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** 


A  DICTIONARY  OF 

LITERATURE,  THE  SCIENCES  AND  THE  ARTS, 

FOR  POPULAR  USE. 

A  VOLUME  FOR  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE. 

CONTAINING    OVER    20,000    ARTICLES   PERTAINING 

TO       QUESTIONS      OF      AGRICULTURE,      ASTRON 

OMV,   ARCHITECTURE,    BIOGRAPHY,   BOTANY, 

CHEMISTRY,    ENGINEERING,    GEOGRAPHY, 

GEOLOGY,     HISTORY,      HORTICULTURE, 

LITERATURE,    MECHANICS,    MEDU 

CINE,     M  YTHOLOG  Y,     NA  TURAL 

HISTORY,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND 

THE      VARIOUS     ARTS 

AND     SCIENCES, 

Complete  in  One  Volume,  with  1,000  Illustrations. 


Prepared    under  the   supervision  o/   ^  n>imt>er  of   Editors,   and   verified   by 
comparison  witb  the  uest  authorities.' 


NEW   YORK: 


r^^  \'?^Sbn 


A.  L.  BURT^  PUBLISHER. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQU 


AE 
5 

446461 


COPYRIGHT,  x888,  BY  A.  L.  BUKT. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PREFACE. 


Wlien  one  glances  at  the  shelyes  of  %  great  libnuy  and  views  Its  arra7  of  eoc^opedlu 
In  many  bulky  volumes  and  admirably  complete,  it  would  almost  seem  that  there  was 
nothing  Airther  to  be  accomplished  in  the  classified  arrangement  of  the  varioas  depart) 
ments  of  knowledge  for  convenience  in  reference  ;  and  with  respect  to  the  needs  of 
scholars  this  is  indeed  true.  But  something  less  discursive  is  required  by  the  ordinary 
reading  public,  to  whom  conclusions  are  of  more  value  than  the  processes  by  which  the 
results  are  reached.  Much  that  is  elaborately  discussed  in  the  great  encyclopedias  is  of 
value  only  to  the  special  student,  and  the  great  standard  works,  by  reason  of  their  very 
completeness  and  consequent  high  cost,  are  little  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  large 
majority.  An  encyclopedia  condensed  and  convenient,  and  at  the  same  time  fiill  and 
correct,  has  long  been  needed ;  one  that  should  ftimish  an  abbreviation  of  discussion 
but  never  of  &ct ;  one  that  should  be  within  the  reach  of  every  one^s  purse,  and  in  a 
form  adapted  for  constant  reference.  In  compiling  this  volume,  ftillness  combined  with 
brevity  has  been  the  essential  consideration,  and  the  twenty  thousand  titles  which  it 
contains  afford  a  view  of  the  success  achieved. 

The  editors  feel  assured  that  there  has  been  condensed  into  the  following  pages  every- 
thing that  the  greater  works  contain  of  value  to  the  general  public.  A  comparison  oi 
the  number  of  its  subjects  with  either  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica,  Appleton*s  or 
Ohamber*s  Encyclopedias  will  prove  the  extraordinary  amount  of  matter  contained 
between  these  covers,  and  its  concise  and  pithy  text  will  be  found  to  be  the  very  essence 
of  those  celebrated  works. 

The  volume  offers  a  comprehensive  view  of  Literature,  the  Sciences  and  the  Arts  ;  it 
embraces  articles  on  all  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  Agriculture,  Astronomy, 
Biography,  Botany,  Chemistry,  Geography,  Geology,  History,  Horticulture,  Mechanics, 
Medicine,  Mythology,  Natural  History,  Philosophy,  etc.,  etc.;  and  a  thousand  illustra- 
tions have  been  included  to  increase  its  value  as  a  practical  instructor. 

Anything  that  is  an  aid  to  the  wide  distribution  of  exact  knowledge  is  to  be  earnestly 
commended,  and  it  is  by  such  books  as  this,  books  that  are  tl-oroughly  accurate  and 
extremely  cheap,  that  the  average  of  intelligence  is  raised.  The  sublimest  truths  may 
as  well  remain  undiscovered  as  to  be  hidden  in  inaccessible  places.  ( 

In  presenting  this  volume,  after  months  of  careflil  preparation,  to  an  audience  that 
never  fails  to  recognize  and  reward  merit,  the  editors  know  that  they  are  furnishing  a 
text  book  to  general  culture,  and  that  never  before  in  the  history  of  bookmaking  has  so 
much  that  is  valuable  been  obtainable  at  so  small  a  cost 

Tbb  Epxtobs. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ABBREVIATIONS 

UBBO    IN    THE    FOLLOWING    PAGES. 


ftlbt— About. 

A,  D. — Anno  Domini  (in  the  Year  of  Our 
Lord). 

Ala. — Alabama. 

Anc.  Geog.— Ancient  Geography. 

Arch. — Architecture. 

Archieol. — ArcluBology. 

Ark. — Arkansas. 

Aatron. — Astronomy. 

B. — Bom. 

Bart.— Baronet. 

B.  o.— Before  Christ 
Hot.— Botany. 
Gal.— California. 
Cap.— Capital. 
Ghem. — Chemistry. 
Co. — County. 

Comp.  Anat.— Comparative  Anatomy. 

Conn. — Connecticut. 

D.— Died. 

Del. — Delaware. 

E.— East ;  eastern 

fam.— Family. 

Fla.— Florida. 

ft.— Feet. 

Ga.— €^eo^gia. 

gen.- Genus. 

Geog.— €^eog^aphy. 

Geol. — Geology. 

Geom.— Geometry. 

Gk.— Greek. 

Her.  Hist.— Herole  History. 

Hort. — Horticulture. 

111.— Illinois. 

Ind.  Ter.— Indian  Territory. 

Ky. — Kentucky. 

La. — Louisiana. 

lb.  (libra) — A  pound. 

m. — Mile  or  miles  ;  married. 

Maeh. — Machinery. 

Mai8.~Mas8«ohu0ettft. 


Md.~Mary1and. 

Me. — Maine. 

Mich.- Michigan, 

Minn.— Minnesota. 

Miss. — Mississippi. 

Mo. — Missouri. 

Mt.— Mount. 

Myth.— Mythology. 

N.-North. 

Nat.  Hist.— Natural  History. 

N.  C— North  Carolina. 

Neb.— Nebraska. 

N.  H.— New  Hampshire 

N.  J. — ^New  Jersey. 

Numis.— Numismaties 

N.  Y.— New  York. 

ord. — Order. 

Omith.— Ornithology. 

Penn. — Pennsylvania. 

pop.— Population. 

B.  0.— Boman  Catholio 

B.  I.— Bhode  Island. 

Bom.  Ant.— Boman  Antiquities. 

B.— South. 

8.— Succeeded ;  suooesso*- 

8.  C— South  Carolina. 

Scrip.— Scripture. 

Sculp.— Sculpture. 

sq.  m.— Square  miles. 

St.— Saint. 

Tenn.— Tennessee. 

Tex.— Texas. 

Theol.— Theology. 

U.  S.— United  States  of  America. 

Va.— Virginia. 

Vt.— Vermont. 

W.— West. 

W.  I.— West  Indlw 

Wis.— Wisconsin. 

W.  Va.— West  Virginia. 

ZooL—Zodlogy. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


A    DICTIONARY    OF 

LITERATURE,  THE  SCIENCES  AND  THE  ARTS, 


FOR   POPULAR   USE. 


A     THE  first  letter  in  the  English  alpha- 

JOLm  bet  and  most  of  the  parent  tongues. 
It  has  four  independent  soonds,  as  in 
same,  tall,  can,  rather.'  In  Grammar,  as 
the  indefinite  article,  it  stands  for  one  or 
any.  Bef<nre  a  word  beginning  with  a 
Towel,  or  a  sltoat  h,  it  is,  for  the  sake  of 
•nphenj,  changed  to  an.  As  a  prefix  it  is 
Moivalent  to  u,  or  on,  as  asleep,  afoot. 
The  Bomans  used  A  as  a  symbol  for  600, 
and  with  a  dash  above  it  as  5,000 :  among 
the  Greeks  a'  stood  for  1,  and  with  a  dot 
beneath  it  for  1,000.  As  an  abbreviation  A. 
stands  fbr  Anno,  In  Anno  Domini— in  the 
year  of  onr  Lord;  and  Anno  Mandt— in  the 
year  of  the  world ;  for  Artinm,  in  Artium 
Magister— Master  of  Arts ;  for  Ante,  in 
Ante  Meridian—before  noon.  In  Medicine 
A  with  a  dash  above  It  stands  for  Ana— of 
each.  In  ChemistiyA  A  Aisthesymbol 
for  Amalgama— to  mix.  In  Music  A  is  the 
nominal  of  the  mnHor  sixth,  or  6th  diatonic 
interv^  of  the  gamut,  or  1st  octave  of  the 
modem  scale :  a  marxs  the  same  interval 
in  the  second  octave.  A  is  the  open 
note  of  the  2d  string  of  the  violin,  and  gov- 
erns the  chords.  In  Algebra  a,  b,  c  are 
symbols  of  known  quantittes,  the  oppo- 
sites  of  X,  y,  z,  representing  unknown 
quantities.  In  Commwce  A  is  the  abbre- 
viaMon  of  Accepted  on  bills  of  exchange; 
Al  indicates  vessels  registered  as  flrst-elass 
at  Lloyd's. 

Aam,  am.  A  measure  of  liquids  still  in 
use  in  northern  Europe,  containing  about 
80  gals. 

Aax,  ahr.  A  river  of  Switzerland,  cele- 
brated for  the  fhlls  of  the  Haadeck,  near 
Meiiingen,  225  feet  in  height 

Aazdvark,  Srd'v&rk.  The  ground-hog 
or  earth-pig  of  South  Africa. 

AArdwolf ,  fird'wulf.  The  earth-wolf  of 
South  Africa. 


Aaron,  air'un.  The  elder  brother  of 
Moses,  the  Jewish  law-giver,  and  first  high 
priest.    Died  on  Mt.  Hor,  JE,  128. 

Aaron's-beard,  &'ronz-berd.  A  popu- 
lar name  for  Hypericum  calyeinum,  a 
dwarf  evergreen  shrub  with  trailing  un« 
derground  stems. 

Aaron'8-TOd,  &'ronz-rod.  A  rod  with 
one  serpent  twined  round  it. 

Ab,  ab.  The  11th  month  of  the  Jewish 
dvll  year,  and  the  5th  of  the  ecclesiastical 
year,  answering  to  a  part  of  July  and  a 
part  of  August  In  Syriac,  the  last  sum- 
mer month. 

Abaca,  ab'a-ka.  The  Phlllipplne  name 
of  the  plant  Musa  textilis,  which  3rields 
the  Manilla-hemp. 

AbaoiflOOB,  -a-sis'kus.  The  square  com- 
partment or  one  of  the  tessera  used  in 
mosaic  pavements. 

Abacus, 
'a-kus.  A 
tray  that 
wasstrewn 
with  dust 
or  sand, 
anciently 
used    for 


Abacus,  for  Calculations. 


calculating     by    the    Greeks 

and  Romans;  also  by  the  Chinese,  who 
call  it  shawnpan,  and 
also  in  modem  schools  f 
for  teaching  the  ele-  • 
mentary  operations  of 
arithmetic.      It  con- 
sists   of    an    oblong 
frame,   across  which 
are  stretched   wires,      Doric  Capital, 
strung  with  ten  balls, 
one  representing  units,  the  next  tens,  and 
so  on  to  hund^s,  thousands,  Jce,     In 
Arch. ,  a  table  constituting  the  npper  mem- 
ber or  crowning  of  a  column  and  its  capital. 


i'     


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ABACOT 


ABDOMINAL 


Abaoot,  'a-kot  a 
kind  of  peaked  or 
pointed  cap  or  hood, 

probably  with  two  ....^^     

^ints,  anciently  Abaoot,  from  Great 
worn  by  men  of  Sealof  Henry  VII. 
rank.  ^ 

Abaotllus,  -ak'ti-lus.  A  small  tile  of 
glass,  marble,  or  other  substance,  used  for 
patterns  in  mosalo  pavement. 

Abaddon,  i-bad'don.    The  destroying 

Abaka  Eban,  ab'a-k&'  Kan.  Emperor 
of  Persia  from  1266  till  1282;  he  consoli- 
dated nearly  the  whole  of  western  Asia : 
was  poisoned. 

Abaiser,  a-ba'ser.  Ivory  black  or  ani- 
mal charcoal. 

Abanga,  ab-ang'ga.  Fruit  of  a  species 
of  pahn  in  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  West 
Indies,  having  medicinal  properties. 

Abas,  a-bas'.  A  Persian  coin,  worth 
about  20  cents.  An  Eastern  weight  for 
pearls  equal  to  2|  grains  troy,  or  one- 
eighth  less  than  a  cara^ 

Abarim,  ab'a-rim.  A  mountain  range 
in  India,  between  rivers  Jordan  and  Am- 
mon.  Moses  died  on  Nebo,  one  of  its 
highest  peaks. 

Abatis,  ib-a-tis.  A  fence  in  front  of  a 
lortification,  to  impede  an  attacking  party; 
usually  made  by  felling  trees,  branches 
outward. 

Abatjour,  ab-a-zhoor'.  A  skylight  or 
sloping  aperture  in  a  wall. 
Abattoir,  a-bat-wor'.  A  public  slaughter- 
house under  control  of  municipal  authori- 
ties. 
Abb,  ab.  Yam  for  the  warp  in  weaving. 
The  name  given  in  sorting  wool,  as  coarse 
abb  and  fine  abb. 

Abba,  Im.  A  titiie,  equivalent  to  Father, 
appUed  to  monks  and  other  ecclesiastics. 
In  the  Syriac,  Coptic  and  Ethiopic 
Churches,  given  to  bishops,  who  in  turn 
bestow  it  on  the  bishop  or  patriarch  of 
Alexandria. 

Abbacinate,  -ba'sin-at.  To  deprive  of 
sight  by  applying  a  red-hot  copper  basin 
close  to  the  eyes;  a  punishment  employed 
in  the  middle  ages. 

Abbas,  Ben-Abdul-Mottalib.  The 
undo  of  Mohamet,  b.  566,  n.  652 ;  was  at 
first  hostile  to  the  Prophet,  but  was  cap- 
tured at  the  battle  of  the  well  of  Bedr,  and 
afterward  became  his  zealous  partisan. 
Abbas  the  Great.  A  Persian  king,  b. 
1567,  D.  1628;  murdered  his  two  brothers 
to  reach  the  throne,but  ruled  witii  wisdom. 


Abbassides,  ab-bas'i-dez.  A  race  of 
Arabian  Caliphs  descended  from  Abbas, 
Mohamet's  uncle :  they  reigned  from  744 
to  1257.  the  most  illustrious  being  Haroun- 
il-Raschid.  This  period  the  Mahommedaaa 
regard  as  the  golden  era  of  their  nation. 
Abbe,  ab-ba.  In  France,  a  titie  given  to 
aU  who  devoted  themselves  to  divtolty,  or 
pursued  a  course  of  study  in  a  theological 
seminMy,  in  the  hope  that  the  king  would 
confer  On  them  an  abbey,  that  is,  a  certain 
part  of  the  revenues  of  a  monastery.  The 
name  is  also  appUed  to  persons  holding  a 
semi-clerical  position  in  other  R.  C.  coun- 
tries. 

Abbess,  ab'bes.  The  female  governor 
of  a  convent  or  nunnery,  who  must  be  40 
years  of  age,  and  8  years  a  nun. 

Abbey,  ab'be.  A  monastery  or  convent: 
a  society  secluded  from  the  world,  and 
devoted  to  reUgion  and  celibacy.  The 
males  are  called  monks,  and  are  governed 
by  an  abbot ;  the  females  nuns,  and  gov- 
erned by  an  abbess. 

Abbot,  ib'bot.  The  governor  of  an  ab- 
bey or  monastery;  originally  subject  to 
the  bishops,  they  gradually  threw  off  this 
restraint,  and  assumed  both  the  authority 
and  insignia  of  the  episcopal  office;  of  late 
years  they  have  again  become  subject  to 
the  direction  of  the  bishops.  The  Abbot 
of  Unreason  in  Scotland,  and  the  Lord  of 
Misrule  in  England,  were  historic  charac- 
ters, before  the  Beiormation,  who  super- 
intended Christmas  diversions. 

Abd,  abd.  An  Arabian  prefix,  as  Abdal- 
lah,  servant  of  God;  Abd-el-Kader,  ser- 
vant of  the  mighty  God. 

Abdal,  ab'dal.  A  dervish;  one  of  the 
class  of  Persian  religious  devotees. 

AbdallaJl,  -d&l^lah.  Father  of  Mo- 
hamet, the  founder  of  Islamism;  b.  545. 
i>.  570. 

Abderite,  -der-it.  An  inhabitant  of  Ab- 
dera,  Thrace,  and  equivalent  to  a  stupid 
person.  The  A.,  Democritus  of  Abdeia, 
was  called  the  laughing  Philosopher. 

Abdest,  Mest.  Purificati  n  or  ablution 
before  prayer ;  a  MohammedAU  rite. 

AbdevexLham,  ab-dev'n-ham.  The 
head  of  the  12th  house  in  a  scheme  of  the 
heavens. 

Abdomen,  -dO'men.  That  part  of  the 
human  body  which  lies  between  the  thorax 

and  the  pelvis. 

Abdominal,   -dom'in-al.    A  group  of 

malacopterygian  fishes,  with  the  ventral 

fins  posterior  to  the  pectorals,  including 

salmon,  mullet,  flying-fish,  herring   and 

carp. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ABDITOfiY 


ABORIGINES 


AMitory,  'di-t5-ri.  A  place  for  hiding 
goods,  pjate  or  money. 

Ab'dul-A'ziz.  The  first  Turkish  Sul- 
tan who  visited  the  courts  of  W.  Europe 
and  inaugurated  modem  reforms;  b. 
1880 :  crowned,  1861 ;  deposed  and  b.  by 
suicide,  1867.  His  brother,  Ab'dul-Med- 
jid  Khan,  who  preceded  him  as  Sultan, 
was  on  the  throne  during  the  (Mmean 
war. 

Abecedarian,  &'b6-8e-d&'M-an.  One 
who  teaches  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of 
the  letters.  A  follower  of  Stork,  an 
Anabaptist,  in  the  16th  century,  so  called 
because  he  rejected  even  the  learning  of 
the  alphabet.  A.  psalms,  hymns,  &c.,  in 
which  distinct  portions  nare  the  yerses 
begin  with  successive  letters. 

Abel,  iTbel,  Second  son  of  Adam  and 
Eve;  murdered  by  his  envious  elder 
brother  Gain. 

Abelard,  Flerxe,  &h-ba-lAr.  A  dis- 
tinguished French  scholar  and  genius,  b. 
l(rra,  D.  1142:  the  first  philosophical  critic 
of  theotOgy,  but  best  known  for  Ids  ro- 
mantic iiason  with  Heloise. 

Abelian,  &-bel'yan.  A  sect  m  AiHca 
which  arose  in  Uie  4th  century.  They 
married,  but  lived  in  continence,  adopt- 
ing the  children  of  others.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  mathematician  Abel. 

AbelxaoBchiia,  a-bel-mos'kus.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord.  Malvaceae.  A.  moschatus 
is  an  evergreen  shrub  of  tropical  Asia 
and  America;  its  seeds  have  a  musky 
odor,  and  the  Arabs  mix  them  with  cof- 
fee. A.  esculentus  is  an  Indian  annual ;  it 
yields  a  mudlaginous  fruit,  used  in  somps 
and  pickles. 

Aberdeen,  ib-er-dene^  A  Scottish  sea- 
port, at  mouth  of  river  Dee,  118  m.  N.  N. 
£.  of  Edinburgh,  with  extensive  iron  and 
textile  manufactories  and  shipyards;  pod. 
74,000.  *^*^ 

Aber,  a'ber.  A  Celtic  word  prefixed  to 
many  places  in  Great  Britain,  and  signify- 
ing a  confluence  of  waters,  as  Aberdeen, 
Aberystwith. 

Aberdevine,  Me-vine.  The  Fringilla 
spinus  or  sisk^,  a  well-known  song-bird, 
of  the  finch  tua.  (Fringillidffi),  resem- 
bling the  green  variety  of  the  canary. 

Abib,  aOiib.  The  1st  month  of  the 
Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  called  also 
Kisaa.    It  begins  at  the  sprbig  equinox. 

AbietinaB,  et-V'n^.  The  firs  and 
spruces,  a  sub-ord.  of  plants,  ord.  Conif- 
ers, having  the  fertile  flowers  in  cones, 
with  one  or  two  inverted  ovales  at  the 
base  of  each  scale. 


Abies,  ab'i-es.  The  fir,  a  gen.  of  trees, 
sub-ord.  AbietinsB,  ord.  Conifom. 

Abietites.  -I"tez.  A  gen.  of  fossU 
plants,  ord.  Conifers,  occurring  in  the 
Wealden  and  lower  greensand  strata. 

Abigail,  -gOl.  A  s^eral  name  for  a 
waiting  woman  or  lady's-maid. 

Abkar,  «b-kar.  An  East  Indian  who 
makes  or  sells  spirituous  liquors. 

Abkari,  ah-k&r'S.  Bevenuos  in  the  East 
Indies,  derived  fh>m  duties  or  licenses  on 
spirits,  opium,  gaming-houses,  &c. 

Ablepbarus,  a-blefar-us.  A  gen.  of 
harmless  lizards,  tarn.  Sdndds,  with  five- 
toed  feet  and  only  rudimentary  ey^ds. 

Ablet,  ab'let.  A  small,  ftesh-water  fish, 
the  bleak,  the  scales  of  which  are  used  in 
making  artificial  pearls. 

Abluents,  ilb'lu-ents.  Diluent  medi- 
cines, which  dissolve  and  remove  impuri- 
ties. 

Ablution,  -m^shun.  A  religious  bath, 

{>racticed  by  Mohanmiedans,  originating 
n  the  necessity  for  cleanliness  for  the 
prevention  of  disease  In  hot  climates,  and 
typical  of  soul-purity. 

Abnet,  ab'net.    The  girdle  of  a  Jewish 

priest. 

Abolitionists,  Hb-o^Ush^un-ists.  A 
name  applied  to  Americans  who  advocated 
the  abolition  of  slavery;  first  given  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  So- 
ciety,  at  its  meeting  In  Boston  in  1862  ;  it 
was  merged  into  Republican  at  the  forma- 
tion of  that  parly. 

AboUa,  a-bol'a. 
A  cloak  of  thick 
woollen  stuff  worn 
bv  Soman  sol- 
(uers.  It  was  also 
worn  by  philoso- 
phers, especially 
by  the  Stoics,  who 
affected  great  aus- 
terity of  life. 

Aboma,  -bd'ma. 
A  large  species  of 
S.  American  ser- 
pent (Boa  Abo- 
™»)-  Bomans  Wearing  the 

Abomasus,   ab-  Abolla. 

6-ma'sus.  The  fourth  stomach  of  rumina- 
ting animals. 

Abomey,  ah-bo-m&'.  Cap.  of  Dahomey, 
W.  Afldca  ;  pop.  24,000. 

Aborigines,  ab^o-rij^i-nez.  Original  in- 
habitants of  a  country;  original  founa  and 
flora  of  a  geographlml  area. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ABOU-HAIOES 


8 


ACACIO 


Abou-hannai,  '5-hAii'nfo.  The  Arah 
name  for  the  true  Egyptian  Ibia. 
Aboakir  (Bay  of),  a-boo-keer'.  In 
Egypt,  W.  of  mouth  of  Nile,  celebrated 
for  Lord  Nelson's  victory  oyer  the  French 
fleet,  known  as  the  battle  of  the  Nile, 
Aug.  1, 1798. 

Abracadabra,  'rarka-daVra.     A  word 
of  Eastern  origin  used  tn  incantations. 
When  written  as  many  times  as  it  con- 
tained letters,  the  last  letter  being  omitted 
each  time  until  only  one  letter  remained, 
ABRACADABRA 
ABRAGADABR 
ABBACADAB 
ABBACADA 
A    B    B    A    G    A    D 
A    B    B    A    G    A 
A    B    R    A    G 
ABBA 
ABB 
A    B 
A 
and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was  believed  to 
be  U  preventive  of  certain  diseases. 
Abraham,  an[>ra-ham.    The  progenitor 
of   the   Hebrew   nation,   descendant  of 
Shem,  B.  1996  b.o.  In  Mesapotamia,  d.  at 
the  age  of  175  years ;  was  buried  in  the 
cave  of  Machpelah.     Isaac  and  Ishmael 
were  his  sons,  by  Sarah  and  Hagar,  the 
latter  being  a  slave. 

Abrahaxnite,  -it.  A  sect  of  Bohemian 
deists,  which  sprang  up  in  1782,  profess- 
ing to  hold  the  £uth  of  Abraham,  and 
denying  the  divinity  of  Christ ;  they  ac- 
cepted nothing  of  the  Bible  save  the 
Lord's  Prayer.  A  sect  of  Syrian  deists 
of  the  9th  century. 

Abramia,  ab'ra-mis.    A  gen.  of  fresh- 
water malaoopterygian  fishes,  fam.  Cyp- 
rinidffi,  containing  the  common  bream. 
Abranchia,  a-brang^ki-a.    An  order  of 
Annelida  without  gills  or  branchiae ;  the 
earthworm  and  leech. 
Abraxas,  ab-raks'as.  A  word  denoting 
a  power  which  presides  over  865  others, 
and  used  as  a  mystical  term  to  express 
the  Supreme  God,  under  whom  the  Bas- 
ilidians  supposed  865  dependent  deities; 
the  principle  of  the  Gnostic  hierarchy.    A 
gem  or  stone,  with  the  word  abraxas  en- 
graven on  it.    A  gen.  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects, containing  the  magpie-moth. 
Abroooxna,  -ro^o-ma.    A  gen.  of  small 
rodents,  natives  of  S.  America. 
Abroma,  -ro'ma.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Sterculiacese,  tribe  Buttnerieee. 
Abrotanoid,  a-brot'an-oid.     An  East 
Indian  sclerodermatous  coral. 


Abrotanum,  a-brot'an-um.  An  ever- 
green plant,  gen.  Artemesia. 

Abrus,  ab'rus.  A  gen.  of  leguminous 
plants. 

Absalom,  Ab-sa-ldm.  Third  and  &yorite 
son  of  David,  King  of  Israel.  He  rebelled, 
and  seized  the  throne,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain  by  Joab,  David's  general. 

Abscissa,  ab-sis'sa.  Any  part  of  the 
diameter  of  a  conic  section  Intercepted  be- 
tween the  vertex,  or  fixed  point  where 
the  abscissas  begin,  and  another  line  called 
the  ordinate,  which  terminates  in  the 
curve. 

Absinthe,  ib'sint  An  extract  of  worm- 
wood, distilled  with  water;  itfreeable  to  the 
taste,  but  intoxicating  and  injurious  to 
health. 

Absolution,  ab-so-Iu'shon.  The  act  of 
absolving  or  state  of  being  absolved ;  in 
R.  C.  and  some  otiier  churches,  a  remis- 
sion of  sins  pronounce  by  a  priest.  Prot- 
estants ascribe  a  declarative,  but  not  an 
efficient  power  to  absolution. 

Absorbtiometer,  -8orp'shi-om"et-er. 
An  instrument  to  determine  the  amount 
of  gas  absorbed  by  a  unit  volume  of 
liquid. 

Abthane,  'than.  A  lower  kind  of  no- 
bility existing  in  Scotland  at  a  very  early 
period. 

Abuna,  a-bo'na.  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia. 

Abu  Bekr,  a'bu  ba'ker.  Father-in-law 
and  successor  of  Mohamet,  b.  571,  d.  684. 
He  was  elected  Caliph  over  All,  son-in- 
law  of  Mohamet,  and  the  contest  caused 
a  schism  in  the  church  which  still  exists. 

Abutilon,  ab-u'ti-lon.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Maloaceee,  the  Indian  mallows. 

Abyss,  a-bis'.  A  bottomless  gulf;  any 
deep  immeasurable  space ;  anything  pro- 
found and  un&thomable. 

Abyssinia,  ab-ls-sin'yah.  An  E.  African 
kingdom,  Ijring  between  85*  and  48«»  E. 
Ion.,  and  7»  80^ and  15*  40'  N.  lat 

Acacia,  a-ka'shi-a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Leguminosffi,  sub-ord.  Mimosese, 
usually  of  striking  beauty.  Some  of  the 
species  produce  catechu,  some  exude  gum 
arable. 

Acacian,  -an.  A  member  of  certain 
sects  of  the  5th  century,  led  by  Acacius, 
bishop  of  Ciesarea,  and  Acacius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople. 

Acacio,  -5.  A  heavy  durable  wood  of 
the  red-mahogany  character,  but  darker 
and  plainer. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ACADEMICS 


AOCIDEKTAI. 


Ax^ademiOB,  &k-a-d€m'iks.  Ancient  Gre- 
cian philosophers  who  taurht  the  doc- 
trines of  Socrates  and  Plato  as  to  the. 
uncertainty  of  knowledge  and  the  inoom- 
prehensibuity  of  traths. 
Academy,  &-kAd'e-me.  Derived  from  a 
garden  orvlllaofAcadem  us,  near  Athens, 
in  which  Plato  held  his  philosophical  con- 
-  ferenoes.  Its  present  meaning  is  an  asso- 
ciation of  persons  for  purposes  of  study, 
or  schools  of  medium  rank. 
Aoadian,  a-ka'di^an.  A  native  of  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia. 

▲cajou,  ak'a-jO.  A  gum  from  the  ma- 
hogany-tree. 

A<»lepll,  W,  A  member  of  the  ord. 
A(»dephffi,  or  sea-nettles. 
AoalephlBe,  arka-lS'fS.  A  name  applied 
to  marine  animals  of  the  sub-kingdom 
Oelenterata,  and  represented  by  the  Me- 
dnsidas  and  their  allies,  known  as  sea- 
nettles,  searblubbers,  jelly-fish,  Ac.  The 
MednsidsB  are  gelatinous,  consisting  of  an 
unbreUa-shaped  disk  containing  canals 
which  radiate  from  the  center ;  all  have 
thread  urtioatlng  organs  which  discharge 
minute  barbed  structures  that  irritate  like 
the  sting  of  a  nettle. 

AcanaoeouB,  ak-a-n&'shus.  Armed  with 
prickles  ;  rigid  prickly  plants,  such  as  the 
pine-apple. 

Ajeanthooephala,  a-kan'thd-sef  ^a-la. 
An  ord.  of  mouthless  Entozoa,  having 
curved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis  to 
attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  ani- 
mals. 

Acantho-derma,  -der^ma.  -A  gen.  of 
fossil  fishes,  with  strong  fin-spines,  allied 
toBalistes. 

AoanthodidaB,  ak-an-thoMl-de.  A  fam. 
of  fossil  fishes,  including  the  gen.  Acan- 
thodes. 

AoanthopMs,  a-ian'tho-fls.  A  gen.  of 
small  venemous  colubrino  snakes,  the  tail 
of  which  is  ftinilshed  with  a  horny  spur  at 
the  end 

Aoanthopteri,     ak-an-thop'ter-I.       A 
group  of  spine-finned  osseous  fishes. 
A(»aihoteTithi8,  a-kan'thd-tu'^this.  A 
gen.  of  fossil  cuttle-fishes  occurring  in  the 
oolite. 

Acanthuros,  ak-an-thu'rus.    A  gen.  of 
aoanthopterygious  fishes. 
AoanthyliB,  'thi-lls.     A  gen.  of  bhrds  of 
the  swallow  family. 

Aoarida,  a-kar'i-da.  A  division  of  Arach- 
nida,  including  mites,  ticks  and  water- 
miteis,  the  cheese-mite  and  the  itch-mite 
being  examples. 


Acanthus,   a-kan'thus.      Bear'ibreedi 
or  brankursine,  a  gen.  of  priskly  plantis 
ord.     Acantha- 
cesB.    An  orna- 
ment   r  e  s  e  m- 
bling  the  foliage 
of  the  acanthus, 
said    to    have 
been     invented 
by  CalllmachuB,  ^ 
who    took    the 
idea  of  the  Cor-  Acanthus, 

inthian  capital  from  observing  an  A.  sur- 
rounding a  basket  placed  over  a  tomb. 
Acapuloo,  A-kA-poolOco.  The  principal 
Mexican  port  on  the  Pacific ;  pop.  6,000. 
Acamar,  -kfir'nar.  A  bright  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Erid- 
anus. 

Aoatalectic,  Out^lek^'tik.  A  yerao 
which  has  the  eomplete  number  of  syl- 
lables. 

Aoathistus,  ak-a-this'lus.    In  the  early 
Greek  Ch.  a  thanksgiving  hymn  to  tiie 
Virgin,  sung  at  Constantinople  on  the 
Saturday  c  T  the  6th  week  of  Lent. 
Aoaules,  a-kal'Sz.     Plants  which  have 
cither  a  very  indistinct  or  no   stalk,  as 
lichens,  fVmgi,  algsB,  ^ec. 
Accentor,  ak-sent'er.  One  that  sings  the 
leading  part.    A  ^en.  of  insessorlal  birds, 
ftm.  ^IvlidiB,  soD-fiun.  Acoentorlnffi. 
Aociaocatora,     ufchSk-k&-t6''rfi.      A 
grace-note  one  semitone  below  the  note  to 
which  it  is  prefixed* 

Acddence.  ak'st-denau  That  part  of 
grammar  which  treats  of  the  aociaents  or 
inflection  of  words.  A  small  book  contain* 
ing  the  rudiments  of  granunar. 
Accident,  ak'si-dent.  Chance,  or  what 
happens  by  chance ;  an  event  which  pro- 
ceeds flrom  an  unknown  cause,  oir  is  an 
unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  and 
therefore  not  expected ;  anything  which 
takes  place  or  begins  to  exist  witiiout  on 
efficient  intelligent  cause  and  without  de- 
sign. 

Accidental,'al. 
Happening  b  v 
chance  or  acci- 
dent, or  unex- 
pectedly.A.point 
is  that  point  in 
which  a  right  line  drawn  fh)m  the  eye 
parallel  to  another  given  right  line  cuts 
the  picture  or  phme.  Thus,  suppose 
A  B  to  be  the  line  given  in  perspective, 
0  F  B  the  perspective  plane,  d  the  eye,  o  b 
the  line  parallel  to  a  b;  then  is  o  the  acoi' 
dental  point. 


Accidental  Point 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


A0CIPITEE3 


10 


AcEtlJ^lEE 


Aooipitres,  -eiyi-trez.  The  name  flven 
bv  UiuuBiu  and  Guyier  to  the  rapacious 
birdB,  now  called  Baptores. 

Aocdpitrinse,  .trl'^€.  The  hawks,  a 
Bab-fun.  of  raptorial  birds,  fion.  Faloo- 
nldflB. 

Aooolade,  •k5-lfid'.  A  ceremony  nsed  in 
conferring  knighthood,  anciently  consist- 
ing in  patting  the  hand  on  the  knight's 
neck,  afterwards  in  giving  a  blow  with 
the  naked  fist,  and  still  later  with  the  flat 
of  a  sword,  the  form  now  observed.  In 
maslo,  a  brace  or  couplet  connecting  sev- 
eral staves. 

Aooolent,  -lent.  One  who  dwells  on  or 
near  the  border  of  a  ooontry. 

Aooomplioe,  -kom'phs.  An  associate  In 
crime:  a  partner  la  guilt;  an  accessory  or 
confederate. 

Aooordeon,  -kord'i-on.  A  small  keyed 
wind-instrument 

Aooountant,  -kounVant  One  who 
makes  the  keeping  or  examination  of  ac- 
ooonts  his  profession.  An  officer  who 
has  charge  of  the  accounts. 

Axxx>Tltre,  -ko'ter.  To  dress;  to  array  in 
a  military  dress,  or  equip  for  military  ser- 
vice. 

Acooiltrementa,  -ments.  Military  dress 
and  arms. 

Aocubatioil,  -kfi-b&'shon.  Lying  or  re- 
clining on  a  couch,  as  practiced  by  the 
ancients  at  meals. 

Aoe,  as.  A  unit ;  specifically,  a  single  pip 
on  a  card  or  die,  or  the  card  or  face  of  a 
die  so  marked.    A  very  small  quantity. 

Aceldama,  arsel^darma.  A  field  south 
of  Jerusalem  purchased  vdth  the  bribe 
which  Judas  took  for  betraying  his  mas- 
ter, called  the  field  of  blood.  Used  'figur- 
atively of  any  place  stained  by  slaughter. 

Acephala,  a-sef a-la.  A  division  of 
molluscous  animals,  like  the  oyster  and 
scallop. 

Acepliali,  -II.  An  Egyptian  sect  of  the 
6th  century,  who  renounced  communion 
with  the  Patriarch  of  Alexandria.  Clergy 
not  living  under  episcopal  jurisdiction, 
and  bishops  exempt  firom  patriarchal  ju- 
risdiction. A  council  summoned  without 
the  authority  of  the  pope.  A  class  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.  who  would  acknowledge 
noheacL  A  fabulous  nation  in  Africa  re- 
ported by  ancient  writers  to  have  no  heads. 

Acephalocyst,  'al-o-slst  A  dydatid,  or 
ronnd  or  oval  sac,  filled  with  fluid,  occur- 
ring In  the  viscera  of  animals ;  they  were 
formerly  regarded  as  Entozoa,  but  more 
probabnr  they  are  merely  morbid,  drop- 
sical cells. 


Aoephaloas,  -us.  Without  a  head; 
wanting-  something  essential ;  without  a 
leader  or  chief. 

Aoe-point,  Ss'point.  The  sbigle  spot  on 
a  card  or  die;  the  side  of  a  die  that  has 
but  one  spot 

Aoera,  as'era.  A  fiim.  of  apterous  in- 
sects without  antenna.  A  tam.  of  gas- 
teropod  molluscous  animals,  akin  to  the 
AplysiaB,  comprehending  the  gen.  Bulk. 

AceraoeSB,  fi-ser-&'sS-€.  An  ord.  of 
plants,  comprehending  the  maples,  and 
belonging  to  the  thalamifloral  division  of 
dicotyledonous  plants ;  there  are  about 
fifty  species  bi  three  genera ;  they  are  all 
trees  or  shrubs,  and  jield  a  sweet,  mucil' 
aginous  sap,  from  which  sugar  is  often 
made.  The  bark  is  astringent,  and  yields - 
yellow  and  reddish  dyes. 

Aoerina,  as-er-I'na.  A  gen.  of  aean- 
thopteryglous  fishes,  fam.  Percidae,  or 
perches;  the  ruffe  or  pope  (A.  cemua)  is  a 
type. 

AoerotlS,  ^er-ns.  Chaify;  resembling 
chaff.  Narrow  and  slender,  with  a  sharp 
point,  as  the  leaf  of  the  pine. 

Acetabnlifera,  -e-tab'u-Uf'er-a.  An 
ord.  of  oephalopodous  mollusks,  with 
rows  of  little  cups  or  suckers  on  their 
tentacles. 

Acetabuluxxi,  -lum.  A  Roman  vessel  in 
which  sauce  was  served  ;  a  measure  about 
i  of  a  pint.  The  cavity  of  a  bone  for  re- 
ceiving the  protuberant  end  of  another 
bone.  A  term  applied  to  the  cotyledons 
of  the  placenta  of  ruminating  animals.  In 
insects,  the  socket  in  which  the  leg  is  in> 
serted. 

Acetal,  a-se'tal.  A  colorless,  mobile 
liquid,  produced  bv  the  imperfect  oxida- 
tion of  alcohol,  under  the  innuence  of  pla- 
tinum black.  Slow  combustion  converta 
it  into  acetic  acid. 

Acetamide,  -set'a-mid.  A  white  crystal- 
line solid,  produced  by  distilling  ammo- 
nium acetate,  or  by  heating  ethyl  acetata 
with  strong  aqueous  ammonia. 

Aoetarioiis,  as-^-ta'ri-us.    A  term  ap- 

£lied  to  plants  containing  acetarj',  or  use<| 
I  making  salads,  as  lettuce,  mustard  and 
cress. 

Acetic,  a-seVik.  Having  the  properties 
of  vinegar ;  sour.  €k)mmon  acetic  ether  is 
a  colorless,  volatile  fluid,  a  flavoring  con- 
stituent In  wines.  It  is  made  by  distilline 
a  mixture  of  alcohol,  oil  of  vitriol  and 
acetate  of  potash. 

Acetifler,  'l-fl-er.  An  apparatus  for 
hastening  the  acidification  of  fermented 
liquors. 


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11 


ACOLYTE 


Acetixneter,  as-et-im'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  ftsoertainin^f  the  strength  or 
purity  of  acids. 

Acetone,  'et-dn.  A  limpid,  mobile  liquid, 
with  an  agreeable  odor  and  peppermint- 
like  taste,  produced  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  acetates.  The  general  name 
for  a  class  of  compounds,  built  up  of  an 
acid  and  alcoholic  radical. 

Aohatlr.a,  a-ka-ta'na.  A  gen.  of  nul- 
monatoga8teropodousMollusca,fiun.  HeU- 
ddce  ;  agate-snails  ;  some  haye  shells. 

Achean,  -ke'an.  Pertaining  to  Achaia 
in  Greece,  and  a  celebrated  league  estab- 
lished between  twelve  of  its  cities,  and 
which  finally  extended  throughout  the 
Peloponnesus. 

Aohelous,  aoh-ePus.  Son  of  Oceanus 
and  Terra  or  Tethys,  god  of  the  river  of 
the  same  name  in  Episus. 

Achene,  a-ken^  A  small  dry  carpel, 
containing  a  single  seed,  which  does  not 
open  or  dehisce  when  ripe.  It  is  exempli- 
fied in  the  Ranunculacee,  BoraginacesB, 
Ck>mpo8itie,  See. 

Aclieroiltia,  ak-er-on'shi-a.  A  gen.  of 
nocturnal  lepidoptenous  insects,  tun. 
Sphingidn  ;  the  death^s-head  moth. 

Acherset,  ak'er-set.  An  andent  measure 
holding  about  8  bushels. 

Achilles,  a-kil'hez.  The  hero  of  the  Iliad ; 
son  of  Peleus  and  Thetis,  and  most  valiant 
of  Grecian  chiefs  at  the  siege  of  Troy;  he 
was  killed  by  Paris,  who  shot  him  in  the 
heel,  his  only  vulnerable  part. 

Achilleid,  -klias-id.  A  name  given  to 
those  books  of  the  Iliad  in  which  Achilles 
is  prominent. 

AchilUg  tendo,  'lis  ten'do.  The  strong 
tendon  of  the  gastro-cnemius  and  soleus 
muBcles  inserted  in  the  heel. 

Aohimenes,  -kim'e-noz.  A  gen.  of 
American  plants,  ord.  Gesneracese,  very 
ornamental. 

Aolllra,  a-che'ra.  A  plant  of  the  gen. 
Canna,  with  a  large  esculent  root,  yielding 
tous-les-mois,  a  starch  superior  to  the  or- 
dinary arrow-root.  Its  tubers  are  eaten 
as  food  in  GhUi  and  Peru. 

Aehirite,  ak'i-rit.    Emerald  malachite. 

Achirus,  a-kl'ms.  A  gen.  of  fishes, 
ttan.  Pleuronectidffi  (flat-fishes),  lacking 
pectoral  fins. 

AchlaxnydeSB,  -kla-mid'e-e.  A  group 
of  dicotyledonous  plants  which  want  botn 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  the  willows,  oaks  and 
birches. 

Aohxnite,  ik'mita  Doub]«  silicate  of 
iron  and  soda. 


AcMya,  ak'li-a.  A  remarkable  group  of 
water  plants  supposed  to  be  aquatic  forms 
of  ftingi ;  they  grow  parasitically  on  dead 
flies,  fish,  firogs,  or  decaying  plants. 

Achromatisxn,  ak-rom'a-tl/m.  The 
preservation  of  the  white  rays  of  light  by 
the  use  of  compound  lenses  of  glass  bav' 
ing  different  dispensive  power. 

Achor,  a'kor.  Scald-head,  a  disease  of 
infiints. 

Achras,  ak'ras.    A  gen.  of  tropical  trees, 

ord.  Sapotace8e,with  entire  leather}'  leaves, 

and  yielding  a  milky  fluid. 
Achroxnatio,  -rd-mat'ik.     Destitute  of 

color ;  transmitting  light  without  decom- 
posing It  into  its  primary  colors. 
Acidiferons,    as-id-lTer-us.      Bearing, 

producing,  or  containing   an  acid.      A. 

minerals  consist  of  an  earth   combined 

>vith  an  acid. 
Acidimeter,  -im'et-er.    An  instrument 

for  determining  the  purity  or  strength  o1 

acids. 
Acinaoes,  a-sln'arsSz.  A 

short,    straight  dagger, 

worn  on  the  right  side, 

peculiar  to  the  Scythians, 

Medes  and  Persians. 
Acinaciform,  as-in-as'l- 

form.       Formed     like 

sdmetar;  as,  an  A.  leaf,  i 

which  has  one  edge  con- 
vex and   sharp   and   the 

other  straight  and  thick. 
Acineta,    a-sin-e'ta.     A 

gen.    of  noble   epiphytal 

orchids  of  0.  America. 
Acipenser,  as-i-pen'ser. 

A    gen.    of   cartimginous 

ganoid   fishes,  fam.  Acl- 

SenseridaB  or  Sturionidse,  distinguished 
y  the  bony  scales  or  plates  arranged  at 
intervals  along  the  body  in  five  longitudinal 
rows;  it  includes  the  sturgeon,  sterlet,  &c. 

Aclide,  ak'Hd.  An  ancient  weapon,  con-' 
sisting  of  a  short  thick  club  studded  with 
sharp  points,  attached  to  a  cord  which 
enabled  the  soldier  to  draw  it  back  after 
having  launched  it  against  an  enemy. 

Aclinic,  a-klin'lk.  Having  no  inclina- 
tion. A.  line,  an  irregular  curve  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  terrestrial  equator, 
where  the  magnetic  needle  balances  itself 
horizontally. 

Acolyte,  akVlIt.  One  who  waits  on  a 
person.  In  the  B.  C.  Church,  the  second 
of  the  inferior  orders  of  clergy.  In  Astron. 
an  attendant  or  accom|MUiylng  «;tar 


Aolnaces. 


Digitized  by 


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ACOirCAOtTA 


n 


ACEOTERIUM 


Aoonca«rna,  ah-kon-kuh'gwoh.  The 
highest  peak  uf  the  Andes  Mountains ; 
28,910  feet. 

Aoonitaxn,  •on-I'tom.  A  gen.  of  poison- 
oas  herbaoeous  plants,  ord.  Kanuncula- 
eeffi. 

AooTitiadap,  arkon-tl'-a-dS.  A  torn,  of 
saurian  reptiles,  of  which  the  gen.  Acon- 
tlas  Is  the  type. 

Aoontias,  'ti-as.  A  gen.  of  timid  locer- 
tian  reptiles,  group  Bcinooidei,  with  rudi- 
ments only  of  the  nind  limbs,  allied  to  the 
slow-worm  of  Britain. 

Aooraoeao.  kor-u'se-o.  Bweet-flogs  ;  a 
uat.  ord.  of  herbaceous  plants,  of  which 
the  gen.  Acorus  is  the  type. 

Aoom,  a^korn.  The  weed  or  nut  of  the 
oak  tree. 

Acosmisxn,  -koe'mizm.  The  denial  of 
the  existence  of  an  eternal  world. 

AcOBznitlxll,  'mi-um.  A  group  of  Bra- 
zilian plants,  ord.  Leguminosse. 

Aootyledon,  -kot-U-e^'don.  A  plant 
whose  spores  are  not  ftu'nishe<l  with  coty- 
ledons or  seed-lobes. 

Aoouohy,  -kosh-i.  The  olive  oavy  or  Su- 
rinam rat,  a  small  species  of  agouti. 

Aooiixnater,  -koum'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  acutenoss  of  the 
sense  of  hearing. 

Aooustic,  -kous'tik.  Perttdning  to  the 
sense  or  organs  of  hearing.  A  name  given 
to  such  of  the  disciples  of  Pythagoras  as 
had  not  completed  tneh*  five  years^  proba- 
tion. 

Acre,  ft'ker.  Originally,  an  open, 
ploughed,  or  sowed  field.  A  quantify  of 
land,  containing  160  square  rods  or 
perches,  or  4,8M  square  yards.  The 
Bootch  acre  is  larger  than  the  English,  48 
Bootch  acres  being  equal  to  61  English 
acres.  The  Irish  acre  is  also  larger  than 
the  English,  100  Irish  acres  being  nearly 
equivalent  to  162  English  acres. 

Acre-flffht,  -fit  A  duel  formerly 
fought  by  single  combatants,  English  and 
Scotch,  on  the  debatable  hmd  between  the 
frontiers. 

AoridldaB,  arkrid'i-dd.  A  fam.  of  or- 
thopterous  insects  containing  the  grass- 
hoppers. 

Acrobat,  'ro-bat  A  rope-dancer;  one 
who  practices  high  vaulting. 

Acrocarpi,  ak-r5-karp'i.  A  division  of 
mosses  containing  the  species  in  which 
the  capsule  terminates  the  growth  of  a 
primary  axis. 

Acrooephalic,  'r5-s^ikl''ik.  A  term 
applied  to  the  high-skulled  tribes  of  men. 


Opossum  Monso. 


Acrobates,    a- 
krob'at-cz.        A  | 
sub-gen.  of  Pet- 
anrus,  a  gen.  of  ] 
marsupial      ani- 
mals, ram.  Phal- 
angistidffi,  indig- 
enous   to    Aus- 
tralia,   containing   the  opossum  mouse, 
one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Marsupialia. 

AerociniiB,  -srnus.  A  gen.  of  longi 
corn  coleopterous  insects,  lam.  Ceramby- 
cidffi,  having  the  spine  on  each  side  of  the 
thorax  movable ;  tlie  harlequin  beetle  of 
B.  America  Is  the  type. 

Acrocomia,  -ko'mi-a.  A  gen.  of  Ameis 
lean  plants,  ord.  Palmacese,  allied  to  th« 
cocoa- palm ;  includes  some  of  the  most 
majestic  pahns. 

AcroduB,  -dus.  A  gen.  of  pkicoid  fossil 
fishes,  with  large  enameled  striated 
teeth,  common  in  the  chalk  and  oolite. 

Acroflpen,  -Jen.  An  acrogeneoos  plant, 
a  division  of  the  Oryptogamia,  dlstln. 
guished  by  the  mode  of  impregnation 
from  the  Thallogens.  The  age  of  A.  In 
Oeol.,  the  carboniferous  era,  when  they 
were  the  characteristic  vegetable  forma. 

Acrogn  athng,  a-krog'na-thus.  A  gen, 
of  fossil  fishes  of  the  sahnon  family,  oo- 
cuiTing  in  the  lower  chalk. 

Acroffraphy,  'ra-fi.  The  art  of  pro* 
ducing  designs  in  relief  on  metal  or  Bton« 
by  etching. 

Acro-naxcotios,  ak'r6-nar-kot''iks.  A 
division  of  poisons  of  vegetable  origin, 
which  produce  stupor,  coma,  paralysis  anq 
convulsions. 

Acronyc,  o-kron'ik.  Culminating  at  mid- 
night :  said  of  a  star  which  rises  as  the  sun 
bets,  and  sets  as  the  sun  rises  ;  opposed  to 
cosmical. 

Acrolein,  -kroad-in.  A  colorless  limpid 
liquid  obtained  by  distilling  glycerine 
with  add  potassium  sulphate.  A.  is  the 
aldehyde  of  the  allyl  series. 

Acropolis,  -kropVlls.  The  citadel  of  a 
Grecian  city ;  that  of  Athens  contained 
some  of  the  finest  buildings  of  the  city. 

Acrosaurus,  ak'ru-sa-rus.  An  extraor- 
dinary fossil  reptile,  with  thirty  or  forty 
teeth,  occurring  in  the  trias  sandstones  of 
8.  Africa. 

AcroteritLxn,  ak-rd-t€'ri-um.  An  oma< 
ment,  the  apex  or  angles  of  a  pediment ; 
the  pinnacles  or  other  ornaments  on  the 
horizontal  copings  or  parapets  of  build* 
ings.  In  Anat.  an  extremity  of  the  human 
body,  as  a  hand,  a  foot. 


Digitized  by 


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18 


ADAMS 


koroapire,  -Bpir.  The  first  leaf  which 
rises  above  the  ground  when  corn  germin- 
ates ;  also  the  rudimentary  stem  or  first 
leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain ;  the  de- 
veloped plumule  of  the  seed. 
Lcrostic,  a-kros'tik.  A  composition  in 
verse,  in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and 
last,  or  certain  other  letters  of  the  lines, 
taken  in  order,  form  a  name,  motto,  &c. 
A  Hebrew  poem  of  which  the  initial  let- 
ters of  the  lines,  or  stanzas,  were  made  to 
run  over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in 
thefar  order.  Twelve  of  tie  psalms  are  of 
this  character. 

kcta,  'ta.  A.  Sanctorum,  the  Acts  of  the 
Saints :  applied  to  all  collections  of  ancient 
saints  and  martyrs ;  the  name  of  a  work 
begun  by  the  Bollandists,  a  society  of 
Jesuits,  in  1648,  and  not  yet  completed. 

Actsoa,  -tS'a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Ban- 
unculaceai^  called  rattle-snake  herbs. 

Actian,  'shi-an.  Belating  to  Actium,  a 
town  of  Epiros,  as  A.  games,  instituted  by 
Augustus  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory- 
over  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  near  that 
town,  Sept.  3,  b.  o.  81 ;  they  were  cele- 
brated every  five  years.  Henoe  A.  years, 
reckoned  teom  that  era. 

Actinia,  -tin'i-a.    A  gen.  of  zooph' 
Badiata,  type  class  Aotinozoa,  sub-l 
dom  Coelenterata,  the  month,  when  spread, 
resembling  the  petals  of  a  flower. 

Aotiniadaa,  -i'a-d€.  A  &m.  of  Ccelente- 
rata,  ord.  Helianthoida,  of  which  the  gen. 
Actinia  Is  the  type. 

ActinifiTn,  -izm.  The  radiation  of  heat 
or  light,  or  l^t  branch  of  natural  philoso- 
phy which  treats  of  such  radiation.  The 
proper^  of  the  chemical  port  of  the  sun*8 
rays  wnioh  produces  chemical  combina- 
tions and  decompositions.  - 

Actinocarpiis,  -o-kar^'pus.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  AUsmaceoe ;  stnr-firuit. 

Actinograph,  -graf.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  and  registering  the  variations 
of  actinic  or  chemical  influence  in  the  solar 
rays. 

Actinolite,  -lit.  A  mineral,  nearly  al- 
lied to  hornblende,  consisting  of  silica, 
calcium,  magnesium  and  iron.  A.  schist, 
a  metamorphic  rock  consisting  of  actino- 
lite, mica,  quartz  or  feldspar. 

AAtinosoxna,  'o-so'^ma.  A  term  em- 
ployed to  designate  the  entire  body  of  any 
aottaf 


AAtinote,  -dt.  A  radiated  mineral,  con- 
sisting of  silicate  of  calcium  and  magne- 
sium. 

Aoaminate,  a-kii'min-ut.  Pointed ; 
acute ;  applied  to  leaves. 


ActinoBoa,  'd-zd''a.  A  class  of  radiated, 
soft  marine  zooj^ytes,  the  sea-anemones, 
corals,  sea-pp  j  &c.  They  present  that 
strange  genaj,i  ve  phenomenon  known  as 
metagenesis  oi  alternation  of  generation. 

Acton,  'ton.  A  tunic  made  of  talfeta  or 
leather  worn  under  the  coat  of  mail,  and 
sometimes  alone  like  a  buflScoat. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  One  of  the 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  the  author- 
ship of  which  is  ascribed  to  St.  Luke.  It 
begins  with  the  ascension,  details  the  miS' 
sionary  work  of  8S.  Peter  and  Paul,  end- 
ing with  PauPs  arrival  at  Bome  as  a 
prisoner,  62  a.d. 

Actuary,  ak't&-a-ri.  A  registrar  or  clerk. 
An  official  in  a  Joint-stock  company  whose 
duty  it  la  to  make  computations  required 
in  the  business. 

AcupiulctaTe,  ak-u-pungk'tQr.  A  sur- 
gical operation  resorted  to  in  headaches 
and  letnargies,  consisting  in  the  insertion 
of  a  needle  beneath  the  tissues :  in  high 
repute  in  China,  Japan  and  India ;  it  is 
now  employed  chiefly  to  relieve  neuralgio 
and  rheumatic  pains.  A  mode  of  inflmti- 
dde  in  some  countries,  a  needle  being 
forced  into  the  brain  through  the  spintQ 
marrow. 

Acutenaonlnxn,  '&-t^-nak''a-lum.  A 
needle  with  a  handle,  used  in  stitching  a 
wound. 

Adam,  ad'am.  The  name  of  the  first 
man ;  the  progenitor  of  the  human  race. 
A  sergeant  or  baiUfl^  explained  as  referring 
to  the  fact  that  the  buff  worn  bv  the  baiUfl 
resembled  the  native  buff  of  our  first 
parent. 

Ajdaznite,  ad'am-it.  A  sect  of  vision- 
aries of  the  2d  century,  who  pretended 
to  establish  a  state  of  innocence,  and  Uke 
Adam,  went  naked.  They  abhorred  mar- 
riage, holding  it  to  be  the  effect  of  sin. 

Adar,  aMar.  The  12th  sacred  and  6th 
dvil  Hebrew  month,  answering  to  the 
latter  part  of  Februaxy  and  the  beginning 
of  March. 

Adams,  John.  The  2d  President  of 
U.  8.;  B.  1786,  d.  July  4,  1826;  native  of 
Massachusetts  :  elected  Vice-President  In 
1T87,  re-elected  in  1792,  and  succeeded 
George  Washington  In  1797;  held  the 
Presidency  but  one  term,  being  defeated 
by  Thos.  Jefferson. 

Adams,  John  Qnincy.  Son  of  above; 
6th  President  of  tJ.  S. ;  b.  1767,  d.  1848 ; 
succeeded  James  Madison  as  President  in 
1825 ;  defeated  by  Gen.  Jackson  In  1828 ; 
elected  to  House  of  Bepresentatives  in 
1880.  and  held  the  seat  until  his  death. 


Digitized  by 


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ADAMANTINE 


U 


ADJl'TANT-GENEKAL 


A^itiwtna'ntlne,  ad-a-numfin.  Extremely 
hbjd  >nd  brittle.    A.  spar  is  a  variety  of 
corundum  of  extreme  hardness. 
Artamlo,  a-dam^lk.   Pertainingr  to  Adam. 
A.  earth,  common  red  clay,  from  a  notion 
that  Adam  means  red  earth. 
AdannoTilfti  ad-an-sd'ni-a.     A  gen.  of 
plants,    ord.   Bterculiaceae ;   the   African 
calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal. 
Ajdapis,  Vpls.    An  extinct  mammal  of 
the    tertiary    formation,    resembling    a 
hedgehog,  but  about  three  times  its  size. 
Adaroe,   a-d&r'sl.    A  saltish  concretion 
used  to  cleanse  Hie  skin  in  leprosy,  tet- 
ters, &c. 

jLdarcon,  Icon.  In  Jewish  antiq.  a  gold 
coin  worth  about  Sfts.  sterling. 
/kdawlet.  a-da' 
let.  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  court  of 
justice,  dvil  or 
crlminaL 

Addax,  ad'aks. 
A  species  of  ante- 
lope, the  size  of  a 
large  ass;  the 
horns  of  the  male 
are  narticularly 
ma^nincent;  it  is 
the    twisted-horn 

of  tlw  older  writ-       Head  of  Ad<l!ix 
ers. 

Adder, 'er.  A  venom- 
ous serpent  or  viper, 
an  ophioian  reptile, 
llun.yiperidffi.  Its  bite 
is  rarely  ftttal  to  man. 
Great    sea -adder,  an 
acanthopterygian  fish, 
the  sea  stickleback. 
Adder-Btone,   -ston. 
The  name  given  to  certain  rounded  per- 
forated stones  or  glass  beads,  supposed  to 
have  a  kind  of  supernatural  emcacy  in 
curing  the  bite  of  aaders. 
AddUK>II,    Josepll.      The    celebrated 
EngUshessaflst;  b.  1672,  d.  1719. 
Additioil,  &d-dlsh'un.    Joining  several 
things  together.    In  Arith.,  first  of  the 
four  fundamental  rules. 
Aden,  i'den.    An  Arabian  seaport,  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain  ;  coaling  station 
for  E.  Indian  steamers  ;  pop.  40,000. 
Adelantadlllo,    ad-a-lan-ta-dery6.     A 
Spanish  red  wine  made  of  the  earliest  ripe 
grapes. 

Adelite,  'O-Ht.  A  class  of  Moorish  con- 
jurers in  Spain,  who  predicted  fortunes  by 
the  flight  and  Kinging  of  birds. 


Adder. 


Adelaide,  id-e'lid.  Cap.  of  8.  Austra^ 
lia,  on  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent ;  pop.  70,000. 

Adelphla,  a-dera-a.  A  collection  ot 
stamens  into  a  bundle;  those  plants  in 
which  the  stamens,  instead  of  growing 
singly,  combine  by  the  filaments  mto  one 
or  more  parcels. 

Adenanthera,  ad'en-an-the'^ra.  A  gen. 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  ord.  Leguminosae, 
Bub-ord.  Mimoseffi ;  the  gland  flowers.  A. 
pavonina  \ields  red  sandal-wood.  The 
bright  scarlet  seeds,  from  their  eauality 
in  weight,  are  used  by  goldsmiths  in  the 
East  as  weights. 

Ades,  or  Hades.  The  god  of  Hell 
amongst  the  Greeks,  often  used  as  the 
name  for  Hell  itself. 

Adiantmn,  ad-i-an'tum.  A  gen.  of 
ferns,  of  beautiful  forms ;  the  maiden-hair. 

Adipic,  a-dip'ik.  Of  or  belonging  to  flit. 
A.  acid  is  got  by  treating  oleic  add  or 
fatty  bodies  with  nitric  add. 

Adipocere,  ad'i-pd-s6r.  A  soft,  unc- 
tuous, or  waxy  substance,  into  which  the 
muscukr  fibres  of  dead  animal  bodies  are 
converted  when  protected  Itom  atmos- 
pheric air,  and  under  certain  circumstances 
of  temperature  and  humiditv.  It  consists 
of  margarates  of  ammonia,  potassium 
and  calcium.  A.  mineral,  a  flitty  matter 
found  in  some  peat-mosses,  and  in  tiie 
argillaceous  iron-ore  of  Merthyr ;  adlpo' 
cerite. 

Adipsia,  a-dip'si-a.  The  total  absence 
of  thirst. 

Adirondack  Mountains,  Ad-e-r5n  • 
duk.  A  spur  of  the  Appalachians,  in  N. 
E.  New  York,  8.  of  Lake  Ohamplain ; 
Mt.  Marcy,  the  highest  peak,  is  6,467  feet 
above  the  sea. 

Adit,    adMt 
An  entrance  or 
passage;  in 
mining,     the, 
horizontal  op- 
ening giving  I 
access   to  the  i 
shaft,  or   by 
which  water  ! 
and  ores   can  [ 
be   carried} 
away. 

Ad  j  n  t  a  n  t,   Sedlon  of  Mineral  Mine, 
ad'jfi-tant.    An  oflioer  whose  business  is 
to  assist  the  commanding  officer  byreceiV' 
ing  and  communicating  orders. 

Adjutant-general,  -jcn'cr-al.  A  staflf- 
officer,  next  in  rank  to  the  commander- 
in-chief.  He  superintends  the  details  of 
all  the  dispositions  ordered  by  the  com* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ADJUTANT-BIED 


15 


ADPBESSED 


mander  and  come  nvn.lcati'iagienenil  ordersi. 
A  title  formerlj  givtin  to  eta^b  on&  qf  n 
select  number  of  Mf^snU  ^tbtrft,  who  fe- 
bldedwith  the  gcm^mlof  the  urder,  and 
had  a  provinco  or  ouaatry  ji^Efigiit'cI  to  h\A 
care. 

Adjutant- 
bird,  -herd. 
A  lan^e  gral- 
latorial  bhrd 
amed  to  the 
storks  and  In- 
cluded in  the 
flun.  Arde- 
Idee:  its  ex- 
panded wings 
measure  14 
feet  from  tip 
to  tip.  It  is 
one    of    the 

most    Yora-  _       _       _ 

cious  eamlvo-  A ^l ', i a t. m Mii n  1 . 

roas  birds  knov n,  atid  Lii  Inilbik  \*  [iro- 
tected  by  law,  Fwim  iha  w'm^  ninl  tiil 
are  obtained  tiie  Utits  fe&tEirrtii  k^io^n  as. 
marabou,  which  nra  iilHt^  oLtaliLeil  ItOTti 
an  alUed  W.  Afrtt^uj]  ipofic^^,  ttn'  uLorabou 
stork. 
Admiral,  'ml-raL  A  Tkavjiilof!!r!i2:r  fit  tint 
highest  rank.  Yiix^jMlmiral  U  n  »k  t  in  mn  k 
and  command  to  ilie  A.  lU-4ir-ai1iiitru(, 
an  oflBcer  next  in  ranlc  to  Iby^  VlooA. 
In  the  U.  8.  Mirvlw,  ttitj  A.  rajiks  vitii 
General,  Bear  A.  with  UeutoniUit-Oetivrul, 
and  Vice-A.  vitji  Majijp  Gtnitirai. 
Admiralty,  -  f i  Tin?  oft^  cf  snd  )ti  rlfM  ls<'^ 
tion  of  the  lord.^  rniuuilisiiitloiitii'm  ul'  (jre4it 
Britain,  the  oUii'^t  r^  apIH)iIltL'dft>^llmtu^ 
ministration  of  lunval  flilnin*.  1  ho  h^nU 
oommissionerB  ttf  the  A.  turn  ptiw  four  iii 
number,  exchiiiilvti  of  a  cIvjI  ImL  Tlja 
building  in  whScih  tha  A.  tmni^EH't  liu^iiiii^fi. 
A.  comt,  a  trl^n^a]  havln-^-  jiirijdictlaD 
over  all  maritim'' c ■ill ?.i:?. 
Admiralty  lalan  ds.  A  VafA^a  jn^m  i^ 
numbering  40  ;  t"  iwri  n  '1^'  lun!  ii*  h.  lat., 
and  1460  18' ajid  IJ  7-^-^7  ];.  Vm^, 
AdTnonitionigt,  -Tiiu-TiJ\'^hi>n-ist.  One 
of  a  body  of  Purl  Lin*  w  h*r  m  l.Ml  fMp»nt  an 
admoninon  to  rLirllamont  CdtiJtmtiiiiiLr 
everything  in  tho  En^li^h  CTiurcb  iintiiri 
aooord  with  the  ]irijiclplca  Kjd  prMrtk-j  of 
that  of  Geneva. 

Adnawoent,  ^ju^^'jti.  Gmwiiig'tD  ovim 
something  else. 

Ad.opter,  a-doji^t/tT,  Ouo  who  or  tJiat 
which  adopts.  ]n  Cbem,  a  lar^e  round 
receiver,  >vith  tvti,  aeiit,?,  ua(*t!  in  distil  la- 
tions  to  give  mora  pfpart^  iji  obastiis  ViijuoiTiT 
or  to  lucrcose  the  length  of  tha  n^L  of  ii 
retort 


Adnate,  ad'nit  Growing  attached ;  at- 
tached by  cartilage ;  having  the  character 
of  an  epiphysis.  In  Bot  applied  to  a  part ' 
of  an  oiganism  attached  to  another  by  its 
whole  length.  Thus  stipules  A.  grow  to 
the  petiole,  as  in  the  rose.  A.  anthers  are 
united  to  their  filaments  as  in  the  ranun- 
oulous.  A.  leaves  are  erect  and  closely 
applied  to  their  stem. 

Adobe,  ardd'be.  A  sun-dried  brick ;  built 
of  Bun-^ed  bricks. 

Adoleeoenoe,  ad-^-les'ens.  The  state  of 
growing:  appliedalmost  exclusively  to  the 
young  of  the  human  race. 

Adopttan,  -dop'shi-an.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  doctrine  of  adoption.  A  coutro- 
versy  originated  in  Spain  in  the  8th  cen- 
turv  with  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  who 
mamtained  that  although  Christ,  in  respect 
of  his  divine  nature,  was  by  generation  the 
son  of  God,  yet  that,  as  regards  his  human 
nature,  he  was  only  a  declared  and  adopt- 
ed son. 

Adolode,  ad'o-lOd.  An  apparatus  for 
detecting  fraud  in  distillation. 

Adonia,  a-dd'ni-a.  A  festival  of  two 
days*  duration  celebrated  anciently  in 
honor  of  Adonis,  by  females.  The  first 
day  was  spent  in  mourning,  the  seoodd  in 
merry-making. 

Adonis,  -d5-nis.  In  Greek  myth,  the 
favorite  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  said  to  be 
the  son  of  Cmyras,  king  of  Cyprus.  He 
received  a  mortal  wound  from  a  wild  boar. 
Aphrodite  changed  him  into  the  plant 
which  bears  his  name.  In  Bot.  a  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Kanunculacese. 

Adonist,  -don'ist  One  of  a  party  of 
Biblical  critics  who  maintain  tnat  the 
Hebrew  points  annexed  to  the  oonsonanto 
of  the  word  Jehovah  do  not  express  true 
pronunciation  ;  but  that  they  are  vowel- 

e)ints  belonsing  to  the  words  Adonai  and 
lohim,  appUed  to  the  ineflREtblo  name  Je- 
hovah, which  the  Jews  were  forbid  to 
utter,  and  the  true  pronunciation  of  which 
^ras  lost ;  they  were  therefore  always  to 

S renounce  the  word  Adonai  instead  vt 
ehovah. 

Adorted,  -dorst'.  In  Her.  applied  to  any 
two  animals,  burds,  fishes,  or  other  bear- 
ings, placed  back  to  back. 

Adnata  Tunica,  &d-na'tah.  The  tu- 
nic, known  as  the  white  of  the  eye. 

Adoxa,  a-doks'a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
CaprifoliacesB ;  the  flowers  Lave  a  musky 
soent. 

Adpreased,  ad-prest'.  Branches  or 
leaves  which  rise  parallel  and  close  to  the 
stem,  without  adh^lng  to  it 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ADEIAN 


16 


^GIS 


Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  Publins 
JEilins.  A  Eoman  emperor,  saccessor 
ofTrojan,  b.  76,  d.  138;  he  was  energetic, 
public  spirited  and  learned,  bnt  a  cruel 
persecutor  of  Jews  and  Christians.  The 
name  of  6  popes,  the  most  noted  of  whom 
was  A.  lY.  (lifloholas  Brakespeare),  an 
Englishman,  who  put  an  end  to  the  re- 
public established  in  Rome  by  Arnold  of 
Brescia,  and  compelled  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa,  the  German  Emperor,  to  hold  his 
stirrup  while  he  mounted  his  horse; 
date  of  birth  unknown;  elected  pope 
1154,  p.  1159. 

Adrianople,  ad-ri-an-o'pl.  The  second 
largest  city  of  European  Turkey,  187  m. 
N.  W.  of  Constantinople ;  manufactures 
silks  and  dye  stuffs ;  pop.  100,0«0. 

Adrianople-red,  -red.  Turkey-red  : 
red  obtained  from  madder. 

Adriatic,  -at-ik.  The  Gulf  of  Venice :  a 
sea  that  washOB  the  eastern  coast  of  Italy. 

AdrianilS.  A  German  Emperor  who 
visited  Great  Britain  and  built  the  wall 
between  what  are  now  the  towns  of  Car- 
lisle and  Kewcastle-on-Tyne,  to  limit  the 
predatory  excursions  of  the  Caledonians. 

Adrogation,  -r5-ga'shon.  A  species  of 
adoption  in  ancient  Eome,  by  which  a 
person  capable  of  choosing  for  himself 
was  admitted  into  the  relation  of  a  son. 

Adflcriptas  srlebae,  -skrip'tus  glea>e. 
Belonging  to  the  soU,  as  a  serf.  In  Bome 
applied  to  a  class  of  slaves  transferred 
with  the  land  they  cultivated.  Colliers 
and  salt-workers  in  Scotland  were  in  a 
similar  position  till  the  passing  of  15  Geo. 
III.  xxviii. 

Adularia,  -u-Ia'ri-a.  A  pure,  limpid, 
translucent  variety  of  felspfu*,  called  by 
lapidaries  moonstone. 

Adulterer,  'ter-er.  A  married  man  who 
lias  sexual  commerce  with  any  woman 
except  his  wife.  In  Scripture,  an  apostate. 

Ad  valorem,  ad  va-l6'rem.  According 
to  value. 

Advent,  'vent.  A  coming;  approach; 
visitation.  The  coming  of  our  Saviour. 
A  period  including  four  Sundays  before 
Christmas,  beginning  on  St.  Andrew's 
day,  or  on  the  Sunday  nearest  to  It  either 
before  or  after  It,  appointed  by  the  Synod 
of  Lerida,  624  a-d.,  and  still  genially  ob- 
served ;  it  has  reference  to  the  coming  of 
Christ  in  the  flesh. 

Adventurer,  -ven'tar-er.  One  who 
takes  part  in  bold  or  extraordinary  enter- 
prises ;  one  who  tries  to  keep  up  a  certain 
status  in  society,  and  advance  his  fortune 
by  discreditable  or  criminal  expedients. 


Adverb,  'verb.  One  of  the  indeclinable 
parts  of  speech,  so  called  from  being  fre- 
quently joined  to  verbs  for  the  purpose  ol 
limiting  or  extending  thehr  signification ; 
they  qualify  adjectives. 

Advensifoliate,  -vers'l-f5"U-at.  Hav- 
ing  opposite  leaves;  applied  to  plants 
where  the  leaves  are  opposite  each  other. 

Advowson,  -vou'sn.  The  right  of  pre- 
sentation to  a  vacant  benefice ;  they  are  of 
three  kinds,  presentative,  collative  and 
donative ;  they  are  also  appendant,  tiiiat  is. 
annexed  to  a  manor ;  or  in  gross,  tibat  Is, 
annexed  to  the  person  of  the  patron. 

Advoyer,  a-voi'er.  A  chief  magistrate 
of  a  Swiss  town  or  canton. 

Adynamon,  -din'a-mon.  A  fiactitions 
wine  made  bt  must  boiled  down  with 
water,  or  of  new  white  wine  with  water. 

Adytum,  ad'i-tum.  A  secret  place  in 
ancient  temples  from  which  the  oracles 
were  given,  and  none  but  priests  were  per- 
mitted to  enter.  The  Jewish  Holy  of 
Holies  was  a  similar  part  of  the  temple  of 
Jerusalem. 

Adze,  adz.  A  ciittlng  instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  blade  of  iron  forming  a  por- 
tion of  a  cylindrical  surface,  ground  to  an 
edge  from  the  concave  side  outwards  at 
one  end,  and  having  a  hole  or  socket  at 
the  other  end  for  the  handle. 

JB,  The  symbol  used  to  denote  the  third 
class  of  wooden  and  composite  ships  in 
Lloyd's  register. 

iBchmodus,  ek'mo-dns.  A  gen.  of  fos- 
sil ganoid  fishes,  fain.  Lcpidoidei. 

.2Eg'agTUS,  e-gag'rus,  A  wild  gpecies  of 
ibex  found  on  Asiatic  mountains,  believed 
to  be  the  original  of  the  domestic  goat. 

iEgean  Sea.  Part  of  the  Mediterra' 
nean  now  called  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

iEgis,  e'jis.  In 
Greek  myth,  origin- 
ally the  skin  of  the 
goat  Amaltliea  which 
suckled  Zeus,  and 
afterwards  worn  by 

him  as  a  covering  of       ^^  ,  >M*j7raL\  -// 
his  shield  ;  also  the     y^^tn^'^^lxWlr// 
shield  itself.    In  lat-   --^"^w^^^''' 
ter  times  as  part  of/ 
the  armor  of  PallasT 
Athena,     covered 
with  metal  scales, 
and  made  terrible  by   Pallas  Wearing  the 
the  head  of  the  Gor-  ^g^g    ® 

gon    Medusa,    and 

fringed  with  serpents.  Anything  tliat 
protects. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JBGEBUDiB 


JEgeriidSBy  6-\eT-Vi-d6.  A  fkm.  of  Lepl- 
doptera,  seo.  Heterooera. 

JBirioeras,  -jie'er-as.  A  gen.  of  small 
treeSf  ord.  MyrainaoesB,  natives  of  India 
and  Anstralia.  Their  seed  germinate 
while  still  on  the  trees,  and  send  down 
perpendicnlar  roots  into  the  mud,  and 
tima  form  Impenetrable  thickets. 

iBflrilops,  dj'i-15ps.  An  abscess  in  the 
canthns,  or  corner  of  the  eye.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Graminaceie. 

.ZBsrle,  'gl6.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Au- 
rantiacese,  with  separate  stamens. 

iBmileoB,  Paulus,  mil'yus.  A  Ro- 
man general  who  conquered  Macedonia 
and  made  it  a  Boman  province ;  j>.  160 

B.  G. 

iBnecw.  A  prince  of  Troy,  son  of  An- 
chises  and  the  goddess  Venus.  With  the 
&11  of  Troy  he  settled  in  Latimn  ;  tradi- 
tion ascribes  to  him  the  commencement 
of  the  Boman  Empire. 

JBneid.  -nS'ld.  An  eplo  poem  written 
by  Virgil,  of  which  ^neaa  Is  the  hero.  It 
desoribes  the  taking  of  Troy,  the  wander- 
ings of  JBneas,  and  the  final  settlement  of 
himself  and  oompanions  in  Italy. 

iBolina,  -^Il'na.  A  modifloatlon  of  the 
aooordeon. 

JBiyyomis,  -pl-or'nis.  A  gen.  of  gigantic 
birds  found  fossil  in  Mada^scar. 

.Sra  or  Era.  e'rah.  A  division  of  time. 
Christians  reckon  from  the  date  of  Ghrlst^s 
birth,  which  is  fixed  in  the  4th  year  of  the 
Olympial,  and  the  768d  year  of  the  found- 
ing of  Rome.  There  are  eleven  principal 
eras  in  history. 

JBrarian.  -raM-an.  A  Boman  dtlzen  of 
the  lowest  class  of  fi^e-men,  who  paid 
only  a  poll-tax,  and  had  not  the  suffinge. 

Aerate,  a'er-at.  To  combine  ^vlth  car- 
bonic acid  or  other  gas,  or  with  air ;  to 
change  the  circulating  fluids  of  animals  by 
the  agency  of  the  air.  A.  waters,  acidu- 
lous and  alkaline  beverages,  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid ;  it  is  the  most  common 
carbonic  acid  water,  called  soda-water. 

Aerian,  -e'rl-an.  One  of  a  branch  of 
Arians,  so  caUed  from  Aerius,  who  main- 
tained that  there  is  no  difference  between 
bishops  and  priests. 

Aerides,  -er'i-dSz.  A  gen.  of  epiphytal 
plants,  ord.  Orchidaoeie. 

Aerodynamics, 'er-d-dl-nam''ikB.  The 
science  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and  other 
gases. 

Aeroh3rdrodyna]nic,  -hi'dr5-di-nam''- 
ik.  Acting  by  the  power  of  ahr  and  water. 
A.  wheel,  an  apparatus  for  transmitting 
power  to  a  great  distance. 


IT  -flBOP 

Aerolite,  -lit.  A  stone  falling  fr«>m  the 
air  or  atmospheric  regions ;  a  meteoric 
stone;  some  suppose  them  to  be  pro- 
jected by  lunar  volcanoes,  by  others  they 
are  thought  to  be  formed  in  the  air  by  the 
union  of  simpler  forms  of  matter  volatil- 
ized from  the  earth's  surfStoe ;  but  they 
are  doubtless  cosmlcal  bodies  of  the  same 
nature  as  shooting-stars,  revolving  round 
the  earth,  and  falUng  when  they  oome 
within  its  attraction.  Analyzed  uiey  are 
found  to  consist  of  twenty-two  of  the  ele- 
ments found  in  terrestrial  minerals,  the 
most  prominent  being  malleable  metaUlt 
iron  and  nickel. 

Aerology,  -ol'o-jl.  That  branch  of  phys- 
ics which  treats  of  the  air: 

Aeroxnancy,  -d-man''si.  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air  and  winds  or  atmos- 
pheric substances. 

Aerometer,  -er-om'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  density  of  air 
and  gases. 

Aeronaut,  a'er-d-nat  An  aerial  na/i* 
gator  or  balloonist. 

Aerophobia,  -f&"bi-a.  A  dread  of  alt 
common  in  hydrophobia. 

Aerophyte,  -fit  A  phmt  which  lives 
exclusively  in  air. 

Aerosite,  -sit  Dark  red  silver  oi  , 
pyrargyrite. 

Aerostat,  -stat  A  machine  or  vessel 
sustaining  weights  in  the  ah:;  air  bal- 
loons. 

iBschyliis,  5s-kiau8.  The  first  of  the 
three  eminent  tragic  Grecian  poets,  and 
inventor  of  the  trilogy ;  author  of  Prome- 
theus Bound.  Also  distinguished  as  a 
warrior,  b.  626  b.  c.  Was  killed  bv  a  tor- 
toise dropped  by  an  eagle,  b.  o.  466. 

JBschynanthus,  Gs-kin-an'thus.  A  gen. 
of  epiphytal  plants,  ord.  Gesneraceee. 

JEsculaoeflB,  -ka-la'sd-u.  A  group  of 
plants,  IllppocastanesB,  included  in  the 
SaplndacecB.  The  horse-chestnut  belongs 
to  this  group. 

^sculapixis,  'pe-As.  The  God  of 
Medicine,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis  (or 
Larissa) ;  Hygeia,  one  of  his  daughters  by 
Epione,  was  the  most  celebrated  of  his 
six  children,  all  famous  In  the  medical  art. 

^SCuIns,  ^s'ku-liis.  A  gen.  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  ord.  Saplndacete ;  the  horse- 
chestnut  and  aUlod  species. 

iEsir,  €'6er.  The  general  name  for  the 
heathen  gods  of  Scandinavia. 

JBsop,  'sop.  A  finmous  Greek  fkbulist, 
B.  in  Phiygla  in  the  6th  century  b.  c; 
sold  into  slavery  ho  obtained  his  freedom. 


jgle 


ESTHETICS 


18 


AGALMATOLITE 


and  made  his  homo  at  the  court  of  Cr«£- 
8US,  King  of  Lydia ;  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Delphi  in  Greece,  bV  the  king,  he  offended 
Ui0  ckizens  by  his  mbles,  and  was  assassi- 
nate. His  fi&bles  were  not  reduced  to 
writing,  but  were  transmitted  through 
tradition,  and  haye  come  down  to  the 
present  in  questionable  purity. 

^Esthetics,  fis-thet'iks.  The  science  of 
deducing  lh>m  nature  and  taste  the 
rules  and  principles  of  art ;  that  branch  of 
philosophy  which  deals  with  the  beautiful. 

2Bstho-physiology,  'tho-fiz'l-or'o-ji. 
TTie  physiology  of  sensation ;  which  treats 
of  the  organs  of  sense  and  the  parts  of  the 
body  which  exercise  subsidiary  functions. 

Aetheofiranioiis,  a-u'the-og''a-mus.  A 
term  applied  to  such  plants  as  propagate 
themselves  in  an  unusual  manner,  as 
ferns,  lycopodiums,  and  their  allies. 

iBthirioscope,  6ihM-d-skop.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  minute  varia- 
tions of  temperature  due  to  different  con- 
ditions of  the  sky. 

.Sithusa,  &-th&'sa.  A  gen.  of  poisonous 
plants,  ord.  TJmbeUlflBrsB. 

Aetiiis,  a-S'shus.  A  Boman  general 
who  defeated  the  Burgundians  and  Franks 
on  several  occasions,  and  forced  Stiila 
across  the  Bhine  ;  becoming  an  object  of 
jealousy  to  Yalentinian  III.,  the  Emperor, 
the  latter  slew  him  with  his  own  hand, 
A.  D.  454. 

Affluent,  af  flu-ent.  A  tributary  stream 
flowing  into  a  larger  one. 

Afflatus,  -flfi'tus.  Inspiration  ;  com- 
munication of  divine  knowledge  or  the 
power  of  prophecy ;  the  inspiration  of  the 
poet. 

Afforest,  -for' est.  To  convert  tillable 
ground  into  forest,  as  was  done  by  the 
first  Norman  kings  of  England. 

AflDronte,  -frunt-e.  Front  to  front ;  ani- 
mals that  fiice  each  other  aspectant  on  an 
escutcheon,  a  bearing  otherwise  called 
confronts,  and  opposed  to  adorsed.  Fac- 
ing the  spectator,  as  the  lion  in  the  crest 
of  Scotland. 

Aijgrlian,  'gan.  A  native  of  Afghanistan ; 
a  kind  of  carriage  robe. 

Afgrhanistan,  -gSn-l6-t2n^  An  inland 
Asl^c  country,  lying  betwixt  78®  50'  and 
860  80'  N.  lat.,  and  62°  and  72<'  80'  E.  Ion., 
containing  225,000  sq.  m.;  the  Cabul  and 
Helmund  are  the  principal  rivers.  The 
Afghans  are  a  proud  and  warlike  race,  and 
their  country  is  threatened  by  both  Eussia 
and  England.  The  latter  invaded  A.  In 
1878-9,  and  after  severe  fighting  succeeded 
in  seeming  the  concessions  demanded. 


Africa,  afre-kah.  One  of  the  five  great 
divisions  of  the  earth,  boimded  N.  by  the 
Mediterranean  and  Strait  of  Gibraltar;  £. 
by  Isthmus  of  Suez,  Ked  Sea  and  Indian 
Ocean ;  S.  by  Southern  Ocean  ;  W.  by  the 
Atlantic.  It  extends  lh)m  lat  87*»  20'  N. 
to  84«  50'  S.,  about  5,000  m.,  and  from 
Ion.  67«  22'  E.  to  IT®  32'  W.,  nearly  the 
same  distance,  its  area  being  12,000,000 
sq.  m.  It  has  14  principal  island  groups ; 
its  principal  mountain  ranges  are  the  Atlas 
and  Mountains  of  the  Moon  ;  its  largest 
rivers  the  Nile,  Niger  or  Quorra,  Senegal, 
Gambia,  Zaire,  Orange,  Zambesi  and  Juba; 
its  known  lakes,  Tchadda,  Dembca,  Lon- 
dieh,  Nyassa,  Victoria  and  Albert  N'yanza. 
The  inhabitants  include  Hottentots  and 
Cafl&:es  in  the  S.,  negroes  in  the  center 
and  interior.  Moors  in  the  N.,  and  Copts 
in  Egypt.  Its  principal  cities  are  Cairo, 
Alexandria,  Algiers  and  Tripoli  in  the  N., 
and  Cape  Town  In  the  S.  The  population 
is  estimated  at  150,000,000.  Central  A.  is 
^most  unknown  to  Europeans,  but  is 
at  present  being  rapidly  explored  by  par- 
ties under  Stanley  and  others. 

African,  af  rik-an.  Pertaining  to  Africa. 
A.  hemp,  the  fiber  obtained  from  the  leaves 
of  the  Sanseviera  guineensis,  ord.  LiU- 
acese.  A.  teak,  a  valuable  ship-building 
wood. 

Aftcastle,  aft'kas-1.  An  elevation  on 
the  after-part  of  ships  of  war. 

After-body,  aft'er-bo-di.  That  part  of 
a  ship's  hull  abaft  the  midships. 

After-cabin,  aft'er-kab-ln.  The  best  or 
stern  cabin  of  a  vessel. 

After-damp,  aft'er-damp.  Choke-damp 
or  carbonic  acid,  found  in  coal  mines. 

After-errowth,  aft'er-groth.  A  second 
growth  or  crop  springing  up  after  a  pre- 
vious one  has  been  removed. 

After-peak,  aft'er-pek.  The  part  of  a 
vessel's  hold  which  lies  in  the  run  or  after- 
most part  of  the  hold. 

Agra,  a'ga.  A  Turkish  commander  or 
chief  officer.  The  title  is  given  to  various 
officers  and  to  great  landholders,  and  to 
the  higher  officers  of  the  sultui's  seraglio. 

Agrallochum,  a-gal'lok-um.  A  name 
given  to  two  kinds  of  fragrant  wood  used 
by  tlie  Orientals  for  perfume.  The  agal- 
lochura  of  Cochin -China  is  obtained  from 
Aloexylon  Agallochum ;  while  the  Indian 
variety  is  the  Aquilaria  Agallocha.  Both 
yield  resin  and  an  essential  oil  which  is 
the  highly  esteemed  perfume  used  as  in- 
cense in  religious  ceremonies. 

Asralmatolite,  a-gal-mat'o-lit.  A  soft 
day-slate  stone  found  in  China,  resem> 
bling  8teatit<t. 


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19 


AGENDUM 


Agama,  ag'a-ma.  A  gen.  of  small  san- 
rian  reptiles,  turn.  Ignaaidm. 

Agami,  ag'a-mi.  Tho  Psophia  crepitans; 
agrallatorialbird,  fam.  GroiOA,  the  golden- 
breasted  trumpeter. 

Agamic,  a-gam'ik.  Applied  to  repr«>duc- 
tion  without  the  congress  of  indlviduuls 
of  ther  opposite  sex. 

AgamidSB,  a-gam'i-d€.  A  tarn,  of  iacer- 
tilian  reptiles,  allied  to  the  IgoanidsB. 

Agamiflt,  ng'am-ist.  One  who  reftises 
or  rejects  marriage. 

Agapanthus,  ag-a-pan'thns.  A  smull 
gen.  of  perennial  plants  belonging  to  the 
ord.  LiliaoeoD. 

Agape,  ag'a'p^.  Among  the  prlmittve 
Christians  a  love-feastor  feast  or  charity, 
whon  contributions  were  mode  for  the 
poor.  Such  feasts  were  held  at  first  with- 
out scandal,  but  afterward  being  abused, 
they  were  condemned  at  the  Council  of 
Carthage,  a.  d.  897. 

Agamemnon,  &g-armem'non.  The 
oonunanding  Greek  general  at  tho  siege 
of  Troy,  murdered  by  nis  wife  Clytemnes- 
traandner  paramour  Agethus,  after  his 
return  from  the  destruction  of  Troy. 

Agapemone,  ag-a-pem'o-ne.  The  abode 
ot  love ;  an  association  of  men  and  wo- 
men living  promiscuously  on  a  common 
ftind. 

Agar-agar,  &'gar-a'gar.  Native  name 
ot  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass. 

Agaric,  a-gar'lk.  One  of  the  ftingi  that 
form  the  gen.  Agaricus.  A.  mineral,  or 
mountain-meal,  native  carbonates  of  lime ; 
a  stone  of  loose  consistence  found  in  Tus- 
oany,  of  which  bricks  may  be  made  so 
light  OS  to  iioat  in  water.  A  hydrated 
stucate  of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime, 
alumina  and  iron. 

Agaricla,  a-ga-rish'i-a.  The  mushroom 
madrepore,  a  gen.  of  coral  madrepores. 

Agarlcini,  a-gSr'i-sr'nl.  A  group  of 
fhngi  having  the  fruit-bearing  surface  ar- 
ranged in  radiating  gtlls,  as  mushrooms 
and  toad-stools. 

Agaricus,  a-gar'ik-us.  A  large  gen.  of 
Aingi,  characterized  by  having  a  fleshv 
cap  or  pileus,  and  radiating  plates  or  gills 
on  which  are  produced  tho  naked  spores. 
Over  a  thousand  species  are  known,  ar- 
ranged In  five  sections  according  to  the 
color  of  their  spores.  Many  are  edible, 
like  the' common  mushroom,  while  others 
are  deleterious  and  even  poisonous. 
Agassiz,  Louis,  ag'gas-se.  An  eminent 
Swiss  naturalist,  b.  1807,  immigrated  to 
America  in  1846,  and  in  1847  became  Prof. 


of  Zoology  and  Geology  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, later  a  non-resident  professor  of 
Oorncll  Collie,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Ha  was 
the  author  of  several  standard  works  on 
Natural  History,  Fishes,  and  Comparative 
Physiology ;  d.  Dec.  14,  1878. 

Agate,  aff'at.  A  siliQM>us.  semi-peUncid 
compound  mineral,  oonsisong  or  bandn 
or  layers  of  various  colors  blended  to- 
gether, the  ba.«e  geuorally  being  chalced- 
ony, and  mixed  \i1th  jasper,  amethyst, 
quartz,  opal,  heliotroi)e  ana  oamelian  ;  in 
M>me  agates  vegetable  or  animal  remains 
are  imbedded.  Agate  is  chiefly  found  in 
trap-rocks  and  berpentine,  often  in  the 
form  of  nodules,  called  geodes ;  they  Are 
the  least  valuable  of  the  predoua  stones  ; 
an  instrument  used  by  gold-wire  drawers ; 
the  cap  for  the  pivots  of  the  compass- 
cards,  formed  of  a  hard  siUceoua  stone,  a 
chalcedony  or  camelian.  In  printing,  a 
size  of  type. 

Agathodssmon,  ag'ath-d-dd^'mon.  The 
good  genius  or  spirit,  to  whom  the  an- 
cient Greeks  drank  a  cup  of  unmixed 
wine  at  tho  end  of  every  repast. 

Agathosma,  a-ga-thoc'ma.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Rutaoen. 

Agathotes,  a-gath'o-tfix.  A  gen.  of 
plants  found  in  India,  ord.  Gentlanaoeai. 

Agave,a-g&'- 
vt5.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord. 
Amary  1 1  i  da- 
cese,  compre- 
hending the 
American 
aloe.  The  best 
known  spe- 
cies is  A. 
americana, 
which  yields 
many  import- 
ant products. 
The  sap  pro- 
duces, when 
fermented,  a 
beverago  re- 
sembling ci- 
der, called  by 
tho  Moodcans 
pulque.  The 
fibers  of  the 
leaves  are  formed  into  thread  and  ropeo, 
and  an  extract  of  tho  leaves  is  used  as  a 
Bubstituto  for  soap ;  the  flower-stem,  whon 
withered,  is  cut  up  into  razor-strops. 

Agendum,  a-^en'dum.  Something  which 
a  man  is  bound  to  perform,  In  opposition 
to  credendum,  Koraeihing  ho  U  bound  to 
boUeve.    A  church  ritual  oi  liturgy. 


American  Aloe. 


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AGERATUM 


20 


AGOUTI 


Aereratuxn,  a-jer's-tum.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Ck>mpositse. 

Asr^lomerate,  ag-glom'or-at.  A  collec- 
tiyename  for  angrul&r  fi*agment8  ejected 
from  volcanoofl ;  when  ivorn  and  rounded 
by  water  it  is  called  a  conglomerate. 

Afirincourt,  ah-zhan'koor.  A  French 
village,  Dep't  of  Pas-de-Calais,  celebrated 
for  the  great  victory  gained  by  Henry  V. 
of  England  over  the  French  in  1415. 

Agrio,  a'ji-o.  The  difference  in  value  be- 
tween paper  money  and  metallic  coin. 

Agiosymandroii,  u^ji-d-si-man'Mron. 
An  instrument  of  wood  or  metal  used  by 
Christians  in  place  of  bells,  in  countries 
subject  to  the  Turks,  who  forbid  their 
use. 

Agrlaia,  ag-la'i-a.  One  of  the  three 
Graces.  A  small  planet  or  asteriod  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Agrlet,  ag'let.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing 
of  a  lace  or  of  the  points  or  ribbons,  used 
in  the  16th  and  17tn  centuries  to  fasten  or 
tie  dresses,  and  are  still  used  in  the  form 

.  of  tagged  points  or  braid  hanging  from  the 
Bhoulder  in  some  military  uniforms.    A 

Sendant  at  the  ends  of  some  stamens  of 
owers,  as  in  the  rose  and  tulip. 

Afimatioil,  ag-n&'shon.  Relation  by  the 
father's  side  only:  distinct  from  cognation, 
which  Includes  descent  in  the  male  and 
female  lines. 

AemCBtaB,  ag-no'te.  A  sect  of  the  4th 
century,  followers  of  Theophronius  the 
Oappadooian,  who  questioned  the  om- 
niscience of  God.  A  sect  o  the  6th  cen- 
taly^  followers  of  Thomlstius,  deacon  of 
Ale&indria,  who  held  that  Christ,  as  man, 
was  Ignorant  of  many  things,  and  specifi- 
cally of  the  time  of  the  day  of  judgment 

Agnua    Dei, 
ag'nus  d€'!. 
One  of  the  titles 
of  Christ.  InB. 
C.    Church    a 
modal,  or  cake 
of  wax,  oonse- 
crated  by  iiie 
pope,  stamped 
with  the  figure 
of  a  lamb  sup- 
porting   the 
banner   of  the 
cross.    A  pray-  Agnus  Del  that  belonged 
er  in  the  office      to  Carlemagne. — From 
of  the  mass  be-      Alx-la-Chapelle    Cathe- 
ginning     with      dral. 
these  words.  In 

the  Greek  Church,  the  cloth  which  covers 
the  conmiunion  service,  bearing  the  figure 

of  a  Iamb. 


Agnel,  ag'uel.  An  ancient  French  coin, 
value  12  sols,  6  deniers,  bearing  the  figure 
of  tho  pascal  lamb. 

Afimomen,  ag-no'men.  An  additional 
name  given  by  tho  Romans  to  an  indi- 
vidual in  allusion  to  some  quality,  circimi- 
stance,  or  achievement  by  which  he  was 
distinguished,  as  Africanus  added  to  P. 
Cornelius  Scipio. 

Agnostic,  ag-nos'tik.  One  of  a  school 
who  disclaim  any  knowledge  of  God  or  of 
the  origin  of  the  universe. 

Agnus  Castus,  ag'nus  kas'tns.  A 
species  of  Vitcx,  ord.  Verbenaceae,  called 
chaste,  and  having  attributed  to  it  th«- 
imagined  virtue  of  preserving  chastity. 

Agnua  Sc3rthiciis,  ag'nus  sith'ik-us. 
The  Scythian  lamb,  a  name  applied  to  the 
rhizome  of  the  fern  Cibotium  barometz, 
which  is  covered  with  silky  fibrous  hairs. 
When  inverted  and  artificiallv  trinuned  it 
somewhat  resembles  a  small  lamb. 

Agronic,  a-gonlk.  Not  forming  an  an- 
gle. A.  hues,  two  lines  on  the  earth^s 
surfi&ce,  on  which  the  magnetic  needle 
points  to  the  true  north,  or  where  the 
magnetic  meridian  coincides  with  the 
geographical.  Although  they  extend 
from  south  to  north,  they  do  not  coincide 
with  the  meridians,  but  intersect  them 
under  different  angles. 

Agonist,  ag'G-nist.  One  who  contends 
for  tlie  prize  in  public  games ;  a  combat- 
ant; a  champion.  A  name  given  by 
Donatus  to  such  of  his  disciples  as  he 
sent  to  contend  for  the  truth  by  preach- 
ing at  markets  and  fairs. 

Agonothete,  a-go'no-thct.  An  official 
who  presided  over  the  public  games  In 
Greece. 

Agora,  ag'o-ra.  The  public  square  and 
market-place  of  a  Greek  town,  answering 
to  the  forum  of  the  Romans. 

AgOSta,  ah-gos-tah.  A  seaport  of  Sicily, 
olT  which  the  Dutch  fleet  under  DeRuy- 
ter  were  defeated  by  the  French  under 
Duquesne,  1676. 

Agouara,  a-go'a-ra.  A  species  of  rac- 
coon, called  also  the  crab-eating  raoooon, 
from  its  habit  of  eating  crustaceans  and 
mollusks. 

Agouti,  -go'ti.  The  Indian  name  of  sev 
eral  species  of  rodent  mammals,  fam. 
Cavidap,  gen.  Dasyprocta  or  Chloromys. 
The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped 
cavy,  is  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  It  burrows, 
lives  on  vegetables,  is  voracious  as  a  pig, 
and  makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It 
holds  its  food  in  its  fore-paws  Tike  a  squir 
rel.    Its  flesh  Is  white  and  delicate. 


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AGOUTA 


21 


AtB-GBAHBEB 


A«X>uta,  -go'iA,    An  insectivorous  mam- 
toAl,  fiua.  TalpidfiB,  and  the  sole  member 


Agrouta. 

of  the  gen.  Solenodon.  It  Is  so  puzzllnir 
tc^  aaturalists  that  It  has  received  the 
name  of  8.  i»aradoxus.  It  has  the  ftir, 
ears  and  tail  of  the  opossum,  but  the 
teeth  and  elongated  nose  of  tlie  shrew.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one. 

A«rraplli8,  'ra-fls.  A  gen.  of  plants  bo- 
longing  to  the  Llllace»,  and  nearly  allied 
to  the  squills  and  hyacinths. 

Agriiuonia,  -rl-mo'ni-a.  A  gen.  of  per- 
ennial plants,  ord.  KosaceaB;  agrimony. 
Its  leaves  and  root-stock  are  astringent, 
and  the  hitter  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

A«riope8,  -gri'6-p€s.  A  gen.  of  acan- 
thopterygious  fishes,  Ikm.  Cataphractl, 
distinguished  irom  most  other  genera  by 
having  only  nine  rays  in  the  pectoral  fins. 

A«rrippixiian,  -grip-phi'i-an.  A  follow- 
er of  Agrlpplnus,  bishop  of  Carthage  in 
the  8d  century,  who  first  taught  and  de- 
fended the  doctrine  of  rebaptlsm. 

A^rippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  ah- 
grip'pah.  A  Roman  general  and  states- 
man to  whom  Augustus  was  indebted  for 
the  victory  at  Actlum,  which  made  him 
master  of  the  world ;  b.  63  ii.c,  d.  12. 

A«rroffti8,  a-gros'tis.  A  gen.  of  grasses, 
valuable  as  pasture  grasses,  and  distin- 
gouhed  by  having  membranous  and  awn- 
less  empty  glumes. 

A«pardiente,  a'gwfir-de-ent"tt.  A  sec- 
ond-class brandvmade  fl^m  the  red  wines 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  or  reftise  of  the 
grapes  l«jft  in  the  wine-press,  the  scrapings 
of  casks  and  vats,  and  deposits  in  bottles. 
A  Mexican  drink  distiUed  fix)m  the  agave. 

A«ua-toad,  a'gwa-tod.  A  gigantic  spe- 
cies of  toad  found  in  Intertropical  Americji 
and  the  West  Indies ;  It  utters  a  loud 
snoring  kind  of  bellow. 

A«ue,  a'gii.  The  cold  fit  or  rigor  which 
precedes  a  fever  or  a  paroxysm  of  fever  in 

intermittents.  A  periodica  fever,  quotid- 
ian, tertian,  or  quartan. 

A«ue-drop,  a'gu-drop.  A  solution  of 
the  anenite  of  potassium  ;  also  known  as 

Fowler's  Solution. 


Agynous,  a'jin-us.     Applied  to  plants 
having  no  female  organs. 
Ahab,  a'hab.      An    idolatrous  King  ol 
Israel,  husband  of  the  wicked  Jezebel,  who 
was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Syrians: 
reigned  from  930  to  909  b.  c. 
Ahrixnan,  a'ri-man.    The  evil  genius  or 
demon,  according  to  the  dualistic  doctrine 
of  Zoroaster ;  the  king  of  darkness  and  ol 
death,  and  the  eternal  foe  of  Ormuzd  and 
his  kingdom  of  light  and  life. 
Aide-de-camp,  ad-de-kon.    An  officer 
whose  duty  it  is  to  recoive  and  conmtiuni' 
cate  tlie  orders  of  a  general  oflicer. 
Aigrrexnore,  a'ger-mor.    Charcoal  when 
prepared  for  the  making  of  gunpowder. 
Aigruille,  a'g\vil.     An  instrument  used 
for  piercing  a  rock,  for  the  lodgment  oi 
gunpowder  in  a  mine  or  blast-hole.    The 
needle-like  points  or  tops  of  granite  and 
other  crystalline    rocks   and     mountain 
masses,  and  ice  on  gUusiers. 
Aignillette,  a'gwil-et.    A  point  or  tag 
at  the  end  of  a  fringe  or  lace.      A  tagged 
point  hanging  down  from  the  shoulder  ; 
also,  a  braid  or  eord  worn  ftom  shoulder 
to  shoulder  in  military  uniforms. 
AifiTUise,  a-gwez-a.    In  Her.  applied  to  a 
cross  with  its  four  ends  sharpened,  but 
so  as  to  terminate  in  obtuse  angles. 
Ailanthus,  a-lan'thus.    A  gen.  of  large 
timber  trees,  ord.  SimarubacesB. 
Ailette,  ftl-let'.    One  of  the  small  square 
shields  of  arms  worn  upon  the  shoulders 
of  knights  during  the  middle  ages  ;    the 
prototype  of  the  modern  epaulet. 
AiluruB,  al-u'rus.    A  gen.  of  carnivorous 
quadrupeds,  fara.  UrsidiB.     A.  refulgens, 
the  only  known  species,  is  the  panda. 
Air,  ar.    The  fluid  which  we  breathe.  At- 
mospheric A.  is  composed  by  volume  of  20 
or  21  oxygen  and  80  or  79  nitrogen ;  by 
weight,  of  23  oxygen  to  77  nitrogen.    The 
body  of  A.  surrounding  the  eartii  is  called 
the  atmosphere. 

Aira,  ar'a.    Hair-grass,  a  gen.  belonging 
to  the  ord.  Gramineae. 
Air-casing',    ar'kas-ing.     An   air-tight 
casing  of  sheet-iron  around  a  pipe  to  pre- 
vent undue  transmission  of  heat  or  cold. 
Air-cell,  ar'sel.    One  of  the  cavities  in 
the  leaves,  stems,  or  other  parts  of  plants, 
•ontaining  air.     The  bronchial  cells  con- 
stituting the  texture  of  the  lungs.    The 
dilatations  of  the  trachea  in  insects  iform' 
ing  the  respiratory  apparatus. 
AJr-cliainber,  ar'cham-ber.     A  cavity 
in  a  hydraulic  machine,  as  a  fire-engine, 
the  air  In  which,  on  being  compressed  by 


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the  admission  of  water,  acts  as  a  spring, 
and  equalizes  the  flow  of  the  liquid. 

Air-condenser,  ur-kon-dens'er.  An  ap- 
paratus for  condensing  air. 

Air-cone,  nr'kun.  A  cone  in  a  marine 
engine  to  receive  the  gases  which  enter 
the  hot- well  from  the  air-pump. 

Air-course,  ar'kors.  A  general  name 
for  the  passages  in  a  coal-mine  intended 
for  yentilatlon. 

Air-engine,  ur'en-Jin.  An  en<^ne  in 
which  air,  heated  or  compressed,  is  em- 
ployed as  a  motive  power. 

Air-sras,  ar'gas.  An  inflammable  illu- 
minating gas  made  by  charging  atmos- 
pheric air  with  vapors  of  petroleum,  naph- 
tha, or  similar  substance,  called  gasoline, 
which  must  evaporate  with  great  readi- 
ness. 

Air-gnin,  Sr'gun.  A  gun  in  which  highly- 
condensed  air  is  used  to  project  the  baU ; 
it  is  shaped  like  a  rifle,  a  hollow  spherical 
ball,  into  which  air  has  been  forced  by  a 
condensing  syringe,  being  attached  to  it 
and  serving  as  a  reservoir. 

Air-lock,  ur'lok.  An  air-tight  cham- 
ber in  a  caisson  in  which  operations 
are  being  carried  on  under  water. 

Air-maclline,  ar'ma-shen.  The  appa- 
ratus by  which  pure  air  is  forced  into  parts 
of  mines  badly  ventilated. 

Air-port,  ar'port.  Large  scuttles  in 
ships'  bows  or  sides  for  the  admission  of 
air. 

Air-pump, 
ar'pump.  A 
pneumatic 
machine  for 
the  purpose 
of  exhausting 
the  air  from 
a  closed  ves- 
sel called  a 
receiver,  and  / 
thereby  pro-  \ 
ducing  a  vac- 
uum, which, 
however,  is 
only  partial.  It  exhausts  the  air  fW)m  the 
receiver  by  means  of  a  piston,  >vith  valve, 
working  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  after  the 
manner  of  a  common  pump.  The  A.  P. 
of  a  steam-engine  is  used  to  draw  the  con- 
densing water  and  condensed  steam  off 
from  the  condenser. 
.  Air-sac,  ar'sak.  One  of  the  membranous 
receptacles  of  air  lodged  in  the  hollow 
bones,  the  cavities  of  *he  body  and  quills 
of  birds,  and  communicating  with  the 
lungs. 


Air-pump. 


Air-shaft,  ur'shaft.  A  passage  for  air 
into  a  mine,  usually  perpendicular,  and 
meeting  the  horizontal  passages,  causing 
a  free  circulation. 

Air-thermometer,  fir'ther-mom"et-or. 
A  thermometer  in  which  air  la  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  mercury  and  spirit  ol 
wine. 

Aisle,  n.  The  wing  of  a  building ;  the 
lateral  divisions  of  a  cathedral  or  church, 
separated  from  the  central  part,  called  the 
nave  and  choir,  by  pillars  or  piers. 

Aix-beds,  us'bcdz.  Thick  fresh-water 
tertiary  strata,  consisting  of  calcareous 
marls,  calcareo-siliceous  grits  and  gyp- 
sum, and  f\ill  of  fossil  fishes,  insects  and 
plants. 

Aix-la-Chapelle.  A  frontier  city  of 
W.  Prussia,  celebrated  from  the  6th  cen- 
tury ;  its  cathedral,  built  in  796,  was  the 
scene  of  the  coronation  of  the  German 
Emperors  down  to  the  16th  century,  and 
many  of  the  most  celebrated  treaties  of 
history  were  concluded  within  It.  It  was 
the  favorite  residence  of  Charlemagne, 
and  is  noted  for  its  hot  baths ;  pop.  76,000. 

Aizoon,  a-ao'on.  A  gen.  of  prostrate 
herbaceous  plants,  ord.  Ficoidca*,  contain- 
ing about  twenty  species. 

Ajaccio,  ah-vat'cho.  Napoleon's  birth- 
place, on  the  island  of  Corsica. 

Ajax,  a'j&ks.  The  name  of  two  Grecian 
heroes  at  the  siege  of  Troy.  One,  son  of 
Telamon,  king  of  Salamis,  having  unsuc- 
cessfullv  contended  with  Ulysses  for  the 
arms  of  Achilles,  became  insane  and  com- 
mitted suicide.  The  other,  son  of  Oilus, 
king  of  Locris,  was  only  second  to  Achilles 
in  fleetness;  he  was  drowned  while  re- 
turning from  Troy  through  having  of- 
fended Neptune  and  Minerva. 

Ajugra,  a-ju-ga.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Labiato). 

Akbar,  ak^ar.  The  most  distinguished 
of  Mogul  sultans,  who  began  his  reign 
over  the  Punjaub  at  the  age  of  14 ;  he 
endeavored  to  unite  all  the  Hindu  natiens, 
and  after  long  and  severe  wars  succeeded 
in  extending  his  dominion  over  16  prov- 
inces, nearly  the  whole  of  India;  b. 
1542,  D.  1606. 

Akbeer,  ak'ber.  A  red  powder  thrown 
on  the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  fes- 
tivals. • 

Akee,  a-kc'.  The  fruit  of  Blighia  sapida, 
ord.  Sapindaccffi. 

Alabama,  A-ld-b^-mah.  One  of  the 
southern  united  States,  originally  a  part 
of  Georgia,  but  admitted  as  an  indepenaent 
state  in  1809;  A.  seceded  Jan.  11, )  867, 


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ALBAKT 


and  the  first  €k)nfederate  Congress  met  in 
Montgomery,  its  capital,  electing  Jetl'erson 
Davis  President,  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens  Vice-President  She  was  re- 
admitted to  the  Union  upon  the  adoption 
of  a  new  constitution  in  1S6T.  Her  popula- 
tion in  1880  was  1,262,505 ;  661,060  white ; 
600,103  negroes;  1,872  Indians.  Her 
principal  riyers  are  the  Alabama,  Tennes- 
see and  Tombigbee ;  principal  cities,  Mo- 
bile, Montgomery,  Scfma  and  Huntsville. 
The  AU^hany  Mountains,  in  the  western 
part,  extend  to  within  60  m.  of  the  Gulf 
coast. 

AlabandJTie,  al-a-banMin.  Manganese 
glance  or  blende ;  a  anlphide  of  manganese. 

Alabarohes,  al-arbftr'kez.  In  andent 
ttmM,  the  chief  magtatrate  of  the  Jews  in 
Alexandria,  whose  duty  lay  ohiefly  in  rais- 
ing and  paying  taxee. 

Alabaster,  al'arbas-ter.  A  marble-like 
mineral  of  which  there  are  two  wdl-known 
yarletiee— the  gypaeona  and  the  ealoareous; 
the  Ibrmer  a  orystalltne  granular  variety 
of  sxdphate  of  oaioium  or  gypsum.  Being 
•oft  it  oan  be  formed  by  ue  lathe  or  Imin 
into  small  works  of  art.  Calcareous  A. 
is  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime  occurring 
as  a  stalactite  or  stalagmite  in  caverns  of 
limestone  rocks.  A  vessel  for  holding 
odoriferous  liquors  or  ointments. 

Alactasra,  a-lak-ta'ga.  The  Jumping 
rabbit  of  Siberia,  a  rodent,  fam.  DipodidsB. 

Aladinist,  a-lad'in-ist.  A  free-thinker 
among  the  Mohammedans. 

A-la-srrecque,  a-lu-grek.     A  name  for 

.  one  of  the  varieties  or  the  firet  ornament, 
used  for  running  freizes,  borders,  &c.,  and 
ihM)uentiy  seen  in  ancient  Roman  pave- 
ments. 

Alft-TnAHn.^  a-la-mu'da.  A  public  walk  in 
Spain,  planted  with  trees. 

Alant,  al'ant.  In  Her.  a  mastiff  dog  with 
short  ears. 

Alalia,  o-laM-a.  A  gen.  of  Algse.  The 
membranous  frond  is  from  8  to  20  feet 
long  and  has  a  thick  midrib. 

Alario  I.,  41'ah-rik.  King  of  the  Visi- 
goths, who 'captured  and  plundered  Rome 
In  410 ;  B.  860,  d.  410.  A.  II.  was  crowned 
in  484,  and  killed  in  a  battie  with  Qovis, 
king  of  France,  in  507 ;  he  formulated 
the  body  of  laws  known  as  the  Brevarium 
Alaricionum. 

Alazm-firailfire,  a-l&rm'gaj.  An  auto- 
matic contrivance  in  a  steam-engine  by 
which  notice  is  givep  when  the  pressure 
of  steam  becomes  too  high,  or  the  water 
too  low  in  the  boiler. 


,  A-liis'kah.  The  extreme  N.W. 
territory  of  the  U.  S.,  purchased  from 
Russia  in  1868  for  17,500,000,  the  Aleutian 
Island  being  included  in  the  tran sfer.  The 
total  population,  Russians,  Aleuts,  In- 
dians and  a  few  Americans,  is  estimat*>d 
at  150,000.  Congress  is  now  (1888>  con- 
sidering a  bill  providing  for  a  territorial 
government. 

Alasmodon,  a-las'mo-don.  A  gen.  of 
bivalve  moUusks,  the  river  pearl-mussels. 

Ala-Taffh,  ah-lah-dAg^  Principal  moun- 
tain range  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  extending 
from  Mt.  Ararat. 

Alated, a'lat-ed.  Winged;  having  mem- 
branous expansions  like  wings.  Shells 
having  an  expanded  lip. 

Alauda,  a-la'da.  The  gen.  of  insessorlal 
birds  to  which  the  lark  belongs,  distin- 
guished  for  their  vigilance  and  their  sing- 
ing on  the  wtng. 

Alb,  alb.      A   clerical 
vesment  worn  by  B.  C. 

{)riests  while  officiating 
n  the  more  solemn 
functions  of  the  divine 
office.  It  is  a  long  robe 
of  white  linen,  bound 
round  the  waist  by  a 
cincture.  In  front  at 
the  foot,  embroidery  or 
orphrey-work  is  attach- 
ed, and  at  the  wrists 
several  enrichments  ap- 
pear. 1 1  was  originally 
the  common  dress  of 
ecclesiasts. 

Alba,  or  Alba,  Fer-  Alb. 

dinand  Alvarez 
de  Toledo,  Duke  of.  A  distinguished 
Spanish  General,  governor  of  the  Nether- 
kmds,  whose  cruel  rule  led  to  the  inde- 
pendence of  that  country;  b.  1508,  d. 
1582.    He  was  never  defeated  in  battie. 

Albaoore,  Oxa-kor.  A  name  given  to 
several  fishes  of  the  tunny  or  mackerel 
kind. 

Albadara, -ba-da'ra.  The  Arabian  cabal- 
istic name  for  the  sesamoid  ioint  of  the 
great  too,  to  which  extraordinary  gifts 
were  ancientiy  ascribed. 

Albany,  arba-ne.  A  county  and  city  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  the  latter  being 
the  capital ;  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Erie  Cfanal  and  Hudson  River,  141  m.  N.  of 
N.  Y.  aty ;  it  has  a  population  of  100,000; 
the  capitol  building,  still  imfinished,  Avill 
cost  when  completed  about  $20,000,000, 
and  will  be  one  of  the  largest  an,d  finest 
pubUc  buildings  in  the  world. 


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AtCHfiMY 


Albans,  St.,  aul'b&iui.  A  borough  of 
Hertford  Ck>.,  England,  celebrated  for  the 
Tlctory  of  Biohard,  Duke  of  York,  over 
Henry  VI.,  May  22, 1466,  and  the  defeat 
of  Warwick  by  Margaret  of  Anjou,  Feb.  2, 
1461.  It  also  possesses  an  abbey,  found- 
ed in  796  in  honor  of  St.  Alban,  the  first 
Christian  martyr  in  Britain. 

Albata,  -bu'ta.  An  alloy  of  nickel,  zinc, 
tin  and  copper,  often  with  antimony  and 
silrer,  made  into  spoons,  forks,  teapots, 
&c. 

Albatross,    'ba- 
tros.     An  aquatic 
natatorial     bird, 
fam.Procellariadae, 
of  which  the  wan- 
It  f    »  dering  albatross  is  ^/ 
/'  the     best    known  ^Ur^ 
species.     It  Is  the  ^^^ 
largest  searblrd.  Albatross, 
and      has      been 

known  to  accompany  ships  for  whole  days 
without  ever  resting  on  tlie  waves.  It  is 
regarded  with  feelings  of  attachment  and 
superstitious  awe  by  sailors. 

Ablfirenses,  -bi-jens'ez.  A  party  of  re- 
formers who  separated  from  the  Church 
of  Some  in  the  r2th  century,  and  were 
ruthlessly  persecuted ;  so  called  from  Al- 
bigeois,  a  small  territory  round  Albi,  a 
town  of  Languedoc  in  France. 

Albin,  'bin.  A  mineral  of  an  opaque 
white  color,  a  variety  of  Bohemian  apo- 
phylite. 

Albino,  -bi'nS.  A  person  of  pale,  milky 
complexion,  with  light  hair  and  pink  eyes, 
occasionally  found  among  all  races  of  men ; 
applied  to  animals. 

Albion,  al'bi-on.  hji  ancient  name  of 
Britain,  gradually  restricted  to  Scotland. 

Albite,  al'bit  Tetrartoprismatic  fels- 
par ;  soda  felspar. 

Alborak,  al-bo'rak.  The  white  mule 
on  which  Mohammed  is  said  to  have 
ioumeyed  from  the  temple  of  Jerusa- 
lem to  heaven. 

Albugrinea,  al-bu-jin'e-a.  The  white 
fibrous  coating  of  the  eye;  also,  the 
tough  fibrous  coating  of  the  testacies. 

Album,  al'bum.  In  Eom.  antiq.  a 
white  tablet,  on  which  the  names  of  public 
officers  and  alsopublic  transactions  were 
written  down.  A  blank  book  in  which 
may  be  inserted  autographs  or  pieces  of 
poetry  or  prose.  A  book  for  preserving 
photographic  views,  cartes  de  vlsite,  <fec. 

Albumen,  al-bu'men.  A  proximate 
principle,  entering  Into  the  composition 
of  the  anlmU  and  vegetable  fluids  and 


solids,  composed  of  carbon,  hv 
nitrogen  and  oxygen,  with  a  little  sul- 
phur. It  aboimds  in  the  serum  of  the 
olood,  the  humors  of  the  eye,  the  fluid  of 
dropsy,  the  coagulable  lymph,  in  nutritive 
matters,  the  juice  of  flesh,  &c 

Album  GrsBcnun,  al'bum  grS'kum. 
The  excrement  of  dogs,  wolves,  A«., 
which,  from  exposure  to  the  air,  becomes 
white  like  chalk.  It  was  formerly  lused. 
as  a  medicine,  and  is  still  used  by  tanners 
to  soften  leather. 

Alb^^'T^^'"^''^,  al-bQ'mln-in.  Oonin;  the 
substance  of  the  cells  inclosing  the  white 
of  birds*  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitrogen, 
and  dissol\:£S  in  caustic  potash. 

Albuera,  Al'bwa-rah.  A  SpaalBh 
town,  prov.  of  J^stremadura,  the  scene  of 
the  sanguinary  battle  between  the  French 
under  Marshal  Soult  and  the  British  and 
Spanish  under  Lord  Beresford,  1811. 

Alcaic,  al-ka'ik.  Pertaining  to  Alcaeus, 
a  lyric  poet  of  Mitylene,  in  Lesbos,  who 
flourished  about  the  close  of  the  7th  and 
beginning  of  the  6th  century  b.  o. 

Alcaid,  al-kad'.  In  Spain,  Portugal, 
&c..  a  commander  of  a  fortress ;  the  chief 
civil  magistrate  of  a  city ;  also,  a  JaUer. 

Alcala  de  Henares,  &l-kah'hih  da 
aln-air'ez.  The  bh-thplace  of  Cervantes, 
prov.  of  New  Castelo,  Spain ;  also  noted 
as  the  place  where  Cardinal  Ximenes' 
Polyglot  Bible  was  printed. 

Alc»alde,  al-ka-da.  A  Spanish  magis- 
trate. 

Alcarraza,  al-ka-ra'za.  A  vessel  of  po- 
rous pottery  manufactured  in  Spain  and 
used  for  cooling  water. 

Alcazar,  al-ka-zar.  A  fortress:  ap- 
plied also  to  the  royal  palaces  in  Spain. 

AlcedinidsB,  al-sd-din'1-dS.  A  fun.  of 
fissh*ostral  insessorial  birds,  the  king- 
fishers, typical  gen.  Alcodo. 

Alces,  al'scs.  A  gen.  of  the  Cervlda)  or 
deer  fam.,  the  elk.  It  is  the  edze  of  a 
horse. 

Alchemilla,  al-ke-milOa.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Bosaceffi ;  lady's  manUe. 

Alchemy,  al'ke-mi.  Ancient  chemistry, 
the  students  of  which  were  deficient  in 
theoretical  views,  and  pursued  in  their 
experiments  delusive  ends,  such  as  the 
discovery  of  the  philosopher's  stone, 
which  was  to  transmute  base  metals  into 
gold,  to  be  a  panacea  for  diseases,  and  an 
alkahest  or  universal  solvent  The  doc- 
trines and  practice  of  those  who  dabbled 
in  such  arts.  Formerly  a  mixed  metal 
used  for  utensils,  a  modification  of  brass. 


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Alcibiades,  Al-se-bi'a-diz.  A  celebrated 
Athenian  warrior  and  Btatesman,  the  fay- 
orite  pupil  of  Socrates ;  b.  450,  i>.  404  b.  o. 

Aloinsd,  al-si'nS.  The  auks,  a  sub-Hun. 
of  natatorial  sea-birds,  f^un.  Alcidse.  It 
comprehends  the  ffenera  Alca  or  auks 
proper,  and  jhiterciua  or  puffins. 

^l0Tinft.-n^n.-n  alk-ma'ni-on.  Pertaining 
to  Alcman,  a  Greek  lyric  poet  of  the  7th 
century  b.  c,  celebrated  for  his  amorous 
Threes. 

Alco,  alHcd.  A  variety  of  dog  with  a 
small  head  and  lai^e  pendulous  ears, 
found  in  Mexico  and  Peru. 

Alcohol,  al'kd-hol.  A  liquid  forming  the 
intoxicating  principle  of  all  vinous  and 
spirituous  Bquors,  formed  by  the  fenr«ai- 
tation  of  aqueous  sugar  solutions,  ana  6y 
the  destructiye  distillation  of  organic 
Wiles,  as  coal.  Absolute  or  piu^  A.  is 
a  transparent  fluid,  of  a  pleasant  or 
spirituous  smell  and  burning  taste;  it 
has  never  been  frozen,  but  becomes  vis- 
cid at  very  low  temperatures.  It  is  verj' 
influnmable,  lolvent  of  all  bodies  rich  in 
hydrogen,  and  is  a  powerftil  stimulant  and 
antiseptic  By  volume  55  parts  of  A.  and 
45  of  water,  or  49.2  parts  by  weight  of  A. 
and  60.8  of  water,  form  proof  sph^t  Un- 
der-proof and  over-prooi  are  the  designa- 
tions of  weaker  or  stronger  solutions.  A. 
mixed  with  various  proportions  of  water, 
essential  oils,  sugar  and  extracts,  forms 
the  different  kinds  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

Alcoholometer,  al'k6-hol-om'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  quantity 
of  pure  alcohol  in  any  liquid. 

Alcove,  al'kov.  A  recess  in  a  room, 
usually  separated  from  it  by  a  screen  of 
columns,  by  a  balustrade,  or  by  draperies, 
and  intended  for  the  reception  of  a  bed  of 
state  or  seats.  A  lateral  recess  in  a  library 
for  the  reception  of  books.  An  arched  or 
covered  seat  in  a  garden. 

Alcyonaxia,  al'si-o-na'M-a.  An  ord.  of 
actinozoan  corals,  distinguished  by  six  or 
eight  broad  leaf-like  tentacles,  arranged 
round  the  mouth  like  the  rays  of  a  star- 
fish. Some  resemble  sponges;  others 
f^S,  feathers,  &c. 

Alcyone,  al-si'onS.  The  brightest  of  the 
Pleiades. 

Alcyonidfld,  al-sI-on'i*dc.  A  fam.  of 
asteroid  polypes,  resembling  sponges. 

Alcyonite,aI'si-on-!t.  A  fossil  alcyonlum; 
one  of  the  spongifcrous  fossils  common  in 
the  chalk  formation. 

AldftTi  Mountains.  A  range  in  N.  E. 
Asia,  extending  from  the  Altai  Chain  to 
B«briDg8  Strait 


Aldebaran,  al-deb'ur-an.  A  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Tau- 
rus. Vulgarly  called  the  Bull's  Eye.  It 
is  the  bright  star  in  the  group  of  five 
called  the  Hyads. 

Aldeh3rde,  al-de-hid.  A  transparent 
colorless  liquid  produced  by  the  oxidation 
of  pure  alcohol.  It  is  alcohol  minus  two 
atoms  of  hydrogen.  It  has  a  suffocating 
odor,  and  is  so  volatile  that  it  boils  by  the 
warmth  of  the  hand.  When  exposed  to 
air  or  oxygen  it  becomes  entirely  con- 
verted into  acetic  acid  or  vinegar,  by  tlie 
addition  of  one  atom  of  oxygen. 

Alder,  al'der.  The  popular  name  of 
plants  of  the  gen.  Alnus,  ord.  Betulacete. 
A.  glutlnosa  is  the  common  alder,  usually 
growing  in  moist  land. 

Alderman,  al'dor-man.  Among  Anglo- 
Saxons  a  prince  or  nobleman.  It  was 
originally  used  as  a  name  of  dignity  un- 
connected with  oflice,  but  In  later  Umei 
was  applied  to  the  members  of  the  no- 
bility next  in  rank  to  the  king.  In  pres- 
ent usage,  an  officer  of  a  town  corporate, 
next  in  rank  below  the  mayor,  possessing 
municipal  administrative  powers. 

Aldine,  al'dln.  A  term  applied  to  those 
editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded from  the  press  of  Aldus  Manuaus, 
of  Venice,  and  his  family,  from  1490  to 
1597.  The  term  has  been  also  applied  to 
certain  editions  of  modem  works. 

Ale,  fiL  A  liquor  made  frx>m  an  inftision 
of  malt  by  fermentation. 

Ale-conner,  fil'kon-er.  Originally  an 
English  officer  appointed  to  assay  ale  and 
beer.  Their  duty  now  is  to  inspect  the 
measures  used  in  public-houses. 

Aleotor,  a-lek'ter.  A  gen.  of  gallinaceous 
birds,  film.  Cracidae.  They  resemble  ttir 
keys. 

Alectoria,  a-lek-to'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  lichens. 
A.  Jubata,  or  rock  hair,  affords  food  for 
the  reindeer  during  deep  snow. 

Alectryomancy,  'tri-o-man-si.  An 
ancient  practice  of  foretoUing  events  by 
means  of  a  cock. 

Alemannic,  al-c-man'lk.  Belonging  to 
the  Alemanni,  a  niiUtory  confederacy  of 
several  German  tribes  of  the  8d  century. 

Alembdar,  a-lem'dar.  A  Turkish  offi- 
cer who  bears  the  green  standard  of  Mo- 
hammed when  the  Sultan  appears  in 
public. 

Alembert,  Jean  le  Bond,  d',  dah- 
long'bair.  A  celebrated  French  geome- 
trician and  philosopher ;  b.  171T,  d.  1788. 
A  deserted  babe  and  charity  child,  he  be- 
came the  moot  distinguished  writer  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALEMBIC 


26 


ALEXANDRIN>: 


i\ni- 


teacher  of  his  day,  refusing  offers  fW)m 
the  courts  of  Prussia  and  Berlin  ;  the  in- 
timate iHend  of  Voltaire,  he  was  doubt- 
less a  skeptic,  but  nothing  reflecting  upon 
Christianity  appears  la  his  \i'orks. 

Alembic,  a-lem'bik.  A  vessel  formerly 
used  in  distillation,  usually  made  of  glass 
or  copper,  now  superseded  by  the  retort 
and  worm-still. 

iUembroth,  a-lemnt>roth.  The  salt  of 
wisdom  of  the  alchemists ;  a  double  chlo- 
ride of  mercury  and  ammonia.  Although 
poisonous  it  was  formerly  used  as  a  stim- 
ulant. 

Aienoon  I^ace,  a-lan'son  las.  A  kind 
of  French  lace  made  of  lumd-spun  linen 
thread,  the  most  expensive  of  the  French 
laces,  and  surpassccl  only  by  Brussels.  It 
receives  its  name  from  Alenfon. 

Alepidote,  a-lep'J  fit.  Any  fish  whose 
skin  is  not  coverer     4th  scales 

Alette,  a- 
let'.  A 
small  wing 
of  a  build- 
ing ;  a  pil- 
aster  or 
b  u  ttress ; 
the  face  of 
the  pier  of 
an  arch, 
e  xtending 
from  the  _^____. 
edge  of  the  *  '  ' 
opening.      A,  Arch. 

Aleiirites, 

a-lu-rl't«z.  A  gen.  of  plants,  oi-d.  Euphor- 
biace«B.  The  nuts,  which  abound  in  oil, 
are  used  as  a  substitute  f.^r  candles. 

Aleurometer,  -Itir-om'c-ter.  Anl  nstru- 
ment  for  Indicating  the  bread-making 
qualities  of  wheaten  flour. 

Alewife,  al'wif.  A  fresh-water  fish  re- 
sembling the  shad. 

Alexander  IH.,  the  Gkreat.  Son 
and  S.  of  Philip  II.  of  Macedon ;  b.  856,  d. 
828  B.  o.  He  was  crowned  In  the  2Uth 
year  of  his  age,  and  at  once  entered  upon 
his  wonderful  military  cai-eer,  conquering 
Darius,  King  of  Persia,  and  oveiiunning 
nearly  the  whole  of  A  sia.  Ho  died  during 
a  second  invasion  of  Persia,  at  Babylon, 
the  immediate  cause  being  a  prolonged 
debauch.  His  character  was  a  compound 
of  generosily  and  brutality,  his  usual  mag- 
nanimity toward  conquered  foes  being 
followed  by  violence  toward  his  intimates, 
an  instance  of  the  latter  being  the  murder, 
with  his  own  hand,  in  a  drunken  rage,  of 
OUtus,  his  foster  broth  (r. 


B  B,  T*ilhu-8. 
Alettes. 


CC, 


Alexander.  The  name  of  eight  Popes. 
A.  I.,  elected  109,  was  martyr^  119.  A, 
II.,  s.  Nichohis  II.,  1061 ;  d.  1078.  A.  XXL 
(Bandinelli).  8.  Adrian  IV.,  1169 ;  d.  1181. 
A.  IV.,  s.  Innocent  IV.,  12M:  d.  1261. 
A.  v.,  s.  Gregory  XII.,  1409;  d.  1410.  A. 
VI.  (Eoderigo  Borgia),  s.  Innocent  III., 
1492,  securing  his  election  by  the  moat 
{.-candalous  briberv,  and  living  a  dissolute 
life,  dying,  it  is  beheved  from  poison,  1608. 
He  was  the  father,  by  Kosa  Vanozza,  of 
the  two  notorious  Borgias,  Lucretia  and 
Cajsar.  A.  VII.  (Fabio  Chigi),  s.  Inno- 
cent X.,  1665;  D.  166T.  A.  VIII.  (Al- 
toboni),  s.  Innocent  XI.,  1689  ;  D.  1691. 

Alexander.  A  popular  name  for  Kings 
and  Emperors.  The  first  of  note  in  history 
is  A.  I.  (surnamed  Balos),  K.  of  Syria,  who 
pretended  to  be  the  son  of  Antiochus 
Epipharus,  and  reigned  from  160  to  145  b. 
c;  defeated  by  the  lawfhl  heir,  Demitrius 
Nicator,  he  fled  to  Arabia,  where  he  was 
killed.  A.  II.  (surnamed  Zabina,  the 
Slave),  also  a  usurper  of  the  throne  of 
Syria,  reigned  from  128  to  122  b.  c, 
and  died  a  violent  death.  A.,  Empo^r 
of  Constantinople,  b.  870  a.  p.,  s.  his 
l^rother  Leo,  the  Philosopher,  911,  d.  912. 
A.  I.,  K.  of  Scotland,  s.  his  brother  Edgar, 
1109,  D.  1124.  A.  U.,  B.  1198,  s.  his 
father,  William  the  Lion,  1214,  d.  1249. 
A.  III.,  B.  1241,  son  and  s.  the  proceed- 
ing; D.  1286.  A.,  Jaggelon,  son  of 
Caslmir  IV.,  King  of  Pohind ;  b.  1461 ;  s. 
his  brother  John  Albert,  1501 ;  d.  1606. 
A.,  Newsky,  son  of  Jaroshtr  II.  of  Russia; 
ij.  Iiil9 ;  8.  his  father,  1245 ;  d.  1264 ;  he  is 
venerated  as  a  saint  in  Kome.  and  an 
order  of  knighthood  was  founded  in  his 
name  by  Peter  the  Great.  A.  I.,  Emperor 
of  Kussia,  B.  177T,  s.  his  father,  Paul  I., 
1801,  D.  1826.  A.  IL  (Nicobievitch),  b. 
1818,  s.  his  father,  Nichohis  I.,  1856;  died 
1878. 

Alexandria.  The  most  important 
city  in  Egypt,  founded  by  Alexander  the 
Great;  pop.  160,000. 

Alexandrian,  al-egz-anMri-an.  Pertain- 
ing to  Alexandria :  to  one  who  taught  In 
connection  with  Alexandria,  in  E^pt. 
A.  Codez,  an  important  manuscript  or  the 
Scriptures,  in  the  British  Museum ;  its 
probable  date  the  5th  or  6tb  century. 
A.  Library,  the  largest  collection  of  books  of 
the  ancient  world,  founded  by  Ptolemy 
Soter  at  Alexandria,  and  said  to  have  con- 
tained 700,000  volumes,  destroyed  by  fim- 
atic  Arabs  a.  d.  641. 

Alexandrine,  al-egz-an'drin.  A  kind 
of  verse  consisting  of  twelve  syllables  In 
English  poetry,  or  in  Frenchof  twelvJ  an" 
thirteen  in  alternate  couplets,  and  proper* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALEXANDEITB  27  ALIOTH 

A.  geometry,  the  application  of  algebra  to 

the  solution  of  geometrical  problems.    A. 

signs,  certain  signs  or  charaotera  used  ii 

algebraical  and  mathematical  operations. 
Alfirerine,  al-je-rto'.   A  native  orinhabl 

tant  of  Algiers.    Also,  from  the  Algerineo. 

being  much  addicted  to  piracy,  a^bratc. 
Al«reiba,     il-Je-l'bah.     The     beautiftil 

double  star  Gamma  in  the  constellation 

Leo. 
Al«reilib,  al-len'lb.    The  star  Nu  of  the 

constellation  Pegasus. 
Algeria,  al-je're-ah.     A  country  of  N. 

Africa,  at  present  a  Frcaich  dependency ; 

— .  8,000,000;    capitaO,   Algiers;    pop. 


^  hivliiff  uw  pmae  or  break  at  the  end  of 

tUmpatooL  The  iMOM  of  several  aBdat 

madtoalpreparatloiia. 

Altxandlito,  al-egs-aa'drlt    A  variety 

of  ehrjaobfliTl  fbimd  In  the  lalea-ahte  It 

UMlTnJa. 

Ale-srard,  iQ'yard.    An  elongated  drink- 
ing glass  and  measure  for  ale. 
Alexis,  ^-eks'is.    The  name  of  several 
more  of  less  distinguished  royal  person- 
ages.    A.  I.  (Comneus),  b.    104S,    was 
made  Emperor  of  Constantinople,  1080 ;  d. 
1118;  the  first  Crusade  took  place  during 
his  reign.    A.  II.,  son  of  Manuel,  b.  1168, 
became  emperor  in  1180,  and  was  deposed 
sod  stnmeled  by  Andronicus,   1188.    A. 
III.  (Angelus),  usurped  the  throne  of  his 
brother  Isaac  Angelus,  1195 ;  he  fled  trom 
Constantinople   on   its   capture    by   the 
Crusaders.  1208,  and  n.  in  exile,  1210.    A. 
IT.  (Angelus).  son  of  Isaac  A.,  reigned  less 
than  a  year,  1204,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
Alexis  Ducas.    A.  V.  (Ducas),   usurped 
the  throne,  1204 ;  the  dty  was  again  taken 
by  the  Crusaders,  A.  was  tried  for  the 
murder  of  A.  IV.,  convicted  and  executed. 
A.  (Michaelovitsch),  Czar  of  Russia,  b. 
1680,  s.  his  &ther  Michael,  1646 ;  d.  1677 ; 
he  was  the  fother  of  Peter  the  Qrcat    A. 
(Petrovltch),  son  of  Peter  the  Great,  b. 
1690,  condemned  to  death  as  a  traitor,  but 
D.  in  prison.  It  is  supposed  ih>m  poison, 
1718 ;  his  son  Peter  became  Czar,  1727. 
Alfet,  al'fet.    A  vessel  of  boiling  water 
into  which  an  accused  person  plunged  his 
arm  as  a  test  of  his  innocence  or  gidlt. 
Alfred  the  Oreat.    Son  of  Ethelwolf, 
King  of  the  W.  Saxons,  b.  848,  s.  his 
father,  871,  drove  the  Danes  teom  Britain, 
defeated  the  Northmen's  invasion  after  66 
battles  on  land  and  sea,  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  England's  naval  supremacy,  codi- 
fied the  laws  and  enacted  new  and  impor- 
tant statutes,  and  founded  Oxford  Univer- 
sity ;  D.  901. 
AlfirSB,  al'j<S.     An  ord.  of  cryptogamic  or 
thallogenous  plants,  comprising  scar  weeds. 
Alffebra,    al'je-bra.      That    branch    of 
mathematical  analysis  in  which  signs  are 
employed  to  denote  arithmetical  opera- 
tions, and  letters  are  made  to  represent 
nambers  and   quantities.     This   science 
was  of  Oriental  discovery ;  but  whether 
by  the  Arabians  or  Indians  is  uncertain. 
Algrebraic,  al-je-br&'ik.     Pertaining  to 
alg'ebra.     A.  curve,  a  figure  whose  inter- 
cepted diameters  bear  always  the  same 
proportion  to  their  respective  ordlnates. 
L.    equation,  an  equation  of  which  the 
«t>rms  contain  only  algebraic  quantities. 


Alironquins,  al-g^n'^winz.  A  once 
powerftil  but  now  extinct  tribe  of  Ameri- 
can Indians,  who  occupied  the  section 
just  S.  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  lakes. 

Alfirol,  al'gol.  A  bright  star.  Beta  Pcrsci, 
called  also  Beta  Medusee,  remarkable  as 
being  a  variable  star,  changing  troia  the 
2d  or  8d  magnitude  to  the  5ui  in  2  days 
20  hours  60  nunutes. 

AlSTUUSil,  &l-gw&-z<SI".  In  Spain,  an  In- 
ferior officer  of  Justice ;  a  consutble. 

Alliagi,  al-hft'ji.  A  gen.  of  Leguminosn, 
sub-ord.  Papillonaoeffi.  A.  Camelorum  is 
the  true  camers-thom.  A  sweet  secro- 
tion  of  the  Persian  and  Bokharan  plant  is 
prized  as  food  for  cattle,  camels  especially 
being  fond  of  it. 

Alhambraic,  &l-fim-br&'ik.  Of  or  per- 
tainlng  to  the  Alhambra;  built  or  deco- 
rated after  the  frmcifril  manner  of  the  Al- 
Hambra,  all  animal  fbrms  being  omitted, 
ana  vegetable  or  floral  ones  modified  to 
resemble  nature. 

Alicante,  al-i-kan'tft.  A  strong,  sweet, 
dark-colored  Spanish  wine. 

Alidade,  al'i-dad.  The  movable  arm 
of  a  graduatea  instrument,  as  a  quadrant 

Alien,  fil'yen.  A  foreigner ;  one  bom  in 
or  belonging  to  another  country ;  not  en- 
titled to  the  privileges  of  a  dtlzon. 

Aliped, 
fi'li-pM.An 
animal 
whose  toes 
are  c  o  n- 
noctedbya 
membrane, 
serving  for 
a  wing;  a 
c  heiropter, 
as  the  Sat 

Alioth,  aVi-oth.  A  star  m  the  tail  of  the 
Great  Bear,'  much  used  In  finding  the  lati« 


Aliped. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALISMA 


ALLEMANDB 


Uide.  Also  the  very  bright  star  Capella 
(Alpha  AurigK),  in  the  oonsteUation  Auri- 
ga, or  charioteer. 

/k.Mmma.^  a-liz'ma.  A  gen.  of  aqnatlo 
plants,  ord.  AlismacesB ;  water-plantain. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald,  Bart.  An 
English  historian,  b.  1T92,  d.  186T ;  his 
principal  work  is  "A  Histoiy  of  Europe 
from  the  Commencement  or  the  French 
Seyolution  to  the  Accession  of  Louis  Na- 
poleon, in  1862." 

Alizarine,  al'i-zarrin.  A  peculiar  red 
coloring  matter  obtained  from  madder, 
and  prepared  artificially  from  coal-tar  resi- 
dues, wnich  contain  anthracene. 

Alk,  alk.  A  resin  obtained  from  Pis- 
iacia  terebinthus. 

Alkahest,  allca-hest.  The  pretended 
imiversal  solvent  or  menstruum  of  the 
alchemists. 

Alkaid,  fil'kad.  The  star  Eta  of  the 
constellation  Ursa  Major. 

Alkali,  al'ka-li.  A  term  applied  to 
bodies  naving  the  following  properties: 
Solubility  in  water ;  the  power  of  neutral- 
izing acids,  and  forming  salts  with  them ; 
of  corroding  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances; of  altering  the  tint  of  coloring 
matters.  They  are  hydrates,  or  water  In 
ivhich  half  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  a 
metal  or  compound  radicaL 

AJkalimeter,  al-ka-lim'et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
alkalies. 

Alkalixnide,  al-kal'i-mld.  Ammonia  in 
which  two  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  replaced  by  add  and  base  radicals. 

Alkaloid,  al'ka-loid.  A  class  of  nitro- 
Ijenized  compounds  found  in  living  plants, 
and  containing  their  active  principles, 
usually  in  combination  with  organic  acids, 
as  morphine,  quinine,  aconltine,  cafieine, 
&c.  Tneir  alkaline  character  depends  on 
the  nitrogen  they  contain. 

Alkanet,  al'ka-net.  A  boraginaceous 
plant,  Alkanna  tinctoria,  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  the  adulteration  of  port-wine. 

Alkanna,  al-kan'na.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  BoraginaoesB. 

Alkarsine,  al-kar'sin.  An  extremely 
poisonous  liquid  containing  kakodyle,  for- 
merly known  as  Cadet's  fbming  liquor, 
whlcn  it  has  been  proposed  to  employ  as 
a  deadly  agent  In  war.  A  shell  filled  >vith 
it  woul<L  in  bursting.  Involve  a  ship  in 
fire  and  destroy  the  crew  by  its  vapor. 

Alkekengri,  al-k€4c6n'ji.  The  winter- 
cherry,  a  solonaoeous  plant.  The  fruit  is 
edible. 


Alkes,  Al'kes.  The  star  Alpha  of  tlie 
Constellation  Crab. 

Alkoran,  arkd-ran.  The  book  which 
contains  the  religious  and  moral  code  of 
the  Mohammedans,  the  Koran.  It  was 
AMritten  by  Mohammed,  and  is  considered 
to  present  the  purest  specimen  of  the  clas- 
sical Arabic. 

Alkoran.  A  high  tower  on  Fersiaa 
buildings. 

Alkoranist,  al-ko-ran'lst.  One  who 
adheres  strictly  to  the  letter  of  the  Koran, 
rejecting  all  comments. 

Allagite,  al'la-jlt.  A  mineral,  brown  or 
green,  massive,  with  a  flat  conchoidal 
fracture,  and  nearly  opaque. 

Allah,  al^  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme 
Being  used  by  all  Mohammedans. 

Allanite,  al^an-it.  An  ore  of  the  metals 
cerium  and  lanthanium. 

Allantois.  al-lan'tois.  A  pyriform-sac 
developed  from  the  posterior  end  of  the 
abdominal  cavity  in  vctebrate  embryos. 
In  mammals,  as  man,  it  elongates  and  be- 
comes the  stalk  of  the  placenta,  or  the 
umbilical  cord  along  which  vessels  pass 
connecting  the  circulation  of  mother  and 
offspring. 

All  a  prima,  alia  pre'ma.  A  method  of 
painting  in  which  me  pigments  are  ap- 
plied all  at  once  to  the  canvas. 

Allecret,  aiae-kret. 
A  light  armor  used 
in  the  16th  century, 
consisting  of  a  breast- 
plate and  back-plate, 
with  tassets  reaohing 
nearly  to  the  knee. 

Alleerheny,  &i-le-ga'- 
ne.  A  river  In  W. 
Pennsylvania,  which 
unites  with  the  Monon- 
gahela  at  Pittsbureh, 
forming  the  Ohio.  The 
name   of   counties   in 

New  York,  Pennsylva- 

nla,  Maryland  and  Vir-   .  n^^  .  , 
ginia ;  also  of  a  city  op-  ^"ocret  Armor, 
poslte,  but  connected  by  a  bridge,  with 
Pittsburgh.    The  Appalachian  Mountain 
range  is  also  called  the  AUeghenies. 

Allegro,  fil-la'gro.  In  music,  a  spiightly 
part  or  strain ;  the  quickest  except  presto. 

Alleluia,  al-lG-lu'ya.  Praise  Jehovah ;  a 
word  used  to  denote  pious  eixnitation 
chiefly  in  hymns  and  antnems. 

Allemande,  al-lg-mSnd'.  A  slow  air  in 
doable  time;  grave,  solemn  mualc;  a 
moderately  quick  dance,  written  In  two- 
fbvrth  time ;  a  figure  In  dancing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AUL'BS 


29 


AIXSTOIT 


Allen,  Ethan.  An  officer  of  the 
American  Bevolution,  b.  1744,  d.  1789. 
He  planned  and  captored  Forts  Ticonder- 
oga  and  Crown  Foint  at  the  opening  of 
the  war.  His  troops  were  mostly  from 
Vermont,  and  were  called  **6reen  Moun- 
tain Boys." 

Allerion,  al43'ri-on.  In  Her.  an  eagle 
without  beak  or  feet 

Alley,  al'li.  A  nassage ;  an  aisle,  or  any 
part  of  a  church  left  open  for  access  to 
another  part.  An  inclosed  walk  in  a  gar- 
den. 

All-fools'-day,  gl^iSlz^dft.  The  first 
dayof  ApriL 

All-fours,  al-f5rz'.  A  game  at  cards, 
named  from  t!be  four  chances  for  each  of 
which  a  point  is  scored—high,  low,  Jack 
and  gome. 

All-hallow,  al-haia5.  All-saints*-day, 
the  first  of  November ;  a  feast  dedicated 
to  all  the  saints  In  general. 

All-hallowxnas,  gl-haiad-mas.  All- 
hallow-tide. 

Allier,  ahl-le-a'.  A  riyer  of  Fiance, 
which  gives  its  name  to  an  interior  de- 
partment, which  contains  the  mineral 
springs  of  Vichy,  Bourbon-l'Archam- 
bault  and  Keris. 

Allifirator,  aini^^n- 
ter.  Agen.  ofiijinirtrti] 
reptiles,  fiun.  Crunj- 
dlfidfiB,  sub-fltti].  Am 

Storidtt.  Thty  iWP 
r  firom  the  triio 
crocodiles  in  bavin j> 
a  shorter  and  Qntu-r 
head,  cavities  or  pW^ 
in  the  upper  Jaw  Jjiuj  AlSl^'j-Unr. 

which  the  long  canine 
teeth  of  the  under  Jaw  fit,  and  feet  much 
less  webbed.  Their  habits  are  less  per- 
fectly aquatic.  The  largest  grows  to  the 
length  of  17  or  18  feet.  The  female  lavs 
her  eggs  in  the  sand,  to  be  hatched  by  the 
heat  of  the  sun.  They  are  found  only  in 
tropical  America.  Among  the  fossils  of 
the  south  of  England,  however,  are  re- 
mains of  a  true  ^gator. 

Allifirator-apple,  alli-gft-ter-ap-l.  The 
fruit  of  Anona  palustris,  a  West  Indian 
tree. 

Allifirator-tortoise,  al1i-g&-ter-tor'tois. 
A  species  of  ckelonian  reptile,  fam. 
Emydie,  with  long  tail  and  limbs. 

Alloditun,  al-16'di-um.  Freehold  es- 
tate ;  real  estate  held  in  independence 
without  being  subject  to  rent,  service,  or 
acknowledgement  to  a  superior,  and  t  ^^s 
opposed  to  feud. 


AUiuni,  al'li-um.  A  gen.  of  bulbous 
plants,  ord.  Liliaceae,  remarkable  for  their 
pungent  odor;  the  onion,  leek,  garlc, 
chive  and  shallot. 

Allochroite,  al-15-krd1t  A  massive, 
fine-grained  variety  of  iron  garnet,  which 
changes  color  before  the  blowpipe. 

Allocution,  al-ld-ka'shon.  An  address, 
especiallv  a  formal  address,  as  that  of  a 
pope  to  his  clergy. 

Allopathy,  al-lop'a-thi.  That  method 
of  treating  disease  by  which  it  is  en- 
deavored to  produce  a  condition  of  the 
system  different  firom  or  incompatible 
with  the  condition  essential  to  the  dis^ 
ease ;  opposed  to  homoeopathy. 

Allophane,  al'lo-f&n.  A  hydro-silicate 
of  aluminium,  occurring  in  amorphous, 
botryoidal,  or  renlform  masses. 

Allophylian,  al-lo-fil'l-an.  l^ertaining 
to  the  pre-Aryan  inhabitants  of  Euiope ; 
also  to  various  tribes  of  tongues  wUoh 
have  not  been  classified.  The  native  dia- 
lects of  America,  Australia,  most  of  Afiica, 
the  Polynesian,  Old  Etruscan,  Basque, 
diO.,  areA. 

Allotropy,  al-lot'ro-pl.  The  capability 
exhibited  by  some  elements  of  existing  in 
more  than  one  form,  with  different  char- 
acteristics. 

Alloxan,  al-loks'an.  Oneof  the  products 
of  the  decomposition  of  uric  acid  by  nitric 
acid. 

Allozantin,  al-loks-an'tln.  A  white 
crystalline  substance  obtained  when  al- 
loxan is  brought  into  contact  with  zinc 
and  hydrochloric  acid,  with  chloride  of 
zino,  or  sulphureted  hydrogen. 

Alloy,  al-loi'.  A  baser  metal  mixed  with 
a  finer ;  the  cheapest  metal  of  a  mixture. 
Most  metals  may  be  alloyed  together  in 
varying  proportions.  "Wnen  mercury  is 
one  of  the  component  parts,  the  alloy  is 
called  an  amalgam. 

All«aint8'-day,  al'sants-da.  AU-Hal- 
lowmas  or  Hallowmas,  a  festival  of  the  R. 
0.  Church,  instituted  by  Pope  Gregory 
IV.,  in  835,  and  dedicated  to  all  the  saints 
in  general ;  celebrated  on  the  1st  Novem- 
ber, because  this  was  the  date  of  one  of 
the  Ibur  great  heathen  festivals  of  the 
northern  nations. 

All-«Ouls'-day,  §rsdlz-da.  The  2d  No- 
vember, a  festival  in  the  B.  C.  Church, 
when  prayers  are  publicly  offered  up  for 
the  release  of  souls  from  purgatory. 

Allflton,  Washington.  An  American 
pointer,  b.  In  Charleston,  8.  C,  1779 ;  n. 
1843;  he  Is  often  styled  the  "American 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALLSPICE 


80 


ALKTTS 


^Ulspioe,  aFspIs.  The  fruit  of  Eagrenia 
Pimenta*  a  spioe  of  a  mildly  pungent 
taste,  and  agreeably  aromatic. 

Allnmee,  al-lum-€'.  In  Her.  applied  to 
the  eyes  of  a  bear  or  other  beast,,  when 
they  are  drawn  red  and  sparkling. 

Alluvion,  al-mM-on.  The  washing  np 
of  sand  or  earth  so  as  to  form  new  soil. 

Ailuvimn,  al-mM-um.  A  deposit  col- 
lected by  means  of  the  action  of  water. 

killyl,  al'ML  A  radical  which  cannot  ex- 
ist in  a  free  state.  At  the  moment  of  its 
liberation  two  molecules  combine  to- 
gether to  form  diallyL 

Allylaxnine,  al-111'a-min.  A  mobile  liq- 
uid having  a  sharp  burning  taste,  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  potash  on  allyl- 
cyanate. 

Alxnaden,  al-mah'den.  A  town  in  New 
Castile,  Spain,  celebrated  for  the  oldest 
and  most  productive  quicksilver  mines  in 
the  world. 

Alxnadie,  al'ma-di.  A  boat  used  in 
India,  shaped  like  a  shuttle ;  also,  a  small 
African  canoe. 

AlTnagest,  al'ma-jest.  A  book  of  prob- 
lems in  astronomy  and  geometry,  ^wn 
by  Ptolemy.  A  titie  given  to  other  works 
ofaUkeklnd. 

Almagra.  al-ma'gra.  A  red  ocher,  used 
in  India  for  staining  the  person.  Also 
used  as  a  paint,  ana  for  polishing  silver 
and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Indian  red. 

Alma  Mater,  al'ma  master.  An  epi- 
thet first  given  to  the  earth  as  the  motiier 
of  all;  now  applied  by  students  to  the 
university  where  they  have  been  trained. 

Al-Mamiun,  al-mah'mnm.  Son  and  s. 
of  Haroun-al-Baschid,  caliph  of  Bagdad, 
B.  786,  D.  888 ;  his  reign  was  celebrated  as 
the  commencement  of  Saracenic  literary 
activity. 

Alxnanao,  al'maruak.  A  table  or  publi- 
cation comprising  a  calendar  of  days, 
weeks  and  months,  with  the  times  of  the 
rising  of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of 
the  moon,  eclipses,  hours  of  jfUll  tide, 
stated  festivals,  ko, 

Almandine,  al'man-dln.  Precious  gar- 
net, a  beautmil  red  mineral  ot  various 
shades,  commonly  translucent,  some- 
times transparent.  It  occurs  crystallized 
in  the  rhombic  dodecahedron. 

Alman'zor,  Abu  Mohammed.  Be- 
gent  of  Cordova,  Spain,  b.  989,  d.  998.  A. 
was  a  fkmouB  general,  being  defeated  in 
but  one  battie  out  of  fifty,  during  28  years 
of  war  with  the  Christian  princes  of  Spain; 
this  was  the  decisive  battie  of  Calatanazor, 
998,  Just  before  his  death. 


