- 
ures, or  characters  A  system  of  signs  or 
characters  used  In  any  art  or  science  tor 
expressing  briefly  facts  connected  witti 
that  art  or  science,  as  in  arithmetic  and 
algebra,  for  expressing  numbers  and 
quantities. 

Notidanus,  -tid'a-nus.  A  gen.  of  sharks 
closely  akin  to  the  Lomnidse. 

Kotobranchiata,  -td-brang^-&''ta^  A 
division  of  Annelida  whioh  carry  their  giUa 
on  the  back.  A  division  of  gasteropoda, 
including  part  q^f  the  nudlbranchs. 

NotodontidsB,  -don'ti-de.  The  tooth- 
backs,  a  fam.  of  moths  belonging  to  Lepi- 
doptera. 

Kotonectid»,  -nek'ti-dS.  A  fiun  of  Hv- 
drocorisffi  or  water-bugs,  containing  the 
gen.  Notonecta,  whioh  swim  on  their 
backs,  and  firom  their  peculiar  aspect  ara 
called  boat-flies. 

Notomis.  -tor'nis.  A  gen.  of  grallatoriai 
or  wading  birds,  nearly  allied  to  the  coots. 

Nototherinm, .  -thd'ri-um.  A  gigantic 
fossil  gen.  of  herbivorous  kangaroo-like 
marsupials  which  existed  dming  the 
pliocene  period  in  Austndia. 

Nottlimo,  no-ter'no.  In  Music,  origi- 
nally a  synonym  of  serenade ;  now  ap- 
plied to  a  piece  of  music  in  which  the 
emotions,  particularly  those  of  love  and 
tenderness,  are  developed. 

Noun,  noun.  In  Gram,  a  name ;  a  wo'rd 
that  denotes  any  object  whether  animate 
or  Inanimate,  material  or  immaterial. 

Novacnlite,  no-vak'u-lit.  A  variety  of 
argillaceous  slate,  of  which  hones  are 
made  for  sharpening  edge-tools  ;  razor- 
stone;  Turkey-none. 

Novargent,  nov-Sr'jent.  A  substance 
used  for  re-silvering  plated  articles,  and 
prepared  by  moistening  chalk  with  a  solu- 
tion of  oxide  of  silver  in  a  solution  of 
cyanide  of  potassium. 

Nova  Scotia.  A  peninsular  division  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  bounded  N.  by 
Northumberland  Strait,  separating  it  fh>m 
Frtnce  Edward's  Island,  and  £.  and  S.  by 


Itpsed  mlffht  not  I 


Nowel,  nou'cl.  In  fbundini;.  tlie  Innar 
porUun  uf  tbu  moM  ^rcutin^B  ot  iaigt 

Hoyada,  owa  y£d.  The  ut  oT  puUJng  (o 
dHKbby  drufliilriff ;  AiHdllcalh',  n  mode 
of  UKuMiur  vlclfini  durlog  tho  ntga  ol 

Hrnta  In  1189,  'Iha  priMner.  wer«"m- 
b«rkodlnti  veiwel  wllhs  nioTuble  buitom, 
vhJchwBd  iudilenly  opened  Hheo  [he  vBB- 
«l  nachod  tb»  ni  Jddl^  of  theT^lre,  predpl- 
UdiiE  the  ooDdoQiDed  Into  the  ^alar. 
Nuance.  DH-biB.    Each  of  th«  disennt 

fijllBh'u'it  w"lti"dartMt'BlS!^ih»d° 
A  delicate  degree  of  dlffcrenCB  paroetyed 
b;uiyuttbD  MBKh.orhy  thelntelleot: 
tn.  nuancea  orHQnd.nrcipreMlaD,  anj. 
Nubecula,  nn-bek'U-li.  In  Aairau.  one 
sftwo  remHluble  eliisMrs  of  nabntie  In 
tfae  tutuUiern  homlaphare,  known  also  aa 
the  MofnOLanlc  oleuda. 
Nubia.  Amuntrifof  N.  R  AIrioa.1lon 
lln^ov^u™of  Egypt,  bouudcd N. br  Kgjiit, 
>'  bv  tlic  lieif  Ufa,  ».  by  Abyaalnla  juicl 
KerJolkD.  W.  by  tlie  Libyan  Desert; 
arvui'Mt.  SOO.nOOsq.m.:  pop.  abt.  CUO,<HIO. 
Nuolfrasa. -UrriHiB.  A  gen.  of  iiiaea- 
NadibranoMata.  -dl-braniTkl-a^ta. 
An  ord.  of  inoUuaks,  dau  GuUropoda. 
having  no  shell  In  thoir  adult  Btiu. 
Null.  nul. 


budaii 


^rorsplndlei. 


loflUrulti.. .. 

Nnllab.  'li.  In  Hindustan,  a  bod  of  ■ 
rivulot.  or  tbe  rtvutet  Itself. 

NuOTret,  nug'et.  ilnmn  ;  ameasi  ospo- 
dally  a  lar|re  lump  of  natWa  gold. 

Nambflrlug-machlike,  nmntwr-lDg- 
ma-abSn',  Amuhineforlmpreaalngcoii- 
aecutive  nnmben  on  aoooont-books,  ooa- 
pon4i  Taii*af  tlBkata,  ba&k«atH,  Ak 


NnmbeTb,  'ben.     Tba  n 


w  torpedo,  1 1U 
irly  »  caUad  ma 
tA  eieotrto  ahocii. 
na,  ail-m«-iil-iu.  ThagntD 
I  eutlewi  a»  raferrad,  kinglm- 

1,  nQ'iaor-aL  A  flfmip  orehir- 
1  taeipreaaa  Dumber;  at,  lln 
iroenlsj^  V,'  t.  C  "to.*  IB 
word  expr«aa!ng  a  anmbcr.  aa 
.  -6.    Number.    The  B^nn  tr 


selencB  of  oolna  and  medale.  The  imcd 
coin  la  now  applied  to  pieces  (rf  melil 
almak  for  the  purpose  of  olrculaUoD  aa 
money;    while  meilal   stifles  pieces  of 

as  money,  bnt  stniok  and  dlatrlboted  Ii 

medali.  TheparttofasoiDorniadila*, 
the  obverM  or  Ikoe,  aauthttia  mntnBra 

flgnre,  and  the  revene,  omtafidiigTarioiia 
figures  or  vords.  ^a  words  nrmiDd  tba 
border  fbrm  Uw  Itffend.  tboas  In  tka 
middle  or  Seld  tbe  iDaorlpttoD ;  ths  levar 

ue  date,  ieo. 


HmrBTKBT 


681 


OBAPIAH 


nery,  'er-i.  A  hoiue  or  dolAter  In 
h  females,  nnder  a  vow  of  chastity 
devoted   to   religion,  reside  during 

craoker,  nnt'krak-er.  An  instru- 
:  for  cracking  hard-sbelled  nuts.  The 
)  of  an  insessorial  bird,  generally  re- 
d  to  the  crow  ftunilj,  and  so  placed 
approximate  either  to  the  wooapeok- 
r  starlings. 

batch,  'haoh.     The  common  name 

rds,  gen.  Sitta. 

negr,  'meg.      The 

il  of  the    fruit  of 

stica  moschata  or 
ons. 

-oil,  'oil.  An  oil 
ned  from  walnuts, 
*iur  to  the  best  lin- 
oil  for  delicate  pig- 
s. 

ye,  'p€.    An  Egyp- 

divinity,  sister  and       Nutmeg. 

of  Seb,  and  mother 

iris  and  Isis,  and  as  such  called  the 

er  of  the  gods.     She  corresponds  to 

l^reek  Bhea. 

wi  (Maravl).  A  large  lake  in  B. 
ral  Africa,  discovered,  1861,  by  Dr. 
gstone,  and  since  traversed  by  Stan- 
length  abt.  800  m. ;  width  from  20  to 

^a,  nyfi'ya.  A  system  of  Hindu 
Bophy,  which,  amidst  a  mass  of 
\y  unintelligible  doctrines,  embodies 
of  the  transmigiation  of  souls,  and 
1  makes  the  highest  attainable  good  of 
consist  in  the  emancipation  from  the 
ly  of  being  born  again  after  death. 
hemeron,  nik-them'S-ron.  .  The 
«!  day  of  24  hours. 


Kyotioebiui,  -tl-sfi'bns.  The  knking  or 
slow-jpoced  loris,  the  typical*  animal  of 
Nyctfcebidse. 

Nyotipitheoos,  'tl-pl-thfi'^kus.  A  gea. 
of  American  naonkeys,  fiun.  Oebids,  of 
w)iich  one  s^Mdes  is  the  well-known 
dourouooulL  They  repreaeut  the  leamr 
tribe. 

Nyctophilus,  -tof  il-us.  A  gen.  of  bats, 
fam.  Vespertilionidn,  sub-flun.  Bhinolo- 
phine. 

Nylflrau,  niVga.  The  Portax  piota  or 
tragocamelns,  a  large  species  of  Central 
Asiatic  antelope.  Spelled  also  Neelghaa, 
Nilghau. 

NynLph,  nimf.  In  Myth,  one  of  a  nu« 
merous  dass  of  inferior  divinities,  imag- 
ined as  beautiftil  maidens,  not  immortau^ 
but  always  young,  considered  as  tutelary 
spirits  of  localities,  and  also  of  races  and 
famiUes.  Those  who  jn^ded  over  rivers; 
brooks  and  springs  were  called  Naiads ; 
those  over  mountains,  Oresds:  those 
over  woods  and  trees.  Dryads  and  Hama- 
dryads ;  those  over  the  sea,  Nereids. 

Nyxnplia,  nim'fa.  The  pujMt,  ohnrsalls, 
or  aurelia  of  an  insect ;  the  second  state  of 
an  insect  passing  to  its  perfect  form. 

Nymplialid»,  -fU'i-d^.  A  fifim.  of  but- 
ter-flies, among  which  are  included  those 
bearing  the  English  names  of  the  peaco^ 
painted  lady,  Camberwell  beauty,  red  ad- 
miral. Sue. 

Nymphomany,  -f5-mft-ni.  Morbid  and 
uncontrollable  sexual  desire  in  females. 

Nymphotomy,  -fot'o-mi  In  Surg,  the 
excision  of  the  nymphse ;  the  circumcision 
of  the  female. 

Nyroca,  ni-rd'ka.  A  gen.  of  ducks,  oon- 
tidning  the  pochard. 


o 


the  16th  letter  and  the  4th  vowel  in 
B  alphabet.  The  sound  originally 
sented  by  this  letter  was  no  doubt 
e  vowel  sound,  such  as  that  in  mor- 
ut  in  English  it  has  seven  distinct 
Is  and  shades  of  sound,  as  in  note, 
00,  not,  mortal,  move,  wolf,  comfort, 
be  several  words  in  which  the  O  is 
led  as  in  these.  O  is  the  usual  diar- 
for  a  cipher  or  nought ;  it  was  also 
times  used  by  the  ancients  for  11, 
rith  a  dash  over  it  for  11,000.  In  Old 
0,  O  was  a  mark  of  triple  time  from 
otion  that  the  tenary,  or  number  8, 
I  most  perfect  of  numbers,  and  prop- 
expressed  by  a  circle',  the  most  per- 
Igure. 


O.  An  exclamation  used  in  earnest  or  sol« 
emn  address,  appeal  or  invocation,  and 
prefixed  to  the  noun  of  address. 

O.  A  common  prefix  in  Irish  surnames, 
and  equivalent  to  Mac,  son  of,  in  (Gaelic 
and  many  Irish  names. 

Oannes,  d-an't^z.  The  Chaldean  sea-god, 
described  as  having  the  head  and  body  of  a  ^ 
fish,  and  also  a  human  head  and  feet.  In  the 
daytime  he  lived  with  men  to  instruct 
them  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  but  at  night 
retired  to  the  ocean. 

Oast,  5st.    A  kiln  to  dry  hops  or  malt. . 

Obadiah.  In  Scrip,  a  book  of  a  single 
chapterof  21  verses,  credited  to  the  mt>pne^ 
0.,  •!  wVn;»,^My^«<t^^Ttfa^^Gfi(fetlk^^^^>'^'^^^'^^ 


OBASr 


OGEABT 


Oten,  t»'l>iui.  The  principftl  gold  ooin  of 
J  ipaii,  worth  a  IlUlo  more  than  $20. 

Obeah,  o-biVa.  A  Rpedea  of  magical  art 
or  witchcraft  iinictiGvd  among  the  African 
ne^n^KM.  The  practloer  is  called  an  obeah- 
niuii  <ir  obeiUi-womon.     Written  also  Obi. 

Obeliak,  ob'C-Usk.  A  column  of  a  reo- 
tanh^ilar  form,  dimlnishlug  toward  the 
tui>,  Koncrally  nniRhlng  with  a  low  pyra- 
iiiid.  The  i)ro]>ortion  of  the  thickness  to 
tho  hvi»rhtlA  nearly  the  same  in  all  obe- 
lisks, that  is,  botwtjen  ouu-ninUi  and  one- 
teutli ;  and  the  thickness  at  the  top  is 
never  less  than  half,  nor  greater  than 
throe-fourths  of  the  thickness  at  the  bot- 
tom. Egypt  abounded  with  obelisks, 
which  were  of  a  single  block  of  stone ;  and 
many  have  been  removed  thence  to  Borne, 
Paris,  London  and  one  to  Oentral  Park, 
N.  Y.  City.  They  seem  to  have  been 
erected  to  record  the  honors  or  triumphs 
of  monarchs. 

Oberon,  'er-on.  In  medisBval  myth,  the 
king  of  the  fairies.  The  name  is  identical 
with  Auben)n  or  An>en)n,  the  lirst  syllable 
of  which  is  the  old  German  word  alb,  Icel. 
&lfr,  elf  or  fidry.  His  consort  was  Titania 
or  Mab.    A  satellite  of  Uranus. 

Obi  (Oby).  A  river  of  SiberlOj,  emptying 
into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  length,  2,700  m. 

Obit,  'it  Funeral  solemnities.  The  an- 
niversary of  a  person's  death,  or  a  service 
or  observance  neld  on  the  anniversary  of 
his  death. . 

Obitaaxy,  o-bit'&-a-rL  A  list  of  the 
dead,  or  a  register  of  obitual  anniversary 
days,  when  service  is  performed  for  the 
dead.  An  account  of  persons  deceased, 
often  accompanied  with  a  brief  biograph- 
ical sketch. 

Oluect-grlass,  ob'jpkt-glas.  In  a  tele- 
scope or  microsoope,  the  lens  which  first 
receives  the  rays  of  liglit  coming  directly 
from  the  object,  and  collects  them  into  a 
focus,  whore  they  form  an  image  which  is 
viewed  through  the  eye-piece. 

Oblate,  'lut.  Ecclcs.  A  secular  person, 
who,  in  the  middle  ages,  devoted  himself, 
his  dependants  and  estates,  to  some  mon- 
astery, into  which  he  was  admitted  as  a 
lav  brother.  A  member  of  a  congregation 
of  secular  priests  who  live  in  community, 
devoting  themselves  to  the  cnre  of  souls 
under  a  bishop.  Oblates  were  first  intro- 
duced into  the  diocese  of  Milan  by  St. 
Charles  Borromeo  in  the  16th  century, 
and  the  congregation,  as  thus  instituted, 
was  introduced  into  England  by  Arch- 
bishop Manning. 

Oblation,  -l&'shon.    Anything  offered  or 


presented  In  worship  or  sacred  Berrloe;  a 
offering ;  a  saorifice. 

OboUt,  Cb'5-lst    A  player  on  the  dbos; 
a  hautboyist. 

Obolu  B, 

ob'o-lns.  A 
small    oolni 
of    andent 
Oreeo  e," 
latterly    of 
silver,    the 
sixth  part  of  Brass  Obolus  of  Metapontma. 
an       Attic 

drachma,  equal  to  2^  cents :  nmltiples  d 
this  ooin  were  also  used,  Izu^ding  piecei 
of  the  value  of  6, 4.  8,  a,  U  oboU,  and  i,  *, 
i  of  an  obolus  A  small  ancient  weigii^ 
the  sixth  part  of  an  Attic  dradhm. 
Obaeqny,  sS-kwU  A  ftmeral  ilte,  ceK» 
mony,  or  B<rienmi^. 

Obsidian,  -sid'i-an.  Yitraons  lava,  or 
volcanic  glass,  a  glassy  mineral,  either 
impure  orthoclase  or  lava  which  has  be- 
come glassy  by  rapid  cooling  ;  generallj 
placea  among  the  lelspars.  Obsidlaa  coo* 
sists  of  silicate  of  alumina  with  Iron,  and 
lime  or  potash  or  soda  according  to  tha 
species  of  felspar  involved.  In  Mexico 
and  Peru  cutting  weapons  and  rings  wen 
manufactured  out  of  it. 

Obstetrician,  -stet-ri'shan.  One  skilled 
in  obstetrics ;  an  accoucheur ;  a  mid-wlfi». 

Obverse,  ob'vers.  In  Numis.  that  side 
of  a  ooin  or  medal  whicli  has  the  face  or 
head  on  it,  as  distinguished  fh>m  the  oth€r 
side,  called  the  reverse. 

Oo,  ok«    An  arrow  used  by  the  Tnrks. 

Occident,  'si-dent  The  western  quarter 
of  the  hemisphere,  so  called  fbom  the  de- 
cline or  setting  of  the  sun;  the  west; 
used  in  contradistinction  to  orient. 

Occiput,  -put.  The  hinder  part  of  the 
head,  or  that  part  of  the  ekuUwhieh  forms 
the  hind  part  of  the  head. 

Oocoltation,  -kul-ta'shon.  In  Astion. 
the  hiding  of  a  star  or  planet  ftt>m  sight, 
by  passing  behind  some  other  heavenly 
body ;  applied  to  th  eclipso  of  a  fixed  star 
by  the  moon.  The  time  of  a  planet  or  star 
being  BO  hidden.  Circle  of  perpetoaloe- 
cultation,  a  small  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere  parallel  to  the  eqnator,  aa  tur  dis- 
tant from  the  depressed  pole  as  the  ele- 
vated pole  is  flrom  the  horizon,  containing 
stars  which  never  appear  in  onr  hemP 
sphere.  It  Is  opposed  to  the  ohele  of  per* 
petual  apparition. 

3oean,  O'shan.  The  yast  body  of  salt 
water  which  covers  more  than  tiuree-flftlM 
of  thAftTixfBAAofthA^be;  theaea.    It  If 


I 


ODWBLtOW 


OotllUon.    -CU'vun. 

duG«d  by  iDTutTinff  a  ml , 

powrt- 1  1  felLoweS  bj  48  dphf 


aMMd  i^ 


Ootobar,  -tanw.  The  i 


la  viokiDcello. 
ntfamanUiarttia 


lie  pbrt,  bag  oiglit  Aloes  and 


Myrtstioa 

aba.  offldnalla  or  MblTdra,  a»i1  eitea- 
'eJT  In  BrezU  fin  Oui  niaiiuftiauiFS  oT 

Ocular,  ok'a-ler.     Tie  evspleoe  of  ut 

opltcal   iDaKiiniaDt.    O.  oone.  ths   oooa 

Ibnned  witbin  Ctae  aye  bj  a  pancll  of  nya 

KBdIiic  ItDm  >D  Dbtwt.  tbe  baaa  of  cbe 

btbtg  oa  tbe  eornu,  tke  Bp«i  od  the 


Odallak,  da-lM.  A  female  > 


a-a. 


ODEOW 


684 


OGTOIAlf 


motlelod  on  FreemMomy,  and  still  retain- 
iuK  bindtnir  onths.  watch  words,  secret 
si^riif.  <^co.  It  OASumed  its  present  form 
in  I'^l-i. 

Odeon.  ri-dt?'on.  A  kind  of  theater  in 
(trcftv  In  which  poets  and  masidans  sab- 
initic<l  their  \>-orI(n  to  the  approval  of  the 
public,  and  contended  for  ])rizcs.  The 
natiio  iH  now  sometimes  applied  to  a  haU 
for  inusi<tul  or  dramatic  i>orformance8. 

Odessa.  A  fortiflc«l  seaimrt  of  8.  Kusiria, 
on  the  Black  Sea ;  |>op.  138,700. 

Odin,  o  din.  The  chief  god  of  Northern 
Myth.,  the  omniscient  ruler  of  heaven  and 
earth,  having  his  Pi-at  in  Valaskjalf,  where 
he  receives, through  hi.s  two  ravens,  tiding^ 
of  oJl  that  takes  ulante  in  the  world.  As 
war-^od  ho  holds  uis  court  in  Valhalla, 
where  all  bravo  warriors  arrive  after 
death,  and  enjoy  the  tumultuous  plea- 
sures they  delif^hted  in  while  on  earth. 
The  fourth  day  of  the  week,  Wednesday, 
derived  its  name  fh)m  this  deity. 

OdiUon  Barrot,  Gamille  H3ra- 
ointhe.  A  distinguished  French  lawyer 
and  statesmen;  b.  1791,  d.  1874. 

O^Doxmell,  Leopoldo  (Ctonnt  of 
liucena  and  Duke  of  Tetoan).  An 

eminent  Spanish  general  and  statesman,  of 

Irish  descent;  b.  1<^,  i>.  in  exile,  1867. 
Odontalgia,  6-don-tal'Ji-a.    Pain  in  the 

teeth;  toothache. 
Odontiasis,    -tT'a-sis.     The  cutting   of 

the  teeth ;  dentition. 
Odonto,  (^-don'to.    A  powder  used  for 

cleansing  the  teeth  :  a  dentilHce. 
Odontoceti,  -sO-tl.    The  toothed  whales, 

in   opposition  to  the  whalebone  whales. 

The  group  consists  of  four  families — the 

dolphins  and  porpoises,  the  sperm-whales, 

the  ziphioid  whales,  and  the  Zouglodonti- 

dae. 

Odontograph,  -graf.  A  scale  used  in 
laying  off  the  teeth  of  gearing  wheels. 

Odontology,  -tol'o-gi.  That  branch  of 
anatomical  science  which  treats  of  the 
teeth. 

OdontopliorinsB,  'td-f5-rr'nd.  A  sub- 
fam.  of  gallinncf^us  birds,  fam.  Tetraoni- 
dsp,  embracing  the  partridges  or  quails. 

Odynerus,  od-i-ne''ru8.  A  gen.  of  hy- 
menopterous  insects,  fam.  Kumonidee;  the 
burrowing  wasps. 

Odyssey,  o'dl-se.  An  epic  jraem  attrib- 
uted to  Homer,  in  which  the  adventures 
of  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  are  celebrated. 

OSdionemus,  C-dik-ne'mts.    A  gen.  of 

Sallatorial  birds,  intermediate   between 
9  iMistiirde  and  plovers  \  tMok-knees. 


(Bdixms.  In  Heroic  Hist,  Khig  4 
Thebes,  son  tt  LAias  uul  Jacasta;  Ji 
killed  his  fither,  and  married  his  on 
mother,  in  ignoranoe  of  the  refaukHuUpy 
When  this  was  discovered,  Jacasu  era- 
mitted  suicide,  and  (£.  pat  oot  lus  ejra 
and  disappeared. 

QSnology.  e-nol'o-jL     That  brandi  of 

knowledge  which  investigates  the  natnn, 

qualities  and  varieties  of  wine. 
(Bnometer,  nom'et-er.     A  hydromite 

specially  adapted    for  determining  flte 

alcoholic  strength  of  wines. 

Oif-color.  orkul-er.  A  defective  eokr: 
used  especially  in  rogard  to  diamondBor 
other  gems. 

Offenbaoli,  Isaac.  A  popular  Germao 
composer  of  opera  booffe ;  b.  at  CokMne, 
1822. 

OfESsrtory, 'fer-to-ri.  Eoclcs.  In  the  R.  a 
Gh.,  that  part  of  the  mass  in  whidi  tiw 
priest  prepares  the  elements  fbr  oraseen- 
tion.  The  sentences  in  the  commiudon 
service  of  the  Church  of  England  nid 
while  tiie  alms  are  being  collected.  Hm 
alms  collected.  The  mu^c  appropriated 
to  the  service  above  designateu. 

Officinal,  -fis'in-al.  A  drug  or  medicine 
sold  in  an  apothecarr^s  shop. 

Oi&cina  ScnlptorLs,  -fl-si'naskulp-tA"- 
ris.    The  8cnlptor*s  Shop,  a  southem  eoa- 
stellation  consisting  of  12  stars,  soath  of    > 
Cetus. 

Ogdoad,  og'do>ad.  A  thing  made  od  of 
eight  parts,  as  a  poem  of  eight  lin%  s 
body  of  eight  persons,  and  the  like. 

Ogee,  d-je'.  In  Arch,  a  molding  consift- 
ing  of  two  members,  the  one  concave,  tha 
other  convex,  or  of  a  round  and  a  hollow ; 
cvma.  An  ornamental  molding  in  tha 
shape  of  an  S,  used  on  guns,  mortars  and 
howitzers. 

Ogham,  ogliam.  A  particnlar  kind  of 
writing  practiced  by  the  andent  Irish  and 
some  other  Celtic  nations.  Its  charaoten 
(also  called  oghams)  consist  nrindpally 
of  lines  or  groups  of  lines  dferfving  their 
significance  from  their  position  on  asiof^ 
stem  or  chief  line,  under,  over,  or  through  \ 
which  they  are  drawn  either  perpendicu*  ^ 
lar  or  oblique  j  curves  rarely  ooeur. 

Ogre,  d  ger.  An  imaginary  monster  or 
hideous  malignant  giiuit  of  popular  le- 
gonds,  w^o  lived  on  hunuui  flesh. 

Ogress,  gres.    A  female  ogre. 

Ogryerian, -jt]'i-an.  Pertaining  to  Ogyges, 
a  legendary  monarch  in  Chreeoe,  aw>at 
whom  little  is  certainly  known  ;■  and  to  a 
great  delo^  la  Attica^  said  tp  have  taksa 


Ohio.  AOUta  or  the  American  TTnlod, 
Bdniltu^  l&H ;  hODDded  N.  by  MIoblgBn 
uid  Lake  Erie,  E.  by  rwiDerlvaola  and 
W.  Virginia,  8.  by  W.  Virginia  and  Ken- 

-  tacky,  W.  bl  Inaiana;  #rea,  ¥»,9eii  h. 
ni.;    pop.  a.lSS.I>gg.       Principal    dliee, 

•-  OoluiDbus,  cap.,  Cincinnati,  CloTcland, 
-BpHnKaeld,  'foledo,  ChUllooltie,  Daytou, 

■  A\rQiK  Zaopsvllle.  Steubenvillo  and  Mari- 

.  etta..Cliierrlven,Oblo,Hut«n.Baiidusk]r, 


'  BtKam  toFva^  bytbojnnc 
burgher  Ihe  AllEf^isny  and  1 
and  smptylng  ■-■-   "--    ■ 


iuHtn,  Banduaky, 


Ohm'a  Law.Kmilg.     In 

Elootsnim- 

porladt  Iswpropoiinrtpd  by  O 

hm,nferring 

impede  the 

action  or.  voltaic  bWtcry. 

Oll-bac,  ollTag.     A  bog.  oy«t,  or  gland 

Oll-b«»tlo,  'bc-tl.     The  n 

oolcoiiMmnB  iDaeota,  sen. 

Mel«,^. 

CjLDIharldie.  rrotri    the  ell 

«M«b  ftay  e.>dB. 

OU-ooal,  'koL     A  coal  or 

yieldi  a  hlgb  propartien  oT 

11  IndlBdUa- 
ptellWgal- 

enl  mule  by 

grinding  a  coloring  aubiituio 

lu  OIL 

OU-rtono.  >t6n,     Ailabo 

rnne-gratncd 

•lonouaed  fbr  Imparting  n 

etc  edge  to 

loolB,  oU  being  uied  (Or  1 

brlcndne  Its 

rubbing  unrAice. 

Oil-well, 'wd.     Awfllan. 

k  Into  an  oU- 

hearinsmbie«l  bert  (brtk 

El^i'inwi'L  "'°"°'  °"" 

h™^™.« 

Oke.   ok.      An    Egyptian 

«.d    Turkish 

wolelit,  Miial  to  about  S]  lb>.     In  Him. 

01af(01&ve).  Thcnemeo 
d.nnA,n  kinj™,  the  mo.t 

c  orabont  'ii 

l^a^^A 

being  0.  IE.  (the  Satat);  b 
KiZgof  Nor»ay,  lOiy;  n.  1 

OSa,  became 

nm. 

plctnre  pro- 

doceil  in  ells  by  a  probaw 

aKOogoua  to 

tale  for  butter  prepared  by  chopping  eloaa 
aotioal  Alt  flceaid  bonincllj  when  coo) 
it  ia  cbntnod  with  pure  ft-ean  milk,  waahed, 
worked  oiw  and  aaltad. 
Oleometer,  -le-om'st-cr.    An  instrument 


OlKB^St    . 


n  lady,  wife  of  IgciT, 


Bnrlk.w 

ibrac«d  Cbrladanity  and  was  ooonlzvd 

OUgtLlchy.  ol'i-gar-kl.    A  rnrm  of  gov- 

ploced  in  the  hands  of  a  small  excluaiya 
daaii ;  members  or  such  a  clasa  or  body. 
OUfodon,  -Ug'o-iion,     A  gen.  6r  small 
aerpenls,  Ibm.  CoJubridje  ;    the  aputted 

OllTB-oU,    , 


linca,  rounded  in  1SI» 

by  Tutumcl  or  Blens.     Called  also  Monk« 
of  the  Order  or  Mount  Olivet. 
Olla,,  olTa.     A  wlm  leer  prepared  for 
wriUqgoninlbel.Infliea.    Thnponlsa 

Olympic  gam(«  to  anolber.  1^  which  tha 
lh?Hrst'"y'ear'or  the  firil  Olnnaiadluy  , 


;.     Bioond  o^pb  er  tha  AnUaa 


jond  o^pb 


OMASUM 


OPAH 


tared  Damaacus  and  Jaraaalon  and  bulH 
the  Bplfndld  iiiosque  oooupylnf  the  Bite  of 
the  anciont  tenipto,  defeated  tJie  Oreeka, 
and  ronquorwl  l*(T«la,  Syria  and  Egypt, 
detttrovliif^  the  fninoiin  Alexandrian  library; 
aAMi!«.sinutcd  at  Medina,  ftl4. 

Oxnasmn,  o-ma'Atim.  The  third  atomach 
of  tinninHtini;  animals ;  the  inanypUea. 
CiiIlctliMso  I'saltorium. 

Ombrometer,  om-lirom'et-er.  A  ma- 
rhiiivi  (ir  instrument  to  measure  the  quan- 
tity of  rain  that  fall«  ;  a  niin  f^u^e. 

Omegra,  o-me-^ra.  The  name  of  fhe  last 
letter  vt  the  GrtH-k  alphabet,  as  Alpha.  A, 
U  the  (int.  Hence  in  t^crip.  Alpha  ana  O. 
denotes  the  first  and  the  last,  the  begin- 
ning and  the  ending. 

Oxner,  o'mer.  A  Hebrew  measure,  the 
lUth  of  an  ephah. 

Oxner,  Pasha  (Michael  Lattaa).  A 
Turkish  freneral ;  b.  in  Croatia,  1805,  be- 
came a  Turkish  subject  18%,  defeated 
the  Russians  in  several  battles,  command- 
ed the  Turkish  aruiy  in  the  Olmean  cam- 
paign, and  suppressed  the  Cretan  insor- 
recUon,  1863  ;  d.  1871. 

Omneity,  om-nuM-ti.  That  which  com- 
prehends all ;  the  Deity. 

Omnibus,  'ni-bus.  A  four-wheeled  ye- 
hiclo  for  carrying  passengers.  Id  glass- 
makinfT,  a  sheet-iron  cover  fur  artlcleejn  an 
annealing  arch,  to  protect  them  from  air. 

Omnipotence,  -nip'o-tens.  Th'e  state  of 
being  omnipotent;  unlimited  or  infinite 
power :  an  attribute  of  Ood. 

Omnipresence,  -ni-prez'ens.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  onmipresent ;  presence  in 
every  place  at  the  same  time ;  ubiquity ; 
an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Omniscience,  'shi-ens.  The  quality  of 
being  omniscient ;  knowledge  unbounded 
or  infinite ;  an  attribute  peculiar  to  Ood. 

OmnivoroilS,  -nlv'o-ruH.  All-devouring; 
eating  food  of  every  kind  indiscriminately. 

Omphale.  In  Mvth.  Queen  of  Lydia, 
.yk'hom  Ilercnles  fell  in  love  \iith,  and  for 
t^hose  sake  he  dressed  in  woman^s  garb. 

Ona^rer,  on'a-jcr.  The  wild  ass  of  Cen- 
tral Asia.  An  ancient  war-engine  used 
for  throwing  stones. 

Onanism,  d'nan-izm.  The  crime  of  self- 
pollution  ;  masturbation. 

One,  vmn.  The  first  whole  number,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  unit  The  symbol  rep- 
resenting one,  i  or  1. 

Oneirocritiofl,  o-nl^ro-krit^'Ucs.  The 
art  of  interpreting  dreams 

Oneirodynia, -din^'i-a.  Disturbed  im- 
afinatioB  diuing  slaep ;  nlghtmar*. 


Oneiroloiry',  -rol'o-ii.  The  haaukd 
sdenee  whi^  treats  ofdreams ;  a  diseoiBW 
or  treatise  on  dreaais. 

Onioolo,  -nik'&-15.  A  variety  of  oayx 
havinjg  aground  of  deep  brown,  in  wUdiii 
a  band  of  bluish-white.  It  is  used  tat 
cameos,  and  differs  ftt>m  the  or^KsryoDTZ 
in  a  certain  blending^  of  the  two  eolon. 

Onooentanr.  5'no-sen-tar.  A  iUmkoi 
beincr,  with  a  body  part  human  and  psct 
asinine,  depicted  on  ancient  sculpture. 

Onomatopoeia.  on'o-ma-td-pe"a.  Thi 
formation  of  woras  by  imitation  of  soonda 
Borne  phik>l<^riats  hold  tliat  all  laogusg* 
liad  its  origin  in  this  principle ;  butthoodi 
some  woi^ds  are  direoUy  and  oonsdottiqr 
onomatopoetic,  auch  as  ding-d<Mig,  bow- 
wow, quaok-qnaok,  It  ia  impossible  to 
prove  that  a  great  majority  are  <tf  thli 
character. 

Ontario.  lAke.  The  easteriy  nid 
smallest  of  the  great  N.  American  ^aia 
of  5  Ukes ;  area,  5,400  so.  m.;  length,  ITS 
m.,  maximum  breadth,  GO  m.  ItreeetrM 
the  water  of  Lake  £ria  by  the  Niagan 
Biver,  and  its  outlet  U  the  Bt  Lawreaea 

Ontogenesis,  -to-ien'e-sis.  In  Blol.  the 
history  of  the  individual  development  of 
an  organized  being,  as  diattnguiahel 
trom  phylogenesis,  the  history  of  genes- 
lorioal  devaopment,  and  ttom  hiog&amk, 
life  development  generally. 

Onyx.  A  semi-pellucid' gem  with  vnf- 
ouslr-colored  zones  or  veins.  Any  Btono 
exhibiting  layers  of  two  or  more  colon 
strongly  contrasted  is  called  an  onyx,  ts 
banded  jasper,  chalcedony,  Jbc.  O.  ms^ 
ble,  a  beautiful  translucent  limestone, 
trova  Oran,  Algeria,  used  for  the  mana- 
facture  of  ornamental  articles. 

Oolithe,  5'o-nth.  The  fossil  egcr  of  any 
oviparous  animal,  as  a  bird,  reptilo,  Ac. 

Oology,  6-ol'o.ji.  The  branch  of  knowl- 
edge that  deals  with  birds*  e^s,  enabling 
the  various  kinds  to  be  discriminated. 

Oolongr,  O'long.  A  variety  of  black  tea 
with  the  flavor  of  green  tea. 

Oomiac,  'mi-ak.  A  large  boat  used  by 
the  Esquimaux. 

Oopak,  'pak.    A  variety  of  black  tea. 
Ootheca,    5-o-thu'ka.     An   egg-case,  as 

that  of  the  cockroach,  containing  eggs, 

like  peas  in  a  pod. 

Ootiooid,  -ot'i-koid.  A  mammal  of  the 
lowest  group,  including  the  marsuidals, 
dec. 


Opah,  O'pa.    A  large  and  beautiftii 
llahV  the  doiy  flun.    It  is  4  ta  5  it  loi^ 


orthepiuiL    It 

UttNDded  with  ilmllv 

IfDOtworHsffBetaUuiD  th«  IntsnuMml* 
ifKdeiit  ■plrlto.aadlltiM^  pil- 


lie   dUtlH   ui<l   iKiill   r 
proilmaU  prlndpLa. 


Ophlooephalna.     oP^o-^e^'ll^ae.      j.  „„^_,     .^ 

BBD.  of  «a«iilhopleryirt(»n  Hilws,  illled  to  V^.i/h^ 

Ihs  AnabMldiB,  or  tUmblng  perBhM.  .ble  "[  ""^P^' 

10  lf.»  >  long  tlmo  out  orwBler.  often  «?"■  "'■"—' 

travdtD^  (torn  one  pool  lo  (oother.  ^ 

Ophiolatry. -l-ol'-ml.  8«peiil-iro™hlp.  b«tla.own  ips-  ..■tJ-IJjeJU--T-^ 

OpbtolOffT,  VJL    Tina  bnooh  of  n>61'  alss  |g  tlisDM*!-     Ylislnla  OpoiBuiii. 

oj!J  iiblch  treMi  of  MrpentB.  phy*  vlrjIrtaDi. 

Oshloaaaraa,  -a-i("rDi!.  Agm.  oTrep-  The  fl«Bh  !■  nnlrillDni  uid  plouuttolha 

Iflaa  aeonnliii:  Id  ttas  B.  BMm  ;  thB  ibM-  (ute,  ud  Uia  Air  I*  stoplojod  In  the  mea- 

mAm.    So  fi>(U*  U  thU  nptUe  £iit  >  nlutaroofTwloiKWtlAee.    The  fgouilH 


OPOBSUU -SHKIM  9 


OBBIODIA 


'fflS 


tKi-TB  iliu  Umnrlo  liK*. 
Ops.  niw.    In  (TLwii.  Mcth.  tha   Romu 
rciiialo  ilMiiElT  of  nJi^tf  uid   ftTUUlr. 

tfcliTM   i.f"  .■vcrS'thtntt   conn.itol    with 

Optnnanla,  op-iw-iiiu'nL-ik    Tli«  mor- 

Optlo.  'tik.    An  urguiorttghl;uieT«. 
Optician,  np-il'Fbu.     A  pR»n  sUlkd 
In  the  •rlriH'o  <jr  n|ill».    Ods  wtio  mik« 

OpUoa,  'Ilka.     The  bnmi^  at  pfarslail 

prupwUej!  of  llghl,  of  tho  ntninuro  of  Che 
VSt,  Out  lnwi  urvtalDn,  uid  of  tbo  ■»)■- 
■trocilun  of  thofls  JnBtmmwtfl  In  which 
light  la  Ibaclilufigsni.'u  ulHwpaa,  mi- 

Optlsraiih,  'tl-p*r.  A  tele«op«  ooo- 
llruTUd  fgc  Iho  iiarpoH  of  ooprlng  luid- 

Opttmataa.  -ti'ml'tf*.  Tli«  Bomim  (rb- 
tocncjr  ;aflBtoaru5DrDaCilllt7lngfln«T«l. 

Optimlam,  -mlm.  The  oj^lon  or  dcm- 
trlofi  Ihat  DFftrjthlng  tn  natiirs  IB  ordand 
for  Uw  beat.     The  tendeoey  to  Uka  the 

political:   beUof  In  the  world's  Imjmie- 

OpUon,  'lion.  Tho  powrr  or  liberty  of 
chooslni;.    Od  thealocVeicluni^,  Br^ht 

fining,  who  pijj  ■  premliim  for 
nifht.  Local  □[>tiDD,  tho  prlnolple 
■wihioh  IhsTotaraor  tho  lnh»bll«otj  i 


nnlqlQg  the  ftKOl  leistlii  of  leuaea 
leaary  to  oorroot  lniporteoUone  of  the 

a,  O'pna.      A  mnilal  ooiDposltlon, 
a  abbrevlatad  to  Op.     O.  Alaxudiln- 


rj  fomud  of  #ijull  itonet,  ooohIouIIj 


or,    InllH 
dlpolntao. 


■old.     Itl> 


of  i  sod.  I 


. __  -ifOMT  of  -- p 

Uie  Ad^Id^^kuhu,  nlned  In  Doouidif 

Oracle,  or's-kl.      In    CIim.  Antlq.  Ik 

' '    —  -he  priett  or  pdWlai 

Llry  Rudo  Rueediir 
Thfldellrwlio»» 
BnppOHd  to  Rira  u]Bwen  to  loqnHil 
Tbe  eocred  ipot  whenca  ftuperontanl  it- 
eponaea  pnaeeded.  The  GMk»»nfjMH4 
■llnUhiBelDtheaaDiber  udMMlft?i)t 
their  Oracle*,  but  UKU«of  Ja|^MrU  Do- 
duu,  orAnoUoM  Delphi  undorTrophoa 
lUB  nev  I<bed^  tniajtA  tha  li%hat 
repatitkin.  The  commiuilgMlona,  revda- 


___aocle^lutUatedln  Ir 

uphold  Ow  PnteUut  nHclaB  ud 
Hoendener  ud  to  oppOM  the  Cuttmllg 
F«llglDn  ud  taiAaenoe ;  umad  fl4m  yi^ 
IIUDI  III..  IMdo«  of  Oius'- 

Oranga-iMko*,  p«-ta.  A  bl**  t«>  af 
whicb  there  la  ■  aoented  mle^. 

Orans'-Outaiic  o-  i 
nne'S-tuig.    A  qiudin-   ft      .^i, 
^^nn,    SiunmSl,    the  I    ^ , 
Plthecij.a.l)Tii.orSto-  n^^^ 
i.    «.yrD«,    ».hleh    ap-  H^^H 
proaohea  niont  nearly  la    H^^^^ 
man.  MiiE  In  tbis  respect  ^^^^^H 
onlylnnr^tatbodhlm-  J^^^H 
pan»e  and  gorilla.  3^^^H 

Ontorlo.  or^tC'rl-O.  ^^^^^K 
idtlon,  oonidaCInK  of  £a,  ^HI^H 
chomioa.  d»,,  the  aab  ^BHlVl 
6^'Borip''^;''.lSS  OruifChrtW^ 


una  CliUt.  and  ilM  In  tbe  DDrthern 


KB  guilt  w 

nil  pKHmrt  \af^ 


ons  of  h(i 


r>  pAT&onn  of  hfriior  nak, 
1  common  peopk  BoUimt 
d  by  dtiiolj,  but  the  prinol 
w  Aw  Iha  (Doona  Dftlia  Crj 


■soT-liiBlBiiIaofthBOrderDfat 
)n1nce   Mlcbssl  and  St.  Qijorge. 

iTe  tbeir  ap[/rnprlate  Inel^la.     A 


OBAm-COUFLKR 


Dflouktni,  In  Glun.  Anh.  ■.Kdnmn  en- 
tire (iDcLDdlnff  bua,  Abaft  aod  capital), 
wttb  a  lupertimiuDbeiil  eptabuEiiis, 
viewed  M  Rmnliv  an  anhllaotnnl  whole. 

,  Thers  an  II™  klndi  of  order*,  lit,  Dorto, 
Ionic,  Tnasan,  Oorlatblaii  and  Compo^le. 

Ordai^^WOk,  -buk.  In  Coin,  ■  book  In 
nblflb  DTderaara  entewd.  In  the  BoDea 
ofConunont,alK>ok  Invblsh  BDieoibsr  ' 
miul  enter  any  motion  he  latAnde  to  piD- 


OrdnaitDa,  ord'ni 
gaat.  murtnnaDd  1 
Ore.  or.    Thscwnp 


CumonM^gr«t 


.  _,  Washing- 
ton Ter.,  E.  b>  Idtbo.  S.  by  CallftuA 
and  Nevada,  W.  by  the  FaoUc;  area, 
fl5,a74  BO.  m.;  pop.  lT*,Tfl8.  Frtottvil 
c4Ub>,  Balem.  tinp.,  Portland,  Oregon 
Uty.  Aatoria,  BoeeblUK,  CorraiUa  and 
UinatUla.  Chief  riverB,  Ort«Da  (Colnm- 
bla),  wmamecte.  ITuadlia,  Owyhee  and 
Bogoe.  HoantBlng,  OMBde  and  filoa 
MounCahi  rangei.  O.  (Columbia)  BItot, 
tha  largBil  S.  American  river  emptying 
Into  the  PadDc,  nirWuble  abt;  IW  m.  - 
frum  iti  month,  which  Ib  6  m.  wide. 
Oreillet.  o'rlt^yeL    Anear-pleoeJ  oneoT 

DuunlUH  or  lUMng  helmet,  with  ■  bbiga 

to  admit  or  btJng  Hfteit  op. 
OreoB'rapIiy,  o-rvog'rtk-fl.    The  adenoa 

DrniaueUina. 
Orean.  or'gad.  The  larceit  and  moat  hai- 

aUtlng  of  anreal  number  of  plpeB  of  dlffer- 

pIpeB.  all  bdnginiiJo  la'aound  by  mean* 
Sf^mprcBac-' "-■  '-  ''"■— 


iZi»i 


OBaAB-HABHOEnnH  M>  OSITITHOLDGT 

«fU'    Orinoco.    A  iMigB  rim-  or  B.  Amala, 

A  tluUc- length  IMn    ] 

jiopnl 
Ina^nin.CorTldiB,^ 


lUr«  Utile  1q  comtnon  Hlth  tlw 


■Urlinpe,  llUy  ti«  now  Inolnded  In 

tUrllHg  bmll)-  oDder  the  gra.  letenu. 

duailrap    Orion,  6-rl'on.    A  innBtrlLalkin  >ltu 

Jy  mil  mild      Id  11ieMatli«mheinlsi»bfrewitbref]>«r 

AjUplk,  but  tho  eqqlniKtlAl   hi 

.„   .._,   V,    ™v.-™.^  ly  «OH)M  iti  middle.     Orion  ■»nli_ 

.iiewonhluofMineof  Ihe      8  roni«rkmblo  ncbuU,  and  80  sUn.  umil- 

fmgma  drtHm,  u  ttaa  worehlp of  Cc«.;      tag  tolhe  toltlsh ™i«l™r...  i,..>ih™.™ 
but  uiirtloubrly  snnlled  to  the  roveli  at      lliju"iio»otolhen  rti 
theAuulDbanoioruionjiluiiDrBKohiu,      wfUl  teleKop«B. 

orlbe  rtut  lut^lf    Any  wild  or  buUe    Orleuia.    Tbe  tltulu-uuDu  uHnsDim 
level;  ailrunlmnreTclry.  brtnnbM  of  tbe Freneh  roynl  tiiinllr.  Tkl 

.mUJDg  gold ,  tba      !_„„,,  pi,|i|ppe  j     crowned  1880 ;  ibH- 


btaltt^e,  bat  t       .     . 
"■■"■     tbroagh  pow- 


IhecreatorofslllUiiga.lonl  of  the  ool- 
'      Tene.  Iho  light,  and  •onne  of  Hcbt,  v)i- 

doffl  Mid  tlie  rowuder  sod  pnnlehrr  ofaR 
r     men  ;  opposed  to  Afarlmnn^  the  iplrlt  or 

OmlthlcluiolosT.        -Dlth'ft-nol'VJl 
ThatliranthofKiDloiry  wLlch  trcau  ofor-  . 

w.urlglnilly  tl-e  banner  uf  birdB. 

I>enls.    ItvnuripiMoof  OmltboUte.  'o-llt.    The  (tenenil  nmit 

»  gilt  ipeir,  with  the  u-  fbr  Ibe  reuialut  of  bb^i  uujnrrlDg  la  a  tba- 

ito  polnti.  rtl  elate. 

ntrstharortheChnnh;  Omitholoc7, -nl tbol'o-jl.    ThattnoA 

-     ■-        —      "-  -     ■■        '  -lUo^Wrd^ 


■.lii£(in>ti  18«;i<.  MTrn,-fS8.     Some      of  EuMogj- wbkti  tc 


OSNITHOBHTHOHDS 


Q-">t'*fl^''T""^"^ .  -tbS-rlair"kui.  a:  Urdi,  tlie  nutridfei  and  quill  at  Ai 
iMUTOwliic  moiuitrNiiitoiii  muniiul,  [>■- '  k*.  bat  dlSolDc  from tliOMi^tlw  M* 
ODUirtotnefrvita  WBtonof  AuAtTEilla,  amd  '   hemlophfirt. 


dnck-mola  ui 
-nith'fl- 


ivp- 


tll*viibblid-l^k 
Onwraphr.   -o-rat^ra-a.     Tba   sdemie 

.OraUpaa.ar^hip^iu.    AfouUfren.  of 
paobydanat,  Skak-  BqaLdc,  «boat  tbv  bIh 

Orotde,    li'mld.      Aq   Moj  nwsmlilliif 

■mtUh-tnm.  jawelrr.  Ai.    Od»  ronDol^ 
ODppcr,  lOOpttU;  dnr  ~~  ""  '"  " 


bnmmn  bodj. 
OrOiOptaTa.  -tbop'tep*.    An  ord.  of  tn- 
McU.  aub-clua  HemlmetaboU,  or  inaaeU 

plole,    tncludLnn    ftroTmuiU,   trioketa, 

irriAdhopp^re,  cookri>K}ien.  MmoUds,  &c. 
OTttiorliynalitia,-thn-rlDEliii9.     A  eer. 

LmmlnKbtal."''        ^  '     ""^ 

Ortolan.  'liVlun.    A  iin«leiiof  bird,  flun, 

fringlllldiF,  th«  GmbeiiishoHDluB.  mucb 

lDtheW.Indf«  to  tiia  rteturd,  ud'tD 


oTWI^t 

gn*g%  of  which  K  few  fi 

spoken brtheHunnltM.     . 

jippeond  ui  a  apoken  tonguu  In  cho  dme  of 

0«irl*.  u-sl'ria.  The  iCTcat  Etccptiu 
d«ltT,  oldest  sou  ofHob  or  Satnm  ud  Hot 
or  Ubn,  ind  liiubuid  of  lilg.  Hs  wu 
the  poTunalioD  ofall  nby«k>l  ud  Blonl 
nwd,  «nd  wu  gtyled  MuUftaUuef  Good, 
L«dorL«d>.Klnf[ortboOoda.&e.  H* 
RM  ■  prer  to  tba  IntrtenH  of  Us  brother 
Stt,  Ibe  lypboQ  of  the  Greeks  «ba  rep 
FSMBted  tbe  anm  of  ctI]  acbdoIdb  Hod 
thenbeouneJadgeDfthodesil  Hli  aool 
vru  supposed  to  ulmita  e  wend  buD 
olDed  Apis,     The   worBhl]!   of  libls  ei 

Bams,  but  the  rise  of  Ohrlstlulty  over- 


■ujlhlcaienoUalMra 


09TE»0BT 


or    Otho.    X  uuDa  borne  I 
BUvliul 

ipcTonofG* 

Otlds.  'tl-dc.  A  Am,  of  iBiDUoriil 
blnli;  tbBbiuardL  WiU  ike  plsTEn, 
jHpvlD^  Ac,  they  DoDAtltnU  ths  »n 

Otocyoa, -tG'il-on.   A  pretty  UtUBspaJpi 

OtoBTaphy,  -Uw'ra-fl.  That  tniidi</ 
■nuajny  which  oeia-lbeB  tha  av. 

OtOMOpo,  ot'O^kSp.  An  iiuRvDnl 
Kir  siBmlulsg  the  IntalaF  otlhemr. 

Otoaoam,  at^i^am.  The  nuns  tUa 
tc  Elgintla  fbotatapa  of  u  nnkoowD  m!- 
mtl,  probaUy  batrmohtui,  la  tho  new  rti 
BuidBUnu  ofCaanecUmt. 

Ottawa  (Qrand).       A  lar^   rivir  of 

lengUi,  BOO  m.  Cw'J ' 
-f  CiUBda.  In  Onttrio,  ei 
^  m.  N,  E.  of  ElDgttoD ; 


•i  Duudnlob 


A  digltiimils  «rDln>nior 
I  Lntn,  of  Khioh  Iben  in 

IB ;  the  for  l«  highly  prtssd. 

.._.,     a-uiao.     A  Turk.    Akliiilof 

or  BoEk  IntrodDoed  ihim  Tnrlflj. 

OabUatta,  0-bH-et.    Aii  ancient  dnngiiia 

IthiannonlQu  only  at  the  lop-forpo^ 

iDB  coDriemiitnl  Ifl  perpatiwl  ImprltfA- 

Oudlnot.  Nloolas  Ohaxlea  (Sao  da 
Bitggiat.  A  French  mixnbal  wbo  ceia- 
■  d  the  army  whioh  ovorran  Bpdi 
iptured  Madrid,  18S3 ;  b,  1T«^ 


le  EDn.  F-Hs  (F.  unrta).      Itli 

reHuihlinco,  but  ]i  li-sain  alia  and  not  u 
aorwi.ln  [wtsof AolabiHnif  trained  for 


ofth«mnnd;    bMMtlBg.      Thfl   psrt 
npsHd ;  the  bauat-edge ;  the  orop. 
OVor,  6'yer.    In  ori  '    ' 
of  bowls  plubed  Tr 


tU  lliBf  mob  the  lowMt 

jKilnL    The  tn>t«T  Hi* 

prinolptllr  by  Its  gny- 
.1^-    ■  Oreriliol 

OrlbOB,  S'yl-bM.     A 

gen.  of  rumtniDti,  cluud  both  with  Die 

Orldra.  -ii.    A  iub-fun.  of  cvlcora  lu 
Orld,  PabUiu  Oridliu  Nuo.    Ar 

48  B.  0. ;  D.  In  bulahment.  18  i.  d.     ' 
OVipar*. -Tip'i-m.    TbstHlvli1oiiofi.ni 

malft  which  briar  fbrth 

Ylvipirt  or  — —1-  -V 

jowgnlirt. 
OtoIo, 'tO-19.  InAwh, 


■th  «a ;  oppoeed  to 
which  produoe  ILclr 


Je;   caUed  >1 


O  V  o  V 1  vlparoiu, 

term  K]tplled    to  Ul  mMuiiu    m  wmuu    lj 

effge  Are  hatahed  within  the  bodj^ 

sharks  Bnd  Tlpers. 
OTHlltW, -Tfi-HL     AfeesfltgB- 
Owen.  Blchaid.     A  disttsgalghed  K 

rUsh  paltBoatolaelel  ud  compuatlTe  u 

Btombtj  ■:  ISOt,  D.  ISII. 
Ox,  ots.    The  iTODersl  muoe  ft>r  the  dlffi 


T118  0 


Iwhich  Inoliidea  U 


Hilinals.  I'he  nune  Is  nted  tn  suiDrc 
resUlcledieiiutoeLgnU^themsleof  th" 
bovloo  geDDH  caatrstod,  uid  fnll-frotvn, 
tlw  jonnff  being  oalted  *  atev.  Tlic 
'  —no  mnlmal  not  eaetnted  l»  called   c 


sinlwi,  MidlgaHBrud  B.  AMoaii. 

Oxford.    One  of  England's  old«t  c 

,     tmua  M  tite  But   of   O.    Untrei 

mmded    hr  AUMd   the  Great,  811 


lenoB  of  the  li>>  and  Chfrwell, 
W  of  Louden  '  pop  SO  M) 
Ow  n.  Bobert        dlttl  gu  shed  W  lih 
nded      soda]  tl     com 


terms  pntoilde,  dlsiMe,  trloxlde,  *«.; 
the  hlgheatoxlde  Is  termed  aperoilde. 
OzyBeD. 'l-}en.  In  Chem.  a  gweons  ele- 
ment constitndngf  boat  one-firth  of  tha 
talal  Tolnme  of  the  abDOsphere,  and  the 
snpporter  of  oi^lnary  combqetloh.     O. 

snlmalcan  lire  Id  an  atniosphere  ^hloh 


;oil. -gan.  In  Oeom.  atri>0|4e  hsT- 
Ju-ee  acnte  angles. 

OxTTbyiiohiu.  -rlnck'oB.  A  celebrated 
Egvpttan  flsh,  said  to  baie  been  saend  to 
tbe goddess Athor.  Itlsrsprrsentedbotli 
In  aonlptarM  and  on  colas,  and  was  an- 
ciently embslnaed. 

Orynris,  -U'rls.  Agen.  of  Internal  par- 
aslt^o  worms  allied  to  the  Dommon  Aseiuis. 

Oyez.  O'yes.  Tho  IntrodncUon  to  any 
ODDTt,  or  other  bublliK^rieT,  In  order  tnta- 

Oyster,  olu'ler.  A  woll-lmo'ini  edlbla 
molloBk  belonging  to  thelamrfllbranchtato 
gen.  Oai™,  am.  OatreldB.  The  name 
has  alao  been  popalarly  (flTen  to  mol- 
luaks  not  of  tbe  Ihm.  OsbfidM,  as  the 


OTSTEB-CATCHEB 


644 


P.ADOTBOPHY 


Osrster-oatcher,  kach-«r.  The  popular 
naina  of  Mnlm  pen.  HKonatopuH,  ord. 
Or.illatonfi,  which  AhhI  on  marine anlxnalfl. 
II.  oHtnUc^'ttM,  the  common  oyster-catcher 
or  M>a-pii',  iH  the  tM*8t  known. 

Oyster-dredfire,  -<lr<>J.  A  HmoII  drag- 
lu-t  tiir  hrlufriii^  uyt  oysttTS  fh)m  the  bot- 
t4»in  nfthr  Hca. 

Ozone,  '/.I'm.  An  aIlotro])ic  modification 
of  oxyisvn,  oxiMtinf^  in  the  atmosphere, 
pnMliiiMMl  when  an  oluctric  machine  is 
worked,  wh<^n    a  stick  of  phosphoms  is 


PIS  the  ICth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  the 
surd  mute  to  which  the  sonant b  corre- 
sponds. It  always  has  the  samensonnd, 
unless  when  it  forms  with  h  the  digraph 

Sh,  which  has  the  sound  of  f.  It  is  some- 
mcs  silont  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  and 
often  when  it  is  initial  and  followed  by  n, 
s  or  t,  as  in  pneumatics,  psalm,  pteropod. 
In  abbreviations  P.  M.  stands  for  post 
meridiem  (afternoon);  P.  S.  for  postscript; 
J.  P.,  Justice  of  the  peace;  p  in  music, 
piano,  softly :  pp,  piii  piano,  more  softly. 

Paas,  pfs.    The  Easter  festival. 

Paoa,  pu'ka.  A  gen.  of  rodents  (Cosloge- 
nys)  alUed  to  the  agoutis,  oavies  and  capy- 
bara.  The  common  paca  is  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  rodents,  being  about  2  feet 
long  and  about  1  foot  in  heignt. 

Pachaoamac,  pachlf-kam-ak.  The  name 

gven  by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  the  l>e- 
g  whom  they  worshiped  as  the  creator 

of  the  universe,  and  who  was  held  by 

them  in  the  highest  yeneratloa. 
Paohozneter,  pa-kom'et-er.    An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the 

glass  of  mirrors. 
Pachydactyl,  pak-i-dak'tiL    A  bhrd  or 

other  animal  having  thick  toes. 
Pachyderm,  'i-derm.    A  non-ruminant 

hoofed  animal ;  a  member  of  the  ord.  Pa- 

ohydennata. 

Pachy^loasce,  -l-glos'se.  A  sec.  of  sau- 
rian rtH>tiles,  formerly  embracing  the  fam- 
ilies of  the  chameleons,  geckos,  iguanas 
and  agamas,  but  now  restricted  to  the  two 
hitter. 

Paciflo  Ocean.  The  largest  expanse  of 
water  on  the  globe,  extending  between 
Asia,  America  and  Australia,  and  ih>m 
the  Arctic  to  the  Antarctic  circle ;  maxi- 
mum breadth,  10,000  m. 

Paokfonff,  pak'fong.  A  Ohinese  alloy, 
known  as  white  copper;  copper  40.4, 
dno  86.4,  nickel  81.6  and  iron  2.6. 


Ifytk. 


-sh6t.  ▲  lam  thMl 
for  packing  or  oovering  gooda.  In  hydio> 
pathy,  a  wet  sheet  used  for  paeUng  pa> 
tients  at  water-cure  establishments. 

Padalon,  pad'a-lon.     In   Hind. 

the  abode  of  departed  spirita. 
Paddle-heam,  'i-b€m.    One  of  the  ti« 

hirgo  beams  projecting  over  the  aidea  of  a 

steamer,  between  whioh  the  paddle-vdiedt 

revolve. 

Paddle-wheel,  -ythSL  One  of  Ot 
wheels  provided  with  floata  on  their  eir* 
cumferences,  and  driven  by  steam,  for  the 
purpose  of  propelling  steam-ahipa. 

Padishah,  pi'di-abi.  The  title  of  the 
Turkish  sultan  and  Persian  abah. 

Padra,  'dra.    A  Buperiw  black  tea. 

Padua.  An  ancient  N.  Italian  clt7,st 
the  confluence  of  the  Brenta  and  Baochlg- 
llone  rivers,  24  m.  W.  of  Venice,  noted 
for  its  university  founded  in  the  18th  ceo- 
tury ;  pop.  56,708. 

PsBan,  po'an.  A  Oreek  hjmn  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  also  called  Paean.  Alao,  a  war 
song  before  or  after  a  battle ;  in  the  flzvt 
case,  in  honor  of  Mars :  in  the  second  as  a 
thanksgiving  to  Apollo.  Hence,  a  aong 
of  triumph  generally. 

Pasdobaptist,  -dO-bap'tiat.     One  who 

holds  to  influit  baptism. 
Pasdotrophy,  -dot'ro-fi.    That  branch  of 

hygiene  which  treats  of  tiia  nonrlabmMit 

of  uiknta  and  cliiMrea. 


aDowed  to  ozldlae  alowl j,  and  in  vtHm 
other  ways.  It  haa  great  power  ii  4ft>  | 
stroying  oflTensiTe  odm,  is  a  powecM  I 
bleacher,  and  an  intenae  oxidizer. 

Osooezite,  -z6-s^i{t.  A  fossil  resfai  exbk* 
ingfn  the  bituminooa  aandatonee  of  tke 
coal-measorea.  of  a  pleasantly  anmutit 
odor.  In  Moldavia  it  occurs  in  saffidflit 
quantities  to  be  made  into  candies. 

Ozonometer,  -z6n-om'et-er.  An  apps* 
ratuB  for  ascertaining  the  presence  aai 
amount  of  ozone  in  the  atmoapbere. 


Paok>ice,  Oa.  An  aaaemhlage  of  km 
floating  pieces  of  ioe  of  great  magnitndt. 
A  pack  is  said  to  be  open  when  the  pieoei 
of  Ice  do  not  generallv-  touch;  and  doat^ 
when  they  are  in  oontacL 

Paddng^preas,  'ing-prea.    A  powcifld     I 
press,  generally  hvdraiiUo,  employed  ti     i 
compress  cotton,  linen,  hay,  atraw.&o^ 
into  small  bulk  for  convenienoe  of  kaiii> 
port 


Pagaok.  pii^sk'.    ABiiinfimwIn*""™.  I  PalsaoKraphy, -la-og^ra-fl.    An  »netaA 
e  too  a        yonrnn-,  '  PalBBontology,      '13-on-ti 


to  toffle  other  Dti'eiioes  Hertolt-crab. 
ol^i^ct.    The  popular  nune  of  tli&  ooo^Br 

Paixhau  Gun,  nikHHiaD  ruD.  Aliow- 
luer  for  tbe  hgrlitailal  ftring  of  besiy 
Afllls,  laTmtod  by  tJiD  Ermch  ^nerHl 
Fiiii  ban  Btont  1880. 

PkImUil,  pofb^ln.  A  knlght-emmt; 
■  barole  ebamplon ;  on  omteent  hm. 

Palwaiotla  pMi«r'tft.  One  of  the 
■U  ngions  kta  which  loCloglBU  diTtde 
tile  Bur&ee  of  tiie  Mrth^  bosM  on  Uiirir 
sbu^UriBtlaniiliiaaroolleEllan  of  iinlmal 
'  lUe,  embnehv  Enrope,  N.  Abu  nod  Af- 
rfeiL 

PBlatMduwlonr,      i«^Mh-noi"-  i>. 

The  ttblmlogr  ofuie  enrilnt  tUoH. 


Fal&tliie,  'B-tlD.    OoeIiiTeai«9  yr, 
tl  ^kiivlLiq^  and  ri^ttA  ;&  count  podane. 

BorpoAO  af  afleUUn^  the  BovereUED  In  bla 
Jodbhil  dnlfaa.  LUtTtbay  weredelaclied 
ftom  the  oonrt  and  placed  In  cbar^  of 
proiliiwia.  where  lh»j  maintained  a  conrt 

PalKnno.  Gaii.  of  thelaluid  of  Blctly, 
It*l]',  DQtad  M  ths  goena  at  tha  cehdssa 


PALESTHfE 


OM 


PAiiM-sinmAT* 


maasacrfl  known  as  **the  SldHoa  Vespers,** 

Palestine.  (The  Ilblv  Land.)  A 
cottiitry  ofSjria,  Asia,  tuc  hotuo  of  the 
lli'brows  ftftVr  thoir  (leliveruncc  from 
KKVI'tian  Alavi'ry ;  nlno  known  ns  Canaan 
ana  rluden,  now' undt-r  Turkish  doinlnioo., 
lH>und(Ml  S  by  tho  Arabian  desert  and  W. 
by  th«  MeUlt('rTant-nn;art'a  11,000  hq.  m. 
Je.  UAaK-m,  c«i».,  is  the  only  city  of  import- 
ance. 'I'hti  I^ko  of  Tiberias,  l>cad  8e& 
and  River  Jordan  are  its  chief  waters,  and 
•  it  i.s  intersected  by  thu  Lobanoo  Moun- 
tains. 

Palestra,  po-les'tra.  In  ancient  Greece 
a  nluoo  appropriated  to  wrestlingr  or  other 
athletic  oxeroses.    A  wrestling  contest. 

Paletot,  pal'e-tA.  A  loose  sort  of  man's 
coat  or  woman's  long  jacket;  an  over- 
eoat 

Palette,  'et.  A  thin  oral  board  or  tablet 
with  a  thnmb-boln  on  which  a  painter  lays 
the  pigments  with  which  he  paints;  a 
pallet.  In  Millt  Antlq.  one  of  the  pro- 
iectlTe  plates  for  covering  the  Junction  of 
tho  armor  at  the  armpits,  the  bend  of  the 
shoulder  and  elbows. 

PalfJrey,  PSl'frl.  An  ordinary  riding- 
horse,  or  a  norse  nsed  by  noblemen  and 
others  for  statb,  distinguished  from  a  wai- 
borse.  A  smaU  gentle  riding-horse  fit  for 
ladies. 

Pali,  pa'lT.  The  sacred  lang^nage  of  the 
Buddhists,  not  now  spoken,  but  used  onlv 
in  rcUgions  works.  It  is  one  of  tho  Ftakrft 
dialects. 

Palimpsest,  llmp-sest  Parchment  or 
oth«r  writing  naateml,  ttom  which  writ- 
tag  had  Deen  removed  for  tho  puj*pose  of 
the  page  being  written  upon  a  second  time. 
A  monumental  brass  which  has  been  en- 
graved on  tho  reverse  side. 

Palissy-'ware,  palis-1-war.  A  peculiar 
pottery,  remarkable  for  its  beautiful 
gl.izc, 'the  ornamentation  being  in  very 
nijrh  relief,  and  consisting  frequently  of 
»■  models  of  fish,  reptiles,  shells,  or  leaves. 
Bernanl  Palissy,  a  French  potter  of  tho 
l&th  century,  was  tho  designer,  and  the 
art  of  mariifiEtctnring  it  died  \%1th  him,  all 
attempts  to  imitate  it  having  fkiled. 

PalliEt,  la.  A  large  upper  robo  worn  by 
Homan  ladies. 

PaUadium,  -Wdi-nm.  A  statue  or 
image  of  tiio  goddess  Pallas,  on  the  preser- 
vation of  which  was  said  to  have  depended 
the  safiBty  of  Troy.  Hence,  something 
that  affords  elfeotaal  defense  and  safety. 

Palm-oat,  pSm'kat.  An  animal  of  the 
§•0.  Paradozartti;  the  oominoB  paradoB* 


nre,  flun.  Yiverridic  (dveta  and  gemS) 

It  can  curl  its  tail  into  a. tight  spiral 
Pallas,  'las.   Tho 

goddess  of  wisdom 

among  the  Greeks, 

subtLHiuentlvideD- 
.  tified     ANith     the 

lioman    Minerva. 

One  of  four  small 

Clancts  revolving* 
etween  tho  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter. 

Pallium,  li-nm. 
A  largo  square 
woolen  cloak  worn 
by  the  Greeks,  en- 
velop! n  g  the 
whole  person,  cor- 
responding to  the 
toga  of  the  Bom-  Pallas, 

ans.    An  eocleaiastloa]  palL 

Palmer,  'er.  A  pilgrim  who  oarriefl  s 
staff  of  palm-tree,  or  ontf  that  z«tnnicd 
fh>m  the  Holy  Land  bearing  branches  of 
palm  ;  a  erusader.  Distinf^iahed  from 
other  pilgrims  by  being  a  constant  trjivetar 
to  holy  places,  and  living  on  ahns  naier  s 
vow  of  poverty. 

Palmerston,  Henry  John  Templa, 
Viscount.  A  distinguished  Engiisk 
statesman  ;  b.  17S4,  d.  18d&. 

Palmetto  Banch.  AlocalltrnearPsls 
Altu,  Cameron  Ck>.,  Texas,  mstMieally 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  lastconffietia 
the  civil  war.  May  18,  1865,  in  which  tfcs 
Federals,  450  strong,  under  Col.  Barrett, 
were  defeated  by  the  Confederates,  600 
strong,  under  Gen.  Slaughter. 

Palmiped,  pal'mi-ped.  A  Urd  that  hM 
webbed  feet  The  goose  and  duck  are  fih 
miliar  examples. 

Palmistry,  'mis-tri.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  telling  fortunes  by  the  Hnes  and 
marks  In  the  palm  of  the  hand ;  a  species 
of  imposition  praotieed  by  gypsies.  Aiso, 
tho  art  of  jud^ng  oharactcr  from  ths 
shapo  of  the  hand. 

Palm'K>il.  pflm'oil.  A  fktty  snbetanee 
obtained  iVom  several  specimens  of  palms, 
but  chiefly  from  the  fruit  of  the  oii-patm. 
In  cold  countries  it  acquires  theoonsis- 
tenoc  of  butter.  It  is  employed  in  tbs 
manufacture  of  soap  and  oancflea,  andlbr 
lubricating  purposes.  The  natives  of  the 
Gold  Coast  use  it  for  butt» ;  and  wbM 
eaten  fl'esh,  it  is  wholesome  and  ddioata. 
Called  also  Palm-batter. 

Palm-Bonday,  'son-dL  The  Sunday 
nextbeforaBMter;  sooaUadlii 


lu^ 


oration  el  our  Bidou-'a  MomphBl 
Into  JeroHlfln,    wben     th«    mull 

PnlD^ra  iTadmor).  In  Ano.  Geog. 
■  uiwDiaceiit  AbIsUij  dtj  on  a  reruae 
OMle  m  tha  Hyrtu  desert,  which  atuloed 
Its  liMmtiBwer  In  lbs  M  nentui?  under 
tbeoaJBlffvtud  Qne«i  ZeciobU;  destroyed 

'  bT  AnnOm,  m,  and  restored  by  Jnslln- 
!■■  I.  cur,,  it  la  now  In  rains,  llutso  of  Ibt 
teoii-leofBaalbeln^i/na^lBc 

Palo  Alto.    Alwiillt}  of  c: 


Palsgrave,  pgli'griv.    A   saint  pal 
Inlendooofl  or  the  klng'i  palaoe. 
Palssravliie,  'gra-vln.    The  oo 
-  irtduw  era  psu^rsve. 


Paludinldm,  Ml-u-dln'l^.  TherlTer- 
anells,  a  Ibni.  of  &eih-vAler  nateropDdoua 
HtoUasLfl,  ojtl.  Pro^bnmchWA- 
-  Paiiii>aa.  pam'pse.  ImmeDw  plains  in 
theaonthern portion  ef  B.  America  east 
ofths  Andefl.  and  matnlj  In  tiia  Ar^n- 


of  dandnff  with  the  fbrest  n7tnphs,  and  m 
the  Intenlor  of  the  ajrlni  or  ehephad'i 
Half,  bHii»  termed  Pail'e-plpee  or  Pan- 
dean pi  pea.  The  KomansldnnMBed  Pu 
niai  their  god  lonns,  and  Bomeiimes  wllfc 

Pan.  The  Indian  name  of  the  CunoDa  ' 
eastern  narcotic  niaetlealoryf  conalaOn^ 
of  areoa-nat  sliced  and  wrapped  up  In 
learee  of  the  botel.pepper  Tine,  alone  wlUi 
*  email  qoantltyer  quicldlms.  It  la 
<Aawed  bjr  all  classes  In  many  /slaDc 
oountrlei,  uUiig  the  plane  of  oplnm  and 

seaport  ot  Colombia,  C.   ■• 
e  Padfle,  87  m.  6.  K.  of 


CAagres;  pup,  abt.  1 


sfMewOrsnada. 


honor  of  Athene,  thepatronesaartlieol^, 
and  detained  ■«  remind  tl»  paopla  of 
AtUca  oftbelr  union  Into  ob«  people  l^ 
Thesena.  STmnaatla  fUBM  andmsdail 
eompeUtloiu,  ke.,  look  plaea.  TbtM 
' '" bdd  aDsiuutT,  bi)t 


quadmped, 
gen-AUorue.  the  A. 


fhleana.    It  li  abont 


PandaiQ  tiI^th.  -d^-ntyai 


Pander 

mal     ba 
trratjflcal 


Pannonia.     TIik  unr-ioat  nnmn  or  Hno 
_gai7,  oriKlndl;  peopled  by  a  UolUoroou. 

■"  A™i«io  In  «"h!I!f  til"  o? 
to  fram  a  fllDf  lu  poln 


>  cyltbdrii^  wall,  tlic  polikl  of  vEe^w 

In  Ot  «il>  of  tho  fljhiKlct, 
Paaorpidsa,  ps-D<ir'i>l  d^.      A   bni.  nf 

BouropWroui  iDMoL*.  lio  lypt  of  wlilrh  Is 

tbo  ncorplon-fly. 
Fim-PTesbTteiilia,     pan'pres-W- 


PuitasamT.  'tig's-mi.     Tliat  peoullar 
-dOBiaitlo  reUlUon  uiliHnir  between  tlR' 

M  OBM  till  hutoid  ud  bniLlier  of  every 


Fauthelain.  'thH-iim. 

Bvstcm  Qt  thsoloey  "bi 

modal,  or  mamfeataUonsoV  God? 
Pantheoloer.  -Ihe-ol'a-JI.    AayucoKil 

theology  com ppeb en  Jing  »U  n"-' ' 

a  knowl«dffu  of  a"  -'-•'•—  - 
-       gfdlvliilCy. 


Bpcllod     slw     Plana-  - 
RTDpb.  PantBijniph.         P" 
PkDtOloKT,    -tol'o-jl. 
UnLvc-sol  knowledge.        PMtogniph. 


Pontophaglat.  -tara-jlst.      An  utmil 

—  period  that  enta  nil  klndu  of  ftwd. 

.pa,  pa-pi'.    Fntbar ;  B  woni  u«ed  br 

lldrsn.    A  Qreak  pirisli  prt9»t  or  pop* 

F«pac7.  pi-ps-if.    TJiBofflcennd  digntff 

~^'^i  poM  or  Ushop  of  EutnaL    Tb«  Bai>-    . 

mofpop«;  tb* popes «dl«aclT^. 


PAFAPHOBIA  S 

Papap£obiB.  -ps-Rtil-i.    Dread  or 

Paper-coal,  'iicr-knL.  A  vulety  of  ter- 
tlurylth'Ditf,  au  turned  (hiiii  IM  BplllUbg 

Pepetorie,  lu-pa-trf.  An  ornuavnteil 
cfia-j  or  bwx  tontalidiig  papor  md  other 
inaterioJa  Tor  trrillnf . 

Eapiar  m.Eu:Iie,  inip-Ti-mi-BbS,  A  mn- 
terldl  |>i\-parcd  by  pii1plD(f  pojrpr  Intc  a 


.  __  notorions  8wlB>  K 
■ndpntendedslcheniJBt;  b.IISS.d 
Parachate,  psr'i-sliSt.     In  baUa 


PAKAHOVB 


Js  psc^ntlUig:  tho  pctntchau  ts  UKe  a  Dfawcd 

Paraclete. -klft.  AiiBdv«si,t>i;«ioal1ed 

CuriiforU-ror  jDtcnwsbor.  a  lenu  apidUd 
Iuth-<HuIyepMt. 

Paradise,  pa'n-dla.  Jn  Scrip,  the  ga- 
dtiii  or  l^deD,  Ld  whJch  Adam  and  Kve  vera 
placi>d  IdiDiedlAte^y  alter  tbelr  cnatjoij, 
A  refion  oi  Bunreme  fellalty  <n  dtllrht. 
Heaveo,  or  tUe  lllunu  Hat  ef  uucuncd 
aoaU  alter  deatb. 

i  dry  diBUIlsOoo  of  wood, 
.  cual.  wair,  Jte.,  loi^y  ^ 
future  of  cancel. 
.-gviti.    ThelaaiMof 
lea.'    (Jailed  >Uo  Uati.     . 


bouDdeil  M.  by  Bradl  and  Bolivia,  E.  by 
Brazil,  a.  br  tlie  AtrenUne  Coufederatton, 

•q.  nf ;  pnp,  abt.  BM,0O0.'  Can"and  p'rln- 
ct]uildty,  Asuncion.  Chief  ri.ers,  fon- 
guay,  Fflcomayo  and  Xlo  Vtrmejo.  Uonn 
utna.  eiemi  Amamboby  ud  Hancayon 

'U-poia"a-u.    Tldii^ 
""■  — 'linlne  tbliwg 


Parall«loffram,-ni-lel'6-  ^^ 

gram.    In  Oeoni.  a  four-  7" '  *-i 

sided  flfun  composed  of  V  I 

BlralKhl  lluea.  and  having  1  I 

ics  opposite  Bidea  iiirnllel   I  \ 

and  equal.  A  quadrllalAnl     ""■■  "A 
ttpiK  of  more  lenetb  tbiui  PanUelogTaiii. 

Paxalleloplped, 


Pazauuuibo.    A  iMport,  cap.  of  I 
dldana,  B.  Amntea ;  pop.  18,«I0. 


PABASA 


tlkiipl»«  «if  *  buAtoDd  or  wlA]  wlthoi 
I  rowing  Ikr  rliilil*. 

niii-i  irllli'llii-  I'ruenxv  t>irnii  Uw  Itlu 

Paritphnwt. 


ll    Ibl-    hHin- ijn  IlK-ILVt 


tin' lUinii  In  r<ilHr  mtiufli 

t&uii-n  iirv  nlhvr  bil^rhl  tpnu  bflorlnir  re- 


iWei  uuiic 


V  OMIi'rv :  klmnnluv  frtvnil ;  a  iroonhi 
Ad  unlmil  Ihsl  m-n  iipim  nr  In.  »» 
thi>  i']iIH-niit  df  itthfr  ulmnlii.    A  p 

vhtrhicniwn  vpun  nnuUMr,  uul  AmiI*  u 


Itigetlat-  V 


r'jft-Hi« 


A  kind  or  or 


H  whrn  l<  ftlU  on 


Mil  oltMi  In  tb*  utnlorof  Euj^i  bouae 
of  tbi>  Tudor  period. 
PariuUon.  ■hC-'U.on.    A  mock  aub  hc 
la  PuUr  relent  1^  the  i>lde  of  that  lutnln 

nniHT,  Hid  ore  *lwayficoiiilvct«d  bj  au'hlt 
hmiionlal dirls orhilii.   Tboy  ans  thu r. 

Jr..|« 
--- -Jl 

(In<|>lw3  and  ninti>nined  I^-  aooklv';  an 
•ntiTui.  PmpvHr.  howevor,  PMinh  in 
Tamil  nan]<-)lsnp|<nF.I  la  invDiU-m  of  ■ 
vl  IHv  anrrs.!  mv  In  :'.  IsiHa.  imu'rally  nf 
lh<  iTlndn  rrlldon,  anil  aiiiHirinr  lo  aoina 
tpn  iiihiT  cutM  la  thtir  <nrn  nmntry. 
PmI^ii,  4m.  A  Dbu  TirlflroriKiKvbln 
rliiT,  nfn'hli'h  atntuvllfl.  Ac.  nre  lunilfl; 
to  naiiiAl  frnm  lli  rwrnildanau  to  P.  iii:it- 
hle.     P.  niarhli'.  n  mpllmv-tlnlHl  iiiarbU-, 


KiBft  or  Trmr.  wbo  ■bdiuwd  Sria-iil 
tauM^  the  TroliD  var.  Id  wblchlctiH 

Pad*.    Gtj>.  at  Fn 


rABBIOISa  CM       .  PAiaiOKAI. 

Knnrt*lblrdscrt)gpadliiWi>iib-tkm.    Pafty-rold.  'M-gGld.    BuMn  or  lauf  ill- 
BophorlDe)  of  Iba  Pstttsdds  or  iw-      ler  hIUi  loMtlEgargold  «ncin«  BtdE. 
. .t. .    > — 111—    — ,    p^i^gnu,  're-Bfl.    An  npnUrt,  or  ob« 


tha    rose-ringed    pannltPet,  tbn  Alnno. 


Pascal.  Blaiae. 


kMt.  nnd  Ihu  i 

" "       n.  1«M.  "  -  -       . 

I    PaBCh.  |>uk.    Tho  pimover ;  th*  fnut  ol 


PaachiU.  ThoiiBms  o^lhrcepopc^  [I 
liut  r.  III.  (Goldo  da  CreinsY  dpcle 
1188,  In  opposition  to  Ateinnrtn  III.,  i.i 
dacUired  rm  UBJirper,  Hhhongb  supporU 


Puha,  luiBbu'.  lu  Turka}',  nn  hononrr 
tllla  «rlglDally  bestowed]  an  prlnoes  or  ISia 
blood,  but  uoM  cDDferred  upon  uilllt3i> 

ora  of  provinces.  TLera  ore  IhreteTMles, 
disthigiilsbed  b;  a  numbir  ot  horse-UlG 
oltochert  to  I  line*.  Three  l>or»-t»lbi  ua 
ullolted  Id  tiiD  hlf;beit  dlgnltulea,  who 
bare  also  the  lltloorvlzltr.     BpelM  sUa 

Paaht,  pssbt.  In  Egrpt  Ifyth.  a  cod- 
deis  chrellx  >rorsbliiBtf  in  Subwlui.  Ill 
Lower    KitFpt,    wh»rc»   her  alternallvs 


lie  ot"tha'T^™-    Paiil«raphy.  pa-ilB-ra-n. 


aaa  used  b) 


lebrated    ^''•*''*' '™'-    '°  ^"^  i4>pl>od  to 


Parthenlad,  - 


tbeAcropollsof  Atbea^of  marble,  npcr-  ",      ,      -,         -   j^ 
rides:  its  lenslli  Ji»  fcet.  breadth  Wi.  pi"*".  to  word  off  ibehlowof'UiBlmoe. 

Parthenopo,  -then'iWH-,      One  of  <>ib  PaBsenger-     ■-, 
•     iinall  i.bBels  between  Iha  orbila  ot  Mara      pigeon,  '""j"-  i.-.^ 

Partrlilge,    'trjl. 


PIMIOXAKT 


'  guign,  A.  twaunrutblrTllPuliir  njMi) 
.  wUhft  tTift^  hejui,  ni^Jed  toUiFstirilu^ 
PutOTol-atair,  -ul„ur.  Tbe  oOcii 
I  lUfl  i>r  n  Uahop  ur  at-bul,  hsvliiK  the  Iini 
'  I   quri-til  in  ihc  runo  Ufa  nln-pliiTiI".  uwt 


•.ri'l.ri> 


ttli^Huit 


ami  Uie  l^auJuD  j  PrntasonlA.     Thu 


^'.  -iili.    A  mytxtry  or  ni- 

fully  rv]inT«DI«l  at  4lbinmini.-rmu,  Id 
ttw  Uai'irtiD  hIeUutU.  tb«  onlv  inicnde- 
liLiir  H'hicli  ku  Mrrlnd  lo  U»  pn-HOI 


i>uIborl^  purtloii  of  S. 
bia'  AaMtk.w!  V 


tha  PBdlie.  S.  _j .„.„ 

It  bu  ni'ViT  been  fully  Biplured. 
P»tont,  pit'cc 


S./  " 


Paaaorer.  pu'u'nr.  Tht  [nlnelpa]  fcut 


ftlQiniKiruftlire 


■][4t  called  [ht  f^ut  of  UDlcavpnw!  bivm], 
rMtil.  'til.  A  roll  of  irenutlc  put;, 
a>iii|iusnj  of  cabi  t>«nultj,  aukI-'  — ' 

BftEcrt,  phBRfwl  lUfViifTy  JiC,  fur 


Pateat-riffht,  -rit.    Tht 

Ue^aj^jAUted  1<i  tbc  flrvCillTeDtf 
-  iMtlng  flrtlciei 


9   Kile  ri^ 


rlBceg  ud  Ubulona.     Id  Anh.  tba  nort- 
DKrt  u  in  omametit  In  frie«B,  Ac. 
PaterfuniillM.  p£i'ter-lk-iiill"ln.    Tkt 


■SMttnc  Vaio  utBamlKf  i 


ud  CaflDii. 


E.  C.  lIOHUy.  At  tbia  Ibdf  rfiicst  tbi 
Lurd't  [imj'vr.  ud  M  Uio  lnlerr»Iif 
small  oiim  an  Ava  Maria.  Tbe  nuij 
l\nAt-  In  Arch.,  a  ipeolM  of  omamal  v 
the  shB|>c  of  bods   uwd  in  hariMM. 

FatholoffT.  -thol-o-jl.  Tbat  part  if 
uedU'lnc  which  einlnlna  tba  niitutv.  ww 

nosi'lOKj-,  otinliig)'  and  K.vin|iuiiiiuUiVi(;f. 
Patina,  -K'nn,    Tbe  flno  Krcm  rail  wilt 

sn!riii«Ulls  bCMUia  cUTsn-l'^v  ht^  to 
particular  »llt,  irhkb.  like  varnuh.liit 


Patzlamli.  pi'tri-ork.  Tba  bilier  ai 
mlaratiJWmfly.  Itla  iuBa|]i^|>lje(i  M 
th«  proganitan  of  ti»  Isncfltaa,  Atca- 
<— n,  Uua,  Jaoob  and  Um  IBM  «  Jasik  . 


PATHIABCHffliJ 


InthaQMet  ud  LiUn  Chnroli«s  a  dig-  I 
alary  aiip«rior  to  tbe  nrder  of  HRhbLgh-  ' 

op3;nsltio  Mtrliroh  of  Oon. 

Anyv*n«r,ibleoldin.n, 


of  the  Bn't  lEoniiui  sennton. 
Patricide,  pat'rt-Mt     Tbe  mora. 

murderer  of  n  flilhu ;  purlcld*. 
Patriak,8t..OrdeTof.  Anlmh 

of  knl|,'Uthood,  Inalllutsd  USS  by 

Fatriok.  St.  The  patron  uLui  of  In 
■     ■      -uHtST*.  lilorchnncdeli 


Paimali,  luasb.  ¥tao  bully  and  li 
tentd-  TiieUntomt  Lii-xAiil  item 
niiiilnitlDK  quaanijiedg. 

Favla.  Cip.  of  prailDw  of  »ma 
K.  Italy,  (iiiuous  (Iff  ttiunivorst^, 

on  tbelldna,  IV  ni.  i.  o!  llllui ;  po 


Pawnbroker,  Tirnfc-n. 
U}lunil  uioit«y  on  pl4dK«o 


ptletts  during  ths  AKnm  D«i  of  Iho  hirt 
nius.     Tbe  dacentloDt   ire  frequently 

Payno.  JohnHowaid.  An  Americu 
author  and  pOBt,  cumposernf  "Home, 
8wi-ot   HomB":  B,  In   N.  V.    i™,  D.M     . 


place  tn  pline  lumtlsiTied.  TtasyircvsT 
isnoh  Itlu  Ik  valab  ind  worn  In  tiie  pockii 
Fodomotor,    pod'o-mM»    A    nlo* 


-'--  -ytagrd  bane  n!  the  M""«i,  bf""* 
blDodofMcduuuhFniiidii  i$ 


toDg  hondla  ifllxed 
tlisIeuCFT.  urmt  For  hup^DS 
lo  dry  ind  lakbglhem  down, 
■  7raler,  pSI'sr.    a  pollMmoii ,  to  colli 
ftom  Sir  EubcTt  Pen!,  "bo  refimooil  tl 
British  noilDD  force,  und  wbo  vtu  tbo  flr 
to  IntnMnoe  n  polLuo  coatnino, 
■Pe«p-o'-day-boy.     pcp-<i-4iT»l, 


mbei  >roDsorth«  So  'dSErnta  of 
If  (dniia,  maiiguli,  e«rl,  Tlioount. 
).  Haiue<ifF«an,uieBrit]ih  Hgs» 


>r  nobtnn 


.    Tbi 


TbiX  tf 


dlgnltj'  <rf 


WtUi  ■  stroko 


I  Loof  hi 


poettratly  In 
Ing  fbnntilii  IIInp«oreD«,    He  t>u  oltl- 
BiBlely  cbinged  (did  b  cuniutllstk>n.    Id 

norUiern  hcmlapbero  lLgiir«l  In  thafarm 
of «  flymg  horsE.    A  Ben.  or  acuillioplar- 
oua  llBhea  idllvd  lo  Iho  gnrmU. 
Fehlerl.   pi'ls-ve.    a   l»Mr   dlnlwl  of 

crt  n>r  Ebu  USD  of  prl(>3ta.    It  was  • 
jnft]  InngtiAppithlch  disaptieajed  after 


Pekln.  Cap.artbaChlnF9e]!:inplrr,«n> 
plrin,  100  m.  N.  W.  of  the  TelTow  8e«, 
Iwl.  the  Haane-l>o  and  Pul-bo  riiers ,  poIk 


Feliasler,  Aima- 
bl  e  Jean 
Jacques   (Duo  de  Halakoff). 

Pslt.  pall.    Tbx  alibi  of  «  beut  wlUi  i 


psmnin.T-ABu 


P^mtnlfan  ppiD'I'kmn.    OriglniJIy  a  N. 
or  1)11  Uliu  iMirlUins  orvi'Ditnii  rlrird  in  l)l( 


funUhril  irctk  «i 
faine,  colli 


us.  An  cocloaUatLciUcen- 
nun  or  imnlahineDt  lpi[ri>Hd  for  tUapur- 

offniikr ;  or  the  sulTerlDE  TolunUrlly  en- 

w  biling.  nw'lliillnn.  wiirinir  hilr  etalrU. 
Ac.  In  Ilia  IL  C.  Ch.  iwnsiiu  Is  oq»  of 
ths  (unincnu,  uil  ImpUtn  CDntrldoD. 

Ponatea.  pO-ni'if i.    The  hoatrliald  imit 

tuaiU.''iM  wera'^'o'nhln,%"ln  ths  In 
terlor  of  e«b  di^Ulng.  They  Inoloded 
the  li»s. 

PrndxacoD.  pfn-dia'pinii.  Athietlsid- 
v:  ■EenenUttltnaiachlcrUng.  Adds 
uslinlly  wmrnired  on  lirillsh  rhlofl  tn 
tttnn  of  dsr.jer,  when  invHUd  ullh  dle- 
taUirlfiJ  jwwer- 

Pamluluiii,    dii-lnBi.    A  body  m  cat- 

ud  mom sn [urn.  Ths  lime  ocouiSed  by 
rnim  the  hMoEt  point  on  oneBldetitltt 


:h  IhoT  fcre  Gompoeed,  or  tho  purpr 
■  an  InlCTded  to  an.war.    The  g 


Penelope,  pe-nel's-M.     a  een.  nf  e»ll1- 


■eaand  dBUfhtrraflcarlaa,  whn 
ftlthM to  hertpouas durliif  hJ 


ihed  br  beruri 


Penitent.  't-tenL  Aa  ap' 
pellallou  el  van  to  cwrtaln  frs- 
cemllled  ^n  CathoUo  ooun- 
trles,  dlittngulsbed  br  their 
biblta  »nd  employed  In  ch 
'enlteDls.  eetabliBhe 
MvselllcB.  about  thayear 
ceptlDti  of  refonned  coart 
ingwHon  of  Penitents  ■ 

Penltantlaxy,    -i-ten  sha-rt 

lined  and  dlBpatohed  (ha  i 
lessor  dlspsnsatloo  relat 

•ome  B.  O.  oithsdrtda,  ' 


■rim Ltted  daring  divine  servlw.  Ash- 
atltulloa  IbrtberefonnaUon  of  prosHtultt. 

reromallon  and  ooinpeUed  to  labor. 
Penn.  "William.    An  eminent  ineiDti* 

met  of  Pennsylvania  f^ni  theEr^lWli 
Crown  la  pnyment  of  ■  debt  oit1ii(r  bli 
ftther,  and  led  Uia  eolnny  »blch  founded 
Pbllada)phl>:  s.ieu.D.  InEnRland.ITia. 
Peimon,  'on.    A  nisiU  pointed  flag  or 

ally  bearing  n  bod^  or  device ;  a  pennant. 
Fennaylvania.    One  of  the  origlnil  IR 

E.**"  s"w1(en 

"—viand 

;  pop.4.M»,. 

^ ,  — ,>bnrir,  cap.,  Pll*- 

1.    ntUboreb,    Beadinr,  Wilkes- 

l^uton.  Lanaeter,  Erie.  FotHrOa, 

'  Itredlonl.    PrlDdniltlTaL 

"-' --'--TiBn.  j-^ 


Bunou(>hannn.  Delaware,  Sehnj 
aia,  Honnnndie!!,  AUi^uaj,  Xisbt 
Cumberland.    Moontaaa.  panlkl 
of  tlw  AUwhuW<lKalMUnSr 


Mag.     11 U  lbs 
m  whLeh  ooloa 


BDingof  pooDdweiglit. 


PraiolOBT. po-no1'o-jl.  Tbssdeni 
Tenalonafr.  pen'bhoD-a-H.     A 


OKHi^yls  paid  bygoya 
ab\B  baDd  of  gentlomer 


I,  TWHtHudwasiiiF 


PeiLStook.  'ilob. 


irlth  a  Rooi-gats.     Tti«  nliilci' by  which 
the  w««f    sopnIyliiB  a  watm- wbiM^I    Is 

tha  piBton  plays. 
Pentacle.    kl.      A  Bpre  condatluc  of 

Pentaglot,  -glut.      A  nark   In   Hvh  lan- 
Pentarchy,  'tlr-fel,    a\  / 

E™™";."-'-"'\ I 


ina  are  thus  parllanV  sliaacd  .^^^^ 
by  tbe  opMno  body ;  irSlle  ail  '~'^^* 

lal  iLidow.  nro  onmpleWly  ei 

nns  body.     In  palnUng-.  Ihe  1 


of  the  Carlovln^n  liinljy,  of 


fliyliif  tbs  gUnduUr  layorofa  pig' 
Ferambnlator.  per-»n't>it-l>i-Ur. 


a  chad,  propelled  (torn  behind. 
PBramelldBS,  -s-mel'l-d*.     The  bandl- 


Hioni  of  the  EaaUrn  Cdi 
Porcli,  peroh.    ~ 

thaplf  riglooa  lit 
gen.  Pann,  IKo. 
aUe.      A  nmt 


PEBCHAirr 


FEItlPHMtT 


birds ;  also,  anything  on  which  they  Ilgfat. 
A  measure  of  length  containing  &^  yards  ; 
a  pok)  or  nn\. 

Peroliant,  jicrch'ant  Among  sportmen, 
a  bini  tied  by  the  foot  fr>r  the  purpose*  of 
decoyinir  other  birds  by  its  fluttering. 

Percnopteris,  perk-nop't^r-is.  The  Al- 
pine or  Egyptian  vulture ;  Pharaoh's 
Sicken. 

Percasaion-bullet,  per-kosh'on-bnl- 
let.  A  bullet  containing  an  explosive  sub- 
stance. 

PercuBslon-oap,  -kap.  A  small  copper 
cup  containing  fulminating  |>owder,  used 
In  a  p««ns8lon-Iock  to  explode  gun-pow- 
der. 
'  Perduwion-fose,  -fiiz.  A  fuse  In  a  pro- 
jectile set  in  action  bv  concussion  wnen 
ihe  projectile  strikes  the  object 

PorcTi88k>xi-look,  -lok.  A  lock  for  a 
gun,  in  which  a  hammer  strikes  npon  a 
percussion -cap  placed  over  the  nipple,  and 
Ignites  the  chaise. 

Peroussion-powder,  -pou'der.  Deto- 
nating or  fulminating  powder. 

PerouBsion-stop,  -stop.    A  stop  to  the 

harmonium,  which  renders  the  touch  like 

thlit  (tf  the  i>iano-forte. 
Perdicidsa,  -dl'si-de.     The  name  of  a 

sub-^m.  of  TetraonldflB,  Including  the  par- 

tridfres,  fraooolins  and  quails. 

Perdix.  diks.    The  generic  name  of  the 
ti^ie  partridges.    The  common  partridge 
*    is  P.  cinereus. 

Perennial,  per-enM-al.  A  plant  whose 
root  remains  alive  more  years  than  two, 
but  whose  stems  flower  and  perish  annn- 
aUy. 

Perfectionist,  per-fek'shon-ist.  One 
of  a  small  sect  of  Christians  founded  by 
John  Humpbrey  Noyos'in  America  about 
the  middle  of  the  present  cf<ntury  on  so- 
cialist principles.  The  principal  commu- 
nity was  established  on  a  form  at  Oneida 
Creek,  New  York.  The  name  is  some- 
,  times  applied  to  the  Methodists  and  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  from  their  doctrine  that 
man  can  attain  to  perfection  in  this  life. 

'  Pergimnah,  per-gun  a.  In  Hindustan, 
a  circle  or  territory  comprising  a  limited 
number  of  villages. 

Peri,  pd'ri.  In  Per.  Myth,  an  ima^nary 
being,  a  descendant  of  fallen  angels,  ex- 
cluded trovA  Paradise  till  their  penance  is 
accomplished.  Peris  may  be  either  male 
or  female. 

Perioardinm,  per-l-kfirMi-nm.  The 
membranims  sao  tbat  indoseB  the  heart. 

fto««#,   pte^-^.     That  point  of  44« 


mooD*B  orbit  which  Is  aeareat  tiie  earO, 
and  when  the  moon  baa  arrived  at'  tfaii 
point  she  Is  said  to  be  in  her  pei^fee. 
Formerly  applied  also  to  thia  point  la  ths 
orbit  of  any  heavenly  body. 

Pericarp,      '  i  - 

karp.  The  seed- 
vessel  of  a  plant, 
or  the  shell  of  the 
seed-vessel.  When 
the  pericarp  sepa- 
rates into  dlstin<»t 
layers,  as  in  the 
plum,  the  skin  is 
called  the  epicarp, 
the  pulp  the  saroo- 
earp  and  the  stone 
the  endocarp.  The 
principal  sorts  of 
pericarps  are  the 
capsule,  sillqae, 
Ic^^me,  drupe, 
pome,  berry,  fol- 
licle, nnt  and  stro- 
bilus  or  cone. 

Pericles.    An  Pericarps, 

eminent  statesman 

and  orator  of  Athens ;  b.  abt.  600  b.  c,  n. 
429. 

Perihelion,  -hd'li-on.  That  part  of  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet  in  which  it  is  at 
its  least  distance  from  the  sun  ;  opposed 
to  aphelion. 

Perimeter,  -im  et-er .  In  Oeom.  the 
boundary  of  a  body  or  figure,  or  the  sum 
of  all  the  sir^es  ;  generally  applied  to  fig* 
ures  bounded  by  straight  lines. 

Periodical,  pe-ri-od'lk-al.  Any  publi- 
cation which  appears  at  regulxu*  intervals  ; 
newspapers,  reviews,  ma^zines,  Sen. 

PericDCi,  per-i-<3'sl.  The  name  given  to  the 
original  Achaian  Inhabitants  of  Laconia  bT 
their  Dorian  conquerors.  In  Oeog.  suca 
inhabitants  of  the  earth  as  have  the  same 
latitudes,  but  whose  longitudes  difi'er  br 
180°,  BO  that  when  it  is  noon  with  one  it 
is  midnight  Mrith  the  other. 

Periostraoiun, -os'tra-kum.  The  mem- 
brane which  covers  the  shells  of  most 
mollusks. 

Peripatetic,  a-pa-tet"lk.  A  foltower  oi 
Aristotle,  so  called  beeanse  Aristotle 
taught  his  system  of  pLilosophy  walkinf 
in  the  Lyceum  at  Athens.  One  that- 
walks  about,  or  one  who  is  obliged  to 
walk.  Ironically,  an  itinerant  teaolier  or 
preacher. 

Periphery,  pe-rif  er-1.  The  outside  or 
superficial  jxirtions  of  a  body ;  the  surflue 
gpiflnUj.     In  Geom.  the  ODoidMj! 


pebittbrt' 


FETABD 


of  a  olosed  figure ;  the  perlmetor ;   in  a 
olrole,  the  dronmfereDoe. 
Periptery,  ^ip'ter-i.     In  Oredi  Arob. 
tho  rauge  of  insalated  oolauinB  round  the 
ceiia  of  a  t«mple. 

Periscii,  -rish'i-L  A  name  given  to  the 
inliabitantB  of  the  polar  olroles,  whose 
shadows  moveronnd,  and  at  obtain  tiines 
of'<he  year  describe,  in  the  course  of  the 
day,  an  entire  circle. 

Perissodactyla,  -rls'd-dak  'tll-a.  A 
section  of  the  Ungalataor  hoofed  animals, 
including  the  iHblnooeros,  the  tajiirs,  the 
horse  and  its  aUiea,  and  some  extinct 
forms. 

Periwinkle,  per-i-wing^I.  A  gaster- 
opodous  mollnsk,  gen.  Littorina.  The 
common  periwinkle  is  largely  used  for 
food. 

Permian,  pm^mi-an.  In  Geol.  a  term 
applied  to  a  system  of  rocks  Iving  beneath 
the  triaseio  rocks,  and  immediately  above 
the  carboniferous  system. 

Perry,  per'i.  A  fermented  liquor  made 
from  the  juice  of  pears.  It  is  analogous 
to  cider. 

Periry,  Oliver  Haaard.  An  American 
commodore ;  n.  in  Rhode  Island,  1785 ;  d. 
1819.  He  commanded  the  fleet  which  de- 
feated the  British  in  the  battla  of  Lake 

Erie,  1818. 

Perrsrvllle.  A  village  of  Decatur  Co., 
Tenn..  100  m.  8.  W.  of  Nashville,  near 
which,  Oct.  8,  18G2,  Oen.  Buell,  in  com- 
mand of  100,000  Federal  troops,  defeated 
Gen.  Bragg  with  66,000  Confederates. 

Perseides,  per-^'i-dez.  A  name  given 
to  the  August  meteors,  because  they  seem 
to  radiate  from  the  constellation  Perseus. 

Perseus,  's&s.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  cele- 
brated legendaiy  hero,  son  of  Zeus  and 
Banad,  who  slew  the  Gorgon  Medusa.  In 
Astron.  one  of  the  forty-eight  constella- 
tiODS,  containing  50  stars. 

Persia  (Iran).  An  important  kingdom 
of  W.  Asia,  bounded  N.  by  Asiatic  Bussia, 
Turkestan  and  the  Caspian  8ea,  E.  by 
Belooohistan  and  A^hanistan,  W.  bv  Tur- 
key, 8.  by  the  Persian  Gulf;  area,  M8,000 
sq.  m.;  pop.  estimate,  11,000,000.  Prin- 
cipal does,  Tehran,  cap.,  and  T^breex, 
the  commercial  emporium.  Chief  rivers, 
Aras  and  Kerkhas.  Mountains,  Elborz 
and  several  isolated  ranges. 

Persian  Ghilf.  An  arm  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  Penda  and  Arabia ;  length 
570  m. ;  mean  breadth,  160  m. 

^Persic,  'sik.  The  Persian  language ;  a 
meml>er  of  the  Intaian  group  of  tike  Aryan 

(  teaitjr  •f  tonrnML 


Perspecave. 


Persyeotlve,  p**«p^- 
tiv.  A, view  taken  by 
optical  rules;  a  glass 
through  which  objects 
are  viewed. 

Peru.  A  repblic  of  J 
Western  8.  America, 
bounded  N.  by  Ecuador 
and  Brazil,  E.  by  Bolivia, 
W.  by  the  Pacific,  8,  by  Chili ;  area,  610,- 
107  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  8,000,000.  Princi- 
pal cities^  Lima,  cap.,  Callao,  Arica, 
Iquiqne,  Islay  Pisco  and  Payta.  Chief 
rivers,  Uoayale,  Pnrus,  Tunguragua,^ 
Apurimao,  and  PDoomayo,  all  tributaries 
of  the  Amazon. 

Peruffino  (Pietro  Vanuooi).  An 
eminent  Italian  painter,  instructor  of 
Raphael ;  b.  1446,  d.  1624. 

Peruke,  pe-ruk'.  An  artificial  cap  of 
hair ;  a  periwig. 

Peschito,  pesh'i-td.  Lit.  single  or  tm«. 
A  term  applied  to  a  Sjrrian  translation  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  supposed 
to  have  been  made  in  the  2d  century,  pos- 
sessing high  authority,  especially  in  re^trd 
to  the  ^ew  Testament,  of  whidi  ttwaa 
probably  the  first  translation.  Four  <^ 
the  epistles  and  the  Bevdation  are  want- 
ing. 

Peso,  pft'so.  A  dollar ;  a  term  used  X^n 
Spanisn  8.  America. 

Pessimism,  pes'im-lzm.  The  opinion 
that  maintains  the  most  unfkvorable  view 
of  everything  in  nature,  and  that  tJie 
present  state  of  thhigs  only  tends  to  evil ; 
opposed  to  optimism. 

Pesth..  Cap.  of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube, 
opposite  and  connected  by  a  bridge  with 
Buda ;  pop.  224,864. 

Pestle,  '1.  An  instrument  for  pulverizing 
substances  in  a  mortar. 

Pet,  pet  A  lamb  brought  up  by  hand. 
A  fondling ;  any  animal  fondled  and  In- 
dulged. A  darnng ;  a  fovorite  ehild ;  one 
treated  with  ezceasive  kindness. 

Petal,  'aL  A  flower 
leaf;  one  of  the  sepa^ 
rate  parts  of  a  oorolla  t 

Petalism,  -Izm.  A^ 
form  of  sentence,  the , 
name  being  written  on 
a  leaf,  among  the  an- 
cient 8yraousans,  by 
which  persons  con- 
sidered dangerous  to 
the  8tate  were  condemned  to  banishment 
for  five  years.  PetaHsni  in  Syraeuse  an- 
swered to  ostracism  in  Athens. 

Petard,  pe-tfird'.    An  aa^leat  aaglBa  «f 


Petals. 


PETER  I. 


eeo 


PHAOOcmXBB 

< 


WW,  made  of  metal,  loaded  with  powder 
and  fljced  on  a  madricr  or  plank,  and  used 
to  foroe  gates,  barrloadea,  Ac,  by  expio 
slon. 

Peter  I.  (The  Great).  Czar  of  Rasola ; 
B.  Hu'i.  8.  hid  brother  Peodor,  16S2,  to  the 
exdiit«iou  of  I  van,  an  okler  brother,  an- 
FUHUMlfullHoverfltrnty  1(K>5,  d.  1725.  Two 
otht'r  vznn  have  borne  the  name.  P.,  Bt., 
oiieofthe  lirjit  (uUk-d  and  niortt  distin 
>fi»l!«hed  of  ('hrist's  twelve  aiM^tles,  orig- 
inally ciilled  Simon,  son  of  Jona,  b.  at 
Bethriiiidu ,  crucified,  head  downward,  abt 
64>.  P.,  the  HcrmiL  the  originator  of  the 
First  Cruttade,  a  French  monk,  b.  abt. 
100<),  D.  1115. 

Peter-penoe,  pe'ter-pens.  A  tribute  orig- 
inally cullectea  in  several  kingdoms-  of 
Eoropo  for  the  popes,  who  are  considered 
by  the  Roman  Catholics  as  the  snccessors 
of  St.  Peter.  A  voluntary  annual  offering 
made  by  R.  C.  in  all  countries  for  the 
pope.    Called  also  Peter's-Pence. 

Petersbiu^.  A  city  of  Dinwiddle 
Co.,  Va.,  'J2  m.  S.  of  Richmond,  in  the 
▼iclnity  of  which  were  fought  several  of 
the  most  important  battles  of  the  dvU 
war ;  pop.  21,656. 

Petersburg,  St.  Cap.  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  on  the  Neva,  near  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  ;  pop.  715,500.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment yna  transferred  ftom  Mo8<K)w, 
1712. 

Peter'B-flsli,  p^terz-fish.  A  name  given 
to  the  haddock,  from  the  spots  on  either 
side  being  supposed  to  be  the  marks  of 
Bt.  Pet^*8  nngcrs  when  he  caught  that 
fish  for  the  tribute.  It  is  also  sometimes 
given  to  tlie  sea-bream  and  the  John  Dory, 
both  leaving  similar  marks. 

Pctersliaxil,  'ter-sham.  The  name  of  an 
English  overcoat,  formerly,  fashionable. 
The  heavy,  rough-napped  woolen  cloth  of 
which  such  coats  were  made. 

Petrarch  (Francesco  Petraroa).  An 
eminent  Italian  poet  and  diplomat;  b.  1804, 
D.  1874. 

Betrel,  pet'rel.  The 
common  name  of 
web- footed  oceanic 
birds,  tun,  Procel- 
laridffi,  closely  re- 
sembling the  gulls. 

Petrlne,  pe'trin. 
Relating  to  St.  Peter; 
as,  the  P.  epistles.  P. 
liturgy,  the  liturgy 
used  at  Rome,  which  tradition  says  was 
•drawn  up  by  St  Peter. 

Petrobnuiian,  pet-ro-brn^zi-an.    A  Tol- 


Petrel. 


lower  of  Pierre  de  BmyB,  a  'Prorea^  irika 
In  the  12th  century  preached  aga&tt  te 
doctrixiv  of  baptismal  regenoratioB,  tha 
use  of  oharches,  relics,  Ac.,  prayers  for 
the  dead,  and  the  doctrine  of  the  red 
presence. 

Petroleum,  p€  troa«S-am.  A  variety  of 
nauhtha,  called  also  rock  or  mineral  eO, 
a  liquid  inflammable  substance,  exodi:i; 
from  the  earth,  chiefly  from  beds  associ- 
ated with  coal  strata.  It  is  eztensly^ 
employed  for  illuminating  purposes,  is 
sometimes  used  in  medicine  and  as  a 
lubricant. 

Petroloflrist,  troFo-Jtst  .A  student  of 
petrology,  or  one  versed  in  the  mineral- 
ogical  constitution  of  rocks. 

Pettah,  pet'tfi.  In  E.  Indies,  the  sub- 
urb of  a  fortifled  town  ;  the  town  oatside 
a  fort. 

Pettifogger,  -tl-ibg'er.  An  attorney  w 
lawyer.  • 

Petuntse,  pe-tun'tsd.  The  Chinese 
name  for  what  is  thought  by  ge^ 
ogists  to  be  a  parti^y  decomposed  grao- 
ite  used  in  the  manufiusture  oi  porcehio. 

Peatinsrerian,  pCi-tin-gg'rl-an.  A  term 
applied  to  a  table  of  the  roads  of  the  an' 
cient  Roman  world,  written  on  parch* 
ment,  it  is  supposed  about  226,  and  found 
in  a  library  at  spever  in  tiie  15th  century. 
It  was  so  named  from  Conrad  Peutinger, 
a  native  of  Augsburg,  who  was  the  first  to 
make  it  known. 

Pewit,  pe'wit  The  laughing  gull  or 
mire-crow.    The  lapwing. 

Pewter,  p&'ter.  An  aiipy  of  tin  and  load, 
or  of  tin  with  such  proportions  of  lead, 
zinc,  bismuth,  antimony,  or  copper  as  ex- 
perience has  shown  to  be  most  conducive 
to  the  improvement  of  its  hardness  suid 
culor.  Britannia  metal  is  said  to  be  aa 
alloy  of  equal  parts  of  tin,  brass,  antimony 
and  bismuth. 

Peyer's  Glands,  nl'erz  glandz.  la 
Anat.  the  clustered  glands  oi  the  intes- 
tines, first  discovered  by  Peyer,  a  Swiss 
anatomist. 

PezoporinsB,  pez'd-p5-ri''nd.  Tha 
ground  parrakeets,  i^snb-fiun.  of  the  Psit- 
tacidse. 

Pfennig,  pfennig.  A  small  copper  coin 
of  various  values,  current  in  various  states 
of  Germany.  Ten  pfennlge  of  the  present 
German  currency  are  worth  a  Httle  mors 
than  2  cents. 

Phacochere,  fak'o-ker.  The  wart-hoc 
of  Africa,  a  pachydermatous  mamma^ 
gen.  Phacochodrus,  akin  to  the  awina, 
cboraotMlzed  by  a  large  warfe-Uka  axores- 


m  tasb  tide  orih*  bos.    Tha^  m 


Pfaaeton.  C'e-lon.  An  d[X'D,  four-n-l 
•d  auTliiBO,  nsualjyjlmi'n  by  t«o  bur 
A  pnu  oroccsnln  Unla ;  tho  tmpLo  blr 

PhwlMiBer,  Ih-tiU'icr.    A  c^n. 
— —  -   -■    -  uaiathlHBr  '  — 


Pharnuwopi^a.  -kfl-p.;'  a,    A  dliiiwn- 


PHiaALIAK 


••eulnur  ;  B.  iDtiM  4tli  eaatnrj- d.  c. ,  s.  ' 

■M.  Mt. 
PhicalUn.  n-cyu-u.    Ttmiums  ^Jrnti 

lih-'.-a,  tp.ui  I*iiiilJllj.  an  niMih'nt  t  mn  of: 

IL^  Muri-iiiii,  vlitTBlbcyl^inn  nutiftlia' 
fldlivthiB  Lddvi  i,r  llio  muiw  ot  tlw  >:t- 1 
cin  niarlijH.  T]ii<y  rriirMriit  tha  •yimbii  I 
■■flh<i4--Btann*nnU|.lth«,  ud  Uut  or. 

Philadelphia.       Tha  nnDinardil 


PhUogyny,  -1 
PhllolosT.    -I 


r,  a  tarn  ippBadbT  S» 

le  love  or  ]emtCf  isi 
rhe  Btndy  of  '■'*g"'g*  ''^ 
EoiflDCfl  or  lutgoiga ;  ID- 


EUiodelphlan,  fIl-a-A<-]'n-iui.  One 
ai  EbbH.1i  hvt  of  n,D  nm  wnm 
foanded  hj  Jano  t^^adby,  uiil  iilLvd  ol 
tli*PuBllyi>f[j>r<.'. 

PhUonthroplnlmi.    -iui-iliTi>p'!ii-[zt 

pHnclpIp!!,  jiniinotaL  by  Itueduw  uii]  1: 

friend!  In  GiTmiiny  In  Iho  list  Mnlurr. 
Phllatory.  'a-lo.ri.       In  R.  c    rh. 

lraDB]>arpiiLrollqilOJ7  ploood 

vllh  MO  ormuiicntrd  Co[l. 
Fhllhellaulst,  fil-hol'loD-lgt.    A.t»tiia 

and  ifll<''^u'"r  Ibu  GrecU  lUcUunce). 
KliUp.     Tha  nauw  or  l.vo  not«l  duke. 

oliud  Hvs  kliuit  uf  S|nilD.      t'..  Si.,  one 
ortliB  (wtOv-a  A|K>>4Ii.'> ;  u.  SC  Itf tUi'bem ; 
n»n3-n<il  U  lllcnpolls,  nbt.  SO. 
FMUppl.    An  ■ndent  dtyor  £,  MuH- 


Llallj, 


I  Pbllter.  ni'Ur.      A  potion  anppoKd  t^ 
Phlebology,  nu-bo1'o-]l.      That  bnsd 


PhlogiBton,  lluyiB-inn. 
I    unobsolutatheorj-.  thapria 


batUvilcId  on  wliloli  ItmUit  anil 
ware  dcfcated.  by  OctsrluB  mi 
It  WIS  Iha  nlapo  wbara  St.  T 
jiraacbed  In  Europe,  ood  lla  i>« 
tba  «ntij«.  of  01.8  of  bl.  laleat  ap 
Fhllippio,  fl-Ilp'plk.  Ona  of  a 
FhJllp.  klni  of  Uacedon.  btbcr 


opy,    R-bw'tbro-pl.   A, 

0.      A  f-eo.   of  CetMiM. 
Hull.    Uclpbinldir.   oomprislni;     tba    ppr- . 

PhoddEe,  id  da.  A  family  or  oetKMiia, 
of  uhioh  Ibo  seal  (Pbooi)  l>  tba  lyw.  11  . 
Inf'iudaB  only  thoae  auidfl  which  UTaaa 

PhCBbOB,  fu'bag.     A  nama    of  Aoali^ 


flunlni^oeB.    ord.    LamaUlroaD^a,     ftnL 
PbcenlcopWride. 
Fhcaniz.  fii'iilliii.        Aavinllnir  to   Um 


namo^ven 
phfllJiIlnc.  ° 


•sr-JS' 


iblfdUwIchlhaRuinlnref 
-' —  ooniamcd  hanalf. 


the  hnalilii  In  (UiDaB.    A  pancoD  ;  a  K*- 
aoaaf  alnyaUr  dlKliiaUoa  or  bwMj.    A 


PSOLADIDiB 


668 


PHOTOSPHBtS 


OODStellation  4n  the  northern  hemisphere. 
A  gen.  of  palms,  including  the  daie-paUn. 

nioladidae,    fu-lad'l-d^.      A  fam.    of 
Utuieilibranchiato  bivalve  mollusks,  snb 
division    Sinu-pallinta,     sec.    Siphonido, 
comprising  the  genera  Pholas,  Xylophaga 
and  Teredo. 

^Olas,  'las.  A  gen.  of  marine  lamelH- 
braaehiate  bivalves,  fam.-Fholadid»,  pop- 
alavlv  known  as  piddocks.  Thev  pierce 
wood,  rocks,  indurated  clay,  &c.,  by  rasp- 
ing with  their  sheU.  They  are  remarkably 
phosphorescent 

?lioxiaaoetic8,  f5-naa-setMks.  System- 
Atio  practice  for  strengthening  the  voice ; 
treatment  for  improving  or  restoring  the 
voice. 

Phonetics,  -net'iks.  The  doctrine  of 
sounds.  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
Bounds  of  the  human  voice,  and  the  art  of 
representing  their  combinations  by  writ- 
ing. 

?npziOfirrap]l,  'no-graf.  A  type  or  char- 
acter for  expressing  a  sound ;  a  character 
used  ill  phonography.  An  instrument  by 
means  of  which  sounds  can  be  permanent- 
ly registered,  and  afterwards  reproduced 
from  the  register. 

^onofiTapliy,  -nog'ra-fl.  The  descrip- 
tion of  the  sounds  uttered  by  the  organs 
of  speech.  The  rf  presentation  of  sounds 
by  characters,  each  of  which  represents 
onei  sonnd  and  always  the  same  sound ; 
especially,  a  method  of  writing  or  graphic- 
ally representing  language,  invented  by 
Mr.  Pitman,  of  Bath,  England. 

%OSphor,  fos'for.  The  morning  star  or 
Ludfer ;  Venus,  when  it  precedes  the  sun 
snd  shines  in  the  morning  ;  phosphorus. 

PllOQpboras,  -us.  A  solid  non-metal- 
lio  combustible  substance,  hitherto  unde- 
oomposed,  occurring  chiefly  in  combina- 
tixm  with  oxygen,  (»ldum  and  mognesi- 
am,  in  volcanic  and  other  rocks.  It  ex- 
ists also  In  the  plaits  used  by  man  as  food, 
andisanever-railing  and  important  con- 
BtUaeat  la  aoimal  structures.  It  was 
originally  obtained  from  urine,  but  it  is 
ncHif  miuiuliu2tured  from  bones,  which  con 
Biat  in  part  of  phosphate  of  lime.  It  is  ex- 
ee^dingly  inflammable.  Exposed  to  the 
■irit  undergoes  slow  combustion,  emits  a 
white  vapor  of  a  peculiar  alliaceous  odor, 
axid  appears  luminous  in  the  dark.  On 
tbis  aacount  it  is  ke])t  under  water.  Phos- 
phorus will  combine  with  most  metals, 
fbnoing  phosphides;  when  dissolved  in 
IbtoilsitiormB  a  luminous  solution  which 
Is^iafly  used  in' the  preparation  of  lucifer 
nuitohea  aad  pboBphoric  acid.  It  is  of  al) 
ttknnknto  tiitf  inoBt  pow«rfkil  Jn4  difltuV 


ble,  but  highly  dangerous,  and  can  be  safe- 
ly administered  only  with  the  utmost  can- 
non. 

Pliotics,  fr>'tiks.  That  department  of 
science  which  treats  of  light. 

jPllotiiis.  A  Greek  who  was  made  pa' 
triarch  of  Constantinople  on  the  deposi' 
tion  of  Ignatius,  857.  Pope  Nicholas  es- 
poused .the  cause  of  L,  and  pronounced 
anathema  against  P.  The  latter  assem- 
bled a  donncil  which  excbmmunicated  the 
Pope,  and  was  the  origin  of  the  schism 
wUoh  divided  the  Eiwtern  and  Western 
(Greek  and  Latin)  churches ;  d.  in  exile, 

Photo-electrotsrpe,  'td-c-lek-trd-tTp  A 
process  in  which  a  photographic  picture  is 
produced  in  relief  so  as  to  am>rd,  by  elec^ 
tro-deposltion,  a  matrix  for  a  oast,  from 
which  impressions  in  ink  may  be  obtained. 

Plioto-engravinflr,  -en-grav-ing.  A 
process  in  which  the  action  of  light  on  a 
sensitized  surface  is  made  to  change  the 
nature  and  condition  of  the .  plate  or  ita 
coating,  fio  that  it  may  aflbrd  a  printing 
snrfiice. 

Photo-firalvanofirrapliy,  -galva-nog' 
ra-fl.  The  art  or  process  of  obtaining  fi^>m' 
a  photographic  negative  on  glass,  bv 
means  of  a  gutta-percha  Impression,  da 
electrotype  plate. 

Photosrlypliy,  -togll-fl.  The  art  nf  en* 
graving-  by  the  action  of  light  and  certain 
chemicals;  a  method  by  which  photo- 
graphs and  other  transparent  designs  eaa 
be  etch*^  into  steel,  copper  or  zinc  plates. 

Photogrraphy,  'ra-fi.  The  science  of 
the  action  of  light  on  bodies ;  the  prind-* 
pies  of  physics  and  chemistry  which  reliU>» 
to  the  production  of  pictures  by  the  action 
of  light.  The  art  of  delineating  objects  by 
the  action  of  light. 

PhotO-lieliO£Tapll,  -td-he'H-d-graC'  An 
instrument  for  observing  transits  of  Ve- 
nus and  other  solar  phenomena. 

Photo-lithography,  -li-thog'ra-fi.  The 
art  of  engraving  on  stone  by  means  of  the 
action  of  light  and  of  .certain  chemicals, 
analogous  to  that  of  producing  such  copies 
on  metal  by  photoglyphy. 

Photology,  tol'o-ji.  The  doctrine  or 
science  of  Ught 

Photometer,  -tom'et-er.  An  lnstru> 
ment  intended  to  indicate  the  different 
quantities  of  light,  as  in  a  cloudy  or  bright 
aay,  or  between  bodies  illaminated  in  dif- 
ferent degrees. 

Photosphere,  'td-sfSr.  The  luminous 
envelope,  supposed  to  consist  of  Inoandes- 
cent  inatte^»  sorroondlng  the  sun. 


PHTTOOEOGRAPET 


uflhtb 


.    Tli>t«nilt 


dtiTi'MDi  poitloiii  of  lliv  bruin  obti 
'  frtiiimriiuf  tht^t  rrlBtlve  fu-iuH  an 
nlltiAi-i  Id  dilt.-ri'nL  Indlvj.luala  i 
nniiirniltlvs  lUiil  loceUeoIul  uu> 
thi'^L'  Indivlduli. 
PhTysikii.  Irljl-ui. 


Ilui>i 


f  VbT)K\i 


leof  u 


{^hrlitlliu  r^-c'  In  Phrjgfli,  who  iwardud 

Miiiiuiiun  lu  tMr  pro[ili«l,  sod  lAliIclidin 

-■■  llioM>lrtIofproph«y,     P.  oiip,  f--    "" 

1>  ut  libtTtj  worn  by  the  JTrencli  r 


FtathiaiB,  thl'sli. 


mucb  dauage  In  wli»-|«dwli| 


oTRiuilEed  being  i  th«  raoo  btaUrf  at 
animal  nr  Tegelabla  tjne,  aa  dlattw^  . 
from  (Hitnfienesl*,  the  bliion  of  iBdliH- 
na]  deTclopmont.  auilftn[Dliiiig»Mlt,it 
i11^-a«TplopiDebt  gv~ ~  ""  " 

FlijraaUa.  -aa'ti-n. 

Bub-cEaan  Slpbuoopti 
das  nuiarkable  for  I 
ones  hous.  and  the 
product  by  Ita  ednl 

FhTBtoallat.  fli'l 
physic 


^.  Phpwkiri- 


■  laUllectuAl  udiM' 


w'pHer. 


-kfm-jo^'iH 


Phyaicirt,  'l- 
a  aatureJ  phllo     . 

PbTBloo-phUcMophy. 
TbsphlloBopliy  or  nature. 

PhyHioo-theolog7,  -lkAlbH)l"i+ 
TbwloKy  or  dlvlnlly  llluatnled  «  » 
Imeea  by  physloa  or  natun]  pbUoHptu. 

FhTaioa.  'Iks.  to  (he  wid«i  s«H,  IM 
bmooh  of  acfencB  whloh  trealBorilKbn 
aid  ]>ropert1«  of  Diiiuer ;  ttM  gdgMi  d 
natnrfl ;  but  the  term  fa  now  nDlTnilli 
D»d  In  a  natTDirer  BeD««,  and  laeqainM 
to  natunl  phlhtaophy.  It  If'>"'I—  ''■ 
munka  and  the  t^unohfla  ofaciei 
with  Ugbt,  hat,  eleetrkdty  and  i 

Phyaiosiuumict,  -l-ag^nn-mliL  0» 
ekIUad  In  physiognomy ;  oneabis  10  Jnjfl 
of  tba  partiottlarfemperor  elher  nuIHa 
orth«  mind  by  »l)^8  In  the  countuusa. 

PhTBio^no^rpe,  -tip.  Ad  fnstrnmHi 
tor  taklnp  jiD  oiact  Ituprint  er  Qiflt  oftb 

Phyaiosraphy  'ra-tl.  Thai  R«an 
wbich  trcate  of  the  earth's  phyileal  titt 


nohaa  oraiiien«  oaM 


'o-H.  Thaladen. 


PhraiolOKy, 

of  the  aotlonB  and  proMS»«  InddwuiB 

tSd   obanoterlBtla  of   ttao   living  lUte, 

whether  !n  anlmale  or  plaata. 
PbyaicLue.  fu-iak'.     The  phynlcaf  ■Om- 

ture  or  areas  liaUoD  of  un  Indlvlduai. 
Phyto-ohemlatry,  /I-ia-tem'lal-H. 

Vegetable  oheroistry. 
Fliytas«oKnu>by.  fi'to-j4^'n-l, 

Ihe  sec^i^ir  oc  seDft^iUoal  dMrikr 


PtfTTOOLTPHT* 


665 


FIKA 


-PhirtOfflypliy,  fl-togOI-fl.    The  art  of 

'    prill  dng  Grom  natare  by  taking  tinpree- 

Bions  ttom  plants  on  soft   metal,  from 

which  co|)ie8  can  be  taken.     Called  also 

•  Nature-printing. 

Phytoffraphy,  'ra-fi.    A  desoriptfon  of 
.  plants;     that  branch  of   botany   which 
ooncerns  itself  with  the  rules  to  be  ob- 
served in  describing  and  naming  plants. 
Phytonoxuy,  -ton'o-mi.    The  seience  of 
the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 

Piano-forte,  pi-an'd-for-t&.  A  metal- 
stringed  musical  instrument,  of  the  keyed 
species. 

PiaxiBt,  pT'ar-ist.  One  of  a  religious 
order  who  devote  themselves  to  the  gra- 
tuitous instruction  of  youth  ;  instituted 
at  Kome  by  Joseph  Gasalanza  in  the  17th 
century. 

Piaster,  pi-as'ter.  A  denomination  of 
money  of  various  values.  The  old  Italian 
piaster  was  equivalent  to  about  85  cents ; 
the  Spanish  piaster  about  $1 ;  while  the 
Turkish  piaster  is  scarcely  one-twentieth 
the  value  of  the  foregoing. 

Pibrooh,  pe'broch.  '  A  wild  irregular 
fil>ecte8  of  music peooliarto  the  Highutnds 
of  Scotland,  performed  on  a  bagpipe,  in 
imitation  of  the  different  phases  of  a  battle 
— the  march,  the  conflict,  the  flight,  the 
pursuit  and  the  lament  for  the  fallen. 

Picador,  pik-a-dor'.  In  bull-fighting, 
one  of  the  horsemen  armed  with  a  lance 
who  madden  the  boll  by  pricking  with 
their  weapons,  bat  without  the  intention 
of  disabling  him. 

Pioard,  'ard.  Ecdes.,  one  of  a  sect  of 
Vaudois,  who  in  the  16ih  century  attempt- 
ed to  renew  the  practices  of  the  Adamites, 
going  stark  naked  and  believing  in  the 
oommanity  of  women;  so  called  from 
Pfcard,  the  reviver  of  the  heresy. 

Ploayone  -a-yOn'.  The  name  for  the 
Spanish  half-real  in  Florida,  Louisiana, 
Ac.  It  was  of  the  value  of  6^  cents.  Now 
applied  to  the  half-dime-^  cents. 

Piccolo,  'k5-15.  A  small  flute,  the  tones 
of  which  range  an  octave  higher  than  those 
of  the  ordinarv  flute.  An  organ  stop,  the 
pipes  being  of  wood  and  having  a  brilliant 
piercmg  tone.    A  small  upright  piano. 

Picidfle,  p!'si-dd.  The  woodpeckers  and 
wr3t-necks,  a  fkm.  of  scanaorial  or  climbing 
lyirds. 

Pickaninny,  pik'a-nin-i.  A  negro  or 
mulatto  infant 

Pickerel,  'er-«l.  A  small  pike,  a  fish, 
gen.  Esox. 

Plot,  p&t.     One  of  a  rfuoe  of  people  of 
.:dl8piiMl  origin,  who  laidtocilfytohiMted 


shfl£p  point  or  edge 
mitten  also  Peen 


Fourteenth  Presi- 
B.  in  N.  U.  1<J04, 


^e  northeast  of  Scotland,  by  some  <Sod< 
sidered  Teutonic,  by  others  a  Inranch  o} 
the  Cwmric  Celts. 
Pictor,  pik'tor.  A  southern  constellation. 

Fioul,  pi-kul'.  In  China,  a  weight  of  18d| 
lbs.  It  is  divided  into  100  catties  or  1,000 
tacls.    The  Chinese  call  it  also  tan. 

Piedmont.  A  division  of  N  W.  Italy ; 
bounded  N.  and  W.  by  the  Alp.<i,  E..by 
Lombardy  and  Pamut,  S.  by  Liguria; 
area,  11.867  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  8,000,000. 

Piedouche.  pya-ddsh.  In  Arch,  a  brack- 
et, pedestal  or  socle,  serving  to  support  a 
bust,  eandelabrnm  or  other  ornament. 

Piedroit,  ^rwft.  In  Arch,  a  square 
pillar,  partly  hid  within  a  wall.  It  differs 
from  a  pilaster  in  having  neither  base  nor 
capital. 

Piend.  pend.     The 
of  a  mason's  hammer, 
and  Pane. 

Pierce,  Franklin. 
dent  of  the  U.  8. ; 
elected  1852,  d.  1809. 

Pierides,  pl-er'i-dvz.     A  name  of  the- 
nine  Muses,  who  were  so  called    fh>m 
Pieria,  near  Mount  Olympus,  where  they 
were  first  worshiped  among  the  Thra- 
cians. 

Pietist,  pret-ist.  A  designation  given 
since  the  end  of  the  17th  century  to  a  re- 
ligious party  in  Germanv  who  proposed 
to  revive  declining  piety  in  the  Keformed 
churches  ;  the  equivalent  of  Methodist. 

Pietra-dura,  pi-et'ra-dd-ra.  A  name 
given  to  the  finest  Florentine  mosaic- 
work  executed  in  colored  stones,  as  jasper, 
carnelian,  amethyst,  Ac 

Pigreon,  p^'on.  One 
of  the  bb*ds  that  Ibrm 
the  fam.  ColambidsB. 
sub.-ord.  Columbacei. 
genera  Columba,  Ecto 

Sistcs,  Turtur.  ^. ;  a. 
ove ;  the  migratory  oi' 
wild  pigeon  of  America  { 
The  varieties  are  dis- 
tinguished as  the  car- 
rier, powter,  shaker, 
tumbler,  Ac.  P.  English,  a  conglomera- 
tion of  English  and  Portuguese  words 
used  by  English  and  American  residents 
in  China  in  their  intercourse  with  the 
natives. 

PifiTxnent,  pig'ment.  Paint ;  any  sub- 
stance used  by  painters,  dyers,  &c.,  to 
impart  colors  to  bodies.  In  Physiol,  the 
coloring  matter  found  in  animal  and  plant 
bodies. 

Plka,  pnoL     Th*  ealUnc-liirt,  niMiir  •!■ 


Pigeon. 


Laflouijrl*.   tE  I* 


f.  Ihe  u 


PIka,  |A.  An  asdent  nitllurv  n-nnan  ; 
■  liiiiK«ui>JfBBtiift  ■rlthsIliti.Ui'l^Md 
>diiUil,  dlvpLk^ 
■'Ulrid  tplktiB  tiirgf 
.HB«t  -      ■    ■ 

-    ilni;  rmm  b  |.lcr, 
h  u-aI1.  oBC-qiurtn- 

PUs-drlver  pn'drtr-n-. 


1*11.  Sltunu  at  UnuHU. 


Pin,  iiln.     In  CWnn.  u  pea* 
VOuL-daOi,    prns-Uoth. 


plno  Inlands  from  tl: 
ipploInT.  nnd  madi 
biuidkerehleft  and  tbe  IJke. 
Plnolibeck.  plDib'bFk.     An  allor  r», 
■'"""'•"'"'  parts  ooppiT  to  ID  parte  dn^ 

p  wrtW.   hm«J 

leaning- aruum ;  ■■ 


Pindarl 


eed  for  chrap  UwelW. 
— "yllie  meaning  at r" 

omlneot  Qneh  p 


Pinlcm;  jiln'yoB,       Tho 
Joint  of  ■livl's  wln^  te- 


Pliuxlt,  'a.      A   rsn.    < 

'--  bl»alTe»,  hm.    AWcnildip,   ( 

oaDed  wlng-aholli^  "     " 


WBCIOUljTnKK 


FL^TA,  RIO  DS  LA 


Pinil. 


Pll.-b-iriKl*. 


Pi:;  Tilliui 


:.  u.'lbfl'.     C(ll»l 


iV^.i  Kitir:  li'f,  1M.!1>« 


wntcbu«cvt«f.u4   f 
r-tbn  bandii  Df*lt«ii    I 


PlajLa.  plAn.     An  In 
Planet.  (iIod'oL     A 


WTolt*  oboul  Ihj  sun.  an  calied  •• 
■rf  plueu.  satelHlvi  or  modus. 

PlAJa»-tabIe,  plan'la-bL  Anluun 
plan  Enay  be  made  on   tbe  epal  aI 

Plajutarlum.  plDn-et-u'rt-nm.    i 

»-ald.     One  orinnm 


)  Planimetqr. 


Pl«wni*  T^-vi:  r'.     A  ixtftrnii>ii  In- 1 

Fi«T.;.t.-      .Vf.r:.fa.lT. . 

Pininw.  FniuUco.  ^  a  ^jaziA  Mrt- ,    of atwrlalolnit  Ihf  area  gr  BurcrBdil 

)V".'..-^'.'.l^  ■■::.ir:-i  f!  TtK::  a.  U;^,  .  •Planlny-jnnj-litw-   nhlnlnemi-ihV. 
K.&v:7i:^'.  t:l-.-.rjkI\r.^U41.  j    Aniwbln.- Ibrpluilaeirood.     A  miilili» 

Pl9U*t<0.;'v»:NV     At.  iriArt  iriwa  w      twl  tor  i.linlBe  metal*. 
K'l    :?.%'.:.■  rf  a.'.i^'wC  n.:i*;  ti'  jfirw  .  Planlahsr.  MaBlnh-rr.     A  thin  Bit-tnt 

*  ^  bnfinnli^     HnwililRp  lin-pUle  nml  I'lSM-work.    t 

vorfenm  who  BmooLhd  or  pliuiw.  , 

■AK-Mrih :   *   PIsniBphere.  1-if?r.    A  spbtn  ["^JhI- 
jsJi'ffiTUln      clw iiritie trbere.    A  nenie  iiirtiitouit 
vmimaHln  vhkhplMiesurtSra  fullU 


■■i-.*kC.iV 


t~^ij*(1-ii*!KtSrfiii*yiio'ry.-aBp      mt  cV 


?-,?/.; ',r.''tV»vi:.                                              of'ih^VMMhl^h^TdevPlpr^i  iininnl»t 
PItfliWUt.  r'-^  M-*-:^'    On*  rt.si  p::i       '■    '■    "■"— -    '  -'-    -■■ 


Tl*iA.  --xi.     A  . 


bdJ  tb^t  uf  ut- 


'  PUt&.BlodaU  fRlTBr  Platai.  A 
I  (Y  I'fTflB'i  twlon  liiyirsiremin  o(3.  Amwka,ftwine<l  brlha 
d  t«nnlB(  *  jnim- 1  lanettoa  of  lb*  rrufun,  PuatpuT  ud 
MlBHlUDM.  I  >»ub    ItlaUeB.vUbat  in  BOOlk. 


rill  friii_ .„,™. 

bJa  klnifdniti,   formJuf  .■ti 

UnsnttrurnBtcnance  D[  m '\ 
nnui/ofthointabitflnta  dfi 
oftropicaaglliDntoB.         ^"^1 
Plantaa^nota,  The 

-      A  lins  of  Eliellah   i.inTi-  i  n 

'  nruha  ronndml  IIM  by        Plantain. 
Henrrll.L"on  of  0™f- 
■    ftol,  T.,  Diiks  Df  Abj™,  Mrt   MuHMa. 
dnughter  Df  Jlenrr  1.  gf  EriBknd  ;  tlbe- 
tame  extinct  wllh  Ilkhard  111.,  IteB. 
TlE^tlsTada,  pliui'il-in'&-dB,    A  eeotion 
ofMriilvorauiiuiiinalsinwhiQiilbowlioli!, 
orneartvthewbolo  nHhn..,Unf .h^n,-. 

TndMilUthubcM^ 
Floqiie,  pliik.    Ai 
br(>»(;b;  m«  plate  ot  a  ciaap.    id  ' 
-  artn,  a  plate  of  metal  upou  wUob 

nartron.  plaB'tmn.  A  pleoe  o: 
(tufTed,  De»l  tiv  fanrtn  u  def 
Itrsaat.    laZaur,  ttaelowPTDFTaii 


PiBtalea.  pb  I 
ecu.  fF/tTall=Uii 
(bo  storks. 


<a.  of  (tasb- 


PLEjpPOTElmAaT 

[^  pHrh  onrnu]  dHiroBf  a  nppcEfa  of 
IT,  the  great  yeor,  or  Xhtt  anace  of 
I     tn     their     tbrmer     plAcpa      M 


id-tootbed 


Platyodin,  -U'uH 

Platypod,   [ilai'i-pod,     A  broad-footed 

PleBSaat  Qroye  ajad  Hill,  A  Inmtltr 


batilH,  April  T-e,  1SA4. 


Btnliburaly  fourht 
In  which  tbam- 
^  lAmtf^l  tliB  Con- 


Flateau.  pU-ts, 


pia-eo,     &  DFoui,  nat  uvji  o[ 
I  Unrated  poaltkiD ;  a  tAhlfr-land; 


•piatHnnTn  j.l.t'l.ni,.^      j^  wblte  metal 

lhabearlu<et  of  known  metals.    Itiaui- 
cetilagiy  daalllo^alleable,  tenacious  and 

ofaincQ  JVom  the  oomblDed  offoooy  of  air 

Flato,    An  eminent  Oreek  iihllosopliar ; 

B,  at  AUiena,  aht.  «!>«.  «.,  u,  &^^. 
Platonic,    pla-toD'ik,       Pertaining     to 

Plato,  to  Mb  phlloiophj  or  bis  srhooi,    P. 

the      ootaheiiron,      dofl«!>h»iron      and 


^M^   iDbMMlnc  Iwtwt 


ID  c«<lrt,  hiTinr  po*«r  to 
ty  or  immrt  oucr  biul- 


_..  .  .      'niloiyti'iiolmmsMi   _ 

kithIIU"!  Ill  wiy  r-iwtittr  rnn-iirn  ciun. 
31int  iniiiiriitly  uirdlBKi'  of  piiiil|iuU'n- 
Cuh"'  ar.'  hrUl  ia  wnir  n-iitni)  fliuv.  m> 
Ibut  11U-.V  mav  .iiniliirt  lli.-lr  D.wllutloui 

PUn7  iC^ua  Plinlna  Secnadua. 
Tho  Eldari.  A  (IbllBitulilH'd  llomiin 
JiiTi>liuil  nmiinUAt:  ■.  SJ:  iicrtslin]  Ln 
ilw  i-ru|ilhiii  <>f  Mimpt  V»unu«  Ktak'h 
uvtTWbelJiiMl  INimiH-ll  nml  Hvrciiliini>iiiii, 
TD.  r.,  ilii-  Yuunitn  (Viilui  Pltnlus  Cis 
elllnii  lifrnBiliwI,  ailiiiilcd  »in  at  the  fiir- 
urr.  ui  piiiliuiiit  lurbt  iui4  hLttorian :  s. 
ei.  n.  Vtt. 

PllOOMU,  plre-a^.  A  pfllntflMl  tmn 
Kpflhid  lu  fhs  mnt  mnilmi  of  (ha  dlvls- 
liHU  uf  Iliu  tarthrr  fixxh,  the  Eoosne, 
lb*  Mlucme.  ths  Oilier  Pliucene  und  the 
Ktmr  Pliucrnu  or  Pli'luxeiK. 

Pllohlppua.  -<i-h1p'[><"'  A  roHll  gea.  at 

Putt,  ]>l<t.     An  liiKTnimiiiit  uf  punlsfa- 


PlooetiUB,  iila-H^-l'iii'.  Thewi 
■  •uh-biu.  urFrtngimaB. 

FtoOntot,  plo-ii'iiiat.  <1 
tiDHt,  *  Hlcbnted  PlUi. 
of  tho&doeDtuiy 


i  illidplc  of  Plo- 
iiDiD  phib>»fiber 


or  Slolly  lad  curled-io  the  Inner 
FlotocnuT',  -tok'n-sl.      Ths  ] 


FluTlal.  'vt-aJ.    A  prlwt'i  t 
fin-  pralNtbui  Bgnlniit  nin. 
PlUTtoW.  -•>.     Ttaa  flrth  m 


il  Into  Riti'h  aotuuUi, 


flam,  iilirni.     Tho  IViilt 


rCo.  Denin,  Gngland,  U  tba  HnHuanu 
r  the  TBOiarnna  Plyic  ri  vera  with  ihs 
tlBiillc;Jiop.  Tl.40«.      P.,   cap.  of  P. 

n(laDd,  noted  t  the  IsodliiE-plliwof  the 
"—■—  "-C.  M,  1«» ;  pop.  i,n93. 


Plymouth.  BrMhren.  , 


i)rh  thamliliire.iD 
IxhCUtai'hiMlnt  It 


pnipiTtiPS  of  eluallfl  fluid.,  and  iwrtleo. 
I     lartj  of  jLtmospberio  idr. 
Pnenmootok*.  -m.Vot'o-kK.      Antmsli 

that  brmths  air  nnd  lay  egga,  thut  <•,  UMt 

and  most  reptllM. 
PoaOhafd.,  pAch'ird.     A  kob.  of  ooiula 

dnaki  (Pall(uli),  oondMlna  of  nnntngi 


POCAHONTAS 


F(H.TA  DTOGSAPHT 


spules.  luUvn  of  tbe  AmUe  Bmo,  In- 
cluding, ibe  auiYiu-bwk. 

Pole.    One  oftliF  t<ra  luliiU  la  vblcb  tb* 

u.l.ofU.BWrUHji'npiwsod  to  meet  tba 

■phere   of  the  h«^v,oe ;  tbo   H.ed   pohlt 
Bhouliithlch  Ibe  stirs  appeir  M  rovotro. 

tiKlian  uUiLf,  I'ewhauui,  irbo  ssveil  Ibe 

Ufo  of  Copl.  John  SuiUh.  ud  mMTTled 

Tbeae  >ro  culted  the  pulci  of  the  world,  or 

John  UulW,  wbo  took  Ler  U>  EaglsDd, 

u'hiTo  thu  dk'd :  b.  ism.  d.  laiT. 

oflhe  eerth'H  uli,  BU°   dl'tmnt  from   tbe 

Pmlology,  ,«-dol'o-Jl.    A  t«»tfM  oo  th« 

Folemarcli,  pol'umirli.    A  title  In  in- 

ru  diidnn.Ui.  «  New  Zrnluid  bird,  f.m. 

iolley*al*ra.      Il  Is  a  (illorlle  q«»re-blrd, 

^'' wd ''BTch'i'i'rtrVnir"«^DU  w^  b^ 

h»t  Iheir  Uvea  In  ttaeaervfiir^f  theb-oiiui- 

c"^biliiJors'^kb;JJdiS!'ml'k"g.  '" 

Poephaga.  trm-g^     A  gronp  of  mar- 

PolamlOB,  pfi-lem'lk.,    Tbeurt  or  pw" 

biblu°'l<>c'>'<<iiig  tbe  kuKWWsimd^* 

UcaafdisputiitlDnicontrorenv':  coqtiDTcr' 
temofdlrinlty. 

Pointor"'".™'....-^... 

glwLsDued  with  ji  mirror  ■!  in  uifle  of 
Qot  lie  direotlj  before  the  eye. 
Fola-«tHr,  pi->ratir,    AiUroftbauooad 

E  vH  ^^^^ 

leethd  i»Ie,  round  whloh  It  deHribee  ■ 

■milldrDle;  ItlBofRrviI  nso  u  niTln- 

S™.  mW  «  Gn.l  B«r,  IVom  Uielr 
nildiNg  Qia  ajt  U  Iba  polo-aur  1°  Uru 

Polk.  James  Knox.    Eleventh  Prey- 

ed from  Tenn..iS44.  D,  1W9-    The  «- 

iai>.        Cap.  of 
ioe,ontheC^  » 


tbepornfiee  of  Indncthif  ft  to  throw 
rtncGee.     The  ohub  fiib.     A  et^: 


Poitrino,  pol'lreii.  Tbebreut-plitcofB 
kolirbt;  also  tbeoverlapplnir  metel  MAlea 
nbtch  oovered  thobreMlofawM-horae,     .       ^. 

Polacoa.  p*'l*k'».      ATeawlwIlli  three      by  ojntaeiwlibtb* 
inaals  used  lu  the  MedlterrinMn.  -.S""!.!-  .."I.       . 

Polon,  'lu,    A  piece  of  armor  for  the       ~ 

Poland.  AndeDll}-,  sln^klnedoinol 
C.  Enrope;  boimdeii  H.  bv  the  Baltic,  £. 
by  Riis»)a.  S.  by  Iluneiry  and  the  Danu- 
bian  proiinee*.  W.  by  Gemnny ;  but 
later  illvld«l  amoneJti  tbn'e  ereat  neiih- 
bois— ItuuU,  AiistriosndPru.wla.     The 

gorerDHl  by  a  prince  nf  the  Uumhia  im- 
ferl^a  dmiry  i  irea,  40,SW  m.  m. ;  pop. 