Almayne-rivet,  al-man'riv'et.  On« 
of  a  series  of  rivets  sliding  in  slot-holes  in 
plates  of  armor,  so  that  they  would  yield 
to  the  motion  of  the  body ;  afterward  ap- 
plied to  suits  of  armor  constructed  in  this 
manner. 

Alme,  al'rae.  The  name  given  In  some 
parts  of  the  East,  and  especially  in  Egypt, 
to  girls  whose  occupation  is  to  amuse 
company  with  singing  and  dancing,  or  to 
sing  dirges  at  ftmerals. 

AlTnena,  al-ms'na.  A  weight  of  2  lbs., 
used  In  parts  of  Asia. 

Almond,  fi'mund.  The  seed  of  Amyg- 
dalus  communis,  or  almond-tree.  There 
are  two  varieties,  sweet  and  bitter ;  both 
produced  firom  A.  commm^,  though  from 
different  varieties.  In  lapidary  work,  a 
piece  of  rock  crystal  used  In  adorning 
branch  candle-sticks. 

Almond-furnace,  fi'mund-fer-nis.  A 
frirnace  in  which  the  slafs  of  litharge,  left 
in  refining  silver,  are  reduced  to  lead. 

Almond-oil,  fi'mund-oiL  A  bland, 
fixed  oil  obtained  from  almonds. 

Almond-paste,  fi'mond-pfiste.  A  cos- 
metic to  soften  the  skin,  composed  of 
bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose-water, 
and  rectified  spirit. 

Almond-tree,  fi'mund-tr6.  A  species  of 
Amygdalus  which  produces  the  almond. 

Almond-willow,  fi'mund-wil-ld.  The 
Salix  amygdalina,  the  leaves  of  which  re« 
semble  those  of  the  almond-tree. 

Almoner,  al'mon-cr.  A  dispenser  of 
alms  or  charity  in  connection  with  relig- 
ious communities,  hospitals,  or  alms- 
houses. In  England  there  is  a  lord-A.,  or 
lord  high-A..  an  ecclesiastical  officer,  gen- 
erally a  bisnop,  who  distributes  twice  a 
year  the  sovereign's  bounty.  There  is 
also  a  sub- A.,  and  a  hereditary  grand  A. 

Alms-ffate,  fimz'gfit  The  crate  of  relig- 
ious  or  great  houses,  at  which  alms  were 
distributed  to  the  poor. 

Alms-house,  fimz'hous.  A  house  ap- 
propriated for  the  use  of  the  poor  who 
are  supported  by  the  public ,  a  poor-house. 

Almuoe,  td'mus,  a'm&s.  A  ftirred  hood 
having  long  ends  Hanging  down  in  front 
of  the  dress,  something  like  the  stole; 
worn  by  the  clergy  itom  the  18th  to  the 
15th  centuries  when  officiating  during 
Inclement  weather. 

Almude,  al-mud'.  A  variable  measure 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  ranging  for  liquids 
fromSi  to 5^ English  gallons;  for  grain 
from  8j  to  11  pints. 

Alnus,  al'nus.  The  alder,  gen  of  plants, 
ord.  Betulaceee.    A.  glutinosa  is  a  weQ' 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALOE 


81 


ALPHOKSO 


known  tree,  which  supplies  charcoal  for 
gunpowder;  the  bark  is  valuable  for  tan- 


first    elements;    simplest    rudi- 


«inpowder :  the  bark  is  vainaDie  lor  xan- 
nlng,  and  the  young  shoots  for  dyeing 
Tsrious  colors. 

Aloe,  al'6.    The  common  name  of  the 
gen.  Alo,  ord.  LiliaceeB.   Among  the  Mo- 
Bammedans  the  A.  is  a  symbolic  plant, 
and  every  one  who  returns  from  a  pilgrim- 
age to  Mecca  hangs  it  over  his  street  door, 
as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the  jour- 
ney. Several  species  yield  aloes,  the  well- 
known  bitter  purgative  medicine.  A  drug, 
the  juice  of  several  species  of  aloe,  is  a 
stimulating  stomachic   purgative.      The 
chemical  prlndple  is  called  aloin. 
Aloexylon,  -eks'i-lon.    A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  LeguminosfiB.    A.  Agallochum,  the 
only  species,  is  a  tree  60  feet  high. 
Aloerian,  a-16'ji-an.    One  of  a  sect  of  an- 
cient heretics,  who  denied  Jesus  Christ  to 
1)6  the  Logos,  and  consequently  rejected 
the  Gospel  of  8t.  John. 
Aloin,  al'o-in.  A  crystalline  bitter  princi- 
ple got  from  aloes  in  pale  yellow  prismatic 
needles,  grouped  in  stars. 
Aloxoancy,  al'o-man-si.     Divination  by 
salt. 
Alopecums,    a-16-pe-ku'rus.      Foxtail- 
grass,  a  gen.  or  grasses,  some  being  trouble- 
some weeds,  others  good  fodder  plants. 
Alopecy,  al'oj^-si.     A  disease  called 
fox-evil  or  scurf;  accompanied  by  a  felling 
off  of  the  hair. 

Alosa,  a-lo'sa.  A  gen.  of  fishes,  fem. 
Clupeidae,  including  the  shad. 
Aloysia,  a-loi'si-a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Verbenaceffi,  to  which  belongs  a  shrub, 
A.  Citriodora,  popularly  known  as  Ver 
bena.  "*" 

Alpaca,  al-pak'a.     A  m* 
minant    mammal,    of    the 
camel  tribe,  and  gen.  Auoh- 
enia ;  so  closely  allied  to  the 
Ihuna  that  by  some  it  is 
regarded  rather  as  a  smaller 
variety   than   a  distinct'      .,     — 
species.    It  Is  valued  chiefly      Alpaca, 
for  its  wool.     Its  flesh  is  pleasant  and 
\rholesome.    A  fabric  manufactured  from 
the  hair  or  wool  of  the  alpaca. 
Alpen-stock,    al'pen-stok.      A    strong 
stick,  iron  pointed,  used  in  climbing  the 
Alps  and  other  high  mountains. 
Alpha,    al'fa.    The  first  letter  in   the 
Greek  alphabet,  answering  to  A,  and  used 
to  denote  first  or  beginning. 
Alpliabet,  al'fa-bet.  The  letters  of  a  lan- 
guage arranged  in  the  customary  order. 
A  series  of  ^hes,  dots,  Ac.,  used  in  teleg- 


raphy; 
ments. 

Alpen-hom,  al'pen-horn.  Avervlong. 
nearly  straight  horn,  curving  slightly  and 
wideolng  toward  its  extremity,  nsea  oi 


ongs  a  snruD, 
mown  as  Ver- 

3rl^^3^^ 


Alpen-hom. 
the  Alps  to  convey  signals,  and  formerly 
by  the  Bwiss   to    sound   the  charge  in 
battle. 

AlpMtoxnancy,  al-fit'o-man-si.    Divin- 
ation by  means  of  barley-meal. 
Alphonsin,    al-fon'sln.    A  surgical  in- 
strument  for    extracting     bullets    from 
wounds. 

Alplionsine,  al-fon'sln.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso. 
A.  tables,  astronomical  tables  published  in 
1488  and  succeeding  years,  under  the  pat- 
ronise of  Alphonso  X.,  king  of  Castile 
andLeon. 

AlpllOS,  al'fos.  That  species  of  leprosy, 
called  also  vitiligo.  In  which  the  skin  is 
rough,  with  white  patches  and  rose-col- 
ored areolffi. 

Alpist,  al'pist  The  seed  of  the  canary- 
grass;  the  seed  of  various  species  ol 
Alopecurus,  or  foxtail-grass. 
Alqilier,  al'ker.  A  measure  in  Portu- 
gal, containing  half  an  almude,  or  about  2 
gallons. 

Alsatian,  al-sa'shi-an.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  province  of  Alsace  in  (Germany. 
Of  or  pertainingto  Alsatia,  formerly  e 
cant  name  for  whiteflriars,  a  district  in 
London  which,  possessing  certain  privi- 
leges of  sanctuary,  became  a  nest  of  mis- 
chievous characters.  They  were  abolished 
in  1697. 

Alphonso,  &l-f3n'zo.  A  royal  name.  A. 
I  King  of  Aragon  and  Navarre  (sumamed 
the  Battabador),  o.  1104;  n.  1184.  A. 
II.,  o.  1168 ;  i>.  1196.    A.  III.,  son  and  s. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ALPS 

of  Pedro  III.,  c.  12a5 ;  i>.  1291.  A.  IV.,  c. 
1827 ;  D.  1336.  A.  I.,  King  of  Leon  and 
Afltiirlas,  c.  789;  i).  756.  A.  II.  (the 
Chaste),  c.  791;  d.  &42.  A.  III.  (the 
Great),  s.  his  ikther,  Ordoflo,  B66 ;  d.  910. 
A.  IV.  (the  Monk),  c.  924;  abdicated 
930;  D.  982.  A.  V.,  c.  999;  d.  1028. 
A.  VI.  and  VII.  (see  A.  I.  and  II.  of 
Castile).  A.  IX.,  o.  1183;  d.  1230.  A. 
I.,  King  of  Castile  and  Leon  (the  Brave), 
son  of  Fernando  I.,  s.  to  the  throne  of 
Leon  1065,  and  of  Cartile  1078 ;  d.  1109. 
A.  II.  (A.  VII.  of  Leon),  a.  1126 ;  assumed 
the  title  of  Emperor  1185 ;  d.  1167.  A. 
III.  (A.  VIII.),  s.  1158,  when  but  3  years 
old;  D.  1214;  A.,  with  his  allies,  the 
kings  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  won  a  great 
victory  over  the  Almonade  Saltan  Moham- 
med Au-NAsir.  A.  IX.,  s.  1812,  when  but 
1  year  oil ;  in  1840  gained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Moors  at  Tari&;  d.  1350.  A. 
X.,  King  of  Leon  and  Castile  (the  Wise), 
8.  1252 :  D.  1284 ;  he  invented  the  valua- 
ble Alpnonsine  astronomical  tables.  A. 
L,  King  of  Naples,  b.  1385;  s.  his 
&ther  Fernando  I.  as  king  of  Aragon, 
1416,  and  adopted  as  the  heir  of  Queen 
Joanna  of  Naples,  1442;  d.  1458.  A.  II., 
son  of  Ferdinand  I.,  b.  144S;  s.  1494;  ab- 
dicated 1495 ;  cruel  and  avaricious.  A. 
I.,  Henriquez.  Count  and  first  king  of 
Portugal,  8.  his  father,  Henry  of  Bur- 
gundy, 1811 ;  obtained  a  siifual  victory 
over  the  Moors  in  1139,  ftncl  proclaimed 
king  by  the  array ;  in  114S  took  Lisbon 
from  the  Moors,  and  made  it  the  capital ; 
I).  1185.  A.  II.,  son  of  Sancho  I.,  b.  1185; 
s.  1211;  D.  1223.  A.  III.,  c.  1284;  d. 
1279.  A.  IV.  (the  Brave),  b.  1290;  s. 
1825;  D.  1357;  notorious  for  the  cruel 
treatment  of  his  natural  brother  and  the 
murder  of  Inez  de  Castro,  wife  of  his  son 
Pedro.  A.  V.,  b.  1432 ;  s.  1438 ;  d.  1481. 
A.  VIL,  B.  1643;  s.  1656;  abdicated 
1669 ;  D.  1683 ;  a  sensual  imbecile. 
Alps,  The,  dips.  The  great  Central 
European  range  of  mountains,  a  crescent- 
shaped  chain,  extending  froui  the  Medit- 
teranean  to  the  Hungarian  plains,  nearly 
600  m.;  the  several  groups  are  designated 
as  the  Maritime,  from  the  sea  to  the 
sources  of  the  Po ;  the  Cotlian,  which 
carry  the  chain  to  Mt.  Cenis,  and  the 
Grecian,  which  terminate  at  Mont  Blanc ; 
these  may  be  called  the  W.  range,  and  run 
N.  and  8.  The  E.  range  extend  ftom  W. 
to  E.,  are  much  wider,  and  are  separated 
into  a  N.  and  8.  series;  the  former  com- 

grlse  the  Bermese,  N.  of  the  Rhone ;  the 
t.  GaU,  N.  W.'of  the  Rhone  valley;  the 
Norie,  extending  from  Lake  Constance  to 
Vienna,  and  the   Styrian,    between    the 


^  ALTAB 

Norie  and  the  Carnle  A.  The  8.  series 
include  the  Pennine,  between  Mt.  Blano 
and  Monte  Rosa ;  the  Lepontine,  thenoe 
to  the  source  or  the  Upper  Rhine ;  the 
Rh<Btian,  which  terminate  at  the  head 
waters  of  the  Piare,  and  the  Caniie  reach- 
ing to  the  river  Mar,  which  separates  them 
firom  the  Bakong  range.  Mt  Blanc,  15,- 
777  ft.,  is  the  highest  peak  in  Europe. 
The  8tehrio,  9,100  ft,  is  the  highest  car- 
riage pass,  and  that  of  St  Gothard  the 
only  one  which  is  carried  over  the  crest  of 
the  mountains.  The  Mt  Cenis  tunnel 
gives  a  railroad  passage  through  the  A. 
The  peaks  of  the  mgher  A.  are  perpetuallj- 
covered  with  snow ;  the  sides  and  vaUeys 
are  fruitfiil,  and  the  scenery  is  the  most 
imposing  and  picturesque  in  Europe. 
Alsaoe,  Al's^s.  A  Rhine  province, 
which  belonged  to  France  till  the  10th 
century;  seized  by  the  Emperor  Otto- 1., 
995;  ceded  back  to  France  1697,  and 
seized  by  Germany,  1870 ;  area,  8,640  sq. 
miles.;  pop.  1,200,000. 
Alsike-clover,  al'sik-klu'ver.  ^  species 
of  hybrid  clover  intermediate  between 
common  red  and  white  or  Dutch  clover. 
Alsirat,  alse'rat  In  Mohammedan 
Theol.  the  bridge  extending  over  the  abyss 
of  hell  which  must  be  crossed  by  every 
one  on  his  journey  to  heaven. 
Alsophila,  al-so'fl-Ia.  A  gen  of  tropi- 
cal cyatheaceous  ferns,  having  no  indus- 
ium  to  the  sorus.  A.  excelsa  rises  to  the 
height  of  80  feet 

AlstroBTneria,  al-stre-meM-a.  A  beau* 
tifUl  gen.  of  8.  American  pUnts,  ord. 
Amaryllldaceae. 
Altai,  al'tT.  An  extensive  mountain  sys- 
tem of  N.  Asia,  forming  the  boundary  line 
between  Siberia  and  China ;  length  nearly 
5,000  m.;  mean  average  height  8,000  to 
6,000  ft.;  Mt.  Bialukha,  near  the  sources  of 
the  river  Obi,  is  10,800  ft. 
Altaic,  al-ta'ik.  Pertaining  to  the  Altai 
mountains.  A  family  of  lang^uages  di- 
vided into  five  branches,  the  Finno- Hun- 
garian, Samoyedic,  Turkic,  Mongolic,  and 
Tungusic. 

Altair,  al'tanir.  The  Arabic  name  for 
Alpha  Aquilffi,  the  most  important  star  in 
the  constellatiou  AquUa,  one  of  the  stars  by 
which  the  lunar  distances  are  calculated. 
Altaite,  al-ta'it  A  mineral  lead  and  tel- 
lurium, with  a  smaU  proportion  of  silver. 
Altaxnboizr,  al-tam-bor^  A  large  Span  • 
ish  or  Moorish  drum. 

Altar,  al'ter.  An  elevated  place  on 
which  sacrifices  were  offered  or  incense 
burnod  to  a  deity.    When  temples  cnnio 


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ALTAR-BBEAD 


ALUM-ftOHIBT 


to  be  built  A.  were  made  of  stone  or  mar- 
ble, often  adorned  urith  Bculptore  of  the 
most  elaborate  description.  The  Jews 
had  the  A.  of  burnt-offeringr,  of  incense, 
which  stood  in  the  holy  plaod.  In  some 
earlv  Christian  churches  the  term  applied 
to  iMe  conmiunion-table,  but  with  the  in- 
troduction of  the  Oothic  art  the  simple 
table  developed  into  a  structure  pointmr 
heavenward,  ma^niificent  as  a  whole,  and 
fbll  of  symbolic  meaning^. 

ikltar-bread,  al'ter-bred.  Bread  pre- 
pared for  the  eucharist.  In  the  B.  G. 
Church  it  is  unleavened  and  stamped  with 
an  I  H  S  or  a  crucifix. 

Altar-cloth,  al'ter-kloth.  The  doth 
that  covers  the  altar,  the  portion  hanging 
down  in  front  being  called  the  antepend- 
ium,  and  that  which  covers  the  top  the 
super-frontal. 

Altar-table,  al'ter-t&'bl.  A  table,  on 
which  the  communion  elements  are 
placed. 

Altazimuth.,  alt-az'i-muth.  A  tele- 
scope so  arranged  as  to  be  turned  horizon- 
tally to  any  point  of  the  compass. 

Altendorf,  il'ten-dorf.  A  Bavarian 
village,  near  Bambei^,  where  the  Ans- 
trians  were  signally  defeated  by  the 
French  General  Kleber,  Aug.  9, 1796. 

Altem,  al'tem.     Exhibiting  on  the  up- 

Eer  and  lower  part  fJEices  which  alternate, 
ut  which,  when  the  two  parts  are  com- 
pared, correspond  with  each  other.  A. 
base,  a  term  used  in  distinctlou  from  the 
true  base. 

Altemat,  ai-ter-nfi.  In  diplomacy  a  rl^ht 
in  virtue  of  which  several  states  toke 
each  in  turn  the  first  place. 

Alternate,  al-ter'nat.  Being  by  turns ; 
following  in  succession  of  time  or  place. 
Placed  on  opposite  sides  of  an  axis  on  a 
different  level :  as,  A.  leaves.  Placed  be- 
tween other  bodies  of  the  same  or  different 
whorls;  belonging  to  a  series  between 
every  pair  in  which  a  member  of  another 
series  intervenes.  A.  angles,  in  Geom., 
the  internal  angles  m^e  by  two  Unes 
with  a  third,  on  opposite  sides  of  it.  A. 
quarters,  in  Her.,  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters,  and  the  second  and  third.  A. 
generation,  that  modification  of  genera- 
tion by  which  the  young  do  not  resemble 
their  parent,  but  some  remote  ancestor. 

Althma,  al-the'a.  A  g«n.  of  plants, 
ord.  Malvacesa,  including  the  hollyhock 
and  the  marsh-mallow. 

Althein,  al-thd'in.  A  white  crystalllza- 
ble  substance  contained  in  the  root  of  the 
maUow  and  asparagus. 


Altimeter,  al-ttm'et-er.  Au  uwwiuhvih* 
for  taking  altitudes  by  geometrical  prisel- 
pies. 

Altifloope,  al'ti-sk5p.  An  arrangvment 
of  lenses  and  mirrors  In  a  vertloal  tele- 
scopic tube,  by  means  of  which  a  person 
is  aible  to  oyerkx>k  objects  intervening  be- 
tween himself  and  the  object  he  oedres  t« 
see. 

Altitude,  al'ti-tad.  Space  extended  up- 
ward ;  height  The  elevation  of  a  star  or 
other  object  above  the  horizon,  measured 
by  the.  arc  of  a  vertical  intercepted  be- 
tween  such  point  and  the  horizon. 

Alto,  al'tS.  High ;  a  common  element  in 
terms  in  music  and  art 

Altorf,  ti'torf.  Capital  of  Canton  of 
Uri,  Bwitzerhmd.  Noted  for  its  proxiMity 
to  Beorgden,  the  reputed  birtnplaoe  «f 
William  TelL 

Alto-rilieTO,  ftI'td-r3-ld-A''vo.  Highx«- 
Uef ;  a  term  applied  to  sculptured  figures 
which  stand  out  from  the  baek-groond, 
projecting  more  than  tialf  thehr  thiokneM 
witliout  being  entirely  detached. 

Altraiam,  a!'tro-izm.  A  term  first  em- 
ployed by  the  Positlvists,  or  followers  of 
the  French  philosopher  Comte,  to  signiiy 
devotion  to  others  or  to  humanity ;  the 
opposite  of  selfishness. 

Alum,  al'um.  A  general  name  for  a  class 
of  double  sulphates  containing  aluminium 
and  such  metals  as  potassium,  ammonium, 
iron,  Ae.  Common  or  potash  alum  is  {nto- 
duced  by  adding  potassium  sulphate  or 
chloride  to  crude  aluminium  sulphate ;  it 
is  of  great  use  in  iiiedloine  and  the  arts. 
Alumina,  al-u'min-a.  The  oxide  of 
aluminium,  the  most  abundant  of  the 
earths;  the  adamantine  spar,  the  ruby, 
corundum  and  sapphire  are  alumina 
nearly  pure  and  crystallized.  In  these 
forms  A.  is,  ne^t  to  the  <liamond,  the 
hardest  substance  known.  It  forms  the 
base  of  the  lakes  in  dyeing,  and  acts  also 
as  a  mordant  , 

A1^^">^^"^^'^Tn^  al-u-min'i-um.  The  me- 
tallic base  of  alumina ;  a  white  metal  with 
a  luster  resembling,  but  fiu*  inferior  to, 
that  of  silver,  extracted  ttom  orvollte, 
largely  employed  in  the  prepiu*ation  of 
alloys  and  for  the  manu&cture  of  articles 
for  which  silver  was  fonaerly  employed-. 
A.  gold,  an  lUloy  of  10  parts  aluminium  to 
90  copper,  harder  than  bronze,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish. 

Alnm-sohiet,  al'um-shist  A  thin 
bedded  fissile  rock,  chieflv  composed  of 
silica  and  alumina,  from  wnlch  is  obtained 
tlw  largest  part  of  the  alum  of  eonuiMran. 


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ALlTMIKrrB  8 

▲luminite,  al-Q'min-It    Hydrous  snl- 
phMte  of  alamina,  a  mineral  that  oocurs  In 
small  roundish  or  reniform  masses. 
AlwwwiiM  a-lum'nus.    A  pupil ;  a  grad- 
uate  or  midergraduate  of  a  university. 
Alunoflren,  al'un-o-Jen.    Native  sulphate 
of  aluminium,  foundin  volcanic  sol&taras, 
in   clays  and   felspar    rocks   containing 
pyrites,  and  as  ao  efflorescence  on  the 
walls  of  mines  and  quarries. 
Alveolite,  al'vd-o-lit     A  gen.  of  De- 
vonian corals. 

AlTMUm,  a-lis'sum.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  GruciferaB,  much  employed  for  deco- 
rating rook-work. 

Ama,  &'ma.  The  vessel  used  for  holding 
the  wine  and  water  of  the  eucharist,  the 
body  being  sometimes  formed  of  glass  or 
agate,  mounted  in  gold,  and  jeweled. 
The  wine  itself. 

Afnadens,  am-ah-de'us.  The  name  of 
nine  counts  or  Dukes  of  Savoy;  A.  V. 
(the  Great),  successftilly  defended  Ehodes 
against  the  Turks,  1287. 
Ama/ilB  de  Gktul,  am'a-dis  da  gawl. 
A  romance  of  chlvahy,  reciting  the  febu- 
lous  exploits  of  Amadi,  and  other  Palla- 
dlns,  written  in  Spanish  by  Yasco  Sobeira, 
a  Portuguese,  in  the  14th*century. 
Amadou,  am'a-do.  A  substance  used 
for  tinder,  consisting  of  the  silky  portion 
of  ftmgus  found  growing  on  forest  trees ; 
sometimes  used  by  surgeons  as  a  styptic. 
Axnalekites,  a-mAl'e-kits.  A  tribe  of 
Edomite  Arabs,  the  first  to  assail  the  He- 
brews after  theb*  passage  through  the  Bed 
Sea ;  the  A.  were  annihilated  by  the  He- 
brews about  725  B.  G. 

Axnalfiram,  a-maVgam.  A  compound  of 
mercury  or  quicksilver  with  another 
metal ;  any  alloy  of  which  mercury  forms 
apart. 

Amaleraniate,  a-mal'gam-at.  United 
or  coalesced :  applied  to  a  language  the 
words  of  which  are  formed  by  the  amal- 
gamation of  roots,  OS  the  Aryan  or  Indo- 
European  languages.  To  compound  or 
mix,  as  quicksilver  with  another  metal. 
Amalphitan,  a-mal'fi-tan.  Pertaining 
to  Amalfi,  a  town  of  Italv.  A.  code,  the 
oldest  existing  code  or  maritime  law, 
implied  during  the  first  crusade. 
Amandola,  a-man'd5-la.  A  green  mar- 
ble with  white  spots,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  honey-comb. 

AmanuensiB.  a-man'&-en''sis.  A  per- 
son whose  employment  is  to  write  what 
aaother  dictates,  or  to  copy  what  has  been 
inlttaa  l^  a&otli«r. 


I  AMBEB 

Amaranthaoew,  am'a-nm-thA''s«-«. 
An  ord.  of  apetalous  pbnts ;  the  oockV 
oomb,  th»  globe-amaraDthf  the  princeV 
feather,  and  the  love-Ues-bleeding. 

AmaTanthiia,  am-a-ranth'us.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord.  Amaranthaoeie.  The  spe^ 
cies  are  all  annuals. 

Amaryllidaoe»,  am-«rril'li-d&''sd-e. 
An  ord.  of  monocotyledonons  plants, 
with  six  stamens  and  an  inferior  fhiil^ 
which  comprehends  the  daffodil,  tho 
Guernsey  and  belladonna  lilies,  the  Brons- 
vigias  and  blood-flowers  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  The  gen.  Amaryllis  gives 
the  name  to  the  order. 

Axnajythrin,  am-a-rith'rin.  The  bitter 
principle  of  erythric  acid. 

Amasthenic,  a-mas-then'ik.  In  Fho- 
tog.  a  sui)erior  kind  of  lens  which  unites 
the  chemical  rays  of  light  into  one  focus ; 
amacratic. 

Axnati,  Andrea  and  Antonio,  ah- 
mah'te.  Father  and  son,  celebrated  vio- 
lin makers  of  Cremona,  Italy,  in  the  17th 
and  18th  centuries. 

Amaurosis,  am-a-ro'sls.  *A  partial  or 
complete  loss  of  siglit  from  loss  of  power 
in  the  optic  nerve  or  retina,  withou'  any 
visible  defect  in  the  eye  except  an  immov- 
able pupil.    Sometimes  it  is  periodical. 

Amazon,  Am'arz5n.  The  lax^est  river 
in  the  world,  running  E.  and  W.  through 
S.America  nearly  4,000  m.,  and  160m. 
wide  at  its  mouth.  It  derived  its  name 
from  an  early  Spanish  legend  which  lo- 
cated a  tribe  of  female  warriors  on  its  upper 
banks. 

Amazon,  am'a-zon.  One  of  a  fkbled 
race  of  female  warriors,  said  to  have 
founded  an  empire  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
Euxtne.    A  masculine  woman ;  a  virago. 

Amazon-ant,  am'a-zon-ant.  The  For- 
mica rufescens,  a  species  of  ant  whioh 
robs  the  nests  of  other  species. 

Ambarie,  am'ba-ri.  In  India,  an  oblong 
seat  ftirnished  with  a  canopy  and  curtains, 
for  the  accommodation  of  elephant  riders. 

Ambassador,  am-bas'sa-dor.  A  min- 
ister of  the  highest  rank,  employed  by 
one  prince  or  state  at  the  court  of  another 
to  manage  the  public  concerns.  A.  are 
ordinary  when  they  reside  permanently  at 
a  foreign  court,  or  extraordinary  when 
they  are  sent  on  a  special  occasion.  En- 
voys are  employed  on  special  occasions, 
and  are  of  less  dignity  than  ambassadors. 

Ambassadress,  am-bas'sa-dres.    The 
wife  of  an  ambassador.    A  woman  sent 
on  a  public  message. 
Amber,  am'ber.    A  mJjaeMUMd  rwfn  of 


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•xtinct  pine-trees.  It  is  a  hard  translu- 
cent substance,  brittle,  without  taste  or 
smell,  except  when  heated  it  emits  a  fra- 
grant odor.  It  becomes  negatively  elec- 
tric by  friction.  It  yields  bv  distillation 
on  empyreamatic  oil  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture or  hydrocarbons  and  succinic  acid. 
It  is  used  chiefly  for  pipe  mouth  pieces 
and  beads,  and  In  the  arts  for  amber-var- 
nish. 

Axubergnis,  am'ber-grgs.  A  solid, 
opaque,  inflammable  substance,  variegated 
liKc  marble,  remarkably  light,  rugged  on 
ita  snrbce,  and  having,  when  heated,  a 
fragrant  odor.  It  melts  into  a  kind  of 
yeUow  resin,  and  is  highly  soluble  in 
spirit  of  wine.  It  is  a  morbid  secretion 
of  the  intestines  of  the  spermaceti  whale. 

Amber-seed,  am'ber-s^d.  The  seed  of 
Abelmoschus  moschatus,  resembling  mil- 
let, has  a  bitterish  taste,  a  smell  like 
musk,  and  is  used  for  perftimtng. 

Axnber-tree,  am'ber-tre.  The  English 
name  for  Anthospermum,  a  gen.  of 
shrubs  which,  when  bruised,  ennt  a  fra- 
grant odor. 

Ambidexter,  am-bl-deks'ter.  A  per- 
son who  uses  both  hands  with  equal  fecil- 
ity.    A  double-dealer. 

Amble,  am'bl.  A  peoollar  pace  of  a 
horse  or  mule  in  which  both  legs  on  one 
side  are  moved  at  the  samo  time. 

Amblygron,  am'bli-gon.  An  obtuse- 
angled  triangle ;  a  triangle  with  one  angle 
of  more  than  90  degrees. 

Amblygronite,  am-blig'on-!t.  A  mine- 
ral consisting  of  phosphates  and  fluorides 
of  aluminium  and  lithium.  It  occurs 
massive  or  crystallized  in  oblique  four- 
gided  prisms,  In  granite,  with  topaz  and 
tourmaline. 

Amblyopsis,  am-bli-op'sis.  A  gen.  of 
fishes,  including  the  blind-fish. 

Ambl3rptenis,  am-blip'ter-us.  A  gen. 
of  ganoid  fishes,  -with  heterocercal  tail, 
found  only  in  a  fossil  state. 

Ajnblyrhynchus,  am-bli-ringk'us.  A 
gen.  of  lizards  resembling  the  iguana.  A. 
cristatus.  In  lengtli  varjdng  ftt)m  8  to  4 
feet,  is  the  only  known  existing  marine 
lizard. 

Ambo,  am1[)0.  In  early  Christian 
churches  a  raised  desk  or  pulpit,  from 
which  were  read  or  chanted  certain  parts 
of  the  service. 

Amboyna-wood,  am-boi'na-w^id.  A 
beautiful  mottled  and  curled  wood,  em- 
ployed In  cabinet  -work. 

Ambreada,  am-bre-a'da.  A  fictitious 
amber,  sold  by  Europeans  to  the  Africans. 


5  AMBUET 

Ambrein,  am'bre-in.  A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  ambergris  by  digesting  it 
in  hot  alcohol.  It  is  crystallized  and  has  aq 
agreeable  odor. 

Ambrose  (St.),  fim'broz.  A  Catholia 
Archbishop  of  Milan,  b.  840,  d.  897; 
noted  for  his  piety  and  boldness  in  rebuk- 
ing the  secular  rulers ;  he  was  in  confiict 
with  Valentinian,  Maximus  and  Theo- 
dosius,  compelling  the  latter,  after  the 
manner  of  Thessalonica,  to  perform  a 
humiliating. penance  before  receiving  the 
sacrament.  A.  was  author  of  the  '*T« 
Deum  Laudamus." 

ALxnbrosia,  am-br5'zhi-a.  According  to 
the  belief  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  the  food 
of  the  gods,  which  conferred  immortality 
on  those  who  partook  of  it ;  hence,  any 
thing  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  smell.  A. 
gen.  of  plants  belonging  to  the  ord.  Com- 
posita3,  consisting  of  annual  weeds  resem- 
bling wormwood. 

Ambrosin,  am'bro-sln.  A  coin  struck 
by  the  dukes  of  Milan  in  the  middle  ages, 
on  which  St.  Ambrose  was  represented  on 
horse-back. 

Ambrotype,  am'brS-tlp.  A  picture  ta- 
ken on  a  plate  of  prepared  glass,  in  which 
the  lights  are  represented  in  silver  and  the 
shadows  by  a  dark  back-ground  showing 
through  the  transparent  plate. 

Ambry,  am'bri.  A  place  where  alms  are 
deposited  for  distribution  to  the  poor ;  a 
place  in  ancient  abbeys  and  priories 
where  the  almoner  lived.  A  niche  or  re- 
cess in  the  wall  of  ancient  churches  in 
which  the  sacred  utensils  were  deposited. 
A  place  in  which  are  deposited  the  uten- 
sUs  for  housekeeping. 

Ambs-ace,  fimz'as.  A  double  ace,  as 
when  two  dice  turn  up  the  aoe. 

Ambulance,  am'bti-lans.  A  military 
hospital  establishment  of  a  temporary 
nature.  A  cart,  wagon,  or  litter  employe<l 
to  convey  injured  or  sick  to  the  hospital. 

Ameer,  d-mer'.  An  Arabian  nobleman,* 
a  chief. 

Ameiva,  a-ml'va.  A  gen,  of  small  saiv 
rian  reptiles,  fam.  Teidie. 

Amen,  a'men'.  A  term  used  in  prayer, 
and  meaning  So  be  it  At  the  end  of  a 
creed  it  Is  equivalent  to  a  solemn  asser- 
tion of  belief. 

Ambulator,  am'bu-lat-er.  One  who 
walks  about.  An  Instrument  for  measur- 
ing distances.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede. 

Ambliry,  am'bu-ri.  A  tumor,  wart,  or 
swelling  on  a  horse,  fhll  qf  blood  and  soft 
to  the  touch.    Club-root,  a  sort  of  excres* 


Digitized  by 


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AMSNTACSJEj 


86 


AMEBtOO  VESPtJCCI 


)  In  plants  of  the  ord.  Cnidferce,  pro- 
duced hy  a  puncture  made  by  the  ovipos- 
itor of  an  Insect  and  deposition  of  its  eggs. 
Axnentaoese,  a-men-tu'so-e.  A  group 
of  plants  whose  flowers  are  arranged  in  an 
amentum  or  catkin,  as  CupuUfera),  Sali- 
caceae,  Betulacea;,  Platanaoeae,  and  Ejri- 


Axnerica,  a-merVkah.  The  second  in 
size  of  the  five  great  divisions  of  the 
globe,  extending  from  lat  11°  24'  N. 
to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  lat.  63«>  63'  V 
B.  and  ooyering  an  area  of  about  15,000,- 
000  sq.  m.;  Its  native  and  immigrant 
populations  Include  every  race,  and  a 
majority  of  the  nations  and  tribes  of 
earth.  A.  is  often  called  the  new  world, 
from  ita  recent  disooveiy  by  Europeans.  It 
is  about  equally  divided  into  two  sections, 
N.  and  B.  America,  Joined  by  the  narrow 

■  Isthmus  of  Darlen  and  Central  America. 
N.  A.  properly  begins  at  the  upper  side  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  SO**  N.  bt.,  and  ex- 
tends to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  its  greatest 
length  being  4,000  m.,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific, 
8,500  m.;theE.  coast  is  indented  with 
numerous  bays,  gulfs  and  Inlets,  and  ter- 
minates in  the  long  peninsula  of  Florida ; 
the  Western  coast  has  comparatively  few 
good  roadsteads,  but  is  broken  by  the  pen- 
insula of  8.  California,  and  the  Aleutian 
Islands.  There  are  two  main  mountain 
ranges,  one  parallel  to  the  £.  coast,  but  a 
considerable  distance  inland,  called  the 
Appalachian;  the  other  along  the  W.  coast, 
known  as  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  latter 
being  much  the  higher.  These  grand 
ranges  are  each  divided  into  three  distinct 
chains,  those  on  the  E.  being  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  the  Green  and  White  mountains; 
in  the  W.  the  Sierras,  a  loftier  inner  chain, 
of  which  Mt.  St.  Elias,  17,900  ft.  above 
sea  level,  is  the  chief  peak,  and  the  great 
Eocky  Mountain  system.  Between  tiiese 
mountain  ranges  lie  the  immense  prairies, 
the  valleys  of  the  Mississippi,  Ohio  and 
Tennessee ;  to  the  N.  are  tne  five  great 
connected  lakes,  Superior,  Michigan, 
Huron,  Erie  and  Ontario,  covering  more 
than  120,000  sq.  m.,  and  making  an  open 
water-way  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  naif 
way  across  to  the  Pacific ;  still  N.  of  these 
are  the  great  plains  stretching  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  surrounding  the  vast 
inland  sea  known  as  Hudson's  Bay. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Connecticut, 
Hudson,  James,  Ohio,  Tennessee,  Mis- 
souri, Mississippi,  Bed,  Bio  Grande,  Col- 
umbia and  Mackenzie,  which  empties  into 
the  Arctic  Ocean.  CentriU  America  may  be 
Mid  to  indudd  the  table-land  of  Mexico 


and  extend  S.  to  Guatemala,  the  vol- 
canic mountains  of  which  are  connected 
through  the  Isthmus  range  with  the 
Sierras  of  N.  A.;  the  Bio  Del  Norte  is 
the  most  important  river.  South  A.  ia 
4,700  miles  in  extreme  length,  and  about 
8,200  in  width;  the  Andes  mountains 
extend  along  the  W.  coast,  the  less  lofty 
ranges  of  Venezuela  in  the  N.,  those  of 
Brazil  in  the  N.  E.;  its  surfitce  consiats  of 
vast  plains,  at  various  elevations,  the  prin- 
cipal divisions  of  which  are  known  as  the 
Pampas,  the  Silvas  and  the  Llanos ;  the 
largest  rivers  are  the  Amazon,  the  Orinoco 
and  the  Bio  de  U  Plata ;  the  inhabitants 
consist  of  the  native  tribes  in  the  interior 
and  Southern  portions,  Spaniards,  Portu- 
guese and  mixed  races  along  the  sea 
coast  and  throughout  liie  N.  The  divis- 
ions, sub-divisions  and  ponulations  of  the 
Continent  are  as  follows :  N.  A. — ^Mexico, 
United  States,  Dominion  of  Canada,  New- 
foundland, Prince  Edwards  Island,  British 
Columbia,  Greenland,  Bermuda,  St.  Pierre 
and  Miquelon:  pop.  71,406,828.  C.  A.— 
Costa  Bica,  Nicaragua,  Honduras,  San 
Salvador,  Guatemala  and  British  Hon- 
duras; pop.  8,126,091.  Spanish  and 
British  W.  Indies,  Dutch  French  and 
Danish  possessions,  Hayti  and  San  Do- 
mingo ;  pop.  4,809,672.  S.  A.— Patagonia 
and  Terra-del-Fuego,  Uruguay,  Paraguay, 
Gran-Chaco  and  Pampas  Argentine,  Ax- 
gentine  BepubUc,  Chili,  Bolivia,  Peru, 
Galapagos  (uninhabited),  Ecuador,  New 
Granada,  Venezuela,  British,  Dutch  and 
French  Guiana,  Brazil  and  Falkland  Is> 
lands ;  pop.  28,312,944.  The  discovery  of 
A.  by  Christopher  Columbus  in  149^-98. 
opened  it  to  European  exploration  and 
settlement,  although  Greenland  was  un- 
questionably visited  by  Scandinavian 
rovers  in  the  6th  century,  and  it  la  be- 
lieved Iceland  voyagers  reached  the  coast 
of  New  England  in  the  10th  century.  The 
most  noted  A.  explorers  besides  Columbus 
were  Hendrick  Hudson,  Cortez,  De  Soto, 
Pizarro,  Cabot  and  Magellan. 

American,  a-mer'i-kan.  A  native  of 
America ;  originally  applied  to  the  abori- 
ginal races,  but  now  to  the  descendants  of 
Europeans  born  in  America ;  and,  in  a  re- 
stricted sense,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
United  States. 

AmerifiTo  Vespucci,  vais-poot'chee. 
An  eminent  Italian  navigator,  b.  1451,  d. 
1512 ;  he  made  several  voyages  to  A.,  and 
was  finally  appointed  pilot  to  the  King  of 
Spain,  his  principal  duty  being  to  prepare 
maps  and  charts  of  the  Atlantfo;  the 
continent  received  his  name,  an  honor 
which  certainly  belonged  to  Columbus. 


Digitized  by 


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^^SBtASGLlL 


AMMONIAC 


Ametabola,  a-me-tab'o-la.  A  diTlsion 
of  apterous  or  wingless  insects,  as  lioe, 
spring- tails,  A>c.,  which  Mcape  irom  the 
under  the  form  which  tney 


Amethyst,  am'g-thist.  A  rlolet-bluo  or 
purple  quartz,  crystallized  in  hexahedral 
prisms  or  pyramids ;  also  in  rolled  frag- 
ments, composed  of  Imperfect  prismatic 
crystals.  It  is  wrought  into  various  arti- 
cles of  jewelry.  Ori^ital  A. ,  a  rare  violet- 
colored  gem,  a  variety  of  alumina  or 
corundum.  In  Her.  a  purple  color ;  the 
same  in  a  nobleman's  escutcheon  as  pur- 
pure  in  a  gentleman^s  and  mercury  In 
that  of  a  prince. 

AznethyBtine,  a-md-thistOn.  Anciently 
applied  to  a  garment  of  the  color  of  ame- 
thyst.   Composed  of  amethyst,  as  a  cup. 

Amhaxlo,  am-h&'rik.  The  vernacular 
language  of  Southwestern  Abyssinia,  a 
corrupt  Arabic. 

Amherst,  Jeffery*  Loxd.  A  cele- 
brated British  general,  b.  1717,  d.  1798. 
In  1760,  with  Gens.  Wolfe  and  Frideanx, 
he  took  the  whole  of  Canada  from  the 
Prench;   was  appointed   oommander-in- 

•  chief  of  the  British  troops  in  America,  and 
was  made  governor  of  Virginia  in  1768. 

Amherstia,  am-herst'i-a.  A  gen.  of 
Burmese  plants,  ord.  Legumlnosffi. 

Amia,  am^-a.  A  gen.  of  ganoid  fishes 
constituting  the  fiim.  Amiidae. 

Amianth,  am'i-anth.  Fine,  flexible  as- 
he^toB,  earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax;  a 
mineral  somewhat  resembling  flax,  com- 

'  posed  of  delicate  filaments,  very  flexible, 
snd  somewhat  elastic,  often  long  and  re- 
sembling threads  of  silk.  It  is  Inoombus- 
Uble,  and  is  wrought  Into  cloth  and  paper 
by  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is  afterward  re- 
moved by  a  red  heat ;  also  used  as  lamp- 
wicks,  and  for  filUng  ^-grates,  the  fibers 
'  remaining  red-hot  without  being  con- 
sumed. 

Amianthinite,  am-i-an'thin-It.  A 
species  of  amorphous  mineral,  a  variety  of 
actinoUte. 

Amianthoid,  am-I-on'thoid.  A  mineral 
which  occurs  in  tufts,  composed  of  long 
capillary  filaments,  flexible  and  very  elas- 
tic ;  a  variety  of  hornblende. 

Amice,  am'is.  A  flowing  cloak  formerly 
worn  bv  priests  and  pilgrims.    An  oblong 

Eiece  oilmen,  railing  down  the  shoulders 
ke  a  cope,  worn  under  the  alb  by  priests 
of  the  B.  C.  Church  when  engaged  in  the 
service  of  the  mass.  The  baoMU  worn  by 
some  Protestant  clergymen  are  jk  reHc  of 
tbeamioe. 


Amide,  Amine,  am'id,  ara'in.  A  ••> 
ries  of  salts  produced  by  the  substitution 
of  elements  or  radicals  for  the  hydrogen 
atoms  of  ammonia. 

Amldin,  am'id-ln.  The  gelatinous  part 
of  wheat  and  potato  starch. 

Amidogen,  -mid'o-jen.  A  basifying 
principle  composed  of  two  equivalents  of 
hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 

AmiideB,  am-i'i-du.  A  fiim.  of  recent 
ganoid  fishes,  approaching  ordinary  bony 
fishes. 

AminaTI,  am'man.  An  ofiioer  of  Switz- 
erland and  parts  of  Germany,  who  exer- 
cises limited  judidal  Amotions. 

AmTni,  am'md.  A  gen.  of  umbellifer- 
ous plants,  sometimes  «dled  bishop-weeds. 

AminochzTse,  am'm6-krfs.  A  yellow 
soft  stone,  found  in  Germany,  which  is 
pulverl::dd  and  used  to  strew  over  fr«sh 
writing  to  prevent  blotting. 

AmmocoBtes,  am'md-sc-tc>z.  A  gen.  of 
cvclostomous  fishes,  ftm.  Petromyzidn, 
closely  allied  to  tho  lampreys. 

Ammodytes,  am'md-dl-tcz.  A  gen.  of 
apodal  fishes,  fam.  Ammodytidffi,  sub-ord. 
Anacanthini;  tho  sand-eel. 

Amm.on,  am'-mon. 
An  ancient  Ethiopian 
and  Egyptian  deitv, 
called  by  tho  GreeRs 
Zeus  Ammon,  and  by 
the  Latins  Jupiter 
Ammon. 

ATnTrio-nn.lTiTn  ^  am'- 
mon-al-um.  A  min- 
eral consisting  of  a 
hydrosulphate  of  alu- 
mina and  ammonia. 

Axiim,02iia,  am-mo'- 
ni-a.  The  modern 
name  of  volatile  alkali 
obtaine<l  from  sal-am-  Ammon,  IVom  a 
moniac  by  the  action  of  Bronze  in  Brit- 
lime.  It  is  used  both  ish  M^useum. 
in  medicine  and  scien- 
tifio  chemistry  in  solution  under  the  names 
of  liquid  A.,  aqueous  A.,  or  spirits  of  harts- 
horn. It  is  procured  from  putrescent  ani- 
mal substances,  and  artificially  from  the 
distiliation  of  pit-coal  and  reftise  animal 
substances,  such  as  bones,  clippings  of 
horn,  hoof,  &o.  The  air  contains  a  mi- 
nute quantity  of  ammonia. 

Ammoniac,  am-m5'ninak.  Pertairingto 
ammonia,  or  possessing  its  properties.  A. 
gas,  ammonia  in  its  purest  form.  A.  gum, 
a  gum-resin  composed  of  tears,  an  exuda- 
tion fh>m  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the 
Dorema  anunonlacum.    It  is  Inflammable, 


Digitized  by 


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AMMOiaAir 


AMPHIBIOLTTE 


Bolable  in  water  and  spirit  of  wine,  and 
Is  used  in  medicine  for  plasters. 
Aznxnoziian,  am-md'ni-an.  Belatlng  to 
Ammonius,  sumamed  Saooas,  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  flourished  at  the  end  of  the  2d 
century,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  Neo- 

Slatonic  schoo  1  of  philosophy,  his  most 
Istinguished  pupila  being  Longinus, 
Orlgen,  and  Plotinus. 

Anunonite,  am'mon-It,  Ono  of  the 
fossil  shells  of  an  extensive  gen.  of  extinct 
cephalopodous  mollusks,  &n.  Ammon- 
itidsB.  The  species  ahready  described  num- 
ber 600,  and  range  from  the  lias  to  the 
chalk  Inclusive,  including  the  genera  Gon- 
iatites,  Ceratites,  Ammonites,  Scaphites, 
Hamites  and  others,  the  most  character- 
istic mollusks  of  the  secondary  rocks. 

Ammonites,  &m'mon-Ites.  Descend- 
ants of  Lot's  youngest  son.  They  were 
idolaters,  and  almost  constantly  at  war 
with  the  IsraeUtes. 

Ammonium,  am-m(Vni-um.  The  hy- 
pothetical base  of  ammonia,  analogous  to 
a  metal,  as  potassium. 

AmmopMLa,  a-mofi-la.  A  gen.  of 
grasses;  the  sea-reed.  A.  arundinacea 
is  extensively  employed  for  preserving 
the  shores  from  inroads  of  the  sea ;  it  is 
also  manufactured  into  door-mats,  floor- 
brushes,  ropes,  mats,  bags  and  hats.  A 
gen.  of  fossorial  hymenoptera,  commonly 
called  sand-wasps. 

Ammunition,  am-mu-ni'shon.  Arti- 
cles used  in  tho  discharge  of  firearms  of 
all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs,  &c. 

Ammiinition-chest,  am-mu-ni'shon- 
chest.  A  chest  in  which  the  fixed  ammu- 
nition for  field  cannon  is  packed. 

Amnion,  am'ni-on.  The  innermost 
membrane  sunjounding  the  fetus  of  mam- 
mals, birds  and  reptiles.  In  Bot.  a  gelat- 
inous fluid,  in  which  the  embryo  of  a 
seed  is  suspended  when  it  first  appears. 

Amoeba,  a-me'ba.  A  microscopic  gen. 
of  rliiaopodouB  •Protozoa,  of  which  A. 
diffluens,  is  the  type.  It  exists  as  a  mass 
of  protoplasm.  Within  the  body  a  nu- 
cleus ana  nucleolus  are  usually  perceived, 
also  certain  clear  spaces,  termed  contrac- 
tile veeides,  from  thehr  exhibitmg  rhyth- 
mical movements  of  contraction  and  dila- 
tion. There  is  no  distinct  mouth,  and 
food  is  seized  by  means  of  the  pseudopodia 
engulfed  >vithin  the  soft  sarcode  body 
and  by  any  portion  of  its  surface,  the 
apertures  closing  up  immediately  after 
reception  of  the  nutriment.  Eeproduc- 
tion  takes  place  in  several  ways ;  as,  by 
fission,  whereby  an  amceba  simply  divides 
into  two  portions,  each  of  which  becomes 


a  distinct  animalcule ;  or  by  a  single  peea- 
dopodium  detaching  itself  from  the  pa- 
rent body,  and  developing  into  a  separate 
amoeba^ 

AmOBbea,  am-S-bS'a.  An  ord.  of  Bhizo- 
poda,  of  which  the  gen.  Amoeba  is  the 
type. 

AmomTlTn.,  a-mo'mum.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Zingiberaceas.  Yarious  species 
yield  cardamon  seeds  and  grains  oi^pana- 
dise. 

Amontillado,  a-mon'tfl-a'M5.  A  dry 
sherry  of  a  light  color,  highly  esteemed. 

Amorean,  am-^-r6'an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Gemario  doctors  or  commentators  on  the 
Jerusalem  Talmud. 

Amorites,  £m'o-rItes.  Descendants  of 
Ham,  occupying  both  banks  of  the  Jor- 
dan, and  the  most  warUke  and  powerM 
of  Canaanitish  tribes;  they  were  repeatedly- 
defeated  by  JosijJi,  but  were  not  extermi- 
nated, as  they  are  mentioned  in  the  time 
of  Samuel. 

Amorpha,  a-mor^fo.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  LeguDiinoscB ;  bastard  indigo. 

Amour,  or  Sagrhalien.  The  largest 
river  of  E.  Asia,  formed  by  the  junction  . 
of  tho  Shilka  and  Argun,  the  latter  form- 
ing for  400  m.  the  dividing  line  between 
China  and  Siberia.  The  A.  is  2,000  m. 
long,  and  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Sagha- 
lien. 

Amoy«  One  of  the  five  Chinese  seaports 
open  to  foreign  commerce  ;  pop.  260,000. 

Ampac,  am'pak.  A  tree  which  yields  a 
highly  odoriferous  resin,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  used  to  medicate  baths,  a  spe- 
cies of  Xanthoxylon. 

Ampelis,  am'pel-is.  A  gen.  of  perching 
birds,  forming  the  type  of  the  fam.  Ampe- 
lidsB  or  chatterers,  as  well  as  the  sub- 
fam.  or  group  Ampelinae.  It  includes  the 
Bohemian  wax-wing  or  waxen  chatterer. 

Ampelite,  am'pel-it.  A  species  of  black 
earth  abounding  in  pyrites.  The  name  is 
also  applied  to  cannel  coal  aad  to  some 
kinds  of  schist. 

Ampelopsis,  am-pel-op'sis.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  yitacea3.  A.  hederacea  is  the 
Virgiidan  creeper,  a  fest  growing  climbing 
shrub. 

Ampere's  Theory,  an-parz  tho'6-rl. 
An  electro-dynamic  theory,  in  which  the 
mutual  attraction  and  repulsion  of  two 
magnets  is  referred  to  the  mutual  action 
of  electric  currents  circulating  parallel  to 
each  other  and  in  the  same  direction 
roimd  tne  magnet. 

Amphihiolite,  am-fib'i-o-lit  A  fossil 
amphibious  animal. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AMFHIBIOTTB 


Amphiblocui,     vn-flb't-as. 

which  have  the  power  of  llyinff  In  air  and 

water ;  any  long-breathing  animal  which 

can  exist  under  water,  as  the  crocodile, 

whale,  seal,  beaver,  Ac. 
Axnphibolite.  am-flb'o-nt.  A  rock  with 

abaseofamphlboleor  hornblende;  trap, 

or  greenstone. 
Axnphiboloid,  am-flb'ol-oid.     A.  rook 

composed  of  amphibole  and  felspar;   a 

variety  of  greenstone. 
Amphioentraxn,    am-fi-sen'tnun.     A 

Sen.  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  wanting  iab- 
ominal  fins,  oonflned  to  carboniferous 
strata. 
Axnphictsroiifl,  am-flk'ti-onz.  An  as- 
sembly or  ooundl  of  deputies  from  the 
dJlferent  states  of  Greece.  Ten  or  twelve 
states  were  represented  in  this  assembly. 

Axnphicyon,  am-flsM-on.  A  large  fossil 
carnivorous  quadruped,  whose  teeth  com- 
bine the  characteristics  of  those  of  dogs 
and  bears. 

AxnphidiflC,  am'fi-disk.  One  of  the  spi- 
cules which  surround  the  reproductive 
gemmnles  of  Spongllla,  resembling  two 
toothed  wheels  united  by  an  axle. 

Amphldromioal;  am-fl-drom'ik-al. 
Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Greek  festival 
unphidromia,  celebrated  when  a  child  re- 
ceived its  name. 

Ampliidtira,  am-fi-da^ra.  In  the  Greek 
Gh.  the  veil  or  curtain  separating  the 
chancel  from  the  rest  of  the  church,  cor- 
responding to  the  cancellus  of  B.  0. 
churches. 

Amphlgftan,  am-fi-J€'an.  Extending 
over  all  the  zones  of  the  globe. 

Axnphigen,  am'fl-Jen.  A  plant  which 
has  no  distinct  axis,  as  the  lichens. 

Amphihexahedral,  am-fl-heks'a-h6"- 
dral.  Said  of  a  crystal  in  which  the  fiioes, 
counted  in  two  duTerent  directions,  give 
two  hexahedral  outlines,  or  are  foundf  to 
be  six  in  number. 

Amphion,  2m'fe-on.  In  Myth,  a  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Antiope,  who  rebuilt  the 
wa&s  of  Thebes  by  playing  on  his  lyre, 
the  stones  moving  to  the  musio  and  as- 
suming their  proper  places  in  the  wall. 

Amphipoda,  am-fip'od-a.  An  ord.  of 
the  sessile-eyed  malacbstraoan  crusta- 
ceans. The  sand-hopper  and  shore- 
Jumper  are  examples. 

AmphlpTOStyle,  am-flp'ro-stn.  A 
structure  having  the  form  of  an  ancient 
Greek  or  Boman  oblong  rectangular  tem- 
ple, with  9  prostyle  or  portico  on  each  of 
Its  fronts,  but  BO  ooliuiiiiB  on  iti  lidet. 


)  1JCFL1TUI>E 

Axnphii^laoa,  am'fl-sir-ka.  A  oom- 
pound,  many-celled,  Indehisocnt.  saperisr 
fruit,  with  a  woodv  or  induratea  shdl  in* 
dosine  an  internal  pulp,  as  seen  In  tba 

AxnphiflbsBna,  am-fls-bfi'na.  A  geo. 
of  serpentiform,  limbless  reptiles,  nm. 
Amphlsbaenidie,  ord.  Lacertilia. 
AxnphiflbsBnla,  am-fls-bfi'ni-a.  An 
ord.  of  lacertian  reptiles,  of  which  the 
gen.  Amphisbiena  is  the  type. 
Axnphiflcil,  am-flsh'i-l.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  inter-tropical  regions,  whose  shad- 
ows at  noon  in  one  part  of  the  year  are 
cast  to  the  north  ana  in  the  other  to  the 
south,  according  as  the  sun  is  in  the 
northern  or  southern  signs. 
Aznphiflile,  am-fls^-ld.  A  gen.  of  acan- 
thopterygions  fldies.  It  belongs  to  the 
&m.  Fistularids  or  sea-snipes,  and  is 
closely  allied  to  the  gen.  Centriscus. 
Ampitheater,  am-fl-thd'a-ter.  An  an- 
cient Kome  edifice  of  an  oval  form,  with 
rows  of  seats  rising  higher  as  they  re- 
ceded fi^>m  the  center.  The  ancient  uiea- 
ter  was  nearly  semi-droular  in  shape,  with 
its  rows  of  seats  fi^onting  the  stinre ;  the 
A.  was  always  elliptical  in  form.  Tne  Ool- 
osseum  at  Rome  is  the  laigest  of  aU  the 
ancient  amphitheaters. 
Amphitherium,  am-fl-th6'ri-um.  A 
fosril  insectivorous  mammal  of  the  oolite. 
A.  Prevostll  is  the  only  species  yet  dis- 
covered. 

Axnphitrite,  am-fl-trl'td.  The  name  of 
a  sea-nymph  in  Greek  mythology,  dster  of 
Thetis  and  wife  of  Neptune.  A  small 
planet  or  asteroid  between  the  wbitsof 
Mars  and  Jupitn*.  A  gen.  of  marine  an* 
neUds,  ord.  Tubicols,  and  class  Annulatat 
Axnphitype,  am'fi-tip.  A  photographi4 
process  by  wUch  light  produces  either  4 
positive  or  a  UMfattve.  The  paper  is  pre- 
pared by  a  solution  of  ferro-tarirate  of 
ferro-dtrate  of  protoxide  or  peroxide  ol 
mercury,  followed  by  a  solution  of  am- 
monio- tartrate  or  ammonlo-dtrate. 
AxnphitunidaB,  am-fl-ft'mi-d«.  A  tun. 
of  tailed  amphibians  distinguished  bv  a 
small  branchial  aperture  on  each  slde^ 
within  which  are  the  branchial  arches  with 
small  laminae.  The  gen.  Amphluma  is 
the  type. 

Amplitude,  am'pli-t&d.  In  Astron.  an 
arc  of  the  horizon  mtercepted  between  the 
east  or  west  point'  and  the  center  of  the 
sun  or  star  at  its  rising  or  setting.  At  the 
rising  of  the  star  the  amplitude  la  eastern 
or  ortive ;  at  the  setting  it  is  western, 
ocddaous,  or  ocoaitve.    A.  of  the  i«iife 


Digitized  by 


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40 


ANABLEP8 


AmphorsB. 


of  a  prolectile,  tho  horizontal  line  sub- 
tending the  path  of  a  bodv  thrown,  or 
the  line  which  measures  the  distance  it 
has  mored.  Magnetical  A.,  the  arc  of  the 
horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  star  at  ris- 
ing or  setting,  and  the  east  or  west  point 
of  the  horizon. 

Ampliora,  am'fo-ra.  Among  the  Oreeks 
and  Bomans,  a  vessel,  with  two  handles 
and  a  narrow  neck,  and  ending  in  a  point 
below  for  being  insert- 
ed in  a  stand  or  in  the 
ground.  The  stopper 
was  covered  with  gyp- 
sum, and  the  title  of  the 
wine  was  painted  on 
the  outside,  the  date  of 
the  vintage  being  mark- 
ed by  the  names  of  the 
consuls  then  in  office. 
A.  was  also  the  name 
of  a  fixed  measure,  the 
Greek  being  equal  to  8  gfilons,  7.865  pints 
imperial  measure,  and  the  Koman  two- 
thirds  of  this. 

Ampulla,  am-pul'la.  In  Rom.  antiq. 
a  globular  bottle  used  for  carrying  oil  to 
the  bath  for  the  purpose  of  anointing  the 
body  after  bathing.  A  vessel  for  holding 
the  consecrated  oil  or  chrism  used  in  vari- 
ous church  rites  and  at  the  coronation  of 
kings.  The  hollow  leaves  formed  in  cer- 
tain aquatic  plants,  as  in  Utrlcularia. 

Axnpsrx,  am'piks.  A  broad 
band  or  plate  of  metal  en- 
riched with  precious  stones, 
worn  on  the  forehead  by  an- 
cient Greek  ladies  of  rank. 
The  head-band  of  a  horse.  A 
spedes  of  trilobite  or  fossil 
crustacean,  found  in  lower 
Silurian  strata. 

Amuck,  a-muk'.  A  term 
employed  among  the  Malays 
by  such  of  them  as  rush  out  in  a  frantic 
state  with  daggers  in  their  hands,  yelling, 
*'Amuck,  amuck,"  and  attacking  all  that 
come  in  their  way. 

Amulet,  am'&-let.  Something  worn  as  a 
remedy  or  preservation  against  evils  or 
mischief.  They  have  been  used  from  an- 
cient times,  and  are  still  worn  in  parts  of 
the  world.  The  early  Christian  A.  were 
commonly  Inscribea  with  the  words 
ichthys,  fish,  or  with  the  shape  of  a  fish, 
because  this  represented  the  initials  of  the 
Greek  words  for  Jesus  Christ. 

Amysdalin.  A  crystalHne  principle 
existing  in  bitter  almonds,  the  leaves  of 
the  common  laurel,  and  other  plants. 

Amysdaloid,  a-mig'da-loid.    A  term 


Ampyx. 


applied  to  an  igneous  rock,  containing 
vesicles  filled  with  cr>'stalline  nodulea  ol 
various  minerals,  particularly  calcareous 
snar,  quartz,  agate,  zeolite,  chlorite,  Ac. 
When  the  imbedded  minerals  are  de- 
tached, it  becomes  porous  like  lava. 

AmygdaluB,  a-migMu-lus.  A  gen.  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  ord.  Kosaceae.  A. 
communis  is  tho  almond-tree,  and  A.  per- 
sica  the  peach  and  nectarine. 

Amyl,  am  Ml.  A  hypothetical  radical,  said 
to  exist  in  many  compounds,  as  amylic 
alcohol,  &c.  Nitrite  of  A.,  an  amber-col- 
ored fluid,  employed  as  a  resuscitator  in 
cases  of  drowning,  prolonged  fainting,  for 
relieving  paroxysms  of  colic,  spasms  of 
tetanus,  of  the  heart,  Ac. 

Amylamine,  a-mira-min.  An  organic 
base  produced  by  treating  amyl  cyanate 
with  caustic  potash. 

Amylene,  am'il-en.  A  hydrocarbon  ob- 
tained by  the  dehydration  of  amylic  alco- 
hol by  means  of  zinc  chloride,  &c. 

Am^nraldism,  am'i-rald-izm.  The  doc- 
trine of  universal  grace,  as  explained  by 
Amyraldus  in  the  17th  century.  He 
taught  that  God  desires  the  happiness  of 
all  men,  and  that  none  are  excluded  by  a 
divine  decree,  but  that  none  can  obtain 
salvation  without  faith  in  Christ. 

AmyridacesB,  a-mirM-da"se-e.  An 
ord.  of  polypetalous  plants.  Myrrh, 
f^nkincense,  and  gum-elemi  are  among 
their  products. 


Ana,  an'a.  A  Greek  preposition  employ- 
ed as  a  prefix  and  implying  primarily  up, 
up  to,  motion  upward.  In  Med.  used  in 
prescriptions  to  indicate  an  equal  quantity 
of  each. 

Anabaptist,  an-a-bap'tist.  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  invalidity  of  infknt 
baptism,  and  tho  necessity  of  rebaptism 
at  an  adult  age.  With  this  is  generally  as- 
sociated the  doctrine  of  baptism  by  im- 
mersion. 

AnabasidSB,  an-a-bnsM-de.  A  fhm.  of 
acanthopterygious  fishes,  remarkable  in 
that  they  can  retain  siiflicient  water  to  en- 
ble  the  fish  to  live  out  of  water  as  long 
as  six  days. 

Anabasis,  an-ab'as1s.  Applied  to  the 
work  of  Xenophon  descriptive  of  the  ex- 
pedition of  Cyrus,  with  the  view  of  de- 
throning his  brother  Artaxerxes,  king  of 
Persia,  and  including  an  account  of  the 
retreat  of  the  10,000  Greek  mercenaries 
under  Xenophon.  Any  expedition  ftt)m 
the  coast  inland. 

Anableps,  an'a-bleps.  A  gen.  of  mala- 
oopteryglan  fishes,  remarkable  for  thetr 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ANA0AMP8BEOS 


41 


A17AM0BPH0SIS 


eyes,  wbtch  project  and  have  two  pnpUs, 
each  eye  Appearing  aft  if  double;  but 


Ansblepa  tetraopbthalmus. 

there  is  only  one  crystalline  humor,  one 
vitreous  humor,  and  one  retina. 

Anacanipseros,  an-arkamp'se-ros.  A 
plant  to  which  the  ancients  attributed  the 
quality  of  restc>ring  or  inducing  the  re- 
turn of  the  passion  of  love.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Portulacese. 

ATny>nT^i:T^i-ni  an'a-kan-thr'ni.  Ah  ord. 
of  osseous  fishes,  including  the  cod, 
plaice,  Sui. 

.Ajiacardiacees,  an-a-kar'di-a'^sS-e.  An 
ord.  of  polypetalous  plants,  the  sumach, 
the  pistacias,  the  mango,  the  cashew,  the 
marRing-nutl  the  varnish  tree  of  Marta- 
?>aii  and  the  Japan-lacquer.  Mastic  is  the 
produce  of  Pistacia  Lentiscus. 

Anaoardiuza,  an-a-kfir'di-um.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord.  Anacardiacese.  The  firuit 
of  A«  ocddentale  is  roasted,  and  the 
kernels  having  their  acidity  thus  de- 
stroyed are  tiie  cashew-nuts.  This  tree 
yields  a  gum  resembling  gum-arabic. 

Anacharis,  an-ak'ar-is.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Hydrocharidacese ;  water- 
thyme  or  water-weed. 

Aziaclironisxa,  an-ak'ron-izm.  An  er- 
ror in  computing  time. 

Anaclastic,  an-a-klas'tik.  Pertaining  to 
or  produced  by  the  refraction  of  light. 
A.  glass  or  phial,  a  glass  so  thin  that  when 
air  is  sucked  fh)m  it,  the  bottom  springs 
into  a  concave  form  with  a  sharp  snap, 
and  when  air  is  blown  in,  springs  into  its 
former  convex  form. 

Anaconda,-  an-a-kon'da.  The  popular 
nameof  two  of  the  largest  species  of  the 
serpent  tribe,  attaining  the  length  of  40 
feet.  Both  are  destitute  of  poison  &ngs, 
and  kill  their  victims  by  constriction. 

Anacreontic,  a-nak're-on''tik.  Pertain- 
ing to  Anacreon,  a  Greek  poet  whose  odes 
and  epigrams  were  celebrated  for  their 
graceral  air  and  truth  to  nature. 

Anadfem,  an'a-dem.  A  band,  fillet,  or 
wreath  worn  on  the  head  by  women  and 
young  men. 

AnadronioiiS,  a-nad'rom-us.  A  word 
applied  to  such  fish  as  pass  fW>m  the  sea 
into  fresh  water  at  stated  seasons,  as  the 
salmon. 

Annstbetic,  an-es-thet'ik.  Having  the 
power  of  depriving  of  feeling  or  sensation. 


Anaflrallis,  an-a-gal'hs.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Primuhkcese;  ttie  pimpernel. 

Anaarlypli,  an'a-gUf.  An  ornament  tn 
relief  chased  or  embossed  In  predous 
metal  or  stone,  as  a  cameo. 

Anaarlyptofirraph,  an-a-glip'to-graf. 
An  Instrument  for  making  a  medallion  en- 
graving of  an  object  in  relief,  as  a  medal 
or  cameo. 

Anaerram,  an'a-gram.  The  letters  of 
words  read  backwards,  and  then  forming 
a>new  word ;  thus,  evil  is  an  anagram  of 
live. 

AnaflTTOS,  an'a-gros.  A  measure  of 
grain  in  Spain,  containing  something  less 
than  two  bushels. 

Analcim,  a-nal'sim.  A  zeolitic  mineral 
found  in  cubic  crystals,  but  also  amorph- 
ous, and  in  reniform,  mammillaiy,  lami- 
nated, or  radiated  masses. 

Analenuna,  an-a-lem'ma.  A  Ibrm  of 
sun-difd,  now  disused.  A  projection  of 
the  sphere  on  the  plane  of  the  meridian, 
orthographicallv  made  by  stra^ht  lines, 
cfaroles,  and  elUpses,  the  eye  l^ing  sup- 
posed at  an  infinite  distance,  and  in  th« 
east  or  west  points  of  the  horizon.  A  tabu- 
lar mark,  usually  in  the  form  of  the  figur* 
8,  depicted  across  the  torrid  zone  to  notify 
the  sun's  declination. 

Analoflrion,  an-a-loj'i-on.  A  reading- 
desk  or  lectern ;  a  movable  pulpit. 

Anamesite,  a-namVsit  A  variety  W 
basalt  intermediate  between  the  very  fine- 
grained compact  form  (basalt),  and  the 
coarse-grained  conspicuously  crystalline 
form  (dolerite). 

Anaxnirta,  a-na-mer'ta.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  MenispermacesB. 

Anamorphoflia,  an- 
-a-mor'fo-sis.  A  draw- 
ing executed  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  present  a 
distorted  image  of  the 
object  represented,  but 
which,  when  viewed 
ft*om  a  certain  point,  or 
reflected  through  a  pol- 
vbedron,  shows  the  ob- 
ject tn  its  true  propor- 
tions. An  anomalous 
or  monstrous  develop- 
ment of  any  part  of  a 
plant,  as  when  the 
calyx  of  a  rose  assumes 
the  form  of  a  leaf.  The  / 
gradual  change  of  form,  / 
traced  In  animals  or  ^ — 
plants,    the     members    ,  ,     , 

of  which  succeed  eaok  Anamorphosla. 
other  in  point  of  time. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AlSTANASdA 


^ 


ANGHOBST 


an-a-nas'sa.      A    gen.    of 

Slants,  ord.  Bromeliacee.    A.  sativa  pro- 
aces  the  pine-apple. 

Ananchirtes,  an-ang-kl'tez.  A  gen.  or 
snbdi  vision  of  fossil  sea-urohins  belonging 
to  the  tribe  Bpatangldffi,  characteristic  of 
the  upper  chalk. 

Anandrons,  an-an'drus.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  flowers  that  are  destitute  of  a 
stamen  (female  flowers). 

AnantheroiUBI,  an-an'ther-us.  Destitute 
of  anthers. 

AnanthouB,  an-an'thus.  Destitute  of 
flowers. 

Anapest,  an'a-pest.  A  poetical  foot  of 
three  syllables,  the  first  two  unaccented, 
the  last  accented ;  the  reverse  of  dactyl. 

Anapliora,  an-afo-ra.  A  term  applied 
to  the  oblique  ascensions  of  the  stars. 

Anaplasty,  an'a-plas-tl.  An  operation 
to  repair  superficiiu  lesions.  Artificial 
noses,  &G.,  are  thus  made. 

Anarrhichas,  a-narM-kas.  A  gen.  of 
acanthopterygian  fishes,  tcan.  Blennioidv. 
A.  lupus  is  the  sea-wolf,  wolf  or  cat-fish. 

Anarthropoda,  an-ar-throp'o-da.  One 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Annu- 
losa,  or  ringed  animals,  including  the 
spoon- worms,  leeches,  earth-worms,  tube- 
worms,  and  sand-worms. 

AjiartlirouB,  -ar'thms.  Having  neither 
wings  nor  legs,  as  worms,  leeches,  &c. 
^kjias,  a'nas.  A  gen.  of  birds,  included  in 
the  ord.  Palmipedes  (or  web-footed  birds) 
and  divided  into  a  number  of  genera,  one 
of  which.  Anas,  contains  the  true  ducks. 

Anastatic,  an-a-stat'ik.  Furnished  with 
raised  characters ;  as,  A.  plates.  A.  print- 
ing or  engraving,  a  mode  of  obtaining  fac- 
simile impressions  of  printing  or  engrav- 
ing by  transferring  it  to  a  plate  of  zinc, 
which  on  being  subjected  to  the  action  of 
an  acid,  is 
etched  or  eatr 
en  away,  with 
the  exception 
of  the  parts 
covered  with 
the  ink,  which 
are  left  In  re- 
lief,       c 

AnastaiUca, 
an-a-stat^-ka. 
A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord. 
Crucifene.  A. 
hierochuntica 
is  the  Rose  of 
Jericho,  or  resurrection  plant,  remarkable 
for  ^M  power  the  dried  plant  possesses  ot 


Rose  of  Jericho. 


absorbing  water  when  placed  in  it  and  ap- 
pearing to  live. 

Anatase,  an'a-t&s.  Octahedral  oxide 
of  titanium;  a  mineral  that  shows  a  varie- 
ty of  colors  by  reflected  light;  octahedrite. 
It  is  usually  crystallized  in  acute,  elongat- 
ed, pyramidal  octahedrons. 

Anathema,  a-nath'{i-ma.  A  curse  or 
denunciation  pronounced  with  religious 
solemnity  by  eclesiastical  authority, and 
accompanied  by  excommunication.  Ab- 
juratory  A.,  the  act  of  a  convert  who  anathe- 
matizes the  heresy  which  he  ablures. 

AnatidsB,  a-nat'i-d(i.  A  ftun.  of  web-foot- 
ed anserine  or  natatorial  birds,  of  which 
the  gen.  Anas  is  the  type. 

Anatinas,  an-a-tt'ne.  A  sub-fam.  of  the 
Anatidte,  comprehending  the  true  ducks, 
sometimes  divided  into  the  oceanic  ducks, 
the  lake  and  the  common  domestic  duck. 

Anatomist,  a-nat'o-mist.  One  who  dis- 
sects bodies ;  one  who  is  versed  in  the 
principles  of  anatomy. 

Anatomy,  a-nat'o-mi.  The  art  of  dis- 
secting or  artificially  separating  the  differ- 
ent puts  of  an  orgfijiized  body  to  discover 
their  situation,  structure  and  economy. 
Pathological  A.,  that  branch  of  anatomy 
which  treats  of  the  chsoiges  in  structure 
of  organs  and  tissues  produced  by  disease, 
and  of  congenital  malformations.  Com- 
parative A.,  the  science  which  compares 
the  anatomy  of  different  classes  or  species 
of  animals,  as  that  of  man  with  quadrupeds. 
Sui^cal  A.,  that  branch  which  demon- 
strates the  relative  position  of  organs  or 
parts,  with  a  view  to  thone  operations 
which  it  may  be  necessary  to  perfomn 
upon  them. 

Anatron,  an'a-tron.  Spume  or  glass  galL 
a  scum  which  rises  upon  melted  glass,  ana 
when  taken  off  coagulates  into  common 
salt.  The  salt  which  collects  in  vaults ; 
saltpeter. 

Anchilops,  ang'ki-lops.  An  abcess  tn 
the  inner  angle  of  the  eye ;  an  incipient 
fistula  lachrymalis. 

Anchithttrinm,  ang-ki-theM-um.  A 
fossil  gen.  of  pachydermatous  mammals, 
Itom  the  upper  eocene  and  lower  miocene, 
fam.  Equidie.  The  only  recognized  species 
was  alK>ut  the  size  of  a  sheep,  and  was 
closely  allied  to  the  Paleeotherium. 

Anchored,  ang'kerd.  Held  at  rest  by 
an  anchor.  In  Her.  the  term  applied  to  a 
cross  whose  extremities  are  turned  back 
like  the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 

Anchoret,  angOLo-ret  A  hennit  or  v 
duse ;  one  who  retires  flrom  society  into  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AirenoB 


AimBOSPOSE 


Anchor. 


desert  or  solltaiy  place,  and  devotes  him- 
self to  religions  duties. 

Anchor,  angler.  An  iron  implement 
for  holding  a  ship  or  other  vessel  at  rest 
inthe  water, 
formed  with 
a  strong 
8hank,atone 
extremity  of 
which  ia  the 
crown,  from 
which  Dranch 
out  two  arms,  terminating  in  broad  palms 
or  flakes,  the  sharp  extremity  of  which  is 
ihe  peak  or  bill ;  at  the  other  end  of  the 
shanK  is  the  stock,  behind  which  is  a  ring, 
to  which  a  cable  can  be  attached. 

Anchor-srate,  ang'ker-gat  A  heavy 
gate  in  canals. 

Anchor-Cratch,  ang'ker-woch.  A  sub- 
division of  the  watch  kept  constantly-  on 
deck  during  the  tim^the  ship  lies  at  single 
anchor. 

Anchovy,  an-cho'vi.  An  abdominal 
malacopterygious  fish  of  the  gen.  £ngrau- 
lis,  tarn.  ClupeidflB,  of  diminutive  size.  A 
sauce  is  maao  by  pounding  ^e  fish  In 
water,  and  adding  cayenne  pepper. 

Anchovy-pear,  an-ohdM-par.  The 
fruit  of  the  gen.  Grias.  It  is  pickled  and 
eaten  like  mango. 

Anohnflft,  ang-ka'sa.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Boraginocece. 

Anchusin,  ang-ku'sin.  The  red  color- 
ing matter  obtained  from  Anchusa  tinc- 
toria. 

Ancile,  an-sile.  Among  the  ancient 
Bomans,  the  sacred  shield  of  Mars,  said 
to  have  fallen  from  heaven,  or  a  shield 
made  in  imitation  of  it. 

Ancon,  an'kon.  The  olecranon;  the 
,  upper  end  of  the  ulna  <»r  enM>w.  A  carved 
drinking-cup  or  horn.  In  Arch,  a  console, 
or  other  stone  projection  contrived  for 
supporting  cornices. 

/LnQon,  an'kon.  A  celebrated  breed  of 
sheep  with  short  crooked  legs  and  long 
back,  unable  to  leap  fences. 

Ancony,  an'ko-ni.  A  piece  of  cast-iron 
melted  oflfand  hammered  at  a  forge  into 
a  ma8S  called  a  bloom  ;  then  carried  to  a 
finery,  and  worked  Into  an  A. 

AJicylotome,  an-sil'o-tom.  A  crookod 
knife  or  bistoury ;  also  a  knife  for  divid- 
ing the  ftwnum  linguie  In  tongue-tied 
persons,  or  other  adhesions  and  contrac- 
tions. 

AndUk,  an'da.  A  <^en.  of  plants,  ord.  Eu- 
phorbiacesB,  the  only  known  species  of 
A.  braziliensis. 


Andalusite,  an-da-lu'sit  A  peOncM 
mineral  of  the  garnet  fam.  found  crystal 
lized  in  imperfect  four-sided  prisms,  near- 
Ivor  quite  rhombic ;  consisting  of  anhy- 
drous silicate  of  alumina  with  iron  per- 
oxide. 

Andante,  an-dan'ta.  In  music,  moving 
with  a  moderate,  graceful  progression. 

Andantino,  an-dan-te'no.  In  music, 
apptied  to  a  movement  quicker  than  an- 
dante. 

Andaquiea-wax,  -da-ku'as-waks.  The 
wax  of  a  bee  used  in  making  candles,  «!tc. 

Andesin,  an'dez-in.  A  mineral  renem- 
bling  felspar,  but  containing  silica,  alumina, 
soda,  lime,  potash  and  magnesia. 

Andesite,  an'des-It.  A  trachytio  rock  con> 
taining  andesin,  glassy  felspar  (orthoclase), 
and  hornblende. 

Andira,  an-di'ra.  A  gen.  of  trees,  ord. 
LeguminosaB,  with  fleshv  plum-like  fruits. 
The  A.  inennis,  or  cabbage  tree,  is  used 
in  medicine. 

Andiron,  andl-ern.  A  horizontal  iron 
bar  raised  on  short  legs,  with  an  upright 
standard  at  one  end,  used   to    support 

Eieces  of  wood  when  burning  on  an  oi>en 
earth,  one  being  placed  on  each  side  of 
the  hearth. 

Andra,  an'dra.    A  North  Afirioan  gazelle. 

AndreSBaceSB,  ftn-dre'e-a"se-t5.  a  dis- 
tinct tribe  of  mosses  distinguished  mainly 
bv  the  longitudinal  splitting  of  tlie  valves 
at  maturity 

AndrenidsD,  an-dren'l-dr.  A  fiunily  of 
solitary  bees  in  which  the  tongue  is  short 
and  the  chin  elongated. 

Andreolite,  an'dreo-lft.  A  mineral, 
harmotome  or  oros8-«tone. 

Androgynal,  an-droyin-al.  Having 
two  sexes ;  beini{  male  and  female ;  hei- 
maphroditical. 

Andromeda,  an-drom'e-da.  The  daugh- 
ter of  C'epheus  king  of  E^Jiiopia.  and  wifs 
of  Perseus.  A  northern  constellation,  be- 
hind Pegasus,  OaSvSiopeia,  '•nd  Perseus, 
supposed  to  represent  th.  figure  of  a 
Avoman  chained  ;  the  stars  number  eighty- 
fo^ur.    A  gen.  oiplants,  ord.  Kricacew. 

Andron.  an'dron.  In  Greek  antiq.  ths 
apartine  t   in    a   dwelling-house   appro- 

f)riated  to  males,  in  the  lower  i)art  of  the 
louse. 
Androphore,  an'dro-for.  A  stalk  sup- 
porting the  stamens,  often  forme<l  by  a 
union  of  the  filaments.  The  medusiform 
7X)did  in  which  the  male  <)lements  are  de- 
veloped. 
Androspore,  anMrO-spGr.    A  spore  of 


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some  algffi,  from  which  proceed  a  largo 

number  of  small  bodies  having  male  Ainc 

tlons. 
Andropoiron,  an-dr5-^'gdn.      A  gen. 

of  grasses,  yielding  a  lemon-scented  oil. 
Androspllilix,  an'drd-sflngks.    In  anc. 

sculp,  a  sphinx  with  a  human  head. 
Ajidrotoxny,  an-drot'o-ml.     Dissection 

of  the  human  body,  as  distinguished  from 

zootomy. 
Anelace, 

an'e-lfis.    A 

broad  knife 

or     dagger, 

worn  at  the 

girdle,  used 

from      an  Anelaco. 

early  period. 
Anexnoxneter,  an-e-mom'et-er.    An  in 

strument  for  measuring  the  force  and  ve- 
locity of  the  v^lud. 

Anemone,  &- 
nem'o-ne.  Wind- 
flower,  a  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Kan* 
unculaceffi.  The 
woo<l  anemone 
lufl  white  flowers, 
sometimes  tinged 
with  purple  on 
the  outside. 

Anemoscope, 

a-nem'o-8k6p.  A  Viae-leaved  Anemone, 
contr  i  V  an  c  e 

which  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind ;  a 
weathercock  ;  a  contrivance  for  conveying 
the  indications  of  the  vane  to  a  diaL 

Aneroid,  an'-     ^  -  ^-- 

e-roid.  Dispen-  .W- 
sing  with  fluid, 
as  with  quick- 
silver. A.  ba- 
rometer, an  in 
strument  for 
Indicating  the 
pressure  of  the 
atmo8phere,an- 
swering  the 
purpose  of  the 
mercurial  barometer. 

Anethum,  a-ne'thum.  A  gen .  of  plants, 
onl.  Umbelllferae.  A.  graveolens  is  the 
common  dill. 

Anenrisxn,  an'u-rizm.  The  swelling  of 
an  artery,  or  the  dilatation  and  expansion 
of  some  part  of  an  artery. 

Angel,  an'jel.  A  spiritual  being  em- 
ployed by  Qod  in  human  aflaira.  A 
woman  of  adorable  qualities.  A  gold 
coin,  formerly  current  in  Enghmd,  bear- 


^eroid  Barometer. 


ing  on  its  obverse  a  flguro  of  the  arohaiv 
gel  Michael  piercing  a  dragon. 

Angelet,  an'fel-et  An  old  English  gold 
coin,  equal  to  half  an  angel. 

Anfirel-fish,  an'Jel-flsh.  A  plaglosto^ 
mous  fish,  Squatina  angelus,  nearly  alUc^d 
to  the  sharks ;  it  connects  the  gen.  of  rays 
with  that  of  the  sharks. 

Angelica,  an-jel'ik-a.  A  gen.  of  umbel- 
liferous plants.  The  garden  name  for 
Archangelica  ofiicinalis,  having  a  larere 
aromatic  root,  and  a  strong-Airrewed 
branched  stem  as  high  aa  a  man.  Its 
blanched  stems,  candied  with  sugar,  form 
an  agreeable  sweetmeat ;  the  roots  were 
formerly  employed  in  scrofulous  diseases. 

Angelica-tree,  an-jePik-a-tr€.  Th« 
American  name  of  Aralia  spinosa,  ord. 
Araliaccffi,  the  berries  of  which  are  used 
for  relieving  rheumatism  and  colic. 

Angelite,  an'jel-It«  Oneof  a  sect  of  her- 
etics near  the  close  of  the  5th  century, 
who  held  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  not  to 
be  the  same,  nor  to  exist  by  their  own  na- 
ture, but  each  to  be  a  God,  existing  by 
particiimting  in  a  deity  common  to  them 
all. 

Angelophany,  ftn-Jel-ofa-ni.  The  man- 
ifestation of  an  angel  to  man  by  actual 
appeai-ance. 

Angelot,  an'jel-ot.  An  ancient  English 
coin,  of  the  value  of  half  an  angel,  struck 
at  Paris  while  under  the  dominion  of 
England.  A  small  rich  cheese  made  in 
Normandy.  An  instrument  of  music 
somewhat  resembling  a  lute. 

AngellUBI,  an'jel-us.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch.  a 
solemn  devotion  in  memory  of  the  incar- 
nation. The  bell  is  tolled  to  indicate  the 
time  when  the  A.  is  to  be  recited. 

Angina,  an-il'na.  Any  inflammatory  af< 
ection  of  the  tliroat  or  fences.  A.  pectoris, 
a  disease  characterized  by  an  extremely 
acute  constriction  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
sternum,  and  extending  along  the  chest 
and  into  the  corresponding  arm. 

Angiocerpous,  an'ii-6-kar"pu9.  Hav- 
ing a  fruit  whose  seea-vessels  are  inclosed 
■within  a  covering  that  does  not  form  a  part 
of  themselves.  Having  the  seeds  or  spore.s 
covered,  as  certain  lichens. 

Angiopteris,  an-ji-op'ter-is.  A  gen.  of 
ferns,  ord.  Marattiaceae. 

Angioscope,  an'ji-d-skOp.  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels 
of  a  body. 

Angiosperm,  anMi-6-sperm.     A  phmt 

which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a  sMd-yes- 

seL 


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AnfiriospOTOUS,  an-ji-os'pd-rns.  A  term 
4>p\ied  to  such  tangi  as  have  their  spores 
itadosed  in  a  bag,  as  Lycoperdon. 

Anfiriotomy,  an-ji-ot'o-mi.  Dissection 
of  the  vessels  of  a  body,  especially  of 
the  human  body. 

Angrle,  ang'gl.  The  point  where  two  linen 
meet,  or  the  meeting  of  two  Unes  in  a  point; 
a  corner.  A  phun 
rectiUneal  A.  is  Uie 
mutual  inclination  of^  < 

two     straight    Hnes^  ^' 

which  meet  one  an- 
other, but  are  not  in 

the    same      straight       

line;  a  rectilineal  A.  Be-entering  Angle, 
is  the  degree  of  opening  or  divergence  of 
two  straight  lines  which  meet  one  an- 
other. A  clear  idea  of  the  nature  of  an 
angle  is  obtained  by  gradually  opening  a 
carpenter's  rule  or  a  pair  of  compasses,  as 
the  angle  made  will  become  greater  as  the 
opening  widens. 

Angrle-bar,  ang'gl-bar.  A  vertical  bar 
at  the  angles  of  the  tacea  of  a  polygonal  or 
bow  window.  A  rolled  bar  of  iron  for 
forming  the  edges  of  safes,  or  to  be  rivet- 
ed to  boilers,  tanks,  &c. 

Anerle-brace,  ang'gl-bras.  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a  rectangular  crank- 
frfune  like  the  carpenter's  brace,  but  much 
stronger,  and  carrying  a  parallel  tool-spin- 
dle terminating  in  a  bit-socket. 

Angrle-iron,  ang'gl-i-em.     A  piece  of 
iron  rolled  into  the  shape  of 
the  letter  L,  used  for  forming 
the   joints   of  iron  plates  in 
gfarders,  boilers,  &c. 

Anerlexneter,  ang'gl-me-ter. 
Any  instrument  for  measur- 
ing   angles ;    an  instrument  Angle-iron. 
used  by  geologists  for  meas- 
nring  the  dip  of  strata. 

Ancrles,  ang'glz.  A  Low  German  tribe 
who  crossed  over  to  Britain  along  with 
bands  of  Saxons,  Jutes  and  Frisians,  and 
colonized  a  great  part  of  what  from  them 
has  received  the  name  of  England. 

Angrlesite,  ang'gl-sit.  A  sulphate  of 
lead  occuring  in  prismatic  cryst^s. 

Anglican,  ang'glik-an.  A  member  of 
the  Church  of  England. 

An^lo,  ang'glo.  A  prefix  signifying 
English,  or  connected  with  England, 
as,  Anglo-American,  Anglo-Indian. 

An^lo-Saxon,  ang'glo-sak'son.  One  of 
the  nation  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Angles,  Saxons  and  other  early  Teutonic 
settlers  in  Britain,  or  one  of  their  descen- 
dants, as  an  inhabitant  of    the  Unit^ 


jx  piece    oi 

r 


States,  Canada,  AnstraliA,  &e.  The  earliest 
form  of  the  English  language. 

Angola,  an-gd'la.  A  fiishionable  cloth, 
made  fW>m  the  wool  of  the  Angora-goat. 

Ansola^sat,  an-go'la-kat.  One  of  the 
finest  varieties  of  the  domestic  cat. 

AnfiTora-groat,  an-gO'ra-got  A  variety 
of  goat,  called  by  the  Ara>'.  chamal  goat, 
whence  oomos  the  name  camlet,  applied 
to  a  fabric  manufactured  from  the  yam 
made  ft'om  its  wool. 

Anfipostura-bark,  an-gos-tu'ra-bark. 
The  bark  of  a  rutaceous  plant,  Galipea 
Cusparia,  formerly  prized  as  a  febrifUge, 
and  now  used  for  a  kind  of  bitters. 

AngrreBCUin,  an-grd'kum.  A  remarka- 
ble gen.  of  tropical  orchids.  A.  sesqui- 
pedale,  has  the  largest  orchideous  flower 
known.  The  leaves  of  A.  fragrans  are 
used  as  tea,  under  the  name  of  feham. 

AnflTuifer,  an'gwi-fer.  A  cluster  of  stars 
in  the  form  of  a  man  holding  a  serpent : 
Serpentarius,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of 
the  zodiac. 

Anfiuilla,  an-gwil'la.  A  gen.  of  apodal 
malacopterygious  fishes,  fam.  Munenoidei, 
the  true  eels. 

Angxiis,  an'gwis.  A  gen.  of  reptiles, 
&m.  Scincidffi,  harmless,  but  held  in  great 
horror  by  the  vulgar. 

Angrusticlave,  ang-gus'ti-kl&v.  A  nar- 
row, purple  stripe  or  band  reaching  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  bottom  of  the  tunic 
worn  by  Roman  knights. 

AnhiTna,  an'he-ma.  A  Brazilian  aquati* 
bird,  the  Palamedea  corauta,  horned- 
screamer  or  kamichi. 

Anhydride,  an-hrdrid.  One  of  a  class 
of  chemical  compounds,  formed  from 
molecules  of  water,  in  which  the  whole  of 
the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  negative  radi- 
cals, while  the  corresponding  acids  repre- 
sent molecules  of  water,  in  which  the 
same  radicals  replace  one-half  of  the  hy- 
drogen. 

Anhydrite,  an-hlMrlt.  Anhydrous  sul-j 
phate  of  calcium,  presenting  several  varie-' 
ties  of  structure  and  color.  The  vulpinit* 
of  Italy  is  the  variety  used  in  the  arts. 

Anigrosanthus,  a-ni'go-san''thus.  A 
gen.  of  plants,  ord.  HsBmodoraceaB,  natives 
of  Australia,  bearing  curious  woolly  flow- 
ers. 

Anil,  an'il.  A  shrub  firom  which  West 
Indian  indigo  is  made.  It  belongs  to  the 
gen.  Indigofera. 

Aniline,  an'i-lin.  A  substance  which 
furnishes  a  number  of  brilliant  and  dura- 
ble dyes,  fbund  in  smaU  (juantities  in  coal- 


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ANNELIDA 


tar,  but  generally  obtained  from  benzole, 
another  product  of  coal-tar,  consisting  of 
hydrogen  and  carbon.  When  acted  on  by 
arsenious  acid,  bichromate  of  potassium, 
stannic  chloride,  &c.,  A.  produces  a  gr«Mit 
variety  of  compounds  of  oeautifUl  colors. 

ATlimal,  an'i-mal.  An  organized  sen- 
tient living  being,  distinguished  from 
plants  bv  the  property  of  sensation, 
power  of  voluntary  motion,  active  and 
Intelligent  ability  of  nourishing  itst-lf, 
by  the  predominance  of  nitrogen  in  its 
composition,  and  by  its  incapacity  to 
origfnato  protein  or  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds. An  Inferior  or  irrational  being, 
m  contradistinction  to  man.  A.  heat, 
heat  or  temperature  posaesse<l  by  animals, 
necessary  for  the  performance  of  vital  ac- 
tion. The  mean  heat  of  the  human  body  is 
about  90*»  F.,  and  it  never  falls  much'be- 
low  this  in  health.  A.  kingdom,  one  of 
the  three  principal  divisions  into  which  all 
natural  bodies  arc  divided,  the  others  be- 
ing the  vegetable  and  mineral  kingdoms, 
the  study  of  which  is  termed  zoology. 

Am'malcTile,  an-1-mal'kul.  A  minute 
animal,  especially  one  that  is  microscopic 
or  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  Animal- 
cules exist  abundantlv  In  water,  running 
or  stagnant,  and  in  ail  animal  and  vegeta- 
bleinfusions. 

Anime,  an'i-me.  In  Her.  of  a  different 
tincture  from  the  animal  itself:  said  of  the 
eyes  of  a  rapacious  animal. 

Anime,  an'i-me.  A  resin  exuding 
from  a  tree,  gen.  Hymente,  called  locustr 
tree.  It  is  of  a  transparent  amber  color, 
with  a  light  agreeable  smell,  and  little  or 
no  taste.  Indian  copal  produced  by 
vateria  indica. 

Anixuetta,  an-1-met'ta.  The  cloth  which 
covers  the  cup  of  the  eucharist. 

Aniznisxn,  an'1-mizm.  The  hypothesis 
of  Pythagoras  and  Plato  of  a  force  imma-i 
terial  but  inseparable  from  and  giving  to 
matter  its  form  and  movements.  The 
system  of  medicine.  In  which  it  was  in- 
ferred that  the  source  of  disease  must  be 
looked  for  in  the  soul.  The  general  doc- 
trine of  souls  and  other  spiritual  beings. 

Anion,  an M-on.  The  element  of  an  elec- 
trotype, which  in  electro-chemical  decom- 
positions appears  at  the  positive  pole  or 
anode,  and  is  usually  termed  th'^  electro- 
negative ingredient  of  a  compound,  as 
oxygen,  chlorine  and  an  acid. 

Anisic,  a-nis'ik.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
anise,  A.  acid  is  obtained  from  aniseed 
by  the  action  of  oxldizkig  substances. 

Anise,  an'is.  An  annual  plant,  gen.  Pim- 
plnella,  erd.  UmbeBlferaB,  flow«s  small 


and  white ;  IVuit  ovat«  yrith  ten  nanrow 
ribs,  iH'tween  which  are  oil  vessels.  A. 
seed  is  largely  employed  in  the  manoftuv- 
ture  of  liquors. 

Anisodactyla,  an-l'so-dak'^ti-la.  One 
of  the  four  sections  into  which  the  pachy- 
dermatous or  thick-skinned  animals  have 
been  subdivided  with  reference  to  the  con- 
formation of  their  feet  or  paddles.  It 
comprehends  the  bulkiest  terrestrial  ani- 
mals, as  the  mammoth,  mastodon,  ele- 
phant, tapir,  &c. 

Anjou,  Ck>iint8  and  Dukes  of.  A 
noble  thmily  of  France,  related  to  the^ 
royal  house  of  Valois.  Foulques  A.  was 
king  of  Jerusalem  in  1131,  and  Geoffrey. 
his  son,  was  the  founder  of  the  house  of 
Plantagenet.  The  title  was  also  borne  by 
several  sons  of  French  kings,  also  by  the 
grandson  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  became 
Philip  V.  of  Spain. 

Anjeela,  an-j6'la.  A  floating-house  sup 
ported  upon  two  canoes,  connected  with 
planks,  used  by  the  Singhalese  for  a  habi- 
tation and  as  a  means  of  transportation. 

Anker,  ang'ker.  A  Dutch  liquid  mea6< 
ure  containing  10  wine  gallons. 

Ankerite,  'ker-it.  A  crystallized  variety 
of  dolomite  consisting  of  carbonates  of 
lime,  iron,  magnesia  and  manganese. 

Anklet,  ang^klet.  An  ornament,  as  a 
ring  of  metal, 'for  the  ankle.  A  frame- 
work for  the  leg  to  prevent  the  ankle  turn- 
ing sideways  in  skating.  An  article  of 
dress,  extending  above  the  top  of  the  shoe. 

Anna,  an'na.  In  the  East  Indies,  the 
sixteenth  part  of  a  rupee. 

Anna  Ivanowna.  Daughter  of  Ivan, 
brother  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  Empress 
of  Russia;  s.  Peter  II. ;b.  1694,  d.  1740. 

Annals,  an'nalz.  A  history  of  events  in 
chronological  order.  A  periodical  publi- 
cation containing  records  of  discoveries, 
transactions  of  societies,  &c. 

Annate,  an'nats.  A  year's  income  of  a 
spiritual  living ;  the  first  fruits  originally 
given  to  the  pope,  upon  the  decease  of  a 
bishop,  abbot  or  paiish  clerk. 

Anne.  Second  daughter  of  James  II.  of 
Great  Britain,  and  became  queen,  s. 
William  III.;  b.  16&4,  d.  1712. 

Anneal,  an-nel'.  To  heat,  and  then  co  1 
slowly,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  less 
brittle ;  to  temper ;  metals  maae  brittle 
by  hammering  by  this  process  recover 
their  malleability ;  to  heat,  in  order  to 
fix  colors. 

Annelida,  an-nelM-da.  An  extensive 
division  of  Annulosa  or  articulate  animals, 
*who8e  bodies  are  formed  of  a  great  num- 


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ber  of  sman  rings,  m  the  earfh-wonn,  the 
lob-worm,  the  nereis,  and  theleeoh. 

Axmihllationist,  an-nI'hlI-&''Bhon-iBt. 
One  who  beUeves  that  annihilation  is  the 
ftte  of  the  wicked. 

Anniversary,  an-ni-vers'a-ri  A  stated 
day  returning  with  the  revolution  of  the 
jear.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  day  in  whioh  an 
office  is  yearly  performed  for  the  aouls  of 
thedeccMued. 

Annodated.  an'ndd-ftt-ed.  In  Her. 
term  applied  to  anything 
bent  somewhat  in  the  form 
ofanS.  The  serpents  in  the 
cadncena  of  Heronry  are  said 
to  be  A.,  or  entwined  about 
the  mace  or  staff. 

Annual,  an'nu-aL  Betura- 
Ing  every  year ;  lasting  only 
one  year.     Performed  in  a  Annodated. 
year;  reckoned  by  the  year. 

Annuity,  an-nft'l-ti.  A  periodical  pay- 
ment of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed  sum 
;in  each  year,  and  continuing  for  a  certain 
perk»d,  cfl^ed  a  certain  A.;  or  for  an  unoer 
ndn  porlod,  a  contingent  A.,  or  a  life  A. 
when  the  period  is  determined  by  the 
duration  of  one  or  more  lives.  A  derorred 
or  reverrionary  A.  does  not  commence 
tni  after  a  certain  period. 

Anntilar,  an'nfi-ler.  Having  the  form 
of  a  ring.  A.  borer,  a  rock  or  earth  bor- 
ing tool,  usually  armed  at  the  boring  ex- 
tremity with  diamonds.  A.  cell,  a  fibrous 
or  spfral  cell,  with  the  fiber  separating 
Into  ri&gs.  A.  crystal,  a  hexahednu 
prism  having  six,  or  an  octohedral  prism 
oaving  eight  marginal  focos  disposed  In  a 
xtng  about  each  base.  A.  eclipse,  an 
edipse  of  the  sun  In  which  a  ring  of  nght 
Is  visible  around  the  moon.  A.  engine,  a 
direct-action  marine  engine,  having  two 
concentric  cylinders.  A.  gcaivwheeL  a 
wheel  without  web  or  spokes,  and  havmg 
gearing  teeth  on  its  inner  circumference. 

Annulet,  an'nu-let.  The  fillets  or  bands 
which  encircle  the  lower jpart  of  the  Doric 
capital  above  the  trachelium ;  indiscrimi- 
nalely  used  as  synonymous  with  list, 
listie,  dnctore,  fillet,  teixia,  Ac  In  Her.  a 
ring  borne  as  a  charge  In  coats  of  arms, 
formerly  reputed  a  mark  of  noMUty  ana 
jorisdlotion ;  also  the  difference  or  mark 
of  distinction  which  the  6th  brother  of  a 
ikmlly  ought  to  bear  on  hlsceatofarms. 

Annnloida,  an-nO-loi'da.  In  some  zoo- 
logical classiflcations  a  division  of  animals, 
Including  the  Botifera,  Sooleclda  (tape- 
worms, oc.),  and  the  £ohinodermata. 

Annnhw,,    an'sa-lai.    Hm    iteg^llke 


space  between  the  cbeumlbroDcea  of  twv 
concentric  circles.  In  ferns,  the  cdaatio 
ring  which  surrounds  the  spore  case.  Im 
mosses,  the  layer  of  cells  by  which  th« 
Ud  separates  firom  the  theoa.  In  Amgi, 
the  membranes  surrounding  the  stems  or 
some  agarics  after  the  cap  has  expanded. 
A.  et  baoulum,  the  ring  and  paatonl  stal^ 
the  delivery  of  which  by  a  prince  was  Hm 
ancient  mode  of  grontinginveBtitttreB  t» 
bishoprics. 

Annunciator,  an-nun'si-ftt-er.  Anoift' 
cer  in  the  Greek  Church  whose  business 
Is  to  inform  the  people  of  the  festivds  to 
be  celebrated.  A  beU-telegraph  consisting 
of  an  apparatus  connectedby  wires  with  the 
bell-pulb  of  the  different  rooms  of  a  hoteL 

Anoa,an'5-a.  An  animal  closely  allied 
to  the  buffalo,  about  the  size  of  a  uieep. 

Anobiiun,  a-no'bi-um.  A  gen.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  including  several  known 
by  the  name  of  death-watch. 

Anode,  an'5d.  The  positive  pole  of  the 
voltaic  current. 

Anodon,  an'6-don.  A  ffen.  of  lameUi' 
branchiate  bivalves,  including  the  fl-esh- 
watcr  mussels. 

Anodyne,  an'o-din  Any  medicine 
which  allays  pain,  as  an  opiate  or  nar- 
cotic. 

Anoint,  a^nolnt'.  To  smear  or  rub  over 
with  oil  or  unctuous  substances.  To  con- 
secrate, especially  a  king,  priest  or 
{NTOphet. 

Anolis.  an'5-lis.  A  gen.  oi  saurian  rep. 
tiles,  belonging  to  that  section  of  Iguui- 
IdiD  having  teeth  in  the  palate  of  the 
mouth,  as  well  as  in  the  maxillary  bones. 

Anomaliped,  a-nom'a-Ii-ped.  A  bhd 
whose  middle  toe  is  united  to  the  exteri- 
or by  three  phalanges,  and  to  the  interior 
by  one  only. 

Anomaly,  a-nom'a-li.  Deviation  from 
the  common  rule;  something  abnormal. 
In  music,  a  small  deviation  tton\  a  perfect 
Intffl'val  in  tuning  Instruments  with  fixed 
notes ;  a  temperament.  In  Astron.  the 
angular  distance  of  a  pknet  fit>m  Its  per- 
ihdlon,  as  seen  tieom  the  sun.  The  angle 
measuring  apparent  Irregularities  in  tiie 
motion  of  a  planet. 

Anomodontia,  annom'o-don''shl-a.  An 
ord.  of  extinct  reptiles  of  the  trias,  divided 
into  three  ikmllles. 

AnomGBaa,  sn-o-me'an.  One  of  an  ex- 
treme sect  of  Arians  of  the  4th  century, 
who  denied  the  slmUltnde  of  the  essenee 
of  the  Bon  to  that  of  the  Father. 

Anomorhomboid,  a-nom^o-rom'^UId. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AlfTOMtTEA 


ANT-EATEB 


An  irreenlar  rhomboidal  mMs,  as  a  crystal 
ofthiftfbrm. 

Anomora,  an-<Mn&'ra.  A  section  of  the 
crustaoeans,  ord.  Decapoda,  Inclnding  the 
hermit-crabs  and  others. 

Anon  ft,  a-n5'na.  A  gen.  of  plants,  the 
type  ot  the  ord.  AnonaoesB.  A.  squamosa 
(sweet-sop)  yields  an  edible  fruit.  A. 
muricata  (sour-sop),  produce  a  pear- 
shaped  fruit. 

Anophyta,  an-«-fi'ta.  A  section  of 
cnrptogamic  plants,  comprising  the  Hep- 
aticae  (liverworts)  and  mnsei  (mosses), 
which  have  male  and  female  organs,  and 
free  spores  in  cases,  but  no  spfriU  vessels. 

Anoplotheroidea,  an'op-lo-the-roid"e- 
a.  An  extinct  group  of  omnivorous  mam- 
mals, from  the  lower  tertiary  rocks,  form- 
ing a  connecting  link  between  the  swine 
and  the  true  ruminants. 

Anoplura,  an-6-pla'ra.  An  order  of 
minute  apterous  insects,  having  a  mouth 
formed  for  suction,  and  either  two  simple 
eyes  or  none.  They  are  parasitic,  and 
commonly  known  as  lice.  They  undergo 
no  metamorphosis  like  other  insects,  the 
young  dlflferlng  from  the  adult  In  size 
only. 

Anorthite,  a-nor'thit.    A  mineral  of  the 
felspar  fkmUy,  aUied  to  labradorite :  a  sili- 
cate of  alumma  and  lime. 
Anortlioscope,     an-or'thowskOp.      An 
instrument  lor  producing  a  peculiar  kind 
of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  disks 
rotating  rapidly  opposite  each  other. 
Anons,  an'o-us.     A  gen.  of  sea-birds, 
fam.  Larlde,  or  gulls. 
Anozoliun,  an-oks-oru-in.    One  of  the 
two  elements  of  fibrin,  muscular  fiber,  al- 
bumen, casein,  <Skc.,  oxoluin  being   the 
other. 

Ansas,  an's^.  The  parts  of  Saturn's 
ring  seen  on  each  side  of  the  planet  throuirh 
a  telescope.  ^ 

Ajojellia  an-sel'li-a.  A  gen.  of  orchids, 
with  CTeat  panicles  of  greenlah  flowero 
spotted  with  purple. 
Anaer,  an'ser,  A  gen. 
of  birds,  fam.  Anseridie. 
A  small  star  in  the  Milky 
way,  between  the  Swan 
and  Eagle. 

Anflerated,     an'ser-&t- 
ed.    In  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  cross,  the  ex-       . 
tremities   of  which    are      Ans«rated. 
formed  into  the  shape   of  the  heads  of 
beasts  or  birds. 

Anaeridce,  an-ser'i-de.  A  Am.  of  web- 
fe«t«d  birds,  containing  the  geese  proper. 


Ant,  ant  An  emmet;  a  pismire;  a  hy- 
menopterotts  Insect,  fam.  I^rmldde,  gen. 
Formica,  which  live  in  communities,  con- 
sisting of  males  with  four  wings;  of  fe- 
males much  larger  than  the  males,  and 
possessing  wings  only  during  the  pairing 
season;  and  of  barren  females,  called  neu- 
ters, workers  or  nurses,  destitute  of  wings. 
There  are  many  8pecie8,called  mining  ants, 
carpenters,  masons,  <fcc.  The  name  ant 
is  also  given  to  insects  of  the  neuropter- 
ous  gen.  Term es. 

Anta,  an'ta.  The  BraziUan  name  of  the 
common  or  American  tapir.  In  Arch,  a 
pilaster,  on  each  side  of  a  door  or  standing 
opposite  a  pillar  used  In  Greek  and  Eoman 
architecture. 

Antasaa,  An-te'us.  In  l^th.  a  famous 
giant,  son  of  Neptune  and  Terra,  killed  by 
Hercules.  ' 

Antal  ant'al.  A  wine  measure  of  about 
116  gallons,  used  in  Tokay,  Hungary. 

Antalkall,  antral'ka-U.  A  substance 
which  neutralizes  an  alkali,  used  medicin- 
ally. 

Antarctic,  ant-ark'tik.  Relating  to  the 
southern  pole,  and  especlaUy  to  a  circle 
parallel  to  the  equator  and  distant  from 
ttie  pole  28°  28',  the  line  between  light  and 
darkness  when  the  sun  is  on  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn.  The  opposite  of  arctic  or 
northern. 

Antarctic  Ocean.  The  sea  extending 
from  the  A.  Circle,  66«»  80'  8.  lat.,  to  thS 
8.  Pole. 

Anthony,  St.,  in'to-ne.     The  founder 
of  monastic  orders ;  b.  in  Upper  Egypt  in 
261 ;  hved  to  105,  dying  in  8S6. 
•^to^es,  ant-ar'ez.     The  Arabic  name 
of  Alpha  Scorpii,  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nltude,  in  the  constellation  Scorpio. 
Ant-bear,  ant'bar.    A  name  given  to  th€ 
large  species  of  ant-eaters,  but  generally 
restricted  to  Myrmecophaga  jubata.    It  is 
from  4  to  5  feet  in  length. 
Ante,  an'to.    A  Latin  preposition  signi. 
fjing  before  in  place  or  time.    A.  meridi, 
em,  before  mid-day,  contracted  a.  m. 
Ant-eater,  ant'6t-er.    A  name  given  to 
mammals  that 
prey  chiefly 
on    ants,   but 
usually  confin- 
ed to  tne  eden- 
tate gen.  Myr- 
meoophaga. 
The  most  re-/ 
markable  spe- 
cies is  the  Myr- 
mecophaga Jubata,    or  ant-bear. 


Ant-eater. 


Two 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AJiTTEGEDfiNGE 


ANTHOBIaN 


other  species,  M.  Tamandua  and  M. 
didactyla  are  smaller.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  the  pangolins  and  to  the  aard- 
vark. 

Antecedence,  an-tu-se'dens.  The  act 
or  state  of  going  before  in  time ;  prece- 
dence. In  Astron.  an  apparent  motion  of  a 
planet  to^rard  Uie  we^t,  or  contrary  to  the 
order  of  the  signs. 

Ante-dianiber,  an'te-cham-ber.  A 
chamber  or  apartment  in  which  persons 
wait  for  audience. 

Antediluvian,  an't6-di-lu"vi-an.  Be- 
fore the  flood  or  deluge  in  Noah^s  time. 

Antefixse,  an-te-fiks'e.  Upright  orna- 
ments, of  marble  or  terra  cotta,  at  the 
eaves  of  a  tiled  roof  to  conceal  the  joining 
of  the  tiles.  Ornaments  placed  below  the 
eaves  through  which  the  water  escapes. 

Ant-eerer,  ant'eg.  Little  white  bodies 
found  in  ^e  hUlocks  of  ants,  usuallv  sup- 
posed to  be  their  eggs,  but  really  the 
young  in  a  state  of  larvsB  or  pupee. 

Antelope,  an'tc-lop.  A  name  applied  to 
many  species  of  ruminant  mammals  close- 
ly resembing  the  deer,  but  included  with 
sneep  and  oxen  in  the  section  Cavicornia 
or  hoUow-homed  ruminants.  Among  the 
A.  are  the  chamois,  the  saiga,  the  gazelle, 
the  addax,  the  eland,  the  koodoo,  the  gnu, 
the  sasin  or  Indian  antelope,  and  Uie 
prong-buck. 

Antelucan,  an-tS-l&'kan.  Being  before 
light;  preceding  the  dawn.  Applied  to 
assemblies  of  Christians,  in  ancient  times 
held  before  light  in  the  morning,  either  to 
escape  persecution,  or  to  commemorate 
the  nour  of  the  resurrection. 

Antemeridian,  an'te-me-rid''i-&n.  Be- 
ing before  noon. 

Antemnndane,  an-te-mun'dan.  Being 
before  the  creation  of  the  world. 

Antemnral,  an-te-mu'raL  A  barbacan 
or  outwork  in  a  castle,  consisting  of  a 

.  strong  high  wall,  with  turrets  in  fi^nt  of 
the  gate  for  defending  the  entrance. 
Antenatal,  an-te-na'tal.  Existing,  or 
happening,  previous  to  birth. 
Antenna,  an-ten'na.  A  hornlike,  joint- 
ed, very  flexible  and  sensitive  filament, 
proceeding  by  a  ball-and-socket  joint  from 
the  head  in  insects,  Crustacea  and  myria- 
pods,  considered  as  the  organs  of  touch 
and  hearing. 

Antennaria,  an-ten-na'ri-a.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Composltsp,  nearly  allied  to 
the  Onaphalium  ;  the  everlastings. 
Antenniila,  an-ten'nu-la.  One  of  the 
maxillary  feeleis  or  palps  attached  to 
the  jaws  of  mandibulate  Insects;  appar- 


ently tactile  organs  adapted  to  distinguisU 
foods. 

Antependium,  an-tS-pen'di-um.  The 
hanging  with  which  the  front  of  an  altar 
is  covered ;  the  lh>ntal. 

Antepenult,  an'te-pe-nult.  The  last 
syllable  of  a  word  except  two,  as  syl  in 
monosyllable. 

Anterides,  an-tSr'i-dez.  Buttresses  for 
strengthening  a  wall. 

Anteroom,  an'te-rom.  A  room  before  or 
in  tcont  of  another ;  an  ante-chamber. 

Ante-solarium,  an'to-so-lu'^ri-um.  A 
balcony  fiftcing  the  sun. 

Ante-stomach,  .m'te-stum-uk.  A  cav- 
ity uhti  h  li-mls  into  the  stomach,  as  the 
cr(t[t  in  bird.ir 

AntS-templ^^  :ai'te-tem-pl.  In  ancient 
ch'ir«-h<^^  itHH  jmrt  row  called  the  naro. 

AlJl^  '•  I  !  ■■  1.  A  hymn  sung  in 
alU.iu»vv,  i*iiiU»i  i;i  modern  usage,  a  sa- 
cred piece  of  music  set  to  words  taken 
from  the  Psalms  or  other  parts  of  the 
Scriptures ;  a  developed  motet. 

Antliemion,  an-thc'mi-on.  That  orna- 
mental series  in  Greek  and  Koman  deco- 
ration derived  from  the  honeysuckle. 

Antliemis,  an'the-mis.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  onl.  CJompositw,  sub-ord.  Corym- 
biferee.  A.  Cotula  is  the  may-weed  ;  A. 
nobilis  the  common  chamomile. 

Anther,  an-thSr.  In  Bot.  the  essential 
partof  the  stamen.  It  is  a  capsule,  dis- 
charging a  powder,  which  fertilizes  the 
ovules  by  falling  or  being  deposited  on 
the  stigma. 

Anthericum,  an-ther'i-kum.  A  large 
gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Liliaceee,  with 
racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers. 

Antheridium,  an-thcT-id'i-um.  The 
organ  in  cryptogamlc  plants  which  an- 
swers to  the  anther  in  phanerogams. 

Antherofirenous,  an-thor-oj'en-us.  A 
A  term  applied  to  double  flowers,  in 
which  the  anthers  are  converted  into 
horn-like  petals,  as  in  the  double  colum- 
bine. 

Antherozoid,  an'thcr-o-zo-id.  The 
minute  body  produced  in  the  antheridium 
of  cryptogams  by  which  the  female  organs 
are  fertilized. 

Anthesis,  an-tho'sis.  The  period  when 
flowers  expand. 

Ant-hill,  ant'hil.  A  little  tumulus 
formed  by  ants  for  their  habitation  ;  the 
nests  of  some  species  of  the  white  ant  are 
12  feet  high. 

Anthobian,  an-tho'bi-an.  A  beetle 
that  lives  on  flowers. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ANTHOCAEPOTJS 


60 


ANTIBUEQHEE 


Anthocarpous,  an-tho-kur'pus.  A 
term  applied  to  ftuit  formed  by  masAcs  of 
inflorescences  adhering  to  each  other,  as 
the  fir-cone,  pine-apple,  «fec. 
'  Anthodiaera,  an'tho-ke-ra.  A  gen.  of 
Australian  insessorial  birds,  fam.  Meli- 
phagidae,  or  honey-suckers. 

AJithodiuxn,  an-thoMi-um.  The  head 
of  flowers  of  composite  plants,  as  of  a 
thistle  or  daisy. 

^Jitholite,  an'tho-llt.  The  general 
name  for  the  impress  of  the  inflorescence 
of  plants  on  rocks. 

Antholysis.  an-thol'i-sis.  The  retro- 
grade change  of  the  parts  of  a  floral 
whorl,  as  the  stamens  cnange  into  petals, 
or  the  petals  into  sepals. 

Authoxnyia,  an-tho-ml'i-a.  A  gen.  of 
flies,  including  the  cabbage,  potato,  tur- 
nip, beet,  and  lettuce  flies. 

AntlioxxiyzidaB,  an-tho-miz'i-de.  A  di- 
vision of  the  Muscidje  (flies). 

Anthophyllite,  an-thof  il-it.  A  variety 
of  hornblende,  occuiring  in  radiating  col- 
mnnar  aggregates;  tremolite. 

Anthosiderite,  an-tho-sid'er-It.  A  na- 
tive silicate  of  iron,  having  a  fibrous  radi- 
ated structure. 

Anthoxantlllixii,  an-tho-zan'thum.  A 
gen.  of  grasses  the  flowers  of  which  have 
only  two  stamens. 

Anthracite,  an'thra-sTt.  Glance  or  blind 
coal,  a  non-bituminous  coal  which  bums 
without  smoke,  but  with  intense  heat.  It 
consists  of  about  90  per  cent,  carbon,  8 
hydrogen,  and  5  ashes. 

AJtithracoxneter,  an'thrak-om"et-er. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  carbonic 
acid  gas. 

Anthraconite,  an-thrak'on-It.  A  vari- 
ety of  marble  of  a  coal-black  luster.  It 
gives  off  a  fetid  sulphureo-bituminous 
odor  when  heated. 

Anthracosaurus,  an-thrak'6-8a''rus.  A 
labyrinthodont  animal,  first  found  in  tlio 
carboniferous  strata. 

Anthracotheriuxn,  an'thra-ko-tho"ri- 
um.  An  extinct  pachydermatous  mammal 
resembling  a  hog,  allied  to  the  pateotheria, 
first  foimd  in  the  miocene  lignite. 
Ant.hm.x,  an'thraks.  A  carbuncle;  a 
malignant  ulcer.  An  ancient  name  for 
carbuncle,  ruby,  or  garnet,  lithanthrax  or 
stone  coal. 

AnthrenUB,  an-thrG'nus.  A  gen.  of  col- 
eopterous insects,  fain.  Dermestidai. 

Anthriscus,  an-thris'kus.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Umbellifera. 


Anthropic,  an-throp'ik.  Belonging  to 
man;  sprung  from  man. 

Anthropidae,  an-throp'i-d€.  Huxley's 
name  for  the  highest  group  of  mammala, 
of  which  man  is  the  only  genua  and  epe- 
cies;  the  Bimana. 

Anthropofflot,  an-throp'5-glot.  An 
animal  which  has  a  tongue  resembling 
that  of  man,  as  the  parrot. 

Anthropoid,  an'thrd-poid.  Resembling 
man ;  applied  to  such  apes  as  most  closely 
approach  the  human  race. 

Anthropoides,  an-thro-poi'dez.  A  gen. 
of  grallatorial  birds,  fern.  Gruidffi,  includ- 
ing the  demoiselle,  the  Stanley  and 
crowned  cranes. 

Anthropolatry,  an-thrd-pora-tri.  The 
worship  of  man — ^a  charge  brought  by  the 
early  Christians  against  the  ancient  hea- 
thens, and  retorted  by  the  latter  on  the 
Christians  on  account  of  their  worship  of 
Christ.  Used  bv  the  Apollinarians  against 
the  orthodox  Christians  of  the  4th  and  5th 
centuries. 

Anthropolite,  an-thro'po  lit.  A  petri- 
faction of  the  human  body,  by  theincrust- 
ing  action  of  calcareous  waters. 

Anthropology,  an-thro-pol'o-ji.  The 
science  of  man  and  mankind,  including 
the  study  of  man's  place  in  nature.  It 
puts  under  contribution  archeeology, 
compai-ative  anatomy,  physiology,  psy- 
chology, climatology,  &c. 

Anthropomorphite,  an-thrd'pd- 
morf 'it.    One  who  believes  that  the  Bn- 

Ereme  Being  exists  in  human  form  with 
uman  attributes  and  passions.  One  of » 
sect  of  ancient  heretics. 

Ahthropophagri,  an-thro-pof  a-ji.  Can- 
nibals ;  men  that  eat  human  flesh. 

Anthuriiun,  an-thu'ri-um.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Araceaj,  groving  epiphytically 
on  forest  trees. 

Anthns,  an'thus.  A  gen.  of  insessorial 
birds,  allied  to  the  Alauda  (the  larks) ;  the 
pipits  or  tit-lai-ks. 

Anthyllis,  an-thil'lis.  A  gen.  of  legu- 
minous plants,  to  which  the  kidney-vetch 
or  lady's-flugers  belongs. 

Antiar,  an'ti-ar.  The  milky  juice  of  the 
upas-tree,  one  of  the  most  acrid  and  viru- 
lent vegetable  ])oisons,  i>aralyzing  the 
heart,  and  infallibly  causing  death  when 
introduced  into  a  wound. 

AntibasiUcan,  an'ti-ba-zil"i-kan.  Op- 
posed to  royal  state  and  magnificence. 

Antiburgrher,  an'ti-berg"er.  A  member 
of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which  the 
Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ANTICABDIUM 


51 


ANTIOCIIIAN 


a  a  a,    Anticlinal    Lino 
T)  b,  Synclinal  Line. 


They  coalesced  in  1820  into  the  United 
Associate  Synod. 

Anticardium,  an-ti-kar'di-um.  The 
hollow  at  the  bottom  of  the  brcaat  or  epi- 
gastrium.   The  pit  of  the  stomach. 

AntichlOT,  an'ti-klor.  A  bleacher's 
term  for  the  reagents  employed  to  neu- 
tralize the  effects  of  the  free  chlorine  left 
in  articles  bleached  by  means  of  alkaline 
hypochlorites. 

Antichrist,  an'ti-krlst.  A  i>er8on  or 
power  antagonLstic  to  Christ. 

Antichthon,  an-tik'thon.  An  inhabit- 
ant of  an  opposite  hemisphere. 

Anticlinal,  an-ti-kll'nal.  Inr-linin^^  in 
opposite  di- 
rections. 
A  line,  or 
axis,  the 
ridge  o  f  a 
wavo-liko 
curve,  the 
strata  dip- 
ping from 
it  on  either  side  ;  opposed  to  synclinal. 

Anticnemion,  an-tik-nS'mi-on.  The 
shin-bone,  as  opposed  to  the  calf. 

Anticor,  an'ti-kor.  An  inflamed  swell- 
ing on  a  horse's  breast ;  a  sort  of  quinsy. 

'Anticum,  an-tl'kum.  In  anc.  Arch,  a 
porch  to  a  front  door,  as  distinguished 
from  posticum,  a  porch  to  a  rear  door. 
The  space  between  the  front  oolumns  of 
the  portico  of  a  temple  and  wall  of  the 
cells. 

Antidesma,  an-ti-des'ma.  A  gon.  of 
plants,  ord.  Euphorbiacea^.  The  leaves 
are  employed  in  native  medicine. 

Antienneahedral,  an'ti-en'nc-a-he" 
dral.  In  crystal  having  nine  faces  on  two 
opposite  parts. 

Antietam,  an-te'tam.  The  scone  of  the 
great  battle  in  S.  Maryland,  Sept.  17,  \>>&2, 
between  the  Union  and  ('onfedevtite 
armies,  the  first  commanded  by  (Jen. 
Geo.  K.  McClellan,  the  latter  by  (Un. 
fiobt.  E.  Lee.  The  name  is  taken  from  a 
creek  which  rises  in  S.  Pennsylvania,  and 
running  through  Maryland  emptied  iJito 
the  Potomac  River. 

AntigTOpelos,  an-ti-grop'el-os.  Si)at- 
ter-dashes ;  long  riding  or  walking  boots 
for  wet  weather. 

Antigt>ne,  an-tig'o-ne.  Daughter  of 
CEdipus,  king  of  Thebes,  heroine  of  one 
of  Sophocles'  tragedies ;  she  was  buried 
alive  by  C'reon. 

Anti-Iiibanus,     an-ti-llb-ba-nus.        A 

mountain  range  in  Palestine. 


Antilegroxnena,  an '  ti  - 1  e  -  gom ' '  c-  na. 
Things  spoken  against.;  specifically,  ap- 
plied to  books  of  the  New  T»«tament 
whose  inspu-ation  was  not  universally  ac- 
knowledged ;  the  '2d  Ejjistle  of  Peter, 
James,  Jude,  Hebrews,  the  2d  and  8tl 
Kpistlesof  St.  John,  and  the  Itevelation. 

Antilles,  ahn-teel'.  A  triple  cluster  of 
W.  Indian  islands,  called  the  Great,  4  in 
number,  Cuba,  Ihiyti,  Jamaica  and  Porto 
Kico,  the  Windward  and  Leowara  groups 
There  are  some  3(K»  in  all. 

Antimacassar,  an'ti-ma-kas"ar.  A 
covering  for  chairs,  ike,  of  oi»en  cotton  or 
worsted  work. 

Antimason,  an-ti-ma'sn.  One  hostile 
to  Masonry  or  Freemasonry. 

Antimensiiun,     an-tl-men'si-um.      A 


Antimensium  or  Portable  Altar, 
portable  altar  or  consecrated  table  U8e<l  in 
the  Eastern  Latin  Church. 

Antimeter,  an-tim'et-er.  An  optical  in- 
strument lor  measuring  angles  under  10*». 

Antiminsion,  an-ti-min'si-on.  A  cor- 
I>oral  or  cloth  blessed  by  a  bishop  and 
used  in  the  Greek  ('liurch  where  there 
was  no  consecrated  altiu*. 

Antimony,  an'ti-rao-ni.  A  brittle  metal 
of  scaly  texture,  occurring  in  two  forms, 
crj'stailino  and  amorphous,  sometimes 
found  native  or  alloyed  with  other  metals, 
used  in  the  ctuistruction  of  alloys,  as  Bri- 
tanni'i  metal,  tyi)e  metal,  and  pewter.  In 
bells  it  ren<lers  the  sound  more  clear,  and 
gives  to  pruiting  types  more  firmness  and 
snioothiie.^s.  The  salts  of  A.  are  very 
poisonous.  Tlie  protoxide  is  a  most  valu- 
able remedy  in  many  diseases. 

Antinomian,  an-ti-no'mi-an.  One  of  a 
sect  who  maintain  that,  under  the  gospel 
dispensation,  tlio  moral  law  is  of  no  use  or 
obliy^ation,  Avhich  originated  with  John 
Agricola  about  the  year  158S. 

Antinous,  an-tin'o-us.  The  beautiftil 
favorite  of  the  Emperor  Adrian  ;  a  native 
of  IJithynia.  A.  was  drowned  in  the  Nile 
in  the  year  132.  Ex(jui8ite  works  of  art 
consecrated  to  his  memory  by  Adrian  are 
still  extant. 

Antiochian,  an-ti-ok'i-an.  Pertaining 
to  Antiochus,  a  contemporary  of  Cloero, 


Digitized  by 


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ANTIOCHIAH 


ANT0NIU8 


and  the  founder  of  a  sect  of  philosophers. 
He  attempted  to  reconcile  tne  doctrines 
of  the  difterent  schools,  and  was  the  last 
preceptor  of  the  Platonic  school. 

Antiocllian,  anti-ok^i-an.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  city  of  Antioch.  A.  epoch, 
a  method  of  conputing  time,  from  the 
proclamation  of  liberty  granted  to  the  dty 
of  Antioch  about  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia,  b.  c.  48. 

AntiochlUBI,  &n-tro-kus.  A  fiivorite  royal 
name  in  ancient  Syria,  no  less  than  eleven 
of  her  kings  bearing  it.  The  most  noted 
was  A.  III.,  the  Great,  contemporary  with 
Hannibal,  u.c.  228,  and  A.  IV.,  his  son. 

Antiparallel,  an-ti-pa'ral-el.  One  of 
two  or  more  lines  which  make  equal  an-- 
gles  with  two  other  lines,  but  in  a  contrary 
order. 

Antiperistasis,  an'ti-pe-ris^'ta-sis.  The 
opposition  or  antagonism  of  naturally  op- 
posed forces,  as  l^ht  and  darkness,  heat 
and  cold.  Thus,  sensible  heat  is  excited 
in  quicklime  by  mixture  with  water,  and 
cold  applied  to  the  human  body  may  in- 
crease its  heat. 

/Lntiphlogristic,  an'ti-flo-jls'^tlk. 
Counteracting  inflammation,  or  an  excited 
state  of  the  system.  A  theory,  a  system 
of  chemistry  showing  that  in  combustion, 
instead  of  phlogiston  escaping,  oxygen  is 
absorbed,  and  that  wherever  phlogiston 
was  supposed  to  be  added,  oxygen  was 
removed. 

4jltipllon,  an'ti-fon.  The  chant  or  alter- 
nate singing  in  choirs  or  cathedrals ;  an- 
tiphony. 

Ajitiplioxiary,  an-tif  o-na-ri.  In  the  R. 
C.  Ch.  a  service-book,  compiled  by  Greg- 
ory the  Great,  containing  whatever  is  said 
or  sung  in  the  choir,  except  the  lessons. 
Ajltipodes,  an-tlp'o-dez.  Those  who 
U  ve  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe.  Any- 
tiiing  diametrically  opposite  to  another. 
Ajltipope,  an'ti-pop.  One  who  usurps 
the  papal  power. 

^^tiquary,  an'ti-kwa-ri.  One  devoted 
to  the  study  of  ancient  times  through 
their  relics  with  the  view  of  arriving  at  a 
knowledge  of  tha  general  condition  of  the 
people  who  created  or  employed  them. 

Antirrhinuxn,  an-ti-ri'num.  Snap- 
dragon, a  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Scrophul- 
ariacesB,  producing  showy  flowers. . 

Antisabbatarian,  an-ti-sab'ba-ta'M- 
an.  One  of  a  sect  who  oppose  the  observ- 
ance of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  maintain- 
ing that  the  Jewish  Sabbath  was  abolished 
by  Christ 


Antigcian,  an-tish'i-an.  An  inhabitant 
of  one  side  of  the  equator,  whose  shadow 
at  noon  is  cast  in  a  contrary  direction  is 
that  of  an  inhabitant  of  the  other. 

Antiseptic,  an-ti-sep'tik.  Any  sub- 
stance which  resists  or  corrects  putrefitM)' 
tion. 

Antithenar,  an-tith'e-nar.  A  muscle 
which  extends  the  thumb,  or  opposes  it  to 
the  hand ;  also,  the  adductor  muscle  of 
the  great  toe. 

Antitrinitarian,  an-ti-trin'i-ta''ri-an. 
One  who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  Trin- 
ity, or  the  existence  of  ttiree  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 

Antler,  ant'ler.  The  branch  of  the  horn 
of  a  deer ;  one  of  the  horns  of  the  cervine 
animals,  as  the  stag  or  moose.  In  his 
sixth  year,  and  after,  the  male  deer  is 
called  a  hart,  or  stag  of  ten.  The  stem  of 
the  horn  is  called  the  beam.  Thk. 
branches  are  called  also  tynes. 

Antler-moth.,  ant'l<Sr-moth.  A  moth 
the  larvee  of  which  sometimes  destroy  the 
herbage  of  whole  meadows. 

Antlia,  ant'li-a.  The  spiral  tongue  or 
proboscis  of  lepidopterous  insects  by 
which  they  pump  up  the  juices  of  plants. 

A.  pneumatica,  in  Astron.  the  Ah*-pump ; 
a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemis- 
phere, situated  between  Hydra  and  Argo 
Navis. 

Ant-lion,  ant'-  r 
ll-un.  The  larva 
of  a  neuropter- 
ous  insect,  fam. 
Myrmeleonidie . 
It  digs  a  ftmnel- 
shaped  hole  In 
the  sand,  and 
when  the  pit  is 

nrcA'ei?  ^^^-ji-tonr '^ 

at   the   bottom  (Ant-lion), 

with  only  its  formidable  mandibles  pro- 
jecting, and  as  soon  as  a  victim  falls  in  it 
seizes  it  with  its  mandibles  and  sucks  its 
juices. 

Antonelli,  Giacomo,  an-to-neHe.  The 
distinguished  Italian  Cardinal,  chief  ad- 
viser of  Pope  Pius  IX.;  «.  1806,  d.  1876. 

Antoni'nus  Pius,  Titus.  Adopted 
son  and  s.  of  Hadrian,  Emperor  of  Rome  ; 

B.  86,  D.  161 ;  his  reign  of  23  years  waa 
powerful  and  pi-osperous. 

Antonius,  ICarcus,  an-to'ne-us.  The 
celebrated  Roman  general  who  was  joined 
with  Octavius  and  Lepidus  as  the  trium- 
virate after  the  assassination  of  Julius 
Cesar.    He  fell  a  pr«y  to  the  charms  of 


Digitized  by 


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ANTOSlANDElAN 


Al»H£LION 


Cleopatra,  the  dissolute  Queen  of  Egypt, 
was  betrayed  by  her  and  defeated  by 
Octavius  (Augustus)  in  the  naval  battle 
off  Actium  ;  took  his  life  in  Egypt,  ».  o. 

Antosiandrian,  an-tos'i-an"dri^n.  One 
of  a  sect  of  rigid  Lutherans  who  deny  that 
man  Is  made  just,  but  affirm  that  he  is 
only  pronounced  so. 

Ant-throsli,  ant'thmish.  Birds  of  th« 
gen.  Pitta,  belonging  to  the  dentiroscral 
section  of  the  ord.  Insessores,  and  allied 
to  the  TurdidcB  or  thrush. 

Antwerp,  ant'wairp.  The  principal  sea- 
port of  Belgium,  in  the  16th  century  the 
richest  and  greatest  commercial  center  in 
Europe ;  pop.  160,000. 

Anubis,  an-u'bis.  An  Egyptian  deity, 
the  conductor  of  departed  spirits  from  this 
world  to  the  next,  represented  by  a  human 
figure  with  the  head  of  a  jackal.  He  pre- 
sided over  tombs,  and  in  the  lower  world 
weighed  the  actions  of  the  deceased  pre- 
Tloas  to  their  admission  to  the  presence  of 
Osiris. 

Axmra,  a-nu'ra.  An  ord.  of  batrachlans 
which  lose  the  tail  when  they  reach  ma- 
turity, as  the  frog. 

Anvil,  anMl.  An  iron  block  with  a 
smooth  steel  fiice,  on  which  metals  are 
hammered  and  shaped. 

Aonian,  a-6'ni-an.  Pertaining  to  Aonia, 
in  Bceotla,  or  to  the  Muses,  who  were 
supposed  to  dwell  there;  poetical.  A. 
fount,  the  fountain  Aganippe,  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Helicon,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Aorta,  a-or'ta.  The  great  artery  or  trunk 
of  the  arterial  system,  proceedmg  ftom 
the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart. 

Aoudad,  a-6'dad.     The  bearded  argall, 

a  bovine  quadruped,  allied  to  the  sheep, 

most  closely  to  the  mouflon. 

Aopaches,  ap-pah'cha.  A  southwestern 
tribe  of  American  Indians,  very  warlike 
Their  number  is  estimated  at  25,000,  with 
6,000  warriors. 

Ai>a93mou8,  a-paj'in-us.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  plant  that  fructifies  but  once, 
perishing  thereafter;  monocarpous,  as 
annuals,  or  such  plants  as  the  American 
aloe. 

Apara,  ap'a-ra.  A  species  of  armadillo 
having  the  power  of  rolling  itself  into  a 
complete  ball. 

A  parte  ante,  A  parte  post,  a-par'te- 
an'te,  a-par'te-p6st.  Two  expressions  of 
scholastic  philosophy,  referring  to  eter- 
nity, consisting  of  two  parts,  the  one,  a 
parte  ante,  without  limit  in  the  past,  and 


the  other,  a  parte  post,  without  limit  in 
the  ftiture. 

Ax>artnient.  a-pSrt'ment.  A  room  in  a 
building ;  a  division  in  a  house  separated 
from  others  by  partitions. 

Apastron,  a-pas'tron.  That  part  in  the 
orbit  of  a  double  star  where  it  is  fiirthest 
ftom  its  primary. 

Apatite,  ap'a-tit  Native  phosphate  of 
lime,  generally  crystallized  in  low,  flat, 
hexahedral  prisms,  which  occur  in  meta- 
morphic  ana  granite  rocks. 

Apatura,  ap-a-tu'ra.  A  gen.  of  diurnal 
Lepidoptera,  containing  many  beautilUl 
exotic  species  of  butterflies. 

Ape.  fip.  One  of  a  fkm.  (Simiadie)  of 
quadrumanous  an- 
imals now  limited 
to  such  as  have 
teeth  of  the  same 
number  and  form 
as  man,  and  pos- 
sess neither  tails 
nor  cheek-pouch- 
es; itincluoes  the 
chimpanzee,  goril- 
la, orang-outang,  &c. 


Ape. 
and  is  divided  Into 


three  genera,  Troglodytes,  Simla  and  Hy- 
lobates. 

Apennine,  ap'en-nln.  A  chain  of  moun- 
tains which  extend  from  Piedmont, 
round  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  to  the  center  of 
Italy,  and  thence  southeast  to  the  ex- 
tremity. 

Apertor,  a-pert'or.  A  muscle  tliat 
raises  the  upper  eyelid. 

Aperture,  ap'ei>tur.  An  opening;  a 
gap  or  chasm.  In  Geom.  the  spac« 
between  two  right  lines,  forming  an  angle. 
In  optics,  the  diameter  of  the  exposed 
part  of  the  object-glass  of  an  optical  instrv- 
ment. 

Apex,  a'peks.  The  tip,  point,  or  summit 
of  anything.  In  Bot.  the  end  farthest 
from  the  point  of  attachment,  or  base  of 
an  organ.  In  G«om.  the  angular  point  of 
a  cone  or  of  a  triangle  opposite  the  base. 

Aphanesite,  a-fan'o-sit.  A  mineral,  an 
arseniate  of  copper. 

Aphaniptera,  af-an-ip'tcr-a.  An  ord. 
of  apterous,  haustelUte  insects,  coexten- 
sive with  the  fam.  Pulicidse,  the  diflferent 
species  of  fleas. 

Aphanite,  afan-It.  Compact  amphi- 
bole,  a  mineral  consisting  of  hornblende 
quartz,  and  felspar.  ' 

Aphelion,  a-fe'li-on.  That  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet  which  is  most 
distant  ftom  the  sun  J  oi)posed  to  perihe- 
lion. 


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APHELLAN 


64 


APODOSIS 


Aphellan,  a-fel'lan.  The  name  of  a 
l)iight  star  In  tho  constellation  (Jemini. 

Aph,is,  a'fls.  A  plant-louse  ;  a  puceron 
or  vlne-frettcr  ;  one  of  tlio  insects  of  the 
Ken.  Aphis,  fam.  Aphides.  The  species 
are  very  nnmorous  and  d(!stru(;tive.  The 
A.  illustrate  parthenogenesis ;  hermaphro- 
dite fornja  produced  from  eggs  produce 
viviparous  wingless  forms,  which  again 
produce  others  like  themselves,  and  thus 
multiply  during  summer,  one  individual 
giving  rise  to  millions. 

AphlogristiC,  af-lo-lis'tlk.  Flameless; 
as,  an  A.  lamp,  in  which  tho  wick  is  kept 
hot  by  the  slow  combustion  of  aicohoI. 

Aphnologry,  af  nol'o-ji.  Tht*  science  of 
wealth. 

Aphrite,  afrit.  A  sub-variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  or  calc-spar,  popularly 
known  as  foam  or  foam-spar. 

Aphrizite,  af  rlz-it.  A  variety  of  tour- 
maline. 

Aphrodite,  af-ro-dl'te.  The  Greek  name 
of  tho  Goddess  of  Love,  called  by  tho  Ko- 
mans  Venus,  Hhe  is  supposed  to  have 
originated  from  the  foam  of  tho  sea.  A 
variety  of  meerschaum.  A  hydrous  sIH- 
cate  of  magnesia.  A  beautiful  gen.  of 
annelidans,  Avith  silky  hair  and  bristles. 

Aphyllose,  af  il-os.  ]  )estitute  of  leaves  : 
applied  tothegroupof  cryptogamic  jdants 
called  thallogens,  which  are  a\  ithout  true 
leaves;  also  to  flowering  jilants  destitute 
of  leaves,  like  some  euphorbias. 

Apiarian,  a-pl-a'rl-an.  A  bee-keeper; 
an  apiarist. 

Apiin,  a'pl-in.  A  gelatinous  substance 
ft-om  common  parsley  by  boiling  with 
water. 

Apiocrinites,  a'pI-O-kri-ni^tez.  A  sub- 
gen,  of  fossil  encrinites,  peculiar  to  the 
chalk  and  oolite  formations;  pear-encrinite. 

Apios,  fi'pi-OR.  A  gen.  of  leguminous 
plants,  containing  three  si>ecies,  ])roducing 
wlible  tubers  on  undergi;ound  shoots. 

Apis,  a'pls.  A  bull  to  which  divine 
honors  were  paid  by  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
as  a  symbol  of  Osiris.  At  Memphis  he 
ha<l  a  splendid  residence.  Ho  was  not 
suttered  to  live  beyond  i>5  years,  being 
secretly  killed  by  the  priests  *and  throwii 
into  a  sacred  well.  His  birtli  was  annually 
celebrated,  and  his  deatli  was  a  season  of 
nubile  mourning.  A  gen.  of  insects,  ord. 
llymenoptera;  the  bees.  A.  musca,  a 
southern  constellation  of  4  stars. 

Apiuxn,  ft-pi-um.  A  gen.  of  umbelliftTous 
plants,  among  which  is  the  celtry. 

Aplacental,   ap-Ia-sen'tal.     Applie<l   to 


mammals  the  young  of  Avhich  are  desti- 
tute of  ai»lacenta,  comprising  the  Monotre- 
mata  and  Marsupialia,  the  lowest  orders, 
including  the  duck-mole,  the  porcupine, 
ant-eater,  kangaroo,  <fec. 

Aplom.8,  a-plom'.  A  rare  variety  of  gar- 
net, found  in  dodecahedrons,  with  rhom- 
bic faces. 

Apluster,  a-plus'ter.  An  ornament  car- 
ried on  tho  stern  of  ancient  Greek  and 
Koman  ships,  8hai)ed  like  a  plumo  oi 
feathers ;  it  rose  immediately  behind  the 
steersman. 

Aplysia,  a-pliz'i-a.  The  sea-hare,  a  gen. 
of  gasteropodous  mollusks,  ord.  Tecti- 
branchiata. 

Apocalypse,  a-pok'a-lips.  Revelation; 
discovery,  disclosure  ;  specifically  applied 
to  tho  last  book  of  the  New  Testament, 
containing  the  revelation  delivered  to  St. 
John  in  Patmos. 

Apocrisiary,  ap-o-kris'i-a-ri.  Anciently, 
a  resident  in  Constantinople,  representa- 
tive of  a  foreign  church  or  bishop. 

Apocrypha,  a-pok'ri-fa.  Hidden  or  se- 
cret things  ;  things  set  apart ;  specifically,  a 
name  in  tho  earliest  churches  for  various 
writings  whoso  authors  were  unknown, 
those  with  a  hidden  meaning,  such  as 
were  considered  objection a])le.  The  name 
now  used  to  designate  those  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  not  having  a  place  among 
the  twcnty-twoof  the  Jewish  canon,  but 
api»eafiijg  with  them  in  theSei)tua^nt.  The 
Council  of  Trent  declared  them  inspired 
and  canonical.  The  Greek  Church  prohibits 
their  use.  The  Lutheran  and  English 
Churches  deny  their  inspiration,  but  con- 
sider them  to  contain  wholesome  Instruc- 
tion. Most  evangelical  Protestants  prohibit 
their  use  in  worship. 

Apocynaceae,  a-pos'l-na'^se-e.  A  nat. 
ord.  of  dicotyledonous  plants,  having  for 
its  tyjiethegen.  Apocjmumordog's-bane, 
nearly  allied  to  the  ord.  Asclepiadacea  ; 
several  yield  caoutchouc,  and  a  fow  edible 
fruits. 

Apocynum,  a-pos'in-um.  Dog's-bane, 
a  gen.  of  perennial  herbs.  The  flowera 
of  A.  androsQ?mifollum  are  flirnished  vsith 
five  irritable  scales,  which  secrete  a  sweet 
li(juid  that  tempts  insects  to  settle  on 
them,  and  which  then  close  on  and  kill 
them. 

Apodosis,  a-pod'o-sis.  Tlie  latter  part 
of  a  conditional  sentence,  which  results 
fi-om,  or  is  dependent  on,  the  protasis  or 
condition.  Thus  In  the  sentence.  If  it 
rain,  I  shall  not  go,  the  former  clause  la 
the  protasis,  the  latter  the  apodosis. 


Digitized  by 


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APODA 


65 


APOSTOLIC 


Apoda,  ap'o-da.  A  term  glvea  to  oer- 
tidn  teleostean 
fishes,  from  being 
destitute  of  yen- 
tral  fins,  08  the  eel 
sand-eel,  sword 
fish,  &c.  An  ord. 
of  amphibian  or 
batrachian  r  e  p  - 
tiles,  "without  ap- 
parent limbs,  of  a  Sand-eel. 
serpent-like  form. 

An  ord.  of  clrrlpeds,  destitute  of  loco- 
motiye  organs. 
Apodyterium,  ap'o-di-te"ri-um.  An 
apartment  in  Greek  and  Roman  baths  or 
In  thepalsestra,  where  the  bathers  or  gym- 
nasts dressed  and  undressed. 
Apoeree,  ap'o-jc.  The  point  in  the  orbit 
of  a  heayenly  body  which  is  at  the  great- 
est distance  from  the  earth ;  properly  this 
particular  point  of  the  moon*s  orbit. 
Apollinarian,  a-pol'li-na^'rl-an.  Per- 
tfdning  to  the  scenic  games  instituted  at 
Borne  in  honor  of  Apollo,  after  the  battle 
of  Gannse,  216  n.  o.  One  of  a  sect  deriy- 
ing  their  name  from  Apollinaris,  bishop  of 
LM)dicea  in  the  4th  century,  who  denied 
the  proper  humanity  of  Christ. 
Aix>lli]iari8  Water,  a-poFIi-na'Ms 
winter.  A  mineral  water  belonging  to  the 
dass  of  acidulated  soda-waters,  from  the 
Apollinarisbrunnen,  a  spring  in  Kheuish 
Prussia. 

AlX>llo,  a-poHo.  In  Greek  and  Roman 
Myth,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona ;  the 
god  of  poetry,  music  and  prophecy ;  the 
patron  of  physiciuis,  shepherds  and 
rounders  of  cities.  He  inyented  the  harp, 
and  was  the  father  of  iEsculapius.  A. 
Belyidere,  a  celebrated  statue  of  Apollo 
in  the  Belvidere  gallery* of  the  Vatican 
palace  at  Rome,  discoyered  among  the 
ruins  of  Antium  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
ApoUoniiiB  TyansBUS.  Among  the 
last  and  most  distinguished  of  the  Pytha- 
gorean philosophers,  born  about  the 
tim«  of  the  death  of  Christ,  and  i>.  at 
Ephesus,  97 ;  his  followers  attributed  to 
him  miraculous  powers,  and  held  him  as 
a  rival  of  Christ. 

Ai>ollyon,  a-pol'yon.  The  destroyer ;  a 
name  used  (Rev.  ix.  11)  for  the  angel  of 
the  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  the  He- 
brew Abaddon. 

Ai>olograe,  ap'o-log.  A  moral  fable  ;  an 
allegory ;  a  story  or  relation  of  fictitious 
events  intended. to  convey  useftil  truths. 
Apoznecozneter,  ap'o-me-kom^'et-er. 
An  instruBient  used  in  measuring  heights. 


Aix>neurosis,  ap'o-nu-r6''sis.  A 
white,  slitning,  and  very  resisting  mem- 
brane, composed  of  interlaced  fibers,  dif- 
fering from  a  tendon  Mily  in  being  fiat. 

Aix>ph7ge,  a-pof  i-ie.  The  part  of  a 
column  where  it  sprmgB  oat  of  its  baae, 
usually  molded  into  st  concave  sweep  or 
cavetto. 

Apophyllite,  a-pofi-IIt.  A  mineral  of 
the  zeolite  fam.  occurring  in  laminated 
ma.xses  or  in  regular  prismatic  crystals, 
having  a  strong  and  peculiar  pearly  luster, 
a  hydrated  silicate  of  lime  and  putash,  con- 
taining fluorine. 

Aix>plezy,  ap'o-plek-si.  Being  dis- 
abled in  body  or  mind  by  a  stroke.  Aboli- 
tion of  sensation  and  voluntary  motion, 
from  suspension*  of  the  functions  of  the 
cerebrum,  resulting  from  congestion  or 
rupture  of  the  blood-vessels  of  the  brain. 

Alx>rosa,  ap-o-ro'sa.  A  group  of  corals 
of  the  sclerodermic  section,  having  th« 
calcareous  cup  solid. 

Aix>rrhai8,  on-or-rH'is.  A  gen.  of  ma- 
rine gasteropocfmoUusks,  fam.  Cerithiada^ 
containing  the  pelican's  foot  or  siM>ut- 
shell. 

Apostate,  a-pos'tut.  One  who  has  for- 
saken the  church  or  profession  to  which 
he  before  adhered.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch.'one 
who,  without  a  legal  dispensation,  for- 
sakes a  religious  order. 

Apostle,  a-pos'l.  A  person  deputed  to 
execute  some  important  business ;  Ri>ecifi- 
cally,  a  disciple  of  Christ  commissioned  to 
preach  the  gospel.  Twelve  persons  were 
selected  for  this  purpose;  and  Judas 
])roving  an  apostate,  his  place  was  sup^ 
plied  by  Matthias.  In  the  primitive 
C'hiurch  other  ministers  were  called  A.  In 
law,  a  statement  of  a  case  sent  by  a  court 
whence  an  appeal  has  been  taken  to  a 
superior  coiu-t.  In  the  Greek  Ch.  a  book 
containing  the  epistles  of  St.  Paul,  printed 
in  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be  read 
in  churches  throughout  the  year.  Apos- 
tle's creed,  a  confession  of  faith  supposed 
to  have  been  drawn  up  by  the  aposties. 

Apostles'  Islands.  A  group  of  12 
i.slands  at  the  Pacific  en<l  of  the  Straits  of 
Magellan. 

Aix>stolic,  ap-os-tol'ik.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  an  apostle.  A.  constitu- 
tions and  canons,  a  collection  of  regula- 
tions attribuied  to  the  apostles,  but  sup- 
posed to  be  spurious.  They  appeared  in 
the  4th  century.  A.  fathers,  the  Chris- 
tian writers  who  during  any  part  of  their 
lives  were  contemporary  with  the  apos- 
tles. These  are  five — Clement,  Barnabas, 
Ilermas,  Ignatius,  Polycarp.    A.  king,  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


APOTACTITK 


M 


APPLIQUE 


tltlo  prantod  by  the  rK)p«  to  the  kinjfs  of  i 
Ilun^^ary,  ftrnt  conferred  on  St.  SU^phen, 
the  founder  of  the  royal  line  of  Ilung-arj-. 
A.  see,  the  C!hurch  of  Boine ;  so  culled 
b<'Cftii»e  the  popes  profess  to  be  the  suc- 
cessors of  Peter.  A.  succession,  the  un- 
inten-uptcd  succession  of  bishops,  and, 
throu^n  them,  of  priests  and  deaci)ns  in 
the  church  by  regular  ordination  from  the 
first  apostles  down  to  the  present  day.  A. 
church,  the  church  in  the  time  of  the 
apostles,  constituted  according  to  their  de- 
Bign;  the  churches  of  Kome,  Alexandria, 
Antioch  and  Jerusalem.  A  member  of 
one  of  certain  sects,  so  called  from  their 
pretending  to  imitate  the  oractice  of  the 
apostles.  A  priest  who  obtained  a  letter 
from  the  poi>o  to  a  vacant  benefice.  An 
archbishop. 

Apotactite,  ap-o-tak'tlt.  One  of  a  sect 
«f  ancient  Christians,  who,  in  imitation  of 
the  first  believers,  rc'nounce<l  all  their  ef- 
fects and  j)<)sse«.sion8. 
Apothecary,  a-poth'e-ka-ri.  One  who 
practices  pharmaity  ;  a  skilled  person  who 
prepares  drugs  for  medicinal  uses,  and 
keeps  them  for  sale.  Ai>othecaries'  Com- 
pany, a  Ijondon  company  incorporated  in 
16O0,  emiM)wered  to  grant  a  qualification 
to  practice  medicine.  Apothecaries^  Hall, 
the  hall  of  the  corporation  of  the  apothe- 
cai'ies  of  l.ondon  where  genuine  medi- 
cines are  i)repared  and  sold  imder  their 
direction.  Apothecjirles'  weight,  the 
weight  employed  in  dispensing  drugs. 
ApotheciUxn,  ap-o-the'si-um.  The  re- 
ceptacle of  liiihens,  consisting  of  the  s[K)re- 
cases  or  as(;i,  and  of  the  paraphyses  or 
barren  threads. 

Apotheosis,  ap'o-thr-o'^sis.  Deification; 
consecration  ;  the  act  of  placing  a  prince 
or  other  distinguished  person  among  the 
lieathen  deities.  A  place  in  the  chancel  in 
primitive  churches,  lor  books,  vestments, 
Ac. 

Appalachian,  an-pa-la'ki-an.  A  chain 
of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  Htiites,  called  also  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  A.  tea,  the  American  name 
for  the  leaves  of  i)lants  useil  as  a  substitute 
for  C'hinese  Uk\. 

Apparel,  ap-par'el.  Clothing,  vesture, 
dress ;  an  npi)end:ige  worke<l  in  silk  and 
gt)ld,  enrlolwi  with  pre<'.ious  stones,  worn 
fVom  the  18th  to  the  14th century,  attiioluHi 
to  the  alb  ai'id  other  eeelesiastical  vest- 
ments. 

Apparitor,  ap-par'itM>r.  In  Rom.  antiq. 
anv  ortloer  who  attentled  magistrates  and 
Juug«**  to  exeoijte  their  onlers.  A  mes- 
senger who  serves  the  process  of  a  spiritual 


court;    the  lowest    ecclesiastical    officer. 

Tilt)  bea4ilu  in  a  univei-siiy,  who  carries 

the  mace. 
Appendicularia,  ap-pen-dik'u-la^'ri-a. 

A  gen.  of  tunicate   mollusooid  animals, 

which  presents  a  permanent  larval  foim, 

like  the  proteus  among  Amphibia. 
Appentis, 

ap-pen'tls.  An^ 

architectural 

name     for 

lean-to  roof  or  | 

an  open  shed 

supported    on 

columns     or 

brackets  let  in- 
to the  wall,  or 

otherwise,  i, 

with  a  view  of 

affording    pro-  Appentia. 

taction  from  the  weather  to  a  flight  ol 
steps,  Ac. 

Appian,  ap'pi-an.  Pertaining  to  Ap- 
plus.  A.  Way,  a  celebrated  paved  road 
from  Rome  south  through  Capua  to 
Brundusium  commenced  by  the  censor 
Appius  Claudius  b.  c.812.  It  is  above 
830  miles  in  length,  formed  of  hard,  hex- 
agonal  stones,  resting  on  an  admirable  sub- 
structure. 