Poloria,  Ai'tit.    The  |>a1>->t«. 
FolJUiMOlM,  -lar'l-ikSp.    An  opt]»1  In- 
•tnmuat  flircxhlbllljif  the  pobnutiaa  of 


in  the  egnBleUation  Oemiiil,  or 


Polo.  [Kl'ln.    A  same  i 

hockey,  playal  on  hor.e 

hack. 

Tolo.  SLUOO.    A  di. 

naiiUhed  lUBm 

.kon>"Uka.    The 

Polyarchy.  ll-ar-W.  The  fc 
of  miiny,  nhMher  a^riTileeed  el 
tnenis]')  or  the  pMpla  at  lai^  ( 


POLTADELPB 

art  or  pnicIlM  el  iniilHprjiDir  »plu  < 

(favln  III  UtLi-naiibj-, 
Ptdyodalph. -drU"  ' 
libul  li.»lni[iti<Miui 

Bo^andrir.      -u' 

^b.- I.n.ti.'.'  i>r  A-ni 

IJiiir;  iJsndil}'  lit  I 
taniM,  It  [nviBlla  I 
eiiidtyBinunfiUirBiH..._  _ 

IM*  uT  I'tnlnl  All*  lur]  Palruldpb. 
oriVrloli.  binMii  Id  Dm 
DinHf  Uikily  llulu^  to  lh«  muriiiFD  at 
t}H  womtli  tti  twu  or  mora  broUwn,  The 
t  woniQii  BFV  pn>Tl<led 


for  in  Laui 
PolTcarp, 


lrU«I  ChrU- 


Polythelam,    'l-thfi-lzin.    The 
Ufa  pluralitr  or^odi,  hKTlnR  u  orut 
Iho  govrrnment  of  the  worfl. 

Folytypa«e,  -cip-M.  a  p«ollir  modt 

"'"    ------ ^ H-hlch  fkc-siintldt  of  Vfo 

""  produced. 


Valygaxay. 

^gaiuy.  or 


i1itiiiil.<.    Id   Chrfs 


"(^Dtr^Ailt  I 


Pomace,  pom 'as.     Thesabtunce  grip-  ' 
I    plat  or  of  iliDllH  fruit  cruBbrd  bf  (riai' 

'  Pomatiua.  Dfl-mi'tam.  A  peitumi 
I  unguent  m«llndrtMingtLehalr;  MB- 
i|    ndii.     lUsslHiusMlliiiiiedlcliituiuiii' 

. '  Pombal,  Ssbastlao  Joaa  da  Cat- 
Tallio,  Harquis  de.  An  emincmPiv- 
^r'minl'*'""*"  '  '■  """■  "■  ''**■    ** 

,  ;    Hon,  «[«ilal  Iha  Jesulu  ond  m'vsXri 


•Ur  deduct 
Polyglot,  ' 


bff  rrom  fttocta  apedOo- 
A   book    coitalDlDg 


Polygon,  pol'e-eon.  ^      / 

Polygyny,    po lyi-f         \  /         T 


PomeBTanate.  pora'pran-at.  Tbu  ftiflt 
of  l*unl«(™iMnin.«  Inpffo  «a  M  ormm, 
httslnir  B  pIsMini  >qb-«old  tisio.  Tin 
tn*  that  produces  poiiie«nTiimtes.  Aa 
orn:iint'nt  resembling  n  pomevr^nate  oa 
tb»  robe  and  rphod  of  Ibe  Jewish  high- 

FomoIoglBt.   pS-molVJIst.      Odb  irbo 


PolytMaia.    Tha  name  glTen  to  BOTarml    ] 
groupsoflsluidslD  thaI>s<dSo.E,  ofAus- 
tnHi,  tbe  prlndpiil  baJng  Uie  Sandwich, 
Falaw,  Lidnma,  CanDiiB,  OUbart,  Uv-  I 


[Lpeil,  An  ancient  dljof  Itali.  U 
a.  E.  of  Niplrt,  at  tbe  toot  orVeaif 
I ;  totally  oThvhaLmad,  wlUi  Hvon- 
mm.  br  HI  arugtiDB,  n.    Ila  rita  wat 


triiloba^vUlliiUTled  011^  w«n  beffim  11 

hive  b«>n  cihumal.' 
Pompey  (Oueimi  Poinp«iii«  Sag:- 

mui.    ADmuxiriDDBKoinwi^BQeraliir-' 

tedliiEwpt.jifterhUdJle 
PhDnoUB  by  CvBAT,  4ti  n . 

eUiPfloW,  AeT'SroboM 
orhot^  Bpcdllcallv.Uiebsll-tuftofculor 
wool  wtim  by  Infiinlrj  in  front  oribatt 
ko  lD>t«d  of  a  feather. 
Poaollo,  pnn'ehQ.      A  Holt  nt  clonk  wo.  _ 

or  ttuHpuilihlnliablunUarBDiiIli/ 

l«.  '  A  tnda  aant  tur  amlet  or  i 

wonted. 
Pondlohanr.    A  Freoeb  Hnport, 

nf  Coromandel,  §S  in,  S.  W.  of  Mi , 

pop.  60,  lU. 
PonS'ltM.  'gi.    A  BormU)  prlait  of  tbe 

blgb«  order. 

Pontduutraln.  Iiake.    In  Louliluii, 
,  bm.  H.  at  NewOrluni:  u«,  SSOtq.  m. 

It  cannrcto  villi  tb«  Gulf  of  Ueilw  uid 

MiiBlMlppl  Ktcer. 
Pontifez,  'tl-l^kB.    The  n> 

Ihs   Bomina   dolliiKtOd    <b> 

MeaU.      The  chlof  of  theH 
PontlfU  Mulmm. 
Fontifl;   'lir.     A  bl^b-prl«t ;  1  : 
ponlll^i.     Tlie  hlgh-pHeit  of  thi 

P«nUfloia, -urik-il.    Abookooni 
rll«  nod  cernnonlflfl  HoleaLnatlo&l. 


imtKBKln.uiyllgbt 

Ian  welKbt,  eoual  to 
liupcb.    TboapfirllK- 


by  wilob 
OBt  lllus- 


Pood.  [>0d. 
Pope,  p6]p. 


out,  lU^A*. 


;-fS' 


Pope.  Alezondsr. 

English  po«t  and  w^t ;  1 
Pope.  John.    An  Am 


of  Vlri^DUfkiinJiiaeUU^'pt..186^.  bulnn 

del^CHl  liyOen.  Stonewall  Jartsop.Ang. 

3»-W.  In  tlio  Hi  balUe  of  Bull  Kirn. 
Popocatepetl,  A  volcanic  nuk  In  Heil- 

CO.  S3iD.  ti.  W.  ofPuebla,  17,7^n->>IS>>- 
Poppy-head,    pop'pl-hsil.      &.  generla 


thathfrll 

Fost.nHt.    ALitln  pTspoiltiDB  alpiUV' 
ing  tUier,  aub««gq«nt,  Ac.,  Mad  used  u 
,  ...      ,         this  leoMln  Bnomber  of  Eagilali  worfj. 

?°tl,n  vl^'-™!i"r^  ?hi?\^,-i?w„"    PortdUnvlaii,  nli-lli'rt-m.     A  p«iho 

L.?°„E:?'^!fJ:K'S.°'='1,^%'       .vl.0Jtv«lan*.th.FI«-i.orwl«,hiuvrf 


(■tlH.IHL    ._ 

fi>rrnliiir  thv  Itlo  at  PurUnnd  i 


FoBthetomy,  pot-thsi'a-m! 
,   Post-merldioii,  lulat-ms'rii 


UuTMUhlH.  EoEbad.    1*.  i: 


™„ ^ „ u.,  ,      ,    ,.                    ibi.lloiiorabodj-.f- 

'mn-lilif  depo"!!*  of  ii<era  rnnnlnE  over  J."  "'■'•""■   ,           . 

clayu.I  clulk.    P.  tu«,  ■  sdebritsd  <dn-  Foat-nataL'Di-til.  Entueqaent  ublRk. 

Mary  nrnorviiH.  fbund  In  Che  lomti  of  Poat-plelooene.  -plI'«->«D.      In   QnL 

ths  Emitenir  Alanndn  B«Tam>.    It  ll  of  tha  0000100  term  fir  nil  dapodti  of  l^ur 

tiuupusut  dirk-Une  (lu.,  onUod  wltb  igt   tbu  tho  Konrlali  vf,  nnd  oldM 


FoaT-rKA]|n>iAL 


T*^^-r"  "*"'',    'pmn-dl-sl.     nnppsn- 
■     jBBiiflttdlflnM. 

Tostsssoiaia. -sc'nl-mn.    Tbc  puiori 

Z,   ■  So»t-tertiiirr.  -UiKibl-a-rl.      In  OpoI. 

floTHlclioF-'iiiiuuulirFnmseriw,  dlvlili4 
Intutbrt^i  eecLiiins— hUloriu,  pre-hljiuirlc 

Uld  pdBt-^IODlUl. 

*      fotAmography,     pn-ta-nug'ni-Q.      A 

^     .fbtn^l.  pofneh.     ThB  populqr   lAIDB  of 

_f        pTDcared  from  the  ubei  of  pluits  by  Ui- 

iTlrtcioD  ADd  empuretlon.   Beflned  jntash 

-'       1A  callnl  pmrlaah.    It  it  largely  embli>f  ^ 


IPotomEto.    AriTworthsU.  S..  rislDsin 
Urn  Alleglunfai  and  empljrlng  InlD  Cbeu- 

,   hieen   ^^Inid  uid  Vlrginli ;  length. 


dians   preliminlmry   [o  B  crand   hunt,    i 
.  ooansn.  (  war  eipedlUsn   or   the  like 
Heaoa  the  tann  <■  Ditaa  applied  ID  ao] 
■proailoua  oieatlDg, 


ft  Pl^URIX^DIBXCL 

Pound,  pound.    A  standard  w^ehl  oan- 


pndni.    A  Urilisli  inonisj  uroasiunt  cui 
slKlnsofiUshllHdtB,  or  ;!40  iwnia.  orljj 

beuUarHoanflnrd  whan  found  at  laifpi  I 
Pooaaln.  Nlootu.    Tho  sreatstt    i 


la,  pot-Ko-la'na.  A  volonnla 
lEiirriUKld  tUp  neighborhood  of 
rlouDopa,  lordly  omplared  '"  "  " 


00) played  Id  tli 
or  b/Uraallo  ci 


Praetor,  'tor.  A  title  whlcb  arlglnallT 
kslgn>t«d  the  Ruoiaa  dobiuLs  u  the  lead- 
:m  ortha  annlea.  Later  two  umu>r»  wen 
ippo[n1«d|  ono  or  wlioDi  tried  cauapi  b^ 


raiiied  to  BlfhtMa. 
FrasuB.    Cap.  at  Bobemlo,  Anstrla.  on 

Che  MoUlan,  7G  m.  S.  K.  .,t  Dreeden,  tho 

loM  or  tho  Jidoll  GBrman    nniverslty  ; 

pop.  193,109.  4 

PrairlaL  nri-rl-al.    The  nloth  montli  In' 

commeDcedUaySOii^end'ed'jnne'ia. 
Prairlo-doK,   'rl-doi-,    A  mnll  rodsnt, 

pnilrles  wsst  nl  tbu  hll'fslnidppl.  They  lira 
BTsfiiriously  In  bumiin,  anrl  uro  ohuns- 
terlirj.1  by  a  ehup  tiiirk,  UkD  thut  of  a 
>mbU  diig 

Prairie  Orove.  A  lotnllly  In  Artanana, 
nuacUualou  Uoontaln,  nolal  for  ttioilo- 

updFr  Oen.    ntniliDsn,  by  tlie  Fedsnli 


PrEdrie-squlnsl,  -skn-lr-rol.    A  aiuna 

mophllui,  in^abidni!  the''pnSlcj..r'Amn- 
lia;  HlBooalipd  Gopher.  Th^y  bace  ■  re- 
UDibbinse  to  tho  piairie-dogi,  Hdns  Ilk* 


PBAIKIE-WOLF  ■ 


Fnlrl»waU. -■ 
Pl«krit.i>ri<Iirit. 


wulf ;  Uu  I  Fra(IUJI07,  p 


PBEBTEB  I 

prw'nin-il.    Ttonn*   I    j 


rra(IluU)7,  prw'ou- 

b.4uni>r.itruiuit;  tEosl»l „  _. 

Tk«  C0llKti>«  Him*  |    It"  oontflvai  or-is  with  chiW.  I 

luurMWliaK'Tit  Kblrh    Frelats,  iirrl'nt.     An  «Klnlut)e  of  Ol 

■■■■"' — '■■  ■■'iliBiiltorjoflb.-ci.upJi.  ' 


Ti'-t-l'alll-K.    Ouf  nf  Iht 
la'v.-'uv.il  U-r.ire  IbB  ttni'i 


Tniceptory.  'i 


iiinuv    wlirn  tuttrnciloD    i 


■lilac*.  Xbf  (UpinWl  l>^<l^[ 


«iuliic>ii:#.  HUbiir  PHJlltin  of  thu  eqiilnoc- 
tluiioEntii  fnirn  «iul  to  w«BI,  or  WDirjiTj 
to  (DC  urdirar  Ih«  iten"-  The  mov»m*nt 
la  M  Ihc  nla  or  ^wnl  AOI"  hi  ■  yew,  or  ■ 
dttCTToln  'l.GUj-earfl.    ThcpncHslon  of 


loog;  IH-Ture.  At  tlim  Uinv  tlw  potntor 
th*  witnuiiril  f i|Uiiiu  wu  ■bouttP'  (u  Ihs 
«ft«twaril  iir  llur  ^tv  ^]k>d  Sploa  VlrglntB. 
In  173>.  kIhiuI  I'.Niiiyiiin  (rur,  llil«  niint 
w»  iiIkitvimI  tn  hx  ab'iDL  ««•  XI' «<!!■[- 
ininl..rtk>iftsr.  Ilrnrrlt  utilKiin  ihiit 
Uk  -iiiiuui-IIiil  w>liitf  will  inaJu'  dd  I'Dtln^ 
■       iiibiima\74jy™*. 


bu  IViiiii  rtrnil'v  nnrhui^iMbiy  ajipt^iiti'd 

panbiulirl.T.  tliv  jirviinlliiotluii  uf  meo  tu 
fvsHMtliiK  liiii]i[iii4-<  or  nlf  ny. 
Fmfeot.  'frkr,    A  niunp  nimuion  tu  to.- 
cr.il  olhcvrK.  iidllUrf  MiiI  dvU.  In  uidi'nt 

had  ciiann  "f  u'lTinln  driurltnFDia.  An 
hiiiforiajit  fiiDaitmuiry  hi  PniKti;  ^Uo 
nwhlrt  arm  thi'dcpartiiwnu.  Iwrinir  no- 

powera  DTiBDaliiliH)  rs^lauiiil ;  >  priteU 


Ttao sysluii.  «r  KljJe  . 
bv  thu  Olrlx  ImlnUTg 
lUiAulf I ;    cliu    mod< 

Preabyterlan, 


-nfisMWoil 


niDiDuinE  me  vslldlty  ol  DiiiliiiU« 
ggv<niinont  b3-  liresbyle™.     A  muo- 

hohl  Ihat    them   [b  no   ordir  In  Utf 
ibjKR,  Ud 


hiirch  e 


leldsn 


auiwrlarlly  mi 

Prwbytory.  nrea-bl-tB-ri.  A  body 
aldcra  In  the  ChrlitJaa  ohuKh,  irtat 
prlesla  or  laymen.  A  JudlcaUuTt  eo<u 
Innartbe  luutnni  of  ill  the  ohiinHw 
uiy  iivtluulv  PmbPt«r]An  denonthW 
itlthln  a  ef'fo  dI«lrict,atonffirtUi  U 


PreBident.  prM'l-dent.  The  chlarolBaar 
of  ■  eorponillon,  company,  SDcbilj,  «!■ 
le^-o  or  the  Uko  ;  the  Ugheat  offisar  1 
rgpubUo,    Vlee'presldwt,  oh 


Prlmato,  pri'mU.  TktsUafaoolniMti* 
In  owUlB  ahonliM,  m  tha  AuDou;  ■■ 
•nkbiabap.  Tba  AnUUk«p^  Tori  to 
orUuU  vT  Sagtoad;  tka  AnliUih«p  tf 
UuUrlHiij,  pHsuMofaUSi^wd. 

PdmatM, -mt'tft.  n*  luia  g)m  tr 
linsBiu  ta  U*  JfaM  odo'  of  ———'■■. 
InslndiDr  fiMir  giaum,  Tk.,  Hoiaa,  lua ; 
aimla,  t&a  apa,  BKwbjr,  4a.:  Iabst,  tba 
kiDun,  lad  Va*p<rtillo,  tba  bat. 

Primp-Tntafrtar,  piiin-nifii1fl4aF.  Im 
OnatfiilUla,  thaflntadilMer  ot  Matoj 

PrtraoseiiltaTa.  Br(-<a»-|«'U'b'.  Tlw 
•tUe  or  bata;  bocn  Bnt  of  tlw  lUDO  par- 
«iu.  Tha  rtEhC,  prtoo^iie  or  roLs  nnder 
wUoh  tba  ridnt  hd  ofa  bnlly  snoesadi 
lo  Ibe  lUber'i  ml  muu  Id  ibiolBIa  «- 
-'"■"•ftlwJiooiigwaMiaaBddaagblwfc 


lb  ur  boJjtoaqataaiijaTUbail 

tvr  prtDdBg;  a  pirlatiu-prBaL 
blUadoaaoTaooDatcy;  oftu  r9- 
lo  aawipapM. 

Jsltatton.  'ti-dy'ic-i"ihDB.  auu 
LanuiD;  attilghlDfbuid;Jug^llilf. 
tor,  pia-lead'ar.  Is  Hbt.  a  name 
oertalB  daltnaau  u  the  Brltlsli 
■arUcnlarlT  lo  tli»  kd  aad  rraod 
Hats  IL.'balT*  to  the  taoiH  o 
■bo  had  been  sidoded  by  anaat 
ParlUmenL 

ter.  A  Lstia  prapoaltiDO  aad  id 
d  In  UDte  EngUih  nonU  u  a  pn- 
•IgatileB  btiyoDfl.  baalda,  by,  ba- 
st, -tat.  Id  TbNL  one  wlk.  ^ 
at  the  pnipheciss  or  Ifaa  Apoa*- 
•a  ilnady  ^e^  (UflUad. 

IB  Hindc  Hbt,  wB  •rf'  LaaoiB- 
HMtUagorTnij:  klllad  during 
lag  or  chat  dtr  6y  Kaoploloona, 
^Um  ;  ha  to  Hid  10  bava  had  M 


.  Oraekand  Bom. 


rta^T^ 


id  Spaaiali  aenoal 
IBll,  OBaaaldnatad  16TI. 
DonjiK,  'ma  dna'iM.    Hm  cU(/ 
Bc«r  Id  aa  open. 


Primna,  'mna.  Tba  Ant  In  dininr 
amour  tba  Uabua«r  tba  Baatibb  «Imb- 
bI  tSnn^  aboaan  br  tba  olktr  bkbopa. 

FrinM,  pri^  Oba  >M*Mfc*f  Dm  tetw 
hlgbaatiank;  -  TrT-TrlfB  :  Till  liiliiiiMrt 
aa( rotor arnsMloo or Btata.  Aaa*m(n 
wba  balda  of  n  aaparior  la  whom  ha  vini 
avtida  Mntoto.  Tbaaantf  aatnrilfii. 
Oa  Uio  eiatluBt  tba  Hllattbanabr  aaaa 
knUUaaot  amlBoU  nok  Bat  eaaMOtad 
witbUTidiilnchaua.  na  oahr  OMa 
Invbtob  tlu  tufa  ta  a  trntbHUans  1i 
tbit  ottba  FHMa  of  WitoL 


ChHMtaTawa. 

a  Itaaili  bntaif  tba  laak  afa  prlBoo.  Tka 
dH^tor  of  ■  •ottrdga.    1>a  aaaaart  of 


— -,«.».alioni1  taniwiMjm  w  w  \j.  o.^ 

pop.  4,iai. 

Prior,  prt'or.  Tba  aaparlor  of  ■  priMT 
oramonaatar  of  a  lovoc  tbaa  abbatU 
rank;  amoakDaxtIa  dl^al^ to  aa  abbot 
OiaM  prion  a  00)  gina  to  Iba  ootBBua- 
danti  (^  tbo  priariaa  or  tba  mUtnr  ordeta 
of  B  t.  Jobn  of  J  vumIb,  of  UalU,  and  ■« 
Iho  Tamitaa- 

PiiMwa,  ■«.    "na  tanla  baad  b  a 


PEI9CIUJA:fIST 


grmdiuijfdn'doptd  ft« 


■nil  nunUt:!  |i1mi-^ ^   I   ^"   fi^itard;     _^_^* 


I'i^i^te 

ri'S^             En«i«,L 

"P 

''ifiSS 

Pro 

r.E 

awwbDuo>arai3all>kli 

tbt  I'itu  Km  of  TauetDs.] 
H-h»iapfl«ul  lIDftgelq  tbi-i 


i 

I    PmnMnpa. 


•a.    Forhl*  MrHalfir 

iDrtiliheinisGhiliMiftoBL 

~  nu>d  tornmd  by  ■  Tultun,  ta  | 


_   -nubj-wldcliChA'  1 

tinDll]'!*  pn««M  h  hottbfD  CDiinlriti, 
lm>n  pBtloolujy  to  tlM  CtBWTiMilton  H 

«n«wyXV.lii  I«S,  now  BhufKd  «lii 
IhcmuugeniHitofthaB.  CikIhIoiil      > 
Prapdlar,  prt-pd'cr.    J 
sprvK    ttir     propelling    i 

..., 1  — 7oh1ii  J  be-  \ 


Applied  to  ■  ve 
TTOpelled. 

:pliat,  prorrt.   < 


t,  pcfrm'ston- 
,  pro^TOH    towui)   pAftcUoii  1 


ted   biOod  Id 
Tbe  tropbf« 

ln,lLi^l(«_jMl,iit  ,?ndmi  8»nin»t  KlBp, 

'—   prophtli.     achoolgftliopropbeta, 


pBOPSin'EaS                   BIS  fbotofopk 

fled   for   pnbliL . .__       _ _. 

leracslled  »D9  of  tho  prophets.  Proteatont  EpUoopal.    Tbsium«in 
tho  U.  a.  of  Ihe  relteioQs  deDomlniitWD 

whkli  BdhBMi  to  Oi»  doctrlii«  sod  OMgM 

Wpltlatory,     prt-pt'sht-i  W-ri.       In  »f  Uis  Ck  of  EngEmd. 

rswtsh  Antlq.  the  merey-Kili  the  lid  or  PTOteos.  prC'tS-aa.     In  Clu>  Myth.  ■ 

ioT«r  of  tbfl  uk  or  Iha  DOTeniuit.  lined  mnlae  del»,  (on  of  Ooeums  imd  TeUirt, 

rllhln  Bud  without  nllhpliua  of  gold.  whoia  dbtUWuleUoe  sluraoteTlitlD  W4a 

TOBCenium, -ee-nl-um.     Thepartlni  lbs Dtcatt^ ofueamlng:  different ebmpet ; 

lieatre  from  tba  cortnhi  to  tlie  onhatis '  iHUce,  one  irlia  euUy  clumcea  hla  form  or 

Jso  appHed  to  the  curtain  ud  the  Owns-  Prindnles.      In  ZooL  ■  <ian.  of  peraaBl- 

toA  torn  which  It  himn.  brtaohliia  batnobiwa.    Oo«  a|Mdea  only 

'.n.lirt.  „™'flm^i  ,.™~,»™«.-.  1«"  "k™  hitherto  diHoverad,  Iha  P.  or 

^^:^^^^^^  »Ujja«n^^^h,^.«l«.p..^. 

TOfOBOiilM,  pw-Mk'abOB-laL      One  „,._i<.J;      j„t^Jv  c  n.  «.-.«*  14  »Af 

rho  toyors  the  protection  of  Boipe branoh  oreiart    inuie  u.  u,  i^n.  oneol  Horn- 


MHdlofrestnda.  .nrt  n™™«iin™  n«., 


Id  prooaedln^  Deceaury  for  the 

Q--.-.^-  -hoEnrilah  throne:   ilchirf,       ChuJSl,  the  ehirf'  neorstnrv  of  the  pi 
taO«T5rt;,14M;  Dukeot  Somanm,      aroh  of  ConslmtlooBle.     Aohlefalerl 


id  protuzoaDA— 

itween  n«rt»bl 

—J   FrotoKenlo,  -i<>->m'lk. 

_,_, ,.  . . ,— -_  of     piled  to  CT=-'-"3ii'"» '^•- "-* 

■rboD,  b7dp>feD,  oilroffenuidojiyffen.        Iii  coDtrtu 


principle      between  Ti^H:ftble»  and  « 
vc^lable    r     ■  ■ 


_„-..   if  anininta ennitatlng 

A  alDgle  ipeDlflA,  the  aardvolf  (earth-    PlotOiaartyr» 


niirtyr:  ntcnn  eppUed  to  8t.  SUplien, 
the  fliBt  ChrlsUin  mutyc.    Thsflntwha 

PrDtopapaa.  -tA-pap'aa.  ■  In  the  Greek 
Oh.  a  chief  priest ;  a  prloBl  of  sgperlor 

Frotophyte,  'tS-f  It  A  name  glien  to 
the  lowest  oigaulniu  In  the  TCKoUbhi 
klDKdom.  correapendlng  to  the  Protocoa 
of  the  uhnal  kingdom. 

FTotophytalOffr,  -fl-tol"o-jl.  lie 
—■—DO  Of  fouU  botany. 


id  hydrogen,  nowly  identloii^  with  the 
hlteofuiegg,and  censUtotlDg  the  ha- 
■  ofHfeiDaDimBtand  plant  itnotona. 
■ttm'^jci.    Forthetloie    ProtoplaBt.  •plasL     The  original;  the 
7.  Abbrerlated  pro  teoi.      first  Individual  pair  Dfaapecies. 


'roteatant.  profaa-tant.      The  oame    Protopopa,  -p4p.    In  Euaila,>prieal 
■ppUad  generally  to  thooo  Cbriathio  da-      anperlor  rank ;  a  protapapas. 


PKOTOSNIB 


OlHls. 

Pcototrva,  'M>flp.    An 


phr;  irefaaQ'pa. 

bm  of  tba  udmid  kingdom. 


finned;  viaii 
■nb-UngJoiD  t 


lii(»nelejonp«ptr. 
PrOT«tlc»Lpn>-T«i-  j 
■IL     Tba    KomUHM 
lunifa     fbraierlj 
■pokcB  In  proTlniH  of  Fniwg.    It  It  Ibe 
UBvna  d'o«.  and  wx  the  lonfoe  ued  tr/ 
tbeTrontKclDOn. 


.    Bpsdflcaltr. 


TroEimo.  prak'sl 
IowIde  lie  proaeD 

frndtioiiuiie.   [ 


rssuiKMCorK 


taw  QmlAUi  leiwSi  Ul  B.  7 
tbe  P.  by  liM  PniHUu,  la 


■lllntloai  or  tba  mrlptiml  pHlma. 
PnlUr.fiil'tar.TliavflnlOBaftkaFaki 
InlbsBooEof  CamoHniPnnr.    liUi 
R.  G.  Ob.  ■  wriu  of  denmC  MlUMaa 
— J — >._,   ...  ._  -lombtT,  talioBtr  i 


Pmaala.    A  hLngdom  of  C  Earopo.and 
thei>rindp»l  nluloof  [lie  aertnin  Snipira, 
luDuded  N.  by  thu  lUldo  wid  IleniDU'k. 
X.  bv  RiiHdK.  B.  hr  AnatKu  ind  tbeeUUH 
ofB.  OermuiT.  v:  by  Fraia,,  Belgliini 
ud  H^luiil ;  iru.  lOt.ISS  u.  m.;  -  - 
■U.  aO.OBD.OM.    PrlDldul  dOei,  Be 
iBp.,  weelAi],  ODlonie,  Kr>DlgBberf ,  F 
liK.     Btiwbnrr,   Fnnkrartau-tlie-ld 
rnDk(6it-aD-t£c~0der  sod  Haiti.    < 


SdlATonIc  Ihmlly  or  tbi>  Anun  conmitii ;  || 
lu»  !i«n  mUoet  for  SOOj-enri,  Low-Ger- 
nui  havlDff  fluppLuil«d  it. 
Kytanemn.  pri-U-nCnm,  A  public 
li^  in  uiiloDt  Gr»k  alatoe  and  cdtlei 
Barring  aa  the  cotnmori  boma  of  (be  enni- 
IniuiUy.    ThM  of  Atbena  w**  tba  mul 


Paendonyiii,  >a'i 
fBljninl  name:  Id  Vi 
PBeudaaaops.  bO' 


■atflp.  Ah  onaai 
—  — m  the  prlndpb  Hi 
ipe.hnt  nvenlBg  tha  ndltll 

I  on  a  wan  aa  If  aooh  Into  i 


PSU^nTHBOtlST 


TUVCB.SXIA. 


-    ^  >  ,  ,    i*  flr^nff  iqiilrrela, 

Ptaryldfraphy,  -1-loe'ra-fl.    A  doecrip- 

tloD  of  Ilia  teachan  Df  tdrdi. 
Ptb^i,  tiA.    An  uketent  E^jpUu.  dtrln- 

IQr,  tlH  ovMor  «(  *U  tbiDgi  ud  •oiir» 

d'Uft,  uid  u  Ndi  btte  ^— ' ' • 


M.,  bj  (belr  frwtitepi. 
TolniB,  pE'iii.      AjnBlor;  ui 

la  law,  ■Jsdfe  oriDferinr  nnk. 
Polaskl.  Oulmli,  Count.    A  nUbiti 

piB^  B.  1T4T.     Hsmtn  dlMlnDthui  In 

tbe  rsioluUon  uttmt  Bnasli  ud  itUt- 

wuupolntad  bripdlfr-gmnl';  UIM  M 

Ow  lieef  of  Binsntt,  lin. 
~   "  '  Dan^tarof  tb*«Bi- 

—  -  4M.    BhwiT- 


FuIcbeiitL  St.  : 
parv  AnBolna ;  ■-  J 
■rn>d  tlH  Eaioii 


PYU>Klia 


indoo  ofwoMMlig 
gatOog^  wad  dsedsof  gDdLhBoaBl 
rrla«*,UMnlKiMOtttaa]itu<tt,jKi.  m 
■minlKr  la  stUad  to  be  ebhtctn,  uA.  tg- 
CBtber  with  ths  Tutnu.  dH»  Am  flu 
^nS»«"0  or  Uifl  popuHr  mei  of  Uh 


fefe^ 


I^pludar  Id  hli  PolUiA. 
Poller,    Piini.     A  f.nail  j       i 


Iber  were  Uirealaaed  b;  tha  ouililiutiHU 

Porltau,  'rl-tuL.  ThA  nun*  In  wUd 
UedlHeDUn  from  theCbimbsfEulul 
wm  gem*U^  knoim  In  Uia  nia  tt 
EHtabetli  Hid  the  Orst  tiro  Btuirti ;  Oa 
ortgliiil  letllen  of  Hevr  Englud. 

Pnioon,  per'kon.  Tba  hUIt*  mo*  it 
■  pilaaCoftheOrlBiiUlflre-irerslilpcn. 

Piuntorr,  'gKi>H.  Aewdliiglolte 
twUef  of   Homu  uid  Qrert   CtthBlla, 

d«th«r«pariflad  fhoiD  TauUl iIdb iir ■■- 
derga  tha  tamponl  pDnlihraanE  lAkk, 
afur  tbs  gnllt  of  mortail  aiB  hu  ban  »■ 
mltted,  sflU  retnalDH  to  be  Bndnrad  b«  tta 


<!  Iqr  ths  unioD  of  Ui 


prcactan'  BUqdn ;   Id  undent  UmeB  olten 

CmCMoraanbatltDtafOrlt. 

mads  of  atone  and  rieUv  cmad.    The 

PoMT,  Bdwud  BcntTsrie.    Anoa- 

toSilfgsltah  th.«k«t« ;  ..  law, ».  IM. 

tenrhlnf  In  ehurches. 

Pulque.  'U.     A  vlnona  MeiloiD  barer- 

Abhui. 

^v«i.„a^«ofthaVTa.''   Itra- 

^^X;?^..-?^""*-"  ^"^ 

■fniblea  Bid«,  but  hai  an  odor  almUar  lo 

Pywmia,  pi-e'ml-a.      In  PathoL  blood 

lye. 

Into  the  ej-jlem. 

BSSk^^**^" 

Pynny,  plg-mL      A  llibalou.   r»»  of 

dwelllDg  on  lfa«  ahona  of  Oo^,  and  »bo 

P.mdit.  inin'dlt.    A  learned  BnhmtiD  : 
cno  viTMHt  In  tko  Sanskrit  lanicuace  and 
In  tho  Bc1>.iM,i,  ]a»e  a»d  ix-llglon  of  India. 

jsri'-.^'i'^Trsffisi 

Punlo.  ]iii'Dll[.      The  1hd?iu««  of  tbe 

PylaBora«,  id-lagW-M.       In  Andaat 

Grswjo  a  delwale  or  repros*titltlve  of  a 

Punjaub.  Tha.  Tbat  aeotlon  of  DriUsh 
and  the  BuUe]  od  the  £.;  pop.  ahoDt 
PonWK, "  ptt-ri'Dfc  _    Om  of  ■  dan  af 


lEgTpItui  tetnpb. 

Prloma,  pl-IA'ni>.    The  lows  ud  rij 
orlDoa  of  the  atoDuoh,  throD^b  whleh  i 


Pyiunid,  plr'a- 


linmadLitely  •oDth  of  Cdn,  oontiiiiilBe 

Ghlzeh,  B  vUlwe  Ibout  four  luU«a  sonth- 
^rest  of  Cairo.  Tbe  Use  or  the  Qreat 
Pyramid,  or  P/ruuld  of  Cheopd,  la  746 
feet  sqnne,  oocupTlliK  13  ureg,  and  It  Is 
huUtiD  platlbnni ;  that  at  t^e  lop  oontaliu 
onl;  im  Hum  SMt.  The  lieigbt  wH 
arigbuUT  4%  ftet  S  iDobn,  pnBest  hetght 
Mon»C,uid  tiu  KdHot  plaUbnnapn- 
HaUtsaaMailoiior  SOSatapg.     Tluln- 

OBqiiHtlaiiablf  tlia  tDoBt  BtuiMiidona  alone 

bolldlnf  «T«r  enstod,  nod    la  uld    bj 

Uerodotna  to  bave  amplovad  100,000  msn 

f)>r»)Taar9, 
Fyrmeea.  Xtw,     a  moqolaln  chain  la 

fi,  W.  EunnK,  toru^Dg  th«  boundary  bat. 

Ft«iHMaiidSuii,nam.;  UkFodali 

ll},«Mtaeth]gL^ 
Pr'A  BlleMtwr,    per-hall- 

Ad  lutnuuiat  ftv  meaaiulnc 

riqt  of  a*  IMM  <(th«  tiuu 
Piniwluw*. plr-»*i^».    Ann,  otoo 

optsona  iMaaola,  dlBtlDgiitalwd  bj-lta  pi 

,«j  .»!«..  ^.Ai.^  bsaile. 


ibatanou  obtained 


by  Immndna  TSgatable  a 
ulDv-eulpburJo  add, 
PyirWo.  plrTk. 


PyUiaCOn*.  Ad  UliatrlnDS  Qreek 
pldkiBopbej- ;  b.  lb  9amoB  abt.  600  b.  c.  ; 

tvogbt  tbedoalrlne  of  metentpajchoelB.  or 
tba  ttmnamlgTatlDn  of  aonla  throng  of- 
fbrsnt  ordtn  otaDlmal  dilatenoo. 

Python,  pl'thon,  Ann,  of  large  aar- 
puit«.  fim.  Balds,  allied  to  tbe  bos,  wMak 
■ttnln  s  lengtb  of  SO  feet.  Tbey  are  not 
venoinoBB,  but  mi  theli  prey  by  eom- 
prculoB. 

Python*^  -ea.  The  pcleateaa  orApollb 
at  hjBJ^miJaat  Delphi.  wbogaTB '— 


£i«tiic1ty  pi«duc«d  In  hMt ;  tha  gotenei 
vhleh  treata  of  eleetrid^  bo  produeed  ; 
therrae-eleetriartf. 
Prrol&try,  pl-nl'a-M.     The  wor^lp  of 

Pyroleter,  Vler.    An  aptMratna  Ibr  the 
extlDclioD  of  Areby  nrbonleacld;  afiro- 

Pyn^oST,  'oil.     The  islanoe  of  boat, 

lateDtandBen^ble, 
PyrometOT, -roin'ot-er.     An  In.tminm' 

'" — lug  fradatlnDHof  tempen 


QI3  lb*  Iltli  letter  of  the  alphabet,  I 
BODast  bavlnc  tba  aame  tauiKI « 
hard  e.    U  b  >  enperflaona  letur.  ■ 
somMiwllon  qn.  1b  whieb  It  all 
uold  be  equals  vdl  aipreu* 


BoMbmnt,  -rut.    A  fbuih    ..^'T^ 
put:    u    Initniinml  wlUi/',     ,X 

Budrmfnt.   lBPriBllBf,r  1 

pIrM  of  tjpe-matal  cut  V  / 

wtt  thu  ■  Vp*>u*da>r   ^^ — -^ 


-  IbrtUel  piriat^  Fci 
Ua  UliKlo,  wid  V 

ftgadTllla.  ki^Hl'.    A  |W 
Ibnr  peTionB  oltli  40  arAt,  tbi 


Qn&dilUiDa,  k 


ei  ftinDlnf  n  hjauv. 


H  glTui    In  npnutb^  taii  m 


aakit,kwtrt.    Tbflfanitli  pvtofsml- 
lon;  two  ^U;   squl  to  at.SIBB  caUs 

ttoaita,  Uit.    One  oftha  flmrciurdiili 
fbocinf ;  >  enerakpaaiiag  poaltlon  at  tha 


-"ig  nn  upudsdi 
roffinir  pMdL 


«iip*lB(Hdi     tilt    qurtir^     bamd 
tsiti,  As.,  of  ■  nftDMBt,  aad  kMp*  tl 


raalinintil 
wbohHali 


lotlUBlsvlDKoriheBlilp 
idM  orttaa  BUlTeDidda  or 


■nnlDiliii,  lint,  opti,  dialSBda«ir<  M>T<f 
HRdtnni  ml  Juper  an  vuritOet  ot  ait 

mtnini.    QuBti  v(dn>  an  oRen  flnuid  Id 
fneMOHfT^o  rocks,  and  ftvqoanUr  oon- 
tAla  rich  at^poflLti  orgoliL 
dnaia.  kwu.    A  Uitn.  toot,  rerrnsnted 
]ii|U0F,  mads  by  poorfnn  wsrm  mter  on 


In  0»l.  tl 

,..     CtUra  111 

Cham.  WHDponiidi 


JoDBlT,  18]^  wu  fnogtill 

tattle  Iwtwwn  [he  EDeUsh  ud 
wUch  preceded  the  Iwltle   a'  "" 


QDUtm 

DlAtlunorthehlTe.  fMm  WD  tsl,MWef^ 

bcEn;  depdalted  d^l;, 

Inamatown  (Core).    A  port  on  Cork 

tnaa-AUuiIlD  >[»iDerB  i  pop.  1S,4BI. 
Soaratwro.  Cn.  or  purlnoBOf  nm* 
»ra«,  Iin  a.  V.V.a atrat  Moxkia, 
noted  u  the  plwia  where  ua  treeljr  of 
peHsbetwHi  th*  C  B.  aad  MeiriBD  xw 
tMIBed.  IBIS.  ■!»  «r  the  flUHtliui  of  the 
"  "  IStl;    pop.   bH. 

me  bud-mm  Ibr 
«'chlefDcK«  wu 

ttulck-marcli.  kwlk'nilR^  A  nureh 
It  tbe  nte  ot  81  nUu  uhoni,  llOpuw* 
|2Tan.)BinlDDtii.  CdledalaoQnlek-itep. 

ftuickBlIver.  'ell-ver.  Hcraai;,  e  mst- 
trdlnwy  iHnpom- 


Dthenbolaff  efUier 
l^ilDC  the  ecfl  fiw  1 


rnylUo,  orlglluiUd  by  tlolliiDI,  ■  BputL>)l 
prlflBt.ln  the  ntb  BeDtniy.  OtAierlMtt 
of  quietliita  bna  uipemd  bi  4UleieBt 
agH,  iub  11  the  UeaeeUwi  or  EagUM 
In  the  4lli  etnui;,  the  Bavemlll.  In  the 
llth  eentnrr,  the  SegblMl,  Pegolnae 
■nd  Re«vahuts  Is  the  ISlh  cnatniy,  the 
Brvtbren  oflbe  Trm  RfMt  In  the  l*th 

QtdiLoe.  kwlci.   The  fruit  of  the  CTdnnI* 
TUlj^oiia,  ord.  Roeurs- 
■ *   ■  -■      The  IHdl  o(  the 

iauflfia^  (tor  cOuiipi 
Quinoy.  Joaiali.  An  AnieiiauiliinTa'. 


-rolMlon  of  Lot 

Qnludecagon,     kwlo-di 
Oaoni.  u  pluie  a«ure  with 


igulehed  u  la  orMor.  WhlM 
r-oOErcBA  he  opposed  the  Ad- 
»qIuui4.  alio  the  war,  IBfl, 


AaOa.  onoorabodyaf  ISnialclBttaloswba 
had  diVKD  or  Iho  BibjIUns  booki. 
ElullliilB.  In.  A  Tivetabla  alkali,  obtalind 
fram  till  bark  *DriieTaraI  Iraai  at  tbana. 
Gbtohwu.    WlthMidattfSrB>«7ttiiUM' 


QUlNQnAOES'MA 


8M 


RACK 


able  salts,  the  most  impurtant  of  which  Is 
the  sulphate,  largely  used  in  inedioioe. 
(^uinqiiacesima,  -kwarieA't-imL  FilU- 
eth.  ij.  tSunday,  so  called  as  bdnfr  aboat 
the  flfUcth  day  beibro  Easter;  Shrove 
Bnnday. 

Quinoiuenziiad,  -kwen'i-ad.  A  period 
of  5  years. 

Quinquevir,  'kwc-ver.  In  Rom.  Antlq. 
one  of  5  itiKwial  ooiumissioDers  firequ^itly 
appofntea  iindw  the  republic  to  carry  any 
mcosare  into  elfeot. 

Quintain,  'tan.  A  fl^mre  or  object  to 
bt)  tilteil  at,  constructed  in  yarious  ways. 

(Quintal,  'tal.  A  weight  of  100  lbs.  The 
French  quintal  is  lUO  kilograms,  or2S0 
lbs.  avoiitlupois. 

Quintile,  'til.  The  aspect  of  planets 
when  distant  from  each  other  the  fifth 
part  of  the  codiao  or  73  degrees. 

Quintilian,  -til'i-an.  One  of  a  seot  of 
heretics  in  the  second  century,  disciples 
of  Montanus.  who  took  their  name  flrom 
Qntntflia,  a  lady  whom  he  had  deceived 
by  his  pretended  sanctity.  They  made 
the  eucharist  of  bread  and  cheese,  allowed 
women  to  be  priests  and  bishops,  and  de- 
cried baptism  as  useless. 

Quintiliaxi,  Karons  Fabitui  (tuin- 

tilianus.    An  eminent  Soman  rhetor* 
ician  ;  b.  abt.  48,  d.  118. 

ftiiintilHon,  li-oo.  A  number  produced 
by  involving  a  million  to  the  fifta  power, 


or  a  unit  followed  by  80  ciphers ;  in  Fraxh 
and  Itallaa  notatkMia,  a  anlt  Mowed  by 
18  ciphers. 

Oulntroon,  -trSn.  In  the  W.  IsfllM, 
thochlld  of  a  white  man  by  a  womsinvbo 
has  one-eixteenth  part  of  n^^ro  bk>od. 

Quipo,  kwl»V>.  A  oord  spun  trem  varl 
ously  colorea  threHds,  to  which  smaller 
threads  were  attached  as  a  fHnge ;  used 
among  the  ancient  Peruvians  and  Mexi- 
cans n>r  rooordingr  events,  Ac  The  colon 
denoted  sensible  objoct«,  as  white  for  sil- 
ver, yellow  for  gold,  una  the  Hke ;  alto  ab- 
stract ideas,  as  white  fbr  peace,  led  ftr 
war. 

Quirintui,  kwi-rfnus.  An  Italian  wv- 
like  divinity,  supposed  to  be  the  sameu 
Mars. 

Quirltes,  'tte.  A  destination  of  the  citi- 
zens of  ancient  Kome  in  their  civil  caoae- 
ity;  that  df  Komani  ai^Iying  to  tadr 
poHtidU  and  military  capad^. 

Quito.  Cap.  of  republic  of  Ecuador,  S. 
Ameriea.  on  a  plain  bet.  two  ranges  of  tiie 
Andes ;  pop.  abt.  80,000. 

Quoit,  koit.  A  flat  ring  of  Iron,  convex 
on  Uie  upper  and  concave  on  the  nnder 
side,  so  that  the  outer  edge  curves  dowa- 
ward,  used  in  playing  (or  pitching)  in  a 
game  called  quoits. 

Quotidian,  kwd-tid'i-on.  Anything  that 
returns  every  dav.  A  fever  whose  parox- 
ysms return  dally. 


R 


RIS  the  18th  letter  of  the  alphabet, 
clasned  as  a  liquid  and  semi- vowel,  and 
generally  represents  two  slightly  diffsrent 
sounds.  Among  the  Romans  r  was 
called  the  **  dog^s  letter*'  (litera  canlna), 
from  its  sound  being  comparad  to  the 
snarling  of  a  dog.  It  has  close  aflinities 
with  1,  and  its  intorchango  with  that  con- 
sonant is  common.  It  is  also  closely  al- 
lie<l  to  s  (with  the  z-sound).  In  words  from 
the  Greek  the  Latins  wrote  h  after  r,  as  a 
representative  of  the  aspirated  sonnd  with 
which  this  letter  was  pronounced  by  th^ 
Greeks,  but  in  English  h  is  superfluous, 
rhapsody,  rheum,  rhetoric  being  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  rapsody,  reum,  ret- 
oric.  As  an  abbreviation  R  stands  for  rex, 
king ;  or  regina,  queen ;  also  for  royal ;  as 
K.  N.,  Boyal  Navv ;  E.  A.,  Boyal  Acad- 
•my.  Among  physicians  E  stands  for 
receipt,  take. 

Bal>bi,  rab'bi.  A  title  of  respect  friven  to 
Jewish  doctors  or  expounders  ot  the  law. 
The  rabbi  of  tha  prasent  dsjy  teaohM  the 


young,  delivers  sermons,  assists  at  mar- 
riages and  divorces,  ana  decides  some 
questions  of  ritual. 

Babbinist,  'bin-ist  Among  the  Jews, 
one  who  adhered  to  the  Talmud  and  the 
traditions  of  the  rabbins,  in  opposition  to 
the  Oandtes,  who  rejected  traaitions. 

Rabble,  '1.  The  tool  used  in  tho<proce<(A 
of  puddling  to  stir  the  molted  in>n  aod 
skim  off  the  slag ;  the  puddling-tool. 

Babelais,  Francois.  A  distinguished 
French  humorist ;  n.  1495,  d.  1558,  as  cu- 
rate of  Meudon. 

Rabi,  'u.  The  name  given  to  the  great 
grain  crop  of  Ilindnstan.  consisting  of 
wheat,  barley,  oats  and  millets.  It  is  the 
last  of  the  three  crops,  and  Aimishes 
about  five-sixteenths  of  the  food  supply. 

Bacine,  Jean.  An  eminent  French 
poet  and  dramatist ;  b.  1689 ;  d.  1699. 

Hack,  rak.  An  andent  instrument  fi>r  the 
Judicial  torture  of  criminals  and  suspected 
persons.    U  was  a  wooded  frame  withia 


iACCOON 


rCT     ^ 


SANA 


wbidi  the  prisoner  wafl  laid  on  Lis  iMtck 
npon  the  noor,  with  his  wrists  and  ankles 
attaohod  by  cords  to  rollers,  which  were 
moved  in  opposite  directions  till  the  body 
rose  to  a  level  with  the  frame. 
Saccoon,  rak-kon.  An  American  plan- 
tigrade carnivorous  mammal,  the  com- 
mon raccoon  being  the  Procyon  lotor.  Its 
tar  is  valuable. 

Haoket-court,  'et-kdrt  An  area  or 
court  in  which  the  game  of  rackets  is 
played ;  a  tennis-court. 

Saok-rent,  'rent  A  rent  ndsed  to  the 
uttermost ;  a  rent  greats  than  any  ten- 
ant can  reasonably  pay.- 

Hacovian,  r&-k6'vi-an.  A  member  of  a 
polish  sect  of  Unitarians :  so  called  from 
Kacow,  where  they  have  •  seminary. 

Badetsky,  Joseph  Wenoel,  Prince. 
An  Austrian  general,  who  won  distinctiop 
in  wars  with  the  Turks,  French  and  Ital- 
ians ;  B.  1766,  D.  1868. 

Radiant,  ra'di-ant.  In  optics,  thelumi' 
nous  point  or  object  from  which  light  em- 
anates, that  fSulls  on  a  mirror  or  lens.  In 
Astron.  the  point  in  the  heavens  from 
which  astar-snower  seems  to  proceed; 
thus,  Andromeda  in  the  constellation  Leo 
is  the  radiant  of  the  November  star- 
showers,  known  as  Leonldes. 

Badina,  ra'-de-us.  The 
semi-diameter  of  a  cir- 
cle. 

Baifaelle-ware,  rAf- 
fS-el'le-war.  A  fine 
Majolica  ware,  so  called 
from  the  supposition 
that  the  designs  were 
painted  by  Kaflfoelle.  Eadius. 

"Rafflftata,  raf-le'si-a. 
A' gen.  (rf'Mrasitical  plants,  type  of  the 
ofd.  of  Kameaiacee,  natives  of  Sumatra 
and  Java,  having  scales  In  place  of  leaves. 
B.  Amoldi  produces  a  flower  measuring  8 
feet  in  diameter.  It  is  used  in  Java  as  a 
powerftil  astringent  and  styptic 

BaerhuTansa,  rag-hn-van'sa.  Tbetitie 
of  one  of  the  most  celebrated  Sanskrit 

Soems,  the  legendary  history  of  the  kings 
cscended  from  the  sun. 

Kaglan.  Jsmes  Henxy  Fitzroy 
Somerset,  Lord.  An  English  general, 
a  descendant  of  the  Plantagenets  ;  b.  1788, 
D.  in  the  Crimea  while  Ck)mmander-in- 
Chief  of  the  British  Army,  1855. 

Bagnarok,  riig'na-rek.  In  Scand.  Myth, 
the  day  of  doom,  when  the  present  world 
will  be  annihilated,  to  be  reconsti-ucted  on 
an  imperi&hable  baris. 


niaes. 


Bahii,  ru'hn.  In  Indian  Myth,  the  denaon 
who  is  supposed  to  be  the  eanse  of  the 
ecHpses  of  the  sun  and  moon. 

Bajah,  ra'ja.  In  India,  a  tiUe  which  be- 
longed to  the  princes  of  the  Hindu  raee. 
but  now  applied  to  Hindus  of  rank  ana 
to  large  land-holders,  irrespective  of  their 
caste. 

Bajput,  r^'pnt  A  member  of  varlovs 
tribes  of  Inma  of  Aiyan  (jrigin,  descended 
from  the  royal  races  of  the  HiMus  or  from 
the  Kshatriya  or  military  caste.  At  pres- 
ent they  chieCty  occupy  the  province  of 
B^Jputana,  but  sU  over  India  there  are 
ftinilies  who  claim  the  titie. 

Bakee,  ra-k«'.  A  coarse  .spirit  made 
chieflv  in  Bussia  from  grain;  common 
Bussmn  brandy. 

Bakshasa,  rak'sbas-a.  In  Hind.  Myth. 
one  of  a  class  of  evil  spirits  or  genii.  They 
are  cruel  monsters,  frequenting  ceme- 
teries, devouring  human  beings  and  as- 
suming anv  shape  at  pleasure.  They  are 
generally  hideous,  but  some,  espeoiaUy 
the  females,  allure  by  their  beauty. 

Baleiffh,  Walter,  Sir.  Adiatingaished 
English  politician,  wit,  historian,  soldier, 
navigator  and  poet :  b.  1652 ;  executed  for 
high  treason,  by  order  of  James  I.,  1618. 

Baleiffh.  Cap.  of  N.  OaroUna,  148  m. 
N.  W.  of  WilmUigton  ;  pop.  9,265. 

Ballns.  rallus.  The  rails,  a  gen.  of  birds, 
flun.  BalUdflB. 

Bama,  ri'v^.  In  Hind.  M'yth.  the  name 
dommon  to  three  incarnations  of  Vishnu. 
They  are  all  of  surpassing  bean^.  One 
corresponds  somewhat  to  the  classical 
Bacchus,  another  to  Mars,  and  the  third 
is  Vishnu  in  his  6th  incarnation. 

Ba,madaii,  -dan.  The  9th  month  of  the 
Mohammedan  vear.  As  the  Mohammed- 
ans reckon  by  lunar  tlnre,  it  begins  each 
?rear  eleven  days  earlier  than  in  the  preeed- 
ug  year,  so  that  in  thirtv -three  years  it 
occurs  successively  in  all  the  seasons.  The 
great  annual  Mohammedan  iisst,  kept 
throughout  the  entire  month,  from  sunrise 
to  sunset.  Written  also  Bhamatan  and 
Bammlzan. 

Bamphastos,  run-fas'tos.  The  &ue 
toucans,  a  gen.  of  scansorial  birds,  type 
of  the  fnm.  Ramphastidip. 

Bamsay.  David.  An  American  states- 
man and  hlHtorian  ;  b.  in  Penn.,  1749,  B. 
1815.  * 

Bamns.  Pierre  la  Bamee.  A  dis- 
ttngolshed  Freadi  philosopher  and  philol- 
ogist: B.  la^U,  kUied  on  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  1672, 

Bana,  ra'na.    A  gen.  of  amphibian  vor* 


KAXUtlTB 

Itnp.  u   dUUDTHtatHd   boa  t£a  laa 


■  V.  I 


BuiCll.  rw<4>-    In 
•Binrfcn.  rio'iU.    1>  Unto*.  lAr 
ilUUiicntitK4  bnai  K  hMifniln,  wlilcl 


Jiihn.    (OfBaasks.)    As 
BaeWmed  6^ 


A  fonlBed  nHport  ofFor- 
>ii  the  ImmiUv.  W  m.  from 
uw  iwUBB  Oq««i ;  pop.  M,nN). 
Xuike,  Lieopold.  A  dlsHnpilalud  G<r- 
inu  hlitorUa  ;  b.  liW.  d.  1B7S. 
Xsnter,  tuCr,    a  Dune  glTeDbrnr 

tDrlteh  CbriBtlui  which  Bprvif  up  In 
IMS.     Tlu-j'  fsDrd  [bcmietvn  See£en. 

— '■■■^^rUi."oechSr^E.     •"-— -™ 


Tuigmrl)-    »ppUed 


the  prtmlUTe 

B> 

-.  modern  nalotfn;  h- 

DrblM,  It^r.  Ua,  B.M Same.  IHO. 

Mk.      A    river    of    Ti. 

siDp^rlnE  lota  Cheupeeko 


Saptoiaa,  np-ta'wi 
nionoblM. 


In  EnHii. 

Saaoraa,  n-ea'rOi.  OilUDmnnni  blr 
orKMtchert,  oonprielnit  the  unlwmti 
OilliiiKd  (Dd  drinmbKel.  The  domi 
tia  niKl  m  V  be  legBded  u  (he  ly[v. 

BXlwuUrt,  ruh'sn^l  lit.  In  Thei 
one  who  ooBiMan  tbB  •npemiiiDnl  em 
renw^ed  fn  tfaeBolptDm  as  ivcDts  be 
pMilnKiatbaurdUiHT  mane  ot  nitni 
>iu1  eonFtden  the  nionUcy  of  the  Scri 


and  CBTtnm,  gomptiliiK  il 

Mrda  that  oannst  fly.  aochaa  the  oeDicbii, 

lUttUBi,  Urlmiu.     An  eminent  n* 


Trwn  the  lAdn  dnioting 
llenitlDni  return,  npedtloii.  ntTncreulon, 
Ax.    Thv  farm  red  alao  oeoDra  id  word! 


tennat-Govei  ...   __  ,__^,~ 

the  btate,  1851,  and  ^"^ 

faunderofUuH.  y.         Bl»rrr  Bay. 


Beads,  Charlaa.     A  popular  Eiiglitli 
" ifflu,  p.  las*. 

law,  Oie  last  uionlUirj,  pnb- 


BeOl,  ti'tL    A  Bpanlih  lilier  Doln  Tortb 
-'  —  ■-Tenta,  100  reals  belim  raUrd  at ». 


Krl|itioD  ItKir.  lUabhrsTlaUoD 
relic  of  the  ulrologjcaj  ajmbnl  nti 
Thewonl  ISDdirappIlcdta  and 


Bteef,  Up 'plates,  Ac 


aeotsng'le,  relt'- 1  '           — ^ 

ang-gl-     A  riglit-l  I 

ant*]ed  pA^lf-logniiii.l  I 

Bsctoz,  rok'liir.    IdI  I 

tin    Engllih    (.I.  al  I 

clorgjinan  whu    lin>»-  [ 


uuipiory  or  college- 
L  iHrtidi  rhnn-h,  paraon^ 
urilihU, 


ige.  « ipbitoal  IMsff.  wlUi 

Bed.  red,  A  <wlor  TOeanbHag  tliat  at 
arterial  blood  ;  tha  color  of  that  purt  of 
the  ipeatmin  whioh  la  hrthBEt  fr«a  Tie* 
let;  oHoI  tbaprimaiToalonof  rHVot; 
light. 

B  ed  B  n,  r4-daii'. 


p^i  toward  tho  r 


Inihareu.    Sevcnlr 

curtataaronallo<'iur 

jitteDchuitnt.       "^  ■ 

Bad-blld,  red'berd. 

Th«pop„l«.™, 

TaracTi  ffstlHior 

■naiiu«Tt>l-bird,  the  Tapoxni  mbn  uul 

thaBal<luioraorl'ol,.a 

hane-BMl, 

Eed-book, 'bHk,    A 

Look  can  tahUngthl 

n.m  thaserviMof 

^^u'"r^-^^ 

an  ancles  I  EngHah 

SSS3 

A  bird  »  eilM 

n-omthc  mWoriia 

chest  feathers.  Ih. 

ED-lhBona  rubBoala, 

am.  SjlHailffi,  wO. 

ilao  tDDHD  u  Ih* 

Kobln-irdbruut,  (*  elmjil]'  at  Uu  Bo1>i>> 

REDBt[FTr05IST 


Tilnliih.  •> 


rislLin  miillTni  (run  ■) 


XodauiptorUt, 'bir-IsL    (Mm  »ra  rvug- 
,  kill'-  ■'  •iun'<v-<U<in  SidikIhI  bi  Nii]iI«j<  bj 

li>ai.       rtw^'  lirvMF 


lUb'ilti 


iWr-vt  a 


Itobllll 
Bod-fln.1 


-I'lTr. 


Iiriwl  or 
iri-fffttlim  orilui  iliily 

■Jw    l.lfOlHllU,    U- 

[kjrotpc-JiQlinl  inlX' 

It  b*iniA  with  a  rocl  flvoe, 

BedOVA.  'B-».  A  a)homlin  dnoa,  n 
nriiirinllu. 

Bed  BlT«f .  A  lunij  ■tflaent  of  the  MIb- 
lMlj>[il,  rUlngla  N.  W.  TviEiu.iiklru  tl» 
Inllun  T«r.,  ud  flaw*  throwh  ArkuniiH 
MHlLiiiiMui;  longUiLWIIm.  K.  K.  of 
Uut  Hurth.  ■  Brewn  whldi  rinn  In  MUine- 


lorth 


nAl^at'-    A  tonii  AimlliHl  loalllffhUadei 
In  •iWlniM  <it  bis  b>n>  ]«ti>. 


Bed-btpUm,  Uplzm.  Tho  nyatutn  nf 
dlrlct  nl'lhomic'u'il  nllWnl' fori  n  jHHm. 

Boebok,  iv'trnk.  a  iiK-ciaiinf  H.  Aft'lwD 
•ilMiiut,  Uiul'ulM  oj|iri»lii  ur  AnUI<>|><> 
BiL[iriiiMi]s-  rjm  hiiriib  aru  Bujiotti,  Iimme> 
■trMlfrJil  wkI  htvndtr,  uiail  lu}  hhurji  that  tbn 


■Md-btTd,  nsii  ti 

Jlnl. 

BMd-pipa.  'iKp. 
iirrauil.    A|dpitlii 

iBmet.til.    A  uhalc 


nl,     BHnii  u    K[i 

Amuslcal  pipe  mado 
uiowan  [n  whloh  ■■-- 
rlbytneaiinorir 

iylDX  at  or  nuir 
-.     A  IMUthU  of  1 


BBHOBOAM I 

id  or  rolled  np  to  oontnet  It  li  ^  1 


.     Tbo  Ilebnir  a 


»t]|fiDUfln>Tol<itlan  bfi^n  by  Laths  u^     1 
othort  abont  I5IT.  and  which  dlildrdLbi 


BasaL'gal.    AaoUmiiclal  iDatrutDai: 

ainiiill  pnrUble  orgu  piayad  with  Ibi 
SnRun  ot  the  right  hand,  tha  laft  worUal 


■a.    Ortslnallr  a  Boadolt 

yacht*  or  boata  ountend  for  pfiua. 
Baffal.  '»L     A  Hud  star  of  the  Arrt 
iiiHiiiltudD  In  Orion's  left  root. 

One  iDviMlod  wltli  TlcaHuui  authoilly; 
nnrtty.  dhtt'iicD  or  disability  at  tha  Ong. 
BeBnat-bim,  -btml.  Tbe  Hericulai 
(■liry-oceiitalusof  AiiitraHa.  betmi^lng  la 
tlmftiiA.  MullplMtfldit  or  honey-eaten,  BBd 

Beslclda.  n^'l-sld.      A  Ung-klller;  «■ 


b>  iirtfo  lilri  poopfe  to  rtuOto  peooa,  aodvr  a 

eiounentlyilrvvd  tho  more  BDRirotte  proa- 
eoutlon  or  the  wia,  wbliA  wait  deckled 
iipan,  ai»l '>ii  n^titmlnf  to  CnrthnffO  waa 
eiMulwl  withgmtcruolty;   b.  abt.  MO, 

EMT»r,  n-'irer.     Tho  native  name  fOr  the 

Uilrdl.fW,  fodla.  * 


KUCHBRATH                     Ml  SKQUA-BATTEKT     ' 

iBd    Sumih,  L  hb  bOcr;   >.  lOlA;  HlnMi*,iuHlli>0D*af«10rdtr<iraLaap- 

■«wiMd,nCj  D.  HSa.o.  l<n>iuliu«U,liidDdlB(U»«wUoliU|t* 

^■liiliwlll     rtaba'clt.     Tha  Ii^hUI  tud  adwUd  «w  iwUnmlng. 

ftHtunsnt  or  AagBli.  Bemonk 'a-n.    Tb*  Huklir-Olti,  ■  «p»- 

Baiobatadt,  riok'iat  Tlw  AMlnutlaa  *1"  "f  WlwwtBM  Otbm  ,l«»liw  m  ovml, 
glnn  la  tba  fH*  dUa*  wUdi,  bbSw  ths  aoluilTe  dlik  o.  tlu  had  by  vhleh  It  it-. 
alilO«mini»iuUlattoii,helillngudUi«-  UoIim  ii*«lf  to  other  ash«i  or  to  chs  hot- 
ly otttwtin^tea.  (DPHofym»ls, 

Tllllnllii>li      iMntiK.      Tha    Impsriil  Bemphan.  'kn.     In  Scrip,  u  Idol  wot- 

FUriHsut  of  OonnuT  vUoh  iHemblw  sHii"!  by  tie  Isnelltes  whUo  Ihuy  wor* 

mtBarUn;  ttoOcrnwlHtt.  tn  the  vrilderneM. 

Bald.K«ru.     AiiAB«(ij«ino«ll»ti  aooaliiMJiM  rt-nta'taiis. '  The  «7lrJ 

B.  m  iHdHd,  ISIB.    He»wt«H»aipl»U>  ofm/thing  whloh  hMlong  been  In  djMy 

liltlu>U.B.*n»Utli*Hailsulwir.  or  eiUnot ;   iteria  general  ly  ippllod  to 

AalLtteOmi*  l»^^  or  T>nnd<u  mrld;  bul.pectallr.pplfod  lo  11««tIv.I. 

iSS^.  uiik^^^frf^udiwift,  ;L^7' 

b5E<«ij«llloi--— --^^- '  -'^  irehllootBi 


tlie  nwua  of  «>iiTe]«»e. 

H.  Amuirioa,  If  not  tbaolntal;  IdantJol 

vUh  the  idndeer,  Tonld  seem  to  be  a  uielr  popuuaoii 

wjJ|.m«*Bd™rietjrofH.  BaptUa,  rep'tlL     In  .genenl  unee,  on 

Baludaaronoaa, -mue.    A]1ahen(Cen-  mlmxl  thit  mnraa  on  lu  bsUy,  or  by 

uinycB  iMMfcrinii]  which  nomatiiUt  el-  meiuB  of  inull  short  Is^s,  u  sriikei,  lli- 

moatthsiolBwintBrfoodfcrMfndeer.io,,  ardi.oaterplllura,  AcinerawlliiRerailnre: 

In  high  northern  lalltadeg.  spogiaoillT.  In  Zo.'il.  m  mlmid  bclonirlmt 

Bel%nie.     Ahstd;   t  chief;    tuptilD.  to  the  clus  Scpttlla. 

E.aneDdl,oiieofUieohlefTiirktshoffl«rB  BeptlUa,  rop-iru-t     A  clisa  o' ■■"-•■- 

of  eUto,  chtaoeUor  of  Che  empire  and  brnte  onlmahi,  conaUCntEng  with  tb 

'ilatarofforalgiiilXalrfl.  to  which  they  are  most    clodtfU 

\  ili-Der-werk.     A  kind  Uuiley'a  !d  divhiloo  of  verUbrat 

>work  tn  whloh  nrooda  of  ronsidi.     The  roptilea  lie  betwe 

.     .         _..    -laceeoiployod.  pUhtaandblrde. 

Bambntndt,  PkOl  (Tan    Btpn  or  Bopnblloan.  Fork.     The  naln  hranDh 

Osnita).     An  emlDeot  Mlhter  L  s.  Id  of  the  Ksneu  Blver,  rising  la  Oolntado 

HoUaud,  lt06;D.  1««9.  and  Sowing  IhronghNettiuka,  empCylns 

Ihl  II 1 1  Ml  111,  mill  MiiiT      As  aqnatlo  tot-  Into  theK.  InBlley  Co.,  Kuauj  feagth, 

mal  lAoaa  fHt  avn  aa  oan ;  appUed  000  m. 

•pMWIr  to  a  (to.  of  nvilMMua,  mta.  BegO^lMrtterir.    rVkwa-bat^rJ.       A 


b«  at  iU«l   brSHA-taadliif  Untit 
lugad  nnoD  aiuiiKiBnl  plu*  ■»  >  tfU 
M3«uilv^BHd  la  tbeAntarlMi  diH 


41rffl  111119  for  tbft  TRHise  < 
a  dl*d  WUB ;  ■  Mrrloe  w 
lof  ■  hnuB  tuglnahit  "  B 
BUB,"  As.    A  (iiiBd  morta 


Ban-tanw*.  ifr^aU. 


if  lbs  iraU  b«UBd  th* 


tHkofsHK;  •  partition  will  Hjiudlv 
tbfl  duBAel  from  Uw  bodj  «f  the  Aonh. 
■«■■<».      ATlUM«Ilf  OofdoDCo.,  Go., 

Mni.S.W.g/A&iDU.BatalfoTil  -    ' 
taOls,  HW  U.  ISet,  bMAHo  lt»  Fa 
udcr  0<B.  Sbirmu  ud  Uh  C< 


OuunB  Oo^  Tu.,  10  IB.  K,  B.  si 
BK>wn*Tfl%  wkN«lMnr  «,  IMI)  Qm. 
Tifflor,  »■£  IXM  Anwlaiii,  <UMMd 
<lm.  AilMwUk  S,000  IfuVwu. 


Bamnwtlanlst, -w-r«k'>bDD-iM.  On* 

lAoMbukMW  ItktDitial  Iwdta*  fru 
tha  gnTS  iBt  dkwMtoB. 
XatopoCk,  rt^Vpfrn.  A  gtt.  oT  wal 
phrtM.  <lu*  PatnMi.  Tha  tnlal  apaidi 
».  mhim)  li  taBWB  bj  da  uma  i 
KaptoBa^  nfflai. 


Bettonlata.  rMlk'a-lB. 
Nettadj  nwnnbtta  Mt 
work ;     hadng    dUtliMt   , 


BM-inrii  of  ttMmhblM  k 

"-•— d  IB  tfaa  gUw' aai.  , 

^ — „Bd  In  renkr  iBtir.     IMImiMb 


1,-Ba.  lnBoiB,Antlq.acMI- 
'om  orif  •  abort  tBBia  aad  «*r- 
ntNti  >at,irltli«Uokb*aB- 
a  anuaaU  aid  ^ub*  kk 
•riBadwhh  hataMtTaUald  Bd 

^^  nfVM.     la  Aaat-oBa  of  tt* 

of  tbaneibt^BiatkBlar  aniaB- 

if  Uh  (^  narr^  wUA  iMilTH  tk* 

liopnmhim    innltli    te  Iha  MBaa  ot 

Oham.  and  Uio  art*.  .^--^^.--^^aS 

Ao.,   amploiad    (br      - _, ,  _  "^ 

tlM  niFniH  of  dla-      ^3JJ^  "■ 

loiibyuaildarkaM. 
;-Mt'v. 

ruapncsi 


being  dta  pncssj-  sf  the  K( 


rawftmMr  , 


ntaL    A  bait  I 
AlfMdkraadi 


Batarit-matoK'iBBik,  JkHaaiA 
DHtakaalrWplmdbrUMMiW  Mtaaf 
ptararaU  ftrTtka  MlUad,  pBI«  b* 


dram,  bngls  Moiid,  n' 
Aontlnikof  dmy,  to 


Ba^fMianaMy  TriliniTi*l,  Tha. 
nmMBlTMi  On    laliaaiu  "'OmuicU 

tKn/iW^  nderlb*  dlrMH~«r  •<<i' 

'      ttu   MMmu    .ToaqnlB-TII 


pir  tlTiy  *>'*B  10  Bobestrt«iTe'>  rjom- 
Tnimft  Mbbmp/lim  ud  his  MBompUoaa 
vara  tti  iMt  TMnu,  pcriataliw  on  the 
eulUMlM,  (Tdy  9B-S0,  im. 

BoVDItM,  -nflr'tr.  A  fir»«nn  hiTlne 
reroMnf  laml-or  breeoh  cybaderHfiOn 
Btni«C«d  wto  diHbu^  HeTeral  shgiA  1: 
qoJoit  mcoflOSfaHl  without   being  r«loadnd 

MajaeiOM,  toiOaUt,  Sir,  An  I'mlnen 
S^fiih  portndt  [Kliiler :  a.  17!S,  d,  1T»S 

Bbato-Benunia  ra'ts-ro-iiuui"iii 
TliM  mvibii^  sf  tluEonumee  fUnU?  g 
tmuoM  n«kra  I*  B.  Swlturlud  uM  1- 
diUMi  uoclk  of  fba  Adriills. 

XJUpMdlat,  nm'H>d-lit.  OtViuIlT, 
MDoat  ti»  udait  Sreeks,  ona  irbo  onm- 
pOMO,  nottfd  or  uiv  rlupiodlei;  ap«- 
di^  ma  whou  piofe»[oa  wu  to  tealla 
«r  MDC  Ih*  TH*ei  nt  Homer  tnd  oUiiii 

XlM,  >«.    Tha 

Shaa,  'a.  In  Myth,  the  dugbtar  a' 
(Jiuna  iBd  Os,  wife  and  liiter  ofCTDDOi. 
■nd  mother  o^  Zons  (Jopltw),  Hestli 
(Teata),  Danetcr  (Con»).  Ken  (Jubd). 
Badei  (Plnlo).  ic.  A  fes.  of  birds,  o 
whlnh  the  thraa-tiwd  octrlaheB  of  fi.  Amer 


rd,     A  metallle  wire 
lie  reBlfitaboe,  orvi 

ar.  Any  upntoi  br 


dMnltr.    Writtaii  il 


le,  stf 


BfilZOPBOSAOEA 

that  aDf  required  dtaree  of  tome  maf  ba 

ElhSBUa.  'bob.  The  oaiae  of  a  fan.  of 
iqoiikaft,  isDlDdlDg  tbetmh  oriib-la&ad 
moDk»  (B,  nemettriDQa),  wh>D&  u  onen 
dom«a«ted.  The  uma  la  alao  ilTan  to 
theUaiaenaKheaiu.a  apeids  of  K.  la- 
Man  moDkef ,  bald  la  gntt  TwenUon  br 
the  natlTaa,  aid  of  wUi&  lu^  nambaa 
awarm  abont  tha  tamplea. 

tVa-lin.     A  U^t  aoalmll 


Bhlne,  The.    Tha  pciDolpal  ilTer  of  O. 

Enrope,  rialngin  Bwlmeriaiid.  and  Bowlnf 
IT.,  emptfes  Into  the  Korth  Sea  br  *  Mu, 
IWm.rn  width.  It  tbnu  tha  bmudwr 
between  Baden  and  Alaaoe-Lomlne  aid 
paH«  through  Prasakk  and  Hiriknd. 
KhlneWlna,  Hu  win.  A  (eneial  term 
foe  wines  prodaaed  on  the  EUae,  but 
jpDre  HpfidOcallj  fair  theaa  of  the  Bheln- 

no,  to  the  eonlhwtet  oT  Rai —      ' 

Iha  heat  wUtaBhlne  wlnea 


Of  tl 

Bhlaobatldn,  r 

■Ittrk-nira  or  beakad  rna,  a  (km.  ofplaal- 
oatflDooa  alaamobnuohlMO  flBhea,  am- 
ing  the  oharaoter  of  the  Bharka  and  tba 

K.    The  ami-lldt  to  the  meat  rouai^ 
mambtrefUialkmll;. 
BUnaoeriM,  -noa'»«iB.    A  gtm.  of  i>«- 


BliliUMOap*,  'no-Bkap. 

fbr  Inapeotlnff  tha  paBBafffle  of  thenaai 

BUsodont,  'at-doat.  A  repUle  w 
teath,  Hke  theea  of  the  orooodtki, 
planted  In  aookets. 