Apple,  ap'l.  The  fruit  or  pome  of  the 
apple-tree.  A  name  popularly  given  to 
various  exotic  fruits  having  little  or  noth- 
ing in  common  with  the  apple;  as,  the 
balsam  apple,  the  pine-apple,  &c.  A.  of 
the  eye,  the  pupil.  Adam's  A.,  the  limo ; 
a  prominence  on  the  throat.  A.  of  dis- 
cord, cause  of  envy  and  contention,  in 
allusion  to  the  story  Jn  Greek  mythology 
of  the  golden  apple  thrown  into  the  assem- 
bly of  the  gods  by  the  Goddess  of  Dis- 
cord, bearing  the  inscription  "For  the 
fairest."  Aphrodite  (Venus),  Hora(Juno), 
and  Pallas  (Minerva)  became  competitors 
for  it,  and  its  adjudication  to  the  first  by 
Paris  so  inflamed  the  jealousy  of  Hera 
that  she  did  not  cease  her  machinations  till 
Troy  was  destroyed. 

Apple-moth,  ap'1-moth.  The  Tortrix 
pomonana,  a  lepidopt^rous  Insect,  the  larvffi 
of  which  take  up  their  abode  in  apples. 

Appleton,  Daniel.  Founder  of  the 
celebrated  American  publishing  house ;  b. 
ITS'),  D.  1S49. 

Apple-tree,  ap'l-tre.  A  tree  of  the 
gen.  IVrus,  ord.  Kosace4e.    The  crab-ap- 

1>le  is  tlie  original  fK>m  which  all  others 
lave  sprung. 
Applique    Lace,   ap-plek'  las.     Lace 
whose    pattern  has    been    cut    out  and 
sewed  on  a  foundation  ot  net. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


APPOMATTOX 


6T 


AQUABIAII 


Appomattox,  ap-po-mat't5k8.  A  river 
and  oounty  in  Yurnnia.  A.  Conrt-house 
vrM  the  scene  of  me  capitulation  of  the 
Confederate  army  under  Gen.  Lee  to  Gen. 
Grant,  April  9, 1866.  an  act  which  virtu- 
ally ended  the  Rebellion.  . 

Apprentice,  ap-pren'tis.  One  who  is 
bound  by  indenture  to  serve  for  a  specified 
time,  to  learn  some  art,  trade  or  profes- 
sion, in  which  his  master  becomes  bound 
to  instruct  him ;  one  not  well  versed  in  a 
subiect  In  old  law,  an  English  barrister 
under  sixteen  years*  standing. 

Appui,  ap-pw6'.  A  support  or  prop.  In 
the  manege,  a  reciprocal  action  between 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  hand  of 
the  rider,  thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensitive 
mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui, 
and  also  of  the  rider  if  his  hand  be  good. 
Point  d'A.,  a  position  suited  to  support  or 
shelter  troops,  as  a  morass,  a  wood,  a 
rising  ground. 

Appulae,  ap'pnis.      InAstron.   the  ap- 

S roach  of  any  planet  to  a  conjunction  with 
le  sun  or  a  star. 

Apricot,  &'pri-oot.  A  pubescent  fruit  of 
delicious  flavor,  the  produce  of  a  tree  of 
the  plum-kind,  Prunus  Armeniaca,  ord. 
£o8aoe». 

April,  ft'pril.    Fourth  month  of  the  year. 

A  priori,  ftpri-d'ri.  The  opposite  of  a 
posteriori,  a  mode  of  reasoning  by  which 
we  proceed  from  the  cause  to  the  effect ; 
to  demonstrate  anything  on  grounds  or 
reasons  preceding  actual  knowledge  or 
independent  of  it,  as  mathematical  prooHs. 

Apron,  i'prun.  A  piece  of  cloth  or 
leather  worn  on  the  forepart  of  the  body 
to  protect  the  clothes.  Part  of  the  dress 
of  an  English  bishop.  A  piece  of  leather 
or  other  material  spread  before  a  person 
riding  in  a  vehicle  to  defend  him  from 
rain,  mud  or  dust.  The  abdomen  of  the 
short-tailed  decapod  crustaceans,  as  the 
crab.  A  ilat  piece  of  lead  that  covers  the 
vent  of  a  cannon.  .A  strengthening  tim- 
ber in  a  ship.  A  platform  of  plank  at  the 
aitraace  ofa  dock.  The  sill  of  a  window. 
The  piece  that  holds  the  cuttmg  tool  of  a 

Slaner.  A  strip  of  metal  which  leads  the 
rip  of  a  wall  into  a  gutter. 
Apse,  aps.  A  portion  of  any  building 
forming  a  termination  or  projection  semi- 
circular or  polygonal  in  plan,  and  having 
a  dome  or  yaulted  roof.  An  arched  roof, 
asefanoyen. 

Apsis,  ap'sis.  One  of  the  ^o  points  of 
the  orbit  ofa  heavenly  body  situated  at 
the  extremities  of  the  mi»oraxis  of  the 
ellipse  formed  by  the  orbit,  one  being 


that  at  which  the  body  is  at  its  greatest 
and  the  other  at  its  least  distance  from  its 
primary.  In  regard  to  the  earth  and  the 
other  planets,  these  points  correspond  to 
the  aphelion  and  the  perihelion ;  in  regard 
to  the  moon,  to  the  apogee  and  perigee. 
A  reliquary  or  case  in  which  the  relics  of 
saints  were  kept.  A.  gradata,  the  bishop's 
throne  in  cathedinal  churches,  so  called 
j^m  being  raised  above  the  stalls  of  the 
other  clergy. 

Aptenodytes,  ap-te'no-dr'tcz.  The 
penguins,  a  gen.  of  web-footed   diving- 

Aptenodytidse,  ap-tc'no-dit'i-d^.  A 
fam  of  natatorial  birds,  including  the 
gen.  Aptenodytes. 

Aptera,  ap'ter-a.  The  Tth  order  of  in- 
sects in  Linneeus*  system.  Later  zoolo- 
gists have  restrictea  this  term  to  the  8uc- 
toria,  Epizoa  and  Thysanura,  which  have 
no  wings. 

Apteryz,  ap'ter-iks.  A  nearly  extinct 
gen.  of  cursorial  birds  constituting  the 
fam.  ApterygidfiB.  There  are  three  spe- 
cies. 

Aptomis,  ap-tor'nis.  A  fossil  bird 
found  along  with  the  remains  of  the  moa. 
Both  belong  to  the  same  family  (Struthi- 
onida;)  of  cursorial  birds. 

AptileillS,  Lucius,  ah-pu-le'yus.  Au- 
thor of  the  eelebrated  Plutonic  satire : 
''  Metamorphoses,  or  the  Golden  Ass,"  of 
which  the  acUghthil  story  of  Psyche  is  a 
part.  A.  lived  in  Africa  in  the  2a  century. 

Apus,  a'pus.  A  gen.  of  phyllonod  crus- 
taceous  animals  of  the  sub-class  Entomos- 
traca. 

Ap3rrous,  a-pi'rus.  Incombustible,  or 
capable  of  sustaining  a  strong  heat  with- 
out alteration  of  form  or  properties,  as 
asbestos,  mica,  talc. 

Aqua,  ak'wa.  Water:  a  word  much 
used  in  pharmacy  and  old  chemistry.  A. 
fortis,  weak  and  impure  nitric  acid.  A. 
regia,  a  mixture  of  nitric  and  hydrochloric 
acids,  having  the  power  of  dissolving  gold 
and  other  metals.  A.  Tofana,  a  poisonous 
fluid  made  in  the  17th  century  by  an  Ital- 
ian woman  of  the  name  of  Tofana,  who  is 
said  to  have  procured  the  death  of  no 
fewer  than  600  individuals  by  means  of  it. 
A.  vito),  native  distilled  spirits  :  the  whis- 
ky of  Scotland,  the  usquebaugh  of  Ire- 
land, the  eau  de  vie  of  France. 

Aquamarine,  akVa-ma-rcn'.  A  name 
for  the  finest  beryl,  from  its  sea-green 
tint. 

Aquarian,  a-kwa'ri-an.  One  of  a  sect 
of  earfy  Christians  who  consecrated  water 
in  the  jBuoharist  instead  of  wtoe. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AQUARIUM 


n 


ARABnr 


Aquarius, 
Pertaining     to 


Aquarinxn,  a-kwa'ri-um.  An  artificial 
pond  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants.  A 
vessel  of  glass  In  which  "" 

live  animals  are  kept  in 
water,  with  rocks  or 
aquatic  plants. 

Aquarius,  a-kwa'ri- 
us.  The  water-bearer  ;j 
a  sign  in  the  zodiac! 
which  the  sun  enters 
about  the  21st  of  Janu- 
ary. 

Aquatic,  a-kwatMk. 
water ;  living  in  or  frequenting  water.  A. 
box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope,  in 
which  algffi  or  animalcula)  are  placed  for 
observation. 

Aquatinta,  ak-wa-tin'ta.  A  method  of 
etching  on  copper  by  which  a  beautiftil 
effect  is  produced,  resembling  a  fine  draw- 
ing in  water-colors  or  Indian  ink. 

Aqueduct,  ak Ve-dukt.  3gyg^ 
A  conduit  or  channel  for  \ 
conveying  water  from  one 
place  to  another. 

Aqueous,  ak'we-us.  Par-, 
taking  of  the  nature  of 
water,  or  abounding  with 
formed    by  it.      A 


Aqueduct. 


humor  of  the  eye,  the  watery  fluid  which 
fills  the  space  between  the  cornea  and  the 
crystalline  lens  in  the  eye.  A.  rocks, 
mechanically  formed  rocks,  composed  of 
matter  deposited  by  water.  A.  vapor, 
the  gaseous  vapor  produced  from  the 
surface  of  water  by  evaporation. 
AquifoliacesB,  ak'wi-f5'li-a"8e-o.  A 
nat  ord.  of  polypetaloua  exogens ;  the 
holly  tribe. 

Aquila,  ak'wi-la.  A  gen.  of  raptorial 
birds  containing  the  true  eagles.  A  north- 
ern constellation  containing  seventy-one 
stars. 

Aquilariaceas,  ak'wi-la-ri-a"so-e.  A 
nat.  ord.  of  apetalous  exogens,  consist- 
ing of  three  genera — ^Aqullaria,  Ophlosper 
mum  and  Gyrinops. 

Aquilated,  ak'wil-at-ed.  Im  Her. 
adorned  with  eagles'  heads ;  as,  a  cross 
aquilated. 

Aqullegria,    ak-wi-Io'ji-a.      A   gen.    of 
acrid  plants,  ord.  Banuhculaceae. 
Aquiline,  ak'wil-in.    Of  or  belonging  to 
the  eagle.    Keaembling  an  eagle's  beak; 
prominent. 

Aquinus,  St.  Thomas,  a-kwi'nas.  One 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  Christian  philog- 
•phers  and  preachers,  known  as  the 
"  Angel  of  the  Schools ;"  b.  1227,  d.  1274. 
His  great  work,  '♦  SouMna  Theologin,"  is  | 


nn  impcrifihablo  monument  of  pious  erudi- 
tion. He  \vas  canonized  by  Pope  Jolm 
XXII.,  in  1823,  and  declared  s  doctor  of 
the  Church  by  Plus  V.  in  1567. 

Aquitanian,  ak-wi-ta'ni-an.  Pertaining 
to  Aquitauia,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of 
Gaul,  now  called  Gascony. 

Arab,  ar'ab.  A  native  of  Arabia.  A 
neglected  outcast  of  the  streets,  particu- 
larly an  outcast  boy  or  girl. 

Araba,  &r's-ba.   An  Indian  or  Torklsli 


Arabesque. 


Araba. 
cart  drawn  by  oxen  or  cows ;  those  fof 
the  higher  classes  are  highly  ornamented. 
Arabesque,   ai'-9*^ 
ab-esk.    A  species  -Zi 
of    ornamentation  ^ 
for   enriching   flat"^- 
surfaces,    either 
painted,  inlaid,  or 
wrought  in  low  re- 
lief. 

Arabia,  a-ra'be- 
ah.  A  peninsula  in 
the  the  8.  W.  of 
Asia,  1,500  m.  in  length  N.  and  S.,  and  aver- 
ago  breadth  780  m.  Much  of  the  countay 
Is  a  desert  and  little  known.  Pop.  12,- 
000,000.  The  inhabitants  Include  the 
Bedouins,  reputed  descendants  of  Ish- 
mael,  who  have  maintained  their  roving 
and  warlike  character  for  centuries ;  a  dis- 
tinct and  quiet  race  settled  along  the  coasts, 
and  the  Wahabees,  occupying  the  interior. 
The  religion  is  lAohammedan,  which  had 
its  origin  in  A.  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
6th  century.  The  vulgar  Arabic,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  that  of  the  Koran,  is 
among  the  most  widely  spoken  languages, 
and  the  literanr  Arabic  Is  used  In  the 
liturgy  of  all  Mohammedans.  It  was  for 
centuries  the  language  of  the  sciences, 
arts  and  civilization. 
Arabic,  ar'ab-ik.  Belonging  to  Arabia 
or  the  language  of  its  inhabitants.  A. 
figures  or  characters,  the  numeral  char- 
acters used  in  our  Arithmetic,  introduced 
Into  England  about  the  11th  century,  and 
probably  of  Indian  origin. 
Arabin,  ar'a-bin.  A  variety  of  gnm 
soluble  in  cold  water,  the  pitadital  con' 
stituent  of  gum'«rabic. 


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ABABIB 


50 


AEAtrCARITE 


Arabia,  ar'arbis.  A  gen.  of  plant>j  of 
the  cruciferous  ord.;  wall  or  rock  cress 

Arabo-tedesco,  fir'ab-o-ta-des'ko  A 
style  of  art  composed  of  Moorish,  Roman 
and  German-Gothic. 

Aracanese,  ar'a-kan-ez".  A  native  or  an 
inhabitant  of  Aracan,  in  British  Burmah. 

Aracaxi,  a-rSrsa'ri.  A  name  of  the  birds 
belonging  to  the  gen.  Pteroglossus,  in- 
cluded in  the  Rampha.«tidai  or  toucan 
tun.y  differing  fivom  the  true  toucans  by  a 
smaller  bill  and  smaU<Mr  size. 

ArElceae,  a-ra'se-e.  A  nat.  order  of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  having  the 
gen.  Arum  as  the  type.  Arrow-root  is 
manufactured  from  the  roots  of  Arum 
maculatum.  A  gigantic  species  (Godwinia 
gigas),  produces  but  one  leaf  supported  on 
a  stalk  10  feet  Jong. 

Aracllis,  ar'a-kis.  A  gen.  of  leguminous 
plants.  The  best-known  species  is  A. 
hypogaea.  Its  pod  (popularly  called 
ground,  earth,  or  pea  nut),  when  mature, 
contains  t-vo  seeds  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut, 
In  flavn:  flweet  as  almonds,  and  jielding, 
when  pressed,  an  oil  not  inferior  to  that  of 
olives. 

Aracluiida,  a-rak'ni-da.  A  class  of 
articulated,  annuloso  and  wingless  ani- 
mals, intermediate  between  insects  and 
Crustacea,  including  spiders,  mites  and 
scorpions. 

Arasosysiyle,  a-ro'o-flis''til.  Ai»  ar- 
rangement in  which  columns  are  coupled 
or  placed  in  pairs,  with  an  interval  of  half 
a  diameter  betwixt  the  coupled  columns, 
and  of  three  diameters  and  a  half  betwixt 
the  pairs. 

Araero,  Francois  Jean  Dominique, 
ah-rah'go.  A  distinguished  French  as- 
tronomer, discoverer  of  the  diameters  of 
the  planets,  of  rotary  magnetism,  polariza- 
tion by  colors,  and  other  scientilic  truths : 
B.  1T86,  D.  1863. 

ArafiTOnite,  ar'a-gon-it.  The  name 
given  to  carbonate  of  calcium  when  it 
occurs  in  trim etric  crystals.  It  is  essen- 
tially of  the  same  chemical  constitution  as 
calc-spar,  but  its  crystalline  form  is  a 
dimorphous  mineral. 

Aragruato,  ii-ra-gwa'to.  The  Mycetes 
Ursinus,  or  ursine  howler,  the  largest  of 
New  World  monkeys. 

Arainae,  a-ra-i'ne.  The  macaws,  a  sub- 
fam.  of  scansorial  birds,  fam.  Psittacidae. 

Arak,  ar'ak.  An  alcoholic  drink  made 
in  Tartary  from  mare's  milk. 

Araki,  -€.  An  Egvptian  intoxicating 
drink  prepared  from  dates. 


Aral,  a'ral.  The  largest  lake  in  Asia, 
covering  83,000  sq  m.;  its  water  is  salt 
It  lies  117  ft.  higher  than  the  Caspian  Sea, 
and  hqf  no  outlet. 

Araliaceae,  a-rai'li-a"so-e.  A  nat.  ord. 
of  plants  nearly  related  to  the  Umbellif- 
ene.  (A.  nu(ficaulis)  is  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  sarsapari'la.  The  true  i-ice  paper 
of  the  Chinese  is  made  from  the  pith  ol 
another  species,  A.  papyi'ifera. 

Aramaic,  ar-a-ma'ik.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Aram,  a  son  of  Bhem,  or  to  the  Chal- 
deans and  Syrians,  his  descendants;  a 
term  appellative  of  the  northern  family  of 
the  Semitic  class  of  languages,  comprising 
the  tongues  spoken  in  Svria  and  Assyria, 
the  earliest  specimens  \)eing  the  Chaldee 
passages  in  the  Old  Testament  and  Apoc- 
rypha, especially  in  Esdras  and  Daniel. 

Araiieidee,  a-ra-nG'I-de.  The  spider 
family,  a  tribe  of  the  pulmonary  order  of 
arochnidans,  containing  the  true  spinning 
spiders. 

Araneiformia,  -for"mi-a.  An  ord.  of 
spider-like  Crustacea. 

Arapaima,  ar-a-])i'ma,  A  gen.  of  fresh- 
water malacopterygian  abdominal  fishes. 
The  largest  known  fresh-water  flshes, 
some  being  15l'eet  long. 

Arapunga, -pn  n^^'- 
ga.      A  gen.  of  8. 
American  dentinis- 
tral    i  uses  so  rial        - 
birds,  fam.  Ampeli-  ^^ 
dffi,    including    tho  % 
curious  bell-bird  (A,   <i 
alba),      remarkable 
for  its  clear,bell-Uke^ 
notes. 

Ararat  Mt. ,  ar'ah- 
rat.  The  mountain  ]  i 
in  Armenia,  W. 
Asia,  upon  which  Noah's  ark  is  said  to 
have  rested  when  tlie  flood  receded  ;  it  is 
situated  at  tlio  junction  of  the  liusslan. 
Persian  and  Turkish  empires. 

Araucania,  ali-mw-ka'ne-ah.  A  8. 
American  province,  nominally  claimed  by 
Chili,  but  occupied  by  descendants  of  tl/e 
aboriginal  inhabitants  Avho  have  success- 
fully maintained  their  independence. 

Araucaria,  ar-a-kfi'ri-a.  A  pen.  of  Co- 
nifeno,  lai-ge  evergreen  trees  with  vcrticil- 
lato  spreading  branches,  and  bearing  large 
cones,  each  scale  having  a  single  largo  edi- 
ble seed. 

Araucarite,  a-ra'ka-rlt.  Tho  name  given 
to  fragments  of  plants  found  fossil  ii  strata 
of  different  ages,  and  believed  to  be  relat- 
ed to  living  araucaria. 


Digitized  by 


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ABAUHA  I 

Araulia,  arrft'A-a.  The  natiTe  name  for 
a  irffantio  spider  of  the  gen.  Mygale, 
found  on  the  Al'rolhos  Islands,  BraaL 

Arbaliflt,  fir'bal-ist  A  crossbow  of 
steel  set  in  a  shaft  of  wood.  The  shaft 
had  a  stirrup  at  the  end,  and  the  bow  was 
wound  up  by  a  moulinet  or  windlass  worn 
at  the  girdle.   It  threw  bullets,  arrows,  Ac. 

Arbor,  fir^r.  A  wood ;  a  perennial  plant 
having  a  distinct  bole  or  trunk  fh)m  which 
tbe  main  branches  grow.  The  principal 
spindle  or  axis  of  a  machine,  communi- 
eatinr  motion  to  the  other  moving  parts. 
A.  Dianie,  or  tree  of  silver,  a  beantiftil  ar- 
borescent precipitate,  produced  by  silver 
in  mercury.  A  seat  in  the  open  air,  shel- 
tered by  vines  or  trees. 

Arboretoin^  ar-bo-r€'tum.  A  place  in 
which  trees  and  shrubs  are  cultivated  for 
scientifio  purposes. 

Arbor-vitas,  'bor-vl'td.  The  common 
name  of  the  species  Thuja,  ord.  Coniferee. 

Arbuflcle,  'bus-L  A  dwarf  tree,  in  size 
between  a  shrub  and  a  tree. 

Arbutus,  'bfi-tus.  A  gen.  of  evergreen 
shrubs,  ord.  Ericaceae.  Trailing  A.,  the 
American  name  of  Epigaea  repens. 

Arc,  firk.    Any  part  of  a  curve  line  which 
is   not    of    contrary 
curvature;  an  arc  of 
a  circle,  for  example, 
is  any  portion  of^lts  ^^ 

circumference. 

Area,  fir'ka.  In  the  early  church,  a  chest 
for  receiving  pecuniary  offerings.  A  box 
or  casket  in  which  the  eucnarist  was 
carried.  A  gen.  of  lamellibranohlate  mol- 
lusca,  the  type  of  the  fam.  Aroadffi ;  the 
ark-shells. 

AroadSB,  'ka-de.  The  ark-shells,  a  fhm. 
of  lamellibranchiate  mollusks,  section 
Asiphonida.  Their  first  appearance  was 
in  tne  Lower  Silurian  rocks.  Area  is  the 
typical  gen.  of  the  family. 
Arcade,  -kftd'.  A  series  of  arches  sup- 
ported on  piers  or  pillars.  In  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  middle  ages  more  common- 
ly applied  as  an  ornamental  dressing  to  a 
wall.  A  passage  containing  shops  or 
stalls,  usually  covered  with  glass.  A 
building  with  a  broad,  well-lighted  central 
hall  from  which  doors  and  windows  ojien 
into  business  places  or  offices. 

Arcadian,  -k&'di-an.  Pertaining  to 
Arcadia,  a  mountainous  district  Ui  the 
heart  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Arcanum,  -kan'um.  A  secret ;  a  mys- 
tery, as  the  arcana  of  nature.  Royal  A., 
the  title  of  a  recent  co-operative  Ufein- 
auranoe  organization. 


)  ARCHCHANCELLOU 

Arch,  arch.  Any  part  of  the  circnmfer 
ence  of  a  circle  or  other  curve ;  an  arc.  In 
Arch,  a  struotore  of  stone  or  brick  having 
the  shape  of  truncated  wedges,  arranged 
on  a  curved  Une.  so  as  to  retain  tkeir  posi- 
tion by  mutual  pressure.  Then  are 
arches  of  equilibration,  equipollent,  of 
discharge,  askew  and  reveraed;  also 
Roman,  pointed,  and  Baraoenio  arches. 
They  are  also  named  aooording  to  the 
curve  the  intrados  assumes,  as  segmental, 
semicular,  cycloidal,  elliptical,  parabolical, 
hyperbolical,  or  catenarian ,  or  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  whole  contour  of  the 
curve  to  some  familiar  object,  as  lancet 
and  horseshoe  arch ;  or  trom  the  method 
used  in  describing  the  curve,  as  equilateral, 
three-centred,  four-centred,  <V?ee,  and  the 
like.  Triumphal  A.,  originaUy  a  simple 
arch,  under  which  a  victorious  general 
and  army  passed  in  triumph.  At  a  later 
period  it  was  a  richly  sculptured,  massive 
and  permanent  structure.  The  name  is 
now  given  to  an  arch,  gcnei:allv  of  wood 
decorated  with  flowers,  erected  on  oc 
caslon  of  some  public  rejoicing,  Ac. 

ArchSBOcidaxis,  ar^6-o-sid''a-ris.  A 
gen.  of  fossil  sea-urchins  or  Cidaris,  found 
in  the  coal-measures  and  Permian  strata. 

Arch8BOlog7,-k6-ol'o-ji.  The  science  of 
antiquities,  especially  prehistoric,  which 
investigates  the  history  of  nations  and 
peoples  by  means  of  the  remains.  A.  in* 
terprets  without  the  aid  of  written  record 
or  trustworthv  tradition  ;  antiquarianism 
avails  itself  of  both. 

ArchsBOpteryz,  -op'ter-iks.  A  unique 
fossil  bird  trom  the  oolitic  limestone  of 
Solenhofen. 

Archanarel,  firk-fin'jel.  An  angel  of  the 
highest  order,  occupying  the  eighth  rank 
in  the  celestial  hierarchy.  A  name  com- 
mon to  plants  of  the  genus  Lamiura. 

Archansrelica,  'i-ka.  A  gen.  of  umbeK 
liferous  plants.  A.  officinalis  is  used  U 
the  manufacture  of  gin. 

Arch-band,  firch'band.  That  portlov 
of  an  arch  or  rib  seen  below  the  geodral 
surface  of  vaulting. 

Archbishop,  -bish'op.  A  chief  bishop  t 
a  church  dignitary  of  the  first  class. 

Arohbutler,  -but'ler.  A  chief  butler  j 
an  officer  of  the  old  German  Empire  who 
presented  the  cup  to  the  emperor  oq  sol- 
emn occasions. 

Archchamberlain,  -chfima>«r-liQ.  A 
chief  chamberlain;  an  officer  of  th«  eld 
German  Empire. 

Archchancellor,  -chan'sel-Ier.  A'9hief 
ehancellor ;  an  officer  in  the  o\d  G«itnftn 


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AEOHCOinjT 


•1 


ABCHIVOLT 


Empire  who  presided  over  the  secretaries 
of  tae  court. 

Arohcount,  -kount'.  A  chief  count ;  a 
title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of  Flan- 
ders. 

Aichdapifer,  -dap'1-fer.  An  officer  in 
the  old  German  Empire  whose  office  was, 
at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor,  to  carry 
the  first  dish  of  meat  to  table  on  horse- 
back. 

Archdeaoon,  -dS'kn.  In  England,  an 
ecclesiastical  dignitary,  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  bishop. 

Archdniid,  drn'id.    A  chief  or  ponttft 
of  the  ancient  druida. 
Archduchess,  duch'es.     The  wife  of 
an  archduke ;  a.  princess  of  the  reigning 
fiunihes  of  Bussia  and  Austria. 
Archduke,  -diik'.  A  prince  belonging  to 
the  reigning  fbmiUes  of  Austria  or  Russia. 
Archeeronitun,  -ke-go'nl-um.    The  pis- 
tUfidium  or  the  female  organ  of  crytogamic 
plants,  having  the  same  function  as  the 
pistil  in  the  flowering  plants. 
Archee^>saurus,  -sa"rus.    A  fossil  rep-, 
tile  of  the  carboniferous  era,  having  a  near 
alliance  to  the  proteus,  lepidoslren  and 
other  perennlbranchiate  reptiles. 
Archenoephala,     -ken-sefa-la.      The 
highest  of  the  primary  sub-classes  into 
which  Owen  has  sub-divided  the  mam 
mals  in  accordance  with  the  structure  of 
the  brain.    It  includes  the  solitary  order, 
fiunily,  genus  and  species,  Man. 
Archer-ftsh,  firch'er-fish.  A  name  given 
to  the  Toxotes  Jacuhitor,  a  sealy-flnned, 
acanthopterygian  fish. 
Archetr  Oonrt     The  chief  and   most 
ancient  consistory  court,  belonging  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  for  the  de 
bating  of  spiritual  causes,  and  held  in 
Westminster  Hall ;  its  jurisdiction  extends 
over  the  province  of  Canterbury.    The 
chief  judge  is  called  the  Dean  of  Arches 
Archetype,  fir'kfi-tip.    A  model  or  first 
form.    In  coining,  the  standard  weight. 
In  Com.  Anat.  that  i^indamental  pattern 
on  which  a  natural  group  of  animals  or 
system  of  organs  is  assumed  to  have  been 
constructed;  as  the  vertebral  A. 
Archiater,  -kl'a-ter.     Chief  physician  : 
a  term  applied  to  the  body  physician  of 
princes,  and  to  the  first  physician  of  some 
dties. 

Axchierey,  Vri.  A  eoUective  term  for 
tiie  higher  order  of  ecdeaiastios  in  the 
Greek  Church. 

Archil,  'kil.  A  rich  violet  or  purple  color- 
isg  matter  obtained  from  certain  Kohens. 


Dyers  rarely  use  A.  by  Itself,  on  account 
of  its  deamess  and  the  perishableness  ol 
its  beauty,  but  employ  it  to  give  a  bloom 
to  othef^  colors. 

Archlma^rus,  ki-mft'gos.  The  high- 
priest  of  the  Persian  MAgi,  or  worshipers 
of  fire. 

Arohimandxlte,  -man'drit.  In  th* 
Greek  Ch.  an  abbot,  or  abbot-general, 
who  has  superintendence  of  many  abbots. 
In  Sicily  the  abbots  are  called  A.  because 
their  convents  were  originally  of  Greek 
institution. 

Archimedean,  -me-de"an.  Pertaining 
to  Arohimides,  or  to  the  scrow  Invented 
by  him.  A.  propeller,  a  continuous 
spiral  vane  on  a  hollow  core  running 
Hangthwise  of  the  vessel,  an  amplificatiou 
and  extension  of  the  screw.  A.  screw, 
an  instrument  to  raise  water  formed  by 
winding  a  flexible  tube  round  a  cylinder 
in  the  form  of  a  screw.  A.  principle,  the 
principle  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two 
weights,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  f\ilcrum, 
is  in  eauiUbrfum  when  the  weights  are 
inversely  proportional  to  the  length  of 
the  arms  at  whose  ends  they  hang,  and 
that  the  pressure  on  the  fUlcrum  of  the 
lever  is  exactly  equal  to  the  sum  of  the 
two-weights. 

Archimides,  'A6ex.  A  Syracusan.  and 
the  most  celebrated  of  ancient  mathe- 
maticians ;  B.  286,  D.  212  b.  o.,  being  skiin 
at  the  capture  of  his  native  city  by  the 
Romans  under  Marcellus. 
Archlpelaaro,  -pel'a-go.  Originally  the 
Egean  Sea;  any  body  of  water  inter- 
spersed with  isls^ds ;  a  group  of  isUmds. 
ibrchltecture,  -tek-t&r.  The  art  or 
science  of  building  or  constructing  houses, 
bridges.  &G.:  that  branch  of  the  fine  arts 
which  has  for  its  object  the  production 
of  edifices  pleasing  to  a  cultivated  taste. 
The  leading  styles  are  characterized  as 
Egyptian,  Indian,  Greek,  Gothic,  Byzan- 
tine, Romanesque,  Norman,  Renaissance, 

Architrave,  -triv.  The  lower  division 
of  an  entablature,  or  that  part  whidi  rests 
Immediatelv  on  the  column.  The  orna. 
mental  molding  running  round  the  ex- 
terior eurve  of  an  arch,  on  the  feces  ofthd 
jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door  or  window.  A. 
cornice,  an  entablature  consisting  of  an 
architrave  and  cornice  only,  the  ineze  be- 
ing omitted. 

Archivolt,  -volt.  The  architrave  on  the 
Ihoe  of  an  arch  following  the  contour  of 
the  intrados.  A.  of  a  bridge,  the  curve 
formed  by  the  upper  sides  of  the  arch* 
stones  in  the  fiice  of  the  work. 


Digitized  by 


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AttCHLlTTE 


ARQALI 


ATChlute,    nrch'lut.      A    l:u-^'.'    Intf,   :i 

theorbo,    tho   bass  strings  of  which  aw 

doubled  -vvith  an  octave  and  tho  hijrher 

strings  with  a  unison. 
Arcliniarslial,  -mar'shal.      The  frnmil 

marshal  of  tho  old  German  Kmi»iro. 
Archon,  ar'kon.     One  of  tho  chief  mair- 

istrates  of  Athens,  chosen  to  suporinund 

ciyil  and  reliji^ious  concerns. 
Archontic,  'tik.    Ono  of  a  branch  of  t  he 

Valentinians,  who  held  that    the  world 

was  not  created  by  God,  but  by  nxv^vU 

called  archoutes. 
Archonts,  'konta.     One  of  the  proups 

into  which  some  naturalists  have  classitied 

mammals.  Including  man  alone. 
Arcll-prilXiate,    arch-prl'mfit.    A  chief 

primate ;  an  archbishop  over  other  arch- 
bishops. 

Arch-treasixrer,  -tre'zhur-er.  The 
great  treasurer  of  the  German  Empire. 

Archway,  'wa.    An  entrance  or  passage 

under  an  arch. 

Arc-indicator,  ark'in-di-kat-«r.  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  space  inter- 
vening between  two  nodes,  or  i>arts  of 
the  stem  from  which  leaves  arise. 

Arcograph,  '6-graf.  An  instrument 
for  drawing  a  circular  arc  without  the  use 
of  a  central  point ;  a  cyclograph. 

Arctic,  'tik.  Pertaining  to  the  northern 
constellations  called  the  Great  and  T.ittlo 
Bears ;  northern,  as  tho  A.  polo,  circle, 
region,  or  sea.  A.  fox,  a  small  species, 
fam.  Canidffi. 

Arctic  Ocean.  That  section  of  the  ocean 
north  of  66°  80'  N.  lat. 

Arctictis,  'tis.  A  gen.  of  ursine  carniv- 
ores, of  which  the  best  known  species  is 
A.  binturong. 

Arctiidee,  -tl'i-de.  a  fam.  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  section  Heterocera ;  the  tiger- 
moths. 

Arctinm,  'shi-um.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Compositae.  In  Japan  the  burdock 
is  used  as  a  vegetable. 

Arctotis,  -to-tis.  A  gen.  of  composite 
plants,  having  heads  of  snowy  orange- 
colored  flowers. 

Arctnrus,  -tu'rus.  A  fixed  star  of  the 
lirst  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Bootes, 
thought  to  be  the  nearest  to  our  system  of 
any  fixed  star.    It  has  a  proper  niotion. 

Arena  senilis,  ark'us  sen-I'lis.  The 
bow  of  old  age  ;  an  opacity  round  tho  mar- 
gin of  the  cornea  occurring  in  advanced 
age. 

Ardeb,  ar'deb.    An  Egyptian  weight  and 


measure  equivalent  to  226  lbs.,  or  about 
40 .V  gjillons. 

Ardeidse,  -de-i-de.  A  fam.  of  grallato- 
rial  or  wading  birds,  including  the  herons, 
cranes,  storks,  ibis,  «fce. 
Ardisia,  dis'i-a.  A  gen.  of  tropical  ever- 
green plants,  ord.  Myj-sinaceaj. 
Ardrigrll,  -re'.  In  the  early  liistory  of 
Ireland  and  Scotland  a  chief  monarch  or 
king. 

Are,  Ar  or  ur.  The  unit  of  French  super- 
ficial or  square  measure,  containing  100 
square  meters,  a  Uttle  less  than  1,076.44 
English  square  feet. 

Areca,  a-re'ka.    A  gen.  of  lofty  palms. 
A.  catechu  is  tho  piang  or  betel-nut  tree, 
and  yields  catechu.    A.  oleracea  is  the 
cabbago-tree  or  cabbage-palm. 
Arena,  'na.    The  inclosed  space  in  the 
central  part  of  the  Roman  amphitheaters, 
in  \vhich  took  place  the  combats  of  gladi- 
ators or  wild  beasts.    The  scene  of  exer- 
tion or  contest  of  anv  kind.   In  Med,  sand 
or  gravel  in  the  kidneys.    In  Arch,   the 
middle  of  a  temple  or  other  inclosed  place. 
Arendalite,   a-ren'dal-It.    A   lime  and 
iron  epidoto,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina, 
iron-peroxide  and  lime. 
Arenicolite,  ar-en-ik'6-lit.    The  geolog- 
ical name  for  circular  holes  on  sandstones, 
the  burrows  of  some  annelid  resembling 
the  lug-worm. 
Areometer,    -e-om'et-er.      An    instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  Bi>eciflc  gravity 
of  liquids  ;  a  hydrometer. 
Areopagrus,     -op'a-gus.      A    sovereign 
tribunal  at  Athens,  famous  for  the  iustioe 
of  its  decisions.    By  a  law  of  Solon  no 
person  could  bo  a  member  until  he  had 
been  archon  or  chief  magistrate. 
Ares,   a'rez.      In  Greek  mythology  th« 
god  of  war,  identified  by  the    Komans 
with  Mars. 
Arethusa,  ar-e-thu'sa.  A  gen.  of  orchids, 
consisting  of  a  single  species,  A.  bulbosa. 
Aretology,  -toro-ji.    That  part  of  moral 
philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  and  the. 
means  of  attaining  to  it. 
Arfwedsonite,  arf-wed'son-Tt.     A  fer- 
ruginous variety  of    hornblende,    com- 
l)osed  of  silicates  of  iron,  soda,  alumina 
and  lime. 

Argral,  ar'gal.  Unrefined  or  crude  tar- 
tar ;  a  hard  crust  formed  on  the  sides  of 
vessels  in  which  ^vlne  has  been  kept ;  an 
impure  bitartrate  of  potassium. 
Argrali,  'ga-lT.  A  species  of  wild  sheep 
found  in  Siberia,  Central  Asia  and  Kam- 
tchatka.    The  horns  of  a  ftill  grown  A. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AB€^A2n)-LAMP 


ABIAN 


are  nearly  4  feet  In  length  measured  along 
the  curve,  and  at  their  base  are  about  19 
Inches  In  circumference.  The  name  is 
also  applied  to  the  Bocky  Mountain  sheep 
or  bighorn. 

Argrand-laznp,  'gand-lamp.  A  lamp 
with  a  circular  hollow  wick,  allowing  an 
outside  and  inside  current  of  air.  A.  burn  - 
er,  a  gas-burner  in  the  form  of  a  hollow 
cylinder,  admitting  a  current  of  air 
through  the  center. 

Arsrel*  'gel.  A  plant,  the  Solenostemma 
Argel,  ord.  Asclepiadaceie. 

Arsrexnone,  -je-mo'ne.  A  small  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Papaveracese.  From  the 
seeds  of  A.  mexicana  the  Mexicans  obtain 
a  iMdnters'  oil. 

Arsrent,  fir'jent.  Whiteness,  like  that 
of  silver.  In  Her.  the  white  color  in 
coats  of  arms,  representing  silver,  or 
purity,  innocence,  Deauty,  gentleness. 

Arfirentan,  'jen-tan.  An  alloy  of  nickel 
with  copper  and  zinc ;  German  silver. 

ArgrentiferoiiB,  -tif  er-us.  Producing 
or  containing  silver ;  as  A.  ore,  veins,  &c. 

Argrentina,  -trna.  A  gen.  of  malacop- 
terygious  fishes,  belonging  to  the  salmon 
fiunuy. 

^Tgrentine,  -tin.  A  varietv  of  calcspar, 
containing  a  little  silica  with  laminte  usual- 
ly undulated.  The  tetroxlde  or  antimoniate 
of  antimony.  White  metal  coated  with 
silver. 

Ajgrentine  Bepnblio.  A  confedera- 
tion of  14  8.  American  provinces,  gov- 
erned by  a  president  and  legislature  com- 
posed of  two  houses.  Pop.  (1880),  2,100,- 
000;  area,  608,271  sq.  m.  Kosario  is  the 
capital,  and  the  other  principal  towns  are 
Bnenos  Ayres,  Goncepdon  and  Corrientes. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Paraguay,  Parana 
and  La  Plata. 

Arsrentite,  -tit.  Sulphide  of  silver  oc- 
curring In  crystals,  in  crusts  and  massive; 
a  valuable  ore  of  silver  found  in  crystal- 
line rocks. 

Arfirentometer,  -tom'et-er.  A  graduat- 
ed glass  tube  for  ascertaining  the  quantity 
of  silver  in  a  solution  by  the  admission  of 
chloride  of  sodium. 

ArgiUaceoilB,  -jil-lu'shus.  Partaking 
of  tho  nature  of  argil  or  clay.  A.  earth, 
white  clay,  or  potter's  earth,  called  by 
chemists  alumina.  A.  rocks,  of  sediment- 
ary origin,  soft  in  tearture,  clay  forming 
the  basis.  A  slate  or  schist,  a  metomor- 
phio  rock  characteristio  of  the  Silurian 
loijnation. 

Ajngive,  'jiT.       Belating  to   Axgos,   in 


Greece.  The  A.  tribe,  during  tho  Tro^ 
war,  was  the  most  powerful  in  Greece. 

Argo,  'go.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  name  of 
the  ship  which  carried  Jason  and  his  flf- 
tv-16ur  companions  to  Colchis  in  quest  ol 
the  golden  fleece. 

Argronaut,  'go-nat.  One  of  the  persons 
who,  according  to  the  Grt^ek  legend,  sailed 
to  Colchis  with  Ja8on.  One  of  the  mol- 
luscous animals  belonging  to  the  gen. 
Argonauta,  fam.  Argonautida*,  class 
Cephalopoda,  or  cuttlu-fishes.  The  gen. 
Argonauta  belongs  to  the  dibranchiate  or 
two-gilled  cuttle-fishes. 

Argronautidse,  -go-na'ti-de.  The  ftun. 
of  cephalopmlous  molfusks,  ord.  Tetra- 
brancniata,  which  contains  the  argonaut, 
paper-sailor,  or  paper-nautilus. 

AlfiTO-Navls,  na'>i8.  The  southern 
constellatioa  of  the  Ship,  containing  9 
clusters,  8  nebula?,  13  double  and  540 
single  stars,  of  which  about  64  are  visible. 

Argrot,  'got  or  ar-go.  The  conventional 
slang  of  thieves  and  vagabonds,  Invented 
for  the  purpose  of  disguise  and  concea'- 
ment ;  cant;  slang. 

Argrus/gua.  A 
fabulous  being 
of  antiquity, 
said  to  havej 
had  a  hundred! 
evesy  placed  by  1 
Juno  to  guard 
lo.  Any  watch- 
ful person.  The 
A.  giganteus, 
fam.  Phaslan-i 
IdjB,  a  very  sin- 
gular species 
of  pheasant,  tho 
secondary 
quills  of  the 
wings,  which 
are  longer 
than  the  pri- 
mary feathers, 
being  adorned  with  a  series  of  oeellated 
or  eye-like  spots  of  brilliant  metallic  hues. 
It  Is  the  only  species  of  the  genus. 

Al^ruSHShell,  -shel.  A  species  of  porce- 
lain-shell, resembling  a  peacock's  tail. 

ArhizoilS,  a-ri'zus.  Destitute  of  root ; 
applied  to  parasitical  plants  which  adhere 
to  other  plants. 

Arian,  aM-an.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
doctrines  of  Arius,  who  held  Christ  to 
be  a  created  being,  inferior  to  God  the 
Father  in  nature  and  dignity,  though  the 
noblest  of  all  created  beings ;  and  that  the 
Koty  Sphrit  was   created  by  tho  Son. 


Argus  Pheasant. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ABlXd 


Ariee. 


Arius,  a  priest  of  Alexandria,  promulgated 
his  doctrines  In  the  4th  century.  They 
were  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Nice 
lnS25. 

ILries,   a'ri-ez.    The 
Kam,  a  northern  con- 
stellation of  156  stars, 
of  which  60  are  visi- 
ble ;  the  first  of  the 
twelve  signs  In   the 
zodiac,  which  tiie  sub 
enters  at   the  vernal 
equinox,    about    the 
2igt   of   March.    Owing  to  the    preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes  the  sign  Aries  no 
longer  corresponds  with  the  constellation 
Aries,  which  it  did  2,000  years  ago  ;  the 

? resent  sign  is  in  the  constellation  Pisces, 
'he  battering  ram  of  the  ancients. 

Aril,  ar'll.  In  some  plants,  as  the  nut- 
meg, an  extra  covering  outside  of  the  true 
Boed-coats. 

Ariosto  Lud»vico,  ah-re-«s'te.  A  cel- 
ebrated Italian  poet,  author  of  "  Orlando 
Furiosa,"  B.  1474,  d.  1588. 

Arista,  a-ris'ta.  Awn;  the  long  beard 
which  issues  from  the  glume  of  some 
grasses. 

Aristides,  ar-ls-tT'd^z.  A  soldier  and 
statesman  of  Athens,  who  lived  in  the  4th 
century  b.o.  He  served  in  all  the  highest 
offices  of  the  State,  and  was  so  pure  in 
character  that  he  was  called  "The  Just." 

Aristocrat,  ar'ig-to-krat.  A  member  of 
the  aristocracy  er  men  of  rank  in  a  com- 
munity.   Onewhofevors  an  aristocracy. 

Aristo-deznocracy,  a-ris'to-ds-mok"- 
ra-sl.  A  form  of  government  composed 
of  nobles  and  the  commonalty. 

Aristolochia,  -16"ki-a.  A  gen.  of  gyn- 
androus  plants,  ord.  Aristolochiaoeae,  re- 
q^oiring  the  aid  of  insects  to  produce  fer- 
nlization. 

Aristophanic,  -flm"ik.    Pertaining  to 

.   the  writings  or  style  of  Aristophanes,  the 

comic  poet  of  Athens  ;  shrewd  ;  witty. 

Anstotelia,  -t6''li-a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  TiliaceiB. 

Aristotelian,  ''li-an.  Pertaining  to 
Aristotle,  the  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  disciple  of  Plato,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  Peripatetics,  who  was  bom 
at  Stagira  in  Macedon  about  884  years  be- 
fore Christ. 

AritlunetiC,  arrith'met-ik.  The  science 
of  numbers  or  the  art  of  computation  by 
figures  or  numerals.  Decimal  or  common 
A.  employs  ten  symbols  or  digits  from  0 
to  9  inclusive,  which  are  usually  called  the 
Arabic  numerals,  but  originated  among 


64  ABMADItXO 

the  Hindus.  Instrumental  A.,  a  mode  of 
computing  numbers  by  means  of  some 
instrument,  as  the  abacus,  STapier^s 
bones,  Ac. 

Arithmometer,  -mom'et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  assisting  in  making  arith- 
metical computations. 

Arizona,  ar-i-zo'nah.  A  territory  of 
the  United  States,  N.  and  formerly  part 
of  New  Mexico. 

Ark,  ark.  A  small  close  vessel  ;  coffer. 
In  Scrip,  the  repository  of  the  Jewish  cov- 
enant or  tables  of  the  law,  made  of  shlt- 
tim-wood,  overlaid  within  and  without 
with  gold,  over  which  were  placed  the 
golden  covering  or  mercy-seat  and  the 
two  cherubim.  The  same  name  is  given 
to  a  repository  in  modern  synagogues. 
The  large  floating  vessel  In  whldi  Koah 
and  his  fiunily  were  preserved  during  the 
deluge.     In  Zool.  a  common  name  to 

*  the  molluBca  of  the  fam.  Arcadse. 

Arkansas,  &r-kiln'saw.  One  of  the 
Southern  United  States,  W.  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi: capital.  Little  Bock.  Principal 
rivers,  Arkanaaa,  Eed  and  White.  Area, 
52,198  sq.  m.;  pop.,  802,525,  ef  whom 
210,666  are  negroes. 

Arkose,  ar'kos.  A  felspathlo  sandstone 
formed  from  the  disint^;ration  of  granite. 

Arm,  arm.  A  branch  of  the  military  ser- 
vice, as  cavalrv  or  artillery.  Armorial 
bearings ;  the  aevlces  armorial  of  a  com- 
munity, office  or  family.  First  employed 
by  the  Crusaders,  and  became  hereditary 
in  families  at  the  close  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. In  Law,  anything  which  a  man 
takes  in  his  hand  tn  anger  to  strike  or  as- 
sault another.  In  Bot  anything  that 
serves  as  a  defense  to  a  plant,  as  prickles, 
thorns,  or  spines.  In  Falconry,  the  legs 
of  a  hawk  from  the  thigh  to  the  foot.  A. 
of  precision,  fire-arms  rifled,  Aimlshed 
with  scientifically  graduated  sights,  and 
appliances  calculated  to  enable  them  to 
act  with  great  precision,  rapidity  and  at 
great  distances.  Small  A.,  arms  that  can 
bo  carried  by  those  who  use  them.— A 
stand  of  A.,  a  complete  set  of  arms  for 
one  soldier. 
Armadillo, 
-mardll'16.  A  n 
edentate  mam- 
mal, gen.  Dasy- 
pus,  fam.  Dasy-  i 
podidffi,  consist- 
ing    of     various 

species,  and  with  the  allied  genera 
Chlamvphorus  and  Orycteropus,  forming 
a  familv  intermediate  between  the  alotM 
and  ant-eaters. 


Armadillo. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ASMADA  £ 

Armada,  fir-ma'da.  A  fleet  of  armed 
ships,  UBually  applied  to  the  Spanish 
fleet,  called  the  Invinoible  A.,  intended  to 
act  against  England  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  a.  d.  1588. 

Arxnatare,  'martur.  Armor ;  something 
worn  to  defend  the  body.  Iron  framing 
employed  to  strengthen  a  building.  A 
piece  of  iron  connecting  the  two  poles  of  a 
magnet  to  maintain  the  magnetic  power. 

Arxnenian,  -mg'ni-an.  Pertaining  to 
Armenia,  a  country  in  Asia,  now  called 
Torcomania.  A.  bole,  a  species  of  clay. 
A.  stone,  s  soft  blue  carbonate  of  copper ; 
also  a  commercial  name  for  lapis-lazull. 

Arxneria,  'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
l-jimbaginaceflB,  distinguishea  from  Sta- 
tice  by  the  hairy  styles  and  capitate 
flowers;  thrift  or  sea-pink. 

Axxuet,  'met.  An  ancient  helmet ;  when 
worn  with  the  beaver  it  was  called  A. 
grand;  when  wlUiout,  and  supplied  with 
a  triple-barred  fletce-guard,  it  was  called 
A.  petit. 

Axmiger,  'mi-jer.  In  times  of  chivalry, 
a&  armor-bearer  to  a  knight ;  the  second 
in  rank  of  the  aspirants  to  loiighthood. 
In  later  times,  one  with  a  right  to  armo- 
rial bearings ;  an  esquire. 

Armilausa,  -la'sa.  An  andent  garment; 
a  kind  of  short  cloak  with  a  hood. 

Anuilla,  mil'la.  An  armlet;  a  circular 
or  spiral  ornament  worn  round  the  upper 
arm ;  also,  a  bracelet  for  the  wrist.  An 
iron  ring  in  which  the  gudgeons  of  a  wheel 
move.  A  dronlar  ligament  of  the  wrist 
binding  the  tendons  of  the  whole  hand. 

Arminian,  -min'i-an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians,  bo  called  from  James  Armin- 
Ins  or  Harmensffli,  a  Protestant  divine  of 
Leyden,  Holland,  who  died  In  1609.  They 
separated  fr^m  the  Galvinists,  objecting 
to  their  views  of  predestination. 

Armlet,  firmlet.  A  little  arm ;  as  an  A. 
of  the  sea.  A  piece  of  protective  armor 
for  the  arm.  Part  of  the  sleeve  of  a 
dress. 

Azmistioe,  fir'mls-tis.  A  cessation  of 
arms  for  a  short  time  by  convention;  a 
truce. 

Armor,  'mer.  Defensive  arms ;  any  cov- 
ering worn  to  protect  the  body  in  battle. 
Metal  was  used  from  the  10th  to  the  18th 
century,  until  the  introduction  of  dre-arms 
rendered  it  useless.  The  steel  or  iron 
covering  of  a  ship  of  war.  Coat  A.,  the 
escutcheon  of  a  p^^on  or  ihmily,  witli  its 
mantling,  crest,  supporters,  motto,  &q. 
Snbmanne  A.  a  water-tight  covering  worn 
1^  a  diver. 


»  ABOPH 

Annorio,  -mor'ik.  Pertaining  to  tb< 
northwest  of  France,  formerly  Armorica, 
now  Brittany,  inhabited  by  a  Cymric  race 
who  fled  from  Britain  in  the  5th  and  6th 
centuries. 

Armstronfir  flrun,  firm'strong  gnn.  A 
cannon  of  wrought-iron,  constructed  of 
spirally  coiled  bars,  and  occasionally  hav- 
ing an  inner  tube  or  core  of  steel,  rifled. 
The  commonest  form  is  breech-loading ; 
but  those  of  the  highest  calibre  are  muz- 
zle-loaders. The  gun  is  named  from  its 
inventor,  Sir  William  Armstrong. 

Armure,  fir'mur.  A  twiUed  fobric  hav- 
ing a  cotton  warp  and  a  woolen  woof. 

Army,  'ml.  A  body  of  men  armed  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battal- 
ions, regiments  or  similar  divisions,  con- 
sisting of  In&ntrv,  cavalry  and  artUlery. 
Standing  A.,  a  body  of  men  hired  and  kepi 
permanently  under  arms. 

Army-corps, -kOr.  The  largest  division 
of  an  army  in  the  fleld. 

Amee,  'n6.  One  of  the  Indian  varieties 
of  the  BuflUo  (Babalus  arni),  the  largest 
animal  of  the  ox  kind. 

Amioa,  'ni-ka.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Composite.  There  are  twelve  species, 
one  of  which,  A.  montana(the  mountain 
tobacco),  produces  an  acrid  resin  and  a 
volatile  oil,  the  flowers  an  acrid  bitter 
principle  called  arnidn,  and  the  root 
tannin. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  A  brigadier  gen- 
eral in  the  American  Bevolution,  who  de- 
serted to  the  British ;  b.  in  Connecticut 
in  1740 ;  d.  in  London,  1T96.  Major  An- 
dr6,  a  British  officer,  who  negotiated  the 
treasonable  bargain  with  Arnold,  was 
captured  and  hanged  as  a  spy. 

Amoldist,  'nold-ist.  A  disciple  of  Ar- 
nold of  Brescia,  who  in  the  12th  century 
preached  against  the  Romish  Church. 

Amotto,  -not'td.  Bixa  Orellana,  a  small 
tree,  ord.  FlaoourtiacesB.  The  dye  or  col- 
oring matter  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
this  plant  is  used  for  silks ;  also  as  a  color- 
ing ingredient  for  butter,  cheese  and 
chocolate. 

Aroma,  a-r5'ma.  An  odor  from  plants 
or  other  substances,  more  especially  an 
agreeable  odor;  an  odorous  or  spicy 
emanation. 

Aromatite,  'mat-!t.  A  bituminous  stone, 
in  smell  and  color  resembling  myrrh.  A 
factitions  wine,  containing  various  aro- 
matics., 

Aroph',  &'rof.  A  name  by  which  saffron 
is  sometimes  called.  A  chemical  prepara- 
tion of  Paracelsus,  as  a  solvent  for  the 
stone. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AEOtTEA 


U 


ABs£snc 


Azoara,  'roa-ra.  An  ancient  Grecian 
measure  containing  21,904  English  square 
feet. 

Aipad,  ir'pahd.  A  Magyar  chief  and 
foander  of  the  kingdom  of  Hongary ;  b. 
848,  D.  907. 

Arpent,  fir-pan.  A  French  measure  for 
land,  equal  to  4,088  square  yards,  or  flve- 
:  sixths  of  an  English  acre.  It  varied  in 
different  parts  of  France.  It  is  used  to  a 
limited  ertent  in  Lower  Canada  and 
Louisiana. 

ArqneboBade,  'kwG-bns-ud''.  A  dis- 
tilled aromatic  spirituous  liquor  applied  to 
sprains  or  bruises ;  originally  invented  for 
wounds  inflicted  by  the  the  arquebus. 

Arquebus,  m-'kwi:- 

bus.  A  \iM\<l  ^11 II  ; 
a  species  Dfauclrut 
fire-arm,  tlw  predc^ 
cesser  of  tht^  niuaki^ 
It  was  flr>":t  fnnu  a 
forked  re*it  imi!  .^rvr- 
riedaball  til  ill  wl4^' li- 
ed flrom  '1  to  4 
ounces. 

AFQuerite.  -  r  f  t . 
■Amineral  '  i- 

gam,     oc  .'A 

small    (  "i 

and  arborufejjeiic,  uou- 
taining  S6  per  cent, 
silver. 

Arquifoux,  -ke-f5.  A  lead  ore,  used  to 
give  a  green  varnish  to  pottery. 

Arracadia.  -ra-ka'cha.  A  gen.  of  um- 
belliferous plants,  including  a  species  A. 
esculenta,  the  root  of  which  is  divided 
into  several  lobes,  each  about  the  size  of  a 
carrot.  These  are  boiled  and  form  a  food 
staple. 

Arrack,  ar'ak.  Spirituous  liquors  man- 
u&ctured  flrom  fermented  rice,  the  juice 
of  the  cocoa-nut  and  other  palms. 

Arras,  'as.  Tapestry ;  hangings,  consist- 
ing of  woven  stuffs  ornamented  with  fig- 
ures, manu&ctured  at  Arras,  in  the  north 
of  France. 

Arrastre,  S-ras'tra.  A  machine  for  com- 
minuting ore. 

Arraswise,  ar'as-wTz.  In  Her.  when 
anything  of  a  square  form  is  placed  with 
one  comer  In  flront,  showing  the  top  and 
two  of  the  sides. 

Arret,  fi-ra.  The  decision  of  a  court 
or  council ;  applied  particularly  to  the 
judgments  of  tribunals  in  France.  An 
arrest ;  a  seizure  by  legal  authority. 

Arriere-ban,  a-rer'ban.  An  edict  of 
the  ancient  kings  of  France  and  Germany 


Arquebufiier. 


commanding  all  their  noblesse  and  vassals 
to  assemble  with  their  vassals  and  follow 
them  to  war  or  forfeit  their  estates. 

Arris,  ar'is.  The  line  in  which  the  two 
straight  or  curved  sur&ces  of  a  body, 
forming  an  exterior  angle,  me«t  eAoh 
other. 

Arroba,  a-rd^ba.  A  weight  used  In  Cen- 
tral and  8.  Am^ca.  A  measure  for  wine, 
spirits  and  oil. ; 

Arrondee,  a-ron'dt^.  In  Her.  applied  to 
a  cross,  the  arms  of  which  are  composed 
of  sections  of  a  circle. 

Arrondissement,  a-ron-des-mfin.  In 
France,  an  administrative  district  forming 
a  subdivision  of  a  department. 

Arrope,  fi-r6'pa.  Must  or  new  wine 
boiled  to  a  syrup,  to  be  used  as  a  coloring 
matter. 

Arrow,  a'ro.  A  missile  weapon  to  be 
shot  with  a  bow.  In  Burv.  a  pointed  iron 
rod,  to  stick  into  the  ground  at  the  end  of 
the  chain.  In  Fort,  a  work  placed  at  the 
salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  oonununicating 
with  the  covert  way. 

Arrow-grass,  -gras.  A  common  name 
for  plants  of  the  gen.  Triglochin,  ord. 
Juncaginaceae. 

Arrow-bead,  a'ro-hed.  A  gen.  of 
aquatic  plants,  so  called  firom  the  shape  of 
their  leaves. 

Arrow-headed,  -hed-ed.  Shaped  like 
the  head  of  an  arrow.  A.  headed  charac- 
ters, formed  by  a  combination  of  triangu- 
lar or  wedge-like  figures;  called  idso 
cuneiform  characters,  found  inscribed  on 
pottery,  and  monuments  at  Persepolis, 
Babylon,  and  ether  places  of  the  East,  and 
have  been  deciphered  by  Grotefend, 
Rawlinson,  Bumouf  and  others. 

Arrow-root,  -rot.  A  starch  hirgely 
used  for  food,  obtained  ftom  the  horizon- 
tal rhizomes  of  several  species  of  Mar- 
anta. 

Arsenal,  Sr'se-nal.  A  repository  or 
magazine  of  arms  and  military  stores,  for 
land  or  naval  service  ;  a  public  establish- 
ment where  naval  and  military  equip- 
ments are  manufactured  or  stored. 

Arsenate,  fir'sen-at.  A  salt  formed  by 
arsenic  combined  with  any  base. 

Arsenic,  fir'sen-ik.  A  chemical  element 
which  forms  alloys  with  most  of  the 
metals.  Combined  with  sulphur  It  forms 
orplment  and  realgar;  with  oxygen  it 
forms  arsenious  oxide  or  arsenic  trioxide, 
which  is  the  white  A.,  or  simple  A.  of  the 
shops.  Of  all  substances  A.  Is  that  which 
has  most  fi*equentiy  occasioned  death  b^ 
poisoning,  both  by  accident  and  design. 


Digitized  by 


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ABS£NIITB£T£D 


«T 


AETOTYEITE 


Like  many  other  virulent  poisons  it  is  a 
safe  and  useful  medicine,  when  judi- 
ciously employed. 

Arseniureted,  -sen'u-ret-ed.  Com- 
bined with  arsenic  so  as  to  form  an  arsen- 
iuret.  A.  hydrogen,  a  gas  generated  by 
Aising  arsenic  with  its  own  weight  of 
granulated  zinc,  and  decomposing  the 
alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric  add. 

Arshin,  ar'shin.  A  Bussian  measure  of 
2  feet  4.242  inches. 

Art,  firt.  The  artificial  disposition  or 
modification  of  things  to  answer  some 
special  purpose.  A  system  of  rules  serv- 
ing to  facilitate  the  performance  of  certain 
actions ;  knowledge  of  such  rules  or  skill 
in  applying  them  in  a  trade,  handicraft,  or 
other  special  subject.  The  useftil  or  me- 
chanical arts  include  those  in  which  the 
hands  and  body  are  more  concerned  than 
the  mind,  as  in  making  clothes  ;  the  fine 
arts  and  the  lib^al  arts  include  all  the 
branches  of  academical  learning,  as  well  as 
fine  art  Formerly  the  oLrole  of  the 
sciences  was  confined  to  the  seven  liberal 
arts — grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic, 
music,  geometrv  and  astronomy.  In  this 
sense  the  term  is  still  employed  when  we 
speak  of  the  arts  classes  in  the  universi- 
ties, a  master  of  arts  &c.  Art  diflfers  ft'om 
science  in  being  practical,  while  the  latter 
Is  theoretical  or  speculative.  The  rules  of 
art  partake  less  or  more  of  the  nature  of 
directions.  They  are,  however,  ultimately 
based  on  principles ;  thus,  the  art  of  build- 
ing is  based  on  the  principles  or  laws  of 
mechanics. 

Artemisia,  5r-t€-mis'i-a.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Compositn,  comprising  mug- 
wort,  southern-wood  and  worm-wood. 

Ajrtery,  'ter-i.  One  of  a  system  of  cylin- 
drical vessels  or  tubes,  membranous,  elas- 
tic and  pulsatile,  which  convey  the  blood 
from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
There  are  two  principal  arteries,  the 
aorta  and  the  pulmonary. 

Artesian,  ar-te'zi-an.  Of  or  belonging 
to  Artois,  in  France.  A  particular  kind 
of  well,  first  used  In  Artois. 

Arthritis,  thrl'tis.  Any  painftil  dis- 
ease or  inflammation  of  the  joints,  partic- 
ularly the  gout. 

Arthroflrastra,    -thro-gas'tra.    A  name 

Svai  to  those  Archnlda  which  agree  in 
ivlng  the  abdomen  segmented,  and  not 
separated  from  the  cephalothorax,  includ- 
1p^  the  true  scorpions,  book-scorpions,  <fec. 
Arthropoda,  -throp'o-da.  One  of  the 
two  primary  divisions  (Anarthropoda  be- 
ing the  other)  Into  which  naturalists 
have  divided  the  sub-kingdom  Annulosa. 


Arthur,  &r'thiir.  The  hero  of  the 
''Knights  of  the  Bound  Table,'*  a  semi- 
mythical  king  of  Britain,  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, who  .heroically  opposed  the  Saxon 
invaders. 

Artichoke,  ar'ti-chok.  The  Oynara 
Scolymus,  an  edible  plant,  ord.  Compos 
itse,  somewhat  resembling  a  thistle,  with 
large  divided  prickly  leaves.  The  Jerusa- 
lem A.,  or  Helianthus  tuberosus,  is  a  spe- 
cies of  sunflower,  whose  roots  are  used 
like  potatoes. 

Articulata,  -tik'u-la''ta.  The  third 
great  section  of  the  animal  kiagdom,  di- 
vided by  Ouvier  into  five  classes,  Crusta. 
cea,  Araohnida,  Insecta,  Myriapoda  an^ 
Annelida.  The  first  four  classes  are  now 
oommonlv  placed  together  under  the 
name  of  Arthropoda.  Also  applied  to  one 
of  two  sections  into  which  the  BrachiO' 
poda  or  lamp-shells  are  divided. 

Articulate,  -lut.  Jointed  ;  formed  with 
ioints ;  as,  an  articulate  animal.  Formed 
by  the  distinct  and  intelligent  movement 
of  the  organs  of  speech. 

Artificer,  -tifis-er.  A  maker;  a  skill- 
ful or  artistic  mechanic.  One  who  con- 
trives or  devises ;  an  inventor.  A  soldier- 
mechanic  attached  to  the  artillery  service. 

Artillery,  -til'ler-i.  Cannon ;  ordnance 
and  its  necessa^  equipment  both  in  men 
and  material.  The  sdenoe  of  the  use  and 
management  of  great  gims.  A.  level,  an 
instrument  having  a  pendulous  pointer  by 
which  it  indicates  the  angle  between  the 
axis  of  the  piece  and  the  plane  of  the 
horizon. 

Artimorantico,  -te-md'ran-t6''k6.  An 
alloy  of  tin,  sulphur,  bismuth  and  cop- 
per, made  in  imitation  of  ancient  Jeweby. 

Artiodactyla,  '8hi-5-dak''ti-la.  A  see  of 
the  Ungnlataor  hoofed  mammals,  com- 
prising all  those  in  which  the  number  of 
the  toes  is  even,  including  the  ruminants, 
{^nd  also  a  number  of  non-ruminating 
animals,  as  the  hippopotamus  and  the  pig. 
The  sec.  includes  all  the  ungulate  an*mals 
used  for  human  food. 

ArtocarpacesB,  't6-kar-pa"se-e.  An 
ord.  of  plants,  the  bread-fruit,  a  sub-ord. 
of  the  Urtioace»  or  nettles.  The  virulent 
antiar  poison  of  Java  is  obtained  from  the 
upas-tree. 

Artotsrrite,  -ti'rit.  One  of  a  sect  of 
heretics  in  the  primitive  church,  who  cele- 
brated the  eucharist  with  bread  and 
cheese,  alleging  that  the  first  obligations 
of  men  were  not  only  the  fruit  of  the 
earth,  but  the  produce  of  their  flocks. 
They  admitted  females  to  the  priesthood 
and  episcopacy. 


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ASGIDIUM 


Art-Union,  firt-&'iii-aii.  An  associa- 
tion, the  object  of  which  Is  to  aid  in  ex- 
tending the  knowledge  of  and  love  for 
the  arts.  They  originated  in  France  daring 
the  time  of  Napoleon  I. 

Arum,  a'mm.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Araceae.  A.  macolatom  yields  a  starch, 
which  18  tuiown  as  Portland  sago  or  arrow- 
root. 

Arundo,  a-run'd5.  A  reed;  a  gen.  of 
grasses,  now  usoally  limited  to  A.  Donax 
and  the  species  which  agree  with  it. 

Arospice,  a-rus'pis.  One  of  a  class  of 
priests  in  ancient  Kome,  of  Etrurian  ori- 
gin, whose  business  was  to  inspect  the  en- 
trails of  victims  killed  in  sacrifloe,  and  by 
them  to  foretell  future  events. 

Arvioola,  ar-vik'5-la.  A  gen.  of  rodent 
animals,  sub-ord.  MuridsB  or  Mice.  A. 
amphibia  is  the  water-vole,  or  water-rat, 
and  A.  agrestis  is  the  field-vole,  or  short- 
tailod  field-mouse 

Axyan,  'i-an.  An  Indo-European  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  that  division  of  the  human  race 
which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Persians 
as  its  eastern  branch,  and  the  Celts,  the 
Greeks  and  Italians,  the  Sclavs  and  the 
Teutons  as  its  western.  The  earliest  Aryan 
colonists  of  Europe  were  the  Celts. 

As,  as.  A  Roman  weight 
answering  to  the  libra  or 
pound.  A  Boman  cop- 
per or  bronze  coin,  orig- 
inally  of  a  pound  weight, 
but  reduced  after  the 
first  Punic  war  to  2 
ounces,  in  the  second 
Punic  war  to  1  ounce, 
and  latterly  to  f  ounce. 
The  common  form  had 
the  two-faced  head  of  Janus  on  one  side 
and  the  prow  of  a  ship  on  the  other.  In 
Scand.  myth,  one  of  the  gods,  the  Inhab- 
itants of  Asgard.  It  appears  in  the  OS  of 
such  names  as  Oscar,  Osborn,  Oswald. 

Asafetida,  -a-fg'tid-a.  A  fetid  inpis- 
sated  sap,  the  concrete  Juice  of  the  ifar- 
thex  asafetida,  a  large  umbelliferous  plant 
found  in  Western  Thibet. 

AsagrrsBa,  a-sa-grg'a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  MelanthaceaBor  colchicums,  including 
but  a  single  species  (A.  oflBloinalis). 

Asaphes,  asVfSz.  A  gen.  of  minute, 
parasitic  ichneumon  flies,  which  prey  upon 
and  keep  in  check  the  aphides. 

AsaphuB,  -fUs.  A  gen.  of  trilobites, 
characteristic  of  the  lower  pakeozoic  rocks. 

Asarabacca,  -ra-bak^'ka.  A  small 
hardy  plant,  ord.  AristolochiacesB,  botan- 
ically  called  Asarum  Eoropeum.    Both 


leaves  and  root  were  formerly  used  as  tm. 
emetic. 

Anariii,  -rin.  A  volatile  solid  obtained 
from  Asarum  Europeum.  It  aystalliMS 
in  beautiAil  forms,  and  passes  into  the 
amorphous  condition,  from  which  it  may 
be  again  brought  into  the  crystalline  state. 

ABarom,  'a-rum.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Aristolochiacee.  The  fruit  is  a  six -celled 
capsule,  surmounted  by  the  persistent 
limb  of  the  calyx. 

Asbestos,  bes'tos.  A  fibrous  variety  of 
the  hornblende  fom.,  as  augite,  actin- 
olite  and  tremolite,  composed  of  separate 
filaments,  with  a  silky  luster.  It  Is  in 
combustible,  and  is  wrought  Into  a  soft, 
flexible  clotn,  also  incombustible  paper 
and  wicks  for  lamps. 

Asbolin,  Oral-in.  An  oil-Uke,  nitroge- 
nous matter,  obtained  ftt>m  soot  of  wood. 

Asbury,  Francis.  The  first  bishop  of 
American  M.  E.  Church ;  b.  in  England, 
1746;  D.  in  Virginia,  1816. 

Ascaridse,  as-kar'i-d3.  A  flun.  of  £n- 
tozoa,  or  tiiread-like,  intestinal  worms. 
Two  species  infest  the  human  body. 

Ascension-day,  -sen'shon-da.  The 
day  on  which  the  ascension  of  the  Saviour 
is  commemorated,  called  Holy  Thursday. 
It  foils  on  the  Tliursday  but  one  befwe 
Whitsuntide. 

Ascetic,  -set'ik.  Unduly  strict  or  rigid 
in  devotions  or  modifications;  austere. 
Applied  to  many  members  of  the  monk- 
isn  orders. 

Ascian,  'si-an.  A  person  who,  at  cer- 
tain times  of  the  year,  has  no  shadow  at 
noon.  The  inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone 
alone  fUfill  this  condition,  having  the  sun 
twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon. 

Ascidia,  -sid'i-a.  A  name  siven  to  the 
Tunicata  or  sea-squirts,  molluscous  ani- 
mals of  a  low  grade.  A  large  proportion 
of  the  tough  outer  case  or  test  is  composed 
of  cellulose,  a  starchy  substance  character- 
istic of  plants.  Male  and  female  reproduc- 
tive organs  exist  in  each  ascidian,  and 
they  pass  through  peculiar  phases  of  de- 
velopment. 

AsclepiadaoesB,  -kl€'p{-a-da''s&^.  A 
nat.  ord.  of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous 
plants.  Over  a  thousand  species  are 
known. 

Ascomyoetes,  'ko-mi-se^'tsz.  A  lanr* 
group  of  frmgi  whose  spores  or  sporima 
are  contained  within  ascl. 

Ascidiiun,  -sid'i-um.  A  hollow  tube  or 
pitcher-like  appendage  found  in  soir« 
plants,  often  o<osed  by  a  lid,  as  in  the  tn  e 
pitcher-plant. 


Digitized  by 


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A8CITAN 


A8PAEAGUS 


Aacitan,  'si-taa.  One  of  a  sect  or  branch 
of  Montanistfl  who  appeared  in  the  Sd 
century.  They  introoaced  bacchanals, 
who  danced  around  a  skin  distended  with 
afar,  in  aUusion  to  the  bottles  filled  with 
new  wine,  Matt.  ix.  IT. 
Asexual,  a-seks^a-al.  Kot  sexual ;  hav 
ing  no  distinctiye  organs  of  sex,  or  im- 
perfect organs ;  perrormed  without  the 
union  of  males  and  females. 
.  Asarard,  as'gird.  In  8cand.  Myth,  the 
home  of  the  gods,  rising  like  the  Qreek 
Olympus  from  midfard,  the  middle  world, 
the  earth.  It  was  here  that  Odin  and  the 
rest  of  the  gods,  the  twelve  Aesir,  dwelt 
— gods  in  tiie  mansion  called  Gladsheim, 
gc^desses  in  Ylngnlf.  Walhalla,  in  which 
heroes  slain  In  battle  dwelt,  was  also  here. 
Below  the  boughs  of  the  ash-tree 
Yggdrasill  the  gwls  assembled  every  day 
in  council. 
Ash,  ash.  The  common  name  of  the 
trees  belonningto  the  gen.  Fraxinus,  ord. 
OleaceflB.  Mountain  A.,  the  rowan-tree. 
Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash.  What  re- 
mains of  a  body  that  is  burnt. 
ABliery,  'er-i.  A  place  for  depositing 
ashes.  A  manufactory  of  pot  or  pearl 
adiee. 

AMhBBt  'eiL,  The  incombustible  residue 
of  organic  bodies  remaining  after  combus 
tion ;  as  a  commercial  term  the  ashes  of 
vegetable  substances,  from  which  are  ex- 
tracted the  alkaline  matters  called  potash, 
pearl-ash,  kelp,  barilla,  &c.  The  remains 
of  the  human  body.  Sedimentary  A., 
ashes  and  cinders  deposited  by  the  agency 
of  water,  after  having  been  ejected  from 
Assures  or  craters  into  the  sea,  prevalent 
in  the  grauwacke  group. 
ABh-fnmaoe,  'fer-nfts.  A  ftimace  in 
which  materials  for  glass-making  are 
fHtted. 

Aslilar,  ler.     A  common  fr«e-stone,  as 
brought,  rough  and  chipped,  fh>m   the 
quarry.    A  racing  made  of  square  stones 
on  the  front  of  buildings. 
Ash-leach,  'lech.    A  hopper  in  which 
ashes  are  placed,  while  the  soluble  salts 
are  removed  by  lixiviation. 
AjBhlerinfiT,     aer-ing.     Short     upright 
pieoes  for  nailing  laths  to. 
Ashtoreth,  'to-reth.    A  Phoenician  god- 
dess, whose  worship  was  introduced  by 
Solomon  among  the  children  of  Israel. 
Ash^Wedneflday,  -wenz'dA.    The  first 
day  of  Lent ;  so  called  from  a  custom  of 
sprinkling  ashes  on  the  heads  of  penitents, 
then  admitted  to  penance :  insntuted  by 
Pope  FeUx  III.,  a.  d.  487. 


Asia,  a'zhah.  The  largest  of  the  five 
great  divisions  of  the  earth,  containing; 
17,806,146  sq.  m.,  nearly  four  times  as 
large  as  Europe.  Its  independent  nations 
are  China,  Japan,  Persia,  Anam,  Siam, 
Arabia,  Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan ; 
Russia,  Great  Britain,  France,  Holland, 
Spain,  Portugal  and  Turkey  hold  large 
sections  in  dependence.  The  chief  moun- 
tain ranges  are  the  Altais,  the  Kienluen, 
Himahiva  and  Caucasus ;  principal  rivers, 
the  Obi,  Ural,  Lena,  Amoor,  Hoang-ho, 
Ganges,  Indus,  Tigris  and  Euphrates: 
principal  lakes,  the  Caspian,  Aral  (called 
sea),  and  Baikal.  The  pop.  is  estimated 
at  nearly  800,000,000. 

Asia  Minor.  The  W.  peninsula  of 
Asia,  comprising  six  paskalics,  covering  an 
area  of  270,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  11,000,000. 

Asicurch,  a'zhi-ark.  A  chief  or  pontiff  of 
proconsular  Asia,  who  had  the  superin' 
tendence  of  the  public  games. 

Asinus,  as'i-nus.  The  zoological  name 
of  the  ass. 

Asiphonata,  a-sffon-a^'ta.  An  ord.  of 
lamellibranchiate  bivalve  mollusks,  includ- 
ing the  oysters,  and  in  general  those  mol- 
lusks most  usefVil  and  valuable  to  man. 

AsmodeilS,  is-mo'de-As.  The  demon 
of  the  book  of  Tobit,  who  beset  Sara, 
daughter  of  Baguel,  and  murdered  her 
seven  husbands. 

Asmoiuean,  as-mo-n6'an.  Pertaining 
to  Asmonieus,  the  ancestor  of  the  Macca- 
bees, in  the  2d  and  Ist  centuries  e.g.;  per- 
taining to  the  Maccabees,  a  family  that 
reig^ied  over  the  Jews. 

Asp,  asp.   A  species  of  viper  (Vipera  haje) 
resembnng  the  cobra-da- 
capello  or  spectacle  ser- 
pent, celebrated  for  ages 
on  account  of  the  qiiick 
and  easy  death  resulting  | 
fi*om  its  bite.    The  figure  ^ 
of  this   reptile   is   often  . 
found  carved  on  the  por-i 
tals  of  the  temples  of  the 
ancient   Egyptians,    who 
regarded  it  as  an  emblem  of  the  protect' 
ing  genius  of  the  world. 

AspalathllS,  aa-pal'a-thus.  A  thorny 
shrub  of  uncertain  spedes.  The  African 
broom,  a  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Leguminos». 

Asparasrin,  -par'a-jin.  A  crystallized 
substance  discovered  in  the  Juice  of  aspar- 
agus, potato,  lettuce,  chestnut,  marsh- 
mallow,  &c.,  an  aspartate  of  ammonia. 

Asparafiros,  -gns.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 

Liliaoete.    The  part  eaten  is  theturioor 

young  shoot    The  sprouts  contain  aspara- 

gin. 


Asp. 


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ASSAYEB 


f 


Aspasia,  ils-pa'zhi-ah.  The  beautiAil 
mistreBS  of  Pencle*,  reaowned  for  her  wit 
an4  accomplishments,  her  hon8e  being 
the  resort  of  the  most  intellectual  Atheni- 
ans. After  the  death  of  Pericles,  she  be- 
came the  mistress  of  Lysides,  428  b.c. 

Aspasla,  as-p&'shi-a.  A  gen.  of  elegant 
epiphytal  plants,  ord.  Orchidaceae,  with 
the  aspect  of  Epidendrum. 

Aspen,  asp 'en.  A  species  of  poplar,  the 
leaves  of  which  move  with  the  slightest 
impnlse  of  the  air. 

Asper,  as'pcr.  A  Turkish  coin,  of  which 
three  make  a  medine.  Its  value  is  about 
three-flfths  of  a  British  jienny. 

Aspergrillus,  -per-jillus.  In  the  "R^C. 
Ch.  the  brush  used  for  sprink- 
ling holy  water  on  the  people. 
A  gen.  of  hyphomycet«us  lun- 
gi.  A.  gJAUcus  is  the  blue 
mold  which  forms  on  cheese, 
bread,  &o. 

Aspergre^i  "       li-  Lho  R.  0. 

Ch.    a  short  service  Introduc- 
tory to  the  mass,  during  which 
the   congregation  is  sprinkled  An [»rKil- 
with  holy  water.  1"  "*■ 

Aspersoritixxi,  -so'ri-imi.     Ti)o  \i>^^A 
for  holding  holy  water  in  R.  C.  cNitrchiri,. 
fixed  'permanently  close  to  thoi  C'lilrmna^. 
Sometunes,  however  the  A.  is  portable. 
^phodel,  'fo-del.  The  name  . 
of  a  gen.  of  monocotyledon-  \ 
ous  pTants,  ord.  LIliaceoBi  C"'^ 
tivated  for  the  beauty  of  theli-|  i 
flowers.     They  include  the! 
onion,  garlic,  hyacinth,  sqnUl,  t 
star  of  Bethlehem,  and  aloes.  I 
^pic,  'pik.     A   species  of  ^ 
lavender,  also    called    Male 
lavender,  Spica  Nardi,  and 
Pseudo-naraus.    The   oil  is 
used    bv  painters,    farriers, 
and     other    artificers.      In 
cookery,  a  clear,  savorv  meat 
jelly,  containing  fowl,  game 
fish,  &c. 

Asphalt,  -fait'.  The  common  varf<?tv  of 
bitumen ;  mineral  pitch ;  a  comjmcti  flos- 
sy, brittle  mineral,  which  brejiks  isSlli  n 
polished  fracture,  melts  easily,  wiA  ^rbcn 
pure  burns  without  leaving  any  ^vi\v^^^  It 
is  found  In  a  liquid  state  on  the  surfiic'C!:  nC 
the  Dead  Seajalso  in  the  earth  in  iiisiuy 

{)arta  of  Asia,  JEurope  and  Amrrl*.^,  and 
8,  produced  artificially  in  makiB^'-TOiii'^rfla. 
A.  stone  or  rock,  a  limestone  conliifnlng 
asphalt. 

Asphalt.  An  artlfi«ialbitumliii,iH  crui]- 
pound,    employed   for   the    covering   tjf 


roofs,  lining  of  tanks,  for  pavement  and 
flooring,  and  as  a  cement,  the  chief  in- 
gredient being  asphalt  stone,  abltnminoufl 
limestone,  llils  is  mixed  with  bitumen, 
sand,  or  other  ingredients. 

Aspidimn,  -pld'l-um.  Shield-fern,  a 
gen.  of  ferns  Including  all  which  have 
round  sort  protected  with  a  roundish 
covering  or  Indusinm. 

Aspidophoros,  -pl-dofor-as.  A  gen. 
of  acanthopterons  fishes,  inotading  the 
armed  bull-head  or  pogge. 

Aspidospenna,  'pl-d5-sper"ma.  A 
gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Apocynacew.  One 
species,  i»ddle-wood,  has  a  deeply  fluted 
stem  composed  of  solid  projecting  radii, 
which  the  Indians  seputite  and  use  as 
natural  plonks. 

Asplexiiuin,  -ple'nl-nm.  Snleenwort,  a 
gen.  of  ferns  characterized  by  their  ft«e 
veins  and  linear  or  oblong  sori  placed  ob- 
liquely on  the  segment  of  the  frond. 

Ass,  as.  A  solld-iingulate  qnadmped  of 
the  family  Equldee;  the  Equas  asinns ;  a 
native  of  Central  Asia,  where  vast  troops 
roam  over  the  great  deserts  in  a  wild 
state. 

Assacon,  'sa-kon.  Brazilian  name  for 
the  Hura  brazillensls,  a  euphorblaceous 
tree,  from  which  the  natives  prepare  a 
poison  against  which  no  antidote  is  known. 

Assagrai,  -ga.  An  instrument  of  warfiure 
among  the  Kaffirs ;  a  species  of  javelin. 

Assai.-gl.  A  favorite  beverage  In  S.  Amer- 
ica, made  from  the  fruit  of  tine  assaipalm. 

Assai  Palm,  pam.  A  Brazilian  tree, 
the  Euterpe  eduus. 

Assassin,  -sas'sln.  One  of  a  military  and 
religious  order,  founded  bv  Hassan-ben- 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090  in  Persia, 
whence  a  colony  migrated  and  settled  in 
the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became 
remarkable  for  their  assassinations  In 
blind  obedience  to  the  will  of  their  chief. 
Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Maglan- 
Ism,  Judaism  and  Christianity.  One  ar- 
ticle of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit 
resided  In  their  chief  or  ehelk,  and  tha* 
his  orders  proceeded  from  God  himself. 
They  spread  terror  among  nations  far  and 
near  for  almost  two  centuries.  In  the 
time  of  the  Crusades  they  nmnbered 
60,000,  but  were  eventually  cmshed  by 
the  Sultan  Bibaris.  One  who  kills  or  at- 
tempts to  kill  by  surprise  or  secret  assault. 

Assayer,  sa'er.  One  who  examines  me< 
tallic  ores  or  alloys  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
termining the  amount  of  any  particular 
metal  in  the  same.  An  officer  ofthe  Mint 
who  tests  bullion  and  col 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ASSAYING 


AflsayinfiT,  a8-«ft'in|r-  The  act  or  art  of 
testing  metals,  ores,  or  alloys.  There  are 
two  modes  of  assaying :  the  hnmid  or  wet 
process,  by  which  a  solution  of  the  metals 
is  eflfected  by  means  of  acids,  and  the  dry 
process,  performed  by  the  agency  of  fire. 

Asse,  as.  The  Yulpis  Cuna,  the  smallest 
member  of  the  gen.  fox. 

Assembly,  -sem'bli.  A  company  meet- 
ing for  the  same  porpose,  whetiier  relig- 
ious,  political  or  social.  SpedncaUy,  the 
legidatiye  body  or  one  of  tne  divisions  of 
itln  yarious  states. 

Assessor,  -ses'er.  One  appointed  to 
make  assessments,  espedallv  for  purposes 
of  taxation.  A.  in  the  Scotch  universities, 
members  of  the  university  court  or  su- 
preme governing  body. 

AssidoBLn,  -si-dS'an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Jews  who  followed  Mattathias,  the  father 
of  the  Maccabees.  From  these  sprung 
the  Pharisees  and  Essenes. 

Assi^nat,  'eig-nat.  A  public  note  or 
bill  in  Trance  during  the  first  revolution. 
In  French  law,  the  assignment  of  an  an- 
nuity on  an  estate. 

Assize,  -six'.  Originally,  an  assembly  of 
knights  and  other  substantial  men,  with  a 
baittff  or  Justice,  for  public  business.  A 
Jury.  A  term  of  court.  A  course  of  ma- 
sonry, or  in  a  column  a  single  cylindrical 
stone  forming  a  complete  segment  of  the 
column. 

Assurgrent,  -ser'Jent.  Bising  upward ; 
in  Her.  applied  to  a  man  or  beas^  when 
depicted  as  rising  out  of  the  sea.  A. 
leaves,  leaves  first  bent'  down,  but  rising 
erect  toward  the  apex. 

Assyria,  is-slr're-ah.  The  most  ancient 
empire  of  sacred  history,  founded  by 
Belus,  B.C.  1998 ;  it  comprised  wh»t  is 
now  known  as  Kurdistan,  in  Asia.  At 
the  death  of  Bardanapalus,  who  was  burn- 
ed in  his  palace  in  Babylon  by  his  subjects, 
820  B.  c,  the  empire  was  divided  into 
three  monarchies,  Media,  A8S3rila  and 
Babylonia.  It  was  re-united  to  Babylonia, 
in  025  b.  c,  but  was  conquered  by  Cjtus 
and  became  a  part  of  Persia,  b.  c.  588. 

Assythement,  as-sith'ment  In  Scot. 
law,  an  indemnification  due  to  the  heirs  of 
a  person  murdered  from  the  person  guilty 
of  the  crime. 

Astaoina,  -ta-sl'na.  A  ftim.  of  macrn- 
rous  crustaceans,  ord.  Podophtfaahnata 
(stalk-eyed),  and  sub-ord.  Decapoda,  or 
those  having  five  pairs  of  thorado  limbs. 

Astacite,  'U-sIt.  A  petrified  or  fossU 
crayfii^,  or  other  cmstaoeous  animal. 

Astaons,  -kns.     A  gen.  of  long>>talIed 


n  ASTEB0PHTLLITE8 

erustaceous  animals,  tnclnding  the  cany* 
fish,  and  the  curious  species  without  eves 
found  in  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky. 

Astarte,  tar'tfi.  Ashtoreth,  the  prin- 
cipal female  divinity  of  the  Phenidans. 
Tne  moon. .  A  gen.  of  lamellibranchiate 
mollusks,  sec.  Slphonida,  fiun.  Cyprinidn. 

Astatic,  a-stat'ik.    Without  polarity.  A. 


needle,  a  magnetic  needle,  having  its  di 
rective  property  destroyed  by  th< 
imity   of  another   needle.      Th< 


le  prox- 
ley  were 
itnc   tele- 


formerly  employed  in  the  eleci 
graph. 

Astel,  as'tl.  In  mining,  anarch  of  boards 
to  protect  the  miners  from  any  portion  ol 
the  roof  IMling. 

Aster,  'ter.  A  lai^e  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
OompositsB.  A.  are  generally  called 
Michaelmas  or  Christmas  daisies,  because 
of  their  flowering  late  in  the  season. 

Asteracanthus,  -a-kan"thu8.  A  gen. 
of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in  the 
oolite  and  lias. 

Asteria,  -te'ri-a.  A  vari<Ji?'vf  sapphire, 
showing  a  star-like  opalescence  in  the 
direction  of  the  axis,  if  cut  round. 

AsteriadSB,  -ter-I'a-de.  A  fam.  of  star- 
fishes, ord.Asteridse,  possessing  four  rows 
of  tentacular  feet  in  each  ray,  all  others 
having  but  two. 

AsteridSB,  'i-d6.  The  star-fishes,  class 
Echinodermata,  having  a  coriaceous  skin, 
in  which  are  implanted  spines  or  tubercles. 

Asteris: A  cluster  of  stars ;  any 

small  clustbi  i..iich  It  is  either  desirable 
to  distinguish  fh)m  the  i^st  of  the  con- 
stellation  in  which  It  lies,  or  which  is  not 
a  part  of  any  particular  constellation. 
Three  asterisks  placed  thus  **•  to  direct 
attention  to  some  passage.  That  branch 
of  astrology  based  on  the  fixed  stars. 

Asteroid,  -old.  One  of  the  small  planets, 
about  200  in  number,  between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupiter,  called  planetoids. 

Asterolepis,  >ol  Vpis.    A  gen.  of  gigaa- 
tic  ganoid  flsh-^ 
es,  now  found 
only  in  a  fossil 
state  in  the  old 
red  sandstone. 
They    must 
have     attained 
the  length  of  18  I 
or  20  feet.  The 
stellate    mark-  Asterolepla. 

Ingsfromwhicji 

the  gen.  derives  its  name  seem  to  have 
been  restricted  to  the  dermal  plates  of  the 
head. 

Asterophyllites,  -d-ta-WtSz.  Star-leaf; 


ol  Vpis.    A  gen.  of  gigaa- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


A6TOMOU8 


T3 


ASYLUM 


a  gen.  of  foesil  plants,  which  abound  in 
the  coal-measures,  and  are  beUeved  to  be 
the  foliage  of  the  Galamites. 

Astomous,  't6-mu8.  Without  a  mouth  : 
Bpedficallv  applied  to  a  division  of  mosses 
the  capsules  of  which  have  no  aperture. 

Afltrada,  tre'a.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  sign  Virgo.  One  of  the  as- 
teroids between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter.  It  revolves  around  the  sun  in 
1,511.10  solar  days,  and  is  about  2i  times 
the  distance  of  the  earth  from  the  sim. 
A  gen.  of  fixed  coral-forming  zoophytes, 
fam.  AstrsBidse,  class  Actinozoa. 

AstraaidSB,  'i-de.  The  star-corals,  a  fam- 
ily of  the  radiated  polyps,  by  the  calcare- 
ous secretions  in  whose  tiody  walls  the 
coral  reefs  are  mainly  formed. 

A8trag'al,'tra-gal.  A  semi-circular  mold- 
ing, with  a  fillet  beneath  it,  which  sur- 
rounds a  column  in  the  form  of  a  ring, 
separating  the  shaft  from  the  capital.  A 
round  molding  on  cannon  near  the  month. 
The  upper  bone  of  the  foot  supporting 
the  tibk 

ABtragralus,  -trag'al-us.  A  large  gen. 
of  plants,  ord.  Leguminosffi,  containing 
more  than  600  species ;  the  milk- vetches. 
Gum-tragacanthis  obtained  from  A.  gum- 
mifer  and  other  spiny  species. 

Astral,  'tral.  Belonging  to  the  stars. 
A.  spirits,  believed,  in  the  middle  ages,  to 
people  the  heavenly  bodies  or  the  aerial 
region.  By  the  demonologists  of  the  15th 
century  they  were  regarded  as  occupying 
the  first  rank  among  the  demoniacal 
spirits.  A.  lamp,  a  lamp  whose  light  is 
placed  under  a  concave  glass. 

Astrantia,  -tran'shi-a.  A  gen.  of  um- 
belliferous plants,  remarkable  for  the  large 
white  or  rose-colored  leaf-like  involucres. 

Astrapaaa,  tra-pe'a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Sterculiacese. 

Astrite,  'trit.  A  radiated  or  star-like  fos- 
sil, as  one  of  the  detached  articulations 
of  fossil  encrinites  ;  star-stone. 

Astrocaryum,  -tro-ka'ri-um.  A  gen. 
of  American  palms. 

Astrogxiosy,  -trog'no-si.  Knowledge  of 
the  stars  in  respect  to  their  names,  mag- 
nitudes, situations  and  the  like. 

AstroeTaphy,  'ra-fi.  The  art  of  de- 
scribing or  deUneating  the  stars. 

Astroid,  'troid.  In  Her.  a  star  consist- 
ing of  six  points  or  more,  in  distinction 
from  a  mullet,  consisting  of  but  five. 

Astrology,  -ji.  The  science  or  doctrine 
of  the  stars,  formerly  used  as  equivalent 
to  astronomy,  but  now  restricted  to  the 


Astrolabe. 


pseudo-science  which  pretends  to  enable 
men  to  judge  of  the  efl^tfl  and  influences 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  on  mundane  af- 
fairs, and  to  foretell  Aiture  events  by  their 
situations  and  conjunctions;  tiius  one's 
temperament  was  asmbed  to  the  planet 
under  which  he  was  born,  and  the  virtues 
of  herbs,  gems  and  medicines  were  as- 
cribed to  their  ruling  planets. 

Astrolabe,  'tro-lab.  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  taking 
the  altitude  of  the 
sun  or  stars  at  sea, 
now  superseded  by 
Hadley's  quadrant/ 
and  sextant. 

Astrolatry,  -trol'a-ll 
tri.  The  worship  oiv 
the  stars. 

Astrologrer,    -o'jer. 
One  who  professes  to 
foretell  ftiture  events 
by  the  position  and  appearance  of  the 
stars. 

Astrometeorolofiry,  'tro-mw'te-or-or'o- 
ji.  The  art  offoretelling  the  weather  from 
tHfe  appearance  of  the  moon  and  stars. 

Astroxneter,  -trom'e-ter.  One  who  or 
that  which  measures  the  stars  or  their 
light ;  an  Instrument  invented  by  Sir  John 
Herschel  for  estimating  the  brightness  ol 
the  fixed  stars. 

Astronomer,  -tron'o-mer.  One  who  is 
versed  in  astronomy. 

Astronomy,  -mi.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  celestial  bodies— their  nature, 
magnitudes,  motions,  distances,  periods 
of  revolution,  eclipses,  &c. 

Astrophotography,  'tr6-f5-tog"ra-fi. 
A  term  expressing  the  application  of 
photography  to  the  delineation  of  solar 
spots,  the  moon's  disk,  planets,  &c. 

Astroscope,  -skop.  An  astronomical 
instrument,  composed  of  two  cones,  on 
whose  surface  the  constellations  are  de- 
lineated. 

Astur,  'ter.  A  gen.  of  hawks.  Including 
the  goshawk. 

Astylar,  a-sti1ar.     In  Arch,  having  no 

columns. 
Astyllen,  a-stil'en.    A  small  stoppage  in 

an  adit  or  mine  to  prevent  the  passage  of 

water. 

Aswail,  asVal.  The  native  name  for 
the  sloth-bear  (Ursus  labiatus)  of  India. 

Asylum.,  a-sl'lum.  A  sanctuary  or  place 
of  reftige,  where  criminals  and  debtors 
were  sheltered  Irom  justice.  Temples 
were  anciently  asylums,  as  were  Christian 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ASYMPTOTE 


n 


ATLANTIC 


sshurcheB  in  later  times.    An  institution 

tw  receiving  and  ameliorating  the  con- 
dition of  persons  laboring  under  bodilv 

defects  or  mental  maladies,  as  the  blind, 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  insane,  &c. ;  some- 
times also  arefUgefor  the  unfortunate ; 
as,  a  magdalen  A. 

Asymptote,  as'im-tOt.  A  line  which 
approaches  nearer  and  nearer  to  some 
curve,  but  though  infinitely  extended 
would  never  meet  it. 

Atabal,  at'a-baL  A  kettle-dnmi ;  a 
kind  of  tabor  used  by  the  Moors. 

Ataoamite,  a-tak'a-mit  A  native  muri- 
ate of  copper,  consisting  of  a  combination 
of  the  protoxide  and  chloride  of  copper, 
the  aerugo  nobilis  seen  on  ancient  bronzes. 
It  is  worked  as  an  ore  in  South  America, 
and  occurs  massive  or  in  small  prismatic 
crystals. 

Atalanta.  In  Myth,  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  Bchoeneus,  King  of  Scyros, 
noted  for  her  fleetness.  She  agreed  to 
marry  the  man  who  could  outrun  her,  un- 
der me  condition  that  his  life  should  be 
the  forfeit  of  Mhire.  Meleger  won  the 
race  by  dropping  three  golden  apples 
which  were  given  him  by  Yenus,  and 
which  she  stopped  to  secure. 

Ataman,  at'a-man.  The  chief  military 
commander  of  the  Cossacks ;  thehetman. 

Atavism,  -vizm.  The  resemblance  of 
oflbpring  to  a  remote  ancestor  or  to  a  dis- 
tant member  in  the  collateral  line. 

Atchison,  at'chi-son.  A  coin  of  copper 
washed  with  silver,  struck  in  Scotland  in 
the  reign  of  James  '^L,  of  the  value  of 
eight  pennies  Soot,  or  two-thirds  of  an 
English  penny. 

Ate,  &'tS.  In  Myth,  the  Goddess  of  Mis- 
chief, who  was  cast  dovm  from  heaven. 

Ateles,  atVl&E.  A  gen.  of  platyrhine 
American  monkeys. 

Atelier,  -le-a.  A  workshop :  applied  to 
the  workroom  of  sculptors  and  painters. 

Ateuchus,  a-tu'kus.  A  gen.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  fom.  Scarabseidae.  A. 
J^^yptiorum  or  socer  seems  to  have  been 
the  sacred  beetle  figured  on  Egyptian 
monuments  and  ornaments. 

Athalia,  a-thftli-a.  The  generic  name 
of  the  turnip-fly  (A.  centifoUse),  a  hvmen- 
opterous  insect,  &m.  Tenthredinidfie,  or 
saw-flies. 

Athanasian,  ath-a-n&'si-an.  Pertain- 
ing to  AthanasiuB,  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  4th  century.  A.  creed,  a  creed  or 
exposition  of  foith,  supposed  formerly  to 
have  been  drawn  up  by  Athanasius, 
tiiough  this  opinion  is  now  generally  re- 


jected, and  the  composition  ascribed  to 
Hilary,  bishop  of  Aries  (about  480). 

Atheist,  ft'thd-ist  One  who  disbelieyes 
in  the  existence  of  a  Ood  or  supreme  in> 
telligent  Being. 

Athelinir*  ath'el-ing.  In  Anglo-Saxon 
times,  a  prince  ;  a  nobleman. 

AthenSBum,  -d-nS'um.  A  Grecian  tem< 
pie  dedicated  to  Athgnd.  An  institution 
iSounded  at  Rome  by  Hadrian  for  the  pro^ 
motion  of  literary  and  scientific  studies. 
In  modem  times,  an  institution  for  th« 
encouragement  of  fiterature  and  art. 

Athene,  a-thS'nd.  In  Greek  Myth,  the 
goddess  of  wisdom,  of  arts  and  sciences, 
known  to  the  Bomans  as  Minerva. 

Athens,  ith^enz.  The  capital  of  Attica, 
in  Greece,  founded  by  an  Egyptian  coloiiy 
imder  Cecrops,  about  1560  b.  o.  A.  was 
for  centuries  the  scat  of  art  and  philosc* 
phy,  but  was  captured  and  sacked  bv 
Alario  in  828,  from  which  time  it  san& 
into  insignificance.  It  is  the  capital  o 
modem  Greece  ;  pop.  48,829. 

Atherioera,  ath-o-ris'er4k  A  section  ot 
dipterous  insects,  including  the  Muscidse, 
or  flies  strictiy  so  called,  the  CEstridse,  or 
bot-flies,  and  the  Syrphidie,  or  drone-fly, 
spring  wild  bee,  &c. 

Atherina.  a-the-ri'na.  A  gen.  of  abdom* 
inid  fishes,  naving  six  rays  in  the  gill  mem- 
brane, ana  a  side  belt  shining  like  silver. 

Athermanous,  a-ther'man-us.  Sub- 
stances which  have  the  power  of  retaining 
the  heat  which  they  receive :  bodies  which 
transmit  heat  are  called  diathermanous. 

Atherospermaceae,  ath'6-rd-sper-ma''- 
sS-€.  An  ord.  of  apetalous  plants,  having 
unisexual  flowers.  There  are  three  gen- 
ora— Atherosperma,  Laurelia,  and  Dory- 
ophora. 

Athemra,  ru'ra.  The  generic  name  of 
the  tufted-tailed  porcupine. 
Athlete,  'let.  One  who  contended  for 
a  prize  in  the  public  games  of  Greece.  Any 
one  trained  to  exercises  of  agility  and 
strength. 

Atlantes,  't^z.     Figures  ; 
or  half  figures  of  men  useil  >^ 
in  Uie  place  of  columns  or 
pilasters  to  support  an  en-  , 
tablaturo;  also  called  Tel-  '■ 
amones.     Female  figures 
are  called  caryatides. 
Atlantic,  'tik.    The  . 
ocean,  or  that  part  of  the  I 

feneral  sea,  bounded  by  ' 
lurope  and  Africa  on  the 
east  and  America  on  the      Atlantes. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


iTLAJilTA 


ita.  »t-laii'ta.  A  gen.  of  grasteropo- 
dou8  moCnsks ;  the  typical  gen.  of  the 
tun.  AtlanticUe. 

AtlantidSB,  'ti-dS.  One  of  the  three 
great  divisions  into  which  Dr.  Latham 
divides  the  human  family,  the  other  two 
being  Mongolidee  and  Japetida>.  1 1  com- 
prises all  the  tribes  of  Africa,  as  well  as 
thoso  of  Syria  and  Arabia,  and  consists  of 
•even  groaps.  A  tun.  of  gasteropoduus 
moilusks,  ord.  Nucleobranchiata. 

Atlantidea,  'tl-dez.  A  name  given  to 
the  Pleiades  or  seven  stars,  which  were 
feigned  to  be  the  daughters  of  Atlas,  or  of 
his  brother  Hesperus,  who  were  trans- 
lated to  heaven. 

Atlas.  In  Myth,  one  of  the  Titans, 
brother  of  Prometheus,  and  son  of  Jape- 
tus  and  Clymene.  lie  attempted  to 
storm  Heaven,  and  for  punishment  was 
condemned  to  bear  up  the  earth  on  his 
shoulders. 

Atlas,  las.  A  collection  of  maps  in  a  vol- 
ume. A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  subject. 
The  first  vertebra  of  the  neck,  so  named 
because  it  supports  the  head,  as  Atlas 
was  fabled  to  support  the  globe.  A  size 
of  writing  or  drawing  paper,  34  by  26 
inches. 

^txnidoxneter,  -mi-dom'et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  evaporation 
from  water,  ice,  or  snow. 
^txnolirsis,  -mol'i-sis.  A  method  of 
separating  the  constituent  elements  of  a 
compound  gas. 

Atmoxneter,  -mom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment to  measure  the  quantity  of  exhala- 
tion in  a  given  time  ;  an  evaporometer. 
Atmosphere,  'mos-fcr.  The  whole 
mass  of  aeriform  fluid  surrounding  the 
earth,  and  supposed  to  extend  to  the 
height  of  between  40  and  50  miles.  It  is 
a  mixture  of  79  volumes  nitrogen,  21  of 
oxygen,  with  a  trace  of  carbonic  acid  gas, 
and  ozone,  aqueous  vapor,  ammonia,  and 
organic  matter.  Its  composition  varies, 
however,  In  different  localities.  The 
motions  of  the  A.  constitute  the  wind, 
and  in  it  occur  clouds,  rain,  snow,  thun- 
der and  lightning.  It  gravitates  toward 
the  earth,  and  the  weight,  at  an  average, 
at  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  found  to  be  about 
16  lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  The  A.  acts  on 
light,  producing  the  phenomena  of  refrac- 
tion, dlfltactlon,  reflection  and  interfer- 
ence. 

Atoll,  a-toV.  A  coral  island,  consisting 
of  a  strip  or  ring  of  coral  surrounding  a 
central  lagoon,  and  covered  with  a  vigor- 


t4  ATT^VL 

ous  growth  of  ooooa-nut,  pandanus,  and 
bread-fruit  trees.. 

Atom,  at'om.  A  particle  of  mattar  bo 
minute  as  to  admit  of  no  division  ;  an  ulti- 
mate Indivisible  particle  of  matter.  An 
ultimate  particle  of  matter,  without  regard 
as  to  whether  it  is  divisible  or  Indivisible ; 
a  molecule.  Atomic  philosophy,  a  system 
of  philosophy  which  teaches  that  atoms  are 
endued  with  gravity  and  motion,  and  that 
by  these  atoms  aU  things  were  formed 
without  the  aid  of  a  supreme  intelUgeut 
Being. 

Atriplex,  'ri-pleks.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Chenopodlacea} ;  orache.  They  are 
mealy  or  scaly  shrubs,  with  snudl  unisex- 
ual flowers,  growing  on  shores  and  wasto 
places.  The  gai-dcn  orache,  or  mountain- 
spinach,  is  used  In  France  as  a  spinach. 

Atrium,  a'tri-um.  The  entrance-hall,  and 
usually  the  most  splendid  apartment,  of  a 
RomnQ  hnijso,  ornampntod  with  statiic^, 
fiijuily  |inj'lr:ilt..^  mm]  i.tbcr  pktnffti,  miit 
I'uiuiiiig  xhn  frtyjiPLlun-room.     In  It  tins 


Ati'iinn  uf  the  IFoimo  of  Fozifia  lb  Putiijidi. 

matron  with  her  slaves  sat,  and  the  nup- 
tial couch  constituted  partof  itsfrimlture. 
It  was  lighted  by  an  opening  In  the  roof 
called  the  compluvlum,  towards  which  the 
roof  sloped,  so  as  to  throw  the  rain-water 
into  a  cistern  in  the  floor  called  thelm- 
pluvlum.  A  hall  or  court  in  ftx)nt  of  the 
entrance  of  certain  great  ancient  temples, 
pagan  and  early  Christian. 

Atropa,  'ro-pa.  A  gen.  of  poisonous 
narcotic  plants,  ord.  Solanaceap.  A.  Bella- 
donna, or  deadly  nightshade,  has  a  sweet- 
ish taste,  but  is  poisonous. 

Atropin,  'ro-pin.  A  crystalline  alkaloid 
obtained  from  the  deadly  nightshade, 
very  poisonous. 

Attagras,  'ta-gas.  Abeautiftilgalllnaceoua 
bird,  grouse  tun.,  the  Syrrhaptes  Pidlasli, 
allied  to  the  sand-grouse  and  partiridge, 
and  resembling  the  pheasant.  It  la  tiie 
only  species. 

Attal,  'tal.  Bubbish  of  mines  or  imptir« 
off-cast;  refkise. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ATTALEA 


, ,  -tft-le'a.    A  gen.  of  palms,  dis- 

tinjntished  by  its  nut  containing  ttiree 
cells,  each  inclosing  a  single  seed.  The 
fibers  of  the  leaf-stalks  of  A.  Ainifera  are 
made  into  ropes  and  brooms ;  its  nuts  are 
hard,  and  of  sufficient  thickness  to  be 
turned  into  door  handles,  &c. 

A>ttax,  'tar.  PerfUme  from  flowers,  gen- 
erally used  only  of  the  attar  or  otto  of 
roses,  an  essential  oil  made  from  the  hun- 
dred-leaved or  cabbage-rose,  damask-rose, 
or  musk-rose,  &c.,  100,000  roses  yielding 
only  180  grains. 

Attic,  'tik.  Pertaining  to  Attica,  in 
Greece,  or  to  Athens ;  marked  by  such 
qualities  as  were  characteristic  of  the 
Athenians.  A.  ftith,  inviolable  faith. 
The  A.  dideotfUsed  bv  the  ancient  Athe- 
nians, was  the  most  cultivated,flnished  and 
the  chief  literary  language  of  the  Greeks. 
A.  base,  a  peculiar  base  used  in  the  Ionic 
column,  and  by  Palladio  and  others  in  the 
Doric.  A.  order,  applied  to  the  small  pil- 
lars decorating  an  attic. 

Attic.  A  low  story  erected  over  a  prin- 
dpal.  An  apartment  in  the  uppermost 
part  of  a  house. 

Attila,  at'ti-lah.  Galled  the  "  Scourge 
of  God,*'  king  of  the  Huns  In  the  Oth  cen- 
tuiy.  He  overran  the  Grecian  Emph-e 
and  Northern  Italy,  and  was  the  acknowl- 
edged Boverdgn  of  all  the  tribes  between 
Gaul  and  the  Chinese  border ;  d.  458. 
Attire,  at-tir'.  Dress ;  clothes ;  apparel. 
In  Her.  a  term  applied  to  the  horns  of 
stags  and  similar  animals  In  blazoning 
arms.  The  attires  of  a  %tfkg  are  both  the 
horns  affixed  to  the  scalp. 

Attired,  -tird'.  In  Her.  an  epithet  used 
in  blazoning  in  application  to  animals  pro- 
vided with  horns. 

Attollent,  -toHent.  A  muscle  which 
raises  some  part,  as  the  ear,  the  tip  of  the 
nose  or  the  upper  eyelid. 

Attorney,  -ter'nL  One  who  is  appointed 
by  another  to  act  in  his  place  or  steady  a 
proxy.  Specifically,  one  appointed  or  ad- 
mitted to  transact  business  for  another. 
An  A.  may  be  either  private  or  public. 
The  first  is  one  authorized  to  make  con- 
tracts and  do  other  acts  for  his  principal, 
out  of  court.  A  pnbUo  A.  or  A.  at  law  is 
a  person  qualified  to  APP^ai'  for  another 
before  a  court  of  law.  llie  namo  in  the 
W.  Indies  for  the  general  supervisor  of 
plantations.  Letter,  warrant,  or  power  of 
A.,  an  instrument  by  which  one  person 
authorizes  anothw  to  do  some  act  for 
bim. 

Attomey-ffeneral,  -Jeu'er-al.  The  first 


76  ATTGITB 

law  officer  of  the  government  The  publi« 
prosecutor  on  behalf  of  the  government. 

Auburn,  aOt>em.  Beddish  brown :  gen* 
erally  applfed  to  hafr. 

Auchenia,  -kg'ni-a.  A  gen.  of  ruminat' 
ing  animals,  &m.  C-ainelidsB,  the  New 
World  representatives  of  the  camels.  The 
only  distinct  species  are  the  llama  and  its 
possible  progenitor,  thoguanaoo  or  alpaca, 
and  the  vicugna  or  vicuna. 

Auouba,  -kQ-ba.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Gomaoe».  Branching  shrubs,  with  smooth 
opposite  leaves  and  small  unisexual 
fiowers. 

Audit-house,  'dit-hous.  An  appen. 
dage  to  a  catiiedral,  in  which  the  business 
is  transacted. 

Auditor,  -er.  A  hearer ;  one  who  at- 
tends to  hear  a  discourse.  A  person  au- 
thorized to  examine  accounts,  compare 
the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  examine 
parties  and  witnesses,  and  state  the  re- 
sult. 

Auditorium,  -di-tu'ri-nm.  In  a  public 
hall,  the  space  allotted  to  the  hearers.  An 
apartment  in  monasteries  for  the  recep- 
tion of  strangers. 

Audubon,  John  Jamee,  5Moo-bong. 
A  native  of  the  State  of  Louisiana,  of 
French  descent,  and  a  most  distinguished 
naturalist;  b.  1780,  d.  185t.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Birds  of  America,**^  and 
"The  Quadrupeds  of  America,"  the 
former  work  occupying  the  author  14 
years. 

Aufirean,  -ju'an.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Augeas.  one  of  the  Argonauts,  afterwards 
King  of  Ells.  A .  stable,  in  Grecian  mvth- 
ology,  the  stable  of  this  king.  In  wnlidi 
he  kept  8,000  oxen,  and  which  had  not 
been  cleaned  for  thirty  years,  so  that  the 
task  of  cleaning  it  had  come*  to  be  deem- 
ed impracticable.  Hercules  undertook  it 
and  accomplished  it  in  a  single  day. 

Auiper,  ^ger.  An  instrument  larger  than 
a  gimlet  for  boring  holes.  An  instru- 
ment used  for  boring  the  soil  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  nature  of  the  sub: 
soil,  the  minerals,  and  the  existence  of 
water. 

Aufirer-faucet,  -fa-set.  A  faucet  with 
an  auger  attached,"  which  can  be  with- 
drawn Uirough  the  faucet  bv  a  rack  and 
pinion,  after  the  hole  is  bored. 

Augret,  'jet.  A  tube  filled  with  powder  ; 
used  in  exploding  mines. 

Augite,  'jit.  The  class  of  minerals  be« 
long^g  to  the  monodinlc  system,  and 
consisting  of  silicates  of  Ume,  magnesia 
and  Lron. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ATTGtTK 


T« 


AXt&ICfiALClTS 


^HgUXt  'gr.  Among  the  oncieDt  Eo- 
maos  a  Amctionary  whose  duty  was  to 
foretell  fttture  events  fW>m  the  movements 
of  bb'ds  and  animals,  and  unasual  occur- 
rences. There  was  a  college  or  commu- 
nity of  nine  augurs,  four  patricians  and 
five  plebeians.  One  who  pretends  to  tell 
fttture  events  by  omens. 

August,  'gust  The  eighth  month  of  the 
year,  named  for  the  Kouuin  Emperor 
Augustus. 

Allfirustan,  'an.  Pertaining  to  the  Em- 
peror Augustus ;  as,  the  A.  age,  the  most 
brilliant  period  in  Roman  literature.  Per- 
taining to  the  town  of  Augsburg ;  as,  the 
A.  Ck>nfession,  drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
Melanchthon,  embodying  their  reasons 
for  separating  fh)m  the  Komish   Church. 

Ansnutixi,  'in.  A  member  of  one  of  sev- 
eral monastic  iVaternitles  who  follow  rules 
ft^med  by  8t.  Augustine.  Also  an  order 
of  nuns  who  wait  on  the  sick.  The  Ho- 
tel Dieu  of  Paris  is  served  by  them. 

AufiTUStiniaxi,  -gus-tin'i-an.  One  of 
those  divines  who,  from  St.  Augustine, 
maintain  that  grace  is  absolutely  effectual 
from  its  nature.  One  of  a  sect  of  the  16th 
century,  who  maintain  that  heaven  will 
not  be  open  till  the  general  resurrection. 

Augrostiiie,  St.,  -gus'tln.  The  most 
celebrated  of  the  Latin  Fathers,  bishop  of 
Hippo ;  B.  854  in  N.  Africa,  d.  480.  He 
was  noted  as  a  successAil  controversialist, 
and  his  teachings  are  the  accepted  doc- 
trines of  the  Church.  His  principal 
works  are  the  "Oonfescions"  and  the 
*'aty  of  God." 

Aufinutus,  Caius  Octavlus  CsBsar. 
Son  of  Caius  Octavius  and  Atia,  daugh- 
ter of  Julia,  sister  of  Cains  Julius 
Cfesar,  the  dictator,  by  whom  he  was 
adopted.  After  tne  assassination  of 
his  great- uncle  he  was '  elected  Con- 
sul, and  became  one  of  the  trinm- 
yh*ate,  his  associates  being  Antony 
and  Lepidus.  After  the  defeat  of  Brutus 
and  Cassius,  Lepidus  was  first  deprived 
of  his  power,  and  five  years  later  Oc- 
tavius defeated  Antony  and  Cleopatra, 
becoming  sole  ruler  of  the  Romans.  He 
was  the  first  who  bore  the  title  of  empe- 
ror, and  the  Senate  bestowed  upon  him 
the  name  "Augustus,"  slgniiying  "Ma- 
1e8tio,"aname  which  all  his  successors 
assumed  ;  b.  68  b.  o.,  d.  a.  d.  14. 

Auk,  ak.  English  name  of  birds  oi  the 
&m.  Alcidae,  ord.  Natatores,  includtng  the 
great  and  litUo  auk,  or  bhick  and  white 
diver,  the  puffin,  &c.;  members  of  the 
gen.   Alca,  containing   two  species,  the 

great  auk  (Alca    impeiinis),  now,  it  is 


beUeved,  extinct,  and  the  rasor-bffl  (Alca 
torda). 

Aulic,  'lik.  Pertaining  to  a  royal  ooort. 
In  the  old  German  £mplre  the  A.  Gooncil 
was  a  court  of  Jnriadicticn  which  decided 
without  an  appeal.  It  ceased  to  exist 
in  lt)06.  The  title  is  now  applied  in  Ger- 
many to  the  chief  council  of  any  depart- 
ment. 

Aulic,  'Ilk.  In  some  European  universi- 
ties a  cerfmony  observed  in  conferring 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Aulostoxna,  -los'to-ma.  A  gen.  of 
fishes,  fnni.  Aulostomidse  or  Fistularidae, 
closely  aliitMl  to  Fistnlaria. 

AulostomidsB,  -tom'i-de.  A  ikm.  of 
acanthopterous  fishes,  of  which  the  gen. 
Aulostouia  is  the  type. 

AuzLcel,  an'sel.  A  kind  of  balance  known 
as  the  Danish  steelyard,  having  a  mov- 
able fiilcruni  and  a  fixed  weight,  the  fore- 
finger often  acting  as  tiie  formM*.  It  was 
very  inaccurate,  and  was  prohibited  by 
statute. 

Aune,  an.  A  French  cloth-measure,  now 
superseded  by  the  m^tre.  The  A.  nou- 
velle,  47i  English  inches,  is  still  used  in 
selling  cloth. 

AurantiaoeSB,  a-ran'ti-a"sg-e.  The  or- 
ange tribe  of  plants,  ord.  Rutacen,  com- 
prising the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  citron, 
Dergamot,  and  shaddock  or  forbidden 
fruit. 

Aurelia,  -ro'li-ft.  A  gen.  of  Acalephffi  or 
medusiform  Hydrozoa,  which  passes 
through  several  changes  of  form  in  its  de- 
velopment. 

Aurelian,  -an.  An  amatenr  collector 
and  breeder  of  insects,  particularly  of  the 
Lepidoptera. 

AurelianuB,  Lucius  Domitius. 
The  son  of  a  Roman  peasant,  who  be- 
came emperor,  s.  Claudius  II.  He  cleared 
Italy  of  the  northern  barbarians,  defeated 
and  captured  the  celebrated  Zenobia, 
Queen  of  Palmyra,  and  carried  on  other 
successful  campiEiigns.  He  was  killed  by 
his  troops  while  on  the  march  to  Persia  ; 
B.  212 ;  crowned  270 ;  d.  276. 

Aureole,  -ol.  In  painting,  an  illumina- 
tion surrounding  a  nolv  person,  as  Christ, 
a  saint  or  martyr,  and  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  luminous  clond  or  haze  supposed 
to  emanate  fW>m  him.  When  it  symbol- 
izes Christ  a  croBS  Is  inclosed  in  the  aure- 
ola. 

Auric,  Mk.  Pertaining  to  gold.  A.  ox- 
ide, a  saturated  oombiilation  of  gold  and 

oxygen. 

Aurichalcite,  -ri-kal'slt.    A  mineral  oc 


Digitized  by 


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AXTBICLB 


n 


AUTOCARPOUB 


eurrlng  In  transparent  needle-ehaped  cry- 
stals, which  when  reduced  yield  a  gold- 
colored  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc. 

Auriole,  'ri-U.  The  external  ear,  or  that 
part  which  is  prominent  l^om  the  head. 
One  of  two  cavities  in  the  mammalian 
heart,  placed  above  the  ventricles,  and  re- 
sembling the  car  in  shape.  An  instrn- 
ment  held  to  the  ear  to  assist  in  hearing^. 

Anxioola,  -rik'&-la.  A  garden  flower  de- 
rived from  the  yellow  Simula  Aoricala, 
sometimes  called  bear*e-ear.  A  gen.  of 
phytophagons  or  plant-eating  gasteropo- 
ao  as  mollusks. 

Aurisra  -ri'ga.  In  Astron.  the  Wagoner, 
a  constellation  consiBting  of  68  stars,  in- 
cluding Oapella,  of  the  first  magnitude. 
In  Med.  the  4th  lobe  of  the  Uver. 

Atixiaoalp,  'ri-skalp.  An  instrument  to 
dean  the  ears ;  used  also  in  operations  of 
surgery. 

Anroolui,  a'roks.  A  species  of  wild  bull 
or  buffalo,  {he  bonassus  of  Aristotle,  urus 
of  CflBsar,  bison  of  PUi^y ;  the  European 
bison,  Bos  or  Bonassus  Bison. 

AxLTOoyanide,  -rft-sl'an-id.  A  compound 
formed  of  the  cyanide  of  gold  and  a  basic 
oxide. 

Aurora,  'ra.  The  rising  light  of  the 
morning ;  the  dawn  of  day.  The  goddess 
of  the  morning,  or  dawn  deified.  The 
poets  represent  her  as  rising  out  of  the 
ocean  in  a  chariot,  her  rosy  fingers  drop- 
ping gentle  dew.  The  A.  boredis  or  the 
A.  austraUs  (polar  lights),  a  luminous  me- 
teoric phenomenon  appearing  at  night ;  it 
usually  manifests  itself  by  streams  of 
light  ascending  towards  the  zenith  fi*om  a 
dusky  line  of  doud  or  haze  a  few  degrees 
above  the  horizon,  and  stretching  toward 
the  west  and  oast,  so  as  to  form  an  arc, 
withl  ts  ends  on  the  horizon.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  aurora  borealis  exactly 
resembles  the  effects  of  artificial  elec- 
tricity. 

Aarotellurite,  -tel'lu-rit.  An  ore  of 
tellurium  containing  gold  and  silver. 

Anmin,  'rum.  Gold.  A.  Ailminans, 
gold  dissolved  in  aqua  regia  or  nitro-muri- 
atic  add.  and  precipitated  by  ammonia ; 
ftilminating  gold.  A.  mosaicum,  mosaic 
gold,  a  gold-IJIke  alloy,  containing  copper 
and  zinc. 

Anaterlila,  'ta]^litz.  A  Moravian  town 
near  which  was  fought  the  battle  of 
A.,  in  which  Napoleon  defeated  the  com- 
bined Bussian  and  Austrian  armies,  Dec. 
2,1805. 

Amrtral,  'tral.  Bouthem ;  lying  or  being 
in  the  south ;  as,  A.  Umds ;  A.  signs.   A. 


pole,  the  pole  of  the  magnetic  need\6 
which  seeks  the  south  magnetic  pale,  op- 
posed to  the  boreal  pole,  or  that  wnich 
points  to  the  north.  A.  signs,  the  six 
last  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or  those  south  of 
the  equator. 

Australasia,  aus'tril-ft'zhah.  Fart  oi 
Oceanioa,  8.  of  Asia,  embracing  Australia, 
Tasmania,  or  Van  Diemen's  Land,  New 
Zealand  and  other  smaller  islands ;  pop. 
estimated  at  8,800,000. 

Australia,  aus-traae-ah.  The  largest 
island  on  the  globe,  having  an  area  of 
8.000,000  sq.  miles,  being  2,600  m.  from 
E.  to  W.,  and  1,800  from  N.  to  S.  It  lies 
between  lat.  10°  and  80°  8.,  and  Ion.  lld» 
and  164*>  £.  Its  chief  moimtain  ranges  are 
the  Austral]^  Alps,  Blue  mountains  and 
Liverpool  range ;  the  principal  rivers  are 
the  Adelaide,  Victoria,  Murray  and  8wan. 
8heep  and  cattle  farming  are  carried  on 
extensively,  and  it  i&  rich  in  mines  of 
gold  and  coal  and  quarries  of  slate,  sand- 
stone and  limestone.  A.  is  a  British  de- 
pendency, and  was  up  to  the  middle  of 
the  present  century  principally  noted  as  a 
place  of  exile  for  criminals ;  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  1854,  however,  caused  an  im- 
mense  influx  of  European  immigants,  and 
it  is  now  one  of  the  most  thriving  and 
important  of  Great  Britain^s  colonies. 
Capital,  Sydney.  Pop.  about  2,600,000. 

Australioid,  -tra'li-oid.  The  term  de- 
noting one  of  the  Ave  groups  into  whidi 
Prof.  Huxley  classifies  man. 

Austria,  'tri-ah.  An  empfa-e  of  Central 
Europe,  8.  of  Germany  ana  W.  of  Bussia. 
covering  an  area  of  227,284  sq.  m.,  and 
having  a  total  pop.  of  89,400,000.  Its 
prindpal  divisions  are  Upper  and  Lower 
Austria,  Hungary,  Croatia,  and  Slavonia, 
Transylvania,  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina, 
the  last  two  states  being  incorporated 
in  1878.  A.*  was  formerly  a  part  of  the 
German  Empire,  but  Francis  1.  formally 
resigned  the  title  of  Emperor  of  Germany 
in  1804.  The  principal  mountains  of  A. 
are  the  Alps,  the  Bohemian  and  Moravian 
ranges;  the  chief  rivers,  the  Danube^ 
Dneistcr  and  Save;  the  gulft  on  the 
Adriatic  are  Trieste,  Cattaro  and  Quar- 
nero.  Vienna  is  the  capital,  and  the 
chief  dties  are  Pesth,  Brunn,  Inspruck, 

'  Prague  and  Trieste.  The  government  is 
a  hereditary  monarchy,  the  reigning  house 
ofHapsbui^  going  back  in  an  uninter- 
rupted line  to  Eudolph  I.,  1276. 

Autobioerrapher,  't5-bi-og''ra-fer.  One 
who  writes  an  account  of  his  own  life. 

Autocarpous,  -kar'pus.  A  name  given 
to  firuits  consisting  of  the  pericarp,  with 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AUTOCHBONOGRAPH 


78 


AVEEBH0I8T 


oat  any  organ,  such  as  the  calyx,  out- 
wardly adhering. 

AutochronogTaph,  -kron'o-graf.  An 
instniment  for  the  instantaneous  self- 
recording  of  time. 

Autochthon,  tok'thdn.  One  of  the 
primltiye  inhabitants  of  a  country.  That 
which  is  original  to  a  particular  country. 

Autocrat,  'td-krat.  An  absolute  prince 
or  sovereign ;  a  title  assumed  by  the  em- 
perors of  Russia.  One  who  is  invested 
with  unlimited  authority. 

Auto  de  fe,  ou'to  da  f5".  A  judgment 
of  the  Spanish  Inquisition.  A  public  so- 
lemnity held  by  the  courts  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion at  the  execution  of  heretics.  The 
last  auto  de  fe  took  place  in  the  middle  of 
the  18th  century. 

Autogrenous,  a-toj'en-us.  Self-produced; 
self-generated.  "A.  soldering,  the  process 
of  uniting  pieces  of  metal  by  the  ftision 
of  part  of  their  own  substance. 

AutogTaph,  'to-graf.  A  person's  own 
handwriting.  A  machine  which  writes  of 
itself;  an  autographic  press. 

Automaton,  -tomVton.  That  which 
has  the  power  of  spontaneous  movement. 
A  self-acting  machine;  clocks,  watches 
and  many  machines  may  be  denominated 
automatons  ;  but  the  term  more  specific- 
ally denotes  an  apparatus  in  which  the 
concealed  power  is  made  to  imitate  the 
motions  of  living  beings,  A  balance,  a 
machine  for  weighing  pianohets  and  coin, 
and  sorting  the  pieces  according  to  weight. 

Autophon,  'to-fon.  A  barrel-organ, 
the  tunes  of  which  are  produced  by  per- 
forated sheets  of  mill-board. 

Autositarii,  -si-ta'M-i.  An  ord.  of 
double  monsters,  joined  as  by  the  umbih- 
cus.  The  Siamese  twins  are  a  well-known 
example. 

Autotype,  -tip.  A  photographic  pro- 
cess resembling  heliotype. 

Autotypography,  -ti-pog"r»-fi.  A 
process  resembling  nature-printing,  by 
which  drawings  are  impressed  on  a  metal 
plate,  from  which  cojnes  may  be  taken. 

Autumn,  'turn.  The  third  season  of  the 
year.  Astronomically  it  begins  at  the 
autumnal  equinox,  when  the  sun  enters 
Libra,  23d  September,  and  ends  at  the 
winter  solstice,  2l8t  December,  when  the 
sun  enters  Capricorn ;  but  it  popu- 
larly comprises  September,  October  and 
November. 

Auxometer,  aks-om'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment to  measure  the  magnifying  powers 
y(  an  optical  apparatus. 


Avalanche,  av'a-lansh.  A  vast  body 
of  snow  and  ice  sliding  down  a  mountain 
or  precipice. 

Avant-COUrier,  a-van-ko-r6r.  A  per- 
son dispatched  before  another  or  a  com- 
pany to  give  notice  of  their  approach. 

Avant-fosse,  -fos.  In  Fort,  the  ditch 
of  the  counterscarp  next  to  the  country, 
at  the  foot  of  the  glacis. 

Avanturine,  -van'tfl-rin.  A  brilliant 
variety  of  glass  or  artificial  gem  made  by 
heating  pounded  glass,  oxide  of  copper 
and  oxide  of  iron.  A  variety  of  quartz  rock 
containing  spangles  of  mica  or  quartz.  A. 
glaze,  a  glaze  for  porcelain.  It  is  brown- 
ish, with  crystalline  laminsB  of  a  golden 
luster. 

Avatar,  av-a-tar'.  A  descent  from 
heaven ;  particularly  applied  to  the  incar- 
nation of  the  Hindu  deities,  or  their  ap- 
pearance in  some  manifest  shape  upon 
earth.    An  incarnate  form. 

Ave,  a've.  HaUI  ferewelll  God  bless 
you  I 

Aveler,  av'el-er.  A  machine  for  remov- 
ing the  avels  or  awns  of  barley  ftvm  the 
grain ;  a  hummeller. 

Avellane,  a-vel'an.  In  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  cross  whose  quarters  resemble 
a  filbert  nut;  when  placed  on  the  mondes 
of  kings  or  emperors,  ensigns  of  sovereign- 
ty. 

Ave-Mary,  Ave-Marie,  a've-ma-ri, 
a've-ma-re'a.  An  invocation  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary ;  a  formula  of  devotion  in  the  R. 
C.  Church,  chaplets  and  rosaries  being 
divided  into  a  certain  number  of  ave- 
maries  and  paternosters.  A  particular 
time  of  the  day,  when  the  bells  ring  and 
the  people  repeat  the  A. 

Avena,  a-ve'na.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Gramineae.  The  most  important  species 
is  A.  sativa,  the  cultivated  oat. 

Averdant,  a-ver'dant.  In  Her.  covered 
vnth  green  herbage ;  chiefly  applied  to  a 
mountain  base. 

Avemian,  'ni-an.    Pertaining  to  Aver- 

nus,  a  lake  of  Campania,  Italy,  represent 

ed  by  classical  poets  as  the  entrance  to 

hell. 

Averrhoa,  av-er-ro'a.    A  gen.  of  plants, 

ord.  Oxalidacese,  or  wood  sorrels,  consist 

ing  of  two  species. 
Averrhoist,  a-ver'o-ist.    One  of  the  sec» 

of  Peripatetic  philosophers,    so  denomi' 

nated  from  Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Ara- 

bian  author,  born  at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  in 

1149.    They  held  the  soul  to  be  mortal, 

though  pretending  to  subnjitto  ttieChrifr 

tian  theology, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ATEBBUHCATOE 


TO 


AXIS 


Averruncator,  av-e-nmg'kat-or.  A 
jgarden  implement  for  pruning  trees  when 
their  branches  are  beyond  easy  reach. 

Aversant,  a-ven^ant. 


l»ve  warm,  red  blood  and  a  Aversant. 
double  circulation ;  are  produced  from 
eggs.  The  classification  is  that  of  Hux- 
ley, who  divides  the  birds  into  three  or- 
ders :  Baururee,  consisting  of  the  single 
extinct  Archseopteryx ;  Batitie,  birds  that 
cannot  fly,  as  the  osMohes,  emus  and 
cassowaries ;  and  Garinatee,  all  the  liying 
flying  birds. 

Avian,  'vi-an.  Pertaining  to  the  aves  or 
birds,  as  A.  pecnliiulties  of  structure. 

Aviary,  -a-ri.  A  building  for  the  breed- 
ing and  keeping  of  birds. 

Avicenna,  av-i-sen'nah.  An  eminent 
Arabian  physician  and  philosopher ;  b. 
980,  D.  1087.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
famous  **  Canon,"  the  supreme  medical 
authority  for  centuries. 

Avicennia,  av-l-sen'ni-a.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Yerbenaocffi,  often  called  white 
mangroves. 

Aviciila,  a-vik'u-la.  A  gen.  of  marine 
cenchifers  or  bivalves,  in  which  some  nat- 
uralists include  the  genus  Meleagrina, 
firom  which  the  most  precious  pearis  are 
derived. 

Avicnlarinnx,  -la"ri-um.  A  small  pre- 
hensile process,  resembling  a  bird's  head, 
found  in  the  cells  of  many  Polyzoa. 

Avicalid»,  ai-de.  A  fern,  of  marine 
bivalves,  of  which  the  gen.  Avicula  is  the 
type. 

Avifauna,  av'i-fe-na.    A  collective  name 

for  the  birds  of  a  district. 
Avi^non-berry,  a-v6n-yon-be'ri.    The 

fruit  of  Bhamnus  Clusii,  less  than  a  pea, 

of  a  yellow  color,  and  used  for  staining 

yellow. 

Avocado,  av-6-kft'd5.  The  alllgator- 
.pear,  the  fruit  of  Persea  gratissima,  ord. 
Lauracese. 

Avoirdupois,  -er'du-poiz".  A  system 
of  weight,  of  which  1  lb.  contains  16  oz., 
in  distinction  to  troy  weight,  which  has 
only  13.  It  is  used  for  all  goods  except 
the  precious  metals  and  medicines. 

Avoset,  '6-8et.  A  peculiar  bird,  gen. 
Recurvirostra,  fern.  ScolopacidaB,  ord, 
GraUatores. 


Avoyer,  a-voi'er.  The  chief  magistrate 
of  imperial  cities  of  the  old  German  Em- 
pire and  of  towns  of  Switzerland. 

Awl,  al.  A  pointed  instrument  for  pierc- 
ing small  holes. 

Awlwort,  'wert.  The  popular  name  of 
the  Subularia  aquatica. 

Awningr,  'ing.  A  covering  of  canvas 
spread  as  a  protection  from  the  sun's  rays. 
That  part  of  the  poop  deck  forward  of  the 
bulkhead  of  a  vessers  cabin. 

Axayacatl,  akB-a-«-a-katl.  A  fly  com- 
mon in  Mexico,  whose  eggs  are  used  as  a 
sort  of  caviare  called  ahuauhtit 

Axe,  aks.  An  instrument  of  iron  and  steel, 
consisting  of  a  head  with  an  arching  edgt 
of  steel,  and  a  helve  or  handle.  The  ancient 
battle-axe  was  sometimes  two-edged. 

Axe-head,  'hed.  The  head  of  an  axe. 
The  ancient  stone  axe-heads  are  called  by 
antiquarians  celts. 

Axe-stone,  'stdn.  A  mineral,  called  al8« 
Nephrite  or  Jade,  found  in  the  South 
Sea-  Islands,  used  by  the  natives  for  axes. 

Axial, /i-al.  Pertaining  to  an  axis.  A. 
line,  the  line  in  which  the  magnetic  force 
passes  from  one  pole  of  tf  horseshoe  mag* 
net  to  the  other. 

Axil,  'il.  The  armpit.  In  Bot.  the  space 
or  angle  formed  on  the  upper  side  be- 
tween  an  axis  and  any  organ  growing 
from  it. 

Axinite,  'in-it.  A  mineral  of  the  garnet 
family  composed  of  45  silica,  25  magnesia, 
19  alum,  with  lime,  iron  peroxide,  man- 
ganese and  boracic  add. 

Axiom,  'i-om.  A  self-evident  truth  or 
proposition ;  a  proposition  whose  truth  is 
so  evident  at  flrst  sight  that  no  process  of 
reasoning  or  demonstration  can  make  it 
plainer.  An  established  principle  in  some 
art  or  science,  as  the  axioms  of  political 
economy. 

Axis,  'is.  The  straight  Une,  real  or  im- 
aginaiy,  passing  through  a  body  or  magni- 
tude, on  which  it  revolves,  especially  such 
a  straight  line  with  regard  to  which  the 
different  parts  of  a  magnitude  are  sym- 
metrically arranged  ;  as  the  axis  of  the 
earth  or  any  sphere ;  the  axis  of  a  cone ; 
the  axis  of  a  curve;  the  axis  of  a  syst^n 
of  magnitudes.  In  Bot.  the  root  and  stem 
of  the  plant,  around  which  the  other  puts 
are  disposed.  In  Anat.  the  second  verte- 
bra of  the  neck.  A.  of  oscillation  of  a 
pendulum,  a  right  line  passing  through 
the  center,  about  which  it  vibrates,  and 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  vibration.  A. 
of  refraction,  the  straight  line  drawn  per- 
pendicular to  the  surface  of  the  reflracting 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


AXIS 


?0  B 


medium,  through  the  point  of  Incidence 
of  the  refrddtrd  rflv.    ^mo  crj?  1 :'  -  V  ■ 
two  axes  ol'rtvilHchon. 
/Lxia.      A   pp'-ctca  of    IndlJin   dw^r^  th*" 
Oervus  &xi^.,  of  which   there  nre  two  or 
three  variifl  f«'!*, 

fLxle,  Axle-troa,  %  ata^l-tre.  A  pliHve 
of  timber  nr  bur  of  Inju^  flttefl  for  tnMir- 
tion  in  tin:  ^ll[T^fl  or  navL'-H  I'f  whwi*,  oil 
which  the  Litier  ^isni.'*.  DflWng  itsle,  in 
locomotivi''  ftjplnPFtj,  in  ronoet^tesl  >v1t.h  tbp 
piston,  slidt'vWlvcs  and  jiuiaps,  and  Ity 
eonvertlni:  Iho  rcH'ttHncar  inoUoTi  of  the 
piston  inti^  ri  raliiry  ijhc,  propels  or  drivt^ 
the  engino. 

/LXOlotl,  'o-lotL  A  riTnarkalile  member 
of  the  UriHli4rt.  op  tailed  anxphlbtcuiB,  the 
Siredon  pi  r^  i  •  i  foraiL' . 

^yah,,  aviL     An  Eodt   indlfm  waiting 
woman  or  ►:idy*s-niEild. 
^yapansi.  a '  y  iVpil-iiia.     Tiny  itati  v  r  noin  e 
of    Eupatimiiijt    Aya^iaha,    a    Brn^fti^n 

Slant,  orct.  t 'ompoftitjr,  a   pfnvorriil  antt' 
ote  to  tho  bite  of  venoiiiouft  fliKikoft. 
A.y©-ay€!t    I-i-     A    f^JBgubr     nof^tmnat 

quadrupeii,  iibout  the  size  of  a  har<',  the 

Cheiromj  H  cniMlitgascartiififllEi,  in  its  hiil?vta 

lesemblicu'^  tho  sloth, 
Ayrant,  u'l^wt,     in  Her.  A  Urm  applied 

to  eagles  tind  other  blrdfl  tn  thnir  neat, 
Ayuntaifnlento.  -y)i«'tLT-tiiG~en"to.  Tn 

Spain  and  Sjnirdr^h  Am  mica  a  pox-jforatlon 

or  body  of  uiritHRtratefl  in  a  dty  or  town* 
Azalea,  u-  7.\i  1  i>^ei^ 

A  gen.  of  plivnt^T 

ord.Eric&r«'ic,dift. 

tlnguisheil    from 

the  rhododen- 
drons chi.Ely   by 

the  flowi  r:^  liav- 

Ing  ten    ^luraenB 

instead    m1    Htb. 

A.    ponticti    pcKB- 

eesses   pofpoootiB 

properties. 

Azobeiusene,  mi-  A7ji]f'n. 

ben'zen.    ,\  rrystjillliifi  Fii]t.MStojii?HoTjtDtiiyiil 

by  the  aitton   of  reduoing'  ag^cnts  iijirm 

nltrobenztne. 


Azizntith,  '1-muth. 
An  aro  of  the  horizon 
Intercepted  between 
the  meridian  of  a 
place  and  the  verti- 
cal circle  passing  j 
through  the  center 
of  a  celestial  object. 
The  azimuth  and  al- 
titude of  a  star  give 
its  exact  position  in  Li- 
the sky.  A.  com-  Azimuth, 
pass,  an  instrument 
for  finding  either  the  magnetic  azimuth 
or  amplitude  of  a  heavenly  object.  A. 
dial,  a  dial  whose  style  or  gnomon  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  plajie  of  the  horizon. 
A.  or  vertical  circles  intersect  each  other 
in  the  zenith  and  nadir,  cutting  the  hori- 
zon at  right  angles. 

Azoerythrine,  -e-rith'^rin.    A  coloring 
principle  obtained  ftom  the  archil. 
Azoic,  a-zo'ik.    Destitute  of  any  vestige 
of  organiclife. 

Azolitzoine,  az-5-llt'min.  A  red  color- 
ing matter  obtained  from  litmus. 
Azores,  '6rz.  The  Western  Islands,  a 
group  of9  in  the  N.  Atlantic.  They  are 
a  dependency  of  Portugfd,  capital  city, 
Angra,  in  Terceira;  total  pop.  472,186. 
Aztec,  'tek.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Az- 
tecs, the  ruling  tribe  in  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  invasion  under  Cortez 
in  1619.  They  were  a  civilized  people,  but 
their  religious  rites  were  bloody  and  cruel. 
Azure,  a'zhur.  The  fine  blue  color  of 
the  sky.  A  name  common  to  several  blue 
pigments,  that  made  of  lapis-lazuli,  called 
ultramarine,  and  that  made  by  fusing 
glass  with  oxide  of  cobalt  reduced  to  pow- 
der. In  Her.  a  blue  color  in  coats  of  arms. 
Azxirite,  'zhur-Tt.  A  blue  mineral,  the 
lazulite,  called  also  blue  malachite,  a  tri- 
cupric  crthocarbonate  of  copper. 
Azymite,  az'Im-it.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  who  administer  the  eucharist 
wth  unleavened  bread ;  also  a  term  o( 
reproach  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  the 
Latins  for  consecrating  the  host  in  unleav 
encd  bread. 


B 


BIS  the  second  letter  and  the  first  conso- 
nant in  the  English  and  most  other 
alphabets.  It  is  a  mute  and  labial,  and  dis- 
ting^shed  from  p  bv  being  produced  by 
the  utterance  of  voice  as  distinguished 
from  breath.  It  is  related  to  the  sonant 
aspirate  v  as  p  to  the  surd  asph^te  f.      A 


b  regularly  stands  where  there  is  an  f  in 
Latin  words,  a  ph  in  Greek,  bh  in  San- 
skrit, while  in  German  words  it  Is  either 
unchanged  or  a  p  takes  its  place.  When 
a  final  letter  after  m,  it  is  not  pronounced, 
as  in  thumb,  limb,  dumb.  B  is  common 
as  an  initial  consonant  in  all  the  Teutonio 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BAAL 


81  BACHAKACH 


langrnaffes.  As  a  nnmcral  B  was  used  by 
the  Hebrews  and  Greeks  as  now  bj  the 
Arabians,  for  2  ;  by  the  Romans  for  SW. 
and  with  a  line  over  It  for  8,000.  B  is  ns\^ 
as  an  abbreviation  in  B.  A.,  Bachelor  of 
Arts  ;  B.  D.,  Bachelor  of  Divinity;  and  B. 
M.,  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

Baal,  ba'al.  Originally  this  word  signi- 
fied lord,  and  was  applied  to  different 
divinities.  Specifically,  B.  was  the  sa- 
cred title  applied  to  the  Son  as  the  prin- 
cipal male  deity  of  the  Phoenicians  and 
their  descendants  the  Carthaginians,  as 
well  as  of  the  ancient  Canaanitish  nations. 
It  enters  Into  the  compodtion  of  many 
names  of  persons  and  places;  tbus,  Jeru- 
baal,  Ha8drabal(helpof  Baal),  Hannibal, 
On>ace  of  Baal),  Baal-Hammon,  Baal- 
jHiamar.  Ao. 

Babbitt-metal,  bab^lt-meta.  An  alloy 
of  copper,  zinc  and  tin,  used  for  obviat- 
ing friction  in  the  bearings  of  journals, 
axles,  &c.,  named  for  its  inventor. 

Babbler,  'bier.  An  idle  talker ;  a  teller 
of  secrets.  One  of  a  group  of  thrush-like 
birds,  sub-fiim.  Timalinse. 

Babel,  ba'bel.  The  name  of  the  city 
on  the  banks  of  the  Shlnar  where  the 
oonAision  of  tongues  took  place;  Babvlon. 
Its  supposed  ruins  are  visible  near  Hilla, 
on  the  Tigris,  about  48  miles  south  of 
Bagdad.  A  confused  mixture  of  sounds; 
disorder. 

Bab-el-Maadeb,  b&b-ail-m&n-d^b.  The 
narrow  and  dangerous  strait  uniting  the 
Indian  Ocean  and  Bed  Sea. 

Baber,  Zahir-Eddin-Mohammed. 
A  descendant  of  Tamerlane,  founder  of 
the  Mogul  empire  in  Hlndostan,  and  vir- 
tually sovereign  of  India.  He  was  a  wise, 
moderate  statesman ;  b.  1488,  d.  1580. 

Babingrtonia,  bab'ing-to-nl-a.  A  group 
ot  myrtaceous  plants,  a  section  of  the 
gen.  Beeckla. 

Babinertoxiite,  'ton-it.  A  vitreous  min- 
eral in  the  hornblende  fkm.,  consisting 
chiefly  of  silica,  iron  protoxide  and 
lime. 

Bablah,  la.  The  pod  of  several  species 
of  acacia,  containing  gallic  acid,  tannin 
and  a  red  coloring  matter. 

Baboo,  ba-bo'.  A  Hindu  title  of  re- 
spect equivalent  to  master,  sir. 

Baboon,  ba-bon.  The  dog-faced  ape,  a 
term  applied  to  Quadrumana  of  the  gen- 
era Cynocephalus  and  Papio.  They  have 
elongated  abrupt  muzzles  like  a  dog, 
strong  tusks  or  canine  teeth,  short  tails, 
small  deep  eyes  with  huge  eyebrows,  and 
naked  callosities  on  the  hips.  They  are 
ugly,  eiUlen,  fierce,  lascivious  and  gre- 


garious. They  constitute  the  link  uniting 
the  monkeys  with  the  lower  animals,  and 
include  the  chacma,  drill,  common  baboon 
and  mandrill. 

Baby-farmer,  ba^bi-farm-er.  A  woman 
who  receives  Infants  on  the  pretext  of 
bringing  them  up ;  one  who  lives  by  ba- 
by-farming. 

Baby-jumper,  -jump-er.  A  band  of 
galvanized  caoutchouc  suspended  with  a 
seat,  in  which  a  child  may  be  securely  fas- 
ten ed. 

Babylon,  bab'e-lon.  The  ancient  capital 
of  Babylonia  or  Assyria,  the  oldest  dty  of 
history,  and  for  centuries  the  most  mag- 
nificent as  well  as  the  most  important 
city  of  the  world.  It  was  founded  by 
Nimrod,  b.  c.  2640 ;  Its  extensive  ruins 
are  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  modern 
archffiologlsts  and  scholars. 

Babyrossa,  bab-i-ros'sa.  The  Indian 
horned  hog,  fam.  Suidae  or  pig  tribe,  ord. 
Artiodactyla  or  even-toed  Pachydennata, 
having  two  teeth  like  horns,  almost  touch- 
ing the  forehead. 

Bacca,  bak'ka.  In  Bot.  a  berry  ;  a  one- 
celled  fruit  with  naked  seeds  immersed  in 
a  pulpy  mass,  as  the  gooseberry. 

Baccalaureate,  -ka-la're-at  The  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Baccate,  'kat.  Succulent,  or  having  a 
pulpy  textmre  like  a  berry.  Bearing  ber- 
ries. 

Bacchant,  ba-kant^  A  priest  of  Bac- 
chus. A  bacchanal ;  one  given  to  intem- 
perate reveling. 

Baccharis,  bak'a-ris.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Compositee.  The  gen.  contains  more 
than  200  species. 

Bacchus,    'us.    In 
Greek  and  Latin  Myth«. 
another    name   of     Dio- 
nysos,  the  god  of  -wine, 
son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Semele.      lie    Is    repre- 
sented   -with  a    gracefil 
form,  in  an  easy  attitude 
and  supporting  himself  l>    { 
his  thyrsus  as  if  slight!  > 
Intoxicated,  and  his  haiv  ,1  ( 
wreathed  with   ivy    aii«lt 
vine  leaves.    He  is  said  tof 
have  taught  tlie    cultl\'ri-^ 
tion  of  the  grape,  and  tlj^ 
preparation  of  wine  a]i<] 
other  intoxicating  liquors. 

Bacharach,  bach'a-rach. 
A  variety  of  Rhine  wine 
made    at    Bacharach,    In      Bacchus. 
Bhenish  Prussia. 


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BACCHANTE 

Baochante,  -kan'iiS.  A  priestess  of 
Baochiis,  or  one  who  Joined  in  the  cele- 
bration of  the  feasts  of  Bacchus ;  one  in  a 
state  of  baccliio  frenzy. 

Bachelor,  hach'el-er.  Anciently,  a  per- 
son in  the  probationary  stage  of  knight- 
hood. A  person  who  has  taken  the  first 
degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the  liberal  arts 
and  sciences,  at  a  college  or  university. 
A  man  of  any  age  who  has  not  been  mar- 
ried. Knight  B.,  the  title  given  to  one 
who  has  been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a 
knight  without  being  made  a  member  of 
any  of  the  orders  of  chivalry,  such  as  the 
Garter  or  the  Thistle. 

Bachelor's  Buttons,  -erz  but-nz.  The 
y)pular  name  of  the  double-flowered  vari- 
ety of  Lychnis  diurna  ^red  campion),  Cen- 
taurea  nigra  (knapweea),but  chiefly  of  the 
double-flowered  Ranunculus  aconitifolius 
(white  batchelor's  buttons),  and  Ranun- 
culus acris  (yellow  bachelor's  buttons). 

Bacillaria,  ba-sil-la'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  mi- 
croscopic AlgaE^,  class  Diatomacee. 

Bacilli,  'IT.  In  Bot.  the  single  valves 
of  tHe  frustules  of  diatoms. 

Back,  bak.  A  flat-bottomed  ferry-boat 
adapted  for  carrying  vehicles,  and  worked 
by  a  chain  or  rope.  A  tub  or  vessel.  A 
wooden  trough  for  canying  fuel ;  a  coal- 
scuttle. 

Back-band,  'band.  That  part  of  the 
harness  which  goes  over  the  back  of  a 
horso  and  bears  up  the  shafts  of  the  car- 
riage. 

Back-bar,  'bar.  A  bar  in  the  chimney 
to  hang  a  vessel  on. 

Back-bone,  'bOn.  The  bone  of  the  back  ; 
the  spine ;  the  vertebral  column.  Some- 
thing resembling  a  backbone  in  appear- 
ance, position  or  oflico ;  as  the  Apennines 
are  the  backbone  of  Italy. 

Backgammon,  -gam'mon.  A  game 
played  by  two  persons  upon  a  board  made 
for  the  purpose,  with  pieces,  dice-boxes 
and  dice.  Tne  movements  are  made  in 
accordance  with  the  numbers  turned  up 
by  the  dice. 

Backlngr-up,  'ing-up.  A  term  used  in 
cricket  and  other  games  for  stopping  the 
ball  and  driving  it  back. 

Back-lash,  'lash.  The  reaction  upon 
each  other  of  a  piUr  of  wheels. 

Back-lining*,  'Kn-Ing.    In  windows,  the 

piece  of  sash  frame  parallel  to  the  pulley 

and  next  the  jamb. 

Back-link,  llngk.  In  engines,  one  of 
the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which  con- 
nect the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 


8  BADGER 

Back-painting,  'pant-ing.  A  methcKl 
of  staining  mezzotinto  prints  with  varnish 
colors  after  they  have  been  affixed  to  glass. 

Back-stay,  'stfi.  In  printing,  a  strap 
used  to  check  the  carriage  of  a  printing- 
press.  A  long  rope  or  stay  extenaed  from 
the  top-mast,  topgallant-mast  or  roval- 
moNt  head  backwards  to  the  sideof  a  ship. 

Bacon,  Francis,  ba'kn.  The  celebrated 
English  philosopher.  Lord  Verulam  and 
Viscount  8t.  Albans;  b.  1561,  n.  1626. 
His  greatest  works  are  his  "Kssays," 
"  Novum  Organum  "  and  *'  De  Augmen- 
tis  Scientarium." 

Bacon,  Roger.  An  English  scientist 
and  publicist  of  the  13th  century,  the  most 
learned  of  his  day.  JIo  is  reputed  to  have 
advocated  the  chnngo  sinco  made  in  the 
calendar,  to  have  Invented  gunpowder, 
and  is  known  to  have  manufactured  mag- 
nifying glasses.  His  great  work,  "  Opus 
Majus,"  urges  philosophical  reform,  and 
is  a  marvel  of  learning  and  prophecy. 

Bacon.  Hog's  flesh  salted  or  pickled  and 
dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

Bacon-beetle,  be-tl.  A  species  of  Der- 
mestes,  fam.  Dermestid^e,  ord.  Coleoptera, 
whose  larva  is  very  destructive  to  stuffed 
animals. 

Baconian,  -ko'ni-an.  Pertaining  to  Lord 
Bacon,  or  his  system  of  philosophy,  found- 
ed upon  induction,  and  Known  as  the  in- 
ductive philosophy. 

Bacterium,  bak-te'ri-um.  A  gem.  of 
Algffl  comprising  the  simplest  forms  be- 
longing to  the  Nostoc  group.  A  simple 
plant  is  not  more  than  the  twenty-thou- 
sandth part  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  A  gen. 
of  orthoptcrous  insects,  fom.  Phaamldae, 
the  stick -insects. 

Bactrian,  'tri-an.  Pertaining  to  Bactria, 
an  ancient  province  of  Persia.  B.  camel, 
the  common  or  two-humped  camel. 

Bactris,  'tris.  A  gen.  of  tropical  Ameri- 
can palms.  The  fruit  is  small  and  soft, 
•with  a  subacid,  rather  fibrous  pulp. 

Baculites,  -u-ll'toz.  A  gen.  of  polvthala- 
moas  or  many-chambered  cephafopods, 
fam.  Ammontidie,  only  known  in  a  fossil 
state,  having  become  extinct  at  the  close 
of  the  cretaceous  period. 

Badger,  baj'er. 
A  plantigrade  car- 
nivorous    m  a  m- 

mal,  gen.    Mfeles,       

fam.    Melidse,  ac- #^^BgSgM^^^^»y 

cording  to    some^ 

naturalists  IJrsidsB 

orbears,  or,  accord-       Indian  Badger. 

lug  to  others,  Mus- 

telidw  or  WQasels,    The  common  badger. 


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BADDAM  8 

or  Meles  vtdgaris,  is  as  large  as  a  mid- 
dUng-sized  dog,  but  lower  on  the  legs.  The 
American  B.  is  called  the  ground-hog.  An 
artist's  bmsh  made  of  badger's  haJr. 

Baddam,  bad'dam.  A  species  of  bitter 
ahnond  from  Persia  used  as  money,  being 
worth  about  one  British  forthing,  sixty 
making  a  pie. 

Badderlocks,  'er-loks.  A  common 
name  for  the  Alaria  esculenta,  a  sea-weed, 
ord.  Laminariaceffi. 

BadiagU,  bad-I-a'ga.  A  small  sponge 
(Spongilla)  the  powder  of  which  is  used 
to  take  away  the  livid  marks  of  bruises. 