XtalaoBboTmoMB,  -ioPe^"e«-*. 
maaeroTea;  a  natonl  order  of  tree 
wUA  tha  BOl.  BUtophoia  la  the  tfpi 


BHIZ03T0MIDA 


BtCBABDBOB 


lavslopad  In 

_ _ boaniled 

N.  ind  £.  bv  MuuubuMlu,  S.  bj  tb« 
AtluUii,  W,  by  Connecticut:  uta,  LDU 
K).  ID.:  ]><>p.  :^TS.3S].  Prindpid  oIIIh. 
PrniMfDcvud  Newinrt.  «h.,  Bristol. 
WursD,  Sdluito,  SinltbHeld,  Pimocket 
wkI    Sttiak.    Klren,    Pnwtniet.   PniTl- 

portl^Uie  tiubloaikble  HA^d«  EWKHt  of 
Kew  Englwd. 

Shodea.  A  TurUih  li)ud.  eH  Ih«  eout 
or  AbIa  Miner,  >r«  4M  m-  m.:  pop.  ftbt. 
SS.OnO.    K.,  1U  up.,  uidanUF  Wd  the 

ancceiaLvely^rld  by  Uie  Bamui.  Per- 
slus,  BuHena.  Kd(iiIiuHo>pIUUI«i  uid 
Tnrka :  pup.  a].OM. 

Shodtui.  rd'dl-ui.  P«rtaiEtii|F  to 
Kbodet,  u  lilind  of  tbs  MsditomnMn, 
K.  li»>,  the  «arll«5t  BTBtem  of  nuriiie  Ibt 
known  to  history,  ssla  to  hAve  be«ii  oom- 

Bled  by  thi>  Bbodfauia  after  they  hul  ob- 
Ined  ibe  go>«relgnty  o[  Itasio,  iboat  MO 

Kbomb.  roinb.  An  obliqac-l   r  % 

•nsled  equlliieral  pmUeloA  i      /\ 

Bbomboid,  -boyd.    A  dc-  \/      i\ 

«r^^npp™=cl,lna».rhonl6.      ^h^ 


AhyBlmfltQT,  Tl-slm'l'ter.     An   lofltru 
or  tbe  sp««d  or  sblps. 
Bialto.  r«-srtfi,  A  br<d«a  omr  Iha  Orud 

Kbwiottulii.  rt-bud'O-kwIti.  Amedlnnl 
niclDeorwar,  oontlitiDEDf  cbsiiot  lotU- 
Osd  wICli  tna  tpike*.     lu  (ba  ItOi  en- 


tairtbnwmfUrBUMdwia  asall  is- 
Bons.  ThanuiiemailBKlTato4w» 
arftal  oQsi-lnv  ftir  thfowlnclaoc  dn. 
BittbonlnK,  rlVaD-lim.  Thanlidn^ 
ofs  B«nt  iMiKteliMi  «f  Iriibmu,  idA 
hiditsatjgtmdwiit  1808.  Ite  Fihai? 
oUbM  wu  utigDiilan  to  tha  <teun  >v- 
gulutloii,  to  wbliili  m  addad  tbs  ntsl. 
Utkw  Dticnrtu  oMTMloB,  hj  lb*  »■ 
•mMdiAob  oI  kadbrdi,  liuul-i«»U,  As. 
Tbe  membara  Here  bound  to  ttA  adur 
br  u  oMb,  and  bad  paaa-woda,  ^gat,  te 
Thsy  had  tb^  name  from  a  gin«  el  rib- 
bon they  wore  as  a  bad^. 
Sloo,  rli.  A  plant  ot  t 
gen.    0171a  and    l»    si^. 

spool«,0.  nava.   tliu  gn 
orwhlobfomu  a  lor^e   por-l 
Uon  or  Itie  (bod  of  Uie  Inhib-I 
ItAntaoTthe  warrner  Mrlionr 
oftbe  world.     Csnovb  rdce.l 


KlchBJd.    The  u 

England.    B.  1.  (Cianrd 

led  Che  English  c^nilni 
Crnsids  to  tbe  Holy  la 


1.    A  blglily  latoilealJBf 
10  ChtDeae  boat  H«. 


R  II.,  son  of  tho  U 


brothnr Kdwwd  IV„  waa,  : 
■nd  It  Is  beHevod  orderlDg  Che  mnrder  ot 
his  two  youni  nephew..  Defeahid  hj 
Heory,  Earl  of  Blolmiond.  aC  BoBnorth, 
£,  waa  billed  00  tbe  Said  and  vai  loe- 
oeeded  by  the  Tletur.  aa  Henry  YIL 
Rlohardaon,  BainaeL  A  popalir 
EaiUabnoratlat:  a.  lem,  b,  ITO. 


SIOI 


SUcheliaUi  Arioand  Jena  dn 
PlesBis,  Qardin^  de.   An  llluntiioiis 

Luui^XlK.;  U.1SS6,  B.  IM2. 

£lclimond.  Cap.  orVi>,,nn  lbs  Junes 
KivBT,  ISO  ID.  from  Its  moulli.  Rnring 
Uie  Hvll  Wm  U  wna  Iha  i»p.  of  the  Con- 
fudflrale  8tat«a.  jind  tbe  ebjtiotlro  point  of 
MtBck  of  tho  Union  arniLes :  mmaierBi 
Aprils,  1S«A:  pop.  B3,SW, 

Slohter.  Jean  Paul  Trladrich.    A 


1.  of  epetalon 


BlclnuB,  rls'l-Eiu. 

kno-q  ipodB.  fc    „_    _.   

palma  CbrlstL,  wUoh  produoeA  culor-iriL 
Biding,  rld'lns.  One  of  the  Oree  dli 
trlsU— N.,    E.    And    W.    KIdlnfs— Ipt 


BiiBa,  rifL  A  trough  used  I: 


eald  wuta 


D»1u,Dni.  n^iuGuir  of  R.; 

■m.  loDg  by  TlV  wida.  conneotJUE  on  the 
N.  ^tb  theOuir  of  Plnlind,  and  on  the 
B.  W.  wWh  the  Baltic. 

KlKel.  rl'jol-  A  briglit  fliod  nnr  of  1 
Ifii  magnitude  InChe  left  foot  of  Oth>n, 

Biff-Veda,  Hg-yo'di.  Tho  first  i 
prLnclpnl  of  the  Vedu  orABcrtd  hju 
ofthelllndui.    It  l>  probably  the  old 

up°™d  of  a,(M10  jBim  oli 
Rtme.  rim.    While  or  hoar  trout;  c 

Ifoiiled  dew  or  vapor. 
EUmjuon,  'mon.    A  Syrian  god,  wb 

Bios-flOK^i  ring'flng-jar,  Thfl  tt 
finger  of  the  le/tbuu!,  onnbkh  thei 
)■  plK«d  In  muTligE.  * 

.Blne-KftORe, 'kU.  Agugsrormeaear- 
Ing  roftd-metil;  alao,  b    eltnlbir  liratrn- 

ciinlDU  piece  otwwid.ormeUillle  Blip  ^Ih 
a  gT3duu«d  KUlfl,  oaed  by  Jewtil«rA  fer 

B<n?KOld,  Clip,  of  CatooH  Co.,  Gl, 
3STm.  N.W.  otAagnsu.  netedfaraeiu. 
gnlnary  biltlB  Nov.  3T,  1S83,  bolKeealbi 
Frd^rala  nndsr  Oen.  Hooker,  and  thi 
T«ir  fuanl  of  Oen.    BraggV  Tob-eatlng 


■till  U 


^frLck,  bebig 


Bio  Branca  (Parima  or  VMte 
Biver).  A  BraiillBQ  riser,  emptying  into 
tboEloSugronearMouc  ;  length,  701)  m. 

BIoOf&udB.     (R.  a.  del   Nort 
Bravo  del  Norte,  ti.  del  Norl 

Umudary  betvteon  Toia«  and  MoiIoq: 
length,  f  .BOQ  m,  R.  a.  do  Norte,  a  Uro- 
dllan  riyer,oinpt»lnB Into  the  Pirnabybui 
lenglb, 000 m.  R.G.doSol.,»rlverofB. 
Bmzil,  emptyliLg  Into  the  Sao  FraaolBao ; 

Bio     NsBTO     (Blook      Biver 
"- -OBB).    Artyi      -  ■■    ■ 

emptying  Inl 

Slppla,  ripl.  A  larn  oaoib  or  baMhel 
for  flepBrating  tiio  eoode  or  oapeoles  IWm 

aisU.rlsb'l.  In  Skr.  Hyth.  the  nam* 
Iflven  te  tbe  Beveu  &ageH  lobabllinff  th« 

of  Ursa  M^Jot.  The  name  was  (rivsn  al» 
to    tho    Inaplrod  anthors  of   tho  Yedlo 


riaing 
ind  Palago- 


Btx-dollar,  riks'dol-ler. 


Boanolce.  A  rl 
iiad  UnwlDg  thn 
Albemarle  Sonn 


iroeo'Mfl.OIWtt 


ROBERT 


Robert.  The  name  of  MTeral  prIiiMt 
anil  MivorelirnA  of  Knrope,  the  followlDg 
bflnfr  th<*  moflt  noted  :  R.  I.,  of  Fraooe, 
pnH'i.iliniil  t)v  the  rerolted  noblea  In 
place  of  CharloN  the  Simple,  922 ;  killed  in 
a  battle  which  ho  won  fh>in  C,  928.  R.  of 
Anjon,  w.  hlA  father,  Charles  II.,  aa  King 
of  Napli>ii.  18U9 ;  n.  lau).  R.  I.  (Robert 
Bruri'^,  of  Sciithmd.  R.  II.,  first  of  the 
raoo  of  Stuart ;  a.  1816,  waged  ansae- 
ceMfhl  wsr  ainiinst  England  ;  d.  1890.  B. 
II 1. 1  son  and  s.  of  the  former;  b.  1840, 
crowned  1890,  i>.  1406 ;  he  also  carried  on 
a  dlM»tn>UA  warfare  with  England.  R.  I. 
(The  Derin,  Duko  of  Normandy,  s.  his 
brother  Richard  III..  1027,  d.  1065,  after  a 
Itilgrlinaire  to  Paleatlne.  He  was  s.  by 
hiitaon  William  the  "Conqueror'*  of  £n- 
irlund. 

Sobertin,  rob'er-tin.  One  of  an  order 
of  monkM.  so  called  from  Robert  Flower, 
the  founder,  11  ST. 

Robert.  lionie  Leopold.  An  eminent 
Fre:ieh  italntor ;  b.  1794,  d.  by  soldde  in 
Venice,  1S35. 

Robespierre.  TiraTimlHeTi  Xarie 
Isidore.  A  notorious  French  reyolu- 
tl4>nl»t ;  n.  \'JiS,  d.  on  the  gutDotine,  to 
which  ho  had  aMijnied  thousands  of  Inno- 
cent men  and  women  aa  President  of  the 
*Hk>mmUtee  of  Public  Safety,'*  in  asso- 
ciation with  Couthon  and  Bt.  Just,  Johr, 
2S,  1794. 

RobiA-QoodlUlow,  -ln-gnd'fel-15.  A 
domestic  spirit  or  fifdry,  the  othpring  of  a 

Jroung  woman  and  Ob«x)n,  king  of  Fidry- 
and.  analogous  to  the  Brownie  of  Boot- 

laml. 
Robinson.  Bdward.    A  distingalshed 

American  author  and  biblical  exponent ;  b. 

in  Conu.  1794.  d.  1S68. 
Robor  Oaroli,   rO'ber  kar'O-IT.     The 

Royal  Oak,  a  southern  oonstellatlon  of  12 

stars. 
Roo.  rok.    The  well-known   monstrous 

bird  of  Arabian  mythol<Mty,  of  the  same 

flUmlous  spedes  with  ue  simurgoftha 

Persians. 
Roocella,  -sella.    A  gen.  of  lichens,  cne 

spedes  ot  which  Ht.  tinctorial  yields  the 

dye  so  hwgdy  usea  In  dydng'  under  th« 

name  of  orohal  or  ardill. 

Roohambeau.  Jean  Baptiste  Bon- 
atien  de  Vinienr.  A  marshal  of 
France ;  b.  1725.  n.  1807.  lie  command- 
e<1  the  French  alHea  in  the  Amerfoan  rer- 
olutkin. 

Rochester.  Cap.  of  Monroe  Co. ,  N.  T., 
at  the  head  of  thn  fiills  of  the  Genesee 
River.  7  ni.  from  Its  mouth,  94  m.  E.  of 
Bnffiilo :  pop.  $9,866. 


Roohst,  roch'eL  ▲  abort  snrpBe^wia 
tiglit  sleevM,  opes  at  the  MdM,  Ibnui^ 
worn  bjr  pflMtB  and  aoo^ftes,  bot  now  ly- 
bishops  and  priTlkigedeaiMnw.  AmaBts* 
let  worn  dotuv  earfwiMintoa  bj  tbs  pem 
of  England. 

Rookawaar,  lok'a-wi.  ▲  low  tnmt- 
whoeled  earriage,  with  ftill  Btaadtagtop. 

Roolr^rill.  'driL  A  tool  Ibr  boriiv 
rock  by  a  chisel  or  rotary  motloa. 

Rooky  limiTitatiia.  A  lange  of  V. 
Ameriea,  dMded  Into  two  ^dns,  of 
which  the  £.  extenda  from  the  Mexlesa 
frontier  to  the  Arotio,  and  the  W.  sUrti 
the  Padflo  to  FMnee  WIIHam^s  BooBd: 
thehigheat  peak  is  Mt.  St.  EUaa,  in  AIm- 
ka,  17,900  ft.  abOYO  aea  lereL 

Rodentia,  r6-den'8hi-a.  An  oid.  of 
mammals  containing  many  genera,  in- 
cluding the  sqnirrd,  rat,  moose,  hir^ 
rabbit,  beaver,  Ac  They  nibble  and 
gnaw  their  food  (hence  the  name). 

Rodham,  John,  An  American  eoai- 
modore ;  b.  in  Md.  1771,  d.  1888.  1^ 
won  distinctloB  in  operations  agdait 
France,  Tripoli  and  England.  B.^Jdiii, 
son  of  the  preceding,  al%o  a  naval  officer; 
B.  In  IC d.  1809,  served  with  credit  durtaiff 
the  Civil  War,  and  appointed  rear  adndnl, 
18T0. 

Rodlya,  rod'i-ya.  One  of  a  degradad 
race  in  Ceylon,  living  in  a  nu>re  abjeet 
state  than  the  Pariahs  of  India,  being  con- 
ddered  disqualified  even  for  labor.  Un- 
der British  rule  their  condition  has  been 
Improved. 

Rodney.  Geoarve  Brydgrea.  A  dis- 
tinguished EngUsh  admiral ;  b.  1718,  n. 
1792. 

Rodolph  (Rudolph).  Founder  of  the 
Aastrlan  m<Hiaffchy,  son  of  Albert  IV., 
Count  of  Hapsburg,  Bwitaeriand ;  b.  1918^ 
deoted  Emperor  of  Gormany  ISTft.  n. 
1291. 

Roe,  r6.  The  sperm  or  spawn  of  flahoa 
Theroeofthe  male  laealled  aoft  roe  or 
milt;  that  of  the  liBraale  hard  roe  or 
spawn.  A  mottled  appearance  in  wood, 
espedally  ta  mahogany. 

Roeblinff,  John  A.  An  eminent 
American  dvil  engineer  ;  b.  in  Pmaaia 
1808,  emigrated  to  U.  B.  1881,  p.  18S0. 
Ho  constructed  the  eanal  aqaedoet  acrooa 
the  Alleghany  Klver  at  Pittabazi^  sus- 
pension bridges  at  Flttsburgli  and  Niag- 
ara Falls,  bridge  aeross  the  Ohio  at  CUb- 
einnatl,  and  planned  the  great  Broeklya 
iHldge  over  the  East  Biver  which  was 
oompletod,  1888,  under  the  direction  of 
his  son,  Washington  A.  RoebUng. 


InirtD  tin  Bma  gtreii  tathamuhoeiafcba 

lEtoUo.    Frraoder  of  tbs  dagtl  hmaj  af 
Narmnody,  ud  uiieetar  ot  WiUJam  [ha 

pla,  »l.    Ha  flDibnoed  ChrirUadfty,    anrt 
Dianiad  tha  d*a#hteT  of  tha  FreDoh  kin;; 


luflditaiited  or  the  naantry,  ■ 
Dbib  oT  Ur- ' •  — '- 

Tha  snltln 
It-wll-dtfa 


lima  or  Um.    .    . 

Tha  snltlnitad  hngBan  af  moilani  Oreaw 
"  -d  tha  HeUei^ 

u-aak'.    T^e  dabaacd 


•Cjta  Bt 

pranlMlnti 

ibai^lsatlBl 

uBnuUpa, 

dWeatof '  — 

trleUlntl 

Qhunlb    or  ttoi 


W  Rontan  emplra.   and 


BanumoS  (BomanoT  or  Bomajic 

OW).  The  loniinio  of  the  djaaaly  of 
KhhU  foonded  tj  Ulchtel  Tecion- 
TiUh,  ann  flfthe  MeEronuUtan  of  BoalDT, 
clRt»lCar   ms.  n,   1«4S.     Tbo  direst 

Elbabeth  being  «.  by  bar  nepbaw,  Pe>r 
H[..  raunder  of  the  RomnnDlT-OldeD- 
burg  or  BoDUDDff-UoLal«iD'43ottorp    df- 

Bomana  (Splatls  to  Tha),  inSoHp.  * 

bt  66,  and  tdAi«ied  w  the  Ch.  at 

^v:  ■  ■       •"  ■ 


gypelw,  t  dtalMt 

'.X 


a  pgi«.  !. 


sot  of  I 


>  tlie    n,iDino«i    of  Franee    « 
ejpeeblly  those  relaUnn  to  Charl 

etrr  to  Its  hlchMt  IMrreettoD. 
(Itoma).    The  op.  afthamo 

iDatFopallsof  CbiHitehdoDi,  l1 
irhHif  or  popenf  the  B.  0.  Cb 
^ctcap.  ofltiJy,  OB  both  »ld 
.  lia  ID.  N.  E.  ofKaples.  Itw 
IGS  yean  b.  o. ;  pop.  137^. 


nne,  twUi  hrolher  of  Remas^  si 
laved  Bod  nurtured  bj 


lie.ByW»,V. 

id  chlidna  bettiv  out  Into  the  Tiber,  t 
'  tored  bf  >  a 


plod  by  ouUavBh 


un  aod  nuda  a  ^d  lukdar  the 


biilMlD);.    KooBi  are  dlntnpdehed,  b;  tha 

mmci 

Curb  Ruor.     QMe  Roof,      Ogeo  Roof. 


AM  EOBETTA  STOHE 

Bourlo.     Cap.  of  ths  AregnUHCmiil- 
«ntloD,  S.  Am«i<s,Dn  tbePuuLlWB. 


ini.^aj»iir«  of  bl  yviLs  In  kn^ ;  ft  rod,  pol« 
or  jrfTi'h  :  niM  1  pqunrp  pole,  or  Z!ti 
aqiiaro  rn'I*  iiwd  la  eatUnddDf  mvun 
vurk.  A  lum  cmctSi  plwwd  st  tho  en- 
InJiL-e  Til  Iht' cWicfI  In  mediievtJ  dmrcheH, 
GnuictlmrA  EmweB  of  the  Vlririn  Muyiiad 
Et.  Juhn  H  ITU  jiloced  un  elllier  tide  ot  Oa 
ImigeofCbriat,  ImJIiutaa  lo  John  ili. 

Boomal,  rii'iniil.  Ths 

•tnploycd  b;  Uie  Tb  u«g 
or  bi^redlury   iitnuig- 

r,  rSii'er.  The 


OT  [HO  inuiii  aeaat  m  Ave  Ma 

ncli  of  the  latter  •  PBterBMUr  n  mimsi. 
^onorona,  'Willlun Staik.  AnA» 

Member  ot  IDo'n^teaa  Tot  (WhUhIi. 

Itoa»«nt,  rOE'kQi.  A  temi  applMnii 
eeio  thcbKkofwblclilsieft  Bu.ud& 
hw  pLLt  Into  n  eerlea  of  fncllDed  IiUacillir 
bceu  imngvd  BrDDiid  n  centnl  heii(« 

Bnas-dlamoiLd,  'dl-a-moud.  A  A- 
'""■"<  DeirlyhamltpbeHul.gntlDtvNM' 
r  pluw  unuigeil  uooad  >  bo- 


I  turnlng-latbe,  by  which 


(trtTW 


rredllns. 


Ii  hod  II 


In  ^HleDoj  In  Fnnco.  A  -,..  «  .~.«.*- 
fhHn  three  moot  dlsdngulabed  tor  tBmi 
ytrtoe«,  her  ume  ttitSg  UBoniKeil  tt_ 
the  pulpit  ta^TB  uoppoHiuiKF  tot  A 
jMtlbnt.     Bha    li   then     oonduatsd   !• 

F,  afler  wbloh  ■ 


BOSE-WINDOW 


609 


ROUND-TOWER 


inscription  the  stone  was  erected  in  the 
reign  of  Ptolemy  Epiphanes,  about  198 

B.  0. 

Hose-window,  rdz'win-d5.  In  Arch,  a 
oircnlar  window  divided  into  compart- 
jnents  by  mallions  or  tracery  radiating  or 
bi'anchlDg  from  a  center.  Called  also 
Catherine-wheel  and  Marigold  Window. 

Sosiorocian,  roz.'i-krd'8hi-an.  One  of  a 
secret  sect  or  society  some  account  of 
which  was  given  in  woriu  published  in 
Germany  in  the  17Ui  century,  and  which 
was  aaid'to  have  originated  two  or  three 
centuries  previous.  Whether  such  an  or- 
ganized society  ever  did  really  exist  or  not 
Is  an  open  question.  Its  members  are  said 
to  have  made  great  pretensions  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  secrets  of  nature,  and  espe- 
cially as  to  the  transmutation  of  metals, 
the  prolongation  of  life,  and  acquaintance 
with  what  was  occurring  in  distant  re- 
gions, &e.  The  society  was  often  known 
as  Brothers  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 

Hoflin,  roz'in.  The  name  given  to  resin 
<when  employed  in  a  solid  state  for  ordi- 
nary purposes. 

Ho88,  Jolin,  Sir  An  English  Arctic  ex- 
plorer; B.  1777,  D.  1866.  His  nephew. 
Sir  James  Clark  Boss,  b.  1800,  also  at- 
tained distinction  as  an  Arctic  explorer ; 
D.  1862. 

Bosaini,  Oioaoohimo.  The  most 
eminent  of  Italian  composers ;  b.  1792,  d. 
at  Paris,  1870. 

Sota,  ro'ta.  An  ecclesiastical  court  at 
Rome,  composed  of  prelates.  In  Eng. 
Hist,  a  political  club  founded  by  Harring- 
ton, 1609,  who  advocated  the  election  of 
officers  of  state  by  ballot,  and  the  retire- 
ment of  a  certain  number  of  members  of 
Parliament  annually  by  rotation. 

Sotacism,  rd'ta-sizm.  Faulty  pronun- 
ciation of  the  letter  R,  a  species  of  psel- 
hsmus  ;  burr. 

Botalia,  r5-t&1i-a.  A  gen.  of  the  For- 
aniinifera,  so  called  from  their  nautilold 
wheel-like  contour.    They  are  extremely 

■  minute. 

Hote,  r5t.  An  old  stringed  musical  in- 
strument, a  kind  of  harp,  lute,  guitar,  or 
viol. 

Sothesay.  Cap.  of  Co.  Bute,  a  Scottish 
seaport,  80  m.  8.  W.  of  Ghisgow ;  it 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  male  heir  to 
the  British  throne ;  pop.  9,100. 

Sothflcllild.  The  name  of  the  heaviest 
firm  of  capitalists  in  the  commercial 
world,  of  Jewish  blood;  founded  at 
FranUbrt-on-the-Main  by  Anselm  Meyer 
B.;  B.  1748,  j>,  1819,  leaving  an  immense 


fortune  to  his  five  sons,  each  of  whom 
open^  and  conducted  a  banking-house  in 
the  larger  European  caidtals.  Their  ag- 
te  wealth  is  estimated  at  nearly 
,000,000,000. 

Botifera,  r5-tif  er-a.  A  class  of  animal- 
cules, distinguished  by  their  circles  of  dlia, 
which,  through  the  microscope,  appear 
like  revolving  wheels.  They  can  be  de- 
siccated and  Kept  for  months  and  still  be 
revived  on  the  application  of  moisture. 

Rotterdam.  An  important  commercial 
city  of  Holland,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Mouse  and  Rotte,  85  m.  8.  W.  of  Am- 
sterdam ;  pop.  127,600. 

Bottolo,  rot'5-ld.     A   weight  used     in 

Jarts  of  the  Mediterranean,  \arytng  from 
i  to  G  lbs. 

Bouble,  rd'bl.  The  unit  of  the  Russian 
money  system.  The  silver  rouble  is  equal 
to  about  60  cents ;  it  is  divided  into  100  co- 
pecks. 

BooeXL  Cap.  of  Dep.  Seine-In£6rieure 
and  ancient  metropolis  of  Normandy, 
France,  on  the  8eine,  67  m.  N.  W.  of 
Paris ;  pop.  109,460. 

Houge-et-noir,  rozh-e-nwSr.    A  game 
of  cards  played  between  a  banker  and  an 
unlimited  number  of  personfi  at  a  table 
marked  with  four  spots  of  a  diamond 
shape,  two  colored  black  and  two  red.    A 
player  may  stake  his  money  upon  rouge 
or  noir  by  placing  it  on  the  red  or  Mack 
spots,  or  ne  may  stake  it  on  two  other 
ohances,  couleur  or  inverse. 
Roulette,  rd-let\     A   game  of  chance 
played  at  a  table,  Ui  the  center  of  which  Is 
a  cavity  surrounded  by  a  revolving  disk, 
the  circumference  of  which  is  divided  into 
compartments  colored  black  and  red  al' 
temately,  and  numbered  with  a  zero  and 
double  zero.    A  ball  is  rolled  in  an  oppo- 
site direction  to  the  revolving  disk,  and 
the  wager  is  laid  upon  the  color  of  the 
compartment  in  which  it  finally  stops. 
Houndhead,     ronnd'hed.       A ,   name 
given  by  the  Cavaliers  or  adherents   of 
Charles  1.,  during  the  English  ciAil  war,  to 
members  of   the  Puritan  ur  parliament- 
ary pftriy,  who  wore  their   nalr  closely 
cut,  the  Cavaliers  wearing  theirs  in  long 
ringlets. 

ROTUld-robin,  'rob-In.    A  written  peti- 
tion, memorial  or  remonstrance  signed  by 
names  in  a  ring  or  circle,  so  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  asicertain  who  heads  the  Ust. 
Sonnd-^ower,  'tou-o-.    A  tan,  slender 
tower,  oommon  in  Ireland,  and  in  two 
I    places  in  Scotland,  from  80  to  180  ft.  in 
I   ikeifl^  and  from  20  to  80  ft.  in  diameter. 


jMrilMi  of  Chiftiii 

or  KngiuKl.  uii  to  -^  ._^—  ■»  *— 

Bourbou  iftsr  itM  lint  FTaich  HTola- 


Bn'batw.  nrtn  Panl.      As  leadlof 

putDMrof  lbs  FlemUtiKluMi:  ■.■tSis- 
gm.  1B7T ;  D.  IW). 

KnbMBtal,  'bS'UiL  KDiBbcr  Hip.  ■ 
ftmona  monntaln  llilrlt  oT  Ownunji 
•amaUiBM  MtaSlj,  lOnHtlmei  mliohlET- 
oni  i  Hid  to  b*  lhTartbJ«  to  thfi  paw  ind 
oppnuad,  bat  ««bIiic  irv  on  tha  proud 

Bubloon.  rfl'bC-kon.  A  uiil]  riTer 
■high  HpuUed  Itdr  Avn  OlMlptna 
GauL.  thaproTteH  ulotlAd  to  JqUdi 
Ccur.  TEn  ctohIiw  oMba  K,  br  Qwir 
wu  tba  lint  itap  la  tLa  iItII  mr  bitireaa 

Bnl^.  A  ATMnlUud  gim  next  ta  the 
diutiond  tiifaiirdsrat  fvdTiUne.of  Tariani 
ahKiM  of  Tfid,  cba   most  hljrhJf  prliad 


0,  MM'.     A  d  w  so 

_  -.    and  ubndi  of  lb*  F 

pabfOi  aqnJTilant  (o  00  oaDta. 
BopaiM  Sxm 'parta  drop.     Adnf 
(^glMI  UirowDwUlBlnaataEaor  toilia 


Orajige  Kook  Cook. 

»^  MrdBtannadjiMkinuiaUiiaoraaoti 
o(  ihe  rock ;  tke;  m  cnalad  and  of  bau- 


KITBEDI  g 

■ad  BMtMuToflluTnaiiuyDf  tliatl.B., 

tfH  n*  Mlnbler  to  Kn^ind  ud  riwin. 
~ft"^v<"    #obn.    A  dlaUDfnlthAd  Xn- 
-  nUhuthor  and  art  orltlo ;  ■.  18l«. 
-SuMell,  John,  Bwl. 

gllali  etausmin,  Sd  "- 

Bvdftird ;  a.  1I»,  d. 

inohtar  [a  ISM  ind 


D  of  tha  Dnka  or 


Mid  HJinoit  the 


safi^m 


luse  porOaa  ot  N. 
«M«  of  IT.  J  -'- 
■ntoUierUwi 
■M,  &tMm  u.  m. ; 
Sa^OSMV^  oTwUch  DM 
.iBBaUMBM  or  Enrapau  u.  nuajM 
«M«,  SL  PMmbarr,  nap.,  UoMow.Wt- 
Mw.  Bn.  OdMW,  KWAwv,  SnrMttr, 
WOiM^Eiun.  KfaT.mkoliMrBidKliv- 
koff,  ts  EirapBL_Tobo1<k,  Om^  TwiIm- 
iU,  IrkMuE,  Titooltk  md  ntn^ul- 
snUilnAalL  (Urfi<TKi,thaDiieliMr, 
Don,  Toln,  I>BtM«r,  Bnffi  Dwlm  wd 
KtaHa.  b  Soiape;  Ike  Annoi^  Leu, 
01>ludTaiHwl,liiAriL  UkM-Uatft, 
FHpiu,OiH«*  ud  BiUil.  VonMB*. 
Diiil,  OuuUD^  Qrmt  ud   liltls  AIM 


S 


SIB Um IM Mttr of  the SuHdi  ilpte- 
bat-udlibMhiltaciuIudadaiM.      Multr.    BacoH 
Hon  a«a«lpU*atr  H  M  dHwd  aa  ■  ilb-      la  Fsbod  and  1^ 


to  aoBT^  an  hn- 


B^iU;«*ll 


■uw  IIIIHHBailB.        IBB  nunw    IHUU     ■_wi„»l,      n_«.        11..  .■„  i^l^ 


lB«4uMloa«l 

ii^ita~M«H«OBma  toS2nt'iri_  ^  .^ 

(tecMUi^laorikaplanlwdotkarUi-  ■PPwiUd 

fleettOBa.     !■  ■tilaailalliiiill  ataaita  llii      Iniiiaua* , , 

BraSTi.  iT  So^mmTb.  W    BmUi-  S^«oiia«ra«adtohtoaarTl«andwi..„.,. 


ebem.  B  la  tbBi]nnbol 
>«ftdh,  ai'id.  OU' 
pundebta,  wl 


1^._^  Ths  darwUeh  Ond 

,a^~tia*~(ivhr«mataimdtn'tha 
•Bdume^riittHU.  ButthtCUa- 


"t"I""«'!*<f     ^aHnnmUlDaorChilatnUatd 


Harifls  It  li  aflw  «a)M  tba  Lord'a-d^. 

■"   ■  iMbnulRtlieMirtli-"' 

BratdvPf  thswi 
-■*  tOiHaf 


«to      Hu,iBdkaDWIk>«airiatlaDdMendaiita 
iMBUmotoedtkadwSiuidH.  BaNMli 
A  nmilMr     It  sot  MiMIt  aTDiaiTiiMMU  vltli  Snndn. 


dMiared  UmHlT  tha    _ 
tfuk*  oir  tba  tknUdamon 


iwL  of  ftmyma,  wbo 
I  Mculali,  unt  to 
oorORli^aBlljaiid 


Bond^latbaiia 

the  Sabbuk  ofChM^iBiXaSalivti 
BabtiatliortliaJawa. 


SAUtl-LIAN 


BACKIBTAH 


SAINT  JITBT 


■  tnontB  In  whl^  tixe  clo^jnun  offldatcs 
SmU,  'tf.    In'  Hindu  Urth.  the  f«miUe 

Hartiln,  flOd'dA.  A  wort  In  Uifl  modani 
Peislu  toppie,  lielng  i  Btmnuinrfthe 
ZeudHuts  or  ucred  boDki, 

fladdnoee,  'da->t.  On*  or  1  Hst  unong 
tlwaOdutJ«w>,vbo  dsDied  lb*  aUt 
«DM  oinr  nUtnl  belnf*  am^t  Ood. 
■M  bNtevaf  Uiattbowiil  dledwltblha 
badr,  uA  tlul  th«rB  m  BD  nranwAln. 
nn  niestod  ths  on]  Iht  wUoh  wu  up- 
h^br  tba  PtiulMea,  ud  MUmtd  to  the 
text  at  tlie  Howlo  law. 

SmIOO.  a  Hobreir  phlloHphH  vltD  Breit 
■bt  saom.o.;  ftrandtr  of  the  Met  oinad 

Badowa.  a  vUl>g«  of  Bohamla.  Amlris. 
Bsr  KSnlesgrati,  noted  for  Ui«  Tlomy, 
July  B,  18*6,  of  tb«  ProHline,  SM.OOO, 
ODtamuded  br  King  WUUam.  over  the 
AastrlMs.lM.WO.  nnil"'  Mi>"h"  Bene- 
dek.  The  latter  lost  IM  oannon  imd  15,000 

Safoty-valTe.  »srii-T«ly.  A  oonlrir 
ance  for  DbvisUng  or  dlminliUog  ths  HA 
ot  eiploelani  In  aleun-boUen,  bf  opening 

.(t  a  ceiUlD  preuare. 

8Nm,  Bi'go-  An  andent  Scamllniflan 
laifend  or  tradition,  relating  either  mjUi- 
loal  or  historlial  orciita ;  a  tale ;  a  hietory. 


Sctgltta.  aal'l-to. 
laUon  of  t£a  norl 


than  the  ft>iirtb 


tunilag  Hiiile]r' 


s  Blara  blirtiar  than  the  fa 
>.  In  ZoSl.  a  gen.  of  uini 
Inilejr'a  ord.  CMtofnatha. 


«.  AMoa,  bonnded  S.  by 
the  Batbarr  BEsles,  £.  by  Eimit,  8.  by 
tteSondan,  W.  by  the  iUanlfo,  prlncl- 
nallyeonslatlngof  plalni  of  aand.  desCl 
!we  of  wateror  TegetaUon.  bnldtveraifloit 


Sahib,  aS'lh.  A  larni  naed  by  Ih 
of  India  or  Paiala  la  addreaslng  ( 
iDgofEuropeaDe.  Bohlbah  la  U 
apondlng  ftmlnlna  (briB.     Lit., 

8ato,aflk.    ATarfclaborQivelaa  Taaaal,  |' 

■Mid,  Port.    A  dty  trt  Ecypt,  at 


toga  wai  the  garb  of  p«BC«- 
Salsou.  Cap.  of  ths  French  pouaaalons 
SSm.  rrom  the  China  Ses;  pop.  48.tiO0. 
BaintOlmli,  Arthur.  An  Aincrkan 
general,  B.  In  BooUand,  ITOB.  D.  ISlfl.  He 
BOrrod  with  credit  In  the  Revolution,  waa 
elected  to  Ooogroaa,  nSS,  and  Goremor 
of  Ohln.  naS  ilolIBl  wisdlsaatrouriyde- 

Soint  Olalr.     A  imall   lako    between 

I   Lakes  Erio  and  Huron;  area  B60aq.ni. 

Salnte-Beuve,  Charlefl  Aoffiutiii- 

.      da.     An    eminent   Frecch  author  and 

'  I  Saint  John.    Cap.  of  New  Brmtwi^, 
'      ofH>Ufiii;j>op.  82.650. 

Balnt  John'j 
.  !   pop.  ».4i«. 


).ofM™itonni 
Saint  Jiut,  Antolns, 


M  Tidtr,  1101,  wd  »Teni(B  ot  Koiit, 


BAMPAII 


«0&. 


BAN  BALYADOB 


Ml  the  Enropeao  Bide  to  the  Lena  on  the 

Aaiatio.    Their  hmgiuige  Is  Tunmian. 
Sftmpan,  sam'pan.    A  name  appUed  to 

l>oats  of  Tariottt  bunds  on  the   Chinese 
'  if  rers,  at  Singapore,  Ac.    On  the  Canton 

ilrer  aam  pans  are  often  need  as  habftattofis. 

IBamshoo,  'shd.  A  Chinese  spirit  dis- 
taied  Jh>m  rice. 

Sanuwn.    In  Borip.,  a  Jndge  of  Israel, 
son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of  Dan;  b. 
Ufi6  B.  o.     He  possessed  extraordlnaiy 
■ad  ^ndle  a  prisoner  to  the 
I  was  4Bpciyed  of  his  sifl^t  and 
,  MoMSlf  irith  a  large  Bnmber  of 

.^  .^^ es  by  polling  down  the  temide 

,^  wlriehthei' were  assembled; 

'flbniaeli  Bam'ik-el.   The  Mmie  of  two  ear 

Bonieal  books  of  the  Old  TtetaoieBt,  eoTer- 

.  l^g  three  principal  periods,  the  restorstkm 

of  the  theocnM^  of^whieh  Bamnel  was  the 

leader ;  tiie  history  of  Baal;  DaTid*s  reigii. 

iUwnilol  In  Berip..  a  prophet  snd  hst 
/odge  of  IsrseL  of  the  tnbe  of  Levi: 
B.  1168,  B.  Wn  B.  c.  He  conseeratea 
Baal  the  first  king,  and  annolnted  Darid. 
his  siioeess<Mr.  The  two  boolcs  of  the  Old 
Testament  bearing  his  name  are  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  8. 

flkin-benito,  san-be-n€'t6.  A  loose  up- 
per garment  painted  with  flames,  flgores 
of  devils,  the  pers<Mi*s  own  portrait,  Ac., 
worn  by  persons  condemned  to  death  bv 
the  Xngnisition  whep  going  to  the  anto  de 
t&i  Those  who  expressed  repentance 
wore  a  garmmit  of  the  same  kind  with 
iamea  &ected  downward ;  that  worn  by 
Jews,  sorcerers,  ren^ades,  bore  a  St. 
Andrew's  cross  in  red  before  and  behind. 

Baprlfll,    'dsL  y 

A  kind  of  shoe, 
consisting  of  a 
sole&stenedto 
the  foot,  gene- 
rally  by  means 
of  straps,  cross- 
ed over  and 
wound  round 
the  ank  1  e  . 
Originally 
made  of  leather, 
they  were  after- 
ward made  of  gold,  silver  and  other  pre- 
doas  material.  The  official  shoe  of  a  Irtsh- 
op  or  abbot,  commonly  made  of  red 
leather,  and  sometimes  of  silk  or  velvet. 
A  tie  Or  s%ap  fbr  ihstening  a  shoe. 

Sand-blast,  sand'bhst.  A  method  of 
engraving*  and  cutting  glass  and  other 
hard  matorlsls  by  the  pereussire  force  of 
parttoles  of  sand  drivea  hy  a  steam  or  air 
JWstt.    OsUedalMMyid^et. 


Chredsn  and  Roman 
Sandals. 


Sandpiper.  A 

bird  of  the  snipe 
ftmily,  inhabit- 
ing the  sea- 
flliore. 

llie  pJMudonym 

of  A  celebrated  a.«ii  i>i,w-. 

French  noveUst,  Sand  Piper. 

Amantine  LuoOe  Aurora  Dupin  de 
Franceuil  (Madame  Dudevant).  a  great- 
graaddangbter  of  Marshal  Saxe ;  b.  1804, 
B.1S76. 

Sandnaky.  Gap.  of  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  on 
Lake  Brie ;  pop.  16,888. 

Sandwich  Talaiicla.  A  chafai  of  18 
idands  in  the  N.  Padflc,  fbrming  the 
kingdom  of  Hawaii-;  area,  6,000  sq.  m.; 
pop.  abt.  80,000.    Cap.  Honolulu. 

San  Franieiacso.  The  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  the  American  Psdflc  coast,  on 
the  bay  of  the  same  name,  California ; 
pop.  288,969. 

Sanarreal,  song-ra'al.  The  holy  vessel 
from  which  our  Lord  ate  the  paschal 
lamb,  or  from  which  he  dispensed  the 
wine,  at  tiie  last  supper. 

SangUt  sfing'gn.  The  native  name  of  the 
Abyssinian  ox,  characterized  by  the  great 
dze  of  its  horns. 

Sangriiiaugra,  sang'gwi-su-ga.  A  gen. 
of  abranchiate  anneUdans,  of  which  the 
medicinal  leach  is  the  type. 

Sanhedrim,  sanOie-drim.  The  great 
council  among  the  Jews,  whose  jurisdic- 
tion extended  to  all  important  aflsirs.  It  • 
had  power  of  life  and  death.  The  presi- 
dent was  generally  the  high  priest,  and 
tiie  other  members  consisteo  of  chief- 
priests,  elders  and  scribes,  in  all  amount- 
mg  to  seventy-one  or  seventy-two. 

Sailhlta.  Iii-ta.  The  name  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  Yedas,  or  sacred  writings  of 
tile  Brahmans,  which  contains  the  mantra 
or  hymns. 

flanjalr,  >k.  A  subdivision  of  an  eyalet 
or  minor  province  of  Turkey,  so  called 
because  the  governor  of  such  district, 
called  sai^jak-Deg,  is  entitied  to  carry  in 
war  a  standard  or  one  horse- tall. 

Sankhya,  sfingOdiyfi.  The  name  of  one 
of  the  three  great  systems  of  Hindu  phil- 
osophy. It  teaches  now  eternal  happi- 
ness, or  complete  exemption  from  ill,  can 
be  obtained. 

San  ICarino.  A  republic  of  C.  Italy, 
area,  22  sq.  m.,  pop.  abt  9,500.  Cap.  San 
Msrino ;  pop.  7,496. 

San  Salwador.  A  C.  American  r^ 
pnbBe,  bounded  N.  by  Honduras,  B.  I^ 


\.  .•"  • 


«1« 


-s.k-iD*  VT 


'-■.•..."•.      .:         •  .u-rur".!.    •      .ud      V      v 
i«".".  n"i      _  "41     .|.      .1..      tifi.   -'t;!. 

"••  ••'      f      -nn     niv-vior.    ie"..    >  »:i. 

jana^.aiutf.     i:^  >     ■>.        "I.c   -.:unt« 

f-!«»n     .      li-     •••  •iior  "  liT'v  ■  V 

."'■•    -r-i!  -         ..«     ■  ■•..•::    '>Mmi:un    r 

.:»'.  .::--'vis-»  .t-iiiiii-<.    v  -.-.f   .lun- 

'.-%  "  .'ir.     ^ •:«•*»   vim- 

iaiUULTIS.      lu    •«r".        *!.e    .soMfQi    JJi- 

.«.    •  lo.'    :iaL    :i  viucn 

.:  -  ■    .-      .-       ■   ni.-.T-    .4    vr:tr«jn, 

.— M      .  .1—        ■■•.•■;.■..     i  'ik-     ''-UA* '  aiip- 


11  *  •.■*  .;■• 


' '  ftta- 


*■  .  •■•N. ..  iiui'.::iie*'  :  i  'oc  •ti'  'he 
•-;••  ;a  I  .nxKt-  v.pMit-an  uniiv  »t" 
uti.-.u*'*.  .uii  ionua  a  iL*  ■>iftmtt  ;*i*tutoa 
•)    ;-.■  .iiMirr.*!    ■.r<-4n    uii:!!aiRi« «i  Inula«« 

k      li\:.-.tu    .•'Hfri.     ^ii     -raije?>iiiaa .  'i. 

7  ••«■  -"T  i-    V,u    4»-«Ti-l     '-••BHUillt. 

:^»;"..  .2.1  i"catm*  .»'<"j,ii'P  -'V..  '.\-xa« 
•-"  I'.i-'i  •  •■■.  -..•»  '.  k.  *.ji  fifau-u  ana 
•Si.'  ;.—i.  .L  "oa  >  u:ii.:<'.  .^»ss-or*'*i  .o 
••  •  •  ■*..  '■  *  la  .\:  ••:.i-«i  ;.!•  touiirr*.' 
.?<•■.  III.:.  ..«■  'Cmk::.;:  •■>;  -I'm  vur 
••".•.  ..I-  '  "  .  "♦•'.  .11  -»;;;"!:i-«i  ,utL  v:ia 
;i.; .  :..  .>..«.i.-i-  .  •  ..:«■!  V':a  i.i?  ic- 
.»r'     I    .-..-    '    -.   .f    .■:•:    -M'   ouau-'.   jut 

a:u.--  »-»■  ■.-:.  ....t'.i-i*i— •■■.L.  iLlcUlliia  "O 
■"■,::;:.    :.. i--!!;i-  ■••  v-r. 

SautiaAro  lia  ^^^'^*  u).  -i  -ae  .'v'puD- 
11"    I      .......  -.    -.ni-!'«:a.  li  ac  'V    Man  ji 

-ai-  \,..i:"       ■  ■      Jl.  ■"Ml. 

3azitiairo  'ia  CabA.  A.iciKni  'liu.  u'  ~iie 
'Ui.-i     ■:       ..'U.   lU    :.i    ';.  1.  xmai .  ;xii>. 

3azitiaico  la  la  T^sa  SpanTJi 
Town  u<    -i'  ae  .sii&uix  if  f.unuiua  , 

SiUltxm.    'un  -Jin.     A.i    Zjatem  ^inMt.  :i 

i    a;:.  . 

Sao  ?ranciaco.     .v  ".•irso  r'-'^r  >f  Brv 

:-.    ii;;*!'-  ::;.'  i.ut   '.u- .Vriantii*.  aim?*!  ftip 

-    u.«.    "»   :i.   iJiM-- Ml"  aioiita.  ."iv-iilnir 

S^w'ut^      V  '"''T  •ii'  Franm*.  imdjitf  v;::a 
.  •«•  't-  .z  I..»"«>n  .  Ifnifia  TS*  in. 

.'    I   r^Mip  of  "*.  .Vuiiiiiaui  piary- 
-i-»-  ■tiiMli>-nuli-<l  uionkfya,  inciu*!- 
t^  .    I-  oi^iitva  *pect<»i. 

''I^OJto.g'^   su**Tr.      A.   precioiu   stDoe, 

Ik.',  u  ^^    laii  value  ti)  the  tlhi- 

.    >••  '^***jk  V  'tM  eorondam  oUm. 

...  ^vi>    av    robr.  the  orienUl 


aiifin^  -t.  lit-  int* nuu  Vjou^  uiii  *Ji"  -iz.:- 
■aui.  uiii  •iiiiiiM.'.eti  •s3»-nruiil'*  "f  t; j'o.- 
.2«-»i   .i«»i:ii::a. 

ff  -r  ;.:■•'•-■.;  -i>ic<Mi;i-riiiR  i.-tt-ri*.  ^• 
r>i.:'j:  •.f.'i.u*  i-fi  tu  oxuiiiui  la-.  --"■'-*■ 
■It*    "i;  .-rac''— "    a  ,  ■•laLu-jf  :i--."iu"'"-:"-.; 


.a*  *--»-.q.      .1.1  i.TU'ioJ    r  "--? 
a    ii'.air'.t-."-   v.-t   »t   i.riiiia. 


.an.  ii  pn«''   ifaiwc-.-Ary. 
a    "pain.  "he    uu^fnc   -ap.  •if  Jl.-«';c.  .«: 


4».  rM. 


A  "^Ijace  ud 
xipuiar  ^ucnnjr-piatte.  np.  if  s.  Cc 
S.  T..  to  .n.  N*  W^  ■11'  Aibttoy  .  p«jp.  ?.*i:. 
.n   'iitt    neuncv.  <n!ii.   Biir!S*>v'a«  iiirrfeC* 

iBKBBWaiti.  iwB-t^.  In  E:n«l ;  Mytt. 
'lie  laiQtf  ji'  zhiu  ftMnaie  ifiifrxv  >r  vrjeui 
iinuiman.  -Ju»  jnc  .if  ziiit  Himli  7^. 
"Hie  !»  'tar  .f«MideiHi  -jf  -ipe««'U.  ai  x^:.  irti 


I.  ■'ur-ic.  II*  i-.ri.'*.     A 'p-"!** 

.D:r  ""iHii-.  V  in'ji  -vij.  -hi  .~ii!R«i  ■  •.i.'u.iw i: 
vua  >tiu«-''«*'i  ■.«>    ia«-'-  'aw  ;)roij«.T'y  .'feon- 

•uiiiin;;  ac  icsn  if"  ''jiitiied*  :■•:  o«>Tud  ;a  It 
rt:am  i  rW*"  '4r*^Ka.  It  "va*  '.-Utfrkik 
aultiii   Lapi:»   .V.-ttiii:*.  :W)ui  'Hfiair  ^uniit 

Aj««i*.  i   atv    if   L.-.iiu.     Ii.-ace.  •-•uu.Dflt 

uiijii)    if  -ft»ii»«.      T'lts   •iiiii;*«c   <:!•.'■* n  >ir' 

WT'ain  >f  "lit'  ^jvriuj :•!.-.  ■*»:-••  [  caji  »rrf 
u»<i  iM-«i  IV  'a*'  L*'i'"n:«*iji;i"«.  I'-rrsua* 
.Uii  Ruinuaa  :  .AUti  .ii  iitH^T'i  'iir.'-^  >:»£« 
rtiiiias  .va'-'--  mr  jtfii  lai-.-fuaiMn  f-.-rwy- 
urr  mil   ■•-rMma  .if  i:.ru  riai. 

Sorcapilile.  '(•l-fTL  i.>n>f  .  f  tzi?  '^4r?'>pa- 
Ufa.  ir  a»rai"Mniiu  VI  *f^:ii.i,i.:.i ;  xjc 
■LM."«l  .:»-!itjniily  riir  oar  d«.'«ja-^un'i.r  i£.uiiL 

EkudiziB.  -levn.  A  .'*mal!  ±ah  it'lap«t 
?ani:a;i  of  'jiv  -cauiif  -.fen.  k*  t!.v  iivtriair 
1  li  ;/ikaan:.  !■  .<  •rai-li  •'4tevi:tr«!  ;i.ria 
iavir.  larri  •iiiia*.:u«.*a  bclnir  j'rt'»«.'rvt-«l  ia 
•ill. 


SfaurdlTlia  An  luaan  i^Iaoii.  Ac-it^iriir^l 
trmi  '  .'i>iL'a  by  ia»r  ^aait  of  litiDiCu-iu: 
an*a.  J.::*.'  9.1-  "m.;  i-yp.  at/C.  60i.M.Hjii:  cap. 
i.'mrilan. 

Bartiins.  Ml-ad.  A  pn'oiouA  stone.  [in.>b- 
abiy  a  «anl  or  camriLio.  one  of  vrhioh 
wad  in  .Van>n'A  brxnutpLate.  Ex.  xxviii.. 
IT.    CiUled  aI«o  SJanlei  and  Sardinw. 

Bardonyx,  MA-nfka.  A  prcciooa  stone, 
a  rare  varletj  of  onyx,  conalstinp  of  altiT- 
nate  lavera  of  aard  and  white  chalcedony, 
IbniMfqrmDeh  omplojed  ibr  the  sculp- 


BABOABaO  B£A 
mwoi.  Thanunehu 


qnitU  MMmUilifa 


, .-__ „ -jm^u,  and  *ldo  — 

wneHuB  irbote  Mlora  m  In  ilCeniMe 
budi  or  red  ud  white. 


tndfl  Hum  JaplUr  imd   I 

tbo  sbh,  lis   dlaUnce 

balne    lomswhM 

more  lh»d  872,000,000  n, 

Batyr, 'er.   In  d™,  MjO,.  i 

eTl™drt^ 
IfuoaL  hav- 

Qrdeffll-go<l.h»lfm8nBi 

lilh> 

tairy  bodj.  nllh 

the  feat  and   tall  of  i  g 

SatytB  were 

common  itUndimts  on  1 

aTrndrrof 

SanL    In  Sorfp,  Uio  fir 

re  of  Isnel, 

.on  of  Klsli,  o'f  the  1^ 

uiolnted  by   SanmBllOTl  B.C 

i.;<klnwith 

bl.  Kns  on  Mt.  Gllboa,  i 

Saarfm,  M'ri-an.     Oi 

Bauria :  a  Ilinrd  or  lizard 

Sautamo,  afl-wrn.    A 

apec- 

Bordeau.  win  a   made  fr 

SST^^ 

8«tnii|  .a'tan.     Tha  grand  adTenur  oi 
man:  the  darD  or  prince  ofdukneu;  tht 


oadaty  planet  or  moob  ;  a  amall  planet 

Satla-atona,  'ta-atAn.  Afibrona  gjp- 
enm  uB^  by  Jkpldaries  ;  ukUn-epar. 

BatordaT,  'er^^  The  7tli  or  lut  dir 
oftba  week ;  the  Jawlah  Babbath. 

Batoxn,  'era.  An  ancient  llnlian  deity, 
popnLar^  bebered  to  bami  made  hie  fint 
■ppearanc*  In  tluieliii  otJuB-at,  bulmM- 
iog  the  people  in  agrioaltnre,  nrdeolng, 
&0-,  thna  eleratlnff  tbem  from  bafbariftm 
to  aodal  order  and  dyiHiatlon.     He  ma 

caUed  Batnm  14 after hlui.    Ulsrel^  caoie 

"aie  golden  ace,"  He  was  often  idenU- 
fled  with  the  Kronoi  of  the  Greeks.  Uie 
tem^e  vie  the  aUle  tKaanry.  Op>  ma 
Ui  -wife.    His  festivals.  SaturnaUa,  corre- 


Mpolla 

>f  Oeofgla,  on  the  8.  river;  pop.  »0,tA, 

Bavary ,  Anne  Jenn,  "Karis  Baoa 
iPao  da  Soviro).  A  diatlBgnUhed 
FreniA  general  and  atalennan :  a,  ITJt, 
II.13B8. 

Sav*.  A  rlTer  of  Anetria,  emptrtnr  tailo 
the  Danobe  at  Bdiiwle ;  kngU,  SW  m. 

Savlonr,  atT'yer.  Jeana  Chriet.  tha  B<- 
deeiDer,  vbo  ui  opened  the  w^  to  orer- 
lastlng  aalmlan  bjr  hla  obedltDM  and 
death,  and  vho  U  therefore  eiDed  th* 
BaTionr  br  wa}  of  dladnetlan. 

SaTonazola.  aiToIamo.  A  dlatln- 
guished  Italian  orator  and  religions  re- 
(brnior;  B.  1463,  Imrtyred  1«T. 

Savoy.    An  ancient  duch^.  and  later  * 


M;  bounded  S.  by  Bwltzer- 
JXII4,  c.  nuu  6.  by  Italy.  House  of  B.^  a 
dynsetlo  raM,  (irunded  by  Bartbold,  a 
Oermao  count,  nboee  dcecendants  took 
the  UUaof  counts,  nil;  la  1120  the  Htle 
of  King  or  Bardlola,  and  tn  1861  Tietor 
Emmanuel  II.  became  King  of  Italy. 
Saw-flah,  ag'Sih.    , 


Bi^e,  HermAan  Mauiioe,  Oooat 


Su-liom,  Mkiliara.     Oot  of  HTenI 

iniinIh|iliTr  uul  Ihm.  tone  or  lIvecyllQ- 
irn,  (Doifiriilnic  Ihu  hlRh  imjill  Mi-horo, 
(If  H>[>nDii.  Ibv  atlD,  tbe  Uaur.  buitoDa. 

Saxon.  uL'»n.    One  of  ths  psopls  »ha 

tccwlMluil  niDi|iiciT4  KngludinUielHta 

uu  :  mh  An;to-!>u(in  ;  one  0/  EnfUali 
net.  Tba  Imn^uagn  of  tha  Suogi,  Ajtjfla- 
Busn.  A  nulve  H  tnhiUtut  of  B»dn 
8«DBv.  a.  »n*ll 
nr  ni  JTS  £ngU>l 

TtfFn^ftMn  the  eo ^ 

■boDl  lbs  ConquMt,  vbea  Sonuu  BtU- 


Up  o?  brufl  wlad  iaalraineiiU  JOTentfll  br 
U.  Su,  di  In  unmtier :  tba  blgh,  the  u- 
pnuio,  the  ilLo,  tbs  tsiKir,  the  Udloiia 


lor,  tartwna  ud  t 
da  mouthplfCD  mi 


BoBsUola.  ikil-irl-Sla.  In  Arch.  1  ooni- 
pDHlUon,  ImtutlTB  or  mu-ble,  oi>mpos«d 
al  rtnsaia.  of  nnllibaU  of  Unm,  nfdDed 
BstTo^Lb  Hid  udrlltiua  ef  water  uinde  Into 

tpv,    EDOrblit, 

colored  VTpBc 
n  andaut  Bcaudli 


ith  flnUoteTB  of  apar,  toorblit,  g 
ibi  of  concrete,  colored  ffypeam 
jlorod  with  ochera,  Iwlea,  <bc.»  am. 


•tiiei 


Id  poUflhed. 
Scald,  akgld. 

[toaeTHWuialn  honor  ordiaUnEUlthed  men 
and  UiPtr  aehlcrnmanH,  and  to  radCa  and 


SaUlsMT,  Joaepli  Ja«tiu.    Ttaamcil 
smlnaflt  pbitaloEn'  oThla  an ;  ■.  at  Ana,      ,' 
Fni«.  or  Itallui  ptraataga,  IMO,  pTM      ] 

Scallop,    akal'Iop. 
A  BUTtna  UmelB- 


birds,    popiiJarly 


^W 


Sospe-trliMl,  Bkap'whS.      The  vlurf 
whlali  dilTea  Um  peDdalnmaf  a  oloi^ 
Soapolw,  akqi'H-ler.  A  portion  oTdn* 
ooflilallnKoftwo  b«da— one  ralnEditM 
tba  bnari  aad  the  other  on  tb*  EkA— van 


mi*  aami,  jnt  oa  k  ooBk  «bo  W 
oflanaed  iRth  hla  tongue.      £h  Bd^  a 


beelln,  fonnlnr  the  (Uaf  Ht  at  M 
aecUan  LamalUomiee,  and  liafliif  tM 
can.  Beanbau  la  (la  ^na.  "Ot  B.  aaav, 
er  aacred  beetle  or  the  fnptbni,  wn  it- 
(Biliid  with  great  TonerraCin  ;  and  flftiM 
(■ril,  plain  or  Ineoibed  nlth  ebincUi^ 
wen  haMtuaJIr  worn  br  the  (adesl  ^n- 


LndruUtfof 


ij  prinoipla  a 


(elo  of  prlnd^a  or  doetrlnea.  la  FUn 
a  Ibllowflr  ofPTTTbo,  Ibnnder  of  aaeetrf 
pbBaaofrtMra  who  mihiudned  that  no  av 
Unlnnrenoeaean  beilraim  from  tba  Tt- 
porta  of  the  aenaea,  and  who  thwvftva 
doubted  of  aTorytblig.     A  perun  kIh 


Chtiatlan  reUglon 


ft  dlvliio  origin  0 


CMAMle.  Curl  Wilhelm.     A  iIIhId- 

BitabwISwHlfihchamtst ;  b.  1742,  n.  lIBa. 
s  ID  ado  muiy  ImporUat  dlKavorln. 
Scbene.  nkCp.    An  Eptyptiim  mtaBara  of 
lencth  eiiuulto  U  buiHh  ornhout  It '"Il<^>^ 
Schefler,  Aiy.      An   emlDenl   Frenoti 

pdiatBr:  e.  ITflfi.  d,  IKBS, 
SchalltTW.     Aieailoli     Vlllielia 


{Mt,ai< 


N.  Y.nW,  c.  ISM. 
Bchoolman.  eknl'miiR.    A  mBD  voracd 

ororubool  dlvlnlt;;  spodfl^f,  pbltm- 
onbai  ud  dlvlDn  nftbe  middle  dps  who 
•doptcd  tha  ptfnolples  of  ArisioOe,  and 
ApADt  much  timP  In  ahfitmcl  spnpqliitlon, 
TberHBre  »  called  bHuiHllintBight 
ortBinnllT  to  no  Mlnwl«  of  dlvfalty  M- 
tiWIshed  by  Chnrlr 


ofI.elprig,1918, 
Salnuids.  ■T-e'ni-d«.    A  bmllT  of  nam. 
tlK>pt4B>DUH  flahfifl,  ttd  typa  of  vrmcli  U  tlii 

COB  fidcDL     Gom«  mflmbeni  of  Uh 
Ely  poueu   fc   Kmarluble  jHtner 
imlOlng  Htiindi,  u  tha  m^gn  uid  dn 

Soillr  Islanda-    A  (loup  of  lEO  u 


>  BOOTLAJn) 

W.  Bitremjty  oftbo  Engllsb  Ch«iiiil,titit 
ftw  of  urhleh  m  [Dlublubla. 
Scimitar,  Bim'i-tor.    An  orimlnl  Bword, 
tbfl  b]jidi>  of  wblfh  IB  BlngLe-edged,  hbort, 
curved   and   broBdcBt  at    Lbfl   polnt-eud. 

Sciopticon.  ri-Dp'ti-kan.  A  form  of 
of  pbotogrnphed  opjwta. 

Sclpto.  PuHloa  OomelinB  Afii- 
rftTtna-  A  dUUngulBliod  Koman  sa- 
cral and  Btatesuuui,  tha  ooDnnoror  of 
HinnLhal;  B.Ml.D.nan.n.  AmillmiQii 

■tho^  And  Ko[oanUa.Bpalii: 


,    kills!    1 


Bdoor-tail.  eli'or-tal.  Tha  JdUmloi 
rbrtlraliH  or  tjrandus,  hekmBinr  U  Uia 
flj-omlobera.      II  bna_ii  finked  UH,  WTnU- 


Stoloput  tutbatr 
wood-cock  IkmUf . 
ScomYMTtdM,  itmt-\>rr'l-Ar.  A  bmllr 
of  AciDtboplfryfilan  Rihea,  of  whlah  th* 
-,™™~- ™™-i, — 1 ^^  rogarded  ua 


ScotlaTuL  One  of  th«  pdndpal  dlvliloiM 
of  liieklDgdoDiDfOt.ltrllainiuid  Irelan^ 
oflcupjiaE  the  norib  portion  of  the  lahmj 
Gt  BrfiaJo  ;  bouDded  N.  ud  W.  bj  tb* 
AlUatlc,  E.  bf  Um  Oennan  Oona,  S.  b^ 


9C0TOGBAPH 


cxo 


SEX^OOW 


41  •■ 


arei  S\«2*  s.  m..  pop.  8,ST1,- 
•  f  i'd.*,  K'.!-.V.r^h.  cap..  Gla»- 


N  ". 

K  .1. . 


..-•.•.-:..  1: 


^: 


I  ••  - 


-i^ 


\  t.-rnf»9.  LtrUh. 
.-'..  >::r;!:i-'.  Kll- 
!*r:;i/i;".il  rlTers. 
1  »•••..  Ni'**,  Null. 
'.  1.  •  M  LuMiuml. 
>;i;-l.  L-cn/  niui 

"OiAMV.  Cl*  il»\  Do.  IKVll. 

'    Vvrih.    'ibo  N.   i»art 


■■.  A 

.-  ~-.  I':-.; 

Hit  ■T.'k 

'..  '7j.:.  I'r.' 

V  ■« - .  M  •"•■■♦■ 


I*  :::  .'..■-^;,""^  :*  i=-l  kiiown  ^j*  the  Hiirh- 
lij'.-.  :  .-•  rir.>-v4  t"*:--.,'  l..-.*  Gnriipianft, 
IV-.-:-.  \L'.-r.  "^i-ilAw*  mnU  m:aiL4':  In  ihe  Low- 
U:.!-*.  : ..'  v'.t^viow.  Lunuifrinoors,  Lov- 
ii.er?  i-'i  Pr-'iiaaJs. 

SootOffraph.  tk  >:'o-fnf.  An  inttrn- 
utr:.:  bv  which  oov  mar  write  in  the  dark, 
or  fur  c'ubiiiur  lJk«  Uirftl  to  write. 

Bcott.  Walter.  Sir.  Bart.  An  eminent 
ieot:i>h  poet,  novidut  and  hiatoriaa ;  b. 

Bcott.  Winfield.  An  American  general; 
B.  la  Va.,  1T^6.  D.  IS*'.  Hn  w»«  com- 
mao^!.^-Ul-«rhief  from  ]>41  till  1561.  and  in 
l»yi  W15  an  un»ueeeasftu  candidate  for  the 
P»T*iJenoT. 

Bcratch-raoe.  *krach'r&i.  A  race  in 
whicli  t.^e  coui{>et1ior9  are  either  drawn  by 
lot  or  tiiken  withoat  r«^pard  to  qaalid«a- 
tioa«  :  a  nee  without  rvatriotiona. 

Bcray.  »kra.     Sttroa  Uimndo.  the 
•wallow :  the  terc. 

Screw-jack.     A 

contrivance  for  lift- 
lap  htATT  weights 
by  means  of  a  »cn!W- 
lerer  or  handle. 

Scribe.  5kr:b.    Ona 

.  who  writes  ;  a  pen- 
man. .\n  Pificial  or 
public  writer:  a  fee- 
retary :  an  amanu- 
en«i^'.  In  Jewish 
and  S.icred  Hist. 
ori:7ina]ly  a  military 
oiRciT  uho5c  duties 
inclu«l<sl  the  recniit- 
in*:  and  orsrani/inir  of  troops,  th<»  leTvinir 
of  war-taxe.H  an«l  the  Hke.  At  a  later 
perioti.  a  writor  an<l  a  doctor  of  th  j  la^  ; 
one  who  read  and  oxplaineil  the  law  to  the 
people.  I  p.  CAriientry  and  bricklaying-,  a 
pointi-d  mai*kin^  tool. 

Scribe,  Augtistin  £iifirene.  A  pop- 
ular French  poet  and  dramatist ;  b.  1TI>1, 
D   1S61: 

ScriptOTium,  ekrlp-tiKri-nm.  In  a 
monastery  or  abbey,  the  room  set  apart 
f6r  the  writing  or  oopyin^  of  maniuertpta. 

Sotlptare,  ■btp'tor.   Th«  book-  -'  -^ 


Screw-jack. 


I    Old  and  New  Tostaments ;  the  Bible.  Air 
I    portion  of  the  sacred  %n1tings. 

Scroll-head,  skrorhcd.    An  ornament:!! 

tiinlK-r  at  tiiu  Imiv  of  a  vessel,  tioished  oil 

with  earvetl  work  In  the  form  of  a  volate 

or  Mn-oll ;  the  blllet-hcad. 

Scruple.  .«krr»'iil.    A  weight  of  SO  grain*. 

Scudo.  bko'do.      An  Italian  silver  coin  ol 

.    diifervnt  value  In  tbo  different  stetos.  Ts« 

'    Genoese    scudo  Is  equivalent  to   aboat 

fl.sJO:   the  Koinan,  $1.06:   tho  Sardiniia 

;    and  Milanese,  if4  cents.    The  ok!  Itouun 

'    gold  scudo  was  worth  10  silver  scudL 

,  S  c  u  p  p  emons'f   skup'cr-noag.  Tie 
I    name  for  a  species  of  gTa|»e,  sui^iiosed  to 
,    be  a  variety  of  Vitis  vulpina,  found  trild 
acd  cnltlvated  in  the  Southern  Statsi.  h 
I    is  said  to  have  oozne  from  Greece. 
Scutari      A  city  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  op- 
posite Constantinople,  on  the  Bnsphonu; 
pop.  80,000.    The  Sultan  has  a  palace  ben 
which  he  frequently  occupies. 

,  Scatibranchl ata,  sku'ti-brang-ki-u'U 
i  The  name  given  to  an  tx^er  of  hormaphro- 
■    dite  gasteropodns  moUusks,   having  tin 

gilU  oovere<l  with  a  shell  in  the  fi»iu  ait 

shield,  as  the  HaUotis  or  ear-ahefl. 
Scutum,  'turn.  The 
:    shield  of  the  heavy- 
armed  Kouian  legton-/ 

aries.    It  was  madef 

of  wood  or  wldLer^^ 

wtH-k,  covered  with 

leather  and  plates  of 

Iron.    In   Anat.  the 

natdla  or  knee-pan, 

in  ZoGI.  any  shield- 

Uke  plate,  espedally 

snch  as  Is  developed 

in  the  int^rument  of 

many  reptiles. 

Sea,  s^.  The  general 
name  tm  the  continu- 
ous mass  of  salt 
water  which  covers  the  greater  part  of  thi 
earth's  surfhce;  the  ocean.  The  term  is  lUso 
applied  to  an  off-shoot  of  the  main  sea  or 
ocean  which,  from  its  position  or  confign- 
ration,  is  considered  deserving  of  a  spedsl 
name.  Some  lakes  ore  also  called  seas,  as 
the  Caspian,  the  Aral  and  Sea  of  GflUee. 

Sea-anemone,  'a-nem-o-ne.  Hie  pop* 
iihir  name  given  to  the  actinias,  a  coelenter- 
atogen.  (class  Actinozna)  of  animals,  bar- 
ing somewhat  the  appearance  of  llowers. 

Sea^-calf,  'k&f.  The  common  seal,  a  spe- 
cies of  I'hoca. 


Yarioas  fbrms  of 
Scutum. 


,  'kon.  A  name  given  to  tbs 
dugong  or  hattoore,  to  the  manatee ;  dio 
" '  Vkb  walmt  or  soah«rae>. 


BKA-SLBPHAHT 


SKA-SSBPSICF 


'tl-^lUit.    Aipaete  of 


■  ■uw  ■■■■I,  luiu.    Aoy  mariDfr  nibi   tJ 

d^  tlut  llvea  luiiBlly  in  tilt  water. 

Bea-fOwl, 'Ibal.     A  muiaa  (Owl;  lu 

0ea-fox,  'fiA>.  A  a>h  of  the  ihurk  dm 
Aloplu  or  Alapeidu  vaLpea.  called  tl 
Fai-ahiilinTGreiher.  It  IscnlUd  w 
ftn,  IVora  tba  loneth  ud  ilu  of  tts  U 

,  ud  ttaHBher  from  lU  bablt  of 

BsK-hOMe, 


aa*kiPg.  "kliic.     A  klnfr  of  ths  as: 
■pMiBnlir.aaeofllisplnHciilNonhineii, 

tt^8U^fllllllndlO^™'     "  '   '     '^''*  ' 


thaOturisJnbiUaorO.etaUMl.  Tbanda 
bu  a  muH)  on  the  B«k  muhliif  to  tiM 
shanldara.  In  Her.  ■  tuoattar  omilitlu 
of  Ibe  DDpH  pmt  ol  a  Uon  eombliMd  irta 
UteuUafiflih. 

8Ml-«kln.iGl'ifcia.  TlugkinvfaMMri,  ' 
wUch,  iTlM  drMHd  wllh  lbs  flir  on,  U 
made  into  trOctet  ot  olDChiDB,  or,  trim  ' 
tanned,  Isra boou,  A«.  UteaElnefioiiH 

la  nmotei,  leavtnK  tbe  talt  Dnder  toi,  U 
the  exjfeoHve  neal-eUn  of  vblch  ladta* 
JaotetA,  Ac.,  are  made. . 
Bea-oDlIe,  ae'mD.  Anantliialargeiignipk- 
'"«■,  the  eotli  iwrt  of  ■  degree  at  ■ 
or  or  a  great  Olrols  of  the  globe. 
Seannaolile,    kd'h-cIM.     A  Uighlaad 


^aa  dttioltlea  oaUed  Oeeuldes. 
lea-ottor  'ot-ar.  A  mirine 
gen.  Enhydra.  ffun.  UaBtellda,  i 
allloa  to  tho  comnion  otlar.      1 


horgod- 
or  Oifm- 

?1h 


eeT«ra]  cenna,  u.HjdFiii,  Vvlamia, 

ardraa,  Ae.,  nEoeedln^y  Tonemoui. 

Bydriia  Btohuii  Inhablu  t)uAu* 

lodtiaathlskuamiii'el"  ' 

>•  been  rq^atMljt  aeen  at 
.  rweaanted  (0  b«  aa  mas 
ec  lana,  and  Iti  Mda  ipp 
iberf  rboaabaada  floatbiB ; 
M«*U*  uituo*  from  «• 


■■k.Hb.     OB*r>f 


•  grot  B^ypIUn  dt- 


._ .  .  .  .    itrenulT   tmOfM   «• 

(lort  irf  Um  OluiPi,  KuikU.  ud  ■  lay  of 

■BplunbyUiailllLilFn-iicli.  Eo^ab  and 


■abandr,  •frUo'dl.    In  tbo 
■lUtU-mu,  t<"Jfir*Uf  amploji 


«r  dlTlds  It    Into 
parti :    ■    MnlElit 


Ckonti.  ins. 

8M«Mlaalat,  -n^'nhon-la 
Bilntilns    Or    prliiil[i]L' 


t  irmpalfalEt't  u 
ba  BonUun    SU 


la  Pederal  UAtOD. 


,^->lt.    The  paver  or  U»^ 

_4  thlDfs  ntors  or  dlnUnt;   propbetlc 
tW    ■waO-tiwnni  Higblud  inpentl- 


A  penoD  vliOMpnM 
-•  -■— «b,  m  ftfla  a» 
sr   Gbrtniuii 


Motor,      -tap.        Tb«t  » 

whWb  irben  ■pnlled  to      ^'T-  n. 

1  slmle,  oiitt  oif  B  put  /^      I       >*       I 

SBOuUriat,   'B-ler-lBtl  Jf         I       ' 

One   wbo  tbeoretieiirf  \  t       ' 

t^ecU  tnrj   tona    <a  V  ^ 

■up;  oD»  who  ndluH 


la      Bar-  -T^S?;^ 

ludlDl£e  B. 