Badifipeon,  ba-d^'on.  A  mixture  of 
plaster  and  freestone,  used  by  statuaries 
to  repair  the  defects  of  stones.  A  mix- 
ture of  saw-dust  or  whiting  and  glue,  used 
by  joiners  to  fill  up  defects  in  their  work. 
A  preparation  for  coloring  houses,  con- 
sisting of  powered  stone,  saw-dust, 
slaked  lime,  alum,  Asc. 

Badminton,  bad'min-ton.  An  out- 
door game,  the  same  as  lawn-tennis  but 
played  with  shuttlecocks. 

BsBCkia,  bekl-a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Myrtacese. 

Bael,  bS'el.  The  Indian  name  of  the 
Bengal  quince- tree. 

BaJELn'8  Bay.  The  sea  W.  of  Green- 
land, between  the  Atlantic  an4  Arctic 
oceans,  600  m.  N.  and  8.,  by  1,600  E.  and 

W- 

Baer,  bag.  A  sack  ;  a  pouch,  usually  of 
doth  or  leather,  to  hold,  grain,  money,  &c. 
A  sac  or  receptacle  in  small  animal 
bodies,  as  the  honey  bag  of  a  bee. 

Basrasae,  ba-gas'.  The  sugar  cane  in  its 
dry  crushed  state  as  deliyered  from  the 
sugar-mill. 

Bagatelle,  bag-a-tel'.  A  trifle,  a  thing 
of  no  importance.  A  game  played  on 
a  board  having  at  the  end  nine  holes, 
into  which  balls  are  to  be  struck  with  a 
billiard  cue  or  mace. 

Bagrsrala,  'ga-Ia.  A 
two-masted  Arab 
boat  exceedingly 
weatherly,  and  re- 
markable for  the  ele- 
vation of  the  stern. 

Bagimont's  Boll, 
baj'i-monts  rol.  The 
rent-roll  of  Scotland, 
made  up  In  1275  by 
Benemund  or  Baia- 
mund  de  Vicci,  vul- 
garly called  Bagi- 
mont,  who  was  sent 
(torn  Borne  by  Pope  Alexander  III.,  to 


ll:i££-;iJ;L 


BAILIFr 

collect  tithes  in  Scotland  fur  an  expcdUion 
to  the  Holy  Land.  It  remained  the  stat- 
utory valuation  till  the  Reformation. 

Bag'ffafire-check,  -i^-chek.  A  tag  or 
label  to  be  attached  to  an  article  of  lug- 
gage belonging  to  a  railway  passenger  to 
indicate  its  destination. 

BagKaflre-master,  -mas-ter.  An  officer 
employed  on  railways  in  looking  aftei 
baggage. 

Bagnio,  ban'yo.  A  bath  ;  a  house  for 
bathing,  and  otherwise  cleansing  the  body. 
A  brothel ;  a  stew. 

Bacmolian,  bag-n51i-an.  One  of  a  Feet 
of  French  heretics  of  the  8th  century  who 
rejected  the  whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of 
the  New  Testament. 

Bagpipe,  'pip.  A  musical  wind-instru- 
ment of  great  antiquity,  having  been  used 
among  the  Hebrews  and  Greeks.  It  still 
continues  in  use  in  Poland,  Italy,  the 
South  of  France,  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
Though  regarded  as  a  national  instrument 
of  Celtic  Scotland,  it  is  only  Scottish  by 
adoption.  There  are  several  species,  as 
the  soft  and  melodious  Irish  bagpipe,  the 
more  martial  Highland  bagpipe,  the 
Italian  bagpipe,  &c. 

Bagnet,  ba-get'.  A  little  round  molding 
like  the  astragal,  called  when  plain  a 
bead,  when  enriched  with  foliage  a  chap- 
let. 

Bahama  Islands.  Part  of  the  W. 
Indies,  comprising  nearly  600,  the  smallest 
being  called  keys  ;  they  belong  to  Great 
Britain.  Nassau,  or  New  Providence,  is 
the  capital.    Total  pop. ,  41 ,849. 

Bah,ar,  -har^  An  E.  Indian  measurement 
of  weight,  varying  from  223  to  625  lbs. 

Baikalite,  ba'kal-It  A  mineral  occur- 
ring in  acicular  prism8,Na  variety  of  augite. 

Bail,  bal.  An  advanced  post  outside  the 
solid  defenses  of  a  town.  A  certain  limit 
within  a  forest.  A  division  between  the 
stalls  of  a  stable.  The  handle  of  a  kettle. 
One  of  the  hoops  supporting  the  tilt  of  a 
boat. 

Bailey,  '1.  The  name  given  to  the  courts 
of  a  castle  formed  by  the  spaces  between 
the  circuits  of  walls  which  surround  the 
keep.  The  Old  Bailey  in  London  got  its 
name  thus. 

Bailie,  bu'li.  A  municipal  officer  or 
magistrate  in  Scotland,  corresponding  to 
an  alderman  in  England,  possessing  a  cer- 
tain jurisdiction  by  common  law  as  well 
as  by  statute. 

Bailiff,  'ilf.  A  subordinate  British  civil 
officer  or  fun^-cionary.  The  sheriff  is  the 
monarch's   bailiff,  and  his  coun^  is    a 


Digitized  by 


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BAILIWICK 


84 


BALANCE-BEEF 


bailiwick.  But  the  officials  commonly 
designated  by  this  name  are  the  sheriflb^ 
officers,  who  executo  processes,  &c..  and 
baililfs  of  liberties,  appointed  by  the  lords 
in  their  respective  jurisdictions  to  perform 
similar  fkinctions. 

Bailiwick,  li-wiclc.  The  precincts  in 
which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction ;  as  a  hun- 
dred, a  liberty,  a  forest 
Bainbergr,  bun  'berg.  One  of  the  greaves 
or  jambs  first  used,  and  less  vulnerable 
than  the  chain-moil  with  which  the  body 
was  protected. 

Bainbridee,  William.  An  American 
commodore,  who  captured  the  British  fri- 
gate Java,  of  greatly  superior  size  and  ar- 
mament, Dec.  26, 1812 ;  b.  1774,  d.  1833. 
Bairazn,  ba'ram.  Two  Mohammedan 
festivals,  one  in  imitation  of  Easter,  at  the 
close  of  the  fast  Bamazan,  and  the  other 
seventy  days  after,  colled  the  lesser  Bal- 
rom,  oommemorotive  of  the  offering  of 
Isaac. 

Baize,  bfiz.    A  coarse  woolen  stuff  with  a 
long  nop,  sometimes  friezed  on  one  side. 
BaJoocllO,  btt-yok'ko.    A  copper  coin  of 
the  Popol  States,  of  the  value  of  about  8 
British  farthings. 

Bajiizy,  boj'n-ri.  A  groin  used  in  the  E. 
Indies  for  horses  and  cattle. 
Bakshish,  bok'shesh.  A  present  or 
gratuity ;  over-money.  A  demand  for  B. 
meets  the  traveler  everywhere  in  the 
East. 

Balaam.,  boi'lam.  A  celebrated  Arabian 
seer  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures ;  he  lived 
in  the  15th  century  b.  c. 
Bala-beds,  ba'la-bedz.  A  series  of  beds 
consisting  of  about  86  feet  of  richly  fossil- 
iferous  limestone  in  two  bonds,  and  below 
It  sandstones,  slates  and  osh-beds  5,000  or 
6,000  feet  in  thickness. 
Balachoner,  ba'la-chong.  Small  fishes 
or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt  and 
spices,  and  then  dried  ;  used  in  the  East 
as  a  condiment  for  rice. 
Balsenioeps,  ba-le'nl-seps.  A  gen.  of 
birds  containing  the  B.  rex,  or  whale- 
heoded  stork,  a  gigantic  grallatorial  bird, 
film.  ArdeidfiB. 

BalaBnidSB,  -de.  The  toothless  whales,  a 
fam.  of  morino  mammals,  comprising  the 
lorgest  existing  animals,  in  which  the 
place  of  teeth  Is  supplied  by  plates  of 
wholebone.  They  ore  divided  Into  two 
sections:  the  smooth  and  furrowed  whales. 
Balalaika,  bol-a-li-ka.  A  musical  in- 
strument of  ancient  Sclavonian  origin,  of 
the  guitar  kind,  having  only  two  strings, 


of  which  one  is  used  to  produce  the  i 
the  other  giving  a  monotoooos  bass. 
Balance,  'ans.  An  Instrument  for  a 
taining  the  weight  of  bodies.  In  its  orig' 
inal  form  It  consists  of  a  beam  or  lever 
suspended  exactly  in  the  middle,  with  a 
scale  or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity  of 
precisely  equal  weight.  In  a  properly 
constructed  r>alance  the  beam  should  rest 
in  a  horizontal  position  when  the  scales 
ar  empty  or  loaded  with  equal  weights, 
and  the  orms  of  the  beam  should  be  in- 
flexible, exactly  similar,  equal  in  weight 
and  length.  Alloy  B.,  a  balance  for 
weighing  metals  which  are  to  be  combined 
in  decimal  proportions.  Assay  B.,  one 
used  in  docimastic  operations  for  weigh- 
ing minute  bodies ;  always  pUioed  undo- 
glass  cases  to  protect  them  from  cnrrvnts 
of  air.  False  B.,  a  balance  constructed  for 
fraudulent  purposes,  having  the  arms  of 
unequal  lengths  but  of  equal  weights. 
When  a  weight  is  put  into  the  scale  sus- 
pended fi-om  the  short  arm  a  less  weight 
put  Into  the  other  scale  will  cause  the 
beam  to  settle  in  a  horizontal  position,  and 
produce  an  apparent  equilibrium.  The 
weight  or  sum  necesaary  to  make  two  un- 
equal weights  or  sums  equal,  surplus, 
real  or  figurative,  as,  I  hove  still  a  balance 
at  my  banker's.  An  equality  of  weight  or 
power ;  equipoise  or  just  proportion,  as, 
balance  of  power,  force,  mind,  &c.;  to  lose 
one's  balance.  The  part  of  a  clock  or 
watch  which  regulates  the  beats.  In  As- 
tron.  a  sign  In  the  zodiac,  called  in  Latin 
Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at  the  equi- 
nox in  September.  B.  of  power,  in  poli- 
tics, a  certain  equality  of  power  among  a 
number  of  different  states.  B.  of  trade, 
a  phrase  used  to  denote  the  difference  be- 
tween the  amount  of  values  of  the  com- 
modities exported  and  imported. 
Balance.  To  bring  to  an  equlpose ;  as  to 
balance  the  weights  in  the  scales  of  a  bal- 
ance. Naut.  to  contract,  as  a  sail,  by  roll- 
ing up  a  small  part  of  it.  In  Engin.  to  ad- 
just, as  a  Hne  of  railway,  or  ofiierwork, 
so  that  the  material  removed  from  the 
eminences  shall  fill  up  the  hollows.  In 
gymnastics,  to  keep  in  equilibrium  on  a 
very  small  point,  as  a  tight-rope  or  the  top 
of  a  pole. 

Balance-book,  -buk.  A  book  in  which 
the  adjusted  debtor  and  creditor  accounts 
have  been  posted. 

Balance-crane,  -kran.  A  crano  having 
two  arms,  one  provided  with  arrange- 
ments for  counterpoising  the  weight  to  be 
raised  by  the  other. 

Balance-reef,  -r^f.  A  reef  band  that 
crosses  a  sail  d^onally,  used  to  contract 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BALANCE-ELECTEOMETEB 


85 


BALDRIO 


it  Id  a  storm,  generally  placed  in  all  gaff- 
sails. 

Balaiic&4le<rtroiiiet  e  v, 
6-lek-tr43m'''^t*!r.      An     la- 
stnimeNt    43*)ii^tracted    on    — ■    fj- 
thepriiLiipL^uf  UJi^icuuimau    [        I 
balance-  lu  o^tlmatQ  thu  raa-    J        | 
tnal  att  rui^tlDti  uf  itinMinlU*-  S  , 

ly  elecltlrlrii  fliirfiif?r«.  Y  J 

Balancer,  -&t,    Qnu  who  1      ' 
or   that    wbk'h     luiliinr<t^!i ;    f       I 
specific^Lllv'T  an  orguii  ot  iiii   Jf     J      J 
insect  uif«9fU]  in   IhiEuiu^u^  jL,^  ^ 
the  body.     TUk^  lnUfl.iic*»r3,/UL    |      | 
aretwov^sry  flue  niovublol^.        ^^^ 
thrMdfi,   itiWiiiJiaU^I    by  li   *^==^^^i*^ 
kind  of  rivikE  butUiii   pjnced  B.  £ki:trc»in. 
'  under    Lho    origin  of  iho 
wings. 

Balance-thermometer,  -ther-mom'- 
et-er.  An  invention  by  which  mercury 
inclosed  in  a  balanced  tube  is  «ausdd  to 
make  one  or  other  of  the  ends  preponder- 
ate, in  order  to  open  or  close  a  window  or 
dunper,  or  to  touch  an  alarm. 

Balance-valve,  -valv.  A  valye  in  which 
steam  is  admitted  to  both  sides  so  as  to 
render  it  more  readily  operated,  by  re- 
lieving its  pressure  on  the  seat. 

Balance-wheel,  -whel.  That  part  of  a 
watch  or  chronometer  which  by  the  regu- 
larity of  its  motion  determines  the  beat  or 
strike. 

Balandrana,  -an-dra'na.  A  wide  cloak 
or  mantle,  used  as  an  additional  garment 
in  the  12th  and  18th  centuries. 

Balaniniis,  -a-nl'nus.  A  gen.  of  the  ord. 
Goleoptera,  fam.  Gurculionida}.  One  spe- 
cies is  called  the  nut-weevlL 

Balanites,  -a-n!'tdz.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Simarubeie,  containing  a  very  hard 
nut,  used  in  India  for  fireworks. 

Balanophoraoeas,  -nofor-a^'su-c.  A 
curious  order  of  parasitic,  leafless,  flower- 
ing plants,  allied  to  the  Fungi.  There 
are  about  thirty  known  species  grouped 
into  ten  genera. 

BalaniLS,  'a-nns.  A  gen.  of  sessile  cir- 
ripeds,  fom.  Balanidse.  They  differ  from 
the  Lepas  (Barnaeles)  in  having  a  sym- 
metrical shell  and  in  being  destitute  of 
a  flexible  stalk.  Often  called  Acorn- 
shells. 

Balas,  'as.  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby;  its 
crystals  are  usually  octaheorona,  compos- 
ed of  two  four-sided  pyramids,  applied 
base  to  base. 

Balastre,  ba-las'ter.  The  finest  variety 
of  gold-cloth,  manufactured  at  Vienna. 


Balansiine,  -las'tin.  Pertaining  to  the 
wild  pomegranate  tree.  B.  doirera. 
the  dried  flowers  of  the  pom^n^unato,  used 
in  medicine. 

Balaustion,  'ti-on.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Myrtocese,  containing  one  known 
species,  B.  pulcherrimum. 

Balboa,  VascoKunezde.  A  Spanish 
adventurer  who  visited  the  New  World  in 
15  8  and  founded  the  first  European  set- 
tlement in  South  America,  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Dorien.  He  also  first  discovered  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
Davila,  Governor  of  Darien,  in  1517. 

Baldwin  I.  Son  of  Baldwin  Till., 
Count  of  Flanders;  ii.  1170;  s.  his  fkther, 
1195.  Joining  the  Crusade,  he  led  the 
successful  attack  on  Constantinople  and 
was  crowned  first  Latin  Emperor,  1204 ; 
defeated  and  captured  by  the  Bulgarians, 
1206;  D.  1206. 

Baldwin  I.  Yoimger  brother  of  Cod- 
ify of  Bouillon,  whom  he  s.  as  King  of 
Jerusalem,  1100,  reigning  18  years ;  i>. 
1118. 

Balcony,  bal'kd-ni.  A  stage  or  platform 
projecting  from  the  fh>nt  of  a  building, 
supported  by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles, 
and  encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  rail- 
ing, or  parapet.  The  projecting  gallery  In 
the  interior  ef  a  buildmg.  The  stern  gal- 
lery in  a  ship. 

Bald,  bald.  A  common  prefix  and  sufiix 
to  manv* proper  names ;  as  Baldwin,  bold 
in  battle ;  Ethelbald,  bold  noble,  or  nobly 
bold. 

Baldaohino,  bal-da-ke'nO.  A  canopy  or 
covering  borne  over  the  host  or  sacra- 
mental elements.  A  covering  of  silk  or 
stuff'  upheld  over  the  Pope  on  ceremonial 
occasions.  A  covering  on  four  columns, 
or  a  canopy  hanging  from  the  roof  over 
the  high  altar  In  churches.  A  canopy 
over  a  bed  to  which  curtains  are  attach^. 
A  canopy  above  the  seats  of  imperial  per- 
sonages, bishops  and  other  dignitaries. 

Balder,  bal'der.  In  Scand.  Myth,  the 
son  of  Odin,  the  young  and  beautiful  god 
of  eloquence  and  just  decision. 

Bald-erne,  bald'em.  The  white-headed 
erne  or  seareagle  of  America.  The  na- 
tional emblem  on  the  standard  of  the 
United  States. 

Baldric,  'rik.  The  jeweled  ornament 
worn  round  the  neck  in  the  16th  century. 
A  belt,  worn  pendent  fVom  the  shoulder, 
diagonally  across  the  body,  to  the  waist, 
either  as  an  ornament  or  to  suspend  a 
sword,  dagger  or  horn.  In  feudal  times  it 
served  to  indicate  the  rank  of  the  wearer. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SALEfi^ 


Baleen,  ba-len\  The  whalebone  of  com- 
merce. 

Baliki,  ba-le'ke.  In  Kussia,  the  name 
for  the  back  pieces  of  the'  sturgeon,  which 
are  salted  and  smoked. 

Baliol,  John  De,  b&l'e-dl.  The  famous 
competitor  of  Robert  Bruce  for  the  Scot- 
tish crown,on  the  death  of  Queen  Margaret, 
1290.  He  was  an  English  baron,  and  sup- 
ported by  Edwai-d  I.,  who  was  made  arbi- 
ter, was  crowned.  Baliol  soon  joined  the 
French  against  Edward,  and  he  was  de- 
feated and  Imprisoned  ;  relieved  through 
the  intercession  of  the  Pope,  he  died  in 
France  in  1814.  Edward,  his  son,  attempt- 
ed to  seize  the  croMrn  in  1332,  but  after  a 
year's  fighting,  renounced  all  claims  in 
fevor  of  David  Bruce ;  d.  1863. 

Baliner-press,  bal'ing-pres.     A  power- 

e-ess  employed  for  compressing  soft  goods 
to  bales. 

Balisanr,  bal'i-sa-or.  The  Mydaus  or 
Arctonyx  collaris,  an  omnivorous  quad- 
ruped, fam.  Mustelina. 

Balistes,  ba-lis'tuz.  An  extensive  gen* 
of  plectognathous  fishes,  fom.  Balistidas 
known  as  trigger-fish. 

BalistidaB,  ba-lis'ti-de.  The  file-fishes, 
a  &mily  of  brilliantly  colored  tropical 
fishes,  ord.  Plectognathi. 

Balistraria,  bal-is-traM-a.  In  old  Fort, 
an  aperture  through  which  crossbowmen 
discharged  their  arrows.  A  turret  in 
which  an  archer  was  stationed,  projecting 
from  the  parapet  or  from  the  face  of  the 
building,  common  in  border  counties  of 
England  and  Scotland. 

Balkan,  bM'kdn.  The  mountain  range 
of  European  Turkey ;  greatest  height, 
5,325  feet. 

Balker,  bak'er.  A  fisherman's  name  for 
one  who  s'tands  on  eminences  to  espy  the 
shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give  notice  which 
way  they  pass. 

Ballad,  ballad.  A  short  narrative  poem, 
especially  such  as  is  adapted  for  singing ; 
a  poem  partaking  of  the  nature  both  of 
the  epic  and  the  lyric. 

Ballahou,  'a-hd.  A  fast-sailing  two- 
masted  vessel,  used  in  the  W.  Indies. 

Ballam,  'lam.  A  canoe  hollowed  out  of 
timber,  used  by  Ceyloneso  pearl-fishers. 

Ballan-wrasse,  'hm-ras.  Anacanthop- 
terygian  fish,  Labrus  bergylta  or  macu- 
latus,  tarn.  Labridae. 

Ball-oalibre,  bal'kal-i-ber.  A  ring-gauge 
for  determining  the  diameter  of  gun-shot 
on  board  ship. 

Ball-caxtridfire,  'kir-tr^.    A  cartridge 


mes. 
fB^looQ 


66  6aLM 

containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to 
blank-cartridge. 

Ball-cock,  'kok.  A  stop-cock  which 
opens  and  shuts  automatically. 

Ballet,  bol-la.  A  dance  in  which  several 
persons  take  part.  A  theatrical  lepresen- 
tation,  in  which  a  story  is  told  by  gesture, 
music,  dancing,  scenery,  &c.  In  Her.  a 
bearing  in  coats  of  arms,  denominated  ac- 
cording to  the  color,  bezants,  plates, 
liurts,  &c. 

Ball-flower,  bal'flou-er.  In  Arch,  an 
ornament  resembling  a  ball  placed  in  a  cir- 
cular flower,  the  three  petals  of  which 
form  a  cup  around  it,  characteristic  of  th« 
style  of  the  14th  century. 

Balling-gnn,  'ing-gun.  An  instrument  > 
for  administering  medicine  rolled  into  bidls 
to  horses. 

Ballista,  bal-Us'ta.  One  of  the  military 
engines  used  by  the  andents,  often  con- 
founded with  catapult,  used  for  throwing 
darts,  while  the  ballista  threw  stones. 

Balloon,  -l^n^  A  glass  receiver. 
In  Arch,  a  ball  or  globe  on  the  I 
top  of  a  pillar.  In  pyrotechnics, 
a  ball  stimed  with  combustibles,  4 
which,  bursting  like  a  bomb,  ex-  , 
hibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars.  A  -* 
bag  filled  with  gaseous  fluid  lighter  than 
common  air,  causing  it  to  rise  and  float  in 
the  atmosphere.  The  greatest  height  yet 
attained  in  a  balloon  was  7  mUes. 

Balloon-fisll,  'fish.  A  curious  tropical, 
malacopterygian  or  soft-spined  fish,  ord 
Plectognathi,  the  Tetraodon  lineatus  or 
striped  spine-belly. 

Ballot,  'lot.  A  ball  used  in  voting.  A 
ticket  by  which  one  votes.  The  system 
of  voting  in  such  a  way  that  the  voters  can' 
not  be  identified. 

Ballota,  -lo'ta.  A  gen.  of  woolly  plants, 
ord.  Labiatfie. 

Ball-screw,  bal'skro.  A  screw  fiistened 
to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a  gun,  used  in 
extracting  bullets  from  the  bftfrel. 

Ball-train,  'tran.  A  set  of  roUs  for  roll- 
ing puddlers'  balls  into  bars. 

Ball-trolly,  'trol-U.  An  iron  truck  u8o<l 
in  conveying  balls  of  puddled  iron  from 
the  puddling-fiirnace  to  the  squeezer. 

Ball-vein,  'van.  A  variety  of  iron-ore 
containing  iron  pyrites. 

Balm,  bam.  Odoriferous  or  aromatic  ex- 
udations fi^m  trees  or  shrubs.  Any  ftti- 
grant  or  Taluable  ointment.  The  name  oi* 
several  plants,  particularly  of  the  gen.  Me- 
lissa, ord.  Labiat^e.  Balm  of  Oilead,  the 
exudations   of    a  tree,  Balsamodendron 

gUeadense,  ord.  Amyridaceae.     Balm  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BALBtOBAli 


8T 


BANANA 


Oilead  fir,  which  produces  Canada  bal- 
sam, is  the  Abies  balsamifera.  Bastard 
balm  is  a  plant  of  the  gen.  MeUttls. 

Balmoral,  bal-mo'ral.  After  the  royal 
residence  on  Deeside,  Aberdeenshire.  A 
term  applied  to  varioas  articles,  as  bahno- 
ral  boots,  petticoat. 

Balsa,  bfil'sa.    A  peculiar  double  boat 


used  by  natives  of  S.  America  for  fishing. 
Balsam,  bal'sam.  An  oily,  aromatic, 
resinous  substance  obtained  from  certain 
plants,  intermediate  between  a  volatile 
oil  and  a  resin.  They  include  the  balm 
of  Gilead,  and  the  balsams  of  copaiba. 
Peru  and  Tolu ;  benzoin,  dragon's  blooa 
and  storax. 

BalsaminacesB,  i-na''sd-^.  A  group  of 
plants,  ord.  Geraniaoeae. 
Balsamine,  -in.  A  name  given  to  the 
garden  balsam  and  other  species  of  the 
gen.  Irapatlens. 

Balsamodendron,  d-den''dron.  A 
gen.  of  trees,  ord.  Amyridace®,  remark- 
able for  their  powerftil  balsamic  juice.  B, 
Myrrha  yields  myrrh  or  hobali ;  B.  opo- 
balsamum,  the  balm  of  Mecca ;  B.  gilea- 
dense,  balm  of  Gilead ;  B.  Africanum, 
AlHcan  bdellium  :  B.  Mukul  of  Bcinde, 
a  resin  called  googul,  believed  to  be  the 
bdellium  of  the  Bible. 
Balteus,  bal'te-us.  In  Rom.  antiq.  the 
belt  by  which  the  sword  or  quiver  was 
suspended.  In  Arch,  a  band  in  the  flank 
of  an  Ionic  pulvinated  capital 
Baltic,  bawFtik.  The  sea  inclosed  by 
Denmark,  Prussia,  Russia,  Sweden  and 
Norway,  900  m.  long,  180  m.  wide.  It  is 
connected  with  the  North  Sea  by  the  Oat- 
tegat. 

Baltimore,  bawl'te-mor.  A  county  and 
chief  commercial  city  of  Maryland,  on 
Chesapeake  Bay,  founded  in  1789,  and 
namea  after  Lord  B.,  the  founder  of  the 
colony;  pop.  in  18dO,  801,400. 
Baltimore-bird,  bal'ti-m6r-berd.  The 
Icterus  Balttmorii,  fain.  Icterid»,  nearly 
allied  to  the  8turQid«e,  or  starlings ;  the 
oriole. 


Baluster,  bal'us-ter.    A  small  column  or 

J)ilaster,  adorned  with  moldings,  used 
6r  balustrades.  The  kteral  part  of  the 
volute  of  the  lonlo  capital. 

Balustrade,  -us-trftd'.  A  row  of  bal- 
usters, joined  by  a  rail,  serving  as  a  fence 
or  Inclosure  for  altars,  baloonies,  &c.,  and 
often  merely  as  an  ornament. 

Bambino,  bam-bd'nd.  The  figure  of  our 
Saviour  represented  as  an  inflmt  in  swad 
dling  clothes,  surrounded  by  a  halo,  and 
watched  over  by  angels.  The  Santissimo 
Bambino,  in  the 
church  of  Ara  CceU 
at  Rome,  is  believed 
to  have  a  miracu- 
lous virtue  in  cur- 
ing diseases. 

Bamboo,  bam-bo'. 
The  common  name 
of  the  arborescent 
grasses,  gen.  Bam- 
busa. 

Bamboo-rat,  'rat 
A  species  of  rodent 
gen.  R  h  i  z  o  m  y  s, 
found  in  Malacca. 

Bambusa,  'sa.  A 
gen.  of  grasses  con- 
taining nearly  seven- 
ty species.  The 
best  known  is  B. 
arundinacea.   Some 


of  Ara  CceD, 
Rome. 


stems  grow  to  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter, 
and  are  used  for  building  f\irniture  and 
water  pipes.  The  smaller  stalks  are  used 
for  walking  sticks,  flutes,  Ac.  The  seed  is 
sometimes  used  as  rice,  while  the  young 
shoots  are  made  into  pickles.  The  pith  is 
saccharine.  The  bamboos  contain  silex, 
the  stalks  of  some  species  striking  fire  in 
contact  with  steel. 

Ban,  ban.  A  fine  muslin  made  flrom  the 
fibers  of  banana  leaf-stalks.  Anciently, 
a  title  given  to  the  chiefs  who  guarded 
the  eastern  marches  of 
Hungary,  but  in  1849 
limited  to  the  governor 
of  Croatia,  Sclavonla  and 
Balmatia. 


Banana,  ba-na'na.  A 
plant  of  the  gen.  Musa, 
ord.  Musaceae,  M.  sap- 
ientum,  while  the  plan-* 
tain  is  M.  paradisiaca,! 
The  fhiit  grows  in 
bunches.  The  pulp  is 
soft,  of  a  luscious  taste,  and  is  eaten  nyf 
or  fried. 


Banana. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


bakaka-bied 


BaKKTOCKBUBK' 


Banana-bird. 


Banana-bird 

-berd.    ITie    IcteruH 

leucopteryx,  a  pretty 

insessorial  bird. 
BancroftjGeorse, 

b&n'krdft.  An  Amer- 
ican  statesman  and 

historian,  a  native  of 

Worcester,  Mass.,  b. 

1800,   D.  18—.     He 

was  Secretary  of  the 

Navy    nnder  Presi- 
dent Polk,  1845 ;  in 

1846  was  appointed  Minister  to  London* 
and  in  1867  Minister  to  Berlin.  His  chief 
works  are  "History  of  the  Colonization  of 

the  United  States,^'  and  ''History  of  the 
Kevolution." 

Bandala,  ban-dala.  The  strong  outer 
fiber  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  textilis  of  Ma- 
nilla, made  into  Manilla  white  rope. 

Bandana,  -dan'a.  Silk  and  cotton  hand- 
kerchief which  have  a  uniformly  dyed 
ground,  ornamented  >v1th  simple  figures. 
A  B^le  of  calico  printing  in  imitation  of 
bandajia  handkerchiefs. 

Bandbox,  band'boks.  A  slight  box 
made  of  pasteboard,  or  thin  fiexible  pieces 
of  light  wood  and  paper. 

Bandeau,  ban'dd.  A  fillet  worn  round 
the  head ;  a  ribbon  with  an  ornamental 
knot  worn  by  females. 

Bandicoot,  ban'di-kot  TheMusgigan- 
teus,  the  largest  known  species  of  rat,  a 
native  of  India.    It  is  eaten  by  coolies. 

Bandingr-plane,  bond'ing-plan.  A 
plane  used  for  cutting  out  grooves  and 
inlaying  strings  and  bands. 

Banding-ling,  -ring.  A  ring  passed 
over  the  body  of  a  hat  while  on  the  block 
to  form  the  brim. 

Bandoline,  'do-len.  A  mucilaginous 
perfumed  substance,  prepared  li^m  Ic«- 
uaxd  or  Irish  moss,  quince  seeds  and  gum 
tragacanth,  used  in  the  toilet. 

Band  saw,  band'sa  A  saw  consisting 
of  a  steel  belt  with  a*  serrated  edge,  revolv- 
ing on  wheels. 

Bane-berry,  ban'be-ri.  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  gen.  Actiaea,  bearing 
nauseous  poisonous  berries. 

Bane-wort,  'wert.  A  name  common  to 
two  plants:  Atropa  Belladonna,  called  also 
Deadly    Klghtshade,     and    Banunculus 

Bangle,  bangle.  An  ornamental  ring 
worm  upon  the  arms  and  ankles  in  India 
and  Africa.  An  ornament  or  charm  at- 
tached to  a  bracelet  or  ring. 


Bangkok,  bing'kdk.  Capital  of  Siam, 
Asia.    Pop.  897,000. 

Bangor  bdn'gor.  The  seoond  di^  tn 
size  and  commercial  iniportanoe  of  the 
State  of  Maine,  on  the  Penobscot  Biver. 
Pop.  22,800. 

Bangorian,  bang-go'ri-an.  Relating  t» 
Bangor,  a  bishop's  see  in  North  Wales. 
B.  controversy,  a  controversy  stirred  up 
by  a  sermon  preached  before  George  I.  in 
1717,  by  Dr.  Uoadly,  Bishop  of  Bangor. 

Banian,  ban'i-an.  An  Indian  trader  or 
merchant,  more  particularly  one  of  the 
traders  of  Western  India,  who  form  a  chiss 
of  the  caste  Vaisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress, 
and  are  strict  in  the  observance  of  Csists. 
Hence,  B.  days,  in  which  sailors  in  the 
British  navy  liad  no  fresh  meat.  A  man's 
morning  govm,  as  worn  by  the  Banians. 

Banjo,  ban'Jo.  The  fiivorite  musical  Id- 
strumentofthe  negroes  of  the  Southern 
States  of  America.  It  is  six-stringed, 
and  played  with  the  fingers,  like  the  harp. 

Bank,  bangk.  A  mound  of  earth  raised 
above  the  surrounding  plain.  An  eleva- 
tion in  the  sea.  An  establishment  which 
trades  in  money— first  established  in  Yen- 
ice,  about  1157.  The  ftinds  of  a  gaming 
establishment.  A  table  used  by  printers. 
A  bench  of  keys  in  a  musical  instrument. 
The  face  of  coal  at  which  miners  are 
working. 

Banket,  'et.  A  piece  of  wood  on  which 
bricklayers  cut  their  bricks  to  the  size  de- 
sired. 

Bank-note,  -n5t.  A  promissory  note  is- 
sued by  a  banking  company,  payable  in 
gold  or  silver  at  the  bank  on  demand. 

Bankrupt-laws,  'mpt-laz.  A  system 
of  statutory  regulations  under  which  the 
propertv  and  effects  of  an  insolvent  are 
equitably  distributed  among  his  creditors. 

Banksia,  'si-a.    A  gen.  of  trees  and 


shrubs,  ora.  Proteaoeee,  a  single  head  of 
ten  containing  600  flowers. 

Banner,  ban'ner.  A  piece  of  drapery, 
usually  bearing  some  warlike  device  or 
national  emblem,  indicative  of  dignity, 
rank  or  command,  as  a  mark  for  troops  to 
rally  round  ;  an  ensign ;  a  flag. 

Banneret,  -et.  A  higher  degree  of 
knighthood  conferred  on  the  field;  a 
middle  order  between  barons  and  simple 
knights.  The  highest  officer  In  some  of 
the  Swiss  cantons ;  banner-bearer. 

Bannock,  'nok.  .  A  griddle  cake  made 
of  oat,  barley  or  pease-meal. 

Bannockbum,  ban'n5k-bfim.  A  town 
in  Scotland,  famous  for  the  great  victory 
by  the  Scots  under  Robert  Bruce  over  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BATTQTTKTTE 


BAEBA-HISPANIOA 


which  secnrei]  LLi^  indoptjodi^jii-'i' uf  Sml- 
land     Pop.  a^4J)ik, 

Banquette,  'k^  t .  In  FdrL  a  raised  Tm  j> 
bank  inside  s  |>arapct.  on  wlileli  musket- 
eers stand  Uy  Are  ujwd  tho  cncmv  in  the 
raoat.  The  fnotway  of  a  l)i1dgi- ;  tioiHij' 
times  apoMed  to  el*IewBlki4. 

Banshee,  'shCK  A  feciAk*  fkir^^  hilK  vrd 
in  Ireland  and  £aiuu  j^ortii  oi' i^^i^iliuiil  ii,^ 
attach  itself  tnapnTt-Riikr  hoUM,  and  la 
appear  before  tbt^  diviith  uf  onu  uH bi^^  fnuw 
ify. 

Bantam,  'tuin.  A  etnnli  apirtU:>4L  do- 
mestic fowl,  rSrst  ^^Oll!5fht  from  tht^  E.  In- 
dies. A  kind  of  puloti?il  or  csimkl  wdf  k 
resembling  tlmt  of  J  c^|i&ii^ 

Banteng-,  'tcnff,  A  upMiloj?  cifnj:.  Boa 
Banteng  or  B.  Bondfdi^nr^,  u  local  ruoe  Lu 
the  Malayan  Arnhlpeliiiijkro. 

Bantu,  'tn,  A  imno  ap^Hcd  to  tlio  Af- 
rican fiunily  ijftQu^iQf,  One  iK^n^t^iv, 
especially  of  tde  Kofflr  bmrn^h,  h  th.^  iike 
of^  clacks  or  liUuk? 
in  speaking. 

Banyan,  B  a  a- 
yan-tree/>  jin  trij. 
An  Indian,  tjx-u  of 
the  fig  gen.,  tlie  Fl- 
cns  indica,  ord. 
Moraceae.  i-ffnark- 
able  for  its  TaHtrtioi- 
ing  Imuicha^B  yvhivJtx 
take      root      when       ,,,  ,„ 

they  reach  the  Bftnjaa  Irit-. 
ground,  and  inlariftj  Intai  tronki.  TL. 
tree  on  tho  bftuJtJi  of  tin*  Nurbudda  fa  a 
tree  with  850  ntemfl,  each  pqual  to  a  Ijij-k'O 
tree,  and  g,E)<ii>  simnUMf  onus,  >ibkli  briH 
been  known  to  ^beltfr  7,000  men. 
JBaobab,briM-iwib. 

The       Adam^nnlA 
digitata,    g  r  o  i 
Bombaceae,      t 
Ethiopian    bo< 

gourd  or    AiWi 

calabash-trei?, 

isoneofthe]ar|;i>tit 

trees,  often  M  Cmt 

in      diamct>r, 

though     it    riKt's 

only  from  40  tn  To  f«ct  hijjh,    Thtf  onlr 

other  spede^  of  this  ^eii.   kuovifa  1h  tliii 

Australian  etfiir-gxjurd  iir  oronin-of-iartflr 

tree. 
Sapllia,  bafl-^H    A  g^a,  of  Aftitam  ttoaSf 

ord.  Legumltio^ti'. 
Baphomet,  '  ■'- 1  n  i^  r .    tIm'  Ini  nglnMy  Jfto  [ 

or  symbol  wlildiibf  Trni[ilm■H^\eT^  in- 
cused of  empluylu^,'^  iii  i-iuli  lujflkTkiuii 

ritefi. 


w,  m 


Baobab  tntie. 


Baptist,  bap'tist.  One  who  administers 
baptism  ;  specifically  applied  to  John,  tho 
forerunner  of  Christ.  As  a  contraction  of 
Anabaptist,  one  who  objects  to  inflmt 
baptism. 

Baptistery,  'tis-ter-I.  A  building  or 
tank  in  which  is  administered  the  rite  of 
baptism.  In  the  early  Christian  Church  it 
was  distinct  lh)m  the  basilica.  About  the 
end  of  the  6th  century  it  began  to  be  ab- 
sorbed into  the  churdi.  Some  detached 
baptisteries  still  remain  In  use,  as  those 
of  St.  John  Lateran,  Rome. 

Bar,  bar.  A  piece  of  soUd  matter,  long 
in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  serving  as 
a  lever,  an  axis,  a  connecting  piece,  but 
especially  for  an  obstruction  :  as  a  capstan 
bar ;  the  bars  of  a  grate ;  the  bars  of  a 
gate.  A  bank  of  sand,  forming  a  shoal  at 
the  month  of  a  river  or  harbor.  The  rail  - 
ing  inclosing  the  place  which  counsel 
occupy  in  courts.  The  place  where  pris- 
oners are  stationed.  All  who  can  plead 
in  a  court.  The  inclosed  place  of  a  tavern 
where  liquors,  &c.,  are  served. 

Barb,  barb.  A  horse  of  the  Barbary 
breed,  introduced  bv  the  Moors  into 
Spain,  remarkable  for  endurance  and 
docility.    The  Barbary  pigeon. 

Barbacan,  b&r'ba-kan.  A  kind  of  watch- 


tower.  An  advanced  work  defending  tho 
entrance  to  a  castie  or  fortified  town.  An 
opening  in  the  wall  through  which  guns 
are  fired  upon  an  enemy.  A  channel  in  a 
parapet  to  discharge  water. 

Barbadoes,  bar-ba'doz.  The  principal 
island  of  the  "Windward  group,  tne  most 
easterly  of  the  W.  Indies.  They  belong 
to  Great  Britain,  and  Bridgetown  on  B. 
is  the  capital  ana  residence  of  the  colonial 
governor.    Pop.  180,800. 

Barbadoes  Cherry  The  fruit  of  the 
Malpighia  urens,  ord.  Malpighiaceae. 

Barba-Hispanica,  ^a-his-pan"i-ka. 
Spanish  moss ;  the  hoffe-hair  like  fibers 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BARB ART 


90 


BARGUE8T 


of  the  Tillandsia  usneoides ;  an  epiphji«, 
used  in  America  for  stufllng  ouahions,  &c. 
Barbaxy,  bfirlxah-re.  The  name  given 
to  the  entire  northern  iwrtion  of  Africa, 
from  Egypt  to  the  Atlantic,  and  from  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  Greater  Atlas  Moun- 
tains. It  indndes  the  states  of  Tripoli, 
Tunis,  Algeria  and  Morocco ;  tbo  region 
8.  oftheLesser  Atlas  is  called  Beled-ul- 
Jerid,  "  Count  rv  .I^  ^^ 
Carthage,  whicii  iii-i|UJLf«i  Iim- 
sovere^ty  of  1  ln^  ^.TorM  with 
Rome,  was  Bitjulni  in  Blit- 
bary. 

Barbary  Ape.  A  f^pMvs 
of  tailless  monkt-Vs  tli.r'^  MJig- 
ot(Macacns  Iijuhsi.  It  Itsi* 
been  theshowBitri'^  apt'  from 
time  immemorij.l, 
Barbe,  bfirb.  A  plpcenf  lin- 
en, generally  pkitcd,  worn 
by  nuns  and  wleiowu.  T^irUus 
above  the  rank  of  ban>nt!*hj 
Avoreitover  th^tr  diln  ;  bfir-, 
onesses,  nuns,  &c.,  buiieatJi  '' 
their  chin ;  other  females  Nun  "Wear- 
ft^m  the  lower  part  of  theingaBarbe. 
throat.  In  Mil.  to 
fire  en  barbe  is  to 
fire  cannon  ovcrj 
the  parapet. 
Barbe.  One 
the  pieces  of  iir- 
mor  with  whi<'h 
the  war-horses  of 
knights  were  aii- 
cientiy  clad,som<'- 
times  made  uf 
mail  and  some- 
times  of  leather 
studded  with  iron 
plates. 

Barbecue,  bar'be-ku.  An  entertain- 
ment in  the  open  air,  at  which  animals 
are  roasted  whole.  A  terrace  suiToiind- 
Ing  a  house.  A  circular  floor  of  smooth 
stone,  on  which  coffee-beans  are  sun-dried 
in  Ceylon. 

Barbel,  'bel.  A  fresh-water  fish,  gen. 
Barbus.    A  small  cylindrical  vermiform 

Srocess  appended  to  the  mouth  of  certain 
shes,  serving  as  an  organ  of  touch.  A 
knot  of  superfluous  flesh  growing  in  a 
horse's  mouth. 

Barberry,  'be-ri.  A  jilant,  gen.  Ber- 
beris  (B.  vulgaris);  Pipperidge  bush. 

Barbule,  'bai.  A  small  beard ;  a  beard- 
like  apexto  theperistome  of  some  mosses, 
as  in  the  gen.  Tortula. 

Barbus,  'bus.     A  gen.  of  fishes,  fiun. 


Horse-armor. 


Cyprinidie,  which  seek  thefr  food  by  root- 
ing in  the  soft  bulks. 
Barl>et,a>et 
A  variety  of 
dog  having 
long  cu  r  1  y 
hair ;  a  poo- ; 
die.  One  of  a 
group  of 
scansorial  or 
dim  bin  g 
birds,  the 
typo  of  the 
fam.  Buccon- 

p^S,i,lug8,;  'AWoUitortet.. 
cuckoos  and  trogons,  divided  into  several 
genera,  as  Pogonias,  Bucco,  or  true  bar- 
bets,  and  Tamatia,  or  puff-birds. 

Barcarolle,  'karrol.  A  simple  melody 
sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers. 

Barcelona,  bar-se-lo'nah.  A  celebrated 
Spanish  seaport  on  the  Mediterranean, 
formerly  well  fortified.  Founded  by 
Hamilcar  Barca,  of  Carthage,  fether  ol 
Hannibal,  b.  o.  200.    Pop.  206,112. 

Barcon,  'kon.  A  freight  vessel  used  in 
the  Mediterranean. 

Bar-cutter,  ntut-er.  A  shearing  m* 
chine  which  cuts  metallic  bars. 

Bard,  bard.  A  poet  and  a  singer  among 
the  Celts,  whose  occupation  was  to  com- 
pose and  sing  verses  in  honor  of  heroic 
achievemente,  generally  to  the  accom- 
paniment of  the  harp. 

Bardesanist,'  bar-des'an-ist.  One  of 
the  followers  of  Bardesanes,  of  Mesopo- 
tjimia,  in  the  2d  century,  who  taught  that 
the  actions  of  men  depend  on  fate,  to 
which  God  himself  is  subject,  and  denied 
the  incarnation  of  Christ. 

Bai^re-board,  'bSrd.     A  board  used  on 
where 


tiie  roof  ex- 
tends over  the 
wall;  project- 
ing from  the 
wall.  The 
earliest  barge- 
boards  belong 
to  the  14th 
century,  and 
many  of  those 
arebeautiftilly 
decorated. 
Bargruest, 
bar'gest.  A 
kind  of  hob- 
goblin or  ghost 


Brij-ge-boartT  uf  15th 
Century. 


believed  in  in  the  north  of  England,  sup- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BABEOE 


91 


BABON 


posed  to  prognosticate  death  or  other  great 
calamity. 

Bazege,  ba-rSzh'.     A  nnze-like   fobrio 
,  for  ladies^  dresses,  nsually  made  of  silk 
and  worsted.   « 

Bazse,  bflii.  A  pleasure-boat;  a  vessel 
or  boat  of  state.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel 
for  loading  and  nnloading  ships,  and  oon- 
yeving  gv^ds  from  one  place  to  another. 
A  boat  of  spacious  construction,  for  the 
useofadmiials  and  captidns  of  ships  of 
war.  A  boat  without  sails  or  power,  and 
towed  by  a  steamboat. 

BftriUft,  ba-rilla.  A  plant,  thoSalsoIa 
sativa,  ord.  Gbenopodiaoee,  cultivated  in 
Spain  for  its  ashes,  from  which  the  purest 
kbid  of  mineral  alkali  is  obtained.  The 
commercial  name  for  impure  carbonate 
and  sulphate  of  soda. 

Barillet,  bar'il-let.  The  barrel  or  case 
containing  tiie  mainspring  of  a  watch  ;  the 
fonnel  of  a  sucking  pump. 

Bar-iron,  bar'i-em.  Iron  wrought  into 
malleable  bars  by  puddling  and  rolling. 

Barita,  ba-rl'ta.  A  gen.  of  gregarious 
conirostral  birds,  otherwise  caUed  Psilo- 
rhinus  or  Strepera.  The  piping  crow  of 
N.  8.  Wales  is  the  best  known  species. 

Bark,  bark.  The  exterior  covering  of 
exogenous  plants,  composed  of  cellular 
vascular  tissue,  and  consisting  of  four 
layers.  Endogenous  plants  have  no  true 
bark.  Bark  contains  many  valuable  pro- 
ducts, as  gum,  tannin,  &c.  The  cry  of 
the  dog. 

Barkantine,  'an-tin.  A  8-masted  lake 
vessel,  differing  fh>m  S-masted  schooners 
in  having  a  brigantitne's  foremast. 

Barker's  MiU,  'erz 
mUL  An  ingenious  ma- 
chine, moved  by  the  cen- 
trifbnl  force  of  water.] 
fonxung  one  of  the  sim-| 
plest  water-mills  ever 
constructed.  As  modi- 
fied it  la  extensively  em- 
ployed under  the  name 
of  the  turbine. 

Barking^bird,     'ing- 

berd.    The  Pteroptochos 

rubecula,   a   tenuirostral 

bird.    Its  cr^  resembles 

the  ay  of  a  aog. 

Barkinff^iron,  -i-em.  An  instrument 
for  removing  the  bark  of  trees  used  for 

tanning. 
Barley,  bSrOi.    A  grain  obtained  from 

Hordeum,  ord.  Oramineffi,  used  especially 

for  making  malt,  ftom  which  is  aistilled 


Barker's  MiU. 


beer,  ale  and  porter ;  also  the  name  of  the 
plants  yielding  the  grain. 

Barleycorn,  -kom.  A  grain  of  barley. 
A  measure  equal  to  the  third  part  of  an 
indi.  John  or  8ir  John  B.,  a  humorous 
personification  of  the  spirit  of  malt  liquor. 

Barm,  bftrm.  Yeast ;  the  scum  or  foam 
rising  upon  malt  liquors  when  fermenting, 
and  used  as  leaven  in  bread.  It  is  a  tan- 
gus,  Torula  Gerevisiie. 

Bcun,  b&m.  A  covered  building  for  pe- 
curing  form  produce ;  also  for  stabling 
horses  or  cattle. 

Barnabas,  St.,  bftr'nah-bis.  One  of  8t 
Paulas  converts  and  his  associate  in  the 
ministry  for  some  time.  His  name  was 
Joses,  but  the  surname  B.,  or  **8onof 
Eloquence,^'  was  conferred  upon  him  for 
his  ready  oratory.  He  was  a  son  of  a  sis- 
ter of  St.  Mark,  the  evangelist 

Barnacle,  bar'na-kl.  A  stalked  eirriped. 
gen.  Lepas,  fiuu.  Lepadidie,  often  found 
on  the  bottoms  of  ships  ;  the  goose-mus> 
sel.   A  spedes  of  goose  (Anser  Bemiola). 

Barnacles,  -klz.  An  instrument  consist* 
ing  of  two  branches  Joined  atone  end  with 
a  hinge,  to  put  upon  a  horse's  nose  to  con- 
fine him. 

Barnes,  Albert.  A  Presbyterian  di- 
vine, B.  in  New  York  State  in  1798 ;  n. 
1870.  A  prolific  writer,  and  author  of 
*'  Notes  on  the  New  Testament,"  a  work 
of  world-wide  reputation. 

Bcumey,  Joseph,  bftr'ne.  A  commo- 
dore in  the  American  navy,  b.  in  Mary- 
land, 1760 ;  D.  1818.  His  principal  exploit 
was  the  capture  of  the  General  Monk,  a 
British  vessel  of  20  guns,  his  own  ship, 
the  Hyder  Ali,  only  curving  16.  The  bat- 
tle took  place  off  the  iJelaware  Gapes  in 
1782.  Com.  B.  was  in  command  of  tne  flo- 
tilla which  defended  the  Chesapeake  dur- 
ing the  British  invasion  of  1812,  and  was 
severely  wounded  in  thebattie  of  Bladens- 
burg. 

Barosrapb,  bar'd-graf  An  instrument 
for  recor^g  the  variations  in  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere. 

Baroloery,  ba-roro-ji.  The  science  o^ 
weight  or  gravity  of  bodies. 

Barometer,  ba-rom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  weight  or  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere.  B.  gauge,  an  ap- 
paratus attached  to  the  boil^  of  a  steam- 
engine  or  other  chamber  to  indicate  the 
state  of  the  vacuum. 

Baron,  barton.  A  title  or  degree  of  no- 
bilty  ;  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peerage. 
The  children  of  barons  in  Great  Britain 
have  the  title  of  Honorable.    The  word 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BARONET 


BARTHOLOMEW 


was  introduced  under  the  Norman  prln  ws. 
Barons  of  the  exchequer,  the  judges  that 
try  cases  relating  to  the  revenue.  Barons 
of  the  Cinque  Ports,  members  of  the  Com- 
mons formerly  elected  by  the  Cinque 
Ports,  Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney,  Hast- 
ings, Ilythe,  Winchelsea  and  Rye. 

Baronet,  -et.  A  hereditary  rank  or  de- 
gree of  honor  next  below  a  baron,  not  a 
member  of  the  peerage,  but  having  prece- 
dence before  all  knights  except  those  of 
the  Garter.  The  order  was  founded  by 
James  I.  in  1611.  The  number  originally 
created  was  200.  Baronets  of  Scotland 
and  Nova  Scotia  were  an  order  founded  by 
Charles  I.,  with  the  professed  object  of 
colonizing  Nova  Scotia. 

Barony,  -i.  The  title  or  honor  of  a 
baron  ;  also  the  territory  or  lordship  of  a 
baron.  In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division 
(262  in  all),  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
English  hundred  ;  originally  the  district 
of  a  native  chief. 

Barosma,  ba-ros'ma.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Rutace«B.  The  leaves  of  B.  crenats 
constitute  the  article  of  materia  madlca 
called  buchu. 

Barouclie,  ba-rdsh.  A  four-wheeled 
two-horse  carriage  vrith  a  falling  top. 

Barouohet,  ba-ro-sha\  A  small  ba- 
rouche. 

Barrack,  bar'ak.  A  hut  or  house  for 
soldiers  in  garrison  ;  the  permanent  build- 
ings in  which  soldiers  are  lodged. 

Barracoon,  -a-kon'.  A  negro  barrack ; 
a  slave  depot.  Barracoons  used  to  exist 
at  various  points  of  the  west  coast  of  Af- 
rica, also  in  Cuba,  Brazil,  &c. 

Barracuda,  -ku'da.  A  species  of  per- 
coid  fish,  Sphyrsena  Barrocuda. 

Barrad,  'rad.  A  conical  cap  of  very  an- 
cient origin,  worn  by  the  Irish  as  late  as 
the  17th  century. 

BarrsLS,  baVas.  The  resin  obtained 
from  Pinus  maril^ma ;  galipot. 

Barrel,  bar'el.  A  wooden  vessel,  round 
and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of  staves 
and  bound  with  hoops ;    a  cask.     The 

auantity  which  a  barrel  contains.  Any- 
ling  hollow  and  long,  as  the  barrel  of  a 
gun.  The  cylindrical  case  in  a  watch, 
within  which  the  mainspring  is  coiled. 
The  cylinder  studded  with  pins  which  In 
the  barrel  organ  opens  the  key-valves, 
and  in  the  music  box  sets  in  vibration 
the  teeth  by  which  the  sound  is  produced. 
B.  of  the  ear,  a  cavity  situated  within 
the  membrane  of  the  tympanum,  by 
which  It  is  separated  from  the  meatus. 
Barricade,  ba-ri-kad^    A    fortification 


made  of  anything  that  will  obstruct  the 
progress  of  an  enemy.  A  woodMi  fence 
erected  around  any  space  to  be  kept 
clear. 

Barrigudo,  bar-€-go'dd.^  The  BrazlBan 
name  for  the  gen.  Lagothrix,  the  kurgest 
S.  American  monkeys. 

Barringtonia,  bar-ing-ton'i-a.  Th« 
type  gen.  of  the  BarringtoniaoeaB.  B. 
speciosa  yields  lamp-oil  fbom  its  seeds ; 
B.  racemosa  yields  drugs. 

Barris,  'is.  A  name  given  in  Guinea  to 
the  chimpanzee  and  mandrill. 

Barrister,  -ter.  A  counsellor  or  adTo> 
cate  admitted  to  plead  in  protection  ot 
clients.    In  the  TJ.  S.,  a  counsellor  at  law. 

Barrow's  Straits.  The  strait  connect, 
ing  Baffin's  Bay  and  the  Polar  Sea ;  200 
m.  long  and  60  m.  >vide. 

Barry,  Sir  Charles^  A  distinguished 
English  architect,  who  planned  imposing 
Parliament  buildings ;  b.  1796,  d.  1860. 

Barry,  John.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can commodore,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and 
one  of  the  first  holding  a  commission  of 
the  Republic ;  b.  1746,  d.  1803. 

Bar-shear,  bar'sh^.  A  machine  for 
cutting  metal  bars. 

Bar-shot,  'shot.  Double-headed  shot, 
consisting  of  a  bar,  with  a  round  head  at 
each  end. 

Bartlett,  Joshia.  An  American  states- 
man, a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declara< 
tion  of  Independence,  and  first  Governor 
of  New  Hampshire;  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts; B.  1729,  P, 
1795. 

Bartizan,      'ti-zan.      A  J 
small    over-hanging     1  nr^  8 
ret,    pierced     with    Jipor^g 
tures  for  an  archer,    [.ra-™^ 
jecting  from  the  ang]  ■  -^  <  >  f j  '  i- ,. 
a  tower,  or  from  the  ].rirLi- 
pet. 

Bartsia,      biirt'si-a.      Al 
gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Scrn|»h-'2 
ulariaccffi,     o o n  t a i ri  i  n  if 
about  thirty  species,   fiir.i- 
sitic  on  the  roots  of  ■  iH  1 1.  r 
plants.  Bartizan. 

Bartholome'W,  St.  One  of  the  twelve 
apostles,  whose  mission  field  was  the 
southern  part  of  Arabia.  The  Massacre 
of  St.  B.  in  France  occurred  on  August 
24, 1572,  St.  Bartholomew's  Day.  It  was 
ordered  by  Charles  IX.  and  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  and  it  was  intended  that  all  the 
principal  Protestants  should  be  included 
in  the  slaughter.    Accounts  widely  differ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BABUGH 


BASILIBK 


as  to  the  number  of  vlotiins,  some  patting 
this  as  low  as  8,000,  while  others  insist 
that  it  reached  70,000. 

Bamoh,  bu'mok.  The  friend  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Prophet  Jeremiah,  and 
author  of  the  Book  of  B.,  recognized  as 
canonical  by  the  B.  0.  Gh.,  but  as 
apochryphal  by  Protestants.  He  Is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  the  brother  of  the 
Prophet  Seraiah,  and  to  have  died  tn 
Egypt,  about  b.  o.  580. 

BaryBtxontianite,  'bar-i-stron'shi-an-it, 
A  mechanical  mixture  of  carbonate  of 
strontia,  sulphate  of  baryta  and  lime. 

Baryta,  ba-ri'ta.  Oxide  of  barium,  called 
also  heayy  earth,  its  specific  gravity  being 
4.7. 

Barytooaloite,  'td-kal'^slt.  A  mixture 
of  carbonate  of  lime  with  carbonate  of 
baryta. 

Barsrtoue,  barl-tdn.  Banging  between 
tenor  and  bass.  In  Greek  gram.,  having 
no  accent  marked  on  the  last  syllable,  the 
grave  being  understood. 

Basalt,  ba-salt'.  A  fine-grained  heavy 
crystalline  rock,  consisting  of  Labrador 
felspar,  auglte,  magnetic  iron,  and  some- 
times olirme.  Anamesite  is  a  coarser, 
and  dolerite  tiie  coarsest  form.  B.  is 
amorphous,  columnar,  tabular,  or  globu- 
lar. Flngal*s  Gave,  in  the  island  of  Btafi*a, 
famishes  a  remarkable  instance  of  basaltic 
columns.  The  pillars  of  the  Giant's 
Gauseway.  Ireland,  exposed  to  the  rough- 
est sea  foliages,  have  their  angles  as  per- 
fect as  those  at  a  distance  flrom  the  waves. 

Basaltlne,  'in.     Basaltic   hornblende, 

found  in  ba-    ^^  

salt,  in  lavas  ftt^ 
and  Yoloanio  f  '  ^  ^ 
scoriaB.  ■ 

Basolnet, 
bas'1-net  A 
light  helmet, 
originally 
without  a  vis- 
or, worn  by! 
inlhntry  in' 
the  reigns 
of  Edward  II. 
and  III.  In 
the  14th  and 
15th  centuries 
a   neck-piece 

of  chain  mail,  called  oamafl,  was  attached 
as  a  defense  for  the   sides  of  the  &oe, 

throat  and  chest. 
Baae-ball,  bSs'baL    A  game  in  which 

the  players  on  one  side  stand  within  cer- 
tain marked-off  spaces  at  the  corners  of 

the  playing  field,  while  th'v^  on  the  other 


side  occupy  the  rest  of  the  field.   The  ball 
with  which  the  game  is  played. 
Baaellaoeas,  bas-el-la'so-e.    A  nat.  ord. 
of     monochlamydeous     dicotyledonous 
herbs  and  shrubs ;  climbing  plants. 
Baaement,  basement.    The  lowest  story 
of  a  building,  whether  above  or  below  the 
ground.    B.  membrane,  a  delicate  mem- 
brane toxmd  beneath  the  epidermis  or  epi- 
thelium on  all  free  sur&ces  of  the  body. 
Baahi-baBOOk,  bash'S-ba-zok.    One  of 
the  Irregular  soldiery  in  the  Turkish  arm  v, 
consisting   of  men   hastily  collected   » 
times  of  emergency. 

Basil,  baz'il.  A  labiate  phmt,  Ocymum 
Basilicum,  used  tn  cookery,  and  known  as 
sweet  or  conunon  basil. 
Basil,  St.  One  of  the  most  eminent  of 
the  early  Ghristlan  theologians,  surnamed 
The  Great.  He  became  Bishop  of  Gassarea 
in  870,  and  checked  the  spread  of  Arian- 
ism ;  B.  82e,  d.  880. 

Basil  I.  Emperor  of  Gonstantinople, 
and  author  of  the  body  of  laws  called  the 
Basilica,  which,  enlarged  and  amended  by 
his  son  and  successor,  Leo  the  Philoso- 
pher, was  in  force  till  the  fUl  of  the  em 
fire ;  b.  822,  crowned  866,  d.  886.  Basil 
I.,  B.  958,  crowned  975,  b.  1025,  having 
reigned  60  years,  and  almost  continually 
at  war  with  the  Bulgarians  and  Saracens. 
Basilian, 'i-an.  Belonging  to  the  order 
of  St.  Basu,  an  order  of  monks  founded 
in  the  4th  century  In  Gappadocia ;  14  popes 
are  said  to  have  oelonged  to  the  order. 
Basilica.  ba-zU'ik-a.  Originally,  the 
name  applied  by  Bomans  to  their  public 
halls  of  Justice,  exchange,  or  other  busi- 
ness. The  ground-plan  of  these  build- 
ings was  generally  followed  in  the  early 
Gmlstian  churches,  and  it  is  still  applied 
to  some  of  the  churches  in  Bome. 
Basilica,  'ik-a.  A  code  of  laws  ot  the 
Byzantine  empire,  adapted  from  the  laws 
of  Justinian  by  order  of  Basil  I.  in  the  9th 
century. 

Basilicon,  'ik-on.  An  ointment  con- 
sisting of  yellow  wax,  bhu;k  pitch,  resin 
andoUveoil. 

Basilidian,  baz-i-lid'i-an.  One  of  the  fol- 
lowers of  BasiUdes,  an  Alexandrian  Gnos- 
tic of  the  2d  century,  who  held  that 
Ghrist's  body  was  immaterial,  and  that 
Simon  of  Gyrene  died  in  his  stead. 
Basilisk,  'il-isk.  A  flibulous  creature, 
variously  r^parded  as  a  serpent,  lizartl,  or 
dragon,  anal  sometimes  identified  with 
the  cockatrice.  It  inhabited  the  deserts  of 
Africa  and  even  its  look  was  fatal.  A  gen. 
of  Saurian  reptiles  (BasUlsous),  ikm.  Iguan- 
idff. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


fiASKEt  ft 

Basket,  bas'ket.  A  vessel  made  with 
twl^  or  other  flexible  materials  inter- 
woven. The  contents  of  a  basket.  In 
hat-making-  a  wire  screen  for  receiving  the 
filaments  fhair  in  the  operation  of  bo  win?. 
In  Arch,  the  central  portion  of  the  Corinth- 
ian capital. 

Basket-fish,  -fish.  A  star  fish,  gen. 
AslTophyton. 

BasklngHBhark,  'ing-shark.  Selache 
maxima^  so  called  fi*om  its  habit  of  lying 
en  the  sarfhce  of  the  water  ;  called  also 
sail-fish  and  sun-fish. 

Basle,  bfile.  A  canton  and  city  of  Swit- 
zerland, the  city  being  one  of  the  most 
important  commercial  centers  of  the  con- 
federacy. Pop.  of  canton,  96,400  ;  of  the 
city,  41,200.  The  important  (Ecumenical 
Council  of  14314447  was  held  at  B. 
Basque,  bfisk.  A  pecuUtt:  tongue  spoken 
in  the  Pyrenees  on  botn  sides  of  the  bor- 
der between  France  and  Spain,  supposed 
to  be  that  of  the  Iberians,  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  Spain.  No  connection  be- 
tween it  and  any  other  language  has  as 
yet  been  made  out.  A  short-skirted  jack- 
et worn  by  ladles. 

BcuB-relief,  Basso-rilievo,  bd-re-lgf, 
bas's6-re-16-fi'v6.  Low  relief,  a  mode  of 
sculpturing  on  a  flat  surface,  the  figures 
being  raised,  but  not  so  much  as  in  high  re- 
lief, or  alto-rilievo. 

Sass.  English  name  of  the  fish  gen. 
Labrax,  fam.  Percidae.  The  American 
linden  or  lime-tree. 

Bass,  bas.  The  lowest  part  in  the  har- 
mony of  a  musical  composition,  Avhethcr 
vocal  or  instrumental. 
Bassano,  Hugo  Bernard  Maret, 
Dtikeof.  Napoleon's  intimate  friend 
and  secretary  before  he  became  emperor ; 
afterwards  Secretary  of  State  and  Minister 
of  Foreign  Afl'airs,  remainliig  faithfUl  to 
the  last;  b.  1768,  d.  1889. 
Bassaris,  bas'a-ris.  A  gen.  of  Mexican 
carnivores,  fam.  Viveridae,  allied  to  the 
genets,  and  resembling  a  cat. 
Basset,  'set.  A  game  at  cards  resem 
bling  modem  faro.  A  miner's  term  for 
the  surfoce  edge  of  any  inclined  stratum. 
Basset-horn,  -horn.  A  clarinet  of  en- 
larged dimensions  and  extended  compass. 
Bass-horn,  'horn.  A  modification  of 
the  bassoon,  but  lower  and  deeper  in  tone. 
Bassia,  'si-a.  A  gen.  of  tropical  trees, 
ord.  SapotaoeflB,  ;^elding  oleaginous  or 
butyraceous  matter. 

Basso-di-oamera,  bfis'ss-dd-kfi-ma-ra. 
A  double-bass  reduced  in  size  and  power, 


SAtfcAtT 

iompass ;  J 
the  same  quality  as  those  of  a  violoncello^ 
but  thicker. 

Bassoon,  bas-sdn.     A   musical  < 
wind  instrument  of  the  reed  or- 
der,  holed  and  keyed  like   the 
cliulnet.    It  serves  for  the  "bt  ' 
A  reed-pipe  stop  in  an  organ. 

Bassoilne,  'sd-rin.  A  substance 
extracted  from  gum  tragaoantli 
and  gum  of  Bassora. 

Bass-viol,  bfisM-ol.  The  violon- 
cello.   An  old  form  of  bass  fiddle,  j 
with  five,  sometimes  six  strings,  ] 
and  a  fretted  finger-board. 

Bast,  bast.  The  inner  bark,  liber.or 
endophlceum  of  exogenous  treea. 
Hemp,  flax.  Jute,  are  bast  fibers. 

Bastard,  bas'terd.  Begotten 
and  born  out  of  lawftii  matri- 
mony; illegitimate.  Spurious; 
not  genuine;  fiilse;  adulterate,  naar 
B.  type,  having  a  face  larger  or  soon. 
smaller  than  that  usual  to  a  body 
of  given  size. 

Bastile,  -tcl.  Originally  a  temporary 
wooden  tower  used  In  warfere.  The  B  , 
an  old  castie  In  Paris  built  between  1869 
and  1388,  later  used  as  a  state  prison,  and 
demolished  by  the  enraged  people,  1789. 

Bastinado,  -ti-na'dd.  To  beat  ^th  a 
stick  or  cudgel ;  to  beat  on  the  soles  of  the 
feet. 

Bastion,  'ti-on.  A  mass  of  earth,  fused 
with  sods,  brick  or  stones,  standing  out 
from  a  ram  part, 
consisting  ot 
two  flauRS, 
commanding 
and  defending 
the  adiacent  J 
curtain,  andl 
two  faces  mak-  Bastion, 

ing  an  acute 

angle  called  the  salient  angle,  commanding 
the  outworks. 

Baston,  'ton.  In  Her.  a  staffer  cudgel, 
generally  borne  as  a  mark  of  bastardy. 
Called  also  Bastard  Bar,  Baton  Sinister. 

Batatas,  ba-tft'tas.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  ConvolvuUiceaB,  containing  about 
twenty  species ;  the  sweet-potato. 

Batavia,  bah-ta've-ah.  Capital  of  Java 
and  of  the  Butch  Possessions.  B  is  the 
principal  commercial  center  of  the  Asiatic 
Archipelago ;  founded  1619 ;  pop.  128,600. 

Bate,  bat.  The  alkaline  solution  in 
which  hides  are  steeped  after  being  limod, 
to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

Bateau,  bfi-to.     A  light  boat,  long  in 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SAT 


to 


BATTLEliEirr 


proportion  to  its  breadth.    A  pontoon  of 
a  floating  bridge. 

Bat,  bat.    One  of  a  group  of  wing-handed, 
flying  mammals,  ord.  Cheiroptera,  the  in 


Great  Horseshoe  Bat. 


sectiverous  or  oarnivorons  and  the  Ihiit- 
eating. 

Bath,  bSth,  A  Hebrew  liquid  measure, 
corresponding  to  the  ephah,  being  the 
tenth  part  of  a  homer.  Knights  of  the 
B.,  a  British  order  supposed  to  have  been 
Instituted  at  the  coronation  of  Henry  tV. 
in  1899.  It  received  this  name  ft"om  the 
candidates  being  put  into  a  bath  to  denote 
purification,  and  that  they  were  now  to 
commence  a  new  life.  The  present  order 
ofthe  Bath  was  instituted  by  George  I. 
in  1T25.  It  was  a  military  order,  and  con- 
sisted, exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of  a 
grand-master  and  companions.  In  1815 
the  order  was  greatly  extended,  and  in 
1847  opened  to  civilians. 
Bathometer,  ba-thom'et-er.  An  appa- 
ratus for  taking  soundings,  in  which 
a  line  is  dispensed  with. 
Bat-horse,  bafhors  or  ba'hors,  A  horse 
allowed  to  a  batman  in  the  British  army. 
Bath-stone,  bfith'ston.  A  species  of 
limestone,  called  also  Bath-oolite  and  Roe- 
stone. 

Bathybilis,     ba-thib'i-us.        Huxley's 
name  for  masses  of  animal  matter  cover- 
ing the  sea  bottom  at  great  depths,  con 
sistlng  of  c  tenacious,  viscid,  slimy  sub- 
stance, corresponding  to  protoplasm. 
Bathsrergrus,  bath-i-er'gus.    The   gen. 
of  mammals  to  which  the  sandmolo  of  8. 
Afiica  belongs ;  called  also  the  Coast-rat. 
Batidece,  ba-tid'fi-«.    The  Batia  mariti- 
ma,  a  suocnlent  shrub  growing  in  the  W. 
Indies,  used  in  pickles. 
Batiste,  bS'test.   A  fine  linen  cloth  made 
In  Flanders  and  Picardy ;  cambric.    E. 
India  goods  of  similar  Quality. 
BatoLan,  bat'man.    An  Oriental  weight. 
In  Bokhara,  291  lbs.;  in  Turkey  the  great 
batman  is  about  1571  lbs.,  the  lesser  only 
one-fi>iirth  of  this ;  at  Aleppo  and  Smyrna, 


17  lbs.;  in  Persia,  13|  lbs.  A  personal, 
lowed  by  the  British  government  to  everj 
company  of  a  regiment  on  forei^  service 
to  take  charge  ofthe  cooking  utensils,  Ac. 
Batolite,  'O-Ht.  A  gen.  of  straight, 
cylindrical  bivalve  fossil  shells,  allied  to 
the  hippurkes. 

Baton  Bougre,  biU'ong-roozh.    Former- 
ly the  capital  of  Louisiana,  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  ofthe  Mississippi,  280  m.  lh)m 
the  Gulf,  and  150  m.  above  New  Orieans. 
the  present  capital.     Pop.  8,400. 
Bat-printingr,  bat'print-ing.   The  mode 
of  printing  on  glazed  ware. 
Batrachia,  ba-trft'H-a.    The  4th  ord.  in 
Cuvier's  arrangement  of  class  Septilia. 
Batrachite,  bat'ra-kit.    A  fossil  resem 
bling  a  ttog;   toadstone.    A  variety  of 
mineral  chrysolite,  composed  of  silicates 
of  lime  and  magnesia. 
BatnuihospermeaB,     ba-trak'S-sper"- 
mS-€.    A  fam.  of  IV-esh-water  confervoid  ' 
algsB. 

Batterin«r-ram,  bat'ter-lng-ram.  In  Mil. 
antlq.  an  engine  used  to  beat  down  the 
walls  of  besieged  places.  A  heavy  black- 
smith's hammer,  suspended,  and  worked 
horizontally. 

Batter-rule,  -rol.  A  plumb-line  at- 
tached to  a  triangular  frame,  one  side  ol 
which  is  fixed  at  the  required  angle  \*ith 
the  line. 

Battery, -I.  A  body  of  cannon  for  field 
operations,  with  complement  of  wagons, 
artillerymen,  &o.  In  Fort,  a  parapet 
thrown  up  to  cover  the  gunners  fkom  the 
enemy's  shot.  Galvanic  battery,  a  series 
of  plates  of  copper  and  sdno,  or  of  any  sub- 
stances susceptible  of  galvanic  action. 

Battery-gun,  -gun.  A  gun  with  several 
barrels,  or  with  one  barrel  and  several 
chambers.  like  a  revolver,  the  Gatlinggun 
or  mitrailleuse. 

Battle, '1.  Aflghtoren-i 
counter  between  enemies! 
or  opposing  armies. 

Battle-axe,  -aks.  An 
axe  anciently  used  as  a 
weapon  of  war. 

Battledore,   -dor.     An     -  - 

instrument  with  a  handle     T  ^, 
and  a  flat  board  or  pahn,     Battle-axe. 
used  to  strike  a  ball  or  shuttlecock:  a 
racket.  « 

Battlement,  ij 
-ment.  A  notched" 

or  indented  para-"  

pet,  formed  by  a  Battlement. 

series    of    rising 

parts  called  cops  or  merlons,  separated  b^ 


ar,  the  Gatlinggun 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BATTALION 


96 


BEAD-BOLL 


openings  called  crenelles  or  embrasures. 
Originally  military,  they  are  used  freely 
in  buildings  by  way  of  ornament. 

Battalion, -tal'yon.  A  body  of  infantry, 
varying  from  about  800  to  1,000  men, 
forming  a  division  of  a  regiment. 

Baub^,  ba'bl.  A  short  stick  with  a 
foo'lft  head,  anciently  carried  by  the  fools 
attached  to  great  houses.  A  trifling 
piece  of  finery. 

Bailfire,  baj.  A  Frencli  drugget  fabricat- 
ed of  coarse  wool. 

Bauhinia,  ba-hln'i-a.  A  gen.  of  twining 
plants,  ord.  Leguminosfle,  often  stretching 
irom  tree  to  tree  like  living  cables. 

Baiilite,  bal'it.  A  transparent  mineral, 
found  in  the  matter  ejected  by  Krabla,  in 
Iceland  ;  a  variety  of  gUissy  felspar. 

Bavaria,  bah-va'ri-ah.  A  kingdom  of  8. 
W.  Germany,  composed  of  two  provinces, 
eastern  and  western,  the  latter  called 
Bhenish  B.,  or  the  Palatinate.  The  gov- 
ernment is  a  hereditary  monarchy  created 
by  Napoleon  in  1805 ;  education  is  com- 
pulsory and  ftill  religious  toleration  pi*e- 
vails.     Pop.  6,470,000. 

Ba'wbee,  ba-be.    A  Scotch  half-penny. 

Bawd,  bad.  A  female  who  keeps  a  house 
of  prostitution,  and  conducts  criminal 
intrigues. 

Baxter,  Bicliard.  The  eminent  au- 
thor and  preacher ;  b.  in  Shropshire, 
England,  1616 ;  i>.  1691.  He  was  a  non- 
conformist, and  sufl'ered  great  persecu- 
tion. His  chief  works  are  the  "Saint's 
Everlasting  Best,"  "  Dying  Thoughts," 
and  "Call  to  the  Unconverted." 

Bay,  ba.  A  recess  in  the  snore  of  a  sea 
or  lake ;  the  expanse  of  water  between 
two  capes  or  headlands ;  a  gulf.  A  prin- 
cipal compartment  or  division  in  the 
architectural  arrangement  of  a  building ; 
the  part  of  the  window  included  between 
the  mullions.  A  kind  of  mahogany  ob- 
tained from  Campeachy  Bay. 

Baya,  'ya.  The  weaver,  a  very  interest- 
ing E.  Indian  passerine  bird,  whose  nest 
resembles  a  bottle,  and  is  suspended  from 
the  branch  of  a  tree,  with  the  entrance 
from  beneath,  so  that  neither  apes,  ser- 
pents nor  squirrels  can  reach  it.  It  is 
easily  tamed,  and  will  fetch  and  carry  at 
command. 

Bayudeer,  -ya-der'.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a 
dancing  girl ;  a  prostitute. 

Bayard,  Pierre  du  Terrail,  Cheva- 
lier, ba'yahr.  A  celebrated  French 
knight,  to  whom  the  adage  is  yet  applied  ; 
"The  soldier  without  fear,  the  man  with- 
out reproach."    B.  1476,  d.  1522,  from  a 


wound  receivea  at  the  battle  of  the  SesU. 
His  most  notable  exploit  was  his  single- 
handed  defense  of  the  bridge  over  tht 
Garigliano  against  a  strong  Spanish  foro«. 

Bayberry,  'be-ri.  The  firult  of  the  bay- 
tree  or  Laurus  nobilis.  /The  fruit  ot 
Myrica  cerifera.  The  plantMyilos  cerif- 
era  (waz-myrUe).  B.  tallow,  a  substuioe 
obtained  from  baybeny  or  wax-myrtle. 

Bayonet,  'on-et.  A  triangalar  sword  or 
dagger,  with  an  iron  handle  and  ring 
which  go  over  the  muzzle  of  the  gun,  so 
that  the  soldier  fires  with  bayonet  fixed. 

Bayou,  bi-o'.  The  outlet  of  a  lake;  a 
channel  for  water. 

Bay-rum,  ba'rum.  A  spfadt  obtained  by 
distilling  the  leaves  of  the  bay  tree. 

BayHBalt,  'salt.  Coarse  grabied  salt,  ob^ 
tained  by  evaporation  of  sea  water. 

Bay-window,  'win-do.  A  window 
forming  a  recess  or  bay  In  a  room,  pro^ 
jectlng  outwards. 

Bazaine,  Francois  Aohille.  A 
French  marshal,  b.  1810,  d.  1888.  Dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Algeria  and  the 
Crimea,  and  s.  Gen.  Forey  In  Mexico ; 
surrendered  Metz  and  his  army  to  the  Ger- 
mans in  1870,  for  which  he  was  tried  in 
1878,  found  guilty  and  imprisoned,  escap- 
ing in  1874.  He  was  a  falthfUl  adherent 
of  Napoleon  III. 

Bazaar,  ba-zSr'.  In  the  East,  a  place 
where  goods  are  exposed  for  sale,  usually 
consisting  of  small  shops  or  stalls  in  a 
narrow  street,  frequently  shaded  by  a 
light  material,  and  sometimes  arched  over. 
A  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles  in  Airther 
ance  of  a  charitable  purpose  ;  a  fitncy  fidn 

Bdellium,  del'li-um.  An  aromatic 
gum  resin,  used  as  a  perflime  and  a  medi- 
cine. 

Bdellostoma,  del-los'to-ma.  A  gen.  of 
cyclostomous  fishes  nearly  allied  to  the 
glutinous  hag. 

Beach,  bech.  The  shore  of  the  sea  or  of 
a  lake ;  the  strand ;  sometimes  used  for 
the  shore  of  large  rivers. 

Bead,  bed.  A  perforated  ball  of  amber, 
glass,  or  the  like,  strung  on  a  thread,  and 
either  worn  on  the  neck  as  an  ornament  ot 
used,  under  the  name  of  a  rosMy,  by 
Boman  Catholics  in  numbering  their 
prayers.  Any  small  globular  body,  as  a 
piece  of  metal  on  a  gun-barrel  to  take  aim 
by;  adrop  ofUquid.  In  Arch,  a  small 
round  molding  cut  into  embossments  * 
an  astragal. 

Bead-roll,  'rol.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  cata- 
logue of  persons  for  the  repose  of  whose 
souls  a  certain  number  of  prayers  is  to  be 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEAD-PBOOF 


9T  liEAYEB 


said  or  oounted  off  on  the  beads  of  a  ohap- 

let  rosary ;  a  roll  of  prayers  or  hymns. 

Bead-Xiroof,bdd'prdf.  Spirltaoosliqnors 
on  whose  snnhoe  a  crown  of  bubbles  will 
stand  for  some  time ;  spirits  which  come 
np  to  a  certain  standard  of  strength. 

Beasrle,  be'gi.  An  Enghsh  hound,  for- 
merly kept  to  hunt  hares;  smaller  than  the 
harrier,  and  little  larger  than  the  lap-dog. 
A  local  name  for  several  species  of  snarks. 

Beakixon,  bSk^-em.  An  anvil  with  a 
long  beak  or  horn,  used  by  workers  in 
sheet-metal. 

Beam-ensine,  bSm'en-jin.  A  steam- 
engine  in  which  the  motion  of  the  piston 
is  transmitted  to  the  crank  bv  means  of 
an  overhead-beam  and  connecting-rod. 

yUift-TwlT^gwnnftinliliK^  'ing-ma-shSn.  A 
machine  by  which  chains  or  webs  are  put 
on  tha  beam ;  a  kind  of  roller-mill. 

Beam-tree,  'trd.  Fyrus  Aria,  also  called 
white-beam. 

Bean,  bSn.  A  name  given  to  several 
kinds  of  leguminous  seeds  and  the  plants 
producing  them  :  Faba,  garden  ana  field 
Dean ;  Phaseolus,  French  or  kidney-bean ; 
and  J>oUohos,  tropical  bean.  The  com- 
mon bean  (F.  vulgaris)  is  extensively  cul- 
1ivat«)d  as  food. 

Bean-Ay,  'fli.  A  beautifkil  fly,  found  on 
bean  flowers,  produced  from  a  maggot 
called  mlda. 

Bean-ffooee,  benV>s-  A  species  of  wild- 
goose,  the  Anser  segetum. 

Bean-«hot,  'shot.  Copper  grains  form- 
ed by  pouring  melted  metal  through  a 
p«*forated  ladle  into  warm  water.  If  cold 
water  is  used,  fliakes  are  formed,  called 
feather-shot. 

Bear-trefoiL  'trd-foil.  A  small  legu- 
minous tree,  the  Anagyrls  foBtida. 

Bear,bftr.  A  plantigrade 
carnivorous  mammal, 
gen.  Ursus,  tun.  UrsidflB. 
The  teeth  are  42  in.  num- 
ber,  as  in  the  dog,  but 
there  is  no  camassial  or 
seetorlal  tooth.  The  brown 
or  black  bear  is  a  native  of  the  north- 
em.  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The 
American  black  bear  is  rarely  above  5  feet 
in  length.  The  grizzly  bear,  an  inhabitant 
of  the  Boidcy  Mountains,  is  a  ferocious 
animal,  sometimes  exceeding  9  feet  in 
length.  The  Siberian  bear  is  perhaps  a 
vanely  of  the  brown  bear.  The  polar  or 
white  bear  is  possessed  of  great  strength 
and  fierceness,  and  is  7  to  8  feet  in  length. 
The  native  bear  of  N.  B.  Wales  is  the 
koala,  ofthe  marsupial  gen.  Phasoolarotos. 


rls  foBtida. 
»r         Bear. 


The  name  of  two  constellations  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  called  the  Greater 
and  Lesser  Bear.  In  the  tail  of  the 
Lesser  Bear  is  the  pole-star. 

Beaxd-moB8,  bord'mos..  A  libhen,  Us- 
neabarbata. 

Beardy.  'L  The  whitethroat  A  Sootch 
name  of  the  loach,  a  small  fresh-water 
malacopteryglan  fish,  fiun.  Gyprinide. 

BearinflT-rein,  bfir'ing-r&n.  The  rein 
by  whidi  the  head  of  a  horse  is  held  up 
in  driving. 

Bear-pit, 'pit  A  pit  for  the  keeping  of 
bears  in  zoological  gardens. 

Beast,  bSst  Any  four-footed  animal,  as 
distinguished  from  fowls,  insects,  fianes 
and  man.    A  brutal  man. 

Beauhamaifl,  Eu^rene  de,  bo-h&r'nai. 
Son  of  Josephine,  wife  of  Napoleon  I., 
adopted  by  the  latter;  b.  1781,  d.  1824. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Kapole- 
onic  wars,  and  was  appointed  Viceroy  of 
Italy.  After  Napoleon^s  iUl  he  retired  to 
Mfiniidi,  and  married  the  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Bavaria. 

Beauhamaifl,  Hoztenae  Eugenie 
de.  Daughter  of  Josephine ;  b.  1788,  i>. 
1887.  She  was  married  against  her  will  to 
Louis,  youngest  brother  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  fi:^m  whom  she  separated  in 
1810,  after  he  was  driven  from  the  throne 
of  Holland.  Her  son  by  him  was  the  late 
Napoleon  III. 

Beanmamhalii,  Pierre  Augiistin 
Oaron  de,  bd-mar'shay.  An  eminent 
JB^nchman,  b.  1782,  d.  1799.  He  warmly 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Americans  in  the 
Bevolution,  and  sent  more  than  fiO  officers 
to  assist  them  at  his  own  expense,  among 
these  being  Baron  BteubsQ  and  Pulaski. 

Beau  Monde,  b5  mond.  The  fhshion- 
able  world ;  people  of  Ikshion  and  gayety. 

Beaureffard,  Peter  Ghistavus 
Toutant.  A  Confederate  general ;  b.  in 
N.  Orleans,  1816.  A  graduate  of  West 
Point,  he  resigned  from  the  Federal  army 
when  South  Carolina  seceded,  and  com- 
manded at  Charleston  when  Fort  Sumter 
was  captured ;  also  at  the  first  battle  of 
Bull  Run.  Surrendered  to  Gen.  Sherman 
with  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  Has  held 
Federal  appointments  since  the  war. 

Beaver.  The 
movable  ikce- 
guard  of  a  hel- 
met,  so  con- 
structed that 
the  wearer 
could  raise  or 

lower  it  to  eat  Helmets, 

and  drink ;  a  visor. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEAVEE 
Beavef,  Wyck,    A  rodent  quadruped, 


Beaver. 


gen.  Castor  (C.  fiber) ;  valued  for  Its  fhr. 

Beaver-rat,  -rat.  The  common  name 
applied  to  the  gen.  Hydromys  ;  admh^ble 
swimmers  and  divers. 

Beaver-tree,  -trO.  A  deciduous  tree, 
gen.  Magnolia  (M.  glauca),  ord.  Mag- 
noliacese. 

Bebeerine,  -bo'rin.  The  active  princi- 
ple Oj  the  bark  of  the  bobeeru,  analogous 
to  quinine. 

Bebeera,  'ro.  A  tree  of  British  Guiana, 
ord.  Lauraceffi,  the  timber  of  which  is 
called  green-heart. 

Beccafico,  bek-a-f5'ko.  A  passerine  bird, 
fam.  Sylviadffi,  resembling  a  nightingale, 
the  greater  petty-chaps  and  garden-war- 
bler. 

Beccaria,  Caesar  Bonesara,  Mar- 
chese  di,  bek'ka-rc-a.  An  Italian  publi- 
cist, B.  1735,  D.  1793  ;  author  of  the  cele- 
brated "  Treatise  on  Crimes  and  Punish- 
ments," which  is  the  source  of  modem 
criminal  law  and  practice. 

Beohuana,  bech-n-a'na.  One  of  a  peo- 
ple inhabiting  the  Interior  of  8.  Africa,  de- 
scribed as  superior  to  the  Kaffirs. 

Beoket,  St.  Thomas  a,  ah-bi5k'5t.  A 
celebrated  R.  C.  divine,  b.  in  London, 
1119;  assassinated  on  the  altar  steps  of 
Canterbury  Cathedral,  of  which  he  was 
archbishop,  on  a  supposed  order  from  the 
king,  Henry  II.,  1170 ;  canonized,  1173. 

Becniba-nut,  bu-kwe'ba-nut.  A  nut 
produced  from  a  Brazilian  tree,  from  which 
a  balsam  is  drawn,  used  in  rheumatism. 

Becuna,  be-ko'na.  A  ferocious  fish, 
fam.  Sphyraenidae,  resembling  the  pike. 

Bedafirat,  bed'a-gat.  The  name  given  to 
the  saered  books  of  the  Buddhists  in  Bur- 
mah. 

Bed-bugr,  bed-bug.  The  Cimex  lectula- 
rins,  infesting  beds. 

Bed-ohaxnber,  bed'cham-ber.  An  apart- 
ment Intended  for  sleep  and  repose.  Lords 
of  the  Bed-chamber,  officers  of  the  British 
royal  household  under  the  groom  of  the 
stole.    In  the  case  of  a  queen  regnaut 


I  BEE-HAWK 

these  posts  are  occupied  by  ladies,  called 
Ladies  of  the  Bed-chamber. 

Bede,  the  Venerable,  bSd.  England*! 
earliest  historian,  a  monk,  b.  678,  d.  786. 
Hifl  "Ecclesiastical  History  of  England," 
Issued  in  Latin  in  734,  and  translated  by 
King  Alfred  the  Great,  is  still  an  esteemed 
standard. 

Bedegrar,  bed'S-gar.  A  spongy  excres- 
cence or  gall,  also  termed  sweet-brier 
sponge,  found  on  roses,  produced  by  In- 
sects as  receptacles  for  their  eggs,  as  the 
Cynips-rosae. 

Bedlam,  'lam.  A  mad-house;  a  place 
appropriated  for  lunatics. 

Bedlamer,  -er.  The  name  given  by  sea] 
hunters  to  the  hooded  seal  when  a  year 
old,  from  its  ft-antic actions  when  captured. 

Bedouin,  bed'o-in.  One  of  a  tribe  of  no- 
madic Arabs,  who  live  in  tents. 

Bee,  be.  An  insect  of  the  gen.  Apis,  the 
honey-bee  being  the  most  interesting. 

Beebee,  -be.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  lady. 
A  Hindu  concubine. 

Bee-bird,  'herd.  The  spotted  fly-catcher. 

Bee-bread,  'bred.  The  pollen  of  flowers 
collected  by  bees  as  food  for  their  young. 

Beech,  bech.  A  tree,  gen.  Pagus,  ord. 
CupuliferiB.  The  common  beech  grows  to 
a  large  size.  The  mast  or  nuts  are  eaten 
by  animals,  and  yield  a  good  oil  for  lamps. 
The  wood  is  manufactured  into  a  great 
variety  of  tools. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  Bev.  Son 
of  Lyman  Beecher,  an  eminent  New  Eng- 
land Congregational  preacher  and  theolo- 
gian ;  B.  1S13;  entered  the  Congregational 
ministry  in  1S34,  and  in  1847  became  pas- 
tor of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn,  a  re- 
lation which  still  continues.  Mr.  B.  Is 
considered  by  many  as  the  most  eloquent 
divine  of  the  century,  and  he  Is  scarcely 
less  distinguished  as  a  writer  and  lecturer 
on  popular  subjects. 

Beech-hopper,  'hop-cr.  One  of  the 
Coleoptera,  fam.  Curculionidas  or  weevils. 

Beech-oil,  'oil.  A  bland,  fixed  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  nuts  of  the  beech-tree, 
used  in  parts  of  France  instead  of  butter. 

Beef-eater,  b§f St-er.  An  AlHoan  Inses- 
sorial  bird,  gen.  Buphaga.  One  of  th« 
yeomen  of  the  British  royal  guard. 

Beef-wood, 'wfld.  The  timber  of  Aus- 
tralian trees,  gen.  Casuarina,  chiofly  used 
In  fine  ornamental  work. 

Bee-grlue,  be'glu.  A  soft,  unctuous  mat- 
ter with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to 
tlie  hives  ;  called  also  propolis. 

Bee-hawk,  'hak.     The   honey-buzzard. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEEHIVE-HOUBE 


99 


BEJABIA 


so  called  flrom  preying  on  hymenopterous 
insects,  such  as  wasps,  &<j.  Lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  gen.  Sesia,  are  also  often  called 
bee-hawks. 

Beehive-house,  'hly-hous.  The  popular 
name  of  certain  small  conical  builaings  in 
Ireland,  formed  of  stones,  the  upper  layer 
always  overlapping  the  one  beneath  it. 
No  cement  is  used.  They  occur  single  or 
clustered,  the  latter  sometimes  encircled 
by  a  stone  wall  for  defense. 

Beelzebub,  -el'ze-bub.  A  god  of  the 
Philistines  who  had  a  ffmious  temple  at 
Ekron. 

Beelzebul,  -bul.  A  name  given  by  the 
Jews  to  the  prince  of  demons,  being  an 
opprobrious  change  on  the  term  Beelze- 
bub. 

Beer,  bSr.  An  alcoholic  liquor  made 
from  any  fiinnaceous  grain,  genentlly  bar- 
ley, which  is  malted  and  ground,  and  its 
fermentable  substance  extracted  by  hot 
water.  To  this  infbsion  hops  or  some 
other  plant  of  an  agreeable  bitterness  is 
added,  and  it  is  boiled,  the  liquor  being 
then  suffered  to  ferment  in  vats.  A  fer- 
mented extract  of  various  plants,  as 
ginger,  spruce-sap,  molasses,  &c. 

Bees'-wax,  boz'waks.  The  wax  se- 
creted by  bees. 

Bees-winiT,  'wing.  A  gauzy  film  in 
port  wines  indicative  of  age. 

Beet,  b6t.  A  plant,  gen.  Beta,  ord.  Che- 
nopodiaceffi,  the  root  of  which  is  lai^ely 
used  for  food;  sugar  is  also  extracted 
from  the  root,  and  it  has  been  used  in 
place  of  malt. 

Beet-fly,  bet-fli.  A  two-winged  insect 
(Anthomyia  betae)  infesting  crops  of  beet. 

Beethoven,  Ludwigr  von,  ba-to'ven. 
The  eminent  musical  composer,  b.  at 
Bonn,  Germany,  1770 ;  n.  1827. 

Beetle,  b€'tl.  A  heavy  wooden  mallet. 
A  machine  for  producing  figured  fabrics 
by  pressure  from  corrugated  rollers. 

Beetle.  Any  insect  belonging  to  the  ord. 
Coleoptera,  but  sometimes  restricted  to 
Scarabseidee,  a  tribe  of  this  order  embrac- 
ing more  than  8,000  species.  Beetles  vary 
in  size  from  a  pin's  head  to  a  man's  fist 

Beetle-stone,  -stdn.  A  nodule  of  copro- 
litic  ironstone. 

Befana,  ba-f5'na.  In  Ttalv,  a  witch  or 
&iry  who  It  is  pretended  brings  presents 
to  children  on  the  eve  of  Epiphany.  A 
rag-doll  exhibited  by  children  m  Italy  on 
the  eve  of  Epiphany,  supposed  to  repre- 
sent the  befima. 
Begr,  Bey,  beg,  ba.    In  Turkey,  a  gov- 


ernor ;  more  particularly,  the  lord  of  a 
sanjak  or  banner.  In  Tunis,  the  prinoe 
or  king. 

Begrhard,  be-gard.  One  of  a  body  of  relig- 
ious enthusiasts  which  arose  in  Flanders 
in  the  13th  century.  They  reAised  to 
submit  to  the  rules  of  any  order,  but 
bound  themselves  to  a  life  of  sanctity 
without  quitting  their  secular  vocations. 
They  were  subjected  to  severe  persecu- 
tion, and  gradually  dispersed. 

Begrlerbefir,  beg'ler-beg.  The  governor 
of  a  province  in  Uie  Turkish  Empire,  next 
In  dignity  to  the  grand  vizier. 

BefiToniaoeaB,  bo-gu'ni-a''su-€.  An  ord. 
of  exogens.  By  some  botanists  all  the 
members  of  this  order  are  included  in  the 
gen.  Begonia ;  others  make  many  genera. 

Begrtash i .  \"  it  1  fi '  T  i " .  A  si.'t^ret  i^Uprf. m B 
or< I r i'  i  r.  Til  i-U .  y  n  .M  T I i Jil Lrj t^  tlin  iTrt^ ts- 
ml^;■^l^'l.^  i-ni-' 
phySnur  ]tf^^- 
Wdril^und^Ig-iis 
of  I f^i^opiiHoTi 
in  s'jiua  cHSfia 
idf  lillcttl  with 
th.'M>  Kit  thifl 
orliT, 

Begiilne,  hii' 
gen.  I.hi04.ifji»i 
onU'r  oi'(eu\!i\i='H% 
whls'li  «|i'rii]i.Arf 
up  iiJ  nerrniiiiy^ 
an^l  Hi'ldMui  ]u 
th.>  llLlk  n«.[j- 
tury.  Without 
taking  monas- 
tic vows,  they  unite  for  purposes  of 
devotion  and  charity,  and  live  In  houses 
called  beguinages.  Communities  exist  in 
Holland,  Belgium  and  Germany. 

Begum,  bo'gum.  An  E.  Indian  princess 
or  la<ly  of  high  rank. 

Behemoth,  be'he-moth.  An  animal  de- 
scribed in  Job  xl.,  16-24,  which  some  sup- 
pose to  be  an  ox,  others  an  e'.ephant, 
hippopotamus,  crocodile,  mastodon,  Ac, 
while  many  regard  it  simply  as  a  type  oi 
the  largest  land  animals. 

Behring:  Straits.  The  channel  con- 
necting the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans, 
and  separating  Asia  and  ATncrica ;  86  m. 
wide  at  its  narrowest. 

Beidelsar,  bi-dersar.  A  plant  used  in 
AfHoa  as  a  remedy  for  fever  and  the  bites 
of  serpents  ;  supposed  to  ho  the  Asclepi- 
as  procera.  The  Egyptians  used  the 
down  of  its  seeds  as  tinder. 

Bejaria,  be-ifi'rina.  A  gen.  of  8.  Amerl- 
ican  alpine  plants,  ord.  Erioacee. 


Beguino. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEKAH 


100 


BELLINI 


Bekah,  bo'kft.    A  Jewish  half-shekel. 
BelayizLgr-pin,  bo-la'ing-pln.    A  wood- 
en or  iron  pin  on  a  vessel  for  belaying  run- 
ning-ropes to. 

Belcher,  belsh'er.  A  neckerchief  with 
blue  ground,  white  spots  and  a  dark  blue 
spot  in  the  center  of  each;  named  after 
an  English  pugilist. 

Beldazae,  berdfim.  An  old  woman  in 
general,  especially  an  ugly  old  woman ; 
a  hag. 

BelemnitldSB,  bel-em-nit'i-de.  An  ex- 
tinct fam.  of  cephalopodous  moUusks, 
sec.  Decapoda,  nearly  allied  to  the  ex- 
isting Sepia,  abundant  in  the  chalk  and 
Jurassio  limestone.  There  are  four 
known  genera— Belemnites,  Belemnoteu- 
this,  Belemnitella  and  Xiphoteuthis. 
Bel  Esprit,  ^es-prS.  A  fine  genius  or 
man  of  wit 

Belfast.  The  oonmiercial  capital  of  north- 
ern Ireland:  situated  in  County  Antrim,  at 
the  head  of  Belfast  Lough ;  pop.  126,264. 
Belfry,  'fri.  Anciently,  a  wooden  tower 
erected  by  besiegers  to  the  height  of  the 
walls  of  the  place  to  be  assailed ;  mounted 
on  wheels  and  covered  with  raw  hides 
to  piroteot  those  under  it.  A  stationary 
tower  ftimlshed  with  a  bell  to  give  the 
alarm  to  the  garrison,  and  also  to  summon 
the  vassals  of  a  feudal  lord.  A  bell  tower. 
BelfiriTixn,  bel'Ie-um.  A  European  king- 
dom bounded  by  the  North  Sea,  France, 
the  Netherlands,  Holland  and  Germany, 
having  an  area  of  11,813  sq.  m.,  and  a  pop. 
of  6,812,000.  Brussels  is  the  capital,  and 
the  government  is  hereditary,  constitu- 
tional and  representative  monarchv.  The 
present  kingdom  was  established  In  1889. 
The  prevaifing  religion  is  E.  C,  but  flill 
tolerance  prevails. 

Belfiric,  'jlk.  Pertaining  to  the  Belg®, 
who  in  Cffisar^s  time  possessed  the  coun- 
try between  the  Rhine,  the  Seine,  and  the 
ocean.  They  were  of  Teutonic  origin, 
*  and  colonies  established  themselves  in  the 
southern  part  of  Britain. 
Belgravian,  -graM-an.  Belonging  to 
Belgravia,  an  aristocratic  portion  of  Lon- 
don around  Pimlico ;  aristocratic. 
Bell.  A  metallic  vessel  which  gives 
forth  a  ringing  sound,  made  of  a  compo- 
sition called  bell-metal.  The  largest  bell 
In  the  world  is  the  great  bell  of  Moscow, 
cast  in  1658,  computed  to  weigh  198  tons. 
The  phrase  employed  on  shipboard,  as 
**  o'clock  "  is  on  shore,  to  denote  the  di- 
visions of  dally  time.  To  curse  by  Uell, 
book  and  candle,  a  solenm  mode  of  excom- 
munication used  in  the  £.  0.  Church,  the 


effect  being  to  exclude  the  ezoonmmni- 
cated  fh>m  the  society  of  the  ftithftiL 

Bell  ad  o  n  ii  a.    -U- 1 ,    f..  /  >  ^ 
don'na.    Atri  ►  l  > »  !"<'  I  la-  _^^iV-^'ik  A 
donna,    or    tfijiidlvj  '     '' 

night-shade,  ord.  Sal-J 
anacesB.    All  i»!ifL»  ofT 
the  plants  are   l"^*'^"ii-j|HB=pa- jmkjl>»i* 
ous.    The  in  rt^jl  F^iakd tf^^_'|B^Bt3/ 
juice  is  known  nn   ox-  """^ 

tract  of  belladoniiu.  B. 
lily,  a  specieij  of  Aiuh- 


Illy,  a  I 
ryllls. 


Bellatrix,     Liirikj^. 
A  glittering  suu^  in  thu  BaUodoima  lily^ 
left  shoulder  of  Orion. 
Bell-bird,  'herd.    The  Arapnnga  alba, 
a  passerine  bird,  so  named  from  its  sono- 
rous bell-like  notes.    Also  ^e  Myzantha 
melanophrys,  fkm.  Meliphagidffi. 
Bell-cranJc,    'krangk.     A    reotangolar 
lever  by  which  the  d&eotlon  of  motion  is 
changed  through  an  angle  of  90°,  and  by 
which  its  velocity,  ratio  and  range  may 
be  altered  at  pleasure. 
Belleric,  -ler'ik.    The  astringent  fruit  of 
Terminalia  Bellerica,  used  bycaUoo-print- 
ers. 

Bellerophon,  bSl-ldr'o-fon.  In  Myth. 
the  son  of  Glaucus,  who  incurred  the  ha- 
tred of  Antaea,  wife  of  Bellems,  king  of 
Argos,  by  refusing  to  second  her  amorous 
advances,  and  killed  Bellems  in  defendii^ 
his  own  life.  He  engaged  in  various  ad- 
ventures under  Jobates,  fkther  of  Antiea, 
and  king  of  Lycia,  In  one  of  which  he  de* 
stroyed  the  Chimera  by  the  aid  of  Pegas- 
Bus.  the  winged  horse.  He  finally  mar- 
ried a  sister  of  Anteea. 
Bellerophon,  ^o-fon.  A  gen.  of  fossO 
nautlloid  shells,  allied  to  the  Heteropoda. 
Belles-lettres,  -let-tr.  Polite  or  elegant 
literature. 
Bell-g-able, 
ga-bl.  A  term 
applied  to  the 
gable  of  a  re- 
ligious edifice 
surrounded  by 
a  small  turret 
for  the  recep-  I 
tion  of  bells. 
Bell- erl  ass, 
'glas.  A  cover- 
ing for  plants 
shaped  like  a 
bell. 

BoUini,  Vin- 
cenzo,  bdl-lg'ne.    The  illustrious  Italian 
composer,  b.  1806,    n.  1886;   author  of 


Bell-gable. 


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101 


BEMBEGID^ 


"D  Plrata,"  "LaSonnambula,"  "Nonna" 
and  "I  Puritani." 

Bellis,  bd'Us.  The  daisy,  a  small  gen.  of 
annual  or  perennial  herbs. 
BeU-xnetal,  'met-al.  An  alloy  of  80 
parts  of  copper  and  20  of  tin,  used  for 
making  bells.  Bmall  shrill  boUs  generally 
contain  sdnc. 

Bellona,  -Id'na.  In  Rom.  myth,  the 
goddess  of  war.  In  Astron.  an  asteroid. 
Bellot  Straits,  bel'lo.  The  channel 
connecting  Prince  Begent  Inlet  and 
Franklin  Channel. 

Bellows,  beiadz.     An  in-^^g|^^^^ 
stroment  for  producing  »^^^^^^*' 
current  of  air,  principally*^^  \^y^ 
used  for  blowing  fire  in    nSellows. 
forges.    Bellows  of  great 
power  are  called  blowing  machines  and 
are  operated  by  steam. 
Bellows-camera,  -kam-er-a.    In  Fho- 
tog.  a  form  of   expanding    camera    in 
which  the  bodies  are  connected  by  an  ex- 
pansible porti<% 
Bellows- 
flsh.    An 
acanthop- 
terygioua*? 
flsh,     film.  "" 
Fistularid®,, 
gen.    Oen- 
triscus,  call- 
ed also   the 
Trumpet- 
fish  or  Bea-snipe. 

Bellows-pTunp,  -pump.  An  atmos- 
pheric pump. 

Bell-pepper,  'pep-per.  Guinea-pepper, 
the  fruit  of  Capsicum  grossum. 
Bell-telegraph,  'tel-e-graf.  A  tele- 
graphic apparatus  in  which  two  different- 
fy  toned  bells  give  the  signals. 
Belmont.  A  village  in  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  the  scene  of  the  first 
victory  won  by  Gen.  Grant  over  the  CK)n- 
federates  under  Gens.  Polk  and  Pillow, 
Ifov.  7, 1861. 

Belooche,  bel-n'che.  A  native  or  inhab- 
itant of  Beloochistan. 

Beloochistan,  bcl-oo-ch!s'tan.  A  conn- 
try  of  Asia,  S.  of  Afghanistan,  with  a  sca- 
ooast  on  the  Indian  Ocean  of  600  m.;  area, 
200,000  sq.  m.;pop.  706,000.  The  inhab- 
itants are  called  Beloochee  and  Brnhooees, 
of  mixed  Tartar  and  Persian  blood,  and 
the  country  is  governed  by  several  chiefe 
who  pay  nominal  allegiance  to  the  Khan 
ofEelat. 

',  bel-shi'riiar.  King  of  Baby- 


BellowB-flsh. 


Ion,  and  the  last  of  the  Chaldean  dynastr, 
He  was.  b.  about  620,  crowned  about  CA, 
and  D.  538  b.  o.  The  romantic  history 
of  his  reign  is  familiar  to  all  readers  of  the 
Scriptures. 

Belt.  Two  straits  (Great  and  Little)  con- 
necting the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  Cattegat 

Belt,  belt  A  girdle  in  which  a  sword  or 
other  weapon  is  hung.  In  Astron.  one  of 
certain  rings  which  surround  the  planet 
Jupiter.  In  Her.  a  badge  given  to  a  per- 
son when  he  was  raised  to  knighthood. 
In  Mach.  a  band  passing  around  two 
wheels,  communicating  motion  from  one 
to  the  other. 

Beltane,  bel'tan.  The  name  of  an 
ancient  fire  festival  still  kept  up  in  re- 
mote parts  of  Ireland  and  'Scotland,  no 
doubt  derived  f^-om  the  worship  of  the 
sun  or  fire,  formerly  practiced  among  the 
Celts  and  other  heathen  nations. 

Belt-lacine:,  belt'las-ing.  Leather 
thongs  for  lacing  together  ends  of  a  belt. 

Belt-shifter,  'shifter.  A  contrivance 
for  shifting  a  belt  fh>m  one  pulley  to  an- 
other. 

Belt-speeder,  'sped-er.  A  contrivanott 
for  transmittfhg  various  rates  of  motion. 

Belugra,  be-Iu'ga.  A  gen.  of  Cetacea, 
fdxfx.  Delphinidffi  or  dolphins.  The  B. 
arctica,  leucas  or  albicans,  called  white 
whale. 

Belvedere,  berve-der.  In  Italian  Arch, 
the  upper  story  of  a  building,  open  to  the 
atr.    In   France,    an   elevated   summer- 

llOll  S€t 

Belvidere,  M-d€r.  A  plant,  Kochla 
scoporia  (broom-cypress),  much  esteemed 
in  China  as  a  salaa. 

Belvisiaceaa,  -vis'l-a^se-e.  An  ord.  of 
plants  closely  allied  to  the  Myrtaceie,  in- 
cluding only  t^o  genera,  Napoleona  and 
Astoranthus. 

Bem,  Joseph,  Qen.  A  gallant  Polish 
officer,  B.  1796,  d.  1860.  He  fought  un- 
der Napoleon  I.  against  Russia,  in  the 
Polish  revolution  in  1880,  in  the  Hun- 
garian revolt  against  Austria  in  1848,  de- 
feating the  Austrians  in  several  battles, 
and  on  the  failure  of  the  revolution  es- 
caped to  Turkey,  became  a  Mohamme- 
cdan,  and  was  appointed  a  pasha. 

Bema,  b€'ma.    In  Greek  antiq.  a  stage 
or  pulpit  on  which  speakers  stood  when  , 
addressing  an   assembly.    In   the  early 
Christian  church,  a  part  raised  abovr  the 
rest  reserved  for  the  nigher  clergy. 

BembecidSB,  bem-bcs'i-dG.  A  fiun.  of 
solitary  aculeate  or  sting-bearing  hymen- 
opterous  insects,   resembling  waspf   or 


Digitized  by 


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BEMBKTDOK  BEI>8 


!'« 


BENZOLS 


bees,  and  with  thu  Splio^ilte,  and  other 
kindred  &milie8,  known  m  sand-wasps. 
Bcmbex  is  the  typical  gen. 
Bexnbridfire  Beda,  'br^-bedz.  A  fosgii- 
iferous  division  of  the  upper  eocene  strata, 
consisting  of  marls  ana  clays,  resting  on 
a  compact  limestone ;  their  distinctive 
feature  is  the  mammalian  remains  of  the 
Pakeotheriam  and  Anoplotherium. 
Ben,  ben.  A  Gaelic  word  prefixed  to  the 
names  of  many  of  the  most  elevated  sum- 
mits of  northern  Scotland,  as^  Ben  Nevis, 
Ben  Crauchan,  ^c. 

Benedicite,  -e-dis'i-tu.  A  canticle  or 
hymn  used  in  the  Anglican  Church  at 
morning  prayer  after  the  first  lesson, 
called  the  hymn  of  the  Three  Children  in 
the  fiery  furnace,  and  as  old  as  the  time  of 
ftt.  Chrysostom. 

Benedict,  'e-dikt.  A  sportive  name  for 
a  married  man,  especially  one  who  has 
been  long  a  bachelor.  Also  applied  to  a 
bachelor. 

Benedick,  Ludwis:,  Gten.,  b^n'e-dlk. 
A  distinguished  Austrian  Commander,  b. 
1804.  He  won  distinction  in  the  wars 
with  Italy,  1848  and  1859,  and  In  the 
Hungarian  revolt.  1849,  hut  was  dis- 
astrously defeated  by  the  Prussians  at 
8adowa,  July  8,  1866. 
Benedict,  -dikt.  The  name  assumed  by 
fourteen  popes,  commencing  with  B.  I., 
who  s.  John  III.,  576,  and  ended  with  B. 
XIV.,  who  8.  Clement  XII.,  1740,  andn. 
1758.  B.  VI.  was  martvred  ;  B.  IV.  was 
deposed  for  his  vices  ;  B.  X.  was  irregu- 
larly elected  and  compelled  to  resign  his 
dignity  to  Nicholas  II.;  B.  XII.  was 
French,  and  the  third  pope  who  reigned 
at  Avignon  ;  B.  XIV.,  Cardinal  Lamber- 
tini,  was  a  strict  reformer,  and  encour- 
aged education  in  all  directions. 
Benedict,  St.  Founder  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order  of  Monks,  b.  in  Italy  in  480,  d. 
648.  He  was  renowned  for  his  austere 
life,  his  eloquence  and  his  reputed  power 
of  performing  miracles.  The  first  Bene- 
dictine monastery  was  created  at  Monte 
Oassino,  on  the  site  of  the  temple  of 
Apollo. 

Benediction,  ben-e-dik'shon.  The  act 
ofinvoking  a  blessing;  a  giving  praise  to 
God. 

Benedictus,  ben-e-dlk'tus.    A  portion 
of  the  mass  introduced,  with    English 
'  "words,  into  the  morning  prayer  of  the 
English  Church. 

Bengral,  ben-gawr.  An  E.  Indian  pres- 
idency, lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Ganges, 
covering  860,204  sq.  m.;  pop.  89,461,700. 
Calcutta,   Delhi,  Agra  and  Benares  are 


fsil 


its  rhief  cities ;  the  Ganges  and  Brahma- 
pootra its  principal  rivers.  The  inhabitants 
include  lilndus,  Bikhs,  Ri^poots,  Mo- 
guls, Mahrattos,  and  a  large  number  of 
British.  B.  Bay  is  a  port  of  the  Indiaa 
Ocean  between  India  proper  and  Farther 
India. 

Bengral.  A  thin  stuff  made  of  silk  and 
hair  for  women's  apparel.  An  imitatioii  of 
striped  muslin. 

Ben«ral-li9lit,    'lit. 

A  species  of  fireworks 

used  as  signals. 
Benitier,  ba-ne-te-a. 

A  stone  font  for  con- 
taining holy  water,  In 

a  R.  C.  church. 
Benne,    ben'e.     The  j 

Sesamura      orientalo, 

ord.  Pedaliaceffi,  from 

the  seeds  of  which  a 

valuablb  oil  is  express- 

Benne-oil,  -oil.  A. 
bland  fixed  oil  ex-f 
pressed  from  the  nuts  I 
of  the  Sesamum  orien- 1 
tale  and  8.  indicum,| 
used  like  olive-oil. 

Bennett,  James 
Gk>rdon.  An  Amer- 
ican Journalist,  founder  of  the  N.  Y. 
Herald, ;  b.  in  Scotland,  1800,  d.  1872.  His 
son,  James  Gordon,  Jr.,  s.  his  father  and 
still  conducts  the  paper,  in  many  respects 
the  greatest  journal  In  the  world. 

Ben-nut,  'nut.  The  seed  of  the  ben  or 
horse-radish  tree  of  India,  which  jUAds 
an  oil  called  ben-oil,  remarkable  for  not 
becoming  rancid  for  many  yeors.  It 
Is  used  as  the  basis  of  scents  and  is  em- 

Sloyed  by  watchmakers  for  lubricating 
elicate  works. 

Bentham,  Jeremy,  b^nt'ham.  A  dis- 
tinguished English  writer  on  politioal 
economy  and  Jurisprudence ;  b.  1748,  d. 
1882. 

Benthamia,  ben-tham'i-a.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  Cornacees.  B.  frugif^'a 
yields  an  edible  fruit. 

Benzoate,  bcn'z6-&t.  A  salt  of  benzoic 
add. 

Benzoin,  ben-zo'in.  Gum  bei^amin ; 
a  resinous  juice  from  Styrax  Benzoin, 
ord.  StyrncaceiE,  properly  a  balsam,  used 
in  cosmetics,  perfumes  and  in  incense. 


B^niUer. 


Benzole,  ben'zol.  A  liquid  obtained  by 
distilling  1  part  of  crystallized  benzoic  odd 
and  8  ptu-ts  of  slaked  lime,  used  in  the 


distilling  1  part  of  oi 
and  8  ptu-ts  of  sh 
preparation  of  varaishos  and  for  cleaning 


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BENTON 


108 


BEBTHIEB 


rloves,  remoying  grease-spots,  &c. 
Called  also  benzine. 

Benton,  Thomas  H.,  b^n'tun.  An 
eminent  American  statesman,  b.  In  N. 
Carolina  In  1782,  d.  1868,  after  holding 
a  seat  in  Congress  from  Missouri  for  80 
years.  He  was  a  consistent  Jackson 
Democrat  In  politics.  His  "Thirty 
TeM^'  View"  embraces  a  history  of  the 
government  from  1820  to  1860,  and  is 
recognized  as  a  standard  authority. 

Berangrer,  Pierre  Jean  de,  ba-ron- 
zhah'.  The  French  printer  who  became 
the  foremost  lyric  poet  of  his  country ;  b. 
1780,  D.  1867.  Ills  poems  contributed 
largely  to  the  rerolution  of  1880. 

Berber,  ber'ber.  A  person  belonging  to 
a  group  of  tribes,  estimated  at  8,000,000, 
Inhabinng  parts  of  Barbary  and  portions 
of  the  Sahara. 

Berberis,ber'ber-i8.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
BerberldacesB,  known  as  barberry  or  ber- 
berry. The  buries  are  acid  and  astringent, 
and  Torm  with  sugar  an  agreeable  preserve. 
The  stem  and  bark  are  excessively  as- 
tringent, and  are  employed  as  a  mordant. 
The  root  yields  a  yellow  dye. 

Berean,  bc-re'an.  One  of  a  sect  of  dis- 
senters from  the  Church  of  Scotland,  who 
profess  to  follow  the  ancient  Bereans  men- 
tioned in  the  Acts. 

Berenararian,  ber-en-ga'ri-an.  One  of 
a  sect  which  followed  Berenger  in  the 
11th  century. 

Beresina.  A  Bussian  river  which  emp- 
ties into  the  Dnieper,  made  fomous  by 
its  disastrous  passage  by  Napoleon's  army 
on  its  winter  retreat  from  Moscow. 

Bersamo,  ber'ga-mo.  A  coarse  tapestry. 

Ber^amot,  -mot.  A  variety  of  pear. 
The  Hme,  the  essential  oil  from  the  rind 
of  which  is  in  high  esteem  as  a  perfUme. 

Bergrander,  'gan-der.  The  Sheldrake  or 
Burrow-duck. 

Ber^mannite,  berg'man-it.  A  mineral 
classed  with  analcime,  in  the  fam.  of  zeo- 
lites. 

Bersrmehl,  'mal.  Mountain-meal  or  fos- 
sil forina,  a  geological  deposit,  consisting 
of  the  silidous  frustules  or  cell- walls  of 
diatoms.  It  is  eaten  in  Lapland  mixed 
wiUi  corn  and  bark. 

Berlin,  bair'Un.  The  ancient  cap.  of 
Prussia,  and  now  of  the  German  Empire ; 
founded  in  the  12th  centurv,  on  the  river 
Spree,  in  Bradenburg  ;  it  is  surrounded 
by  a  wall  7  m.  in  length.  Pop.  about 
1,800,000. 

Berlin-ware,  lin-wSr.  A  kind  of  pottery 


which  resists  the  action  of  almost  &X 
chemical  reagents. 

Berm,  berm.  In  Fort,  a  space  of  ground 
between  the  rampart  and  fosse.  The  side 
of  a  canal  opposite  the  towing-path. 

Bermuda  Islands.  A  group  of  the 
W.  Indies,  800  in  number,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain.  St  George  is  thepifaoipal, 
its  chief  city,  Hamilton,  being  the  capital. 

Bemardine,  ber'nard-in.  The  name 
given  in  France  to  the.Cistercian  order  of 
monks. 

Bemadotte,  Jean  Baptiste  Jnles.  A 
marshal  of  France,  under  Napoleon  I.,  b. 
1764 ;  elected  king  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way on  the  death  of  Charles  XIII., 
assumed  the  throne  under  the  title  of 
Charles  John  XIY.,  and  in  1818  com- 
manded the  united  armies  of  Germany 
against  Napoleon.  D.  1844,  after  a  wise 
and  prosperous  reign. 

Bernard,  St.,  (Great),  bair'nor.  A  noted 
Alpine  Mountain  pass  between  the  Yalois 
and  Piedmont,  at  the  summit  of  which 
is  the  Hospice,  founded  by  St.  Bernard  in 
862,  for  the  care  and  succor  of  travelers, 
and  ever  since  maintained.  The  jpass  has 
been  utilized  for  the  passage  of  invading 
armies,  the  most  notable  instance  being 
that  of  Napoleon  with  30,000  men  in  May, 
1800. 

Bernard,  St.  Abbot  of  Clairvaux;  b. 
at  Dijon,  1091,  d.  1168,  canonized  1174. 
The  most  eloquent  and  fearless  preacher 
of  the  age*  He  was  equally  renowned  for 
quick,  unerring  judgment,  and  his  advice 
was  sought  by  popes  and  princes.  His 
writings  were  voluminous,  and  he  is  ao- 
corded  the  distinguished  title  of  "  Last  oi 
the  Fathers.''  Christians  of  all  denomi- 
nations pay  cheerftil  tribute  to  his  piety 
and  abilities. 

Berne,  bern.  A  canton  and  city  (the  lat- 
ter the  cap.)  of  Switzerland ;  pop.  606,141. 

Bemhard,  burn'hdrd.  Duke  of  Saze 
Weimar;  b.  1600,  d.  1689.  Ho  was 
among  the  bravest  and  most  successflil 
generals  of  his  day. 

Beroe, 'd-€.  A  gen.  of  small  phosphoric 
marine  animals,  class  Coelenterata,  ord. 
Ctenophora. 

Berry,  be'ri.  A  succulent  or  pulpy  fruit, 
the  flesh  of  which  contains  severu  seeds, 
as  the  gooseberry,  strawberry  and  cur- 
rant. The  name  is  sometimes  extended 
to  superior  fruits,  like  the  grape. 

Berserker,  ber'ser-ker.  A  kind  of  wild 
warrior  or  champion  of  heathen  times  in 
Scandinavia. 

Berthier,     Alexandre.     Prino^    of 


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BEETHOLLETIA 


104 


BEZE'xTA 


Neufchaiel  and  Wagram ;  b.  1758,  d. 
1815.  He  served  under  Lafayette  in  the 
American  Revolution,  and  returning  to 
France  attached  himself  to  Napoleon, 
toward  whom  he  for  years  maintained  the 
most  intimate  personal  relations,  acting 
as  his  secretary  as  well  as  aide ;  made  mar- 
shal and  vice  constable  of  France,  he 
acquiesced  in  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons, but  after  Napoleon's  return  ftpom 
exile,  committed  suicide  in  a  moment  of 
remorse. 

Bertholletia,  -thol-le'ti-a.  A  gen.  of 
Myrtaceae,  of  which  only  one  species  (B. 
excelsa)  is  known.  The  fruit  is  the  Bra- 
zil-nut. 

Bertrand,  Henri  Gratien,  Oomte, 
ber-tron'.  One  of  Napoleon's  generals, 
and  his  companion  on  Elba  and  St.  Helena : 
B.  mo,  D.  1844. 

Beryl,  ber'il.  A  variety  of  emerald,  al- 
ways pale,  owing  to  absence  of  chromium. 
Its  ciystals  are  six-sided  and  larger  than 
thoseof  the  emerald.  Bome  of  the  finer 
transparent  varieties  are  called  aqua-ma- 
rine. 

BerzelinB,  Johan  Jakob,  Baron. 
The  most  eminent  of  Swedish  chemists, 
whose  partial  discoveries  gave  the  first  im- 
pulse to  modem  methods;  b.  1779,  d. 
1848. 

Bessemer's  Process,  bes'e-merz  pro'- 
ses.  A  process  for  decarbonizing  pig 
iron,  so  as  to  convert  it  into  steel,  or  into 
malleable  iron. 

Beta,  be'ta.  A  gen.  of  apetalous  plants, 
ord.  Chenopodiacees ;  the  beets. 

Betel,  be'ti.  A  species  of  pepper,  Chavica 
Betel,  ord.  Piperaceae.  The  leaves  are 
employed  to  inclose  a  piece  of  the  betel- 
nut  and  a  little  lime  into  a  pellet,  which  is 
extensively  chewed  In  the  East. 

Beteleeuse,  'tel-juz.  A  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Orion. 

Betel-nut,  -nut.  The  kernel  of  the  fruit 
of  Areca  Catechu,  which  is  eaten  both  in 
Its  unripe  and  mature  state. 

Bethany,  b§th'ah-ne.  The  Judean  vil- 
lage on  the  Eastern  slope  of  Mt.  Olivet, 
where  lived  Lazarus  and  his  sisters,  Mary 
and  Martha,  the  especial  friends  of  Christ, 
often  visited  by  him,  and  the  scene  of  the 
miracle  in  which  Laau-us,  after  being  dead 
three  days,  was  restored  to  life.  It  is  now 
a  collection  of  huts,  called  Aziriyeh,  a 
name  derived  from  laaarns. 

Bethlehem,  bethle-hem.  A  town  or 
villMre  ir  Judea,  about  6  miles  southeast 
of  (Jerusalem,  noted  as  being  the  plaee 
of  Christ's  nativity.    A  fiunous  hospital 


for  lunatics  in  London,  originallv  called 
the  priory  of  8L  Mary  of  Bethlehem. 
Corrupted  into  Bedlam. 

Bethlehemite,  -it  An  inhabitant  of 
Bethelebem.  One  of  an  order  of  monks 
who  wear  a  star  with  five  rays,  in  memory 
of  the  star  which  appeiu^d  at  the  nativity 
of  our  Saviour  One  of  aa  order  founded 
in  the  17th  century  for  the  service  of  the 
hospitals  in  S.  America. 

Betso,  bet'so.  The  smallest  Yenetiaa 
coin. 

Bettong*,  'tong.  The  kangiux)o-rat,  about 
the  size  of  a  common  hare,  forming  the 
gen.  Hypsiprymnus.  H.  cuniculus  is  the 
Tasmanian  rat. 

Betolaoeae,  -u-la'se-S.  An  ord.  of  apet- 
alous dicotyledonous  plants,  of  which 
Betula  is  the  tjrpical  gen.,  and  containing 
besides  this  only  the  gen.  Alnus. 

Betolin,  'u-lin.  A  substance  discovered 
in  the  bark  of  the  white  birch,  crystal- 
lized, fVisible,  volatile  and  inflanimable. 

Beudantite,  buMan-tlt.  A  mineral  oc- 
curring in  small  closely  aggr^ated  crys- 
tals. 

Bevel,  bev'el.  The  obliquity  or  inclina- 
tion  of  a  particular  surface  of  a  solid  body 
to  another  surface  of  the  same  body.  An 
instrument  used  for  drawing  angles. 

Bevel-angrle,  -ang'gl.  Any  angle 
except  a  right  angle. 

Bevel-g«ar,  -ger. 
A  species  of 
w  h  e  e  1-work  i  n 
which  the  axis  of 
the  leader  forms 
an  angle  vrith  that 
of  the  wheel  driv- 
en. The  wheels 
are  called  conicaL 

Bevy,  'i.  A  flock 
of  bhtls,  especially 

a  flock  of  quails  or  WavaI  irmar 

larks.    A  Tierd  of  ^®^®*  ^^' 

roebucks ;  a  company  of  females. 

Bey,  ba.  The  governor  of  a  Turkish 
town  or  district ;  a  prince ;  a  beg. 

Bezant,  bez'ant.  A  gold  coin  of  Byzan- 
tium, current  in  England  fl^m  the  10th 
century  till  the  time  of  Edward  III.  In 
Her.  a  circle  in  or  argent  representing  this 
coin,  in  which  the  soldiers  in  the  holy 
wars  are  supposed  to  have  been  paid. 

Beze,  Theodore  de,  bai'za.  The  emi- 
nent French  Protestant,  s.  of  Calvin  :  b. 
1519,  D.  1606. 

Bezetta,  bS-zefta.  Coarse  linen  rags  or 
sacking  soaked  in  pigments ,  the  pigment 


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ilGHT 


itself.  Red  beaetta  is  colored  with  cochi- 
neal, and  used  as  a  cosmetic.  Blue  is 
prepared  from  the  juice  of  some  euphor- 
biaceous  plants,  treated  with  dung  and 
urine,  and  used  to  color  the  rind  of  JJutch 
cheese. 

Bezique,  be-zek'.  A  game  of  cards 
which  can  be  played  by  two,  three,  or 
four  persons. 

Bezoar.  A  name  for  calculi  or  concretions 
found  in  the  stomach  or  intestines  of  some 
animals,  generally  formed  round  a  bit  of 
wood,  straw  or  nair.  Fossil  B.,  formed 
like  ttie  aninud  b^oar.  B.  mineral,  an 
oxide  of  antimony,  or  antimonic  acid. 

BesK>ar-8roat,  -got.  A  name  given  to 
the  gazelle  from  its  producing  the  bezoar. 

Beaonian,  -zo'ni-aa.  An  indigent 
wretdi ;  a  beggar  or  scoundrel. 

Bhadoee,  ba'dd-e.  The  earliest  of  the 
thr^  annual  crops  in  Hindustan,  planted 
in  April  and  May,  and  reaped  in  August 
and  September. 

Bhaxiflr.  bang.  An  Indian  variety  of 
hemp,  l^e  resin  obtained  firom  which  is 
highly  narcotic  and  intoxicant.  A  drug 
prepared  firom  the  resin— a  highly  popular 
stimulant,  called  Hashish,  also  employed 
in  medicine. 

Bianoo  seoco,  bc-&ng'k5  sek'kd.  A 
white  used  in  firesco  painting,  consisting 
of  lime  and  pulverized  marble. 

Bias,  be'as.  An  Ionian  philosopher,  one 
of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece;  b.  &50,  d. 
abt.  456  B.  o. 

Bib,  bib.  Morrhua  lusca,  a  fish  of  the 
cod  fom.,  called  also  the  Pout,  in  Soot- 
land  Smeltie. 

Bible,  bi'bl.  The  book,  by  way  of  emi- 
nence ,  the  sacred  Scriptures.  It  consists 
of  two  parts.  The  Old  Testament  was 
originally  written  in  Hebrew,  and  the  New 
Testament  in  Greek.  The  authorized 
English  version  of  the  Bible  was  com- 
menced in  the  reign  of  James  I.  in  the 
rear  1604,  and  published  in  1611,  being 
based  on  several  previously  existing  trans- 
lations. The  New  Version  was  published 
in  1881. 

Biblioirrapher,  bib-U-og'ra-fer.  One 
versed  in  bibliogvaphy,  who  composes  or 
compiles  the  history  of  books. 

BlbUolatry,  -oFartrl.  Worship  or  hom- 
age j>aid  to  books ;  spedfically  applied  by 
S.  (5.  divines  to  the  exaltation  of  the  au- 
thority of  Scripture  over  that  of  the  Pope 
or  the  church. 

Bibofl,  bi'bos.  A  gen.  or  sub-gen.  of 
ruminant  mammals,  fam.  Bovidte,  includ- 
ing the  gayal,  gour  or  gaur;  and  banteng. 


Bicycle. 


Biceps,  'seps.  A  muscle  having  two 
heads ;  the  name  given  to  two  muscles, 
one  of  the  arm,  the  other  of  the  thigh. 

Bicycle,  bi'si-kl.  A  two-wheeled  velod- 
pede;  a  vehicle, 
consisting  of 
two  wheels, 
one  before  and 
one  behind, 
connected  by  a 
curved  meteil 
bar,  and  fur- 
nished with  a 
seat.  It  is  pro- 
pelled by  the 
feet  of  the  rider 
acting  on  levers  which  move  the  large 
wheel,  which  may  be  turned  at  pleasure. 

Biddinfir-prayer,  bid'ing-pr&-er.  In  the 
B.  C  Ch.  the  prayer  for  the  souls  of  bene- 
fkctors  said  before  the  sermon.  In  the 
Anglican  Oh.  a  form  of  exhortation,  con- 
cluding with  the  Lord's  Fnyer^  used  be- 
fore all  sermons. 

Bidery,  'er-i.  An  alloy  of  copper,  lead, 
tin  and  zinc  Many  articles  of  Indian 
manufacture,  remarkable  for  elegance,  are 
made  of  it. 

Bidet,  bi-det'.  A  horse  formerly  allowed 
to  each  French  trooper  for  carrying  his 
baggage.  An  article  of  bedroom  furni- 
ture. 

Biennial,  bi-en'ni-al.  Happening  once 
in  two  years ;  as,  a  biennial  election.  In 
Bot  continuing  for  two  years  and  then 
perishing. 

Bier,  b^r.  A  frame  for  conveying  dead 
human  bodies  to  the  grave.  A  count  of 
forty  threads  in  the  warp  or  chain  of 
woolen  cloth. 

Bigamy,  big'a-mi.  The  fact  or  state  of 
having  two  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 
Having  a  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands. 

Bigrener,  b!'gen-er.  A  cross  between 
two  species  of  different  genera ;  a  mule. 

BiflTfirin,  big'in.  A  small  wooden  vessel ; 
a  can.  A  contrivance  for  holding  coffee 
grounds ;  a  bag  or  vessel  perforated  at  the 
bottom,  through  which  water  is  poured. 

Bi^STonet,  ^gon-et  A  hood  with  ears, 
like  those  worn  by  nuns,  particularly  by 
the  Beguines. 

Bighorn,  'horn.  A  species  of  moufflon, 
sub-fiim.  Ovina,  the  Bocky  Mountain 
goat.    The  fossil  elk. 

Biffht,  bit.  A  bend  in  a  shore  or  coast* 
line  forming  a  bay ;  as,  the  Bight  of  Benin. 
The  double  pai-t  of  a  rope  when  folded,  In 
distinction  from  the  end;  a  loop.  The 
bent  of  a  horse^s  chambrcl  and  fore* 
knees. 


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BIGNONIA 


IM 


BINARY 


Bifimonia,  big-no'ni-a.   A  gen.  of  plants, 

ord.    Bignoniaeeae,    Beveral     species    of 

which  are  used  In    medicines  and   the 

arts. 
Bijou,    be^zhd.       A  jewel ;    something 

small  and  very  pretty. 
Bijouterie,  -trd.    Jewehy ;  trinkets. 
Bikh,  bik.    A  virulent  poison    derived 

from  the  root  of  a  variety  of  Aconitum 

Na^ellus.    The  plant  itself. 
Bilberry,    birbe-ri.     A    shrub   and  Its 

fruit,  Vaccinium  Myrtlllus, 
Bilboes,  'b^z.    Long  bars  of  iron  with 

Bilboes. 

sliding  shackles  and  a  lock  at  the  end, 
used  to  confine  the  feet  of  prisoners  oi 
ofTenders. 

Bildstein,  bild'stln.  Agalmatolite  fig- 
ure-stone, or  pagodite,  cut  into  grotesque 
ornaments  by  the  Chinese. 

Bile,  bll.  A  yellow  bitter  liquor,  separat- 
ed from  the  blood  by  the  primary  cells  of 
the  liver.  The  use  of  bile  is  to  separate 
the  chyle  from  the  chyme. 

Bilimbi,  bi-lim'bi.  Malayan  name  of 
the  fruit  Averrhoa  Bilimbi,  much  es- 
teemed when  made  into  syrup,  candied 
or  pickled. 

Blliphsein,  bil-i-fe'in.  The  pigment 
contained  in  bile  and  the  intestines,  and 
the  substance  coloring  the  fseces  and  the 
skin  in  Jaundice. 

Biliverdine,  -i-ver'din.  An  Ingredient 
in  the  bile  of  the  ox,  fishes,  amphibia 
and  birds,  prized  by  painters. 

Bill,  bil.  The  beak  of  a  fowl.  An  in- 
strument with  a  concave  cutting  edge, 
used  by  plumbers,  gai-deners,  &c.  An 
ancient'  weapon,  hook-shaped,  having  a 
pike  at  the  back  and  another  at  the  sum- 
mit, attached  to  a  long  handle. 

Bill,  bil.  A  declaration  in  writing  ex- 
pressing some  wrong  or  fault  committed 
by  some  person  against  the  law.  In  Com. 
acknowledgment  of  debt  in  writing.  A 
form  or  draft  of  a  law  presented  to  a  legis- 
lature. A  paper  giving  public  notice  of 
something;  a  placard.  An  account  of 
goods  sold,  services  rendered,  or  work 
done.  Any  written  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  particulai's.  B.  of  credit, 
authority  given  in  writing  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  to  receive  money  ft-om  a 
third  party.  In  the  U.  8.,  a  paper  issued 
on  the  credit  of  the  state,  designed  to  cir- 
culate as  money.  B.  of  exchange,  an  or- 
der for  money  drawn  on  a  person  in  a  dis- 


tant place.  B.  of  health,  a  certificate  as 
to  the  health  of  a  ship's  company.  B.  of 
lading,  a  memorandum  of  goods  shipped 
on  board  a  vessel.  B.  of  safe,  a  formu  in- 
strument for  the  transfer  of  personal  chat- 
tels. 

Billet,  'let.  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing;  a  short  letter.  A  ticket  directing 
soldiers  at  what  house  to  lodge.  A  small 
stick  of  wood.  In  Her.  a  bearing  of 
an  oblong  form.  In  Arch,  an  •mament 
consisting  of  an  imitation  of  wooden  bil- 
lets placed  in  a  hollow  molding. 

Billet-doux,  -le-do.  A  love-note  or 
short  love-letter. 

Bill-hook,  ^h5k.  A  small 
hatchet  curved  inwards  at  the 
point  for  pruning. 

Billiard-ball,  Verd-bal.  A 
ball  used  in  billiards. 

Billiard-cloth, -kloth.  Green 
woolen  cloth,  manufactured  to 
cover  billiard-tables. 

Billiard-cue,  -ku.    The  stick      _ 
with    which    billiard-balls    are  BiU-liook. 
struck  when  playing. 

Billiards,  ^yerdz.  A  game  played  on  a 
rectangular  table  with  balls,  which  the 
players,  by  means  of  cues  or  maces, 
caused  to  strike  against  each  other,  and 
also  to  roll  into  pockets. 

Billiard-table,  -ta-bl.  A.  table  on 
which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played. 

Billion,  ^U-on.  A  million  of  millions ;  ac- 
cording to  French  computation  a  thon 
sand  millions. 

Bimensal,  bi-men'sal.  Occurring  once 
in  two  months. 

Bimestrial,  -mes'tri-al.  Continuing  two 
months. 

Bimetallic,  -me-tal'lk.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  two  metals ;  a  double  metallie 
standard  in  currency. 

Bin,  bin.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  aa 
a  repository.  One  of  the  sub-divisions  oi 
a  cellar. 

Binomial,  -no'mi-al.  An  expression  or 
quantity  consisting  of  two  terms  connect 
ed  by  the  signs  plus  «r  minus ;  as  a  -f-  b, 
8a— 2c. 

Binary,  bi'na-ri.  Twofold;  dual.  B. 
arithmetic,  the  invention  of  Leibnitz,  In 
which  two  figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used 
in  lieu  of  ten.  B.  engine,  having  thd 
piston  of  one  cylinder  impelled  by  steun, 
Avhich  communicates  its  unutilized  heat  to 
some  liquid,  the  vapor  of  which,  by  its 
expansion,  yields  additional  force.  B. 
logarithms,  a  system  for  fadliating  muai' 


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BIBD'8-EYE 


cal  caloulations.    B.  star,  a  tloulilt'  sLir, 

whose    members    revcjvtj  m-u \    Mi^lr 

common  center  of  gravity. 
Binnade,    bin'arkl.    '  A 

case  or  box  on  the  declc  mf 

a   vessel,    containing    Hw 

compass,  sometimes  diviil- 

ed  Into  three  apartmente. . 
Binny, 'i.    A  fish  of  tU 

carp  lam.:  the  barbel  of  lIi 

Nile. 
Binode,  bi'no-kl.  A  di^.p 

tiic   telescope    with    t\'>-' 

tubes,  enabung  a  person  i 

view  an  object  with  bni 

eyes.  BinniwU.v 

Binocular,     -nok'u-ler.      Huving   iwo 

eyes.    Pertaining  to  both  lijce. 
Biogrenesis,  -6-jen'e-sia.    Thnt  dci"^- 

ment  of  science  which  t'pt-flqlati'-rt  on  iUf 

mode  by  which  new  spet[f!i  lijivo  Imhti  in 

troduced;  specifically,  whlcvh  lu>Ma    Hint 

living  organisms   can  s-] fringe  oidy  iVoni 

living  parents.    Opposed  ttj  &b1og-eni\vls. 
Biography,    -og'ra-fi.      '^Hiti  lii«tiiry  nf 

the  life  and  character  of  a  iiftrtlt?yt<ir  jut 

son. 
Biology, -ol'o-ji.    Theljiundi  ofknowU 

edge  which  treats  of  orguiil^^L  \nfliittn  w 

animals  and  plants,  includlOit!:  tln^lr  iti»»r' 

phology,  physiology,  oid;giu   or  dtviloi!!- 

ment  and  distribution. 
Bioplasm,  Vplazm.  Th<>u]]iii]ntijtdil  f;iili 

stance  constituting  the  living'   Mi:«li4i4if 

the  elementary  part  oriitHu  ptkEirTi  rtml 

animals.     Galled  also  (iirjiiyutt   MiiLl»r. 

It  differs  from  protoplasiu  L^lili'lly  Ui  Wing 

informed  with  life. 
Biotite,   -tit.      Magnesia    or  brJcaifoiial 

mica,  occurring  in  tabukir  pri&nafi, 
BiparoilB,  -pa'rus.    Brlugtug-  furtli  Iwtj 

at  a  birth. 
Biped,  'ped.     A.n  anhna]  huvhit:  Uvk*  twi, 

as  man. 
Bipennis,  -pen'nis.      An  ax  with  iwa 

blades,  one  on  each  sido  of  (.Ihj  hnndlc^, 

usually  seen  depicted  in  tho  liatidi  of  the 

Amazons. 
Biquadrate,    bi-kwod>it.     In    Math, 

the  fourth  power,  arising  from   t ji  p  m  1 1 1  tl- 

{>Uoatlon  of  a  square  number  of  ipirtn  ill  1,'  by 
tself.  Thus  4X4  =  It!,  whlnh  U'tho 
square  of  4,  and  16  X  10  ^  ^m^  tho  bi- 
quadrate  of  thai;  number, 
Birch.,  berch  The  coiinnoii  tmim^  fur 
Betula  alba  and  other  plutab*  >hf  tJi*  f-^nno 
gen.  In  Lapland,  Nor^iy  jimi]  r=Ni,rMliii 
birch  twigs  are  woven  hir-i  ni.niH  im.l 
twisted  into  ropes  ;  theouhr  l.irk  forms 
a  covering  for  houses,  and  (be  luuer  Ijujpk 


is  used  as  a  substitute  for  bread.  An  oil 
extracted  from  the  bark  is  employed  in  the 
preparation  of  Russia  leather. 

Birch-water, 'wa-ter.  The  juioe  of  the 
birch,  obtained  by  boring  the  stems. 
Fermented  it  forms  an  effervescent  wine. 

Bird,  herd.  A  feathered  animal ;  one  of 
the  feathered  race,  winged,  oviparous 
and  Avarm-bloodod.  A  term  of  endear- 
ment to  a  young  child  or  young  woman. 
Birds  of  passage  migrate  in  the  season  and 
always  breed  in  the  country  to  which  they 
resort  in  summer. 

Bird-call,  'kal.  An  instrument  for  imi- 
tating the  cry  of  birds  in  order  to  attract 
or  decoy  them. 

Bird-cherry,  'che-ri.  A  species  of 
cheny,  Prunus  Padus,  only  fit  for  birds. 

Bird  of  Paradise.  One  of  a  fom.  ol 
couii-ostral  birds  (Paradiseid»),  which  in- 


F-irnl  ,^ri'.,niiJJ,v'. 
clu&es  several  genera  and  species,  some  re* 
markably  beautiftil.  The  feathers  of  the  P. 
major  and  P.  minor  are  cliiefly  worn  in 
plumes.    They  are  confined  to  the  male. 

Biretta,  be-ret'ta. 
In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a 
square  cap  worn 
by  persons  in  or- 
ders. For  priests 
it  is  black  ;  bish- 
ops, purple ;  and 
cardinals,  red. 

Birmi  n  e:  h  a  in,  ^ 
biir'ming-hilm.  An 
English   city,   100  4 
m.    N.    W.    from' 
London,  the  most 
extensive      iron 
manufactming  center  in  the  world;  pop. 
409,862. 

Bird's-eye,  berdz'I.  The  popular  name 
of  a  gen.  of  plants,  called  also  Pheasant's- 
eye.known  by  the  generic  term  Adonis. 
One  of  a  kind  of  artificial  glass  eyes. 
Bh-d's-eye  view,  a  mode  of  perspective 
representation.  Bird's-eye  limestone,  a 
lower  Silurian  rock  with  eye-like  mark- 


Bfretta. 


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108 


BirrERlJ 


ings,  regarded  as  the  filled-up  burrows  of 
marine  worms.  Bird's-eye  maple,  curled 
maple,  much  used  in  cabmet-work. 

Blrd's-foot,  'f^t.  A  common  name  for 
several  papilionaceous  i)lant8,  gen.  Orni- 
thopus. 

Bird's-nest,  'nest.  The  nest  In  which 
a  bird  lays  eggs  and  hatches  her  young. 
Among  the  most  remarkable  are  the  edi- 
ble bhrds'  nests  of  the  Malayan  Archipela- 
go. A  name  popularly  given  to  several 
phints,  as  Neottia  nidus-avis,  Monotropa 
Hypopitys,  and  Asplenium  Nidus. 

Biscay,  bis'kal.  One  of  the  Spanish 
Basque  provinoes.  The  Bay  of  B.  is  a 
large  Dody  of  water  off  the  coasts  of  France 
and  Spain. 

Bisouit,  bis'ket.  A  hard  dry  breml,  so 
prepared  as  not  to  spoil  while  being  kept ; 
a  small  cake  variously  made.  In  Pottery, 
a  term  used  to  denote  earthenware  before 
glazing.  In  Sculp,  a  species  of  unglazed 
porcelain  of  which  figures  are  formed  in 
imitation  of  marble. 

Bissextile,  -seks'tn.  Leap  year ;  every 
fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is  added  to  the 
month  of  February  on  account  of  the  ex- 
cess of  6  hours  which  the  civil  year  con- 
tains over  866  days.  This  excess  being 
11  minutes  8  seconds  too  much,  at  the 
end  of  every  century  divisible  by  4  it  is 
necessary  to  retain  the  bissextile  day. 

Bishop,  bish'up.  In  the  early  Christian 
Church,  an  overseer ;  an  elder  or  pres- 
byter ;  one  who  had  the  pastoral  care  of  a 
church.  At  present  a  prelate  or  person 
consecrated  for  the  spiritual  government 
and  direction  of  a  diocese.  Bishops  in 
partibus  (infldehum),  have  no  actual  see, 
but  are  consecrated  as  if  they  had.  Such 
titles  are  given  to  missionary  bishops  in 
countries  imperfectly  Christianized.  A 
name  common  to  hemipterous  insects, 
div.  Heteroptera,  fam.  Corisiae. 

Bisk,  bisk.  Soup  made  by  boiling  several 
meats  together.  Odds  at  tennls-phiy; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  the  weaker 
player. 

JSismarpk-Schonliaiisen,  Karl 
Otto,  Prince  von.  Chancellor  of  the 
German  Empire,  and  confidential  adviser 
of  the  Emperor  'Wilhehn  I.,  since  1862; 
B.  1818.  To  his  talents  and  energy  is 
largely  due  the  unification  of  the  scat- 
tered German  states. 

BismiUah,  bls-millS.  An  adjuration  or 
exclamation  common  among  the  Turks — 
"  In  the  name  of  God." 

Bismuth,  biz'muth.  A  metal  harder 
than  lead  and  when  coIA  so  brittle  as  to 


be  easily  reducible  to  powder.  It  la  used 
In  the  composition  of  pewter,  In  the  lub- 
rication of  printers*  types,  and  other  mix- 
tures. Magistery  of  B. ,  the  basic  nitrate, 
,  used  as  a  paint  and  cosmetic.  Called  also 
Pearl  White. 

Bison,  bi'son.  The  name  of  two  bovine 
quadrupeds.  Bos  or  Bonassus  bison  being 
the  European  bison  or  aurochs,  Bison 
americanus  the  American  bison.  The 
latter  is  usually  but  improperly  c^ed  the 
bulTalo,  the  buffalo  being  a  distinct  spe- 
cies. 
Bisque,  bisk.  A  variety  of  unglazed 
white  porcelain,  much  emj)loyed  for  stat- 
uettes, &c. 
Bisulphate,  bl-sul'fat.  A  salt  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  one-half  of  the  hydrogen  be- 
ing replaced  by  a  metal. 
Bisulphite,  'fit.  A  salt  of  sulphurous 
acid,  one-half  of  the  hydrogen  being  re- 
placed by  a  metal. 

Bisulphuret,  'fu-ret.  A  compound  of 
sulphur  and  another  element  containing 
two  atoms  of  sulphur. 
Bit,  bit.  A  small  piece  of  anything.  Of- 
ten used  to  express  extent  or  degi'ee. 
Any  small  coin  ;  specifically,  a  small  W. 
Indian  coin,  and  applied  in  the  Southern 
States  of  N.  America  to  the  Spanish  shill- 
ing, or  any  sum  representing  one-eighth 
ofadoUar.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle 
which  is  inserted  in  the  mouth  of  a  horse. 
The  name  common  to  boring  tools  applied 
by  means  of  the  carpenter's  brace.  The 
drlll-boAv,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe  or  drilling- 
machine,  are  termed  drills  or  drill-bits. 
Bitch,  bich.  The  female  of  canine  ani- 
mals. 

Bitter-almond,    blt'ter-a-mund.    The 
bitter  variety  of  Amygdalus  conunnnis. 
Bitter-earth,    -erth.    Talc  earth;,  cal- 
cined magnesia. 
Bittern, 'hi 
A  name  jiivrn 
to  several  Litil- 
latorial    liinl.-.,  ^ 
fam.  Ardvi'ljr.^^ 
gen.  Bota; Jilt ><. 
Bittern.      in^ 
salt-workh.  ijj-:, 
brine   rer  i  i 
ing   after    ui- 
salt  Is  con4'r.t- 
ed.    Used    Id 
the     prejiiu-n- 
tlon  of  EpSjoiu 
and  Glauber's 
salts ;   it  con- 
tains also  chloride  of  magnesium,  iodln« 


Bittern. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BITTEE-NUi 


109 


BLACK-FISH 


and  lwt)mlne.  A  rery  bitter  oompoand  of 
quassia,  ooconlns  indicas,  liquorice,  to- 
bacco, &c.,  used  in  adulterating  beer; 
also  culed  bittering. 

"^tter-nut,  'ter-nut.  The  Garya  amara 
or  swamp  hickory ;  the  kernel  is  not  eaten 
by  any  animal. 

Bitters,  'terz.  Bitter  medicines  gener- 
ally, as  cinchona,  quinine,  &c.;  specific- 
ally, a  liquor  in  which  bitter  herbs  or 
roots  are  steeped. 

Bitter-wood,  -w;id.  The  timber  of  the 
species  Xylopia,  all  noted  for  their  ex- 
treme bitterness. 

Bitt-heads,  'hedz.  Pieces  of  ship  tyn- 
ber  to  which  the  <at>ss-pieces  are  let  in 
and  bolted. 

Bitiunen,  bi-tu'men.  A  mineral  sub- 
stance of  a  resinous  nature,  known  by 
different  names,  firom  naphtha,  the  most 
fluid,  to  x>«troleum  and  mineral  tar,  less 
so ;  tiience  to  maltha,  which  is  more  or 
less  cohesive,  and  lastly  to  asphaltum  and 
elastic  bitumen,  solid.  It  bums  like 
pitch,  and  consists  of  84  to  88  of  carbon 
and  12  to  16  of  hydrogen.  It  is  used  for 
making  roofis,  Ac.,  water-tight,  for  street 
and  omer  pavements,  for  fuel,  and  exten- 
sively for  illuminating  purposes.  The 
bricks  in  the  walls  of  Babylon  are  said  to 
have  been  cemented  with  bitumen. 

BituxninoiLS,    'min-us.       Having    the 

aoalities  of  bitumen.  B.  cement,  a  mas- 
c  in^which  asphalt  is  the  prindpat  ingre- 
dient. B.  coal,  the  coals  which  yield  a 
large  percentage  of  bitumen.  They  are 
softer  and  lighter  than  anthracite,  and 
are  odled  dry  or  ffet  according  to  their 
richness  in  bitumen.  B.  limestone  is  of 
lamellar  structure,  susceptible  of  polish, 
of  a  dark  color,  and  emits  an  unpleasant 
smell.  B.  schist,  an  argillaceous  shale 
very  common  in  the  coal  measures, 
worked  for  the  production  of  paraffine 
and  other  usei^il  products.  B.  springs, 
springs  impregnated  with  petroleum, 
naphtha,  &c. 

Bivalve,  bi'valv.  An 
animal  of  the  molluscous 
class,  having  two  valves, 
as  the  oyster,  cockle  ,mus- 
sel,  Ac.  It  is  opposed  ' 
univalve. 

Bizle^  blk'sa.    A  gen. 
plants,  ord.  Macourtiaoefle. 
The  pulp  of  the  fruit  of 
Bixa  OreDans  affords  arnotto. 

Bixin,  'sin.  The  coloring  principle  of 
arnotto.  A  variety  of  arnotto  having  six 
to  ten  times  the  coloring  power  of  com- 
mon arnotto. 


Bivalve. 


Blackbird. 


Bizarre,  bi-zar'.  A  variety  of  carnation 
in  which  the  white  ground-color  is  striped 
with  two  colors,  one  darker  than  the 
other. 

Black,  blak.  The  darkest  color,  or  rather 
the  n^ation  of  all  color ;  the  opposite  of 
white.  *^*^ 

Black-art,  'firt.  Necromancy;  magic; 
the  art  of  performing  feats  by  supernat- 
ural means,  derived  itom  the  assistance  of 
the  powers  of  eviL 

Black-band,  OMmd.  The  most  valuable 
kind  of  day-ironstone,  from  which  Scotch 
iron  is  manufhotured. 

Black-bird, 'herd.  The  EngUsh  name  of 
aspedes  of  thrush  (the 
Turdus  Merula)  common 
throughout  Europe.    In 
America  this  name  is  giv- 
en to  the  Gracula  quisca-  * 
la,  or  crow  blackbird,  and 
to  the  Oiolus  phoenlceus,  ( 
or  red-winged  blackbird. 
Blackbirds  is  a  cant  term 
for  a  cargo  of  slaves. 

Black-l>ook,  'bnk.  A  book  of  the  Ex- 
chequer in  England,  composed  in  1176  }^ 
Gervais  of  Tilbury.  A  book  compiled  t^ 
order  of  the  visitors  of  monasteries  under 
Henry  VIII.  A  book  kept  at  some  uni- 
versities as  a  register  of  misdemeanors. 
An  andent  book  of  admfralty  compiled  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  A  book  treat- 
ing of  the  blaok-art 

Black-chalk,  'ch§k.  A  mineral  of 
slaty  texture;  a  variety  of  argillaceous 
slate.  A  preparation  of  ivorj  black  and 
fine  day. 

Bl ack- 
cock,  'kok. 
An  English 
name  for  the 
heath-cock, 
the  male 
of  the  black- 
grouse,  tlie 
Tetrao  te- 
trix,  a  gal- , 
linaoeouB  . 
bird,  fam.  ■ 
TetraonidsB. 

Black-death,  Meth.  The  name  given  to 
an  Oriental  plague  which  attacked  London 
and  England  generally  In  16^-65. 

Black-extract,  'eks-trakt.  A  prepara- 
tion from  cocculus  indicus,  imparting  an 
intoxicating  quality  to  beer. 

Blaclf-fish,  'fish.  A  fish  of  the  mack- 
erel family  (Centrolophus  pompilns)  •  the 
tautog  (Tautoga   americwia).     A  tx9XM 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BLACK  FLUX 


110 


BLADE 


giren  to  various  whales.  In  Scotland, 
foul  fish  or  fish  newly  spawned. 

Black-flux,  'fluks.  A  mixture  of  car- 
bonate of  potash  and  charcoal,  used  In 
melting  metalUo  substances. 

Black-foot,  'fUt  In  Scotland,  a  match- 
maker. The  name  of  a  tribe  of  N.  Amer- 
ican Indians. 

Blaok-forest,  'for-est.  A  forest  in  Ger- 
many, piurt  of  the  ancient  Hercynian  For- 
est 

Blaokfrlar,  'IK-ar.  A  friar  of  the  Do- 
minican order. 

Black-hole,  'hoi.  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  in  a  prison.  Associated  with  a  horri- 
ble catastrophe  which  occurred  at  Calcut- 
ta, June  18, 1756,  when  all  but  22  of  146 
Englishmen  confined  in  the  Black -hole  by 
the  Nabob  Suraja  Dowla  perished  from 
want  of  air. 

Black-jack,  'jak. 
A  capacious  can, 
now  made  of  tin, 
but  formerly  of 
waxed  leather.  The 
ensign  of  a  pirate. 
A  name  given  by 
miners  to  blende. 
The  Quercus  nig^, 
or  barren  oak. 

Black-lee:,       'leg.     Leathern  Black- 
One   who   tries   to  jacks. 
w  i  n     money    b  y 
cheating ;  a  rook  ;  a  welsher. 

Black-letter,  'let-er.  The  old  English 
or  modem  Gothic  letter,  introduced  into 
England  in  the  14th  century. 

Blackmail,  'mal.  A  certain  rate  an- 
ciently paid  in  the  north  of  England,  and 
in  Scotland,  to  men  allied  to  robbers,  to  be 
protected  from  pillage  ;  levied  in  the  dis- 
tricts bordering  the  Highlands  till  the 
middle  of  the  18th  century.  Extortion  in 
any  mode  by  means  of  intimidation. 

Black-nob,  'nob.  A  workman  who  re- 
fuses to  join  a  trades*  union :  a  knob- 
stick. 

Black-pepper,  blak'pep-er.  The  dried 
unripe  fruit  of  Piper  nigrum,  ord.  Piper- 
aceae. 

Black-pigment,  blak'pig-ment.  A  fine 
carbonaceous  lampblack,  used  In  the  man- 
ufacture of  printers'  ink. 

Black-pine,  'pin.  Finns  austriaca,  con- 
taining more  resin  than  any  other  Eu- 
ropean tree. 

Black-rod,  'rod.  In  England,  the  usher 
belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter. 

Black-rood,  'rod.    A  relic  brought  to 


Scotland  by  the  wife  of  Malcolm  Canmore, 
consisting  of  a  piece  of  the  true  cross,  set 
in  an  ebony  figure  of  the  Saviour.  It  wae 
carried  to  England  by  Edward  I.,  and  all 
trace  of  it  is  now  lost. 

Black  Sea  (The  Euxine).  The  sea 
dividing  a  large  t>art  of  Eastern  £urop« 
and  Asia,  700  m.  long  by  880  m.  in  breadtn. 
A  third  of  the  waters  of  Europe  are  be- 
lieved to  be  discharged  into  tne  B.  Sea. 
It  is  conntHjted  with  the  Sea  of  Marmorf 
bv  the  Bosphorus,  and  this  with  thf 
Mediterranean  by  .the  Dardanelles. 

Black-snake,  'snak.    An  ophidian  rep 


^iP^ 


Blaok-finake. 
tile,  ftm.  Colubridse,  the  Colnber   con- 
stricter.    It  has  no  poisoned  fiangs.    The 
black-snake  of  Jamaica  is  the  Natrlx  atra. 

Blackstone,  Sir  William,  blik'stun. 
The  eminent  legal  authority,  u.  In  London, 
1728 ;  D.  1780.  He  was  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  and  his  "Commen' 
mentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England"  is  s 
standard  text  book  and  authority. 

Black-tea,  'te.  A  generic  name  tot 
Bohea,  Congou,  Pekoe,  and  Souchong. 

Black-varnish  Tree,  'var-nish  tr& 
Melanorrhoea  usitatissima,  ord.  Anacardi' 
acea>,  which  yields  a  poisonous  black  var 
nish,  called  theet-see  or  kbeu.  The  wood 
is  known  as  the  lignum-vit»B. 

Black-vomit,  'vom-it.  A  discharge  fh)m 
the  stomach  of  substances  of  a  black  ap- 
pearance, as  in  yellow  fever,  &c. 

Black-wadd,  'wod.  An  ore  of  man- 
ganese used  as  a  drying  ingredient  in 
paints. 

Black-walnut,  'walnut.  The  Jnglans 
nigra,  the  wood  of  which  forms  a  beauti- 
ful material  for  cabinet-work. 

Bladder,  blad'er.  A  thin  membranous 
bag  in  animals,  which  serves  as  the  re- 
ceptacle of  some  secreted  fluid ;  the  urin- 
ary bladder. 

Blade,  blad.  The  leaf,  stalk  or  spine  of 
gramineous  plants.  The  lamina  or  broad 
part  of  a  leaf.  A  thing  resembling  the 
cutting  part  of  an  instrument.  The  broad 
part  of  an  oar.    A  commercial  name  for 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BLADE-SMITH 


111 


BLOCK 


the  large  plates  of  the  carapace  of  the 
turtle. 

Blade-smith,  'smith.    A  sword  cutler. 

Blanclliixieter,  blan-shim'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  bleaching 
power  of  oxymuriate  of  lime  and  potash. 

Blanc-manire,  bla-manzh.  Prepara- 
tions of  the  consistency  of  jelly,  composed 
of  isinglass,  arrow-root,  flour,  Ac.,  with 
milk  and  flavoring  substances. 

Blanket,  blang'ket.  A  soft  cloth  of  wool, 
used  for  beds,  for  covering  horses,  Ac. 
In  printing,  woolen  cloth  to  lay  between 
the  tympans  or  on  cylinders.  In  cloth- 
printing,  the  cover  of  the  printing  table. 

Blanquette,  blan-ket.  A  white  fricas- 
see ;  also  a  minced  dish.  A  crude  soda, 
obtained  by  the  incineration  of  Salsola 
Tragus  and  S.  Kali. 

Blapsidss,  blaps'i-de.  A  fam.  of  noctur- 
nal black  beetles.  Blaps  sulcata,  dressed 
with  butter,  is  eaten  by  Egyptian  women 
to  make  them  grow  M. 

Blase,  bla-za.  Lost  to  the  power  of  en- 
ioyment ;  having  the  healthy  energies  ex- 
nausted. 

BlaAphemy,  blas'f5m-i.  An  indignity 
offered  to  God  by  words  or  writing.  In 
E.  C.  countries,  speaking  disrespectftilly 
of  the  Virgin  Mary  or  the  saints  is  held  to 
be  blasphemy. 

Blast-furnace, 
blast'fer-nas.  The 
common  smelting- 
fbmace  used  for  ob- 
taining iron  from  its 
ores.  The  exterior 
consists  of  massive 
masonry,  the  body 
part  being  Uned  with 
two  shells  separated 
to  allow  for  ex- 
pansion, generally 
filled  with  sand,  to 
hinder  the  radiation 
of  the  heat.  The 
charging  of  the  ftir- 
nace  goes  on  day  and 

night,  a  charge  con- 

sisting  of  a  barrow  SeutiDn  4>f  iiliist- 
of  coal  and  one  of  ore,  fiirniLtf,e. 

char    and  lime,  the 
last  acting  as  a  flux.    The  molten  metal  is 
drawn  off  at  statedperiods,  the  fhmace 
being  kept  filled.    The  ore  takes  about  86 
hours  before  it  comes  out  as  iron. 

Blaze,  blaz.  Flame ;  the  stream  of  light 
and  heat  from  any  body  when  burning. 
Brilliant  sunlieht;  eflPalgenco.  A  white 
spot  on  the  forehead  of  a  horse  or  «ther 


quadruped.  A  spot  made  on  a  tree  by 
removing  the  bark  with  a  hatchet 

Blaaingr-star,  'ing-star.  A  comet.  A 
plant,  the  Aletris  larinosa,  called  also  Id 
America,  Devil's  Bit. 

Blazonry,  'zn-ri.  The  art  of  describing 
ooats-of-arms  in  proper  heraldic  terms. 

Bleachingr,  blech'ing.  The  act  or  art  of 
freeing  textile  fibers  and  fobrics  from  their 
natural  color,  and  rendering  them  white. 

Bleachingr-powder,  blech'ing-pou-der. 
Chloride  of  lime  made  by  exposing 
slaked  lime  to  the  action  of  chlorine. 

Bleek-boc,  blak'bok.  The  Scopophorus 
Curebi,  the  pale-buck  of  South  Africa, 
one  of  the  Antilopfdae. 

Blend,  blend.  A  mixture ;  specifically, 
mixture  of  spfrits  from  different  distiller- 
ies. 

Blende,  blend.  An  ore  of  zinc;  called 
also  Mock-lead,  False  Galena  and  Black- 
jack. Also  employed  in  compound  terms, 
as  manganese-blende,  zinc-blende,  ruby- 
blende. 

Blenheim,  blen'em.  A  breed  of  span- 
iels, preserved  at  Blenheim  Palace  in  Ox- 
fordsWre,  England,  since  the  beginning 
of  the  18th  century. 

Blewits,  blu'its.  Agaricus  personatus, 
a  purplish  mushroom. 

Blind-beetle,  bUnd'be-tl.  The  cock- 
chafer, so  called  from  flying  as  if  blind  ;  a 
small  beetle  also  destitute  of  eyes. 

Blind-fish,  'fish.  The  Amblyopsis 
spelajus,  fiun.  Heteropygidse,  inhabiting 
the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky. 

Blindman's-buff,  'manz-buf.  A  play 
in  which  one  person  is  blind-folded  and 
tries  to  catch  some  other  of  the  company. 

Blind-shell,  'shel.  A  bomb-shell  which 
has  fallen  without  exploding ;  or  one  used 
at  night  to  indicate  the  range. 

Blind-toolingr,  'tSl-ing.  In  book-bind- 
ing, the  impressions  of  heated  tools  upon 
leather. 

Blister-steel,  blis'ter-stel.  Steel  bars 
covered  with  blisters,  from  the  expansion 
of  bubbles  of  air,  used  for  welding  to  iron 
for  certain  pieces  of  mechanism,  but  not 
for  making  edge-tools. 

Block,  blok.  Any  solid  mass  of  matter, 
>vith  one  or  more  plane  faces.  The  mass 
of  wood  on  which  criminals  lay  their  necks 
when  beheaded.  A  mechanical  contriv- 
ance to  transmit  power  or  change  the 
direction  of  motion.  Blocks  are  single, 
double,  treble  or  four-fold.  A  connected 
mass  of  buildings.  A  portion  of  a  city 
inclosed  by  streets,    A  mold  or  piece  on 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BLOCKADE 


112 


BLOUSE 


which  something  Is  shaped.  A  piece  of 
wood  on  which  an  engraving  is  cut ;  a 
piece  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by  ihe 
meeting  edges  of  two  pieces  of  wood,  Ac. 

Blockade  -ad'.  The  shntting  up  of  a 
place  by  surrounding  It  with  hostile  troops 
or  ships. 

Blockade-runner,  'run-er.  A  vessel 
engaged  In  running  a  blockade.  A  per- 
son engaged  in  blockade-running. 

Block-house,  blok'hous.  An  edifice 
supplied  with  loop-holes  for  musketry  and 
sometimes  with  embrasures  for  cannon; 
when  of  more  than  one  story  the  upper 
ones  overhang,  so  that  a  perpendicular 
fire  can  be  directed  against  the  enemy. 

Block-system,  'sis-tem.  In  Bail,  a  sys- 
tem of  working  the  traffic  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection 
at  the  end  of  each  section,  no  train  being 
allowed  to  enter  upon  any  one  section  till 
it  is  signaled  clear. 

Blomary,  blom'a-ri.  The  first  forge 
through  which  iron  passes  after  it  is 
melted  from  the  ore. 

Blonde,  blond.  A  person  of  fair  com- 
plexion, with  light  hair  and  blue  eyes. 

Blond-lace,  las.  Lace  made  originally 
of  unbleached  silk,  now  of  white,  black  or 
colored  silk.    Also  a  kind  of  tiiread  lace. 

Blond-metal,  'met-al.  A  variety  of 
clay  ironstone  of  the  coal-measures. 

Blood,  blud.  The  fiuid  which  circulates 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  hu- 
man bodv  and  animals,  essential  to  the 
preservation  of  life  and  nutrition  of  the 
tissues.  The  specific  gravity  of  human 
blood  varies  from  1.046  to  1.075,  and  Its 
normal  temperature  Is  99®  Fahr.  B. 
corpuscles  or  globules,  red  and  white 
bodies  floating  In  the  .„ernm  of  blood ; 
the  red  ones  give  color  to  the  blood 
and  are  flat  disks,  oval  In  birds  and  rep- 
tiles, and  round  in  man  and  most  mam- 
mals. The  white  corpuscles  are  the  same 
as  the  lymph  or  chyle  corpuscles.  The 
color  of  the  red  corpuscles  Is  due  to  glo- 
bulin and  hematln.  The  word  blood  Is 
used  to  designate  relationship  by  descent 
from  a  common  ancestor ;  consanguinity. 
The  blood,  the  royal  family  or  lineage. 
.  Also  applied  to  horses  and  other  animals 
of  known  and  distinguished  strains. 

Blood-baptism,  'bap-tlzm.  A  term 
applied  by  the  primitive  Christians  to  the 
martyrdom  of  those  who  had  not  been 
baptized,  r^arded  as  a  fall  substitute  for 
literal  baptism. 

Blood-heat,  'h^t    A  degree   of  heat 


equal  to  that  of  human  blood,  marked  on 

thermometers  as  98°. 
Blood-horse,  'hors.    A  breed  derived 

from  a  cross  with  the  Arabian  horse. 
Blood-hound,  'hound.    A  dog  remark' 

able  for  the  aouteness  of  its  scent,  and 


Blood-hound, 
employed  to  recover  wounded  game  of 
prey.      In   former   times    blood-hounds 
were  trained  to  hunt  fugitive  slaves. 

Blood-rain,  'ran.  Bed  showers  former' 
ly  supposed  to  come  from  the  clouds,  but 
now  known  to  result  from  a  unicellular 
alga,  Prototoccus  nivalis  or  red  snow. 
Also  a  fermentation  fungus  consisting  of 
minute  oval  cells,  Palmella  prodlgiosa. 

Blood-spavin,  'spav-in.  A  dilatation 
of  the  vein  on  the  inside  of  the  hock  of  a 
horse. 

Bloodstone,  'stun.  A  stone  imagined 
to  be  a  preventive  of  bleeding  at  the  nose. 
Red  hematite.  A  species  of  heliotrope 
dotted  with  spots  of  jasper. 

Blood-vessel,  'ves-sel.  Any  vessel  In 
which  blood  circulates  In  an  animal  body ; 
an  artery  or  a  vein. 

Bloom.,  blom.  A  blossom  ;  an  expanded 
bud.  The  act  or  state  of  blossoming. 
The  delicate  rose  hue  on  the  cheek  Indic 
ativo  of  health ;  a  flush.  The  beautiftil 
powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals, 
and  the  like,  Avhen  newly  struck.  The 
fawn-colored  deposit  from  the  tanning 
liquor  on  the  surface  of  leather. 

Bloom.  A  lump  of  puddled  iron,  which 
leaves  the  fUrnace  in  a  rough  state. 

Bloomer,  'er.  A  woman  who  assumes 
the  dress  and  principles  adopted  by  Mrs. 
Bloomer.  A  semi-male  costume  for 
women. 

Blossom.,  blos'som.  The  flower  of  a 
plant.  The  color  of  a  horse  that  has  white 
Intermixed  with  sorrel  and  bay  hairs. 

BlottinfiT-paper,  blot'lng-pa-per.     Pa- 

Ser  without  size,  serving  to  imbibe  super- 
uous  ink. 
Blouse,  blouz.    A  loose  upper  garment 


Digitized  by 


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BLOWEN 


118 


BLUNDEEBU8S 


-worn  by  men.  A  similar  dress  worn  by 
children. 

Blowen,  bidden.  A  showy,  flaunting  fe- 
male; a  prostitute. 

Blower,  'er.  One  who  blows :  one  em- 
ployed in  a  blowing-hoase  for  smelting 
.  tin.  A  metal  plate  used  to  increase 
the  current  of  air  in  a  chimnev  by  being 
placed  in  front  of  a  firev  In  mming,  a  jet 
of  carbureted  hvdrogen  emitted  firom  a 
fissure  in  a  coal-mine.  A  machine  for 
producing  a  blast.  A  name  for  a  whale, 
from  Its  spouting  up  water. 

Blow-hole,  'h51.  The  nostril  of  a  ceta- 
cean. A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales 
and  seals  come  to  breathe. 

Blow-pipe,  'pip.  An  instrument  by 
which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is  driven 
through  a  flame  dfrected  upon  a  mineral 
substance,  to  ftise  or  vitrify  it.  The  most 
powerftil  is  the  oxyhydrogen,  the  heat 
produced  being  such  as  to  consume  the 
diamond  and  to  dissipate  most  known 
substances.  A  tube  by  which  poisonous 
arrows  are  blown  by  the  breath. 

Blow-tube,  'tub.  A  hollow  fron  rod, 
with  which  the  glass-blower  gathers  up 
the  fluid  metal  from  the  pot. 

Blubber,  blub'er.  A  bubble.  The  fat 
of  sea  animals  from  which  train-oil  is  ob- 
tained. A  gelatinous  substance;  hence 
the  sea-nettle ;  a  medusa. 

Blucber,  binch'er.  A  strong  leather 
half  boot  or  high  shoe. 

Blucher,  Lebrecht  von,  bloo'kair.  A 
dashing  Prussian  general,  whose  strategy 
in  deceiving  Marshal  Grouchy  and  forced 
march  against  Napoleon's  flank  at  Water- 
loo decided  the  battle  and  the  fate  of  the 
French  emperor ;  b.  1742,  d.  1819. 

Bludgeon,  bluj'on.  A  short  loaded 
stick  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Blue,  blu.  One  of  the  seven  colors  into 
which  the  rays  of  light  divide  themselves; 
the  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  deep  sea.  A 
dye  or  pigment  of  thie  hue.  The  sky; 
the  atmosphere,  from  its  blue  tinge.  A 
term  applied  to  a  pedantic,  literary  female. 
The  name  of  the  British  Royal  Horse 
Guards,  or  Oxford  Blues,  raised  in  1661. 

Blue-bird,  'herd.  A  small  dentirostral, 
Insessorial  bird,  the  Erythaca,  or  Slalia 
Wilsoni. 

Blue-black,  'blak.  Ivory-black ;  a  color 
resembling  ivory-black. 

Blue-blood,  'blud.  Aristocratic  blood  ; 
blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  families. 

Blue-bonnet,  a)on-net.  The  blue  tit- 
mouse. A  name  given  to  the  soldiery  of 
Scotland,  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom. 


Blue-book,  'bRk.  Reports  and  other 
papers,  printed  by  order  of  Pariiament, 
or  issued  by  departments  of  the  British 
government.  In  the  U.  8.,  a  book  con- 
taining the  names  of  all  civil  employes  of 
the  government. 

Blue-breast,  'brest.  The  blue-throated 
red-start  (Phoenicura  Sueclca),  a  dentiros- 
tral, insessorial  bird,  fam.  Turdide. 

Blue-cat,  'kat.  A  Siberian  cat,  valued 
for  its  ftir. 

Blue  Oopper*ore,  'kop-er-dr.  Finely 
crystallized  subcarbonate  of  copper. 

Blue-devils,  'dev-ilz.    A  slang  phrase 
for  hypochondria,  or  lowness  or  spirits.      « 
Also  applied  to  delirium  tremens. 

Blue-fiTOwn,  'goun.  One  of  an  order 
of  paupers  in  bcotland,  called  also  the 
King's  Bedesmen,  to  whom  the  kings  an- 
nually distributed  ahns.  The  practice  was 
discontinued  in  1833. 

Blue-ffrass,  'gras.  Wire-grass,  a  per- 
ennial (Poa  oompressa). 

Blue-jack,  Blue-john,  'jak,  'ion. 
Fluor-spar,  fobricated  into  vases  and  other 
ornaments. 

Blue-jacket,  'jak-et.    A  sailor. 

Blue-liffkt,  'lit.  A  composition  used  as 
a  night-signal. 

Blue-ocher,  'd-ker.  A  mineral  color ;  a 
sub-phosphate  of  iron. 

Blue-ointment,  'oint-ment.  Mercurial 
ointment. 

Blue-peter,  'pe-ter.  A  blue  flag  having 
a  white  square  in  the  center,  used  as  a 
naval  signal. 

Blue-ribbon,  'rib-on.  The  ribbon  em- 
broidered with  gold  worn  by  members  of 
the  order  of  the  Garter.  A  member  of 
the  Garter.  The  badge  of  a  body  of  total 
abstainers,  called  the  Blue  Eibbon  army, 
instituted  by  Francis  Murphy ;  it  is  in  the 
form  of  a  knot  worn  on  the  left  breast  of 
a  male,  or  at  the  neck  of  a  female  mem- 
ber. 

Blue-stockinfiT,  'stok-ing.  A  literary 
lady ;  applied  usually  with  the  imputation 
of  pedantry. 

Blue-stone,  'ston.  Sulphate  of  copper. 
A  basaltic  lava  covering  gold-bearing 
gravels  of  the  later  tertiary  periods  £ 
Australia. 

Blunderbuss,  blun'der-bus.    A  ebort 


Blunderbuss, 
fire-arm  with  a  large  bore,  intended  to  do 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BLUFF 


114 


BOG-TEOTTEB 


execntion  at  a  limited  range  without  ex- 
act aim. 

Bluff,  bluf.  A  high  bank,  ahnoBt perpen- 
dicular, especially  one  overhanging  water. 

Blunder.  iiiiiikJL<r,  A  ii»rn:liiiju  u-fl  m 
pfntturifa  iVtr  uiixlrig  chty. 

Baa.  biVji-    A  sen.  t^f^ 
the  IflT^-^etit  ophicflflu  roi 
tlt*^s,   fmn.   WMrk      I 
IdcluiIeH  tho  wiistritHor. 
Thoagh  destitutiv  cvf  vo- 
Qcnnf  th6  bpDA  haviK  liu  - 

whJi?b  r<?tn]era  thmu 
ttTiih\e.  An  firtlrjd  nf 
ludii^a^  djtJSH  far  iLn' 
ijtck,  itifttUi  Iff  fill, 

Boabdil,    Abii    Ab 
dallah     M  o  li  a  m- 
Wied.    biViiJuJiL     iK[ 
chlflo.)    Tbe  la*t  Mtmiir-  Ikui  (Jtiiifitrli:  tor. 
ish    king    of  Grenada; 
B.  1454 ;  B.  to  the  throne,  1482 ;  defeated 
and  dethroned  by  Ferdinand  of  Aragon 
1490 ;  D.  in  AiHca  1498. 
Boanergres,  bo-a-nerMez.    Sons  of  Thun- 
der, a  name  given  by  «Tesu8  Christ  to  his 
two  disciples  James  and  John.  Sometimes 
applied  to  a  loud,  powerful  preacher. 
Boar,  b()r.    The  male  of  swine  not  cas- 
trated.   "Wild  boar  (Bus  scrofa),  an  ungu- 
late or  hoofed  mammal,  fam.  Suidse,  the 
original  of  the  hog  kind.    In  Her.  the 
wild  boar  and  its  head  are  tised  as  a  com- 
mon bearing  in  coat  armor. 
Boardingr-pike,  bord'ing-pik.  A  weap- 
on used  by  sailors  in  boarding  an  enemy's 
ship. 

Board-xrule,  bord'rdL  A  scale  for  find- 
ing the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board 
without  calculation. 

Boat,  bot.  A  small  open  water  craft, 
usually  moved  by  oars.  The  boats  be- 
longing to  a  ship-of-war  number  eight; 
to  a  merchant  vessel,  six.  Every  passen- 
ger ship  is  required  to  carry  a  number  of 
boats,  varying  with  its  tonnage.  Any 
sailing  vessel. 

Boat-bill,  'bil.    A  bird  of  the  gen.  Can- 
croma,  fam.  ArdeidaB  or  herons. 
Boat-fly,  'fli.    An  aquatic  hemipterous 
insect,  gen.  Notonecta. 
Boatswain,  'swun  or  bo'sn.     An  officer 
of  a  ship  who  has  charge  of  the  equip- 
ment.   His  office  is  also  to  summon  the 
crew  to  their  duty.    Boatswain's  mate, 
the  assistant  of  the  boatswain. 
Boat-tails,  'tiilz.    A  sub- fam.  of  Ameri- 
can birds,  ram.  Stumidfe,  the  Quiscalinae. 


Bobbin,  bob'in.  A  reel  for  holding 
thread.    Roimd  tape. 

Bobbinet,  -in-et'.  A  cotton  net  indtBted 
from  lace  made  by  a  pillow  and  bobbins. 

Bobolink,  '6-lingk.  The  Dolichonyx 
oryzivorus,  a  conirostral  passerine  bird, 
fam.  Icteridae ;  the  rice  or  reed  bird. 

Bob-white,  'whit  The  Odontophorus 
Yirginianus,  or  American  partridge. 

Boccaccio,  Giovanni,  bok-kaht'cho. 
The  celebrated  Italian  novelist,  author  of 
the  "Decameron  ;"  b.  in  Pai-is,  1818  ;  d. 
1375.  He  was  the  friend  of  Petrarch,  and 
was  the  first  to  bring  copies  of  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  ft^m  Greece  to  Naples. 

Boccoziia,  bok-ku'ni-a.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Papaveraceap. 

Bodice,  bod'is.  A  waistcoat  quilted 
with  whalebone,  worn  by  women  ;  stays ; 
a  corset. 

Bodkin,  Idn.  An  instrument  with  a 
sharp  point  for  making  holes  by  piercing, 
A  like  instrument  with  an  eye,  for  draw- 
ing thread,  tape  or  ribbon  through  a  loop, 
&c.  A  printer's  tool  for  picking  letters 
out  of  a  colunm  or  page  in  correcting. 

Bodle,  bo'dl.  A  copper  coin  formerly 
current  in  Scotland,  of  the  value  of  two 
pennies  Scots,  or  the  sixth  part  of  an  En- 
glish penny. 

Bodleian,  bod'lu-an .  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  who  restored  the 
public  library  of  Oxford  University  In 
1597. 

Body-politic,  b6'di-pol'i-tik.  The  col- 
lective body  of  a  nation. 

Body-snatcher,  -snach-er.  One  who 
secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
for  the  purpose  of  dissection ;  a  resurrec- 
tionist. 

Boer,  bor.  A  Dutch  colonist  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  engaged  in  agriculture. 

Bog:,  bog.  A  piece  of  wet.  spongy 
ground,  composed  mainly  of  decayed 
vegetable  matter;  a  piece  where  peat  is 
found. 

BofiT  Iron-ore,  'I-ern-6r.  A  porous  earthy 
ore  of  ii'on  found  in  bogs,  swamps  and 
lakes,  occasionally  in  such  quantities  as  to 
be  of  industrial  importance. 
Bogr-oak,  'Ok.  Trunks  and  branches  of 
oak  preserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties 
of  peat  for  many  ages.  A  .plant,  the 
Quercus  palustris. 

Boffota.  Cap.  of  the  United  States  of 
Colombia,  8.  America;  pop.  about 42,000. 
Bogr-trotter,  -trot-er.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs  ;  a  con- 
temptuous appellation  given  to  the  Irish 
peasantry. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOGUS 


115 


BOMBTX 


BoflTlUI,  bd'gUB.  Coiinterfdt;  originally 
applied  to  counterfeit  bills,  notes,  &c.,  but 
now  to  any  spurious  object. 

Bohea,  -h^.  An  inferior  kind  of  black 
tea.  Sometimes  applied  to  black  teas  in 
general. 

Bobexxvia,  bd-he'ml-ah.  A  division  of 
Austria,  formerly  an  independent  king- 
dom; area  20,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  5,347,000. 
Cap.  Prague.  One  of  the  titles  of  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  is  King  of  Bohemia. 

Boliexniaii2_l>^^^'ini'^-  ^  native  of 
Bohemia.  The  native  tongue  of  Bo- 
hemia, a  member  of  the  Sdavonio  fam- 
ily of  Aryan  tongues.  An  artist  or  liter- 
ary man  who  leads  a  fl*ee,  often  dissipat- 
ed live,  despising  conventionalities  gener- 
ally. 

Boiar,  Boyar,  boi'ar.  A  member  of 
a  peouJiar  order  of  the  old  Russian  aris- 
tocracy next  In  rank  to  the  ruling  princes, 
abolished  by  Peter  the  Great,  who  gave  its 
members  a  place  in  the  Bussian  nobility. 

Boil,  boil.  An  inflamed  and  painftil  sup- 
purating tumor ;  a  furuncle. 

Boiler,  'er.  A  person  who  boils.  A  ves- 
B«l  in  which  anything  is  boiled.  A  strong 
metallic  vessel,  usually  of  wrought-iron 
plates  riveted  together,  in  which  steam  is 
generated  for  driving  engines  or  other  pur- 
poses. 

Bokhara,  b6k-hah'r&h.  One  of  the  di- 
visions of  Independent  Turkistan,  Asia ; 
area  186.000  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  2,400,000. 
Gap.  Bokhara,  a  rich  commercial  center, 
noted  as  a  seat  of  Mohammedan  culture. 

Bola,  bo'la.  A  stone  or  iron  ball  attached 
to  the  end  of  a  line  or  cord,  used  as  a 
weapon  by  tribes  of  8.  America. 

Bole,  bdl.  In  Geol.  any  IHable  clayey 
shale  or  earth  used  as  a  pigment.  In  Min- 
eral, an  amorphous  earthy  hydrous  bisili- 
cate  of  alumina,  with  iron  pmoxides  in  va^ 
rlous  proportions,  and  with  a  littie  magne- 
sia when  soapy  or  greasy ;  probably  an  al- 
tered felspathio  or  aluminous  mineral. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  bflllen.  Second  wife  of 
Henry  VlII.,  of  England,  and  mother  of 
the  celebrated  Queen  Elizabeth.  She 
married  the  king  after  his  divorce  ft-om 
Catherine  of  AWhtou,  against  the  vigorous 
protest  of  the  Pope,  and  this  marriage 
was  the  cause  of  the  separation  of  the 
English  Church  firom  that  of  Rome.  She 
enioyed  royal  honors  only  four  years, 
when  the  king  charged  her  with  infiaelily, 
uid  she  was  convicted  and  beheaded : 
B.  1507,  crowned  1582,  d.  1687. 

Bolide,  bd^d.  A  meteoric  stone  or 
aerolite  which  explodes  on  coming  in  con- 


tact with  our  atmosphere;  a  fire-ball;  a 
bolis. 

Bolivar,  Simon,  b51'e-T2r.  The  **  lib 
erator  "  of  8.  America  from  Spanish  rule : 
B.  in  Caracas  17S8,  n.  1880.  He  M-aged 
war  against  the  Spaniards  in  1810,  and 
completed  the  emancipation  of  Central 
and  8.  America  in  1823.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  Colombia  twice,  and  Dictator  of 
Peru,  voluntarily  relinquishing  power. 

Bolivia,  bo-liv'e-ah.    A  republic  of  S. 

-  America,  N.  and  W.  of  Brazil ;  area,  842,- 
780  sq.  m.;  pop.  about 8,400,000  ;  cap.  Chn- 
quisaca.  About  three-fourths  of  the  inhab- 
itants are  Indians.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Simon  Bolivar,  who  drew  its  original 
constitution  in  1826.  Also  caUed  Upper 
Peru. 

Bollandists,  bolland-ists.  Jesuit  writ- 
ers who  published,  under  the  title  of  Acta 
Sanctorum,  the  well-known  collection  of 
the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  E.  C. 
Church. 

Bologma^phial,  bd-Id'nya-fi^l.  A 
small  phial  of  unannealed  glass,  which 
flies  in  pieces  when  its  surfoce  is  scratched 
by  a  hard  body,  whereas  a  load  bullet  may 
be  dropped  into  it  without  causing  injury. 

BolOffna,  b6-l6'nya.  One  of  the  princi- 
pal interior  Italian  cities,  prov.  of  uEmilia, 
ramous  for  centuries  as  a  seat  of  art  and 
education ;  pop.  102,470. 

Bolor-Tafirta.,  bd-lOr-t&h.  The  great 
mountain  range  of  O.  Asia,  defining  the 
W.  boundaries  of  Ohlna.  Some  peaks  are 
20,000  feet  above  sea  leveL 

Boltant,Boltinfir.b6lt'ant,b51t'lng  In 
Her.  terms  applicable  to  the  general  posi- 
tion of  hares  and  rabbits  on  coat  armor, 
and  imply  springing  forward. 

Bomb,  bom.    A  destructive 

{>rojectile,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
ow  shell  of  oast-hron.  filledi 
with  explostyemttterlals,  flredf 
from  a  mortar,  and  explodedi 
by  a  fkise.  whioh  isifgnitedX 
by  the  discoarge.   Bombs  are 
now  commonly  termed  shells, 
though  the  latter  has  a  wider 
meaning.     In  Geol.  a  block   of   sooriiB 
ejected  fi*om  the  crater  of  a  volcano. 

Bombardier^beetle,  bom-b2r-d€r'be- 
tl.  A  coleopterous  insect,  fbm.  Oarabidsc, 
genera  Brachinus  and  Aptlnus.  They 
possess  a  remarkable  power  of  expelling 
a  pungent,  acrid  fluid,  accompanied  by  a 
smart  report. 

Bombsrc,  'biks.  A  gen.  of  Lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  type  of  a  fam.  (Bombyddae) 
including  many  genera  of  moths.     The 


Bomb. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOMBAKDON 


116 


BOOjx 


Bombardon. 


caterpillar  of  the  B.  morl  is  the  well-known 
silkworm. 

Boxnbardon,  'don.  A 
large-sized  mnsical  in- 
stmmentof  the.tmm- 
];>et  kind,  in  tone  not 
unlike  the  ophicleide.    | 

Boxnbasin,  Boxn- 
bazine,  -ba-z^n'.  A 
twilled  fabric,  of  which 
the  warp  is  silk  and  the 
weft  worsted.  An  in- 
ferior kind  is  made  of 
cotton  and  worsted. 

Boxnbay,  bom-ba'.  A 
division  of  India,  the 
first  occupied  by  the 
British ;  area,  142,048  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt. 
1,400,000.  Cap.  Bombay,  on  the  Arabian 
Bea,  is  the  principal  oommercial  empori- 
um of  the  E.  Indies,  with  an  excellent 
harbor,  but  has  few  superior  buildincrs  : 
pop.  967,486.  ' 

Bonaparte,  b6'nah-p4rt.  The  family 
Bame  of  Napoleon  I.  and  III.,  emperors  of 
France,  founded  by  Carlo  Bonaparte,  a 
lawyer  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  b.  1746, 
D.  1786,  and  Letltia  Ramolino,  his  A\ife. 
They  had  6  sons  and  8  daughters,  the  old- 
est son  being  Joseph,  King  of  Spain,  and 
the  second  Napoleon  I.,  Emperor  of 
France,  and  conqueror  ofnearlytne  whole 
of  Europe. 

Bone,  b6n.  An  integral  portion  of  the 
skeleton  of  an  animal ;  the  substance  of 
which  the  skeleton  of  vertebrate  animals 
is  composed. 

Bone-black,  'blak.  Animal  charcoal, 
the  carbonaceous  substance  into  which 
bones  are  converted  by  calcination. 

Bone-breccia,  'bre-chi-a.  A  conglom- 
erate of  fragments  of  bones  and  lime- 
stone, cemented  into  a  rock  by  a  red  cal- 
careous concretion,  and  found  in  later 
tertiary  bone  caverns. 

Bonheur,  Bosa,  bonnier'.  A  distin- 
guished female  painter,  whose  animals 
are  unexcelled ;  b.  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
1822. 

Boniface,  bon'i-fas.  The  name  of  nine 
nopes.  B.  I.  s.  Zozimus,  418,  d.  422.  B. 
Vn.  usurped  the  papacy  on  the  death  of 
Benedict  VI.,  974;  was  deposed,  but 
again  seized  the  power  on  the  death  of 
John  XIV.,  dying  suddenly  shortly  after- 
ward, 984.  B.  VIII.  s.  Celestine  V.,  1'294. 
Having  provoked  Philip  the  Fair,  King  of 
France,  bv  an  interdict,  the  latter  invaded 
Italy,  and  took  the  pope  prisoner ;  he  was 
rescued,  but  died  within  a  few  months, 


Bonito,  bd-ne'to.  A  name  of  sev^^ 
acanthopterygious  fishes,  fom.  Scomber- 
idee.  One  of  these  is  Thynnns  pelamys, 
the  striped-beUied  tunny. 

Bonnet,  bon'net.  A  covering  for  the 
head  worn  by  men  ;  a  cap.  A  covoing 
for  the  head  worn  by  women.  In 
Fort,  a  small  work  with  two  faces,  having 
only  a  parapet  with  two  rows  of  pall' 
sades,  communicating  with  the  covered 
way.  An  additional  part  laced  to  the  foot 
of  a  sail.  A  cast-iron  plate  to  cover  the 
valve  chambers  of  a  pump.  A  frame  of 
wire-netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  loco- 
motive engine.  A  cover  of  iron-plate  over 
the  head  of  a  miner.    A  wind-cap  for  a 

'  chimney. 

Bonnet-piece,  -pSs.  A  gold  coin  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland,  the  king^s  head  on 
which  wears  a  bonnet. 

Bonnet-rousre,  -ne-rozh.  A  red  repub- 
lican :  so  named  because  a  red  cap  was  as- 
sumed as  a  distinguishing  mark  by  the 
leaders  of  the  first  French  revolution. 

Bonspiel,  'spel.  A  match  between  two 
parties,  as  two  parishes,  at  archery,  golf, 
curling  on  the  ice,  &c.;  generally  applied 
to  the  last  mentioned. 

Bon-ton,  tong.  The  style  of  persons  in 
high  life  ;  high  mode  or  fashion ;  fashiona- 
ble society. 

Bonze,  bonz.  The  European  for  a  priest 
of  the  religion  of  Fo  or  Buddha  in  Eastern 
Asia.  They  live  in  monasteries  in  a  state 
of  celibacy.  There  are  also  female  bonzes, 
whose  position  H  analogous  to  that  of 
nuns. 

Boomerang:,  boom'e-rang.  A  missile  in- 
strument used  by  the  Australian  aborig- 
ines. It  is  of  hard  wood,  and  the  shape 
is  a  parabola.  One  side  is  fiat,  the  other 
rounded,  and  it  has  a  blunt  edge.  It  is 
thrown  directly  onward,  but  instead  of 
going  forward  and  falling  to  the  earth  it 
slowly 
cends  in  the 
ah:  till  it 
r  e  a  c  hes  a 
considerable 
height,  when* 
it  begins  to 
ret  rograde, 
and  finally 
falls  near  the  thrower.  A  similar  instrU' 
ment  was  known  to  the  ancient  Egyptians 
and  Assyrians. 

Book,  buk.  A  number  of  sheets  of  paper 
or  other  material  bound  together  on  edge, 
blank,  written,  or  printed  ;  a  volume.  A 
literwy  composition,  written  or  printed. 
SpcciflcaJly,  the  Bible.    A  particular  part 


Boomerangs. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOONE 


IIT 


The  Boot. 


of  a  literary  composition.  That  which 
sometimes  is  enrolled  or  preserved,  a  reg- 
ister or  record.  A  volume  in  which  ac- 
counts are  kept.  An  arrangement  of  bets 
recorded  in  a  book.  In  whist,  the  first 
six  tricks  taken  by  either  party. 
boone,  Daniel.  The  celebrated  Ken- 
tucky pioneer;  b.  in  Bucks  Co.,  Pa., 
1785,  D.  1798. 

Boot,  boot.  A  oovering  for  the  leg  and 
foot,  generally  of  leather.  An  ancient  in- 
strument of  torture  fasteneil  on  to  the  leg, 
between  which  imd  t]i 
boot  wedges  were  dri^ ! 
with  such  violence  a>  i 
crush  both  muscles  auil 
bones.  The  boots  an  J 
thumb-screw  were  Ihy 
special  Scotch  insrrn 
ments  of  torture.  A 
covering  for  »  hor^<':- 
foot.  A  box  at  el  till  1 
end  of  a  coach.  Anatir«>j!i 
for  s  carriage  to  defend 
persons  fii^m  rain  and 
mud. 

/Sootes,  bo-o't€z.  A  northern  constella- 
tion, consistix.^  of  54  stars.  Alpha  Bootis, 
or  Arcturu's,  ^oneofthe  stars  observed 
to  have  a  proper  motion. 
Booth,  John  Wilkes.  The  assassin  of 
I^resident  Abraham  Lincoln,  April  14, 
1865 ;  was  slwt  by  Sergeant  Corbet,  April 
26,  dying  the  same  day.  He  was  an  actor ; 
son  of  «JU]iiu8  Brutus  Booth,  a  celebrated 
English  tragodian  ;  b.  in  Baltimore,  1829. 
Boracite,  lu'rtui-n. 
A  mineral  ciwi^lsliNLr 
of  borate  And  t'hin- 
rlde  of  mji^c-c^Iuiii ; 
remarkabl«»  'yr  iU 
electrical  proinTtit'N 
when  heaU'U 

Boraffinaccie.  '  ^'  Ifi^/XV-,,  s,\ 
r^'i-na"8»-i\   A  Jiat-P^    fc^^fc\  Vi 
ortLofmoiiopetakmi'        M'N^kA  >j 
diootyledoTiA,      coo- 
taining  a  In  t-l""  ti  if !  ri  - 
b«r     of     .I'j^.     in- 
shrubs.    T^o  L>ura«^o 
may  be  taken  as  the   Common  Borage, 
type.  A^anet,  oom< 
frey  and  the  forget-me-not  belong  to  this 
family. 

Borax,  b&'raks.  Biborate  of  soda ;  a  salt 
formed  by  the  combination  of  boracic  acid 
with  soda.  It  is  an  excellent  flux  in  as- 
saying operations,  and  used  in  soldering 
metals  and  in  making  glass  and  artificial 
gems. 

Bordeaux,  bor-dd'.  The  most  important 


hotf 

commercial  city  in  the  S.  of  France,  cap. 
of  dept.  of  Ghx>nde  ;  pop.  247,690.  It  is 
situated  on  the  river  Garonne,  60  m.  from 
the  Atlantic,  and  is  connected  with  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  Canal  du  Midi. 

Bordeaux,  Heziri,  Duo  de.  Count 
de  Chambonl,  son  of  Charles  Ferdinand, 
Due  de  Berry,  grandson  of  Charles  X. 
and  heir  to  the  throne  of  France  under  the 
title  of  Henri  V.;  n.  in  Paris,  IStiO,  d.  1883. 

Boreas.  In  Myth,  the  personification  of 
the  N.  wind.  The  reputed  son  of  As- 
trajus  and  Aurora. 

Borecole,  bor'kOl.  A  variety  of  Brassl- 
ca  olerucea,  a  cabbage  with  the  leaves 
curled  or  wrinkled,  and  having  no  dispo- 
sition to  form  into  a  hard  head  :  for  win- 
ter use. 

Borgria,  bor'jah.  A  notorious  Italian 
family  of  Spanish  descent.  Alfonso  B. 
was  elected  Pope  in  1445,  as  Oalixtus  III., 
and  his  son,  who  became  Alexander  VI., 
was  father  of  several  children  by  Rose 
Vanozza.  Two  of  them,  Cesare  and  Lu- 
crozia,  are  charged  with  committing  the 
most  infamous  and  bloody  crimes. 

Borneo,  bdr'ne-o.  A  Malaysian  island 
in  the  Pacific,  next  to  Australia  in  size ; 
area,  800,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  8,200,000. 
Great  Britain  and  Holland  have  large  col- 
onies on  the  island. 

Bomite,  bor'nlt.  Tetradym ite,  a  variety 
of  telhiric  bismuth,  consisting  of  bismuth, 
tellurium  .and  selenium.  A  valuable  ore, 
consisting  of  about  60  parts  copper,  14 
iron  and  26  sulphur. 

Boron,  bd'ron.  In  Chem.  the  character- 
istio  element  contained  in  borax,  pre- 
pared by  igniting  boron  fluoride  with  po- 
tassium. Crystallized  boron  Is  nearly  as 
hard  as  diamond,  and  much  less  suscept- 
ible of  oxidation. 

Borousrh,  bnr'rd.  Formerly,  a  fortified 
town  ;  a  town  or  city  in  general.  In  Eng- 
land, a  corporate  town  or  township.  If 
it  sends  representatives  to  Parliament  it 
is  a  parliamentary  borough,  if  not,  a  mu> 
nicipal  borough.  In  some  of  the  States, 
a  town  or  village  incorporated  with  cer- 
tain privileges. 

Borrelist,  bor'rel-ist  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  in  Holland  who  reject  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer  and  all  e.x' 
ternal  worship,  but  lead  a  very  austere  lif<^ 

Bort,  bort.  A  name  given  to  coarse  dia* 
monds  useless  for  purposes  of  decoration ; 
also  to  fragments  too  small  for  jewelry, 
split  firom  diamonds.  Both  are  reduced  to 
powder  and  used  for  grinding  and  polish* 
ing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOd 


118 


BOTTLE-yiSH 


Bofl,  bos.  The  ox  gen.;  nuninant  quad- 
rupeds, sub-fern.  BoTidffi.  The  species 
are  the  common  ox  ,*  aurochs,  or  bison  of 
Europe ;  buffalo  of  N.  America ;  proper 
buffalo  of  the  Eastern  continent;  Cape 
buffalo ;  yak  of  Thibet,  Ac. 

Bosa,  bo'za.  A  popular  Oriental  drink, 
made  by  boiling  millet-seed  in  water,  and 
fermenting  the  inAision,  adding  astrin- 
gents. An  inebriating  mess  made  of  darnel 
meal,  hemp-seed  and  water.  A  prepara- 
tion of  honey  and  tamarinds. 

Boscll-vark,  bosh'vark.  The  bush-hog 
of  8.  Africa  (Chohx)potamu8  africanus), 
one  of  the  most  formidable  of  the  swine 
family.  Kaffirs  fear  it,  but  eHteem  its 
flesh. 

Bosnia,  b^s'ne-ah.  A  semi-independent 
Turkish  pashalic,  comprising  Bosnia 
proper,  Turkish  Croatia  and  Herzegovina; 
Cap.  Bosna-serai;  pop.  1,370,000.  B. 
was  put  under  Austrian  protection  in 
1878.  The  inhabitants  are  Sclavs,  but 
Mohammedans. 

Bosphorus,  bos'-fd-rus.  A  strait  or 
channel  between  two  seas.  The  strait  be- 
tween the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black 
Sea ;  also  the  strait  of  Caffa,  connecting 
the  Sea  of  Azof  with  the  Black  Sea. 

Boss,  bos.  A  protuberant  part ;  a  pro- 
tuberant ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or 
other  material,  on  harness,  &c.  In  Sculp. 
a  projecting  mass 
to  bo  afterwards 
cut  or  carved.  In 
Arch,  an  ornament 

f  laced  at  the  in- 
er»ection  of 
groins  in  vaulted 
or  flat  roofs,  fre- 
quently richly 
sculptured.  Any 
projecting  ball  or 
knot  of  foliage,  &c. 
In  Mech.  the  enlarged  part  of  a  shaft  on 
which  a  wheel  is  to  be  keyed.  A  die  used 
for  shaping  metals. 

Bossnet,  Jacques  Beni^ne,  bos'swa. 
A  celebrated  French  priest,  bishop  of 
Meaux ;  b.  1627,  d.  1704.  He  is  saia  to 
have  preached  his  first  sermon  at  the  age 
of  18. 

Bostan^,  bos-tan'je.  A  class  of  men  in 
Turkey,  originally  the  sulptan's  gardeners, 
but  now  employed  about  his  person,  num- 
bering about  600. 

Boston.  The  cap.  of  Massachusetts, 
chief  commercial  city  of  New  England, 
and  fourth  in  size  in  the  United  Stages  ; 
pop.  682,401. 


pSmr 


mm 


Boss. 


Botany,  bot'a-ni.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  yegetable  kingdom,  dealing 
with  the  forms  of  plants,  thdr  structure, 
the  vital  phenomena  connected  with  them, 
theh*  arrangement  into  groups,  according 
to  affinities,  and  the  classification  of  these 
groups  so  as  to  exhibit  their  mutual  rela- 
tions and  their  positions  In  the  vegetable 
kingdom  as  a  whole. 

Botargro,  bo-tfir'go.  A  food  relish  made 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet  or  tunny  strong- 
ly salted  after  they  have  become  putrid, 
used  on  the  Mediterranean  coast  as  an  in- 
centive to  drink. 

Bothnia,  b6th'ni-a.  Formerly  a  Swed- 
ish province,  but  now  divided  between 
Sweden  and  Eussia ;  situated  N.  and  "W. 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  the  N.  arm  of  the 
Baltic  Sea. 

Botryogren,  bo-trl'6-jen.  A  mineral, 
consisting  of  the  hydrous  sulphates  of 
protoxide  of  iron,  onde  of  iron,  magnesia 
and  lime,  said  to  have  been  found  on 
Vesuvius. 

Botryolite,  botM-o-lit.  A  variety  of 
datollte  or  borate  of  lime,  occurring  in 
mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in 
beds  of  magnetic  iron  In  gneiss,  asually 
as  a  deposit  on  calc-spar.  It  differs  from 
datolite  in  containing  two  atoms  of  water 
instead  of  one. 

Bott,  hot.  The  larvaB  or  maggots  of  sev- 
eral species  of  gadfly  when  found  in  the 
intestines  of  horses,  under  the  hides  of 
oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep,  Ac.  The 
botts  with  which  horses  are  troubled  are 
the  larva)  of  the  (Estrus  equi. 

Bottle,  '1.  A  hollow  vessel  of  glass, 
wood,  leather,  or  other  material,  with  a 

Ancient  Egyptian  Botties  of  Glass, 
narrow  mouth,  for  holding  and  carrylngr 
liquors. 
Bottle-fish,  -fish.    An  eel-like  fish,  fam. 


Bottie-fish  Inflated. 
Munenidae,  gen.  Saccopharynx,  the  8.  am- 

{nillaceus.  The  body  is  capable  of  being 
uflated  like  a  sack  or  bottie,  benoo  the 
name. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BouDom 


lid 


BOTUNA 


Boudoir,  bo-dwar.  A  small  room  to 
which  a  lady  may*'retlre  to  be  alone,  or  in 
which  she  may  receive  her  intimate 
friends. 

Boulder,  bol'der.  A  water-worn  stone, 
too  large  to  be  regarded  as  a  pebble.  In 
Geol.  applied  to  ice-worn  and  smoothed 
blocks  lying  on  the  surface  of  the  soil  or 
imbedded  in  the  clays  and  gravels  of  the 
drift  formation  of  the  pleistocene  period. 

Boulevard,  bol-vfir.  Originally,  a  bul- 
wark or  rampart  of  a  fortification  or  forti- 
fied town.  The  name  is  now  applied  to 
any  broad  street  or  walk. 

Bouquet,  b5-ka.  A  nosegay;  a  bunch 
of  flowers  ;  hence,  anything  resembling  a 
bunch  of  flowers,  as  a  cluster  of  precious 
stones.  An  agreeable  aromatic  odor,  such 
as  is  perceived  on  drawing  the  cork  of  any 
of  the  finer  wines. 

Bourbon,  boor-bong.  A  distinguished 
French  family,  descended  ftom  Hilde- 
brand,  brother  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
Martel,  and  in  1589,  in  the  person  of  Uen- 
iT  IV.  of  Navarre,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  France.  They  were  finally  ex- 
pelled in  1&18.  The  Spanish  Bourbons 
are  descendants  of  Philip  V.,  grandson  of 
Louis  IV.  of  France,  made  king  of  Spain 
in  1700;  the  Italian  Bourbons  fiom  the 
same  ancestor,  through  Charles,  8d  son  of 
Philip,  who  was  made  king  of  Naples  in 
1T85. 

Bourigmonist,  bor-in'yon-ist.  One  of  a 
sect  founded  by  Antoinette  Bourignon, 
who  in  1658  assumed  the  Augustine  habit, 
and  traveled  extensively.  She  maintained 
that  Christianity  does  not  consist  in  faith 
and  practice,  but  an  inward  feeling  and 
supernatural  impulse. 

Bourran,  bor'ran.  A  peculiarly  fierce 
snow-storm,  often  lasting  twenty  hours  at 
a  time,  on  the  Kussian  steppes. 

Bourse,  bors.  An  exchange  ;  a  place 
where  continental  merchants  assemble 
for  general  business. 

Bovey-coal,  boM-kol.  A  tertiary  lig- 
nite or  brown  coal,  occurring  tn  beds  in 
pipe-clay,  in  Devonshire,  England.  It  is 
an  inflammable  fossil,  resembling  bitu- 
minous coal. 

BovidSB,  -de.  A  sub-fam.  of  the  Cavi- 
cornia,  or  hollow-homed  quadrupeds,  con- 
sisting of  gregarious  ruminant  mammals. 
It  includes  the  arnee,  bison,  buflTalo,  ox, 
musk-ox,  urus,  &c. 

Bow.    A  missile  weapon  made  of  elastic 

.    material,  with  a  string  stretched  from  end 

to  end,  on  which  an  arrow  is  made  to  rest 

endwise.    The  bow  is  bent  by  drawing 


the  string,  which  Is  suddenly  let  go,  when 
the  bow  springs  back,  and  by  its  elastit 
force  throws  the  arrow  to  a  great  distance. 
The  use  of  the  bow  is  called  archery. 
Anything  bent  or  in  form  of  a  curve,  as 
the  rainbow.  The  part  of  «  yoke  which 
embraces  the  animars  neck,  &c.  In  Mu- 
sic, an  instrument  by  means  of  which  the 
tone,  is  produced  from  stringed  instru- 
ments. An  instrument  in  use  among 
smiths  for  turning  a  diill ;  \*ith  turners 
for  turning  wood  ;  >vith  hatters  for  break- 
ing fur  and  wool.  In  Arch,  the  part  of  a 
building  which  projects  from  a  straight 
wall. 

Bower,  bou'er.  An  anchor  carried  at  the 
bow  of  a  ship  in  constant  working  use.  A 
shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
plants ;  an  arbor ;  a  shady  recess. 

Bower^bird,  -herd.  A  name  of  certain 
Austi'alian  conirostral  birds,  tarn.  Oriol- 
idfB,  genera  Ptilonorhynchus  and  Chalamy- 
dera,  remarkable  for  erecting  bowers, 
called  runs,  and  adorning  them  with 
bright-colored  objects  ;  used  as  places  of 
resort,  but  not  as  nests. 

Bowie-knife,  bo'i-nlf.  A  knife  with  a 
blade  from  10  to  16  inches  long,  worn  as  a 
weapon  in  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Bowsprit, 
'sprit.  A 
boom  or  spar 
which  pro- 
jects over the  ^ 
stem  of  a  ves- 
sel. Beyond 
itproiectsthe 
jib-boom,  and 
beyond  that 
again  the  fly- 
ing jib-boom. 
A  standing  B. 
is  permanent- 
ly fixed  ;  a  running  B., 
eased  out  and  in. 

Box-wood,  boks'wnd.  .  The  timber  of 
the  box-tree,  used  by  engravers  and  in 
tlie  manufacture  of  musical  and  mathe- 
matical instruments. 

Boyle*S  Ijaw,  bollz'  la.  In  ('hem.  the 
law  expressing  the  Inverse  ratio  of  a  vol- 
ume or  a  gas  to  the  pressure  under  which 
it  exists  at  a  given  temperature.  Called 
also  Mariotte'fl  law. 

Bo3nie,  boin.  One  of  the  principal 
rivers  of  Ireland,  celebrated  as  giving 
name  to  the  battle,  July  1,  1690,  near 
Drogheda,  in  which  the  English  under 
William  III.  disastrously  defeated  the 
Irish  under  James  II. 

Boyuna,  boi-u'na.    A  large  serpent  of 


Bowsprit. 

,  one  that  can  be 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BO^ARlllB 


1^ 


fi&Am 


America,  bavinf?  an  Intolerable  smell.  A 
harmless  reptile  or  snake,  common  In 
Ceylon. 

Bozarria,  Marcus,  bo-zu'ns.  A  eal- 
lant  Greek  officer,  who  was  killed  at  Mis- 
Bolonghi,  Aug.  18,  1S28,  in  the  war  of  in- 
dependence. 

Bracelet,  bras'Iet.  An  ornament  for  the 
wrist,  among  the  earliest  personal  •orna- 
ments, as  seen  from  the  ancient  (Egyptian 
and  Assyrian  sculotureH.  A  piece  of  de- 
fensive armor  for  tlie  arm. 

BracMopoda.  bra-ki-op'o-da.  A  class 
of  molluscoid  animals,  including  the 
lamp-shell,  &,c. 
The  principal 
genera  are  Lin-, 
gula,  Terebra- 
tula  and  lihyn 
chonella. 

Bracket,    'et.    One  of  the  Brachiopoda. 
A    short   sup 


porting  piece  or  combination  of  pieces, 
generally  of  a  triangulw  outline,  project- 
ing fi-om  a  perpendicular  surface.    A  tri 


angular  wooden  support  for  a  shelf  or  the 
like.  An  ornamental  piece  supporting 
a  hammer-beam.  In  Mach.  a  piece  at- 
tached to  a  wall,  beam,  &c. ,  for  supporting 
a  line  of  shafting.  In  Gun.  tho  check  of  a 
mortal*  carriage.  In  printing,  one  of  two 
marks  used  to  inclose  a  reference,  explan- 
ation, &c.;  thus,  [  ].  A  gits-pipe  projecting 
from  a  wall. 

Bracteated,  'te-at-ed.  A  term  applied 
to  coins  or  medals  covered  over  with  a 
thin  plate  of  some  richer  metal,  as  brass 
platea  with  gold,  they  are  to  be  found 
even  among  genuine  ancient  coins. 

Brad,  brad.  A  headless  nail  used  in  work 
where  it  is  desired  to  drive  nails  entirely 
into  tho  wood. 

Bra^ranza,  brah-gan'tha.  The  name  of 
the  reigning  families  of  Portugal  and 
Brazil,  descended  Irom  John  VIII.,  Duke 
of  B.,  the  latter  representing  tho  male 
line,  the  former  the  female. 

Bragrgr,  Braxton,  Gen.  An  American 
I  officer,  who  served  with  gallantry  as  cap- 
tain in  the  Mexican  war,  and  as  general 
in  the  confederate  service  during  tho 
civil  war ;  b.  in  N.  Carolina,  1815,  d.  1876. 

Brahe,  Tycho,  brdh.  The  most  dis- 
tinguished asti-onomer  of  the  16th  century; 
B.  1545,  D.  1601.  A  native  of  Denmark, 
his  active  life  was  passed  in  Germany. 

Brahman,  'man.  Among  tho  Hindus 
one  of  the  sacred  or  sacerdotal  caste  who 
claim  to  have  proceeded  firom  the  mouth 
•f  Brahma,  and  to  be  the  sole  depositaries 


and  interpreters  of  the  Vedas.  There  are 
seven  sub-divisions,  originating  with  seven 
penitents  of  high  antiquity.  Theore;- 
ically  the  Brahmuis  venerated  equally  th^ 
three  gods  of  the  Hindu  trimurti  or  trin- 
ity, bttt,  practically,  the  worship  of  Brah- 
ma having  fallen  into  desuetude,  they  art 
divided  into  two  sects — the  devotees  of 
Vishnu  and  those  of  Siva,  the  fonner 
wearing  an  orange-colored  dress  with  the 
nama,  or  mark  of  the  trident  of  Vishnu, 
on  the  forehead,  the  latter  being  distin- 
guished by  the  lingam,  or  emblem  of  tiM> 
male  organ  of  generation.  Called  also  Brah- 
min. 

Braluna,  bril'mS.  In  Indian  mjrth.  one 
of  the  deities  of 
the  Hindu 
trimurti  or  tri- 
ad. He  is 
termed  the 
Creator,  or  the 
gran  d  father 
of  gods  and 
men;  his  broth- 
ers Vishnu  and 
Siva  being  re- 
spectively the 
Sreserver  and 
e  s  tro  y  er.  J 
Brahma'  is  ^ 
usually  repre- 
sented with 
four  heads  and 
four  arms,  and  attended  by  the  goose  or 
swan.  Brahma  is  not  worshipped,  as, 
since  the  creation  of  the  world,  he  has 
ceased  to  have  any  functions  to  perform. 
It  will  not  be  till  the  tenth  avatar  or  in 
carnation  (when  the  world  will  undergo 
total  annihilation)  that  his  services  will  be 
again  put  into  requisition. 

Brahmanas,  -ma'naz.  ^  The  prose  por- 
tions of  the  Vedas,  which  contain  injunc- 
tions for  the  performance  of  sacrifices,  ex- 
plain theh*  origin,  and  the  occasions  on 
which  the  mantras  had  to  be  used. 

Brahmo-somaj, -md-sd'maj.  The  mon- 
otheistic religion  of  India,  -  abolishing 
caste  and  ancient  superstitions,  founded 
by  Kammohun  Eoy.  Called  also  Bramo- 
ism. 

Brahmapootra,  bra-mah-poot'rah.  A 
river  of  S.  Asia,  1,500  m.  in  length,  emp- 
tving  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  conjune- 
tion  with  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges. 
Its  navigation  is  dangerous  on  acooant  of 
its  rapid  current. 

Brain-coral,  'ko-ral.  A  variety  of  apo- 
rose  ooral,  gen.  Meandrina,  fam.  Aatnei- 
duB,  occurring  in  hemispherical  lobes. 

Brain,  bran.    That  mass  or  visous  in* 


BrahmA. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BRAMANTE 


121 


BEAVO 


]Jridu, 


dosed  In  the  craninm  of  nis.n  Mid  othor 
vertebrate  animals, 
forming  the  center  of 
the  n^Tous  system, 
and  the  seat  of  oon* 
sdousness  and  yolitlon. 
In  it  the  nerves  ind 
spinal  marrow  termi- 
nate. According  to 
Yauqnelin  the  human 
brain  contains  80  parts 
water,  7  albumen, 
4.58  white  fiitty  mat- 
ter, 0.70  red  fatty  mat- 
ter, 1.12o8mazome,  1.5 
phosphorus :  acids,  saltis  ah  A  nu)ph\ir 
5.16.  Later  chemists  liavo  d^u^^twl 
cholesterine  in  the  brain,  and  ftwiu  ^  to  2.5 
per  cent,  phosphorus. 

Bramante,  bra-man'tal.  A  dlf^rJn- 
guished  Italian  architect,  vrhost^  rral  rmfjus 
was  Donate  Lazzari;  b.  14*4,  i*.  Ifil4. 
He  built  the  Vatican,  and  plojinotl  St, 
Peter's  church.  He  introduct-d.  Ituphof^i 
to  the  Papal  court. 

Branch,  bransh.  A  port  J  (in  of  a  ires*, 
shrub,  or  other  plant  spriUkTJ  J I  ^-  fbitii  ibo 
stem;  a  bough  larger  tlinn  a,  f^hoot  ur 

n.  Something  resembliriif  n  brtinrh  \ 
e branch  of  a  candlestick,  of  an  ar- 
teiy,  of  a  stag's  horn;  a  livir  riiiii]ln,jj 
into  a  larger  one.  Any  mtftiibir  or  part 
of  a  body  or  system;  a  dt^imrtnitnL  A 
line  of  fiunily  descent,  as  ttie;  IlntrlisEi  ^r 
Irish  branch  of  a  family.  Tho  lurtul  pU-vi^ 
on  the  end  of  a  hose  of  a  J1r*-fn^,'lTui'  ut 
which  the  nozxieis  screwc^rl.  in  Fortirt- 
cation,  the  long  side  of  a  horn  or  firown 
work.  The  diploma  or  commlLslun  (^  vbh 
to  an  English  pilot.  Branches  nf  o0\'m, 
the  ribs  of  groined  vaults  travwalniLr  from 
one  angle  to  another. 

BrancMofirasteropoda.  branpfct-o- 
ga8'ter-op"o-da.  A  divisi^«ri  ot  gaiir^rop 
odous  MoUusca,  construct  (^4  to  brmthp 
air  by  means  of  water.  Th.-  H.  arp  dUliled 
into  three  orders — Prosobraiic!iirttn  s  Ht^xc  .s 
extinct,  gills  inclosed),  aa  \rh+?lk*,  At-.; 
Opisthobninchiata  (sexes  nriELfid  ia  t.]^o 
same  individual,  gills  exjto^^rd.^,  ii,i  ^it'^. 
slugs,  Ac.;  Heteropoda  (fri.i>hwjiiimint^ 
gasteropods),  as  Gailnaria. 

BranoMpoda,  -ki-op'o-dn.     An  onl,  of 
CTustaoeous  animals,  whosf  pilln  tu-e  altii 
ated  on  the  feet,  divided  into  the  fiimllkp 
Cnadocera,    Phyllopoda,    Ofitnicodfl    luid 
Trilobita. 

Brancliiostoxna,  brang-kl-o^'to-iaa.  A 
gen.  of  fishes,  also  called  AmphloxnA,  in- 
cluding the  lancelet  (B.  twnjeolatuin  or 
Amphiozus  lanceolatus)  tha  juoat  aiioma- 


lousofall  living  animals.  Although  rec- 
ognized as  a  vertebrated  animal  it  has  no 
vertebrte,  but  only  a  persistent  notochord, 
no  definite  brain,  no  true  heart,  no  eyes, 
nor  proper  bones,  the  muscles  being  at- 
tached to  soft  cartilage,  and  no  proper 
fins.  It  has  the  respiratory  system  of  an 
asddian  and  th^  circulatory  ^stem  almost 
•fan  annelid.  This  gen.  constitutes  an 
ord.— Leptocardii  or  Pharyngobranchii. 
Brandenburg,  brfin'den-boorg.  The 
German  pro  v.  of  which  Berlin,  the  cap.  of 
the  empire,  is  the  chief  city ;  area,  15,605 
sq.  m.;  pop.  8,476,522. 
Brandy,  bran'di.  A  spiritnons  liquor 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  wine,  or  of 
the  refuse  of  the  wine  press",  with  an  aver 
age  proportion  of  alcohol  of  from  48  to  54 
per  cent.  lu  France  the  finest  brandy  is 
called  cognac,  and  an  inferior  sort  eau  de 
vie.  The  name  is  now  given  to  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  other  liquors,  and  in  the  United 
States  particularly  to  that  from  cider  and 
peaches.  Much  of  the  brandy  sold  in 
Britain  is  made  from  grain  whisky  by 
adding  argol,  bruised  plums,  French  wine- 
vinegar,  and  a  small  quantity  of  Cognac 
and  redistilUng. 

Brandywine  Creek.  A  stream  which 
rises  in  Pennsylvuiia  and  empties  into 
Christiana  Creek,  near  Wilmington,  Del., 
noted  for  the  battle  fought  Sept.  11, 1777, 
between  the  Americans,  under  Washing- 
ton, 18,000  strong,  and  the  British  under 
Gen.  Howe,  18,000.  The  former  was  defeat- 
ed, leaving  Philadelphia  to  the  occupation 
of  the  British. 
Brass,  bras  An  alloy 
ofcopper  and  zinc,  more 
fttsible  than  copper,  and 
not  so  apt  to  tarnish. 
It  is  malleable  and  duo- 
tile,  and  is  mueh 
tougher  than  copper. 
The  best  brass  Is  made 
by  cementation  of  cala- 
mine, or  oxide  of  zlno, 
with  granulated  copper. 
German  watch  maker 
brass  has  two  propor- 
tions of  zinc  to  one  of 
copper.  In  Mach.  a 
plflow,  bearing,  or  bush, 
supporting  a  gudgeon.  I 
A  plate  of  brass  inlaid  on  I 

stone,     with      effigies, '_    ^- 

coats  of  arms,  Ac.,  en-  BmsA  of  Eleazioi- 

rved  in  outline  upon     Biibiin  !n  W**at- 
mlfihiriT  Abbey, 
Bravo,  brft'vo.     A  daring  lillain ;  one 
who  sets  laws  at  defiance ;  an  assassin  or 
murderer. 


wm 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BRA8SART 


123 


BREECHING 


Brassarts. 


Brassart,  hras'art. 
Plate  armor  for  the  up- 
per part  of  the  arm, 
reaching  fh)m  the 
ehoulder  to  the  elbow. 

BrasBica,  bnu'si-ka. 
A  gen.  of  cruciferous 
plants,  containing  the 
cabbage,  eaulidower, 
broooli,  borecole,  rai 
turnio,  colza,  curled 
kale,  Kolerabi,  or  tur- 
Bip-stemmed  cabbage, 
Brussels  sprouts,  «&«. 

Braze,  braz.  To  solder,  especially  with 
an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc.  To  cover  or 
ornament  with  brass. 

Brazil,  brah-zir.  The  largest  6tato  of 
B.  America;  area,  8,609,160  sq.  m.;  pop. 
12,694,800.  B.  is  a  constitutional  empire, 
the  reigning  family  being  the  male  line  of 
the  Portuguese  Braganzas.  Rio  Janeiro  is 
the  cap.,  and  Bahia,  Para  and  Pernam- 
buco  the  chief  cities.  The  Amazon,  the 
largest  river  on  the  globe,  rims  through 
the  W  section,  and  the  Madeira.  Parana, 
Uruguay  and  Paraguay  are  also  consider- 
able rivers.  The  Andes  bound  B.  on  the 
W.,  and  two  extensive  mountain  ranges 
run  parallel  N.  and  S. 

Brazil,  Brazil-wood,  bra-zil',  bra-zil'- 
wfld.  A  very  heavy  wood  of  a  red  color, 
growing  in  Brazil  and  other  tropical 
countries,  used  for  dyeing  red,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cffisalpinia  cchinata  and  C.  Brazil- 
lensis. 

Brazil-nut,  'nut.  The  seeds  of  the  fruit 
of  Bertholletla  excelsa,  a  tree,  ord.  Lecy- 
Ihidacese.  Besides  being  used  as  an  article 
of  dessert,  a  bland  oil,  used  by  watch- 
makers and  others,  is  expressed  from  the 
nuts. 

Bread,  bred.  A  food  made  from  the 
flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain  or 
other  plants,  the  dough  being  often  caused 
to  ferment.  Food  or  sustenance  in  gen- 
eral. 

Bread-fruit  Tree. 
The  Artocarpus  incisa. 
The  fruit  is  roasted  be- 
fore being  eaten,  and 
forms  the  principal  ar- 
ticle of  food  in  the  Soutk 
Sea  Islands. 

Breakfast,  brek'fast. 
The  first  meal  in  the 
day. 

Breakwater,  brakVa 
ter.  Any  structure,  as'a 
mole,  wall  or  sunken  hulk  serving  to  break 


Bread-fruit. 


Breast-wheel. 


Breakwater. 

the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor  oi 

anything  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 

Breastpin,  brest'pin.  A  pin  worn  for 
a  fastening  or  for  ornament  on  the  breast. 

Breastplate,  'plat.  A  metal  pUte  worn 
on  the  breast  as  a  part  of  defensive  armor. 
A  strap  that  runs  across  a  horse's 
breast.  In  Jewish  Antiq.  a  part  of  the 
vestment  of  the  high  priest,  set  with 
twelve  precious  stones,  on  which  were 
engraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes. 
It  also  contained  the  UrimandThummim. 
A  plate  which  receives  the  butt  end  of  a 
boring  tooK 

Breast- wteel, 

'  whel  A  WH I  L-if-  u  hetl , 
in  which  tbn  wati'rts| 
delivered  ai  a  [Hi'tiit  u 
little  below   ihv  I'V^l : 
of  the  axis. 

Breastwork,  '^v vv k  l 
In    Fort.     It     w  o  r  k 
thrown      up     breast- 
high       for      defense. 
Naut.  a  balustrade  of  rails  which  termi- 
nates the  quarter-deck  and  poop  at  the 
fore-ends,  and  also  incloses  the  forecastle. 
The  parapet  of  a  building. 

Breccia,  bre'chi-a.    An  aggregate  com- 

gosed  of  angular  fragments  of  rock  united 
y  a  matrix  or  cement.  The  varieties  are 
the  siliceous,  calcareous  and  trap  breccias. 
When  rounded  stones  and  angiilar  frag- 
ments are  united  the  aggregate  is  call^ 
conglomerate.  Osseous  breccia  is  com- 
posed  of  bones. 

Breckinridge,  John  O.,  br^k'n-ry. 
An  American  statesman  and  general ;  b. 
in  Kentucky,  1821,  n.  1875.  He  was 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  ticket  with 
Buchanan. 

Breeches,  brech'ez.  A  garment  worn  by 
men,  covering  the  hips  and  thighs ;  less 
properly,  used  in  the  sense  of  trousers  or 
pantaloons. 

Breeching:,  'ing.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a  sheep.  A  rope  fas- 
tened to  the  cascabel  ot  a  cannon  by  a 
thimble,  and  clenched  to  ring-bolts  in  the 
ship's  side  to  check  its  recoil.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness  whioh  enables  him  to 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEEEOHING-LOOP 


BEICK-TEA 


push  back  the  vehicle.  A  biftircated 
smoke-pipe  of  a  fUrnace. 

BreechinfiT-loop,  -lop.  A  loop  of  metal 
at  the  breech-end  of  a  naval  gnn,  through 
which  the  breeching  is  passed. 

Breech-loader,  Mud-er.  A  fire-arm 
loaded  at  the  breech,  giving  expedition 
and  accurate  adjustment  of  the  cUameter 
of  the  ball  to  the  caliber  of  the  piece. 
The  earliest  fire-arms  were  breech-loaders. 

Brelion,  bre'hon.  An  ancient  Irish 
ludge.  Buch  judges  existed  also  in  Scot- 
land during  its  Celtic  period.  B.  laws, 
the  ancient  system  of  Ireland,  originally 
unwritten,  and  developed  by  the  sacerdo- 
tal order,  but  embodied  at  a  verv  early 
period  in  certain  ancient  writings  known 
now  as  B.  Tracts.  This  system  was 
abolished  by  Edward  III. 

Bremen,  brem'n.  One  of  the  N.  Ger- 
man free  cities,  on  the  Weser,  its  port  be- 
ing called  Bremerhaven ;  pop.  111,876. 
It  is  the  commercial  metropolis  of  N.  W. 
Germany,  and  is  the  point  of  departure  Ibr 
nearly  all  the  largo  German  emigration. 

Brennus.  A  general  of  the  Gallic 
Senones,  who  defeated  the  Romans  and 
entered  the  city.  The  garrison  retreated 
to  the  citadel.  The  Gauls  scaled  the 
Tarpeian  rock,  and  would  have  surprised 
the  citadel  but  for  the  cackling  of  geese, 
which  aroused  them  and  they  repulsed 
the  enemy.  B.  was  defeated  by  Camillus 
and  his  army  almost  annihilated. 

Breslau,  bres'low.  A  Prussian  city, 
cap.  of  Silesia,  next  in  size  to  Berlin  ;  pop. 

Brest,  brfist  A  French  diy  mi  tbfi  At- 
lantic, strong^  fortified,  und  hnvfri-:  a 
large 
84,670. 
Breteche, 
name 

woodeUi,  _^ 

roofed  erections,  used  in  gg 
the  middle  ages  in  sieges 
both  by  assailants  and  be- 
sieged.   Later,  the  name 
was   given  to   a   roofed 
wooden  balcony,    some- 
times over   a  gate-way, 
and  sometimes  project- 
ing from  the  angle  of 
u  building,  standine  out  - 
from  the  latter    like  a 
storm-window,  so  that  It 
commanded  throe  direc- 
tions. Hr^'li'cii.-, 
^retwalda,  bret'wal-da.  A  title  applied 
to  one  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  tribe  chieffe, 


chosen  by  the  other  chiefs  to  be  a  dtetator 
in  their  warfare  against  the  Britons. 

Breuxmerite,  broin'er-It.  A  mineral 
consisting  of  the  carbonates  of  magnesia 
and  iron.  It  occurs  granular  and  in  rhom- 
bohedral  crystals.  Galled  also  Brown» 
spar. 

Brevet,  bre>vet'.  A  commission  to  an 
army  officer  which  entitles  him  to  a  rank 
above  that  which  he  actually  holds,  with- 
out corresponding  advance  in  pay.  A  com- 
mission  ;  a  royal  Act  conferriing  some  priv- 
ilege  or  distinction. 

Breviary,  bro'vi-a-ri.  An  abridgment ; 
an  epitome.  In  the  E.  C.  Ch.  a  book  con- 
taining the  daily  offices.  The  English 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  based  on  it 
The  Greek  Ch.  also  has  a  breviary. 

Brevier,  bre-v6r'.  A  printing  type,  in 
size  between  bourgeois  and  minion. 

Breviped,  M-ped.  A  bh^  having  short 
legs. 

Brevipennate,  -pen-fit.  A  bird  having 
short  wings. 

Brewery,  bro'er-i.  A  brew  house ;  the 
house  and  apparatus  where  brewing  is 
carried  on. 

BrewizLfiT,  'ing.  The  process  of  pre- 
paring liquors  from  malt  and  hops, 
called  ale  or  beer.  The  quantity  brewed 
at  once.  A  collection  of  clouds  portending 
a  storm. 

Brewsterite,  'ster-It.  A  pellucid  min, 
era!  ofthe  zeolite  family;  a  hydrous  sili- 
cate of  aluminium,  strontium  and  barium. 
Brian  Boru,  Boroimhe,  bri^an-bo- 
roo'.  A  celebrated  Irish  chief.  King  of 
Munster,  and  afterward  sovereign  of  all 
Ireland  ;  b.  987,  d.  1014.  He  defeated  the 
Danes  in-40  battles,  his  last  victory  being 
at  Clontarf,  where  he  was  killed.  He  was 
equally  distinguished  for  his  patronage  of 
learning  and  piety. 

Briareus.  In  Myth,  the  sacred  name  ol 
afomous  giant,  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra, 
(Heaven  and  Earth).  He  is  represented 
as  having  100  hands  and  50  heads,  and  his 
name  among  mortals  was  ^geon. 
Brick,  brik.  A  kind  of  artificial  stone 
made  of  clay  formed  In  a  mold,  burned 
In  a  kiln,  or  dried  in  the  sun. 
Brick-kiln, 'kil.  A  kiln  or  ftimace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  or  a 
pile  of  bricks,  with  arches  underneath  to 
receive  the  tael. 

Brick-tea,  'te.  The  large  leaves  of  the 
tea-plant  softened  by  steam  and  molded 
Into  a  brick-shaped  mass,  extensively 
sent  overland  to  Russia.  In  Asia,  articles 
are  valued  by  bricks  of  tea. 


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BRILLIAirr 


Bricole,  brC-kOl.  Ilarneas  worn  hjr  men 
for  dragging  guns  where  it  s  impossible 
to  use  horses. 

Bridewell,  brid'wel.  A  house  for  the 
temporary  confinement  of  disorderly  per- 
sons. 

Bridfire,  brij.  Any  structure  raised  over 
a  river,  road,  valley,  or  the  like,  for  the 
purpose  of  a  convenient  passage.  Some- 
times formed  of  boats  or   logs,  covered 

.  with  planks,  and  called  floating  bridges. 

I  In  suspension  or  chain  bridges,  the  main 
body  is  supported  on  iron  chains  or  rods 


Lattice-bridge, 
hanging  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  arch 
from  one  point  of  support  to  another.  A 
flying  bridge  is  made  of  pontoons,  light 
boats,  hollow  beams,  empty  casks,  or  the 
like,  for  the  passage  of  armies.  A  tubular 
bridge  is  formed  of  a  rectangular  tube, 
and  is  employed  where  the  span  is  wide 
and  the  weight  to  bv,  sustained  great.  A 
lattice-bridge  is  constructed  with  cross- 
framing  so  arranged  that  the  head  of  one 
rafter  is  over  the  bases  of  the  two  ad- 
joining. The  upper  part  of  the  nose.  In 
engraving,  a  board  on  which  the  engraver 
rests  his  hand.  In  ftimaces,  a  vertical 
partition  for  compelling  the  flame  and 
neat(^  vapor  to  ascend.  In  Oun.  two  pieces 
of  timber  between  the  transoms  of  agim- 
carriage.  In  Metal,  the  platform  by  which 
ore,  fUel,  Ac,  are  conveyed  to  the  smelt- 
ing fUrnace.  in  Mus.  the  psrt  of  a  string- 
ed instrument  over  which  the  strings  are 
stretched.  Naut.,  a  range  of  planks  which 
forms  a  communication  between  the  pad- 
dle-boxes of  a  steam-vessel.  Electric 
bridge,  a  term  applied  to  several  contriv- 
ances for  determining  the  resistance  of  an 
element  of  an  electric  circuit. 
Bridle,  bri'dl.  The  portion  of  gear  or 
harness  fitted  to  the  head  of  ahorse  by 
which  he  is  directed  and  restrained,  con- 
sisting of  a  head-stall,  a  bit  and  reins. 
The  piece  in  the  interior  of  a  gun-lock 
whicn  holds  in  place  the  tumbler  and  sear. 
Naut.,  a  short  piece  of  cable  so  secured  as 
to  enable  a  ship  when  moored  to  veer  with 
the  wind  and  tide. 


Brief,  brCf.     An  epitome ;  a  short w<- con. 

else  statement.    In  law,  an  abridged  re 

lation  of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  case.  A 
writ  summoning  a  mi^n  to  answer  to  any 
action.  A  papal  or  apostolical  brief,  let- 
ters which  the  Pope  addresses  to  individ- 
uals or  religious  communities  upon  mat- 
ters of  discipline,  distinguished  firom  a  bull 
in  being  more  concise,  written  on  paper, 
sealed  with  red  wax  and  impressed  with 
the  seal  of  the  fisherman,  or  Peter  in  a  boat; 
while  a  bull  is  more  amplf*^  writt«i  on 
parchment  and 
sealed  with 
lead  or  green 
wax. 

Brig,  brig.  A 
vessel  with  two 
masts,  square- 
rigged  nearly  / 
like  a  ship's 
mainmast  and 
foremast.  The? 
term,  howevw,  '  - 

is  variously  ap-  I*rig. 

plied  by  the  mariners  of  different  nations, 

Brierade,  bri-gad'.  A  division  of  troops, 
consisting  of  several  regiments,  snuadront 
or  battalions.  A  body  of  indi%idualB  or. 
ganized  uid  acting  under  authority  ;  as  9 
fire  brigade. 

Brifiradier-^neral,  brig.a-der"-ton'er> 
al.  The  officer  who  commands  a  brigade ; 
in  rank  next  below  a  mi^or-general. 

Brigrand,  'and.  A  robber ;  a  freebooter ; 
especially  one  of  those  who  live  in  gangs 
in  secret  retreats. 

Brigrantine,  brig'an-tln.  A  light  saiUng 
vessel  formerly  much  used  by  corsairs ; 
a  two-masted  vessel  partly  square-rigged, 

Briflrht,  John,  bnt.  A  distinguished 
English  manufacturer,  orator  and  states- 
man ;  B.  1811,  and  still  in  active  llfe(1884). 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Commons,  anc*  «n 
advanced  Liberal. 

Briflrhton,  bnt'un.  The  most  noted 
English  watering-place,  in  Sussex,  47  m. 
s.  of  London ;  pop.  98,871. 

Briffht's  r^isease,  brits'  diz-ez.  A  dis^ 
ease  characterized  by  a  granular  condition 
of  the  cortical  part  of  the  kidneys  and  in- 
flammation of  the  malpighian  bodies. 
Called  also  Granular  Degeneration  of  the 
Kidneys. 

Brilliant,  bril'yant.  A  diamond  of  the 
finest  cut.  formed  into  faces  and  fecets  so 
as  to  reflect  and  refract  the  light  in  the 
most  vivid  manner.  The  priadpal  flsM)e, 
called  the  table,  is  octagonal  in  form,  and 
is  surrounded  by  sloping  facets.    In  print- 


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tagy  s  type  a  size  lew  than  diamond.    In 

the  manege,  a  high-spirited  horse. 

BrimBtone,  brim'stfin.    Sulphur. 

Biindle,  rin'dl.  A  mixture  of  colors  of 
which  gray  is  the  hase,  with  bands  of 
darker  gray  or  black. 

Brine,  brin.  Water  strongly  impregnate 
ed  with  salt,  like  the  artifidal  brine  used 
for  the  preservation  of  flesh  of  animals, 
fish,  vegetables,  &c. 

Brlno  whrlmp,  'shrimp.  A  branohi- 
opodouB  crustacean,  the  Artemia  salina, 
•wtdch  lives  naturally  in  a  briny  solution  of 
sufficient  strength  to  pickle  beef. 

Brinjaree,  brin'ja-re.  A  variety  of 
greyhound,  said  to  be  the  best  hunting- 
dog  in  India. 

Briiivilliers,  Karqnlse  de,  bran- 
ved'e-ai.  A  notorious  French  woman, 
convicted  of  poisoning  her  fkther,  brother 
and  two  sisters,  also  several  hospital  pa- 
tients. She  was  guillotined  and  her  body 
burned,  16T6. 

Bristle,  brisl.  One  of  the  stifT,  coarse, 
glossy  hairs  from  the  back  of  the  hog 
and  wild  boar,  used  by  brushmakers, 
shoemakers,  saddlers,  Suo.  A  similar  ap- 
dendage  on  plants. 

Bristol,  bris'tol.  One  of  the  oldest  cities 
of  England,  a  seaport  at  the  junction  of 
the  rivers  Avon  and  Frome,  and  third  in 
commercial  importance;  pop.  196,400. 

Bristd'-Stone,  -stdn.  Kock-crystal,  or 
Bristol-diamond,  small,  round  crystals  of 
quartz. 

Britain-crown,  brit'an-kroun.  An 
English  gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  James  I., 
a  fourth  part  of  a  unity,  of  the  value  of 
6s.,  afterward  raised  to  6s.  0d. 

Britannia^metal,  bri-tan^-a-met'al. 
An  allov  used  chiefly  for  teapots,  snoons, 
Ac.  The  general  proportions  are  &^  tin, 
lOi  antimony,  8  zinc,  and  1  copper. 

Britinian,  -tin'l-an.  A  monk  of  the  or- 
der of  St.  Augustine,  distinguished  for 
their  austerity.  In  1266  thev  were 
merged  in  the  general  union  of  all  the 
fraternities  of  the  Augustine  order. 

BritBSka,  brits'ka.  A  Russian  carriage 
with  a  calash  top,  and  space  for  reclining. 

Broad-fUTOW,  brad'5-r5.  The  British 
royal  mark  for  government  stores  of  every 
description,  to  obliterate  or  defoce  which 
to  felony. 

Broad^-aaca,  'aks.  Formerly,  a  military 
weapon ;  battle-ax.    A  broad-edged  ax. 

Broad-cloth,  'kloth.  A  species  of  wool 
en  cloth,  bo  called  from  its  breadth. 

Broad-pieoe,  'pes.    A  denomination  of 


some  old  English    gold -pieces,    broader 

than  a  guinea,  especially  Caroluses  and 

Jacobuses. 

Broad-seal, 'seL    The  national  seal  of  a 

country. 

Broadside,  'sid.    A  discharge  of  all  the 

guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship  at  the  same 

time.    The  side  of  a  ship  above  the  water 

from  the  bow  to  the  quarter.  A  house- 
front.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  paper,  one 
side  of  which  is  covered  by  a  single  page. 

Broadsword, 'sord.  A  sword  with  a 
broad  blade  and  cutting  edges,  formerly 
the  national  weapon  of  the  Highlanders. 

Brobdin8na«ffian,brob-ding-nag'i-au. 
Gigantic,  like  an  inhabitant  of  the  fkbled 
region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift*B  "Gulli- 
ver's Travels." 

Brocade,  brd-kfid'.  SUk  or  other  stuff 
variegated  with  gold  or  silver,  or  having 
raised  flowers,  foUage  or  other  ornaments. 

Brocatel,  'ka-tel.  Sienna  marble,  a  cal- 
careous stone  or  species  of  brecciated 
marble  composed  of  fragments  of  various 
colors.  A  thin  woolen  cloth  of  silky  sur- 
face, used  for  linings,  &c. ;  linsey-woolsey. 

Brochantite,  brok'an-tit  A  mineral 
consisting  of  hydrous  sulphate  of  copper. 

Brocbtire,  br6-sh6r'.  A  pamphlet,  es- 
pecially one  on  a  matter  of*  transitory  in- 
terest. 

Brocket,  brok'et  A  red-deer  two  years 
old ;  a  pricket. 

Broella,  bro-ella.  A  coarse  kind  of  cloth 
used  for  the  ordinary  dresses  of  country* 
men  and  the  monastic  clergy  in  the  mid- 
dle ages. 

Broflrlie,  Aohille  Ijeonce  Victoi 
Oharles,  Duo  de.  A  distinguished 
French  statesman ;  b.  1786,  d.  1870.  He 
married  Mme.  de  Staers  only  daughter. 

Brogue,  brdg.  A  coarse  ^oe  made  of 
raw  or  half-tanned  leather ;  a  stout,  coarse 
shoe.  A  dialectical  manner  of  pronuncia- 
tion ;  especially  applied  to  the  mode  oi 
pronunciation  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

Broker,  bro'ker.    An  agent  or  negotiator 
who  is  employed  bv  merchants  to  make 
and  conclude  bargains  for  them  for  a  fee  - 
or  rate  per  cent  or  who  transacts  other 
business  for  his  employers. 

Broma,  'ma.  Aliment.  A  chocolate 
preparation  from  cocoa  seeds  or  beans. 

Bromal,  'maL  A  compound  obtained 
by  the  action  of  bromine  on  alcohol.  It  has 
a  penetrating  odor  which  attacks  the  eyes. 

Bromine,  'min.  A  simple  uon-metallio 
element  resembling  chlorine  and  iodine, 
existing  in  minute  quantities  in  sea- water. 


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BEUCB 


the  ashes  of  marine  plants,  animals,  and 
salt  springs.  It  has  bleaching' powers  like 
chlorine,  and  is  very  poisonous.  Its  com- 
binations are  termed  bromides. 
BronLoforxn,  'mo-form.  A  Uquid  pro- 
duced by  bromine  with  caustic  potash 
acting  on  wood-spirits  or  alcohol,  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  containing  bro- 
mine in  place  of  chlorine. 
Broxnyrite,  'mi-rit.  Native  bromide  of 
silver,  consisting  of  57.5  parts  silver  and 
42.5  bromine. 

Brondiotoxxiy,  brong-kot'o-mi.  An  in- 
cision into  the  wind-pipe  or  larynx,  to  af- 
ford ft  passage  for  the  air  into  and  out  of 
the  lungs.  Called  tracheotomy  when  the 
opening  is  made  into  the  trachea,  and 
laryngotomy  when  made  mto  the  larynx. 
Bronte,  Oharlotte,  bron'te.  A  cele- 
brated English  novelist,  **  Currer  Bell.'* 
B.  1818,  D.  1855. 

Broxxteum,  bron-to'um.  In  ancient 
Greek  theaters,  a  brazen  vessel  used  for 
imitating  thunder  by  rolling  stones  in  it. 
Brontozoam,  -to-zo'um.  A  name  given 
to  the  animal  producing  certain  bird-like 
footprints,  20  inches  long,  occurring  in  the 
new  red  sandstone  of  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut. 

Bronze,  broriz.  A  compound  of  fh)m  2 
to  20  parts  of  copper  to  1  of  tin,  to  which 
other  metalUo  substances  are  sometimes 
adde<l,  especially  zinc.  It  is  brittle,  hard 
and  sonorous,  and  used  for  statues,  bells 
and  cannon.  An  ancient  bronze  generally 
contains  4  to  15  per  cent,  of  tin.  Any 
statue  or  other  work  of  art,  cast  of  bronze. 
A  brown  color  resembling  bronze ;  a  pig- 
ment prepared  for  the  purpose  of  imitating 
bronze.  Imitation  bronze,  tombac, 
prince's  metal,  or  Mannheim  gold,  terms 
applied  to  alloys  of  zinc  and  copper.  An 
alloy  of  about  85  parts  copper,  11  zinc,  and 
4  tin,  is  used  for  statues. 
Bronze-liquor,  'lik-er.  A  solution  of 
chloride  of  antimony  and  sulphate  of  cop- 
per, used  for  bronzing  gun-barrels,  &e. 
Bronze-powder,  'pou-der.  A  powder 
mixed  with  oil-paint,  for  coloring  objects 
in  imitation  of  bronze.  It  is  composed  of 
pulverized  brass  or  copper. 
Bronze-steel,  'stel.  The  name  given  to 
bronze  condensed  and  hardened  for  the 
making  of  cannon. 

Bronzite,  ^it.  A  mineral,  a  variety  of 
dlallage,  nearly  allied  to  Labrador  horn- 
blende or  hypersthone,  a  silicate  of  mag- 
nesia and  iron. 

Brooch,  broch.  An  ornamental  pin  or 
clasp  used  fur  fa.steaing  the  dress  or  fur 


display,  worn  mostly  by  worr^n,  and  at 
the  throat ;  but  formerly  worn  l»y  men  on 
the  cap  or  nat.    In  painting,  of  one  color. 

Brooklyn,  brook'Un.  Cap.  of  Kings 
County,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  Long  Island, 
and  separated  from  Manhattan  Isbuid  by 
the  East  River ;  pop.  626,000  ;  the  third 
largest  city  in  the  United  States.  It  la 
connected  with  New  York  by  the  Brook* 
lyn  or  East  Klver  bridge,  one  of  the  most 
massive  and  costly  bridges  on  the  globe, 
opened  May  24,  1888. 

Broom-oom,  brfim'kom.  Sorghum  vul- 
gare  or  Guinea-corn.  The  branched  pan- 
icles are  made  into  brooms  and  brushes. 

Brorarbeda,  brfi'ra-bedz.  A  series  of 
strata  of  the  lower  oolite,  remarkable  for 
containing  the  thickest  bed  of  true  coal 
found  in  the  secondary  strata  of  Britain. 

Brosinxum,  'si-mum.  A  gen.  of  Arto- 
oarpaoee,  one  species  of  which  is  the  cow- 
tree  of  South  America.  B.  Alicastrum 
produces  nuts,  which,  when  roasted,  are 
used  as  bread. 

BroTigham,  bro'am.  A  one-horse  close 
carriage,  either  two  or  four  wheeled. 

Broiu-ham  and  Vaux,  Henry, 
XiOrd,  broom.  One  of  England's  most 
distinguished  orators  and  statesmen  ;  b. 
1779,  D.  1868. 

Broussonetia,  bros-on-S'shi-a.  A  gen. 
of  trees,  ord.  Moraceee.  B.  papvrifera,  or 
paper-mulberry,  affords  tho  chief  paper- 
making  material  In  China  and  Japan ; 
cloth  is  made  from  the  inner  bark. 

Brown,  Jacob,  Gen.  An  American 
officer,  who  gained  distinction  in  Canada 
in  1814;  became  commander-in-chief  of 
the  army  in  1821;  a.  in  Pennsylvania, 
1775,  D.  1828. 

Brown,  John.  A  distinguished  anti- 
slavery  agitator,  b.  in  Conn.,  1800;  exe- 
cuted for  treason  against  Virginia  at  Char 
leston,  Dec.  2, 1859. 

Brownie,  broun'i.  In  Scotland,  an  ami- 
able ima^ary  spirit  that  haunts  farm 
houses. 

Browning:,  Elizabeth  Banrett.  One 
of  England's  most  prolific  and  d^lghtftil 
poetesses,  wife  of  Kobert  Browning,  also 
a  well-known  poet ;  b.  1809,  d.  1861. 

Brownist,  'ist.  A  follower  of  Robert 
Brown,  a  Puritan  or  dissenter  ftom  the 
Church  of  England  in  the  16th  century. 

Brown-Bpar,  'spar.  A  crystallized  va- 
riety  of  dolomite  containing  carbonate  of 
iron,  and  having  the  crystals  straight. 
Slderite  and  l>reunnerite  are  also  ofuled 
brown-spar. 
Bruce,  Bobert.     The  heroic  King  oj 


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8ootIand,  who  totally  defeated  the  English 
nnder  Edward  II.  at  Bannockburn ;  b. 
1274,  crowned  1809,  d.  1878. 

Braoine,  brSs'in.  A  yegeto-alkaloid, 
disco vered  in  the  bark  of  the  Brucea  an- 
tldysenterica,  and  afterward  as  accom- 
panying strychniain  nuz  vomica. 

Brucite,  It.  A  native  hydrate  of  mag- 
nesia, a  mineral  found  in  thin  foliated 
plates.    Another  name  for  Chondrodite. 

Bruin,  bro'ln.  A  name  given  to  the  bear. 

Bnimaire,  bru-mar.  The  2d  month  in 
the  calendar  adopted  by  the  first  French 
republic,  beginning  pn  the  28d  October 
and  ending  21st  November. 

Brunei,  Isambaxd,  Sir.  The  En- 
glish engineer  who  built  the  Thames  tun- 
nel ;  B.  1769,  D.  1849.  His  son,  Isam- 
bard  Kingdom,  designed  the  Great  East- 
em,  the  largest  steamship  ever  built ;  b. 
1806,  D.  im. 

Brunette,  br5-net.  A  person  wltn  a 
broMm  or  dark  complexion. 

Brunonian,  brn-no'nian.  A  theory  of 
medicine  founded  by  John  Brown,  ac- 
cording to  which  diseases  are  divided  into 
those  resulting  firom  a  deficiency,  and 
those  due  to  an  excess  of  excitement. 

Brunswick,  Duohy,  of,  brunz'wTk.  A 
small  State  of  N.  Germany ;  area,  1,626 
sq.m. ;  pop.  609,476.  The  reigning  family  Is 
descended  ih)m the Geulphs.  B.,  the  cap., 
is  an  ancient  dty  on  the  Ooker,  contain- 
ing many  fine  medlsBval  buildings ;  pop. 
61,000. 

Brush,  brush.  An  instrument  made  of 
bristles  or  similar  material  bound  togeth- 
er, used  for  dressing  the  hair,  removing 
dust  ttom  clothes,  laying  on  colors  and  the 
like.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a 
wood.  A  skirmish ;  a  slight  encounter  ; 
a  collision.  In  Eleo.  the  luminous  ap- 
pearance of  electric  matter  issuing  in  di- 
verging rays  firom  a  point.  The  bushy 
tails  of  some  animals. 

Brussels,  brus'ebs.  Gap.  of  Belgium, 
on  the  Senne,  60  m.  from  the  sea ;  pop. 
174,612. 

Brussels-lace,  brus'elz-lOs.  A  lace 
made  at  Brussels. 

Brute,  brdt.  A  beast ;  any  animal  des- 
tltu  te  of  reason.  A  brutal  person  ;  a  low- 
bred, unfeeling  man. 

Brutus,  liuoius  Junius,  bru't&s.  In 
Bom.  ant.  son  of  Tarquinla,  sister  of 
Tarquin,  the  Frond.  His  father  and 
brottier  were  aesasslnated  by  the  king,  and 
he  escaped  by  assuming  semi-idiocy.  Af- 
ter the  cruel  rape  and  outrage  upon  Lu- 
«retia  by  Sextus,  son  of  Tarquln,  he  threw 


off  his  disguise,  roused  the  people,  ex' 
pelled  the  Tarqnins,  and  established  a  re* 
public,  of  which  CoUatinuB  and  himseli 
were  selected  consuls.  He  sentenced  hia 
two  sons  to  death  for  conspiring  to  re- 
store the  monarchy,  and  lost  his  own  life 
in  a  personal  encounter  with  Aruns,  son 
of  Tarquin,  whom  he  slew ;  b.  abt.  660, 
D.  607  b.  o. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Junius.  Nephew  of 
Cato  and  a  partisan  of  Pompey,  vrhom  he 
deserted  for  C^sar,  but  later  joined  in  the 
conspiracy  against  the  latter,  and  was  one 
of  those  who  assassinated  him .  After  fly- 
ing  firom  Borne  B.  was  joined  with  Cas< 
sius  in  command  of  the  army,  and  after 
the  defeat  at  Philippi  killed  himself  by 
falling  on  his  sword  ;  b.  86,  d.  42  b.  o. 

Bryant,  William  OuUen.  An 
American  iournaUst  and  poet ;  b.  in  Mass., 
1794,  D.  1878.  He  was  for  manv  years 
chief  editor  and  proprietor  of  tne  New 
York  Evening  Post.  His  first  poems  were 
written  in  hia  14th  year. 

Bryoloffy,  bri-ol'o-jl.  The  science  of 
mosses. 

Buansuah,  b{(-aa-s5'a.  The  native 
nameoftheOuon(ChryBOBns)  primaevus, 
or  wild  dog  of  Northom  India,  supposed 
to  be  the  original  type  of  the  dog  mbe. 

Bubalus,  b&'ba-lus.  The  gen.  to  which 
the  buffalo  belongs. 

Bubo,  bu'ba.  A  gen.  of  owls,  including 
the  great  owl  or  eagle  owl,  and  the  Vir- 
ginian homed  owL 

Bubulin,  'bfi-lin.  A  peculiar  substance 
existing  in  the  dung  ofnorned  and  other 
beasts,  applied  to  mlico  pilnting. 

Buccaneer, buk'a-n€r.  A  pirate;  more 
especially  the  adventurers,  English  and 
French,  who  combined  to  make  depreda' 
tions  on  the  Spaniards  in  America  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries. 

Bucentaur,  bu-sen'tar.  A  mythological 
monster,  half  man  ana  half  ox.  The  state 
barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the  doge  and 
senate  went  to  wed  the  Adriatic. 

Bucephalous,  bfi-sdf  a-lfts.  The  war- 
horse  of  Alexandw  the  Great,  who  suf- 
fered none  but  his  master  to  mount  him  ; 
fatally  wounded  in  battle,  he  carried  his 
master  to  a  plaoe  of  safety,  and  died  soon 
after. 

Buchanan,  James.  The  16th  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  8  ;b.  in  Penn.l7oi ;  elected 
President  1866 ;  d.  1868.  The  secessien 
of  the  8.  States,  consequent  upon 
the  election  of  President  Lincoln, 
began  in  the  last  year  ef  B.'s  term. 

Bucbanite,  buoh'ao-It    One  of  an  ak* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BUCK 


128 


noTr-^jOAT 


traordinary  sect  of  fanatics  which  sprang 
up  in  1788,  in  Ayrshire,  Bootland,  under  the 
leadership  of  a 
Mrs.  Buchan. 
Buck,  buk.  The 
male  of  the  fiJ- 


low  deer,  eoat, 
rabbit  and  hare. 
B.  of  the  first 
head,  in  Her.  a 
roe-buck  in  the 
fifth  year.  Great  Buck  of  Fallow-deer, 
buck,  a  roe- 
buck in  its  sixth  year  or  older.  A  fop, 
blood,  dandy.    Tne  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck-board,  'bfird.  A  four-wheeled  ve- 
hicle, consisting  of  a  board  resting  dh*ect- 
ly  on  the  axles  of  the  wheels. 

Buck-eye,  1  An  American  name  for  dif- 
ferent species  of  horse-chestnut.  An  in- 
habitant of  Ohio,  called  the  Buckeye  State. 

Buckingrham,  Oeorgre  Villiers, 
I>uke  of,  buk'ing-h&m.  A  notorious 
profligate,  fiivorite  of  King  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  of  England ;  a.  1592,  d.  by  as- 
sassination 1628. 

Buckle,  M.  An  instrument  consisting  of 
a  ring  or  rim  with  a  chape  and  tongue, 
used  for  fastening  harness,  &c.,  together. 

Buckler,  'ler.  A  kind  of  shield,  a  piece 
of  defensive  armor  worn  on  the  left  arm. 
One  of  two  pieces  of  wood  fitted  together 
to  stop  the  hawse-holes  to  prevent  the 
ship  taking  in  water. 

Buckra,  'ra.  A  term  applied  to  the 
white  men  by  the  native  blacks. 

Buckram,  'ram.  A  coarse  linen  cloth 
stifi'ened  vritlk  glue,  used  in  garments  to 
keep  them  in  the  form  intended.  Wild 
garlic. 

Buckskin,  'skin.  The  skin  of  a  buck. 
A  soft  leather  made  by  treating  deer-skins 
in  a  peculiar  way,  sometimes  prepared 
from  sheep-skins. 

Buckwheat,  'wh€t.  The  name  com- 
monly given  to  the  Fagopyrum  esculen- 
tum,  or  Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  ord. 
PolygonacesB,  and  also  to  its  seeds. 

Bucranium,  bti-krfi'ni-um.  A  sculp- 
tured ornament  representing  an  ox-skull 
adorned  with  wreatiis,  employed  to  deco- 
rate the  frieze  of  the  entablature  in  Ionic 
and  Corinthian  architecture. 

Buda,  b&'dah.  A  Hungarian  city,  with 
Pesth,  on  the  opposite  bonk  of  the  Danube, 
the  cap.  of  the  state ;  pop.  59,442. 

Buddlia,  bod'da.  The  wise  or  enlight- 
ened :  the  saored  name  of  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  who  appears  to  have  lived  In 
the  6th  century  b.  o. 


Buddhism,  'izm.  ThereUgloas  sytUan 
founded  by  Buddha,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  doctrines  of  which  la  that  nSr 
vAna,  or  an  abaohite  releaae  from  exist- 
ence, is  the  chief  good.  Its  adherenta  are 
said  to  comprise  about  a  third  of  the  hu' 
man  race. 

Buddhist,  'Ut.  Belatlng  to  BuddhA  or 
to  Buddhism.  B.  architecture,  the  oldest 
and  only  true  native  style  of  Indian  eccle- 
siastical architecture,  the  earliest  Bped- 
mens  dating  to  260  b.  o. 

Buddie,  bud'l.  A  square  frame  of  boarda 
used  in  washing  metalliferous  ore. 

Bude-bumer,  b&d'bern-er.  An  arrange- 
ment of  two  or  more  concentric  argand 
burners,  each  inner  one  rising  auttle 
above  the  outer,  by  which  a  very  power- 
Ail  light  is  produced. 

Budffe-barrel,  biO^bar-el.  A  small  bar- 
rel with  only  one  head,  used  Ibr  carrying 
powder  with  a  grun  or  mortar. 

Budffero,  Vrd.  A  cabined  boat  of  the 
Ganges  and  Hoogly. 

Buena  Vista,  bwe'nah  vis'tah.  A 
Mexican  village,  90  ro.  8.  W.  of  Monte- 
rey, noted  as  the  scene  of  the  decisive 
battle,  Feb.  22-28,  1847,  between  the 
Americans  under  Clen.  Zach.  Taylor  and 
the  Mexicans  under  Banta  Anna,  the  lat- 
ter being  defeated. 

Buenos  Ayres,  bd'nAs  k'riz.  A  prov. 
and  city  of  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
8.  America.  The  proT.  has  an  area  of 
68,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  548,000.  The  city, 
cap.  of  the  Confederation's  situated 
on  the  La  Plata,  125  m.  N.  W.  of  Monte- 
video, and  has  the  most  extensive  com- 
merce of  any  8.  American  seaport;  pop. 
191,460. 

Buff,  buf.  A  leather  prepared  fit>m 
the  skin  of  the  bufialo,  dresised  with  oil, 
like  shammy.    The  bare  skin. 

Buffalo,  btirfeh-low.  A  dty  of  N.  T. 
State,  at  the  J  unction  of  the  JSrie  Canal 
with  Lake  Erie,  and  contrels  the  western 
lake  trade  ;  pop.  164,205. 

Buflialo.  A  large  ruminant  mammal, 
fain.  Bovidse,  the  best  known  species  ot 
which  is  the  Bubalus  Buifelus  or  Bos 
Bubalus,  domesticated  in  India^  Italy,  Ac. 
The  female  gives  more  milk  than  the  cow, 
from  which  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  ol 
India  is  made.  The  name  is  applied  to 
wild  oxen  in  general,  and  partiouiarly  to 
the  bison  of  N.  America. 

Buflialo-robe,  -r5b.  The  skin  of  the  hU 
son  prepared  •mth  the  hair  on. 

Buff-ooat,  'kot.  A  close  miUtary  outer 
garment  worn  by  soldiers  in  the  17th 
century  as  a  defense. 


Digitized  by 


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BOTFER 


120 


BUUrFBOO 


Buffer,  'fer.  Any  apparatus  for  deaden 
iag  the  concussion  between  a  moylng 
bodv  and  the  one  on  which  ft  strikes.  A 
foolish  fellow ;  a  term  expressive  of  ex- 
treme ikmillarlty. 

Buffet,  'fet.  A  cupboard,  sideboard  or 
closet,  to  hold  china  ana  like  articles. 
The  place  set  apart  for  refreshments  In 
public  places.  That  part  of  an  organ  that 
incloses  the  pipes. 

Buflbn,  Gtoorgres  IjouIs  Leclero, 
Count  de,  biif  fong.  The  most  emi- 
nent of  French  naturalists :  b.  1707,  d. 
1788. 

Buffont,  'font.  A  projecting  covering  of 
I  gauze  or  linen  for  a  lady's  breast. 

Buffoon,  -fon'.  A  man  who  makes  a 
practice  of  amusing  others  by  low  tricks 
and  vulgar  pleasantries. 

Bufonite,  bu'fon-it.      Toadstone;   the 

Setrifled  teeth  of  the  Sphaerodus,  I^cao- 
us,  and  other  mesozolc  ganoid  fishes. 
Buff,  bug:.     The  name  formerly  applied 
looselv  to  insects,  and  still  or  wide  ap- 

i)lication.  In  the  United -8 tates  the  name 
s  generally  used  where  beetle  would  be 
used  in  England.  The  Cimex  lectularius, 
the  house-bug  or  bed-bug,  or  any  mem- 
ber of  this  gen.  or  of  the  flam.  OimicidBB. 

Bui£^ry,  '1.  A  name  given  to  several 
species  of  carriages  or  gigs. 

Buffle,  bu'gl.  A  hunting  horn.  A  brass 
wind-instrument.  A  glass  bead.  The 
popular  name  for  AJugareptans,  a  labiate 
pl^t 

Bufirler,  b&g'Ier.  One  who  plays  a  bugle; 
specificaJhr,^  a  soldier  who  conveys  the 
commands. 

Buhl,  bill.  Unbumished  gold,  brass  or 
mother-of-pearl  worked  into  patterns,  for 
Inlaying;  also  ornamental  ftirniture,  Ac, 
ornamented  with  buhlwork. 

)3ulbul,  bftl'bftl.  The  Persian  name  of 
a  species  of  nightingale. 

3ulerarla,  bul-ga're-ah.  One  of  the  Bal- 
tic provinces,  formerly  under  exclusive 
Turkish  control,  but  since  1877  having  a 
Christian  administration  subject  to  Tur- 
key ;  area  81,164  sq.  m.;  pop.  8,246,469. 

Bulfirarian,  bul-ga'ri-an.  A  member  of 
the  Bulgarian  race.  The  language  of  the 
Bulgarians,  two  dialeots^Old  and  New 
Bulgarian.  The  former  is  extinct  as  a 
living  tongue,  but  is  used  as  the  sacred 
language  of  the  Greek  Church. 

Bulfiraric,  •gar'ik.  One  of  the  four 
branches  of  the  Finnish  languages,  the 
Dther  three  being  the  Pennio,  Unio  fuid 


Bull,  bnl.  Originally  the  seal  appended 
to  the  edicts  and  brieft  of  the  pope.  A 
letter,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  pub- 
lished or  transmitted  to  the  churcnes  over 
which  he  is  head,  containing  some  decree, 
order  or  decision,  used  chiefly  in  matten 
of  lustioe  or  of  grace.  If  the  former,  the 
lead  or  seal  is  hung  by  a  hempen  cord ; 
if  the  Utter,  by  a  si&en  thread. 

Bull.  The  male  of  any  bovine  qaadru> 
ped.  Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
zodiac.  In  stock  exchange  slang,  one  who 
operates  in  order  to  effect  a  rise  in  the 
price  of  stock;  the  opposite  of  a  bear. 

Bulla,  'la.  An  ornament  worn  round 
the  neck  by  noble  Boman  ohildron  tJl 


Leaden  Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 
they  were  17  years  old ;  in  later  times,  a 
leaden  seal  attached  to  a  document 

Bull-baitinfir,  'bu^-lng.  The  practice  of 
baiting  bulls  with  dogs. 

Bull-dOfiT.  'dog.  A  species  of  dogs  veiy 
strong  and  muscular,  and  of  remarkable 
courage  and  ferodbr.  The  ffreat  gun 
in  the  officers*  ward-room  cabin ;  also  a 
general  t^nn  for  main-deck  guns.  A  de- 
composed protosilicate  of  iron,  used  m  a 
lining  for  the  boshes  of  ftimaoes. 

Bullen-nail,  'en-n&l.  A  short  round, 
headed  nidi,  tinned  and  lacquered. 

Bullet,  'let.  A  small  ball.  A  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  fire-arms 
or  other  missile  weapons. 

Bulletin,  'le-tln.  An  authenticated  of- 
ficial report  concerning  some  public  event. 
Any  notice  or  public  announcement.  Pe- 
riodical records  of  learned  societies. 

Bull-fifirht,  'fit.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  bull  or  bulls ;  an  amusement  amoa^ 
the  Spaniards  -"^ 

and  Portu- 
guese. 

Bullflnch, 
'  f  1  n  s  h.  An 
insessorlal 
bird,  Pyrr- 
bula  rubicilla, 
fam.  Frlnffim- 
dsB  or  finches.  BnHflnch. 

Bull-firoff,  'frog.    The  Bana  pipl«u,  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BULLIDiB 


180 


BUNYAK' 


large  spedes  of  frog,  the  hind  legs  of 
which  are  a  table  delicacy. 

BtOlidSB,  'l-d6.  A  fern,  of  tectibranch- 
late  gasteropod  mollusks,  sec.  Monoecia, 
with  male  and  female  organs  in  the  same 
individual,  including  the  genera  Accra, 
Bnllaea,  Bulla,  &o. 

Bullion,  'yon.  Uncoined  gold  or  silver, 
not  current  or  not  in  the  form  of  current 
coin.  A  heavy  twisted  fringe,  the  cords 
of  which  are  prominent  In  glass-making, 
the  bulb  at  the  end  of  the  blowing  tube. 


Bullock,  'ok.^  A  voung  or  little  bull ;  an 


ox  or  castrated  bw« 

Bull's-oye,   bftlzl.     An  oval  wooden 
block  without  a  sheave.    A  round  piece  of 
thick  glass,  for  the  purpose  of  admitting 
light    A  small  cloud,  supposed  to  por- 
tend a  hurricane  or  storm.    In  Astron. 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  eye  of  Taurus  or  the  bulL    A  small 
lantern.    In  Archery  and  Gun.  the  center 
of  a  target ;  a  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye. 
The  knob  in  a  sheet  of  glass  marking 
where  tke  tube  bv  which  it  was  blown  was 
Inserted.    An  ola-&shioned  watch. 
BnllBun.    An  insignificant  creek  in  N, 
Virginia,    made   famous    by   two   great 
battles  In  the  late  civil  war.    The  first 
July  18-21, 1861,  was  between  the  Fede- 
ral army,  under  Gen.  McDowell,  and  the 
Confederates,  under  Gkns.  Beauregard  and 
J.  E.  Johnston,  the  former  being  defeated. 
Tlie  second,  Aug.  80,  1868,  was  between 
tiie  Federals  under  Gen.  Pope,  and  the 
Confederates  under  Gens.  Lee,  Longstreet 
and  Jackson.    The  Federals  were  again 
defeated.  The  first  Is  also  caUed  the  battle 
of  Manassas. 
Bull-terrier,  bftl'ter-I-er.   A  cross-breed 
between  the  bull-dog  and  the  terrier. 
Bull-trout,  'trout.    A  species  of  fish  of 
the  salmon  fam.,  theSalmo  eriox.  A  name 
given  to  the  huso  or  Danube  salmon.   " 
Bulrush,  'rush.    The  popular  name  for 
large  rush-like  plants  growing  in  marshes 
not  very  definitely  appUed,  but  generally 
restricted  to  Scirpus  lacustris,  from  which 
the  bottoms  of  chairs,  Ac,  are  manufac- 
tured.   The  buh-ush  of  Egypt  is  Juncus 
globulosus. 

Bulse,  buls.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  bag 
or  purse  to  carry  or  measure  valuables  ;  a 
certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 
valuables. 

Bultow,  bfll'tS.  A  mode  of  fishing  for 
cod,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on 
one  line. 

Bumble-bee.  bum'bl-be.  A  large  bee, 
sometimes  called  humble-bee. 


Buxnboat,  bum 'bo t  A  boat  for  carrjing 
provisions  to  a  ship. 

Bumxnalo,  'ma-ld.  E.  Indian  name  for 
a  small  glutinous,  transparent  teleo6te«n 
fish,  which  when  dried,  is  used  aa  a  relish ; 
the  Saurus  ophiodon,  fam.  SoopeUds. 
Bunfirall,  bun'gftl.  Abaaeooim  current 
in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
At  one  time  it  went  for  sixpence,  ulti- 
mately for  a  penny. 

Bunsralow,    bungr'^urlS,      In  TnElIa.  « 
house    or    ri>a1- 


Bungalow. 


dence,  gen^niilv 
ofaslnglf  \\ntn\ 
Native  tiuriu-t- 
lows  art-  '-M. 
struct<  <!     ui 

wood,  barrifHUiw, 

&c.y  tiled  ijii^ljn-! 
variably      t  u  r 
rounded     by    a 
verandah.        A 
dak-bungalow  is 

a  house  for  travelers,  constructed  at  in- 
tervals of  from  12  to  15  i&lles  on  the  high- 
roads at  the  expense  of  the  authorities. 
Bungmrus,    bung'ga-rus.     A    gen.  of 
venemous  serpents,  ram.  ElapldsB,  closely 
allied  to  the  Naja,  called  also  Rook-serpent 
Bunker  Hill.  A  height  at  Gharlestown, 
Mass.,  noted  as  the  scene,  June  17, 1775, 
of  a  sanguinary  engagement  between  the 
British  regulars  and    American  militia, 
the  latter  having  hastily  thrown  upearth- 
works  commanding  Boston.    The  British 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  works  after 
several  repulses,  the  anununition  of  the 
Americans  having  given  out    The  toecea 
engaged  numbered  about  2,500  on  each 
side;  the  loss  of  the  Americans  was  145 
killed,  804  wounded  ;  that  of  the  British, 
226  killed,  828  wounded.    Gen.  "Warren, 
fighting  as  a  volunteer,  was  killed  in  the 
battle,  aDd  a  granite  monument,  200  ft  in 
height,    commemorates  the  battle    and 
designates  the  spot  where  Gen.  Warren  fell. 
Bunting,  bunt'ing.    The  popular  nam* 
of  a  number  of  Insessoriaf  bfrds,    tarn. 
Emberizidae,  chiefiy  included  in  the  gen. 
Emberiza.    The  snow-bunting  is  one  of 
the  few  birds  of  the  polar  regions.  A  thin 
woolen  stufl',  of  which  flags  and  signals 
are  made ;  a  vessel's  flags  ooUectirely. 
Bunyan,  John,   bfin'yin.    Author  of 
the  celebrated  allegories.  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress and  Holy  War ;  b.  In  England,  1628, 
D.  1688.    When  voung  he  was  dissipated, 
but  in  early  manhood  reformed  and  joined 
the  Baptists,  becoming  so  zealous  as  to 
Invite  persecution.    His  great  work  wat 


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BtTOY 


181 


BtTfiMAH 


Navy  life-buoy. 


mritten  In  B&dfopfl  ^-^l  ■ 

jail.  5^1  — 

Buoy,  bwol,  A  ^-^^" 
floating  object  Axefi 
atacertainploci'to 
show  the  po^itF'-N 
of  shoals,  iiNii^/ 
&o.,  ortoraai'k  itut 
the  coarse  a  ship  Is 
to  follow.  An 
empty  cask  or  i (H 43ci 
of  wood  empioywi 
to  float  a  cable 
io  rocky  anchor- 
ages. A  floating  object  used  to  throw 
overboard  for  a  person  who  has  fidlen 
into  the  water,  called  a  life-buoy. 

Buphaffa.  b&'fli-ga.  A  gen.  of  insesso- 
rial  birds,  fiun.  StumidiB  (starlings),  called 
beef-eaters  or  ox-peckers. 

Bupxestldte,  -pres-ti-d&  A  fiun.  of  col- 
eopterous insects,  distinguished  by  the 
uncommon  brilliancy  and  highly  metallic 
splendor  of  their  colors. 

Bnr,  ber.  A  rough  prickly  covering  of  the 
seeds  of  certain  plants,  as  of  the  chestnut 
and  burdock.  In  Engr.  a  slight  ridge  of 
metal,  and  which  is  removed  bv  a  scraper, 
as  it  retains  superfluous  ink  in  printing. 
The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 
The  guttural  pronunciation  of  the  rough  r 
common  in  some  of  the  northern  counties 
of  England. 

Bnrbot,  ^bot.  A  fish  of  the  fiun.  GadidsB, 
gen.  Lota  (L.  vulgaris). 

Bureau,  bu-r6'.  A  desk  or  writing-table, 
with  drawers  Ibr  papers ;  an  escritoire. 
A  department  for  the  transaction  of  pub- 
lic business.    A  chest  of  drawers. 

Burette,  -ret'.  A  graduated  glass  tube 
used  in  the  laboratorv  and  assay  office, 
for  the  purpose  of  aividing  liquid  into 
small  quantities. 

Burgr,  berg.  Buildings  of  great  antiquity, 
found  in  the  north  of  Scotland,  Orkney 
and  Shetland,  older  than  the  Scandinavian 
invasions,  and  probably  date  almost  fh>m 
the  bronze  age. 

Burgranet,  ber'ga-net.  A  helmet,  with 
a  small  visor,  its  lower  rim  bo  fitted  to  the 
upper  rim  of  the  gorget  that  the  head 
could  be  turned  without  exposing  the 
neck. 

Burgee,  'j6.  A  flag  or  pennant  which 
ends  in  two  points.  A  kind  of  coal  for 
burning  in  the  ftimaces  of  engines. 

Bui^ress,  'lea.  An  inhabitant  of  a  bor- 
ough or  wailed  town ;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough.  A  representative  of  a 
boreugh  in  Pariiament    The  term  given 


before  the  Kevolution  to  the  represent* 
tives  in  the  popular  branch  of  the  legist 
ture  of  Virginia.  A  magistrate  of  a  cor- 
porate town. 

Burgrll.  bu'rS.  A  corporate  town  or  bor- 
ough, the  Scotch  term  corresponding  to 
the  English  borough,  applied  to  difTerent 
kinds  of  corporations,  ana  to  towns  and 
cities  in  Scotland. 

Burgher,  berg'er.  An  Inhabitant  who 
enjoys  the  privileges  of  the  borough  of 
whidi  he  is  a  freeman.  One  of  a  body  of 
Scotch  Presbyterians,  constituting  the 
majority  of  the  early  Secession  Church. 

Burgh-master,  'mas-ter.  A  burgomas- 
ter. An  officer  in  tin  mines  who  lays  out 
the  meers  for  the  workmen. 

Burglar,  lar.  One  guilty  of  nocturnal 
housebreaking. 

Burgomaster,  ber^gO-mas-ter.  The 
chief  magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  in 
Holland,  Flanders  and  Germany,  corre- 
sponding to  mayor.  An  aquatic  bird,  th« 
glaucous  gull,  common  in  arctic  regions. 

Burgoyne,  John,  Gen.,  bflr-goin'. 
An  English  officer  in  the  American  Revo- 
lution, who  was  defeated  and  surrendered 
his  army  to  Gen.  Gates  at  Saratoga  in 
177T ;  B.  1714,  d.  1792. 

Burgundy,  bOr'gilbi-dl.  An  ancient 
province  of  N.  France,  which  was  ac- 
quired by  Germany  in  1088,  afterward  be- 
came a  free  state  under  the  Dukes  of  B., 
and  in  1477  was  reunited  to  France.  Itis 
fSunous  for  its  red  wines. 

Burgundy  Pitch,  'gun-di  pich.  A 
resin  from  the  Norway  spruce  and  other 
pines. 

Burin,  bQMn.  A  graver  ;  a  steel  instru- 
ment for  engraving  on  copper.  The  man- 
ner of  execution  of  an  engraver. 

Burke,  Edmund,  bfirk.  A  distin 
guished  Irish  statesman,  writer  and  ora 
tor ;  B.  In  Dublin,  1780,  d.  1797.  He 
passed  nearly  80  years  in  Parliamenl,  and 
one  of  his  orations  on  the  trial  of  Warren 
Hastings  occupied  9  days. 

Burke,  bfirk.  To  murder  by  suffocation 
so  as  to  produce  few  signs  of  violence  upon 
the  victiin.    To  smother ;  to  shelve. 

BurlingaTne,  Anson,  b&r'l!n-gam. 
An  American  statesman  and  diplomatist ; 
B.  in  N.  Y.,  1S22 ;  elected  to  Congress 
ttom  Mass.,  1854,  *56,  '58;  appointed 
minister  to  China,  1861,  and  sent  as  Chi- 
nese Ambassador  to  the  U.  S.  and  th« 
principal  governments  of  Europe,  1867 ; 
D.  in  St.  Petersburg,  1870. 

Burmah,  biir'm^h.  One  of  the  largest 
empires  of  S.  Asia,  situated  E.  of  th« 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VUKUXBK 


-m 


1IT7BH 


9,400,006. 


»eti,  8,000,000  sq.  m.;  pop. 
9,40$,00d.  The  chief  towns  are  Mande- 
lay,  the  cap.,  Aya,  and  Bhamo ;  chief 
riyen,  Irrawaddy,  Sl-tangand  San-Lnen ; 
principal  mountains,  the  Phnngan,  a 
range  of  the  Hinudayas.  The  goyern- 
ment  is  a  hereditary  and  absolute  despot- 
ism ;  the  religion  Buddhism.  The  king- 
dom dates  back  to  548  b.  o. 

Burmese,  bnr'mSz.  An  inhabitant  orin- 
habltants  of  Bnrmah.  The  language  of 
the  Burmese;  one  of  the  monoeyllabio 
languages. 

Burnett's  lilquid,  ben'net>lik-wid. 
A  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  employed  to 
preserye  dead  bodies. 

Burning' Bush,  bem'ing-bnsh.  The 
•mblem  adopted  by  the  Ch.  of  Scotland. 
The  name  applied  to  an  ornamental  shrub, 
Enonjrmus  atropurpureus. 

Buminflr-fflaM,  -glas.  A  double  oon- 
yex  lens  which,  when  exposed  to  the  di- 
rect rays  of  the  sun,,  collects  them  into  a 
focus,  producing  an  intense  heat. 

Buming-mlrror,  -mir'er.  A  ooncaye 
mirror  which,  being  exposed  to  the  direct 
rays  of  the  sun,  r^ects  them  to  a  focus, 
whore  their  heat  is  concentrated. 

Biimlslier,  ber'nlsh-er.  The  person 
who  burnishes  or  makes  glossy.  An  in- 
strument used  in  burnishing  by  rubbing 
with  pressure. 

Bumooee,  'nSs.  A  white  woolen  man- 
tle, with  hood  woyen  in  one  piece,  worn 
by  the  Arabs.  A  kind  of  mantle  worn  by 
ladies. 

Bums,  Bobert.  The  celebrated  Scotch 
poet ;  B.  1759,  d.  1796.  He  was  of  hum- 
Die  birth,  and  his  songs  appeal  especially 
to  the  popular  heart. 

Bumaide,  Ambrose  Everett,  Gen. 
The  successor  of  6en.  McGlellan  as  Com- 
mander of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in 
the  Bebelllon ;  b.  in  Indiana,  1824 ;  grad- 
uated lh>m  West  Point  1857 ;  entered  the 
war  as  colonel,  commanded  a  brigade  at 
Bull  Run,  and  was  soon  after  made  m^Jor 

General;  giyen  command  of  the  army 
Toy.  7, 1862,  he  was  defeated  by  Gen.  Lee 
at  Fredericksburg,  Dec.18,  losing  oyer  10- 
000  men.  Relieyed  from  the  chief  com- 
mand soon  after,  he  performed  gallant 
seryloe  both  in  the  West  and  the  East.  En- 
tering political  life  at  the  dose  of  the  war, 
he  was  elected  Goyernor  of  Rhode  Island 
fbr  seyoral  suooessiye  terms. 
Bnmt-ear,  bemt'Sr.  A  disease  in  com, 
in  which  the  fructification  of  the  plant  is 
destroyed ;  minutb  germs  of  a  parasitical 
mushroom,  the  UrMO  caorbo  or  V,  sege- 
tum. 


Bnmt-oflRBrin^, 'offering.  Something 
offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar  as  an  stone- 
men  t  for  sin. 

Bnrnt-sienna,  'tf  en-na.  Sienna  earth 
submitted  to  the  action  of  fire,  by  whleh 
it  is  oonyerted  into  a  fine  onmgo-red  pig- 
ment. 

Burnt-stone,  'st5n.  A  tenn  appUed  to 
antique  cameUans  found  in  ruins,  which 
apparently  haye  been  acted  upon  by  fire. 

Burr,  Aaron.  A  briDlant  and  notorloup 
American  politician,  b.  in  New  Jorsey  In 
1756,  seryed  fi^m  1776  to  1779  in  the 
army,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant  eoh 
onel ;  in  1789  elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate, 
and  in  1800  elected  Vice-President  on 
the  ticket  with  Thomas  Jefferson ;  en- 
gaged in  a  treasonable  scheme  to  detadi 
some  of  the  S.  States  from  the  Union,  and 
erect  an  independent  goyemment  with 
them  and  a  part  or  the  whole  of  Mexico ; 
tried  at  Richmond,  Ya.,  1807,  and  acquit^ 
ted,  but  ueyer  regained  the  confidence  of 
his  fellow-citizens;  d.  1886.  He  kiUed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  dueL 

Burras-pipe,  bur'as-pip.  A  tube  to 
contain  lunar  caustic  or  otner  corrosiye. 

Burrel-shot,  'el-shot.  Small  shot,  nails* 
stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  dec,  put  int« 
cases,  to  be  discharged  at  short  range ;  an 
emergency  shot. 

Burr,  ber.  A'  name  giyen  to  Mr- 
UAn  silioeoui  or  iilioeo-ealeareons  itonea, 
whose  dressed  surDtuMS  present  a  burr  or 
keen-oatting  texture,  used  for  mlUatonea. 
Bursar,  bers'er.  A  treasurer  or  eash- 
keeper,  as  the  bursar  of  a  ooUege.  A  stu- 
dent to  whom  a  bursary  is  paid. 

Burse,  bers.  A  purse :  now  used  only 
as  the  designation  of  one  of  the  ofliclal  in- 
signia of  the  lord  high  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. A  receptacle  for  the  corporal  and 
chalice  coyer,  placed  oyer  the  chalice  yeU 
when  the  saored  yessels  are  carried  to  the 
altar. 

Burstiner-charsre,  berstlng-chAij.  A 
small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed  in 
contact  with  coarse  powder  to  insure  the 
ignition  of  the  latter.  The  charge  re- 
quired for  bursting  a  shell  or  case-shot. 

Busby,  buz'bl.  A  military  head-dress 
worn  by  hussars,  artillerymen  and  en- 
gineers. 

Busoone,  bus^kfin.  One  who  prospects 
for  ores ;  also,  a  miner  who  pays  part  of 
the  prooeeds  of  his  work  to  the  owner  of 
the  mine. 

Bush,  bnsh.  A  lining  of  harder  material 
let  into  an  orifice  to  guard  agailjnst  1 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BTTftH-BUOK 


1» 


BUTTE 


In^  hr  iHction ;  the  perforated  box  or 
tube  ntted  into  certain  parts  of  maehinery. 

Bush-buck,  'buk.  The  name  given  to 
cereral  apeoiesofthe  gen.  Tragelaphva^ 
especially  to  T.  sylvatica,  an  antelope  of 
Gafiraria  and  Gape  Golony. 

Buflliel,  bnsh'el.  A  d^  measure  con- 
taining 8  gallons. 

Buah-hammer,  'ham-mer.  A  mason's 
breaking  hammer ;  a  hammer  for  dressing 
millstones. 

BiishmaTl,  'man.  A  woodsman  ;  a  set- 
tler in  a  new  country.  An  aboriginal  of 
Bushmanland,  near  the  Gape  of  Good 
Hope ;  a  Bosjeeman. 

Bush-metal,  'met-al.  Hard  brass ;  gun- 
metal  ;  a  composition  of  copper  and  tin, 
used  for  joumus,  bearings  of  shafts,  &c. 

Bush-razifirer,  'rai:^j-er.  In  Australia,  a 
criminal,  generally  an  escaped  convict, 
who  lives  by  robb^. 

BuBh-shrike,  'shrlk.  One  of  a  snb-fam. 
(Thamnophilinn)  of  the  FormicariidsB  or 
ant-bhrds. 

Bush-whacker,  'whak-er.  One  accus- 
tomed to  sojourn  In  the  woods,  or  beat 
about  bushes ;  irregular  soldiers.  A  strong 
scythe  for  cutting  bushes. 

Busk,  busk.  A  piece  of  steel,  whalebone 
or  wood,  worn  by  women  in  front  of  their 
stays. 

Buskixr,  bus'kin.  A  kind 
of  boot  or  high  shoe  cov- 
ering the  foot  and  leg  to] 
the  middle  and  tied  under- 
neath the  knee.  A  simi- 
lar covering  worn  by  ac- 
tors in  tragedy  among  the 
ancients  in  contradistino-^ 
tion  to  the  sock  worn  hy 
comedians.  In  the  R.  G. 
Gh.  a  stocking  of  precious 
stuff  worn  by  bishops  when  celebrating. 

Bussu-palxn,  bns'so-pam.  The  mani 
caria  sacdfera,  found  in  the 
swamps  of  the  Amazon, 
whose  leaves  are  often  80 
feet  long  by  4  to  5  feet  in 
breadth. 


BuildDi, 


Bust,  bust.    The  figure  of 

a  p«NK>n   in  relief,  snowing 

ouy  the  head,  shoulders  and 

breast.  The  chest  or  thorax ; 

the  trunk  of  the  human 

body. 
Bustle,  '1.    A  pad  worn  by  ladies  for  the 

purpose  of  settiiig  off  the  smallness  of  the 

%vn*st,  but  more  especially  to  relieve  the 

weight  of  the  dotheoi 


Bust 


Bustard, 
bus'terd.  A 
bird  of  the 
gen.Oti8,ord. 
Cursores,  ap- 
pro aching- 
the  waders.  ' 
The     great 

bustardisthe  ^      .« 

largest  Euro-  €^reat  Bustard, 

pean  bird,  often  weighing  80  pounds. 

But,  but.  The  outer  apartment  of  a  house 
having  only  two  apartments ;  the  kitchen ; 
the  other  apartment  being  the  ben. 

Butcher-bird,  buch'er-berd.  An  inses- 
sorial  bird,  gen.  Lanius,  sub-lkm.  Laniina; 
shrike. 

Buteo,  ba't«-(J.  A  gen.  of  raptorial  birds, 
fam.  Falconidffi,  containing  the  buzzards. 

Butler,  but'ler.  A  servant  in  a  house- 
hold whose  business  is  to  take  charge  of 
the  liquors,  plate,  &e. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  An 
American  politician,  b.  in  N.  Hampshire, 
1818,  he  studed  law  and  settled  in  Mass., 
where  he  became  recognized  as  the  leading 
Democrat  of  New  England ;  a  delegate  to 
the  Gharleston  and  Baltimore  nominating 
conventions,  betook  a  leading  part  in  the 
movement  which  nominated  Breckin- 
ridge and  divided  the  party.  He  prompt- 
1 V  entered  the  service  at  tne  outbreak  of 
the  civil  "war,  and  had  command  of  the 
departments  of  the  Gulf  and  of  the  B.  At- 
lantic, acquiring  no  military  fiune  but 
great  notoriety  for  his  arbitary  civil  regu- 
lations. Elected  to  Congress  by  the  Mass. 
Republicans  in   1866  and  1868,  but  de- 


feated in  1874,  he  deserted  that  party,  and 
in  1882  was  elected  governor  by  the  Dei 
ocrats ;  re-nominated  in  1888,  he 


in  1882  was  elected  governor  by  the  J 
ocrats ;  re-nominated  in  1888,  he  was  de- 
feated. 

Butt.  The  larger  end  of  a  thing,  as  of  a 
pieceoftimber;the  thick  end  of  a  mus- 
ket, whip-handle,  Ac.  In  Ag^.  an  irregu- 
\sLr\y  shaped  piece  of  land.  In  Mach.  the 
square  end  era  link,  to  which  the  bush- 
bearing  is  attached  by  a  strap  fosten  ed  to 
the  butt  by  a  cotter  and  gib.  In  Garp.  a 
hinge  for  a  door.  The  thickest  part  of 
tanned  ox-hides,  used  for  soles  of  shoes, 
trunks,  &c.  The  metal  ring  at  the  ends  of 
the  hose  of  a  fire-engine.  A  mark  to  be 
shot  at.  In  rifle-practloe,  the  protection 
in  which  the  marker  sits.  A  cask  holding 
126  gallons  of  wine  or  2  hogsheads ;  called 
also  a  pipe. 

Butte,  but.  An  American  term  applied 
to  a  detached  ridge  rising  abruptly,  too 
high  to  be  called  a  hill,  without  being  high 
enough  to  be  caUed  a  monntatni 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BUTTBB 


184 


BTZANTnrB 


Butter,  'er.  An  unctuous  Bubstance  ob- 
tained from  cream  or  milk  bv  churning,  a 
concrete  oil  furnished  by  female  Mam- 
malia, especially  by  the  cow  and  goat  B. 
and  tallow  tree,  gen.  Pentadesma,  the  P. 
butyracea.  Bock  butter,  a  peculiar  min- 
eral composed  of  alum  ana  iron.  6hea 
butter,  a  vegetable  butter  occurring  in  the 
nut  of  the  Bassia  Parkii  of  tropical  Africa. 
Butter-fisli,  -fish.  A  small  acanthop- 
terygiouB  flah,  allied  to  the  blennies ;  the 
Mur»noidea  guttatus,  or  spotted  gunnel. 
Butterfly,  -fli.  The  common  name  of  all 
the  diurnal  lepidopterous  insects,  corre- 
sponding to  the  gen.  Papilio,  in  their  ftilly 
developed  state.  A  person  whose  atten- 
tion is  given  up  to  a  variety  of  trifles. 
ButterflyHihell,  -shel.  The  popular 
name  of  a  gen.  (Yoluta)  of  testaceous 
mollusks. 

Butterfly-valve,  -valv.  In  pumps,  a 
species  of  double  clack-valve,  employed 
In  the  Uft-buckets  of  laive  water-pumps, 
ind  for  the  air-pump  buckets  of  condens- 
^g  steam-engines. 

•jiutterixie.  -in.  An  artificial  butter  made 
from  animal  fat,  churned  with  milk,  some 
«weet  butter  and  the  yelks  of  eggs,  the 
whole  of  the  contents  being  converted 
into  butterine. 

Butteris,  -is.  An  Instrument  of  steel  set 
in  wood  for  paring  the  hoof  of  a  horse. 
Butter-milk,  -milk.  The  milk  that  re- 
mains after  the  "Lntter  is  separated  from  it. 
Butter-nut,  -nm^  The  fruit  of  Jnglans 
dnerea,  aometimeA  called  oil-nut  and 
white  walnut.  The  nut  of  Caryocar  bu- 
ijrracem  and  C.  nu<.  ferum ;  also,  called 
Suwarra  Nut. 

Butter-tree,  -tre.  A  species  of  Bassia, 
found  in  Africa,  which  fields  a  substance 
called  shea  butter. 

Buttery,  -i»     An  apbrcment  In   which 
wines,  liquors  and  pr.  visions  are  kept. 
In  colleges,  a  room  where  refreshments 
are  kept  for  sale  to  the  students. 
Button-tool,  'n-t61.    An  instrument  for 
cutting  out  the  disks  of  leather  which 
serve  as  nuts  in  the  mechanism  connected 
with  the  keys  of  the  organ  an^  piano. 
Buttress,  'res.    A  projecting  support  to 
the  exterior  of  a  wall. 
Butty,  'ti.    A  miner  who  raises  coal  or 
ore  by  contract,  employing  men  to  do  the 
work.    B.  gang,  a  gang  to  whom  a  por- 
tion of  the  work  in  large  enterprises  is 
let,  the  proceeds  being  divided. 
Butyric,  b6-tir'ik.     Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  butter.  B.  acid,  obtained  from 


butter:  it  also  occurs  in  perspiratioii, 
luice  of  flesh,  cod-liver  oil,  die.  B.  ether 
18  formed  from  butyric  acid. 

Butyrin,  'ti-rin.  A  peculiar  oleaginous 
matter  derived  from  butter. 

Buzina,  buk'sin-a.  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  the  box -tree. 

Buzzard,  buz'erd.  A  gen.  (Buteo)  of 
large  raptorial  birds,  fiilcon  fam. 

B3rard,  bi'ard.  A  piece  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  men  who  drag 
wagons  in  coal-mines. 

Bye.  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball  not 
struck  by  the  batsman,  but  which  the 
wicket-keeper  and  long  stop  have  fttiled 
to  stop. 

Bye-altar,  -al'ter.  A  minor  or  second- 
ly altar,  in  distinction  to  the  high  altar. 
Ancientlv,  a  table  for  holding  the  vest- 
ments, the  sacred  vessels,  Ac. 

By-law,  'la.  A  local  or  private  law ;  a 
law  made  by  any  incorporated  body  for  the 
regulation  of  its  own  ^airs. 

Byron,  Gheorgre  Gordon  Noel,Ijord. 
An  English  poet,  b.  1788,  d.  1824  at  Mis- 
solonghi,  in  Greece,  where  he  had  gon« 
to  offer  his  services  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence. His  domestic  life  was  infelici- 
tous, he  and  his  wife  living  together  buta 
single  year,  when  he  left  her  and  England, 
never  returning.  Much  of  his  poetry  is 
Immoral.  ^ 

Byrrhidas,  birM-dS.  A  fam.  "of  pen- 
tamerous  coleopterous  Insects,  common- 
ly known  as  pill-beetles. 

Byrrhus,  'us.  The  typical  gen.  of  the 
above  family,  containing  B.  pilula,  tba 
common  pill-beetle,  which,  when  alaimed, 
simulates  death. 

Byssolite,  bis-o-Ht.  An  azure  blue  tran- 
sparent mineral,  in  long,  fine  capUlarv 
crystals.  A  name  given  to  the  fjier  fi- 
brous varieties  of  filamentous  minerals, 
as  amianthus,  tremoUte,  actinolite,  &c. 

Byssus,  'us.  Among  the  ancients,  a 
cloth  of  exceedingly  fine  texture.  One  of 
the  byssi,  filamentous  cryptogamic  plants. 
A  long,  silky  bunch  of  filaments,  by  means 
of  which  the  Mytilus,  Pinna  and  other  bi- 
valve mollusks  are  attached  to  fixed  ob- 
lects. 

Byttneriaceas,  bit-no-rl-a'se-S.  Anat. 
ord.  of  plants,  sometimes  included  among 
the  SterculiaceaB.  The  typical  gen.  is 
Bvttneria,  but  the  most  important  is 
Theobroma,  to  which  the  tree  yielding  the 
cocoa-bean  belongs. 

Byzantine,  biz-an'tin.  Pertaining  to 
Byzantium,  an  ancient  city  of  Tlmuse, 
situated  on  the  Bosphorus.    In  the  year 


Digitized  by 


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e 


880  Gonstantine  the  Qredt  fixed  the  seat 
of  goTenunenf  of  the  Boman  Kmpire  at 
Byzantinm,  enlarged  and  embeUished  it, 
and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople. 
B.  arohiteotare,  a  style  deyeloped  about 
▲.  v.  800,  and  which  continued  in  use  till 
the  conquest  by  the  Tarl:s,  ▲.  d.  14S8. 
Both  th«  Nonnan  and  the  Lombardic 


185  OAJU.V. 

styles  may  be  considered  as  varieties  of 
the  Byzantine,  and  all  are  comprised  un- 
der the  term  Bomanesque.  The  Mosque 
of  6t.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  and  the 
Church  of  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  are  prom- 
inent examples  of  B.  architecture,  u,  his- 
torians, Greek  historians  who  lived  be- 
tween the  6th  and  lOtU  oentorles. 


c 


n  IS  the  third  letter  in  the  English  alpha- 
\J  bet  and  the  seeond  of  the  consonants. 
It  represents  two  perfectly  distinct 
sounds,  namely,  the  guttural  pertaining 
to  k,  and  the  hard  or  thin  sound  of  s,  the 
former  being  that  which  historically  be- 
longs to  it :  while  it  also  forms  with'  h 
theTreiMh  digraph  ch.    In  the  Latin  al- 

giabet  c^td  the  k  sound,  and  tUs  was 
e  sound  which  belonged  to  the  letter  in 
Anglo-Saxon.  As  a  numeral,  C  stands  for 
100;  CO  for  200;  Ac. 

Oaaba.  ka-i'ba.  An  oblong  stone  build- 
ing witnin  the  great  mosque  at  Mecca, 
containing  the  fiunous  black  stone  or  Keb- 
lah  presented  by  the  angel  Gabriel  to 
Abraham  on  the  occasion  of  building  the 
original  Caaba. 

Oaaixxff-whale,  k^'ing-wlsA*.  The 
round-headed  porpoise  (Globicephalus  de- 
dnotor,  Delphinus  melas,  or  D.  globiceps), 
fiun.  DelphlnidcB. 

Cab,  kab.  A  Hebrew  dry  measure,  con- 
taining about  2  pints.  A  kind  of  hackney 
carriage,  with  two  or  four  wheels,  drawn 
by  one  horse.  The  covered  part  of  a  loco- 
motive. 

Oabala,  'a-la.  A  mysterious  science 
among  Jewish  rabbins,  pretended  to  have 
been  delivered  to  Moses  on  Sinai,  and 
transmitted  by  oral  tradition,  serving  for 
the  interpretation  of  difficult  passages  of 
Scripture.  Every  letter,  word,  number 
and  accent  of  the  law  is  supposed  to  con- 
tain a  mvstery,  and  the  Caoalists  pretend 
even  to  foretell  lUture  events  by  the  study 
of  this  science. 

Oabalist,  'al-ist.  A  Jewish  doctor  who 
professes  the  study  of  the  cabala,  or  the 
mysteries  of  Jewish  traditions. 
Oabaliatic,  'ik.  Pertaining  to  the  cab- 
ala or  mysterious  sdenoe  of  Jewish  tradi 
lions.  Containing  an  occult  meaning. 
Caballaria,  -Wri-a.  A  feudal  tenure  of 
lands,  the  tenant  ftimishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  when  the  lord  had  ocoa- 
aloa  tor  hu  B«iniee. 


Oaballero,  y&'rO.  A  grave  and  stately 
Spanish  dance. 

Cabaret,  kab'a-ret  A  tavern;  a  house 
where  liquors  are  retailed. 

Cabbagre,  kab'bal.  The  popular  name 
of  species  of  Brassica,  ord.  Crucifcrae,  and 
especially  applied  to  the  garden  varietiea 
of  B.  oleracea,  cultivated  for  food. 

Cabbaffe-fly,  -fli.  Anthomyia  Brassicn, 
belonging  to  the  same  tarn,  as  the  house- 
fly, and  the  same  gen.  as  the  turnip  and 
potato  flies. 

Cabbaere-Tose,  -rOz.  Bosa  centifolia. 
having  many  varieties,  eminently  fitted 
for  the  manu&cture  of  rose-water  and 
attar  troia  its  fragrance ;  Provence  rose. 

Cabbaffe-tree,  -tr«.  The  cabbage  pahn 
(Areca  oleracea).  The  unopened  bud  of 
young  leaves  is  much  prized  as  a  vegeta- 
ble, but  the  removal  of  it  destroys  the 
tree. 

Cabeca,  ka-b&'sa.  Portuguese  name  of 
the  finest  silk  reeeived  fi*om  India.  A 
nominal  money  of  account  on  the  west 
coast  of  AfHca. 

Caber,  kft'ber.  A  pole  ;  a  beam ;  in  High- 
land games  of  strength  a  long  stem  of  a 
tree  for  tossing  or  turning  over. 

Cabin,  kab'in.  A  small  room ;  a  hut  or 
small  house.    An  apartment  in  a  ship. 

Cabinet,  -et.  A  closet ;  a  retired  apart- 
ment. A  private  room  in  which  consulta- 
tions are  neld.  The  select  council  of  a 
princeor  executive  government ;  the  col- 
lective body  of  ministers  who  direct  the 
government  of  a  coiintnr.  A  piece  of  fur- 
niture, with  drawers  and  doors.  Any  part 
of  a  building  set  apai  t  for  the  conservation 
of  works  of  art,  antiquities,  &c.  C.  picture, 
large-sized  photograph,  highly  finished. 

Cabiri,  ka-brrT.  Ancient  Greek  diviiA 
ties.  Very  little  is  known  regarding  them. 

Cable,  k&'bl.  A  strong  rope  or  chain  used 
to  retain  a  vessel  at  anchor,  made  of  hemp, 
jute  or  iron.  Submarine  or  electric  tele* 
graph  cable  is  composed  of  copper  wires 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OABLEGBAM 


18« 


CADI 


imbedded  in  a  seriea  of  gutU-peroha  and 
resinons  Bubstanoes,  each  layer  being  eep- 
arated  from  the  others,  and  the  \7h0Ie  pro- 
tected bv  Iron  wires  bound  round  it  *n  the 
form  of  a  spiral  Cable  bends,  small 
ropes  for  fastening  the  ends  of  a  rope-ca- 
ble so  as  to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it  is 
attached  to  the  anchor-ring.  In  Arch, 
certain  styles  ofmolding. 

Oableerrazn,  -gram.  A  message  sent  by 
ocean  telegraph. 

Cablet,  k&'blet.  Aj^  cable  under  9  Inches 
in  circumference. 

Oaboole,  ka-bok'la.  The  Brazilian  name 
of  a  mineral  resembling  red  jaHper,  con- 
taining phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime, 
baryta,  protoxide  of  iron  and  water. 

Oaboose,  -bos'.  The  cook-room  of  a  ship. 
In  smaller  vessels,  an  inclosed  hearth,  or 
stoye  for  cocking  on  the  main  deck.  Also 
called  a  galley. 

Oabot,  -bd.  In  tiie  Isle  of  Jersey,  a  vari- 
able dry  measure.  The  potato  and  apple 
cabot  weighs  about  28  lbs. 

Oabot,  Sebastian.  A  British  navigator, 
of  Italian  descent,  b.  in  Bristol,  £ng., 
14T7,  D.  1557.  He  made  a  voyage  to 
America  under  Spanish  auspioet,  In  1524, 
but  was  afterward  appointed  Grand  Pilot 
of  England, 

Oabul,  kah-bijoi',  C^p. 
ef  N.  Afghnniatan,  on 
0.  River  ;  pop.  6TJMK 

Oacao,  -ka'i:i.  Thi^  vhoe- 
olate-tree  (Thei  j  limnia 
Oacao),    oni     Byttiier- 

ace».    Its  finlt  le   wm-; 

tained  in  podw.  nftoli  In 

dosing 50  t<i   I'n*  - 1- 

These  are  ve,^ 


Oacao. 


of  an  agree^L»ld  ii<ivur, 
and  used,  both  fresh  and 
dried,  as  an  article  of  diet.  Cocoa  and 
chocolate  are  prepared  from  them.  The 
seeds  when  roasted  and  crushed  are  called 
cocoa  nibs.  They  yield  an  oil  called 
butter  of  cacao,  used  in  pomatum  and 
in  making  candles,  soap,  &c. 
Oaoatuinad,  kak'a-tu-i''nS.  A  sub-fam. 
of  Bcansorial  birds,  fam.  Psittaddse.  The 
eockatoos. 

Oacbalot,  kash'a-lot.  A  cetaceous  mam- 
mal, the  Catodon  microcephalus,  or  blunt- 
headed  sperm-whale,  fam.  Physeterid»or 
Oatodontidfe.  Besidet  spermaceti  it  yields 
sperm-oil  and  ambergris. 

Oacbe.  A  hole  in  the  ground  or  Ice  for 
hiding  and  preserving  provisions. 

Oaohiri,  ka-she're.    A  fermented  liquor. 


resembling  perr}-,  ma<le  from  the  root  ot 

the  manioc.  • 

Cacholengr,  kash'o-long.    A  mineral  of 

the  quartz  family,  a  variety  of  opal,  often 

called  Pearl-opal. 
Oaobou,  ka-sho.    A  sweetmeat  made  of 

the  extract  of  liquorice,  cashew-nut,  gum, 

Ac.,  used  to  sweeten  an  offensive  breath. 
Cacliuca,  -chu'ka.   A  Spanish  dance  per- 
formed by  a  man  and  woman. 
Cacique,  ka-sek'.    Native  chiefs  of  the 

W.  Indies  and  parts  of  America  when  It 

was  discovered. 
Caooerraphy,  ka-kog'ra-fl.   Bad  spelling 

or  writing. 

Cacolet, 

kak-o-la.    A 

contrivan  c  e 

fixed  on  the 

back    of    a 

mule     or 

horse  for  car-  ^^ 

rying  travel- #f^ 

ers,  sick   orWuk:-  . 

wounded     "^^ 

persons.  The        ^** 

French  were  Oacolet. 

the    first    to 

employ   cacolets   in   the   Crimean    war, 

1854^. 
Cacoox^|ka-kon'.    A  oommerdal  name 

for  the  large  beans  of  the  Entada  scan- 
dens,  ord.   LeguminoscB,  used  for  making 

scent-bottles,  purses,  &c. 
Cacozene,  -kok'sSn.    A  silky  mineral,  a 
native  ferric  phosphate  with  water,  con- 
taining peroxide  of  iron  and  phosphoric 
acid. 

Cactaoeas,   kak-ta'se-e. 
An  order  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants,  the  cactus  or 
Indian  fig.    The  princi- 
pal genera  are  Melocac- 
tus,  Echlnocactus,  Opun- 
tla,  and  Mammillaria. 
Cade,  kad.    A  barrel  or  , 
oosk.  A  cade  of  herrings 
is  500;  of  sprats,  1,000. 
Cade-oil,  'oil.    An  oil"  _^ 

used  for  veterinary  pur-  Cactus, 

poses,  made  of  the  fruit   of  the  Junlpe- 
rus  Oxycedrus. 

Cadet,  ka-det'.  The  youngest  son.  One 
who  carries  arms  in  a  regiment,  as  a  pri- 
vate, with  a  view  to  acquire  military  sMlI 
and  to  obtain  a  commission.  A  young  man 
in  training  for  an  officer  in  the  army  or 
navy,  or  in  a  military  school. 
Cadi,  kad'i.    A  judge  among  the  Turks. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CADltESKER 


IBT 


CALA.BlfiH-TSEE 


Cadilesker,  -i-les'ker.  The  chief  Judge 
in  the  Tnrkish  empire. 

Oadiz,  ka'diz.  Cap.  of  prov.  of  C,  In 
Andalusia ;  situatea  on  the  Atlantic,  and 
one  of  the  principal  commercial  citieB  of 
Spain ;  pop.  70,000. 

Oadznean,  rae'an.  Relating  to  Gadmns, 
a  legendary  prince  of  Thebes,  'n  Oreeoe, 
who  is  said  to  have  introduced  into  Greece 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
which  are  therefore  call  0.  letters.  A  C. 
yietorv,  a  proverbial  phrase  for  a  victory 
in  which  the  victors  suffer  as  much  as  the 
vanquished. 

Oadxnium,  'mi-um.  A  metal  found  in 
carbonate  of  zinc. 

Oadminxn-yellow,  -vel-ld.  A  pigment 
prepared  from  the  sulpnide  of  caamhim. 

Oadrans,  'ranz.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  angles  in  cutting  gems,  and 
keeping  tnem  at  a  proper  angle. 

Oadnoeiis,  ka-d&'sS-us.  In  Ctoss.  myth. 
Mercury^s  rod ;  a  wand  entwisted  by  two 
serpents,  borne  by  Mercury  as  an  ensign 
•f  quality  and  office. 

GtoBrebinSB,  86-r6-brn6.  The  guit-guits, 
ft  sub-fhm.  of  tenuirostral  passerine  birds, 
iiun.  Nectarinidae,  of  which  the  Oerebft 
Oyaax&  may  be  taken  as  the  type. 

OsBSar,  'zer.  A  title,  originally  the  sur- 
name of  the  Julian  fiunily  at  Borne,  which, 
after  being  dignified  in  the  person  of  the 
dictator  G.  Julius  Ofesar,  was  adopted  by 
successive  Roman  emperors,  and  came  to 
be  applied  to  the  heir  presumptive.  It 
was  perpetuated  in  the  Kaiser  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  first  assumed  by  Charle- 
magne. 

OaBsitun,  'zi-nm.  A  rare  alkaline  miner- 
al found  in  mineral  waters.  The  metal  oc- 
curs in  the  mineral  lepidolite,  and  is  al- 
ways found  in  connection  with  rubidium. 

Oaf,  kaf.  The  name  of  the  mountain 
which,  according  to  the  Mohammedans, 
environs  the  whole  earth. 

Oafe,  -ft.  Acoflee-house;  a  restaurant. 
C.  chantant,  a  ooffee-house  in  France 
where  the  guests  are  treated  with  music. 

Oafenet,  'e-net..  In  Tuikey,  a  house  of 
rest  for  travelers ;  a  coffee-house. 

Oaffeine,  ka-fs^in.  A  substance  found 
in  coffee-beans,  tea-leaves,  &e.  Coffee 
contains  from  .8  to  8.6,  and  tea  from  2  to 
4  per  cent.    Called  also  Theine. 

Oaifeone,  'on.  The  aromatic  principle 
of  coffee,  a  brbwn  oil. 

Oaffer-bread,  kafer-bred.  The  pith  of 
certain  cycadaceous  plants,  gen.  £^ce- 
phalartOB,  used  by  the  Cafltes  as  food. 


Oaffer-oom,  -kom.  Indian  millet,  or 
Sorghum  vulgare,  ooltivated  in  Africa  aa 
a  cereal. 