Anne  nod  the  fint  Oflorna,  that  II  la 
l«h  and  ITtb  eentailM. 
Wnilaii        A   fartUed    dtv   g 
_-.i..u — •-' tor  the  Til 

WlUUm    traad'ai 


\v   King  WiUlM 

Omni  PrlBMorPrUMlaiOi 

eoiDDiudad  I17  H^olaon  III.    Tka  lai 

lt,M)d. 


beMm«  •  prfoan,  wHb  lOO.OOO  ot  hU  mI- 


Uwlotiu-lrMvbldi  lUndaoi 

■Ide  of  the  iDTlBlble  Utmai    .. 

£Mh  w«d  of  Ita  frolt  coDlalDi  a  heor^ 


immtdaD  Ifrlh. 
laoB  the  iMit 
iroae   of  AlEib. 


I  aarth,  and  najat  Irian, 


,  ■«.     TlM  Mst  of  qilsoopal  power; 

diooeM  orJuitodioUoB  of  ablabopor 

ibUkop.    The  anttiorityof  the  pope; 

\ak\  a.  court. 

'meni,    •eg'nMnt.  -^^     ' 
)iece  oat  off  from  ii 
ire    by   a    Hue  or 
tie. 

atian,     -fa'sM-an. 
)  of  a  sect  of  Mo- 

imedana  "who  hold  

uliar  views  with  re-        bi^Kuieat. 
1  to  the  essential atp   a,  h^  ehoi<d;  ^ 
ates  of  God.    Ther      wegmmL 
opposed  to  the  MmiwIBtea. 

oe.  A  river  of  Oesitral  Tnno^  whloh 
rs  through  Paris  sad  empties  iiito  the 
irlish  Channel  at  Harre^e-€tatwe ; 
^414iB.  A  N.  dept.  of  Franee; 
^  ISl  sq.  m.;  cap.  Fmu. 

ichii,  -Ift'ahl-L  A  section  of  elasmo- 
ndiiate  flsheSf  which  ineladea  the 
rtwand  dog-flshes. 

nugraphy,  sel-e-ooe'ra-fl.  A  de- 
ptiea  of  the  moon  snd  its  phenomena ; 
artofplotaringthefkeeof  the  moon. 

moloffy;  ^ol'o-ji.  That  branch  of 
oaomieal  sdanee  which  treats  oi  the 

I,  s^.  One  of  the  descendants  of 
lammed  throosh  his  daughter  fatima 
.  his  nephew  Ali. 

Uite-wator.  sMmts-wa-ter.  The 
eral  water  of  Seidtttz,  a  rlUsffe  of 
tenia,  ftolphate  of  magnesia,  soTphate 
oda  and  carbonic  acid  sre  its  actiTe  in- 
Uents.  8.  powder  isaweU-knowB  ef- 
'escing  chemical  preparation,  haiing 
perties  similar  to  this  water. 

imolonr,  ris-mol'o-Ji.  The  science 
srthqaakes ;  that  department  of  science 
eh  treats  of  Toicanoes  and  esrth- 
Ices. 

imoxueter,  -mom'et-er.  An  instm- 
it  ISor  nieasoring  the  direction  and 
«  of  earthquakes  and  similar  concus- 

18. 

lura,  sc-zbu'ra.  A  gen.  of  Australian 
Is,  ihm.  Musdcapidn  or  fly-catchers, 
t  B.  volitans  is  the  dish-waslier  of  New 
IVales. 

lO.  The  name  of  three  Turkish  sul- 
i.  8.  I.  8.  his  fother  B^{azet  II., 
i ;  D.  1520.  8.  II.  s.  his  &ther  Bolyman 
Mofmiflcent,  1566.  He  took  Cyprus 
n  the  Venetians,  but  was  disastrously 
iat«d  in  the  naval  battle  pf  Lepanto, 
I ;  D.  1574.  .  S.  lU.  8.  his  flithar  Mas- 
IM  III.,  1789.    He  instttnted  gnat  i^ 


bat  was  deposed  and  murdered  b^ 
the  Janissaries,  ldi». 

Selter*-water,  self  erswa-ter.  A  highly- 
priztid  medleinsl  minersl  watvr  found  at 
JNieder-Belters  in  the  valley  of  the  Labn, 
Ksaean,  Oermany.  It  contains  cblorkle 
ef  sodiam,  carbonates  of  roagm^um, 
sodium,  and  calcium  and  a  large  q*iantity 
of  free  carbonic  add.    Called  less  correctly 


Wfwniphore,  sem'a-fSr.  A  kind  of  tele- 
graph or  apparatus  for  conveying  informa' 
Hon  br  signais  visible  at  a  d'istanee,  such 
as  oseiUaang  arms  or  flags  by  day  and  fam- 
tems  at  night.'  Many  kinds  were  in  use 
iMdiftre  the  Invention  of  the  electric 
tek^^raph,  and  some  are  still  emj^ed 
OB  railways. 

fltamele.  In  "Myth,  daaghter  of  Cadmus, 
and  mother  of  mcohus  by  Jupiter.  J uno 
in  disguise  persnaded  her  to  invite  Ju- 
piter to  vWt  her  in  bis  Olympian  splendor, 
and  she  was  burned  to  death  by  the  light- 
ning. 

8eM(gii,  s^mea.  The  seed  or  prolifle 
fluid  of  male  animals ;  the  secretion  of  a 
teetide;  sperm.  The  seed  of  plants,  or 
the  matured  ovule. 

Semi,  sem'i.  A  prefix  signifying  half;  In 
piu^;  p«k-tially. 

Semi-Allan,  -i-&'ri-an.  A  branch  of  the 
Arians  who  professed  to  condemn  the 
entnrs  of  Arius  but  acquiesced  in  some  of 
them.  Thev  did  not  acknowledge  the  Bon 
to  be  consubstantlal  with  the  Father,  but 
admitted  him  to  be  of  a  Uke  substance,  no* 
by  nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege. 

Semi-ball,  l-bnL  A  bull  Issued  by  a 
Pope  between  the  time  of  his  election  and 
that  of  his  coronation,  having  only  an 
impression  on  one  side  of  the  seal.  After 
consecration  the  name  of  the  pope  and  date 
are  stamped  on  the  reverse,  thus  consti- 
tuting a  double-bun. 

Seminole,  -n5L  A  tribe  of  Indians* 
originally  a  vagrant  oAhoot  fh>m  the 
Creeks.  They  gave  great  trouble  to  the 
settlers  In  Gesrffia  and  Florida,  and  after 
a  tedious  war  Uie  remains  of  the  tribe 
were  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory. 

Semi-Pelagian,  -p^la''J{-an.  A  fol* 
lower  of  John  (^Msfanus,  a  monk  who^ 
about  the  year  480,  modified  the  duotrinei 
of  Pelagius,  by  maintaining  that  grace  wai 
necessary  to  salvation,  but  that  our  natural 
fiumlties  were  8ufnoientfbrthecommenoe> 
ment  of  repentanoe  and  amendment ;  that 
Christ  died  for  all  men  ;  that  his  grace  wai 
equalfy  offered  to  all  men ;  that  man  wag 
bom  frae,  and  thsrelbre  oaiwble  of  raoakvi 
i&gltoidbg 


■UIBAM1B- 


BSFTUXeSBIMA 


SemiramiB.  Ib  Sjriaii  tnditkm, 
daiiffbtcT  of  the  goddeM  l>«roeto,  who  was 
abaudonrd  and  luiraculoutlr  Buraed  by 
duvif«,and  brcain«  wife  of  Ninas,  founder 
of  Niurreb,  whom  she  saoc««ded.  The 
Itr^ndd  of  her  wtflike  ability,  gross  vo- 
lupiuouAiieM,  and  final  disappearanoe  in 
Uir  ft»rui  of  a  dove  are  numeroiu  and 
fauiilur. 

.Semitic,  se-mlt'lk.  Relating  to  Shan  or 
hb  rf  puled  deMeodants;  pertaining  to  the 
llebre  w  race  or  any  of  those  kindred  to  It, 
as  the  Arabians,  the  ancient  Phoenicians, 
and  the  Assyrians.  8.  or  Shemitic  hm- 
guagea,  group  or  flunilv  of* languages  dis- 
tinguished by  triliteral  verbal  roots  anl 
Towel  inflection.  It  eoini»rIses  three 
branchee — Northern.  AraoueaB,  Aramaie 
orCualdean;  Central  or  Oanaanltlsh;  and 
Southern  or  Arabic. 

SemmfW,  Kaphaal,  An  American 
naval  otticer;  b.  in  Md.  1810,  d.  18TT.  He 
resigned  his  comuUssioB  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  "War,  and  became  the 
most  daring  and  sncoessful  commander  in 
the  Confederate  serxioe.  His  vessel,  the 
Alabama,  was  sunk  by  the  r.  8.  steamer 
Kearsarge,  Capt.  Winalow,  off  Cherbourg, 
France,  June  19,  1S61,  but  S.  and  most  of 
his  crew  escaped  on  the  British  yacht 
I>eerhound. 

BttmnopitheouB.  sem'nO-pl-thC*"kas.  A 
gen.  of  cdtarhiue  or  Old  World  ai^es.  One 
of  the  most  fiuuiliar  species  is  S.  Entellus, 
tlie  sacred  monkey  of  the  Hindus. 

Senate,  sen'it.  In  anclen  t  Bome,  a  body 
of  elderly  citizens  appointed  or  elected 
fit>m  among  the  nobles  of  the  state,  and 
having  supreme  legislative  power.  The 
numl^r  during  the  best  Period  of  the 
Keman  republic  was  800.  The  upper  or 
loM  numerous  branch  of  a  l^fsliUxure  in 
various  countries,  as  in  the  U.  8.,  in  the 
separate  States,  in  France,  and  in  some 
Swiss  cantons. 

Senatoa,  ae-ni'tns.  A  senate ;  a  govern- 
ing I>ody  in  certain  univw^ities. 

Seneca,  liucius  AnnssuB.  An  emi- 
nent honiun  pailoaopber,  tutor  of  the 
Knipcror  Nero,  by  wiiose  orders  he  was 
,murtloretl,  05. 

Senegral.  A  large  river  of  W,  Africa, 
emptying  into  the  Atlantic ;  length,  1,0U0 
in. 

Seneffambia.  A  section  of  W.  Africa, 
liounded  N.  by  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  £. 
bv  the  Soudan,  S.  by  Upper  Guinea  and 
Sibi>!  ia,  W.  by  the  Atlantic ;  area,  400,000 
sq.  in.;  pop.  abt.  8,500,000. 

Sennacdiecib.  la  Borip.  ai»  AssvriaB 
King^  70IM80  a.  c.,  whoir  «p 


a,  a,  Bepato. 


were  slain  by  th«  mngd  of  the  Lord  as  hi 
was  about  to  invade  Judea.  He  vras  nra^ 
dered  by  his  own  sons  while  wor^ping 
his  gods. 

Senor,  sen-yor'.  A  Spanish  title  or  form 
of  address,  oorresponmng'  to  the  £ngM 
Mr.  or  Sir ;  a  gentleman. 

Senora,  -yO'ra.  The  feminine  of  Seftor; 
3fadaine  or  Mrs.;  a  lady. 

Sensitive-plaxit,  sens'i-tiv^Iant  i 
name  given  to  several  plants  which  dispbv 
movements  of  their  leaves  In  a  remarksbfe 
degree,  not  only  under  the  influence  oi 
fight  and  dju^tneas,  bat  also  under  me- 
chanical and  other  Btimuii,  The  eommoa 
sensitive-plant  is  a  tropical  Americia 
leguminous  annoal,  gen.  Mimosa. 

Sepal,  •A'paL  In  bot. 
one  of  the  separate 
divisions  of  a  oa^z 
when  that  organ  is 
made  up  of  various' 
leaves. 

Sepoy,  ae'poi.  Na- 
tive £.  Indian  soldiers 
in  the  British  service. 
In  Bombay,  a  foot 
messenger. 

Sept.  sept  A  clan,  a  braneh  of  a  raeeer 
fainilv.  used  particularly  of  the  raoes  or 
fiuniHes  in  Ireland. 

September,  sep-tem'ber.  The  9th 
month  of  the  year,  so  called  from  beiaf 
the  7th  month  ilrom  "M^'g-^h,  turmorty  tiM 
1st  month  of  the  year. 

Septennate, -ten'it.  A  period  of  sevn 
yesrs. 

Septennixun, 'ni-um.  A  period  of  sevea 
years. 

Septentrio.  'tri-o.  In  Astrtm.  tiie  cos- 
stelhition  Ursa  Mi^r  or  Great  Bear. 

Septentrlon,  -on.  The  north  or  northern 
refinns. 

Sept46il,  sept'foil.  A  British  plant,  ths 
Potentilla  Tormentilla.  A  figure  of  7  equal 
segments  of  a  circle  used  in  the  B.  C. 
Church  as  a  symbol  of  the  T  sacraments,  T 
gifts  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  Ac. 

Septillion,  sep-tirii-on.  In  Eng.  nota- 
tion, a  million  raised  to  the  seventh  power; 
a  number  consisting  of  a  'unit  followed 
by  42  ciphers.  In  French  and  Italian  no- 
tation, a  unit  followed  J[>y  24  ciphers. 

Septuacrenaristn,  6ep'ta-a-Je>n&''ri-an. 
A  person  70  years  of  age ;  a  person  be- 
tween TO  and  80  years  of  age. 

SeptnageeiTna.  -jos^i-ma.  The  third 
Sonday  before  Lent  or  belbre  Qoadrtfesl- 
ma  Sunday,  so osQsd  besanaeit is  aSoot 


■V^ 


i  Sunday,  sc 


SeptlUWint,  -illil.  A  Qnek  TaTBlon  t 
th<  Old  Tuluust,  H  odUd  altbw  bi 
MUM  It  WH  ■pproTAd  uul  HniUlDiiifd  b; 


^curdUlg  to  trfldl- 

■lal  by  JoBcphua 
ti  rak^  QDd  by  Uuj  | 
idf  Inlius,  King  of 


ortlH  dutiDiulB  IhelNnr  Tcelsmecl 
tlie(H>l*reUk«D. 
Beptmn.    up'iDn. 
BoL  lbs  (wtlllun  of 
ovary  or  ft-Dit  produoec 


d  ml 
a  11,  flO"  imB.e  1»  fcadil 
^wMtduorlpUou;  aft^oed 


,  burned  before  tb«  *luir. 
a.    Tka  nuns  of  fnur  PopMi 
Bfi'rl-sl.    A  taJs  or  other  oomjioiil- 


A  work  sr  puWIiatluii  iHiud 
iTADmaben;  h  p^rlodloa]. 
^  Hr^-fbrrn,     AppUvd   to  ft  ieO' 
Hon  of  thtt  Alljiio  fomUy  of  lufii^rM, 
oorpprlilog  tha  Cldiifltef  Slua«H|  Bar* 

Berlscap^tai^-  (CityorTl)biiD.)AdtT 
ofMidiu,  Brlt-lndlLontheCiTaY,  tW 
"--■-■  "at  ft,M- 


opbldlu  t«ptil* 


f\  by  other 
aorarliO.  ne-ril'ya.    Tha  palsoa  of  tbe 
BnltiD  ofTorkeyat  CoDBtutJiiDpla.    Itli 


Berai,  -ri:  Id  Eeatern  oonnMu.  ■  [dasa 
tor  Uw  uoomnuidiUloD  of  l»Telorai  a 
eanvuisary  ;  a  khu. 

Serallmmen,  lo'ni-ba-niaii.  Albamaa 
of  tba  blooil :  lo  o>Uad  to  diatlngulsh  It 
from  onlbumsD.  or  the  (Ibumeii  of  tlie 
vhlla  of  in  e^.  Arom  whloh  It  dUfera  In 
obeinloal  reaatlDfl. 

Eteraph,  aeKar,    An  insel  of  the  higbcat 

Serapla.  H-ii'fls.  Tba  ereak  name  nf  a 
deity  >vboB8  woreblp  \nt  Intiodnwd  Into 
li^ypt  In  tlie  rol^  of  Ftotemy  1.    He  waa 


Tlppoo  Balb.  the  eeleiiratad  Ralah  of 
Mrs,  H«a  Ullad  whaa  ••■-  "-'•'-'-  — 

SarpenL   'pant.      1 

SsTpantarliu,  -nen-U'rl-iu.  A  nnital- 
ladon  In  lb*  northers  hamlapbara,  CaUad 
also  Opblaobm, 

Serpula,  aai'pD-la.  A  no.  ef  aaptaate- 
bruebiala  unrildaoi.  erd.  Tubiaob,  1d- 
hitdUoz  oyllidHal  aod  tortaoai  mkni*- 
tubaa  alUobed  to  reoka.  ahella,  JM., 


M^n'r^.Orae^'l^d^ome.  ' 


L   TnrWsh   tltJe 


■frdliUBt  In  tnptail '"— '— 


Italy  aolorad. 

■■  •  •fflndoMylh.thakliij 
-Idraata.  Vlahnu'ia- 
Wbea  deploMd  Mlled  he  1*  tha  tymbol  at 
SeVt  as , 


diT  or  Iht  wttk  Iniuad  ol 


■•TiU*.    Cu.  of  HOT.  or  I 
•iBla,  OB  thaOwddqnlTlr.  K 

•f  odii ;  pop.  eii,4aa. 


•awaid.  WlUiAmHnur. 

fsiTt^  imr^wu  & 

B»Tirmiir1nn,   ii«Vii'i>.nl"r 

Tlia 

'  Saxdldtlat.  -diri-Ost.     Ons  who  hu 

ftwt. 

Bextant. 'tint  h  Matb.thsiUUi  put 
alAt\n]e.  An  Improied  Ibrm  of  quiO- 
Tul.  o>p>b)aofinauurlng  UKlMiiflXI°. 

SrtUUoo,  -tUll-oii.     AoBordtDj  U  Cn- 


I^ojld  tN  Enpt  ftw  nlilBK  *>ter  ftia 
ihs  nfla  *r«w  porpoH  orlmcaUoa.  K 
ODiuWiora  loig-  polo  aiupaidal  M  ■ 
frm<t  Uh  iboM  aod  b«4ns  inUMa 
u  to  im  ■  bMkM  whB  fllM. 
Sh><Ht««i  >hiin-lta.  On*  or  A*  *■ 
■««s  of  tha  aniulta  or  orthodox  MobM- 

Sbaii,  tii.    i  tlUe  rl>«   1?  X>iTn« 


nlebnlfd  «(wMd  li  tlio  parralif  fV- 
doDil.  eoDtiJiiliig  tlw  hbtofj  of  ndatl 
rHiJui  klB(*. 
Bbskaa,  Oit-tf.    An  K  lodlu  vb  << 

lliaker.  shlk'er.    A  msmtKr  ofiidlr- 

tula  iMt  (Mnded  tn  Mai>ob«t(r,  Kofriui. 
ibout  the  middle  arthe  IStb  DOBtnir ;  m 
oaJled  popularly  fhHn  the  jk0t«tloDt  or 

otthalriAmisBUI.  *!£«;  gall  thanuahM 
the  UnlUd  B(hIb(t  or  U«Uevei«lH  Obrllt^ 
Basooit  Apporlu.  Thar  teaoh  ■  •jalem 
of  doctrine  ArandM  pnrt^  on  tbe  Blbla 
and  partly  on  the  npooaad  roTolatlona  tl 
Mather  Ann  Laa,  oifrBntlnaplrad  I«d- 
«r,  andkor  aaeiKaaora.  They  lead  a  eel- 
bau  life  vid  hold  Uieir  property  in  earn- 
man.  Thay  are  dow  moatly  MBllnad  ta 
the  U.  B. 

BhakanoMn,  WIUlAm.  EnslaBd'i 
KTeaUitdniiiiiIlcpoel;B.  IMi,  d.  ISl^ 


■nil  luteTOltiit  lo 


tb*  UUii  of  th*  UfhB-  ardir  et  ndgloM 
iKrsons  who  prHieb  }q  IAiq  moftqaH.  tht 
&hF[lt-iil-Islui  li  lb*  sbief  mufti  U  Ci>d- 
stananonls,  Tho  mine  !■  wldelj  uwd 
unons  kulsms  u  *  lltie  uT  nipHt  n 

■    Shell.  Richard  Zntlor.    As  goilnnl 


btuMw. 


mui,uid(liUltlBBbaolDlehna«Hry  to  in^rU 

*tertltaelr  miUEn  InflHOoebr  uula  riua  ,,>,  u!»i, 

Ufa  i.'Sit  Urn  aoDdUton  ^^in  wOl  ba  ^f^  '     j  „tbw  nations  of  lb*  um 

^^■i'T??^-^.,^  I"*^'5  ""^  ,tock.  I>r.  ArbulhDolm.k«Ui.wrtgh« 
to  Uire  been  equkl  to  V  iwtt.  Hftt.  trvj 
weight,  »nil  Ibo  Tilno  »bool  n  wnti; 

—  — „- _,  ---  —  —  —   —  otiunmnkoltsTaln* AboDt KcuLtB.  Th* 

NinUb;  pop.  *bt  1K,(W).  p,idea  shekel  wuvorthiboiiCIT.lS.  Th* 

nuiA,abirk.    Oll«Df*|tTOiip  ordumo-  ilHkel  of  Itie  Baneiaaryiru  OHd  In  oalini- 

bmHiiiUa  lliliaa,  mMnsted  Rir  tbe  sIh  litlDg  the  olTerlDgi  of  the  temple  and  all 

ud  Tondty  oT diib;  of  theip«lea.  aims  enmi  oannected  nIthEhe  uond  lew.     It 

^ecietof  wUdi  ureknoirnu  "nun-eat-  laiupjioted  to  haTO  been  donble  the Tilu 

Shannon.     The  prlDolpal  rtrer  of  Ire-  Shelbnnie.  WllllBin  Pattr.  B*d 

'""■'    '"     "        ~  of  (fliatMarqalisot  I^naOown^ 

A  Ian-  or  book  of  An  eminent  British  •tateemiui ;   1.  VXl, 

.  ,    .          Indn.,  piHlenlu-lr  a  d.  180B,     Heapproiod  Ibe  poUw  whfch 

Viok  containing  Che  (nthorlled  tcBtHntd  iwulted  In  the  Ametlein  Bnolutton,  Jiud 

of  their  religion,  and  r<>a>ld<TCd  of  dlTlne  aa  Prime  Mlnlater,  ITM.  n^otlated  tb« 

origin.     TEe  tenn  la  applied,  In  a  wider  treat?  which  reoognlied  th>  iDd^udoOM 

InatltnteaofthenrloaiirlaudBoleaeea,  ShellCV,  PmoT  BjrnhB.     A  dletin- 

••rhetoric.  gutahed  Engllah poel ;   a.  ITM  droned 

Bhay.  Danial.     An  Amerhnut  captain  bitbaouielilniofhli  boatln  the  finlTot 

to  the  Reiolutlon  :  ■.  In  Maaa,  llrf;  o.  Ltghom,  1S». 

loH.  T..  IBZC,     He  became  notorloQi  u  Bhell-flah.  nherSah.    A  moIlBak,  who** 

leader  of  an  abortlTa  rebellfcin  agalnat  the  gaternal  eaiering  eonalita  of  a  ihdl.  aa 

BtalelawtarUaas.,lTS«.  o;aUva;   clftma7*o-;    an  animal  whoM 

Bbear-watW,  ■her'wg-ter.     Tlie  nanw  onter  ooierlng  li  a  cnataaeosa  ah^  ■• 

of  teveral  mirlne  birds,  gen.  PoSnna.  be-  the  Inbster. 

longing  In  the  petrel  fhmlly.  SheiD.    Tbi  oMeat  of  Koab'a  thna  tan* 

>p^<>^hln.1.     abS-kl'na,      The    Jewiah  and  fonnder  of  the  eheiijIHe  (Banltli) 

IHne  ftjrtheeTinbalor  thedlvtoe  pns-  racei.    He  llred  ta  the  age  of  SOO. 

'    *  kn  the  ahape  of  a  uond  ff^^t^wTijirtfth     Ariverof  T*.,aaiBtrlnf 

_._    .V. -  ilomao  at    Harper'a  fury; 


>1e  light 
■lioBhek 


Written  alioBheklDah. 


ii 


place  ofnat  dlmenslaoa  In  whlek  tb« 
■plriti  of  the  dead  real.     SemeClme*  th* 

neoted  with  It,  but  nerir  that  of  fatan 

Shephrad  Kinsa,  The  (Hykaaa). 

A  farelsn  dynatty  whiob  ruled  In  Cfrypt 

Ml  yean,  beginning  itOOn.  0.    Bpeonb- 

dlgnltr  properly      lioha  differ  ai  to  their  origin  and  lk(e. 

TbeVee^a^   Bheraef.  ahe^reT.     AdauudanlorM*. 

edied  rtieUu      hammed  thmagh  hi*  daughter  T^Hma  and 

mi  ttlt*l**     8**n«  Bn**.   ym*<n  li*«<f,lhw^ 


ASKCV-UOOTa 


Bbeyt&n,  ihl'tu.     Ab  Orb nt>]  nuno  tn 

SUeld.  ibfU.    A  ■>)««  or  <l«f«ii1n  u- 

mur  (SttM  oa  tha  UTD  i  ■  bDctlsr. 
Shllto.  lUnu     A  roHnbcr  of  on>  of  tba 
l-u  rrrit  MCts  Ipto  wlilcll  MohunniHUiKi 


being 


The 


ShlUlnr.  iblllni;. 


boU'd  Rir  the  two  iliiTf 
(Arail  «-T.  IM2t  brtwH] 
onder  Orn.  Qnnt.  inil  U 


onilJnAU  u 

IIIOIIS    [TB|>Mtlng 


it  rvtifiont^  i>f  Jipui,  oriflnallr  a  IVirm 
ulnrv  wunUp.  Ih«  fiireM  of  oaturt 
i( ngviti itrait,  tho inn  Mug tht 
nist  n>4.  T«  loo'  iif  fi*  •u-fod 
)d*d  &•  iiliMin  hsBM  la  Jkpra,  1114 


acTil).  BhlEub-tna. 

»b6'Bn»!  Th«  )inip«r  uma  of  lh«  nuj«- 
douHH  orihe  (lupRU  palarA  BDd  genuil- 
lulmoi  at  Japu.  vbo  rormrrlr  uiorpal 
tbep)T»rillns|Kl«-*r.  AUo called Tjoooil. 
Bhort-hom,  (bort'barn.     OlK'arn  breed 

orilclDatpd  In  th4  begriming  of  t  hie  centoir 
In  the  viUey  of  the  Tees.  Erucluid.  Ttia 
attlA  an  rullf  bttened.  and  tbc  fleih  isiif 
eicfllentgualiti,  hut/ordaJrjdnirpnrpma 
tbej  are  Inferior  to  soma  other  brwdi. 


Shot 


it-mataL  'mi 
•oulleliat. 


mprojeel 


li  alloy 


_ _.ii.  BhrapneT,  filled 

ll  balkBti  ADd  a  bnnnDa  cbanw  luflt' 
It  U  tpUt  tiia  abell  open  and  ntau 
'-"-'-  It  UTglTeD  pirint,  ftatnUt 
da  bebra  KasUDr  the  oUect 
"  '  '     Bpbericd  Oaae^lMt 


.  WltasDwni)Hnar>lhni»T(I«ndii)uriii- 
BMHKlil  Urd>  beloDrlni  u>  Ibe  dim  Umttol 
dlitelonnr  UiBBMer.  ^e  buiILi  [>  dl- 
Tlded  iDtii  v™  Eronpa,  tho  Laiiitclin,  or 
tins  riirilus,  ud  IluuniiDBhlLliix.iubiuh- 
thrtkM.  

Sbllllip,  (ilirimp. 


-       II  tho  pe<.pl8  of  Kng 


Zh?Ii"b! 


."J,*l 


(nsTnnd  dined  on  padi 
TbFlalterpreclkvUllloiiDuiiueii.auMiLiu. 
bI»mi  thU  d«y  tho  «ppellHei>n  of  P»n™k. 
Tnosdiy.  Tha  Mondiy  prModing  vtt, 
mlled  Colldp  MAndsy,  from  the  prim  IMt. 
— * — I  of  eatkiir<V^  ^■'  """"■'■  '"■  •'^^"'^ 


tha  Shmu  eomitry,  E.    by   Annani, 

mo  N|.  m.;  pop*,  ek.  1,OI)U,a<>0.  Cblaf 
oMu,  B]iaEkDk.»p..MuklDnii,  Pa' 
indF^klat.  PrlDdml  riven,  IhoMi 
wlih  Mmrnl  tribDtDiM.  Gulf  of  I 
•rmofthelndUui  OcPin,  EOO  m.  In 
SMwIde,  bet.  Lower  BlamaDdCinil 


BIDEROSTAT 

-endrsN.  ■ecHon,  covprton 

mJ  W.  Midl.arwN.  mil  B 

tr  tbo  Arelio  Ocean.  E,  by  the  J'odfle 
liMk»,  S.  by  CliiTiji«id 


tfjnllj  used  to  >u(igFB[  l!b>t  tlun  la  or 
to  Indlnto  n  dtirereDca  of  opUiIon,  or  to 

Sicilian  TMpen.   ktaisiKnot  Uia 

Prebcb,  wbo,  uddflr€Thiirle«»f  An>)o,luia 
Ktipd  Blatl/  by  vlrtuo  of  a  mntftvid 

rule  the  i!.iiv«  rflwlfd  iKi  dU^after 
Eiister,  March  80,  ISM,  roao  aimolUuK- 
ouiiy  and  deobvyed  tbe  fpurUuDA  at   P#- 

BiollT.    An  llslion  Inland  In  tb*  M«U- 


in.;  iKin,  i,M6,S;9.  Cblcf  dUos,  Palermo, 
ran.,  MpMini,  CataBla,  PjricOBe.  AlicaU, 
CdUnlBetUi,  Marialn  and   GlrEtnH.     A 


Siddona,  SaraliL.      Tbe   itiont   dltiin- 
pnlqhcd    of    ^nflUh    trapadlennaa  1     B. 

ble  fiinilly,  nnted  aa  actors. 
Bideragra.pby,  tld-er-og'nt-E.    Theart 

W^™  pUcd  to"tEo'u« 'sS  procei., 
Blderollte,  'cr-n-irt,    A  meteorln  atone. 

a^AAfl  many-phanibured  ortfanlem  havl^f 
a  alellateil  appmraoca. 
Sidoroatat.  -siat.    Ad  appantna  Ok  aft- 
HTTlDg  ti»  Ufh  ( of  tbe  ttan. 


SIDXBOnrTPE 


liidiuiyiw.  -tiB.  A  mathod  ofproduo- 
Inc  »un-pictiirMoj  iinmuis  of  ainmoalo- 
frrrk  rilnte.  Pftpcr  liupregnatcd  «rlUi 
thi«  Mlt  Is  «xposMl  to  Hirht  In  the  camera, 
anJ  the  |ilcture  la  dereiopMl  with  a  nea- 
tral  9olu:inn  of^itM  or  silviT. 
kidney.  Sir  Philip.  An  Enfflah  sol- 
dirr  iiti«l  |NM't,  neitbew  of  the  frmoua 
Knt>ert  Duillfv.  Earl  of  Leicestisr:  a. 
1.V4.  killr<l  in  tbe  battle  of  Zatphen  lfi66. 
lie  U  ealtod  the  "  Ba>-ard"  of  his  age  and 
enuntjy. 

0MRm,  a«-ar'a.  A  chain  of  hflls  or  mass 
of  nMmntaliii  vlth  jagged  or  saw-Uke 
rldres. 

Biernt  liSOiiA.  An  EneUah  oolonr  on 
W.  cMut  of  AtHoa.  ased  as  a  reddence  for 
2lberai«d  slares ;  am,  463  aq.  m.  C^>. 
FreetDv^B :  pop.  44.MI0. 

fliarxm  NavadA.  A  mountain  range  in 
S<pila  :  also  a  range  in  California. 

•iectA.  -es'ta.  The  practice  indulged  Inbj 
inhaDilar.ts  of  hot  countries  genefallj,  of 
restinc  lor  a  short  time  in  the  hot  part  of 
the  day.  or  alter  dinner. 

SiC^  Fkmna.  An  American  geacral; 
B.  In  Badca.  tiermaar.  IStM. 

Bigimmnd.  9on  of  Emperor  Charles 
IV.:  B.  186S.  became  King  of  Hungary 
18ST.  and  £mp«rDr  of  Germany  1410,  d. 
1437.  He  made  himself  notorious  by  be- 
traying John  Huss,  the  martvr.  The 
name  was  also  borne  by  three  kings  of 
Poland. 

Biffla.  sigHa.  The  signs,  characters,  ab- 
breviations, or  letters  ased  for  words  in 
ancient  manuscripts,  printing,  coins, 
medals,  and  the  like. 

Sigriud-lainife.  'nal-faunp.  A  railway 
lamp,  with  a  bulKa^e  in  it,  made  to  give 
oat  light  ofdiiTerent'colors  as  signals. 

BignOT^  sOn'yor.  An  English  form  of  the 
Italian  SIgnore,  Spanish  8oftor.  a  title  of 
respect  eouivalent  to  the  English  Sir  or 
Mr.,  the  French  Monsieur,  and  the  Ger- 
man Herr.    Written  also  9e^ior. 

Sisnont,  -yft'ra.  An  Italian  title  of  ad- 
drees  or  respect,  equivalent  to  Madam, 
Mra. 

Biffnorina.  -r^'na.  An  Italian  title  of 
respect,  equivalent  to  the  English  Miss 
and  the  French  Mademoiselle. 
Bikh,  aOk.  One  of  an  Indian  community, 
half  rehgious.  half  military,  founded 
about  1900,  which  profe^Me*  the  purest 
Deism,  and  is  chieflv  distinguished  from 
the  Ilindns  by  worshiping  one  onlv  invis- 
ible God.  Thev  founded  a  state  in  tbe  Pun- 
Janb  in  the  IMh  oentuiy,  which  was  annex- 
A  to  ttM  Bddah  XnptN  to  iBdii  IMft. 


flae,      SUhooettSL 


BuIe-iw  ur  111* 


Bllanw,  al-te^BiM.  ▲  GreeiBD  divtadri 
the  foatar-lhtfaer  aod  atteadancof  Baedm, 
and  Ukewiae  leader  a€  the  aatyn.  Hs 
was  repreaen ted  aa  a  robust  old  mas,  nn- 
erally  In  a  state  of  intoziaation,  and  ridfa; 
on  an  aaa  carrying  a  can  tliarua  or  bottle. 

SiUuraette,  fliro-et.   A 

name  given  to  the  rep- 

reaantiitioii  of  an  objeetj 

lUledinofaMack  color,' 

the  iaaer  parta  being  ia- 

dleated    or   Unes   of   a 

Ighter  cotor,  and  shad- 
ows or  extreme  deptha 

by  the  aid  of  a  «hiniwg 

mediom. 
Bilk,   silk.     The 

soft  thread  prodaeed  bj 

thelanrc  of 

nam  eroaa 

species     be- 
longing    to 

the     gea. 

Bombyxand 

other  genera] 

of  the  flun.f 

Bombvdd*, 

1  e  p  Idopter^ 

ous  Insects  of  the  aeotlon  popahurly  kaovn 

tqr  the  name  moth,  the  most  important  of 

which  la  the  Bombjx  moii,  or  eomaion 

silk  worm. 

Silvmnus.  sil-Ti'nns.  A  Bomaa  mnl 
deity,  so  called  ftom  L.  sHra,  a  wood.  He 
is  oanally  represented  with  a  sickle  in  bis 
right  hand  and  a  bough  in  liis  left.  He 
was  the  protector  of  herds  and  trees  from 
wolves  and  lightning,  the  god  of  agzieol- 
ture,  or  ttie  defonder  of  boondaiies. 

Simeon.  In  Scrip,  second  son  of  Jaeob 
and  Sarah,  and  prurealtor  of  one  of  ths 
twelve  tribes.  8.  Swlites,  a  religious  dev- 
otee; a.  in  Asia,  890,  d.  4410.  His  sur- 
name came  from  Ids  having  lived  for  near- 
ly 50  years  upon  the  snao^ta  of  pUkrs 
from  which  he  preached. 

Bimisdn,  sim'i-a-dfi.  A  quadnunaaou 
flunlly  of  mammals  now  Umlted  to  indnde 
the  highn-  apes.  Bach  aa  the  oraagi,  go- 
rilla and  chimpanzee. 

8imina,WilliamQlIl2iioz«.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist ;  B.  in  S.  C,  1806,  d.  1870. 

Bimnw.  St.  la  Scrip,  one  of  the  twelve 
apostles,  called  tho  (^naanite  or  Zelote. 
He  suffered  martyrdom  abt.  48  in  Persia. 

Bimnw.  Jnlee.  A  fVeneh  atataaman 
and  philosopher;  a.  1814.     - 

Bifnoniaw.  ai-mO'ni-an.  A  followar  of 
Simon  Magus,  whoat  ^yitflm  vaa  a  ape* 
flioi  (tf  gnoqttdam. . 


p 
\ 


H 


Wndliy,  ilm'o-Dl.  The  not  or  pnnUos 
,  of  InilDcHnglBBorcd  things;  pmflculwlr 
Itac  buying  or  Bellliig  of  eocIuWlcal  pre- 
itn^ent,  or  tho  oorrupt  preaeDtAdoJi  of 
my  one  10  *li  eccIeilutloiLl  bcnefics  tat 


oiled  tho  I>a»UT,  In  th*  naith  of  Sw 
DonatellitlDn  Cuii  M^or. 
Blren,  -rta.   In 
GroBtMjth.  on* 
if  HYsnl  (u- 


, 6in'.      A  hot  snffoo»tinB 

wisd  UM  biovi  o«ulDn>U^  In  AMca  uia 
Amu*,  notMMd  bj'  the  eitreme  beat  of 
flH  n^ued  deieitA  or  landj  plnJiiB,  Jt 
-tr  a&A  Htoaw  fn  8.  Italy,  Bimlel  In  Tu- 
k<r,  Solano  In  BpalD,  Kamiln  tn  Egypt 
anASr'l^  ■'<>  Barnutlu  In  GuJnM  and 


enfrot  Boa'and  Uatab,  T,< 


tni.    Id  Had.  the  Us' 

eongli;  ■  ooBralilTe 
moUon  of  (be  dia- 
phragm and  parti  ad- 

Binoloroe,  <in'o-loir.  Sin. 

A  indent  of  theClit- 

DBU  langoagfl,  llta^nn,  Idstdry, 

TmedlnOili;  — 
SlOOX.    Ape 

tribe,  DO*  locniea  aoDai  uie  □< 
.   oftlialllutBlpplaiidlAawDri 

dnwfng  IbfM  out         '- -      * 

of  a  Teaoel  by  oaaa' 

lag  It  to  Hh  In  tba  ti . 

toil.    For  IUb  purpose  the  Bborter  leg  tl 

Inaertedlnths'llqiild.and  tbe  ^  Is  ei- 

hanMed    by  bdng  dnwii   tlunngli  llio 

longer  leg. 
Blphon-iaoorder, 

Btrament  Invented  ' 

far  recording  mflwiaf 

tdegraphlo  Unee,  aa 
BlzHii&,  -rf'nt*. 
'  blTorODOm 


d  V  B 


— ..d.ofloadBolier- 

mals  allied  to  the  whalea, 
„     16  D^anatefl  and  dngong.  Be- 
otdM  tbe  [iTtDg  members  the  Blrenla  vera 
reprsBentud  by  a  glgaotlo  spedea  SQ  ' 
'    long  and  SO  tn  dreomter«noe,  now 
:    Unot,  no  tpodmaa  having  been  seen 

IHltaa,.llr1iU.    .9b  large  bright . 


-.,-.jCDled  as  hnlnr parOr tb* tbrm ot 
b[td^  aomsdmea only  thelHt of  ■  Urd. 

Uioeoo,  al-rok'ko.  An  opproielTa  r«lai- 
log  vind  oonting  from  H.  AlHoa,  orir  tb* 
HedlMrruieu.  to  Italy,  SkOy.dM.  Writ- 
ten also  BdrtMco. 

Slrrento,  aur-vtiiL  la  ths  Htentnr*  of 
tluinlddle>geg,*H>aelMorpnamln  eom- 
mon  uss  among  the  TronbadoBiaatid  Troo- 

Tova,  ntnalhr  aalMoal,  "■ — ■ "- 

devoted  to  lora  or  pi 
Into  sOophea  of  a  psool 

StttllUB,  rit-U'nC.  The  nthatohoa,  a 
Bub-fUully  of  iDMMiirlil  blidi,  named 
from  the  gen.  Bltta. 

SivMhoiiam,  -vs-thft'rl-Din.  An  ex- 
Unot  gsn.ofEninlnaDtia,fouBe  ' — "  '- 
the  tsUacyiMMof  tbe  BlnUk 


Baatared. 

alayan  range.  It  iurpaased  all  known 
romlnspte  ui  slie.  Itbsd  fbiu-  horns  and 
aprotrndlng  upper  Up,  and  most  have  re- 
sembled an  ImmeDfle  antelope  or  gno. 
9lTa,  sl'va.  Id  Hindu  Uvth.  the  name 
or  the  third  god  of  the  Hindu  triad,  la 
•rhidj  lio  represents  tho  prindple  of  de- 

K'lallns,  symbolical  of  creation  uhlcb  fol- 
vs  d^tmqUoD  :  and  b&  Is  ninMSIed 
*il^tnrf  bdRlUa  >l^  ef  luiou  Waoi 


but  tht  di'lty  whidk  camprtAe«in  lUolTi 
BlvaXL.   'lU.     Ttir   third   mantb   of  U 

[art  of  3^  >Dd  Jun*.'""'  "'  ^ 

Uz,  illu.    Tba  nntnbn'  of  >li  or  twl 

tbrit.    A  annbot  reprcKntlic  thli  hdl 

Siztna.    Ttaa  umii  of  fit*  popta. 
Skacai-nak.  Ths.    An  ■mmftliaT 


S  BLITTTH'O-MIIJ. 

BuiduiL    Bulortnnii.    mjTtanB    {SnW. 
CYiBti.  Wlndfl);  Ilia  iBIlrr  tbe  Coin.  Mil- 

Ci«!hii(1ncJui[ln;- tile  Itlnnirluiil  uritte 
Polihlnsi.     mnii.rebendiDK     the    SliTk 

Slin.     WrltUD  alio  Sctav,  Sdire,  Slin, 
SJavB-ooflla.BUT^or-l.  AUodoTilHM 


nLOHsih' 


to  pnTut  =■" 
tbelr  mnniilg  unr- 
Slavlo,  tlif  Ik.  Bunt 


itlncC  OJd  PruMlan 
rehtd«  moTliiE  on 


IL  klod  ol 
odonniB- 
on  ofatcb 


SlittinK-iiilll,  snt-biK-inll.  A  mill  wbert 
1n>D  ban  nr  I'latea  Hreaptit  InUmAllrodl, 
Ae.     A  machine  nsed  by  faipldirio  (M 


^Hgwn.  ■lu'ftu,    Tbewnr-cry  orplber- 
Ing  wordor  pluwa  of  ona  urihii  old  Iligh- 


Fratflscuit piinccB imd  ei_ 

ftr  the  mnlilnl  defsDH  of  tholr  mtb 

noUOeal  ind^pvndaniifl  Beolnot  UieErnpe- 
tor  Clivlu  V.  e.  ArClsla.  Ilia  u-ttcln 
dr»irD  b^Lutharind  Allied  hy  the  tlieu- 
JuRluis  nre*ent  al  Binnlkiildtn.  IfiSi,  the 
prindpHl  Dbi«(  ofwhlaEi  \eas  to  si^rve  as  a 

Bmair.  tmSr.  a  kind  of  hair-glaie  on 
potti-ryH  inJidoby  itddltigDomtnoD  vUt  to 


O.  <yi«>rlm>nj.  allied  t 


Wlien  ilrtt  taken  a 


u  Iran,     capner.  iBDa,    SJj- 
i^s  by  Lba  coiulJnrd  Hdoa  u)  ^ 


nubllo  iDlcDttaa  inititaliDD  cstubtisb 
WBsblngtDii.  D.  C.  by  act  of  Cons 

KjieJUJi  tiatiirftl  ]diiluBap1ier,  wbo,  h 
win.  ears  ovir  ta)0,O0«  to  the  AmB 
NaUon  (br  the  InorMM  and  diffiitio 
knawledga. 


Tarkiih  dw  and  emipprt  i« 
nopfei  pop.  104,700. 
Snail,  Edfil.    A  «Hniy,  ehw-flre€p1ng,  air' 
tireMhlng,  mteropod  uioUost.  pm.  He- 

^gBcUefly  Id  belnp  Qovfirod  with  a  d^ 
pnooed  BplnJ  ahflL 

W""*"!  aikk,  A  Bams  gararaonlT  riTta 
ID  ujr  Mrpant,  hot  tnore  parOiDlarlf 
BBsd  to  AitipuAm  the  Natilx  torquat^ 
am.  ColubrUiB.    It  iideitiUitfatpolion- 

Bnipe,  >nlp.  The  Enitlfih  niuno  for  thoM 
eMllatorlJil  birdn  wblob  torm  the  no, 
BoalapaDldn. 

Snow,  ann   Fm- 
JMrlldtcB  oonwsf-  -: 


rinimani^'M^'i       Oystali  of  Soow. 
bsht  ivaod  with  a  brkd?o  rpiiUn^  on  tb4 
tbe  puEMge  at  the  ligbt. 
Bnov-gvooe, '[ 


1-    by  pert 


(  the 


■NOW-PLOW 


flOU>JEB 


Snow-Iklow,  'Dkm.  An  Inipleinoat  ft»r 
•Itarlnff  awftjr  Um  mow  from  roadft,  nll- 
wayi,  AC. 

Bnow-ahoe.  'ahS.  A  kliiA  of  flat  Biioa  nr 
m-kfl,  iiiatln  t»f  wood,  or  eonKlsUiif'ofa 
lt);ht  frniiiu  croMMil  and  ntcronncd  by 
UK*iiir*i  the  iMToad  surfiu'o  of  vrhiefa  pro- 
T«inU  Iho  wuiuvr  frtim  idnkln|[f  in  the 
aiiow.  Tbi'v  aro  much  us«d  In  tha  K. 
liurUtif  Aiiii-rica. 

0aow-«kate,  'Mkit.  A  thin,  narrow, 
«-l:LHiic  iiiist>  of  wood,  about  8  feat  Ion;, 
UMd  by  the  I^ppA  ft>r  Hkatini;  on  anow, 
and  til  51IIU0  cxt«nt  by  tho  Bwedea  and 
Norwc^ana. 

Snuff,  Rniif.  A  powdervd  preparation  of 
tobacco,  inado  by  f^^ndinic  tb«  chopjted 
ItfavM  and  »talkB  uf  toboeoo  in  wMra  fer- 
ineutatiiHi  luia  be«n  induoed  by  moiatim 
and  wannth. 

Boap-stone,  sdp'iton.  A  spedaa  of 
aleutito. 

Sobieski.  Tho  fkrofly  name  of  John  II  I.  of 
Poland,  wlioch<H:k<<dthe  Saracen  adranee, 
drove  thfin  out  of  Pobnd,  and,  with  Uie 
•id  of  iVviich  ard  German  alllaa,  raised  the 
■leye of  Viiiiiia  16C»;  b.  164B, oreated het- 
Dian  and  frrand  marahal,  1660;  <deeted 
kinir  167 «.  n.  1696l 

Socialism,  sf/shal-lzm.  The  name  ap- 
plied til  varion.H  theoriceof  nocial  oriranlia* 
tlon  having  fur  their  common  aim  the  abo- 
lition of  tliat  individual  action  on  which 
mo<lorii  fuH^ii'tydt'iiondB,  and  thosubatitu- 
tiun  of  tho  rofrulated  iiystem  of  oo-opera- 
tlro  action.  The  term  orifirlnated  amon^ 
English  communists,  and  was  assumetlby 
them  to  deAltrnato  their  own  doctrine,  but 
is  now  cm  ploy  dl  in  alanircr  sense,  not  neo- 
ess:uily  ini plying;  communism,  or  the  en- 
tire alM>IiUon  of  private  property,  but  ap- 
plied to  any  system  which  requires  tliat 
tho  land  and  the  instruments  of  production 
should  bo  tho  property  of  communities  or 
associations,  or  of  tho  (government. 

Society  Islands.  A  cluster  of  18  islands 
in  the  8.  Ptioific,  under  the  protection  of 
IVance.    Tahiti  is  the  chief;  pop.  about 

Society  of  Jesas  (Jesuits).  A  relif^ons 
order  in  tho  li.  C.  Ch.,  founded  by  lipiatias 
Loyola,  a  Spaniard,  1540. 

Socinlanism.  -&in'i-an-izm.  Tho  teach- 
infiT  or  doctrines  of  Lailiusand  Faustus 
8(M>inus  (IGth  century),  who  denied  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  tho  dcitv  of 
Christ  the  personality  of  the  devil, 
the  native  and  ttitul  depruvlty  of  man, 
the  viearious  atonement  and  the  eternity 
«f  Mniahment  Their  theory  was  that 
Cknst   was    a    Bua    dirlnely    oommla- 


•kmod,  who  had  no  ezfataoee  beftm  kt 
was  mlraoQloaaly  and  dnlessly  eonmrcd 
by  the  Vtnrln  Mnry;  that  haman  sb  ma 
the  imitation  of  Adara^a  sin,  ant  tlut 
human  salvation  was  the  imitaikm  ud 
adoption  of  Christ's  virtue ;  that:he  Bibte 
was  to  bo  Interpreted  by  hunun  rmaa, 
and  that  Its  metapluMrs  were  not  tote 
taken  literally.  Tha  Booinlacs  ve  dow 
repveaanted  by  the  Unitarians. 

Sociology, -shl-ol'o>JI.  The  sdenee  which 
invaatlgataa  the  laws  or  forces  which  nv- 
nUrte  human  soolety,  ezistlog  and  hintori 
oal,  asTage  snd  dvUized ;  the  adniee 
which  treats  of  the  genenX  atmatueef 
ioeloty,  the  laws  of  its  development,  ssd 
the  progress  of  actual  dvilLcatioo. 

Soda.  'da.  The  protoxide  of  metal  lodi- 
urn,  Ibrmerljoalled  mineral  alkali.  ItbM 
likewise  hwtn  called  a  fixed  alkali,  in  eoa- 
tradistinctlon  from  ammonia,  whkih  is  a 
TokUlle  alksU.  It  Is  formed  whan  sodioa 
is  bnraed  in  dry  air  or  oxygen. 

Soda^wteir,  -w§-t^.  A  refreshini^raB* 
mer  drink,  consisting-  of  ordinaiy  wsler 
Into  which  earbonlB  add  has  been  fhred 
nadermasnrs.  On  exposure  to  the  ordf- 
nanr  atmospheric  pressure  the  excess  rf 
earbonio  add  esoapea,  thus  eansln;  eB&- 
veseenoe.  It  rarely  contains  soda  in  say 
form,  bot  Is  flavored  with  varlons  syrops. 

Sodomy,  sod'om-i.  The  crime  of  Bodom; 
a  carnal  oopnhition  a^nst  nature. 

Sof aJa.  A  Portngtiese  colony  on  the  Mo- 
zambique coast,  ti.  £.  AlHca ;  area,  10,004 
8q.m.;cap.,Soflda;  total  pop.  abt»2O,O0O. 

Soft,  fd'fl.  Cue  of  a  reUftrioua  order  la 
Persia,  otherwise  termed  dervishes. 

Soflsm, 'flmi.  The  mvstioal  doctrines  of 
the  Mohammedan  sons.  Written  also 
Sufljim. 

Softa,  softs.  In  Turkey,  a  pupil  of  a 
medrissa  or  secondary  school  engaged  la 
profsssional  stodiea  ibr  offioes  in  the 
church,  the  law,  the  army  or  the  state: 
often  restricted  to  students  of  the  Koran. 
Written  also  Sophta. 

Soisaons.  An  andent  dUj  of  Franee. 
on  the  Aiane,  17  m.  S.  W.  orLaon,  noted 
as  the  scene  of  the  overthrow  of  Roman 
power  in  Qaul  by  CIoTis,  486,  who  made 
S.  his  cap.;  pop.  10,964. 

Sol,  sol.  Tho  sun.  In  Her.  a  term  imply- 
ing or,  or  gold,  in  blazoning  the  arma  of 
emperors,  kings  and  princes  by  planets, 
instead  of  metal  ana  color.  The  name 
given  to  gold  by  the  old  chemiata  and  d> 
chemists,  luna  being  used  to  denote 
silver. 

SoUUir,  Mer.    MctalHe  oamsnt;  a  metal 


Soau,  .Cmt    A  pUnt,  orf.  AidapM- 

B«e,lba  AMlapin.  Mid.;  aleuulntod- 

«,  IW.                          '^ 

oilng  drink  obuiD^l  from  Ii,  whtah  pltpii 

^  'io.    A  BBiill    luUu   ooln,  th. 

vt  Impoituil;  panln  tbe  prut  Vadio  uarl- 
flcra  of  tba  uicieiit  Ulndui. 

ItthlJrtQftiLra. 

Som«], -m^'.    A  UtndD  »nt  wbleli  pM- 

'-'o»      .^^m^K^^ 

ud  other  >;.»m.(,t  nUtfion.     Bnhsie 

r  hiwt^^^^HJ^HHF 

te^SLSSff.''*'""^  "•"'""■ 

th«               ^^^^^^^ 

Tl»                     Sola. 

iplrltmi  >ul»tinria3°inruiUriallat. 

m  or  tlM-nati  tUaOy.    B.  TDlguti  Ii 

Dnkaof.    (Lord  l^leooirof  fiigtand.) 

riDo.     A    vtOatt  of  BrMctL    N. 
SO  m.  N.  W.  of  MkHh*.  noted  for 

Uoela  lu  blvrnd  VI.,  and  regasl  dnrlnf 
tba  Ulter'e  miaorltr;  a.  IM,  behtwlaS 

91oi7,JuneM,  I9W,  of  lhaltjiMMi 

for  treuon  Ii»S. 

HTrtleni,  over  Die  Anatrliuis  Dndar 
emperor;  the  dHiUio  tatdaoflbs 

n«u  liar  perversion  of  thamantal  fuDedou 
tlKup;  the  talklDc  of  ooa  in  a  ibla  of 

doamlK.  ioMd-«ir»ii-to.   ThB 

uMt  Ml*bnited  of  tho  Hebreir  rojul 

Bonmiu. '»•.    In  Cbai.  Urth.  tha  par- 

.brother  oTDaffiCMot.)/' 
Boodra.  •A'dn.    The  fourth  or  loweat 

aaata  iDta  whloh  the  Ulodnt  ara  dlTldad, 

.^i>.       ■ 

Boid>M.»r»t    In  Greek  Blgt  one  of* 

,00.  '.H.,     In   A.lron.  the   potnt  In 
iHptlo  at  On  g«»(«t  dlstanos  from 
oilor.  it  which  tba  snn  i|>p«in  to 

clau  of  leading  pnbUg  taaoban  dnrin«  the 

»tea.  inalo.  Arlitnlla,  aDil  Ibalr  dlM^plai 

sr.-.>:-.e%"sxi'i£3S 

to  or  b-oplcnl  polnl.    Thpm  «re  two 
H— tba  annimer  KlUlce,  tba  fint 

>  of  Caiii»r  whlah  Ibe  sdd  snten 

the  till  af  Jnna;  ud  the  « lnt« 

mpn  who  emplofinhal  he  kcona  to  ti« 
Mai^,  for  the  purpote  ordec*»nrtof 

\r.ri..^;?xsE  ^r^toi 

prettlnir  monej."    A  aptlona  or  Allieloila 

rar,  and  Due  ef  cbe  Saren  WlH  Men 

Sophooin.    AnaneleiitAthaiilHi  tnde 

poet ;  B.  4»0,  n.  *M  B.  0, 

kT.Trltliof.  Aonrmoflhalrieh 

l»e.  one  l«lo,«iagloth.  Mooodofth. 

lading   B<»>lu.d    ud    Enelu»l; 

four  sluuo  i  one  najt  abore  a  freabnuui. 

Sopruu).   iS-pri'na.      In  mnala,   the 

hlgbeattparleaofltmaJeTDlea.    A  alnfar 

Tnrkiih  Solune,  Uie  moH  noted 

ksia  of  cantnl'  Europa,  AnbUwi^ 

tuUaa  D>niide.l  in   eonbeodoa  with   Iha 

:iffi,Ta.'-' -""•*- 

UDlveMlT  ufParlalDimbrBoberlda 

BOBOSTCIDB 


IX.  The  ooHo^  ofthe Sorbonne  wuooe 
of  the  four  eonsUtaent  {muIs  ofthe  facalw 
of  thpolo;? y  in  the  Unlverrfty  of  PtriR.  It 
wm.t  nuporeMod  darin>c  the  reTolation  and 
deprived  of  its  endowmenta.  Atthere- 
eon^traction  ofthe  university,  in  lSOd,the 
biill-linfr  erected  fi)r  it  by  illchelien.  and 
still  called  tlie  Sorbonno,  was  jriven  to  the 
tbe  >lo;rical  faculty  in  connection  with  the 
fkc-.iUifO  of  MienceanJ  beUcs-lettres. 

Sororicide,  so-ro'ri-sld.  Tbe  murder  of 
a  hi.oter.    The  murderer  of  a  sister. 

Sothiao,  soth'1-ak.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
thii  dojf-star  Sothis.  Sothlo  year,  the 
ancient  Kiryptian  year  of  865  days  without 
any  iiit<>r<Mfation.  It  was  di>ided  into 
twelve  months  of  thirty  days  each,  with 
flvo  dura  added  at  the  end.  The  tteriod 
of  14^  Julian  years  was  the  Sothiao 
period. 

Sotnia,  sot'nl-a.  A  oompany  or  squadron 
In  a  Cossack  regiment. 

Sou,  BO.  An  old  French  copper  ebin,  84 
of  which  made  alivre  or  shilling.  The 
present  flve-centimo  pieces,  20  of  which 
malce  a  franc,  are  Rtill  popularly  called 
sous ;  but  all  regular  money  accounts  in 
iSranoe  are  made  out  in  francs  and  oen* 
times. 

Souball,  Bo'ba.  In  India,  a  grand  divis* 
ion  of  the  country ;  a  province,  as  Ben- 
gal. 

Soubahdar,  -dfir.  In  India,  the  gov- 
ernor of  a  hinro  province.  A  native  sepoy 
officer  Avith  the  same  rank  as  a  captain. 

Soudan,  The  (Nifirritis).  A  large 
section  of  N.  Central  AfHca;  bounded  N. 
by  Sahara,  F..  bv  Darfour  and  Kordoflin, 
B.  by  Ethiopia,  W.  by  Benegambia; 
area,  abt.  2,6<H),000  so.  m. ;  estimated 
pop.  87,000,000.  The  Niger  is  the  princi- 
pal river,  and  the  Kong  is  the  only  moun- 
tain range. 

Soul,  sSI.  The  spiritual,  rational  and 
Immortal  part  in  man  which  distinguishes 
him  fl-om  the  brutes. 

Soulouatie,  Faustin.  A  negro  slave ; 
B.  in  Hayd,  1785 ;  n  in  France,  1867.  He 
WIS  manumitted  when  a  child,  joined  the 
army,  rose  to  be  general,  was  elected 
President  and  declared  himself  Emperor, 
under  tbe  title  of  Faustin  I.,  1849.  lie 
proved  a  briitul  tyrant,  and  was  driven 
from  his  throne  and  the  island,  1859. 

Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu  (Duo 
de  Dalmatia).  A  distinguished  mar- 
shal of  France ;  b.  17C9,  d.  1861. 

Sound-bow,  sound 'b4\  The  part  of  a 
bell  on  which  the  cbpner  striker.  It  is 
tiie  poiat  ot  greatest  tUelraeM,  aad  is  mb-  . 


Bidered  as  unity  in  statins  tbe  proportkai 
ofthebelL 

Soutane,  so-tlUi'.  A  white  woolen  cm- 
Bock  worn  hy  the  B.  C.  clerg>'beneadLti» 
rochet. 

South,  south.  One  of  the  four  eardhnl 
points  of  the  oompass,  directly  oppodtt 
the  north. 

Southampton.  An  English  seaport,  Tl 
m.  13.  W.  of  London;  pop.  ^420. 

South  Carolina.  Ono  of  the  original 
thirteen  States  of  the  American  Unioa; 
bounded  N.  bv  N.  Carolina,  E.  bv  the  At- 
lantic, 8.  and  W.  by  Georgia ;  area,  80,- 
2 18  sq.  m. ;  pop.  995,577.  Principal  cities, 
Coluuibia,  cap.,  Charleston,  Beaufort,  Ai- 
ken, Camden,  Spartanburg,  Georgetovs 
and  Winnsborough.  Chief  rivers,  tba. 
Oreat  and  Little  Pedee,  Congaree.  Wat- 
eree,  Santee,  Coombahee  and  S.  £di8to. 
Mountains,  the  Blue  Kidgo  range.  S.  G. 
was  the  first  State  to  secede,  1861,  and 
was  re-admitted  1870. 

Southoottian,  -kot'i-«n.  One  of  tbi 
IbUowers  of  Joanna  Bontheott,  a  religioiu 
Ihnatio,  b.  In  Devonahire,  £ng.,  17S0.  She 
first  pretended  to  a  divine  mission  sod 
held  herself  out  as  the  woman  spoken  of 
in  the  book  rf  Revelation.  In  1SI4  ah* 
announced  herself  as  the  mother  of  tbs 
promised  Shiloh,  whose  speedy  advent  she 
predicted.  Her  death,  in  December  <^ 
that  year,  did  not  undeceive  her  disdplM, 
and  the  sect  condnued  to  exist  for  uianj 
years. 

Southezn  OroM,  sath'em  kros.  b 
Astron.  a  small  bright  oonstellatioD 
(Crux),  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  th« 
princi))al  stars  of  which  are  ammged  in  tht 
form  of  a  cross. 

Southey,  Bobert  An  English  poet  and 
author ;  b.  1774,  d.  1843. 

South  Mountain.  A  point  near  Mid* 
dletown,  .Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  noted  tor 
the  defeat  (Sept  14, 1802)  of  the  Confed- 
erates, under  Gens.  Hill  and  Longstreet, 
by  the  Federals,  under  Oens.  Hooker  and 
Reno,  the  Utter  being  killed. 

Sovereiflrn,  sov'er-in.  One  who  exer 
ciscs  supreme  control ;  a  supreme  ruler; 
a  king,  oueen,  empertNr,  &e. ;  a  monarch. 
An  English  gold  ooin,  current  nt  22s.  Cd. 
from  the  reign  of  H^iirv  VIII.  to  thAtof 
James  I.  A  gold  coin  of  the  valno  of  20i., 
the  standard  ofthe  English  coinage  of  ths 
present  day. 

Soy,  Boi.  A  saucA  prepared  in  China  and 
Japan  ft^m  a  small  bean,  the  fruit  of  the 
Boyk  hiapida,  eataa  witli  fiah,  eold  mea^ 
dkc. 


J.  ABenemlT.an.o(hrTiinl:.eral 
or  the  lomlilv  in  whifh  iimh 
exist ;    frnm  ^ps,  *  odabnUed 

p-plae*loBelelnm- 

■lii'liC.    One  of  Iho  Turkish  ojt- 

Ilioepahlawitredisbaiid&l  nions 

i'mtilry  uldln  In   tbe  Fniich 

A  klBBdom  of  B .  W.  Enrope ; 
i  N.  by  FnuiM,  E.  by  tho  Uedller- 
S.  by  tha  Htralts  of  Otbrallar.  W. 

«,MXd,fl.p.,'BuV.lon.,M.b- 
lendB.    SovniB.    Onuiid^.  Cadte. 
amValladolld,  Xer^a,  Cordorannd 
on  Ibe  Island  of  Majolies.     Chief 

•L  CantnbHan,  Hontes  da  CMllla 

**"'     Ra^^H^HsH 
betTFen  H^^^HnHraH 

p.T       -.-.ap""^ 

1.  Jared.    An  American  author ; 

dlha°k°                Sparrow, 
astroctlvo   to   pigeona   IJJ^^^^"^ 

light  bank  oflhr&mtna.  go  in.  fiDmthe 

ofclath  or  lenthcr  for  tha  Isr-fltUng  upon 
the  shoe ;  a  Eoiier ;  n  legging. 
Spatnlaria,  -O-in'ri-a.      Aean.  ofnshei 
balnDirlnii  to  the  atnrewn  tribe  J  remsrk' 
•Me  for  Ihe  torm  of  their  anonts,  uhlok 

Tho  type  of  the  gen.  Is  the  paddle-Bih  of 

Spaim,  anon.  Tho  ^nra  or  oTaof  Dthea, 
frog.,  JEi..  from  which,  i-bei.  fertillwd  by 
the  miles,  n  new  jmgeny  oriHi  that  dob- 
tlnnai  lUo  apedea. 

Spear.  ipA-.  A  lonirpoinieilweoponn»Bd 
In  war  and  hDDllng,  by  [hriietliigoi  throir- 

BpeaUcle,    spek'ts-kL  jSW^^SW 
A  .how;  a  pagant;  a  *L^    "tit 

sr".r.;fiSSi  •-»■'-■ 

uiilnly  alCractlTe  lo  the  aya.     A  veD' 

or  eairectiotno  defect  in  the  organs  of 
vision. 

slating  «fi  iahewitfi  •  slit  at  onernd,and 
a  eonvex-  lens  at  tbe  othar,  «  priam,  0/ 
train  of  pfiuns,  and  a  teleaoope. 

closed,  ooTaroil,  or  turned   .way;   nial 
termed  ooolsr  SBMtm.    Tho  oblong  flgara 
or  stripe  tormea  on  •  woll  or  acreen  bj  • 
beam  of  light  received  through  aamellhole 
or  tilt  and   reified   by  being  ps*»d 
throngh.  prism. 

Albican  eij.lorer:  n.  lOT,  d.  ISM.    He 

flalmecltohavotravelaa  tbe  Hila  to  Its 

SpanMT,  Edmiuicl,    Ad  eminent  Ea- 
iSliUportjii.  lOM,  D.  IWB. 

of  tha  PbjseliT  or  Catodun  niacrocephi^ 

tlftmx.     A  pa.  of  ImUoitt-    \ 

».  HC  OrpEKSllriiracb't    I 

■!•''  I       T^F    lywHcntialai  oh^  ■ 

•  ^ten      •KSid;  lit  M*  t^J  p-iaaiKcBMi  id  la  I 

for  tuociiiiE  ilu  •nolil  ri^-  I 
parpDaF»t«- 


o 


'.asr-' 


■J 


..-.■■«L.-(~j-:i:tfU»«.*t  '   ("■Jo-,i™t»p«»»  Bf  ptatrrtdaei.    I 

■'?^..'.?fV^..'.-..i^^Blrf&  ■»  mtabcn  «t  Uic  ir».  AM«?^>' 

I    dtniMi  ■■4  tnlUlliT  of  thrir  OmtK  nod     I 


'ft.    A  ■uiHrd  DKulal  li 

-jldi  dtflfend  ftwD  tb(  TiiflH 

Mnc  of!  MugvlH  Cvui. 
ntnc-Jaimr.  'lap-jfD'nl.    Tb 

-    ■■     "    -  >|>liinln|t-uiuUa 


ibtr  at  tptndlM  unHd  l^  ■  vlwd  ■ 


>     SqHb  pliUiMaplHr,  of  Jawtah  dWMit,  I 
I     a*  rulMMIg  a<Aool ;  a.  1«>,  s.  ini. 

I  toteodsm,  nPnO^lDii.     Ths  lysten 
I  I    ■TMlMDBtt]'  of  SpluiB.  iMWdon  Uh 

I  •Wmhi I  »irtin»iiiiinrn 

rill  n.  udeiMHl  tw  tta  word.     Tbls 
I    MtwHn  mind  ud  -----    "'— — 


Uabls  to  ba  dnmi  i«  b J  tba 

ofMuUeoaUt 
Spohr.  Iiodwic.    Aearmui 

B.  1IB4,  D.  IBW. 
SpoUary,  spall^Tl.     Tha  pi 

Komui  unpbltlieiun  wlwra  t 

tho   SoOitt  was   «Wpps3    ft 


ttsaxIMaBwarapirlt.  which  malsrlKnini 
dmlea  or  Ignont,  bnt  It  do«  not  D«es> 

HrilydeBrthBaiUifim  of  matter,    Aas 
■Tst«D    ipirltaiiJlBm  orlflaated    Id    tlw 


i«r  lolMto^  aboat  tita  9Sd  at  Jua. 


BTAEI^BOISTEnr 


nu  pkrHdB 
Bqiutia.  .iMr. 


Lr «'ia^ lUe« : losJM  ^ I  I'   fldia-btHDuinHnpcxetc 

ii«li»viM*«r™^4UM  r  Stadium, 'dl-nm.      A  Gr«km«IMr 

Lllo.JiBlniiDrtt  I 1:    „,„„   fo,   foot   racM  il  Olvmpli,  wl 


Sqiwre-cnaplinir-  lia-pE-    I 


Hauw.  akwm.    Amonr  y.  Aneteu  Ii 
iltiDS.  1  f«n^  or  vlft.  _      . 

Sqiiln.  stirir.    Tbo  UUe  of  an  Englldi    StaAt    Oc 

atlenduil  «tiBkiiitrkt:   the  ^l^t'i  >r- 

mor-lwanr,     A  liO*  populirit  slteo  lo  « I    sTHud  plUm 

o.imln- i!-Dil«iMii.      Inih«r.  S..  •at]«[    •■-- --■ 


Staat-Holatain.  Anna  IiOiilBa  Ooi- 
iDAine     Necker,     Barona 
(Xbw.  da    StMl).       An 


BTAO-IiESTLS 


jr,  u.imlly 

andriul  rnnn,  iHnrtcnt  I 

Ur  coflUlnlDe  pnrMcIra  or  orbonate  ol 
1Ld«  throu/rh  fluamjnil  porAaornMks. 

DooTBlao.  B  [PUS  of  "the  uine  kind  la 

Stalagmite,  -Inu'mll,    A  iepo-St  nOhi- 
Lietltlc  miiwr  nn  thn  floor  of  auvero. 

■nrbc«.Diid  lomtUmrs  rl»a  Into  cnhimn", 

abgre. 
StBlliOn,  imrjOB.     a   home  not  cutral- 


IbUds  ttaa  loiptHllfoo  of  ftvnp-ilntl 
DKliilly,  an  net  paaaol  bf  tta«  Britl. 
HiDiipnt,  liss,  Inpoetnt  >  dnt;  on 
TMT,  vvliuin  mnd  piralimFnt  uwil 
AmerlDU  nloBliia.  BLd  d«larlBK  a 
Iiuia  on  unBtooipod  irutorlala  to  I 
uid  Told.  Thli  act  nateH  s  Rene 
poslttao  fn  Iha  mloDlea,  and  was  on 
aftheRovnlutJin. 
StBiitaope.CbarlM.  AnEnjrlliih 
man:  h.  ITGS.  d.  l.Sie.  lie  im 
daughter  of  AfUllim  Pltl.  and  in 
'Bttoi  oppoAed  tho  Amprli'tui  wa: 
dui^tar,  Tjidy  lle^Ur  tltanhnM,  j 


in  nil.  ar 


wnel'liFnil  a  qno^n  bv  iti 
biTcasUeun^ft.  Ij^hnnoTi 
JBtsnton.  Xdwlii  H.   , 

AoUrlauiJurUt  and  iUtei 


ISIB,  D.  fiODU  afWr  belnff  appolsled  lo  Uh 
Suprema  Court  bancb.lsS. 
Stapeli*.  si«-f>c'll-a.    An  citcnrtTo  nod 

niUvea  of  Iho  Caps  ofOnod  Hii|>p.    They 
are  anwulent  iilonta.  ultbniit  Iiuif*.  fre- 

Cnlly  iiDVcTbd  v/Uh  dark  tiibcruloiii  fftv- 
[hom  BvnTBnrtwqueappdnHinw.  In 


from  planeta  by  rBmalnlnir  apparently  Ihi- 
UDvablfl  wllh  mninl  (o  una  imitber,  and 
heoco  they  have  been  called  fixed  atars, 
althonith  thrir  fixity  taai>  been  dlaprovHl 


nnftrndan  nobleoMB  ftr 

i]|ivcii"n  imiH'nilkaliu'  la  tint  uls,  It  pn- 
Hntiiniwiiliirrefluatloaof  liglic  in  tba 

BtatSD  idlwid.  Ao  lilond  In  tbo  Bay 
otS.  v.,  (i  in.  S.  of  Ihe  tUj,  U  m.  Ina*; 
br  b  vIclF.  ranning  the  ».  <<  lihibBODd; 
pop.  »i.9Bl. 

StBtiatlGlaJi.sut'lB-tl>Ii"u.  Onaiencd 

or  amnL;i-4  fiutA,  eapecUlb'  nunaerlCil 
mu'^ly  or  ."mS!  °  ""  ""'  '  "^ 
StatoblaM,  'u  blut.  An  Urtemiil  bnd, 
dcn^lulj^'l  Id  some  ot the  <nolkimiaPaiy- 

jouKK  pulyzo^fl.  TIiIb  modvof  nprfldae- 
tlgn    |9  fjoUail  rdprodufldon  bj  Intcrul 

Statne,  ttit'O.     A  Utruka  nitafnUUlt 


■Eta  Ib  ei>nvsn«1  nodcr 


worked  by  iteiini.  or  no  eti|<iw  In  nbloh 
tiM  idoobanlool  Ibiwarlflfn^  fton  Ui«  elu- 
ILclty  nnd  expoJiBlTe  Action  oT  M«Kin,  or 
tnrn  lt>  propcrtT  of  npid  omdoneatlnn. 
or  from  the  wmUniiclon  ot  th*M  princt- 

tin,  t>  msilo  iTBtlaUe  u  «  wiliM  of  mo- 
vojiowm  lo  tho  iru  and  miDnfliBtnrM, 
*od  In  locinnotlon.    The  flratKtnnl  work- 


..KK„ 

Clplaln  Suvrry. 


I    1  piltthl  WM 

b  "ihe^l^bHii^  Jamo." 
yar  1TB!. 

■  boDiTtstnilloiUtJiepi 


■pMtu  Bf  Tbombolilnt  mks,  ii  bjrdntod 


llopowd«;U^  I 


Steel,  atcl.      Ir«i  oombbBl  wtth  n^  I 

Dorilun  of  earlnn.     flttrl  iirmiH]  >^ 

uaaUtl»ofAl«Hi.pb«fbar^  ' 

»nd  nlphnr,  bat  iron  ud  (b^  ■ 


^eel-tmnuCL  It 


K.iin,i. 


of  abmit  W>  parUi  Mpy    I 

»iocl,  cApefllaJly  Iq  the    ttmaiAttmt  tf 

ate^  Blcbard.  Sir.    Adlit^nl'iU    i 
Irtili  eusyitl  ir^  •■ "-'  -   -  — •  -      I 

Steelyarf,  ^^rd.  

weighing  bodln.  consKtlnf  «WDtld]>d 
a  nvl  or  bar  maHiBd  wLUk  natehn  dflfe-     ' 
luUng    the  Bninber  of    lona,  bneM-     I 
wulghts,  ponndi, Ac.aml  avdshtvbkk     ' 

imdeta  hslasee  tbe  welgbt  of  the  bg<f 
by  bflnc  nKP¥»d  to  a  props-  rti.t^u-  A«     | 

BtoepIe-olMae.  R£'pl-ebu. 


If  iBdptier, « 

deoxoaptto  the  peraoni  irka 
wttb     «Kh     adv;     oTp- 


li>nn  wblrh  cmbiacea  every  irrBteni  of 
Bbortbnnd)  whether  baaed  apoDimhabetk. 
phonulk)  or  hieroglyjihto  Jrtntlplaii,  Tt 
■hose  boHcd  upon  the  phonelTc  BrtDdplB 


phanelhi  prtsdpll 


., Baaahmdas 

■n  toifether;  benea,  a  jinaoii ha*- 
^'— ■—      Affihofll^. 


8TOIA 


>,  step.  A  prefix  need  U  oompoiitiiMi 
before  mtber,  methor,  eoa,  dani^hter, 
brotber,  sister,  «hUd,  Ao.,  to  indicate  that 
the  peruoa  siioken  ot  is  a  relative  only  by 
the  marriage  of  a  parent 

Stephen.  The  name  of  one  king  of  £b> 
fflund,  who  reifirned  1185-1184.*  Also  of 
five  kinfrs  of  Ilungary  and  of  nine  popes. 

Stephen,  St.  In  8crlp.  the  first  Chris- 
tian martyr,  stoned  to  death  outside  the 
vails  of  Jervaalem,  by  order  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. 

f^.<>pii^wMi  AlflKAnder  Hamilton. 
An  rmloent  Ameriean  Jurist  and  states- 
man; B.  in  Oa.,  1812.  He  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederate  States  and 
both  before  and  since  the  Civil  War  a 
member  of  the  U.  S.  Congress. 

Stephenson,  George.  A  distinguished 
Snglish  engineer;  b.  1781,  d.  1848.  He 
invented  the  first  loeomotivo  enfrfne 
whioh  was  put  to  praetieal  use,  1814-1822. 
His  ton  Kobert  was  also  eminent  as  an 
«ogln«er,  building  several  of  the  finest 
)»rldg«s  in  Great  Britain ;  also  the  Victo- 
ria tubular  bridge  at  Montreal,  Canada ; 
S.  1808,  D.  1869. 

Stereometry,  ster-^3-om'et-ri.  The  art 
of  measuring  solid  bodies  and  finding 
their  solid  contents.  The  art  or  process  of 
detemlnliw  the  spedfie  gravity  of  liquids, 

■  porous  bodies,  dec. 

Stereoptioon,  -op'ti-koa.  A  sort  of 
double  magio  lantern  for  exhibiting  photo- 
grwfalo  pictures  greatly  magnified  upon  a 
-wmI  or  screen  with  stereoscopic  effect. 

Stereoaoope.  'e-5^5p.  An  optical  in- 
strument to  illustrate  the  phenomena  of 

.  binocular  vision. 

Stereotrope,  -trdp.  An  instrument  by 
wUoh  an  object  is  percdved  as  If  in  mo- 
tion and  Vith  an  an^earance  of  BoUdlty  or 
relief  as  in  nature. 


_,  _  _,  -Up.  A  plate  cast  fh>m  a 
stucco  or  napier-mache  mold,  on  wliich 
Is  a  foe-simile  of  the  superfldes  of  arranged 
types,  which  plate  b^g  fitted  to  a  block 
may  be  used  under  the  press  exactly  as 
movable  types  are  used.  The  plates  are 
composed  of  an  alloy  similar  to  ordinary 
type-metaL 

Sterlet,  sterlet.  A  ganoid  fish  of  Russia, 
the  Aclpenser  rutiMUUS,  from  whose  roe 
is  made  the  finest  eavlare.  Itiaasnudl 
species  of  sturgeon. 

Sterne,  lAiuenoe.  A  celebrated  Irish 
author  and  humorist;  b.  1718,  d.  1b  London 
1768. 

StethOMOpe,  stetk'6-skto.  An  Instru- 
■wnt  eaadtjrBMdisrtwseiirdiKimgwiih* 


8,  Stigma. 


ing  sounds  within  the  thorax  and  ether 

cavities  of  the  body. 
Steuben,  Friedrioh  Wilhelm  Aur 

gust.      An    Auierioun    general ;    b.    in 

Prussia  17»0,  d.  1794. 
Stevens,  Thaddens.    An  American 

statesman,  b.  la  Vt.   1798,  n.  in  Penn. 

1SC8.     He  was  for  20  yeais  a  member  of 

the  Lower  House  of  Congress. 
Stewart,  Charles.     A    distinguished 

American  naval  commander ;  b.  in  Penn. 

1778,  D.  1869. 
Sticklebaok,  stik'I-bak.     The  popular 

name  for  certain  small  teleoetean  fishes 

which  constitute  the  gen.  Qasterosteus. 

They  ore  among  the  few   fishes  which 

build  nests  fur  theh-  young,  and  the  first 

in  which  this  habit  was  observed. 
Stifirma,  sUg'-ma.   Any 

mark  of  infamy.  InBpt. 

that  part  of  the  pistil 

which  receives  the  pol- 
len or  prolific  powder. 

Still,  stiL  An  apparatus  > 
for  separating,  by  means 
of  heat,  volatile  matters 
firom  substances  contain- 
ing them,  and  re-con- 
densing them  into  the  liquid  form.  It 
assumes  many  forms  according  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  is  used.  The  most  lm« 
portant  use  of  stills  is  in  distilling  spirit- 
uous liquors. 

StUt-ploTer,  stllt'-plnv-«r.  A  wading 
bird  haling  remarkably  long  slender  legs, 
a  feature  flnom  which  it  derives  its  com- 
mon name. 

Stockholm.  Cap.  of  Sweden.  880  m.  K. 
E.  of  Copenhagen;  pop.  142,169. 

Stocks,  stoks.  An  apparatus  formerly 
used  for  the  ponishmentof  petty  offenders, 
as  vagrants,  trespassers  and  the  like.  It 
usually  consistea  of  a  frame  of  timber 
with  Holes  in  which  the  aakles,  and  ttome- 
times  both  ankles  and  wrists,  wci'e  con- 
fined. The  firameor  timbers  on  which  a 
ship  rests  while  building. 

Stoic,  stu'ik.  A  disciple  of  the  philosophet 
Zeno,  who  founded  a  sect  about  808  n.  c« 
He  taught  that  men  should  be  tree  trou} 
passion,  unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  sub- 
mit without  complaint  to  the  unavoidable 
necessity  by  wmch  all  things  are  gov- 
erned. 

Stola,  la.  A  garment  worn  by  the  Ro- 
man women  over  the  tunic;  it  came  ai 
low  as  the  ankles  or  feet  and  was  fostened 
round  the  body  by  a  girdle,  leaving  broad 
folds  above  tb»  bnasl,  and  had  a  flounce 
Mwed  to  the  bottom.    It  vm  th*  ' 


br  l>i*L'i>t  nwifl  UkbkL,  vUli  (Mli  cada 


W.  of  Wirak^k,  noUd  u  Uk  URbpkB 

Stratlupey.  ilnlh^A'.     InSnitiBli 

uiMie*  Bt  diDce  In  dupla  tboe.  Hiipliigi 

biTe  bwn  llrtt  pracBiwi  in  the  dktiM 


atrabo.  A  Orwk  fwwruibH'  sod 
riu.  vba  Ural  atKnit  tb*  baftniilBB  < 
OuiiMluvt. 


Btrawbeiry-paor,  9 
-;rur.  A  ptuit,  L'em  ^ 
(^reml,  IhB  O,  t-[--  " 
lirbi,  ord.  Cmeln 


jtrit'iil-i.    A  V 

^puhle  >)- 

ksl^lil.  I 

u  BPiWc  jirlimp 

ofSlrvcli. 

nosTlou 

li,  Ui 

r  lb«  Jbm 

pohMiJis, 

nd 

n™  li^  kHi 

of  S.  lin. 

.  niu-Tomlcu,  S 

i^.    Ill 

lllyobUI>i«lfrg 

or  s.  1.U 

inlfli.      Bti^shn 

i»  u>d  «.■ 

uluore 

™«-K«io  i»1«. 

Stuart. 

Th 

e  or  BriUA 

(0 

DdedbyWdtor 

tiUwudirf 

BCMlUd 

VbMtotta  awrOikrUtiMf 

(iace  irlth  Mnrtory,  >  duEhur 
li^ertBnies.    UisHnn.Dmid 

liobcrl^ir.,  nna  tlio  VcuHliU  U 


Canllnul  or  York,  LLt«i1  In  luly 
'  dan  ^in  tho  Britlib  eorenniuil 
!    Stucco.  statliA.    Fine  plulsi 


Stupn,  BtS'pL  Tb«  luiiiia  (Ina  br  Dud- 
dhibU  ta  certolD  uoKd  iDODumeii  tol  Btruc- 
Inrefl-  Ai  dlatlD^iUBliad&uia  Ui«  di^clw, 
the  alupn  eoiuin«moraU'>  soma  eveot,  or 
lOarks  Mtu<i  ipot.  held  dear  by  Uis  ralloiT- 
enafSuddbiv;  wUl« Iba dacalw hhiuIdi 
relics  of  that  dd^. 

BtOTKeon,  ater'kHi.  A  gnnotd  flab.  ecu. 
Aclpenaer,  Sun.  Startonids. 

Style,  itlL  Ib  Cbroii.  1  mode  of  reekon- 
IDE  tine  with  regird  to  the  Julian  mO 

Uo^g  i^o^Julla'i 


'  {  Strx.  atlks.    In  CUaa.  Hrtb.  Ihe  [irtnd- 
bii  croaiwl  In  haaslajtle  Iho  regions  of  dii- 

>    Bub,  sub.    A  Latin  niepositlini.deiioting 
.  I    uoder  or  below,  ui^  In  Ejifilidh  aa  n  !>»' 

■  I    fix  to  e.preM  an  infi.-rl«rrKnltion  or  lowo- 
I  I    Hon,  and  a)so  n  subonliiiale  di'gree. 

'  Bubdeaoon, 'du-tn.    The  lowest  of  the 

'    greater  orders  in  the  B.C.Ch,    UlaolEoe, 

is  to  assist  the  dsiioon  armaas.  f 

h  Bul^Jeotlvlaiii,  ■J^>''tl''-i^'  '?,K'!!^''' 

:  I    knowledge  1>  mi 
,  I    oannolproveittu 
'  I  Sublluuitloil,  -Umi'shan.    In  Cbem,  ■ 
proocsa  b7  nhlcb  solid  BuUtanoea  are,  bj 

■  the  aid  of  hoal.  converteil   into   vapor, 
-      nhich  Is  again  condensed  into  tbe  eeUd 

state  bj  the  application  of  cold.     BabU- 

Ibat  dlaUllallun  itoea  to  a  liquid. 
Sub^rdar,  -or'der.     A  subdivision  oTn 
order  In  daaalflcatlooa :  a  (raup  of  anl- 
mala  or  plants  n-eater  tJian  a  fenna  and 
less  than  an  orffer. 


•nm  Old  iMe  M 
«f  eomnndag  tl 

bBDi*.    l^StaH 

to  10  da, 
OrdlBOrj  length   S 


ip  for  the  odd  hnni 
Ihac  every  fourth  yei 
0  shoold  oondit  ot^se 


(called 
Jaya. 
Btrllte,  atlllC.    InEocles.  Hist.  ■  plllar- 

of  penanoe,  paaaed  Ihe  fcreater  psrtof  tbar 
lives  on  UiH  top  of  blBh  columns  or  pil- 
lars.   Perhaps  the  moat  cvlohmlfd  was 


_.._. •.lUn-IiniHlCi.  In  Greek 

Myth,  certain  Ibul  birda  arprey—snniuanl 
trial  llaqn«itln(  the  lake  B^mi'liili"  ■» 
ArsliIla.arlWHDBherDSlirmplulua.Hhnae 
^ii^ler*1h(7wenauppi>acd  tvbe — hav< 
ha  iron  Winn,  beaka  nnit  ela«s.  Tboy 
could  f  hoot  £dr  itetbers  like  arroirs,  and 
thua  Ull  man  and  baast.  Euryatbeua  Im- 
poHd'On  Henole*  tba  liber  ot  Orttlat 


SubadUaareacllllnooa-  G 

itantuaeon  th-  Con-  A 

CallBilalso  misarero.  4>'T^V. 
Bobtanrsnt  In  /'M"  X. 
Geom,.  the  part  of  the  i- 1 i  . 


many  pmpert 
riveil  ftDm  dl 


IT  headquarters  of  foveminenl 


etmUULLET 


. 'niiiii.  An  iiddtrl(inn1  nsmai 
iplwIlMlon  tided  lo  Ihe  Ujills- 
irtnlan  niuno  onrt  whloh  be- 
nllr  lUing.aHiclnDUTclesl^Jil- 


Bnrplice,  'pUs,  A  white  ILopn  pnmiFnt 
wnrn  liy  iirlmi,  denoaog  uil  cborlalrn  In 
IfaiCh.  of  >:D|!liiiicl(uirlUie  l:.  C.  Cb.  ovrr 
thflroIbiTdrPM during Iho  parfonnnnos 
orrclIiiloiisierTlcn.    It  la  nhwae,  flonlnB 

bBclnKnU-rmhrgiuliuKt  full,  mid  dlltdrg 
Smtout,  -tot'.     (M^tttRf  s  tniD'scost  to 


■nd  li  moila  Into  nrtldea  of  fUrnllnrc, 
SorveyliiB'.  -to'Iiib.    Tlis  act  of  ilBter- 
ofthB  edrth's  i»irl)Hiii.  by  aiaaa  at  mess- 


B  W  KUKM  BOBSI AK 


Bnrya,  nVya. 
Biultk.  ans'llk. 


n  IKnil 


d.Sp. 


pac^hrd* 

rii 

tliirnorl 
iffh  P< 


irtb  81 


cinptylng-  InW CleuBponke  Itiyitliat 
dobniee,  Md.:longlh,«nni. 
Bntl^j.    A  rivet  of  India,  pmptybi^  In 


Swedanboiv,  Enunonual   (Swa^ 
borgl.    A  disttoKiilivbed  Swerttsh  phllos' 


Swedenborgian,  m-i^Hlrn-bn-'jI-su 
One  ivbo  bolrla  Ihs  doctrlnea  uf  tbe  lif 
JsraBBlcm  Cb.  u  Uucbt  by  Emmumd 
Bwedenborg.    Th«y  believe  turn  Ibr  if 


Scrlptnrea  ODnUtn  Ihreo  i 
catlid    DKlMtliil.   ■pliitnnl    anil    nntrml, 
uDlteit  by  correBpaadenceB,  mnd  occomiB^ 
dDt«l  to  ptrtlciilar  otAues,  bulb  of  jaa 


Bweet-breod.  smH'b 


Sweebneat,  'i 


wholly  or  prtDolpoUy   of 


for  wln^liDir  yam-  Hie 

binln,  gra.  Cypsdns, 
ftm.  CypgcUdffi. 


IB 


8wliia>«mUMr,  iHlm'fslh-er.  A 
mullipciiriiboRt  ibc  <a<ihi»  long,  csilled 
■tusBni'a  BtlitK  »i>cl«nllT  nied  as  i 

pHfd  to  B  slmlttr  >|i«r  Stud  loto  tbe  mns- 
kol  rsit  In  onltr  lo  raodor  H  >  deftn™ 

Bwitoh.  swlch.  A  siniill  flnlbla  Iwi;  or 
ml.    In  Kail.  aMntririnu  tar  tnnifR- 


TT— -1 nwuiit]  EuTOnroD  Tfl- 

publiDur£2  >Ut«>  nr  mnIon9.  luaod-d 
N,  hv  Opnnnnv.  E.  by  th«  Tvnl,  S.  by 
Itdjy,  W.  by  FrincB ;  arpa.  iMiii  .o.  In. ; 
pop.  ibt.  g,l)00,nnn.    Chlrf  IHtle^  Bersi!, 

Iii.'st.  a 


sx.'OeDevs.! 


,  Oonnanv.  Lu»ni> 

BrienV    Tho  Alps  Inter 
ihllc,  nndthsJuniranei 


fiwiTsl.   mlv'sl.     A  nut«nliur  »  oaa- 
Wrr  ft»ly  on  lu  «iU ;  «  tvrlntlnjr  Unk  in 


Sword.  Mki],  Ad  offrinilvr  ivtnpan  hiiv- 
Btrftlf  ht  aui]  vllU  nhhiuiJ  pnlnt  faetiivi^U 
pitotnnd  onB  or  two  [iilUnjf  «!([«  fw 


Sword-oaiie,  't 


it«l  bbdi;.  m 
lob  a  ihorte. 
in  tho  toanh  n 


BoDtch  nii^ndrn 


Bwoid-ash. 


lyBillud  MtheScomh. 
r   j™,  which    fcri'ns 


Sycamore,  si 


I  AjtipB  wiin   uiff 


■  (tnll,  which  la  pmdncFil  li 


Sythee.  -ch5'.     Thi  Chlnoao  n 
8ydns7.    Cap.  <4  lltw  anntli  W 


Talc,  UllL.    A  mitcDHLui  miDitnil,  a 
ID^  of   broMJ.  nJit.  tmoolti  bua^j 

Talant.  tsl'tnt.    Tbs  name  of  ■  weight 
■ndiuiCGreuka.  (utd  fhlso  apphixlby  tii 


ti.SSi.M.  TbOBTMtlaleiitoflliBltoniB 
la  Htmpatoil  to  be  hubI  In  nbont  Nse.i 
uiil   tlin    ntlUl  UlBDt  to  tSTlS.     AHebn 

hu  betD  Tarlniuljr  sitlDuted  at  fro 
Taled.  ta'led,    A  »nrt  of  h»blt  worn  I 


,     ».  a  nui^foil  flgon,  engraved  UDdcm-r^ 

llffitntHMi  of  tbo  bsiTODB;  Iho  aoiy,  f^re, 
oh»niiiter.iiri«wno/»liii«TTOlT«l)(n.  -" 
HoUatloD,  or  plaUDt  engnvud  uu  a 

Jlaoncii.     The  vard  it  ulsa  used  u  pi 

T alley rand-Parirord.  Oliarlaa 
-  Uaurlce do  (Prince deBisiieTeiite) 

A  dlBliniriilthed  FnODb  autesmen,  v 
ITM.  D.  1S8S. 

TBlmnd, 'mnd.  Tbabodynf  Uid  nshn' 
dyll  ind  chudcIchI  laws,  tradlUdns  Bu 
MIJlanaHoBB,  or  tlm  book  that  WpaUdr 
thstn.  lu  auUioritr  was  lone  estBtnnc 
eorfing  u  tu  pniwpM  the  Jowiili  people 
ordBr  tbeir  reU^onB  Hfe  down  almnat  t" 
«w  HlBbna  and  Ibe  Gomnra.  th"° 
beint-  tha  written  Isw.  <u,d  Ihe  Inner 
IwHnn  i.f  traditions  and   cuminDi 

TolinkdiLr,  inln^'dar.    in  rndia, 

thronjih  trliom  he  nava  his  nmt :  a 


dviUud  ud  energoUc 
lufFniga  apDken  In  U 

MMrtS  PKBllifiDCy.  » 

nurta  of  Cejlon.    It 
DrsiUlmn  nt  TrniUlin 


Tancred.   A  t 

tnlhifliaCorusi 


Ksflt.  rill.  14),  uid  pmbably 

Sml^(Fmi^''ud«),  rxrauin- 

L  Norniin  knlfbt  and  leader 
ustda;  1.1078,0.1111. 

....^ "O' 

Tan»hin, 'gin.    Adeadly  ■^-,-^* 
[»i»n  obtafied  from  the      -^"T^' 

weds  of  Tuijhiniii  veiieni-  Tangmti 
rtn.    Trill  br  tuDghln,  ■ 


fortified  dtr  of  Moroos 
BtwitB  of  GLb™lI»r ;  pop.  1«,400. 

itbet,ar«hiohitfiBn 


'r  and  hLi  aiiw«eB<H'  waA  Hied  bj  ^ectJoD. 
Aooordlag  to  this  cuilorn  iucoaHlon  was 
hendKvv  In  the  bmlly,  bnt  eleeUve  In 
tliatedlfldiu]. 

Tmniore.  &  o(»  of  Madraa,  Brit.  India, 
ITO  lu.  B.  W.  of  SUdrw;  pop.  91,870. 

T&nka.  taog'lu.  A  kind  of  boat  st  Can- 
ton. Macao.  &o..  rowed  bv  women.  A 
woioan  who  pUes  In  each  a  boat, 

Tuuia.  tan'Ba.  In  lOdli,  a  poHco  station; 
-'  -  amllluny  poat 


clmpler  of  c«ruaB  Sanskrit  'aacred  work! 
of  the  worahlpera  ol  the  lunula  enorry 
of  Siva.  Each  tan&a  has  tbe  fOnn  of  a 
dlalogusbetwofnSLraandhlBwIfo.    They 

the  VedoB.  poiHlbll  poHUrior  ereo  to  the 
Christiim  cm,  ulthoiiKh    their  belieren 

Oqnlty  and  higher  an  thority. ' 
TsmdmAt,  'il-niat    The  nameatrsn  to 
tho  orgwik  bin,  eoDttitaUng:  iha  Bttt 


Taranla.  tsr'a-nls.  A  CMUo  d: 
regarded  as  the  evil  principle.  bi 
ftpqnd«i  by  the  Bomana  wMh  Jnpl 

Iniuntaaa.  -an-taa'.  A  Urge  i 
traveling  carriage,  balaneed  on  Ion 

Tarantella,  -tel'la.  A  swift,  « 
Italian  diuiQD  In  Bli-flbrht  measnre 
the  music  suited  for  Die  danoe. 

Tarboosh.   tir'bSsh. 


usiiallyor 
Tnrlu  and  AtaIm  ;  *  fte. 


.  or  bu.>iier,  out  out  of  o.-bldo.  y^^S^ 
miiDnlM  on  lltht  bol  Mrung  ((((0)))l 
wooit,  BlnninlieBed  by  bosses,  Vi^^J 


qskttry  or  nrUlkry  pr 


B  Hohrcw  Beillituraa  In   lio 
rhnklea  liut^'nBgflor  dliil«ct, 

,; ,  .  honHebroH  bt«»n  to 
c  popnlBr  luijfiiaifo.     Tho 
Targnmt  }oag  prvb^rreA  by  oral  ija"-'"'' 


DBptlvtt)',  w 


be  Cbrls 


^'toul.aiiduut  d«aeiid«<L  Jroui  do- 
nlmala.  They  an  not  lu^fra'  tbu 
Bry  inula,  ore  migratory  ADd  tbeir 
InvDrlabiy  lAn  or  mouu^  wltb 

la,  -uu'I-Mi.     The  roc*  od  the 

CsylUllne  hUl,  It  Bomf ,  wer  wblcb  per- 
(ona  roDTlcttol  of  tiwon  In  Ibf  stile  Hern 

tnidlttoD.  JVom  Tvpofi^  ■  Tental  tIwp  of 
Bome,  du^to-  of  tho  goTeroor  of  the 
■dtadoi  on  tfao  CiplUillDe.  wbo,  nDTuiDas 
of  Ibe  ffoUen  tnio'Jotii  mrn  hy  tbo  r^s- 
*^'*-  BDlolety,  Of*"'-'  '*■-  —*"  *'■  •>--"-  *" 


he  promlfW  of  reouWlnif 

reAohery,  they  flmsbod  1 
heir  eblulds,  niid  she  m 


>l  th< 


Tarqninloa  Luolus  Prlioai.  Tbn 
Unil  klll^of  i:nn.B.  and  first  of  the  Tnr- 
qulnp;  crovtnedflM.  n.  SJBb.  c.  T.  Lu- 
riuB  (^opui^H,  bin  grandson,  majried  two 
■Estm,    duugbten    of   Berrlns    HnltlnR, 


T.  BkIos, 
if  lbs  . 


Tartam.  Idr'tan.  A 


rtnilly  II 


b  HlehtniKl 

TD    pooDllBr 

Id  Aflin  unfl  K.iroi.s.     A  nam"  (rfv. 


fl,  e^oh  oLiii  bbvJiiff  ft 


..    .       liber  loosely  sppUpd  

of  varlooa  Monj,-ollim  ur  Tarnalsii jxiDplDg 


des  u  urth  bl  bel^w' beaven.  !tvv 
Dloaedby  Inm  ^tee,  find  In  It  JapftflrliD- 
priemnw^tbe  r«bol  litnoB-    Latir  pwo 


Taztcom,  taxs'l-kom 

TuloorDei. 
Saxidermy.  -der-nil. 

paiine  and  jirAB«rTLDtf  BkJni  of  anlinaJi 

Tay.  A  riiv  of  HwUukI,  ampljiiir  IdR 
theOermui  Ocem  Uiroack  ths  Frith  o 
Taj.  a  m,  E,  of  DuniW  Jenffth,  145  m. 

Taylor,  Bayard.  A  dliUngalitiK 
1S9R :  D.  while  Mlnlit«r  at  Beru'c,  1&39.  ' 

rTaylor,  Jeiemy.  Aa  «m!nenC  EnrllBl 
pnlMe  nod  Bulhor ;  >.  Ifllg.  d.  I«67. 

TayloT^^ZnoliaiT.     Twelfth  Preilrlen 


n  U»  Confedente 


DUDS  Ml  ^rorUieBrtllehl 
1819.  and  u  brl^ler-fnncn] 


Ta  Denm,  d^aii 


if  ,.r.lM, 


.0Oi>d." 

high  fcit!vmlSi.j.li)lheK°C.'Md'al«o™ 
tome  ProteiUuit  ohuwhea.  A  tbankegh-- 
lDlf  eervlcA  In  ivUob  lh]i  h^nan  forma  a 

BnljiTmliing    Iho    BuddhlsU' 
d  Hindu  pa^rodaa ;  It  Id  aupptned 


the  Auhiraliy>i  Icnglb  aiO  i 
Tacuia,  toltom.    Thaflhrouintod 
■  Brullian  patm-laC  lenmbunc 


GBt   medloahy   pr4Acrib«(l ;  a 
Cip.  of  PonU,  aiOm.  N.  of 

p.  tu.ow. 


TELAHOir  < 

Trtamon,  ttl'juQBn.  Ici  Arch.  Ihe  rig- 
iiraura  iiiancinployoduncalumri  arpll- 

BwDB  rauniT  imcvfAlSdtA;  oolJed  Atian- 

TelcWTApli,  'i-gnt.  A  gmend  dkiu!  Itor 
my  liiMniqTi'nt  or  ippsTKui  fur  mnvry- 
fnBluuUlwnca  Uyonil  Ihcllmltii  of  db- 
tiuin'  u  which  lbs  vul«  la  ■luUble.  tbe 
lildt  g[  iipe«l  buLneiilKulmplliid.    Thus 

""'■"-'■   .n.wn»3"^WcW  11^  iu 


uppllui 


in  VI  Ihe 


Telemeter,  -inm' 


U'il^Hph. 
leg-m-fl.      Tha    1 

'  telfgnkpha. 


Teleolosiat,  Ul-a-ol'D-Jlst.  One  vened 
in  ItloolDgy;  on*  who  iDiMllpilos  the 
fliul  C4DH  or  parpoAB  of  phi'Tiotneiu.  or 
thftend  A>rwb]ohD*uhhiubL'Dn  pmduoed. 
Telaoatai,  -oe'U-I.  An  unlcr  coinprii- 
■  -  -■'  ■■  oommoi.  allies,  Md 
'  jt^ors  Mb1uo['- 
opbirl,    PIodU>^- 


nUbl  sii<I  Lopliabmnclill. 
TelaoBOOTL    'i-B-iO-BD. 

nuised  In  Hmum. 
Telephone,  -too.     Id 

mlliieoDTidborandluiia 


Teleecoplom.  -c-b 

bsuiispbero.   Bituiil,' 
uur  and  Baglturiiiii. 


honor  of  Sir  WHItoin  l!M™hfl.'"ltl.anr 
TDUododby  Lyni^  thpTwIfla  nnd  Auri^ 
IT  Atnif  hivi  i>4>im  AMelf  ned  to  IL 


TeleetiDli.  tu-los'tik 
Tell.  Wilhelm. 


Telllna.  t^n'iu.    Aeen-n 
lh»b-«Bter    bmelllbisncbls 

ohuviteriHcT  by  tUu  hingo  of 


Tellurion. -IB'ri-oD,     ADlniCnn 

mUvhlcdt  |>rndi]oe  tbe  naeoeHioi 
ud  night,  and  Ibo  obiuiEcii  of  the 

TaUniiam.  lOr-inn.  A  theuri 
IngllirtiDtiiulniunstlBiii,  propor 
Sitnet,  vbo  (nbaUtoted  the  Ids 
rlfl  «pHt  In  phica  uf  tht 


Telotyve, 


Lnlverul  i^ot 

ilnflaencw  or  ([drlE mi pst- 

DMinicil  bodies,  to  thai  lb 
Id  to  migtietUo  tba  InhiU- 
vth  by  DiKht,  tha  ann  d>- 

e'la-llp.       A  Minting  td* 

m'plir.    One  of  ■  rdtfdooi 

Ism  U  prol«t  pnpriini  tnivallni!  W  tb> 
Holyldnd.  Thflord«oriBlnawdlnltl& 
Chit  iD«iiibiin  dfeTDC«d  thomaelvaa  to  Uis 
Hrvliw  ot  God,  promlilne  to  live  hi  p<r 
pelnnl  ohaiU^,  obcdtence  and  poiaij, 
iRarthsmuuiarorcuioni.  Buidwln  it, 
KinRDrj«ra»tfla,beitoved  upon  Ibfa 
tbeh-flntplue  of  r««ld«ice,  close  la  thr 
temnlB,  whados  tbey  neelviid  Ihe  name  nl 
the  '■pooTBoiaieri  of  the  Temple,"  adu- 
mrd  eoiiierted  Into  Templars,  or  Knleliu 
Tnuiplm.  The  knlitbU  wore  a  vUtii 
dunk  adorned  tdtb  a  rod  Mallwia  cron. 
A  branch  or  Cegrea  of  modprn  Frceoii- 


dElHee,  asd 
Id  tat 


□onnectod  with  aome   paitur 
worship.    The  moat  ceftbrat 

Artomis  or  Diana  at  Enheana"  '^"Zeu 
OTymplnaln  Athen^  end  that  of  ApoUo  at 
Delphi,  Any  one  of  Ihe  three  edUiw 
ballt  on  Mount  MnrUh  nt  Jemulein.  and 
di'fllcatoil  to  th>J  piiblla  wCHThlp  of  tTfIu^ 
nh.      The  Aral,   tnoted    by  BolomBI 


,d  by  tl 


«nflb7  HfTod  aiB.  b.  The  iWrf,  the 
Innrcst  and  lUMtmognLacent  otiha  three, 
■wflB  henun  by  Herod  tin  GreitSUn.c, 
■nd  rqaiplelojy  destroyed  st  Iba  osntute 
■of  JptuBnleiiiby  laeHonuunTOi.ip.  The 
■     o.tabl!Bh- 


<ortb> 


middle  b 


JtnlKhla  Tompliin.    I'haTBinplB  r^urob' 
lea. 


Teimyaos,  Alfred.    An  einiaeD 


te  hudf,'»ho£,  iLtuLblibrg 


rmitlni  nod  lauds  In  the  Jul 
I  0/  Holy  W^ek,  at  which  la 
ujf^ulAT  cajidlHdck  od  which 


TenierB,  David    (Tbtt  Blder). 
eminent Sutchpalnter ;  i.  1K»,  d.  1< 


of  the 


ided  N.  by  Kentneky, 
.  .nrt  W.  Viwln!»,B. 

MiitiiBTppj,  v. 


E.  by  Korth 
by  QeniX**.  -  --  - 

by  Mlaeourl  snd  Arkaoeu,  fro[_    

liB  aepArated  by  tbA  Mlulsalppl  E^Ter ;  an 
4CI.«liaiiq.  m. :  pop.  I,MS,BS9.  Prlodp 
dtlea.  FluhTille,  up..  Knoxidlle,  Qrek 
vltio,  Mem  phis,  FayeDeiUle,  MnrfMesbor 
uid  ColumUi.  Cblef  rivera,  Tfiui«h> 
Cumberhuid.  Ilolstela  and  Clinch.  Modi 
tains,  Camberland  ud  Alleghany  nnge 
Tennis.  'Is.  A  gnmeln  which  a  ball 
apiMdally  coi 

"e.bjM 


■nctedco 


Tiately  w 


ble  wlthoDl  toachlnK  the 
TennlB-oonrt.  -kort. 
pae  In  whkh  the  fome  ot  teimla  t>  plvxl. 


Teuolroities.  'n-l  ras"tij£.    A  eub-or-    - 
Aee  at  [iiuvrlne  or  InsesBarlil  Mrdi,  ram- 

Chtadlog  those  which  have  the  beak 
J  and  slender.  grnduBlly  tuperlo^  to  a 
poluL 
Toooalll,  tC-e-kal'H.  A  t™  pie  am  on?  the 

Tboy  were  generall;  aoUd  roui^ldtd 
trunoated  pymuiifls.  bollt  temwe-wfse, 
"1th  Iho  temple  proper  on  Ihu  plallbrm 
at  the  summit,  consimoted  uf  earth  Aiced 

lepliTOBla,  tef-rA'zI-a.  A  een.  oTplaaU 
beronETDK  10  the  papiUonaFeous  division 

thu  glnbo.  T.  aponiaei.  or^pUauIn- 
dlga,  yields  a  line  blue  dye.    T.  loilenrl* 

are  used  for  IntoilcitlnB  fish.  T,  vlrgllil- 
ana  la  a  powerfiU  vermlftiKC.  The  root  uf 
T.  einarglnali  lauscd  for  poiMElng  flJh.■ 
T.  tloctorlaylrMaabliiocolorlni;  niatler, 

contalDa    the    naraoCIc    prtodple   of    Iba 


Teratolcvy. -a-tol'o-tl.    That  bnnefaaf 


Tercentenary,  -■ 


Teredo,    u-re'd».     a   gen.   of  laoielU- 
branchlatoDionuske.Aim.  Pholsdidie.  The 

accountohbe  dastmctlon  which  It  oca- 
la  about  1  Ewt  in  length  and  i  Inch  lo 

Terence,  Tsrentlna  Publlu*  Afer. 

An  eminent  Koman     nmatial  of  the  id 
oMiCnty  1.  0.   Ha  wu  ben  ■  ilan. 


TKUCAOAirr 


TBrr-ptATB 


I^H^in 


Introilaocd  into 


KUcubkTlHTHins.tLiirfiur  ^Uub  dinathoF 


Thtre  an  ecrcnl        Boaloh  Terrlo-. 
TBitulUan,    aoiutiu      SeptlmliU 


twdliiijifsof  thaBudahimsofThttKlinJ 
Moiii^Jtii,  tha  other  betng  Ibo  DbImI-Luhi. 
mnh  supremelnhls  Dud  dlsUicL  TShM 
tbe  Tceba  dies  hl>  pUme  Is  flllal  hj  >  cUld. 


mcmtlng  ir&ns  imil  Hks  [inrpovs.    A  innill 

nrnrlmlBaioa  ta  tbs  thsum',  &a.,iiiudeiit 

Tert-paper,  taifpS^ur.  A  p«p«  hn- 
cnainl  with  ■  uhBoiiial  liaaeat,  u 
ua  At.  iiaed  ftir d«G«atlD|p  ui«  prM- 
of  Dcrmin  aubiliuiHa,  whwa  prewnia 
I.I  xruulloD  uid  lehuiKeliilhBailgc 
r  LI  e  paper  In  Law,  ui  lutitrament  tA- 
itiltfed  an  a  tlondvd  of  coinparlAoD  ibr 

Vaatrplato  'piit.   A  BHif-nded  gba 


Tet».    A  [in 
IS,  CPtnicbi>rd, 


iponndB-  dnriyed 


BtandlDp; 

Io]>»,  liavtiiBfiiurliorns.    Tho  fftniales  aro 
luirtileis.    The  bOgla  oCaa  idnHli  ibcnt 

Tetradecapoda,   tei'n-du-kBp"D-iU, 
The  mmo  ititen  hj  AgiBjis  In  »  fllilslon 

hnvlDg-,  lyiilcnily,  7   pnim  of  fcrl   In   the 
adult.    Tl^e^dre  the  Edriopbtluliuata  of 


Mneclal  Lonor,  u  tho  MMnkbf 
thinfclnB  thla  tho  perfect  Lomber 
there  wero  ^>ur  perAoiu  In  the  Q 
Tetra«tm,  -Bon.  ^      I    f 
lag  four  rtdee  ;  bI 1    I 


idnlt.    Aeisre 
Jlher  inQTogifita. 


inclont  nations,  the  TolnieqliB. 

the  Deity,  whoso  name  was  piproswd  In 
iemral  luDfiuuieii  by  fVinr  letter",  m  in  the 
AssjrUn  Adad,  EeTption  Amon,  Pemlm 
SntD,  and  Latin  lleuB. 
tC  0 1  r  B  li  Bdroa,  -W-  A 

under   tam   eqnllateril       /        Vi 

lhrfl'v^{^"^M?'     Tel«l,eto,n. 
In  Cryslal.  the  letmhMlmn  is  rarnrded  u 

irblchnindHrlTed  dy  DutUne  nwu  tlio 
slleniBte  «ngle., 
TrtrahexBhedron,     -helw'ii-he"dnin. 
A  solid  bounded  hy  t<renly-ronr  »qutil 
ftass,  feur  aomiapDiuline  to  es^  bu  oT  < 


the  cube.     Ciiled   ilto   TetmUibeiihr 

Totramorph,  'ra-morf.  In  Ghristtaa- 
srHlH'i.nlonofthefournllribuIMotthe 
»vonKtllsU  in  nuo  ilgnrc  .yin-«i.  und 
BtnodinE  or  wiOKed  tirry  wheels,  tho 
"Ine*  bcinjt  oovered  with  eysi.  li  is  tho 
type  af  nnpsrnlleted  Telnidty. 

Tetrapla.  -pis.  The  nime  eitm  m  im 
edidod  ortho  Bible,  Brrangcid  by  (Irluen  iu 

stonB,  vii.,  theScptuusldt,  tbRlofAqnilfc 
thot  or  SymniBdhds,  nnd  tbsl  of  lluffldo- 
tlsn  ;  elsi),  ■  Terslon  In  llior  UngnBgiu. 
Tetrapod, -pod.    A  R>ur-(tHited  anluul ; 
«li«i»llj- 141  Insect  baling  only  fcur  pec- 

Tstrapteran,  ts-trnp'tfr-u.    An  inseat 

Tatrarch.  lu'trnrk.    A  RomnD  govemnr 

iiMe  prince;  hence,  «ny  petty  king  or 
,  ffllgn. 
Teuton,  IQ'ton.     Ori)[IniiT1y,  t 


!Dt  Oennon 
honrdofffiO  H,  0.;  niamMehf 
10  OermiLhiF  pEinplpi  In  Koneni, 


lilltlUJ  1* 

ibedialbi  . 


BaindlnByinoB  andthoio  of  Andi 
descent.  Teutunfc  order,  h  rnillt. 
IWoui  order  of  kniebts,  estnblisbed 
lath  century.  In  imrutlon  of  Ihe  Tei 
and  Tluapltdlere-  ItwiacnnipaReilanjailT 
if  (IcriBons  who  inanbcd  lo  Uis  Holy 
Land  in  the  Cruudes,  nnd  wu  ettahtiihed 

poxer.    It  began  to  dvolina  In  the  IStb 
oentury,  and   wns   flnnny  iboUtbctd   by 
Nnpoieon.  ISM. 
Tezaa,    A  S.  W.  auta  of  the  Amerlcu 

twomninBln  dependent,  ISM.  wssmliitled 
1S4E,  naooded  1961,  rosdmltted  1BB3: 
bonnfiod  N.  by  Knntas  tnd  Inrti.n  Tit., 
K.  by  Loulsinnn  nnd  Arknnwi,  S.  by  Olllf 
orMfilcn.  W.byMexicoind  M.  Meiioo; 


WB.Thel 
,    Onndn 


Thackeray,  WllUam  Haltepeatie. 

C■sh;^ltn^8Il,  n,  la  London,  ia«.  ' 
OITtaBlbeiV,  Si«laiDiiixd.    An  ei^DHit 


THEOCBAHT 


Gmk  Mjlb.  tha  Hnii 


TKUDtKh     being     inortill}' 
I'muL    The  10th  moath 


plintt  tM  ylBldlne  2  to  4  per  » 

the  prlDolpJfl  which  ^vea  to  tc 

liiDffuidffaiitly  BtlmalfttiDg 


JbV'    i  Sj-lan  Xlly  *.r  whom  tho  n«- 


Ing  with  tba  net  inaon  of  Jul] 

aJWAVB   to   btioomo    roddeDed 
blood. 
TtuUiatolOKT.  Iban-B-tol'o-Jl. 


™ofl  M      ""^  '"'"  donning  » 
FUsdenth    Jf°  i''™  ""'^ 
rAdonlB     Thelsa.    A  river  of 
were  Eild      Into  the  Dannbo;  lene 
with  hlB    Thelphiulan. 
One  of  ■  bmll; 


Invgtrr  emplfliit 


nd'OW,  If 


the  ADelo-SuoTiA.   In  Eogluiil  a  fteeman 

OFclers,  F.THty  thane  had  the  rl^bt  of 
Totlnjin  Iho  wKoinepmot-notonly  ofthe 
■hire,  but  alH>  of  thcklnedotn,  when  Ini- 

kner  the  Nonunn  oonqiicet  U 


In 


Themistoclea.  Ad 
He  BfA  to  the  Perclan 
Thonif .  thu'i 


mlDailt  Athenian 


ralpl  of  irenij  II,  the  title  ffll  lot™  dlsnso. 
InRcntbnd  the  Ihnnen  uorojtelsuinrnon- 
mllltary  teanDt<i  of  the  «rown,  and  the  titit 
vu  In  1110  till  tho  BDrt  of  the  Ifllh  ofnlnry. 
ThnumBituiviia,  thi'ma-tar-iru".  A 
nUrtclewortcr;  a  Hllo  given  by  Romo- 
Omlholi-""- '"-' "-- 


ory  Thannulorpis. 


of  their 


af  planta,  ord.  Ter*- 


Abat-  Ihe  palm  of  | 

TheosMCy,  -olc'ra->i,     aoTeniment  of  a  1 

iiUte  by  the  Imoiedlste  dfrnClon  of  Ood.  1 

or  thia  spod«  the  lancllloe  fDmlsh  an  1 

Uhutrlona example.    Thetheoorain-lait«d.  ( 

tUlthstlmsofSaur.  | 

Thsocrasy,  -ok'ra-el.    In  Aoe.  Pblloa.  I 

the  InUmito  nnlon  of  t&a  aoal  vritb  God  I 

In  ouDteiBplUiDn.  wMch  wu  eoaildOTed  I 

attaluaUabTthe  newer  Platoolata.    81ml-  I 


THEODICY 


651 


THESMOPHOBIA 


lar  ideas  are  entertained  by  the  philoso- 
phers of  India,  and  by  many  religions 
sects.  A  mixture  of  the  worship  of  dif- 
fwent  gods. 

Theodicy,  -od'i-si.  Any  theory  pro- 
fessing to  reconcile  the  attributes  of  God 
"viith  the  present  order  •f  things  in  the 
world ;  more  especially,  an  explanation  of 
the  existence  of  evil. 

Theodolite,   'o-llt    A^ 
surveying      instrument! 
for  measuring  horizon- 
tal and  vertical  angles  by 
means  of  a  telescope. 

Theodoric  (The 
G-reat).  A  king  of  the 
Qoths,  who,  after  the  full 
of  the  "W.  Empire,  ruled 
as  Eling  of  Italy,  49a- 
526. 

Theodoras.  The  name 
of  two  popes. 

Theodosius.  The  Theodolite, 
name  of  three  emperors, 
T.  I.  (Flavins),  sumamed  "The  Great," 
B.  in  Spain,  846,  roigned  378-895.  With 
the  close  of  his  reign  the  disintegration  of 
the  Roman  Empire  set  in.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  bloody  massacre  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  for  which  Ambrose,  the  fearless 
archbishop  of  Milan,  compelled  him  to  do 
penance.  T.  II.,  his  grandson,  s.  hiA  fa- 
ther Arcadins  as  emperor  ef  the  East ;  b. 
401,  D.  450.  T.  III.  (Adramvttenus)  s. 
Anastasiiis  II.  as  emperor  of  the  East ;  b. 
664,  cr*)wned  715,  n.  716. 

Theology,  -ol'o-ji.  Divinity ;  the  entire 
science  of  the  (christian  religion ;  the 
science  which  treats  of  God  and  man  tn 
all  their  known  relations  to  each  other. 

Theomaohy,  -om'a-ki.  A  fighting 
against  the  gods,  aa  the  battle  of  the  giants 
>vith  the  gods  in  mythology.  A  strife  or 
battle  among  the  gods.  Opposition  to  the 
divine  will. 

Theopathy,  -op'a-thi.  Emotion  excited 
by  the  contemplation  of  God ;  piety,  or  a 
sense  of  piety. 

The  op  h  i  lanthropiam,  '5-fl-lan''- 
throp-lzm.  Love  to  both  God  and  man ; 
the  doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  theophilan- 
thropists ;  theophilnnthropy. 

Theophilcmthropist,  -fl-lan'^throp-ist. 
One  who  practices  or  professes  theophi- 
lanthropism.  One  of  a  society  formed  at 
Paris  during  the  first  French  revolution. 
It  proposed  to  establish  a  new  religion  in 
place  of  Christianity,  which  had  been 
abolished  by  the  Convention.  The  system 
attempted  to  be  established  was  pure  de- 
ism. 


Theopneusty,  'op-nQs-ti.  Divine  in- 
spiration; the  supernatural  influence  of 
the  Divine  Spirit  in  qualifying  men  to  re- 
ceive and  communicate  revealed  truth. 

Theresa,  St.  A  Spanish  Garmelite  nun; 
eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  founder 
of  a  reformed  society  of  barefooted  mem- 
bers of  that  order ;  b.  1515,  d.  1582,  can- 
onized by  Pope  Gregory  XV . 

Thoosophist,  -os'of-ist.  One  who  pro- 
fesses to  doriVtt  his  knowledge  firom  divine 
revelation. 

Therapeutee,  thcr-a-pu't45.  A  Jewish 
sect  of  the  first  century  after  Christ,  so. 
called  fW>m  the  extraordinary  puritv  of 
their  religious  worship.  They  withdrew 
into  solitary  places,  where  they  devoted 
themselves  to  a  life  of  religious  contem- 
plation, and  to  them  with  the  Essoncs  the 
origin  of  monasticism  in  the  Christian 
church  has  been  traced. 

Therapeutics,  'tiks.  That  part  of  medi- 
cine which  relates  to  the  composition,  the 
application  and  the  niodes  of  operation 
of  the  remedies  for  diseases. 

Therxnidor,  ther'mi-dor.  The  name  of 
the!  1th  month  of  the  year  in  the  calen- 
dar of  the  first  French  republic.  It  com- 
menced July  19,  and  ended  August  17. 

Thermo.  The  first  part  of  a  number  of 
compound  worda,  and  usually  signifying 
connected  with  heat  er  temperature. 

Therxuozneter,  ther-mom'et-er. 
An  instrument  by  which  the  tem- 
perature of  bodies  are  ascertainoil;  | 
rounded  on  the  property  which 
heat  possesses  of  expanding  all 
bodies.    The  ordinary  thcrmorae-  j 
ter  is  a  tube  of  mercury  which 
rises  with  the  increascrof  heat,  and  | 
sinks  as  the  air  cools. 

TherxnopylsB.    A  narrow  pass] 
between  Mt.  ^tna  and  the  sea, . 
which  a  handfiil  of  Spartans  under  | 
King   Leonidas  held   against   an 
immense     Persian      host    under    .^ 
Xerxes,  perishing  to  a  man.  Tn^- 

Thesauros,  tho-sa'ms.    A  treas-  °^®" 
ury.    T.  verborum,  a  treasury  of        * 
words ;  a  lexicon. 

Theseus.  In  Heroic  Hist,  the  son  of 
jEgeus  and  friend  of  Hercules,  who  slew 
the  Minotanrs  M'ith  the  aid  of  the!  Cretah 
Princess  Ariadne.  The  two  eloped,  but 
A.  was  killed  by  the  arrow  of  Artemisft  as 
they  landed  on  the  island  of  Xaxos.  T. 
was  the  hero  of  numberless  adventures, 
and  was  finally  killed  by  Lycomedes  of 
Scyros. 

Thesxnophoria,  thes-mo-l&M-s.    A  fib- 


THOBCAS  A  EEMNft 


is'ilu 


luterpretlne  dream*,  protilie»\-lin 
CFtvIn^  and  exiiUlping  oracli^B.  Jtn. 
Thibet.  A  latgt  country  of  S.  C 
Aaki,  meiUyemliTMcd  wlihln  the 
orUeChlDeeevntiilrn:  pop.  otlgi 
fl.DOO.nOO.    iMMlsIbEiirindpulrll 

Thierry  Amoden  Simon  Dondn- 
iftoe.  A  dlgtlnrnlsh»irr<'n;hhiBIortaii 
■  .  I7IIT,  P.  ISTS.    III!  Imthet,  J»qu« 

imnaulhori  n,  i!90.n.]S»8. 
Thiers,  ZionlB  Adolph*.    Ansralnenl 
FrcnFli  (tatetmui  unil  biitn  '  


n.  IBJT.    II«  1 


B.  by  MarflhaL 
Thlrtr.  tbcftl.    Th«  numtHT  whlcb  i 

rtiUofthn*  tlrni-s  Wa.    A  urmbol  i 

naontlng UiLrt)' nnlti,  uSDoriiii. 
Tiirty  Tear*' War,  Th«.    Tlio 

In  Gcrmuiy  betwac^   tbs  CMhollos 

PlroteiMiito,  ICtt-lSIS. 


tour    of    tb( 

■hapiki,  nitb  a  OlJUe  In  the  oailw  na- 
rauailHl  hy  tba  Latin  motla  "Nfiiionw 
ImpuDs  iBceiBl  1 1"  add  tb«  badm  oval,  wltli 
thu  roottfl  aiirronnrtloe  the  flpiro  of  St. 

ereiga    and    16   kD<KbU,    bMldsa    «ilra 

ttelvon-klng-at-UTDi,  and  the  gemJeman' 


ui  B  uhurcb  of  early  ChriellaaB.  add  to 

ofIndiB,bye[.Th'oma8. 
Thouudam,  lam'a-lim.     Tbe    doetrlBH 

IffcdeHdnatloa  and  gra<w,  and  eapcolaltT 
IhefinmaculDtecuTiceptlanor  tbeVii^B. 
Thomaa.  OAorgre  Henry.    A  n  Anifr- 


1bomaa,aL  (Sldymua),  ODsofc 
t.^'^LTT.pDstJee;  s.  In  Wieo,  m 
bi'lieved  to  tuie  suffered  mutyrdotn 
Coromanrlel.  IndU. 

,   _..  _l*n.      ApplM  U 

'   boUuiiciil    medicine,  one 


tcndeDcy  of  herbs,  jram    'timli  g 


Thrmhing-TH  wih!  ti  b,     Ins-Tni-thaii. 


ia  secDDd  prlpclpil  |^  or 


Bptrlle.  Hoilwayscarricd*  heavv lain- 
Dier  (mje-|lnlr,  the  ometifr).  wjilcb,  »/ 
otten  ishe  Mxburgei  tt.  retomed  to  his 


uthi?r.  Ttaursd&ylsodled  >»» hlin. arul 
bli  nanio  ontors  tnlo  m.iij  proppr  nem.'a. 
Thomson,  Jomei,     As  English  port ; 


TlirenodlBt,  'aO-dlst. 


ThrestieT,  thresh'er.  Bitde  IB  Thnabtr. 
A  member  of  an  Irish  CBtholia  orgulu- 
Udd,  lostitDlrd  1§06.  the  prlDoipia  oMset 
being  t»  HBlst  tlis  pavment  of  UtfaM,  - 
Their  threnta  and  ffuaings  nere  signed 
CspUln  TbHshu. 

Tbrona.  tbriin.     A 


OnewhaHiFssheB 


STBip-  A  speoles  of  sh»rk, 
Alopedu  Tnlpeft  or  ua-fD 
tlinBher  from  Its  ueLog  It 


Aloplasor 
thrssher,  Dii 


i  writer  0/  tfai*- 


I  slsu  sp[^ed 
lis  catbednl 


ThrotUa-iralTe,  thmi 


winds  silk;  Bthrowster. 
...irksathrowlng  wheel  or. 
T  h  T  o  w  i  ns^nsine.  'i 


tuber  ttt  pmsUb 

.„  ., bcWa  ofnbtwud 

1  Stnaeriy   firtrvkltriii    la    lik-ltK, 


rbntJtni  i>r  Uood  vbeo  (bcvd  b)- tiiflUB- 
1UD»>.  TMr  mottn  n*  Ht  ts  umdi 
Inrf  -r  (ihiifW  unmlii  nHftniu  Uh*. 
■Dd  of  ibcir  uoll  onc-tUrd  wu  dnolMl 
ij  EoMw  KIM.  -i™  Iht^  WT- 


Thondar  tboii'der.  Tbe  » 
tDllomkllulinr  UsfaUilag:  irrportili 
U  Ibv  suddn  dlltojbwiofl  of  the  air  pr 
diwed  by  tbe  Tlolent  dlaohufre  of  tttno 
libnte  rrsclrlrllr  or  llKblnlnK- 


a  brtUluit  tCnu 

.uinther.  »id  partlciili 
'   Mtheeirlh.  ThasK 


■I  the  dcslncllrergnti 


arUehDiwcaald 

or  botl-Uie  hard  ^oij  being  bnrled  U  tkt 

ol^rrt  drttnnrtil. 

TlnTible.  t 


Th* 

ilBgot  Penli  iloDS  had  ■  rUihl  to  uMr 
Italnl^torrnKl;    tin  Inrdi  uid  prirsU 

Tbe  poJA'sb^pl^crovll.      Thfi  Hmn  flod 
V .^e  lodgM  of  tho  |,>pal  iltsDily ; 


cM. 


II.,  imS.  It  hi 


lo  flrat  mlupttd 

ihe  third  coronet.  IndlcUlvD  of  the  TH  nltf. 
Tiber.    Ariverof  lialy.Sowintr  iliroatrh 

RuDie,  and  prnptjlnz  Into  tho  BCedllcrr^ 

neai  It  Ontla ;  teDtrOi.  tllm. 
Tlbarloa.  Olaodliu  Drams  Nero 

CaaiiT,      ^ectxA    enippTvr  of    Koaivi 

Blcr  of  spn.iim'Hlj-  ji'nd" bnitnltty.    T.  II. 


TIBIA 


e» 


TINTOEETTO 


Tibia,  tib'l-a.  A  kind  of  pipe,  the  oom- 
monest  miuioal  instrument  of  the  Qreeks 
and  Romans- 
Tick,  tik.  The  name  common  to  certain 
small  parasitical  araohnidans  or  mites,  oon- 
stitntiog  the  see.  Ixodes  (called  also  Sac- 
tori&),  fSEim.  Acarida. 

Ticknor,  Georgre.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can author;  b.  in  Mass.,  1701,  d.  1861. 

Ticonderosra.  A  vilh^e  of  Essex  C!o., 
N.  Y.,  95  m.  N.  E.  of  Albany,  noted  for 
its  old  fort,  surprised  and  captured  bj 
Col.  Ethan  Allen  and  his  *'  Green  Moun- 
tain Boys,"  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Beyoln- 
tion. 

Tio-poloziflra,  tik-pd-Iong'ga.  An  ex- 
tremely venomous  snake,  a  native  of  In- 
dia. Ceylon,  &c.,  sometimes  called  also 
Katuka,  gen.  Daboia,  ikm.  Yiperidss. 

Ticuna-poisozL,  ti-k5'na-poi-zn.  An 
arrow-poison  used  by  the  Ticunas  and 
other  Indian  tribes  dwelling  near  the  Am- 
azons. When  given  to  animals  it  pro- 
duces strong  convulsions,  Usting  for 
hours. 

Tide,  tid.  Time  ;  season.  The  alternate 
rising  and  falling  of  the  ocean  and  connect- 
ing waters.  It  appears  as  a  general  wave 
of  water,  which  gradually  elevates  itself 
to  a  certain  height,  then  as  gradually  sinks 
till  its  surface  is  about  as  much  below  the 
nvedium  level  as  it  was  before  above  it. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  attraction  of  the 
moon. 

Tieck,  liUdwig'.  An  eminent  German 
poet  and  novelist;  b.  1778.  d.  1858. 

Tien-Tsin.  The  port  of  Pekin,  China, 
on  the  Peiho,  80  m.  6.  E.  of  Pekin  ;  pop. 
1,200,000. 

Tierra  del  FneffO.  (Land  of  Fire). 
A  group  of  islands  separated  firom  the 
southernmost  point  of  S.  America  by  the 
Straits  of  Magellan. 

Tiers  Etat,  ter-z&-t&'.  In  French  Hist 
the  third  estate,  that  is,  the  people  exclu- 
sive of  the  nobility  and  dei^ ;  the  com- 
monalty ;  th  -i  commons.  The  nobles  and 
clergy  constituted  the  first  and  second  es- 
tates previous  to  the  Bevolution  of  1789. 

Tifliv.    Cap.  of  Georgia  in  the  Russian 

fovernment  of  Trans-Cauoasus,  on  the 
luT ;  pop.  abt.  75,000. 
Tisrer,  tl'ger.    A  carnivorous  animal,  the 
largest  and  fiercest  of  the  gen.  Fells,  F. 
tigris,  tun.  Felida. 

Tights,  Gis.  A  tight-fitting  under  cov- 
ering worn  on  the  l^s  by  acrobats,  actors, 
dancers  and  the  like. 

Tigream,  tl'gres.  The  female  of  the  ti- 
ger. 


TigriB.  A  river  of  W.  AMa,  nnitbig 
with  the  Euphrates  at  Knmah ;  length, 
1,150  m.  , 

Tilbury,  til'be-rl.  A  gig  or  tvo-vheeled 
carriage  Avithouta  top  or  oover. 

Tiler,  'er.  In  freemasonry,  the  door- 
keeper of  a  lodge. 

Timbrel,  tim'brel.  An  instrument  cf 
music:  a  kind  of  drum,  taber,  or  tabret, 
which  has  been  in  use  ttom  the  highest 
antiquity.  Il  is  now  known  under  the 
name  of  Tambourine  or  Tambour  de 
Basque. 

Timbnctoo  (Tombaotoo).  A  city  of 
W.  Central  Africa,  near  the  bionndary  oet. 
tJie  Soudan  and  Sahara,  6  m.  N.  of  the 
Niger ;  pop.  abt.  22,000. 

Time,  Um.  The  general  Idea  of  saooeft- 
sive  existence ;  the  measure  of  duration. 
'Hme  is  absolute  or  relative.  Absolute  time 
is  considered  without  any  relation  to 
bodies  or  thehr  motions ;  conceived  as  un- 
bounded, continuous,  homogeneouA,  un- 
changeable in  the  order  of  its  parts,  and 
divisible  without  end.  Belative  time  la 
the  sensible  measure  of  any  portion  of 
duration,  marked  by  the  apparent  revolu- 
tion of  the  Sim.  or  the  rotation  of  the  earth 
on  its  axis.  Time  is  divided  into  years, 
months,  weeks,  days,  hours,  minutes  and 
seconds. 

Time-fOBe,  'fQz.  A  tase  which  can  be 
so  arranged  as  to  explode  a  charge  at  a 
certain  determinate  interval  after  the  tioM 
of  its  ignition. 

Time-lock,  lok.  A  lock  having  clock' 
work  attached,  which  prevents  ue  bolt 
being  withdrawn  when  locked,  until  a 
certain  interval  of  time  has  elapsed. 

Tixne-piece,  'p^.  A  clock,  watch  or 
other  instrument  to  measure  or  show  the 
progress  of  time. 

Timoleon.  A  patriotic  Gorlntklan  who, 
844-888  B.  0.,  delivered  all  the  Greek  cities 
of  Sicily  from  the  rule  of  usurping  tyrants^ 
and  checked  the  progress  of  Carthaginian 
power. 

Timothy,  Bpistles  to.  In  Scrip.,  two 
letters,  which,  with  the  Epistle  to  Titus, 
form  tne  "three  pastoral  episties'*  gener- 
ally ascribed  to  St.  Paul. 

Tin,  tin.  A  metal  of  a  white  brilliant  color, 
slightly  tinged  with  gray.  In  hardness  it 
is  mtermediate  between  gold  and  lead. 

Tinewald,  tin'wald.  The  andent  par- 
liament or  annual  convention  of  people  in 
the  Isle  of  Man. 

Tintoretto.  The  artistio  name  of  Gia- 
como  Bobnsti.  an  eminent  Yenetlai^ 
painter;  b.  15U,  d.  IMM. 


TIPFBOANOB 


TOIBOIT 


TlppCKtfUloe.    A  river  of  Indkuaa,  emp- 
Mng  Into  the  Wabash,  9  m.  N.  £.  of  La- 
ftyettc,  doUmI  for  thoucfe&t  on  its  banks, 
Bov.  5,  Idll,  of  tlio  alHed  Indians  under 
T*>cuinftoh  and  his  brother,  by  Gen.   Har- 
tIhou  ;  Irnf^th,  2(H)  in. 
Tipperaxy.    Cap.  of  co.  of  same  name, 
prov.  Miinster,  Ireland. 
Tippoo  Sahib.    Kajah  of  Mysore,  India, 
son  and  s.  of  Hyder  Ali ;  b.   1749,  killed 
at  the  storminf?  of  Beringapatam,  his  cap- 
ital, by  the  English,  1799. 
Tirailleur,    ti-ral-yer.      A  nameir  origi- 
nally applied  In  Franee  daring  the  revela- 
tion of  1792  to  Hght-armed  troops  who 
were  thrown  oat  fW>m  the  main  body  to 
bring  on  an  action,  cover  an  attack,  or 
annoy  or  deceive  the  enemy  ;  a  skirmisher; 
a  sharp-shooter. 

Tisri,  tiz'ri.  The  Ist  Hebrew  month  of 
the  eivii  year,  and  the  7th  of  the  ecdesias- 
tfcal,  answering  to  a  part  of  September 
anh  October. 

Titan,  tl'tan.  In  Qreek  Myth,  one  of  the 
twelve  children  (six  sons  and  six  daagh- 
ters)  of  Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth). 
They  rebelled  against  their  father  and  de- 
posed him,  raising  Cronos,  one  of  their 
nomber,  to  the  throne.  After  a  long  con- 
test they  were  defeated  by  Zeus  and 
thrown  into  Tartarus.  Poetical  for  the  sun. 

Titania,  -t&'ni-a.    The  queon  of  Fahy- 

land  and  consort  of  Oberon. 
Titanotherinzn,  'tan-o-th(3'M-nm.    A 

lai^e  fossil  herbivorous  mammal,  possibly 

twko  tho  size  of  a  horse,  somewhat  allied 

to  the  tapir,  whose  remains  are  found  in 

the  miocene  strata  of  Missonri. 
Titian,  Tiziano  Veoelli.    The  most 

eminent  painter  of  the  Yenetian  school  ; 

B.  1477,  D.  1676. 
Titmouse,    tit'mous.       An    insessorial 

bird,  ord.   Dentirostres,  and  forming  the 

type  of  tho  fam.  ParidsB. 

Titus,  Flavins  Sabinns  Vespasi- 
anns.  A  Soman  general  and  emperor, 
s.  Vespasian,  79,  d.  81.  Before  he  ascend- 
ed .the  throne  he  captured  and  destroyed 
Jerusalem,  70. 

Tivoli.  A  city  of  the  Campagna,  Italy, 
18  ra.  N.  E.  of  Rome,  at  the  famous  cas- 
ca<icaof  the  Teverone ;  pop.  abt.  8,500. 

Tin,  te^n-    li>  Northern  Myth,  tho  original 

supreme  divinity  of  the  ancient  Teutonic 

mythology,  corresponding  with  Dyaus  of 

India,  Zeus  of  Greece,  and  the  Jove  of  the 

.  Romans. 

Toad,  tod.  The  common  name  of  axxi- 
pbfblan  vertebrateB,  gen.  Buto,  now  coix 
H^tutfid  Into  ft  iJAmUj^  Biifan!lA». 


Tobcusoo,  t&rbaklcd.  A  genus  of  pUnti 
(Niootiana),  ord.  Solanaoe».  Theiti  ait 
several  spedes,  all  narootic.  Those  inmt 
generally  cultivated  are  K.  tabacum  vA 
N.  macrophylla,  the  former  being  oten 
called  Virginian  tobacco. 

Tobit,  tob'it.  One  of  the  Old  TestaoMat 
Apocryphal  books. 

Toboiisk.  Cap.  of  Siberia,  Asiato  Bna- 
sia,  near  the  junction  of  the  Irtish  aod 
Tobol,  976  m.  E.  of  St.  Petersburg;  pop. 
18,000. 

Tocantins.  A  Brazilian  river,  empty- 
ing into  tho  Para ;  length,  1,000  m. 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  Cliarles  Hen- 
ri Clerelde.  A  distinguished  Frenoh 
statesman,  historian  and  philosopher ;  b. 
1805,  D.  1859. 

Todas,  td'daz.  A  small  race  of  men,  in- 
habiting tho  upper  part  of  the  Neilgheny 
Mountains  in  8.  India.  Under  the  infla- 
ence  of  polyandry  and  intemneranoe  they 
are  rapidlv  disappearing-.  Their  language 
is  Dra vidian,  and  they  are  doubtless  the 
aborigines  oi  tlie  country. 

Todleben,  Francis    Sdward.     A 

Russian  military  engineer  and  general ;  b. 
of  German  ancestry,  1S18 ;  d.  1882.  He 
won  distinction  by  his  defense  of  Hebas- 
topol  against  the  French,  English  and 
Turks,  1855-6. 

Tofira,  to'ga.  The  principal  outer  garment 
worn  by  the  ancient  Romans.  It  was 
made  of  wool  or  Bilk,  the  usual  color  being 
white.  It  covered  the  whole  bo<ly  with 
the  exception  of  the  right  arm,  and  the 
right  of  wearing  it  was  the  exclusive  priv- 
ilege of  every  Roman  citizen.  Tho  toga 
virilis,  or  manly  gown,  was  assumed  by 
Roman  youths  when  they  attained  the 
age  of  14. 

TofiTSrlo*  A  small  wooden  pin, 
tapering  toward  both  ends ;  a 
knee-joint  of  two  bars  connected, 
that  may  be  brought  into  a  straight 
line  and  produce  great  endwise^ 
pressure. 

Toison,  toi'son.  The  fleece  of  a 
sheep.  T.  d'or,  in  Her.,  the  term 
for  a  golden  fleece  or  tho  Holy* 
Lamb.  An  order  of  knighthood 
instituted,  1420.  by  Philip  the 
Good,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  ftriginal- 
ly  composed  of  24  knights,  the  prino© 
being  chief.  The  oi-der  now  belongs  both 
to  Austria  and  Spain.  The  knights  carry 
appended  to  their  collars  the  figure  of  a 
sneep  or  fleece  in  gold,  the  chain  oonsist- 

\X3Mt  ftt*,  «eA  %\»«^e»>  w  \xi^«s»ft^'a.^e^3«5ssv.'S^ 


\ 


TOKAT 


60T 


TOPOGRAPHY 


robee.    The  motto  1b  '*  Pretiam  labo- 

non  vile." 

i,y,  td-ka'.     A  rich  aromatio  vdne 

ucod  at  Tokay,  In  Upper  Uongary, 

e  of  white  grapes. 

do,   -le'do.     A  sword-blado  of  the 

t  temper,  so  named  firom  Toledo,  in 

Q,  which,  during  the  15th  and  16th 

iiries,  was  famous  for  manofhotoring 

*d-blades  of  a  superior  temper. 

ido.  Cap.  of  Lucas  Co.,  C,  on  the 
nice,  near  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie  ; 

60,187. 

ec,  tol'tek.  A  member  of  a  race  of 
ico  who,  according  to  tradition,  com- 
rom  the  North,  ruled  the  country  firom 
'th  to  the  12th  century,  when  power 
od  from  them  to  the  Aztecs.  Tne  re- 
is  of  architoctnre  ascribed  to  them 
ist  principally  of  monuments  of  colos- 
)roportions,  temples  and  cities,  show 
1  to  have  been  a  people  fkr  advanced 
vilization,  acquainted  with  the  use  of 
Us,  the  arts  of  weaving,  pottery  and 
>glyphic  writing.     Their  religion  la 

to  have  been  mild,  and  laws  just. 
T  civilization  was  overlaid  by  that  of 
Aztecs,  who  ingrafted  on  it  many 
dv  religious  rites  and  chlldlfih  social 
tices. 

L-tree,  td-lo'tWS.  A  large,  handsome 
,  which  yields  the  balsam  of  Tolu. 
wood  is  red  in  the  center,  with  the 
■  of  balsam  or  of  rose.  The  fhiit  is  a 
celled  oblique-winged  legume. 
laliaTi^k,  t  o  m  '  a-  A 

An  Indian  hatehet,  ^ 
.  in  the  chase  and  in 

not   only  In   close 
dng,  but    by   being 
wn  to  a  considerable    Tomahawk, 
inoe,  and  so  dexter- 
y  often,  that    the  sharp  edge    first 
les  the  obiect  aimed  at.     They  were 
nallv  noaae  of  fliat,  but  later  of  iron 
steel. 

Lbiirbee.  A  river,  rising  in  Missls- 
i  and  flowing  through  Alabama,  Join- 
the  Alabama  and  forming  Middle 
>r,  45  m.  N.  of  Mobile ;  len^h  450  m. 
^olm,  'jon.  A  kind  of  sedan-chair, 
1  in  fh>nt  and  carried  by  a  single  pole 
men's  shoulders,  used  in  India  and 
Ion. 

,  ton.  The  prevailing  ihahion ;  high 
le ;  as,  ladies  of  ton. 

,  ton.  A  weight  equal  to  90  hnndred- 
^t  or  2,240  pounds  avoirdupois.  In 
v.  8.  the  ton  ta  oommonW  estimated 
WOIbe.  ;  aomethnea  oalled  the  short 
A  wiae  meaMure  o/oajMMftjy,  equal 


— :*, 


2\ 


to  252  gallons  or  2  pipes:  in  this  sense 
usually  written  tun.  A  certain  weight  or 
Bpaoe--4n  the  latter  case  about  40  cnbie 
feet — ^by  which  the  burden  of  a  ship  is 
reckoned,  as,  a  ship  of  800  tons. 

Tone,  Theobald  Wolfe.  An  Irish 
patriot ;  B.  1768,  d.,  by  suicide  in  prison, 
1798 

Tonka-bean,  tongnut-ben.  The  fruit  of 
the  Dipterix  odorata  or  Ooumarouna 
odorata,  ord.  Leguminosa;,  snb-ord.  Papil- 
ionacese.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong  dry  flbrou  s 
drupe,  containing  a  single  seed.  The 
odor  of  the  kernel  is  extremely  agreeable 
and  it  is  used  in  perfumery. 

Tonquin.  The  N.  province  of  Anam, 
8.  £.  Asia,  the  scene  of  present  hostilities 
between  the  French  and  Chinese.  Gulf  of 
T.,  an  arm  of  the  China  8ea,  800  m.  long 
by  150  in  breadth. 

Tontine,  ton'tin.  An  annuity  shared  by 
subscribers  to  a  loan,  with  the  beneflt  of 
survivorship,  the  annuity  being  increased 
as  the  subscribers  die,  until  at  last  the 
whole  goes  to  the  last  survivor,  or  to  the 
last  two  or  three,  according  to  the  terms 
on  which  the  money  is  advanced.  By 
means  of  tontines  many  government  loans 
were  formerly  raised  in  Eagland. 

Tope,  t6p.  The  popular  name  for  a  spe- 
cies of  Buddhist  monument,  intended  for 
the  preservation  of  relics  or  the  com- 
memoration of  some  event.  When  for  the 
former  purpose  the  tope  is  called  a  dagoba, 
when  for  the  latter  a  stupa ;  the  term  tope 
having  reference  to  their  external  shape 
only. 

Topeka.  Cap.  of  Kansas,  in  Shawnee 
Co.,  on  Kansas  River,  50  m.  A.  W.  of 
Leavtnworth ;  pop.  15,452. 

Tophet,  to'fet.  A  place  situated  at  the 
southeastern  extremitv  of  Gehenna,  or 
Valley  of  Hlnnom,  to  the  south  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  the  idolatrous  Jews  wor- 
shiped the  fire-gods  and  sacrificed  their 
children.  In  consequence  of  these  abom- 
inations the  whole  valley  became  the  com- 
mon laystall  of  the  city,  and  symbolical  of 
the  place  of  torment  in  a  Aituro  Ufe. 

Topia,  'pi-a.  A  fanciful  style  of  mural 
decorations,  generally  consisting  of  land- 
scapes of  a  heterogeneous  character,  re- 
sembling those  of  the  Chinese,  much  used 
in  the  Pompeian  houses. 

Topography,  to-pog'ra-fl.   The  descrip- 
tion of  a  particular  place,  city  or  tract  of 
land ;    the    detailed    description  of  any 
country  or  t^^oiv,  \Tv«^\sA\\i!?;  Vu8»  <&»^«Vs 
tovmft,  vWVaafeft,  c»a.'<\ftft,  &L&.,^%^5c^«c^*«^'wv 
from  geograv^?  Va  ^»s^»%<l.«l»«^\f«?«*  ^^^ 
more  d«ka3iM^ 


TOBAH 


666        TOU8SAINT  L'OUVEBTUBB 


Torah,  tdVft.  A  term  in  anoient  Rehrevr 
literature  for  any  decision  or  instraction 
in  matters  of  law  and  conduct,  eiyen  by 
sacred  anthority;  the  revealed  will  of 
Ood ;  counsel  or  instruction  proceeding 
from  a  sacred  source ;  hence,  a  book  con- 
taining such  instruction. 