Oafflla,  kaf  i-lft.  An  official  Persian  car- 
avan ;  a  company  of  travelers  or  mer- 
chants. 

Cage,  k^J.  A  box  for  confining  birds  of 
beasts.  Formerly,  a  place  of  confine- 
ment ibr  petty  raalefiictors.  A  skeleton 
framework  of  any  kind.  A  cup  contain- 
ing animalcules  to  be  examined  under  a 
microscope. 

Gaixnacam,  ka-ma-kam'.  A  lieutenant 
or  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  Turkish 
service ;  a  title  of  the  deputy  of  the  grand 
vizier,  and  governor  of  Constantinople. 

Oainite,  kanlt.  A  member  of  a  sect  of 
the  2d  century  who  professed  to  venerate 
Cain,  Korah  and  the  Sodomites. 

CalnoBoic,  k&-no-s5'ik.  A  term  applied 
to  the  latest  of  the  three  divisions  into 
which  strata  have  been  arranged,  with 
reference  to  the  age  of  the  fossils  they  in- 
clude. It  corresponds  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals. 

Oaim,  kam.  A  heap  of  stones;  especiaOy 
one  of  those  common  in  Oreat  Britain,  of 
various  sizes.  Some  are  evidently  sepul- 
chral, others  were  erected  to  commemo- 
rate some  great  event,  and  still  others 
for  religious  rites.  The  modern  oaim  la 
set  up  as  a  landmark. 

Oairncrorm,  'gorm.  A  variety  of  rook- 
crystal  or  crystallized  siUca,  found  on  the 
Cairngorm  range  in  Scotland. 

Cairo,  krro.  The  cap.  of  Egvpt,  on  the 
Nile,  5  m.  from  its  delta  ;  founded  abt.  ITO 
A.  D.;  pop.  825,000. 

Caisson,  kas'son.  An  ammunition  wagon 
or  ehest.  In  Arch,  a  sunken  panel,  a  la- 
cunar. In  Civil  Engln.  a  vessel  used  as  a 
flood-gate  in  docks;  an  apparatus  on 
which  vessels  may  be  raised  and  floated. 
A  water-tight  casing  used  in  building 
structures  in  water  too  deep  for  the  coffer- 
dam. 

CiVleimt,  ka}'i-pnt  An  oil  reaembUnff 
that  of  cardamons,  obtained  ftt>m  the 
Melaleuca  Cajuputi,  or  c^jeput  tree. 

Oal,  kal.  A  mining  term  for  bastard 
metal  found  in  tin  ore ;  wolftum. 

Calabar  Bean,  -a-bar'b^n.  The  seed  of 
Physostigma  venenosum,  a  leguminoua 
African  plant,  nearly  allied  to  the  kidvey- 
bean,  a  powerfril  narcotic  poison. 

Calabash-tree,  -a-bash-trfi.  Popular 
name  of  the  trees  or  shrubs,  gen.  Creoen- 
tia,  because  of  theiz  gourd-like  flruits,  the 
shells  of  which  are  made  into  domestio 
utensils.  A  name  also  giT«n  to  the  baobab 


Digitized  by 


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OALABBIA 


1S8 


CALEHBAB 


Oalabria,  kah-l&'bre-ah.  The  southern- 
most proT.  of  Italy,  a  long  narrow  moun- 
tainons  peninsula ;  pop.  1,168,412. 

Oalade,  ka-lad^  The  slope  or  decA«ity 
of  a  manege-ground. 

Calais,  k&la.  A  seaport  of  N.  France, 
the  nearest  to  England,  being  but  26  m. 
from  Dover ;  pop.  18,719. 

Oalaxnanco,  kal-a-mang'ko.  A  woolen 
stuff  of  a  fine  gloss  and  checkered  in  the 
warp. 

Calamander  Wood,  -man'der  w^d. 
A  beautiful  wood,  the  product  of  Diospy- 
roB  quffisita,  ord.  Ebenacete,  resembling 
rosewood,  but  extremely  hard. 

Oalaxnary,  'a-ma-ri.  The  general  >name 
for  decapod  cuttle-fishes,  fam.  Teuthidae, 
ord.  Dlbranchiata,  but  properly  used  to 
designate  those  of  the  gen.  Xioligo.  Galled 
also  Squid,  Sea-sleeve,  Preke,  or  Penfish. 

Oalaxnine,  -min.  The  native  siliceous 
oxide  of  zinc,  from  which  the  metal  is 
got  by  distillation. 

Salamite,  -mlt.  A  mineral,  probably  a 
variety  of  tremolite.  Its  structure  is 
foliated,  its  luster  vitreous.  A  fossil  of 
the  gen.  Calamites. 

Oalaxuites,  -a-ml'tez.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
plants,  characteristic  of  the  carboniferous 
rocks. 

Oalaxnus,  'a-mus.  In  Scrip,  the  word 
used  to  translate  a  Hebrew  term  iofelieved 
to  mean  an  aromatic  substance  obtained 
from  some  kind  of  reed  or  cane.  The 
root  of  the  sweet  flag  or  sweet  rush.  A 
gen.  of  palms,  the  stems  of  which  are  the 
rattan  canes.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  tube  of 
precious  metal,  anciently  used  bv  com- 
municants when  partaking  ol  the  eu- 
charist.  The  kings  of  France  used  it  at 
their  coronation  when  they  partook  of 
both  kinds  in  the  sacrament. 

Oalandra,  ka-Ian'dra.  A  species  of  lark, 
Alauda  calandra.  A  gen.  of  coleopterous 
insects,  section  Rhynchophora,  fam.  Cur- 
cnlionidffi,  very  destructive. 

Oalapitte,  kal'a-pit.  A  stony  concretion 
occasionally  present  in  the  cocoa-nut, 
called  also  Vegetable  Bezoar,  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet. 

Calash,  ka-lash^  A  light  carriage  with 
very  low  wheels.  The  folding  top  some- 
times fitted  to  such  a  carriage.  A  cover 
for  the  head  used  by  French  ladies. 

Calatrava,  kal-ah-tra'va.  An  order  of 
Spanish  knighthood,  founded  by  Sancho 
III.,  1158,  of  which  the  ruling  King  of 
Spain  is  Grand  Master. 

Oalcar,  'kir.    In  glass-works,  a  fUmace 


used  for  the  calcination  of  sand  asd  salt  of 
potash,  and  converting  them  into  frit. 

Calchas,  k&rkas.  A  not«d  Greek  sooth- 
sayer who  was  present  at  th«  siege  of 
Troy  and  prophesied  the  principal  events 
of  tne  long  and  eventful  war. 

Calcimine,  kal'si-mln.  A  superior  wasii 
for  the  walls  of  rooms,  ceilings,  Ac. 

Calcixnurlte,  -si-mu'rit.  A  species  of 
earth  consisting  of  caloareons  eartb  and 
magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

Oalcite,  'sit.  A  term  applied  to  rarious 
minerals,  modifications  or  the  rhombohe> 
dral  form  of  calcium  carbonate,  including 
limestone,  all  the  white  and  most  of  the 
colored  marbles,  chalk,  Iceland-spar,  Ac. 

Calcium,  'si-um.  The  metallic  basis  of 
lime,  the  most  widsly  diffused  of  the  alkar 
line  metals. 

Calcograpliy,  -kog'ra-fi.  The  art  of 
drawing  with  colored  chalks. 

Ccdc-^inter,  kalk'sln-ter.  A  stalactitto 
carbonate  of  lime,  a  variety  of  oaldte, 
forming  stalactites  and  stalagmites. 

Calc-spar,  'spfir.  Calcareous  spar,  or 
crystallized  carbonate  of  hme. 

Calculus,  kal'ku-lus.  In  Pathol,  a  gen- 
eral term  for  inorganic  concretions  of  va- 
rious kinds  formed  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.  In  Math,  a  method  of  computation. 

Calcutta,  k&l-kut'ta.  Gap.  of  British 
India,  on  the  Hoogly,  a  Dranoh  of  the 
Ganges,  100  m.  from  Bay  of  Bengal ;  it 
ranks  second  to  Canton,  the  commercial 
emporium  of  Asia ;  pop.  688,486. 

Calderari,  -da-ra'r6.  A  politico-relig- 
ious sect  in  Italy  during  the  reign  of  Mn- 
rat,  opposed  to  the  Cwbonari. 

Caledonite,  'i-do-nlt.  A  mineral,  a  cu- 
preous sulphato-carbonate  of  lead. 

Calefactor,  -i-fak'ter.    A  small  stove. 

Calefactory,  'to-ri.  A  warming-room 
in  a  monasterv.  A  chafing-dish  placed 
upon  the  altar  in  cold  weather. 

Calemberre,  -em-ber^  A  rare  species  of 
Coromandel  wood. 

Calendar,  'en-der.  A  register  of  fhe 
year,  in  which  the  months,  weeks  and 
days  are  set  down  in  order,  with  the 
feasts  observed  by  the  church,  Ac. ;  an  al- 
manac. An  orderly  enumeration  of  per- 
sons or  things,  as  a  list  of  criminal  canses 
which  stand  for  trial.  G.  month,  a  solar 
month  as  it  stand  in  almanacs.  A  ma- 
chine consisting  of  cylinders  revolving  so 
nearly  in  contact  that  cloth  passing  be- 
tween them  is  smoothed  and  glazed  by 
their  pressure.  An  establishment  in 
which  woven  fobrics  are  pressed,  stretdb* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CALEimER 


189 


GALE 


ed,  starched,  Ac.    A  peraon  who  managee 

such  a  businesa ;  a  calenderer. 
Oalender.    One  of  an  order  of  dervishes 

in  Turkey  and  Persia,  of  not  very  strict 

morals,  who  preach  in  the  market  places 

and  live  upon  alms. 
Oalends,  'endz.    Among  the  Bomans, 

the  first  day  of  each  month. 
Oalenduline,    ka-len'du-Hn.     A  gum 

obtained  from  the  marigold,  the  Celendula 

of  botanists. 
Galf,  kaf.     Properly  the  young  of  the 

bovine  gen.  of  quadrupeds,  but  applied 
also  to  the  young  of  the  marine  mam- 
malia, as  the  whale.  An  ignorant,  weak 
or  cowardly  man.  Naut,  a  mass  of  floe- 
ice,  breakbg  fjrom  under  the  floe,  and 
rising  to  the  surface  of  Ihe  water,  often 
with  violence. 

Calhoun,  John  Caldwell.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman  and  orator;  n.  in  S.  Caro- 
lina 1782,  D.  1850.  He  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1810 ;  appointed  Secretary  of 
War  1817 ;  in  1824  elected  Vice-President, 
and  re-elected  in  1828;  resigned  the  Vice- 
Presidency  in  1832,  and  was  afterward 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate,  being  re-elect- 
ed until  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  nullification  law  of  8.  Carolina,  the 
basis  of  the  later  act  of  secession,  and 
but  for  the  firmness  of  President  Jackson 
the  Union  would  have  been  disrupted  in 

Oaliatonr-wood,  kal'i-a-tor-wfld.  A 
dye-wood  sometimes  confounded  with 
red  sandal-wood.  -^ 

Caliber,  -ber.  The  diameter 
of  a  body ;  usually  the  di- 
ameter of  the  bore  of  a  fire- 
arm.  Fig.,  compass  or  capac- 
ity of  mind.    C.  compasses, 
or  callpeis,  have  arched  legs 
to  measure  the  diameter  of 
globular  bodies,  or  straight      —  — 
legs  and  retracted  points,  to   Calipers, 
measure  the  interior  or  bore 
of  anything.    C.  rule,  gunner's  calipers, 
an  instrument  to  determine,  IVom  a  ball's 
weight,  its  diameter  or  caliber,  and  vice 
versa.    C.  square,  a  rule  carrjrlng  two 
cross-heads,    one  of  which    is  adjusted 
slightly  by  a  nut,  the  other  movable. 
Calico,  -ko.  A  term  for  any  whit«  cotton 
cloth.    Calico  was  first  manufiMJtured  in 
India.    Printed  cotton  cloth  coarser  than 
muslin. 

Callco-printin«r, -printing.  The  art  of 
impressing  calicoes  with  variegated  fig 
ures  and  colors. 

Califfnla.  Caina  Cassar,  kah-Ug^u-ldh. 


founded   with 

Jc 

o 

It  ^^  -^ 


The  4th  Roman  emperor,  son  of  Germaa* 
icus  and  Agrippina,  b.  a.  d.  12,  crowned 
87,  reigned  8  y.  10  m.,  and  was  assassi- 
nated 47  A.  r.  He  was  notorious  in  dissi- 
pation, cruelty  and  disregard  of  all  moral 
restraint,  one  of  his  most  disgusting  per- 
formances being  a  decree  appointing  his 
ikvorlte  horse  consul. 
California.  One  of  the  Pacific  States 
admitted  to  the  American  Union  in  1850  • 
area  188,981  sq.  m.;  pop.  864,694;  o^ 
which  number  75,182  are  Chinese.  lu 
principal  cities  are  San  Francisco,  Sacra- 
mento, the  cap.,  San  Jose  and  Stockton ; 
chief  rivers,  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joa- 
quin ;  mountains,  the  Monte  Diablo 
range  along  the  Pacific  and  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada. The  Bay  of  San  Francisco  is  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  tho 
city:  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  its 
head,  is  the  commercial  emporium  of  the 
entire  western  coast 

CaJin,  ka'Iin.  A  compound  metaL  of 
which  the  Chinese  make  tea-caniaters  and 
the  like. 

Calipash  kal'i-pash.  That  part  of  a 
turtle  which  belongs  to  the  upper  shield. 

Calipee,  -pe.  That  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  lower  shield. 

CaUph,  ka'llf.  a  title  given  to  th« 
acknowledged  successors  of  Mohammed, 
regarded  as  being  vested  with  supreme 
dignity  and  power.  The  sultans  of 'nirkcy 
assume  this  as  one  of  their  titles. 

Calippic,  ka-lip'ik.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Oalippus,  a  Greek  astronomer  of  the  4tii 
century  before  Christ. 

Calisaya  Bark,  kal-l-sa'a  bark.  A  name 
for  the  febrifugal  Inner  barks  of  Cinchona 
fiava. 

Calixtine,  ka-liks'tih.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  their 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of 
which  was  I  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup 
(callx)  as  weU  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord  s 
Supper.  A  follower  of  George  Callxtus, 
who  died  In  1666.  He  wrote  against  celi- 
bacy, and  proposed  a  reunion  of  Catho- 
lics and  Protestants  upon  the  basis  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed. 

Calixtus,  St. ,  Pope.  Succeeded  Zeph- 
irinus  219 ;  martyred  223.  C.  II.,  son  of 
William  of  Burgundy,  s.  Pope  Gelasius 
II.,  1119,  D.  1124.  C.  III.  (Alfonso  Bor- 
gia), s.  Nicholas  V.,  1486,  d.  1468 ;  was 
uncle  to  Pope  Alexander  VI.  ' 

Calk,  kak.  A  piece  of  iron  with  sharp 
points  worn  on  the  sole  of  the  shoe  to  pre^ 
vent  slipping  on  the  ice.  The  extremity 
of  a  horseshoe  bent  downward  to  prevent 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CALKING 


140 


CALVARY 


the  horse  slipping.  A  rini;  *ff  brm  nnllad 
to  the  heel  of  a  shoo  to  miiki'  It  whm  long- 
er. 

Oalkixiflr,  'ing.  Copying  a  jiietnre  or  de- 
sign by  rubbing  the  baot  «itli  chwlk  or 
crayon,  and  tracing  lines  )  hi-ity^^h  with  a 
point. 

Oallao,  kil-la'o.  The  inlnriii-i]  r-t^h^nttt 
of  Peru,  6  m.  from  Lima,  Lbi.^  mi«  ■  imhi. 
21,400. 

Oall-bell,  kal^bel.  A  stallounry  l^aiiil-Ml 
rung  by  means  of  aclappor  |ii¥oii.':il  ut  (me 
end,  and  acted  on  by  meiiELi  of  i\  verLkul 
plunger. 

Oalliohroma,  kal-i-krC'ina.  A  \;on^  of 
coleopterous  insects,  H(m\  LoHf^^^mieb, 
fam.  Cerambycida) ;  the  wuHk-lH^^'LLo^ 

OalUohtll3r8,  -ik'this.  A  t'^.n.  af  (Isk, 
abdominal  malacupteryglnnji<,  Ikiii.  &i\ii- 
rid«  or  shcat-flshe.s. 

Oallifirraphy,  -Ug'ra-fl.  Thn  art  i>f  iiftn- 
manship. 

Oallin8>-orab,  kal'lng-krab.  l\»piiLir 
name  for  the  gen.  Gelasini  iin. 

Oallionymus,  kal-li-on'l  iriFi^.  A  ^^^n. 
of acanthopterygions  flsht^^  r>r  tin'  iroby 
fam.,  known  as  drago- 
neta  and  gowdies. 

OalUope,  -li'o-pe.  In 
class  Myth,  the  muse 
that  presides  over  elo- 
quence and  heroic  po- 
etry. The  name  given 
to  a  steam  musical  in- 
strument. 

OalUpeva.  -l-p6'va. 
The  Mugil  liza,  a  river 
mullet  of  the  W.  In- 
dies. Its  scales  are  used 
for  ornaments,  and  its 
roes  form  an  excellent 
caviare. 

Oallisthenics,  kal-ls-i  i ,  ?  i '  iks.  The 
practice  of  taking  exercisu  h^r  Ui^iUth.  or 
grace  of  movement. 

Gallitris,  kari-trls.  A  gm.  l^T  ruuffers 
which  supplies  the  aromjitio  Biim-ri:;»in 
called  sandarac. 

Oalznnck,  'muk.  A  membHr  i>f  a  rein]  apk  - 
able  branch  of  tk«  Mongol  ram^  b^pre^ul 
over  a  large  portion  of  Ajsia. 

Oalomel,  'o-meL  Hemi »  dl-,  mh%  or 
proto-chlorlde  of  mercury,  nr  iiinst-iirtniH 
chloride ;  a  preparation  of  miireiiry  finiinl 
native  as  horn  quicksilver. 

Oalopliylluiii, -fli'um.  Aron.  ijfplaulFi, 
ord.  6uttifer».  C.  Inopb3 Hum  jields  a 
medical  resin,  tacamahai.  Tlio  tun.'iln 
afford  an  oil  which  is  usimI  Tor  bqniirji,', 
makipg  cdntment,  &c. 


CiiiliDpO, 


Caloric,  ka-lor'ik.  A  supposed  subH* 
imponderable  fluid  to  which  the  sensa- 
tion and  phenomena  of  heat  were  fMinwly 
attributed.  C.  engine,  a  name  given  by 
Captain  Erlosson  to  his  improved  air* 
engine. 

Oalorie,  -lo-rd.  The  quantity  of  heat 
necessary  to  raise  the  temperatore  of  a 
kilogramme  of  water  one  degree  Centi- 
grade. 

Calorimeter,  kal-o-rim'e-ter.  An  ap- 
paratus for  measuring  quantities  of  heat 
or  the  heat  of  bodies. 

Calorimotor,  ka-lor^i-mo'^ter.  A  gal- 
vanic instrument  which  produces  consid- 
erable heat,  attended  by  small  electrical 
power. 

Calosoma  kal-o-sd'ma.  A  gen.  of  cole- 
opterous insects,  &m.  Carabidse. 

Calotte,  ka-lot'  A  plain  skull-cap  or 
coif  of  hair,  worn  in  Catholic  countries  aa 
an  ecclesiastical  ornament,  and  in  Eng- 
land by  sergeants-at-law  on  their  wigs ; 
also,  a  military  skull-cap.  Anything  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of 
a  sword-hilt. 

Calottist.  'tist.  A  member  of  a  sodeiy 
which  sprang  up  in  Paris  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIY.,  and  formed  a  regiment  un- 
der the  name  La  Calotte  (a  flat  cap  worn 
by  the  priests),  which  was  the  symbol  of 
the  society. 

Calotype,  kal'o-tlp.  The  process  of  pro- 
ducing photographs  by  the  action  of  light 
upon  nitrate  of  silver. 

Caloyer.  ka-lol  er.  One  of  a  sect  of 
monks  of  the  Greek  Church,  divided  into 
cenobites,  anchorets  and  recluses. 

Calp,  kalp.  A  sub-species  of  carbonate 
of  Ume,  intermediate  between  compact 
limestone  and  marl,  called  also  Ar^o- 
ferruginous  Limestone. 

Calp-Slates,  'sl&ts.  A  series  of  shale, 
calp  and  flaggy  sandstone  strata  developed 
in  Ireland  between  the  two  great  bands 
of  carboniferous  limestone. 

Caltrop,  kal'trop.  An  in- 
strument with  four  iron 
points.  They  are  used  to 
obstruct  the  movements  of 
cavalry.  In  Bot.  the  com- 
mon caltrops  is  the  star- 
thistle  ;  the  water  caltrop  _ 
is  Trapa  natans.  Caltrop. 

Calumet,  'fi-met.  A  tobacco  pipe  used 
by  the  American  Indians.  The  calumet 
of  peace  is  smoked  to  ratify  alliances,  ^.; 
its  rejection  means  war. 

Calvary,  'va-ri.  A  place  of  skulls; 
Golgotha  ;  the  place  where  Christ  was 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CALVINISM 


141 


CAMERA 


Cam. 


cracifi«d.  In  S.  C  countries,  a  chapel, 
in  memory  of  the  place  where  our  Sayioar 
suffered. 

Oalvinism,  'rin-izm.  The  theological 
tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Calvin,  who 
was  bom  in  Picardy  in  France,  and  in  1586 
chosen  professor  of  divinity  and  minister 
of  a  ehnrch  in  Geneva,  Switzerland. 
OalyptreeidsB,  ka-lip-tr€'i-d€.  A  fiim. 
of  gasteropodous  mollnsks,  known  as  bon- 
net or  chambered  limpets. 
Oalyz,  k&'liks.  In  Bot.  the  ex- 
terior covering  of  a  flower  with- 
in the  bracts  and  external  to  the 
corola,  which  it  incloses  and 
supports.  InAnat  small  cup- 
like membranous  canals  which 
invest  the  r«int8  of  the  papilhe 
ofthekidiiey. 

Oaxn,  kam.    In  Madu  a  simple 
contrivance  for  oonv«rtlng  a  uni-  C  Jily  :t 
form   rotatonr  motion  into    a 
varied     reotiUneari 
motion.  i . ; 

Oamtmye, -bfi'.  A  <i 
cotton  doth  made, 
in  India. 

Oamber, 'ber.  A 
oonvexi^  upon  an 
upper  sur&oe,  as  a 
deck  amidships,  a  bridge.  The  part  in  a 
dockyard  where  timber  Is  stored,  and 
where  cambering  is  performed. 
Oamber-beam,  a>er-bdm.  In  Arch,  a 
beam  laid  upon  the  straining  beam  of  a 
truncated  roof,  supporting  the  covering 
of  the  summit 

Oamberwell  Beauty,  -wel  bu'tl.    A 
rare  British  butterfly,  Vanessa  Antiopa. 
Oaxnbistry,  'bis-tri.    The  science  of  ex- 
change, weights,  measures,  &e. 
Oambrasine.  'bra-sen.  A  fine  linen  cloth 
fabricated  in  Egypt,  resembling  cambric. 
Oaxnbriail,  'bri-an.     Belating  or  per- 
taining to  wales  or  Cambria.  C.  group,  an 
extensive  series  of  gritstones,  sandstones, 
or  slates,  often  metamorphosed  into  chlo- 
rite and  mica  schists,  ana  gneiss,  lying  un- 
der the  lower  Silurian  beds. 
Oambric,  kim'brik.    A  fine  linen  febric, 
named  from  Cambrav  in  Flanders,  where 
it  was  first  manu&otured.    An  imitation 
is  also  made  of  fine  cotton. 
Oaxnbro-Briton,  kam^brO-bri-ton.    A 
Welshman. 

Oaxnail,  ka-mfil.    The  chain-mail  or  ar- 
mor appertaining  to  the  casque  or  bas- 
dnet,  falhng  down  over  the  shoulders. 
CaSmaldolite,  -mal'do-llt.    >  nearly  ex- 


tinct fraternity  of  monks  founded  in  1018^ 
by  St.  Romuald ;  they  wear  white  robea. 

Oaxnarilla,  kam-a-ril'a.  A  company  of 
secret  counsellors  or  advisers;  a  cabal; 
a  clique. 

Oaxnayen,  ka-mft'&.  A  stone  or  onyx 
engraved  in  relief :  a  cameo.  In  fine  arts, 
monochrome  painting. 

Oamel,  kam'd.  A  large  quadruped,  gen. 
Camelus,  Ihml^  CamelidsB,  ord.  Bumi- 
nantia.  Therearetwo  varieties,  one  strong 
and  slow,  for  burdens,  the  other  slightw 
and  fleeter,  for  traveling.  The  gen.  Au- 
c^enia  Ohmuui)  have  no  hump.  A  water- 
tight structure  placed  beneath  a  vessel  to 
raise  it  in  the  water. 

Oamelidte,  ka-mel'i-dS.  A  ftm.  of 
quadrupeds,  indnding  the  true  camels  of 
tne  eastern  hemisphere,  and  the  llamas  of 
the  western.  They  are  the  onhr  rumi- 
nants with  canine  and  indsor  teeth  in  the 
upper  jaw. 

CaxnelopardaliB,  kam^el-o-par^'da  lis. 
A  gen.  of  ruminant  quadrupeds  of  which 
the  camdopard  is  the  sole  species.  A 
northern  constellation,  situated  between 
Cepheus,  Perseus,  Ursa  M%)or  and  Minor, 
and  Draco,  containing  82  stars. 

Oaxnelopard^  ka-md'o-pfir-del.  An 
imaginary  beast  of  heralniff  creation, 
formed  by  the  addition  of  two  horns  on 
the  head  of  the  camdopard. 

Cameo,  kam'fi-d.  A  general  name  for  all 
stones  cut  in  rdief,  in  contradistinction  to 
those  hollowed  out.  or  intaglios.  C.  in- 
crustation, the  art  of  produdng  bas-relief 
oasts  within  a  coating  of  flint-glass. 

Cameotsrpo*  'tfp«  -^  small  vignette 
daguerreotype  for  mounting  in  a  jeweled 
setting. 

Camera  , 
'er-a.  In  Anc. 
arch,  an  arch- 
ed roof,   ceil- 
ing, or  cover- 
ing ;  a  vault.  ^ 
The  variety  of 
camera  obscu-  ^ 
ra    used     by  ^ 
photograph-  -^ 
ers.  C.ludda, 
an    invention 
for  flidlltating 


Camera  Obscura. 


the  delineation  of  distant  objects,  and  also 
copying  or  reducing  drawings,  by  pro- 
ducing a  reflected  picture  of  them  upon 
paper.  C.  obscura,  an  apparatus  in  which 
the  images  of  external  objects,  received 
through  a  double  convex  lens,  are  exhib- 
ited distinctly,  and  in  their  natural  colors, 
on  a  white  sumce  placed  at  the  focus  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CAMEELINGO 


142 


CANAL 


the  lens.  The  C.  obscura  emploved  by 
photographers  is  a  box,  one  half  of  which 
slides  Into  the  other,  with  a  tube  in  IVont 
oontaining  an  object  glass  at  its  extremity. 
Oamerlinflro,  ka-mer-len'gd.  The  high- 
est officer  in  the  papal  household ;  the 
<duunberlain« 

Oazneroniaii,  kain-er-r5'nl-an.  One  of 
the  followers  of  Richard  Cameron  in  Scot- 
land, who  leftised  to  accept  the  indul- 
gence granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy 
by  Charles  II.  They  constituted  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church,  the  maiori- 
ty  of  which  in  1876  joined  the  Fr«e 
Qmrch.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  Reg- 
iment of  British  in&ntry. 
Camisaxd,  'i-zfird.  One  of  the  French 
Calvinists  of  the  Cevennes,  in  revolt  from 
1688  till  1706. 

OamlBOle,  -sal.  A  short  light  garment 
worn  by  ladies  when  dressed  in  negligee. 
A  straight-jacket  put  upon  lunatics.  A 
sort  of  straight  jacket  put  upon  prisoners 
in  France  after  condemnation  to  the  guil- 
lotine. 

Ounlet,  let.  A  stuff  originally  made  of 
camel's  hair,  now  of  wool,  silk,  or  hair, 
especially  that  of  goats,  with  wool  or  silk. 
The  pure  oriental  camlet  is  made  from  the 
hair  of  the  JLngora  goat. 
Oamorra.  ka-mor'ra.  A  secret  society 
in  Neapolitan  cities,  whose  members, 
styled  Camoristi,  exercised  a  lawless  in- 
fluence over  the  lower  classes. 
Camp,  kamp.  The  place  where  an  army 
or  other  boay  of  men  is  encamped ;  the 
collection  of  tents  or  other  erections 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  number  of 
men.  An  intrenched  camp  is  surrounded 
by  earthworks,  &c.  A  flying  camp  is  one 
occupied  for  a  very  brief  period.  C.  of 
instruction,  a  camp  formed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  troops  to  DO  maneuvered  in  large 
bodies.  Body  of  troops  moving  and  en- 
camping together ;  an  army. 
Oampagmol,  kam-pag-nel.  A  species  of 
fleld-rat  or  v  )le,  the  Arvicola  arvalls. 
Oaxnpailile, -pa-ne'la.  Ti 
Arch,  a  clock  or  bell  tow<  i  , 
applied  to  detached  buill 
ings  erected  for  the  pm 
pose  of  containing  belh 
That  at  Cremona  is  fiiM 
feet  high. 

Oaxnphene,  'f6n.  Ti.^ 
generic  name  for  the  vo.'. 
tile  oils  or  hydrocarboji: . 
isomeric  or  polymeric  wi  i  u 

oil  of  turpentine,  as  oil  oi\ 

bergamot,  cloves,  copaib^k,    QiunpumJ^-'. 
Ac. 


Camplior,  'fer.  A  translucent  buIh 
stance,  of  granular  or  foliated  fracture, 
having  a  bitterish  aromatic  taste  and  a 
pungent  smell.  In  chemical  character  it 
belongs  to  the  yegetable  oils. 

Oamphor-oil,  -oiL  A  fragrant,  limpid, 
colorless  oil  obtained  from  the  Dryobaia- 
nops  Camphora  by  distilling  the  wood 
with  water. 

Camphor-tree,  -trg.  Camphora  oflSci- 
narum,  ord.  Lauracese,  the  tree  frx>m 
which  common  camphor  is  obtained.  All 
parts  of  the  tree  yield  camphor,  bat  it  is 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  wood. 

Camp-meetinfir,  kamp'mSt-ing.  A  re- 
ligious meeting  held  in  the  open  air,  the 
attendants  encamping  for  some  days  for 
continuous  devotion. 

CamiK),  kam'pd.  The  Portuguese  name 
of  the  wide  grass  plains  of  Brazil,  once  the 
site  of  forests.    A  kind  of  Bohea  tea. 

CamponflT,  'pong.  A  native  village  in 
the  islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago. 

CampHBtool,  kamp'stoL  A  seat  or  stool 
with  cross  legs,  so  made  as  to  fold  up. 

Camp-vineerar,  -vin'e-ger.  A  mixture 
of  vinegar,  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut- 
catsup,  anchovies  ana  garlic. 

Campylite,  kam'pi-lit.  A  variety  of 
mimetite  or  arsenate  of  lead  in  which 
phosphoric  largely  replaces  arsenic  acid. 

Cam-'wlieel,  'whel.  A  wheel  formed  so 
as  to  move  eccentrically  and  produce  a  re- 
ciprocating rectilineal  and  interrupted 
motion  in  connecting  machinery. 

Cam'wood,  'wnd.  A  red  dye-wood,  the 
produce  of  Baphia  nitida,  ord.  Legumi- 
nosffi.  It  is  used  also  for  making  knife- 
handles  and  knobs  to  furniture. 

Can,  kan  A  term  applied  to  various 
vessels,  especially  to  vessels  made  of  sheet' 
metal,  for  containing  liquids;  in  some 
cases  pro\ided  with  a  handle  and  spout. 

Canaanite,  ka' nan-it.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  land  of  Canaan,  before  the  return  of 
the  Israelites  from  Egypt ;  a  descendant 
of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham. 
Canada  Balsam,  kan'a-da  bal'sam.  A 
fluid  resin  mixed  with  a  voladle  oil  ob- 
tained from  blisters  in  the  bark  of  the 
balsam  fir  and  of  Frascr's  balsam  fir. 
Canada  Bice,  ris.  Zizania  aquatica  or 
Hydropyrum  esculentura,  a  plant  prolific 
in  largo  farinaceous  seeds,  which  afford 
good  meal. 

Canaille,  ka-nfiP.    The  lowest  order  of 
the  people ;  the  rabble,  the  vulgar. 
Canal,  -ji&V.    An  artificial  water-course, 
particularly  one  constructed  for  the  paas* 


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CANDLE-BOMB 


Canary. 


age  of  yeeselB.  In  Arch,  a  channel ;  a 
groove  or  a  Ante.  In  Zool.  a  groove  in 
parte  of  oertein  univalve  shells,  adapted 
»nr  the  jHrotrosion  of  the  siphon  or  breath- 
ing tabe. 

Ouial-lift,  lift.  A  hydro-pneumatic 
elevator  for  raising  boate  from  one  level 
of  a  canal  to  another. 

Canard,  -nird'.  An  absurd  story  which 
one  attempte  to  impose  on  his  hearers  or 
readers ;  a  febricated  story  to  which  cur- 
rracy  is  given  by  newspapers.  A  broad- 
side cried  in  the  streete,  from  the  gener- 
ally sensational  nature  of  its  contents. 

CaiiaTitixii,  -n&'ri-um.  Agen.  ofplante, 
ord.  AmyridaoMB,  consisting  of  trees  which 
exude  valuable  resin  or  balsam  and  oiL 

Canary 
Wine  made  in 
the  Can*ryt, 
Islands.  Ah 
old  dance  in^ 
trodacedlh>iu 
the  Canarv 
Islands.  A 
canary-bird. 

Canary- 
bird,  -herd. 
An  insessoiial 
singing  bird,  a  kind  of  finch,  the  Car- 
duelis  canaria,  or  Fringilla  cardnelis, 
ikm.  FringilUdse.  They  were  introduced 
into  Europe  800  to  400  yean  ago. 

Oanary-tfrass,  -grass.  Phalaris  canari- 
ensis,  ord.  GramineaB ;  the  seed  is  used  as 
food,  and  is  largely  collected  for  chamber 
birds. 

Canary-stone,  -stdn.  A  beautiful  and 
rare  v^ety  of  camelian. 

OancaTi ,  tan^kan.  An  extravagant  and 
lascivious  French  dance  performed  by 
men  and  women. 

Canoelli,  -seru.  Lattice  work ;  spedflc- 
ally,  in  B.  C.  churches,  the  partition  be- 
tween, the  choir  and  the  body  of  the 
church,  BO  constructed  as  not  to  intercept 
the  view.  In  Compar.  Anat.  the  spongy 
texture  of  bones. 

Cancer,  'ser.  The  crab 
gen.,  ten-footed,  anomural 
or  short-tailed  crustace- 
ans, now  used  to  include 
onlv  liie  common  edible  i 
crab  and  allied  species.  Inl 
Astiwn.  one  of  the  twelve 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  limit- 
ing the  8un*s  course  north 
ward  in  summer.  A  mor- 
bid growth,  arising  from  a  vitiated  con- 
Btitution  and  ending  in  uloerotion,  divided 


Cancer. 


Candelabnu 


into  scirrhous,  encephaloid,  colloid,  and 
epithelial  cancer. 

Cancronxa,  kang-kr6'ma.  A  gen.  of 
birds,  ord.  GrallsB ;  the  boat-bills. 

Candareen,  kan- 
da-rgn^  A  Chinese 
weight,  the  100th 
part  of  a  tael,  equal  ^ 
to  10  cash,  about  6 
grains;  its  money 
value  ranges  from 
ten  to  fourteen  cop- 
per cash. 

Candelabrnm, 
kan-de-l&'brum.  In 
Antiq.  a  tall  candle- 
stick, often  high" 
ornamented, 
stand  by  which  2 
lamps  were  support- 
ed. A  branched  or- 
namental candlestick. 

Canderos,  Me-ros.  A  gum,  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  amber,  but  white  and  pellu 
dd,  sometimes  turned  Into  toys. 

Candidate,  'di-d&t  A  person  who  as- 
pires or  is  put  forward  as  an  aspirant  t« 
an  office  of  honor ;  one  who  offers  him- 
self, or  who  is  proposed  for  preferment, 
by  election  or  appointment. 

Candied,  'did.  Preserved  with  sugar, 
or  Incrusted  with  it  Wholly  or  partially 
converted  into  sugar. 

Candiot, 'di-ot  An  inhabitant  of  Candia. 

Candle,  'dl.  A  toper ;  a  cylindrical  body 
of  tallow,  wax,  spermaceti,  or  other  flitty 
material,  formea  on  a  wick,  used  for  a 
portoble  light.  A  candle  power.  Excom- 
munication by  inch  of  candle,  a  form  in 
which  the  offender  is  allowed  time  to  re- 
pent only  while  a  candle  burns  out.  Bush 
candle,  made  of  tiie  pith  of  certain  rushes, 
peeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in 
uUlow.  The  game  is  not  worth  the  can- 
dle (Le  jeu  ne  vaut  pas  la  chandelle),  a 
phrase  of  French  origin,  indicating  that 
an  object  is  not  worth  the  pains  requisite 
for  ite  attainment. 

Candle-berry,  -be-ri.  The  fhiit  of  the 
candle-beny  tree,  the  kernels  of  which  are 
used  by  the  Polynesians  as  candles. 
Called  also  Candle-nut. 

Candle-berry  Tree,  trS.  The  Aleu- 
rites  triloba.  Also  the  Myrica  oerlibra, 
or  wax  myrtie,  ord.  Myricacere,  the 
drupes  or  berries  of  which  are  covered 
with  a  wax  of  which  candles  are  made. 

Candle-bomb,  -bom.  A  small  glass 
bubble  filled  with  water  placed  in  the  wick 


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144 


CANNON 


•f  a  candle,  where  It  explodes  flrom  the 
force  of  the  steam  which  is  generatiKi. 

Oandle-ftsh,  -fish.  A  sea-fish  of  the 
salraon  fam.,  the  ThaleichthysFaclficus, 
used  not  only  for  food,  but  for  making  oil, 
and  as  a  natural  candle. 

Oandlemas,  -mas.  An  ecclesiastical 
festival,  held  on  the  2d  day  of  February, 
In  honor  of  the  purification  of  the  Virgin 
Mary.  On  this  day  the  Catholics  conse- 
crate all  candles  andtapws  to  be  used  in 
the  churches  during  the  year. 

Oandle-power, -pon-er.  The  illuminat- 
ing power  of  a  candle,  taken  as  a  unit  in 
estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  agent : 
as  gas  of  25  candle-power.  The  standard 
is  a  spermaceti  candle  burning  at  the  rate 
of  120  grains  per  hour. 

Oandroy,  'droi.  A  machine  used  in  pre- 
paring cotton  cloths  for  printing. 

Oandy,  'di.  A  solid  preparation  of  sugar 
or  molasses,  either  alone  or  in  combination 
with  other  substances,  to  flavor,  color  or 
give  it  the  desired  consistency.  An  East- 
em  measure  of  weight,  varying  fi-om  500 
to  821^  lbs.  In  Malabar,  a  measure 
equivalent  to  2Si  inches. 

Oane,  kan.  A  term  applied  to  the  stems 
of  the  biunboo,  rattan  and  sugw-cane.  A 
walking-stick.  A  long  measure  in  several 
eountries  of  Europe ;  at  Naples,  7  feet  8f 
inches ;  in  Toulouse,  5  feet  8^  inches ;  in 
Provence,  &c.,  6  feet  5^  inches. 

Oane-grun,  'gun.  A  weapon  comprising 
ft  gun-bflurrel  with  its  dischwging  devices 
arranged  within  a  walking-stick* 

Oanephorus, 
ka-nefo-ru8.  One 
of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  con- 
taining the  imple- 
ments of  Baxacmce. 
in  processions  at 
ancient  Greek  fes- 
tivals, an  office 
much  coveted  by 
virgins.  In  Arch, 
a  term  applied  to 
figures  bearing 
baskets  on  their 
heads. 

Oanes  Venatici, 
ka'nez    ve-nat'i-si.        Canephonis. 
The  Hounds,  a  con-  *^ 

stellation  containing  25  stars. 

Oangra,  kang'ga.  The  auriferous  iron- 
conglomerate  of  Brazil,  probably  of  glacial 
ori^.  The  word  is  a  contraction  of 
tepanhuna,  negro,  and  acauga,  head. 

Caniran,  'gan.    A  coarse  cotton  cloth 


mannfkotnre(\  in  China,  19  inches  broad 
and  6  yards  long,  which  has  a  fixed  value 
in  currency. 

Caniciila,  ka-nik'u-Ia.  A  star  in  th« 
constellation  of  Canis  Mi\j«r,  called  also  the 
Dog-star  or  Birius,  the  largest  and  bright- 
est of  all  the  fixed  stars.  Canicular  days, 
or  dog-days,  a  certain  number  of  days  be- 
fore and  alter  the  heliacal  rising  of  Canio- 
ula.  Canicular  year,  the  E^ptlan  nat- 
ural year,  computed  from  one  heliacal  ris- 
ing of  Canicula  to  the  next. 

Canidas,  kan'i-dS.  The  dog  tribe,  a  fam. 
of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammalia,  in- 
cluding the  dog,  fox,  wolf  and  jackal. 

Canis  Major,  ka'nis  ma'jor.  The 
Great  Dog,  a  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere,  below  Orion's  feet;  it  con- 
tains 81  stars,  among  which  is  Birius. 

Canis  Minor,  mi'nor.  The  Little  Dog, 
a  constellation  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
containing  14  stars,  among  which  is  a 
bright  star  called  Procyon. 

Canister,  kan'is-ter  A  small  basket 
made  of  reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like.  A  small 
box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  &c.  In  the  E. 
C.  Ch.  the  vessel  used  to  contain  the  wa- 
fers before  consecration. 

Canker-fly,  kang'ker-fll.  A  fly  thai 
preys  on  fruit. 

Canker-'worm,  -werm.  A  worm  <n 
larva  destructive  to  trees  or  plants.  Th« 
larva  of  Geometra  brnmata  or  winter  moth. 

Canna,  kan'na.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord 
Marantacea).  Their  leaves  are  large  and 
tough,  and  are  employed  as  envelopes  for 
articles  of  commerce.  Nearly  ml  the 
species  contain  starch,  and  are  used  ,&§ 
food.  An  Italian  measure  of  leng^  equal 
to  6  or  7  feet. 

Cannabinaceae,  -bi-ntV'se-e.  The  hemp 
tribe,  a  natural  erder  of  apetalous  df 
cotyledonous  plants,  containing  two  gen. 
era,  amongst  whose  species  are  the  hemp 
and  hop. 

Gannel-coal,  'nel-kol.  A  coal  whiek 
burns  ^vith  a  bright  flame  like  a  candle. 
It  is  bituminous  and  is  chiefly  used  i« 
making  gas. 

Cannibal,  'ni-bal.  A  human  being  that 
eats  human  flesh;  a  man-eater  or  an« 
thropophagite. 

Cannon,  'nun.  A  large  military  engtn« 
for  throwing  balls 
and  other  missiles  by 
the  force  of  gun- 
powder ;  a  big  gun  or  | 
piece  of  ordnance, 
made  of  iron,  brass, 
bronze  or  steel.  The 


Gannon. 


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145 


OANTABA 


100-tnn  gnu  requires  840  lbs.  of  powder, 
and  dis<£flrge8  abolt  of  the  weight  of  2,000 
ponnds.  Gannons  are  classified  as  guns, 
nowitzers,  carronades  and  mortars ;  also 
as  field,  mountain,  coast  sea  and  sieg« 
guns.  In  Mach.  a  hollow  cylindrical 
piece  through  which  a  revolTUg  shaft 
passes,  and  on  which  it  is  carried,  and 
may  revolye  independently.  In  billiards, 
the  act  of  hitting  a  ball,  so  that  the  latter 
strikes  a  second ;  a  oarambole. 

Cazinon-ball,  -bal.  A  ball  to  be  thrown 
from  cannon.  Projectiles  are  now  mostly 
elongated,  so  that  the  term  ball  as  applied 
to  them  is  no  longer  strictlv  correct.  Can- 
non-ball tree,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Lecythis  Ollaria. 

Oazmon-pinion,  -pin-yon.  In  watch.- 
making,  a  squared  tubular  piece  phioed  on 
the  arbor  of  the  center-wheel,  to  hold 
the  minute-hand  and  enable  it  to  be 
turned  by  means  of  the  key. 

OanxLula,  'Q-la.  A  tube  used  by  sur- 
geons, as  a  sheath  to  a  sharp  instrument, 
along.with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a  tumor; 
the  perforation  made,  the  instrument  is 
withdrawn  and  the  tube  left,  that  the 
jluid  may  pass  through  it 

Oanoe,  ka-no'.  A  light  boat,  narrow,  and 
propelled  by  paddles,  originally  formed  of 
the  trunk  or  base  of  a  tree.  Similar  boats 
are  now  made  of  galvanized  iron,  caout- 
chouc, and  paper. 

Canoo-biroh,  n>erch.  Botula  papyr- 
acea,  or  paper-birch  tree,  the  bark  of 
whidi  is  used  fur  making  canoes. 

Oanon,  kan'on.  A  law  or  rule  in  general. 
Ecdes.,  a  law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  discip- 
line, enacted  by  a  ooundl  and  confirm^ 
by  the  sovereign.  The  books  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  universally  received  as  genuine 
by  Chiistians.  The  rules  of  a  religious 
order,  as  monks  and  nuns ;  also  the  book 
in  which  such  rules  are  Avritten.  The 
catalogneof  members  of  the  chapter  of  a 
cathecUral  or  collegiate  church.  A  dig- 
nitary who  possesses  a  revenue  allott^ 
for  l^e  performance  of  divine  service  in  a 
cathedral  or  collegiate  church.  A  cata- 
logue of  saints  in  the  B.  0.  Church.  The 
secret  words  of  the  mass  from  the  preface 
to  the  pater,  in  the  middle  of  which  the 
priest  consecrates  the  host.    The  people 

rehearse  this  on  their  knees,  and  in  a  whis- 

J>er.  In  Music,  a  ftigue,  in  which  the  dif- 
ferent parts  repeat  the  same  air.  In  Phar. 
a  rule  for  compounding  medicines.  In 
Printing,  one  of  the  largest  sizes  of  body 
type. 

Oanon,  ka-nyon^  A  term  applied  to 
mountainous  gorges  or  deep  ravines  with 


preeipitous  sides  in  the  great  western  pUh- 
teausofN.  America. 

Canoness,  kan'on-es.  A  woman  who 
enjoys  a  prebend  affixed  by  the  founda- 
tion to  maids;  without  obhging  them  to 
renounce  the  world. 

Oanonicals,  ka-non'ik-alz.  The  habit 
prescribed  by  canon  to  be  worn  by  the 
clergy  when  they  officiate.    Also,  some 

f>arts  of  the  dress  of  civil  officials  and  col- 
egians. 

Canonization,  kan'on-iz-u''shon.  The 
act  of  ranking  a  deceased  person  in  the 
catalogue  of  saints,  called  a  canon.  It  is 
preceded  by  beatification,  and  an  examina- 
tion into  the  life  and  miracles  of  the  per- 
son, after  which  the  pope  decrees  the  can- 
onization. 

Canon-law,  -la.  A  colloctiqp  of  ecclesi- 
astical constitutions  for  the  regulation  of 
the  Church  of  Itoma  and  the  Church  of 
England. 

Canopic,  ka-nop'ik.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Canopus,  in  Egypt  C.  vases  were  used 
by  Egyptian  priests  to  hold  the  entrails  ol 
embalmed  bodies. 

Canopus,  -nd'pus.  A  star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Argo.  An 
Egyptian  jar,  made  of  baked  earth,  and 
used  for  keeping  water  cool. 

Canopy,  kan'6-pi.  A  covering  over  a 
throne  or  bed.  In  Arch,  a  decoration 
serving  as  a  hood  or  cover. 

Cant,  kant  An  external  or  salient  angle. 
A  bolt  head  having  six  angles  is  said  to 
be  six-canted.  One  of  the  segments  form- 
ing a  side-piece  in  the  head  of  a  cask.  A 
s^ment  of  the  rim  of  a  wooden  cog-wheel. 
An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line. 

Cantab,  kan-tab\  Abbreviation  of  Can- 
tabrigian. 

Cantabrian,  -tu'brl-an.  Pertaining  to 
Cantabria,  on  the  Ba^  of  Biscay. 

Cantabrigian,  -ta-br^M-an.  An  inhab- 
itant or  native  of  Cambridge.  A  student 
or  graduate  of  Cambridge  University. 

Cantalever,  -ta-Wv'er.  A  block  fhimed 
into  the  wall  of  a  house,  and  projecting 
from  it  to  carry  moldings,  eaves,  bal- 
conies, &c.  C.  bridge,  a  form  of  iron 
bridge  for  railroad  or  heavy  traflio,  ro- 
cently  Invented. 

Cantaloupe,  -15p.  A  variety  ot  musk- 
melon  of  a  very  delicate  flavor. 

Cantara,  -ta'ra.  A  measure  of  weight 
used  in  many  countries ;  in  Turkey  it  is 
about  125  lbs. ;  in  Eeypt,  98;  in  Malta, 
176,  &o.  The  Spanisn  vdne  measure  can' 
tara  is  about  Si  gallons. 


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CAKADA 


Oantatrice,  -ta-trd'ch&.  A  female  singer. 

Canteen,  -t£n\  A  sutler's  shop  in  bar- 
racks, camps,  Ac.  A  vessel  used  by  sol- 
diers for  carrying  water  or  liquor.  A 
souare  box,  vdth  compartments,  in  which 
officers  pack  a  variety  of  articles. 

Oanter,  'tar.  To  move  in  a  moderate 
gallop,  raising  the  two  fore-feet  nearly  at 
the  lame  time.  Also  called  Canterbury 
g«llop. 

Oanterbnry,  -be-rL  A  receptacle  for 
music,  portfolios,  loose  papers,  &c.;  a 
stand  with  divisions. 

Cantharellns,  -tha-rellas.  A  .gen.  of 
ftiigl  nearly  allied  to  Agaricus.  G.  ciba- 
rius  is  one  of  the  best  mushrooms. 

Oantbaridin,  -thar'i-din.  That  peculiAr 
substance  which  causes  vesication,  exist- 
ing in  the  Spanish  fly. 

Cantliaria,  'tha-ris.  A  gen.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  typo  of  the  fkm.  Oanthari- 
dsB.  The  best-knewn  species  is  the  Span- 
ish or  bUstering  fly. 

Oantharos,  -nis.  A  gon.  of  acanthop- 
terygious  fishes,  flun.  Sparoidel.  G.  gri- 
seus  is  the  black  bream. 

Oanthook,  kant'hok.  A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  at  the  end  for  turning 
over  logs. 

Oanticle,  kan'ti-kl.  The  Song  of  Songs 
or  Song  of  Solomon.  An  unmetrical 
hvinn  taken  lh)m  Scripture,  arranged  for 
chanting. 

Canton,  'ton.  A  small  portion  of  land 
or  division  of  territory ;  also  a  district  con- 
stituting a  distinct  State  or  government, 
as  in  Switzerland.  In  Her.  a  portion  of 
the  shield  comprising  a  third  part  of  the 
chief.  A  distinct  division,  as  the  cantons 
of  a  painting  or  flag. 

Oantonment,  -tenement.  A  division  of 
a  town  assigned  to  a  particular  regiment ; 
the  dwelling-places  occupied  by  an  army 
during  a  suspension  of  operations,  fre- 
quent^ used  to  designate  the  winter  quar- 
ters of  an  army. 

Cantoon,  kan-t5n.  A  kind  of  ftistian 
with  a  fine  cord  visible  on  one  side. 

Canvas,  kan'vas.  A  coarse  cloth  made 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  tents,  sails  of 
sjiips,  paintings,  &c.    A  cloth  woven  rcg- 

,  ularly  in  squares,  used  for  working  tapes- 
try.  Naut.,  sails  in  general. 

Canvas-back,  -bak.  A  species  of  wild 
duck,  the  Fuligula  valisneria,  highly  es- 
teemed for  its  delicacy. 

Caoutchine,  ko'chin.  An  inflammable 
volatile  oil  produced  by  distillation  of 
caoutchouc 


Caoutchouc,  'chOk.  An  elastic  gummy 
substance,  the  inspissated  iuioe  of  several 
tropical  plants  ;  mdifr-ruboer ;  gum-elas- 
tic. Obtained  fl^m  Biphonia  elastica,  a 
euphorbiaceous  plant,  and  FicuB  elastica, 
ora.  Moracofle;  also  ftt>m  sevwal  apocynaoe* 
ous  plants,  as  the  Uroeola  elastica,  CastU- 
loa  elastica  and  other  artooarpads,  A«.  It  is 
impervious  to  water,  and  is  oomposed  of 
87.0  per  cent,  carbon,  and  12.6  per  cent, 
hydrogen. 

Cap,  kap.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover 
the  head,  of  softer  material  and  less  defi- 
nite form  than  a  hat.  The  badge  or  en- 
sign of  some  dignity;  specifically,  of  a 
cardinalate.  The  top  or  chief;  the  acme. 
A  size  of  paper.  Anything  resembling  a 
cap  in  appearance  or  use.  C.  of  dignity, 
a  head  tire  formerly  worn  by  dukes  and 
commanders,  now  an  ornament  of  state 
carried  before  the  sovereigns  of  England 
at  theh:  coronation,  and  also  before  the 
mayors  of  some  cities. 
Calvin,  John,  Bev.  A  dlsttngnished 
religious  reformer,  b.  in  France,  i609,  d. 
in  Switzerland,  1564.  He  was  a  proUflo 
writer  and  eloquent  orator.  He  relin- 
quished Catholicism  at  the  age  of  25. 
Calypso.  In  Myth,  one  of  the  Ocean- 
ides,  or,  according  to  some  writers,  one  ol 
the  daughters  of  Atlas.  Ulysses  was  ship- 
wrecked on  her  coasts,  and  she  detained 
him  seven  years,  offering  him  immortalitv 
if  he  would  marry  her,  an  oflfer  he  reAised. 
Canxbridsre,  ktim'brij.  Gap  of  G.  of 
same  name  in  England,  and  seat  of  the 
famous  university  founded  1287 ;  pop.  80,- 
000.  Cambridge,  a  city  of  Massachusetts, 
sepai'ated  from  Boston  by  Charles  Biver ; 
the  seat  of  Harvard  College,  founded  1688; 
pop.  52,669. 

Camillus,  Marcus,  Furius.  kah-mll'- 
Ifis.  A  Iloman  patriot,  elected  director 
five  times.  He  was  banished  for  dividing 
the  spoils  of  Yell.  During  his  exile  Rome 
was  captured  by  the  Gauls  under  Bren- 
nus.  0.  was  recalled,  and  drove  the  en 
emy  out  of  the  country ;  b.  abt  478  b.  c; 
D.  866  b.  c. 

Caxnpagrna   di  Soma,  kam-pan'yah 
do  r6'mah.    The  plain  near  the  center  of 
which  is  the  citv  of  Rome.    It  is  miaa- 
matic  and  sparsely  populated. 
Cana,    ka'nah.       The   Gallilean   village 
where  Christ  performed  his  first  miracle, 
turning  water  into  wine;  now  in  dilapida- 
tion, and  called  K&na-el-Jelil. 
Canaan,  ka'n&n.      Scriptural  r.ame  for 
the  portion  of  Palestine  W.  of  Jordan. 
Canada,  The  Dominion  of,  k&n'ah- 
dah.    The  federal  union  of  the  British 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CANABT  ISLANDS 


14T 


CAPITOLINE 


provinces  of  N.  America,  formed  in  1867, 
and  governed  bv  an  appointee  of  the 
Crown,  called  a  Governor  General,  and  a 
parliament;  area,  8,830,162  sq.  m.;  pop. 
5,824,616.  The  provinces  are  Ontario, 
Quebec,  New  Branswick,  Nova  Scotia, 
IMnce  Edward's  Island,  British  Columbia 
and  Manitoba.  The  principal  cities  are 
Quebec,  Montreal,  Halifax,  St.  John,  Ot- 
tawa, Toronto  and  Kingston ;  chief  rivers, 
the  St.  Lawrence,  Ottawa,  Sagucnay  and 
Thames. 

Oanary  Islands.  A  N.  Atlantic  group 
(Spanish)  of  7  l^e  and  several  small 
Islands,  185  m.  N.  W.  of  Cape  Bojador,  W. 
AfHca  ;  area,  8,256  sq.  m.;  pop.  250,000. 
TeneriiTe  is  the  princijpal  island  and  con- 
tains the  cap.,  Santa  Oroz  de  Teneriffe ; 
pop.  10,000. 

Cap-a^pie,  -a-pd'.  Eromheadto  foot;  all 
over. 

Caparison, 
ka-par'i-s  o  a. 
A  cloth  €5oy* 
ering,  more 
or  less  ornn- 
mented,  lajd 
ov^  theftud- 
die  or  ftiTol-, 
ture  of  a' 
horse.  Cloth- 
ing, especial- 
ly gay  cloth- 
ing. ^ 

Cape,  kftp.  A  War-hoTHfi  G^jflrisHJOPd, 
piece  of  land 
-  Jutting  into  the  sea  or  lake  ;  a  headland  ; 
a  promontory.  A  kind  of  wine  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  part  of  a  gar- 
ment hanging  from  the  neck  behind. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  S.  W.  point 
of  Africa ;  doubled  by  Vasco  di  Goma  in 
1497.  Cape  Colony,  or  Colony  of  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  is  under  British  dominion, 
and  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  conti- 
nent S.  of  lat.  29°  80'.  It  is  governed  by 
a  viceroy,  and  is  the  key  to  th©  Indian 
Ocean.  Its  principal  cities  are  Cape  Town, 
the  cap., Grahams-town  and  Jwellendam  ; 
chief  rivers,  the  Orange,  Elo]>hant  and 
Great  Fish;  area,  188,286  sq.  m.;  pon. 
851,400.        '         '        '  1         »    l*"!^- 

Capel,  ka'pl.  A  compound  stone  consist- 
ing of  quartz,  schorl  and  hornblende. 

Capella,  ka-pel'la.  A  bright  fixed  star  in 
the  left  shoulder'  of  the  constellation 
Auriga. 

Capellxneister,  'mis-ter.  The  musical 
dhrector  of  a  church  in  Germany ;  a  pre- 
centor. The  conductor  of  a  band  or  an  I 
Optra.  I 


Capercailzie,  ka-pcr-kM'yi.  Scotch 
name  for  the  wood-CTouse,  the  largest  ol 
the  gallinaceous  birds  of  Europe.  The 
male  is  called  the  mountain-cock  or  cock 
of  the  woods. 

CaperHBauce,  -sas.  A  sauoe  seasoned 
>vith  capers. 

Caper-tea,  -u'.  A  kind  of  bhtck  tea,  with 
a  knotty  curled  leaf. 

Capet,  HiifiTues,  k&'pS.  Founder  d^ 
the  Capertian  (8d)  dynasty  of  Frencb 
monarchs ;  b.  abt  938,  d.  abt.  996  H< 
was  Count  of  Paris,  and  usurped  th« 
throne  on  the  death  of  Louis  Y.,  the  last 
of  the  Carlo  vingian  line.  Tlio  Capets 
gave  118  sovereigns  to  Europe,  86  kings 
to  France,  and  a  smaller  number  to  Spain, 
Portugal,  Naples  and  Sicily,  Hungary  and 
Navarre ;  also  8  emperors  to  Constant!  • 
ndple.  a»d  dukes  to  Brittany,  Burgundy, 
Liorraine  and  Parma. 

Capias,  'pi-as.  In  hiw,  a  writ  of  two 
sorts ;  one  before  judgment,  called  ad  re- 

rndcndum  ;  the  other,  after  judgment, 
satisfaciendum. 
Capillaire,    ka-pil-lOr'.      OriginaUy    a 

sirup  prepared  with  maiden    hair  fern, 

but  now  applied  to  any  simple  sirup. 
Capital,  kap'i-tal. 

The  head  or  uppermost 

member  of  any  part  of  i 

a  building  •  but  gener-  i 

ally  applied  to  the  up- 
permost part  of  a  c^- 

umn,  pillar  or  pilaster. 

In  Fort,  the  line  which 

bisects  the  salient  angle 

of  a  ravelin .    The  chief 

metropolis.  A  type;  a  capital  letter. 
Money  or  wealth  employed  in  any  busi- 
ness. 

Capitalist,  -ist.  A  man  who  has  a  capi' 
tal  or  stock  in  trade. 

Capitan-pacha,  -i-tan'pa-sha'.  The 
chief  admiral  of  the  Turkish  fleet. 
Capitol,  'i-tol.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  hill 
crowned  by  a  temple  dedicated  to  Jupiter 
and  by  a  citadel;  also  the  tempfe  in 
which  the  senate  assembled.  The  name 
was  given  to  the  principal  temples  of  the 
Eomans  in  their  colonies.  In  the  United 
States,  the  edifices  occupied  by  Congresi 
and  the  State  Legislatures. 
Capitoline,  -m.  Pertaining  to  the 
Capitol  in  Rome,  orto  Jupiter.  C.  games, 
annual  games,  instituted  by  Camillus  in 
honor  of  Jupiter,  and  in  commemoration 
of  the  preservation  of  the  Capitol  from  the 
Gauls,  aad  reinstituted  by  Domitian,  after 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CAPLIlf 


\4& 


OAPTBAEA 


which  they  were  celebrated  every  5th 
7ear. 

Oaplin,  ')in.  Salmo  aroticuB  or  Mallotas 
tUIosqs,  &in.  Sahnonide,  largely  used  as 
cod  bait. 

Oapnomor,  'no-mer.  A  flnid  obtained 
from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies  or  fh>m 
the  tar  of  wood. 

Capoo,  'ok.    A  cotton  of  the  E.  Indies. 

Oapon,  k&'pon.    A  castrated  eock. 

Cappadine,  kap'pa-dln.  Silk  flock  ftt>m 
the  upper  part  of  the  cocoon  after  the  true 
silk  has  been  wound  off. 

Oappaarli  Brown,  'pach  broun.  Man- 
ganese-brown ;  a  bituminous  earth,  color- 
ed bv  oxide  of  manganese  and  iron,  which 
yields  pigments  of  rich  brown  colors. 

Oap-paper,  'pfi-per.  A  size  of  writing 
paper,  usually  called  foolscap. 

Oappeline,  ^pel-In.  A  small  skull-cap 
of  iron  worn  by  archers  in  the  middle  ages. 

Oaprioorn,  M- 
kom.  One  of  the  12 
signs  of  the  zodiac, 
the  winter  solstice: 
represented  by  the 
figure  of  a  goat,  or 
a  figure  haying  the 
fore  part  like  a  goat, 
and  the  hind  part 
Hkeafish.  C.  beetle, 
the  gen.  Gerambyx. 

CapridSB,  -dd.  The  goat  tribe,  a  subdi- 
vision of  the  Cavioornia,  which  includes 
sheep,  antelopes,  &c. 

Caprifoliacesd,  -fo-li-&''se-S.  An  ord. 
of  monopetalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the 
RubiaceaB,  including  the  honeysuckle, 
elder,  viburnum  and  snowberry. 

OaprimiilgridaB,  -ri-mul'ji-d6.  The  goat- 
suckers, a  fam.  of  insessorial,  fissirostral 
birds,  allied  to  the  swallow  tribe,  including 
the  whip-poor-will  and  the  night-hawk. 

Oaprin,  'rin.  A  substance  which,  with 
butyrine  and  caprone,  gives  butter  its 
agreeable  taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  caprate 
of  glycerine. 

Oaprolo,  ka-pro'ik.    Of  or  pertaining  to 

a  goat.    0.  acid,  the  6th  in  the  series  of 

fatty  acids,  produced  from  butter,  cocoa- 
nut  oil,  and  other  sources ;   its  salts  are 

termed  oaprates. 

Capromys,  kap'rS-mis.    The  hog-rat,  a 

gen.  of  rodents,  fam.  Muridae. 
Caprone,  'r6n.  A  clear  oil  obtained  from 

butter. 
Caprovis,  ka-proMs.      A  gen.  of  the 

sheep  &m.,  •ompreh«Bding  the  moufilon 

aadargatt. 


Capricorn. 


sr  beam  in  the 
Capstan. 


Oapflioine,  kap'si-sin.  An  alkaloid,  the 
active  prindple  of  the  capsules  of  Cayenne 
pepper. 

Oapflionni,  -knm.  A  gen.  of  annuid  sub- 
shrubby  plants,  ord.  Solanaceae.  The 
fruit  is  used  for  pickles,  sauces,  Ac.,  and 
also  in  medicine.  Cayenne  pepper  consists 
ofthe  ground  pods  of  C.  fi-utescens  and 
C.  annuum. 

Oap-sill, 'sil.  The  upper  beam  in  the 
framing  of  bridges,   via-  ^ 

ducts,  A«. 

Capstan,  '«tan.    An  ap- 
paratus working  on   the 
prindplo  of  the  wheel  and* 
axle,  and  consisting  of  a^ 
cylinder  adjusted  on  an  up- 
right axis,  chiefly  used  on 
ships  for  weighing  anchor, 
hoisting  sails,  &c.    It  differs  ih>m  a  wind- 
lass by  the  axis  being  vertical. 

Capsule,  'sul.  A  dryfiruit  which  de- 
hisces by  regular  valves.  In  Chem.  a 
small  saucer  for  roasting  ores.  A  shallow 
vessel  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and  the 
like.  In  Anat.  a  membranous  production 
inclosing  a  part  like  a  bag.  A  gummy  en- 
velope for  nauseous  medicines.  The  metal' 
lie  cover  for  closing  a  bottle. 

Captain,  'tan.  One  who  is  at  the  head 
of  or  has  authority  over  others  ;  a  leader. 
The  military  officer  who  commands  a 
company.  An  officer  in  the  British  navy 
next  in  rank  above  the  commander,  rank^ 
ing  with  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army. 
The  master  of  a  merchant  vessel.  In  ball 
games  the  head  of  the  body  of  players  on 
one  side. 

Capuchin,  -u-shen'.  A  monk  ofthe  or- 
der of  St.  Francis,  so  called  from  the 
capuce,  a  stuff  cowl,  the  badge  of  the  or- 
der. The  C.  go  barefooted,  and  never 
shave.  A  garment  for  females,  consisting 
of  a  cloak  and  hood.  A  fam.  of  cowled 
pigeons. 

Capybara,  ka-pi-ba'ra.  The  largest 
known   rodent,  Hydrochffirus  capytMra, 


Capybara. 
fkm.  Cavidffi,  of  aquatic  habits.  It  is  eeidy 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GASL 


14$ 


CABfiONABO 


tamad,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed.  CaUed 
also  Water-hog. 

Oar,  kir.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle ;  a  oart. 
Any  vehicle  of  dignity ;  a  diariot  of  war, 
and  the  like.  A  carriage  for  running  on 
rails ;  horse  and  steam  railway  carriages. 
Fhflebos*  ear,  the  son.  The  Nfirthem 
Gar,  the  constellation  also  called  Charles' 
Wain  or  the  Plow. 

Oarabidse,  ka-rab'i-d6.  A  fiun.  of  cole- 
opterous insects,  section  Pentamera,  com- 
prising more  than  6,000  species.  Thebom- 
t>ardier  beetle  belongs  to  this  fi&mily. 

Oarabine,  kar'a-bln.  A  Spanish  fire- 
arm, shorter  in  the  barrel  than  the  musket 
or  rtee,  usually  spelled  carbine.  They  are 
used  by  cavalry,  and  by  Irish  constabu- 
lary. 

Oarabnfl,  luu/a-bus.  A  gen.  of  ooleop- 
terous  oaniivorous  insects,  ftm.  Garabidte; 
beetles. 

GaraoaL  kar'a-kal.  A  species  of  Aflrioan 
Ivnx.  It  possesses  great  strength  and 
floxjeness,  and  nj^n  tamed  is  sometimes 
used  for  hunting,^ 

Ctaracalla,  Karens  A-nygijns  An- 
toniua,  kAr-a-kAl'lah.  The  most  infii- 
mons  of  Roman  emperors ;  b.  abt.  180  ▲. 
D.,  crowned  211,  assassinated  217. 

Caracara,  kfi-ra-ka'ra.  Birds  of  the 
8ub-f3im.  Poiyborinie.  tun,  FalconidsB. 

Oaraoci,  kah-ratch'e.  The  name  of  three 
Inrothers,  distinguished  painters,  natives 
of  Italy.  Annlbale,  b.  1566,  d.  1000; 
Agostino,  B.  1663,  d.  1602 ;  Ludovico,  b. 
1660,  D.  1619. 

Oaracole,  kar^a-kfil.  In  the  manege,  a 
semi-round  or  half-turn  which  a  horse- 
man makes.    In  Arch,  a  spiral  staircase. 

Caraooly,  -kol-i.  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver 
and  copper,  for  inferior  jewelry. 

Oaradoc  Sandstone,  -dok  sand'sti^n. 
The  upper  division  of  the  lower  Silurian 
rocks,  consisting  of  micaceous  and  some- 
times quartzose  grits,  and  limestones  con- 
taining corals,  moUusca  and  trilobites. 

Carafe,  ka-raf.    A  glass  water-bottle. 

Cfikrambola,  -ram'bd-la.  Indian  fruit 
used  in  making  sherbets,  tarts  and  pre- 
serves; the  fruit  of  AverrhoaCarambola. 

Caramel,  kar'a-mel.  Anhydrous  or 
burnt  sugar,  used  for  giving  a  brown  color 
to  spfrits  and  sirups.  The  name  given  to 
a  popular  confection. 

Caranx,  kfi'rangks.  A  gen.  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  fiun.  Scomberidffi ;  one 
species  is  called  horse-mackerel. 

Carapace,  kar'a-p&s.  The  shell  which 
protects  the  chelonian  reptiles,  as  the  tor- 


toise or  turtle ;  the  covering  of  the  crus- 
taceans. 

Carat,  'at.  The  weight  of  4  grains,  used 
in  weighing  predous  stones  and  pearls. 
A  term  used  to  express  the  proportionate 
fineness  of  gold. 

Caranna,  ka-ra'na.  A  resin  produced 
by  the  tree  Bursera  acuminata. 

Caravan,  kar'a-van.  A  company  of 
travelers,  pilgrims  or  merchants,  who  as- 
sociate together  that  they  mav  travel  with 
greater  security.  A  huge  close  carriagw 
for  oonveving  traveling  exhibitions  firom 
phice  to  puoe.    An  animal  exhibition. 

Caravansary,  'sa-ri.  In  the  East,  a 
place  for  receiving  and  lodging  caravans ; 
a  kind  of  inn  where  travelers  rest  at  night, 
but  which  fiumlshes  no  other  accoomioda- 
tions. 

CaraveL-veL  A  Portuguese  vessel  of 
100  to  160  tons  burden:  also  a  fishing 
vessel  of  10  to  16  tons.  A  large  Turkish 
ship  of  war. 

Carbaiotio  Acid,  k&r-ba-zot'ik  asMd.  A 
substance  obtained  by  the  action  of  nitrie 
acid  on  indigo  and  som  other  substances, 
of  great  importance  in  dyeing. 

Carbide,  'bid.  A  compound  of  carbon 
with  a  metal.    Formerly  called  Carburet. 

Carbobydrate,  'bd-hl-dr&t.  A  com- 
pound of  carbon  and  the  elements  of 
water,  such  as  starch  and  celluloee. 

Carbolic  Acid,  -boMk  asMd.  An  aoid 
found  in  that  part  of  the  oil  of  coal  which 
boils  between  SOO^  and  400*>,  much  em- 
ployed as  a  therapeutic  and  disinfectant. 

Carbon,  'bon.  Pure  charcoal :  a  simple 
body,  black,  brittle,  light  and  inodorous. 
When  crystallized  it  forms  the  diamond. 
Wood  carbon  or  charcoal  is  employed  to 
convert  iron  into  steel  bv  cementation.  It 
enters  into  the  composition  of  gunpowder, 
forms  the  basis  or  black  paints,  Indian 
and  printers'  ink.  G.  occurs  as  diamond, 
wooa  charcoal,  animal  charcoal,  graphite, 
lamp-black,  and  anthracite;  its  compounds 
are  more  numerous  than  those  of  all  the 
other  elements  taken  together.  C.  points, 
in  electric  lighting,  two  pieces  between 
which  the  circuit  is  broken,  so  that  the  re- 
sistance offered  to  its  passage  produces  a 
light  of  extraordinary  brilliancy.  C.  print- 
iagj  in  Photog.  a  process  by  which  per- 
manent pictures,  kc.y  are  printed  from 
photographic  negatives. 

Carbonaro,  -b6-nft'rd.  A  name  given 
to  the  members  of  a  secret  political  society, 
formed  by  the  Neapolitan  republicans  dur- 
ing Murat's  government,  for  the  expul- 
sion of  the  stranger  and  the  establishment 
of  a  democratic  government. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OAILBONATB 


160 


GABDmAL 


Caxbonate,  'bon-fit.  In  Chem.  a  com- 
pound formed  by  the  nnion  of  carbonic 
acid  vrith  a  base,  as  carbonate  of  lime. 
Oarbonic,  'ik.  Pertaining  to  carbon,  or 
obtained  from  it.  G.  acid,  more  properly 
G.  Anliydride,  or  G.  Dioxide,  i*  a  gaseons 
compound  of  12  parts  carbon  and  82  oxy- 
gen, twenty-two  times  as  heavy  as  hydro- 
gen, and  existing  in  the  atmosphere  to 
the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2,600  ;  acts  as  a 
narcotic  poison  when  present  in  the  air  to 
the  extent  of  onhr  4  or  6  per  cent.  It  is 
disengaged  from  fermenting  liquors  and 
from  decomposing  vegetable  and  animal 
substances,  and  constitutes  the  choke- 
damp  of  mines.  It  has  a  pleasant,  acidu- 
lous, pungent  taste,  and  aerated  beverages 
of  all  kinds— beer,  champagne  and  car- 
bonated mineral  water — owe  their  refresh- 
ing qualities  to  its  presence,  for  though 
poisonous  when  taken  into  the  lungs,  it  is 
agreeable  when  taken  into  the  stomach. 
G.  oxide  is  obtained  by  transmitting  car- 
bonic acid  over  red-hot  fragments  of  char- 
coal, and  by  other  processes.  It  is  a 
colorless  gas,  very  poisonous,  and  is  pro- 
duced when  a  coal  fire  bums  with  a  smoke- 
less flame. 

Carboniferous,  -bo-nifer-us.  Contain- 
ing or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.  C.  sys- 
tem, the  great  group  of  strata  which  lie 
between  the  old  and  the  new  red  sand- 
stones, including  the  coal  measures,  mill- 
stone grit,  and  mountain  limestone. 
Oarbonometer,  -nom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment to  detect  an  excess  of  carbonic  acid. 
Oarbon-spar,  'bon-spar.  A  name  given 
to  several  mineral  carbonates,  as  carbon- 
ate of  magnesium,  zinc,  &c. 
Oarboy,  'boi.  A  large  bottle  of  green 
glass,  wicker  covered,  used  for  containing 
acids  and  other  corrosive  liquids. 
Carbuncle,  'bung-kl.  AbeauUflil  gem 
of  a  deep  red  color,  with  a  mixture  of 
scarlet,  called  by  the  Greeks  anthrax, 
found  adhering  to  a  he&yy  ferruginous 
stone  of  the  emery  kind.  When  held  up 
to  the  sun  it  becomes  exactly  the  color  of 
a  burning  coal.  An  inflammatory  tumor, 
or  malignant  gangrenous  ulcer.  In  Her. 
a  charge  or  bearing,  generally  consisting 
of  eight  radii,  four  of  which  make  a  com- 
mon cross,  and  the  other  four  a  saltier. 
Carcajou,  'ka-jo.  A  species  of  badger, 
the  Meles  labradorica. 
Carcavelhos,  -vSrySs.  A  sweet  wine, 
grown  in  Portugal. 

Carcharias,  -ka'ri-as.  A  gen.  of  elas- 
mobranchiate  fishes,  comprising  some  of 
the  most  voracious  of  the  sharks. 


Coroharodon,  'kar-5-don.     A  gon.  of 
fossil  ternary  sharks,  often  of  great  sbe. 
Cardnua,  'si-nas.    A  gen.  of  decapod 
cmstaoea,  containing  the  green  or  shore- 
crab. 

Card,  kard.  A  piece  of  thick  papor  or 
pasteboard.  A  piece  of  cardbowd  on 
which  are  painted  flgnros  or  points ;  a 
playing  card.  A  piece  of  cardboard  with 
one'^s  name,  Ac.,  written  or  printed  on  It, 
and  indicating  the  name  or  name  and 
business  of  the  person  proscnting  it.  The 
paper  on  which  the  points  of  the  compass 
are  marked.  A  piece  of  pasteboard  on 
which  is  written  or  printed  an  invitation 
to  an  entertainment  An  instrument  for 
combing,  opening  and  breaking  wool  or 
flax,  freeing  it  fl*om  the  coarser  parts  and 
trom  extraneous  matter. 
Cardamom,  kfir'darmum.  The  aro- 
matic capsule  of  different  species  of  Amo- 
mum  and  Elettaria,  ord.  Zingiberaoeae, 
employed  in  medicine  as  well  as  an  ingre- 
dient in  sauces  and  curries. 
Cardboard,  kard'b#A.  A  stiff  paper 
for  making  cards,  &c. ;  pasteboard. 
Cardiadae,  kar-dl'a-de.  A  fam.  of  lamel- 
libranchiate  moUusks,  inclnding  the 
cockles  and  their  allies. 
Cardinal,  Mi-nal.  Ghief,  principal,  pre- 
eminent or  ftmdamental.  G.  numbers, 
one,  two.  three,  &c.,  in  distinction  from. 
first,  second,  thii^d,  &c.,  ordinal  num- 
bers. G.  points,  north  and  south,  east  and 
west,  or  the  four  intersections  of  the  hori- 
zon with  the  meridian,  and  the  prime  ver- 
tical circle.  In  Astrol.  the  rising  and  set- 
ting of  the  sun,  the  zenith  and  nadir.  0. 
signs,  in  Astron.,  Aries,  Libra,  Cancer  and 
Capricorn. 
Cardinal.  An  ec- 
clesiastical prince 
in  the  K.  G.  Gh., 
having  a  voice  in 
the  conclave  at  l^e 
election  of  a  Pope, 
who  is  taken  ft*om 
the  cardinals.  They  ■ 
are  divided  into  8 
orders,  comprising  6  bishops,  60  priests 
and  14  deacons,  making  70.  These  con- 
stitute the  Bacred  College  and  compose 
the  Pope's  council.  Originally  subordi- 
nate in  rank  to  bishops,  thev  now  havo  the 
precedence.  The  dress  of  a  cardinal  is  a 
red  soutaine,  a  rochet,  a  short  purple 
mantle  and  a  low-crowned  broad-brnnmed 
red  hat,  with  cords  depending  fh>m  either 
side,  each  having  fifteen  tassels  at  its  ex- 
tremity. A  cloak,  originally  of  a  soar* 
let  doth  with  a  hood  to  it,  worn  by  ladies 


Cardinal's  Hat 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CABDIKAL-BIED 


151 


CAENALLITE 


of  the  ISth  century.  At  a  later  period  the 
material  and  color  varied. 

Oardinal-bird,  -herd.  Cardinalis  vir- 
^ianna,  fam.  Fringillidce.  Its  song  re- 
sembles that  of  the  nightingale,  hence  one 
of  its  common  names,  Virginian  Nightin- 
gale. Called  iUso. Scarlet  Grosbeak  and 
Bed  Bird. 

Cardincr-xnacliine,  kard'ing-ma-shwn. 
A  machine  for  combing,  breaking  and 
cleansing  wool  and  cotton. 

Oardium,  kar'di-nm .  The  cockle,  a  gen. 
of  moUusca,  fam.  Cardiaceee. 

Oardol,  'dol.  An  oily  liquid  from  the 
pericarp  of  the  cashew-nut. 

Oarduelis,  -du-e'lis.  A  gen.  of  coniros- 
tral  perching  birds,  finch  tribe,  including 
goldfinch  and  siskin. 

OarduilS,  -us.  A  gen.  of  erect  herbs, 
ord.  OompositsB ;  the  thistle. 

Oarentane,  kar'en-tan.  A  papal  indul- 
gence, multiplying  the  remission  of  pen- 
ance by  forties. 

Oarey,  Henry  Oharles.  An  eminent 
American  poUtical  economist ;  n.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1793,  D.  1879. 

Oariacou,  'i-a-ko.  The  Virginian  deer 
(Cerrus  virginianus). 

Oarib,  kir'ib.  Aborigines  of  the  smaller 
W.  India  Islands  when  discovered  by  the 
Europeans ;  they  were  superior  to  most 
of  the  other  tribes  of  natives.  Thoy  were 
nearlv  annihilated  by  the  cruelties  of  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  remnant  took  reftige 
in  the  northern  portions  of  S.  America. 

Oaribbean  Sea.  That  part  of  the 
Atlantic  lying  between  N.  and  8.  Amer- 
ica, C.  America  and  the  W.  Indies ;  area, 
1,260,000  square  miles. 

Oariboo,  -bo.  Tarandus  rangifer,  a 
variety  of  the  reindeer,  which  has  never 
been  domesticated. 

Oarica,  -ka.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Papayacese,  containing  the  papaw-tree. 

Oarillon,  'Il-lon.  A  small  instrument 
famished  with  bells,  properly  tuned,  play- 
ed with  finger-keys  like  the  piano-forte. 
A  simple  air  to  be  T)erformed  on  a  set  of 
beUs. 

Oarinaria,  -i-na'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  gaster- 
opodous  moUusks,  ord.  Heteropoda,  whose 
shells  are  known  as  Venus  slippers  and 
glass  nautilus. 

OarinataB,  'to.  Huxley's  2d  order  of  the 
class  Aves,  the  others  being  Saururse  and 
Eatitffi.  The  C.  include  all  existing  bfa^s 
except  the  Cursores,  or  non-flying. 

Oariole,  'i-ol.  A  small  open  carriage ;  a 
kind  of  calash.    A  covered  cart. 


Carlet,  kur'let.  A  single-cut  file  with  a 
triangular  section,  used  by  comb  makers. 

Carlist,  list.  A  follower  of  Don  Carlos 
of  Spain,  or  of  Charles  X.  or  Henry  V.  of 
France ;  a  legitimist. 

Oarlock,  'lok.  A  Bussian  isinglass,  made 
of  sturgeon's  bladder,  and  used  In  clarify- 
ing wine. 

Carlovingriau,  -lo-vin'ji-an.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  descended  fW)m,  Charlemagne ; 
as,  the  C.  race  of  kings. 

Carlsbad,  karlz'bad.  A  popular  spa  in 
Bohemia,  Austria ;  the  Spradel  spring  is 
ttio  hottest  in  Europe,  166«  Fah. ;  pop. 
5,800. 

Oarlsbad  Twins,  tMdnz.  Large  felspar 
crystals  found  porphyritically  imbedded 
in  a  regularly  constituted  rock. 

Oarlyle,  Thomas,  kdr'HI.  A  distin- 
guished English  philosopher  and  histori< 
an  ;  b.  1795,  d.  1888. 

Carmagnole,  k&r-mS-nyol.  A  republi- 
can song  and  dance  in  the  first  French 
revolution  ;  since  a  generic  term  for  rev- 
olutionary songs.  The  dress  worn  by  the 
Jacobins  during  the  revolution.  The 
wearer  of  such  a  dress ;  any  violent  rev- 
olutionist. 

Oarmel,  Mt.  A  Sjrrian  mountain  or 
range  rising  in  the  plain  of  Esdraelon, 
and  ending  in  a  precinitons  bluff  on  the 
S.  W.  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Acre ;  cele- 
brated in  Scrip,  as  the  scene  of  the  miracle 
and  destruction  of  the  500  priests  of  Baal 
by  the  prophet  Eiyah. 

Carmelite,  'mel-lt. 
A  mendicant  fHar  of 
the  order  of  our 
Lady  of  Mount  Car- 
mel,  established 
about  1150.  Being 
driven  by  the  Sara- 
cens to  Europe  in 
1247,  they  became  di- 
vided into  several 
branches,  one  being 
distinguished  bv 
walking   barefooted. 

Carmine,  'min. 
The  coloring  matter 
of  cochineal.  A  pig- 
ment made  from 
cochineal. 

Carmot,  'mot.  The  name  given  by  al- 
chemists to  the  matter  of  which  they  sup- 
posed the  philosopher's  stone  was  consti- 
tuted. 

Camallite,  'na-llt.  A  mineral  consis^ 
ing  of  magnesium,  potassium,  chlorine^ 
water,  rubidium,  csesium  and  bromine. 


Carmelite. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CARNATlOJf 


152 


CAfiEOl!rAl>fi 


Carnation,  -na'shon.  Flesh  color  ;  the 
parts  of  a  picture  which  are  naked  or  with- 
out drapery.  The  popular  name  of  Dian- 
thus  Caryophyllns,  a  perennial  glaucus 
plant  bearing  beautiftil,  fragrant  flowers. 

Camelian,  -neli-an.  A  siliceous  stone, 
a  variety  of  chalcedony,  tolerably  hard, 
capable  of  a  good  polish,  and  used  for 
seals,  &c. 

Carnifex,  'ni-feks.  A  publie  execu- 
tioner. 

Carnival,  -val.  The  feast  or  season  of 
rejoicing  before  Lent,  observed  in  CJathp- 
lic  countries  with  great  revelry.  Feasting 
or  revelry  in  general. 

Camivora,  -niv'o-ra.  A  term  generally 
applied  to  creatures  that  feed  on  flesh,  but 
restricted  to  an  order  of  mammiferous 
quadrupeds  which  prey  upon  other  ani- 
mals. They  are  divided  into  Plantigrades, 
comprising  the  bears,  badgers,  raccoons, 
gluttons  and  coatimondis;  the  Digiti- 
grades,  comprising  lions,  tigers,  cats, 
dogs,  and  the  Amphibious,  comprising  the 
seals  and  walruses. 

Carolan,  Turlou^h  O'.  One  of  the 
last  and  most  famous  of  Ireland's  bards 
and  harpists;  b.  16T0,  i>.  1738. 

Carolin,  kar'e-lin.  A  gold  coin  former- 
ly current  in  parts  of  Germany,  worth 
about  $4.  T5. 

CarolllS,  -lus.  An  English  gold  coin  of 
the  reign  of  Charles  1.  and  originally  208. 
in  value,  afterward  238.  The  name  was 
given  also  to  various  other  coins. 

Carotid,  ka-rot'id.   An  artery  of  the  neck. 

Carouse,  -rouz'.  A  drinking  match ;  a 
noisy  banquet. 

Carp,  karp.  A  teleostean  fish,  fam. 
Cyprinidie.  The  typo  is  the  common 
carp.  The  gold-fish  is  C.  auratus ;  and 
the  German  carp,  C  cjirassius. 

Carpathian,  kar-pii'thi-an.  The  range 
of  mountains  between  Poland,  Hungary, 
and  Transylvania.  0.  balsam,  a  resin  dis- 
tilled from  the  cones  of  IMnus  Cembra. 

Carpel,  'pel.  In  Bot.  the  single  cell  of 
an  ovary  or  seed-vessel,  together  with 
what  belongs  to  that  cell,  as  a  separate 
style  and  stsgma  of  the  pistil ;  regarded  as 
a  modified  leaf. 

Carpet,  'pet.  A  thick  fabric  used  for 
covering  noors,  usually  woven,  but  in 
some  cases  wrought  "uith  a  needle.  A 
soft  smooth  covering,  as  of  turf.  0. 
knight,  a  person  knighted  on  some  other 
ground  than  that  of  military  service  or 
distinction. 

Carpet-ba?,  -bag.  A  traveling  bag 
made  of  ihe  same  material  as  carpets. 


Carpet-ba««rer,  'er.  A  needy  political 
adventurer  who  goes  about  the  country 
pandering  to  the  prejudioefl  of  the  igno- 
rant. 

Carpet-beddinfiT,  -bed-ing.  A  system 
of  beddisg  in  which  dwarf  foliage  plants 
alone  are  used  in  the  form  of  mosaic, 
geometrical  or  other  designs. 

Carpenter,  'pen-ter.  An  artificfr  wbd 
works  in  timber ;  a  fhimer  and  builder  o1 
houses  and  ships. 

Carpenter-^^^^t 
bee,  -be.     The^-^^ 
common     name     //I 
of  the  diflRerent     ^ 
species    of    hy- 
menopterons  in- 
sects, gen.  Xylo- 
copa.       They 
usually     form 
their  nests  in  de- 
cayed wood,  cut- 
ting out  various  Carpenter-bee  an  dOuIl-'. 
apartments     for 
depositing  their  eggs. 

Oarpocapsa,  -po-kap'sa.  A  gen.  of  lep- 
idopterous  insects  wnose  larvaa  are  de- 
structive to  fruit. 

Carpocratian,  -kra'shi-an.  A  member 
of  the  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  2d  century, 
so  called  from  Carpocrates. 

Carpolite,  'po-llt    A  fossil  froit 

Carrasreen,  kar'ra-g^n.  Ohondrus  crls- 
pus,  a  sea-weed  known  as  Irish  moss,  and 
us  ed  for  making  soups,  jellies,  size,  &c. 

Carrara,  kar-ra'rfih.  A  city  of  central 
Italy,  prov.  Massa-Carrara,  noted  for  its 
quarries  of  fine  marble  used  by  sculptors ; 
pop.  18.400. 

Carriaere-springr,  Mj-spring.  An  elas- 
tic contrivance  adapted  to  carriages  to 
lessen  the  shocks  caused  by  inequalities 
of  the  road. 

Carrier,  'ri-er.  One  who  or  that  which 
carries  or  convevs ;  a  messenger.  One 
who  for  hire  undertakes  the  conveyance 
of  goods  or  persons.  A  pigeon  that  con- 
veys letters  tied  to  its  neck.  The  name 
of  a  particular  part  in  various  machines. 

Carrier-shell,  -shel.  A  shell  of  the 
gen.  Phorus. 

Carrion-crow,  -on-kro.    The  < 
crow.  Corvus 
corone. 

Carronade, 
-ron-ad'.  A 
short  piece  of 
naval  ord- 
n  an  c  e  of 
large  caliber. 


Carronade. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CART 


158 


CASEMATE 


Cart,  kart.  A  two-wheeled  vehicle, 
usaally  without  springs. 

Oarte.  A  bill  of  tare.  An  abbreviation 
for  carte-de-visite. 

Oarte-de-visite,  'de-vi-z^t.  A  visiting 
curd.  Also  applied  to  a  photographic 
likeness  on  a  small  card. 

Cartel,  kfir'tel.  An  agreement  between 
states  at  war,  for  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers, or  for  some  mutual  advantage.  C. 
ship,  employed  in  the  exchange  of  prison- 
ers, or  in  carrying  propositiuns  to  an  en- 
emy. 

Cartesian,  -te'zi-an.  Pertaining  to  the 
philosopher  Ben6  Descartes,  or  to  his 
philosophy.    C.  devil,  a  philosophical  toy. 

Carthagre,  karth'el.  The  ancient  rival  of 
Borne,  with  which  war  prevailed  almost 
continuously  for  nearly  76  years ;  situated 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  near  modem 
Tunis,  and  mistress  of  Spain,  Sicilv  and 
Sardinia.  In  the  last  Punic  war  Cf.  was 
taken  and  entirely  destroyed  by  the  Ro- 
mans, 146  B.  o.  It  was  afterward  rebuilt 
and  became  the  (»p.  of  the  Vandal  Em- 
pire in  the  6th  ceniuiy,  but  was  again  cap- 
tured and  destroyed  by  tho  A-abs  in  the 
last  of  the  Tth  century. 

Carthusian, 
-thu'zi-an.  One  of 
an  order  of  monks, 
founded  in  1086, 
under  Benedictine 
rule,  by  St.  Bruno, 
%o  called  from 
Chartreuse, 
Prance,  the  place 
of  their  institution. 
They  are  remark- 
able for  austerity. 
TheC.  nuns  origin- 
ated at  Salette  on 
the  Bhone,  about 
1280. 

Cartist,    kart'lst.  Carthusian. 

A  Spanish  or  Por- 
tuguese supporter  of  the  constitutional 
charter. 

Carton,  kfir'ton.  A  thin  pasteboard.  A 
box  made  from  it.  A  cartoon.  In  riflo 
praotioe,  a  smftll,  white  disk  fixed  on  the 
bull's-eye  of  a  target. 

Cartoon,  -ton'.  A  design  drawn  as  a 
study  for  a  picture  to  be  painted  of  same 
size,  and  more  especially  in  fresco.  A  pic- 
torial sketch  relating  to  any  prevalent 
event,  in  which  notable  characters  are 
represented. 

Cartonoh,  -tdsb.  A  case  of  wood  filled 
with  shot  to  be  fired  from  a  cannon ;  aroll 


a  cartri^lge. 


Hi 


of  paper  containing  a  charge 

A  portable  box  for 

charges  for  fire-arms. 

The  name  given  to 

ovals     on     ancient 

Egyptian     m  o  n  u  - 

men ts,  and  in  papyri,        Oartouch  of 

containing  groups  of  Ptolemy. 

characters  expressing  the  names  or  titles 

of  kings.    A  sculptured  ornament  in  the 

form  of  a  scroll  unrolled.    In  Her.  the 

escutcheon  of  the  Pope  or  of  a  churchman. 

Cartridge,  'trij.  A  case  of  pasteboard, 
copper,  Ac.,  holding  the  charge,  including 
both  powder  and  bullet,  or  shot,  of  any 
fire-arm.  Blank  cartridge,  a  cartridge 
without  ball  or  shot. 

Caruto,  ka-ro't(5.  A  bcautiftil  dye,  blu- 
ish-black, obtained  from  the  fWtit  of  Gea- 
ipa  americaua,  ord.  Cinchonact^ie. 

CarvinsT,  kiirv'ing.  The  act  or  art  ef 
carving.  A  branch  of  sculptiu-e,  limited 
to  wood,  ivory,  &c.  ;  sculpture,  properly 
so  called,  being  applied  to  carving  in 
stone,  and  chamng  to  carving  in  metal. 
The  device  or  figure  carved. 

Carvist,  kar'vist.  In  falconry,  a  hawk 
of  proper  age  and  training  to  be  carried  on 
the  hand.  ~ 

Caryatid,  kar-i-at'-id.  In 
Grecian  arch,  a  figure  of  a 
wqman  dressed  in  long 
robes,  serving  to  supjtort  en- 
tablatures. 

Cascade,  k&s'kad.   A  small « 
waterfell,  often  artificial ;  < 
fidl  less  than  a  cataract. 

Casale.  An  Italian  city,  on 
the  Po,  87  m.  N.  E.  of  Turin ; 
formerly  one  of  the  most 
elaborately  fortified  places  in 
Europe ;  pop.  29,870. 

Cascade  Banfire.  A  moun- 
tain chain  in  W.  Oregon  and 
Alaska,  from  100  to  200  m. 
inland.  Mt.  St.  Elias,  in 
Alaska,  the  highest  peak,  is 
abt.  18,000  ft.  above  tho  sea  level. 

CaSCO  Bay.  In  Maine,  bet.  Canes  Eliza- 
beth and  Small  Point;  over  800  smaU 
islands  dot  its  surface. 

Case-hardeningr.  A  method  of  con- 
verting the  outer  surface  of  iron  into  steel 

Caseine,  kase-ln.  The  principal  con. 
stituents  of  cheese,  resembling  albumen. 

Casemate,  kas'mat.  A  vaulted  work  to 
protect  troops  not  on  duty  from  an  ene- 
my's fire.  A  vault  in  the  flank  of  a  bas- 
tion to  defend  the  opposite  bastion  and 
ditch. 


Caryatid. 


Digitized  by 


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CASE-SHOT 


154 


OASSIUS 


Oafle-shot  (canister).  Musket  balls, 
»<a»p«  of  iron,  Ac.,  put  into  an  iron  case 
and  discharged  from  a  large  cannon. 
Oaoe-rack,  'rak.  A  frame  of  wood  to 
recelre  printers'  cases  when  not  In  use. 
Oaae-mhot,  'shot.  Small  projectiles,  such 
as  musket  ][>alls  or  grape-snot,  put  in  cases 
to  be  discharged  from  cannon ;  canister- 
shot.  A  shrapnel-shell ;  that  is,  a  spherical 
Iron  case  Inclosing  a  number  of  bullets  and 
exploded  by  a  fuse. 

Oailll,  kash.  Money ;  money  in  chest  or 
on  hand,  in  bank  or  at  command.  A  thin 
coin  of  a  very  base  alloy  of  copper,  used 
by  the  Chinese  as  small  change,  22  being 
equal  to  one  penny  sterling. 
Oaahiclaws, 'i-klaz.  An  old  Scotch  in- 
strument of  torture,  consisting  of  an  iron 
case  for  the  leg,  to  which  fire  was  applied. 
Oashxnere,  'mSr.  A  shawl  formed  of 
fine  downy  wool  found  about  the  roots  of 
the  hair  of  the  Cashmere-  goat  and  the 
wild  goat  of  Thibet,  now  successftiUy  im- 
itated. 

Oaalmir.  kils'e-mer.  The  name  of  several 
kings  of  Poland,  0.  III.  (the  Great),  who 
reigned  from  1888  to  1870,  conquered  a 
large  part  of  contiguous  Russia,  and  de- 
feated the  Bohemians. 

Oaaino,  ka-sG'n6.  A  small  country 
house ;  a  lodge ;  formerly  a  house  capable 
of  affording  defense  against  attack.  A 
olub-houso  or  public  room  used  for  social 
meetings,  gaming,  music,  &c.;  a  public 
dancing  saloon. 

Oask,  kask.  A  close  vessel  for  containing 
liquors,  formed  bv  staves,  hejiding  and 
hoops,  comprehenaing  the  pipe,  hogshead, 
butt,  barrel,  &c. 

Gasket,  kas'ket.  A  small  chest  or  box 
forjewels  or  other  small  articles.  Some- 
times anpliod  to  a  book  consisting  of 
selected  literaiy  or  musical  pieces. 

Oaspian  Sea,  kis'pe-an.  A  suit  sea  In 
W.  Asia;  area  abt.  120,000  sq.  m. 

Oasque,  kask.  A  term  applied  to  hel- 
met* of  every  description.  In  a  more 
precise  use,  the  term  designates  a  head- 
piece worn  more  for  parade  than  serious 

warfare. 

Oasquetel, 

kas'ket-el.     A 

small  steel  cap 

or  open  helmet, 

without  beaver  

or  visor.  Oaaquetel,  Side  and  Back 

O  as  Sander,  tiew. 

8on  of  Antipoter,  King  of  Macedonia,  b. 

•64,  i».  291  B.  c.    Assisted  by  Ptolemy, 

beleaous  and  Lysimachas,  he  defeated 


AntigoruB  at  Ipsns,  the  latter  being  killed 
Alexander's  empire  was  then  divided  be- 
tween the  conquerors,  the  four  kingdoms 
being  Macedon,  Egypt,  Syria  and  Thrace. 

Cassandra,  kas-san'drah.  In  Myth, 
daughter  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy,  and 
Hecuba;  she  received  the  gift  of  prophe- 
cy from  ApoUo.  On  the  fSl  of  lYoy  she 
was  allotted  to  Agamemnon,  and  was 
killed  by  Clytemnestra,  A.'s  jealous  wife. 

Cassava,  -sa'va.  A  species  of  manihot 
(M.  utillisslma),  ord.  Euphorbiace©.  The 
nutritious  starch  obtained  from  the  root 
of  the  plant  forms  a  valuable  article  of 
food,  upon  which  many  of  the  inhabitants 
of  S.  America  live  almost  entirely.  From 
cassava  the  tapioca  of  commerce  is  pre- 
pared. ^ 

Casserole,  -61    An  edging,  border  of 

paper,  or  encasement  of  rice,  paste,  or 

mashed   potatoes,   in  which   meats    are 

served  at  table. 
Cassia,  kash'i-a.    The  leaflets  of  several 

species  constituting  the  well-known  druff 

called  senna.  * 

Cassia-bud,  -bud.    The  flower-bud  of 

Cinnamomum  Cassia  and  other  species  of 

the  same  gen. 
Oassia-ligmea,  -Ug-ne-a.    The  bark  of 

the  trees  that  yield  cassia-buds.    Its  flavor 

resembles  that  of  cinnamon. 
Cassia-oil,  -oil.    The  oil  of  cinnamon 

procured  from  cassia  bark  and  buds. 
Cassican,    kas'si-kan.      An   insessorial 
bird,  gen.  Casslcus.    Sometimes  improo- 
erly  applied  to  the  barita. 
CassiCTis,  -kus     A  gen.  of  insessorial 
birds,  fiun.  Icteridee,  allied  to  the  star- 
lings, remarkable  for  the  ingenuity  with 
which  they  weave  their  neets. 
Cassimere,  -mer.    A  thin  tivilled  wool- 
en cloth  woven  in  imitation  of  Cashmere 
shawls. 
Cassiopeia,  -o-po"a.    A  consteUation  In 
the  northern  hemisphere,  situated  near 
Cepheus,  containing  65  stars. 
Cassis,  'sis.    A  gen.  of  gasteropodous 
moUusks,  fam.  Buccinidae,  including  the 
helmet-shells.  *^ 

CaMiterite, 'si-ter-it.  The  common  ore 
of  tin.  It  18  a  peroxide,  oondsting  of  tin 
79,  and  oxygen  21.  k  "*  «« 

Oassins,  -us.  A  purple  pigment,  used 
in  porcelain  and  ghiss  painting. 
Oassius,  Longinus  Cains.  A  noWe 
Roman  philosopher  and  general,  who 
joined  Brutus  in  the  assassination  of  Juliiis 
Cspsar,  and  commanded  one  wing  of  the 
army  defeated  at  Phillppi.  Wlien  the 
battle  was  lost  he  killed  hunself  by  fldHag 


Digitized  by 


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0AS80CK 


166 


0A8TLE-OUAKD 


upon  the  sword  with  which  he  hod  struck 
0»sar.  He  waa  styled  by  Brutus,  who 
was  his  brother-in-law,  ''the  last  of  all 
the  Somans."    B.  86,  d.  42  b.  o. 

Oassook,  'sok.  Any  loose  robe  or  outer 
coat.  A  tlght-fltting  garment  worn  under 
the  gown  by  clergymen.  In  the  E.  C. 
Oh.  it  varies  in  color.  Priests  wear  blaek ; 
bishops,  purple;  cardinals,  scarlet;  the 
pope,  white. 

Cassolette,  'so-let.  A  gold,  silver,  or 
ivory  box  for  containing  perfumery,  hav- 
ing its  lid  pierced  with  holes  for  the  escape 
of  the  odor.  The  part  of  a  censer  pei'K>- 
rated  for  the  emission  of  the  perAimes. 

Oassonade,  -son-ad'.  Raw  sugar ;  sugar 
not  refined. 

Cassowary,  'sd-wa-ri.  A  large  cursori- 
al bird,  gen.  Gosnarius,  fam.  Strutbioni- 
daB.  It  runs  with  great  rapidity,  outstrip- 
ping the  swiftest  horse. 

Cast,  kast.  The  act  of  casting ;  a  throw. 
The  form  into  which  anything  is  molded. 
A  tube  of  wax  fitted  into  a  mold  to  give 
shape  to  a  metal.  Also  a  brass  or  copper 
conduit  In  » mold  for  conveying  melal. 
Among  plumbers,  a  little  brazen  ftinnel 
for  casting  pipes  without  soldering.  An 
assignment  of  parts  of  a  play  to  the  several 
iictors ;  the  company  of  actors  to  whom 
the  parts  of  a  play  are  as- 
signed. ' 

Castalia,  kas-ta'lia.  The 
mythical  f<»untain  of  In- 
spiration on  Mount  Paiv 
nassns,  sacred  to  the 
Muses. 

Oastanet,  'ta-net.  An 
instrument  composed  of; 
small  concave  shells  off 
ivory  or  hard  wood,  used 
bv  the  Spaniards  and 
Moors  as  an  accompan- 
iment to  the  guitar. 

Caste,  kast.  One  of  the  classes  into  which 
the  Hindus  are  divided  according  to  Brah- 
manism.  They  are  four  in  number  :  the 
Brahmans,  or  sacerdotal  caste ;  the  Ksha- 
triyas,  or  mifitary ;  the  Vaisyas,  or  hus- 
baodmen  and  merchants ;  the  Sudras,  or 
laborers  and  mechanics.  Men  of  no  caste 
are  called  Pariahs  and  regarded  as  out- 
casts. 

Castellan,  kas'tel-lan. 
constable  of  a  castle. 

Castellated,  -Ut^.  Furnished  with 
turrets  and  battlements  like  a  castle.  In- 
closed in  a  building,  as  a  fountain  or  cis- 
tern. 

Caster,  kas'ter.     A  common   sufi^  in 


Castanets. 


A  governor  or 


Caster. 
Asman 


place-names ;  as,  Doncaster,  the  fort  on 
the  Don.  One  of  the  six  words  recog- 
nized as  inherited  iVom  the  Soman  invad- 
ers of  Britain. 

Caster,  kas'ter.  One  who 
casts  or  one  who  computes, 
One  who  makes  castings;  £ 
founder.  One  who  asslg^ns  the 
parts  of  the  play  to  the  actors, 
A  cruet,  used  to  contain  condi 
ments  for  the  table ;   also,  a 

stand  containing  a  set  of  casters.    

wheel  on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the  leg  ol 
a  piece  of  furniture. 

CcuBtile,  kas'tSl.  The  central  division 
of  Spain,  divided  by  the  mountain  range 
into  Old  and  NewC.;  area,  72,44T  so.  m. 
Old  C.  includes  8  provinces,  New  0.  4. 
The  dialect  is  the  standard  language  of 
Spain,  and  the  Castilians  are  distinguished 
for  sobriety,  honor  and  piety. 

Castile-soap,  'sSn.  A  white  or  mot- 
tled toilet  soap,  made  with  oUve  oil  and  a 
solution  of  caustic  soda. 

Castle,  'I.  A  building,  or  series  of  connect- 
ed buildings,  fortified  for  defense  agsdnst 
an  enemy;  a  fortress.    CasUes  were  an 


out-growth  of  feudalism,  and  were  first 
brought  to  a  high  pitch  of  strength  anf 
completeness  by  the  Normans.  Tb» 
house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank  or 
wealth.  A  piece  made  in  the  form  of  a 
castle,  used  in  the  game  of  chess;  the 
rook.  C.  in  the  air,  a  visionary  project. 
C.  influence,  a  term  used  in  Ireland  to 
denote  the  political  influence  of  the  court ; 
Dublin  Castle  being  the  official  residence 
of  the  lord  lieutenant. 
Castle-eruard,  -gard..  The  guard  which 
defends  a  castle.  A  feudal  tenure,  or 
special  knight  service.  A  tax  laid  upon 
those  living  within  a  certain  distance  of  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CA8T0B 


The  circuit  roand  a  cMtl«  Ux«d 
for  tU  maiDtonanoe. 

Oastor,  'ter.  A  Bubstano*  seoreted  by 
fflandaliu*  sacs  in  the  beKver,  largely  ased 
in  medidne  and  by  perftiiners.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  mammals  of  which  the  beaver  is 
the  type.  A  beaver  hat  A  heavy  qoal 
Ity  or  broadcloth. 

Oastor  and  PoUnx,  kas'tor,  pollaks. 
In  Myth,  twin  sons  of  Jupiter  and  Leda. 
Mercuiy  carried  them  to  Pallena,  where 
they  were  educated,  and  at  manhood  they 
set  off  with  Jason  in  search  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  Pollux  defeated  and  slew  Amyous, 
and  was  considered  the  patron  ef  boxing 
and  wrestling,  while  Castor  was  noted  for 
horsemanship. 

Oastorand  PoUtlk.  In  Astron.  the 
constellation  Gemini  or  the  Twins,  into 
which  the  sim  enters  annually  about  the 
2l8t  of  May.  G.  is  also  the  name  ef  one 
of  the  bright  stars  in  the  head  of  the 
Twins.  In  Meteor,  a  fiery  meteor  in  the 
form  of  balls;  one  is  called  Helena;  two 
or  more,  Castor  and  Pollux,  or  lyndarldsB. 
The  name  given  to  two  mbierals  found  in 
granite  in  the  island  of  Elba. 

Oaatorina,  -to-rl'na.  The  beaver  tribe ; 
aftim.  of  rodents. 

Oa8toj>oil,  'ter-oil.  The  oil  obtained 
from  seeds  of 
Ricinus  c  o  m  - 
munis  by  bruis- 
ing between  roll- 
ers and  then 
pressing  them. 
The  oil  that  first 
comes  away, 
called  cold- 
drown  castor-oil, 
is  the  best. 

Oabtrato,  -tr&'td.  A  male  person  emas- 
culated for  the  purpose  of  improving  his 
voice  ;  an  artificial  or  male  soprano. 

Oast-ahadow,  kast'shad-d.  In  painting, 
a  shadow  cast  by  an  object  within  the  pic- 
ture, serving  to  bring  it  out  ag^st  objects 
behind  it. 

Oast-steel,  'stSl.  steel  made  by  Aising 
the  materials  and  running  the  product 
into  molds. 

Oat,  kat.  A  name  applied  to  certain  car- 
nivorous quadrupeds,  gen.  Felis.  It  is  un- 
certain whether  any  animal  now  existing 
in  a  wild  state  is  the  prototype  of  the 
domestic  cat;  probably  it  is  descended 
from  a  cat  originally  domesticated  in 
Egypt.  The  wild  eat  is  much  larger  than 
tlM  domestic  cat,  strong  and  ferocious.  A 
skip  or  rowboat  formed  on  the  Norwegian 
model.  A  strong  tackle  to  hook  and  d^w 


Castor-oil  Plant 


I  GATAPHBTOIAN 

■    ■         V  . 

an  anchor  np  to  the  cat-head  of  a  slilp.  > 
double  tripod  having  six  feet 

Oatabaaion,  -a-bft'zi-on.  A  vault  under 
the  altar  of  a  Greek  church,  where  reHea 
are  kept 

Oataoanstioa.  -kas'tiks.  The  caiutio 
curves  formed  by  the  reflection  of  rays  of 
light,  distinguished  from  the  diaeaustie, 
formed  by  the  refhusted  rays. 

Oataolyam,  'a-klizm.  A  delude  or  over- 
flowing of  water  ;  specifically,  the  flood  in 
Noah's  days.  In  Geol.  a  term  appiied  t» 
denote  the  efficient  cause  of  various  phe- 
nomena, as  the  deposition  of  different 
formations  of  diluvium  or  drift,  rather 
than  the  gradual  action  of  moderate  cur- 
rents,  or  the  movement  of  ice. 

Oataoomb,  -kom.  A  cave  or  eubterra- 
neoQ/i  place  for  the  burial  of  the  dead,  the 
bodies  Doing  deposited  in  reeesses  called 
loculi.  The  term  is  applied  to  the  Bob< 
terraneous  sepulchres  about  8  miles  from 
Rome,  on  the  Appian  Way,  the  cells  and 
caves  in  which  primitive  Ohiistlans  con- 
cealed themselves. 

OataiiAlqae,  -lUk.  A  temporary  stmo- 
tnre  representing  a  cenotaph,  placed  over 
the  comn  of  a  distinguished  person  at  the 
altar  in  churches,  as  also  sometimes  over 
his  grave. 

Oataian,  ka-ti'an.  A  native  of  Cathay 
or  China;  a  foreigner  generally;  and 
hence,  in  old  writers,  an  indibcriminate 
term  of  reproach. 

Oatalonia,  katra-lo'ne-ah.  The  N.  E. 
division  of  Spain,  now  divided  into  4  prov- 
inces ;  area,  12,160  sq.  m.  It  is  a  moim- 
tainous  region,  and  the  inhabitants  are  war- 
like. 

Oatamaran,  'a-ma-ran'^  A  float  or 
raft  consisting  of  three  pieces  of  wood 
lashed  together,  the  midaie  piece  being 
longer  and  having  one  end  turned  np. 
This  name  was  also  applied  to  the  flat- 
bottomed  boats  constructed  by  Bonaparte 
for  the  invasion  of  England,  and  is  also 
applied  to  a  modem  American  yacht  A 
quarrelsome  woman  ;  a  vixen. 

Catamount,  -mount  The  wild-cat. 
The  N.  American  tiger ;  the  puma,  cou- 
gar, painter  or  panther.  In  Her.  a  charge 
always  borne  guardant 

Oataphract,  -frakt.  A  piece  of  defensive 
armor,  worn  to  protect  the  breast  or 
whole  body,  or  even  the  horse  as  well  as 
the  rider.  In  Zool.  the  armor  protecting 
some  animals. 

Oataphnrsrian.  -a-iHI'l-an.  One  of  a 
sect  of  heretics  of  the  2d  century  who  Ibl- 
lowed  the  errors  of  Montaans. 


t    I 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CATAPULT 


15T 


OATHAimrfi 


Catapult,  'a-pult  One  of  the  andent 
miUtary  englnoS  used  ibr  discharging  mia- 
ailes  against  a  besieged  place;  origlnaUy 
dlstbunilshed  from  the  baUista  as  being  in- 
tonded  for  discharging  heavy  darts  or 
lanoes,  while  the  latter  was  usea  for  throw- 


Catapult. 
Ing  heavy  stones  and  other  balky  mis- 
Biles,  but  afterwards  confounded  with  the 
baUista.    A  small  forked  stick  used  by 
boys  for  throwing  small  missiles. 

Oataraot,  -rakt.  A  Ihll  of  water  over  a 
predpice,  as  that  of  Niagara.  Any  fori- 
ouB  rush  or  downpour  of  water.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  eye.  A  form  of  water-govern- 
or for  "egulating  the  stroke  of  sii^le-act- 
ing  steam-engines. 

Oatarrhlna,  -aHtrna.  A  boo.  of  quad- 
mmanons  animals.  Induding  the  Bar- 
bary  ape,  gorilla,  dmnpanzee,  orang,  &o. 

Oatasterlsm,  ka-taa'ter-lim.  A  placing 
among  the  stars ;  a  cataloguing  of  stars. 

OatastoxntLS,  't6-mus.  A  gen.  of  teleos- 
tean  fishes,  allied  to  the  carps.  Abdominal 
Malacopterygii,  fym.  Cyprinidn. 

Oatawba,  ka-ta'ba.  A  variety  of  K 
American  grape,  of  a  rich  claret  color  when 
ripe.    The  wine  made  from  this  grape. 

Oat-bird,  kafberd.  The  Turdus  11  vldus, 
a  spedes  of  American  thrush,  whose  note 
resembles  the  plaint  of  a  kitten  in  distress. 

Oat-block,  'blok.  A  two  or  three-fold 
block  used  to  draw  up  an  anchor  to  the 
cat-head. 

Oateohiam,  'fi-kizm.  A  form  of  in- 
struction by  means  of  questions  and  an- 
swers, particularly  in  the  prindples  of  re- 
ligion. An  elementary  book  containing  a 
amnmary  of  principles  in  sdence  or  art. 

OateobTUOen,  -o-ku'men.  One  who  is 
imder  instruction  in  the  first  rudiments 
of  Christianity ;  a  neophyte.  Generally. 
one  who  is  beginning  to  acquire  any  kind 
of  doctrines  orprindples. 

OategOTSr,  '€-gor-i.  In  a  popular  sense, 
class ;  order.  In  Logic  and  Philos.  one  of 
the  highest  classes  to  which  objects  of 
thought  can  be  referred.  Aristotle  made 
tea  cftt^ories :  subetanoe,  quanti^,  qual- 


ity, relation,  action,  passion,  time,  place, 
situation  and  possession.  Kant  divides 
them  into  four  dasses,  quantity,  quality, 
reUtion  and  modality.  Mill  makes  five, 
existence,  co-existence,  sequence,  causa- 
tion and  resemblanoe. 

Oateleotrode, -«-lek'trdd.  The  negative 
electrode  or  pole  of  a  voltaic  battery ;  the 
positive  being  termed  the  anelectrode. 

Oatena,  ka-tS-na.  A  chain ;  a  series  of 
things  connected  with  each  other.      O. 

Strum,  a  series  of  passages  from  the 
iiers,  arranged  for  the  elucidation  of 
portions  of  Scripture,  as  the  catena  aurea 
of  Thomas  Aquinas. 

Oatenipora,  kat-e-nfp'd-ra.  Chain-pore 
coral,  occurring  fossil  in  palsBozoio  strata. 

Oater,  kfi'ter.    The  four  of  cards  or  dice. 

Oateran,  kat'er-an.  A  Highland  or  Irish 
irregular  soldier.    A  freeb(K»ter  or  riever. 

Oaterer,  ki'ter-er.  A  provider  or  pur- 
veyor of  provisions ;  one  who  provides 
for  any  want  or  desire. 

CateaEpillar,  kat'er-pil- 
lar.     Properly  the  larva^ 
of  the  lepidopterouB  in-  i 
Beets ;  but  also  applied  to  J         _ 
the  larvw  of  other  bsects,"  nfttppnillnr 
BUchastheTenthredoor     ^a^rpillar. 
saw-fly.    The  name  of  plants,  gen.  Soor> 
piurus. 

Oaterpillar-eater,  -st'er.  The  larvie 
of  eertain  ichneumon  flies,  bred  in  the 
body  of  caterpillars,  eating  their  way  out. 
A  bird  of  the  shrike  flun.  and  which  lives 
on  caterpillars. 

Oat-fall,  'fkl.  The  rope  that  forms  the 
tackle  for  heaving  up  a  ship's  anchor. 

Oat-fisll,  'fish.  A  voracious  teleostean 
fish,  the  Anarrhichas  lupus,  fiuu.  Gobies ; 
the  Wolf-fish.  The  name  conunon  to  sev- 
eral fish,  gen.  Pimelodus.  P.  catus  is  tho 
Homed  R>ut  or  Bull-head. 

Oat-0Old,  'g51d.  A  variety  of  mica; 
sometimes  applied  to  iron  pyrites. 

Oatgut,  'gut.  The  intestines  of  sheep 
(sometimeB  of  other  animals),  used  for 
musical  instruments  and  other  purposes. 
A  sort  of  linen  or  canvas,  vdth  wide  inter- 
stices. 

Oatha,  kath'a.  A  gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
CelastracesB.  G.  eduus,  cultivated  by  the 
Arabs,  known  as  khat  or  cafta,  and  pos- 
sesses properties  analagous  to  those  of  tea 
and  coffee. 

Oatharine,  -er-in.  The  name  of  three  of 
the  six  wives  of  Henry  VIII..  of  England; 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  his  brother^s  widow, 
and  his  first  >dfe,  whom  he  forcibly 
divorced  in  1588  to  marry  Anne  Boleyn  ; 


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CATHAElSt 


t» 


cATsrss^ 


C.  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  king  and  queen  of  Spain  ;  b. 
1488,  D.  1586.  C.  Howard,  third  wife  of 
Henry  VIII.,  wag  convicted  of  Infidelity 
and  beheaded  ;  b.  1506,  d.  1542.  C.  Parr, 
sixth  and  last  wife  of  Henry,  whom  she 
survived,  marrying  after  the  king's  death 
Lord  High  Admiral  Seymour ;  b.   1501, 

D.  1548.  Catharine  de  Medici,  wife  of 
Henri  II.  of  France,  and  mother  of  Francis 
II.,  Charles  IV.  and  Henri  III.,  succes- 
sively kings  of  France ;  B.  1622,  D.  1589. 
She  was  profligate,  cruel  and  artftil,  in- 
stigating the  bloody  massacro  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, but  a  liberal  patron  of  the  arts 
and  literature.  Catharine  I.,  of  Russia, 
daughter  of  a  livonian  peasant,  whose  first 
husband  was  a  Swedish  army  officer; 
after  his  death  C.  was  of  loose  character, 
but  Peter  the  Great  having  fallen  in  love 
witii  and  married  her  she  became  a  loyal 
and  most  devoted  wife,  sacrificing  her 
jewels  to  save  her  husband  and  his  army 
from  the  Turks.  After  the  death  of  Peter, 

C.  ruled  wlselv  and  vigorously ;  b.  1688, 

D.  172T.  C.  II.,  of  Kussia,  a  German, 
wife  of  Peter  III.;  b.  1728,  d.  1T96.  Her 
life  was  one  round  of  in&my.  Her  chief 
favorite,  Alexis  Orloff,  having  murdered 
her  husband,  she  ruled  with  great  vigor, 
carried  on  a  successful  war  with  Turkey, 
arranged  the  division  of  Poland,  and  ex- 
tended the  power  and  influence  of  Bussla 
in  aU  directions. 

Oatharist,  -rlst.  One  who  pretends  to 
more  purity  than  others ;  a  puritan.  A 
term  used  by  the  Paullcians  in  the  7th 
century  ;  the  Anti-Catholic  sects  in  France 
and  Piedmont  of  the  12th  century ;  the 
Montanists,  the  Novatlans,  &c. 

Oaxthartes,  karthar't^z.  A  gen.  of  the 
vulture  family,  containing  the  turkey- 
buzzard  and  ouier  species. 

Oaxthaxtic,  'tik.  A  medicine  that 
cleanses  tixe  stomach  and  bowels  ;  a  pur- 
gative. 

Oathedra,  -thed'ra.  The  throne  or  scat 
of  a  bishop  in  the  cathedral  of  his  diocese. 
The  professional  chair  of  any  one  entitled 
to  teach  with  authority. 

Cathedral.  -i!i."'Mmt. 
The  priMi"iii:ii  L'SiunrlL 
in  a  <]i.>iA'd.e;  Uift 
church  of  the  blshap, 

OatherinB-whe  e  1, 
'er-in-wbi>L  A  f\n\- 
work  in  tbo  form  of  .-i 
wheel  wliEi^b  rntntfia  a?.' 
the  fire  isriuuei  tiom  ilii^ 
aperture.  In  Arch, 
a  window  of  circular  Cathedra^ 
fonx^  with  radiating  divisions. 


Cathode,  'dd.  The  negative  poltt  of  ad 
electric  current,  or  that  by  which  tfee  cur- 
rent leaves ;  opposed  to  anode. 

Catholic,  'o-llk.  A  member  of  the  uni- 
versal Christian  church.  A  member  ol 
the  church  of  Rome ;  a  Roman  Catholic. 

Catholicos,  ka-thoPi-kos.  The  spiritual 
head  of  the  Armenian  Church. 

Catlinsr,  katllng.  A  kitten.  Catgut; 
the  string  of  a  lute,  violin,  &c.  A  dis- 
membering knife  used  by  surgeons. 

Catlinite,  ll-nit  A  red  ola^-stone,  allied 
to  agahnatollte. 

Cato,  k&'t5.  The  name  of  two  distin- 
guished Roman  generals  and  philoso- 
phers, grand&ther  and  grandson.  The 
first,  Marcus  Poroins  Piiscus,  known  as 
Cato  Major,  b.  284,  d.  149  b.  o.  He  con- 
quered part  of  Spain,  uid  fonght  at  Ther- 
mopylffi.  His  literarv  renEiains  Include 
"  Origlnes"  and  "  De  BeRufltica."  Mar- 
cus Porcius  (of  Utica)  C,  grandson  of  the 
above.  B.  105,  suiciaed  45  b.  o.  He  ac- 
quired military  feme,  and  was  noted  for 
austeritv  of  life  and  the  strictest  Integrity. 
His  reading  of  Plato's  treatise  on  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul  is  said  to  have 
prompted  his  suicide. 

Catoblepas,  ka-toblS-pas.  A  gen.  ol 
ruminating  quadrupeds,  antelope  fiam., 
containing  the  gnu. 

Catodontidse,  kat-d-don'ti-d€.  A  fiun. 
of  whales,  the  typical  gen.  of  which  Is  cat- 
odon.  The  most  remarkable  member  ia 
the  sperm-whale  or  cachalot. 

Catonian,  ka-to'ni-an.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  either  of  the  Romans,  Cato 
the  censor,  or  Cato  UticensIs ;  grave  ;  Is 
flexible. 

Cat-o'nine-tailSfkat-o-nm'talz.  An  in- 
strument of  punishment,  consisting  of  a 
knotted  line  or  cord. 

Catopter,  ka-top'ter.  A  reflecting  optf- 
ctd  glass  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 

Cat-rope,  kat'r5p.  A  rope  used  to  haul 
up  the  anchor  of  a  ship  from  the  water'a 
eage  to  the  cat-head. 

Cat-salt,  'salt.  A  salt  beautiftiUy  granu- 
lated, formed  out  of  leach-brine. 

Cat's-eye,  kats'i.  A  variety  of  quart^ 
very  hard,  and  semi-transparent.  Called 
also  Sunstone. 

CatskilL  katz'kil.  A  mountain  range  in 
E.  New  Tork ;  a  portion  of  the  Appalach- 
ian ;  the  scenery  is  only  second  to  that  of 
the  Alps. 

Cat-stane,  kat'ston.  A  conical  cairn  or 
monolith  found  in  Scotland,  supposed  it 
mark  the  locality  of  a  battle. 


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GAYSKDIflB 


OatUe,  1.  A  term  applied  oolleotiTely  to 
the  larger  domestic  qnadrnpeds,  or  snch 
as  serve  for  tillage  or  other  labor,  and 
for  food  to  man. 

Oattle-gnard,  -g5rd.  A  ditch  crossing 
beneath  a  railway,  to  prevent  the  straying 
of  cattle  onto  the  line. 
Oattle-plasrae,  -plag.  A  vhrolenUr  con- 
tagions disease  affecting  cattle;  rmder- 
p^t. 

Oattle-mn,  >ran.     An  American  and 
colonial  term  for  an  open  grazing  ground. 
OatUe-sliow,  -shd.     An  exhibition  of 
domestic  animals  for  prizes. 
Oaucasian,  ka-kfiM-an.     The   highest 
type  of  the  hnman  ftunily,  Indnding  near- 
ly all  the  Eoropeans,  the  Circassians,  Ar- 
menians, Persians,  Jews,  See. 
OaucasoB,  kanlca-sfis.    The  mountain 
range  between  the^Black  and  Caspian  seas, 
forming  part  of  the   boundary  between 
Europe  and  Asia ;   the  highest  peak  is 
18,600  ft.  above  sea  level. 
Oauons,  'kns.    A  private  meeting  of  citi- 
zens to  agree  uppu'candidates  to  be  pro- 
posed for  election  to  oflSoes,  or  to  concert 
measures  for  supporting  a  party. 
Oaudle,  ka'dl.    A  warm  drink  made  of 
wine  or  alej  mixed  with  bread,  sugar  and 
spices. 

Oaudle-cnp,  ka'dl-kup.  A  vessel  for 
holding  caudle.  A'caudle-cupand  apostles' 
spoons  formerly  constituted  the  sponsor's 
gift  to  the  child  at  a  christening. 
Geiuf  ,  kaf.  A  chest  with  holes  for  keep- 
ing flsh  alive  in  water.  In  mining,  a  vessel 
of  sheet-iron  employed  to  raise  coal  from 
the  bottom  of  the  snaft. 
Cfoufle,  1.  A  drote  of  black  slaves ;  a 
coffle. 

Oanl,  kal.  A  kind  of  head-covering  worn 
by  femaXes ;  a  net  inclosing  the  hair :  the 
hinder  part  of  a  cap.  A  portion  of  the 
amnion  or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus, 

'  sometimes  encompassing  the  head  of  a 
child  when  bom. 

Chtnlopteris,  kii-Iop'ter-is.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  tree-ferns,  found  in  the  cod-meas- 
ures. 

Causeway,  kaz'wfi.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the 
ground,  serving  as  a  dry  passage  over  wet 
or  manuiy  ground,  or  as  a  mole  to  confine 
water,  or  restrain  it  flrom  overflowing. 

Oanfltio,  kas'tik.  Any  substance  which 
bums,  corrodes,  or  disintegrates  the  tex- 
tures of  uiimid  structures ;  an  escharotic. 
Lunar  caustic,  nitrate  of  silver  when  cast 
Into  sticks  for  the  use  of  surgeons,  &e.  In 
Math,  the  ourve  to  which  rays  of  light, 


reflected  or  refhtcted  by  another  curve,  are 
tangents. 

Oauterlaatioii,  ka'ter-iz-i''shon.  The 
act  of  cauterizing  or"  searing  by  the  Appli'> 
cation  of  a  hot  iron,  caustics,  See.  The 
eflTect  of  the  application  of  a  cautery  or 
caustic 

Oaiud,  'z8.  An  Indian  Mohammedaa 
Judge,  who  also  oflidates  as  a  public  no- 
tary. 

Oavaiirnao,  Jjouia  Bocexie,  kah* 
van'yak.  A  French  officer,  b.  1802,  i>. 
1867.  He  was  appointed  governor-general 
of  Algeria  by  the  provisional  government 
of  the  republic,  1848,  and  the  same  year 
he  was  recalled  and  made  dictator  of 
France;  he  resigned  after  suppressing  the 
Parisian  insurrection  of  June  28-M,  but 
waa  recalled  to  the  military  oommand ;  tn 
November  of  the  same  year  he  was  muni- 
cipal rival  of  Louis  Napoleon  for  the  prea- 
idency,  and  permanentiy  retired  horn 
power  Dec.  20, 1848,  dying  in  retirement 

Oavaloade,  kav'al-kftd.  A  proceasion 
of  persons  on  horseback. 

Oavalier,  -a-16r.  A  horseman,  especially 
an  armed  horseman ;  a  knight  The  ap- 
pellation given  to  the  partisans  of  Charles 
I.,  as  opposed*  to  a  Roundhead,  an  adhe- 
rent to  the  Parliament  A  gentleman  at- 
tending on  or  escorting  a  lady ;  a  beau. 
In  Fori,  a  raised  work  commanding  all  ad- 
jacent works. 

Oavalry,  'al-il  A  body  of  troops  that 
serve  on  horseback,  cUusifled  into  light 
and  heavy. 

Gave,  kiy.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth ; 
a  subterranean  cavem  ;  a  den.  The  Mam- 
moth cave  of  Kentucky  incloses  an  extent 
of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous  wind- 
ings. 

Oavea,  ki'vS-a.  Among  the  andent 
Romans,  a  subterranean  cell  wherein  wild 
beasts  were  confined  In  readiness  for  the 
fights  of  the  arena ;  by  synecdoche,  the 
amphitheater  itself. 

Oaveaoh,  ka-vSch'.    Pickled  mackerel ; 

'  a  West  Indian  name. 

Oavear,  -v€r.  A  money  of  Mocha,  worth 
about  one  cent  A  nommal  division  of  the 
Spanish  dollar,  forty  cavears  making  one 
dollar. 

Oave-dwaller,  kavMwel-«r.  A  name 
given  to  such  of  the  races  of  prehistoric 
man  as  dwelt  in  natural  caves,  subsisting 
on  shell-fish  and  wild  animals.    A  name 

gven  to  a  religious  sect  known  as  the 
ohemian  Brethren,  in  the  16th  century. 
Oavendish,   Henry,   kin'dish.     An 
English  chemist  and  philosopher;  b.  1T81, 
s.  1810.    He  was  the  originator  of  the*eK' 


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160 


CfiLESTm 


isting  system  of  chemistry,  disoovered 
til©  composition  of  water  and  nitric  add, 
and  measured  the  density  of  the  earth. 
Cavendish,  kav'en-dish.  Tobacco  which 
has' been  softened  and  pressed  into  quad- 
rangular cakes.  0.  experiment,  an  im- 
portant mechanical  experiment  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  the  mean  density 
of  tne  earth  by  means  of  the  torsion  bal- 
ance. 

Oave-fiwallow,  k&v'swol-ld.  A  species 
of  sw^Ulow  which  suspends  its  mud-formed 
nests  to  the  roo&  of  caves. 
Oavia,  kfiM-a.  A  gen.  of  rodent  ani- 
mals, type  of  the  fam.  Cavidie,  the  most 
Ibmiliar  example  being  the  guinea-pig. 
Caviar,  kav-1-fir'.  The  roes  of  fish  pre- 
pared and  salted.  The  best  is  made  fW>m 
the  sterlet,  sturgeon,  sevruga  and  beluga, 
caught  in  the  waters  of  Russia. 
Cavicomia,  -kor'nia.  A  fern,  of  rum- 
inants, characterized  by  persistent  horns, 
including  the  antelopes,  goats  and  oxen. 
The  prong-horn  antelope,  which  renews 
the  homy  sheath  periodically,  is  the  only 
exceptional  member  of  the  group. 
Cavour,  Camillo,  Count  di,  kah- 
voor'.  A  distinguished  Italian  statesman  ; 
B.  1810,  D.  1861.  He  contributed  largely 
to  the  unification  of  Italy,  and  as  prime 
minister  ttom  1852  to  his  death,  framed 
and  had  adopted  laws  guaranteeing  liberty 
of  the  press,  religious  toleration  and  free 
commerce. 

Cawquaw,  ka'kwa.  The  urson,  or  Can- 
adian porcupine.  Its  chief  food  consists 
of  fiving  bark.  One  cawquaw  will  destroy 
a  hundred  trees  in  a  single  winter. 
Caxton,  kaks'ton.  The  name  applied  to 
any  book  printed  by  Caxton,  who  intro- 
duced the  art  of  printing  into  England. 
He  died  1492.  The  Caxtons  are  all  in 
black-letter.  "  The  Eecuyell  of  the  His- 
tory es  of  Troyfc,"  printed  by  Caxton  at 
Cologne  in  1471,  is  considered  the  earliest 
specimen  of  typography  in  the  Enghsh 
language.  *'  The  Game  and  Playe  of  the" 
Chesse,"  printed  by  him  at  Westminster 
in  1474,  is  regarded  as  the  first  work 
printed  in  England. 

Cay,  kfi.  An  islet;  a  range  or  reef  of 
rocks  lying  near  the  surface  of  the  water; 
often  termed  a  Key. 

Cayenne  Pepper,  ki-en'  pep'er.  A 
powder  formed  of  the  dried  and  ground 
fruits  and  seeds  of  various  species  of  Cap- 
sicum, and  especially  of  C.  frutescens. 
Cayman,  ka'man.  A  name  applied  pop- 
ularly to  the  alligator,  but  properly  only 
to  Crocodilus.  I 


Casique,  ka-zSk'.  The  name  of  nativ« 
princes  or  head  chieft  of  parts  of  America 
when  discover«d  by  the  Spaniards.  Writ* 
ten  also  Cacique. 

CebidSB,  BS^bi-de.  A  flun.  of  platyrhin* 
monkeys,  including  the  spider  monkeyv, 
sapajous,  squirrel  monkeys,  Ae. 

CeocMn,  sdbL-k&i'.  A  coin  of  Italy  and 
Barbary. 

CecidomyidBd,  8S'si-d5-mi"i-dg.  A 
Bub-flun.  of  dipterous  insects,  fiun.  Tip«- 
lidflB. 

Cecils,  'silz.  In  cook/oy,  minced  meat, 
bread,  onions,  parsley,  &c.,  with  season- 
ing, noade  tuto  Dalls  and  fried. 

Cecrops,  sS'krops.  In  Myth,  the  found- 
er of  Athens,  abi  1580  b.  a;  reputed  ao 
Egyptian. 

Cecrops,  'krops.  A  gen.  of  parasitic  en- 
tomostraoous  oruBtaoeans,  fitm.  Caligidie, 
found  on  the  gills  of  fish,  and  called  by 
fishermen  fish-Uce. 

Cedar, 'der.  A  tree 
which  forms  fine 
woods  on  all  the 
mountains  of  Syria 
and  Asia  Minor,  an 
evergreen  which 
grows  to  agreat  size 
a  n  d  is  remarkable 
for  its  durability. 
Of  the  fhmouB  ce- 
dars of  Lebanon 

comparatively    few 

now  remain.     The 

name  is  also  given 

to  the  deoda,  and  to  other  trees  which 

have  no  relation  to  the  true  cedar,  as  the 

Bermuda  cedar,  used  for  making  pencils, 

the  red  cedar,  the  Honduras,  or  bastard 

Barbadoes  cedar,  and  the  red  cedar  of 

Australia. 

Cedar-bird,  -herd.    The  American  wax- 
wing. 
Cedilla,  -dilla.    A  mark  placed  under 

the  letter  c  (p)  to  show  that  it  is  to  be 

sounded  like  s. 
Celebes,  sel'e-bSz.    An  island  in  the  E. 

Archipelago,  belonging  to  Holland ;  are*, 

74,000  sq.  m. ;  pop.,  2,108,000. 
Celeres,  'er-Sz.    In'Bom.  antiq.  a  body 

of  800  horsemen,    formed   by  Komulua 

from  the  wealthier  dtizens. 
Celestial,  s^-les'ti-al.    An  inhabitant  of 

Heaven.    A  native  of  China,  Hie  so-called 

Celestial  Empire. 
Celestin,  etsres-tin.    Native  sulphate  of 

strontian,  a  mineral  so  named  from  its  oo- 

casional  deUoate  blue  oslor. 


CiHlir, 


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161 


GENSITS 


Oelestine,  -tin.  An  adherent  of  Pela- 
gianism,  so-oimed  firom  Gcelestias.  One  of 
a  religions  order,  named  from  Pope.  C. 
A  member  •f  an  order  of  Franciscan  her- 
mits now  extinct. 

Oelibate,  'i-bat.  One  who  practices  cel- 
ibacy, a  bachelor. 

Oelebite,  -bit.  A  monk  living  mnder  a 
common  and  regular  discipline. 

Oelidofirrapliy,  -i-dog'ra-fi.  A  descrip- 
tion of  the  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  sun  or 
planets. 

Oell.  A  smaQ  or  dose  apartment,  as  in  a 
convent  or  a  prison.  A  small  or  mean 
place  of  residence,  as  a  cave  or  hermitage. 
In  Arch,  the  part  of  a  temple  where  the 
image  of  a  god  stood  ;  a  hollow  place  be- 
tween the  ribs  of  a  vaulted  roof.  A  small 
cavity  or  hollow  place,  as  the  cells  of  the 
brain,  or  of  a  honey-comb.  In  Biol,  a 
membranous  bag  with  fluid  contents,  and 
almost  fdways  a  nucleus,  as  epithelial  and 
Alt  cells ;  a  sani-solid  mass  of  matter  with 
no  definite  bonndaiy-wall.  In  Elect,  a 
single  jar,  containing  plates,  united  to 
their  opposites  or  to  each  other. 

Oellar,  ^er.  A  room  in  a  house  or  other 
building,  wholly  or  partly  under  ground, 
adapted  for  storage  purposes. 

Oellar-book,  -bnk.  A  book  containing 
details  regarding  wines  and  liquors  re- 
ceived into  and  given  out  from  a  cellar 

Oellarer,  -er.  An  officer  in  a  monastery 
who  has  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping 
the  provisions ;  also,  an  officer  in  chapters, 
who  has  the  care  of  the  temporals.  One 
who  keeps  wine  or  spirit  cellars. 

Oellaret,  -et'.  A  case  for  holding  bottles 
of  liquors. 

CellarixLQ,  ohel-la-ro'nd.  In  Arch,  the 
.    iwt  of  a  capital  below  the  annulets. 

Oellepora,  sel-lep'o-ra.  A  gen.  of  corals, 
dass  Polyzoa. 

Oellnlares,  -Iu-I&ir6z.  One  of  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  form- 
ing the  greater  ttiough  humbler  portion 
of  the  acotyledonouft  or  cryptogamic 
plants. 

Celiulicolfld, -lik'o-l&  Afkm.  of  spiders, 
ord.  Pulmonaria. 

Oellulose,  -Ids.  The  substance  of  which 
the  permanent  cell-membranes  of  plants 
are  idways  composed. 

Oelsus,  AureliusOomelius.  A  Ro- 
man physician,  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius, 
said  to  have  been  the  first  public  practi- 
tioner of  the  art  in  the  city.  He  wrote 
"De  Medicina,"  regarded  as  the  most 
valuable  of  andent  treatises,  and  often  re- 


IMdnted ;  also,  works  on  agriculture,  rhet- 
oric and  military  science. 

Oelt,  sett.  One  of  the  earliest  Aryan  in- 
habitants of  the  south  and  west  of  Europe, 
The  family  has  two  branches,  the  Gad- 
helic,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scot* 
land,  the  Irish,  and  Manx ;  and  the  Ojrm- 
ric,  comprising  the  Wdsh  and  Bretons. 

Oelt.  An  implement  of  stone  or  metal, 
found  in  ancient  tumuli  and  barrows  of 
the  Celtic  period.  Some  suppose  it  to  be 
a  weapon,  others  contend  that  it  is  a  tool. 

Oeltiberian,  -i-bdM-an.  Pertaining  to 
Celtiberia  and  its  inhabitants,  an  ancient 
people  of  Spain. 

Oeltic.  The  language  or  group  of  dia- 
lects spoken  by  the  Celts,  induding  Welsh, 
Armorio  or  Breton,  Iriah,  Gaelic,  and 
Manx. 

Oezaent,  sS-menf  .  Anv-  glutinous  or 
other  substance,  capable  of  uniting  bodies 
in  dose  cohesion,  as  mortar,  glue,  &e. ; 
hydraulic  limes  which  contain  silica  and 
therefore  set  quickly.  Hydraulic  cements 
harden  under  water  ana  consolidate  al- 
most immediately. 

Oement-stone,  'stdn.  A  calcareous 
mineral,  a  species  of  septarla,  which  by 
being  calcined  is  converted  into  a  cement. 

Oemetery,  sem'e-te-ri.  A  place  set 
apart  for  interment ;  a  graveyard  ;  a  ne- 
cropolis. 

Cenci,  Beatrice,  chdn'che.  Daughter 
of  Count  Frandsco  Cend,  a  notorious 
Itelion  libertine;  b.  1676,  d.  1&99.  She 
became  the  victim  of  her  fether*s  lust,  and 
vainly  imploring  the  protection  of  Pope 
Clement  YIII.,  she,  with  other  memb€a>s 
of  the  fkmily,  was  charged  with  a  con- 
spiracy to  assassinate  her  fiither,  and  de- 
spite their  protestations  of  innocence  all 
were  executed.  Guide  Reni's  beautifUl 
poi  trait  of  B.,  in  the  Barberini  Gallery, 
Rome,  is  fkmiliar  to  all  visitors. 

Oenoblte,  sen'o-blt.  One  of  a  religious 
order  living  in  a  community ;  in  opposi- 
tion to  an  anchoret,  who  lives  in  soUtude. 

OenBor,  'ser.  An  officer  in  ancient 
Rome  who  kept  a  register  of  the  citizenfi 
and  their  property,  for  the  purposes  of 
taxation ;  he  also  kept  watcn  over  the 
morals  of  the  citizens,  having  power  to 
censure  and  punish  vice  and  Immorality. 
One  empowered  to  examine  books  before 
they  are  pubUshed. 

CSenims,  'sus.  In  Rom.  Antiq.  an  enu< 
meration  and  register  of  the  Roman  dti- 
zens  and  their  property,  In  modern 
times,  an  official  enumeration  of  the  in- 
habitants of  a  state. 


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CENOTAPH 


i<a 


CKNTBUTJGAL 


Oenotaph,  -taf 
An  empty  tomb 
erected  in  honor 
of  some  de- 
ceased person; 
a  monument 
erected  to  one 
buried  else- 
where. 

Censer,  sen'- 
ser.  A  vase 
or  pan  in  which 
incense  is 
burned:  ayes- 
sel  for  burning 
and  wafting  in- 
cense. Censers, 


Cenotaph  of  Sobert 
Burns. 


called  also  thuribles,  are  used  in  the  B.  C. 
Church,  as  well  as  in  some  Anglican  and 
other  churches. 

Cent,  sent.  A  hundred,  commonly  used 
with  per,  as  ten  per  cent,  that  is,  in  the 
proportion  of  ten  to  the  hundred.  In  va- 
rious countries,  a  coin  equal  to  the  hun- 
dredth part  of  that  which  forms  the  mon- 
etary unit 

Cental,  scn'tal.    A  weight  of  100  lbs. 

Centaur,  'tar.  In 
Greek  Myth,  a  fabulous 
being  represented  as 
half  man  and  half  horse. 
The  Centaur  Cheiron 
was  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  medi-  j 
eine.  Part  of  a  south- 
ern constellation,  in 
form  of  a  centaur,  usu- 
ally Joined  with  thej 
Wolf,  containing  85 
stars ;  the  Archer. 

Centenaar,  'te-nfir.  i 
Amsterdam  quintal, ! 
nearly  equal  to  109  lbs.  _ 

Centenarian,  -te-n&'.        Centaur. 
ri-an.    A  person  a  hundred  years  old. 

Centenary,  'te-na-rl.  The  space  of  a 
hundred  years. 

Centennial,  -ten'ni-al.  The  commemo- 
ration of  any  event  which  occurred  a  hun- 
dred years  before. 

CenterlnfiT,  'ter-ing.  The  framing  of 
timber  by  which  the  arch  of  a  bridge  or 
other  structure  is  supported  during  its 
construction  ;  the  wood-work  or  framing 
on  which  any  vaulted  work  is  constructed. 

Centesimal,  -tes'l-mal.  In  Arith.  hun- 
dredth part :  the  next  step  of  progression 
after  decimal. 

Centesimation,  -m&^'shon.  A  military 
punishment  for  mutiny;   or  the  l&e. 


where  one  person  in  ahuiidred  Is  selected 
for  execution. 

Centesimo.  -tez'6-md.  In  Italy,  the  hun- 
dreth  part  of  a  lira,  equal  to  the  Freneh 
franc  in  value.  An  Aiventlne  money,  the 
hundredth  part  of  a  dollar. 

Centetes,  -t<3'tSz.  A  gen.  of  mammals, 
&m.  Talpidae,  nearly  allied  to  the  hedge- 
hogs ;  the  tenracs. 

Centiare,  'ti-ftr.  A  square  meter ;  the 
hundredth  part  of  the  French  are,  equal 
to  1.19  square  yards. 

Centigrade,  -grad.  Consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred degrees ;  graduated  into  a  hundred 
divisions  of  equal  parts.  C.  thermome- 
ter, a  thermometer  which  divides  the  in- 
terval between  the  freezing  and  boiling 
points  of  water  into  100  degrees,  while  in 
Fahrenheit's  the  same  interval  is  divided 
Into  180  degrees. 

Centime,  -tem'.  The  hundredth  part  of 
a  franc. 

Centipede,  'ti-pSd.  A  term  applied  to  va. 
rious  insects  having  many  feet,  ord. 
Cheilopoda,  class  Myriapoda;  those  belong- 
ing to  the  gen.  Scolopendra  inflict  danger- 
ous bites. 

Centner,  sent'ner.  A  weight  divisible 
first  into  a  hundred  parts  and  then  into 
smaller  parts.  A  common  European 
name  for  a  hundredweight.  In  Switzer- 
land it  is  equal  to  110  lbs.;  Austria,  1101 ; 
Sweden,  112.06 ;  Germany,  110.25. 

Center,  sen'ter.  A  point  equally  distant 
fr^m  the  extremities  ;  the  middle  point  or 
place. 

Center-bit,  -bit.  A  carpenter's  tool  for 
boring,  which  turns  on  an  axis  when  in 
operation. 

Center-chuck,  -chuk.  A  chuck  which 
can  be  screwed  on  the  mandrel  of  a  lathe, 
and  has  a  hardened  steel  cone  flxed  in  it ; 
also,  a  projecting  arm  or  driver. 

Center-drill,  -dril.  A  drill  used  for 
making  holes  in  the  ends  of  a  shaft  about 
to  be  turned,  for  the  entrance  to  the  lathe 
centers. 

Center-piece,  -pes.  An  omamentin  the 
middle  or  center  of  a  table  or  mantle-shelf; 
or  between  other  ornaments. 

Center-pin,  -pin.  The  pivot  on  which 
the  compass  needle  oscillates. 

Centrifugral,  -trlf Q-gal.  Tending  to 
recede  from  the  center.  C.  force  is  that 
force  by  which  all  bodies  moving  in  a 
curve  tend  to  fly  off  ftom  the  axis  of  their 
motion  in  a  tangent  to  the  periphery  of 
the  curve.  Acting  by  or  depending  on 
centriftigal  force,  as  a  oentriftigal  pump, 
a  centrifugal  machine. 


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CEEAUN08CX)PE 


Centripetal, -trip Vtal.  Tending  toward 
the  center.  C.  force  is  that  force  which 
draws  a  body  towards  a  center,  and  there- 
by acts  as  a  ooontcurpoise  to  the  centrif- 
ugal force  in  drcular  motion.  Gravity  ii 
a  centripetal  force. 

OentriBOUS,  trislcas.  A  gen.  of  teleos- 
toan  fishes,  sec.  Acanthopterygii,  fam. 
Fi8talarid»,  including  the  bellows-fish  and 
trumpet-fish. 

Gentropus,  'trd-pns.  A  gen.  of  scansorlal 
birds,  onekoo  fhm.,  the  pheasant  cuckoo. 

Oentomvir, -tum'vir.  One  of  a  hundred 
and  five  ludges  in  andent  Bome  appoint- 
ed to  dedTde  conmion  causes. 

Oentnrion,  t&'ri-on.  A  Soman  officer 
who  comnaanded  a  century  or  company 
of  a  hundred  men,  answering  to  the  cap- 
tain in  modem  armies. 

Centnxy,  'ri.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  a  division 
of  the  people  for  the  purpose  of  electing 
magistrates  and  enacting  laws,  the  people 
YotiLDg  bv  oenturles ;  also  a  company  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  men.  A  period  of  a 
hundred  years.  Centuries  of  Magdeburg, 
an  ecclesiastical  history,  arranged  in  thir- 
teen centuries.  C.  plant,  the  American 
aloe,  formerhr  supposed  to  flower  only 
once  in  a  century. 

Oephalalgio,  sef-a-hd'Jik.  A  medicine 
for  the  headache. 

Oephalaspis,  -hw'pis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
ganoid  fifihes,  occurring  in  the  old  red 
sandstone. 

Oephalata,  -I&'ta.  A  div.  of  moUusks 
having  a  distinct  head,  with  eyes,  as  the 
gasteropods,  pteropods,  cuttle-fishes. 

Cephalophus,  sd-fal'o-fas.  An  African 
gen.  of  antelopes,  including  the  duyker- 
ook  or  impoon,  the  rhoode-bok,  red- 
buck  or  Natal  bush-buck  and  the  blue- 
buck. 

Cephalopoda,  sef-a-lop'o-da.  A  class 
of  mollnsca,  the  highest  in  organization, 
divided  into  two  sections,  Tetrabranchi- 
ata  and  Dibranchiata.  The  nautilus, 
and  the  fossil  genera  Orthoceras,  Ammon- 
ites, Goniatites,  Ae.^  belong  to  the 
Tetrabranchiata.  The  dibranchiate  in- 
cludes the  argonaut,  the  octopus  or  eight- 
armed  cuttle-fishes,  and  the  ten -armed 
forms,  as  the.calamaries,  the  fossil  belem- 
nites,  &c. 

Cephalopterldsd,  'a-lop-ter^'i-de.  A 
Bub-fiun.  of  the  ray  fish,  of  which  the  gen. 
Gephaloptera  is  the  type;  fin-headed 
rays  or  homed  rays. 

Oephalote,  -15t.  A  fatty  substance,  in- 
soluble in  alcohol,  but  soluble  in  ether, 
obtitned  from  the  brain ;  a  mixture  of  the 


cerebrates  of  potassium  and  sodium,  with 
traces  of  olien  and  oleo-phosphoric  acid. 

Cepludotome,  -lO-tdm.  An  instrument 
for  cutting  into  the  fetal  head  to  asslsl 
contraction  and  facilitate  delivery. 

Cephalotrlbe,  -trlb.  An  obstetrical  in- 
strument for  crushing  the  head  of  the  in< 
fhnt  in  the  womb. 

Cepheiu,  se'fe-us.  A  constellation  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  Burrounde<!| 
by  Cassiopeia,  Ursa  Mi^oi^,  Draco  and 
C^rgnus,  containing  85  stars.  One  of  the 
moss  mites,  tun..  Orlbatidse. 

Cepola,  sep'o-la.  A  gen.  of  fishes,  sec. 
Acanthopterygli.  A  species  is  known  a« 
the  red  buid-fish  and  red  snake-fish. 

Oepolidn,  sd-pol'l-dd.  Bibbon-fishes ; 
bimd-fishes.  Aram,  of  acanthopterygian 
fishes.    Also  called  Teniodee. 

Ceraex),  -rft<go.  Bee-bread ;  a  substance 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  pollen  of  flowers, 
used  by  bees  for  aliment. 

CerambycidsB.  -ram-bis'i-dd.  A  flun. 
of  coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Longioomes. 
The  musk-beetle  belongs  to  this  flun. 

Oeramio,  se-ram'ik.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  fictile  arts  or  pottery,  as  ceramic  art. 

Ceraphron,  ser'a-flH>n.  A  gen.  of  minute 
parasitic  insects,  fam.  ProctotrupidflB, 
some  of  which  prey  on  insects  destruc- 
tive to  plants. 

Cerapus,  -pus.     The  caddis-shrimp,  a 

gen.  of  ampnii>odous  crustaceans,  wnioh 
ve  in  a  tube. 

Cerasin,  -sin.  A  gum  which  exudes 
fit>m  cherry  and  plum  trees. 

Oeraaite, -sit.  Aoherry-Ukepetrifiiction. 
The  native  muriate  of  lead. 

Oerastea,  se-ras'tez.  A  gen.  of  Aflrican 
vipers,  remarkable  for  thdr  fiital  venom  ; 
horned  vipers. 

Cerate,  se^rat.  A  thick  ointment,  com- 
posed of  wax,  lard,  or  oil,  with  other  in- 
gredients. 

Oeratites,  ser-a-ti'tSz.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
Ammonltidse,  allied  to  the  ammonites. 

Ceratodus,  se-rat'd-dus.  A  fish,  allied 
to  the  lepldosiren.  The  native  sahnon  or 
Barramunda  of  Australia. 

CeratOBpongriSB,  ser'a-t5-spon'')i>€.  An 

order  of  sponges  of  which  the  bath  sponge 

is  the  type. 
Ceraiinite,  se-ra'nlt.  A  thunder-stone ;  a 

bclenmite. 
CeraiinoBOOpe,  'nd-sk5p.     An  instru' 

ment  used  in  the  mysteries  of  ancients  to 

imitate  thunder  and  lightning. 


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164 


CEBTHIADJ& 


Oerberus,  ser'ber-us. 
In  Glass.  Myth,  the 
watch- dog  of  the  infer- 
nal legions,  offspring  of 
Typhaon  and  the  ser- 
pent woman  Echidna, 
usually  rep  r  e  s  e  n  te  d 
with  three  heads,  the 
tail  of  a  serpent,  and 
serpents  round  his  neck. 
A  sub-gen.  of  serpents. 

Oeroaria, -k&'ri-a.  The 
second  larval  stage  of 
a  trematode  worm  or 
fluke.  The  cycle  is— 1,  Cerl 
Distomum,  parent  form ;  2,  Redia ;  8, 
Gercaria ;  4,  Encysted  Cercama ;  6,  Dis- 
tomum. 

Ctorois,  'sis.  A  gen.  of  trees  or  shrubs, 
ord.  L^ruminosae.  The  best  known  spe- 
cies is  the  Judas-tree,  so  called  from  the 
tradition  that  it  was  upon  one  of  these 
Judas  Iscariot  hanged  himself. 

Oercocebus,  -kd-sea>us.  A  gen.  of 
monkevs,  including  the  malbrouk,  or 
dog-tailed  monkey,  the  mangabys  and 
the  green  monkeys. 

Oercolabes,  -kol'a-bcz.  A  gen.  of  Bra- 
zilian porcuptnes,  remarkable  for  their  long 
prehensile  tails. 

Oercopidsd,  -kop'i-dS.  A  sub-fam.  of 
homopt^rous  insects,  tam.  Gicadellina,  in- 
cluding die  cuckoo-spits  and  frog-hoppers. 

Oercopltheciis,  'k6-pi-the"kus.  A  gen. 
of  long-tailed  monkeys,  very  active,  and 
are  often  prettily  variegated.  Among 
them  is  the  Mona. 

Cerdocyon,  -dos'i-on.  A  gen.  of  the 
dog  tribe,  Intermediate  between  the  true 
4ogs  and  the  foxes,  having  a  singular  pro- 
pensity to  steal  and  secrete  brilliant  ob- 
jects. 

Gereal,  su'ru-al.  A  general  term  for  any 
plant,  such  as  wheat,  barley  and  other 
grasses,  cultivated  for  the  «ake  of  their 
seed  as  food. 

Cerebrin,  ser'o-brin.  A  name  given  to 
several  substances  obtained  chemically 
from  the  br^. 

Oerement,  'ment.  Cloth  dipped  in  melt- 
ed wax,  with  which  dead  bodies  are  en- 
folded when  embalmed.  Grave-clothes  in 
general.    The  under-cover  of  an  altar-slab. 

Geremonial,  -e-mo'ni-al.  A  system  of 
rites  or  ceremonies  in  leligious  worship, 
social  intercourse,  or  In  courts ;  formal- 
ities to  be  observed  on  any  occasion. 
The  order  for  rites  and  forms  in  the  B.  G. 
Church,  or  the  book  containing  the  rules 
to  be  observed  on  solemn  occasions. 


Ceres. 


Oereopsis,  so-rg-op'sis.  A  gen.  of  birds, 
fam.  Antidae.  There  is  only  one  species, 
known  as  the  Australian  goose. 

Oeres,  'r&z.  In  Glass. 
Myth,  a  Roman  god- 
dess,corresponding  to ' 
the  Greek  Demeter;  , 
she  was  the  daughter 
of  Kronos  and  Bhea, 
and  the  mother  of 
Proserpine  and  Bac- 
chus. She  was  the 
goddess  of  earth  in  its 
capacity  of  bringing 
forth  fruits.  The  first 
discovered  of  the  aa* 
teroids  which  revolve 
between  the  orbits  oi 
Mars  and  Jupiter,  in 
size  less  than  the 
moon. 

CSexin,  'rin.  A  waxy 
substance  which  pre- 
cipitates,  on  evaporationjfrom  alcohol  di- 
gested on  grated  cork.  The  name  given 
to  that  portion  of  bees^-wax  soluble  In  al- 
cohol. An  ore  of  cerium,  a  variety  of  al- 
lanite. 

Oerinthian,  -rin'thi-an.  One  of  a  sect 
of  early  heretics,  so  called  from  Gerinthus, 
one  of  the  first  heresiarchs  in  the  church. 

Oeriph,  ser'if.  One  of  the  fine  lines  of  a 
letter,  especially  one  of  the  fine  cross  lines 
at  the  top  or  bottom,  as  of  I. 

Cerito,  se'rlt.  A  rare  mineral,  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  cerium,  very  hard.  It  is  the 
chief  source  of  cerium,  and  contains  idso 
lanthanium  and  didymium. 

CerithiidSd,  ser-i-thi'i-dd.  Glnb-shells, 
a  fam.  of  plant-eating  gasteropodous  mol- 
lusks,  containing  numerous  species,  both 
marine  and  fresh-water,  some  fossil  spe- 
cies being  characteristic  of  tertiary  strata. 
The  typical  gen.  is  Gerethium. 

Cerofirraphy,  se-rog'ra-fl.  The  act  of 
writing  or  engraving  on  wax.    The  art  of 

f>ainting  in  wax  colors  ;  encaustic  paint- 

Ceroma,  -rd'ma.  That  part  of  ancient 
gymnasia  and  baths  in  which  batheri 
and  wrestlers  used  to  anoint  themselvei 
with  a  composition  of  oil  and  wax. 

Ceroplastic,  -plas'tik.  The  art  of  mod- 
eling or  of  forming  models  In  wax. 

Oerro  Gordo.  A  defile  between  Yen 
Cruz  and  the  city  of  Mexico,  noted  for  th< 
signal  victory  achieved  by  the  Americas 
army  under  Gen.  Scott  over  the  Mexicani 
under  Santa  Anna,  April  18, 1847. 

Certhiadn,  serth'i-a-dS.    The  creepers, 


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106 


OHAOO 


ft  fttm.  of  tennirostral  perching  birds,  oon- 
sisting  of  the  tree-creepors,  nat-hatohes, 
Ac, 

OertioTarl,  eer'shi-d-ra'^i.  In  Law,  a 
writ  of  a  superior  court,  to  call  up  the 
records  of  an  inferior  court  or  remove  a 
cause  there  depending. 

Oeruleuzn,  s€-ni'l€-um.  A  blue  pig- 
ment, consisting  of  stannate  of  protoxide 
of  cobalt,  stannic  acid  and  sulphate  of 
lime. 

Oerumen,  se-rn'men.  The  wax  secreted 
by  certain  glands  lying  in  the  external 
canal  of  the  ear. 

Gerura,  sS-rd'ra.  A  gen.  of  moths,  fam. 
BombyddflB,  of  which  the  best  known  Is 
the  pnss-moth. 

Oeruse,  'rns.  White-lead,  a  compound 
of  hydrate  and  carbonate  of  lead,  produced 
by  exposing  the  metal  in  thin  plates  to 
the  vapor  of  vinegar.  Lead  is  sometimes 
found  native  in  the  form  of  ceruse,  but  in 
this  case  it  is  an  anhydrous  metacarbonate. 
0.  of  antimony  is  a  white  oxide  which 
separates  from  the  water  in  which  dia- 
phoretic antimony  has  been  washod. 

Gemsite,  'rn-sit.  A  native  carbonate  of 
lead,  a  common  lead  ore,  found  often  in 
conjunction  with  galena  or  sulphide  of 
lead,  and  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
decomposition  of  galena. 

Oexvelat,  ser've-Iat.  An  ancient  musical 
instrument,  produdng  tones  resembling 
a  bassoon. 

OervidSB,  'vi-de.  The  deer  tribe.  The 
principal  genera  are  represented  by 
the  stag  or  red-deer,  wapiti,  roebuck,  &c., 
the  elk  or  moose-deer,  the  reindeer  or 
cariboo,  the  fUlow-deo*  and  the  muntjac. 
Thev  are  first  found  fossil  in  miocene 
strata. 

Gestoidea,  ses-toi'dS-a.  An  order  of  in- 
testinal worms,  class  Scolecida;  tape- 
worms. 

Oestradontidn,  -tra'si-on''ti-d&  A 
fion.  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  consisting  only 
of  a  single  living  genuftand  species,  the 
Oe6tracioig4Jimough  fossil  forms  are 
abundant. 

Oestnun,  ses'trum.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  BolanaceiB ;  the  basfam  Jasmines. 

GefltUm,  'turn.  A  gen.  of  Ctenophora  or 
higher  Actinozoa,  represented  by  the 
Yenus't  girdle,  which  exhibit  phosphor- 
escence at  night. 

Cartas,  'tug.  In  Bom.  Myth,  the  girdle 
0tfenvL6^  on  which  was  represented  every- 
thing that  could  awakes  love.  Amarriago- 


girdle  given  by  a  newly  mi 
ried  wife   to  her   husband.' 
Among  the  andents.a  leather  2 
boxinff-glove     or    gauntlet,  | 
loaded  with  lead  or  iron. 

Getacea,  sS-t&'shd-a.  An  ord.  Cestus. 
of  marine  mammiferoua  an- 
imals, suimssing  in  size  aU  others  in  ex^ 
istence.  The  BalsnidsB,  or  whalebone 
whales;  the  Physeteridn,  or  sperm 
whales ;  the  Delphinid»,  or  dolphins  ;  the 
Rhynchoceti,  or  beaked  whales ;  and  the 
ZeuglodontidsB.  All  are  fossil.  The 
Sirenia  form  a  distinct  ord. 

Cetiosaurus,  'ti-o-sa'^rns.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  saurians,  the  most  gigantic  of  the 
ord.  Deinosauria.  Thefr  remains  are 
found  in  the  oolite  and  wealden  forma- 
tions. 

Cetoniadsd,  -to-ni^a-ds.  A  fam.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive groups  of  the  beetle  tribe.  The 
type  gen.  is  Cetonia. 

Getrarin,  'tra-rin.  A  vegetable  principle 
extracted  by  alcohol  from  several  lichens, 
as  Iceland  moss. 

Oetus,  'tus.  In  Astron.  the  Whale,  a 
constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere 
containing  97  stars. 

Geutorhynchus,     su-to-ring'kus.      A 

gen.  of  coleopterous  insects,  ram.  Curcu- 
onidffi,  including  the  turnip-seed  char- 
lock, and  the  turnip-gall  weevil. 

Geylon,  8<3-lon^  An  island  B.  of  Hin« 
dostan,  belonging  to  6t.  Britain ;  area, 
27,400  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,826,000.  The  in- 
habitants are  Buddhists,  and  the  sacred 
tooth  of  Buddha  is  preserved  in  one  of  the 
temples. 

Geylon-moss,  'moss.  Plocaria  Candida, 
an  alga,  lately  introduced  as  a  substitute 
for  mrinaceons  foods,  having  the  same 
properties  as  carrageen  or  Irish  moss. 

Gha,  cha.  A  kind  of  Chinese  tea,  rolled 
up  like  tobacco. 

Ghabasie,  kab  VsS.  A  variety  of  zeolite 
which  occurs  in  crystals  whose  primitive 
form  is  nearly  a  cube. 

Ghablis,  shab-le.  A  celebrated  white 
French  wine,  having  an  exquisite  per- 
frime. 

Ghabouk,  cha-bnk'.  A  long  whip ;  the 
whip  used  in  India  for  infiicting  corporal 
punishment. 

Ghacma,  chak'ma.  A  S.  African  bab- 
oon. 

Gbaco,  cha'ko.  The  native  name  for  an 
unctuous  earth  in  S.  America,  which  is 
eaten  with  chocolate. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHADAM 


166 


CHALICOTHEBIUM 


Chadam,  chad'am.  A  money  of  account 
in  some  parts  of  Asia,  equal  to  one  paysa, 
25  cowries  or  a  balf-farthing. 
Clueronea,  kS-ro-nd'ah.  AoityofBoeotia, 
the  birthplace  of  Plutarch,  celebrated  as 
the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
don  over  the  Confederate  Athenians  and 
Thebans,  b.  c.  838. 

OhaBtonotus,  ke-to-nd'tus.  A  remark- 
able gen.  of  rotifers  or  wheel  animalciles. 
OhsdtophoraceaB,  'to-fS-ra^sc-e.  A 
fern,  of  confervoid  algae,  growing  in  sea 
or  fresh  water,  and  Invested  wltii  gelatin- 
ous matter. 

Chafant,  ch&'fant.  In  Her.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  boar  when  represented  as  en- 
raged. 

Chafer,  chafer.  A  beetle  ;  generally  used 
with  some  prefix ;  as,  cock-chafer,  rose- 
chafer,  &c. 

Chafery,  -i.  A  forge  in  an  iron-mill,  at 
which  the  iron  is  wrought  into  bars  ;  also, 
a  kind  of  blacksmith's  forge. 
Chaffinch,  chaf flush.  A  British  bird, 
gen.  Fringilla,  whose  song  is  heard  from 
early  spring  to  the  middle  of  summer. 
Chafixiff-dish,  chafing-dish.  A  vessel 
to  hold  coals  for  heating  anything ;  a 
portable  grate. 

Chaillu,  Paid  B.  Du,  du  &ha-yu.  An 
American  of  French  descent,  celebrated 
for  his  travels  in  Central  Africa  ;  b.  1820. 
He  was  the  first  to  positively  verify  the 
existence  of  the  gorilla. 
Chain,  chan.  A  series  of  links?  or  rings- 
fitted  into  one  another.  In  weaving,  the 
warp  threads  of  a  web.  Links  or  plates  of 
iron  bolted  to  the  ship's  side,  used  to 
contain  the  dead-eyes.  In  Surv.  a  meas- 
uring instrument,  generally  consisting  of 
100  links,  each  7.92  inches  in  length. 
Chain- 
pump, 
'pump.  A 
pump  con- 
sisting, in  its 
commo  nest 
form,  of  an 
endless  chatb 
•  qui  pped 
with  a  num- 
ber of  valves 
or  buckets 
moving      on 


two    wheels,  ^^P 

one     above,  p^^ 

the  other  be-  ~ 

low.  Chain-pump. 

Ohain-sraner,  'gang.    A  number  of  con- 
victs chained  together. 


Chain-ffuard.  'gSrd.    A  mechanism  in 
watches,  provided  with  a  Aisee,  to  pre- 
vent the  watch  being  over- wound. 
Chain-8hot,  -  'shot/ 
Two  balls  connected  b}  I 
a  chain.  ^^m.  ^ 

Chain-stitch,  'stich.      ^»»*i»"Bliot- 
In  sewing,  threads  or  cords  linked   to- 
gether in  the  form  of  a  chain,  as  lineal 
chaining  or  tambour  work,  reticulation  or 
not- work,  Ac.    A  sewing-machine  stitch. 
Chain-wheel,  'whel.    An  inversion  of 
the  chain -pump,  by  which  it  is  converted 
into  a  recipient  of  water-power. 
Chair,  char.    A  movable   seat,  with    a 
back.    A  seat  of  office  or  authority ;  as, 
the  chair  of  a  judge ;  the  office  itself,  es- 
pecially the  office  of  a  professor,  as,  to 
hold  the  chair  of  logic  or  divinity.    Also 
used  for  the  chairman  of  a  meeting  or  as- 
sembly.   One  of  the  iron  blocks  which 
support  and  secure  the  rails  in  a  railway. 
Chaise,   shaz.    A  two-wheeled  carriage 
generally  furnished  with  a  movable  hood 
or  top.    A  gold  coin  current  in  France 
from  1846  to  1480,  varying  in  value  at 
different  periods.    Chaises  were  also  coin- 
ed in  England  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
Chalcedony,  kal-sed'o-ni.  A  sub-species 
of  quartz,  a  mineral;  white  agate.    There 
are  several  varieties,  as  common  chalced- 
ony, ehrysoprase,  sard  and  sardonyx. 
Chalcedonyx,  -niks.  A  variety  of  agate, 
in  which  white  and  gray  layers  alternate. 
Chalcogrraphy,  -kog'ra-fi.    The  art  of 
engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 
Chaldea,  kal-de'Sh.    The  country  Ijring 
between  the  rivers  Tigris  and  Euphrates. 
The  name  of  Chaldean  was  anciently  ap- 
plied to  the  learned  Babylonians. 
Chaldron,  chal'dron.  An  English  meas- 
ure of  coals  consisting  of  86  bushels,  or 
25^  cwt.;  the  Newcastle  chaldron  is  52f  or 
53  cwt.    In  America  the  weight  is  gen- 
erally 26J  cwt. 
Chalet,  sha-la.    One  of  the  huts  In  which 
cattle  and  herdsmen  are  housed  for  the 
night   on    the     Swiss 
mountains,  and  where 
the   cheese    is   manu- 
factured;   any   dwell- 
ing of  the  Swiss  peas- 
antry having  local  char- 
acteristics. 

Chalice,  chal'is.  A 
communion  cup  used 
to  administer  the  wine 
in  the  celebration  of  the 
holy  eucharist. 
OhaUootherlum,    kal'i-k6-ths"ri-wn. 


Challo*. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHALK 


167 


0HAMPAGI7B 


A  gen.  of  fiMsll  pachydermatous  animalB, 
allied  to  the  tapirs,,  oomprlsing  two  spe- 
•ies,  found  in  strata  of  tne  miocene. 

Ohidk,  chak.  An  earthy  limestone,  of 
an  opaque  white  color,  soft,  and  admit- 
ting no  polish.  It  is  an  impure  carbonate 
of  lime,  the  rock  which  forms  the  higher 
part  of  the  cretaceous  system,  constitut- 
ing the  upper  strata  of  the  secondary  age, 
immediately  preceding  the  tertiary.  True 
or  white  chiauc  is  formed  of  the  shells  and 
debris  ofthe  shells  of  foramintferous  ani- 
malcules, and  hence  is  a  rock  of  organic 
origin. 

Ghalk-drawiner,  'dra-ing.  A  drawing 
sketched  and  filled  in  w)th  colored  chalks. 

Ohalybeate,  ka-liVe-at.  Any  water  or 
othor  liquid  into  which  hron  enters. 

Ghalybite,  kal'i-bit.  A  native  anhv- 
drous  metaearbonate  of  Iron,  found  in 
gneiss,  mica-slate,  clay-slate,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  carboniferous  system,  and 
occasionally  in  trap  rocks.  It  is  often 
met  with  in  coi^unction  with  other  met- 
als. Clay  ironstone,  one  of  its  varietids, 
occurring  in  the  coal-measures,  is  one  of 
the  most  abimdant  and  valuable  ores  of 
iron. 

Oh  am  a,  kft'ma.  The  gaping  cockle,  a 
gen.  of  large  marine  bivalve  shells,  fam. 
Chamace». 

OhaTnaBaanra,  kam-d-sg'ra.  A  genus 
of  snake-like  lizards,  consisting  only  of 
one  spedes,  the  GhaiasDsaura  anguina  or 
snake-lizard. 

Chamber,  ohi&m'ber.  A  room  of  a  dwell- 
ing-house; a  sleeping  apartment.  A  room 
where  professional  men,  as  lawyers,  con- 
duct their  buAness ;  the  room  in  which 
Judbres  sit  for  the  disposing  of  matters  not 
sufficiently  important  to  be  argued  in 
court  A  place  where  an  assembly  meei^; 
as,  the  star-chamber ;  the  assembly  itself; 
as  the  chamber  of  commerce. 

Ohamberlain, -iSn.  A  person  charged 
with  the  management  of  a  chamber.  An 
officer  churgecT  with  the  direction  of  the 
private  apartments  of  a  monarch  or  noble- 
man. The  Lord  Chamberlain  of  Great 
Britain  is  the  sixth  officer  of  the  crown, 
and  has  under.him  a  vice-chamberlain.  A 
receiver  of  rents  and  revenues,  as  the 
chamberlain  of  a  corporation. 

Ohamber-mtLBio,  -mu-zik.  Composi- 
tions suitable  for  performance  in  a  cham- 
ber or  parlor,  as  opposed  to  a  concert-hall. 

Ohamber-OTsran,  -or-gan.  A  small  or- 
gan suitable  for  a  private  room  or  cham- 

Ohamhenlraxy.    Cap.  of  Franklin  Co., 


Penn.,  burned  by  the  Confedemtea  July 

80,1864;  pop.  6,877. 
Chambertin,  shon-ber-tan.    A  saperior 

red  Burgundy  wine. 
Ghambranle,   sham-branl'.    An  om** 

ment  bordering  the  three  sidea  of  doors, 

windows  and  chimneys.     The  top  part  is 

called  the  travwse,  tiie  sides  the  ascend- 

ants. 
Chambray,  'brft.    A  kind  of  gingham, 

with  linen  finish. 
Chambrel,  kam'brel.    Theloint  of  the 

upper  part  of  a  horse's  hind-leg. 
Ohameck,  sha-mek^    A  Brazilian  mon* 

key,  gen.  Ateles,  ikm.  Cebide,  susceptibh) 

of  a  high  degree  of  training. 
Chameleon, 

ka-m€'le-on.  A 

lizard,  gen. 

Chamseleo,  the 

best  known 

species     being 

C.  afHcanus  or 

C.  vulgaris. 

The  extraordi- 

^J?^.V^      ^«'«"'- 

meloon  possesses  of  changing  its  color,  Is 
due  to  the  presence  of  pigment-bearing 
contractile  cells  in  the  skin,  their  contrac- 
tions and  dilatations  being  imder  the  influ* 
ence  ofthe  nervous  system.  A  constella- 
tion near  the  south  pole,  invisible  in  c!!r 
latitudes. 

Chamfer,  cham'fer.    In  Carp,  a  small 
gutter  or  ftirrow.    A  bevel  or  slope. 

Ohamfron,  'fW>n.    The  defensive  armor 
for  the  fece  of  a  war-hors«. 

Chamois,  sham  V^. 
A  species  of  goat-hke 
or  capriform  ante- 
lope, inhabiting  inac- 
cessible mountains. 
Its  skin  is  made  into 
a  soft  leather  called 
chamois  or  shammy. 
A  soft  leather  maae 
fW>m  various  skins 
dressed  with  fish-oil ; 
chamois-leather. 


Chamois. 


Champ,  champ.  In  Arch,  the  field  or 
ground  on  which  carving  is  raised. 

Champao,  cham'pak.  A  beautiAil  In- 
dian tree,  ord.  MagnoliacesB,  held  in  high 
esteem  by  Brahmanists  and  Buddhists. 
Its  flowers  are  very  fi-agrant. 

Champagne,  sham-pan.  A  wine  (red 
and  white,  still  or  sparkling)  made  chiefly 
in  the  department  of  Mame,  in  the  fi>rmtr 
province  of  Champagne,  Fraaoe. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHAMPIGNON 


1J8 


CHAOS 


Ohampignon,  pin'von.  The  French 
name  for  mashrooms  in  general. 

Ghampion,  'pi-on.  The  title  given  to  a 
person  who  has  defeated  all  rivals  at  open 
competitions;  as  the  champion  scuUer, 
pedestrian,  pugilist,  Ac. 

Ohamplain,  Lake.  Located  in  N.  E. 
New  York,  extending  into  Canada,  and 
connected  with  the  8t.  Lawrence  by  the 
Chambly  Canal ;  length  110  m. ;  greatest 
width  14  m. 

Ohanoel,  chan'sel.  That  part  of  the  choir 
of  a  church  between  the  altar  and  the  rail- 
ing that  incloses  it.  An  inclosed  space  in 
courts  of  judicature. 

Ghancellor,  -er.  Originally,  a  chief  no- 
tary under  the  Roman  emperors  ;  but  In 
later  times  an  English  officer  invested 
with  Judicial  powers,  and  particularly  with 
the  superintendence  of  all  official  writings 
of  the  crown  that  require  to  be  solemnly 
authenticated ;  the  keeper  of  the  great 
seal.  From  the  Roman  empire  this  office 
passed  to  the  Church,  and  hence  every 
bishop  has  his  chancellor.  In  the  new 
German  Empire  the  chancellor  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Federal  Council.  In  the  U. 
8.,  a  chancellor  is  the  judge  of  a  court  of 
chancery  or  equity. 

Chancellorsville.  A  village  of  Spott- 
sylvania  Co.,  Va.,  75  m.  N.  W.  of  Rich- 
mond, the  scene  of  one  of  the  longest  and 
most  desperately  fought  battles  of  the 
civil  war.  The  Federals  under  Gen. 
Hooker  were  first  attacked  in  flank  by 
Gen.  "  Stonewall"  Jackson,  April 80, 18€0, 
and  he  repeated  this  on  May  2,  badly  de- 
moralizing the  11th  corps ;  May  3  the  en- 
tire Confederate  force  under  Gen.  Lee  ad- 
vanced to  the  attack,  and  fighting  was 
almost  continuous  for  three  days,  the 
Federals  being  finally  forced  to  retreat 
across  the  Rappahannock  River  on  the  6th. 
The  Federal  loss,including  6,000  prisoners, 
was  17,197 ;  Confederate  loss,  12,277,  of 
whom  2,000  were  prisoners.  Gen.  "Stone- 
wall "  Jackson  was  mortally  wounded  by 
his  own  troops  during  a  night  reoonnois- 
sance  on  the  8d,  dying  May  10. 

Chancery,  'se-ri.  In  England,  formerly 
the  highest  court  of  lustice  next  to  Par- 
liament, but  since  1878  a  division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice.  In  Scotland,  an 
office  .in  the  general  register-house  of 
Edinburgh,  managed  by  the  director  of 
chancery  and  his  deputies.  In  the  United 
States,  a  court  of  equity. 

Chandelier,  shan-de-l€r^.  A  stand  with 
branches  to  hold  a  number  of  candles.  In 
Fort,  a  movable  parapet,  serving  to  sup- 
port fiwdnei  to  cover  picaeers. 


Chandoo,  chan-d5'.  An  extract  of  opiom, 
used  by  the  Chinese  for  smoking. 

Chanflr,  chang.  A  Chinese  long  measure, 
equal  to  11}  feet. 

Chanflr-Choo-Foo.  An  important  com- 
mert'ial  city  of  China,  prov.  Fokien,  86 
m.  8.  W.  of  Amoy,it8  port;  pop.  850,000. 

Ohansre-wheel,  ohanj  Vhel.  One  of  a 
set  of  cog-wheels,  used  to  vary  the  angu- 
lar velocity  of  the  axis  or  arbor  of  a  ma- 
chine in  any  required  degree. 

Chank,  changk.  The  common  conch - 
shell  fished  up  by  divers.  Large  fossil 
beds  of  chanks  have  been  found.  These 
shells  are  sewed  into  rings  or  bracelets 
called  bangles,  and  worn  as  ornaments  by 
the  Hindu  women. 

Chaiinel,  chan'nel.  The  bed  of  a  stream 
of  water.  The  deeper  part  of  an  estuary, 
bay,  Ac.,  where  the  current  flows.  A 
narrow  sea  between  two  continents  or  be- 
tween a  continent  and  an  island.  C.  of  a 
horse,  the  hollow  between  the  two  nether 
jaw-bones  where  the  tongue  is  lodged.  C. 
stone,  a  stone  used  in  the  game  of  curling. 

Channel.    One  of  the  pieces  of  plank 
projecting  horizon- 
tally  6rom  a   vt^-- 
sel's    sides.     Tlit* 
chain     plates     arc 
carried       throuirh 
notches    on    th»ir 
outer  edge  in  ordir 
to      extend       the  j 
shrouds   and  keep! 
them  clear  of  tbe^ 
gunwale. 

Channel,      The 
Engrlish.  Awini.. 
strait      connecting  Shrouds  on  the  dian- 
the    German    and  nels. 

Atlantic      Oceans, 

the  narrowest  part  called  Straits  of 
Dover.  C.  Islanas,  a  group,  in  the  chan- 
neI,belonging  to  England,  of  which  Jersey, 
Guernsey  and  Aldemey  are  the  chief. 

Channinff,  William  Ellery.  An 
eminent  Unitarian  divine  and  publicist , 
B.  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  1780,  d.  1842. 

Chant,  chant.  A  short  musical  compo- 
sition consisting  generally  of  a  long  recitr 
ing  note,  on  which  an  indefinite  number 
of  words  may  be  intoned,  and  a  melodio 
phrase  or  cadence. 

Chanter,  'er.  One  who  chants ;  a  singer 
or  songster.  The  chief  singer  or  priest  of 
a  chantry.  In  bagpipes,  the  tube  with 
finger-holes  for  playing  the  melody. 

Chanticleer,  chan'ti-kler.    A  cock. 

Chao«,  k&'o8.    That  confusion  in  whicli 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CfiAPALA 


149 


GfiABG£  D'AFFAIBEB 


matter  is  supposed  to  have  existed  before 
it  was  reduo^  to  order  by  the  croatijig 
power  of  God. 

Ohapala,  shap'ah-hih.  Mexico's  larf^est 
lake ;  area  1,300  sq.  m.  It  is  an  expansion 
of  the  river  Rio  Grande  de  Lerma,  which 
empties  into  the  Pacific. 

Chaparral,  ohap-ar-nU'.  A  nrrove  of 
low  evergreen  oaks.  A  clump  of  tliioket 
formed  by  thorny  shrubs,  mingled  with 
brambles. 

Ohape,  chap.  The  sHding-loop  on  a  belt 
to  which  a  bayonetrscabbu-d  is  attached : 
the  back-piece  by  which  a  buckle  is  fixed 
to  the  garment.  The  transverse  guard  of 
a  swonl.  A  metal  tip  at  the  end  of  a 
scabbard,  or  the  termination  of  a  belt  or 
gh^le. 

Oliapel,  chap'el.  A  subordinate  place  of 
worship  usually  attached  to  a  church  or 
cathedral,  devoted  to  special  services.  A 
building  subsidiary  to  a  parish  church.  A 
place  of  worship  connected  with  a  royal 
palace,  a  private  establishment,  or  a  cor- 
poration. A  place  of  worship  used  by 
oissenters  fit>m  the  Church  of  England.. 
A  union  of  the  workmen  in  a  printing- 
office  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  and 
enforcing  order  among  themselves. 

Ohapel-royal,  roi^al.  A  chapel  atr 
tached  to  a  royal  palace. 

Chaperon,  shap'er-on.  An  ancient  hood 
or  cap  generally  worn  ;  afterward  appro- 
priated to  doctors  and  licentiates  In  col- 
leges. A  hood  or  cap  worn  by  the 
Knights  of  the  Garter  when  in  ftall  dress. 
A  small  shield  containing  crests,  initials, 
Ac.^  placed  on  the  head  of  horses  which 
drew  the  hearse  In  pompous  fUnerals. 
One  who  attends  a  lady  to  public  places. 

Chaplain,  chapl&n.  An  ecclesiastic  who 
officiates  in  a  chapel.  An  ecclesiastic 
who  officiates  at  court,  in  the  household  of 
a  nobleman,  or  in  an  army,  ship,  institu- 
tion, Ac.  C.  of  the  pope,  auditors  or 
judges  of  causes  in  the  sacred  palace. 

Chaplet,  let.  A  nu-land  or  wreath  to 
be  worn  on  the  head ;  a  circlet  In  Her. 
a  garland  of  leaves  with  four  flowers 
amongst  them,  at  eaual  distances.  A 
string  of  beads  nsea  by  Catholics  in 
counting  fheir  prayers,  having  only  a 
third  of  the  beads  of^a  rosary. 

Chapter,  'ter.  A  division  of  a  book  or 
treatise.  The  council  of  a  bishop,  con- 
sisting of  the  canons,  and  other  clergy- 
men attached  to  a  cathedral  church,  pre- 
sided over  by  a  dean.  The  meeting  of 
certain  oi^^anized  orders  and  societies,  as 
to  held  a  chapter   of   the    Garter.     A 


branch  of  some  society  or  brotherhood.  A 
decretal  epistle. 

Chaptezwhouse,  -hons.  The  building 
attached  to  a  cathedral  or  religidus  house 
in  which  (he  chapter  meets  for  business. 

Chaptrel.  The  capital  of  aV 
pier  or  pilaster  \mich  re- 9 
ceives  an  arch. 

Chapultepeo,  shah-pfirte- 
pSk.  A  precipitous  height, 
surmounted  bv  a  strong  cas  • 
tie,  heavily  fortified,  2  m. 
firom  the  dty  of  Mexico, 
stormed  by  the  American 
troops  under  Gen.  Scott, 
Sept  18, 1847.  <  .,^:-.*^! 

Char,  char.  A  name  given  to  two  spe- 
cies of  gen.  Salmo,  or  common  char,  and 
Windemere  char,  the  most  delicious  and 
beautiftil  of  the  SeJmonida. 

Character,  kar'ak-ter.  A  distinctive 
mark  on  stone,  metal  or  other  hard  mate- 
rial, used  to  form  words  and  communicate 
ideas;  a  letter,  figure  or  sign.  Musical 
characters,  the  conventional  forms  or 
marks  used  for  signs  of  clefs,  notes,  rests, 
Ac.  The  peculiar  form  of  letters ;  as  the 
Greek  character,  the  Runic  character.  The 
qualities  impressed  by  nature  or  habit  on 
a  person,  which  distinguish  him  from 
others.  An  oral  or  written  account  of  a 
servant  or  employ6's  character  or  qualifi- 
cations. 

Charade,  sha-rad^  An  enigma,  the  solu- 
tion of  which  is  a  word  of  two  or  more 
syUables  to  be  discovered  IVom  description 
or  representation.  When  dramatic  repre- 
sentation is  used  to  indicate  the  meaning 
it  is  called  an  acting  charade. 

Charadrius,  cha-raMri-us.  A  gen.  of 
birds,  ord.  Grallatores,  including  the 
golden  plovers. 

CharaflT,  kft'rag.  A  tribute  exacted  in 
Turkey  from  Jews  and  Christians. 

Charcoal,  chfir'kdi.  Coal  made  bv  char- 
ring wood;  the  carbonaceous  residue  of 
vegetable,  animal,  or  combustible  mineral 
substances,  when  they  undergo  smothered 
combustion. 

Charcoal-black,  -bhik.  One  of  a  series 
of  black  pigments,  consisting  of  burnt 
ivOry,  bones,  vine-twigs,  p^ch-stones,  nut 
and  almond  shells,  the  condensed  ^bioke 
of  resin,  Ac. 

Chard,  chfird.  The  leaves  of  artichok^ 
covere<l  with  straw  in  order  to  blanch 
them,  and  make  them  less  bitter.  Beet 
chords,  the  leaf-stalks  and  midribs  of  a 
variety  of  white  beet  dressed  for  the  table. 

Charge  d'AfTaires,  shfir-zha  daf-fur. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHAEGEfe 


iro 


OHAROK 


Ono  who  transacts  diplomatic  business  at 
a  foreign  court  during  the  absence  of  his 
superior,  the  ambassador.  Also  the  third 
or  lowest  class  of  foreign  ministers,  ac- 
credited to  the  department  for  foreign 
affairs. 

01iarg«r,  ohfirj'er.  One  who  or  that 
which  charges.  A  large  dish.  A  war- 
horse. 

Gharffe-sheet,  'shet.    A  paper  kept  at 

a  police-station  to  receive  ttie  names  of 

persons  brought  in,  with  the  accusation 

and  name  of  the  accuser. 
Chariot, 

char'i-ot.       A 

stately     four' 

wheeled  pie&a- 

ure   or    stftte 

carriage    Imv- 

ing  ona  seat. 

A  car  or  vc^^ 

hide  forrnerlj' 

used  only  In 

war,ln  prcfc*^- 

sions,  aod  Ibr 

radng,  drawn 

bv  two  or  more   horses.     Amonp    the 

tfreeiLS  these  were  highly  ornamented. 
Ohazlotee,  -o-te''.  A  small  pleasure  char- 
lot  with  two  seats  and  four  wheels. 
Ohazloteer,  -ter'.  The  person  who  drives 
or  conducts  a  chariot. 
Oharlsm,  kar'lzm.    A  miraculous   girt 
conferred  on  earlv  Christians,  as  of  heal- 
ing, of  tongues,  &c. 

Charity,  char'l-tl.  In  a  general  sense, 
the  good  affections  men  ought  to  feel 
towards  each  other.  In  a  theological 
sense,  love  to  God  and  universal  good 
will  to  men.  Liberality  to  the  Door,  or 
to  benevolent  institutions.    A  charitable 


Orei'loii   i'litiriot. 


J  rir  .  '"""  •"""'•"wuuB.  A  cnaniaDJ 
Institution  ;  a  foundation  for  relief  by 
alms,  education,  or  otherwise ;  an  hospi- 
tal. SistersofC,  nuns  who  minister  to 
the  poor  and  nurse  the  sick ;  a  congrega- 
tion founded  by  Vincent  dt  Paul. 
OhailtyHBChool, -8k61.  A  school  main- 
talned  by  voluntaiy  contributions  or  be- 
quests. 

Ohwivari,  sha-re-va-rg.  A  mock  ser- 
enade of  discordant  music,  kettles,  tin- 
forns,  «kc.,  performed  m  France  before 
the  houses  of  old  people  who  re-inarried 
and  practiced  In  the  U.  S.  as  a  means  of 
nocttu-nal  annoyance. 

Charlatan,  shfir'la-tan.  One  who  makes 
unwarrantable  pretensions  to  skill;  a 
quack;  an  empiric;  a  mountebank. 

Charlemagne,  shSrl'mfin.  Son  and  s  I 
to  Pepin  le  Bref,  and  grandson  to  Charles  I 


Martel ;  King  of  France ;  b.  T42,  d.  801 
He  conquered  a  large  part  of  Spain  andlt< 
aly,  and  all  of  Germany  to  the  Bohemian 
borders,  being  crowned  Emperor  of  the 
West  by  the  Pope  In  800.  He  was  the 
most  enlightened  aa  «reU  as  the  most  en- 
ergetic European  Bovereigii  of  the  century. 
Charles.  The  name  of  unmeroos  Eu- 
ropean emperors,  kings  and  leflser  poten- 
tates, Germany  having  had  four  kings  and 
three  emperors  bearing  this  name ;  Swe- 
den fifteen  kings,  the  present  ruler  being 
the  fifteenth ;  Spahi  four,  France  ten,  Na- 

gles  four,  Navarre  three,  England  iwo, 
ardlnia  two  and  Hungary  two  klnga. 
The  name  was  also  borne  by  Dukes  oil 
Baden,  Lorraine,  Savoy  and  Burgundy. 
Charles  MarteL  The  illegitimate  so* 
of  the  Duke  of  Austrasla,  who  by  his 
bravery  and  wisdom  became  Duke  of  the 
Franks.  His  son,  Pepin  le  Bref,  was 
made  king  of  France,  and  was  the  found- 
er of  the  illustrious  Carlovingian  line  of 
kings,  the  name  being  taken  from  C.  Mar- 
tel. 

(^arleston.  The  commercial  cap.  of  S. 
Carolina,  built  on  a  neck  of  land  formed 
by  the  Ashley  and  Coop^  rivers,  6  m. 
from  tho  Atlantic,  noted  as  the  scene  of 
the  commencement  of  hostiUties  in  the 
kte  Civil  War,  the  two  forts,  Moultrie  and 
Sumter,  occupied  by  Federal  troops  un- 
I^^  A^^^^'  Anderson,  being  captured  by 
the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Beaureeard : 
pop.  49,984.  ^       ' 

Oharlestown.  A  dty  of  Middlesex  Co., 
Mass.,  a  suburb  of  Boston ;  burned  by  the 
British,  in  1776,  during  the  battie  of 
Bunker  HiU.  A  U.  S.  navy  yard  is  locat- 
ed here ;  pop.  6,700. 

Charles's  Wain,  chfirlz'ix-win.  The 
seven  brightest  stars  in  the  constellation 
Ursa  Major,  or  the  Great  Bear. 
Chamel-hOQse,  ohfir'nel-hous.  A  plaoe 
where  human  bones  are  deposited ;  an- 
cientiy,  a  portico  or  gallery  on  which  the 
bones  were  laid  after  tho  flesh  was  con- 
sumed. 

Chajon.  kiVroa,    Is  Mjth,  tin5  son  of 


Charon  and  Spirits. 
Erebos,  whose  office  was  to  feny  the  souls 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CttAfet^OY 


ifl 


GdAStTBLE 


of  the  deceased  over  the  Styx,  a  river  of 
the  infernal  r^ona,  for  a  piece  of  monev, 
which  was  placed  in  the  month  of  the 
corpse  previous  to  burial. 

Oharpoy,  char'poi.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a 
small,  portable,  stretcher  bed. 

Charqni,  chfir'ke.  Jerked  beef;  beef 
cut  into  strips  about  an  inch  ttiick,  and 
dried  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Ohaxt,  chfirt.  A  sheet  on  which  informa- 
tion is  exhibited  in  a  methodical  or  tabu- 
lated torm^  as  an  historical  or  genealogical 
chart.  A  d^nght  of  partof  the  earth's  sur- 
Ikoe,  with  the  coasts,  islands,  rocks,  points 
of  compass,  depth  of  water,  &c.,  to  regu- 
late the  courses  of  ships.  The  term  chart 
is  applied  to  a  marine  map ;  map  is  applied 
to  a  draught  of  some  portion  of  land. 
Selenographlc  charts  represent  the  spots 
and  appearances  of  the  moon.  Topo- 
graphic charts  are  draughts  of  particular 
places. 

Charter,  chfir'ter.  A  written  instrument, 
given  as  evidence  of  a  grant,  contract,  or 
whatever  has  been  done  between  man  and 
man ;  any  instrument  executed  with  form 
and  solemnity  bestowing  rights  and  priv- 
ll^es.  In  Com.  the  letting  or  hiring  of 
a  ship  by  special  contract ;  the  limits  or 
terms  of  such  a  contract;  the  written  in- 
strument embodving  the  terms  of  the 
contract.  In  politics,  a  document  em- 
bodying the  principles  oi  the  Chartists. 

Oharter-liouse,  hous.  A  charitable 
institution  founded  in  London  in  1611  by 
Bir  Thomas  Sutton.  It  maintains  80  |>oor 
brothers  and  44  scholars. 

Chartist,  ch&rt'lst.  One  of  a  body  of 
political  reformers  that  sprung  up  in  Eng- 
land in  1888.  They  advocated  univerMl 
sufifrage,  no  property  qualification  for  a 
seat  in  Parliament,  annual  parliunents, 
equal  representation,  payment  of  mem- 
bers, and  vote  by  ballot. 

ChartofiTapher,  kdr  tog'raf-er.  One 
who  prepares  or  publishes  maps  or  charts. 

Chartosrraphy,  *ra-fl.  The  art  of  draw 
ing  maps  or  charts. 

Chartometer,  -tom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  maps  and  charts. 

Chartreuse,  shfir'trdz.  A  celebrated 
monastery  of  Carthusians  in  the  Dep.  of 
Is^re,  France,  noted  for  the  severity  of  its 
r^rolations.  A  tonic  liquor  obtained  by 
distilling  aromatic  plants  growing  on  the 
Alps,  which  derives  its  name  from  the 
monastery. 

Chartreux,  -tr5.  A  Carthusian  monk 
or  friar. 

Chartnlary,  kSr'tH-la-ri.  A  officer  in  the 


ancient  Latin  Church,  who  had  the  cat . 
of  charters  and  other  public  papers.  A 
register,  as  of  a  monastery. 

Charybdis,  ka-rib'dis.  A  wMrlpool  on 
the  coast  of  Sicily,  over  against  a  rock, 
Scylla,  on  the  Italian  coast. 

Chase,  chas.  An  open  piece  of  ground 
stored  with  wild  boasts  or  game.  A  term 
in  the  game  of  tennis.  An  iron  frame 
used  by  printers  to  cobflne  types  in  col- 
umns or  pages.  The  part  of  a  gun  in 
front  of  the  trunnions. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland.  An 
American  jurist  and  statesman  ;  b.  in  N. 
H.,  1818,  D.  1878.  He  was  sent  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  and  to  the  U. 
S.  Senate  from  Ohio,  and  was  elected 
Governor  of  that  State  ;  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  by  President  Lincohi, 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  con- 
ducted the  finances  with  rare  skill  and 
success ;  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1864,  he  held  this  offioa 
at  his  denth. 

Chaser,  'er.  One  who  chases ;  a  hunter. 
A  vessel  which  pursues  another.  A  gun 
in  a  vesBe]  for  filing  when  in  chase  or  be< 
lug  chased ;  a  bow-chaser  and  a  stem- 
chaser.  A  steel  tool  used  for  cutting 
threads  of  screws ;  the  cutting  instrument 
in  a  chasing-lathe. 

Chassepot,  shas-po.  The  breech-load 
ing  rifle  used  in  the  French  army. 

Chasseur,  -ser.  One  of  a  body  of  sol- 
diers mounted  or  en  foot,  trained  for  rapid 
movements.  An  at^ndant  dressed  in 
military  style. 

Chassis,  -sS.  A  traversing  frame  or 
movable  railway,  on  which  carriages  ol 
guns  move  backward  and  forward. 

Chasuble, 


Chasuble, 
priest,  being  put  on  over  the  alb  and  stole. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHAT 


m 


CBEfiSE-CAK£ 


It  is  now  made  oblong,  hanging  down  be- 
fore and  behind,  leaving  the  arms  free. 

Chat,  chat.  The  popular  name  of  birds 
of  the  gen.  Saxioola,  fam.  Bylviada)  or 
warblers. 

Oliateau,  sha-to.  A  castle;  a  country- 
seat. 

Oliateaubriand,  Francois  Au- 
Sruste,  ViBCOUnt.  An  eminent  French 
philosopher,  poet  and  historian;  b.  1768, 
D.  1848.  His  greatest  work  is  the  "  Gen- 
ius of  Christianity,"  but  his  travels,  nov- 
els and  poems  are  of  scarcoly  less  repute. 

Ohatelaine,  shat'e-lan.  A  female  cas- 
tellan. A  bunch  of  chains  depending  from 
a  lady^s  waist,  from  each  of  which  is  sus- 
pended some  article  of  household  use, 

Chatham,  William  Pitt,  Earl  of. 
A  distinguished  English  statesman ;  n. 
1708,  D.  1778.  Ho  was  prime  minister  in 
1766,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  strugglf 
for  American  independence  sided  witli 
the  colonists.  C,  William  Pitt,  his  sec- 
ond son,  also  became  prime  minister. 

Chati,  sha-te.  A  species  of  leopard, 
very  destructive  to  small  quadrupeds  and 
birds,  but  so  gentle,  when  domestit^ted, 
as  to  be  called  Leopardus  mitis,  or  gentle 
leopard. 

Chatoyant,  sha-toi'ant.  A  stone  or  gem 
having  when  cut  and  polished  a  chatoyant 
luster,  cat'B-eye. 

Chatta,  chat'tah.    In  India,  an  umbrelk. 

Chattanooga  A  city  of  8.  Tennessee, 
on  the  Tennessee  River,  noted  for  the  san- 
guinary battle,  Nov.  25,  1863,  in  which 
the  Federals  under  Gen.  Grant  defeated 
the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg,  the 
latter  losing  10,000  killed,  wounded  and 
prisoners,  and  40  guns  ;  the  former  losing 
5,106.  C.  is  now  the  center  of  a  large 
manufacturing  industry ;  pop.  9,000. 

Chattel,  'tel.  An  item  or  article  of  goods, 
movable  or  Immovable,  except  such  as 
have  the  nature  of  freehold.  Chattels  are 
real  or  personal. 

Chancer,  Qeofbrey.  An  eminent 
English  poet,  called  "  Father  of  English 
Poetry  '^;  b.  1828,  d.  1400. 

Chanifer,  shafer.  A  small  furnace;  a 
oyUndrlcal  iron  box,  open  at  the  top,  vrith 
a  grating  near  the  bottom. 

Chauliao,  Qny  de,  shsie-y&k.  A 
French  surgeon  ;  b.  1327,  d.  1894.  His 
principal  work  was  a  text-book  through- 
out Europe  for  200  years,  and  is  the  basis 
of  modern  surgical  practice. 

Chauncey,  Isaac.  An  American  com- 
modore ;  B.  In  Conn.,  1772,  d.  1840.  He 
woB  distiiiotioB  in  the  war  with  Tripoli, 


and  on  the  northern  lakes  in  the  war  of 
1812-14  with  Great  Britain. 

Chans,  ka'ns.  A  gen.  of  lynxes,  includ- 
ing the  Libyan  chaus,  and  tne  Cafire-oat. 

Chans,  chons.  A  Turkish  messenger, 
interpreter,  or  attendant  on  a  great  man. 

Chausses,  shds.  The  tight  covering,  of 
Orientiil  origin,  for  the  legs,  and  reaohing 
to  the  waist,  formerly  worn  by  nearly  aU 
males  throughout  Europe. 

Chantanqna.  A  oo.  in  W.  New  Tork, 
noted  for  its  beautifiil  lake,  said  to  be  the 
most  elevated  navigable  water  on  the  con- 
tinent, 1290  ft.  above  sea  level  and  726  ft. 
above  Lake  Erie.  It  is  a  favorite  summer 
resort. 

Chanvin,  sho-van.  One  of  thost  veter- 
ans of  the  first  French  Empire  who  pro- 
fessed, after  the  foil  of  Napoieon,  a  sort  of 
adoration  for  his  person  and  his  acts. 

Chavender,  chav'en-der.  A  fish ;  the 
Chub  or  Cheven. 

Chebec,  che-bek.  A  large  boat  em- 
ployed in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries. 

Check-book,  'bnk.  A  book  containing 
blank  bank-checks. 

Checker,  'er.  One  of  the  squares  of  a 
checkered  pattern ;  the  pattern  itself.  In 
Arch,  stones  in  the  racings  of  walls 
presenting  the  appearance  of  check-work. 
The  game  of  draughts.  A  piece  of  this 
game.  A  common  name  in  olden  ttmes 
for  inns  having  checkered  sign-boards, 
probably  to  announce  that  games  were 
played  within.  It  is  a  curious  fkct  that 
nouses  marked  with  signs  of  this  kind 
have  been  exhumed  in  Pompeii. 

Checkmate,  'mat.  In  Chess  the  po- 
sition of  a  king  when  he  cannot  release 
himself.  As  the  king  cannot  be  captured, 
this  brings  the  game  to  a  close. 

Cheddar,  ched'der.  A  rich  fine-flavored 
English  cheese. 

Cheek-ponch,  chSk-pouch.  A  bag  in 
the  cheek  of  a  monkey,  in  which  it  stows 
away  food  for  future  consumption. 

Cheese,  ch^z.  The  curd  or  caseine  of 
milk,  coagulated  by  rennet  or  some  add, 
separated  form  the  serum  or  whey,  and 
pressed  in  a  vat,  hoop  or  mold.  It  is 
composed  of  80  to  50  per  cent,  water,  8  to 
5  per  cent,  nitrogen,  18  to  80  per  cent, 
fiit,  and  4  to  6  per  cent,  mineral  matter. 
A  mass  of  pomace  or  ground  apples 
pressed  together. 

Cheese-cake,  'kak.  A  cake  filled  with 
a  jelly  make  of  soft  curds,  sugpj*  and 
butter.  A  cake  made  with  a  variety  of 
ingredients,  as,  lemon  cheese-cake,  apple 
cheese-cake,  dec. 


i 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


0HEE6E-FLT 


178 


CHERBOURG 


Cheese-fly,  -fli.  A  dipterons  insect 
bred  in  cheese,  the  Piophila  easel,  fern. 
Muscidse,  the  same  to  which  thehoase-fly, 
blow -fly,  &c.,  belong. 

Cnieese-mite,  -mit  An  arachnidan,  gen 
Acaras,  which  infests  cheese. 

Oheese-pale,  'pal.  A  sharp  instmment 
for  piercing  cheese,  so  as  to  enable  it  to 
be  tasted  withont  cutting. 

Oheese-preas,  'pros.  An  apparatus  for 
pressing  curd  in  making  cheese. 

Ghef,  shef.  Head  or  chief;  the  head  cook 
of  a  nobleman's  household,  a  club,  &c. 

Ohef-d'OBUvre,  sha-do-vr.  A  master- 
piece ;  a  fine  work  in  art,  literature,  &c. 

Oheilosnatha,  ki-log'na-tha.  An  ord. 
of  myriapods,  represented  by  the  hairy 
worms  of  milUpeds. 

Oheilopoda.  -lop'o-da.  One  of  the  two 
ordws  of  Myriapoda,  represented  by  the 
centipeds. 

Oheilostomatft,  -Id-stom'a-ta.  ■«  sub- 
ord.  of  ftmnel-shaped  (inAindibuble)  ma- 
rine Polyzoa. 

Oheiraoanthus,  -ra-kan'thus.  A  fossil 
ganoid  flsh  of  the  Devonian  or  old  red 
system. 

Ohelrolepis,  -rol'e-pis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
ganoid  fishes,  with  yery  minute  scales, 
belonging  to  the  fsm.  Acanthodes. 

OlieiTOinys,  'r$-mis.  A  gen.  of  lemurine 
quadrupeds,  consisting  of  a  single  spe- 
cies, the  aye-aye. 

Oheironectes,  -nek'tez.  A  gen.  of 
acanthopterygions  fishes,  having  the  pec 
toral  fins  supported,  like  short  feet,  upon 
peduncles ;  also  called  ft^g-flsh  and  hand- 
fish.  They  can  live  out  of  water  for  two 
or  three  days.  The  name  given  the 
Tapock  opossum,  a  marsupial  quadruped, 
found  in  B.  America. 

Oheiroptera,  -rop'ter-a.  An  ord.  of 
mammals — the  bats. 

Clieirotes,  -r5'tgz.  A  gen.  of  lizards 
funning  the  fam.  Cheirotidse,  containing 
but  one  species,  C.  canaliculatus,  an  ani- 
mal of  subterranean  habits  like  the  am- 
phisbffina. 

Chelrotherium,  -r6-th6'ri-ura.  A  name 
given  to  the  great  unknown  animal  that 
formed  the  large  footsteps  on  the  slabs  of 
the  new  red  sandstone,  which  resemble 
the  human  hand;  supposed  to  be  identical 
with  the  newt-like  labyiinthodon. 
Chekmak,  ohek'mak.  A  Turkish  febrio 
of  silk  and  cotton,  with  golden  threads. 
Ohelonia,  kS-lo'ni-a.  An  ord.  of  reptiles 
distinguished  by  the  body  being  inclosed 


in  a  double  shell,  including  the  various 
species  of  tortoise  and  turtle,  divided  into 
five  families— the  Chelididse  or  fi-ogtor- 
toisos;  TestudinidflB,  or  land  tortoises; 
EmydsB,  the  terrapins  or  fresh-water  tor- 
toises ;  TrionychidfiB,  the  mud-turtles  or 
soft  tortoises ;  Chelonidie,  or  sea  turtles. 
OheluridSB,  -IQ'ri-de.  The  wood-boring 
shrimps,  a  flun.  of  marine  shrimps  de- 
structive to  ship  timber. 
Chemigrlypliio,  kem-i-gUfik  Any- 
thing engraved  by  the  agency  of  the  gal- 
vanic battery. 

Chemise,  she-mez'.  An  under-garment 
worn  by  females.  A  wall  that  lines  the 
face  of  an  earthwork  ;  abreast-wall. 
Chemisette,  shem-i-zet'.  A  short  under- 
garment worn  on  the  breast  over  the  che- 
mise. 

Chemist,  kemMst.  A  person  versed  in 
chemistry  ;  one  whose  business  is  to  make 
chemical  examinations  or  investigations. 
One  who  deals  in  drugs  and  medicines. 
Chemistry,  -ri.  The  science  which  in- 
vestigates matter  as  it  is  acted  upon 
by  the  force  called  chemical,  the  dis- 
tinguishing feature  of  chemical  action  be- 
ing the  production  of  substances  of  quite 
different  properties  from  the  original 
bodies.  In  studying  the  changes  which 
matter  undergoes  the  chemist  arrives  at  a 
classification  of  all  matter  into  elements, 
that  is,  substances  which  he  is  unable  to 
decompose,  and  compounds  or  substances 
which  can  be  broken*  up  into  simpler 
bodies.  It  is  subservient  to  the  various  arts 
and  manufactures,  and  of  hi^h  impor^ 
tancc  In  medicine. 

Chemitype,  'i-tTp.  A  process  for  ob- 
taininy  casts  in  relief  from  engraving^ 
partioilarly  adapted  for  producing  mi^a, 
ChengTi  Cheng.     A  ^ht 

neso  musical  wind  ine  i-  n 
ment,  consisting  of  a  -t 

ries  of  tubes  having  ^Ti-v 

reeds.     Its    introduce  ion 

into  Europe  led  to  thr  iit 

vcntion  of  the  accord  i-ni, 

harmonium      and     oi  li^.r ," 

free-reed  instrumcnta, 
Chenille,    she-ncl'.      A  ] 

tufted    cord   of    if  ilk 

worsted,     somewhat  ro-  ^ 

sembling  a  caterpillar, 
Cheops,    ko' 6 p s .    An 

Egyptian     king,     s.     nf 

Rhampoinitus,  the    mip- 

posed  builder  of  the  great 

Pyramid,  between  b.  c.  f"' 

Cherbourg:}  Bhair^boorg. 


Cheng. 


A  sei^rtaQd 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHEROKEE  174  CHEVALIER 

principal  nayal  arsenal  of  France,  impreg- 
nably  fortified ;  situated  on  Marche  Bay, 
185  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris ;  pop.  48,300. 
Cherokee,  ch&r'o-kS'.  One  of  the  Ap- 
palachian tribes  of  N.  American  Indians, 
formerly  occupying  the  country  E.  and  8. 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  but  now 
oocnpying  a  reservation  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, adjoining  Arkansas ;  they  number 
abt  20,000,  and  are  largely  Christianized. 
Ghexoot,  sh5-r5t'.  A  cigar  of  cylindrical 
or  tapering  shape,  with  both  ends  cut 
square  off. 

Oherry,  cheM.  The  iVuit  of  species  of 
Cerasus,  which  is  commonly  regarded  as 
a  sub-gen.  of  prunus ;  a  tree  producing 
this  fruit,  whicn  is  a  pulpy  drupe  inclos- 
ing a  one-seeded  smooth  stone.  A  cor- 
dial composed  of  cheny  juice  and  spirit, 
sweetened  and  diluted. 
Ohersonese,  ker's5-nez.  A  peninsula; 
a  tract  of  land  nearly  surrounded  by 
water,  but  united  to  a  larger  tract  by  a 
neck  of  land  or  isthmus,  as  the  Cimbric 
C,  or  Jutland ;  the  Tauric  C,  or  Crimea. 
Ohert,  chert.  A  variety  of  quartz,  com- 
monly called  also  Hornstone,  Petrosilex, 
or  Rock  flint.  It  is  less  hard  than  com- 
mon quartz,  and  occurs  often  in  veins, 
especially  metallic,  In  primitive  moun- 
tams.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  other 
minerals. 

CQierub,  cher'ub.  One  of  an  order  of 
angels  variously  represented,  but  gener- 
ally as  winged  spirits  with  a  human  coun- 
tenance, and  distinguished  by  their 
knowledge  from  the  seraphs,  whose  dis- 
tinctive quality  is  love.  In  the  celestial 
hierarchy  cherubs  are  represented  as  spirits 
next  in  order  to  seraphs.  A  beautifhl 
child. 
Cherubixn,  'u-bim.  The  Hebrew  plural 
of  cherub. 

Cherubini,  Maria  liUigri  Carlo  I 
Zenobi  Salvatore,  ka-roo-be'ne.  An 
eminent  Italian  composer;  b.  1760,  d. 
1842.  His  operas  and  sacred  pieces  are  of 
equal  merit. 
Cherascl,  ke-rus'si.  A  tribe  of  German 
Goths  who  totally  destroyed  the  Roman 
army  under  Varas  in  the  Teutoburg  for- 
est, 9  A.  D.  They  do  not  appear  in  his- 
tory from  abt.  the  close  of  the  4th  cen- 
tuiy. 

Chesapeake  Bay.    The  largest  bay  on 

the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  8.,  200  m. 

long,  by  a  breadth  of  from  4  to  40  m.;  the 

Potomac,  James,  Susquehanna  and  "Foric 

rivers  empty  intx>  it.  ChevaUer,  shev-a-lSr': '  A  horseman  ;  a 

Oneas,  ches.    A  game  played  by  two  per- 1    knight ;  a  cavaUer.    In  Her.  a  horseman 


sons,  with  different  pieces,  on  a  board  di- 
vided Into  sixty -four  squares.  Each  has 
eight  dignified  pieces— a  king,  queen,  two 
bishops,  two  knights,  and  two  rooks  or 
castles ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  object  is 
to  checkmate  the  enemy's  king. 
Chess-board,  'bSrd.  The  board  used  Im 
the  game  of  chess. 

Chess-xnan,  'man.  A  piece  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  chess. 
Chest,  chest.  A  box  of  considerable  size, 
made  of  wood  or  other  material.  In  Com. 
a  casein  which  tea,  indigo,  &c.,  are  packed 
for  transit ;  the  quantity  such  a  chest  con- 
tains. The  trunk  of  the  body  from  the 
neck  to  the  belly ;  the  thorax. 
Chesterfield,  Philip  Dormer  Stan- 
hope, Earl  of.  A  notorious  English 
Infidel  and  rou6,  celebrated  for  his  wit, 
and  quoted  as  an  authority  in  manners  • 
B.  1694,  D.  1778.  He  was  appointed 
Viceroy  of  Ireland  in  1746.  His  "  tetters  " 
to  his  illegitimate  son  are  a  mixture  of 
worldly  wisdom,  wit  and  immorali^. 
Chest-founder,  'founder.  A  disease 
in  horses:  a  rheumatic  affection  of  the 
muscles  of  the  chest  and  forelegs. 
Chestnut,  ches'nut.  The  seed  of  the 
chestnut-tree.  The  tree  or  its  timber. 
The  color  of  the  husk  of  a  chestnut ;  a  red- 
dish-brown color. 

Cheston,  'ton.    A  species  of  plum. 
Chetah,    che'ta.     The  Pelis  jubata,  or 
hunting  leopard  of  India. 
Chettik,  .chet'tik.    A  tree  of  Java,  the 
8trychno8  Tieute,  vielding  a  very  viru- 
lent poison,  knoAvn  by  the  name  of  Upas 
Tieute.    It  owes  its  properties  to  strych- 
nine. It  is  more  powerflil  than  the  poison 
obtained  ttom  the  upas-tree. 
Chetvert,  'vert.     A  Russian  grain  meas- 
ure, equal  to  0.7218  ofan  imperial  quarter 
or  6.77  bushels.  ' 

Cheval,  she-val'.  A  horse ;  cavahy.  Is 
Comp.  a  support  or  frame,  as  a  cheval- 
glass.  A  cheval,  on  each  side  so  as  to 
command  any  intermediate  space. 
Cheval-grlass,  'glas.  A  swing  looking- 
glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  and  laSe 
enough  to  reflect  the  whole  figure. 
Chevaux-de-£rise, 
she-vo'de-frez.  Pieces 
of  timber  traversed « 
with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed     with    Iron,  ^^— — «- ^ 

used  to  defend  a  pass-  />,,         '","^L. 
age,  form  an  obstacle  ChevauxdeFrlse. 
to  the  advance  of  cavalry,  Ac. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OEKVBT 


1T5 


CHIEF 


armed  at  all  points.  A  member  of  oertatn 
orders  of  knighthood,  as  the  Chevalier  de 
St.  George.  In  Omlth.  the  green-shank. 
O.  d'lndustrie,  one  \eho  gains  a  living  1^ 
dishonest  means ;  a  sharper ;  a  thief. 
bheTet,  -V&.  In  Arch,  a  variety  of  the 
apse  largely  confined  to  French  Gothic 
churches.  It  Is  always  inclosed  by  an  open 
screen  of  columns  rn  the  ground  floor, 
and  opens  into  an  aisle,  which  again  alwavs 
opens  into  three  or  More  apsidal  chapels. 

Oheyiots,  chdy'y5ts.  A  range  of  low 
mountains  on  the  Mundary  between  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  and  extending  badic 
into  both  countries. 

Cheviot,  chd'Ti-ot.  A  fkvorlte  variety  of 
sheep,  in  the  K.  of  England. 

Olievrstto,  shev-r^t  A  machine  used 
in  raising  guns  or  mortars  into  thefar  car- 
riages. 

OhevTon,  'nm.  In  Her,  an  honorable 
ordinary,  represent* 
ing  two  rafters  of  a 
house  meeting  at 
the  top.  Achevronel 
is  halfits  breadth;  a 
oouple-dose,  one-  Chevron  Molding, 
fourth.    In  Arch,  a 

variety  of  fret  ornament  common  in  Nor- 
man architecture.  Mllit.  marks  on  the 
sleevea  of  the  non-commissioned  officers ' 
coats,  to  mark  the  rank  of  the  bearer. 

Ohevrotain,  'r6-tan.  The  Tragulus 
pygmsBUS,  fam.  Tragulidfls,  a  species  of 
small  musk-deer. 

Ohewi2iflr-ball,  cho'ing-bal.  A  medicinal 
ball  for  a  horse,  composed  of  the  wood  of 
the  bay  and  Juniper  trees,  asafetlda,  Uver 
of  antimony,  and  pellitory  of  Spain. 

Oheyennes,  shrSnz.  A  warlike  tribe 
of  N.  American  Indians,  who  roam  over 
a  large  territory  between  W.  Kansas  and 
the  Bocky  Mountains. 

Ohian,  kl'an.  Pertaining  to  Chios,  an  isle 
in  the  Levant.  C.  earth,  a  dense  com- 
pact earth,  used  anciently  in  medicine. 
C.  turpentine,  procured  flrom  the  Fistada 
Tereb£Qthus. 

COllastollte,  -as'td-Ut.  A  mineral  of  the 
cyanite  fom.,  generally  regarded  as  a  vari- 
ety of  andalusite,  and  also  called  Macle, 
whose  crystals  are  arranged  in  a  peculiar 
manner. 

OhUxnuxne,  shi-bnk.    A  Turkish  pipe. 

Ohioa,  chdHca.  A  red  color  extracted 
flrom  the  leaves  of  Bignonla  Chlca,  made 
use  of  by  some  Indian  tribes  to  stain  their 
skins.  A  fermented  liquor  of  8.  America, 
derived  from  Indian  con\, 


Ohioa«o,  she-ka'go.  The  oommerda] 
capital  of  Illinois,  on  Lake  Michigan,  the 
laiigest  grain  entrepot  of  the  world,  and 
also  having  a  large  trade  in  cattle,  hogs  and 
lumber.  It  is  a  large  manuikoturing  oen- 
ter.  C.  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by 
fire  Oct.  »-10, 18T1,  some  2,800  acres  In 
the  business  center  of  the  dty  being 
burned  over,  involving  a  loss  of  nearly 
$200,000,000.  Within  two  years  the  dty 
had  been  rebuilt  in  much  finer  and  more 
substantial  style  than  originally.  In  1874 
another  very  destructive  conflagration 
ravaged  the  dty,  but  its  effects  were  only 
temporary;  pop.  606,186. 

Chickadee,  chik'a-d6.  In  America,  a 
name  given  to  the  black-cap  titmouse  and 
allied  birds. 

Ohiokahominy.  A  river  of  Virginia, 
which  rises  in  Hanover  Co.,  and  joins  the 
York  8  m.  above  Jamestown,  noted  as 
the  scene  of  the  battie  of  Fair  Oaks,  May 
8, 1862,  in  which  Gen.  Casey's  division  of 
the  Federal  army  was  defeated  by  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Lee ;  also  for 
what  is  known  as  the  Seven  Days  of 
Bichmond.  the  series  ofbattiesln  which 
Gens.  Hooker  and  McClellan  were  defeated 
at  White  Oak  Swamp,  Mechanicsville, 
Gaines*  Mill  and  Malvern  Hill,  by  the 
Confederates  under  Gens.  Lee,  Jackson 
and  Longstreet 

Ohickamanffa,  chik-Ah-mau-g2h.  A 
creek  rising  in  N.  Geoi^  and  emptjring 
into  the  Tennessee  Biver,  near  Chattanoo- 
ga, noted  for  the  defeat  of  the  Federal 
army  under  Gen.  Thomas  by  the  Confed- 
erates under  €^.  Bragg,  Sept  19-20, 
1868.  The  battle  was  stubbornly  contested, 
and  the  victors  were  so  crippled  as  to  be 
unable  to  take  advantage  of  their  success. 

Ohicaree,  -r€.  The  Sdurus  hudsbnius, 
or  American  red  squirrel 

Ohickaaawa,  shik'ah-sauz.  A  tribe  of 
IS,  American  Indians,  originally  occupy- 
ing the  country  between  the  Ohio  and 
Tennessee  rivers;  now  allied  with  the 
Choctaws,  uud  largely  dviUzed. 

CQiioory,  'o-ri.  The  popular  name  of 
Clchorium  Intybus.  The  roots  are  exten- 
sively employed  as  a  substitute  for  cofi'ee, 
or  to  mix  with  coffee ;  it  is  also  cultivated 
for  feeding  cattle,  and  the  blanched  leaves 
are  somet&ties  used  as  a  salad. 

Ohief ,  chgf.  The  person  highest  In  au- 
thority ;  as  the  chief  of  the  foreign  office. 
A  military  commander;  the  person  who 
heads  an  army.  The  prlndpal  person  of 
a  clan,  tribe,  ramlly,  or  congregation^&c. 
The  principal  part  or  x)oriJon.  In  Her. 
the  upper  part  of  an  eecutcheon,  cut  off 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHIEF- BARON 


1T6 


CHIMBORA20 


horizontally  bv  a  gtraight  Hne,  and  con- 
taining ft  thira  part  of  the  dimonsions  of 
the  escutcheon. 

Ohlef-baron,  Oxar-on.  President  of  the 
British  court  of  exchequer. 

Ohief-jtiBtice,  'Jns-tiB.  The  presiding 
Judge  of  a  court. 

Ohleftain,  'tftn.  A  leader  or  command- 
er ;  a  chief;  the  head  of  a  troop  or  clan. 

Ohiff-chair,  chifchaf.  The  white- 
throat,  an  English  song-bird. 

ChUronnier,  -shif  o-nfir.  A  small  side- 
board ;  a  kind  of  cabinet.    A  rag-picker. 

Chiffnon,  she-nyon.  The  term  applied 
to  ladies'  bock  hair  -when  raised  and 
folded  up. 

Chigroe,  chig'o.  AW.  Indian  insect  re- 
sembling the  flea,  but  more  minute,  which 
burrows  beneath  the  skin  of  the  foot,  and 
soon  acquires  the  size  of  a  pea,  becoming 
distended  with  eggs.  If  the  eggs  hatch 
great  irritation  and  even  troublesome 
sores  are  sure  to  result. 

Chihuahua,  she-wfih'w&h.  A  proy.  of 
N.  E.  Mexico  on  the  Rio  Grande,  having 
rich  silver  mines;  area,  107,500  sq.  m.; 
pop.  217,450.  C,  the  cap.,  has  a  pop.  of 
14,600. 

Ohikara,  chi-ka'ra.  The  Hindu  name 
for  a  species  of  goat-like  antelope  of  which 
the  male  is  famished  with  four  horns. 

Ohlld,  child.  A  son  or  daughter,  of  any 
age;  a  male  or  female  descendant  in  the 
ftrst  degree. 

Ghilde.  A  noble  youth;  especially  one 
of  high  birth,  before  advanced  to  the 
honor  of  knighthood ;  asquh*e. 

Ohildermas-day,  chil'der-mas-da.  An 
anniversary  of  the  Church  of  England, 
held  December  28,  in  commemoration  of 
the  children  of  Bethlehem  slain  by  Herod  ; 
called  also  Innocents'-day. 

Ghildrenite,  'dre-nit.  A  mlrerol  sub- 
stance, a  phosphate  of  alumina  and  iron. 

Ohlll,  chil'e.  A  republic  of  W.  P.  Amer- 
ica, between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific, 
1,160  ra.  in  length  by  110  to  120  in 
breadth  ;  area  182,624  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,864,- 
109.  Santiago  is  the  cap.,  and  Val- 
paraiso, Valderia,  Concepclon  and  Taka 
the  chief  cities.  C.  became  independent 
of  Spain  in  1817,  and  progressed  rapidly 
In  commercial  importance  until  1882, 
when  she  engaged  in  war  with  Peru,  and 
in  two  years  Peru's  armies  and  navy 
were  completely  defeated  and  almost  de- 
stroyed and  the  country  overrun  by  the 
victors.  Peace  was  formally  declared  in 
January,  1884,  P.  submittiiK  to  the  most 
humiliating  teams. 


Chiliad,  kil'l-ad.  A  thousand ;  a  collo<r 
tion  or  sum  containing  a  thousand  indi- 
viduals or  particulars.  The  period  of  a  thou' 
sand  years. 

Chilaflpon,  -a-gon.  A  plane  figure  of  a 
thousand  angles  and  sides. 

Ohiliaroh,  -ark.  The  military  command- 
er or  chief  of  a  thousand  men. 

Chill,  chil.  A  shivering  with  cold ;  sen- 
sation of  cold  in  an  animal  body.  That 
condition  of  the  atmosphere  or  other  ob- 

iect  which  produces  the  sensation  of  cold, 
n  Metal,  a  piece  of  iron  introduced  into 
a  mold  so  as  to  rapidly  cool  the  surflioe  of 
molten  iron. 

Chill-hardenixLsr,  'hard-n-ing.  A  mode 
of  tempering  steel  by  exposing  the  red- 
hot  metal  to  cold  air. 

Ohiltem  Hundreds,  'tern  hnn'dredz. 
A  district  of  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
which  has  belonged  to  the  crown  from 
time  immemorial.  To  this  a  nominal  of- 
fice is  attached,  the  title  being  '*  Steward 
ofthe  Chiltem  Hundreds.^'  As  a  mem- 
ber  of  the  Commons  cannot  resign  his 
seat  directly,  any  member  who  wishes  to 
resign  may  accomplish  his  object  by  ac- 
cepting the  stewardship  of  the  Chiltem 
Hundreds,  which  vacates  thn  seat. 

Chixnasra,  ki-me'ra.  In  Class.  Myth,  a 
flre-breithing  monster,  the  fore  parts  of 
whose  body  were  those  of  a  lion,  tne  mid- 


Chimaera. 

die  of  a  goat,  and  the  hinder  of  a  dragon ; 
supposed  to  represent  a  volcanic  mouB- 
tain  in  Lycia.  In  ornamental  art,  a  fan- 
tastic assemblage  of  animal  forms  so  com- 
bined as  to  produce  one  complete  but  un- 
natural design,  frequently  seen  on  an- 
tique en- 
graved gems 
and  bas-re- 
liefs. A  vain  4 
or  idle  fan- 
cy.   In  Ich.  

a  gen.  of  car-  Chimnra  monstrosa. 
tilaglnous  fishes.  The  only  known  spe- 
cies is  the  Chimsera  monstrosa,  somietimes 
called  the  king  of  herrings. 

Chimeeridss,  ki-me'ri-dg.  A  fiun.  of 
cartilaginous  fishes,  containing  the  gen- 
era Chimeera  and  CallorhyiKdms. 

Chimborazo,  chim-bo-rih'zo.  One  of 
the  highest  peaks  of  the  Andes,  21,420  ft., 
in  Ecuador. 


Digitized  by 


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OHIME 


177 


CH  INCLINE 


Chime,  ohim.  The  harmonious  sound  of 
bells  or  musical  Instruments.  A  set  of 
bells  tuned  to  a  musical  scale  and  struck 
by  hammers.  Some  c  insist  of  40  to  60 
bells.  An  arrangement  of  bells  and  strik- 
es In  an  organ,  music  box,  Ac,  operated 
in  harmony  with  the  reeds,  pipes  or 
tongues.  Altar  chime,  a  set  of  three  small 
bells  used  in  the  R.  C.  church  service. 
Ohixue.  The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or 
tub,  formed  by  the  ends  of  the  staves 
nroiecting  beyond  the  head.  In.  ship- 
building, that  hollowed  part  of  the  water- 
M'ay  at  the  side  left  above  the  deck. 
Chixuere,  shi-mer'.  The  upper  robe,  to 
which  the  lawn  sleeves  of  a  bishop  are  at- 
tached. In  the  English  Church  it  is  of 
black  satin.  EngUsh  prelates  of  the  R. 
C.  Church  wear  one  or  purple  silk ;  car- 
dinals of  scarlet. 
Ohixnney,  chim'ni.  An 
erection  containing  a  pa- 
sage  by  which  the  smol^i 
of  a  fire  or  ftumace  escap' ':« 
to  the  open  air ;  a  flun.- ; 
also  the  Ainnel  of  a  steam 
engine.  A  glass  to  sur- 
round the  flune  of  a  lamp 
to  protect  it  and  promote 
combustion. 

CQiiiimey-pot,  -pot.  A 
cylindrical  pipe  placed  ci 
top  of  chimneys  to  pn 
vent  smoking. 
Ohimney-cap,  -kaji. 
An  abacus  or  cornice  form  - 
ing  a  crowning  termlnrt- 
tion  for  a  chlnooiey.  A  de- 
vice for  assisting  the  ex- 
pulsion of  smoke  by  pre- 
senting the  chimney  exit 
always  to  leeward  by  a 
rotatory  device. 

(^mney-flne  -flu.  The  aperture  in 
tiie  wall  of  a  building  leading  ft-om  the 
fireplace  to  the  top  of  the  chimney. 
Ohilimey-ple(», -pes.  The  assemblage 
of  architectural  dressings  around  a  firo- 
place. 

ChimiieyHBrt»lk,  -stak.  A  long  chim- 
ney,  8«ch  as  that  connected  with  manu- 
factories. 

Chimney-Bweep,  -swep.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  clean  chimneys  of  soot. 

Chimpaiizee, -pan'zg.  A  large  ape  be- 
longing to  the  anthropoid  or  man-like 
monkeys,  most  nearly  related  to  the  go- 
rilla. 

Cttdna,  chi'na.  An  empire  of  Eastern 
Asia;   area  4,168,000  sq.  m. ;  one-tWrd 


KJLtihi-rJi.'SQ 
Chimney. 


the  entire  continent ;  pop.  abt.  600,000,000 
C.  is  divided  into  20  provinces,  and  6  trib^ 
ntary  provinces.  Pekin  is  the  cap.,  ani) 
the  principal  cities  are  Shanghai,  Canton, 
Ningpo,  Amoy,  Foo-chow-foo,  Tien-sin. 
Swatow,  Formosa,  Chefoo,  Han-kow, 
New-chwang,  Chin  kiang,  andKin-klang; 
the  chief  rivers  are  tbcHoang-ho,  or  Yel- 
low River,  the  Tarim,  Brahmapootra, 
Amoor,  Yang-tse-Kiang,  the  largest  in 
Asi^  the  Hei-ho,  Pei-ho,  Han-kiang,  and 
ttieSi-kiang;  the  mountains  Include  the 
Tangun-Ouler,  the  Dauriun,  Inshan-Gar- 
jan,  Shan-Ali,  Altai,  Thian-shan,  Pe-ling, 
8hen-se,  Kan-se,  Nan-ling,  and  Himalaya 
ranges ;  the  principal  islands  are  Formosa, 
Hai-nan,  the  Chusan  Archipelago  and  the 
Loo-choo  group.  C.  is  the  most  ancient 
organized  nation  on  the  globe,  her  history 
going  back  nearly  2,600  years,  and  the 
habits  and  laws  are  verylittie  changed 
from  the  earliest  traditions. 

9^?*-  ^  species  of  earthenware  made 
in  China,  or  an  imitation. 

Ohinampa,  -nam'pa.  Native  name  of 
floating  gardens  once  common  on  Mex- 
ican lakes. 

Cplinch,  chinch.  The  common  bed- 
bug, Cimex  lectnlarius.  The  popular 
name  of  certain  fetid  American  insects  re- 
sembling the  bed-bug,  very  destructive  to 
cereals. 

OhlnchlUi-/* 

d8B,  chin-chil'-  ^^V^"^'  ^fdV-^^v  '/ 
li-dS.    AsmaU  ^C^.^^ik^K^/A*\/^ 


Chinchilla. 


fam.  of  rodent 
animals.  One 
gen.  is  the  La- 
gostomus  o  r 
viscacha,  about 
the  size  of  the 
rabbit,  and  re- 
sembling it  in 
form. 

Chine,  chin, 
The   backbono 

or  spine  of  an  animal.  The  pieco  of  the 
backbone  of  an  animal,  with  the  adioining 
parts,  cut  for  cooking.  The  edge  or  brim 
of  a  cask. 

Chinese,  chl-n^z'.  Pertaining  to  China, 
C.  fire,  a  composition  used  in  fire-works. 
C.  glue,  a  superior  glue  and  varnish  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  Chinese  algje.  C. 
white,  the  white  oxide  of  zinc,  a  valuable 
pigment,  a  substitute  for  the  preparations 
of  white-lead. 

Chinka,  chingk'a.  The  single  cable 
bridge  of  the  E.  Indies,  upon  which  tra- 
verses a  seat  in  the  form  of  an  ox-yoke. 

Chinoline,  kizi'H  lin.    An  oily  liquid  ob 


Digitized  by 


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CHINTZ 


1T8 


CHLAMTPH0EU8 


tained  by  distHliiig  quinine  with  i>otash 
and  yraier  or  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
ooal. 

OhintB,  chints.  Cotton  cloth  printed 
with  flowers  or  other  devices  in  at  least 
five  dliferent  colors,  and  generally  glazed. 

Ohin-India.  That  portion  of  S.  £.  Asia 
which  indades  Ck)c!iin-Ghli!a,  Burmah, 
Loos,  Slam  and  Malacca. 

Ohione,  kro-na.  In  Myth,  daughter  of 
Dsedalion,  transformed  by  Juno  into  a 
hawk  because  of  her  beauty;  loved  by 
both  Apollo  and  Mercury. 

OhlonidSB,  ki-on'i-dS.  A  fam.  of  birds 
including  the  gen.  Chionls. 

Ohip,  chip.  A  piece  of  wood,  stone,  or 
other  substance,  separated  from  a  body 
by  a  blow  of  a  sharp  instrument.  Wood 
split  into  thin  slips  for  themanufiicture  of 
hats,  bonnets,  Ac.  Naut,  the  quadrant- 
shaped  piece  of  wood  attached  to  the  end 
of  tne log-line;  the  log. 

Ohip-liat,  'hat.  A  hat  made  of  chips, 
plaited,  so  aa  to  resemble  a  straw  hat. 

ChipniTUik,  'mnngk.  The  popular  name 
of  animals  of  the  gen.  Tamias. 

Ohippewas.  A  N.  American  Indian 
tribe,  Algonquin  fim.,  formerly  occupy- 
ing the  country  around  Lake  Superior; 
now  located  N.  of  Minnesota. 

Ohippingr,  'ing.  The  act  of  cutting  off 
in  small  pieces;  frequently  applied  to 
cast-iron  when  taken  from  the  mold,  to 
cut  away  the  hard  dark  rind  or  outside 
crust.  The  breaking  off  of  edges  of  pot- 
ter's ware  and  porcelain  A  piece  cut  off 
or  separated  by  a  cutting  or  engraving 
instrument 

OhippinfiT-bird,  -berd.  A  kind  of  spar- 
row, Zenotrichia  socialis. 

Ohippiner-piece,  -pes.  An  elevated 
cast  or  forged  surface,  affording  surplus 
metal  for  reduction  by  the  tools.  The  pre- 
lecting piece  of  iron  cast  on  the  face  of 
framing,  intended  to  rest  against  another 
piece. 

Ohirafirra,  ki-rag'ra.    Gout  in  the  hand. 

Chlretta,  ki-ret'ta.  An  E.  Indian  bitter 
derived  ttoia  the  dried  stems  of  Agathotes 
Ohirayta. 

Ohirogrrapher,  'raf-er.  One  who  pro- 
fesses the  art  of  writing.  One  who  tells 
fortunes  by  examining  the  hand. 

Ohirogryxnnast,  'rS-jim-nasL  A  con- 
trivance for  exercising  and  strengthening 
the  fingers  of  a  pianist. 

Ohiroloery,  -roro-ji.  The  art  of  using  the 
manual  alphabet  for  deaf  mutes. 


Chiromancy,  'ro-man-si.  Divination 
by  the  hand ;  palmistry. 

Chiron,  ki'ron.  In  Myth.,  a  centaur,  son 
ofPhilyraand  Saturn,  famous  for  judicial 
knowledge  and  skill  in  music  and  hunting; 
he  taught  mankind  the  use  of  herbs,  and 
being  mortally  wounded  by  Hercules,  the 
gods  placed  him  am<Hig  the  constellations, 
where  he  is  known  as  Sagittarius. 

ChironomuB,  -ron'o-mus.  A  gen.  of 
dipterous  insects,  fam.  TipuUdse,  resem- 
bling gnats. 

Chiroplast,  'ro-plast  An  instrument 
employed  to  form  the  hand  for  playing  on 
the  piano-forte. 

Cliiropod,  -pod.  A  member  of  the  mam- 
malia having  hands,  or  feet  resembling 
hands. 

Chiropodist,  -rop'od-lst  One  who 
treats  diseases  of  the  hands  or  feet ;  a  cut- 
ter or  extracter  of  corns. 

Chisel,  chiz'el.  An  Instniment  of  iron 
or  steel,  used  in  carpentry,  masonry, 
sculpture,  Ac.,  for  paring,  hewing  or 
gouging. 

Chisel-tooth,  -toth.  A  name  given  to 
the  incisor  teeth  of  rodent  animi^s,  i^m 
their  form. 

Chisleu,  kis'Ig-o.  The  ninth  month  of 
the  Jewish  year,  answering  to  a  part  of 
November  and  December. 

Chiton,  ki'ton.  A  tunic ;  the  under  gar- 
ment worn  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 

Chitonidee,  'i-de.  A  fam  of  gasteropods. 
The  shell  in  the  typical  gen.  Chiton  is 
composed  of  eight  pieces. 

Chivalry,  shlv'al-ri.  Knighthood ;  the 
system  to  which  knighthood  with  all  its 
laws  and  usages  belonged.  The  quallfi- 
tions  of  a  knight,  as  courtesy,  valor  and 
dexterity  in  arms.  A  body  or  order  of 
knights  ;  any  body  of  illustrious  warriors, 
especially  cavalnr.  Court  of  C,  estab- 
lished by  Edward  III.,  of  which  the  Lord 
High  Constable  and  the  Earl-Marshal  of 
England  were  joint  judges,  now  in  abey- 
ance, except  as  represented  in  the  Herald^s 
College  by  the  Earl-Marshal's  court. 

Chlamydosanros,  klam'i-dd-sa^'ruB. 
A  gen.  of  Australian  lizards,  'fbe  G. 
Kingii,  or  fillled  lizard,  hasacrenated  ruff 
round  its  neck,  which  lies  back  in  plaits 
when  the  animal  is  tranquil,  but  which 
elevates  itself  when  it  is  irritated  orfHght- 
ened. 

Chlamyphonis,  kla-mif  o-rus.  A  gen. 
of  quadrupeds,  ord.  Edentata.  The 
pichidago  resembles  the  mole  in  its  habits, 
and  is  nearly  allied  to  the  armadillo. 


Digitized  by 


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179 


OHOKHADAE 


Ghlamys,  kkm'ts. 
A  Hfrht  flowirrgFcarf 
or  plaid  wttrti  b>-  tMe  | 
RELnlfDtJi  iLfl  mi  0 Litter, 
ffapmpiit.  It  wsisob-' 
long'  In  sbapo,  g<^ni3f- 
nWy  titHHil.  twiro  as 
long  &s  It  was  brood. 
A  purple  co|»e ;  oi\b 
of  the  pontinnil  vest- 
roon  ts.  In  Bot.  th« 
fioml  cuvolopfi  &f  & 
51  Ian  r. 

Ohloe,  kEC/£.  The 
uamQ  of  the  heroliso 
of  LongUA'    ptatora.1  Chlamya. 

romance,  "Daphnis  and  CliIoe,"and  of  a 
shepherdess  in  Sydney's  "Arcadia;"  hence, 
applied  in  literature  to  a  female  lover. 

COlloral,  klS'ral.  A  Mquld  prepared  li-om 
chlorine  and  alcohol;  also  by  the  action 
of  chlorine  on  starch.  The  hydrate  of 
chloral  is  a  white  crystalline  substance, 
which,  in  contact  with  alkalies,  separates 
into  chloroform  and  formic  acid.  C.  kills 
by  paralyzing:  the  action  of  the  heart. 

Ohloraidl,  klor'a-nil.  A  compound  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  chlorine  on  an- 
allne,  phenol,  saHcin  and  allied  bodies. 

COdorate,  klS'rfit.  A  salt  of  chloric  acid, 
very  analogous  to  the  nitrates.  The  chlo- 
rates of  sodium  and  potasfium  are  used  in 
medicine. 

Ohlorinatioxi,  -ri-na'shon.  A  process 
ibr  extracting  gold  by  exposure  of  the 
auriferous  material  to  chlorine  gas. 

Ohlorine,  -rin.  An  elementary  gaseous 
substance  contained  in  common  siut,  from 
which  it  is  liberated  by  the  action  of  sul- 

{)huric  acid  and  manganese  dioxide.  It 
B  one  of  the  most  powerftil  bleaching 
ajgents,  and  a  valuable  disinfectant. 

Ohloriodine,  -ri'od  in.  A  compound  of 
chlorine  and  iodine. 

Chlorite,  'rit.  A  mineral  consisting  of 
silica,  alumina,  magnesia  and  protoxide 
of  iron,  closely  allied  to  mica  and  talc.  In 
Ghem.  a  salt  of  chlorous  acid. 

Ohloro-,  'ro.  A  term  formed  from  the 
Greek,  to  indicate  a  clear  green  color. 

COdoroform,  'rS-form.  The  perchloride 
of  formyle,  prepared  by  distiUing  together 
a  mixture  of  alcohol,  water  and  chloride 
of  lime  or  bleaching-powder.  Its  vapor 
is  considered  one  of  the  safest  of  ansesthet- 
ics ;  It  is  also  a  powerful  solvent. 

Ohlorometer,  -rom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  testing  the  bleaching  powers  of 
chloride  of  lime  ;  also  for  testing  chloride 
of  potash  and  soda. 


Ohloropal,  -r6'pal.  A  mineral  of  two 
varieties,  the  oonchoidal  and  the  earthy, 

Eossessed  of  magnetic  properties.  It  is  a 
ydrated  silfcate  of  iron. 
Chlorophaaite,  'rd-fg-ft.  A  rare  mineral 
found  in  amygdaloidal  trap -rocks,  sup- 
posed to  be  decomposed  olivine,  and  con- 
sisting of  silica,  iron  peroxide,  magnesia 
and  water. 

Ohlorophane,  'ro-t&n.  A  variety  of 
fluor-spar  which  exhibits  phosphorescent 
light  when  heated. 

Chlorophyll, -fil.  The  green  coloring 
matter  of  plants,  somewhat  analogous  to 
wax,  soluble  in  ether  or  alcohol,  but 
insolnble  in  water.  Light  is  indis- 
pensable to  its  formation,  and  hence  arises 
the  etiolation  or  blanching  of  plants  by 
privation  of  light. 

Chlorosis,  -rS'sis.  The  green -sickness, 
a  peculiar  form  of  anaemia  or  bloodlessness 
which  aflFects  young  females. 

Choajiite,  ko'an-it.  A  gen.  of  spongi- 
form fossil  zoophytes  of  the  chalk,  called 
petrified  anemones. 

ChoCLT,  chor.  The  Hindu  name  for  a 
mountain  thief  or  robber. 

Choate,  Bufos.  A  distinguished  Amer-  / 
lean  lawyer  and  statesman ;  b.  in  Mass. 
1T»9,  D.  1858.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  lower  house  of  Congress,  and  from 
the  death  of  Daniel  Webster  was  recog- 
nized as  the  ablest  and  most  eloquent 
advocate  of  the  country. 

Chocolate,  chok'5-lat.  A  paste  or  cake 
composed  of  the  kernels  of  the  Theobroma 
cacao  ground  and  combined  with  sugar  and 
vanilla,  cinnamoUj^loves,  or  other  flavor- 
ing substances.  The  beverage  made  from 
chocolate. 

Choctaws,  'tauz.  A  North  American 
Indian  tribe  formerly  occupying  parts  of 
Mississippi  and  Alabama,  now  all^d  with 
the  Cherokees  in  the  Indian  Territory  and 
largely  civilized. 

Choir,  kwir.  A  collection  of  singers, 
especially  in  divine  service.  A  part  of 
a  church  appropriated  for  the  singers.  In 
nunneries,  a  hall  adjoining  the  church, 
where  the  nuns  sing  the  office. 

Choir-ox^an,  'or-gan.  One  of  the  ag- 
gregated organs  combined  in  an  organ  of 
larger  power. 

Choke,  chok.  An  Indian  term  for  the 
principal  street  of  a  town  or  village. 

Choke-strap,  'strap.  A  strap  passing 
from  the  lower  portion  of  the  collar  to 
the  belly-band  of  the  harness. 

Chokhadar,  'ha-dar.  An  East  Indian 
policeman. 


ir. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CHOLAGOGUE 


180 


OHOSEOES 


CholaffOfirue,  kol'a-gog.  A  mcdidne 
that  has  the  quality  of  carrying  off  bile. 

Cholate,  ko'lftt.  A  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  choUc  acid  with  a  b&se. 

Choleate,  'le-at.  A  salt  formed  by  tho 
union  of  onoleic  acid  with  a  base. 

Cholera,  kol'er-a.  The  name  api>lled  to 
two  diseases  utterly  dissimilar ;  the  one 
known  as  common  or  English  cholera, 
the  other  as  cholera  morbus  or  malignant 
cholera.  Some  pathologists  recognize  a 
third  rariety  under  the  name  of  cholera 
asphyida,  which  differs  from  cholera  mor- 
bus in  a  more  rapid  progress,  more  violent 
spasms,  in  asphyxia  or  cessation  of  pulse, 
and  speedy  death. 

Oholenne,  -in.  The  first  stage  of  epi- 
demic cholera. 

Clioudrogrlossiis,  kon-dro-glos'sus.  A 
muscle  running  from  the  cartilaginous 
ioining  of  the  body  and  horn  of  tho  hyoid 
bone  to  the  tongue. 

Choxidroptery^i,  'drop-te-rij"i-I.  One 
of  tho  two  great  sections  into  which  Cu- 
vier  divides  the  class  Pisces.  The  families 
include  the  sturgeon,  shark,  ray  and  lam- 
prey. 

Ohondras,  'drus.  A  gen,  of  sea-weeds, 
including  Irish  moss. 

Ohop,  chop.  The  chap ;  the  jaw.  The 
mouth  or  entrance  to  a  channel.  An  of- 
ficial mark  on  weights  and  measures  to 
show  their  accuracy.  An  Eastern  custom- 
house stamp  on  goods  that  have  paid  duty. 
A  word  used  in  China  to  signify  quality. 

The  entire  bulk  of  a  certain  kind  of  tea 
brought  to  market. 

Chop-lLOUSe,   'hous.      A   house  where 

provisions  ready -dressed  are  sold  ;  an  eat- 
ing-house.   In  China,  a  custom-house  for 

the  collection  of  transit  dues. 
ClLOpm,  'in.    An  old  liquid  measure  in 

France.    An  old  English  measure  equal 

to  half  a  pint.      In  Scotland,  a  measure 

equal  to  half  a  Scotch  pint. 
Oliopiil,  Frederick,  sho'peen.  An  em- 
inent musical  composer  and  pianist ;  b.  in 

Poland  1810,  d.  in  Paris  1849. 
Ohopine,  en'.    A  lofty  clog  or  patten,  in 

some  cases  resembling 

a  short  stilt,  formerly 

worn   by  ladies  under 

their  shoes    tf>  elevate 

them  from  the  ground. 
Ohopstick,  'stik.  One 

of  two  small  sticks  of 

wood,  ivory,  &c.,  used 

by    the    Chinese    and 

Japanese  for  conveying 

food  to  the  mouth. 


Chopines. 


Chord. 


ClLOrd,  kord.  The  string  of  a  musical  in- 
strument. In  music,  the  simultaneoos 
combination  of  different 
sounds,  consonant  or  dis-  / 
sonant.  In  G  e  o  m.  a  ;^  ^ 
straight  line  supposed  to  a 
extend  from  one  end  of 
an  arc  of  a  circle  to  the 
other.  Thus  a  o  and  a  b 
are  the  chords  of  the  arcs 

AG  and  A  OB.  

Chore,  chor.    A  chare  or  small  job:  mi- 
nor work  of  a  domestic  kind. 
Chorea,  kd'r€-a.    St.  Vitus'  dance. 
Choregrraphy,  -reg'ra-fl.     The  art  «>f 
representing  dancing  by  signs,  as  singing 
18  represented  by  notes. 
Chorobates,  -rob'a-tgz.    An  instrument 
used  to  determine  the  slope  of  an  aque- 
duct, and  levels. 

Chorogrraph,  'ro-graf.  An  Instrument 
to  construct,  by  mechanical  means,  two 
similar  triangles  on  two  given  straight 
lines,  their  angles  being  given  ;  important 
in  marine  surveying. 

Choro^raphy,   -rog'ra-fl.    The  art   or 
practice  of  making  maps. 
Chorometry,  -rom'et-ri.     The    art  of 
measuring   or  surveying   a   district:    il 
survey. 

Chorus,  'rus.  In  the  Greek  drama,  a 
company  danc- 
ing in  a  ring  ac-] 
companied  by 
singing.  Per- 
sons supposed 
to  behold  what 
passed  in  a  trag- 
edy, and  sing 
their  sentiments 
between  the 
acts.  Verses  of  a 
song  in  which 
the  company 
join  the  singer. 
In  Music,  a  com- 
position sung  by  many  voices.  The  whole 
body  of  vocaUsts  other  than  soloists, 
whether  in  oratorio,  opera  or  concert  An 
ancient  musicalinstrument  of  the  bagpipe 
^pe.  This  name  was  also  given  to  the 
Welsh  crwth,  and  in  Scotland  to  a  trum- 
pet of  loud  tone. 

Chose,  shoz.  In  law,  property ;  a  right 
to  possession ;  or  that  which  maybe  de- 
manded and  recovered  by  suit  or  action 
at  law. 

Chosroes,  kos'ro-ez.  Two  warlike 
Persian  kings.  C.  I.  (the  Great),  crowned 
684  A.  D.,  fought  the  Romans,  but  was 
defeated  by  BeBsarius  and  again  by  Tib^ 


Chorus. 


Digitized  by 


y'Googk 


CHOUAK 


181 


CHBISTINA 


tins ;  D.  5T9.  G.  II.,  crowned  590,  invaded 
Africa  and  conquered  Carthage,  but  was 
defeated  and  captured  by  Heraclius,  and 
D.  in  prison  627. 

ClLOUaii,  sh5-on.  A  member  of  a  band 
of  insurgent  rovalists  of  Brittany,  France, 
who  rose  in  1792  against  the  republic,  and 
were  not  suppressed  till  1799. 

Chough,  chuf.  A  bird,  gen.  Fregilus, 
ci-ow  fam.,  nearly  allied  to  the  starnngs, 
In  Her.  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Aylet, 
and  was  at  one  time  confined  as  a  bearing 
to  Cornish  fkmilies. 

Choultry,  chortri.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a 
place  of  rest  and  shelter  for  travelers, 
similiar  to  the  caravansary  of  W.  Asia. 

OlLOUBe,  chous.    To  cheat,  defraud. 

Chout,  chout  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  fourth 
part  of  the  dear  revenue. 

CIlow,  chou.  In  China,  a  town  or  city 
of  the  second  class. 

Chow-ClLOW,  'chou.  A  Chinese  term 
for  any  mixture,  but  in  trade  circles  con- 
fined to  mixed  pickles. 

Chowder,  'der.  A  dish  of  fish  or  clams, 
with  vegetables,  biscuits,  &c. 

Chrematistics,  kre-ma-ds'tiks.  The 
sdenceof  wealth  ;  political  economy. 

Chrism,  krizm.  Holy  oil  consecrated  by 
a  bishop  and  used  in  the  administration 
of  baptism,  confirmation,  ordination  and 
extreme  unction.  In  the  Greek  and  li. 
C.  Churches  it  is  prep^^  on  Holy  Thurs- 
day with  much  ceremony.  The  baptis- 
mal doth  laid  upon  the  head  of  a  child ; 
a  chrismal.    The  baptismal  vesture. 

Chrismal,  kriz'mal.  The  vessel  in  which 
the  consecrated  oil  is  contained.  The 
pyx.  A  cloth  used  to  cover  relics.  The 
white  doth  laid  over  the  head  of  one  new 
ly  baptized.  The  cloth  used  for  wiping 
the  parts  anointed. 

Chrismatory,  'ma-to-ri.  In 
the  £.  C.  and  Greek  Churches, 
a  receptacle  for  the  durism  or 
holy  oil.  In  the  B.  C.  Church 
the  chrismatory  usually  com- 
prises three  separate  vessels. 

Christ,  krist    The  anointed  r 
an  appellation  given  to  the  Sa-* 
viour  of  the  world,  and  synony-  Chrisma- 
mouswith  the  Hebrew  Mes-     tory. 
si^. 

Christ,  Orders  of.  The  name  given 
to  the  Templars  in  Portugal,  after  their 
formal  suppression  by  Pope  Clement  lY., 
1812.  They  were  recognized  by  Pope 
John  XXII.,  1817,  and  confirmed  in  thefr 
title,  "  The  Order  of  Our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ."    The  King  of  Portugal  is  Grand 


Master.  Also  a  Papal  order  of  merit, 
the  members  of  which  wear  a  star  from 
which  depends  a  cross. 

Christadelphian,  kris-tardel'fi-an.  A 
brother  of  Christ ;  one  of  a  sect  of  Chris- 
tians.   Called  also  Thomaaites. 

Christendozo. 'n-dum.  The  countries 
chiefly  inhabited  by  those  who  profess  the 
Christian  religion.  The  whole  body  of 
Christians. 

Christian,  'tyan.  One  who  believes  in 
the  truth  of  the  Christian  religion  and 
studies  to  follow  the  example  and  obey 
the  precepts  of  Christ.  One  born  in  a 
Christian  country  or  of  Christian  parents. 
An  old  Danish  gold  coin. 

Christian.  The  names  of  9  kings  of 
Denmark  and  Norway,  the  last  of  whom 
is  at  present  on  the  throne ,  b.  1818  ;  s. 
to  Frederick  YIII.  1863 ;  his  eldest  son  is 
heir  to  the  tiiree  thrones  of  Denmark, 
Sweden  and  Norway  ;  his  id  son  is  King 
of  Greece;  his  eldest  daughter  is  wife  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  his  second  daugh- 
ter'is  Czarina  of  Bussla. 

Christiania, -te-ah'ne-ah.  C«p.  of  Nor- 
way, on  the  Agger,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf 
ofC.;  pop.  64,500. 

Christiana,  -ti-a'na.  An  old  Swedish 
silver  coin. 

Christianite,  'tyan-it  A  mineral  of  Mt 
Vesuvius,  an  oblique  rectangular  prism. 

Christians,  'tyans.  A  religious  sect  in 
N.  America,  seceders  from  the  Methodist, 
Baptist  and  Presbyterian  churches,  in  the 
years  1798,  1800  and  1801. 

Christiansted,  -stdd.  Cap.  of  the  island 
of  St  Croix  and  the  place  of  residence  of 
the  Danish  Viceroy  of  the  Danish  W.  In- 
dies ;  pop.  6,100. 

Christina,  kris-ti'na.  Daughter  and 
s.  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden  ; 

B.  1626,  crowned  1682.  On  attaining  her 
majority,  1644,  C.  at  once  took  active  per- 
sonal charge  of  the  government,  which  she 
administered  until  1654  with  wisdom  and 
vigor,  cai-rying  on  a  snccessftil  war  with 
Denmark.  Deciding  to  renounce  Protes- 
tantism C.  abdicated  in  fhvor  of  her  cousin 
Carl  Gustav,  and  retired  to  Brussels,  where 
she  embraced  the  Catholic  &ith.  Beuiov- 
ing  to  Paris,  she  killed  Monaldeschi,  hef 
master  of  horse,  under  a  suspidon  of  hav: 
ing  betrayed  her  confidence.  On  th« 
death  of  Cari  Gustav  in  1660,  C.  reclaimed 
the  Swedish  throne,  but  her  people  re< 
Jected  her  because  of  her  religion,  and  she 
retired  to  Bome,  where  she  died,  1689. 

C.  Maria,  daughter  of  Francis  I.  of  Sicily, 
wife  of  Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain,   and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OfifelStMAS 


CHfeON6SC0Pfi 


mother  of  ex-Queen  Isabella  II.  C.  be- 
came notorious  after  her  husband's  death, 
as  regent  during  her  daughter's  minority, 
having  contracted  a  private  marriage  with 
her  paramour  Muiioz,  a  private  soldier,  by 
whom  she  had  several  children  ;  she  was 
banished  from  Spain  in  1S54. 

Christmas,  'mas.  The  festival  of  the 
Christian  church  observed  annually  on  the 
25th  day  of  December,  in  memory  of  the 
birth  of  Christ.  The  festival  includes 
twelve  days.    Christmas-day. 

Christmas-lOfiT,  'mas-log.  A  large  log 
of  wood,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  fire 
at  Christmas. 

Christzxias-rose, 'mas 
roz.  A  plant,  Hellebo- 
rus  niger,  which  blos- 
soms during  the  winter 
months. 

Cliristolyte,  'to-1 1 1 . 
One  of  the  sect  of  Chris- 
tians of  the  6th  century 


who    held     that,    when 


C]irl^trTitt'^T4jye. 


Christ  descended  into 
hell,  he  left  both  his  body  and  soul  there, 
and  rose  with  his  divine  nature  alone . 
Christopher,  kris'to-fur.  The  names  of 
8  kings  of  Denmark.  C.  I.,  elected  1252, 
D.  1269.  C.  II.,  son  of  Eric  VII.,  b.  1276, 
8.  his  brother  Eric  VIII.  1318,  d.  1338.  C. 
III.  of  Bavaria,  became  successively  King 
of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Norway  in  the 
vears  1440-41-42.  He  made  Copenhagen 
his  capital  and  reigned  wisely. 
Chromatics,  kro-mafiks.  The  science 
of  colors. 

Chromat3rpO|  'ma-tlp.  A  process  for  ob- 
taining colored  photographic  pictures  by 
the  employment  of  paper  sensitized  by 
some  of  the  salts  of  chromium.  A  picture 
produced  by  this  process. 
Ohrome-allim,  krom'al-um.  A  crystal- 
lizable  double  salt,  formed  by  the  sul- 
phates of  chromium  and  potassium. 
Ohrome-green,  'gren.  A  green  pig- 
ment prepared  from  the  oxide  of  chro- 
mium. 

Ohrome-oranere,   'or-anj.     A   yellow 
pigment  prepared  from  chromate  of  lead. 
Chrome-red,  'red.    A  red  pigment  pre- 
pared from  red-lead. 

Chrome-yello'W,  'yel-lo.  A  name  given 
to  chromate  of  lead,  a  brilliant  yellow  pig- 
ment. 

Chromic,  'Ik.  Pertaining  to  chrome  or 
chromium,  or  obtained  from  It;  as,  C. 
acid. 

Chromidee,  krom'i-dS.  A  ftan.  of  tele- 
ostean  fishes,  allied  to  theLabridse  or  true 
wraoses. 


Chromitun,  krO'mium.  A  metal  which 
never  occurs  native,  but  may  be  obtained 
by  reducing  the  oxide,  employed  to  give 
a  deep  green  color  to  the  enamel  of  porce. 
lain,  glass,  &c. 

Chromocher,  kr6m'6-ker.  A  mineral 
containing  the  oxides  of  chrome  and  of 
iron,  silica  and  alumina. 
Chromo-lithofirraphy,  kru"mo-li- 
thog'ra-fi.  A  method  of  producing  a  col- 
ored lithographic  picture,  oy  using  stones 
having  different  portions  of  the  picture 
drawn  upon  them  with  inks  of  various 
colors. 

Chromosphere,  'm5-sfer.  The  name 
given  to  the  gaseous  envelope  supposed 
to  exist  round  the  body  of  the  sun ,  through 
which  the  light  of  the  photosphere  passes. 
Stellar  chromosphere,  the  gaseous  enve- 
lope supposed  to  exist  round  the  body  of 
a  star. 

Chronicle,  kron'i-kl.  A  historical  ac- 
count of  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
order  of  time.  The  title  of  two  books  of 
the  Old  Testament  ascribed  to  Ezra. 
Chronogram.,  '6-grram.  An  inscription 
in  which  the  date  or  epoch  is  expressed 
by  numeral  letters. 

Chronogrraph,  -graf.  The  name  given 
to  various  devices  for  measuring  and  reg- 
istering minute  portions  of  time  with  pre- 
cision. Benson's  chronograph  registers 
to  one-tenth  of  a  second.  Strange's  to 
one-hundredth  of  a  second.  Schnitzels, 
in  which  electricity  is  applied,  to  the  five- 
hundred-thousand  part  of  a  second.  By 
it  the  initial  velocity  of  a  bullet  may  ble 
ascertained. 

Chronologrist,  kro-nol'o-jist.  One  who 
investigates  the  dates  of  past  events. 
Chronology,  -ji.  The  science  of  com< 
puting  time  by  regular  periods,  according 
to  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  or  moon, 
termed  astronomical  chronology.  The 
science  of  ascertaining  the  true  periods 
when  past  events  took  place,  called  his- 
torical chronology.  When  the  word  is 
used  without  a  qualifying  term  it  has  this 
eignifloation. 

Chronometer,  -nom'et-er.  Any  instru- 
ment that  measures  or  divides  tame  into 
equal  portions,  as  a  clock,  watch  or  dial. 
Applied  to  time-keepers  used  for  deter- 
mining the  longitude  at  sea,  or  for  any 
other  purpose  where  an  accurate  measure 
of  time  is  required. 

Chronoscope,  kron'o-skdp.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  auration  of  ex- 
tremely short-lived  phenomena ;  more  es- 
pecially. Instruments  for  measuring  the 
velocity  of  projectiles. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OHfifSALlB 


18^ 


CttUEOHESSET 


Ohrysalsis. 


OlirsnBalis,  krls'arlis.  A  form  which 
butterflies,  "' 
moths  and 
other  insects 
assume  when 
they  change 
fjrom  the  state 
of  larva  or  cat- 
erpHliu*,  and 
before  they  ar- 
rive at  their 
winged  or  per- 
fect state.  The  animal  is  in  a  state  of  rest 
or  insensibility  and  exists  without  nutri- 
ment, but  an  elaboration  is  going  on,  giv- 
ing the  organs  of  the  ftiture  animal  their 
proper  development. 

Ohiyselephantine,  'el-e-fan^'tin.  Com- 
posed of  gold  and  ivory :  specially  applied 
to  statues  overlaid  witn  gold  and  ivory. 
The  statue  of  Athene  by  Phidias  is  the 
most  celebrated  specimen. 

Chrysoberyl,  '6-ber-il.  A  siliceous 
gem,  next  to  the  sapphire  in  hardness,  the 
specimens  which  present  an  opalescent 

{>lay  of  light  being  especially  admired.  It 
s  an  aluminate  of  glucina,  \vith  traces  of 
silica,  iron,  &c. 

Ohrosochloris,  -klo-rls.  A  gen.  of  in- 
sectivorous mammals  allied  to  the  moles. 
C.  aureus,  the  Gape  ohrysochlore  or 
changeable  mole,  is  the  best  known  spe- 

Ohrysography,  kri-sog'ra-fi.  The  art 
of  writing  in  letters  of  gold.  The  vrriting 
itself. 

Ohiysollte,  krls^d-Ut.  A  mineral  com- 
posed of  slUca,  magnesium  and  iron,  hard- 
er than  glass,  but  less  hard  than  quartz. 

OhiysoxnelideB,  -o-meFi-de.  A  fam. 
of  coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Tetramera  of 
Latreille,  constituting  a  numerous  and 
beautlftil  femily  of  the  beetle  tribe. 

OhiysopraAe,  'd-praz.  A  quartz,  a  va- 
riety of  chalcedony,  of  a  hardness  little  in- 
ferior to  that  of  flint. 

OluyBOPS,  'ops.  A  gen.  of  dipterous 
insects,  tarn.  Tabanide  ;  the  clegs.  Their 
larvee  destroy  aphides,  and  are  called 
aphis-lions. 

Ohrysostoxn,  John,  St.,  kre-sos'tom. 
One  of  the  most  eloquent  preachers  and 
logical  writers  of  the  early  Christian 
Fathers ;  b.  at  Antioch,  347,  d.  40T.  He 
was  conse<9«ted  Bp.  of  Constantinople  in 
398,  and  introduced  such  vigorous  reforms 
as  to  excite  extreme  opposition,  resulting 
in  his  banishment,  408.  His  festival  is 
celebrated  by  the  R.  C.  Church,  Jan.  2T. 

Oluysotype,  kris'o-tip.  A  photographic 
process  produced  by  a  solution  of  gold.  A 


photographic  agent  prepared  by  impreg- 
nating paper  with  a  neutral  solution  of 
chloride  of  gold. 

CliubdCLr,  Mar.  In  India  a  servant  who 
announces  the  arrival  of  company;  a 
mace-bearer. 

Chuck-Will's-widow,  c  h  u  k'  w  i  1  z- 
wid'o.  The  popular  name  of  a  bird, 
&m.  Caprimalgidffi  or  goat-suokers. 

Ohudder,  chud'der.  In  India,  a  lady's 
wrapper  made  of  silk,  muslin  or  cambric, 
worn  in  loose  folds. 

Ohulan,  chd'lan.  A  Chinese  plant,  the 
Chlorantnus  Inconspicuus,  ord.  Chlor- 
anthacee,  the  spikes  of  the  flowers  of 
which  are  used  to  scant  tea. 

Cliuzil,  chum.  One  who  lodges  or  resides 
in  the  same  room ;  a  close  companion ;  a 
bosom-friend. 

Chuxnar,  chn'm&r.  An  Indian  sho» 
maker ;  a  cobbler. 

Ohunam,  chn'nara.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a 
mixture  made  of  lime,  as  stucco.  Madras 
chunam,  made  of  caldned  shells,  is  the 
best 

Cliupatty,  chn'pat-ti.  An  Indian  un- 
leavened cake  made  of  flour,  water  and 
salt. 

OlLuquisaca,  choo-kwd'sih-kah.  Cap. 
of  Bolivia,  8.  America;  pop.  abt.  12,600. 

Olliirch,  chereh.  A  house  conse<»rated 
to  the  worship  of  .God  among  Christians ; 
the  Lord's  house.  Also  called  chapel  and 
meeting-house.  The  collective  body  of 
Christians  called  the  Catholic  and  uni- 
versal Church.  A  particular  body  of 
Christians  united  under  one  form  of  ec- 
clesiastical government.  The  worship, 
ers  of  Jehovah  or  the  true  God  before 
the  advent  of  Christ;  as,  the  Jewish 
Church.  A  temple;  a  place  devoted  to 
religious  c^emonies.  0.  militant,  that 
portion  of  Christians  now  on  earth.  C. 
triumphant,  the  collective  body>of  saiiits 
in  heaven. 

OhuTch,  Frederick  Edwin.  An 
American  painter,  distinguished  as  a  delin- 
eator of  scenery ;  b.  in  Conn.,  1826. 

Ohlirch  of  God.  An  American  sect, 
foanded  in  1830  by  seoeders  ft-om  the 
German  Reformed  Church.  It  numbers 
abt.  40,000  members,  with  600  churches. 

OliurclL-bug',  a)ug:  The  Oniscus  asellus, 
a  species  of  the  wood-lice  Jbm.,  ord. 
Isopoda,  class  Crustacea. 

Ohurch-oourt,  'kort.  A  court  for  hear, 
ing  and  deciding  ecclesiastical  causes. 

Ohurchesset,  'es-set.  A  certain  meas. 
ure  of  com,  anciently  given  to  the  churcli 
by  every  man  on  St.  Martin's  day. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CttUfeCttMAlJ 


184 


ClMBfiX 


01iiiroh.m.an,  'man.  An  ecclesiastic  or 
clergyman  ;  one  who  ministers  in  sacred 
things.  In  England,  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England. 

ChurcliwardexL,  'war-den.  A  keeper 
or  guardian  of  a  churcfi,  and  a  represent- 
ative of  a  parish. 

Ohiirl,  cherl.  A  rustic ;  a  peasant ;  in 
English  history,  one  who  held  land  from 
or  worked  on  the  estate  of  his  lord.  A 
rude,  selfish,  rough-tempered  man. 

Chum,  chern.  A  vessel  in  which  cream 
or  milk  is  agitated  for  separating  the  oily 
parts  fi'om  th«  caseous  and  serous  parts, 
to  make  butter. 

C9lTirru.s,  chur'rus.  The  Indian  name 
of  a  resinous  extract  which  exudes  from 
the  Indian  hemp.  A  powerful  narcotic 
and  highly  intoxicating. 

Ohlirubusco,  choo-roo-boos'ko.  A  vil- 
lage 6.  m.  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  noted 
for  the  victory  of  the  Americans  under 
Gen.  Scott  over  the  Mexicans  under  San- 
ta Anna,  Aug.  20,  1&4T.  The  fight  ex- 
tended to  Contreras,  7  m.  distant,  and 
was  the  hardest  fought  of  the  war.  ITie 
Mexican  loss  aggregated  10,000;  the 
American  1,053. 

Ohute,  8h5i.  A  river-fall  or  an  opening 
In  a  dam  through  which  to  float  timber ; 
an  Inclined  trough  or  tube  through  which 
articles  are  passed  from  a  higher  to  a  low 
er  level. 

Chutney,  chut'ni.  An  E.  Indian  con- 
diment compounded  of  sweets  and  acids. 
Mangoes,  raisins,  spices,  sour  herbs,  cay- 
enne, lemon-juice  pounded  and  boiled  to- 
gether and  bottled  for  use. 

Chyle,  kil.  A  milky  fluid  separated  from 
aliments  by  means  of  digestion,  found 
in  the  intestines  after  food  has  been  mixed 
with  the  bile  and  pancreatic  juice.  The 
chemical  constituents  of  chyle  are  nearly 
the  same  as  those  of  blood. 

Chyme,  klm.  Digested  food  before  the 
chyle  is  extracted. 

Ciboriuxn,  si-bo'ri-um.  The  pvx.  A 
pendent  tabernacle  for  the  pyx.  A  recep- 
tacle for  relics.  A  portable  altar.  A  case 
for  displaying  the  calendar  of  feasts  in 
Greek  churches.  In  Arch,  an  insulated 
building  composed  of  an  arched  vault  sup- 
ported on  four  columns ;  a  baldachino. 

Cicero,  Marcus  TuUius,  sls'S-ro.  Son 
of  a  Roman  knight,  and  a  lineal  descendant 
ofthe  ancient  kings  of  the  Sabines,  illustri- 
ous as  a  statesman,  philosopher  and  ora- 
tor ;  B.  106  B.  0.;  assassinated  by  order  of 
the  second  triumvirate,  b.  o.  48.  He  de- 
tected and  suppressed  the  Cataline  con- 


. ,  and  denounced  Mark  Antony  foi 
le  murder  of  Ciesar. 

Cicerone,  'ne.     In   Italy,  gnides  who 

.  show  travelers  the  antiquities  of  the 
country ;  hence,  one  who  explains  the 
curiosities  of  a  place ;  a  guide.  An  elder- 
1 V  female  companion  to  a  younger  in  pnb- 
IIc  places. 

Ciceronian,  'ni-an.  An  imitator  of 
Cicero. 

CichoraceSB,  sik-o-ra'se-^.  A  subdivis- 
ion of  the  nat.  ord.  Composite,  tncluding 
the  succory,  endive,  lettuce,  siJsafy.  trag- 
opogon,  dandelion,  <fcc. 

Cicindelidss,  sis-in-deH-de.  A  fam.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Pentamera,  the 
tiger-beetles  and  sparklers.  The  typical 
gen.  is  Cicindela. 

Cicisbeo,  Bisls'be-o.  A  dangler  about 
females ;  in  Italy,  the  professed  gallant  of 
a  married  lady.  A  knot  of  ribbon  attached 
to  walking-sticks,  hilts  of  swords,  or  han- 
dles of  fans. 

Ciconia,  sT-kd'ni-a.  The  gen.  and  &m. 
of  birds  to  which  the  stork  belongs. 

Cid,  Bid.  A  chief;  applied  to  Buy  or 
Roderigo  Diaz,  Count  of  Bivar  (E^  Cid 
Campeador),  a  champion  of  Christianity 
and  Spanish  royalty  against  the  Moors  in 
the  llth  century ;  also  the  name  of  an 
epic  which  celebrates  his  exploits. 

Cidaridss,  si-dar'i-dS.  A  tarn,  of  Eohin- 
odermata,  ord.  Echinoidea.  Cidaris  is 
the  typical  gen. 

Cidaris,  sid'ar-is.  A  gen.  of  sea-urchins, 
fam.  Cidaridee. 

Cidarite,  sid'ar-It.  A  fossil  specimen  of 
the  gen.  Cidaris,  fam.  Cidaridse,  found  in 
the  carboniferous  limestone  and  upwards. 

Cider,  si'der.  A  name  formerly  given  to 
the  juices  of  fruits,  and  various  kinds  of 
strong  liquor ;  but  now  appropriated  to 
the  juice  of  apples. 

Ciergre,  serj.  A  candle  carried  in  relig- 
ious processions. 

Cigrarette,  sig-ar-et'.  Tobacco  rolled  u» 
in  tissue  paper  so  as  to  form  a  small  cyl- 
inder for  smoking. 

Cilia,  siri-a.  The  hairs  which  grow  fW)m 
the  margin  of  the  eyelids  ;  eyelashes. 
Hairs  or  bristles  situated  on  the  margin  of 
a  vegetable  body,  as  those  of  the  inner 
peristome  of  a  moss.  Small,  hair-like  ap- 
pendages, found  on  the  snrfltce  of  the 
tissues  of  most  animals,  and  in  some 
vegetable  organisms. 

Cimbex,  sim'beks.  A  gen.  of  hvmen- 
opterous  insects,  f^un.  Tenthredmidfe 
the  largest  species  of  saw-flies. 


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CINQUE-FOIL 


Cixnbia^  'bi-a.   A  fillet  round  the  shaft  of 

a  colamn  to  strengthen  it. 

Cimbri,  'bre.  A  German  tribe,  inhabit- 
ing what  is  now   known  as  Denmark. 

They  were  entirely  defeated  in  an  invasion 

of  Gaul,  102  B.  0.,  by  Marias. 

Oimex,  sl'meks.    A  gen.  of  hemipterous 

insects,  sub-ord.  Heteroptera,  fam.  Ci- 
micidiB.    The  bed-bug  is  the  type. 

Oinunerians,  sim-me're-ans.  The  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  the  Crimea,  a  no- 
madic race,  expelled  by  the  Scythians,  and 
takinf  reftage  in  Asia  Minor.  They  dis- 
appeared from  history  abt.  617.  Tradition 
asserted  that  their  country  was  involved 
in  darkness,  and  firom  this  originated  the 
phrase  *'  Cimmerian  darkness." 

Oixnollte,  '6-lit  A  species  of  clay,  or 
hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia,  nseftil  in 
taking  spots  from  cloth.  Another  species 
is  the  steatite  or  soap-rock,  and  ffom  a 
variety  found  In  the  Isle  of  Wight  tobacco- 
pipes  are  made. 

OixLehona,  sin-ko'na.  A  gen.  of  trees, 
ord.  Bubiacese.  There  are  numerous 
species,  some  of  which  yield  the  valuable 
medicinal  bark,  the  cinchona  of  commerce. 
The  medicinal  bark  of  several  species  of 
cinchona ;  Peruvian  bark. 

Oincinnati.  The  principal  commercial 
city  of  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River;  cap.  of 
Hamilton  Co.,  opposite  mouth  of  the 
Licking  River ;  pop.  266,189. 

Cincinnati,  Society  of  the.  An  as- 
sociation founded  by  officers  of  the  Ameri- 
can army  in  1788,  with  patriotic  and  be- 
nevolent objects.  The  membership  is  re- 
stricted to  descendants  or  collateral  rela- 
tives of  Revolutionary  ancestors. 

Oincinnatus,  LuoiuB  Quintina.  A 
Roman  hero  who  was  elected  dictator, 
468  B.  c,  when  the  Equi  and  Volsci  in- 
vaded the  country.  He  was  found  plow- 
ing in  the  field,  but  at  once  took  command 
of  the  troops  and  expelled  the  invaders, 
returning  to  his  fiurming  as  soon  as  the 
danger  was  passed.  In  489  he  was  again 
called  to  the  dictatorship  on  account  of 
intestine  troubles,  again  resigning  power 
and  resuming  his  umple  life  when  peace 
was  restored. 

Oindosoma,  sin-kld-sd'ma.  A  gen.  of 
insessorial  birds,  allied  to  the  shrikes. 

Cincdna,  singklus.  A  gen.  of  birds,  tsan. 
MemlidflB,  including  the  water-ouzel  or 
dipper. 

Oinder,  sin'der.  A  solid  piece  of  matter, 
remaining  after  having  been  subjected  to 
combustion,  and  in  which  fire  is  extinct. 
A  small  coal ;  an  ember.  A  scale  thrown 
ofT  while  forging  iron,  ^. 


Cinder-bed,  -bed.  A  stratum  of  the  up- 
per Purbeck  series,  almost  wholly  com 
posed  of  oyster-shells;  a  marine  bed 
among  fresh-water  deposits. 

Cineration,  -e-ra'shon.  The  reducing 
of  anything  to  ashes  by  combustion. 

Cinfiralese,  sing'ga-lez.  A  member  ol 
the  primitive  race  inhabiting  Ceylon. 

Cingnliun,  'gu-lum.  The  girdle  with 
which  the  alb  of  a  priest  is  gathered  in  at 
the  waist.     In  Zool.  the  neck  of  a  tooth. 

CiniflonidSB.  sin-i-flon'i-dO.  A  family 
of  spiders  residing  in  crevices  of  rocks 
and  walls,  &c.,  or  under  leaves  or  old 
bark. 

Cinnabar, 'a-biir.  Red  sulphide  of  mer- 
cury. Native  cinnabar  is  a  compact,  very 
heavy  amorphous  mineral.  Artificial  cin- 
nabar is  prepared  by  subliming  the  amor- 
phous sulphide  ;  it  is  used  as  a  pigment, 
and  is  also  called  vermilion.  Hepatic  cin- 
nabar is  an  impure  variety.  A  resinous 
Juice  obtained  from  an  E.  Indian  tree ; 
dragon's  blood. 

Cinnamomtun,  -md'mum.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord.  Ijauraceie.  All  the  species 
possess  an  aromatic  volatile  oil ;  two  yield 
cinnamon  and  cassia-lignea. 

Cinnamon,  -mon.  The  name  given 
to  trees,  gen.  Cinnamoqinm,  especially  to 
C.  zeylanicnm,  sometimes  confounded 
with  C.  cassia,  which  yields  the  Chinese 
or  common  variety  of  cassia-lignea.  The 
inner  bark  of  O.  zeylanicum— true  cinna- 
mon. Oil  of  cinnamon  is  obtained  firom 
the  bark  of  different  trees  of  the  gen.  C. 

Cinnamon-stone,  -ston.  A  variety  of 
garnet,  used  in  Jewelry. 

Cinnamon-water,  -wa-ter.  A  medici- 
nal beverage  obtained  by  distilling  cinna- 
mon, inftised  in  barley  water,  in  spirits. 

Cinnyridss,  -nir'i-de.  Afiim.  ofinses 
sorial  birds ;  the  sun-birds.  The  typicf 
gen.  is  Cinnyris. 

Cinque-foil,  Toil.     An  ornament  in  tl» 


Olnqtjij-lbll  -wtadQW, 


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Sointed  style  of  architecture,  consisting  of 
ve  cuspidated  divisions  ;  called  also  Five- 
finger. 

Oinque,  singk.  A  five  ;  a  word  used  in 
games. 

Oinque-ports, 'ports.  Five  ports  on  the 
southern  shore  of  England,  Hastings, 
Romnev,  Hythe,  Dover  and  Sandwich ; 
to  which  were  afterwards  added  "Wlnchel- 
sea,  Rye  and  Seaford. 

Cipher,  si'fer.  In  Arith.  a  character 
which,  standing  by  itself,  expresses  notti- 
ing,  but  increases  or  diminishes  the  value 
of  other  figures,  according  to  its  position. 
Something  of  no  value  or  consequence. 
An  intertexture  of  letters,  engraved  or 
written  on  a  seal;  plate,  picture,  &o.  ;  a 
monogram.  A  secret  or  disguised  man- 
ner of  writing. 

Ciplier-key,  -ke.  A  key  for  deciphering 
secret  writings. 

Cipolin,  sip'ol-in.  A  green  marble  from 
Rome,  containing  white  zones. 

Oippus,  'pus.  In  R<nn.  AnHq.  n  low 
column,  often  bearing  afii  ^ 
inscription,  serving  as  a 
sepulchral  monument ; 
decrees  of  the  Senat^i 
were  also  inscribed  upon 
C,  while  others  served 
as  milestones  or  markn 
of  divisions  of  land.  An 
tntrenchment  made  ui' 
the  trunk  of  trees  ami 
palisades. 

Oircassia,  sTr-k&sh'y  n . 
A  prov.  of  Russia  in  Asia, 
between  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas,  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its 
females,  many  of  whom  become  members 
of  the  harems  of  the  highest  Turkish  dig- 
nitaries, and  for  the  bravery  of  its  men. 
Although  numbering  less  than  500,000 
souls,  the  C.  under  their  chief,  Schamyl, 
successfully  resisted  the  Russians  i6r 
many  years;  he  surrendered  in  1869,  under 
pledges  acceptable  to  his  people. 

Oirce.  In  Myth,  daughter  of  Sol  and 
Perseis,  celebrated  for  her  knowledge  of 
magic  ;  she  was  placed  by  her  father  on 
the  island  of  JBsea,  and  when  Ulysses 
visited  her  coast  on  returning  from  the 
Trojan  war  she  changed  his  companions 
into  swine,  Ulysses  himself  being  proof 
against  her  spells  through  the  forethought 
of  Mercury.  C.  finally  restored  his  com- 
panions to  their  natural  condition,  and 
suflFered  them  to  leave  the  island. 

OirciniiB,  ser'si-nus.  The  Compasses,  a 
oonstellation  near  the  south  pole,  consist- 
ing of  4  stars. 


Circle,  'kl.  A  piano  figure,  comprehended 
by  a  single  curve  line,  called  its  circumfer- 
ence, every  part  of  which  Is  equally  distant 
A*om  the  centre.  Astronomical  instru- 
ments of  a  circular  form.  A  number  of 
persons  associated  by  some  tie;  a  coterie,* 
a  set.  C.  of  declination,  a  great  circle  tiie 
plane  of  which  is  perpendicular  to  the  equa- 
tor. C.  of  latituoe,  in  A  stron.  a  great  ch*cle 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 
In  Geog.  a  small  circle  of  the  sphere  the 
plane  of  which  is  perpendicular  to  the 
axis.  C.  of  longitude,  in  Astron.  one  of 
the  lesser  ch*cles  parallel  to  the  ecliptic, 
diminishing  as  they  recede  fi*om  it.  C.  of 
perpetual  apparition,  one  of  the  lesser 
circles  parallel  to  the  equator.  The  stars 
within  this  circle  never  set.  C.  of  peir- 
petual  occultation,  another  lesser  circle  at 
a  like  distjince  from  the  equator,  which 
includes  all  the  stars  which  never  appear 
in  our  hemisphere.  C.  of  the  sphere,  a 
circle  described  on  the  sphere  of  tiie  earth 
or  the  heavens.  The  equator,  ecliptic, 
meridians,  and  parallels  of  latitude  are  all 
circles  of  the  sphere. 

Circular,  'ku-ler.  A  letter  or  paper  of 
which  a. copy  is  sent  to  several  pOTsons  on 
some  common  business. 

Circuxn-,  'kum.  A  Latin  prefix  signify- 
ing about ;  in  a  circle  ;  on  all  sides  ;  as, 
circumambulate,  to  walk  round. 

Circuxucellion,  -serii-on.  One  of  a  class 
of  wandering  monks.  One  of  a  sect  ol 
Donatist  Christians  in  AfHca  in  the  4th 
century. 

Circumcision,  -si'zhon .  The  act  of  cfa-- 
cumcising  or  cutting  oflF  the  prepuce  or 
foreskin;  a  Jewish  religious  rite. 

Circumference,  'fer-ens.  The  line  that 
bounds  a  circle  or  any  regular  curvilinear 
figure;  periphery. 

Circumferentor,  -en-ter.  An  instru- 
ment used  by  surveyors  for  taking  angles, 
now  almost  superseded  by  the  theodolite. 

Circumflex,  -fleks.  A  wave  of  the 
voice,  embracing  both  a  rise  and  a  fall  on 
the  same  syllable.  In  Gram,  an  accent 
placed  only  on  long  vowels. 

Circumlittoral,  -lit'to-ral.  The  fourth 
of  the  zones  Into  which  naturtdists  have 
divided  the  sea-bottom  in  accordance  with 
the  depth  of  water  covering  each. 

Circumnavigrator,  -nav^i-ga-ter.  One 
who  circumnavigates  or  sails  round  ;  on^ 
who  has  sailed  round  the  globe. 

Circus,  'kus.  In  Rom.  Antiq.  a  building 
adapted  for  races  and  athletic  exercises, 
ftirnished  with  rows  of  seats  rising  one 


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CITY 


above  another.  In  modem  times,  a  mova- 
ble place  of  amusement 
drripedia,    -ri-p€'di-a.      An    ord.    of 
lower    <arustaceoa8     animals,    formerly 
ranked  among  the  mollusks. 

Oirrostomi,  -ros'to-ml.  A  term  applied 
to  an  ord.  of  fishes  represented  bv  the 
lancelet  or  amphioxns,  the  lowest  fish. 

Cirrus,  'ras.  In  Bot.  a  tendril ;  a  long 
thread-like  organ  by  which  a  plant  climbs. 
In  Zool.  a  filamentary  appendage  to  the 
feet  of  certain  animals,  as  barnacles,  and 
the  Jaws  of  certain  fishes.  A  form  of 
cloud. 

Ois,  sis.  A  gen.  of  coleopterous  Insects, 
fam.  Xylopluiga. 

Cls.  A  Latin  preposition  signifying  "on 
this  side,"  often  prefixed  to  the  names  of 
rivers,  mountains,  &c.  Bemo  was  con- 
sidered the  point  of  departure  in  words  of 
Roman  origin. 

Oisalpine  Bepnblic.  A  division  of 
Italy  made  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1797;  in 
1802  called  the  Italian  Republic,  and  In 
1805  constituting  the  principal  part  of  the 
Italian  Kingdom.  It  included  portions  of 
Mantua,  Milan,  Yaltellina,  Venetia  W.  and 
8.  of  the  Adige,  Modena  and  the  N.  Pon- 
tifical states. 

Oisoo,  sis'ko.  A  fish  of  the  herring 
kind. 

Ciselure,  sez-l&r.  The  art  of  chasing. 
Ohased  metal  work.. 

Oispadane  Bepublic.  One  of  two 
(the  Transpadane  R.  being  the  other) 
Italian  States,  founded  by  Napoleon  I. 
from  territory  reconquered  from  Austria, 
1796 :  in  1797  it  was  attached  to  the  Cisal- 
pine B. 

Oissoid,  sis'eoid.  *  A  curve  of  the  2d  or- 
der, invented  by  Diodes  with  a  view  to 
the  solution  of  tne  femous  problem  of  the 
duplicadon  of  the  cube. 

GissuB,  'sus.  The  wild  grape,  a  group  of 
plants  included  in  the  same  genus  with 
tiie  true  vine. 

Gist,  sist.  A  case;  a  chest;  a  basket; 
In  ArchflBol. 
the  term  ap- 
pEed  to  the 
mystic  bas- 
kets used  in 
processions  Cist, 

connected  with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries. 
A  place  of  interment  of  an  early  or  prehls- 
tono  period,  sometimes  hewn  in  the  rock 
itself. 

Oistem,  'tern.  An  artificial  receptacle 
for  holding  water  or  liquor. 


Oisteroian,  af^^V- 
shi-an.  A  ruHmber  ni 
a  religious  order  whlt^b 
takes  its  nnmi'  fnim 
Citeaux,  near  THjon, 
where  the  piwiotv  was 
founded  in  iniH  hy 
Robert,  Abbit  of  So- 
lesmes,  und  r  Ibe  niln 
of  St.  Bene<l1i  t.  Ftori 
the  C.  emutjntiTiJ  tbe 
Feuillants  in  Fmnco^ 
the  nuns  of  r'*r(-Roy*1 
al,  the  R4M..,||,.v<ji  ti" 
Spain,  and  xho  uinnkH 
of  La  Tra|-[r. .  rhi-v 
wear  a  whito  cikioock 


with  black  scapulary,  but  when  officiating 
are  clothed  with  a  I 
white  hood. 


i  large  white  gown  and 


Citadel,  sit'a-del.  A  fortress  or  castie 
in  or  near  a  city. 

Citatiou,  si-ta'shon.  A  summons  ;  an 
official  call  or  notice  given  to  a  person  to 
appear  in  a  court.  A  reference  to  decided 
cases  or  books  of  authorlty^  to  maintain  a 
point  of  law. 

CitllCLra,  sith'a-ra.  An  ancient  stringed 
instrument  resembling  the  modern  cit- 
tern, or  guitar. 

CitliaBroil,  -S'ron.  In  Myth,  a  moun- 
tain in  Boeotia,  sacred  to  Jupiter  and  the 
Muses.  On  its  slopes  Hercules  slew  the 
lion,and  Actseon  was  devoured  by  his  dogs. 
It  is  now  called  Helatea. 

Citizen,  sit'i-zen.  The  native  of  a  city, 
or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys  the  freedom 
and  privileges  of  the  city  in  which  he  re- 
sides. An  inhabitant  of  a  city,  as  opposed 
to  a  rural  district.  A  member  of  a  state 
with  full  political  privileges. 

Citril-fLnch,  'ril-finsh.  A  beautiftil 
song-bird  of  Italy  ;  Frtngilla  citrinella. 

Citrine,  'rin.    Lemon  color 

A  variety  of  quartz. 
Citron,  'ron.     The  ftult  of 

the  citron-tree,  a  large  species 

of  lemon ;  the  tree  itself. 

Citrus,  'rus.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  AmantiaoeflB,  includf&g 
the  orange,  lemon,  citron,  &c.i 

Cittern,  'tern.    An  old  in  T 
stmment  of  the  guitar  kind, 
strung  with  wire  instead  of 
gut  Cittern. 

City,  'i.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  and 
important  town;  any  town  holding  an 
important  position  in  the  state  in  which  it 
is  situated ;  a  town  corporate.    In  Amer- 


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188 


CLARK 


lea  a  city  is  a  town  incorporated  and  gor- 
erned  by  a  mayor  and  aldermen. 
Civet,  siv'et.  A  substance,  of  the  con- 
sistence of  honey,  taken  from  the  anal 
glands  of  animals  of  the  gen.  Virerra, 
called  civet-cats.  It  is  used  as  a  perfUme. 
The  animal  itself. 

Civilian,  si-vil'l-an.  One  skilled  in  the 
Boman  or  civil  law ;  a  professor  of  civil 
law.  A  student  of  civil  law  at  a  univer- 
sity. One  whose  pursuits  are  those  of 
civil  life,  not  military  or  clerical. 
Civita  Vecchia,  che-ve'tah  vek'ke-ah. 
The  seaport  of  Rome,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 7  m.  N.  W.  of  that  city ;  pop. 
12,000. 

Clack,  klak.  A  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  con- 
tinually repeated.  The  instrument  that 
strikes  the  hopper  of  a  grist  mill,  to  shake 
it.  A  bell  that  rings  when  more  com  is 
required  to  be  put  in.  A  ball-valve  con- 
nected with  the  boiler  of  a  locomotive. 
Clack-box,  'boks.  In  Mach.  the  box  in 
which  a  clack-valve  works.  The  box  fit- 
ted to  a  locomotive  boiler  in  which  a  ball- 
ralve  is  placed  close  to  the  orifice  of  the 
feed-pipe. 

Clack-valve,  'valv.  A  valve  in  pumps 
with  a  single  flap,  hinged  at  one  edge,  and 
consisting  of  a  plate  of  leather  between 
two  plates  of  Iron. 

Cladocera,  kla-dos'er-a.  An  ord.  of  en- 
tomostracous  Crustacea,  with  two  pairs 
of  branched  antennaB,  the  lower  pair  of 
which  serve  as  oars,  and  with  only  one 
large  eye.  The  water-flea,  a  microscopic 
object,  is  one  of  them. 
Claire,  St.,  (Santa  Clara).  An  Italian 
lady  of  noble  descent,  b.  1198,  d.  1263. 
She  renounced  the  world  and  founded  the 
order  of  Benedictine  nuns,  known  as 
the  Damianists.  A  less  austere  branch  is 
called  Urbanists.  0.  was  canonized  in 
1265. 

Claire-cole,  klar'kol.  In  painting,  a 
preparation  of  size  put  on  an  absorbent 
surrace  to  prevent  ttie  sinking  in  of  oil- 
paint.  In  gilding,  a  coating  of  size  under 
gold-leaf. 

Clamp,  klamp.  Something  rigid  that 
fastens  or  binds ;  a  piece  of  wood  or  met- 
al ftotening  two  pieces  to- 
gether.    A  thick  plank  on 

the  inner  part  of  a  ship's ^^ .      «... 

side.      Any   plate   of  iron '  W 

made  to  turn  or  open  and 

shut  so  as  to  confine  a  spar 

or  boom.    In  joinery,  an  in-      pi.__ 

strument  used  for  holding     ^^*°*P- 

places  of  timber  closely  together  until  the 


glue  hardens.  One  of  a  pair  of  movable 
cheeks  covering  the  laws  of  a  vise.  A  pile 
of  bricks  laid  up  for  burning ;  a  pile  of 
ore  for  roasting  or  of  coal  for  coking. 

Clairvoyance,  klar-voi'ans.  A  power 
attributed  to  persons  in  the  mesmeric 
state.  The  clairvoyant  is  alleged  to  see 
by  the  spirit  rather  than  by  the  eye. 

Clamper,  klamp'er.  A  fi-ame  of  iron 
having  sharp  prongs  on  the  lower  part, 
slipped  onover  the  &oe  to  enable  a  person 
to  walk  safely  on  ice. 

Clan,  khm.  A  race ;  a  fkmily  ;  a  tribe ; 
an  association  of  persons  under  a  chieftain. 
A  clique  or  body  of  persons  united  by 
some  common  interest  or  pursuit 

Clapper,  klap'er.  A  person  who  ap- 
plauds by  clapping.  That  which  claps  or 
strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell.  In  the 
medisBval  church,  a  wooden  rattle  used  as 
a  summons  to  prayers  on  the  last  three 
days  of  holy  week,  when  the  bells  were 
silent.    A  clack-valve. 

Claque,  klak.  A  name  applied  collec- 
tively to  a  set  of  men,  called  claqueurs, 
who,  in  theaters,  are  hired  to  applaud. 
Claqueurs  have  each  a  respective  role — 
thus,  the  rieur  must  laugh  at  the  comic 
parts ;  the  pleureur  weep  at  the  pathetic  ; 
the  bisseur  call  encore,  &o. 

Clarence,  klar'ens.  A  close  four-wheeled 
carriage,  with  one  seat  Inside. 

Clarenceux,  'en-su.  In  Great  Britain, 
the  2d  king-at-arms,  inferior  only  to  th€ 
Garter.  !ms  province  comprises  that  part 
of  England  S.  of  the  river  Trent 

Claret,  'et.  The  red  wines  of  Bordeaux. 
In  France  the  name  clairet  Is  given  only 
to  wines  of  a  light  red  color. 

Claribel-flute,  'i-bel-flfit  An  organ 
stop  similar  to  the  clarilTella,  bnt  generally 
offour  feet  pitch. 

Claribella,  'la.  An  organ  stop,-  of  soft 
sweet  tone,  consisting  of  open  wood 
pipes,  usually  of  eight  feet  pitch. 

Clarichord,  'l-kord.  An  ancient  musi- 
cal stringed  instrument,  resembling  the 
manlchord. 

Clarinet,  -net.  A  wind-instrument  of 
wood,  similar  in  shape  to  the  oboe,  but 
larger.  It  has  a  fixed  mouthpiece,  con- 
taining a  reed,  which  forms  the  upper 
joint  of  the  instrument. 
Olarino,  kla-re'no.  A  clarion.  An  or- 
gan stop  consisting  of  reed  pipes,  generally 
of  four  feet  pitch. 

Clarion,    klar'l-on.    A   trumpet   whose 
tube  is  narrower  and  tone  more  acute  than 
that  of  the  common  trumpet. 
Clark,  Abraham.    One  of  the  a^^inrs 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GLABKE 


180 


CLEADtNTO 


of  the  Deolftratioii  of  Independenoe,  a  na- 
tiro  of  N.  Jersey ;  b.  1726,  d.  1T94. 

COarke.  Adam.  An  English  fheolo- 
glan,  celebrated  for  his  "  Commentary  on 
the  Bible  ;"  b.  1763,  n.  1882. 

Olasp-knife,  klasp'nif.  A  knife,  the 
blade  of  which  folds  into  the  handle ;  also 
a  large  knife  the  blade  of  which  folds  in, 
and  may  be  locked  when  open. 

Olaas,  Uas.  In  Anc.  Hist,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  each  of  the  large  divisions  of  the 
Koman  people.  An  order  or  rank  of  per- 
sons. A  number  of  papils  or  students 
of  the  same  standing.  In  Nat  Hist,  a 
group  of  plants  or  animals  formed  by  the 
association  of  several  orders. 

Classic,  'ik.  An  author  of  the  first  rank ; 
a  writer  whose  style  is  pure,  correct  and 
refined.  A  literary  production  of  the 
first  rank ;  the  classics,  specifically,  an- 
cient literature. 

Olassioalist, -al-ist  A  devoted  admhrer 
of  classicalism.  One  who  scrupulously 
adheres  to  the  canons  of  Greek  or  Eoman 
art. 

Olassis,  'sis.  An  ecclesiastical  body, 
convention  or  assembly ;  a  Judicatory  cor- 
responding to  a  presbyteory. 

OXaas-man,  'man.  In  universities,  a 
candidate  for  graduation  who  has  passed 
an  examination  in  one  of  the  departments 
in  which  honors  are  conferred,  and  is 
placed  according  to  merit  in  one  of  sev- 
eral classes. 

COaudLitis,  klau'de-us.  The  name  of  two 
Boman  emperors :  Tiberius  Drusus  Nero 
(C.  I.)  was  the  4th  emperor,  s.  his  nephew 
GaUgnla:  b.  10  b.  o.;  orowned  a.  d.  41. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  both  his  wives 
were  infiimous ;  Messalina  was  executed 
by  his  order;  Agrlppina  poisoned  him 
after  inducing  1^  to  make  her  son  by 
L.  Domitius  his  successor :  d.  54  a.  d.  ; 
Marcus  Aurelius  Flavins  (C.  II.)  b.  214, 
s.  Gallienus,  268  ;  n.  270.  Under  C.  I. 
Britain  was  partially  conquered ;  under 
.  O.  II.  the  Qoths  were  defeated  in  several 
batUes. 

davaxia,  kla-v&'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  ftmgl. 
division  Hymencmvoetes ;  club-shaped 
ftingus.  Some  spedes  are  edible. 
Clavecin,  klav'e-sln.  A  harpsichord.  A 
key  with  which  a  phiyer  of  carillons  per- 
forms on  the  bells. 

ClavBlli nidtB, -el-lln'i-dg.  A  fam.  of  so- 
cial asddlans.  Each  has  its  own  heart, 
respiratory  apparatus  and  digestive  or- 
gans ;  but  each  is  fixed  on  a  foot-stalk, 
through  which  drcolatlon  takes  place  that 
\3onneets  them  aU. 


Clavicle,  'i-kl.  The  collar-T>one,  form- 
ing one  of  the  elements  of  the  pectoral 
ardi  in  vertebrate  animals.. 

Clavicomes,  -kor'nSz.  A  tun.  of  pen 
tamerous  beetles,  partly  terrestrial  and 
partlv  aquatic.  The  burying  and  bacon- 
beetles  are  examples. 

Clavier,  klft'vi-er.  The  key-board  of  a 
piano-forte,  oi^;an,  or  other  instrument 
whose  keys  are  arranged  on  the  same 
plan. 

Clavis,  'vis.  That  which  serves  to  un- 
lock or  explain  any  difficulty,  as  a  trans- 
lation of  a  foreign  author ;  or  that  which 
serves  to  explain  a  cipher ;  a  key. 

Claw-haxniuer,  'ham-mer.  A  hammer 
having  one  end  divided  into  two  daws, 
for  convenience  of  drawing  nails  out  of 
wood. 

daw^-wrenell,  'rensh.  A  wrench  hav- 
ing a  loose  pivoted  Jaw  and  a  relatively 
fixed  one  so  arranged  as  to  bite  together. 

Clay,  Heniy.  A  distinguished  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  orator;  b.  in  Va.,  1777; 
D.  in  Washington,  1802.  He  represented 
Kentucky  in  her  Legislature,  and  in  both 
branches  of  CSongress ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Peace  Comoussion  of  1814,  Secretary 
of  State  in  1825,  and  was  the  unsuccessfhl 
Whig  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  three 
campaigns. 

Clay,  kl&.  The  name  common  to  various 
viscous  earths,  compounds  of  silica  and 
alumina,  sometimes  with  lime,  magnesia, 
soda  or  potash,  and  metallic  oxides  ;  the 
materials  of  brick,  tUes,  pottery,  Ac.  C. 
ironstone,  a  ferriferous  rock,  from  which 
iron  is  procured. 

Claymore,  'mdr.  The  Lirge  two-handed 
sword  of  the  Scotch  Highlanders ;  now  a 
basket-hilted,  double-edged  broadsword. 

Clay-slate,  'slat  A  rock  consisting  of 
clay  hardened  and  otherwise  changinl, 
often  aflbrding  good  roofing  slate. 

Clay-Stone,  'stAn.  An  earthy  felstone 
or  felspathlo  rock  of  the  igneous  group. 

Clayton,    John   Middleton.      An 

American  statesman ;  e.  in  Delaware, 
1796;  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  Dtl.,  1887; 
elected  to  the  IT.  8.  Senate,  lS'2U-85-45 
and  1861 ;  made  Secretary  of  State,  1849 ; 
negotiating,  1850,  the  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  known  as  the  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty. 

Cleadingr,  klM'ing.  In  engines,  the 
jacket  of  the  cylinder;  also,  a  timber 
casing  inclosing  the  boiler  of  a  locomotive 
engine  and  fire-box;  a  covering  of hafar-felt 
on  steam-pipes.  Any  klni  of  pl»uk  cover- 
ing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OLEAEmO 


190 


CLfiTBLAlTD 


OlearinfiT,  kicking.  The  act  of  clearing ; 
ae,  the  clearing  of  land.  The  act  of  de- 
fending or  vindicating  one's  self.  Among 
bankers,  exchanging  drafts  on  each 
other's  honses  and  settling  the  differences. 
In  railway  management,  distributing 
among  the  different  conopanies  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  through  traffic  A  tract  of 
Umd  cleared  of  wood. 

ClearinfiT-lioiifle,  -hous.  The  place 
where  the  operation  termed  clearing  in 
banks  and  railwayB  is  carried  on. 

ClearinfiT-nut,  -nut.  The  fruit  of  the 
Strychnos  potatorum,  used  in  the  £.  In- 
dies for  clearing  muddy  water. 

Clear-story,  'sto-ri.  The  upper  story 
of  a  church  or  other  building,  perforated 
by  a  range  of  windows,  which  form  the 
principal  means  of  lighting  the  central 
portions  of  the  building. 

Cleaver,  klSv'er.  A  butcher's  ax  for 
cutting  carcasses  into  joints  or  pieces. 

Cleddyo,  kled'y5.  An  ancient  bronze, 
leaf-shaped,  two-edged  sword.  They  are 
occasionally  dug  up  in  Great  Britain  and 
elsewhere,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been 
Roman  weapons. 

CleflTir,  kleg.  A  name  applied  to  various 
Insects,  the  females  of  which  are  trouble- 
some from  their  blood-sucking  habits,  as 
the  great  horsefly. 

Cleistoeraxnio,  klls-to-gam'ik.  A  terra 
applicHl  to  flowers,  as  those  of  the  dog- 
violet  and  wood-sorrel,  from  their  sm^l 
size  and  from  never  openmg,  so  that  they 
resemble  buds. 

Clemens,  Titus  Flavius  (Clement 
of  Alexandria).  A  celebrated  Christian 
Father;  b.  abt.  150  a.  d.,  d.  abt.  220. 

Clement.  The  name  of  14  Popes  of 
Borne.  C.  I.  is  believed  to  have  been  St. 
Paul's IHend  and  fellow-laborer;  b.  abt 
80  A.  D. ;  according  to  tradition  he  was 
baptized  by  St.  Peter  and  consecrated 
Pope  of  Rome,  91 ;  d.  abt.  100.  He  is  re- 
garded as  a  saint  and  martyr.  The  last 
0.  (XIV.)  s.  C.  XIII.,  1769,  and  in  1773 
issued  a  bull  abolishing  the  order  of  Jes- 
uits ;  D.  1774. 

Clementine,  klem'ent-m.  One  of  a  se 
ries  of  compilations  ascribed  to  St.  Clem- 
ent, a  contempoi*ary  of  St.  Paul,  but  now 
believ€Ki  to  be  apocryphal.  A  decretal  of 
Pope  Clement  Y . 

Cleobulns,  kle-o-bu'l&s.      One   of  the 
"  seven  wise   men   of  Greece"  ;    b. 
Rhodes  in  the  &th  century  b.  o. 
Oleombrotus.    King  of  Sparta ;  b.  : 
B.  0. ',  killed  In  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  871 
B.  o.    The  Bpartans  were  nearly  annihi- 


lated in  the  battle,  and  from  that  time  be- 
came a  secondary  power  in  Greece. 

Cleomenes  III.  King  of  Sparta;  b. 
260  B.  c. ;  B.  his  fSftther  Leonidas ;  was  de- 
feated in  the  battle  of  Sellosia  by  the 
Achiean  League,  222  ;  fled  to  Egsrpt  and 
committed  suicide,  219. 

Cleon.  A  tanner  of  Athens,  who  became 
noted  for  his  eloquent  opposition  to  Peri- 
cles, after  whose  death  0.  became  a  popu- 
lar and  Buocessftd  general ;  b.  586  b.  o., 
killed  in  an  expedition  against  Thraoe,  422. 

Cleopatra,  kle-o-p&'tra.  Daughter  of 
Ptolemy  Auletus,  and  Qtieen  of  Egypt, 
notorious  for  her  beauty  and  licentious- 
ness. She  captivated  Julius  Cffisar  when 
but  17,  and  bore  him  a  son.  After  hia 
death  she  persuaded  Mare  Antony  to  re- 
pudiate his  wife  Octavia,  and  bore  him 
several  children.  After  the  defeat  of  An- 
tony at  Actium,  she  despaired  of  making 
terms  with  Augustus,  and  put  an  end  to 
her  life  by  permitting  an  asp  to  bite  her  ; 
B.  69  B.  c,  D.  80. 

Cleostratus.  A  great  astronomer  of  the 
6th  century  b.  c,  who  first  arranged  the 
zodiacal  signs. 


Clepsydra. 

man  authorized  to  preach  the  gospel  and 
administer  ordinances  according  to  tha 
rules  of  any  denomination  of  Christians. 

Clerk,  klerk.  A  c]erg3rman  or  eeclesias- 
tio ;  a  man  in  holy  orders,  especially  in 
the  Church  of  England.  A  man  that  can 
read ;  a  man  of  letters ;  a  scholar.  The 
layman  who  leads  in  reading  responses  in 
the  service  of  the  Episcoi>d  Church.  One 
who  is  employed  to  keep  records  or  ac- 
counts ;  an  officer  attached  to  courts,  mu- 
nicipal and  other  corporations,  assocla 
tions,  &c.y  whose  duty  is  to  keep  records 
of  proceedings.  An  assistant  in  the  shop 
ofa  retail  dealer. 

Cleveland.  The  principal  hOceport  of 
Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  and  2d  city  in  site  in 
the  state ;  pop.  160,146. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CLEVIS 


m 


CLOCK 


OlevlB,  klev'lfl.  An  Iron  bent  to  the  form 
of  a  stirrup,  vrith  the  ends  perforated  to 
receive  a  pin,  used  to  connect  a  draft-chain 
or  tree  to  a  cart  or  plow. 

Olioh,  Uich.  A  broad-bladed  Turkish  sa- 
ber. 

diohe,  U6-8h&.  A  stereotype  plate,  es- 
pecially one  derived  from '  an  engraving. 
In  Photog.  a  negative  picture.  0.  casting, 
a  mode  of  obtaining  a  cast  from  a  wood- 
cut for  printing. 

Oliokf  kUk.  A  low,  sharp  sound.  The 
cluck  of  the  natives  of  Bouth  Africa.  A 
small  jriece  of  mechanism  which  enters 
the  teeth  of  a  ratchet  wheel;  a  detent  or 
ratchet. 

dicker,  'er.  In  shoemaking,  a  cutter 
out  of  uppers  and  soles  of  boots  and  shoes. 
In  printing,  the  compositor  who  receives 
copy  and  distributes  it  among  the  other 
compositors,  makes  up  pages,  Ac. 

OliSy  klif.  A  precipice ;  the  rugged  fiice 
of  a  rocky  height;  a  steep  rock;  ahead- 
land. 

Clixnaoterio,  kfi-mak-ter'ik.  A  critical 
period  in  human  life,  in  which  some  great 
change  is  supposed  to  take  place  in  the 
human  constitution.  The  68d  year  is 
called  the  grand  climacteric. 

Olixnate,  'mftt.  In  Old  Geog.  a  zone 
measured  on  the  earth's  surface  by  lines 
parallel  to  the  equator,  there  being  thirty 
between  the  equator  and  the  pole.  The 
condition  of  a  tract  or  region  in  relation 
to  the  various  phenomena,  as  tempera- 
ture, wind,  moisture,  miasmata,  &o. 

Clixoatologir,  -ma-tolVji.  The  science 
of  climates ;  an  investigation  of  the  causes 
on  which  the  climate  depends. 

Olixnber,  klim'er.  One  who  climbs  or 
rises  bv  the  hands  and  feet  In  Bot  a 
plant  that  rises  by  attaching  itself  to  some 
support.  In  Omith.  the  name  applied  to 
climbing  bhrds,  ord.  Scansores,  as  the  par- 
rots, cockatoos,  woodpeckers,  S&o. 

Olinsr-stone,  klmg'stdn.  A  variety  of 
pe&ch,  whose  pulp  aidheres  to  the  stone. 

Olinio,  klin'ik.  One  confined  to  the  bed 
by  sickness.  One  who  receives  baptism 
on  a  sick-bed. 

Olink-stone,  klingk'stdn.  A  felspathic 
rock  of  the  trach^c  group,  sometimes 
used  as  roofing  slate. 

Olinker-work,  'er-werk.  In  ship-build- 
ing, the  disposition  of  the  planks  in  the 
side  of  a  boat  or  vessel,  so  tne  lower  edge 
overlies  the  upper  edge  of  the  next  below. 