Toreador,  tor-e-a-dor'.  A  general  liame 
for  a  bull-fighter  in  Spain,  especially  one 
who  fights  on  horse-back.  Written  also 
Torreador. 

TorexunatoIogT,  to-r&'ma-tol''o-Ji.  The 
science  or  art  of  sculpture,  or  a  treatise  on 
sculpture. 

Toronto.  Cap.  of  Ontario,  in  York  Co., 
Dominion  of  Ca'<ada,  on  Lake  Ontario; 
888  m.  S.  W.  of  MontreaL 

Torpedo,  tor-pfi'do.  An  elasmobranch- 
late  fish,  allied  to  the  rays,  forming  the 
trpoof  the  fam.  Torpedmid«p,  notc^  for 
toelr  power  of  dischai^ging  electric  shocks 
when  irritated. 

Torque,  tork.  In  ArclueoL  a  personal  or- 
nament worn  by  the  ancient  Britons, 
Qauls  and  Gennans.  It  consisted  of  a 
stiff  collar,  formed  of  a  number  of  gold 
wires  twisted  together,  or  a  thin  plate,  gen- 
erally of  gold,  worn  round  the  neck  as  a 
symbol  of  rank  and  command. 

Torrioelli,  Svazifirelista.  An  eminent 
Italian  philosopher ;  b.  1808,  d.  164T.  He 
invented  the  barometer. 

Torek,  torsk.  A  malacopterygious  teleos- 
tean  fish  of  the  cod  tribe,  Brosmius  vul- 
garis. 

Torso,  tor'so.    In  Sculp,  the  trunk 
statue,  deprived  of  head  and  limbs. 

Tortoise,  'tois. 
The  name  which  is 
generally  restricted 
to  the  family  of 
reptiles  Testudin- 
idae,  or  land- tor- 
toises, or  with  a 
qualifying  term  is 
applied  to  the  Emydae,  the  terrapins  or 
fresh-water  tortoises,  and  the  Trionycidro, 
the  mud-turtles,  or  soft  tortoises.  The 
name  was  often  formerly  applied  to  all 
turtles. 

Tortoise-ehell,  -shel.  A  name  popularly 
appUed  to  the  scutes  or  scales  of  the  tor- 
toise and  allied  cholonians,  especially  to 
the  shell  of  the  hawk*8-b1U  turtle,  exten- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  combs, 
snuff-boxes,  &c.,  and  in  inlaying  and  other 
ornamental  work. 

Tortiiffas,  Dry.    Agrovi^  ot\*jcvwfts^ 


of  a 


Tortoise. 


a  YeaexaeHan  island  in  the  Caribbean  &«, 
and  of  one  the  W.  Indies,  N.  £.  of  Cnk 
Totem,  td'tem.  A  rude  figure,  as  «f  i 
beast,  bhrd,  dec,  naed  by  the  N.  Ameiiea 
Indians  as  a  symbolic  name. 

Toucan,  tou'kan. 
A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  all  the 
scansorial  birds, 
fam.  Ramphas- 
tid»,  but  some* 
times  restricted  to 
those  of  the  gen. 
Bamphastos.  They 
are        remarkable  Toucan, 

among  birds  for  r^nvgltation  of  food, 
sending  it  back  into  the  bill  to  nndeqn 
mastication  analog^oa  to  ruminatiop  ii 
quadrupeds.  A  small  oonstellatioa  «i 
tne  southern  hemisphere. 

Touch-needle,  tucVn&dL  A  small  te 
of  gold  and  silver,  either  pure  or  alloyW 
Willi  various  definite  proportions  of  eop- 
per,  &c.,  used  by  assay ers  for  trying  arfr 
oles  of  gold  and  sUvm*. 

Toulon.  A  city  and  naval  station  vi 
IVance,  on  the  Mediterranean,  82  m.  9.  E. 
of  Marseilles ;  pop.  80,000. 

Toulouse.  An  inland  city  of  Fnooti 
on  the  Garonne,  180  m.  8.  E.  of  Bo^ 
deauz,  noted  for  the  defeat,  1812,  of  the 
French  under  Soult  by  the  Britidi  xaAm 
Wellington ;  pop.  181,460. 

Tournament,  tor'na-memt.  A  martiil 
sport  or  species  of  oombat  performed  ii 
former  times  by  knights  ana  cavidlers  m 
horseback.  It  has  recently  been  revirad 
in  some  of  the  Southern  States. 

Toumay.  A  city  of  Belgium,  on  tha 
Scheldt,  28  m.  N.  W.  of  Mens ;  pop. 
85,210. 

Toumure, -n&r.  Turn;  contour;  flf- 
ure;  shape.  A  stiff  padded  banda^ 
which  women  fiutten  round  the  loins  to 
expand  the  skirt ;  a  bustle. 

Tours.  A  French  city,  bet.  the  Loire 
and  Cher,  65  m.  S.  W.  of  Orleans ;  pop. 
45,7»6. 

Tourville,  Anne  Hilarion  de 
Ootentin,  Oomte  de.  A  distingnisbed 
French  admiral  and  marshal ;  b.  16tf ,  9. 
ITOl. 

Toussaint  Ii'OuTerture.  A  n««« 
general  and  President  of  Hay  ti;  b.  17«,i 
slave,  D.  1808,  in  France.  In  the  inav^ 
rection  and  massao^  of  the  whites,  1711, 
\i«  N7«&  tbA  leader^  and   was  afterward 


^^f  <i?!?^l.*m'  i^i»ri»S^*ot\  -i^«.«^--«*  V-M^O^O— 


ilod  to  FruH  ud  beld  i  suw  prlanner 
lUl  hlsdcaith. 
XOWST,  IOO'bt.  a  hich  commods,  or 
kead-dnsEL  irom  br  EnrUsb  femalAi  U 
tba  rnlgm  of  Wllftam  III.  ud  Qneen 
Anoe.  Uwna  oornpoaed  of  BBBto-board, 
libbaniBod  luw;  tha  littfiraiapoted  In 
•Itorcal*  tlms.  or  tho  ribbonswere  ftimied 
Into  ht(k  lUffened  bows  coietvd  »id«- 

^mnilay  Kaxblea.  tounlA  oisrtili. 
An  ugembluB  of  OmA  ud  Bomui 
Hulpture  In  tbs  Britltb  Mnsnim,  so 
niiiDed  fri>ni  ChHTles  Towntflv,  «ha  mftda 
tke  coUeoUon. 

ToxiaoloK7.  tak-ti'kaJ'o-JL  Tbit 
bnoob  of  modldne  wbkh  troU  of  Pol- 
and dslaUrloiu  sabots  of  oirwulia  iDd  In- 
ordlulodoHA  Bad  qiuntJd«  of  m^dne. 

TOXOpUUte,    -MriHt.         A    torer    of 


IW''T 

Oxford  leSS-lMl. 


■ystnn  of  reUvtoni 
promDjffated  vdtblD 


■nioleMlen, ,  _.. 

NawmBn.  I>r.  Pasey.  Rot.  John  KobI 
mnd   othar  Oirurd    sobilBn,    wucht  I 


tto  or  High  Clmnh  lectloa  of  tlw  Ch.  of 
Kngluid. 

UnUon  of  wortcmoD  of  pBrttoDlBr  trBdea 

to  Kcnro  the  oondltlon*  nuwt  IkTonbls 
for  labor. 

Trads-wiud,  trtd-wlnd.  Ono  ofthoH 
oonBtsnt  wllidt  wblota  oooor  In  bU  open 
MUonbotbBldHofthe  euDstor,  and  to 
tha  dlBluoe  of IbL  W  aorth  udioiitb  ol 

nctkia  la  from  tb«  nartbeut,  aoatb  of  tbe 

Trafklvar.  0«pe, 

Bpnin  Bt  tbe  odItb: 

Glbmltw,  off  wbloh,  uv.,  ..,  .i™,  ..u„ 

EDgUah  fleet,  undar  Nelton,  disaatroaaly 


t  TEAWL-HET 

Roman  Emperora ;  b.  50,  orawna^aB,  i>, 
TbM  BHtion  of  Aalat 


Qdorglii,  MlngrellB,  ImeritU  ani 
Tranaeniia,  triui-ien'na.  li 
tlan  AnUq.aMrmgliBn  lo  cnrvt 


of  Chrllt,  a  belief 

..     CatboHcB  irKt  otbua. 

Tbe  dootarlna  la  dieClngnklied  Itam  that  at 
il  praMiHe,  tUBamnidi  aathelatter 
ir^if  nndaraCood  to  mean  Ibat  tbe 
aoeilatB  In  and  bIod?  with 
aeoordlng;  to  tb* 
— —  tbe  body  o! 


la  fener^y  nni 
body  of  Cbrlat 


?F-'*f'  "" 


,  oi  F 


^^m/aa,  JCuvam  XJlpiaa  Tiajaiaix, 


flgurs    hayin?  fonr   rteht 

ToiOtaoiA,  a  nline  fOnr- 
sided  flffure,  haTlDg  two 
paraCol  Bldfl*. 

TiMpplat,     trap'lat.       A 
menibet      of     a    raHgl™. 
oidaof  tbaS.  C.  Ch., 
rounded  1 110,  remark- 


A 


cod,  ling,  haddock  %i 


lokorel  flBblUf. 
of  flihlng  wltb 


Trawl-net.  'pfft.  .,  . —  ...  -.— „ 
behind  nboal.,  \n  fteB?-»i»  Ma\T^,V« ' 
I  Ingftai^Uoli^B .>..■««« 


Fr«Dch  KevuJaKon ;  pnp,  sbt  S4,<N». 

Trlaiwlo.  'ur-i.    a  %- 


the  gen,  Hlppopufl 
'I"^«^«'^"t.    A  kind  of  »«ptff  «    1 
^«r   TTiUi    three   lj«rb-poli,i«|    pnngi 

and.  Is  osMUy  rejBflMntea.  'in  Bim. 
AnUq  «  Ihree-prongod  apear  need  li  (iiJ- 
iibwfil  coidIhu  br  1^  reCUrlui. 

Triorarohr,  'er-lrk-|.    The  iTsleip  U    I 
looteBt  Attarsni  oftbnnlnK  ■  n»t6™(  ItM 
VwrnprthngweiiKhrperBolM  to  m.0    I 
•nd  milntilii  thmI*.  ' 

Vrl«ate.  Chi»r  »inart  of  A 
tli9Giiiro(T..»ttlieil.  E.  HI 
iSeAdriMlB,  7B  Di.  E.  of  V 

TB.ue. 

Tiiramy,  bV*-"'-  8t.taofb*liiK  Bw    ! 
rleiUiKie  ttmes,   or  the  sut«  ..fTiMlK    | 


HtrsDlItT  •(    I 


VUbna  uid  Hli 


TrtM*»-    \  »'''"^ 


7L^  i 


TKILITHOH 


TEITHMSH 


iMflhoMaowofB  millton  mulU- 

Trlnldad.    Ono  of  Uie  BrtlliJ.  W.  Indta 

V  a  lllllHDn.       Thnt  I.'KBI.IKKI  X  1,- 

l»laBdii,uflheljMlbbaumroiii.;iir«i.  HM 

=  l.i""i.noil.0iW.(WO,  mil  ihlj  prorl- 

«l.m,;jKip.  1i»,!W(h,  Cap.,  PorlofSimln, 

il11|.Ur<l  by  ■  iBlHIon  =  l.l>0<\om.- 

Trinity,  '•! -U.     In  Theil.  the  union  of 

U,«  8.JB,  sod  lie  JlQlj-  BuLrit.     A  .ym- 

-.-Ivc  clpUera  annoxert,  or  1,0M,- 

the  Trinity  ll*qu«il  (n  Chriittun  «n,  -no 

W,  trl-IIUi^D.  Three  Ivge  itanea 
logBtherflko  dora-poiW  umi  ■  llo- 

or  the  most  iieusnl  Anmi  eunalBtliiK  or  « 
Bp™  of  ibB  Fslhet  wMaft  OD  ■  tfirone, 

WB^^ 


/lnhnn  Ihe  prwervlnir.  nml  fltvii 
mjiniriHlimljilooflheiidtj',  while 

U  Ia  nipreflpD  Eim]  synihoUcAllf  u 
vyiUb  lh»c  hiuids,  VlfliiDU  st  the 
Irn  Bt  tlin  li^n.  end  Brahms  In  the 

no.  A  oity  ond  asepnrt  of  M»- 
,tlie  W,  eatmiiDeto  Uie  Gulf  of 


Tripoli. 


'  SymbalB  or  th«  Half  T^inl^. 
orown:  Chriat  orudfleBil  Id  Itont,  udlhe 
lluir  Spblt.  IL  the  tOrm  of  a  dovE,  reatlUK 

nhloh  Ctarae  JtudEnu  wero  comUned  'into 

or«"omhln"ttoS  S'hMrf^'^th^^^a; 

and  BOmcUmee  thu  trefoil.     T.  Sunday. 

the  Bandiy  nuit  oAcr  Whltsunitay,  ob. 

served  by  Iba   Boman,    Anglican,    mid 

ochn-  ohurehss  la  boQOr  Df  tho  Trinity. 
Trinity.     A  rlTor  of  Tfoou,  smnlyUig 

lnb>Oiir<'sstan  piy ; lEugthMO m. 
Trip-hammer,  trip'hnm-mflr.     A  lai^ 

V 1  i„  f„,|,„ .  ^  tilHuunmor. 

■  ths  Bnrhniy  Stataa  of 
-el  ef  the  Turktoh  om- 

S.  by  Ihe  I.lhynn  Doatrt,  S.  by  Saliira! 
W.  by  TubIb;  area,  81,180  sq.  ni, ;  pop, 
iht.  BN.DDU.  Cb]i.  Tripoli :  pop.  18,300. 
TliptjrBta.  'tik.    A  pletoro.  carvlnc.  or 

inenu7lSel>rnide, 
Trlremo.  IrVrtm.  A  gulley  or  vomoI 
with  three  benohuB  or  rankii  of  oars  «n  n 
aide,  a  eoiamon  clue  of  var^ehlp  amenk' 
Ihe  aodent  Grecke,  RominB,  <!arthDKln- 
IviH.  iCB.    The  trireme  nan  alMi  provided 

Trioasiou,  irl-sil'Bi.an.    Oiieof  the  doi- 


Trlaaotabedron,  trlii-ok'IB-be"r1ron.  i 


Triton.  'Ion.    In 


Anii.Uutte,    who        iJ^/V 


nfTrltoin  Id  the  i.lui»l  ».  ™»  of  I 

umiih.  Tanb,  origln»lly  a  temporary  »rch 
anoled  Is  oDtinwaoa  wtth  the  [riamph  of 


TBOUBADOUK 


Trovl<MlyMi  trC'^od-It.  ' 
hablUUoii.    ThB  uiciienCOi 

lo^  CHTea,  C3pfclall}r  to    Uh 


otTBHlwellerfl  avwrywhe 


BniiAorUJ    blrdft,    recatrtaiti* 
ksutUul  plnouee,  tj'plallf  r> 


Trouvere.  t 
■   the  .nrffin  1 


ITI^  null  Uio  ipo/oancoiQ  tho  B™irdup(ilH 


7to7.      In  Hcrola  Hist 


Tminliall.  John.    , 


DrDiujilODrtlialilKbHt  RnttqnUy,    In  tu 

or  allier,  doublid  op  In  Iha  tana  of  Bj>ir- 
tboli,  bcqnialtiB  imnnld  In  tbe  lut^fold. 


If  Urn  widowed  •]> 


SB 


I,  wSSi  b 


the    ;»[     111        ^ 

raid   Uka    I      I J      ^ 


ernmant  AmBd  itueseiianTlclaterfMri'. 
TnlluB,  HoatlUiUt    ThMtndltlaDnrT 
Uag  Bt  Bume.  warUkg  uid  Biu»<'»rii1. 
The  slnpilM  «nl«9t  bet,  Iho  Hor»Oi  md 


TunblidKe  Veils.    A  popular  Eng-llBlI 

Tundra,  tun'dn.  A  xnm  appllrMl  la  lb< 
irmnfimu  iireUihM  of  Bbi.  boRgy  eountty 
Wlendbiglhrooah  N.  SlbirU  nnd  part  ol 
RumIl    ■Ybay  Kt  IhHcn  tbe  gmUr  part 

Tniilo,  ca'alk.    A  >ery  umduit  fDno  of 

II  vtu  worn  by  boti  BBIM  nnder  Iha  log* 
■nd  tho  pdlU.  and  fUlon^  by  a  g1rdl«  or 

brond  utrlpo  or  parpl«  (onllad  lJi1UHclavu») 

eqditos  bad  ■  narrow  atripo  (called  od^h^ 

TmilB.  One  of  Urn  Borbary  9titei,  X 
Africa,  noiDinally  gnder  Tnrklab  rnle. 
bonnrlnl  N.  and  E,  by  the  MedlUrmnpjui, 
S.  by  Tripoli  and  Algeria.  W.  by  Alceri:!; 
BTFii,  fiO.OOO  aq.  m,  ;  pop,  2.iofl,(WI.  lu 
caji,,  Tunli,  on  bny  at  garnp  D>in«.  la  IS 
m.  S.  W.  of  the  sitij  of  indent  Cirthiwcl 


rollgioo 


moda  of  bnptWng  a 
r^ieoelnniBt  baptUm 


of  dnu  and  lugoue  ;  nfgw  (0  liks 
dUtu  or  to  light  i  uuTuioint  the  iliik  with 
oil  In  oHv   Id  tbdr  nfCOTO;,  dlWEtdltig 

Irioliuwed  tajiprati  In  tlii'  ^'onsre^LIUEi, 
■ii'l  tbtdr  bnt  t|K-ik«r  t:>  ubliuIIv  orduinrri 
Uj  >f  Ifanlr  iimcbcr.  Alio  uUed  Dlppnr, 
Hunker  uJ  Tumbkw, 


iffulnt«id«lti*tIle(Md.in&  bk 

wan  sT  FnHioe,lw  ftragbtlntHk  1 

:aBt«at  side  uia    &Avwifd  M  ki  1 

of  the  klnBiloni  of  luly.  od  liiPi  f 
I.  B.  W.  or  Milan  ;  pop.  «]8,H0.         I 


Frota>l«a( 
Cathull' 


T.TiilBsViis 
tbriiiKkerel. 

itwriimalA^  oi>inHia1iiff  three  Ieddwd  tpe- 
ole?i,  tiuilveii  of  Hnmft&t  and  Jjiti^  cloeely 
n>srruUllnif  eqnlrrelB- 

TuTauiaa,  -rK'nl -u.    Oat  at  the  creat 
_i.. .      i_^ .  _.^._t  t-iman  5peeoh  bu  beee 
la  I'sifan  or  Fl     '  ' 


^     DO 

Thlbst,] 
>nb,  *. 


.  dlyided  by  the  B«Laor  ud  UBl  I 
jQDlain  nnK«i  Into  E.  ull.  i 
aded  N.  by  giberbi  ud  the  U-  | 
i^nv,  E.  by  MongolK  8.  If  | 
'erds,  Af^baolstan  ud  tkt  Fd  | 


:   In  I 


a»vlirhtot»)Lb9, 

Turenne,  H«nrl  de  la  Tom 
d'AuTBivne.  Vloomte   de.       The 

rrandum  or  WllUain  the  Bllent.  Prinoo  of 
Omnjiro;  B' at  Sedan,  Fraooe,  1611,  bad- 
dsatal^  Ullad  by  aahotwldl*  nnowial- . 


OasbgaraEdKhotan.     K.  T.  (tTjmrTr  I 

U17)  belonga  to  C'falna.  I 

Turkey,  'k«.      A  lai^  gslbnauoni  bM  1 

(UOmerit  gaDo-paToT.  well  ksnwiiiiii  I 

iDmata  of  poultry  yiirda.  I 

TuTke7  (The   OttomAji    Xlnplit).  | 

An  ompire  which  oocuplen  large  §ec&m  I 
at  Baropo,  Asia  aod  Afilca,  a  Ertal  w 

tlon  being  held  noiolnallj-.     T.  in  Emp  ' 
Is  boundcil  N.  b/  BumU  and  Anibik.  L 
by  thi>  lllm-k  f  e«,  S.  by  GreeoeLihe  Ar* 
pehiKD  nnd  Iho  DnntanelloB,  W.  bj  M- 


ConaianUni.iile.  cop.  of  tha  erau&e.  Add- 
maojile,  Selonlca,  Sersrem,  OaniiBl. 
PtilhtipApotlsandSopbla.  CMefriiFr  tkt 
l>anube.  Mountiiln»  the  BeJkan  run. 
T.  In  Aein,  houndf  d  ri.  by  KnasU  anil  Ibe 
Blai*  Pea,  K.  by  Persia,  B,  byAubk 
W.  hylbe  Usdlterannean ;  ate^STODin 
aq.  m. ;   pop.  abt.  1G,000,00«,      Prinriial 

BayroHl,  Eraeroum,  Bniaa,'  Alei.po  ui 
B^ad.  Chief  risers,  tha  TJtTti,  En- 
Egypt,  Tripoli  and  Tunis,  "" 
described  uader  tholrr«apot 
Tnrkey-baza&nl,  'ke-boi 


ssts, 

^\SS^,iSjrJji 

Tnrkomtm,  tiirtO-man,  One  of  »  W)- 
madlo  Tartar  people  oeoopjlng  the  teirl- 
toiy  between  Ihe  Caspian  Sea  and  the  S« 
of  Aral,  tliB  khanates  of  Kblva  and  Bok- 
hm,  AfghanHtao  nod  Persia. 

Tnrlopliur,  ler-in.nlDi.    in  Pr.  EccIm. 

e  pr«ninDn  «{tht 


Tomer,  Jomph  Wllllua  ICallanl. 

Ad  eminent  KngUBb  palnlor;   o.   1776,  n. 


Turpentiiie,  fw-pm-lln.    Aq  olwi-rM- 
iDduf  iulwianoh'  Ilowlnit  nilurtlly  or  hj- 


tSaliyotii  pfaaspluto  or  niuinlna,  oonliiln- 
Ing  u  UlUa  oxliu  of  Iron  add  oiido  of  oop- 
|wr.  Tbu  true  or  orinoUl  turqdolH  V> 
DiilylbdndlnamoonlJdnregtodlnPersUi. 
Turrot,  lor'et.    lo  Mfllt.   inilq. 


TTPB*ETTU19 


Twamh-day,  Iwelfth'ilS.  Tbo  twelfth 
duy  niter  Ubriatniu;  Iha  fMllvsl  of  Ibe 
Epl^buiy.    TwuJfth'tldo. 

TwolVB,  twe!i.    ThonmDtatwbkhcm- 


TL,!  numbor  of  IwlM 
symbnl  rBprobaotliig 

Tbe  raidt  llglit  n- 


TwUIfi'lit,  I 


Twapenoe.  'pnii.  A  nnBll  ailTsr  iwlii, 
rornicrljr  aurrsnl  in  Englud,  equlnli^ 
tu  two  [.edDlM  or  onr-sUth  of  ■  sbllBiig, 
now  spedBUy  oolafd  ODnuslly  ta  a  flied    i 

Tycoon,  tl-kfla'.    Tbe  fffdiraliialmD  of 

SlEjirsiii^liogud.s'lopin.       '"""' 
Tyler,  John.     Ti-oih  PFtnldeDtaf  tbo    - 
C.  a.,  elenud  Vlce-PrwildeDl,  lod  loa- 
Oeedlne  la  Uifl  offloo  on  thi-  dutliof  Pred- 
dont  Ifiirrlion,  1811 ;  b.  1q  VlrgloK  IIM, 

e«M  CongruaB. 
Tyno.    A  river  In  N.  of  Englind,  smptr. 

log  iilo  the  North  Bu  J  ledglb.  »>  m. 
Typo.  tip.      Id  pilnting,  ■  nxrtiui(!nl«r 

hard  malariij  hayliis  a  raised  iBttor.  flsimj, 
punctoiHon  uwrkorolhar  cbiusiiler  od 

tomaho  ImpreaaloEaoD  pap^  uid  other 
Type-fonndinff.  'Ibond-lni;.     The  art 

moraW*  tj-i-ia.    """"  "^    ™° 

Type-motftl, 'met  Hi,    An  alloy  of  leiul, 

The  usual  ijroportloii  Isnnupaft  ofantl-. 

Type-eatting, 'Mjildg.  The  act  or  pro- 
cese  by  which  type  la  aet  up  or  plaoed  tu 
tha  oompoelDg-Btick,  ready  (o  be  printed 
from.  Type-ultloj  nHublna,  a  maahlBi 
tbr  compoiing  or  Htthig  up  type. 


TTPK-WRTTEK 


069 


ULEMA 


Tirpe-writer,  'rft-er.  A  maefaiDe  used 
as  a  snbtititate  fbr  the  pen,  by  which  the 
letters  are  prodnced  by  the  imiveadon  of 
Inked  typee. 

TsrplLOn,  tf'fon.  The  Greek  name  of  the 
l-Iiryiitiiin  diTinity  Set,  the  personifleation 
of  the  principle  of  evil. 

Tsrphoon.  -fun'.  One  of  the  violent  har- 
ricnneit  which  rage  on  the  coasts  of  China 
and  Japan,  from  May  to  November. 

Tsnpography,  -po^ra-fl.      The  art  of 

iiriotlnp',  or  the  operation  of  impressing 
etters  and  words  on  paper  by  types.    Em- 
bU'matlcal  or  hieroglyphic  representation. 

Tjnr,  ter.      In  N.  MytL,  the  god  of  war 

and  victory ;    the  son  of  Odin,  and  the 
same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tyw  or  Tin. 


A  fiiinoas  commercial  citr  of  a- 
tiqulty,  in   Pho^icia,  Asia,  captn'red  vA 
destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Grratffi 
B.  c.  :    rebuilt,  it  was  the  scene  of  fintt 
conflict  between  the  Crusaders  and  ^. 
cens,  and  completely  lost  its  coininerdil 
importance  in   the  occupation  of  Srriibf 
the  Turks,  1516.     Its  site  is  occapied  bj'i 
poverty -stricken  village  of  some  2,600'it 
nabitants,  called  Soor. 

Tyrol,  The.  A  prov.  of  Austria,  9.  o( 
Bavaria  and  E.  of  Switzerland ;  area. 
<S89  sq.  m. ;  nop.  898,000.  Cap.  Ims- 
pmck.  It  is  the  most  monntainoos  ooob- 
try  of  Europe ;  the  Bhetlfl^  LepontlM 
and  Noric  rangea  of  the  Alpfl  eomyitH/^ 
Intenectiiigit. 


Lol    I 
us-    I 


u 


nI9  the  2l8t  letter  and  the  6th  vowel  In 
the  alphabet.  Its  true  primary  sound 
was  that  which  it  still  retains  in  most  of 
the  languages  of  Europe,  that  of  00  in 
oool,  tool,  good,  wood,  Ae.  The  long 
sound  as  in  mute,  pure,  duke,  diAise,  Ac, 
is  not  a  simple  vowel,  the  u-«oand  having 
reallv  an  i-eound  before  it  The  words  buiy 
and  busy  (with  liieir  derivatives)  exhibit 
solitary  peculiarities  in  the  pronoundation 
of  this  character.  The  sound  of  u  in  mute 
is  also  represented  by  other  combinations, 
as  by  ue  in  due,  ew  in  dew,  and  ui  in  suit. 
In  plague,  rogue,  Ac,,  ue  indicates  that 
the  preceding  vowel  is  to  be  pronounced 
long  and  the  g  with  its  hard  sound ;  in 
tongue  it  is  a  useless  excrescence.  Besides 
the  sound  in  suit,  ui  has  several  other 
sounds,  as  in  build,  ertdde,  fruit,  anguish, 
mosquito,  A«.  In  buoy  and  buy  the  n  is 
not  heard.  IT  in  Chem.  is  the  symbol  of 
uranium.  IT.  C,  in  dates  belonging  to 
Boraan  history.  Is  a  contraction  for  ab 
urbe  condita,  from  the  time  the  city  was 
bunt;  as,  U.  C.  400,  the  year  of  Borne  400. 
U.  K.,  the  United  Kingdom.  U.  P., 
United  Presbyterian.  U.  8.,  United 
States.  U.  8.  A.,  United  States  of 
America. 

XJbiquist,  ii'bi-kwist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Lutherans  who  sprung  up  in  (Jermany, 
1560.  Their  distinguished  tenet  was  that 
the  body  of  Christ  is  omnipresent,  and 
hence  that  he  is  corporeally  present  in  the 
enoharist. 

TTckewallisi,  nk-e-walMst.  A  member 
of  a  sect  of  rigid  AnatEaptists,  essentially 
the  same  as  Mennonites,  except  that  they 
hold  that  Judas  and  the  other  murderers 
of  Christ  are,  or  will  be,  saved. 


TTdal,  &'daL  A  term  applied  to  that  risiit 
in  land  which  prevailecTiii  N.  Europe  be- 
fore the  introduction  of  the  feudal  system, 
and  still  prevails  in  Oiitney  and  Shetland. 
This  tenure,  which  was  oomirieted  by  o- 
disturbed  possession  provable  by  «tt* 
nesses,  has  oecqi  h^d  by  tho  courts  tote 
the  same  as  allodial. 

UhlaxL,  o'hin.  The  name  of  a  varietr  of 
light  cavalry  of  Astatic  origin,  introddoad 
first  into  Pohmd  by  Tartar  colonists,  and 
employed  by  the  Bossian,  Austro-Hon- 
garkn  and  Qerman  armies  in  skirmishinfr, 
reoonnoitering  and  soonringr  the  couatiy 
in  advance  of  their  armies. 

Uhland,  Johann  lAodwig.  An  em- 
inent German  poet ;  b.  1787,  d.  1662. 

TThrich,  Jean  Jaoanes  Aia-gia  a 
French  grenwalwho  defended  Strasburg 
in  the  Ckrman  war,  1870 ;  b.  1802. 

XJkase,  u-kSs.  A  Bnssian  edict  or  order, 
legislative  or  administrative,  emanatiof 
from  the  government,  having  the  force  of 
laws  till  annulled  by  subsequent  decisions. 
A  collection  of  the  ukases  iHsned  at  differ- 
ent periods,  madeby  order  of  tlie  Emperor 
Nicholas,  1827,  and  supplemented  since, 
year  by  year,  constitutes  the  l^pal  code  of 
the  Bussian  Empire. 

TTle-tree,  -tre.  A  Mexican  tree,  a  spedes 
of  Castilloa  (C.  elastioa),  fit>m  the  milky 
Juice  of  which  caoutchouc  is  obtained, 

'Dlexna,  -le'ma.  The  collective  name  of 
the  hierarchical  corporation  of  learned 
men  in  Turkey,  who  nave  the  advantages 
of  fi-eednm  fr>om  roilitaiy  service,  furnish- 
ing judges,  ministers  of  mosques,  pro- 
fessors, and  having  charge  of  the  depart- 
ment of  government  relating  to  saicred 


I 


UTTDEKORADTTATfe 


orreli^oD-llelilDlU^ 


pointed  OnveniarorLDiilslaM,  lUl. 
fRm.    A  dCv  of  Wartembarg,  Oermiui}'. 
OD  tfae  Dumbe,  foot  of  the  SuibUo  Algit 


VlMtei.     The  N.  prov.  of  I 
|H-ee«ilea  tie  preaeut ;  lo&t  a 


uid  dunbis  tkr-bhie ;  >  color  t 
the  ndnenl  ollsd  lapis  luull. 


H  of  that  party  In  (tie  Ch.  of  Roi 

vha  plua  AbAoloto  authority  Id  matt 
of  &ltli  lod  dlMlpllne  In  Ibe  huid«  of  I 
pope,  In  oppofllDOD  to  tb«  yl«we  of  tb< 

tltUy  isdapendent  af  the  Romac  not 
■ndth«ii«pe  •Dbordlneto  to  the  ulitui 


the  dar^oenml ^iffi!i"f  «  'l„  .^., 
which  Is  suironndsil  by  a  brighter  uuiiilar 
portlop  called  the  penDmbra. 
TTmbrljia,  -bn'oa.    A  gen.  of  uantbop- 

'O'ln^k,  nm'rik.  Tbe  natlFe  wwie  of  the 
uomen*!  or  iHr^rer  kind  of  Eaqnlnaiii 
bOAtB,    conslBtLnjf   of    a   wooden    4*01110 

Umrltaur  ( Ainrltaiir). 


),  N.  W.  I 
Lano«.  noted  to 
many  pilgrims  t 

anTliencs  privW 
DnoaxlHi,  QD-k. 
ord-  Rublaeee. 

Uncial,     'ehl- 


I.  E.  or 


UndscagroD.  - 
Undemrolt,  'd 


cmmm- 


troft.    A  vanlt  nnder 
1  of  a  charch ;  alM,  > 

UDdemoand. 

■grad'U-at.  A  ttndaBi 


MB      URITKU  STATES  OF  AlOUCl 


moUon  MDented  by  molMuTir  vtbrAtiobf. 
In  the  IdidIddiia  source,  and  propB^t«d 
ItT  nadnliUDni.  Wben  th«»  undulatlDDt 
letBb  ud  ma  nn  the  uervee  of  the  nitliu. 
tbey  prodnce  the  BenHtlon  of  llRht. 
TTnCka-patt,  ongOu-pn-U.  The  nuttTt 
sjUD^  of  an  >jt>oreal  j^bboD.  Temu-kHbte 
fbr  ItBulMtT,  iwln^Df  Itdetf  frmn  tr«d  to 


^HDder. . 


.Cidttd 

■^ 

esnnd  In  ths  UDie  OS 

.T™1mU.    Ad*Tlos ^,  .._. 

nsed  brlCHlforfbrialDg'  UienpperLuff 
, ._.    ,  a«g  miried  irlft 

Dn^-d&       A    Ha.  a 


lurgloalla' 
TTiwulata,  -ga- 

bootp^  quadra  p 
phut,  which  toi 
The  order  Is  BDbdlvldsd 


s*^ 


...     h  inolndHthe  i 

",  tapln,  tha  huru  ud  all  Ita 
id  tlw  Arttodwrtfli,  irlddt  muopi 


this  de>l«. 
UnioDlda. 

rtrlalDir  the  vensn  TTd 
d    Udina.     The  U. 

Ailth.  tha  leut 

■oiMMiited  by  tl 


>U.em- 


the  pearl-Diiui 
Tnii.  'nit 


X 


One 


oruniU. 

ascrfbpsdlrinilviij  God  Oi'b  Faliw  ODIy. 
Ohp  of  a  rslUrluna  sect  or  conrartei  «t 
ente,  dletlngulslied  b;  tha  daolal  of  Uw 

TTulted  States  of  £ 
pubLlo  oceop.ving   '      ~ 


ig  Iha  Central  ai 


SoDlh- 

(^Canada  udBrMeh 

PuBsesalDnB,  E,  In'  tbe  Allntle.  S.  br 
Meil«.  and  the  Onir  of  Uaxleo,  W.  t^ 
the  Padfia ;  ank,  B^nfiTS  m,  m. ;  pop. 
Of  Uh  BtMea  (1880),  M^IJUO;  «flh* 


TerrltfirlH,  endaBiTB  of  AtAaka  obd  the 
Indian  Terrllniy,  snU  iuoluHlve  of  ths 
JMMrlDt  of  Coluoitili.  uej.OOa ;  total. 
00,888,896.  Ths  lerrilorbil  divtslons 
Include  3S  atatea:  AI&Lmno.  Arkan- 
B*fl.  CAUfbrnlB.  ColDnida.  (3DnD«tlDut. 
Dolavrnre,  FluHda,  GeorilL  llHnoU.  In- 

IflcWin,  btnoesobi,  ^IssMppI,  MIs^ 
banri,  aebraflka,  NerbdA,  Nhw  IlAiDpshh«, 
TSow  Jersey.  New  York,  N.  Carolina. 
Oliio,  O^won,  PenDaylianla,  Khode 
Islana,  8,  Curonna.  TBanoaROe,  Tesaa, 
.Tennonl,  TMnIa,  West  Virginia,  WIb- 
CDdiln  :  alM  if  territoriea  :  Alaska  (DnDi^ 
nnbcd),  Arizona.  Dakota,  Idaho.  Mod- 
urm,  Nuw  Mexico.  TTtab,  WBShfngtoii, 
■Wyoming,  Ihs  Dialricl  of  ColnmHa,  pry- 
ORied  by  ConftrcBa,  and  Ibe  Indian  Terrl- 
tory  (onrepreaBiitod).  -The  boimdarlea, 
pop.  and  othiT  dutalbnr  the  States  and 

'Uni'valvs,  'al-vaty.  A  shell  bating  one 
TalTD  only,  a  mollngk  wliti  ■  ehall  com- 
posed of  a  single  piece. 

tTniTenaJlrt,  -T«a'ai-iBi.  obo  nho 
lioldBthati^lmi-a  wHlboBaTcd.lD  oppo- 


Univerae, 

Ibe  OnelEB  and' the  raaDdne  of  Uie  latins. 
TTnlTBralty.  D-nl-Ter'^-U.  An  eitabUsh- 
mcat  or  corporation  fur  the  parpusCH  of 
InatruetlaD  In  Iho  most  Importan  t  branches 
of  science  and  lltetatorc,  and  baTlngr  ' 

nltleB.  termed  degrees,  Ir 


??D  of  dil 
us  old  as 


eology. 


otlcarlA),  ord.  Artoau-psccffi, 
"■""-"--'"and  Triable  life. 


The  truth  Is,  the  opM  yields  a  potaonoi; 
Bscrnion  and  nntlifng  more.  The  letSt 
prinulplein  thlssecretden  has  been  tenAed 
ontlaiin.    U.tleat<,ftDUiiscif theEtrfcb- 


TJppep-world.  op'sr-world.  Tlie  etlie- 
posed  to  the  Infomal  reglona. 

Upnpa,  a'pg-pa.  Agon,  oflneesaorlel  or 
perching  birds,  dlsUn^lshM  by  a  doable 
range  of  long  bead-feathBra.  which  thuy 
can  erect  at  wIlL    T7.  epops,  or  commoa 

nral  (Ooial).    A  hirge  rlTK  of  KdssIl 

rmpl}%g  In ti>  tile  Caspian  Sea:  l.-ngUi, 
I.BWm.     IT.  Mountains,  a  ohiln  faming 


heavenly  Dodlos 

Uranua,  fi'n-niie.    lu  Gn^k  Myth,  the 
Ihor  of  the  Titans.  '<^ctopcs.''H™alon-' 


aBjatlon 


n  In  Tartarus,  bat  on  the  lu- 
Imi,  Cronos,  the  TOObgestef 
tHrthrew  and  ilotnron^  him. 
ine  of  the  primary  pTanels. 


irfban,  Thonamobomebyei^htpopps. 
V.  II.,  lOSS-lOBI.urired  the  firat  Crasade, 
IDM.  U.  VT.,  18TB-1889.  element  VIII. 
was  cleoted  at  tlio  same  time,  and  held 
sway  at  Avlenun.  origlnalln^  the  "west- 
em  BDhism  "  which  divided  the  dinroh 


DTlLITA&USiail  I 

tyrdnm  at  Coloriu  li  tttN*  \     ' 

-'■  ■<■      ': 

les.      (ITani  of  St  Unokl  1 1    , 
igterbood  fgnDd«dbi  Ah* ill    < 
ISDI.  Ori^iiillr  Uh'tvov^mI 
luoalloii  aid    took  no  Rtfta  I 


T,ihi""lltmiTWIwneofIiidl.»i.dth.  Un,,n^;  "A'rtTBrof8.Amari«,rt4(  1 

Miotifwionllnleroouree.  In  Brazil,  »D<i  rormlng  ths  W.bmuiiliiT' I 

B.   Audraw.      An   «m1neBt  H«ateh  UrnciUT,  anmngviui  the  PiruiuCn  | 

,Nilat,pby.(cl«ii»iid«otlior;B.in8,B.  u,sKio  delaPlaUj  IsngUi BOO m.          1 

- "     -  -M,S».  f»  I 

.p.,8«J«i,   * 
CMef  rim   I 


hini  the  blrfdwmd      ^p^  dUas,  !?onl«vl3«.,  »p^,  Su  J« 


r  u«>rtsld«d  WW  m.  In  drqmnfcrenoo. 

of  dl»«M  bj  Idipaottonof  the  nrtoe.  j^od  oftheKoni«i  InTMlon. 

nf  ,™™n.U.II.H™..^ft._        .an  ^     ■.rWl«».tU™doT«    Tort-W 

In   Hind.   Mnh.flMof 

..    enul  diTlniclH,  the  pi- 

dnflofdifcvD.    la  tbi'  Vetlltj  hjmu  ibt 

i>  repnaentrd  u  ■  jouni;  w1/e  imlislaf 

_.  bar  aUldiva  uid     eIvIdk     th«ai    hi 

nmftMor  BlTMigtbforUiBtoUiofthe  oomingitf. 

uaqnebaTisli,    oa'kwS-bL      A   ttmi 

compound  coroikJ,  mmde  In    troliutd  of 

*- — '^  or  otbi^r  BptritB,  nldnA,  dJiuziuB, 

toerlter  In  i  manner 'aFj mdah reiem-  TTstUasD.  -U-l&'Ea.      A  ^n.  of  ftisfl; 

bUnn  (hoie  In  U.  Mnjor.  the  pole-atw  be-  nmuL 

Ine In  th» oomer  of  lbs  triinelo  hrlheit  Utali.   A  Tarrilorrof  tbe  U.  8,,  bonnW 

ftwm  Iho  qnidruigle.    CiU«l  ileo  Big  sod  N.  by  Idaho  md  Wyoming,  K.  by  Cofc- 

LIttiB  l>ipi>er.  rado.S.  b)  AilioBa,  V.  by  Noyida;  ama, 

UnldaB,  'il-dd.    A  lam.  of  plantlfrnde  VS,\lfJ  eq.  m.;  pop.  l£a,ODa.     'iap.,  Bill 

eamlvoroosanlmalB,  of  which  the  Boar  Is  Like  Qly.    CUaf  rivera,   (>ilorBdo  at 

thot/jH.    Besldee  their  rlontli^iado  walk  Humboldt.      Moiinlslne.  HamboMt  t>d 

the  IT.  arc  charnctorlK-d  by  erlcderaksB  Wahfitch nngei.   IT.IipilnBlpallyaettM 

or  more  luberculaleil.  plaits  fltitil  for  dig-  by  Momions. 

Ring,  ""'igeneraliy  by  aehori  till.    Th^  irtdlitarlanlsm,       ll-ttl'l-tll"rl-»n-lnn. 

aru  carnlfiirom  and  fruglvoroni.  Tho  dootrina  that  tbe  greatest  happlagn 

TTnota.  St.    A  trkdltlonsTT  rlndn  mar-  of  tbs  greatest  aaoiber  ahonld  bethagnd 

tyr*  reputed  dauffhtvroraRTidabprlnfw,  and  aim  of  ill  booU]  and  political  Instltn- 

who,  with  11,000  other  Tlrghii,  enaered  tJODi.       TiB    dootrtne     that     tMub  Ii 


UTOPIA 


«T1 


VALEDICTORY 


fbonded  on  ntUity,  or  that  utility  ia  the 
sole  standard  of  morality,  so  that  actions 
are  right  beoaose  they  are  useftil. 

'U'topia,  -td'pi-a.  Sir  Thomas  More's 
Imaginary  island  which  he  represents  in 
his  celebrated  work  (Utopia)  as  enjoy- 
ing the  utmost  perfection  in  laws,  politics, 
Ac.  J  as  contrasted  with  the  defects  of 
those  which  then  existed ;  hence,  a  place 
or  state  of  ideal  perfection. 

TTtreoht.  Cap.  of  proy.  of  same  name, 
in  Holland,  on  the  Old  Rhine,  20  m.  8.  £. 
of  Amsterdam ;  pop.  67,142. 


Uva,  u'?a.  In  Bot.  BQch  succalentinde-. 
hiscent  fruits  as  have  a  central  phicenta. 
U.  ursi,  bearberry. 


An  ancient  city  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Merida,  how  in 
ruins,  noted  for  its  remains  of  Aztec-Indian 
architecture. 

Uxoricide,  uk-sorM-sid.  The  murder  of 
a  wife  by  her  husband.  A  husband  who 
murders  his  wife. 

XTzeipA,  fi'ze-ma.  'A  linear  measure  in 
Burmab,  about  12  statute  miles. 


VIS  the  22d  letter  of  the  alphabet,  rep- 
resenting a  labial  or  labiodental  conso- 
nant soimd,  accompanied  by  the  same  po- 
sition of  the  organs  as  that  required  for  f, 
but  uttered  with  roice,  and  therefore 
o^ed  sonant,  while  f  is  surd,  or  uttered 
with  breath  merely.  Both  r  and  f  are 
also  continuous  consonants,  and  thef  also 
belong  to  the  class  of  the  spirants.  V  and 
XL  were  formerly  the  siune  letter,  but  they 
liaye  now  as  distinct  uses  as  any  two  let- 
ters in  the  alphabet.  This  letter  did  not 
belong  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  and 
its  sound  is  belieyed  to  have  oeen  repre- 
sented by  f,  but  appears  to  havo  occurred 
only  between  two  vowels  (as  in  heofon, 
heaven).  The  giving  of  the  v  sound  to  f 
alsoillustratesuie  change  of  consonant  in 
the  plural  of  such  words  as  thief,  thieves, 
wolf,  wolves,  life,  lives.  In  spelling  v  is 
never  ftnal,  nor  is  it  ever  doubled.  As  a 
numeral,  v  stands  for  0.  In  music,  Y.  S. 
stands  for  volta  snblto,  torn  over  (the  leaO 
qidckly.  In  Her.  Y.  is  used  to  express 
rert  or  green,  in  the  tricking  or  drawing 
of  arms  with  a  pen  and  ink. 

Vaal.  A  river  of  8.  Africa,  on  the  banks 
of  which  are  located  the  most  prolific  dia- 
mond mines  •€  the  known  world.  It 
forms  the  boundary  bet.  the  Orange  Free 
State  and  Cape  Colony,  emptying  into  the 
Orange  River;  length  600  m. 

Vaccdnatioxi.  vak-si-na'shon.  The  art 
or  practice  of  inoculating  persons  with 
oow-pox,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  them 
fh>m  the  contagion  of  small-pox. 

Vacciniuxn,  -sin'i-um.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Yacciniaceae,  of  which  it  is  the  type. 
The  species  produce  berries  known  oy 
the  common  names  of  bilberries,  whcnlle- 
berries,  cranberries,  Ac 

Vaoolst,  vak'&-i8t.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  of  a  yaonum  in  nature ;  opposed 
to  a  pianist. 


Vaouna,  va-k&'na.  In  Latin  Myth^  the 
goddess  of  rural  leisure,  to  whom  hus- 
bandmen sacrificed  at  the  dose  of  harvest. 
She  was  especially  a  deity  of  the  Sabines. 

Vacauin,  yak'&-um.  Space  empty,  or 
space  devoid  of  all  matter  or  body. 
Whether  there  can  be  absolute  vacuum  in 
nature  has  been  much  controverted. 
The  existence  of  a  vacuum  was  maintained 
by  the  Pythagoreans,  Epicureans  and ' 
Atomists ;  but  it  was  denied  by  the  Peri- 

Eatetics,  who  asserted  that  "  nature  ab- 
ors  a  vacuum."  The  modem  theory  is 
that  an  absolute  vacuum  cannot  exist,  the 
subtie  medium  known  as  ether  being 
everywhere  present.  In  a  less  strict 
sense  a  vacuum  is  said  to  be  produced 
when  air  is  more  or  less  comi^etely  re- 
moved lh>m  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump, 
a  barometric  tube,  &c. 

Vaifleahika,  vl-si'shi-ka.  The  second 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Nyays 
system  of  Hindu  philosophy,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  a  later  aevelopment  of  it,  dif- 
fering from  it  principally  by  its  doctrine  of 
atomic  individualities  (vlseshas),  whence 
the  name. 

Vaishnava,  -shnft'va.  One  of  the  great 
divisions  into  which  Brahmanism  &  di- 
vided, characterized  by  belief  in  the  su- 
premacy of  Yishnu  over  the  other  gods  of 
the  Trimurti.  This  division  is  broken  up 
into  subordinate  sects  named  after  respect- 
ive founders. 

Vaissra,  vTs'ya.  A  member  of  the  third 
caste  among  the  Hindus,  comprehending 
merchants,  traders  and  cultivators,  and 
comprising  the  bulk  of  the  Aryan  popula- 
tion of  India,  after  deducting  the  Brah- 
mans  and  Kshatriyas,  the  priestiy  and 
warrior  castes. 

Valedictory,  val-<)-dik'to-rI.  An  oration 
or  address  spoken  at  commencement  in 
ooUeges  by  one  of  the  <d98a  whose  mom- 


i 


VALENCIA 


sn 


VAITDAL 


lv.-<«    rc«.-wl%e    LLr    dvan^«   uf   Baictwlor   of 
Ar>.  ^.'i  lake  iiirir  ieave  of  colkge  and 

■  •i  •  .K  L  '  \Z»  7. 

Valencia,  ('^p.  of  pmvinoe  of  sam^ 
Rt  -1  .  i-ir:n'-r:y  ^  kir.j>!>i3i  ^f  ?ji^n.  on 
•.:.  t,  ..I.;  k  ^  ;  \-.r,  ■.'  Ml.  fp^m  the  Xifliter- 
;-..  .--a;..  :.-■  !;.   :•    K.  •■?  M^irl.i:  jiop.  W.- 

!•-■.     I:-  ■....-.  ■■r-;:>  w.u-  f-  ir.-Ie*!  li"S«. 

Valenciennes.  v;>  '.An-^!-<>Q.  A  ti^h  ts- 
r.'.-'.,.  "f  -1.  ■  :.. .  i-  i:  ^  i;r:t'r>r.r.i}-«,  France. 
T:.'  uii  *.-.■  -  ^--  '.L  t:.  ■  ^  tiu  I'f  an  inv-j-iilar 
L«\-i*-"r..  I'-rriinl  «f  tw.i  thrvu*'*  partly 
:a.<.-.  !  .i3<l  {n.«::i->i  ;kt  the  tup  of  the  me»li,  I 
!  .    {iv.cr:.  i"-.:.,'  \»'r"-ini  ir.  th.'?  ni-t. 

Valentine,  vii  rr: -:::..  A  *wv«htart  or 
•...■■:■■-■  :::  k.if  '^r.  Vj'...a*inv"*  day.  This 
t-  rr.i  >  il-rivril  fTi'in  >t.  Valtrntine.  to 
wn'-m  tuv  1-ltii  uf  Frbrnary  i*  saeretl.  It 
wx<  a  Very  ol^l  noth>n  that  on  thi^  day 
bir«l*  J-'-'in  trt  rrtuple.  Hence,  ji^rhaps, 
ani'-  thv  i*u*toin  or  youne  men  and  wo- 
m* -a  ohoo^ia.?  each  «>cher  aa  valentinea  by 
a  kind  ••'  iottrt^*.  and  of  svndine  special 
lifve  initoiv^  un  this  day.  A  letter  or 
ini^-^iv.-  ^rnt  bv  one  younir  person  to 
anoiht-r  on  ?t.  Vairn tine's  r>ay. 

Valentinian.  -^-n-tin'ian.  One  of  a 
si-ct  *'f  LtTL-rii'*  who  >prunc  np  in  the  2d 
ci-nt-iry.  so  Turned  from  Valendnus,  their 
fnuadtT.  They  wfiv  a  branch  of  the 
iTn''»*t!cs.  wh'i  "rocanled  Christ  as  a  kind 
•»f  iacori»or*'al  phantom. 

Valentinian.  The  name  of  three  Bo- 
luaa  lui^itrrurs  who  r«igned  d(>l-455. 

Valerian.  Valerianns  Pablins 
IiUciniaB.  A  Koman  vmperor.  crowned 
ri.'Vi.  oapturvd  and  cruelly  put  to  death  by 
Sapt>r  o(  Persia,  26«J. 

Valetta.  La.  Cap.  of  the  island  of 
Malta^  and  station  of  the  British  fleet  in 
the  >Ioditerranean ;  pop.  70,146.  It  is 
strongly  iortiflcni. 

Valhalla,  -halla.  In  Scand.  Myth,  the 
pdiaiv  of  immortality,  inhabited  by  the 
souls  of  hen>i'S  slain  in  battle,  who  spent 
mnoh  of  thdr  time  in  drinkinir  and  feast- 
in;:.  A  nami>  tiirnratively  apjilied  to  any 
odirti'i*  whioh  is  the  final'  restlnir-placo  of 
tho  irre.^t  mon  of  a  nation  ;  and  spocifi- 
cally.  t.>  the  l*anthoon  or  tomple  of  Fame 
built  by  Ludwiir  I.  of  Bavaria,  at  Donau- 
stauf.  'near  Katlsb«)n.  consecrated  to  all 
distininiisht>d  Geruians. 

Valkyr,  vrilkOr.  In  9oand.  M\-th.  one 
of  tlu-  *' »*1joos«t«  of  the  slafn,'' or  fatal 
si«tiT:^of  (Kliii.  n>t.tresented  asawfhl  and 
beautiAil  ni:iiil«>ns.  who.  monntedon  swift 
h<»rsos  and  holdlnir  drawn  swords  in  thtHr 
hand*,  presided  over  the  fleM  of  battle, 
selecting  those  deetined  to  death  and  oon* 


Yamplre-bat. 


Ei8-hth  Pnaii- 
In  X.  T..  1782 ;  n. 


\ 


ducting  them  to  Valhalla,  wh«s«  An 
ministered  at  their  feasts,  teniog  tkn 
with  mead  and  ale  in  akulls. 

Valladolid.  Cap.  of  provlBeeofaM 
name.  Old  Castile,  and  andent  cu.  d 
Siiain.  on  the  Esqaeva,  100  m.  NTw.of 
Ma.lrid :  pop.  4I,72S.  Also  the  DMsecf 
two  Mexican  cities. 

Valoia.  The  d  vnastio  name  of  the  FrnA 
kinifs.  132S-15o9.  derived  from  a  proviiee 
cunftrrred  0^«=*)  by  Philip  III.  on  hii 
seond  sun.  Charles. 

Valpcuraiao  ^  Vallsfy  of  Paradinv. 
A  st:a{iurt  of  Chiii,  the  most  importut 
commercial  center  of  the  Pacific  S.  aib«- 
ican  coast ;  pop.  7S,46S. 

Valve,  ralv.  Any  movable  lid  or  ctwr 
adapted  to  the  orifice  of  a  passage  intoi 
vessel,  so  formed  as  to  open  oonunoaka- 
tion  in  one  direction  ana  ck»e  it  in  the 
other,  by  lifting,  adding  or  taming;  wA 
to  regulate  the  admisalon  or  esosps  o(  , 
water,  paa  or  steam.  j 

Vampix«,  vam'pTr.  A  speetnl  being  or  { 
ghost,  still  possessing  a  hamaa  bodr,  J 
which,  acoordlDir  to  a  snperstitioD  vtbH- 
IniT  along  the  lower  Danube,  leaves  dM 
grave  daring  the  night  and  msintdnsi 
sonUance  of  life  by  sacking  thevsn 
blood  of  living  men  and  wom«i  ntBs 
thev  are  asleep.  Dead  wimrds,  wers- 
wolves,  heretics,  and  sarl^  like  oatessti, 
become  vampires,  as  do  also  the  iiiefdti- 
mate  olhpring  of  paronts«  themselves  iUe- 
gitinoate,  and  anyone  killed  byavami^ 
A  person  who 
preys  on  others ; 
an  extortions  or^ 
blood-saoker.  A 
vampire-bat 

Vampire-bat, 

-bat.    A  n  a  m  e 

common  to  the 

blood -sucking 

bats. 
Van  Boren, 

dent  of  the  U.  8. : 

VancoxLver'8  Island.  A  large  British 
island  of  the  N.  l^aciflo,  separated  from 
British  Colombia  by  the  Gulf  of  Geor^ 
and  from  Waahinirton  Tor.  by  the  Strait 
of  Fuca;  area,  l.aX)  sq.  m. :  pop.  abt. 
10,000.    C^.  Victoria. 

Vandal,  van'dal.  One  of  a  Teutonic  race 
originally  inhabiting  the  S.  shore  of  the 
Baltic.  They  pillaged  Rome  in  the  5th 
cmtury,  and  unsparingly  destroyed  the 
monuments  of  art  and  the  productions  of 
literature ;  hence  the  name  is  applied  to 
one  who  wllUhllj  or  Ignorantly  destroy  s  or 


VABD£B  HXLBT 

sr  Helat,  Bartholomew-. 

jrlyn,  John.  An  eminent  An 

er  Ueer,  Jan  iTbe  Tonne^r). 

iiEuJBKBd  Dmch  kadKupe  riuiiUer ; 

Inn-IIM. 

jrvelds.  Adrian.      A  rimnui 

lUiLlnll    pliDler;    n.  ISSO,  n.  ICIi. 

rke.  -dill'. 


TABS 

.out  lusTng]t4  traaspannfly,  nMd  b^ 

r  Co  ^Te  It  ji  Bblain;^  tnnApAnmt 
tard  sQcfliM. 
.    Vaiaovienne.  Tir.s<i'vl.cii,    a  popalar 


ts  painted  bv  Vand  jk«.  V.  brown, 
eat  pblainol  trooi  m  Und  of  peat  ur 

own  color ;  Bo'callsd'  froqi  IH  befcg 
»)  to  bs  tlie  bro«a  naed  by  Vandyke 

rke,  Anthonr.  BIr.  A  dlndn- 
D.ln  London,  IMl!  '  "  """■P- 
L^  ti.nU'la.      A  gen.  it  orohlda- 

imbinghablt  Thefmltof Vunllla 
lo>  or  planirolla  In  MDiarkabls  (or 

oil  ulmcted  froDi  It,  It  baa  a 
di  uoiruISo  tul«aad  In  employed 
foctlunery.  In  the   i>repBniUon  nf 

■lllied  Fropch  palntcn ;  Jiuui 
.ISS1,D.  1M6;   CtaarlmAndi 

Bensielaer,    Stephsn   ( 

•on).    An  AQicricui  atnletmiu 


^li  Baa,  SU  m.  "E..  or 


lAem  ftir  Marlflola]  or  otliar 


>mu»iil.  tlieodollle, 

-   • — •' — '    ■  -irt    oi   OD«  of  tha  equil 


■    t^KUuEuL    un    al    OD«  of  the  eqiu 
■Hvtaluni  OE  Urn  gnduucd  Sied  loile  « 


luuii*,  til  LoDibnrdy,  It*i7,  on  1 
ti  m.  N.  K.  or  Uutu ;  pop.  0 
TeraneBe.  Paul.   The  irtlBt 


Teronlca.  ts-toii'I- 


Veiaalllea.   Can.  or  dipt.  Bdiw4t-(MBe. 
rmnH.  11  m.  tl.W.ofPirti.Doted  forlU 


ontalDliMr  I.IMI  fwdsi 


tke  diiiui'9  11sc»  lllshos),  AmnblbiB 
(froCT.  Ac),  liciiUiiii  (rppHl™),  Aves 
0>lFdK).uid  MimmnUa  (qniKlnipoda  mid 


ho  ga.  T«(» 


sAdlgn.    Taata,  1..    Oi 


dene  uid  onlmrdii.  uiA  who  "U  ilM  wor- 
dilped  lii  the  cod  of  ipril*  or  or  the  ms- 

TwMt.  'toC  a  (iniin  iDDnfeaT  (Ctroo- 
pUhMua  pvsenithruil^litdlo  thogrinit 
«r  nttn  mODtey.     The  tuna  munkJi 


—  the  G«t , 

the  Tl>7ln  ifoddpAfl  of  Iho 


Forum.  Topre.oDlll,l,n„ft„n,be«»  I 
log  eitlnsnlilied  II  vu  ctvM  tato  tin  ■»  J 
perinWDdeiice  or  6  sutnlna  ihyim  odM    t 


hl?oo";  «d  Si-rirp,^  X  *^ 


VE8TTVITJ8 


«TT         VICTORIA  ALEXANDRINA 


istal  fouod  gailty  of  nnchastlty  was, 
ler  with  her  paramour,  put  to  death. 
!,  a  vii^n ;  a  woman  of  spotleHs 
ty  ;  sometimes  a  vii^n  who  devotes 
e  to  the  service  of  religion  ;  a  nun ; 
ieuse. 

vius,  Mt.  The  famous  Italian 
10,  6  m.  E.  of  Naples  ;  height  8,949 
»ve  sea  level.  Its  first  recorded  erup- 
'9,  overwhelmed  the  cities  of  Her- 
mm,  Pompeii  and  StabisB ;  its  latest 
on  occurred  1872. 

LXino,  vet-tii-ro'nd.  In  Italy,  one 
^ds  for  hire,  or  who  drives  a  vet- 
r  carriage. 

iluxn,  vek'sil'um.  In  Rona.  Antlq. 
smdard  of  the  cavalry,  oonsisting  of 
ure  piece  of  cloth  expanded  upon  a 
Tne  troops  belonging  to  a  vexil- 
a  company  ;  a  troop.  Eccles.,  a  flag 
inon  wound  round  the  upper  part  of 
op's  pastoral  staff  to  prevent  the 
being  stained  by  the  moisture  of  the 

cum,  vi-at'ik-um.  In  Rom.  Antiq. 
owance  to  officers  who  were  sent 
10  provinces  to  exercise  any  office  or 
m  any  service.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch. 
3ram union  or  eucharist  given  to  a 
person. 

cmidse,  -bri-on'i-dd.  A  fiun.  or 
of  microscopic  organisms,  doubt- 
inimal,  abounding  in  decaying  paste 
Jiegar,  called  microscopic  eels  ftom 
long  filamentous  bodies.  Y.  occur 
infasions  of  animal  or  vegetable  mat- 

'-apostolic,  vik'er-ap-os-tol"lk. 
!  R.  C.  €h.  a  bishop  who  possesses  no 
«,  bnt  exercises  jurisdiction  over  a 
3  appointed  district  by  direct  author- 
the  pope.  Missionary  dioceses  are 
Y  vicariates-apostolic,  and  as  such 
report  to  the  College  of  the  Propa- 

■ 

prefiident,  vls-pres'i-dent.  An 
bearer  next  in  rank  below  a  presi- 

oy,  'roi.  A  vice-king ;  the  govem- 
i  kingdom  or  country,  who  rules  in 
me  of  the  sovereign  with  regal  au- 
Y^  as  the  king's  substitute ;  as  tiie 
y  and  governor-general  of  India. 
T.  A  popular  spa  in  S.  France  on 
Ilier,  85  m.  S.  £.  of  Moulins ;  pop. 

By-duck,  vi-sis'si-duk.  A  "W.  In- 
^ter-fowl,  smaller  than  the  Europe- 
3k,  affording  excellent  food. 

iborsr.    Cap.  of  Wsrven  Co.,  War 


'sissippi,  on  theM.  River,  50  m.  W.'of  Jack- 
son, noted  Ibr  Its  celebrated  siege  and  cap* 
ture  by  Gen.  Grant,  July  4,  1868;  pop. 
11,814. 

Vico,  Giovanni  Battista.  An  emi- 
nent Italian  philosopher  and  political  econ- 
omist ;  B.  1668,  D.  1744. 

Victor,  Glaude  Perrin  (Duo  de 
Bellune).  A  distinguished  marshal  of 
France ;  b.  1764,  d.  1841. 

Victor.  The  name  of  three  popes  and  «b 
anti-pope.  Y.  I.,  elected  ISS,  martyred 
202.  Y.  lY.,  the  anti-pope  snpportea  by 
Frederick  I.  of  Germany  against  Aldzaa- 
der  III.,  1159,  d.  1164. 

Victor  Amadens.  The  nameofthre* 
dukes  of  Savoy.  Y.  A.  I.,  b.  1587,  s.  his 
flither,  1680,  n.  1687.  Y.  A.  II.,  b.  1666, 
B.  his  father,  1678,  became  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, but  abdicated,  1780,  d.  1782.  V.  A. 
III..  B.  1726,  s.  his  father.  1778,  d.  1796. 
During  his  reign  the  Frenw  seized  upon 
8avoy  and  Nice. 

VictOT  "JEmTnaiittel  L  Brother  of 
Charlei^  Emmanuel  lY.,  King  of  Sardinia, 
who  abdicated  in  his  fitvor;  b.^  1759, 
crowned  1802,  abdicated  in  fl&vor  'of  Us 
brother,  Charles  Felix,  1821,  d.  1824.  Y. 
E.  II.,  B.  1820,  s.  his  father  Charles  Albert 
1849,  and  became  king  of  Italy,  1801,  d. 
1878. 

Victoria,  Tik-t5M-a.| 
One  of  the  small  plan- 
ets between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupiter, 
named  after  the  Ro- 
man goddess  Yictoria; 
called  also  Clio.  A 
wheeled  carriage,  with 
a  calash  top,  seated  for 
two  persons,  and  with 
an  elevated  drive's 
seat  in  front.  Y.  cross, 
a  British  naval  and 
miHtary  decoration, 
oonsistang  of  a  bronze 
Maltese  cross  having  the  royal  crest  in  th« 
center,  with  a  scroll  underneath  bearing 
the  words  "For  Yalor,"  "and  worn,  in 
the  case  of  the  navy,  with  a  blue  ribbon, 
and  in  that  of  the  army,  a  red  one.  A 
single  act  of  valor  may  win  this  decoration, 
and  it  is  granted  to  all  ranks.  A  rensIoD 
of  $50  a  year  accompanies  it. 

Victoria.  A  British  colony  in  Australia, 
bounded  N.  by  New  South  Wales,  E.  by 
the  Pacific,  8.  by  Bass'  Strtdt,  W.  by  8. 
Australia  and  tjfie  Indian  Ocean ;  aroa, 
86,881  sq.  m. ;  pop.  948,718. 

Victoria  Alexandrina.      Onsen  of 


Yiotcnria  ChxMSS. 


VICTOET 


918 


YIB6INIA 


of  India,  daughter  of  £dwird»  Ihike  of 
Krnt,  4tb  Bon  uf  Oeorgo  111.  ;  B.  1819,  >. 
licr  uncle  WilliAm  IV.,  1687  ;  married 
AlU'rt  <»f  Saxe  Cobaiv-Ootha,  1840,  vrho 
died  1^61 .  V.  aunmea  the  title  EmprMA 
of  India,  ISiG,  by  act  of  Pu-ttainent. 

Victory,  vilc'to  ri.  A  female  deity 
aiuon^r  the  Greeks  and  Komana,  the  per- 
aonillcdtion  of  successful  conquest.  She 
MT-M  rt>presentcd  as  a  winged  woman, 
iH-arIng  a  |>a)m-branch  and  laurel  crown. 

Vicu^itia,  vi-kdn'ya.  A  ruminant  mam- 
mal, Auchenia  vicugna.  Dun.  Cam^die. 
doHc'Iy  allied  to  the  llama,  the  g^anaoo  ana 
tbu  lUpaca. 

Vienna.  Cap.  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
un  the  Danube ;  pop.  021,8tffi.    - 

Vi«rny,  Alfred  Victor,  Oomte  de. 

A  popuhir  French  author;  B.  1799,  d. 
IHW. 
Viking,  viking.  A  rover  or  seanrobber 
boloiigiug  to  one  of  the  predatory  bands 
of  Northmen  who  infested  the  European 
seas  during  the  &th,  9th  and  10th  centu- 
ries. Viking  has  been  confounded  with 
aea-king,  but  the  latter  was  a  man  of  royal 
blood  and  took  by  right  the  title  of  king ; 
whereas  the  former  name  is  applicable  to 
any  member  of  the  rover  banas. 

Villafranca.  A  town  of  Italy,  9  m.  from 
Ycrona,  noted  for  the  treaty  between  the 
French  and  Austrian  emperors,  June  11, 
1859,  which  closed  the  Italian  war. 

Villars,  Olande  Ijoois  Hector,  Duo 
de.  A  distinguished  French  marshal ;  B. 
1<h53,  d.  1784. 

Villemain,  Abel  Francois.  A  dis- 
tinguished French  statesman  and  author ; 
B.  1790,  D.  1870. 

V  Ha,  vG'na.  An  E.  Indian  seven-stringed 
guitar,  with  a  long  finger-board  provided 
with  about  20  movable  frets,  ana  having 
a  ^ourd  attached  to  each  end. 

Vinaierrette,  vin-u-gret\  A  small  box 
of  gold,  Hilver,  &c.,  with  perforations  on 
the  top,  for  holding  aromatic  vinegar  oon- 
tained  in  a  sponge,  or  smelling-salts. 

Vincent  de  Paul,  St.  An  eminent 
French  philanthropist  and  reformer;  b. 
1676,  i>.  1660 :  canonized  by  Pope  Clement 
XII.,  1787.  Ho  organized  the  Congrega- 
tion of  Missions  and  founded  the  order  of 
Sisters  of  Charity. 

Vincent,  St.  The  most  Important  of 
the  Capo  Verd  islands,  Miudello,  its  cap., 
being  tho  scat  of  governmeat  of  the  group. 

Vinci,  Leonardo  da.  An  eminent 
Italian  painter ;  b.  1468 ;  D.  in  Franoa, 
1619. 

Villi:t-un,  vant-Cn.    ▲  popolac  game  at 


cards,  depending  on  the  number  of  f^ 
on  the  cards  dealt  out,  or  the  esteoMl 
value  of  the  cards.  The  object  is  topt 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  number  witlwit 
exceeding  it. 

Viol,  vT'oI.  An  ancient  musical  testn; 
ment  of  much  the  same  form  as  the  tiO' 
Hn,  the  parent  of  modem  instruments  of 
the  viohn  kind.  There  were  ttirt«  mi^ 
treble,  tenor  and  bass,  each  having  8  to€ 
strings. 

Viola,  'o-Uu  A  large  violin,  to  which  tbi 
part  between  the  second  and  hiss  is  gvo- 
erally  assigned.  It  has  4  catgut  striJiA 
of  which  the  third  and  fourth*  are  eovera 
with  silver  wire. 

Violin,  -lin.  A  well-known  stringed  mi- 
sical  instrument,  having  catgut  string 
the  lowest  of  which  is  coverad  with  ill- 
vered  copper  wire,  stretched  by  means  «f 
a  bridge  over  a  hollow  wooden  body  tad 
pUyed  with  a  bow ;  a  fiddle.  Itiseould- 
ered  the  most  perfect  of  musfoal  iastrih 
ments. 

Violoncello,  -lon-seK'lS.  A  powerM 
aitd  expressive  bow  instrument  of  thevio* 
lin  kind,  filling  a  place  between  the  vidli 
and  double-bass.  It  has  4  strings,  ^ 
lower  two  covered  with  sOrer  wire. 

Viperina,  vi-per-i'na. 
One  of  the  two  sub- 
orders  of  Ophldia 
(snakes  or  serpents), 
diaracterized  by  hay- 
ing only  two  p«'forated 
poison-fangs     in     the  ^ 

upper    law,    while  Viper, 

in  the  Colnbrina  this  jaw  is  fhmiahedwtik 
solid  teeth  either  with  or  without  add!* 
tional  canaliculated  fimgs.  It  comprises 
two  families,  YiperidsB  or  vipers,  and  CM* 
talidffi  or  rattlesnakes. 

Virgil,  Publius  VirariUns  ICam 

The  most  eminent  of  Soman  epic  poets; 
B.  70,  D.  19  b.  c. 

Virginal,  ver'jin-aL  An  obsolete  Yejei 
musical  instrument  with  one  string,  Jatt 
and  quill  to  each  note.  It  differed  from 
the  spinet  only  in  being  square  instead  of 
triangular,  and  was  the  precursor  of  the 
harpischord,  now  superseded  by  the  piaao' 
forte. 

Virgrinia.  The  heroine  of  the  traditioB- 
ary  Roman  tragedy,  daughter  of  Ludns 
yirginius,  who,  abt.  460  b.  c,  waa  ab- 
ducted by  Appius  Claudius,  the  lecherous 
decemvir.  Her  Mher  fiiiling  to  obtain  Imt 
release,  slew  her  in  the  open  Forum,  and 
headed  a  popular  uprising  whidi  over- 
threw the  decemvirata  aiM  restored^fii 
aaeient  magistraqr. 


t 


•  \ 


vrrauviAiT 


la.  Od*  of  the  orlglnil  IS  lUUi 
Amafean  Ualaa,  boauded  N.  ttf 
d  and  ChOMpeite  B»7,  E.  by  IS* 

ad  N.  C«rollD«.  W.  bj  kedtucky 
VIrglnta  i_  irM,  M.m  »q.~ln.; 
SIS.aSO.  Prlndpal  oiUea.  Itlch- 
atp,]  Norfolk,  rManbor*,  Wln- 
Portimonlh.  I.oi:iiigloB,  Treder- 
c.LyitDlibuiKiuidguiintdn.  Cbiet 
.TainsR      Piitcirnir..     aiiEnlDdiulli, 


,    Cllnc 


Uol: 


sleu   m   tie  W.  Indies,  bdonging 

)«ndSt.ThoinM(DB 

'gS.    Ono  of  the  12  sieni 
iltuloDS  of  the  »>d[iio,| 

of  thB  "LgBB  beolnDliiE 
jie*.  and  conltSee  110 

i  to  deooto  the  period  of  Virgo. 

hft,Tle-M'dii.    TbeCtlunrsV., 
■erioHi  rudest  miunini].  Dun.  Cbln 
>,ofthe>li«ofaliBdger,  TheeUoi 
led  on  Koonst  of  Iheir  fur. 
m.    The  u 


Tortoli 


PI 


and  inre  MpiicHlty  of  thsUsMm-Mrd 
Pnrinu.  The  Urahtasclc  Gomdi, 
myths  relltlug  to  TlihcQ 
■re  chuvctvrUed  by  the  ld«  thit, 
wheneTer  ■  gtMt  physLoil  or  moral 
dbordn  >S«it«l  ths  norld.  TlBbnn  de^ 
ac«iMl#d  In  ft  inull  portion  of  bis  euencn 

AMumln;  tho  form  of  Bomt  wond^l^l 

bat  endowed  wltb  idItbcuLous  power. 
These  »■■«>  are  geDcnlly  given  u  ID,  « 
ofwhleh  tn  alreaidyput,  tbe  lOIh.  ths 
Kdklontum.  belog  yet  to  o«ip>  V  <■ 
BoinetimH  reprueoted  u  riding 
dk  >  bdu  tin  bM  ud  bslf  i 

holding  Is  one  ot  Us  four  biDdi 

■ball  Uawn  In  bsCUo;  Id  mother  >  disk,  u 
nnMeni of  gnprenie power;  lothethbd 
Binseeu  the  emblem  of  pDolsbinent^  ind 
In  tba  Ibnrth  >  lotos,  type  of  cremtln 

Tlatola.    AlargerlTerofCentralEarope 


lis? man;  $» 


VitIS,  Tl'Us 


■gtli.6 


n    ofplani 


*'/!-   . 


'    Vitro-di-Trino,  ylt'rO-de-tre"na.      A 

nvvnted  ^tbe  YeDetUDS  In  the  ISt^ 
eDtnry,  oonslatlDgof  alaoe-vorkof  wh1t« 

eries  of  diamoDd-ebspedseotloiis.  In  the 
jenter  of  each  an  alrlHibble  was  allowed 
to  remain  a«  •  deenatlon. 
<■  VltraTUu,  Tttrf'yKn.  Oforperi»ta- 
lDgtoUarenBVltrDiliiBPalllo,aeerebrat*d 
Bonuo  anhltect,  born  ahont  W  a.  c.  T. 
■noU,  u  ndiltwtiuBl  oniamenC-  oonaM' 


TTITA       MO TOX-HPMAJA  1 

tuf  sfstarlM  ut  eoDvolnUit  KnUi,  TST  Toltalro.  Pnuioola  ICaiie  Annlt    \ 

Buu^nil  aiKl  Ttrlsd.  btqatoMj  weurrlng  da.      A  dlitCatrolahed  Vmidi  blHM    ) 

la  frlrui  uf  the  Compoalu  onfs.  po«U  dnmaclst  ind  nhllotopbw;  1.WI,    I 

VltU. 'lt'».     *  hrultanil,  flll«  iTKir-  ,  In  8<riBerl«nd.  im.                             I 

luil :  dfrriHciUy.  tmont     iha  uclenl  VoltalBDi,  Tal'U-Izin.      Thu  hnxkrf   1 

HiwkKlllnlltoniuu.lrtbi'OngrBIItluied  BlectricBl     MdencHi   which  trfU    <(   Ik 

iuii<lm>nUi>ii(tri>ri«U,vliiUau,aUtutn,  dwmlsl (oUtui  betwwn meul> ud dik- 

ilun.  it  eat  Itaaldt   •"  noni~i  (i™.  ik.  ltd.    ' 

TittorU.     C«|>.  of  iiroTiiice  of  Al«™,      -<■" ■■- 

(li>aln.«  Di.  >>.  of  nilliui.  nriled  (or  lbs 

TJcloiv  tlal»),  uf  WcdUnglon  over    the  __  _ 

Kronen.  ipore  DfliiAUy  called  E^wilan 

TiveiTldeB.    tl-var'l-dB.        A   bm.   of  tuI,  who  first  brooght  10  n. 

dljrt(lm<la  arotron.  muy  of  ths  apedH  nurkible  InflneDiw  pi^iduceil 

of  which  m;turnl«hed  wifli  uudgljnd*,  Jiy  this  >pBcles  of  eleotrWtT. 

kinnn  u  cfvi?t.    It  InoludH  thai 


iroii([>  (ircUcUB),    ojnogMlo,   auriuta.    , 


ut  for  meaanrliig  Tiri- 
n  sleotilsi^. 

'  Voltaplaat,  -plmt 

TUiei.  Tli'l-or.    The  title  of  1  high  po-  Toltilo  bstterr   niwd 

Bti-al  offloa-  In  the  Turhlih  Empln  ind  cleotrotrptiig. 

other  MuhKomedim  auU*    la  Turkoj-  VolUseuT,  'tl-ihar, 

thetllleliBlTtnloIheheidaoftheTiirioiis  toot«oW!ar    la    ■   h 

inhiljtalmldepMtnientiiinrI  to  thepMhu  oompMiy  of  every  r.,. 

of  three  tuilB.    TheprHhlentofthe  dlvu.  maul  of  Freoch  InlUitiy, 

l«.Ttri«-u«no^»dr™m.  Voltnmo.      A  rlva-'o. 

TTtodimlr      (The     OrB»t).       Oi»nd  g,   iuj„    empiving  Into 

WutBMidflntChrtatUo  ruiec of  Bnuiii ;  theGuft  of  GmIs.  SO  m. 

■  .  W*.  D.  MIS.  N.  w.  of  SkiIm.     Oct.   1,  1B«0,  OKlWa 

Vodk^  ToJ'bL    An  iBUilaitlDg  iptrlt  defesledthe  NanpoHtumrinr  onltiUnki 

dtailllwl  (torn  rye.  TolmaBnomoter  'tt-man-om'e-te.  i» 

Toitnra.  Tlncsnt.      A  dlitlnralibed  inBtmmentftoimuBnHnirtha  lolunaiifi 

French  poat  Md  wit ;  B.  15*8,  ».  IMS.  (oUdbodjr  tythoquanUtv- of  ullouldor  J 

Tolcano.   Tol-hA'n4(.         ^^Sfl^B^^  llr  which  It  diaplaoaA ;  uso  fordetsnli' 

'-      -  ■«"^^^"  hiir  iU  ipmlflo  erBTilj. 

Volute,  va-lOi'.    In  Arch,  m  eplnl  woll 


IS 


VolutldM,  'l-d. 
dona  mtdtulti,  1 
In  the  type. 


VolHvnl       A  niima          Vnlimo  VOll.    A  Gennm  propoaltlon,  eqnlTal«t 

anSion  to  ni™b?4  to  the  Enallah -word  o^  used  b3!,ro  •»- 

ofnmn.fArvlooUlofrodentsroKmbllLe.  Mmost^o  bdfcBls  titled  dMcent. 

and  Jn  inLiv  cues  b»iriiiE  iho  nimea  of  Von  Moltke.  Helmntl*  Kul  Bu- 

ntiiand  mloc.  bclon^nKlo>iiroup(Arvl-  noxi.  Count.      A  dlitlnsutshed  On- 


TOltHnJi 

lneiitltiill«iIohBiiililind  nMonil  nhlloao-      - — - ■-  ■ 

tdier,  Innator  of  the  Vottiio  pOa ;  «.  tlW,  the  keyaione. 

B,  Mm.  Vox-hnmontt,  Teta-ha-mi'iiL  A 


o™=iitVIlI.,  IS94. 
Volpes,  'p».    The  inbgenerio  nuns  toi 
tho  toKea,  adopud  by  iJiojge    iook>^flU 

Vultmfl,  'lOr- 


IgUlortiiFlrUIOl: 
?pond  witb 


thslr  >l«i;  aad  fi.-, _ 

more  ue  of  tholrboak  than  M 
ofQidrdkwi.  In geneial  1. 
thfl]r  Br«  oowardlj,  Qvliiff 
oUofly  on  dud  onuMa 
andolU.  The^nre  diTMrd  tnto  Hvn«I 
lKiiB«,theehlefbelnKVn1Mr,  OMhartea, 
SarnirhiUDnliiii,  NsophFoii  and  Synaetoi, 
or  widoh  tbfl  lait  approaiibM  Ifaa  raloon- 
Idaa.  In  Hams  meptiTatona  the  TnltBru 
of  the  Old  World  a»  Eionped  lata  one 
family,  OrpaptidB,  wttUa  flwH  of  (he 
Naw  W«!d  form  anotbiir,  CalharttdB,  lb* 
two  having  dl3tlnellva  pecoUaiitlsi. 


1  tho  38d  letter  of  ths  alplubet.      It 

numb*  ofSn^ah  word^,  aa  wra?.  ■wi 

■tkit  l«  fi.no  aud  name  tnm  tho 

or  two  V«,  the  character  V  haying 

In  what^here.  vbale,  ^.    Asanab 
vtatlonW.  stands  for  west:  W.  N.W 

rij-  the  name  and  force  of  U.     ThI. 

npcesenU  two  eourda,  tho    one 

west-north-WMt.  Ac. 

aiaandlHelj  beloEgj  to  11,  beUir  Ihat 

Wabaah.     A  river  rUlne  In  Ohio 
forming  the  honndair  llncbet.  Illlnola 

forward,  Ic^-mTeoM^  has  7oZt 

Indiana,  for  some  distance,  emptying 
the  Ohio;  length,  650  m. 

a  poBtHon  is  ofUr  apoten  of  as  a 
FoweL     At  the  end  or  RjUables,  In 

Atnerloan  alateatnan;  ».  In  Maa..,  1 

pOBltloD  It  Is  alw^g  preceded  by  a 

D,  1879.     He  represented  Ohio  in  Che 

,'^haa  either  no 'fa^  at  all  (or  at 

in  a  dinbthong,  aa  In  How,  ffw, 
fljen  r«^ly  «  vowd  and  eoolTalenl 
ninnautia].  houch.Ac.    Pollowad 

Waiar.  wa'fiir.    A  iraall  thin  caka,  m 
of  llonr.   oreun,    while  vrino    and  h. 

angar,  flavored  with  dnnamon.     A I 

«nr  Blunped  with  the  Ohrlatlaii  nw 

cnBi,thgaM*,«r<t)i.eBMrad  v» 

WAUTTBOIS-KIGHT 


«f  :3«  e'lirharut.     A  cLin  disk  osmI 


I 


u*fi  'ji  t5*  B.  C.  Co.  in  tlM  ftdmi&istn-  ;  Waldo.  Pater.     A  metdamt  of  Lym, 

Frmnet.  the  reputed  foondw  of  theN« 
known  u  Wnklensas.  He  flooriBbcd  ibt. 
lIflO-1900. 


»■-_-  .-- 


-a..=^  ^ctMn.  futeoiar  doeamenia  ^ 
Ls!  IM  Iik«.  osoaJlT  nude  of  ^ 
i-   ;r   :::i-*«l  w.:ii  wa&iw.  mm  aad  eolor- 
ir^  r:a:;i»r.      FaiH^  wafrr»  k«  mode  of  . 
P-;.-.--   And    iaufbaa  in   a  Tvietj    of 
f  n.* 


wor..  A  thin  cake.  1)ak«d  hard 
ar  !  rr  l>«i :  or  a  soft  indented  cake,  baked 
i-  ^  Ir^  3  :::«C5!!  on  cools. 
Wagonette,  -?3-«C  An  open  four- 
w'l—  -:  ;.  riAure  Tchirte  of  oght  eon- 
«*.-.-■::•  ::.  ««wc«d  for  six  or  cfflit  pecwma. 

Wacner.  Richard.  A  popolarQcnian 

Wacram.  \  rin^^  of  lowir  Austria, 
oa  :^.-  Ro«5bacfa.  !•>  m.  2i .  E.  of  Tirana, 
at-ktwl  fnr  :b«  deeisiTa  Tfetorj  gained  Inr 
NaM>IeoB  L  ov«r  the  AnstrlaBa,  Jntj  5-6. 

WmgtmiL  'tiL 
A  snaD  bird, 
fren.  yocacflia. 
fun.  MotadlUdA. 
regarded  as  a 
scb-Cim.  t!kIota- 
r:!h:nj»*  of  tlie 
SvlTiad*.  WagtalL 


A  Briti«h  prindpalitr.  oeeapr 
Ing  the  TT.  central  portion  of  the  ishoid, 
boonded  X.  bv  the  Irish  &«a,  £.  bv  Eic- 
land,  9.  bj  Bristol  Channel,  W.  V  ^t- 
Geonre's  Channel:  area,  7,425  sq.  ra.;  pop^ 
I.M^TIS.  Principal  cities,  Bangor,  C»r 
narron.  Wrexham,  Holvwdl,  Holrbad, 
Abery^twith.  Carmarthen,  Pembroke. 
Swansea  and  Merthjr-TvdTiL  W.  wis 
nil«d  19- natire  princes  nintil  1S8S.  wbes 
Edwvd  I.,  of  £n|rland,  anbtanted  the 
ooontiy.  Hiaaoo,  Edward  I  LwtsVn 
in  W.,  and  assumed  the  tide  Prinmof  W., 
which  has  ever  since  been  borne bjtte 
male  heir  to  the  British  throne. 
Walker,  Bobert  Jamiea.  An  Amoi- 
can  statesman  and  politfcal  eeonomiBt;  i. 
in  Pwm.,  1901,  D.  18». 


hi  b^.  A  foUtiwcr  of  Abd«l  Wahab.  a  re- 
f^nner  of  Mohammedanism  about  ITtiO. 
The  n-fi>nn«r  did  not  add  anything  to  the 
Mohammedan  code,  but  the  Wahabees 
riffilly  obeerre  the  Isws.  which  the  others 
neirli>ct.  The  members  are  brave,  but 
fuiaiical  and  intolerant.  TImt  have  a 
well-onrsnized  goTcmment,  holding  sway 
over  a  unre  part  of  Arabia. 

Waldemiar  L  ^The  GhpeatV     King  of 
Do::uiark:    B.  1181.  D.  IISI.      He  con- 
quen-lS.  Norway  and  Wendish  Germany.  | 
W.  1 1..  '2d  son  of  the  former,  s.  his  brother  , 
Canute  VI..  1308.    n.    1841.     W.   III., 
cnmned  1340,  D.  187&.  | 

Waldenaea.  wsl'den-srs.      A  sect  ofj 
Christians  professing  principles  snbstan-  1 
tially  the  same  as  those  of  the  Tvefurmed  ! 
churches.  They  first  appeared  in  the  12th  ; 
century  in  the  upper  valleys  of  Dauphine 
and  Pietlmont,  bnt  thepeiinecations  of  the 
14th  and  15th  centuries  drove  them  into 
many  parts  of  Europe.    They  were,  for 
several  centuries,  the  snb()ects  of  cruel  pi*r- 
s«>outions.  &nd  it  was  not  till  18^8  that  they 
enjoyod  the  same  religions  rights  as  the 
Catholics  of  Italy.    At  present  tho  W.  in- 
habit the  Val  !ifartino,  the  Val  Angrona, 
nnd  the  Val  Lucerna,  9.  W,  of  Turin. 

Waldsrava,  w§ld'griv.      In    the  old 
Ckman  Smpirs,  a  haad  Ibrest  nag$K. 


! 


.   A  noted  ifflbtuts; 

B.  in  Tenn.,  lSd4 ;. captured  and  shot  tt 
TruxIDo,  C.  America,  1860. 

Wallace,  William.  Sir.  AnemlDcot 
?«c*itch  patriot ;  b.  1270,  beheaded  in  Loa- 
don.  1905. 

Wallachian,  wal-lak'jan.  One  of  the 
natives  of  WaDachia,  deseendants  of  Bo- 
man  jind  other  eolcnista.  That  member 
of  the  Romance  fiunily  of  tongues,  spokea 
in  Boumania  (Waflachla  and  Moldavls) 
and  adjoining  regions. 

WaUenatein.  Albrecht  Weiunl 
BDaebiQaOoant  ▼onc'W'aldstelnv 
A  distinguished  German  gtoeral;  b.  1SS8, 
assassinated  16U. 

^Taller.  SdmiuuL  An  eminent  En- 
glish poet ;  B.  im5,  D.  16&7. 

Walloon,  45n'.  One  of  the  deeeendsnts 
of  the  old  OalBe  Beigas  who  oeeupy  the 
Belgian  prorinees  of  HatDsnlt,  liege  and 
Namur,  d.  Brabant,  W.  Luxembourg,  and 
a  l^w  villages  in  Bhenish  Pkvsaia.  The 
language  of  tiie  same  terrftoty ;  a  dialect 
or  patois  of  Fraieh,  with  maajr  Gaffie 
words  preserved  in  it. 

Walnnt.  wal'nut.  The  cooimoai  name  of 
trees  and  tfieir  fruit,  gen.  Jnglaiia,  ord. 
Joglandacee. 

WaUdncwflali,  wsklDg-fish.  The  name 
given  to  an  acanthopterygious  fish,  gen. 
Antennarins  (A.  hispidus).  ttom  its  ability 
to  use  its  pectoral  fins  as  legs  in  traversing 
the  land. 

Walpole.  Bobert,  Sir.  A  distin- 
gaisbed  English  statesman;  a.  I<t78,  n. 
1745. 

WalFmia-nisiKk,  Ta-pfnfto^it.  The 


•n  of  Ulj- 1,  HHOcliilid  with  tl 
popnliir  wIKh  laperttJtlaDA  of  G 
thouflh  lU  ADhTiectlall  wlthWAlpnr 
pnrgi,  or  W<UbDi«B.  ■  frinsJa  uli 
8th  century.  Is  not  uUsflictarHyiu 

FebravT,    On  thl«nl;hl  wtlctieii 


polDted  rendsronji, 
pnlnt  of  tlie  Dura 
bracken,  wb^e  tliQl 
-  wlthlhrtrmiumr.  ihi 


M  UiehlijhEi 


«t]iafc.o.lVleh8-  ^■'™^ 

rids,  mil  beloDiilng.  irlth  lU  sHls  the 

Caro'tv(i«/W°  wiiruMT-  rMO)«in)t» 


oogbl  li 


Warbeck,  FarUn.  i 


order  uf  Elchnnl  IH. 
■lid  bahndcd.  I4B9. 


racbler.'warlilar.    A.  nnputu  iiiinDaii- 
■Hedtolllblrda  of  the  (l«nt<r<»(nl  Dun. 

Ama+ni.    The  type  ehd,  IsSyl'lii.    The 
nlghlinpile,    raMn-reiUveut.    nhHt-ear, 

Ward.  Edwrd  Uattliaw.    A  dMn- 
"  ■    il  Knglluli  hiatoriol  painter;  b.  ISIS. 


men  BDd  soldlen  iuEnglisli  blslory,  nt 
royml  ilMoeal ;  M.  H2B,  tiled  HI  Ihr  Ultla 
ofBHiiot.  UJl.    Bb  BtK  Bpnted  Krlwunl 

IT.,  liut  bellllt  Blighted  by  lli»  Latlpr  tooK 
■ld«  o'ltb  U»  I^neaitrtanK,  druvo  T.6- 


Warren,  Joaepli. 


f^^ 

tw 


Walli,  CuoidB  City  and  Ptdtie  City. 
Chlar  rlrets.  the  CTolunibu  »nd  IribuB- 
riea,  Skokamfsb.  SUylt  mid  CbrhallB. 
MDunMnB.  the  Cueuda  nngo  and  teintl 

U,  .'Hi'Hon  o^Hi^B^Awtlo fe^o'^'d&^T" 
ned  by  Dr.  Euis's  rippdlUun.  ISfiL 
Washlntrton.  Q«aiv'<.  (Father  of  bta 
Connlry.lFlrrtPniridenloftbeU.a.;  b. 


nentillri 


thli'nni 


Aise- 


a  atthe  outbreak  nrthelteTolntl 
WHS  .pp,ilnl«l  Commiuiilw-In-Ohier. 
Afljir  the  dnse  or  the  wur.  17SD,  he  ira 
electird  President,  and  »>  fleeted,  ins, 

Waahlta  (Ouachita.)  A  rtyer  riBlnKld 


rrpnrt.    The  Tunor  Is  lit  leogA  >! 
Watoi-wraltli,    -raii. 


cnrf  And  void,  oUled  qukk-water,  kb* 
Uien  volAUjlzLng  the  inerouxy  bj  baitl 


nciriDlubmDgthsi 


tDpluta  MiliiaeiiUfelyliiwitBr,  orrequlr- 
Inr  ■  rmnondBntlDff  qaantltr  of  VKUr. 
An  tbs  >p«lH  nr  tl»  ordrm  Nvmph- 
" ~    utonhylliioeiB. 


WBlar-aappliin.  -anf-flr.  A  nrwioiu 
itoneornnluIfinHbluD  oj.lar  ma  Irug- 

Sjlon.  It  Isumrletj-Df  loLlte  pomlBt- 
iD^oraiUim,  Hliijalnii,  nisOTonlH,  with  n 
uniill  pfonorUon  of  firotojila*}  of  iron  And 
■  tmce  e?  iniingiume.    CsUeil  shta  fiip- 

WBtentwd,  -tbai.  AnlniB(rtii>ry»npor 
boanditj  wblah  rami  aiang  tbe  rldtfu  or 
■epArttioii  between  >dj»ent  eeu^  Imhefl^ 
or  rlv«r-bulD&,  npre»ntlmr  the  Jlmlt 
fMm  wUeh  water  nitnriillr  flow!  Id  Dp- 
ptwlte  djnctlani. 

W&tar-flpoitt,  -apont  A  wmarkublo 
peteDrohiglul  phciionienDD  frequonlly 
oheerrsdat  lea,  umlngouB  tn  wblrlwliHiii 
on  had.  ItansDnvhenappatluii'iiiiliof 
dlltemitteidjieriitDreA  maDttn  tbeupjier 
Btmoipbere,  wherebjr  a  great  omouDt  of 
-npoT  li  eaiHlrBied  into  n  tbtnli  black 
nloud,  towhlob  BTcrUoal  moUac  ihilvcn, 


»d>,  buciluk  slaw  (ba  ddii 
file  nppcr  ud  loVs  pvtB  n 


.  Web«r,  Kctrl  U&tia,  Friedrieb 
Emat,  Baron  Ton.  A  dlstin^iibtd 
Oeriom  oumpoier :  B.  lIS*.  n.  In  Lgs- 
doa,  USU. 


WEBSTER 


e» 


WE5T  INDIES 


"Webster,  Daniel.    An  eminent  Amer- 1  Wend,  w^n<l.    <  >ne  nf  t  {Miwerfti!  ^Isrfo 


lean  Btatesman,  jurist  and  orator:  b.  I 
in  N.  H.,  17S2,  it.  Ib52.  He  ropn^sent^d  i 
Mass.  in  tho  U.  S.  House  of  Kepresenta- ' 
tivcs  and  Senate  several  years,  and  was 
Secretary  of  State  in  the  Cabinets  of  Presl- .' 
dents  Harrison,  Tyler  and  Fillmore. 

Webster,  Noah.    An  eminent  Amerl- ' 
can  lexieofrrapher :  b.  in  Conn.,  ITdS.  d. 
1S4S,      His    well-known     "  Dictionar>-*'  ; 
was  first  published  1828,  and  new  e^- . 
tions  are  being  constantly  iasaed. 

Wedgpe,  wej.  A  tapered  piece 
of  metal  or  wood,  used  in  split- 
ting woods,  rocks,  &o. 

Week,  wek.      The  spaoe   of 
seven  days ;  the  space  from  one 
Sunday  to  another;  a  cycle  of 
time  which  has  l)een  nsed  from 
the  earliest   ages    in  Eastern 
countries,  and  is  now  oniver- 
sally  adopted  over  the  Christian     «  edge, 
and  Mohammedan  worlds.     It  is  com- 
monly- regarded  as  a   memorial  of  the 
creation  of  the  world  in  that  space  of  time. 

Weevil,  we'vil.  The  name  applied  to 
coleopterous  'insects,  fam.  Cnrculionide, 
many  of  which  are  dangerous  enemies  to 
the  agricnltorist. 

Welding,   w^M^-g  y^  : 

ing.      The   act  org  Jg  { 

process  of  uniting 
iron  by  intense 
heat. 

Weimar.    Cajr.  of  Modes  of  Welding. 

Saxe-Weimar,  Ger-  a,    butt    weld,    or 

many,  on  the  Ilm,  Jumping  weld  :  b, 

52  m.  S.  W.  of  Lelp-  scarf  weld. 
zig,  the  recognized 

literary  sodafcenter  of  the  empire ;  pop. 
16,826. 

Welllnflrton,  weFing-ton.  A  kind  of 
long-legged  boot,  named  after  the  Duke 
ofW. 

Wellinfirton,    Arthur   Wellesley, 
'  Ihlke  of.  A  distinguished  British  states- 
man and  general,  the  conqueror  of  Napo- 
leon I. ;  B.  in  County  Meath,  Ireland,  1760, 
D.  in  England,  1852. 

Wellin^n.  Cap.  of  New  Zealand  on 
New  Ulster,  or  North  Island;  pop.  26,819. 

Welsh,  welsh.  The  language  of  Wales. 
It  is  a  member  of  tho  Celtic  family,  form- 
ing -with  the  Breton  language  and  the  now 
extinct  Cornish  branch  the  Cymric  group. 
It  is  distinguished  for  the  'beauty  of  its 
compounds,  which  it  possesses  the  capac- 
ity of  forming  to  an  almost  unlimited  ex- 
tent. The  general  name  of  the  Inhdbtauits 
of  Wales. 


peoplf.  now  :ih«orb<->l  in  tht*  (rHrman  nr». 
whii'h  formi-rly  lnh:iNiu<1  the  N.  and  E. 
of  GiTmany.  .\  remriur.t  r^'main*  In  the 
E.  district  \if  :«ach!u^n-.\lti-nbun;.  and  la 
the  country*  betwrf n  thf  Vl«iiila  and  Per- 
lantc.  where  thtrv  Ptill  uteak  ih'-  Wendic 
tongue  and  pno^vrrt:  tht-ir  fivc'illttr  man- 
ner* and  cu»t<ims.    Written  aLm  V^d. 

Wenlock  Onmp.  weo'l»k  gn'ip  la 
Geoi.  that  sabdiTJ>ion  of  tb^*  Silurian  iy«- 
tem  lyingimmeiliateiy  Mow  the  Ludlow 
rocks.  The  tblcknw'S  of  the  Wmlock 
strata  is  eKtimated  at  4,(iUit  fe«t. 

Werewolf,  wcr'wqlf.  Lit.  a  man -wolf. 
A  man  transformed  etth*^  for  a  time  or 
per1o<liea]ly  into  a  wolf.  Sometimes  the 
werewolf  was  a  man  by  day  and  a  wulf  bjr 
night.  A  belief  in  the  transformation  of 
man  into  a  wolf  \*.  In  some  form,  ronimon 
to  Europe  and  elsewhere.  b<ith  in  anHent 
and  modern  times.  Some  of  thevlaMte 
fkbles  (c.  g.  Lycaon)  are  retiectiuns  of  this 
Myth. 

Wergild.  werlrlM.  In  Ansrlo-Saxon  and 
ancient  Teutonic  law.  a  line  fur  man- 
slaughter and  other  crimes  airalnst  the  per- 
son, by  paying  wbifh  tho  offender  Mcaped 
ftirther  obligation  or  punishment. 

Werner.  Abraham  Oottlob.  An 
eminent  German  bdentist  and  author ;  a. 
176<»,  I*.  1SI7. 

Weser.  A  river  of  X.  W.  German j 
emptying  into  the  N.  Sea;  length.  luO  n. 

Wesley.  John.  A  distinnishM  En- 
glii«h  divincand  fonnderofthe  fi^i  known 
as  Weslevans  or  Methodists  :  a.  17«B.  d. 
1791.  Charles  W..  brother  of  the  above, 
also  a  elergvman  and  t>oet.  was  aasodated 
with  John  in  his  religious  labors. 

Wesleiranism,  we^'li-an-izm.  Armin- 
ian  Metho<lism ;  tlif  system  of  doctrine* 
and  ehnrch  i>olity  of  the  Wettlevan  Meth- 
odittfl. 

Wewt.  west.  That  point  of  ih<»  hortcon 
where  the  snn  sets  at  the  ef|Uinoz.  and 
midway  liotween  the  north  and  south 
points ;  the  Intersection  of  the  {irime  ver- 
tical with  the  horizon,  on  that  si<le  where 
the  sun  s<'ts.  Wesi  is  direetlv  oiiposlta 
to  east,  and  one  of  the  cardinal  jjioints. 

West,  Benjamin,  .v  distinguished 
Ameriraii  pidnti-r:  b.  in  Penn.,  17SS,  d. 
in  London.  1>»-Jt». 

West  Indies.  The.  The  collective 
name  of  the  gieat  nn.hipelago.  cr^mprising 
nearly  l.i»0<)  islands,  situated  U-twr-en  the 
two  continents,  and  Ivlng  betWren  the 
Atlantic.  Gnlf  of  Mexico  ami  CiriUiean 
Sea.  The  prind|ial  island:*  are  mentioned 
under  thete  tewQiwMn%'&ain»^ 


msTUINH'l'XK 


«r  of  LoDdon, 

WaiA  Point.    A-rtdiw 
N.  Y.,  onth«Hiid«ii,  M 

"Sa  mV'f'and™'?^ 


Sut«  of  thfl  Amer 
iVm..l"-  ■ 


fan  I  p^'u  nc*vH  ..—  ,_..lBite,bonIided 
N.  by  Ohl^,  Pdnni'vlvuilm  ud  MjrrlMid, 

lonnnwrn^.  »■— .  —: .■  —  -  V"P-  *18' 

4t,^.  PrilH!ipllcltt«,WhwllIil,»p.,PBrfc- 
on*urg,    fl»rUD»biin!,  L*wl»bii«,  B.r- 
boun^ll..  Buokbannon  md  ''■;^bj'« 
Chief  rt«n,  Ohio,  Omt^^.E^""*  P 
■whi,  QnynnflolM,  EIH  «id  iln>i"""Bl«j 
SMgrt  of  Ibo  All<«liiiny 


-Whelk,  wbelk.     A  m.rflni'k,  tb.  Eiwo- 
am  uniUtDDior  tnuQpet-BboU-  i 

«haweU.  W^lUlsin.    As,  Sn^SAjU     ' 
msupbpT  and  Bolbor ;  s.  lIWi,  d.  im. 

Vliey,  whl.    TboMram  or  wM«T«i; 

tf  mlTk.  mwatwt  from  ibs  mm  liU 

ctu^lible   pert,    partlonUrtj Jnae 


a  B^bntde.    1 


WlwllabeB,  uhMlTrM.  A  twJoIj  of 
kMiraroo  of  S.  S.  W»1m  (H«!mstunu 
ustaWus).  lllsnotw  targe  M  lbs  r — 
monor-oonj 


WlieatBtooe.  ObarlM.  A 

EnBllsh    Brfentl«l;B.    1808,11.    loio.     iit 

■leclrlcsl  appHimoM,  and  Inlrodnoeil  lb( 
electHc  tfltgTAttb  Into  tUnfflaDd. 

"wilMilinfr.  Cap.  of  W.  Va.,  on  theOhio, 
■   n mTTw. of n»i(*0ffh ;  pop. M,WI- 

WlMlp,  vbalp.    TheyoOBgoflhewnliit 


er  or  nlRbt-Ju' ;  »  called  fr 
WUrl-bat,  whetl'Ut.    Ao  olJ  oama  Kir 

cbe  ADclcDt  cHlui.  Absilng-clave  otedbr 

the  Oreot't  and  Bumace. 
Wbillwlnd,  wherl'wlnd.       A    vlobait 

uma'tiiae auroffreBelTa moUos,  raotlUa- 

Whiaky,  wbls'ki.    An  ardent  epiilt  dia- 
tlUed  Kanardly  frombarle;,    tHit   mud*- 


WHIST 


687 


WUriTlES 


-  Ac.  There  are  two  ohief  yarietiM,  malt- 
vhlsky  and  gtain-whisky. 

HVliist,  whist.  A  well-known  game  at 
eards,  played  with  the  full  pack  of  52  cards 
by  four  persons,  two  being  partners 
against  the  other  two,  each  player  receiv- 
ing thirteen  cards  dealt  oat  one  by  one  in 
rotation. 

"White,  whit.  One  of  the  natural  colors 
of  bodies,  bat  not  strictly  a  color,  as  it  is 
prodnced  by  the  combination  of  all  the 
prismatic  colors,  mixed  in  the  same  pro- 
portions as  they  exist  in  the  solar  rays ; 

■  the  color  of  snow. 

"White-bait, 

'bftt.  A  fish,  gen. 
Glnpea,  the  G. 

alba,  long  re-  _^,^    .  ,^ 

garbed  na&»tty  White-bait, 

of  the  shad. 
mrhiteboy,  'boi.  a  member  of  an  iUecal 
association  formed  In  Ireland  abont  IToO. 
The  aasodatton  consisted  of  starving  day 
ld>oror8,  evicted  Ihrmersand  otiiters  who 
used  to  assemble  at  nights  to  desd-oy  the 
property  of  harsh  landlords  or  their  agents, 
the  tithe  collectors,  or  othws  that  had 
iBode  themselves  obnoxious.  In  many 
caaes  they  did  not  confine  tiieir  acts   to 

}>tand6r  and  deitmotloii,   but  went  the 
length  of  murder. 

Wliite-ooat, 'kM.  A  seal-fisher*s  name 
tar  the  skin  of  a  seal-calf,  when  sach  skins 
weigh  only  60  or  70  lbs.  to  the  dozen. 

"Whitefleld,  Georspe.  An  English 
divine  celebrated  as  an  orator;  b.  1714.  d. 
in  Mass.,.  1770.  He  was  for  some  time 
associateid  with  the  Wesleys,  bat  in  his 
later  days  was  an  independent  itinerant. 

."White-friar,  'flrf -er.  A  fiiar  of  the  Oar- 
mdite  order,  so  called  from  tbehr  white 
doaks. 

White-lead,  aed.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
,  BAed  in  painting ;  cerase.  It  is  prepared 
,  by  exposing  sheets  of  lead  to  the  himes  of 
an  acid,  osually  "vinegar,  and  saspendbig 
them  until  the  snrfiMse  becomes  incrusted 
with 'a  white  coat.  When  mixed  with 
ground  sulphate  of  iMuyta  it  is  known  as 
Venice  White,  Hamburg  White,  Dutch 
White,  &o. 

White-leather,  -leth'er.  Leather  tanned 
YTlth  alum  and  salt,  a  process  which  does 
not  discolor  the  bide  or  give  it  the  brown 
appearance  due  to  tanning  by  oak  or  hem- 
lo^  bark. 

White-metal,  -met'al.  A  general  name 
lutplied  to  anv  aUoy  in  which  zinc,  tin, 
xu&el,  or  lead  is  used  in  snch  qnanti^  as 
to  giTa  it  a  white  color :  BritanBia-matal, 


(German  silver,  queen^s  metal  and  pew- 
ter are  examples.  Any  of  the  soft  metaU, 
usually  of  alight  color,  used  fbr  bearings 
in  machinery. 

White  Mountaine.  A  range  of  the 
Appalachians,  extending-  from  Maine 
across  New  HamMhire  ;  Mt.  WashingtoB 
is  the  highest  peak. 

White  Biver.  A  stream  which  arises 
in  Arkansas,  flows  through  Missouri  and 
empties  into  tiie  Mississippi ;  length,  800 
m. 

White  Sea.  A  large  arm  of  the  Aretio 
Ocean,  N.  of  the  Sossian  dominions ;  area, 
47,000  sq.  m. 

Whitesmith, 'smith.  A  tinsmith.  A 
worker  in  iron  who  finishes  or  poUshea 
the  work,  in  distinction  from  tiiose  who 
forge  it 

White-sauall,  'skw|a.  A  violent  and 
dangerous  gust  of  wind  which  oceors  in 
or  near  the  tropics,  without  having  its  ap- 
proach indicated  br  elouds,  but  aooom- 
panied  with  white  Vroken  water  on  the 
surfkce  of  the  sea. 

White  Sulphur  Sprincs.  A  popular 
watering-phMcofW.  Va.,  206  m.  W.  of 
Bichmong. 

Whitworth-balL  whit'werth-bal.  A 
projectile  invented  by  Sir  J.  Whitworth 
for  rifled  fire-arms,  great  or  small.  It  is  an 
elongated    cylinder,    terminating    in     a 

Sointed  cone,  its  length  being  8i  times  its 
iameter,  and  made  to  fit  aoooratcly  the 
bore  of  the  gun. 

Whit^'Ortll-STin,  -gun.  A  rifled  fire- 
arm, whether  great  or  small,  having  a  hex- 
agonal bore,  with  a  twist  more  rapid  than 
usual,  invented  by  Sir  J.  Whitworth. 

WhitinflT,  'ing.  A  floh  of  the  Oadidn  or 
■ood  tribe,  gen.  Merluigus,  M.  yolgariSv 

Whit-Monday,  whit-mun'dft.  The 
Monday  following  Whitsunday,  In  Eng- 
land generallv  observed  as  a  holiday. 
Called  also  Wnltsnn  Monday. 

Whitney,  Bli.  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican inventor :  b.  in  Mass.,  1766,  i>.  in 
Ck»nn.,  1826.  He  invented  the  cotton  gin 
and  important  improvements  in  fire-arms. 

Whitsunday,  -sun'dfi.  The  7th  Sunday 
after  Easter ;  a  festival  of  the  chorch  in 
commemoration  of  the  descent  ef  the  Holy 
Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost. 

Whitsuntide,  'snn-tld.  The  English 
name  for  the  season  of  Pentecost,  com- 
prehending the  en  tire  octave  or  the  week 
which  follows  Pentecost  Sunday;  the 
term  being  strictly  applied  to  the  Bnnday, 
Monday  and  Tuesday  of  that  week.   « 

WhitttWi  ^oba  QheeenXeal  Aaam- 


iriCKIT-KEEPEE 


luMt  Amntau  iwM  u 
J.  In  JIU4.,  11*4. 


iper,iHt'fl-kOn-»r.  Incrick- 
iy<rVl<jniclii|c  ta  tkt  Me  wtilch 
rliD  lUDdl   ImmnlliU'b'   brhlnd 


Wlde-awKke. 

WidBaoD,"!!' 

Dr'nHlit'Irlal 
bird  illlMt  U  the 
ADiltrlc  nr 
ilucka;  th  r 


^■^ 


IbrUi 


id.  QHd  ffmenUjr  to  « 
jt  rbnnerly  worn  IB  A  IkA 


Wlrbt,  Ideof.  AiiEnirthhliluid,  off 
tbc^.  uout  oflUmpflhln,  ftom  whhih  It  It 
epEwnied  by  A  dtralt  oaned  tbeSoL^Dt :  Ar« 
latoq.  in.  :i>a|..  (bt  70,1)00. 

WlU-ont  wUdluM.  A  to«il«u  Hiliiiil 
or  the  pii.  FcHi>.  tha  F.  BCiu. 

WUd-dnck.  'dak.  Ad  aqutloftiwl.  gta. 
Abu.  tha  A.  boHfau,  othemiu  ulled 
the  Milliard.  II  Is  lh«  BtookorihgcaiD- 
mnn  domntlii  dock. 

WUdBmen,  Tho.  A  >icllini  of  Bpott- 
■jlTuili  C'a.,  Vl.  It  m.  W.  of  Freder- 

fonghl'b  ut  I  odedul  ve  buttla^Mi/^lStlf 
bet>c<'ii  the  Fedenia  under  Qen.  Onut 
•od  Iho  CoDftdemlM  under  Gen.  L™. 
"Wlld-SOOW.  'Kia.     A   wBUu-fowl,   fe*. 


Wllku.  Oharlu.  An  Ameriam  mtiI 
oBleer;  u.  in  N.  Y.,  1§0I,  D,  1877.  ne 
dlscov«Toil  tho  AntvotlcooDtlD«otvido1r- 
Qumnavljcftted  tlio  fflobe  In  ftn  exploring 
BIlHidltlali.  im^;  lUd  in  IMl  Dourly 
lBTDlT«d  bit  coantr;  lu  v*i  with  G{. 
BrlMnbyboaidlnf  u  EngUsb  mall  Btewn- 


WllUe.  Savld.  air.    A 


tbo  NonnindroutT.lllnli 


of  Edwwil  tho  Conri 


flrailjuuMlihedblBElirane, 

Fninoe.lOft;.  W.  II.  (RuAiiD.id  imiI 
the  nrecrdlnc;  ■>■  in  'SonoiaAj.  lOX, 
klUei  to  Ulr  Wuller  Tymil,  liun.  «. 
fU.,  ataaunlder  of  the  Neihn-kniU  ivl 
btnirDfEnHlud^  waftpoti  of  WIUluill.. 
or<huwa,  and    HacTi  douphlfr  of 

.1 1.  ofEngliuii] :  n.  *t  llie  Btpu.iOC. 

landed  Mary ^  daughter  ot  J amei  1. 
ofEii«laad,aiidon  the  depogitkm  iiftM 

..  ,«,=  ,. aiBJOiB  emmut 

Hidlnff  nolinitv :  ■« 
ofGewnllL;*. 
ITIH,  B.  Us  brother  George  IT.  1SMI.D. 
ISn.  He  «aa  t.  br  QuesD  Tlctoib.  Ui 
iKic*,  tnd  rdpilap  H —     >"  ""• 


CbarkBLofEng 


-jonsrata,  IffiS,  hi 
theleiiUlian   of 


if  Pnusta  and  pi 
ly:  B.  ITOT, 


the  Nstberiuidt.  T. ' 


oi'  Gennaiiy:  b.  ITOT,  ■  nnngei 

Frederick  W.  III.,  of  IVoBStL  t 
brother,  F.  T.  IV.,  1891,  msrtoF.mimgr 
ofOenusny,  ISTO.  W.(Tbe  IJoBj.Xinr 
of  Soollud,  •.  U>  brother  Makoloi  11^ 
D.  1S14.  He  iDTsded  England,  wu  dt 
realed  ud  mad*  prtsoner,  sod  beevnei 
latsulorthstaantri'.  W.  (The  BUenl). 
Prtnea  of  Oruifa.  a.  IBDS.  eldest  ion  of 
W.,  Cbtint  of  K*BUD.  tnhoritlnii;  tbe  priB- 
dpiB^  of  Onnge,  and  Immenia  eculei 
in  the  Low  OonDtrlos  ftvoi  his  onith. 
Wbei  the  MeUwrlaoda  revolted  wninit 
theottsniptofPhiUp  11.  to  eetabHih Dig 
InqukiiUDil  In  ihat  oaintrT.  W.  plujsd 
hlinseirat  the  hood  of  the  rcrolt  and  >«■ 
bloody  and  varyUif 
'-  "— ilirdn.    TbB 


eat  In  expelling  tlio  6 psDlar 
:h  repnblio  wss  funned  1ST9 


ibtdued  a ' 

WUliamalmrBr. 

TB.,«m.  E.orBlc 
battle,  MsyG.IStJ. 
der  Oen.  Hoot^ 
under  aeu.JobnBt 
feated  ;  pop.  4.10S. 
Willow,  wUTIl.    TlB  o< 


i,  bet.  the  Federals  nn- 
'  the  ContMaislM 
IB  latter  being  ds- 


imjiniaTcnf 


>ttbe  JniiFtiDnurBn 

litawnre  Rtver,  ia  m.  S.  W.  at  PhUodi 
pbla;  pop.  ai.OWl     In  N.  dunllna,  tl 

KLver.Sm,  frnni  tbo  AllanUoipop.  M,M 

Dim,  lutiior,  lAM,  of  tb«  ■'  Wdmot  Pr 
TiM  "  Q  bill  drollrin^  IbM  il«Gry  >bou 
nptHHrmlttHl  to  eilBtln  uiy  terr1t<ii 
'  uiqulna  Itnm  Mvibw.  Tlie  blU  puMHl  tl 


Wilion.  Heaiy. 


tjT  of  Brnsula  <iirpiit, 
.ira  ent  cpdii  Into  in  - 
■Dnsiple,   viia'pi. 


^<><./«i 


1  bj  tl 


ripid  pwayo  a.  -, 

the  BindJDilcaHtlDgal 
WindlBBB,  'Ju.  A  mndLflmtloii  or  tlw 
wheel  lod  «1g,  uwd  for  mWnii  v^Rliti, 
Ac.  TboinniiniinlbniiDfulsinuileaa 
niBlng  inter  from  -wtiOt, 


Wind    Blver    Kouu-  ? 
talna.     Ao  l»liit  ' 
of  ibe  Bookr  MoDn 


□oBtlo,  tbe  pKpclpjil  rwlde 
I'll  (jvsjelgni  for  BOO  y 

windwud  lal&nda. 


■  Co.   Boriii. 

nanu'  Oothlo 
0  or  the  Bilt- 


ffruup  Jnclndi'^  Mort^nluBti,  Bt.  LndL  Bn^ 
Woes,    Trinidad     Ao.;     Ibe     Lui'wud 


Wine.  win.    Tbeform 

nted  lulHoftha 

flhBVl 

i.(Vldi  Tlnlto«), 

The  .monnl  o 

f  »lcoho 

Id   theiUoDgHt 

p«U  uid  ihei 

from  la  to  !&p« 

«nt.;  In  hoek 

o°b«.t. 

Uld   other    IlKht 
Wlno  cnntalolne 

»o"«  iban°18  [ 

f -UoohoL  mayb* 

otb«-  spirit. 

■n,'?"m 

with  brandy  or 
ut  colcbraKd  u- 

.^Knt  »Tne>  -x 

0  of  LeBbol  ud 

Chloi  imanK 

heGri'e 

»,  juid  the  Fsler- 

ni™   Md  c™ 

bim  H> 

The    imniapiil  modern  wIdoi  htd  port, 
sheiTT,     oUret,     ohnmpwme,     M«dolr«, 

hQrt"'  M™ra.    Jte- 

wine-pmduclD 

riea    ire   Fronw, 

GGrmanv,Spa 

.Porlu 

md,  BicIlT,  Greeee. 

(;«1«    (.'..lony 

AueUelli   mi   AmeriH. 

Thejiiloeofee] 

tuLnfru 

obtJiloed 

by    nralng  tha  "  unro 

B.Vtae 

tltoo,ih(iiTywitli 

B.    ftulnloewtao. 

WINGKD 


WITXNAOEMOT 


■heny  with  tQlfthAte  of  ^utnlne  la  sola- 
tloD.  ( HI  of  wine,  ether«u  oil,  a  reputed 
anodyne,  but  only  used  in  the  preparation 
of  o'thiT  coiniioundft.  Spirit  of  wine, 
ak^lHil. 
Winged.  \»ingd.  In  Her.  represented 
with  wiiicA,  or  baviui:  winfra  of  a  differ- 
ent rokir  ln>m  thi>  Ixnly.  W.  bull,  an  ar- 
chiUTtural  tlecoratlon  in  ancient  Auyrlan 
tenipli'fl,  whfru  winded  huinao -headed 
bull«  and  lions  of  colossal  size  nsuallv 
Ipianlcd  the  portals.  They  were  evf- 
dcntly  ty  {ileal  of  the  union  of  the  greateat 
Intellectual  and  iihysical  powers.  W. 
Hun,  the  symbol  of  the  erangclist  St. 
Mark,  adopted  as  the  heraUUe  device  of  Uie 
Venetian  Kepnblic,  when  St  Mark  sup- 
planted St.  Tiieodore  as  the  patron  saint 
of  Venice.  A  celebrated  1wt>nse  figure 
of  the  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark  aurraount- 
Ing  a  magnificent  red  granite  oolamn, 
formed  out  of  a  singfle  Nook,  stands  in 
the  Plazxetta  of  St  Mark  at  Venice. 

WinnipefiT,  I<ake.  A  Uurge  lake  of 
British  N.  America,  oonnectel  with  Hud- 
son's Bay  by  Nelson  Rirer  ;  l«igth  240 
m.  ;  breadth  55  m. 

Winter,  win'ter.  The  cold  season  of  the 
year.  Astronomically  considered  winter 
commences  in  northern  latitudes  when 
the  sun  enters  Capricorn  or  at  the  boI- 
stlco  about  the  81st  of  December,  and 
ends  at  the  equinox  in  March ;  but  in  or- 
dinary discourse  the  winter  montha  are 
December,  January  and  February. 

Wirt,  William.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  author ;  b.  in  Md.,  17^, 
i>.  1884. 

Wieby.  Gap.  of  the  Swedish  island  of 
Gothland,  in  the  Baltic,  180  m.  S.  of 
Stockholm  ;  pop.  7,100.  In  the  12th  and 
18th  centuries  it  was  among  the  chief 
commercial  cities  of  N.  Europe,  and  its 
code  of  marine  laws  was  the  foundation  of 
existing  maritime  statutes. 

Wisconsin.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1847,  bounded  N.  by 
Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  £.  by  the 
latter,  S.  oy  Illinois,  W.  by  Iowa  and  Min- 
nesota; area,  68,924  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,815,497. 
Principal  cities,  Madison,  cap.,  Milwaukee, 
Baolne,  Fond  duLac,  Oshkosh,  Janesville, 
Kenosha,  La  Crosse,  Sheboygan,  Green 
Bay,  Watertown  and  Whitewater.  Chief 
rivers,  Mississippi,  St.  Louis,  Montreal, 
Burnt  Wood,  Menomonee,  Peshtego, 
Oconto,  Fox,  St.  Croix,  Chippewa,  Black, 
Wisconsin  and  Rock.  The  larger  inter- 
nal lakes  are  Winnebago,  Horicon  and 
Court  Oreilles. 

Wise,  Henry  Alexander.  An 
Amarlaan  stataaaaa ;  b.  in  Ta.,  1806,  s. 


I 


1876.  He  waa  a  member  of  CoagicM  fci 
many  years,  governor  of  bisnstlveBMi, 
and  served  ttarouf^  the  war  aa  bilgtdkr 
general  in  the  Confederate  army. 

Wimhin^'Oa.-p,  wish'ing-kap.  Theoy 
of  Fortnnataa,  fn  the  ftiry  tale,  iqm 
wearing  which  he  obtained  whaterer  be 
wished. 

Wiahingwrod,  -rod.  The  pnre  gold  rad 
of  the  Nibelonga,  the  poaseasion  of  whieh 
conferred  the  power  or  keeping  the  irttob 
worid  in  aabjection. 

Wistaria,  wia-t&'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  pisnti,  I 
ord.  Legnmiiioaflp.  Theapedesaiededi-  - 
noua,  twining-  ahmba. 

Witcheraft,  'kcait.  The  pnttkm^ 
witebea ;  aoroery ;  «  aapematnral  powv 
which  persons  were  formerly  auppoeedtB 
obtilB  by  entering  into  compact  with  tki 
dcTil.  The  belief  in  wltefacraft  waa  eon- 
mon  in  Europe  till  the  16tli  eentmy,  ad 
maintained  iU  ground  with  tolerable  flna- 
neas  till  the  middle  of  the  17th,  and  Isaot 
yet  altogether  extinct.  Nombers  of  le- 
pnted  witches  were  eondemaed  to  b* 
Domed,  so  thet  in  Snglaiid  aloae  itii 
computed  that  no  Ibwer  than  80,000  of 
them  snlllHed  et  the  atake. 

WitcheflP-Sabliath,  'o-aab-bath.  A 
stoted  meeting  of  witebea  and  deyOsit 
night  fbr  eommnnloating  the  mischief 
thev  had  done,  and  eoncooting  more,  it 
which  the  moat  obaeene  rites,  or  reveb, 
were  indulged  in.  The  witches  rode  to  ' 
the  rendezvoita  on  broomsticks,  or  on  | 
their  demon-Iovera  in  the  shape  of  gosto,  i* 
having  mrevionsly  anointed  themselTtt 
with  Uie  ikt  of  a  mm^ered  or  nnbaptiied 
child.  Neophytes  were introdnoedto the 
devil  at  anch  meetings,  where  they  re- 
ceived his  marie  on  their  bodies  as  evi- 
dence that  they  had  sold  their  souls  to 
him.  In  Germany  the  witohes*-8abbalfa 
was  held  on  Walpargis«nigh^ 

Witenagemot,  wit'en-e-ge-mot.  Amear 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  great  nati<Mnl 
council  or  parHunent.  consisting  of 
athelingrs  or  princes,  nobles  or  ealdormen, 
the  large  landholders,  the  principal  eedi- 
siastics,  &c.  The  moetingB  formed  the 
highest  court  of  Judicature  in  the  king- 
dom ;  they  were  aummoned  by  the  king 
in  any  political  emergeni^ ;  their  concnr- 
renee  was  necessary  to  give  validity- to 
laws,  and  all  treaties  were  submitted  to 
their  approval.  They  had  even  power  to 
elect  the  king,  and  if  the  acepter  de- 
aoraded  in  his  race  it  was  by  meana  of  the 
formal  recognition  of  the  new  king  by 
the  nobles,  bishops,  A^,  in  aa  atitmblr 
coBTaned  for  the  porpoaa. 


TTITTEKIKB 


WlttekLnd  (Ttie  OMat). 


WoUaatoD,  WlUism  Byde.     A  dis- 
phflojopher;  ■.  UM,  P,  JSS9. 
"Wolvortne,  wiiJ'Ter-" 


le  Vane  Odin.  VednHdiij  r 
>I  EngUah  pU»-ii«B< 
'Wolf,  wptf.    A  qiudniped  belonelnc 


Common  »>5te 
.  Oh  dlglUgnda  umI>on,  bin.  CuldB,  In 
iabltt  md  pliyijail  deTelapm«Lt  cloady 


.  known  lo  Intalirted^ 
"itToUa,  Junaa.  A  British  nn«r*l ;  i. 
lliSimorUlljwoiiiided.  In  ^«  mamsiil 
tttMorj.oa  tha  Helgha  of  Abriiam, 
QiMbH,  1T39,  hi>  wtiwoDlst,  the  Msrquli 
da  UaDtsdm,  Callliiii  &  the  ume  buttle. 
Tb*  '•Mary  eodad  Ihs  rule  of  Fruios  In 


caUed  mm  lt< 


Wom-baue,  vniblian,  i.  noiu 
plant,  (mi.  Aoooltam  (A.  nipellne). 
pirtu  of  tlia  plsnt,  upecUly  ths  rooti 

alkaloid  called  ■oooltlnor  uooltlqa 
of  ths  moit  virulent  of  all  known  poll 
The  plant  IsDied  In  msdlolne  for  ner 


„  I  to  tha  Virginian  creeper 
(AuipelopelB  hod^racea),  and  fonnerir 
given  lo  the  blud-weed  (CodvoItuIub). 
'Woodbmyi^ype,  T»r-i-tlp.  A  pmwM 
in  phatoMphlo  prlotlDg  in  wbkh  ■  reUef 
Image,  obtained  on  gelatino  hardened  after 
HTliln  operatlona,  Is  made  to  produsean 
IntBf  Uo  tmpreuloD  Qpon  a  plal«  of  lead  or 

Ihrown  olf  Id  a  preee.  A  plotDra  prvdueed 
bv  th«  above  proceu. 

wood-oarpet.  'kir-Mt.  A  floor  dotst- 
lag  made  oTalata  or  ornamental  ghapei  of 
wood  of  dUTerent  colore  ftatened  to  a  eloth 
basklig.  ThodUTennt  uleooofweadan 
BRviwed  to  u  to  ptoduca  the  affaota  of 
twsedatsd  floora.  oioialc-work,  iia. 

Wood-ohnok.  'ohnk.  The  popular  Ban» 
of  atodeot  mamraa],  a  Bpedea  of  ths  mar- 
mot tribe,  the  AntomfB  roonax.  orgronnd- 

Vocidcock.  'kok.  A  bird,  gen.  Seofepai, 
the  S.  nitllcola,  aUled  to  tbe  >Dlpa  tribe, 
Wood-en^raTinS',  'en-frir-lng.    Tha 

pte"eton»cari  be  trHanferrod  by  means  of 
aoolorrd  plEinfnt  lo  paper  or  other  atilt- 
able  materiiiT,     1'^n  wood   geberally  need 


Woodpoet™-, 
name  given  In  Aoatralln  to  a 
.  (Artamne).  R>m.  Aiopelldie 

1,  moch  resemiling  ews" 

oAnxtralUn  specfea  [A 


AnxtralUn  specfea  [A.  ur- 
rkable  for  Its  iabit  of  hnng- 

r«semhl!ng»w»nD>°ofb6e<.  °'  °     ''   .- 


Wool,    Jolm   BUla.      Aa 
WooUaok,  'uk.    A  «k>:  or  bi 


Woolwloh.  A  diy  of  Co.  Kfat,  Esg- 
Und.  8  m^  B.  E.  of  Landon,  dDDtalnlrj^  a 
■troDgly  furUfied  dockynrd.  Bivsl  inwDiI 

Urid :  il»  tlis  («t  of  tho.Bojal  MUlUir 
Soliiwl ;  pop.  (be  10,000. 

Woots.-vuU.  Aaaperlor  ite«1m>delD 
Uie  E.  Indlu,  U  Ii  beUaved,  bj  ■  pmxti 
direct  from  tbe  ore,  luid  Imported  Into 
Xumpvfuid  AmertokfdrmtklngthHflaut 
oUuts  of  edg;e-cool&. 

Worcester,    Bdward     BonLexsot, 


•  Worcester.  Joseph  Bmerson.    An 

■minanl  AmecJou  leit«i(mtib«r,  ■nOior 
of  Ui<  popnlw  DJotioow;  IwhIok  hli 


DDlvone.  Any  odeatU]  orb  or  pluetiuy 
body.  vspeciBjly  OUDBldend  ma  pooplad, 
ud  u  tbe  ecenoof  iDt«r«tsklDdredlo 
tiioBB  of  nmnklDd.      Th«  urth  ind  la 

WordSWOitll, 'Williun,  A  popoW 
English  poet,  baad  of  tli«"Iji»  Bcltool;" 
B.  1770,  D.  ISSO. 

Worm,  worm,  A  lann  loosely  appbod  to 
■07  Bmall  oreeplDe  ulmiU  or  reptne,  en- 
tirely irtlltUig  feet  or  IuvIdc  but  fsry 
■hort  oaea,  IschidlBR  tneh  Tiuioug  fonni 
■0  the  eartbwonn ;  tho  lame  or  grabB  of 
oertdn  iDBKta,  M  oaterpUltn,  aaggott, 
Aa.;tBtHllnBlpanialte5,  uthetupe-woriD, 


lantcttyoTHe 
iloa,   as  m. 


Charle.V.jpop.  12,17 


Wrajirel.  XsrlEhut&f.OoiutTa.    I 

'   "    InenlBhed  Swedish  ^jienil;B,  IW    i 


i.  ud  "W.  by  B*d«n,  tS 

Bivarli,  B.  b;  Idke  CooitniKS ;  uw.  I.rll 
iq.  m.  ;  pop.  1,S83,«1£,  PrludpsI  dUs, 
BtDttearl.  ap..  dim.  HeUbrmm  imd  Gb- 

Hllh  their  lr1hat»rloB.  The  SehwKiwtld 
WycOi-haael.  -wlsh'takil. 

type  or  tbe  ord.  Hn 
Wyollfle,  John  (WickUff).     Anfc- 

gHih  Relbrmer,  founder  of  the  LolindJ^ 
wd  tnnnliior  of  the  Serlptnna  fnta  Ef- 

WTomlucr.  A  terTllsry  of  tiie  TJ.  B., 
bounded  N.  hr  Montanu,  E.  by  ITelinulii 
m  i  Babels.  3.  br  Colorado  ud  TTt^,  W. 
by  TdEibo;&rea,  vT,B63  Bq.m,;pop,  30,m. 
Anctpal  Invnt,  CheywiiM,  tap..  BoiMI, 
Wyoming,  Green  BfTer  cHty  end  Fort 
LpniDle.  Ohitf  rlTera,  Lonaile,  BwMt- 
water.  H.  and  8.  (brki  of  the  BJg  Ct^ 


Wyomluar. 


shfe*." 


XIB  ths  Uth  IfUM 
«M  bofrgwed  bj 
'    panilTfily  l4t0  tlm 

fflo-auDn  Klpha1j«l- 
■ttluibeiEliuilnBOfe 
IiadoubTtowuwnin 

bU  MlDirtng  la  open 


ths  Blphabct.     I 


1  and  bMS  ufliuJIy 
or  ucenUd,  1 


iiADat,  exotio,  Ae-  Xtttuiiicgiiia 
mtn]  It  hu  predKLjr   the   sou 

r«pr«eDtiiir  no  Boajid  that  o 
■uUj'  be  oltierwlM  reprsMiited 
BBmenl  Z  ttudi  for  10.  It  n 
ana  T  pboBl  AoTe  BLOthet,  the  I 

bi<ii(  fii*«rte(L    Whan  Md  hor 

M  Mmdi  for  1.000,  and  wltli  ■  duh  di 
ILfttteDdlfbria.MO.  A>  BD  BbbrevlsIiDi 
X.itaadaKjrChriat.>a  InXD.,  ChrlntUn 
XnuB.,  Chrlstmu.  X  on  beec-ouks  la  uli 
■olikTE  orielnaUv  Indicated  bfcr  whia 
had  to  pa; To  ihllUiigi  duty. 
Xuwi,  JKi'ul.  In  Chloew  Myth,  th 
Bdprema  ruler  of  heaTen  and  earth,  God 

1  •uim-um  iKkD  COlw  J  U  Ihll  poitla 

the  vellovr  of  Sowers  Inaoluble  In  walei 
tfaUsw  cnlorlDf  maltpr  Id  madder; 
HODS  product  of  lbs  dennnpoiltloii  c 


white  orjiUlHiK 


. 'ro-1.    InEthn.  out 

of  llie  Die  gnnps  Into  wbloh  Huilay  oLu- 
•Ifiea  man.  comprlaiDg  the  ^r  whll«. 

Xebac,  i£'bek.  A  smalJ,  tfaree-maated 
Teeeel,  tonntrlf  muoh  used  Ijy  the  Alge 
rlneeorMlrt,  snduow  toannallfitontli 


Xariir,  lo-rir.  A  gold  coin  Jntmerty  flnr* 
renlln  Egypt  and  Turki'v  oflho  voluaof 
abt,  (2.89.    Anirae  (OriheducBtlu  Mo- 

XerzM.    King  of  Pmla.  4S0-tS3  n.  o. 

armj,  but   v-ae   flujilly   toroeA  to  fly  with 


^efoloocaehlallytnbBvlnfr 
■s  wall  Si  Istaen  aslls.  while 


™  paring  m 


idlblea  which  pnnotl 


Cardiiuil. 

chLpelsgo.  of 

Xylooopa.  i 

-polsti^ 
XyloBimpHy,  -log-i 


elHttotype  oail  la  thea  tst^en,  drd  BmoDlh 
anrGweaofwoodar?  printed  fWim  Ihlewlth 
pLfinenla  prepared  lor  the  purpoae.  Tba 
ootor  penetrateB  the  wood,  and  nfler  betog 
FreDi^  pollahed  or  coverH  with  a  flula 
enamel  the  wood  may  be  sand-papered 

ZylophaKft,  -kifa-Ki.  A  pnnp  of  sal- 
coplarous  iDBects  noted  for  their  habit  of 

Xyat.ilBt.  In  Anc.  Arch,  a  covered  por- 
ponlon  lo  Its  width.  In  which  athletes 

XystarchiEls'tii):.    An  Athenian  officer 

who  presided  overthofTDuuilieanrdBes 


'yiSlheSBthle 
aUy  from    '      ' 


rtter  of  the  alphabet.    It,  that  of  French  n.    In  modem  EngUsh  K 

.-jmtheLatiD, and  origin-  Is  bstb  1  oonaoDant  and  a  vowel.    At  ths 

le  areen  npsUon.      In    the  heglDnlngof  BvllBblee  and  follnwedbya 

It  vai  alwaya a Towel.  and  vowelltlsaoDnaonantor  the  palatalelaBS.  . 

hSTi>  had  i  emnd  rKianthlIng  I  In  the  middleandattiieendof  woi^^  fa 


pliintB,    gan.  DtoKorei . 
grcwiDg  IB  tropical  eU- 

Tak.;ik.     ■ 


boTlDe  ttih*.  tb«  Bm  poaphiMfnB,  or  Poe- 

fiimtU   gTBDnlMUl,  «  KOill    WMlMOfoi, 

irtth  borni  curving  oatwBd,  Itoig  lUkj 


hair  fHngliig  Its  Aid 
taalrMnd<uS>i».  h( 
allFd  the  ETondi 

InlllDd.V 


Isngth.  1,1 

T&nkae,  nng'ke. 
nqtod  origin,  Ibr  >  ol 
Dorlitg  tba    AmerH-.u     ucT%nMHv-  — - 

during  tlw  elvil  war  (t  wm  the  omiuim 
detlinwUon  ofthe  ITaUnlHldlenbf  tkt 

TuikeA-Dooale,  dn'dl.  A.Amoiiiilii*- 
nnlal  SB  AmBTtcui  uid  naUnnsl.  In  nd- 
)ld  Eni^lih  Bir  called  Nioin 


Ooodle,  an 


^oat  or : 


Tanuontb,  O 


TtTAGHAN  I 

utmr,  w]tU  doiili^u-Rurved  bltilb,  the 
buidLe  without  ■  crou-f^iurd,  muali  wom 

7awl.  ybL  a  BmilJ  >hlp'i  huit,  unniUy 
mwed  V  four  or  sdoars;  »JijUy-l™L 
Tho  snuUeat  bOst  moil  by  flBhurniHii. 

TkXM.  AriYBrofMiMlmlppl.  ninplyins 
lnU>  Eba  M.  11  m.  N.  of  Vlcktburg ; 
Imetli,  SW  m. 

It,  OP  Bithpr  tnplo. 

ind  tie  J«r  in  the 
iH  of    the   word. 


I  elipdes  betwe 


TbU   period  mm  pi 


culotHi    tr 


It  ill 


qolte  Dnifbrni,  \ 


length  l>  Si 

BTnj-  (Onrtli  ytar  of  8«e.  ' 

7eaBt,  )'u>t.    Itunii;  famoiit ;  tbo  vet 


ItMU   DU 
ftlUnSts 


^  pflrtly  to  the 
fbnn  of  k  IW»thj,  floDDalent. 
(inrlkoB  ynut),  and  phrtl/ 

i  nnalM  of  ngmgntlDDa  of  minute 
(aota  o«11  oonidlulbig  ■plut.Tor- 


7addo  ( Jeddo).  lit.  "Vater  On 
OD.  of  the  Jnpuawsmpbv,  on  lbs  Is! 
vrsiphsii ;  pop.  ibi.  i.oun.om. 

Telloir.  ycl'le.  One  of  the  prlam 
colnra ;  a  brigbt  ^Iden  f^tilorn  the  Ivp 
wbidh  mny  be  Ibund  ia  tbe  9eld  button 

TeUow-bIrd,  -berd.  A  loinll  sini 
8.,  (he  FiinglUi  or  Ct^ysoinetili  triati 

Tfllloxr-luuniiier,  'hmn-mcF.  A  ' 
AfHno  blr^,  gea.  Emberiu.  tho  E.  dt 

TellOT  Sea.  A  larnu  irm  of  the 
PkWo.  bet.  tha  Qalf  of  Pe-cke-la 
the  Ksslern  Ssbh  ePiarollng  Cores  ti 
tbflN.  K.  Ch\n«aeprovliu»i. 

"TeUowstone  Park.       A  irwl  of 


tvrltorlei,  lesured  bv  aat 
IBTl.  u  B  public  piMi.    1 

ndOD,  ud  siobiiuId^O,0 


'  to  UOW  S^ 


Wih,  whose  iwika  in 
TellowBtona     Bivar.      The    lu-i 

WbulMTJ  of  tllfl  MIb6. 

Ictlu's  LakH,  Moiiiai 


Temen.    The  S.  W.  iiuciIdd  of  Arabia, 

Tonsasi.    A  river  of  Siberia.  emptyliiE 
Teani  ( Js>so>.    The  most  nnriherlT  of 


lOth,   wl'molb.      A    eperiea    fPInall 

TqlUL  'Jan.    In  Hisdoguin.  a  ineosn 
in'nerally  nJued  «bout  B, 
TokahtuniL    The  port  of  Teddo, 


7ork,  Cap.  of  Co.  Torli.  Engluid.  on 
the  0dm.  "^  m,  N.  afLonla.  nMeil  as  tba 
pla«  where  tbo  Brit  Engltih  Fu-llameut 

fork,  Hdnae  of.  The  aame  of  an 
Epgllah  dynasty  desr^endfld  fh>ni  tha 
PlaBtacunots,  which  wiva  that  oonntry 
chna  klifi,  Edwud   IV.    and  V.  ul 


RIeUid    III.     It  beoun*    In 
with  Iha  haDH  oT  Tudor  lij  th 
of  lleoiT  YII.  md  EUubcth.  i 
Edoird  IV. 
Torktown,    C»p.  of  York  C 


■urn,  tn  Ih«  Ai 

Om.  W»Llniil._      _. 

M«™fiin,  MeyV  ■"■■ 


■Ifld  betlef^ed 
IwwbjOa,, 

EflgUdl  post; 


'Yoaag.      Brisbam.      A      Ttanoo 

pronhrt.a.orjDHnhBmlth  u  Pruldeii 
Blator:  B.  Id  TL,  l§Ot,  D.  1SI1. 

ToMulto  Talley.    i.  m«t  nxnum 


ZntbelutlBtUrortlisilpliibet.    Ilia 
■  dUUnl  «oauiiint.ud  is  merely  > 
■     ■  eclMly  IbB 


•pot  In  Mulpou  Co.,  Cal.,  am  tit  tMrf 
t£e  Bl«m :^^ul■  ;  It   Jatnrimdtglk 


£.000  to  lOM  ft.  h 


name  fbr  Chrlstmis,  or  the  fe»tatlii 
IiMliltf  oranr  Ssvloiu. 
Tnl»-IOK,    log-.     A  large  log  of  mod. 
tanning  the  b«sli  of  ■  Cbtiatmmtrth 


■d  N.  ly^ 
t.  by  EUilu[ 

m.  loqv  by  IB  broAd. 
pop.  <^»i>,OMI. 
llilinil       The  itrgm  H  tlM  IMUlb 


;    Ksdeklali.      TUs  !ut  king 


]]iBdl1unr,  JeholuiljlD^  Ma  nephew  ^ui 


.    Thoglu'lcnofniJil/o,  B  jal>- 
yellnwieh  color,  nil.  Initptd 


Uosul  Buyernmcol.  TIiq;  Iiii 
BVTdB<1.  flrflt,  IIII  illAtrlctfTOTerDi 
aa  landed  praprieton,  and  thlr 


„ .,A  DlolnBlvcly  ifir'ibe  hmilm 

in  A  fiBjnlly  oTgood  cute  In  IndliL 
Zesd.  und.  Ad  luiiletit  tnntui  linguig*, 

Arj'an  AudIIf,  very  oloaaly  aUli>d  to  the 
SuDtkrii  ottho  V«du,  bjr  mouii  o[»bliih. 
and  brtliB  help  arwmpimllva  phllologr. 
It  hu  been  declphcmd-  Calle'l  jilno  A  v«tan. 
A  sDDtruted  nuna  for  tbeZund-AvMU  or 
uned  mltlBgi  of  Zurouter. 
Xmitb,  ■e'nlth.TtasTertloliiolntDrtlie 
huToia  at  aof  plMO,  or  point  rlebCaboTD 
aapMMtor'aDeadjtfaa upper [iof»  of  tba 
eeleatlallioFl»n:tbM  point  la  Ue  rlstbla 
eelsUal  lieuiliphaia  from  whlob  >  11ns 
OnwD  peipendloDlar  to  (he  plino  of  the 

»   eartb    a    pfH^et 


dralwl  doable  mil 

dp<ll    bUMSM    >i 

■iDDi  and  ^7^°eB 


sr:. 


lah.  Eer-ii-nl'a.  The  nam 
«  booti  of  the  Bible,  the  iroi 
le  mlDar  propboti.     The  an 


MoabllCB,    ,■ ■—      ■-—■---     ■--' 


0  that  Gud  will  Ii 


Itj-  amonff  tho  Grcete ; 
otbcr£ocl9;eenprallytri9 


,  Johaim  Oeorg  toil 

Aa  eminent  Sntaa  phlloiophar  and  ptayil- 
ebin  ;  b.  ITiS,  o.  ITO. 
Zino.  ilngk.    A  motel  n^aectly  called 


mivlty  about  7.     It  le  tory  hard,  bdur 
Kted  on  by  the  Ola  with  dl^cslty,  andS 


and  hLe  eooc^jfaoi? ;  at  preaent  only  par' 
tlally  irilliln  tho  alt;  willa, 

Ziaka,  John.  A  dkllDenlahAl  HoulM 
l«der,»hDwoD  dletlnirUon  in  wsrenlut 
the  Teutonic  KslebU.  Turke.  Fren^  aod 
ImperlBlliu.  de/ratlnii  the  latter  In  18 
pltohed  battlei;  n.  1300,  D.  14S4. 

zither,  telt'er.    A  etrlnged  murical  In- 

n^  Cha middle,  Ihe etrlnkf.  totho  nom- 
bor  ofSI)  In  the  more  iierToet  ronne  vt  the 


end.    riva  of  the  etHnea  oro  Blictchcd 
over  a  fTtittfid  k^iyboard.  and  are  need  for 

Siylnfrths  melody,  the  fingers  of  Iboleft 
Dd   etopplBtt  the   Blrlnpi   on   lb.'  frett. 
Ibe  ilght-faanir  thumb  armed  nith  a  metal 


lOLLTZBBIB 


Implii  Id  trtiilfl.  or  MJ'  DorU  Mrf  S>(* 
•onthor  Iht  r^gUor;  two  tompcnts  una, 
■Itiul>d  batiTHB  tb»  iTociaiuiftnalu'  dr- 
ain, or  titndiu  mmi  tlwimllTlorKj' 
toth>t<ifM|*ionhnid«MF 


Uw  loBmrv."  A  prlMfB  Is  UKk,  ■  UMta/l 
purple,  ■  okUdiI's  »d  ud  Ihe  jnpi'i 

Hk«  bcuffi  of  lbs  Kn 

tsTlloTT  fn  S.  AMa  on  the  co 


Tndlui  Oc«ui,  1i 


KooloVT-   -nl'ofl-      Tbml    •ci«i»  wUtJi  ' 


,    Zurich.    Cip.afiS'.antDQ  of  tlxSwIit 

>      i^pnbKc.  >t   th«  N.  end  of  Ilka  of  UD* 

hiune,  Mm,  K.E.orBerne;  pop,  a.Ttt 

L  I   SwiH  bkoflj  ?S  m.  In  lonpth,  i  to  tj  m.ln 


Ills  -Mh  ud  lut  prii     , 

diTlaloD  or  ADb-un^oBi 
or  inlinab,  iDclodins 
EchlDDdennats.  Eolomi, 
Ac•lepb^  Puljpliiod  In. 

■  likeneaa  to  tUt  otn^  ' 

tables  utd  tba  poln»  ofw  rtHmbHn, 

Zootonre.  .gt'o-nif.    Tbauttomrortbe 
lowpr  nnfrruld  ;  that  br*n«b  of  uuto^-'~' 
Htenoe  whirti  r«Ut«  (0  tba  atrnctBi 
tba  loKW  uMmdi. 

lagandaiy  Panlu  or 


It  Sa  taltlu  ofCoppel,  IfiSI. ' 
Zymolorut,  d-mol'o-jlat.    One  « 
■klllad  In  lyniologj.  or  In  tb«  rermaD 


igHqoo 

-^ _,.  --,-    -  nuno  apptled  u 

that  departmsit  of  tocliiH>]o^aaf  flham- 

... ,...,.  ..„..  of  uiB  ^tnoao  |irin<d- 

Lnf;,  brewing,  dlRdDblc 
n  of  r<A"l  vid  TlD4^[ar, 
.  fermentation  i^^i  tba 


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