Clinton,  Be  Witt  A  distinguished 
American  statesman;  b.,  in  N.  Y.,  1709, 
J>.   1828.     He  was  a  member   of  both 


branches  of  the  N.  Y.  Legislature,  alio 
of  the  U.  S.  Senate,  resigning  the  latter 
position  to  accept  tne  mayoralty  of  N.  Y. 
City  ;  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  N. 
Y.  from  ISll  to  1818,  and  (Governor  in 
1816 ;  he  was  the  active  promoter  of  the 
great  Erie  CanaL 

dinton,  Gheorsre.  An  American  gen* 
eral  and  statesman,  cousin  of  De  Witt  C; 
B.  in  N.  Y.,  1789,  d.  1812.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Continental  Congress  in 
1775 :  appointed  brlgadier-genenufin  1777, 
and  the  same  year  elected  Governor  of  N. 
Y.,  an  office  to  which  he  was  re-elected 
five  successive  tsrms ;  chosen  Yice-Pred- 
dent  of  the  U.  6.  in  1804  ;  he  was  an  un- 
sucoessftil  candidate  for  President  in  1806^ 
but  was  re-«lected  Vice-President 

Olio,  kU'd.  In  Myth,  the 
muse  who  presided  over 
history.  She  is  usually  rep- 
resented with  a  scroll  in 
her  hand,  and  sometimes 
with  a  case  to  keep  MSS. 
in  by  her  side.  An  asteroid 
discovered  in  1880.  A  gen. 
of  pteropodous  mollusks. 
constituting  the  principal 
food  of  the  whale. 

ClionidsB,  -on'i-ds.  A' 
&m.  of  na^ed  marine  mol-J 
losks,  dass  Pteropoda,  hav- 
ing for  its  type  the  gen. 
CUo. 

Clipper,  khp'er.  One  who  clips;  ov^ 
who  cuts  off  the  edges  of  coin.  A  vesstW 
with  sharp,  forwml-raking  bows  and 
masts  raking  aft,  built  and  rigged  with  a 
view  to  &st  sailing. 

Clitus.  A  general  under  Alexander  th^ 
Great,  who  saved  the  latter's  life  in  th* 
battie  of  Granicus,  and  vras  slain  by  Alex- 
ander, in  a  drunken  frenzy,  826  b.  c. 

Clive,  Bobert,  liord.  An  English 
general  who  rose  A^m  ensign  through 
his  gallantry  and  talents  to  the  viceroyajty 
of  India ;  b.  1725,  d.  by  suicide,  1774.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  winning  several 
victories  from  the  French  in  1751,  and  in 
1757  routed  Sun^-ad-Dowlah  with  an 
army  of  50.000  at  the  head  of  an  English 
force  of  only  8,000.  Toward  the  close  of 
his  life  he  became  insane. 

Cloak,  kldk.  A  loose  outer  garment 
worn  over  other  dothes  both  by  men  and 
women.    That  which  conceals. 

Cloak-room,  'r5m.  A  room  attached 
to  any  place  of  general  resort,  where  outer 
garments  are  deposited. 

Clock,  klok.  An  instrument  or  machine 
for  measuring  time,  indioattng  ^®  hours, 


CUo. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CLOCK-STA& 


OLOVEE-'VOJEVIL 


minutes  and  seconds  by  means  of  hands 
moving  over  a  dial-plate. 

Olock-star,  'star.  Prominent  stars  used 
for  regulating  astronomical  clocks. 

Clock-work,  'werk.  The  machinery  of 
a  clock  ;  a  complex  mechanism  produc- 
ing regularity  of  movement. 

Olofir-dance,  klogMans.  A  dance  with 
clogs,  in  which  the  feet  perform  a  noisy 
accompaniment. 

Cloister,  klois'ter.  An  archway  or  cov- 
ered walk  round  the  walls  of  monastic 


Cloister,  "Westminster  Abbey, 
and  collegiate  buildings.    A  place  of  relig- 
ious retirement ;  a  monastery ;    a   con- 
vent.   Any  arcade  or  colonnade  round  an 
open  court;  a  piazza. 

Clontarf  ,  klon-tarf.  A  \illage  of  Lein- 
ster,  Ireland,  8  m.  N.  of  Dublin,  the  scene 
of  the  crushing  defeat  of  the  Danish  invad- 
ers under  King  Sitric  by  Brian  Boroihme 
(Boru),  1034.  The  Danes  lost  13,000  out 
of  21,000,  the  Irish  7,000  out  of  20,000 
Hien.   Brian  and  his  son  were  both  killed. 

Close,  klos.  An  inclosed  place  ;  the  pre- 
cinct of  a  cathedral  or  abbey.  A  nan-ow 
passage  or  entry  from  a  main  street  to  the 
stair  of  a  building ;  the  entry  to  a  court. 

Closet,  kloz'et.  A  small  room  or  apart- 
ment for  retirement;  a  supplementary 
apartment  communicating  with  another, 
as  a  dressing-room  vdth  a  bed -room.  A 
small  recess  for  storing  utensils,  provi- 
sions, &c. 

Clotaire,  klo'tair.  The  names  of  four 
kings  of  France.  C.  I.,  son  of  Clovis  I., 

B.  «)7,  became  ruler  of  the  enttre  kingdom 
through  the  death  of  his  brothers  ;  d.  561. 

C.  IV.,  B.  671,  D.  720,  was  only  the  nom- 
inal king  for  two  yeai-s,  the  real  ruler  be- 
in'?  Charles  Martel. 

C;'  )th,  kloth.  A  fabric  of  wool,  hah-,  cot- 
ton, flax,  hemp,  or  other  vegetable  fila- 
ments, formed  by  weaving  or  intertexture 
of  threads,  and  used  for  various  purposes; 
r.s  \/i;olen  cloth,  cotton  cloth,  hair  cloth. 


A  professional  dress,  specifically  that  of  a 
clergymen;  hence  the  office  of  a  clergyman. 

Clothes-moth,  klotkz'moth.  The  name 
common  to  several  moths  of  the  gen. 
Tinea,  whose  hurvaB  are  destructive  to 
woolen  fabrics,  feathers,  Airs,  &c. 

Clotho,  klo'tho.  In  Greek  Myth,  that 
one  of  the  three  Fates  whose  duty  It  was 
to  put  the  wool  for  the  thread  of  life  round 
the  spindle,  while  that  of  Lachesis  was  to 
spin  it,  and  that  of  Atropos  to  cut  the 
thread  off  when  a  man  had  to  die,^ 

Cloth-prover,  kloth'prov-er.  A  mag- 
nifying glass  employed  in  counting  thej 
threads  in  cloth.  t 

Cloth-wheel,  'whel.  A  polishing  Wheel, 
covered  with  cloth  charged  with  an  abrad- 
ing or  polishing  material,  as  pumice-stone, 
putty-powder,  &c. 

Cloud,  kloud.  A  collection  of  visible  va- 
por or  wjit^ry  partleles  Buapondad  in  the 


Cloud— Cumulus. 


atmosphere  at  some  altitude.  A  like  col- 
lection near  the  earth  is  called  fog.  Th« 
average  height  of  the  clouds  is  supposed 
to  be  between  2  and  8  miles,  ^ut  this  va- 
ries. Clouds  have  been  classified  as  Cirrus, 
Cumulus  and  Stratus.  These  are  sub-di- 
vided into  Cirro-cumulus,  Cirro-stratus, 
Curimlo-stratus,  and  Nimbus,  cumulo- 
cirro-stratus,  or  rain-doud.  What  resem- 
bles a  cloud,  as  a  body  of  smoke  or  flying 
dust ;  a  dark  area  of  color  in  a  lighter  ma- 
terial.   A  multitude ;  a  mass. 

Clout,  klout.  A  patch  ;  a  piece  of  cloth 
or  leather,  &c.,  used  to  mend  something. 
In  Archery,  the  mark  fixed  in  the  center  of 
the  butts.  An  iron  plate  on  an  axle-tree 
to  keep  it  from  wearing.  A  blow  with  the 
hand. 

Clove,  klov.  A  very  pungent  aromatic 
spice,  the  dried  flower-buds  of  Caryophyl- 
lus  aromaticus,  belonging  to  the  myrtle 
tribe.  Oil  of  cloves,  an  essential  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  buds  of  the  clove-tree, 
consisting  of  eugenic  acid  and  a  neutral  oil. 

Clover-weevil,  kl6'ver-wS-vil.  A  wee- 
vil, gen.  Apion,  which  feeds  on  the  seeds 
of  the  clover,  on  tares  and  other  legumin- 
ous plants. 


Digitized  by 


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CL0VI8 


198 


GOAL 


Clovis,  'vis.  The  namo  of  three  kin^ 
of  France.  C  I.,  son  and  s.  ofChilderic  I., 
King  of  the  Franks;  b.  467,  d.  511 ;  he 
-was  the  real  foundei  of  the  French  mon- 
archy: driving  the  Romans  from  Gallia, 
and  defeating  the  Alemannl,  he  married 
the  Christian  princess  Clotilda,  of  the 
house  of  Burgtmdy,  and  soon  after  em- 
braced Christianity  with  8,000  of  his  sub- 
jects. On  his  death  his  kingdom  wai  di- 
vided among  his  four  sons.  C.  III.,  B. 
667,  reigned  as  a  child  5  years,  under  the 
tutelage  of  Pepin  d'Heristal,  mayor  of 
the  palace ;  d.  vd6. 

Olown,  kloun.  A  lout ;  a  boor;  a  person 
without  refinement.  Ajester,orbuflfoon, 
as  in  a  theatre,  circus  or  other  place  of  en 
tertainnlent.    A  peasant ;  a  rustic. 

Club'-llO'aBe,  klub'hous.  A  house  occu- 
pied by  a  club ;  places  of  rendezvous  and 
entertainment,  always  open  to  those  who 
are  members. 

Cluok,  kluk.  A  sound  uttered  by  a  hen. 
A  kind  of  articulation  common  to  natives 
of  B.  AiMca,  especially  the  Kaffirs  and 
Hottentots.  There  are  four  such  clucks  or 
clicks,  cerebral,  palatal,  dental  and  lateral. 

Olue,  kl&.  A  ball  of  thread.  The  thread 
that  forms  a  ball.  From  the  mythologi- 
cal story  that  Theseus  was  guided  by  a 
clue  of  thread  through  the  Cretan  laby- 
rinth, anything  that  directs  one  in  an  in- 
tricate case.  A  corner  of  a  sail.  Clues  of 
s  hammock,  the  small  lines  by  which  it  is 
suspended. 

Clump,  klump.  A  thick,  short  piece  of 
wood  or  other  solid  substance ;  a  shapeless 
mass.  A  cluster  oftrees  or  shrubs.  The 
compressed  clay  of  coal  strata. 

Clunlac,  kld'ni-ak.  One  o  f  a 
reformed  order  of  Benedictine 
monks,  so  called  fr^mClunyin 
France. 

Clupeidse,  klu-p6'i-dd.  The 
herrings,  a  &m.  of  teleostean 
fishes,  sec.  Abdominales,  in- 
eluding  the  herring,  sprat, 
white-bait,  pilchard,  £c. 

Clustered  Column.  In 
Arch,  a  pier  which  appears 
to  consist  of  several  columns 
or  shafts  clustered  together. 

Clutch,  kluch.  A  gripping 
or  pinching  of  the  fingers; 
seizure ;  grasp.  A  contrivance 
for  connecting  shafts  with 
each  other  or  with  wheels,  so 
that  they  may  be  disengaged 
at  pleasure.  The  cross-head  Clustered 
of  a  piston-rod.  Th«  paw  or  Colunm. 
talon  of  a  rapacious  animal 


Clyde,  klld.  Th«  principal  river  of  8<Mt- 
land,  noted  for  its  ship  building ;  it  rises 
in  8.  Lanarkshire  and  empties  into  the 
Frith  of  Clyde,  near  Glasgow.  The  Falls 
of  Clyde,  &0  ft.  high,  are  near  Lanark. 

Clyde,  Colin  Campbell.  A  British 
general  b.  1792,  d.  1868.  He  served  in 
the  Indian  campaigns  of  1^48-62,  in  the 
Crimea,  and  again  in  India  as  commander 
in-chief,  1867,  relieving  Lucknow  and 
quelling  the  Sepoy  mutiny. 

Clymenia,  kli-me'ni-a.  A  gen.  of  ex- 
tinct cephdopodous  mollusks  or  cuttle- 
fishes, fhm.  l^autilidfiB. 

Clymer,  Oteorge.  One  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence;  b.  in 
Penn.,  1789,  d.  1818. 

Clytemnestra.  Daughter  of  Tyndareus, 
King  of  Sparta,  and  Leda,  and  wife  of  Aga- 
memnon, King  of  Argos  ;  she  became  in- 
timate with  Agysthis,  cousin  of  Agamem- 
non, while  the  latter  was  absent  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  and  on  her  husband^s 
return  murdered  him  and  Cassandra, 
whom  he  had  bi*ought  with  him.  C.  as- 
sumed the  throne,  but  Orestes,  son  of 
Agamemnon,  slew  her  and  her  paramour 
In  the  Temple  of  Apollo. 

Clypeasteridsa,  klip'das-ter^-de.  A 
sub.  fam.  of  sea-urchins,  tarn.  Echinoidea. 

CoCMih,  koch.  A  four-wheeled  close 
vehicle  of  considerable  size.  A  private 
tutor,  generally  employed  to  cram  a  per- 
son for  a  specific  examination. 

Coach-dofir,  'dog.  A  dog  ef  Dalmatian 
breed,  of  huidsome  form,  and  generally 
white,  spotted  with  black. 

Coachxnan,  'man.  A  man  who  drives  a 
coach. 

Coach-trimmer, 'trim-er.  A  workman 
who  prepares  and  finishes  trimmings  for 
carriage-builders. 

Coadjutor,  ko-ad-jut'er.  One  who  aids 
another;  an  assistant.  One  empowennl 
or  appointed  to  perform  the  duties  of  an- 
other. The  assistant  of  a  bishop  or  other 
prelate. 

Coaita,  ko-I'ta.  A  small  species  of  S. 
American  monkey. 

Coal,  k61.  A  piece  of  wood  or  other  com- 
bustible substance,  ignited,  burning  or 
charred;  charcoal;  a  cinder.  A  solid, 
opaque,  inflmnmable  substance  formed 
from  masses  of  vegetable  matter  deposit- 
ed through  the  luxurious  growth  of  plants 
in  former  epochs  of  the  earth's  history, 
divided  into  threechief  kinds— anthracite, 
bituminous  and  lignite ;  under  which  di- 
visions are  included  many  varieties. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COAL-BED 


ld4 


COBCAL 


Ooal-bed,  'bed.  A  formation  In  which 
there  are  on'^  or  more  strata  of  coals. 

Ooal-brass,  'bras.  The  iron  pyrites 
found  in  coal-measures. 

Ooal-field,  'feld.  A  deposit  or  bed  of 
coal.    A  district  where  coal  abounds. 

Ooal-firas,  'gas.  A  variety  of  carbureted 
hydrogen  wnich  produces  the  gas-light 
now  so  extensively  used. 

Ck>al-znea4Enire8,  'mezh-urz.  The  upper 
division  of  the  carboniferous  system,  con- 
sisting of  alternate  layers  of  sand-stone 
with  thinly  laminated  beds  of  clay  shale, 
and  sometimes  bituminous  shale,  between 
which  the  coal-seams  occur,  usually  rest- 
ing on  beds  of  flre-clay. 

Coal-mine,  'mm.  A  mine  or  pit  in  which 
coal  is  dug. 

Coal-plant,  'plant.  A  plant,  the  re- 
mains of  which  form  coal,  principally  cryp- 
togamic,  belonging  to  the  orders  Filices, 
LycopodiacesB  and  Equisetacete.  Many 
fruits  and  some  stems  of  gymnosperms 
are  also  met  with  in  coal  deposits. 

Coal-slack,  'slak.  The  dust  or  grime 
of  coal. 

Coal-tar,  'tfir.  A  thick,  black,  viscid, 
opaque   liquid  which   condenses  in  the 

f>ipes  when  gas  is  distilled  from  coal.  It 
s  a  chief  ingredient  in  printer's  ink;  in 
the  shape  of  lamp-black.  It  is  also  made 
into  asphalt  for  pavements,  and  with  coal- 
dust  forms  an  excellent  ftiel. 

Coal-tit,  'tit.  The  Parus  ater,  one  of  the 
titmice. 

Coastiner,  kost'ing.  Sailinir  near  the 
coast,  or  from  port  to  port  in  the  same 
country.  C.  pilot,  a  pilot  who  conducts 
vessels  along  a  coast.  C.  trade,  carried 
on  between  ditferent  ports  of  the  same 
country.  A  popular  \vinter'8  amusement 
in  hilly  sections ;  sliding  down  hill  on  a 
hand-sled. 

Coat,   kot.    ^. 
An  upper  /^^j^ 
garment,    in  ^--*■ 
m  o  d  e  r  n 
times  applied 
to  the  outer 
g  ar  m  e  n  t 
worn  by  men 

pVS?e  CoataofMall. 

body.  The  vesture  of  an  order  of  men,  and 
hence  the  order  itself,  or  the  office  held 
by  the  order  ;  cloth.  An  external  cover- 
ing, as  the  wool  of  sheep,  &c.  A  layer  of 
one  substance  covering  another.  C.  of 
arms,  in  the  middle  ages,  a  short-sleeved 
military  garment,  worn  by  princes  and 


great  barons  over  their  armor.  G.  of 
mail,  a  piece  of  armor  worn  on  the  upper 
pfu-t  of  the  body,  fiutened  to  a  strong 
linen  or  leather  iaoket.  The  Gredaii  tho< 
rax  consisted  of  two  'parts,  one  a  defens* 
to  the  back,  the  other  to  the  breast  The 
Roman  lorica  did  not  differ  much  from 
the  Grecian  thorax.  The  armor  oolleot- 
ively  was  also  called  a  coat  of  mail. 
Coat-armor,  'ar-mer.  A  coat  of  arms ; 
armorial  ensigns. 

Coat-card,  kfird.  A  card  bearing  a 
coated  figure,  as  the  king,  queen  or  knave. 
now  corrupted  into  Court-card. 
Ooati,  ko'a-ti.  A  plantigrade  carnivorous 
mammal,  gen.  Nasna,  belonging  to  the 
UrsidsB  or  bears,  but  recalling  in  appear- 
ance the  ViverrideB  or  civets. 
Coat-link,  kdt-lingk.  A  pair  of  buttons 
held  together  by  a  Unk,  used  for  listening 
a  coat  over  the  breast. 
Cob,  kob.  A  roundish  lump  of  anything ; 
specifically,  a  cob-loaf.  A  Spanish  coin 
formerly  current  in  Ireland;  also,  the 
name  soil  given  at  Gibraltar  to  a  Spanish 
dollar.  The  shoot  or  receptacle  on  which 
the  grains  of  maize  grow  in  rows.  A  ball 
or  pellet  for  feeding  fowls.  A  short- 
legged  stout  horse  or  pony.  A  wicker 
basket,  to  be  carried  on  tJbe  arm,  used  for 
carrying  seed  while  sowing. 
Cobalt,  kd'balt.  A  mineral,  verv  brittle 
fine  close  grain,  compact,  buteiteily  reduc- , 
ible  to  powder.  It  Is  never  found  in  a 
pure  state,  but  as  an  oxide,  or  combined 
with  arsenic  or  its  acid,  with  sulphur, 
iron,  &c.  The  great  use  of  cobalt  is  to 
give  a  permanent  blue  color  to  glass  and 
enamels  upon  metals,  porcelain  and  earth- 
en wares. 

Cobb,  Howell.  An  American  states- 
man, b.  in  Ga.,  1816,  d.  1868.  He  repre- 
sented Ga.  in  the  Lower  House  of  Con- 
gress, and  was  elected  Speaker  in  1849 ; 
was  Governor  of  his  State,  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  under  President 
Buchanan ;  resigned  when  Ga.  seceded, 
was  president  of  the  Confederate  Congress 
and  a  brigadier-general  in  the^nfederats 
army.  ,        .    '" 

Cobble,  kob'l.  A  roundish  stone ;  a  larg« 
pebble.    A  lump  of  coal.  ; 

Cobden,  Bichaxd.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish reformer  and  poUticaL  ^oonoinist ;  b. 
1804,  D.  1865.  He  began  life  as  a  prt^ate 
soldier,  but  rose  to  be  a  i/iember  orParli»- 
ment,  and  received  a  testimonial  of  $150,- 
000  for  his  efforts  In  fevor  of  the  repeal  of 
the'  Corn  laws  and  free  trade. 
Cobcal,  'kaL  A  sandal  worn  by  ladiea  In 
the  East. 


\ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COBITIS 


195 


Oobitis,  kS-bi'tis.  A  gen.  of  flsheB  be- 
longing to  the  abdominal  Malacopterygli 
and  fern.  CyprinldaD.  It  includes  the 
loaches. 

Ooblentz,  kftblfints.  A  strongly  fortified 
Frussian  city  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhine 
and  MoseUe ;  a  free  port  with  consider- 
able commerce ;  pop.  81,000. 
9S?'?^e-CapeUo,  kob'ra-de-ka-peno. 
Ihe  hooded  or  spectacle  snake,  of  the 
most  venomous  nature.    The  name  spec- 
tacle snake  is  derived  from  a  mark  of  that 
form  on  the  back  of  the  neck. 
^^^.   ko'borg.      A    thin   febrio   of 
worsted  and  cotton,  or  worsted  and  silk, 
twilled  on  one  side,  for  ladles'  dresses. 
Coca.'ka.    m  dried  leafofErythroxy- 
u«V     T.'  ?'^*  ErythroxylefiB;  the  plait 
iteelf.    It  Is  a  stimulating    narcotic,  in 
eflfect  somewhat   similar   to   opium.    A 
small  quantitvof  it  enables  a  person  to 
bear   up    against   fotigue,  but  used    in 
excess  ft  brings  on  various  disorders,  and 
tkedesh-eforit  Increases  with  Indulgence, 
so  that  a  confirmed  cocarchewer  is  Said  to 
have  never  been  reclaimed. 
Coccidsd.  kok'si-dS.     The  scale-insects, 
or  mealy  bugs,  a  fam.  of  hemlpterous  in- 
sects belonging  to  the  sec.  Momomera. 
The  males  only  have  wtngs. 
OcKXiineUidaB,   -sl-nelli-ds.   The  lady- 
birds, a  1km.  of  coleopterous  insects. 
Ooclea  JP.  Horatius.    A  Roman  hero, 
who     with    two     companions,   Spur!  us 
lArtias  and  Herminius,  kept  the  entire 
^"^y^^fJ*orsenn&  at  bay  at  the  bridge 
over  the  Tiber  until  the  bridge  was  broken 
down  behind  him,  when,  although  wound- 
ed, he  swam  the  river  and  rejoined  his 
command. 

^^'^^^^^^^'J?^'^^^^-  ^  8ren.  of  pla- 
coganold  fossil  fishoB  occurring  in  the 
old  red  sandstone,  having  back  and  bellv 
covered  with  a  oomss. 
Cooculns,  'ku-lus.  A  gen.  of  Indian 
menispermaoeous  plants.  The  species 
are  generafly  poweiful  bitter  febilfages. 
1  he  fruit  of  C.  is  sometimes  employed  In 
medicine  as  a  narcotic,  and  is  used  in 
malt  liquors  to  give  bitterness  and  in- 
crease their  stupefying  qualities. 

Coccus,  'kus.  A  gen.  of  insects,  ord. 
Hemlptera.  There  are  upwards  of  twenty 
species,  the  most  important  being  the 
Coccus  cacti,  or  cochineal  insect. 

Cochin-China,  koch'in-chl-na.  A  term 
applied  to  a  large  variety  of  the  domestic 
fowl,  native  to  Cochin-China. 

C^XJMneal,  1-nel.  A  crimson  or  scarlet  I 
dye-stuff  consisting  of  the  dried  bodies  of  | 


COCK-PEATHER 


a  spedes  of  insect,  the  Coccus  caotL 
found  on  the  cochineal-fig  tree. 
Cock,  kok.  The  male  of  bh^s,  particn- 
hirly  of  the  gallinaceous  domestic  or  barn- 
door fowls.  O.  of  the  rock,  a  beautffhl 
bird  which  inhabits  Guiana,  and  forms  the 
type  of  the  gen.  Eupicola.  0.  of  thewood, 
tiie  capercailzie.  A  vane  in  shape  of  a 
cock;  a  weathercock.    A  feucet contrived 


for  the  purpose  of  permitting  or  arresting 
'  of  fluids  through  a  pipe,  f  "    ' 


tiie  flow  Of  fluids  through  a  "pipe,  as  fe^"- 
cock,  gauge-cock,  &c.  A  portion  of  a  lock 
of  a flreann;  in  a  percussion   lock,    the 
hammer.    The  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial. 
The  piece  which  forms  the  bearing  of  a 
balance  in  a  dock  or  watch. 
CJxjkade,  -ad',    a  ribbon  or  knot  of  rib- 
bon ;  a  rosette  of  leather,  worn  on  the 
iiat.    Colored  cockades  sometimes  serve 
as  badges  for  political  parties. 
Cockaifime,  an'.  ^  An  imaginary  country 
of  Idleness   and   luxury.     The  land  of 
Cockneys ;  London  and  its  suburbs 
Cockatoo, 
-a-t6.    A  name 
common    to 
beautiful  bh^, 
gen.  Cacatua,of 
the  parrot  kind. 
There  are  sev- 
eral spedes,  as  i 
the  broad-crest- 
ed,   the    great  | 
sulphur-crest-  J 
ed,  the  red- , 
vented,  and  the 

tricolor- c  r  e  st-  ^  -      i 

ed  cockatoo.  Tricolor-crested  Cockatoo. 
Cockatrice,  'a-tris.  A  fobulous  monster 
said  to  be  hatched  by  a  serpent  from  a 
cock  s  egg,  and  represented  as  possessing 
characters  belonging  to  both  animals ;  a 
basilisk.  In  Her.  the  cockatrice  Is  borne 
combed,  watUed  and  spurred  like  the 
cock,  and  with  a  serpentine  tail. 
Cockchafer, 'chttf-er.  The  Melolontha 
vulgaris,  a  lamellioorn  beetle,  called  also 
the  May-bug. 
Cocker,  'er.  A 
cock-fighter.  A 
dog  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  used  for 
hunting  wood- 
cocks. 

Cockerel,  er-el. 
A  young  cock. 
Cock -feather, 
'feth-er    In  arch- 
ery, the  feather  that  stood  up  on  the  ar- 
row when  placed  upon  the  string. 


Cocker. 


Digitized  by 


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COCKNEY 


196 


C0PFEB-H0U8E 


Oockroaohes. 


Ck>ckney,  'ni.  A  native  or  resident  of 
London. 

CJockpit,  'pit.  A  pit  or  area  where 
game-oocKB  fight.  An  apartment  under 
the  lower  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of  war,  In  ac- 
tion devoted  to  the  stu'geon  and  his  assist- 
ants and  patients.  The  room  in  West- 
minster m  which  Her  Majesty's  prlvy- 
oouncil  hold  their  sittings. 

Oookroaoli, 
'roch.  The  pop- 
ular name  of  the 
insects  of  the 
orthopterous 
gen.  Blatta, 
comprising  sev- 
eral species,  of 
which  the  &mil- 
iar  black-beetle 
may  be  regarded  as  the  type. 

Oookscomb,  koks'kdm.  The  canmdie 
or  comb  of  a  cook.  A  name  given  to 
flowering  plants  of  various  genera.  A  fop 
or  vain  ally  fellow. 

Oockswain,  kok'swen.  The  person  who 
steers  aboat;  one  who  has  the  care  of  a 
ship's  boat  and  its  orew  under  an  officer. 

Oocktail, 'tai  A  species  of  beetles  (Oov- 
pas  olens),  tribe  Brachelytra.  A  half- 
bred  horse.  A  beverage,  m  ade  of  brandy 
or  gin  mixed  with  sugar  and  flavored. 

Oooo  Xaricopas.  A  semi-oivilized 
tribe  of  N.  American  Indians,  occupying 
the  Oila  valley,  New  Mexico. 

Ooooa,k(ykd.  A  palm, 
gen.  OoooB,  producing 
the  ooooa-Dut.  The 
fruit  is  in  bunches  of 
twelve  to  twenty;  each 
has  a  single  seed  in- 
closed in  a  hard  shell, 
surrounded  by  a  thick 
fibrous  rind,  which  Is 
made  into  matting ;  the 
coarse  yam  obtained 
from  it  is  called  coh>.  A 
valuable  oil  is  obtained  _  .^^ 

'^T^^f  5S^'  ,^«P*^*  CocoanutTree. 
called   toddy  is   made 

from  the  swcot  iuice  of  the  tree.    The 

^ound  kernels  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate 

tree. 

Ck>coa-nut,  -nut.  The  fruit  of  the  cocoa- 
tree. 

CJocoa^pltun,  -phim.  The  fhiit  of  Chrys- 
obalanus  Icaco,  about  the  size  of  a  plum, 
with  a  sweet  pleasant  pulp. 

Ooooon,  -k5n'.  The  silky  tissue  or  enve- 
lope which  the  larvaa  of  many  insects  spin 
as  a  covering  for  themselves  while  they 


are  in  the  chrysalis  state.  An  antelope  of 
B.  Afirlca  allied  to  the  gnu. 

Oocum-butter,  'kumbutter.  A  soUd 
oil  got  flnom  the  seeds  of  Garcinia  pur- 
purea, a  tree  of  the  same  gen.  with  man- 
gosteen,  used  in  India  to  adulterate  ghaa 
or  fluid  butter. 

Ood,  kod.  A  species  of  teleostean  fish, 
fam.  Gadido),  the  Gadus  morrhua  »r 
Morrhua  vulgaris,  rivaling  the  herring  in 
its  importance  to  mankind.  It  has  be- 
come of  greater  value  by  reason  of  the 
discovery  of  the  therapeutto  value  of  ood- 
liver  oil. 

Oodeine,  k5-dd'ln.  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  opium.  In  which  it  exists  to  th<< 
amount  of  6  to  8  oz.  per  100  lbs. 

Ckxlex,  'deks.  A  manuscript  volume,  as 
of  a  classic  work  or  of  the  Scriptures.  In 
Med.  a  collection  of  approved  medical 
formulae. 

Oodfirer,  koVer.  A  mean  miserly  •  man. 
A  curious  old  fellow ;  a  oharacter. 

Oodilla, kodil'la.  The  coarsest  part^of 
hemp  or  flax. 

Ood-liver  Oil,  kod'Iiv-er  ofL  An  oU  ob- 
tained from  the  liver  of  the  common  ood 
and  allied  species.  It  is  an  important 
medicine  in  cases  of  rheumatism,  con- 
sumption, scrofula,  4Ie;c. 

Oodringrton,  Edward,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish admhnl :  b.  1770,  d.  18M ;  celebrated 
as  commanding  the  allied  fleets  of  JBVance, 
Bussla  and  England  in  the  battle  of  Nav- 
arino,  which  gave  Greece  independence. 

Codras.  The  last  king  of  Athens;  b. 
abt.  1070  B.  a  When  the  HaracHdie  in- 
vaded Attica  O.  sacrifloed  his  life  to  save 
his  oountrv  under  the  prediotk>n  of  the 
oracle  that  the  chief  of  the  successful 
army  should  be  killed.  The  Athenians 
were  victorious. 

Ooehom,  kd'hom.  A  small  mortar  for 
thro>ving  grenades,  capable  of  being  car- 
ried by  a  few  men. 

OoelacanthL  sd-la-kan'thl.  A  fiun.  of 
fossil  ganoid  fishes,  ranging  from  the  per- 
mlan  to  the  chalk,  and  embracing  tlie 
genera  CcBlacanthus,  Macropoma,  Ac. 

OoendOO,  kd-en'do.  The  Oeroolabes 
prehensllis  or  Brazilian  p<Nronplne,  a  tree- 
climbing  porci^ine  with  a  prenensile  taU. 

Ooeval,  -€'val.  One  of  the  same  age ; 
one  who  begins  to  exist  at  the  same  time. 

Ck>feS9e-bufir,  -bug.  The  Lecanium  oof- 
fesB,  an  insect,  fkm.  Gocdds,  very  de- 
structive to  coflbe  plantations. 

Coffee-house,  -hous.  A  house  of  eBtffl> 
tain  men  t  where  guests  are  supplied  with 
coffee  and  other  refreshments. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COFFEE 


IW 


COLA -NUT 


Ck>fl'ee,  kof  fi.  The 

berry  of  a  tree  be- 
longing to  the  gen. 

Coffea  (C.  arabica), 

ord.  Bubiacee. 

The  frnit  is  a  small 

red    fle*hy   berry, 

each    containing 

two    seeds,   callea 

coffee-beans  or  cof« 

fee-nibs.    A  drink 

made  from   the 

seeds  of  the  coffee-  Ooffoo  Plant 

tree,  by  infUsiun  or  decoction.  Coffee  acts 

as  a  slight  stimulant,  and  aids  digestion. 

The  use  of  coffee  is  said  to  have  been 

made  known  in  Europe  by  Leonhard  Bau- 

wolf,  a  German  physician,  whose  travels 

appeared  in  1582. 
Ck>fl'er,  'fer.    A  chest,  trunk,  or  casket, 

more  pnrtloB-        —     -     -    — 

larly    ort*  for 

holding  nniTtl- 

ments,  j«?u  els, 

or  mon<  y ,    In 

Arch,  a  f<'UDk 

panel  oi   nun- 

partmeiiL  Irj  b^ 

celling     or 

soffit,     lL5llIllly 

with  umU- 
ings  an-l  hsiv- 
ing  a  rose, 
pronfegranat<), 
ice. ,  In  the  center ;  a  caisson.  In  Fort,  a 
hollow  lodgment  across  a  dry  moat.  A 
trough  in  which  tin-ore  is  broken  to  pieces. 
A  kind  of  caisson  or  floating  dock. 
Oofferdam, -dam.  A  wooden  inclosure 
formed  in  a  river,  in  order  to  obtain  a  firm 
and  dry  foundation  for  bridges,  piers,  A«. 

Coffin,  'fin.  The  chest  or  box  in  which 
a  dead  human  body  is  buried  or  deposited 
in  a  vault.  In  farriery,  the  hollow  part  of 
a  horse's  hoof:  or  the  whole  hoof  above 
the  coronet,  including  thecofiOn-bone. 

Coffle,  'fl.  A  ganff  of  slaves  in  Africa 
proceeding  to  market  or  port  of  ship- 
ment. 

OofiT,  kog.  The  tooth  of  a  wheel,  by  which 
it  drives  anotiier  wheel  or  body.  A  kind 
of  notch,  made  use  of  in  tailing  joists  or 
wall  plates. 

Oo^nao,  kd-nyak.  A  popular  French 
brandy. 

Ck)gnomeilL  kog-nymen.  A  surname; 
a  distinguishing  name;  speciflcaUy,  the 
last  of  the  three  names  by  which  a  Roman 
of  good  fiunily  was  known,  indicating  the 
house  to  whicn  he  belonged. 


Coffered  Ceiling. 


Cog«wheeL 


Ooer-wheel, 
'wh€l.  A  wheel 
with  cogs  or 
teeth. 

Co-lieir,k6'ar.  A 
joint^eir;  one 
who  succeeds  to 
a  shore  of  an  in- 
heritance. 

CSo-lieiress.  'ftr-es.  A  female  who  inner* 
its  a  share  of  an  estate. 

Ck>]lort,  'hort  In  Rom.  Antiq.  a  body 
of  about  600  or  600  men.  Each  cohort 
consisted  of  three  maniples,  each  maniple 
of  two  centuries ;  and  ten  cohorts  consti- 
tuted a  legion.  A  band  or  body  of  war- 
riors in  general. 

Ck>if,  koif.  A  close-fitting  cap  or  head- 
dross.  Itschieforiginaluse  was  tocovei 
the  clerical  tonsure.  A  kind  of  close-fit 
ting  cap  of  mail ;  a  coiffette. 

Coiffette,  kw§-fet'.  A  skull-can  of  iron 
or  steel  worn  in  the  12th  and  l3th  cen- 
turies. 

Ck>ifllire,  koif  Hir.    A  lady's  head-dress. 

Ck>ifirne,  koin.  An  Irish  tenn  for  an  old 
custom  of  the  landlords  quartering  them- 
selves upon  their  tenants  at  pleattme. 

Ooin.  Tho  die  emploved  for  stamping 
money.  A  piece  of  metal,  as  gold,  silver, 
copper,  or  some  alloy,  converted  into 
money  by  impressing  on  it  marks,  figm-es, 
or  cHai^acters.  That  which  serves  for 
payment  or  recompense. 

Coiner,  'or.  One  who  stamps  coin ;  a 
mintcr;  usually  applied  to  a  maker  oi 
base  or  counterfeit  coin.  An  inventor  or 
maker,  as  of  words. 

CoininfiT-press,  'ing-pres.  A  power- 
lever  screw-press,  by  wnich  metal  plates 
called  blanks  are  impressed  with  a  design 
and  legend,  and  so  converted  into  coin. 

Coir.koir.  A  species  of  yarn  manulao- 
tnred  from  the  husk  of  cocoa-nuts. 

Coke,  k6k.  Coal  deprived  of  its  bitumen, 
sulphur,  or  other  extraneous  or  voUttile 
matter  by  fire. 

Coke,  Edward,  Sir.  A  celebrated 
EngUshJurist  and  publicist ;  b.  1&52,  d. 
im.  His  principal  vroA,  "  Coke  upon 
Littleton,''  is  one  of  the  highest  judicial 
authorities. 

Colander,  kol'an-der.  A  vessel  with  a 
bottom  perforated  with  littie  holes  for 
straining  liquors. 

Oola^na^K6na-nut  A  bitter  seed,  about 
the  sisse  of  a  chestnut,  produced  by  Cola 
acuminata,  ord.  8terouliaceffi,  wluoh  the 
natives  of  Guinea  value  highly  as  a  eondl- 
ment  and  digestive. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COLBERT 


198 


CX>LLEGE 


Colbert,  Jean  Bapti8te,Maxquis  de 

Seigrnelay,  korbair.  A  French  peasant, 
who  became  Bupeiintendent  of  Finance, 
Minister  of  Maodne,  oh  recommendation 
of  Mazzarin ;  b.  1619,  d.  16S8.  C,  Jean 
Baptifite,  2d,  his  son.  s.  him  as  Minister 
of  Marine,  and  rfllsed  the  French  navv  to 
Its  greatest  efiSdency;  b.  1651,  d.  1690. 

Oolbum,  Warren.  A  distin^ished 
American  mathematician ;  p.  in  Mass., 
1798,  D,  1888.  His  "  First  Lessons  in  In- 
teUectoal  Arithmetic"  was  Immensely 
popular  in  America  and  England. 

Oolcothar,  kol'ko-thar.  The  peroxide 
whioh  remains  after  the  dlstUlation  of 

•  the  acid  from  <ilphate  of  Iron ;  used  for 
polishing. 

Golchis.  A  country  of  Asia,  N.  of  Ar- 
menia, ftunons  as  the  birth-place  of 
Medea,  and  the  scene  of  the  Argonantic 
expedition;  now  included  in  Trans-Cau- 
casus. 

Ck>ld-blast.  kold^blast.  A  current  of  cold 
air  ;  especially  air  at  its  natural  tempera- 
ture forced  thro^jgh  fbmaces  for  smelting 
Iron ;  opposed  to  hot-blast. 

Oold-chisel,  -chiz-el.  A  chisel  for  out- 
ting  metal  in  its  cold  state. 

Oold-oream,  'krem.  A  cooling  unguent 
for  the  skin,  made  by  heating  four  parts 
of  oliye-oil  with  one  of  white  wax. 

OoldstTeams,  ^Btremz.  A  distinguished 
regiment  of  foot-guards,  the  oldest  corps 
in  the  British  army  except  the  Ist  Foot 
(Eoyal  Scots). 

Colenso,  John  William,  Bishop. 
An  English  Episcopal  theologian  and 
mathematician;  b.  1814,  p.  1882.  Ap- 
pointed Bp.  of  Natal,  B.  Africa,  1864,  he 
shocked  the  orthodox  world  by  publish- 
ing a  work  in  which  the  inspiration  and 
historical  accuracy  of  several  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  is  denied.  His  arithmetic 
is  the  standard  in  English  colleges. 

Coleoptera,  kol-e-op'tejva.  One  of  the 
orders  into  which  insects  are  dlYided.  the 
species  being  commonly  known  as  beetles. 
They  are  usually  classed  under  four  sec- 
tions :  Pentam'era.  with  flye^ointed  tarsi; 
Heteromera,  wltii  five-jointed  tarsi  to  the 
two  anterior  pairs  of  legs,  and  four  to  the 
PQSterior  pair;  Tetramera,  with  four- 
jointed  tarsi  to  all  the  legs;  Trimera, 
with  three-Jointed  tarsi  to  all  the  legs. 

Ooleridffe,  Samuel  Taylor.  Adls- 
ttagnished  English  poet  and  philosopher  : 
871772,  D.  1884. 

Oolfaz,  Schuyler.  An  American 
statesman,  grandson  of  G-en.  Wm.  Colfax, 
commander  of  Washington's  Life  Chuards ; 


B.  in  N.  Y.,  1828.  Removing  to  Indiana, 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  Con- 
gress, became  Speaker  in  1868,  and  waa 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  ticket  with 
Gen.  Grant,  1868. 

ColiflmT,  Gaspard  de  Ohatillon, 
Sire  de,  ko-lain-ve'.  A  noted  French 
Huguenot;  b.  1517;  murdered  in  the  St. 
Bartholomew  massacre,  1572.  In  earlv  life 
he  attained  great  distinction  as  a  militanr 
leader,  and  was  created  admiral  in  1652. 
After  the  accession  of  Charles  IX.  he  be- 
came a  Protestant,  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  he  became,  with  the 
Prince  de  Cond^,  the  leader  of  the  Hugu»- 
nots. 

Ck)lius,  'i-u8.  A  gen.  of  African  ooniros- 
tral  birds,  ord.  Passeres,  fam.  Colidao  or 
collies,  allied  to  the  plantain  eaters. 

dollar,  ler.  Bomething  worn  round  the 
neck,  whether  for  use.  ornament  or  re- 
straint ;  thus  the  name  Is  gi^  en  to  a  neck- 
lace or  chain  worn  by  knights  of  several 
orders,  and  having  ti:.e  badge  of  the  order 
appended  to  it ;  to  a  part  of  the  harness  of 
any  animal  used  for  draught;  and  to  ui 
article  of  dress  or  part  of  a  garment  going 
round  the  neck.  Anything  resembling  a 
collar.  In  Arch,  a  ring  or  dncture ;  also 
a  collar-beam.  In  Bot.  the  ring  upon  the 
stipe  (stem)  of  an  agaric ;  the  point  of ' 
junction  between  theradideand  plnmula: 
tiie  point  of  divergence  of  the  root  and 
stem.  In  Meoh.  a  rulf  on  a  shaft  at 
one  end  of  a  journal,  to  prevent  the  shsit 
from  shifting  endwise.  A  plate  of  metcl 
upon  the  stuffing-box  of  a  steam-en- 
gine, for  the  piston-rod  to  pass  through. 
A  ring  in  a  lathe  puppet  for  holding  the 
end  of  the  manarel  next  the  chuck.  A 
cteel  ring  which  confines  a  planchet,  in 
coining.  Naut.  an  eye  in  the  bight  of  a 
shroud  or  stay.  A  rope  formed  into  a 
wreath,  with  uie  heart  or  dead-eye  In  the 
bight.  In  Zool.  the  colored  rin^  round 
the  neck  of  birds.  The  thickened  secret- 
ing margin  of  the  mantio  of  the  testaceous 
pasteropods. 

Oollar-day, -da.  A  day  on  which  knights 
appear  at  court  in  their  collars. 

Collaret,  -et.  A  small  collar  of  linen,  for, 
or  the  like,  worn  by  women. 

Ck>llect,  'iekt.  A  short  comprehensive 
prayer;  a  form  of  prayef  adapted  to  a 
particular  day  or  occasion. 

College,  ^ej.  A  society  of  men  invested 
with  oortaln  powers  and  rights,  engaged 
in  some  common  employment  or  pursuit: 
a  guild  ;  a  corporation  ;  as  the  college  ox 
csffdinals,  a  college  of  phyiricians  or  sur- 
geons.   Egpecially,  a  society  Inoorporated 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COLLET 


199 


COLORADO  BEETLE 


for  purposes  of  instractioB  and  stndy  in 
tiM  higher  branches.  The  edifice  belong- 
ing to  a  college. 

Collet,  ^et.  A  bond  or  ooJlar ;  speciflcol- 
1t,  a  small  band  worn  by  the  inferior 
clergy  of  the  E.  C.  Church.  Among  jewel- 
ers, the  horizontal  fiice  or  plane  at  the 
bottom  of  brilliants.  The  part  of  a  ring 
containing  the  bezel  In  which  the  stone 
is  set.  In  glass-m  nking,  that  part  of  glass 
vessels  which  sticks  to  the  instrument 
need  in  taking  the  subsUmce  from  the 
meltIng-i)Ot.  In  Mach.  a  small  band  of 
metaL  as  the  ring  which  fostens  the  pack- 
ing of  a  piston.  In  Bot.  the  part  of  a  plant 
ftom  which  spring  the  axes. 

Oollibert,  -IS-bAr.  A  member  of  a  de 
spised  race  of  people  inhabiting  PoJton, 
Maine  and  Anjou  in  France,  and  resem- 
bling the  cagols  of  the  Fyreoeee. 

Oollie,.  ^li.  A  variety  of  Scotch  sbepher<l 
dog. 

Ck>llier,  'yer.  A  digger  of  coal.  A  coal 
merchant.  A  coftstiog  yessel  employed 
in  the  coal  trad*. 

Ck>lliery, 'yer-l.  The  olace  where  ooal 
la  dug ;  a  coal-mioo  or  pit. 

OollimatcMr,  -lhn'&-ter.  A  telesoope 
used  for  determining  the  ooUUnatton  er- 
ror in  astronomical  Instroments.  The  ob- 
ject-glass of  the  telescope  of  a  spectro- 
scope to  which  the  slit  is  attached. 

Collin,  lin.  The  purest  form  of  gelatine, 
taken  as  tbe  type  of  all  similar  substances, 
which  are  hence  called  colloids. 

Collizui,  William.  An  eminent  Eng- 
lish poet:  6. 1720.  p.  1756.  C,  WlU1am,a 
celebrated  English  painter ;  b.  179T,  d. 
1847.  0.,  WilBam  Wilkle,  son  of  the  lat- 
-    ter ;  B.  1824 ;  a  popular  novelist. 

Collodion,  -Id'di-oa.  A  substance  pre- 
pared bydissolviDg  pyroxllineorgun-oot- 

-  ton  in  ether,  or  ether  and  alcohol,  forming 
a  useful  substitute  for  adhesive  plaster  in 
the  case  of  slight  wounds.  In  a  slightly 
modified  form  collodion  Is  employed  as  the 
basis  of  a  photographic  process. 

Oollodiotype,  'dl-6-tip.  A  picture  pro- 
duced by  the  collodion  process,  or  the 
method  by  which  such  pictures  are  pro- 
duced. 

Colloid,  lold.  The  name  given  to  a 
transparent,  viscid,  slightly  granular  mat- 
ter, resembling  liquid  gelatine.  Colloids, 
as  starch,  gum,  albumen  and  gelatine, 
Siimse  through  a  given  septum,  as  parch- 
ment paper,  much  more  slowly  than  onrs- 

taUoids,  and  while  permeable  by  crysUl- 

loldfl  are  impermeable  to  each  other. 

Oollot  d'HMbols,  Jean  Karie,  koF- 


lo-dair-bwah.  A  leader  of  the.Jacol^s; 
B.  1758,  D.  1796.  In  1798  It  is  estimated 
he  caused  the  murder  of  more  than  16,000 
souls.  He  was  active  in  the  deposition  of 
Robespierre,  but  was  soon  after  arrested 
and  banished  to  Cayenne,  where  he  died. 

Collyriuzn,  -lir'l-um.  £ye-salveor 
wash ;  a  topical  remedy  for  disorders  of 
the  eyes. 

Colobinm,  ko-lo'bi-um.  The  sleevelesa 
dress  of  a  monk.  An  episcopal  vestment, 
similar  in  kind  to  the  tunic,  only  without 
sleeves.  A  dress  worn  by  a  king  at  his 
coronation,  corresponding  to  the  derioal 
dalmatlca. 

Colofirne,  -Ion'.  Cap.  of  the  Prussian 
Rhine  provinces,  conoeoted  with  Deuti 
by  a  massive  iron  bridge ;  it  is  strongly 
fortified,  and  noted  for  its  magnificent 
catiiedral,  only *now  completed,  altboueh 
begun  in  1218.  0.  was  founded  by  me 
Romans,  pop.  125,629. 

OolOfirne-earth,  'erth.  A  bgut  bastard 
ochre,  durable  in  water -color  pMiinttng;  an 
earthy  variety  of  hgnite  or  partially  roadl- 
Ized  wood. 

Colombia,  United  States  of.  A  B. 
American  republic,  formerly  known  aa 
New  Granada,  situated  in  the  N.  W.  angle 
of  the  Continent;  area  475,000  sq.  m.; 
pop.  3,186,450.  Principal  cities,  Bogota,  tbe 
cap.;  Cartiiagena,  Aspinwall,  Panama  and 
Chagres:  chief  rivers,  Cauca  and  Msf- 
dalena;  chief  mountains,  tho  Andes,  divid- 
ed into  three  ranges. 

Colombo.  Cap.  of  the  British  island  uf 
Ceylon ;  pop.  61,800. 

Colon.  'Ion.  In  Anat.  the  largest  oortlon 
of  the  intestines,  forming  the  midale  sec- 
tion of  the  lai^e  inteetlne.  In  Gram,  a 
point  or  charaotw  formed  thus  [:],  used 
to  mark  a  pause  greater  than  that  of  a 
semicolon,  out  less  than  that  of  a  period. 

Colonel,  ker'nel.  The  commander  of  a 
regiment  of  troops,  infkntry  or  cavalry. 
Any  grade  above  this  converts  him  into  a 
general  officer  belonging  to  the  army  col- 
lectively,  not  to  one  particular  regiment. 

Colonist,  kol'on-ist.  An  inhabitant  of* 
colony ;  a  settler  In  a  colony. 

Colorado,  -o-rah'dd.  One  of  the  TV. 
States  of  tne  American  Union ;  admitted, 
1875.  Principal  cities,  Denver,  the  cap.. 
Central  aty,  Bh*ck  Hawk,  Pueblo,  Sao 
Louis,  and  Canyon  City;  chief  rivers, 
Arkansas,  Grand,  Costifia,  Yacipa  and 
Grande  del  Norte.    The  Snowy  range  of 

the  Rocky  mountains  intorseots  the  State 

abt.  the  center ;  pop.  194,460. 

Colorado  Beetle,  WtL  A  ooleopteroas 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GOLOKIMETEB 


200 


COLUMN 


insect,  fam.  Ghrysomelidie,  belonging  to 

the  tetramerous  section  of  the  order. 

Ck>lorizneter,  -rim'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  depth  of  color  in   a 

liquid  by  comparison  -with  a  standard 
tint. 

Ck>l08seil2n,  -os-s^'am.  The  Flavian 
Amphitheatre  in  Rome,  a  lai-ge  edifice  for 
gladiatorial  combats,  fights  of  \vild  beasts, 
and  similar  sports. 

Ck>l0880Chelys,  ko-loB^sd-kel-is.  A  gen. 
of  gigantic  tortoises,  found  in  a  fossil 
Btate  in  India. 

O0I0S8U8.  A  mammoth  brazen  image  of 
Apollo,  which  spanned  the  entrance  to 
the  harbor  of  Rnodes,  over  100  feet  in 
height ;  it  stood  for  14  centuries,  but  was 
overturned  by  an  earthquake,  224  b.  o. 
It  was  considered  one  0/ the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world. 

Color-blindness,  kul'er-blind-nes.  To- 
tal or  partial  incapability  of  distinguishing 
colors. 

Color-sergreant,  -sfir-Jent.  A  non-com- 
luissioned  officer  who  ranks  higher  than 
an  ordinary  sergeant,  and  who  attends 
the  colors.  There  is  one  to  each  regiment 
of  infantry. 

Colporteur,  kol-p6r-ter.  In  France,  a 
hawker  of  wares;  a  hawker  of  books  and 
pnmphlets.  In  America  and  England  a 
class  of  men  subsidized  by  societies  or 
associations  with  the  view  of  disseminat- 
ing religious  literature  by  way  of  sale. 

Colt,  kolt.  A  young  horse,  or  a  young 
animal  of  the  horse  genus ;  commonly 
applied  to  the  male,  filly  being  the  female. 
In  the  Bible  it  is  applied  to  a  young  camel 
or  a  young  ass.  A  rope's  end  used  for 
punishment.  A  piece  of  rope  >nth  a 
loaded  end  used  as  a  weapon. 

Oolt,  Samuel.  An  Americnn  inventor, 
not^  for  his  improvements  in  fire-arms ; 
B.  in  Conn.  1814,  d.  1862. 

ColubridSB,  ko-l&'briHl6.  A  group  of 
ophidian  reptiles,  having  no  poison  fangs, 
the  type  gen.  of  which  is  Coluber. 

Columba,  -lum'ba.  A  gen.  of  birds  con- 
stituting the  fam.  Columbid®.  In  the 
inedifiBval  church,  the  name  given  to  the 
vessel  In  which  the  sacrament  was  kept. 
It  was  of  precious  metal,  and  was  sus- 
pended by  a  chain  from  the  roof,  before 
the  high  altar.  O.  Noachi,  Noah's  Dove ; 
a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
close  to  Canis  Mnjor,  «on8isting  of  10 
stars. 

Columba,  St.  The  patron  saint  of  the 
Scotch  Highlanders ;  b.  in  Ireknd  521, 
o.  607. 


Columbacei,  kol-um-b&'sS-L  A  sub-ord. 

of  rasorlal  birds,  comprising  the  pigeons. 

They  constitute  with  the  domestic  fowl 

and  its  congeners  (GaUinacosB)  the  order 

Basores. 
Columbariuxo,  'rium.    In  Rom  Antlq. 

A  place  of  sepulture  for  the  askea  of  th« 


Columbarium, 
dead,  after  the  custom  of  cremation  had 
been  introduced.  Columbarift  consisted 
of  arched  and  square-headed  recesses 
formed  in  walls  in  which  the  cinerary 
urns  were  deposited.  In  Arch,  a  hole  left 
in  the  wall  for  the  insertion  of  the  end  of 
a  beam. 

Columbia,  British.  All  the  nnorgan- 
ized  portion  of  the  British  Provinces  in  N. 
America,  W.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
500  miles  in  length  by 400  in  breadth; 
pop.  78,000. 

Columbia,  District  of.  The  territorial 
division  of  the  U.  8.,  ceded  by  Vfa^nia 
and  Mairland,  10  m.  sq.,  under  the  direct 
jurisdiction  of  Congress,  and  containing 
Washington  cit^,  the  national  capital. 
Georgetown  is  tne  only  other  city  Within 
the  district ;  pop.  147,807. 

Columbian,  ko-lum'bi-an.  Pertaining 
to  the  United  States  or  to  America. 

Columbier,  'bi-er.  A  size  of  drawing 
paper  measuring  84^  by  28  inches. 

Columbine,  korum-bin.  The  popnbu* 
name  of  plants,  gen.  Aqullegia.  The 
name  of  the  mistress  of  Harleqidn  in  pan- 
tomimes. 

Columbus,  Christopher.  The  dis- 
coverer of  America;  b.  In  6«noa,  Italy, 
1486,  D.  at  Seville,  Spain,  1606.  His  voy- 
ages were  made  under  the  patronage  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Spain ;  the  voy- 
age in  which  America  was  aiscovered  was 
undertaken  to  demonstrate  the  rotundity 
of  the  earth,  and  that  India  could  lie 
reached  by  sailing  due  west;  he  sailed 
from  Palos  Aug.  8, 1492,  and  discorered 
San  Salvador  Oct.  11. 

Column.    A  body  of  greater  length  than 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COLUMN-EULE 


901 


COMMENCEBCElirr 


thiokness,  generally  serving  as  a  support 
to  something  resting  on  its  top ;  a  pillar. 
CJolumns  are  distingaished  by  the  styles 
ff  arohltecture,  as  Hindu,  Egyptian,  Gre- 
cian, Soman  and  Gothic;  also,  by  the 
name  of  their  order,  as  Doiic,  Ionic  or 
Ck>rlnthian ;  and  again  by  some  peculiar- 
ity, as  attached,  twisted,  cablert  or  rn- 
^ented  aad  carolytlo.  In  Bot.  the  united 
dtamens  and  styles  of  plants  when  they 
form  a  solid  central  body,  as  in  the  gen. 
Orchis.  Millt.  a  formation  of  troops,  nar- 
row in  front,  and  deep  lh>m  fi-ont  to  rear. 
Naut.  a  body  of  ships  following  each 
other.  In  printing  andT writing,  a  division 
of  a  page. 

Ooltunn-mle,  -rol.  In  printing,  the 
name  given  to  pieces  of  brass  of  different 
thicknesses,  made  type  height,  used  to 
separate  matter  that  requires  to  be  dis- 
tinct, as  into  columns,  «&c. 

Oolure,  kd-Iiir.  One  of  two  droles  sap- 
posed  to  intersect  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles in  the  poles  of  the  world,  one  paastng 
through  the  solstitial  and  the  other 
tbrongh  the  equinoctial  points  of  the 
ediptic,  viz.  Cancer  ai^d  Capricorn,  Aries 
ana  libra,  dividing  the  ecliptic  into  four 
equal  parts.  The  points  where  these  lines 
intercept  the  ecliptic  are  called  oardinal 
points. 

OolymbidSd,  ko-lim'bi-dS.  A  tarn,  of 
natatorial  or  swlnmiing  birds ;  the  divers. 

Ooma  Berenices,  ko'ma  ber-g-ni'sez. 
Berenice's  Hair,  a  constellation  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  composed  of  indis- 
tinct stars  between  the  lion's  Tail  and 
Bootes. 

Ctomanoliefl,  ko>mftn'chez.  A  savage 
and  warlike  tribe  of  K.  American  Indians, 
whose  raoge  extends  over  portions  of  Tex- 
as, New  Mexico,  California  and  Meipico ; 
estimated  at  20,000  souls,  with  8,000  war- 
riors. 

Oomb,  kom.  An  instrument  with  teeth 
for  separating,  cleansing  and  adjustbig 
hair,  wool  or  nax ;  also,  an  instrument  of 
tortoise-shell,  ivory,  metal,or  other  materi- 
al, xued  by  women  for  keying  the  hair  in 
place.  Tdb  crest,  caruncle,  or  red,  fleshy 
toft  growing  on  a  cock's  head.  The  top 
or  crest  of  a  wave.    Hon^comb. 

Oomb-broach,  ardch.  The  tooth  of  a 
comb  with  which  wool  is  dressed. 

CJomboloio,  kom-bo-ld'y5.  A  Moham- 
medan rosary  consisting  of  beads. 

Cknnephonui,  ko-mefor-us.  A  gen.  of 
fishes,  ord.  Gobioidee.  C.  baicalensis,  the 
sole  species  ih  collected  and  pressed  for 
oil,  but  not  eaten. 

Ckmiet,  kom'et    Celestial  bodies  which 


appear  at  irregular  intervals,  moving 
through  the  heavens  in  paths  which  seem 
to  correspond  with  parabolic  curves,  Aor  in 
a  few  instances  In  elnptical  orbits  of  great 
eccentricity.  The  former,  after  being 
visible  from  the  earth  for  a  shorter  or 
lousier  lime,  disappear  into  space  appar- 
ently never  to  return ;  the  latter  return 
periodically. 

Coxae tariuxn,  -ft'rl-um.  An  astronomi- 
cal instrument  intended  to  represent  the 
revolution  of  a  comet  round  the  sun. 

Comet-flnder, -l!nd-er.    A  telescope  oi  . 
low  power,  but  with  a  wide  field,  used  to 
discover  comets. 

Comfit,  kum'llt.  A  dry  sweetineat ;  fruit 
or  root  preserved  with  sugar  and  dried ;  a 
ball  of  sugar  with  a  seed  in  the  center ;  a 
bon-bon. 

Oomibrter,  'fert-er.  One  who  comforts 
or  consoles.  The  Holy  Spfarit,  whose 
office  it  is  to  comfort  and  support  the 
Christian.  A  knit  woolen  &brJc, long  and 
narrow,  for  tying  round  the  neck  in  cold 
weather. 

Comitia,  ko-mi'shi-a.  In  Bom.  antiq, 
assemblies  of  the  people.  These  were  of 
three  kinds :  the  assemblies  of  the  patri- 
cian houses  or  populus  in  wards  or  curiw ; 
the  assemblies  of  the  whole  Soman  people, 
including  patricians,  clients,  and  plebe- 
ians in  centuries ;  and  tht^  assemblies  ot  the 
plebeian  tribes  only. 

Commander,  kom-mand'er.  A  chief- 
one  who  has  supreme  authority;  the  chief 
officer  of  an  anny  or  any  division  of  it. 
Naut.,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  lieu- 
tenant and  under  captain,  ranking  with  a 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army.  Com- 
mander-in-chief, the  highest  staff  appoint- 
ment in  the  British  army ;  a  title  boi-ne  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States. 

Commandery,  -i.  A  term  used  in  sev- 
eral senses  in  connnection  with  military 
and  religious  orders.  Among  severs^' 
orders  of  knights,  as  the  Templars,  Hos- 
pitallers, &o.f  a  district  under  the  control 
of  a  member  of  the  order,  still  used  by 
Free  Masons.  In  certain  religious  orders, 
as  those  of  St.  Bernard  and  St.  Anthony, 
the  district  under  the  authority  of  a  com- 
mander. 

Commandment,  'ment.  A  command ; 
a  mandate ;  an  injunction  given  by  author* 
ity.  A  precept  of  the  decalogue  at  Mount 
Binai ;  one  of  the  laws  given  by  Qod  to 
the  Israelites. 

Commencement,  -mens'ment.  The 
act  or  &ot  of  ooomiencing;  beginning; 
tiso;  origin.  In  colleges  and"  higher 
schools,  the  day  when  students  receive 
heir  degrees. 


Digitized  by 


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C0MMEK8AL 


m 


OOMltUTATOB 


OommenBal,  -men'sal.  One  of  two  ani- 
mals or  plants  always  found  together ;  an 
animal  which  lives  on  or  in  another,  with- 
oat  being  parasitie,  bb  the  Pinnotheres  or 
pe»-orabs  live  wltoin  the  cavity  of  shell- 

Ctommlnation,  -mi-na'shon.  A  threat 
or  threatening ;  a  denunciation  of  punish- 
ment or  vengeance.  An  oflBce  in  tJie  lit- 
urgy of  the  Church  of  England,  appointed 
to  he  read  on  Ash  "Wednesday  or  on  the 
first  day  of  Lent. 

/Joxmaissariat,  -mis-sS'rl-at.  The  de- 
partment of  an  army  whose  duties  consist 
m  supplying  transports,  provisions,  for- 
age, camp  equipage,  &c.,  to  the  troops; 
also,  the  body  of  officers  in  that  depoi't- 
ment. 

Comznissary,  'mis-sar-i.  In  a  general 
sense,  a  commissioner :  one  to  whom  is 
committed  some  charge,  duty,  or  office,  by 
a  superior  power.  Eccles.  an  officer  un- 
der a  bishop,  intrusted  with  the  perform- 
ance of  duties  in  the  bishop's  absence. 
Milit.  a  name  given  to  officers  or  officials 
of  various  kinds,  especially  t«  officers  of 
the  commissariat  department. 
ISommissioner,  -mi'ahon-er.  One  who 
commissions.  A  person  who  has  a  com- 
mission or  warrant  from  proper  authority 
to  perform  some  office  or  execute  some 
business  for  the  person  or  government 
which  employs  him  or  gives  him  author- 
itvr.  Specifically,  an  officer  having  charge 
of  some  department  of  the  public  service 
which  is  put  into  commission.  Civil-ser- 
vice conunissioners,  a  body  appointed  to 
superintend  tiie  examination  of  candidates 
for  situationB  in  public  offices. 
Coxninode,  'mod.  A  head-dress  formerly 
worn  by  ladies.  A  chest  of  drawers,  often 
with  shelves  and  other  conveniences  ad- 
ded.   A  night-stool. 

Qoxnzuodore,  'md-ddr.  An  officer,  gen- 
erally a  captain,  who  commands  a  ship  or 
detachment  of  ships  in  the  absence  of  an 
admiral.  The  senior  captain  of  a  line  of 
merchant  vessels.  The  president  of  a 
yaditing  club.  The  leading  ship  in  a  fleet 
•f  merchantmen,  which  carries  a  light  in 
her  top  to  direct  the  other  ships. 
Ooxnmolition,  -U'shon.  The  act  of 
grinding  together. 

Oozniuons,  'monz.  The  common  peo- 
ple, or  such  as  inherit  or  possess  no  honors 
or  titles.  In  Great  Britain,  the  lower 
house  of  parliament,  called  the  House  of 
O.  Food  provided  at  a  common  table,  as 
in  colleges.  Doctors'  C,  in  London,  a 
college  for  professors  of  the  civil  law,  where 
civlilans  used  to  common  together. 


Ck>mixionwealth,    'raon-w^th.      The 

whole  body  of  people  in  a  state ;  the  body 
politic.  A  republican  state  ;  specifically, 
the  form  of  government  which  existed  in 
England  from  the  death  of  Charles  I.  in 
1649  to  the  abdication  of  Bichard  Crom- 
weU  in  1660. 

Oommunalism,  'mfm-al-izm.  The 
theory  of  goyernment  by  communes 
or  corporations  of  towns  and  districts, 
adopted  by  the  advanced  republicans  oi 
France  and  elsewhere. 

Ooxnzuune.  A  small  territorial  district 
in  France,  and  some  other  countries,  as 
Belgium.  It  sometimes  embraces  a  num- 
ber of  villages,  while  some  large  cities  are 
divided  into  a  number  of  communes.  In 
oitiier  case  each  conunime  is  governed  by 
an  officer  called  a  mayor.  The  C.  of  Paris, 
a  revolutionary  committee  which  took  the 
place  of  the  munldpalily  in  the  French 
revolution  of  1789,  and  soon  usurped  su- 
preme authority  in  the  state,  amongst  its 
chiefs  being  Ghaumette,  Hubert,  Danton, 
and  Kobespierre.  A  committee  of  com- 
munalists  who  in  1871  for  a  brief  period 
ruled  Paris  after  the  evacuation  by  the 
German  troops,  and  who  had  to  be  sup- 
pressed by  severe  fighting. 

Oojzununicant,  -mri'ni-kant  One  who 
is  entitied  to  partake  of  the  sacrament  at 
the  Lord's  supper. 

Coxmnimion,  -mfin'yon.  Participation 
of  something  in  common ;  fellowship ; 
concord.  Intercourse  between  two  or 
more  persons ;  interchange  of  thoughts  or 
acts.  Union  in  religious  worship,  or  in 
doctiine  and  disclpune;  union  with  a 
church.  A  body  o /Christians  who  have 
one  common  faith  and  discipline.  The  act 
of  partaking  in  the  sacrament  of  theea. 
charist.  C.  elements,  the  bread  and  wine 
used  in  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper. 
C.  service,  the  office  of  the  administration 
of  the  holy  sacrament.  C.  table,  the  table 
at  or  near  which  the  comimunieants  sit  or 
kneel  to  partake  of  the  Lord's  supper. 

Ooniznaniszn,  'mun-izm.  The  economic 
system  which  upholds  the  absorption  of  aJl 
proprietary  rights  in  a  common  interest, 
an  equitable  division  of  labor,  and  a  com- 
mon ftmd ;  the  doctrine  of  the  negation  of 
individual  rights  In  property. 

CommuTilat,  -1st.  One  holding  the  doc- 
trines of  Communism.  Bible  C,  one  of  an 
American  communistic  sect,  called  also 
Perfectionists. 

Ooxninutator,  'mtl-t&-ter.  An  apparatus 
used  in  connection  with  electrical  instru- 
ments for  reversing  the  current  lh)m  the 
battery,  without  changing  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  conductors. 


Digitized  by 


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COMNENtrS 


m 


COUPCYtA.'TOIt 


Ck>zanenil8.  A  noble  Byzantine  family, 
which  gave  6  emperors  to  the  East,  10  to 
Trebizond,  and  1  to  Heraclea.  C,  Isaac, 
reigned  in  Ck)nBtantinople  1067-1059; 
Alexis  I.,  1081-1118;  John,  1118-1140; 
Manuel,  1143-1180  ;  Alexis  II.,  1180-1188; 
Andronicus,  1183-1185,  dethroned  by  Isaac 
Angelus. 

Como,  ko'mo.  The  most  beantiftil  lake 
of  N.  Italy;  length  86  m.;  breadth  8  m.  A 
city  at  8.  end  of  Lake  C;  pop.  24,500. 
The  ancient  Comum  Novum. 
Ck>nipanion,  kom-pan'yon.  Thefhimlng 
and  sash  lights  upon  the  quarterHdeck  or 
round-house,  through  which  light  passes 
to  the  cabins  and  deck  below.  A  raised 
hatch  or  cover  to  the  cabin  stair  of  a  mer- 
chant vessel.  0.  ladder,  the  steps  leading 
to  the  quarter-deck.  C.  way,  the  stair- 
case at  the  entrance  to  a  cabin.  Compan- 
ions of  the  Bath,  the  third  or  lowest  class 
of  the  members  of  the  order  of  the  Bath. 
Ctompass.kum'pas.  A  passing  round; 
a  circuit.  Limit  or  boundary  ;  range.  An 
instrument  usdd  to  indicate  the  magnetic 
meridian  or  the  po- 
sition of  objects  with 
respect  to  that  me- 
ridian. The  mari-^4 
ner*s  compass  o^n* 

slsts  of  three  parts ;  ^[f=^33P«^n|r 
the  box,  the  card  or  JS^|?5llSS<r7 
fly,  and  the  needle.  '•***^%CTii}NS^^ 
•rtie  needle  is  of  ' 
magnetized  steel,  in 
the  center  of  which  „  .  ,  ^ 
is  a  conical  socket  Mariners'  Compass, 
poised  on  a  pointed  pin  so  that  the  card 
turns  IVeely  round  its  center ;  and  one  of 
the  iwints,  by  the  property  of  the  needle, 
will  always  be  directed  toward  the  north 
pole.  Hanging  compass,  a  mariner's 
compass  suspended  nith  its  face  down- 
ward. A  mathematical  In  strum  en  t  for  de- 
scribing.  circles,  measuring  figures,  dis- 
tances between  two  points,  &c.  Common 
compasses  or  dividers  consist  of  two  point- 
ed legs,  movable  on  a  pivot,  used  for 
measuring  and  transferring  distances. 
Hair  compasses,  a  spring  attached  to  the 
inside  of  one  of  the  legs,  and  pressing  out- 
ward against  the  lower  part  of  the  other, 
thus  tending  to  keep  the  legs  apart  By 
means  of  a  fine  screw  the  distance  of  the 
legs  can  be  regulated  to  a  hair's  breadth. 
Bow  compasses,  instruments  for  measur- 
ing distances,  describing  arcs,  Ac.,  having 
the  legs  united  at  top  by  a  bow  or  spring. 
Ck>n^ass-dial, -di'al.  A  smaH  sun-dlal 
fitted  into  a  box  for  the  pockety  by  which 
the  hour  can  b«  ascertained. 


Compline,  kom'plin.  The  last  of  the 
seven  canonical  hours  in  the  E.  C.  brevi* 
ary  ;  the  last  prayer  at  night  to  be  recited 
after  sunset  Called  also  Completory. 
Ck>mplutexi8ian,  -plu-ten'si-an.  A 
term  applied  to  the  first  polyglot  edition 
of  the  Bible  published  at  Complutum  or 
Alcala  de  Henares,  in  Bpain,  1514-1517, 
by  Cardinal  Ximenes. 
Coznpluviiun,  'vl-um.  An  opening  in 
the  roof  of  the  atrium  or  entrance-hall  of 
ancient  Boman  houses,  left  for  the  pur- 
pose of  admitting  light  and  collecting  the 
rain-water. 

CozniX),  'po.  A  concrete  used  for  the 
outside  of  brick  houses,  so  as  to  give 
them  the  appearance  of  stone.  Naut,  the 
monthly  portion  of  wages  paid  to  a  ship's 
company. 
€k>nipone,  'na.  In  Her.  composed  of 
small  squares  of  two  tinctures  alternately 
in  one  row.  Bordure  oompon6,  a  border 
round  the  shield  composed  of  angular 
parts  or  checkers  of  two  colors ;  a  mark 
of  illegitimacy. 

CJomposiiifir-rule,-p5z'lng-rol.  In  print- 
ing, a  piece  of  steel  or  brass  rule  which  is 
laid  in  a  compositor's  composing-stick, 
and  upon  which  he  arranges  me  types. 
Ck>mpo8ingwstiok,  -stik.  In  printing, 
an  adjustable  instrument  in  which  types 
are  set  iVom  the  cases. 
Oomposite,  'poz-it  Made  up  of  dis- 
tinct parts,  elements  or  substances ;  com- 
Eounaed.  In  Arch,  a  term  applied  to  the 
ist  of  the  five  orders ;  so  called  because 
composed  of  the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Corin- 
thian and  Ionic.  It  is  called  also  the 
Roman  or  the  Italic  order.  O.  Arch,  the 
lancet  or  pointed  arch.  In  ship-bidlding, 
a  wooden  skin  on  an  Iron  framework.  In 
Bot.  belonging  to  the  order  Composltae. 
C.  carriage,  a  railway  carriage  made  up  of 
compartments  of  dliterent  classes,  as,  first, 
second  and  third.  C.  numbers,  such  as 
can  be  measured  exactly  by  a  number  ex- 
ceeding unity,  as  6  by  2  or  8,  so  that  4  is 
the  lowest  composite  number. 
Compositor,  -pdz'i-ter.  In  printing, 
one  who  sets  types. 

Comi>os  mentis,  'pos  men'tis.  Of 
sound  mind.  Non  compos  mentis,  being 
of  unsound  mind. 
Compost,  'post  A  mixture  or  composi- 
tion of  various  manuring  substances  for 
fertilizing  land.  A  composition  for  plas- 
tering the  exterior  of  houses,  usually 
called  Compo. 
Compotator,  -p6-ta'ter.  One  who 
drinks  with  another. 


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CONCOEBaKCK 


Ck>ziLpote,  'pat.  Fruit  Btewed  or  pre- 
Berv«i  In  strap. 

Componnd,  'poond.  In  fhe  E.  Indies, 
the  inolosure  m  'vrhich  isolated  houses 
stand. 

Compounder,  -pound'er.  One  who 
compounds;  one  who  mixes  diflPerent 
things.  One  who  attempts  to  bring  par- 
ties to  terms  of  agreement:  one  who 
brings  about  or  enters  into  a  compromise. 
One  who  compoimds  witli  a  debtor  or 
felon.  In  Eng.  Hist,  a  member  of  on o  of 
the  two  sections  Into  which  the  JacoMtc 
party  divided  shortly  after  the  lievolu- 
tion. 

Ck>niprador,  -pra'dor.  In  the  Chinese 
open  ports,  a  natiye  trading  manager  for 
European  merchants  and  residents. 
Comprint,  'print.  The  surreptitions 
printing  of  a  work  belonging  to  another ; 
a  work  thus  printed. 

Compsoflrnathns,  komp-sog'nath-us. 
An  extinct  reptile  (C.  Longlpes),  ord. 
Dtnosaurla,  occurring  in  the  lithographic 
slate  of  Solenhofen,  and  remarkable  for 
the  singular  affinities  which  it  exhibits  to 
the  true  birds. 

Comte,  Anfimste,  k5mt.  A  French 
philosopher,  b.  1795,  d.  1867 ;  noted  as 
the  founder  of  the  School  of  Positive  Phil- 
osophy. 

Comptroller,  kon-tr61'ler.  A  control- 
ler ;  an  officer  appointed  or  elected  to  keep 
a  counter-register  of  accounts. 
Comiis,  ko'mus.  In  Myth,  the  god  of 
revehy,  depicted  as  a  drunken  young  man 
>vith  a  torch  in  his  i  ight  hand. 
Concave,  con'kav.  Hollowl 
and  curved  or  rounded,  a.'| 
the  inner  sur&ce  of  a  spherical 
body.  A  surfEkce  is  concave  I 
when  straight  lines  drawn  Concave, 
from  point  to  point  in  it  fall 
between  the  surface  and  the  spectator, 
and  convex  when  the  surface  comes  be- 
tween him  and  such  lines.  C.  lens,  a  lens 
having  either  one  or  both  sides  concave.  A 
concave  leaf  has  its  edge  raised  above  the 
disk. 

Concentrator,  'sen-tra-ter.  An  appa- 
ratus for  the  separation  of  dry,  comminut- 
ed ore,  according  to  the  gravity  of  its  par- 
ticles by  exposing  a  filling  sheet  of  ore 
dust  to  intermittent  puffs  of  air. 
Oonoepcion,  -thfip  the-6n.  The  name  of 
several  S.  and  O.  American  towns,  the 
principal  being  in  Chili,  cap.  of  prov.  of 
same  name ;  pop.  18,724. 
CoxLoertlna,  -sa*4»'na.    A  musical  in- 


lU. 


strument,  the  principle  of  which  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  accordion. 

Concerto,  -«har't5.  A  piece  of  mnsio  for 
a  concert ;  a  species  of  composition,  usu- 
allv  in  svmphonlo  form,  written  for  one 
principal  instrument,  with  accompani- 
ments for  a  full  orchestra. 

Concettism,  -set'tizm.  The  use  of  af- 
fected wit  or  concetti. 

Conch,  kongk.  A  marine  shell,  especially 
that  of  the  Strombus  gigas,  sometimes 
called  fountain  shell.  A  spiral  shell  use<l 
by  the  mythological  divinities  called  Tri- 
tons as  a  trumpet  The  external  portion 
of  the  ear,  more  espedally  the  hollow  part 
of  it  In  A  rch.  the  plain  ribless  surfiuse  of 
a  vault  or  pendentive ;  the  semi-dome  of 
an  apse ;  the  apse  Itself.  One  of  the  in-  . 
habitants  of  the  Bahamas  and  neighboring 
islands. 

Conchifera,  kong-klf er-a.  That  large 
class  of  acephalous  moUusoous  anim^ 
which  are  protected  by  shells  consisting  of 
two  pieces,  commonly  known  by  the  name 
of  bivalves.  They  include  the  Lamelli- 
branchiata  and  the  Brachiopoda. 

Conchoid,  'koid.  The  name  of  a  curve 
of  the  4th  order,  given  to  it  by  its  inventor, 
Nicomedes. 

Conchology,  -koro-ji.  The  department 
of  zoology  which  treats  of  the  shells  with 
which  the  bodies  of  many  moUusca  are 
protected. 

Conchometer,  -kom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  molluscous  shells  and 
the  angle  of  their  spire. 

Conciergre,  kon-syai-zh.  One  who  at- 
tends at  the  entrance  to  an  edifice,  public 
or  private ;  a  door-keeper  to  a  hotel,  house, 
prison,  «fec.;  a  janitor,  male  or  female;  a 
porter. 

Conclave,  kon'klav.  A  private  apart- 
ment, particularlv  the  place  in  which  the 
cardinals  of  the  K.  C.  Church  meet  for  the 
election  of  a  pope.  The  meetin'g  of  the 
cardinals  shut  up  for  the  election  of  a  pope; 
hence,  the  body  of  cardinals. 

Conclavist,  -ist  An  attendant  whom 
a  cardinal  Is  allowed  to  take  with  him  Into 
the  conclave. 

Concord.  A  town  in  Middlesex  Co., 
Mass.,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Boston,  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  first  battie  In  the  £ev- 
olutionary  war.  A  city,  cap.  of  N.  Hamp< 
shh-e ;  pop.  18,848. 

Concordance,  -kord'ans.  The  state  •i 
being  concordant;  agreement;  harmony. 
A  book  in  which  the  principal  words  used 
in  any  work,  as  the  Scriptures,  Shake- 
speare, &c.,  are  arranged  alphabetically, 


Digitized  by 


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and  {he  siibdiyision  in  which  each  word 
occurs  noted. 

Oonoordat,  -kor'dat  An  agreement; 
convention  or  agreement  concerning  some 
beneficiary  matter,  under  canon  law,  aa  a 
resignation,  permutation,  promotion,  and 
the  like.  A  formal  agreement  between 
the  see  of  Rome  and  any  secular  govern- 
ment, for  the  settling  of  ocdesiastical  re- 
lations. Since  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury concordats  have  generally  been  ad- 
verse to  the  power  of  the  popes. 

Concrete,  kong'kret.  A  mass  formed  by 
spontaneous  union  or  coalescence  of  par- 
ticles of  matter  in  one  body ;  a  compound. 
A  com  pact  mass  of  gravel,  coarse  pebbles, 
or  stone  chipplngs  cemented  together  by 
hydraulic  or  other  mortar. 

Concubine,  'kfi-bln.  A  woman  who  co- 
habits with  a  man  without  being  legally 
married  to  him ;  a  kept-mistress.  A  wile 
of  inferior  condition,  Buch  were  ITagar 
and  Keturah,  the  concubines  of  Abraham, 
and  such  concubines  were  allowed  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  laws. 

Concurrent,  kon-kur'ent.  The  name 
given  to  the  day,  or  in  the  case  of  leap- 
year  the  two  days,  required  to  be  added 
to  fifty-two  weeks  to  make  the  civil  year 
correspond  with  the  solar :  so  called  be- 
cause they  concur  with  the  solar  cycle, 
whose  course  they  follow. 

Concnssion-fase,  -cii'shon-fQz.  A  fhse 
which  is  ignited  by  the  concussion  of  the 
shell  in  fuJing. 

Concordia.  In  Roman  rites,  the  tutelar 
goddess  of  Concord,  to  whom  Camillus 
erected  a  temple. 

Conde,  kSn'da.  A  distinguished  French 
family  descended  lh)ra  Jacques  de  Bour- 
bon, Count  de  la  Marche,  1336.  His 
grandson  Louis  assumed  the  title  of 
prince,  and  won  renown  as  a  leader  of  the 
Huguenots  J  he  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Jarnac ;  b.  1680,  d.  1569.  His  great  grand- 
son, Louis  11,  (the  Great  Cond6),  b.  1621, 
».  1(J86.  His  career  was  a  succession  of 
brilliant  victories,  ending  witli  the  defeat 
of  the  IMnco  of  Orange  (nflervvard  Will- 
iam III.  of  Kiigland)  in  the  sanguinary 
battleof  Senef,  1G74.  The  house  became 
extinct  with  the  suicide  of  Duke  Louis 
H^nrl  Joseph  de  Bourbon,  1880. 

Condenser,  -den'ser.  A  pneumatic  en- 
gine or  syringe  in  which  air  is  compressed. 
A  vessel  in  which  aqueous  or  spirituous 
vapors  are  reduced  to  a  liquid  form,  either 
by  injection  of  a  quantity  of  cold  water,  as 
in  the  condenser  of  a  steam-engine,  or  by 
placing  the  condenser  in  another  vessel 
through  which  is  maintained  a  constant 


Gtmdor. 


current  of  water.  In  optics,  a  lens  to 
gather  and  concentrate  the  rays  collected 
by  the  mirror  and  direct  them  upon  the 
object.  In  wool  manufbo.  a  machine  for 
stubbing  the  wool.  0.  of  electricity,  any 
apparatus  by  which  the  eleotrio  flmd  can 
be  accumulated. 

Condor, 'der. 

One     of    the 

largest  of  th 

known     Vul- 

turid»  or  vul- 

turine    birds. 

Its     greatest 

expanse      of  \^ 

wing  is  about 

14  feet,  but  it 

rarely  attains  : 

that     size.  : 

Th  ey     are 

found      most 

commonly   in 

the    •  Andes 

chain,  frequenting  regions  fW)m  10,000  to 

16,000  feet  above   the  level  of  the  sea. 

Two  of  them  will    successfally   attack 

sheep,  goats,  deer,  «fec.,  thou^  as  a  rule 

they  prefer  carrion. 

Condottiere. -dot-tyft'r&.  One  of  a  class 
of  mercenary  Italian  military  adventurers 
in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 

Condnctor,  -duk'ter.  A  leader ;  a  guide : 
one  who  goes  before  or  accompanies  and 
shows  the  way.  A  chief ,  one  who  leads 
an  army.  The  director  of  a  chorus  or  or- 
chestra. The  person  who  attends  to  the 
passengers  in  an  omnibus,  a  railway  train 
or  the  like.  In  physics,  a  body  that  re- 
ceives and  transmits  force  in  any  of  its 
forms;  as  metals  are  conductorsof elec- 
tricity and  of  heat.  A  lightning-rod.  Prime 
conductor,  that  part  of  an  electric  ma- 
chine which  collects  and  retains  the  elec- 
tricity. 

Conduit,  kun'dit.  A  pipe,  tube,  or  other 
channel  for  the  conveyance  of  water  or 
other  fluid.  A  fountain  to  which  water  is 
brought  by  pipes  and  from  which  it  is 
drawn  for  use.  A  narrow  walled  passage, 
usually  under  ground,  for  the  purpose  of 
secret  communication. 

Condurrite,  kon-dur'rit.  A  peculiar 
ore  of  copper,  containing  a  considerable 
proportion  of  arsenious  acid. 

Condylura,  -di-lu'ra.  A  gen.  of  insec- 
tivorous mammifers,  of  the  mole  fem.,  of 
which  the  best  kno>vn  species  is  Condy- 
lura cristata  or  star-nose. 

Cone-pulley,  'pnl-i.  A  pulley  gradu- 
ally tapering  from  a  thick  to  a  thin  end. 


Digitized  by 


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d06 


OONGIAET 


Cone,  kOn.    At<4!lii1  H^'uro  riBiniif  N.lruk'-lkt 
up  fix)m  a  circulju-  Imiit*  aiicl  ta- 
pering to  a  point.     *lin'  of  the 
molluscons    shellii   mil  yd    rfmc' 
sti^s.    The  hill  sdnxiuiidinif  tliM 
crater  of  a  volcano,  formt^fi  hy  tjiii 
gradual  accumuluHdJi  of  ihii  eji.^>t' 
ed  material.  A  ccmt»  of  rfi vfi.  in  ot  i  -    ^'odo 
tics,  includes  all  tht^  ravs'  of  lifL'ht 
which  proceed  froiri  a  nnj Irwi t  point  rm 1 1 
fkll  upon  the  surfhco  of  a  gliussi. 

Oone-Sliell, 'slie^L  The  nam  n  ^¥oi]  1i> 
the  shells  or  the  inollit£k»  tbemfi'tvcn  \A 
the  gasteropodons  pi^n.  Cnnnsi  fam,  Cjh- 
nidflB,  ord.  Pectlflfhr^itJL'itilfiUL 

Gonfalon,  konTml-oii,  Ono  of  n.  li.  c 
order  of  seculars,  cBlHed  iiIpo  Perilte'nts, 
erected  into  a  crmflrfltPrTsity  hv  Vain- 
Clement  IV.  in  Vim.  Tli«  urifliimil  tnd 
of  thisassociatlcn  was  to  delivur  Cntisilaii 
prisoners  from  thid  BarACMis. 

Oonfarreation^  -DrrL^ii^ehon.  Tbo 
solemnization  of  inarrlctg'fl  amcmp-  tno  Ro- 
mans hy  aceremonj  In  which  tlLO  gitii»m 
and  bride  tasted  a  CJiko  tyillcrt  far  or  pnnh 
farreus,  in  presence  of  iho  hijtrh  prltist  and 
at  least  ten  wltnefi&ee. 

Confectioner,  -fek'tih* » r s  -<  t.  0  ik*  w1  io>^  'f 
occupation  is  to  make  or&eli  ^"wufcit-meaH 
or  confections. 

Confederate,  -f-^frr^-jit.  One  who  is 
united  with  othtTS  in  oli?aj?nt' ;  a  piL*rfiotj  or 
nation  engaged  In  ii  confudi^rrtcv ;  an  ally. 
One  who  took  side  with  tho  I'onfVidnratH 
States  of  Amerii^a  in  thd  dvil  wiir  whkli 
followed  their  aLtfiiiipt  to  ^t'txululrcim  iljtj 
Union.    Opposed  to  Fetltrfll. 

Confervite, -ft  i^?it.  A  fossil  pi  ant.  oi- 
currina:  chiefly  i  u  t3nj  ohulk  formation,  i4i)- 
parentiy  allied  to  Uio  aquatic  Bonfervai. 

C  o  n  f  e  s  -  ,,  |.  i„-^^^j 
sional, 
-fe'shon-al. 
A  compart- 
ment or  cell, 
in  which    a 

Eriestsits  to 
ear  confes- 
sion, having 
a  small  open- 
ing or  hole  at 
each    side 

through  ^_     _     ,       . 

which    the  Con reflflional. 

penitent,  kneeling  without,  mflkdA  wj]fi'-.- 
sion. 

Confessor,  -fo^'ur.  (Im?  who  nclmoNv  l- 
edges  a  crime  or  fnult.  One  wlm  inakf-  a 
profession  of  his  faith  In  the  Okfistiaii  tiy 
ugion ;  specifically,  outs  who  ^vowb  hie  re- 


ligion in  the  &Ge  of  danger,  and  adheres  to 
it  in  defiance  of  persecution  and  torture. 
It  was  formerly  used  as  svnonymons  witti 
martyr.  A  priest  who  hears  confession 
and  assumes  power  to  grant  absolution. 

Configroration,  -fig'u-ra^shon.  Exter- 
nal form,  figure,  or  shape  of  a  thing  as  re- 
sulting from  the  disposition  and  shape  of 
its  parts.  In  Astrof.  relative  position  or 
aspect  of  the  planets. 

Confirmation,  -ferm-a'shon.  The  act 
of  confirming  or  establishing.  The  act  of 
rendering  more  dear  or  showing  to  be 
true,  as  by  new  evidence ;  the  act  of  cor- 
roborating, rendering  valid  or  ratifying. 
The  ceremony  of  laying  on  of  hands  by 
a  bishop  in  the  admission  of  baptized  per- 
sons to  theenjovment  of  Christian  privi- 
leges, practiced  in  the  Greek,  R.  <f.  and 
English  churches. 

Conflagration,  -fia-gra'shon.  A  great 
fire,  or  the  burning  of  any  great  mass  of 
combustibles. 

Confluent,  'flu-ent.   A  tributary  stream. 

Confraternity,  -fra-ter'ni-ti.  A  broth- 
erhood ;  a  society  or  body  of  men  united 
for  some  purpose  or  in  some  profession  ; 
as,  the  confraternity  of  Jesuits. 

Confrere,  kon-frar.  A  colleague ;  an  as- 
sociate in  something. 

Confucius,  kon-fu-'shus.  The  emin^it 
Chinese  philosopher  and  lawgiver  (Kung' 
foo-stse) ;  b.  651,  d.  483  b.  o.  He  was  of 
low  descent  and  poor  parentage,  but  spent 
his  mature  life  traveling  from  place  to 
place,  teaching  and  urging  moral  and  so- 
cial reforms.  His  writings,  which  form  9 
volumes,  are  considered  the  sacred  book 
of  the  Chinese.  They  inculcate  rigid  mo- 
rality, and  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
but  do  not  teach  the  existence  of  a  Su- 
premo Being. 

Cong:,  kong.  A  medical  abbreviation  for 
Congius,  a  gaUon  of  4  quarts. 

Congre,  kon'je.  Leave  to  depart;  fare- 
well ;  dismissal.  An  act  of  respect  per- 
formed by  persons  on  separating  or  tak- 
ing leave ;  a  bow  or  a  courtesy.  C.  d'61ire 
the  sovereign's  license  or  permission  to  a 
dean  and  chapter  to  choose  a  bishop. 

Congrener,  -jo'ner.  A  thing  of  the  same 
kind  or  nearly  allied ;  specifically,  a  plant 
or  animal  belonging  to  tne  same  genus. 
Congrer,  kong'ger.  0.  vulgaris,  a  large 
voracious  species  of  sea  eel. 
Congriary,  'jl-a-ri.  A  largess  or  distribu- 
tion of  corn,  oil,  or  wine,  afterwards  of 
monev,  among  the  people  or  soldiery  of 
ancient  Rome,  A  coin  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  the  Roman  congiaria. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GONGiaS 


20T 


CC«TNECTING-ROD 


Oon^US,  -VLB.  A  meftsure  of  capacity 
among  the  BomanB.  the  eighth  part,  of  the 
amphora,  and  eqaal  to  about  6  pinta.  In 
Phar.  a  gallon. 

Ctonerlomerate,  •glora'er-&t  A  sort  of 
padding-etone,  made  np  of  various  rocks 
oemented  together  by  a  matrix  of  sUioeous, 
caloareoufl,  or  other  cement. 
Oonerlntinant,  -glli'tin-ant  A  medi- 
cine that  promotes  the  healing  of  wounds 
by  dosing  them  up. 

Oongo,  kdng'go.  A  section  of  W.  AiHca, 
8.  of  the  equator,  between  the  river  Congo 
on  the  N.  and  theDando  on  the  8.,  of  un- 
defined width  and  but  partially  explored. 
The  Inhabitants  are  negroes  of  the  lowest 
type. 

Ckxnso,  kong'gd.  The  second  lowest 
quality  of  black  tea,  being  the  third  pick- 
ing from  a  plant  during  the  season. 
OonfiTO-cmake.  A  name  given  to  one  oi 
two  of  the  amphibians  of  the  Ibm.  Amphi- 
umidffi. 
Ck>nfirrefiratioil,  'gre-g&^'shon.  The  act 
of  bringing  together  or  assembling.  A 
collection  or  assemblage  of  separate 
things.  An  assembly  of  persons,  especial- 
ly an  assemblage  of  persons  meeting  tor 
the  worship  of  God  and  for  religious  in- 
struction. An  assembly  of  eodesiastlcs 
or  cardinals  appointed  by  the  pope,  to 
which  is  intrusted  the  management  of 
some  branch  of  the  afli&irs  of  the 
church.  A  fraternity  of  religions 
persons  ibrminc'  a  subdivision  of  a 
monastic  order,  &e.  At  Oxford  and  Gam- 
bridge,  the  aasemblv  of  masters  and  doc- 
tors in  which  the  giving  of  degrees,  Ac., 
is  transacted.  In  Scotland,  an  appella^ 
tlon  assumed  by  the  adherents  of  the  re- 
formed tUth  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century. 

OonffTe^ationalist,  -grS-ga'shon-al-ist. 
One  who  belongs  to  a  Congregational 
church  or  sodety ;  one  who  holds  that 
each  congr^ation  is  entirely  exempt  from 
any  extraneous  Jurisdiction,  and  ine  gov- 
ernment of  whose  church  is  vested  in  all 
the  members  of  the  congregation,  not  in 
sessions,  Ae. 

Oonfirress,  'gres.  A  meeting  together  of 
individuals  in  privateer  sodaltntercourse. 
The  meeting  of  the  sexes  in  sexual  com- 
merce. An  assembly  of  envoys,  oonunis- 
sioners,  deputies,  Ac.;  particularly,  a 
meeting  of  Sovereign  princes  or  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  several  courts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  arranging  international  afmlrs. 
The  term  applied  to  three  differently  con- 
stituted bodies  of  representatives  of  the 
people  which  have  succeeded  each  other  in 


the  government  of  what  is  now  the  United 
States  of  America.    The  Continental  0., 
assembled  in  1774,  the  Federal  C,  in  1781, 
and  the  0.  of  the  United  States,  1789. 
CtonfirreManan,     kong'gres-man.      A 
member  of  the  United  States  Congress. 
Oon^rreve,  William,  Sir,    An  Eng- 
lish officer  who  invented  the  war  rocket 
beuing  his  name ;  b.  1772,  d.  1828. 
Oonios,  kon'Hu.    That  part  of  the  geom- 
etrv  of  curves  which  treats  of  the  cone 
ana  the  several  curve  Unea  arising  from 
the  sections  of  it 

OonidflS.  kd'ni-dS.    A  hm.  of  gasteropo- 
dousmoUusks,  ord.  Peotinibranchlata,  the 
cone  shells.    The  type  gen.  is  Oonus. 
Oonifer,  kd'nl-fer.    A  plant  produdng 
cones  ;  one  of  the  Conifene. 
Oonixostres,  -ros'tr^z.     A  section  or 
snb-ord.  of  insessorial  birds,  induding  the 
crows,  finches,  sparrows,  linnets,  larks, 
starlings,  hombUls,  bfrds  of  paradise.  Am. 
Oonite,  kdnlt.  A  mineral  occurring  mas- 
sive or  stalactitic  in  Saxony  and  Ijoeutnd. 
Oox^uSatfiB,  kon-JQ-g&'tfi.     A  tribe  of 
green-spored  Algae,  distinguished  flrom  the 
ConfervaoeBB  by  their  endochrome,  or  col- 
oring mStter,    being  spiral,  stellate,   or 
otherwise  disposed,  ana  not  equally  dlf' 
frised,  or  simply  denser  in  the  center. 
Oonnanffht,  nawt  The  westerly  of  the 
N.  provinces  of  Ireland,  having  several 
fine  bays ;  chief  rivers,  the  Shannon  and 
Moy;   lakes,    Corrib,    Cong,   Cam  and 
Mask ;  pop.  abt  1,000,000. 
Connecticut,  kon-n€t'e-kiit.  One  of  the 
original  New  England  or  £astem  States  of 
the  American  Union,  adjoining  8.  New 
York  on  the  W.;  area,  4,780  sq.  m.;  pop. 
622,700.    Prindpal  dties,  Hartford,    the 
cap..    New    Haven,    Norwich,    Bridge- 
port, New  London,  Norwalk  andStoning- 
ton ;  chief  rivers,  Connecticut,  Hbusatonic 
and   Thames,   all   emptying  into  L.  I. 
Sound ;  the  Green  Mountains  skirt  its  W. 
boundary. 

Oonnecticnt  Biver.  The  largest  river 
of  the  New  England  States,  rising  in  N. 
Vermont,  and  running  through  that  State, 
New  Hampshire  and  Connecticut,  empty- 
ing into  Long  Island  Sound  at  Saybrook  ; 
length,  410  m. 

Connectin«r-rod,  -nekt'ing-rod.  The 
rod  which  connects  the  piston  with  the 
crank  of  the  driving-wheel  axle  of  loco- 
motive engines.  The  outside  rod  which 
connects  the  wheels  of  locomotive  enfl;lnes. 
The  rod  connecting  the  cross-head  of  a 
beam-engine  with  that  end  of  th«  work- 
ing-be«m.    .. 


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CONNECTOR 


206 


CONSONANT 


Ck>nnector,  -nek'ter.  A  flexible  tube  for 
connecting  the  ends  of  glass-tubes  in 
pneumatic  experiments.  In  Elect,  a  de- 
vice for  holding  two  parts  of  a  conductor 
in  intimate  contact. 

Conner,  'er.  A  fish  found  on  the  New 
England  coast.    Called  also  Blue  Perch. 

Ck>nner.  One  who  tests  or  examines ; 
one  who  has  a  special  knowledge  of  any- 
thing. One  who  directs  the  steersman  of 
a  ship. 

Ck>nnoi8seTir,  'is-sfir.  A  critical  judge 
of  any  art,  particularly  of  paintinj?  and 
sculpture. 

Conoid,  kon'old.      A   solid 
formed  by  the  revolution  of  n 
conic  section  about  its  axis.     A  M..i 
skew  surface.      In    Anat.  the 
pineal  gland.  Conoid. 

Conqueror,  kong'ker-er.  One  who  con  • 
qiiers ;  one  who  gains  a  victory.  The  C, 
an  epithet  applied  to  William  I.  as  ex- 
pressing his  conquest  of  England  In  1066. 
Conrad,  kon'rad.  The  name  of  several 
sovereigns  of  Germany.  C.  I.  (Count  of 
Franconia),  elected  emperor  911,  D.  918. 
C.  II.  elected  King  of  Germany  1024,  and 
crowned  emperor  1027 ;  d.  1089!  0.  III. 
(Hohenstauffen),  Duke  of  Franconia,  elect- 
ed emperor  1188,  d.  1152.  0.  IV..  son  ol 
Frederick  II.,  assumed  the  title  1250 ;  d. 
1254.  C.  v.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
dispossessed  by  his  uncle  Manfred,  cap- 
tured and  beheaded,  1268. 
Consangruinity,  -sang-gwin'I-ti.  The 
relation  of  persons  by  blood,  in  distinction 
from  affinity  or  relation  by  marriage. 
Conscript,  'skript.  One  compulsorlly 
enrolled  for  military  or  naval  service. 
Consecration,  -se-kra'shon.  The  act  or 
ceremony  of  separating  from  a  common 
to  a  sacred  use,  or  of  devoting  and  dedi- 
cating a  person  or  thing  to  the  service  and 
worship  of  God,  by  certain  rites  or  solem- 
nities. In  speaking  of  the  ancient  Roman 
emperors,  deiflcation;  the  ceremony  of 
the  apotheosis  of  an  emperor.  In  the 
R.  0.  Church,  canonization.  The  act  of 
rendering  venerable. 

Conservatoire,  -sar-va-twar.  An  es- 
tablishment for  promoting  tde  study  of 
any  special  branch,  first  established  at 
Naples  In  1587  for  the  study  of  music  and 
declamation. 

Conservatory,  -serv'a-tor-i.  A  place 
for  preservtog  anything  from  loss,  decay, 
waste  or  Injury.  A  greenhouse  for  pre- 
serving exotics  and  other  tender  plants. 
Conserve,  -serv.  A  sweetmeat  made 
of  the  inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with 


sugar.  A  form  of  medicine  contrived  t« 
preserve  the  flowers,  roots,  fruits,  Ac,  in 
their  natural  fi^sh  state. 
Consismee,  -sin-5'.  One  to  whom  goodi 
or  other  things  are  delivered  In  trust,  foi 
sale  or  superintendence. 
Consigner,  'er.  One  who  consigns; 
one  who  sends,  delivers  or  commits  goods 
to  another  for  sale  or  to  ship. 
Consistentes,  -sls-tent'&s.  The  third 
or  highest  order  of  penitents  In  the  early 
church.  They  were  permitted  to  be  pres- 
ent at  the  celebration  of  sacraments,  but 
were  not  allowed  either  to  lotn  In  mining 
oblations  or  to  receive  the  holy  com- 
munion. 

Consistory,  'sls-tor-l.  Primarily,  a 
place  of  meeting ;  a  council  house  or  place 
of  justice.  A  -place  of  iustice  in  a  spiritual 
court,  or  the  court  itself;  the  court  of 
every  diocesan  bishop,  held  In  cathedral 
churches,  for  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical 
causes.  An  assembly  of  prelates;  the 
college  of  cardinals  at  Rome.  A  solemn 
assembly  or  council. 

Consociation,  -so'shi-a'^shon.  In  the 
United  States,  fellowship  or  union  of 
churches  by  their  pastors  and  delegates ; 
a  meeting  of  pastors  and  delegates  of  a 
number  of  Congregational  chordiei,  form- 
ing an  advisory  council  in  ecclesiastical 
afl'airs. 

Consols,  -Bolz^  The  chief  ftmded  security 
of  Gt.  Britain,  formed  of  consolidated  an- 
nuities, paying  8  per  cent,  interest. 
Consolato  dal  Mare,  -la'to  del  ma'ra. 
A  very  ancient  compilation  of  the  trading 
customs  of  Venice,  Genoa,  Pisa  and 
Amalfi,  with  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  Jko. 
Its  precise  date  is  unknown,  but  a  Span< 
Ish  edition  was  published  about  the  end 
ot  the  18th  century.  It  has  formed  the 
basis  of  most  compilations  of  maritime 
laws. 

Console,  's5l.^ 
The  French  term 
for  a  bracket,  or 
ancon,  but  applied 
by  English  writers 
to  a  bracket  or 
corbel  of  any  kind 
in   classical  arohi>  ^ 

tecture.  Console. 

Consonant,  's5-nant.  A  letter,  so  named 
because  sounded  only  In  connection  with 
a  vowel.  But  some  consonants  have  no 
sound  even  when  united  with  a  vowel, 
and  others  have  a  very  imperfect  sound. 
The  consonants  begin  or  end  syllables 
and  their  use  is  to  determine  the  manna 
of  beginning  or  ending  the  vocal  Bounds^ 


Digitized  by 


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CONSORT 


C0N8TANTINE 


Ck>ncK>rt,  'sort  A  companion;  a  partner, 
an  intimate  associate ;  a  wife  or  husband. 
Qaeen  conscMi;,  the  wife  of  a  king,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  queen  regnant,  who 
rules  alone,  and  a  queen  dowagw,  the 
widow  of  a  king. 

OonspeotlUK  -spek'tus.  A  view ;  an  ab- 
stract, draught  or  sketch. 

Oonstablfi,  kun'sta-bl.  An  officer  of 
'  high  rank  in  several  of  the  mediseval  mon- 
archies. The  Lord  High  Constable  of 
England  was  andentlv  the  seventh 
officer  of  the  crown,  llie  power  of  this 
officer  was  so  improper^  used  that  it  was 
forfeited  In  the  person  of  Edward  Stafford, 
Duke  of  BucUngham,  in  1521.  It  has 
never  been  granted  to  any  person  since 
that  time,  except  on  a  particular  occasion. 
The  Lord  High  C.  of  Scotland  had  ancient 
ly  command  of  the  army  in  the  absence  of 
the  king.  He  was  likewise  judge  of  all 
^imes  or  offenses  committed  i^ithin  4 
miles  of  the  king's  person,  the  parliament, 
the  prlvy-coondl,  or  of  any  general  con- 
vention of  the  states  of  the  kingdom.  The 
office  is  hereditary  in  the  fkmily  of  Errol. 
C.  of  iPranoe,  the  first  militaiy  officer  of 
the  orown,  commander-tn-chief  of  the 
army  and  the  highest  Judge  in  all  ques- 
tions of  chivalry  and  honor.  This  office 
was  suppressed  in  1627.  Napoleon  re-es- 
tablished it  in  fitvor  of  the  Prince  of  Wa- 
gram,  but  he  had  no  successor.  C.  of  a 
castle  was  the  keeper  or  governor  of  a 
castle  belonging  to  the  kii^  or  a  great 
noble.  Constables  in  Great  Britain  at  the 
present  day  are  of  two  grades :  high  con- 
stables and  petty  constables  or  tithlng- 
men.  In  the  U.  S.  constables  are  town 
or  dly  officers  of  the  peace  invested  with 
powers  to  execute  civil  as  well  as  criminal 
processes,  and  levy  executions. 

Oonstance,  kdn'stanz.  A  handsome 
city  of  Baden  at  the  head  of  Lake  C,  pop. 
8,M0.  Lake  C,  a  beautiAil  and  romantic 
sheet  of  water,  bet.  Switzerland  and  Ba- 
den, 42  ra.  in  length  by  9  ro.  in  width. 
The  Khine  flows  through  it. 

OoxuBtance,  Oouncil  of.  The  B.  0. 
Council,  held  at  the  city  of  C,  1414^18, 
summoned  to  consldei  the  claims  of  John 
XVIIL,  Gregory  XII.,  and  Benedict 
VIII.  to  the  papacy,  and  pronounce  upon 
the  doctrines  of  John  Hubs.  It  was  com- 
posed of  the  Emoeror  Sigismund,  Pope 
John  XXIII.,  26 'princes,  120  counts,  20 
cardinals,  7  patriarchs,  20  archbishops,  91 
bishops,  600  prelates  and  doctors,  and  abt. 
4,000  priests.  It  pronounced  against  all 
three  claimants  to  the  papacy,  elected 
Kartin  Y.  as  Pope,  and  condemned  John 


Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague  to  be  burned 
at  the  stake. 

Cionstans  I.,  Flavins  Julliui.  Third 
son  of  Constantine  the  Great,  who  inher- 
ited the  sovereignty  of  Italy.  Africa  and 
W.  lUyricum,  887,  and,  by  the  defeat 
and  assassination  of  his  brother  Constan- 
tine, became  sovereign  of  the  entire  West- 
em  empire ;  his  tyranny  resultoi  in  a  re- 
volt in  which  he  was  killed,  850.  C.  II., 
Flavins  Heraclius,  b.  680,  s.  his  fother 
Constantine  III.,  as  emperor  of  the  East, 
640.  Defeated  by  the  Saracens  and  also 
by  the  Arabs  at  sea,  he  exhibited  such 
avarice  and  cruelty  that  he  was  assassi* 
nated  in  668. 

Oonstantiiie,  kdn'stan-ifn.  The  name 
of  18  emperors  of  Rome  and  the  East. 

C.  I.  (The  Great)  was  the  first  Christian 
emperor  of  Rome ;  b.  272,  s.  his  flither  Con- 
stantius  Chlorus  806.  Just  pending  a 
battle  in  which  he  defeated  his  rival  Max- 
entius,  C.  claimed  to  have  seen  a  cross  in 
the  sky,  which  he  interoreted  as  an  omen 
of  victory;  he  soon  afterward  embraced 
Christianity,  and  made  it  the  religion  of 
the  state.  In  825  the  Council  of  Nice 
was  held  at  his  suggestion,  and  Arianism 
condAnned ;  in  828  he  removed  the  seat 
of  the  empire  to  Byzantium,  changing  its 
name  to  Constantinople ;  D.  887.  C.  II., 
eldest  son  of  the  above,  s.  to  the  sever 
eignty  of  Snain,  Gaul,  Britain  and  a  portion 
of  Africa ;  he  was  defeated  and  slain  by 
his  brother  Constans,  840.  C.  III.  (Novus), 
emperor  of  the  East.  b.  612,  crowned  64i 

D.  o41.  C.  IV.  (Pogonatus),  crowned  em 
peror  of  the  East  668,  d.  682.  C.  V. 
crowned  748,  d.  775.  C.  VI.  (Flavins)  s. 
his  father  Leo  IV.  780,  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother  Irene,  who  it  is  believed 
caused  his  murder,  776.  C.  VII.  (Por- 
phyrogenltus),  crowned  905,  n.  959.  C. 
VII I.,  crowned  946,  o.  within  a  few 
months.  C.  IX.,  b.  961 ;  shared  the 
throne  with  his  brother  Basil  until  the 
brother's  death.  1025;  d.  1028.  C.  X. 
(Monomachus)  became  emperor  through 
his  marriage  with  Zoe,  daughter  of  C.  IX. 
The  schism  between  the  Roman  and  Greek 
churches  began  in  his  reign ;  d.  1064.    C. 

XI.  (Ducas),  crowned  1069,  d.  1067.    C. 

XII.  was  crowned  1071,  but  never  actu- 
ally reigned.  C.  XIII.  (Pateologus),  b. 
1894  ;  s.  hisbrother  John  VII.,  1448;  killed 
1468,  when  Constantinople  was  stormed 
by  the  Turks.  He  was  the  last  of  the 
Byzantine  emperofs. 

Constantine,  Flavins  Jnlins.  A 
gallant  Roman  soldier,  raised  to  the  pur- 
ple 409  ;  conquered  Spain  and  Gaul,  and 
fixed  his  court  at  Aries.    Taken  prisopet 


Digitized  by 


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CONSTAIJTINB 


2ie 


CONTEABAflSO 


by  CoaBtantius,  general  to  the  eraperor 
HonoriuB.    C.  was  executed,  411. 

Oonstajitiiie.  The  name  of  four  kings 
of  Scotland.  C.  I.  reigned  458-479 ;  C. 
II.,  858-871 ;  C.  III.,  903-948;  C.  IV.  was 
a  usurper  who  was  captured  and  killed  by 
the  brother  of  the  rightftil  king,  Kenneth, 
1002. 

CtonstantizLople.  Gap.  of  the  Turkish 
empire  in  Europe,  and  chief  Moslem  city 
of  the  world ;  situated  on  the  Bosphorus, 
a  narrow  strait  connecting  the  sea  of 
Marmora  and  the  Euxine,  also  dividing 
Europe  and  Asia.  0.  was  the  ancient 
Byzantium,  founded  by  Byzas,  656  b.  c.  ; 
destroyed  by  Severus,  it  was  rebuilt  by 
Oonstantine  the  Great,  a.  d.  828,  and 
made  capital  of  the  Roman  empire :  after- 
ward the  cap.  of  the  Eastern  or  Byzantine 
empire,  until  stormed  by  the  Turks,  1468, 
since  which  time  it  has  been  the  cap.  of 
the  Turkish  empire ;  pop.  626,000. 

Oonstantius,  kdn-stan'shus.  Father  <^ 
Oonstantine  the  Great ;  b.  257.  Distin- 
guishing himself  as  a  soldier,  he  was  de- 
clared Caesar  in  292  and  placed  in  com- 
mand of  Gaul,  Spain  and  Britain;  he  re- 
conquered Britain,  disastrously  defeated 
the  Alemanni  and  obtained  thelJtle  of 
Augustus  in  806 ;  d.  at  York  807.  0.  II. 
(Flavins  Julius),  son  of  Oonstantine  the 
Great,  was  proclaimed  Caesar  820  and  as- 
sumed the  purple  837.  In  the  division  of 
the  empire  C.  selected  the  East  as  his 
share  ;  d.  861. 

Oonstant  White,  'stant  whit.  A  pois- 
onous pigment  prepared  from  the  sul- 
phate of  barytes,  used  In  water-color 
painting. 

Constellation,  -stel-la'shon.  A  group 
of  the  fixed  stars  to  which  a  definite  name 
has  been  given.  The  names  have  mostly 
their  origin  in  the  mythology  of  the 
Greeks,  derived  and  modified  from  the 
Egyptians  and  the  East;  and  the  stars 
forming  each  configuration  are  ranged  and 
named  in  order  of  brilliancy  by  letters  of 
the  Greek  alphabet.  Ursa  Major,  the 
Great  Bear,  in  the  northern,  and  Orion  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  are  the  most 
important  of  the  constellations.  The  con- 
stellations are  divided  into  northern,  34 ; 
southern,  45 ;  and  zodiacal,  12. 

Constrictor,  -strikt'er.  That  which 
draws  together  or  contracts.  Spedflcally, 
a  muscle  which  closes  an  orifice  of  the 
body.  A  name  applied  to  the  larger  class 
of  serpents  which  envelop  and  crush  their 
prey,  as  the  boa  constrictor. 

Oonsnbstantlation,  -sub-stan'shi-a''- 
sjion.  The  union  of  the  body  of  our  Weed- 


ed Saviour  with  the  saeramoital  elementA ; 
impanation.  A  dogma  of  the  Lutheran 
church. 

Oonsoly'suL  The  chief  magistrate  of  ih« 
Boman  republic,  invested  with  regal  au- 
thority for  one  year.  Two  were  annually 
chosen  in  the  Campus  Martlus.  At  first 
they  were  selected  from  patridaa  families, 
but  in  the  year  of  Borne  SS8  the  people  ob- 
tained the  privilege  of  electing  one  of  the . 
consuls  from  tJieir  own  body,  and  some- 
times both  were  plebeians.  In  French  Hist. 
the  title  given  to  the  three  supreme  mag- 
istrates of  the  French  repubnc,  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  Directory  i  n  1799.  Con- 
sular government  was  aliolished  in  1804, 
and  Bonaparte,  the  first  C.,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor.  In  modern  usage,  a 
person  commissioned  by  a  sovereign  or 
state  to  reside  in  a  foreign  ooun^  as  an 
agent  or  representative. 

Oontarini,  -ta-re'ne.  A  noble  Vene- 
tian family  which  gave  to  the  state  5 
doges  and  other  eminent  public  s«*vants. 
During  the  administration  of  Domenloo 
C.  II.  Candia  was  surrendered  to  the 
Turks  after  a  siege  in  which  they  lost 
100,000  men. 

Contemporary,  -tem'p6-ra-ri.  One 
who  lives  at  the  same  time  with  another. 

Conti,  kon'te.  The  title  of  a  branch  of  the 
French  Bourbons,  descendants  of  Armand 
de  Bourbon,  younger  brother  of  Prince  de 
Cond6;  b.  1629,  d.  6660. 

Continent,  'ti-nent.  In  Geog.  a  great 
extent  of  land  not  disjoined  or  int^- 
rupted  by  seas,  as,  the  Eiastem  and  West- 
em  continents.  In  reality  there  is  no  true 
continent,  a  continent  differing  fh>m  an 
island  only  in  extent.  Land,  as  contain- 
ing, Inclosing,  or  bounding  seas  and  riven. 

Continental,  'al.  A  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  a  continent,  specifically  of  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.  In  Amer.  Hist,  a  sol- 
dier belonging  to  the  army  of  the  eon- 
federated  states  in  the  Revolutionjuy  war. 

Contortionist,  -tor'shon-lst.  One  who 
practices  wry  motions  or  twistings  of  the 
body. 

Contonme,  -tor-na.  A  term  in  Her., 
used  when  a  beast  is  represented  stand- 
ing, passant,  courant,  Ac,  with  its  teuae  to 
the  sinister  side  of  the  escutcheon. 

Contraband,  'tra-band.  Illegal  or  pro- 
hibited traffic.  Articles  by  law  prohibited 
to  be  imported  or  exported. 

Contrabasso,  -bas'so.  The  largest 
of  the  violin  species  ot  instruments,  of 
which  it  forms  the  lowest  bass  ;  tlie 
double-basA. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CONTRA-DANCE 


211 


COOKIE 


OontraMlance,    -dans.      A    dance   in 
which  the  partners  are  arranged  £ac&  to 
ftce  or  in  opposite  hnes. 
Ck>ntaralto,  -tral'to.    In  Mnsio,  the  high- 
est Yoice  of  a  male  adalt,  or  the  lowest  of 
a  woman  or  boy,  called  also  the  Alt«,  or 
when  possessed  by  a  man,  Counter-tenor. 
The  person  who  sings  with  this  voice. 
Oonlarate,  'tr&t    Having  ooga  or  teeth 
iirojecting  parallel  to  the  axis ;  used  chief- 
ly In  the  wheels  In  clockwork. 
Oontre,  kon'tr.    In  Her.  an  appellation 
given  to  bearings  on  aooount  of  theh:  cut 
ting  the  shield  contrary  and  opposite 
ways ;  oontre-bends,  oontre-ohevron  ;  con- 
tre-pale,  &o. 

Ck>ntre-teiiip8,  -tan.  An  imezpected 
and  untoward  aoioident. 
Oontusion,  -tfi'zhon.  The  act  of 
beating  and  brnlsiDg,  or  the  state  of  being 
bruised.  The  act  of  reducing  to  powder 
or  fine  particles  by  beating.  In  Burg,  a 
bruise. 

Oonnndraxa,  kd-nun'dmm.  A  riddle 
In  which  some  odd  resemblance  is  pro- 
posed for  discovery  between  things  quite 
unlike,  the  answer  involving  a  pun. 
Oonus,  'nus.  A  gen.  of  gasteropodous 
mollusks,  the  type  of  the  fam.  Conidaa. 
This  gen.  forms  part  of  the  Bucctnoid 
Aon.  of  the  Peotinibranchiate  ord.  of  gas- 
teropods.  In  Bot.  a  term  denoting  that 
form  of  inflorescence  called  a  strobilus  or 
cone. 

Oonvalescent,  kon-va-les'ent.  One 
who  has  recovered  health  after  sickness. 

Oonvent,  'vent.  A  community  of  per- 
sons devoted  to  religion  ;  a  body  of  monks 
or  nuns.  A  house  for  persons  devoted  to 
religion  ;  an  abbey  ;  a  monastery ;  a  nun- 
nery. 

Conventicle,  -ven'ti-kl.  An  assembly 
or  gathering,  especially  a  secret  assembly. 
A  meeting  of  dissenters  IVom  the  estab- 
lished church  of  England  for  religious  wor- 
ship. 

Convention,  'shon.  The  act  of  coming 
together;  a  meeting;  an  assembly, 
union;  coalition.  A  formal,  recognized, 
or  statutory  meeting  for  civil  or  ecclesias- 
tical purposes ;  particularly  an  assembly 
of  delegates  or  representatives  for  consul- 
tation on  important  concerns,  civil,  politi- 
cal, or  ecclesiastical. 

Conversazione,  -ver-sfi'tsi-o"ni.  A 
meeting  for  conversation,  particulu'ly  on 
literary  subjects. 

Convert,  'vert.  A  person  who  is  oon- 
TWted  from  one  opinion  or  practice  to 
another ;  who  renounces  a  reUglous  sys- 


tem or  party,  and  embraces  another ;  ap- 
plied particularly  to  those  who  change 
theh:  religious  opinions.  In  monasteries, 
a  lay  friar  or  brother  admitted  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  house,  without  orders,  an4  not 
aUowed  to  sing  in  the  choir.  Proselyte  is 
sometimes  used  as  a  synonym  for  con- 
vert, but  is  strictly  confined  to  one  who 
ohanges  his  religion ;  and  proselytism  does 
not,  like  oonversion,  necessarily  imply 
conviction. 

Convex,  'veks.  Elsing 
or  swelling  into  a  spherical 
or  rounded  form;  ^bbous, 
opposed  to  concave. 

Convexo-concave,      Convex. 
'6-kon-kav.    Convex  on  one  side  and  con- 
cave on  the  other. 

Convexo-convex,  -veks.  Convex  on 
both  sides,  as  a  lens ;  otherwise  termed  a 
double-convex  lens. 

Conveyancer,  -va'ans-er.  One  whose 
•ccupation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of 
property,  deeds,  Ac. 

Convict,  'vikt.  A  person  found  guilly 
of  a  crime,  either  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury 
or  other  legal  decision. 

Convocation,  -vo-ka'shon.  The  act  of 
calling  or  assembling  by  summons.  An 
assembly  of  the  clergy  to  consult  on  ec- 
clesiastical afllftirs. 

Cony,  ko'ni.  A 
the  gen.  Lepus. 
llyrax  included 
mammals. 

Cony-wool,  -wnl.    The  tar  of  rabbits 
used  in  hat  manufacture. 
Cooie,  ko'i.    The  cry  or  call  of  the  Aus- 
tralian aborigines. 

Cook,  James,  Capt.  An  English  sea- 
man ;  B.  1728 ;  d,  1779,  murdered  by  the 
savages  of  Hawaii ;  he  circumnavigated 
the  globe  and  discovered  many  unknown 
islands. 

Cook  Inlet.      On  the  Alaskan  coast,  180 
m.   K.  and  S.   by  70  m.  in  width.     0. 
Islands,  a  Pacific  group,  bet.  Tahiti  and 
the  Tonga  Archipelago.    C.  Straits,  sepa- 
rates the  two  islands  which  form  New 
Zealand,    All  the  above  were  discovered 
by  and  named  for  Capt.  James  Cook. 
Cook,  kflk.    One  whose  occupation  is  to 
prepare  victuals   for    the    table;    who 
dresses  meat  or  vegetables  for  eating. 
Cook-house,  'bona.    An  erection  on  a 
ship's  deck  for  containing  the  caboose  or 
cooking  apparatus ;  the  gaUey. 
Cookie,  'i.    A  kind  of  smaU  sweet-bread 
for  eating  at  tea ;  a  bun. 


rabbit;  a  quadruped  of 
In  Scrip,  a  species  of 
in   a  special    order  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COOL  ARBOR. 


212 


OOPPEK 


Oold  Harbor.  The  scene  of  a  desperate 
Iwttle,  June  8, 1864,  between  the  FoderalA 
under  Gens.  Grant,  Mea<le  and  Hancock, 
and  the  Confe<leraCes  under  Gens.  Lee  ana 
Lon^treet,  Just  W.  of  the  Chickahomin^ 
river.  The  assault  was  made  by  the 
former,  and  in  20  minutes  of  fighting  the 
Federals  were  driven  from  the  field  with 
a  total  loss  of  over  18,000 ;  the  Confedei^ 
ates  lost  about  1 ,000,  800  being  prisonerA. 
Grant's  force  said  to  be  160  m.  men;  Lee's 
60  M.,  strongly  intrenched. 

Cooler,  'er.  That  which  cools  ;  any  sub- 
stAnce  which  abates  heat  or  excitement. 
A  metal  vessel  made  doable  and  filled  be- 
tween with  charcoal  or  other  non-conduc- 
tor of  heat,  for  holding  ice  and  water  for 
drinking.  A  vessel  in  which  liquor  or 
other  things  are  cooled. 

Ooolie, 'i.  In  the  E.  Indies,  originally 
the  name  of  a  Turanian  hill  tribe  em- 
.  ployed  in  Bombay  and  elsewhere  as  por- 
ters and  laborers.  The  term  is  now  ex- 
tended to  all  emigrant  laborers  fh)m  east- 
em  countries. 

Ck>OZZLb,  kom.  A  dry  measure  of  four 
bnshels. 

Ck>on,  kon.    An  abbreviation  of  raccoon. 

Ooop,  kop.  A  latticed  box  for  keeping 
fowls  in  confinement.  A  pen ;  an  in- 
closed place  for  small  animals. 

Ck>oper,  James  Fenimore.  A  dis- 
tinguished American  novelist ;  b.  in  N. 
Y.  1789,  T>.  1851.  His  well-known 
**  Leathw  Stocking  "  series  of  Indian  tales 
have  been  translated  into  every  European 
language. 

Ooopor,  Astley,  Sir,  Bart.  An  emi- 
nent English  surgeon  ;  b.  1768,  d.  1841. 

Ooot,  kot,  A  gral- 
latorial  bird  of  the 
gen.  Fulica,  fam. 
Ballidw.  The  coot 
of  Asia  is  identical 
with  that  of  Eu- 
rope, but  the  N. 
American  coot  is 
recognized  as  a  dis- 
tinct species,  and 
has  received  the  nam  a  of  F.  Wilsoni, 

Oopal,  ko-pal'.  Tho  resinous  product  of 
several  different  tropical  trees,  which,  di- 
luted with  spirit  of  turpentine,  forms  a 
beautiful  transparent  varnish,  exceedingly 
durable  and  hard,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish. 

Oopalin,  'lin.  Highgate  resin,  a  fossil 
re^n,  resembling  copal  resin  in  appear- 
ance and  some  of  its  cnaracteristics. 

Oopan,  -pSn'.    An  andent  dt/  of  Guate- 


Coot. 


Gope. 


mala,  C.  America,  now  in  ruino  :  among 
its  Interesting  antiquities  are  the  debris  ol 
a  temple  C60  ft.  in  length. 
Oope.  k5p. 
An  ecclesias- 
tical vestment 
resembling  a 
cloak,  worn  in 
process!  o  n  s , 
at  vespers,  at 
benediction, 
oonseoration 
and  other  aar 
cred  func- 
tions, worn  by 
the  pope  and 
other  bishops, 
as  well  as  by 

Sriests.  Ab 
istinguished 
from  the 
chasuble  it  is 
a  processional  vestment,  while  the  chasu- 
ble Is  eucharistio.  It  Is  one  of  the  vest- 
ments retained  by  the  clergy  of  the  Church 
of  England.  Anything  spread  or  extend- 
ed o^er  the  head  ;  hence  the  arch  or  con- 
cave of  the  sky,  the  roof  or  covering  of  a 
house,  the  arch  over  a  door.  In  founding, 
the  top  part  of  a  flask. 

Oopeck,  ko'pek.  A  Russian  coin,  worth 
the  hundredtn  part  of  a  silver  rouble,  the 
approximate  value  of  which  is  70  cents. 

Oopenhaereii, -pen-ha'gSn.  Cap.  of  Ben- 
mark,  a  fortified  city,  located  on  the  islands 
of  Zedand  and  Amak  ;  pop.  227,000. 

Oopei>oda,  -pe'po-da.  An  ord.  of 
minute  entomostracous  IVesh-water  and 
marine  Crustacea.  Those  species  which 
have  two  eyes  so  closely  set  together  as 
to  appear  one,  form  the  families  Cyclopidse, 
Notadelphidd?  and  Harpoctidfe;  those 
which  have  two  or  more  eyes,  the  families 
PontellidsB  and  Oalanidie;  while  those 
with  two  very  distinct  sessile  eyes  consti- 
tute the  family  Coryceidae. 

Oopemicus,  Nicholas.  A  Prussian 
astronomer,  founder  of  the  accepted 
(Copemican)  system  of  astronomy ;  b. 
1473,  D.  1648.  The  system  was  ori^aDy 
taughtby  AristarchusofBamosintiie  8d 
century  b.  o.,  but  had  long  been  r^eoted. 

Oophinns,  kof  in-us.  The  name  given 
to  curious  organic  markings  in  the  Silu- 
rian rocks,  of  the  form  of  an  Inyersa  pyra- 
mid, probably  produced  by  the  stems  of 
encrinites  swaying  about  in  the  material 
of  the  rocks  while  it  was  only  mloaoeons 
mud. 

Oopper,  kop'per.  A  metal ;  next  to  gold, 
8ilv«r  and  platinum,  the  most  ductile  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COPPEBAS 


21d 


OOSAL 


maUeable  of  the  metals,  more  elastic  than 
any  except  steel,  and  the  most  sonoronft 
except  aliiminium. 

Copperas, -as.  Sulphate6firon  or  green 
vlMol,  a  salt  much  nsed  in  dyeing  bia<^ 
tn  making  ink,  and  in  medicine  as  a  tonic. 
It  is  usually  made  by  the  decomposition 
of  iron  pyrites. 

Oopper-liectd,  -bed.  A  poisonous  Amer- 
ican serpent,  the  Trigonocephalus  con  tor - 
trtx,  which  gives  no  warning  of  its  attack. 
Hence,  a  secret  foe ;  a  name  given  during 
the  civil  war  of  the  United  Btatos  by  the 
Federals  to  the  peace  party. 

Ooppermine  River.  One  of  the  larg- 
est of  British  N.  America,  emptying  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  N.  of  Bear  L.ake. 

Oopper-plate,  -pl&t.  A  plate  of  polished 
copper,  on  which  concave  lines  are  en- 
graved or  corroded,  according  to  some 
delineated  figure  or  design.  A  print  or 
impression  from  a  copper-plate. 

Oopper-Bmitb ,  -smith.  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  manufacture  copper  uten- 
sils. 

Oopper-worm,  -werm.  A  worm-like 
moUusk,  the  Teredo  Navalis,  or  ship- 
worm,  that  frets  garments,  and  a  name 
given  to  a  worm  that  breeds  in  one's  hand. 

Ooppice,  'pis.  A  wood  of  small  growth  i 
a  wood  cut  at  certain  times  for  fUel. 

Copra, 'ra.  The  dried  kernel  of  the  co- 
coa-nut, from  which  the  oil  has  been  ex- 
pressed. It  is  used  as  an  ingredient  of 
curry. 

Co-presbyter,  ko-pres'bi-ter.  A  cleri- 
cal member  of  the  same  church  presbytery 
with  another. 

Copridse,  kop'ri-de.  A  Jhm.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  so  called  from  the  typical 
gen.  Copris. 

Ck>prolite,  'ro-llt.  The  petrified  fiecal 
matter  chiefly  of  extinct  lizards  or  sauroid 
fishes.  In  form  they  resemble  oblong 
pebbles,  varjrlng  from  2  to  4  inches  in 
length,  and  from  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter ; 
0ome  are  much  larger,  as  those  of  the  ich- 
thyosauri. 

Goprophagri,  ko-profarlT.  A  sec.  of 
lamellicom  beetles,  which  nve  in  and  upon 
the  dung  of  animals. 

Cop-spinner,  kop'spin  er.  An  Ameri- 
can invention,  comDlning  the  qualities  of 
the  throstle  and  mule  in  one  frame,  capa- 
ble of  spinning  double  the  quantity  of  the 
flyer  spindle  with  one-naif  the  power. 

Copt,  kopt.  A  descendant  of  the  ancient 
Egyptian  race,  belonging  to  the  Jacobite 
sect  of  Monophysite  Chnatians,  who  have 


for  eleven  centuries  been  in  posseoston  o! 
the  patriarchal  chair  of  Alexandria. 

Coptio,  kop'tik.  The  Uinguage  of  the 
Copts,  an  ancient  Hamitio  tongue,  used  in 
Egypt  tin  within  the  last  three  or  four 
centuries,  but  now  superseded  as  a  living 
language  by  Arabic.  It  is  still  used  by  the 
Copts  in  religious  services,  but  after  be- 
ing read  is  explained  in  Arabic.  There  is 
an  extensive  Coptic  Christiau  literature. 

Copsrinsr-niachine,  'i-ing-ma-shSn.  A 
machine  for  copying  any  piece  of  writing 
with  perfect  accuracy. 

Cop3rriff]it,  -rit.  The  exclusive  privi- 
lege which  the  law  allows  an  author  of 
printing,  reprinting,  publishing  and  sell- 
ing his  original  work.  International  copy- 
right is  an  arrangement  by  which  the 
oopj^ht  of  an  author  residing  in  one 
oountry  is  protected  in  such  countries  as 
are  parties  to  the  arrangement. 

CoQUette,  ko-ket'.  A  vain,  ahy,  trifling 
girl,  who  endeavors  to  attract  the  admira- 
tion of  males  itom  a  desire  to  grati^* 
vanity  ;  a  Jilt. 

Coqnilla-nnt,  -kwillaruut.  The  seed  ui 
the  palm  Attalea  ftanifera,  one  of  the  co- 
coa-nut group  extensively  used  in  turnery, 
and  especially  for  making  umbrella* 
handles. 

CoqnitO,  Hce-tfi.  The  Jubfea  spectabilis. 
a  very  b«Etutifhl  8.  American  pahn,  allied 
to  the  ooooa-nut,  fh)m  the  sap  of  which 
palm  honey  is  made. 

CoraciadSB,  -rfi-si'a-d6.  The  rollers,  a 
fSam.of  fissirostral,  birds,  ord.  Insessores, 
Including  the  sub-fiunilies  Coradan®, 
Todinae,  EurylaiminsB,  and  Momotinie. 
The  gen.  Ooracias  is  the  type. 

Coracle,  'ra-kl.  A 
boat  used  in  Wales  and 
on  the  Irish  coast  !iy 
fishermen,  made  h\ 
covering  a  wicker  frai  j  i  f. 
with  leather  or  oilcloth. 

Corah,  'ra.  An  In- 
dian pattern  silk  hand- 
kerchief. 

Coral,   'ral.     A  gfij-. 
eral  term  forthehai'M 
calcareous  skeleton  h^t- 
creted    by  the  marine  _,  ,  _.., 

coBlenterate  polyps  for  *i8iierman  with 
their  support  and  habit-  Corade. 
ation  (pofypidom).  The  coral-nroducing 
zoophytes  are  usually  compouna  animals, 
young  buds  sproutiiig  from  the  body  ol 
the  parent  polyp,  and  remaining  connected 
with  It  on  the  same  siMit  even  after  it  is 
dead.    Coral  is  nearly  a  pure  carbonate 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COltALLiiTA 


iU 


COEDOK 


of     lime     mixed 
with    horny      or 
gelatinous      mat- 
ter.   The  fine  red 
1  coral,    80    much 
?  used     for    orna- 
'  „   .  ^      ,  ments,  is  a  sclero 

Eed  Coral.  t^^sic  coral,  found 

chiefly  in  the  Metliterranean. 
Oorallina,  -i'na.    A  gen.  of  rose-spored 
algae,  with  calcareous  jointed  fronds.  The 
spores  are  borne  in  urn-shaped  concepta- 
cles.     A  term  applied  to  indicate  many  of 
the  zoophytes  and  polyzoa.     Tbe  polypi- 
dom  of  the  corallines. 
Oorallinite,  -in -it.    A  fossil  ]K>ly]>idom 
of  the  corallines. 
Oorallite,    -it.      A    mitienil    substance 
or  peti-lfaction  in  the  form  of  coral.    The 
hard  skeleton  secreted  by  an  individual 
polyp  of  a  composite  coral  mass. 
Coralluzn,    'lum.    The  hard    structure 
deposited  In  or  by  tho  tissues  of  an  ac- 
tlnozorm — c(>mmonly  called  a  coral. 
Ooral-WOOd,     -wud.       A  hard    cabinet 
wood,  susceptible  of  a  flno  polish.    When 
first  cut  it  is  yellow,  but  changes  to  a 
beautiful  red  or  bright  coral. 
Oorax,  'raks.    A  gen.  of  minute  triangu- 
lar sharks'  teeth  found  In  the  chalk  for- 
mations, differing  from  recent  teeth  in  be- 
ing solid. 

Oorban,  kor'ban.  In  Jewish  Antiq.  a 
solemn  consecration  of  anything  to  God, 
as  of  one's  self,  one's  services  or  posses 
sions.  An  Interdiction  of  one's  self  from 
giving  or  receiving  some  particular  thing, 
as  if  it  were  corban.  An  alms-basket ;  a 
gift ;  a  treasury  of  the  church  where  of- 
ferings are  deposited. 

Oorbeil,  'bel.  A  basket,  to  be  filled  >vith 
earth  and  set  upon  a  parapet,  to  shelter 
soldiers  from  the  fire  of  besiegers.  In 
Arch,  a  carved  basket  with  sculptured 
flowers  and  fruits. 
Corbel,  'bel.  In  Arch, 
a  projection  from  the 
vertical  face  of  a  wall  to 
support  some  superin- 
cumbent object.  Cor 
bels  are  of  a  great  vari- 
ety of  forms,  and  are 
ornamented  in  many 
ways.  A  niche  left  in 
a  wall  for  an  image, 
statue  or  figure ;  in  this 
us©  written  also  Corbet. 
The  vase  or  tambour  of 
the  Corinthian  column, 
BO  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  a  basket.  Corbel. 


OorbelHsteps.  Steps  into  which  the 
sides  of  gables  from  the  eaves  to  the  apex 
are  broken.  Sometimes  called  Corbie- 
steps.  '*' 

Oorbel-table,  -t&-bl.  A  projecting 
course ;  a  tier  of  windows ;  an  entabla- 
ture, or  other  archit«ctural  arrangement 
which  requires  the  support  of  uumeroub 
corbels. 

Oord,  kord.  A  string  or  small  rope  com- 
posed of  several  strands  twisted  together. 
A  measure  of  wood  or  other  material,  con 
taining  128  cubic  feet. 
Ck>rdal,'aL  In  Her.  a  string  of  the  mantle 
or  robe  of  estate,  made  of  silk  and  gold 
threads,  interwoven  like  a  cord,  with  tas- 
sels at  the  end. 
Cordate,  kor'dat.  Having  the  form  of  a 
heart ;  heart-shaped,  a  term  largely  used 
by  niitunillsts. 

Corday  d' Annans,  Charlotte,  kor'- 
ra"  (Jranddaughter  of  the  dramatist 
Corneillo ;  a.  in  Normandy,  France,  1768 ; 
stung  to  patriotic  desperation  by  the 
atrocities  of  Marat,  she  obtained  access  to 
his  house  by  a  pretense,  and  while  In  the 
act  of  handing  him  a  false  list  of  suspects 
she  stabbed  him  to  the  heart,  1793.  She 
was  guillotined,  preserving  her  fortitude 
to  the  last. 

Cordelier,  'el-Cr.  The  name  applied  in 
France  to  the  strictest  branch  of  Francis^ 
can  friars,  on  account  of  their  wearing  a 
girdle  of  knotted  cord,  The  name  as- 
sumed bv  one  of  the  Parisian  political 
clubs  in  the  time  of  the  revolution,  which 
numbered  Danton  and  Marat  among  its 
chief  members. 

Cordiceps,  kor'di-seps.  A  gen.  of  ftingi, 
some  of  which  are  found  on  dead  leaves 
and  branches,  while  others  are  remarkable 
for  growing  on  the  larvae  of  insects. 
Cordillera,  -dll-le'ra.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  mountain  range  of  the 
Andes  in  South  America  but  properly 
applicable  only  to  its  innermost  and  high- 
est ridge. 

Cordon,  'don.  In  Fort,  a  row  of  stone 
jutting  before  the  rampart  and  the  basis  of 
the  parapet  or  between  the  wall  which  Um 
aslope,  and  the  parapet  which  is  perpen- 
dicular. A  series  of  military  posts  or  sen- 
tinels, inclosing  or  guarding  any  particular 
place,  to  prevent  the  passage  of  persons 
other  than  those  entitied  to  pass.  In 
Arch,  the  edge  of  a  stone  on  the  outsldb 
of  a  building.  In,  Her.  a  baldrick  or  rib- 
bon worn  across  the  breast  by  knights  o< 
the  first  class  of  an  order.  A  tasseled 
lace  or  string  of  a  mantie  on  state  and  in- 
stallation rol^. 


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OOBDOVA 


dl6 


CORK 


Ckndova,k5r-d5'va,  Gap.  of- the  Span- 
lab  pro V.  of  C,  on  the  Gaudalqalver,  in 
Anoalasia;  0.  was  captured  by  the 
Moors  in  711,  and  ooci^ried  by  them  till 
1286 ;  it  contains  the  remains  of  a  Moorish 
rnosoue,  built  in  the  8th  century ;  pop. 
abt.  86,000.  Cap.  of  a  prov.  of  same  name 
In  the  Argentine  Kepublic,  8.  America ; 
pop.  abt  »},000. 

CSordOTOy,  -du-roi'.  A  thick  cotton 
stuff  corded  or  ribbed  on  the  surfece.  C. 
road,  constructed  with  lo^s  laid  together 
over  swamps  or  marshy  places. 

Gordwain,  kord'wfin.  Spanish  leather ; 
goat-skin  tanned  and  dressed. 

Oord-WOOd,  'w^d.  Woodcut  and  piled 
for  sale  by  the  cord,  In  distinction  lh)m 
long  wood:  properly,  wood  cut  to  the 
length  of  4  feet. 

Oore,  k6r.  The  heart  or  inner  part  of  a 
thing;  particularly  the  central  part  of 
fruit  containing  the  kernels  or  seeds.  In 
Mining,  the  number  of  hours  each  party 
of  miners  work  before  being  relieved. 
Ooregonus,  kO-reg'on-us.  A  gen.  of 
fresh  water  fish,  including  the  vendace, 
the  gwyniad,  the  powan  or  fresh-water 
herring,  the  pollan  and  the  white-fish,  by 
some  n^^ded  as  the  finest  of  all  fish. 
Oo-respondent,  -re-spond'ent.  In  Law, 
a  joint  respondent,  or  one  opposed,  along 
with  another  or  others,  to  the  plaintifi';  a 
man  charged  with  adultery,  and  made  a 
party  to  a  suit  for  dissolution  of  marriage. 

Oorfa,  k6r'foo.  A  Grecian  island,  one  of 
the  Ionian  group ;  area  227  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
82,100.  Anciently  called  Coroyra;  the 
island  has  for  centuries  been  an  important 
naval  station ;  the  Corinthians,  Byzan- 
tines, Normans,  Venetians  and  the  British 
having  used  it  for  this  purpose.  The  cap. 
0.  is  a  fortified  dty,  with  an  eacoellent 
harbor;  pop.  27,462. 

Ctor  Hydrsd,  kop  hi'drS.  The  heart  of 
the  Hydra ;  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  the  constellation  of  Hydra. 

Ck>rinna,  ko-rin'na.  A  Theban  poetess, 
daughter  of  Archelodorus ;  a  snccessAil 
competitor  of  Pindar,  winning  five  prizes 
for  which  he  entered.  She  lived  about 
500  B.  c.  Only  fragments  of  her  writings 
are  now  extant. 

Corinth,  kor'Inth.  An  ancient  Greek 
city,  in  the  Morea,  5  m.  from  Athens, 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  by  Sisy- 
phus, in  Myth,  son  of  ^olus ;  it  was  a 
considerable  city  667  b.  o.,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  history  of  Greece  down 
to  146  B.C.,  when  it  was  completely  de 
itroyed  by  the  £oman  general,  L.  Mum- 


mios.  it  baing  considered  the  head  of  the 
^  AchflBttQ  League.  Eebuilt  by  Julius 
Caasar,  and  noade  the  cap.  of  Achaia,  it 


again  became  an  important  centre!  fet. 
Paul  established  a  church  there,  and  two 
of  his  most  important  epistles  M'ere  ad- 
dressed to  it.  It  afterwai'd  passed  into 
the  possession  of  the  Venetians,  was  cap- 
tured bv  the  Turks,  and  retaken  by  each 
power,  losing  both  prestige  and  commer- 
cial importance.  At  one  time  having  a 
pop.  of  70,000,  it  is  now  a  village  of  2,600. 
Isthmus  of  C.  cx>nnects  the  Morea  with 
the  Grecian  mainland,  20  m.  in  length. 
Corinth.  A  village  in  Alcorn  C'o.,  Miss., 
noted  fop  an  obstinate  two  days'  battle, 
Oct  8-4, 1862,  between  the  Fetlerals  un- 
der Gen.  Bosecrans,  and  the  confederates 
under  Gen.  Van  Dom.  The  latter  num- 
bered 80,000,  and  made  the  attack ;  the 
former  had  but  20,000,  but  held  the  field. 
Federal  loss,  2,869 ;  Confederate,  9,868. 
Corinthian,  ko-rin'-^ 
thl-an.  Pertaining  to 
Corinth,  a  celebrated  city 
of  Greece,  noted  for  the 
magnificence  of  its  arch- 
itecture, its  luxury  and 
licentiousness.  The  C. 
is  the  most  delicate  of 
all  the  orders,  and  en- 
riched with  a  profusion 
of  ornaments.  The  cap- 
ital is  usuallv  adorned 
with  olive  leaves  or 
acanthus.  A  gay,  licen- 
tious person.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  aristocracy. 
Two  epistles  written  by 

St.  Paul  to  the  Church     - - 

of  Coilnth,  about  a.  d.  Corinthian  Order. 
67  or  68.     Prom  I  Cor. 
V.  9,  It  has  been  conlectured  that  a  previous 
epistle  is  lost.  * 

Coriolanns,  Cains  Marcua.  Alegen 
dary  Koman  general,  the  subject  of 
Shakespeare's  tragedy.  C.  attained  his 
surname  from  a  great  victory  over  the 
Corioli;  afterward  made  the  subiect  of 
iealous  distrust,  he  joined  the  Volsci,  and 
led  them  against  Rome.  Faltering  in  his 
purpose,  through  the  intercession  of  his 
wife  and  mother,  he  was  slam  by  Tullus 
Anfidlus. 

Cork.  A  species  of  oak,  Quercus  Suber, 
having  a  thick,  rough  bark,  for  whicn  11 
is  cultivated.  It  yields  bark  every  six  or 
eight  vears  for  160  years.  The  oaler 
bark  of  the  tree  or  epiphloium,  of  whicli 
stopples  for  bottles  and  casks  are  mao*. 
This  bark  is  also  burned  to  make  Spaulsb 


Digitized  by 


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.  CORItTM 


vin 


cofiN-ULwa 


black.  When  oxidized,  cork  yleldi  oxalic, 
suberic,  and  ceraic  acids ;  it  is  chiefly  com- 
posed of  a  modification  of  cellulose  called 
Buberin.  Mountain  cork,  a  variety  of  as- 
bestos. 

Ooriuxn,  ko'ri-um.  Lea- 
thern body-armor,  worn 
by  the  Romans  and  other 
nations  of  antiquity.  The 
innermost  layer  of  the 
skin  in  mammals,  the  cu- 
tis vera  or  true  skin. 


Cork,  kork.  A  county  and 
city  of  S.  Ireland,  prov.  of 
Munster ;  j»op.  of  Co.,. 
560,213;  of  city,  83,480.1 
The  latter  is  one  of  Ire- 
land's principal  seaports. 
Its  harbor,  known  as  the 
Cove  of  C,  being  large,  safe  and  pictur- 
esque. 

Oork-fossil,  'fos-sil.  A  mineral ;  a  spe- 
cies of  Amianthus,  resembling  vegetable 
cork  ;  the  lightest  of  all  minerals. 

Oork-jacket,  ^ak-et.  A  sleeveless  jack- 
et, padded  with  cork,  designed  to  buoy- 
up  a  person  in  the  water. 

Cor  Leonls,  kor  le-o'nis.  The  Lion's 
Heart;  another  name  for  Regulus,  a  star 
of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation 
Leo. 

Com,  korn.  A  single  seed  of  cereal 
plants,  as  wheat,  r^'^e,  barley  and  maize ;  a 
grain.  The  seeds  of  cereal  plants  in  gen- 
eral, in  bulk  or  quantity.  In  this  sense 
the  word  comprehends  all  kinds  of  food 
grain,  but  in  England  it  is  generally  ap- 

Slied  to  wheat,  rye,  oats  and  barley,  in 
cotland  only  to  oats,  and  in  the  United 
States  it  is  appropriated  to  maize. 

Com.  A  hard  excrescence  or  induration 
of  the  skin  on  some  part  of  the  feet. 

Corn-beetle,  'be-ti.  The  Cucujus  tes- 
taceous, a  minute  beetle,  the  larva  of 
which  is  often  very  destructive  to  grain. 

Combrasll,  'brash.  A  rubbly  limestone, 
forming  a  soil  in  Wiltshire,  England.  The 
term  is  used  by  geologists  to  indicate  the 
strata,  the  highest  member  of  the  lower 
o5hte. 

Com-catter,  'kut-er.  A  machine  for 
reaping  corn,  or  for  cutting  up  stalks  of 
corn  for  food  of  cattle. 

Comeille,  Pierre,  k5r-n«el'.  A  cele- 
brated  French  dramatist;  b.  1606,  d.  1684. 
His  tragedies  are  as  fkmous  in  fSrance  as 
Shakespeare's  in  England. 

Cornelia.  The  most  renowned  of  Ro- 
man matrons,  daughter  of  Scipio  Africa- 
nuA  and  mother  of  the  two  Gracchi,  Tibe- 


rius and  Calus.  She  died  in  the  2d  cen* 
tury  B.  o. 

Cornelius,  Peter  Von.  Acelebiuced 
German  painter;  b.  17S7,  d.  1867.  His 
"  Last  Judgment,"  in  the  oh.  of  St.  Louis, 
Munich,  is  80  by  60  ft. 

Comer-tooth,  kor'ner-tdth.  One  of  the 
outer  of  the  incisor  teeth  ia  either  jaw  of 
a  horse.  There  are  two  above  and  two 
below,  and  they  shoot  when  the  horse  is 
four  and  a  h^f  years  old. 

Comet,  'net.  A  wind  instrument,  blown 
with  the  mouth,  originally  serpentine  in 
form,  and  increasing  in  diameter  from 
the  mouth-piece  out.  Aoornet-lk-piston. 
A  stop  in  an  oi^an,  Intended  to  imitate 
the  tone  of  the  old  comet.  MUlt ,  a  com- 
pany of  cavalry.  The  former  title  of  the 
officer  who  cames  the  colors  in  a  troop  of 
horse,  now  the  second  lieutenant.  A  little 
cap  of  paper  twisted  at  the  end,  in  wliieh 
retailers  inclose  small  wares.  In  Costume, 
the  square  cap  of  a  doctor  of  divinity.  A 
portion  of  the  head-dress  of  ladies  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  YIIL,  called  afterward 
the  upper  pinner.  The  comet  or  coronet 
of  a  horse,  the  lower  part  of  hia  pastern. 

Corn-ezchanfire,  kom'eks-ohilni.  A 
place  where  grain  is  sold  or  bartered. 

Corn-fly,  'fli.  A  name  given  to  several 
insects  of  the  genera  Chlorops  and  Oscinis, 
torn.  MuscidsB,  from  the  injury  they  inflict 
on  growing  crops. 

Corn-husking,  -husk-ing.  An  assem- 
blage of  Mends  and  neighbors  at  the 
house  of  a  farmer  to  assist  him  in  strip- 
ping the  husks  from  his  Indian  com, 
called  also  a  husking  bee. 

Cornice,  kor'nis.  Any  molded  projec- 
tion which  finishes  the  part  to  which  it  is 
affixed ;  specifically,  the  highest  part  of 
an  entablature  resting  on  the  frieze. 
When  plain  it  is  called  a  coping.  C.  ring, 
the  ring  in  a  camion  next  behind  the  muz- 
zle ring. 

Comine,  'nin.  A  principle  in  the  bark 
of  Corn  us  Florida,  having  properties  ro. 
sembling  those  of  quinine. 

Cominer-house,  komlng-bons.  A 
house  whore  gunpowder  is  granulated. 

Cornish,  'ish.  The  ancient  language  of 
Cornwall,  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic.  It  he- 
came  extinct  as  a  spoken  lan^ruafiTo  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century. 

Corn-laws,  laz.  Legislative  restrictiont 
relating  to  the  trade  or  gndn.  The  ocnn- 
laws  of  Great  Britain  were  repealed  in 
1846,  and  foreign  grain  admitted  on  pagr- 
ment  of  a  nominal  duty,  which  wu  ttr 
pealed  in  1869. 


Digitized  by 


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CORPORAL 


Cornucopia,  kor-nfl-kCpi-a.  In  Class^ 
antiq.  a  wreathed  horn  overflowing  with 
fruit,  flowers  and  grain,  the  eynibol  of 
plenty  and  concord,  and  still  much  used 
M  an  ornament.  A  gen.  of  grasses  whose 
spikes  resemble  the  cornucopia. 
QomwalliB,  Charles,  ICarquis.  A 
British  general ;  b.  1788,  d.  1806.  He  com- 
manded in  America  during  the  Revolution, 
and  after  gaining  several  minor  victories 
surrendered  his  army  of  8.000  men  to  the 
American  and  French  armies  under  Wash- 
ington and  Lafoyette,  at  YorktQwn,  Oct. 
19, 1181.  He  was  afterward  appointed 
Governor-general  ot  India,  defeating 
Tippoo  Sahib ;  then  made  Viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, and  sent  again  to  govern  India,  in 
which  country  he  died. 
Coromandel.  The  S.  E.  coast  of  Hln- 
dostan,  between  Point  Calimere  and 
Gondegam.    ,  ^         ,       ,         ,,  , 

Coromandel-wood,       ko-ro-man'del- 
wftd.    A  beautiful  brown  cabinet  wood 
from  the  coast  of  Coromandel. 
Corona,  'na.     In  Arch,  part  of  a  cor- 
nice between  the  bed  molding  and  cvmat- 
ium.    It  consists  of  a  broad,  vertical  pro- 
jecting face.    Ita  soffit  is  generally  recess- 
ed upward  to  fiMsiUtato  the  fiiU  of  rain  from 
its  race.      Among  workmen   called  the 
drip.     In   Anat. 
the  upper  portion 
of     the      molar 
teeth.  0.  oiliaris, 
ciliary   ligament. 
C.    glandis,    the 
mar^     of    the 
elans  penis.     In 
Bot.  the  margin 
ofa  radiated  com- 
posite    flower. 
An  appendage  of 
the   petals    of  t 
flower  proceeding 
from  the  base  of 
the  limb.  The  ap- 
pendage   to    the 

top  of  seeds  which  enables  them  to  dis- 
perse. In  Astron.  the  portion  of  the 
aureola  observed  during  total  eclipses  of 
the  sun,  which  lies  outside  the  chromo- 
sphere, or  region  of  colored  prom- 
inences. A  crown  or  chrclet  suspended 
from  the  roof  of  churches  to  hold  tapers 
lighted  on  solemn  occasions ;  called  also 
C.  Luds.  Among  the  Romans,  a  crown 
bestowed  as  a  reward  for  distinguished 
military  service.  A  peculiar  phase  of  the 
aurora  borealis.  0.  borealis,  the  North- 
em  Crown,  a  constellation  contdning  21 
stars.  C.  australis,  the  Southern  Crown, 
a  constellation  containing  12  stars. 


Corona  Lucis 


Coronach,  kor'o-nach.  A  dirge;  a 
lamentation  for  the  dead.  The  custom  of 
singing  dirges  at  funerals  anciently  prev- 
alent in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  is  still 
practiced  in  some  districts. 
Coronal,  ko-ro'nal.  A  crown  ;  wreath; 
garland.  The  first  suture  of  the  skull. 
Coronation,  kor-o-nS'shon.  The  act  of 
crowning  a  king  or  emperor ;  the  act  of 
investing  a  prince  with  the  insignia  of 
royalty  on  his  succeeding  to  the  sovereign- 
ty. The  assembly  attending  a  coronation . 
0.  oath,  the  oath  taken  by  a  king  at  his 
coronation. 

CoronellidSB,  -neri-du.  A  sub-fam.  of 
ophidian  reptiles,  fam.  Colubridie.  It  in- 
cludes several  genera,  Psammophylax  and 
CoronoUa. 

Coroner,  'o-ner.  The  title  of  an  office 
established  in  Anglo-Saxon  times,  of 
which  the  holder  was,  in  a  peculiar  man- 
ner, the  officer  of  the  crown,  whose  pri- 
vate rights  of  property  it  was  his  duty  to 
maintain  and  superintend  In  the  county 
for  which  he  acted.  The  principal  fimc- 
tion  which  the  coroner  now  exercises  Is 
that  of  holding  Inquests  on  the  bodies  of 
such  as  either  die  or  are  supposed  to  die  a 
violent  death. 
Coronet,  -net. 
An  Inferion 
crown  worn  by' 
princes,  prin- 
cesses ana  no- 
blemen.   The  -         —      ^^- ^ 

coronet  of  the     Coronets  of  Prince  of 
Prince     of  Wales  and  younger  chil- 
Wales  is  com-       dren  of  the  Queen, 
posed  of  a  fillet 

of  gold ;  on  the  edge  four  crosses  pattee 
between  as  many  fleurs-de-lis,  and  from 
the  two  center  crosses  an  arch  surmount- 
ed with  a  mound  and  cross.  Those  of  the 
younger  members  of  the  royal  family  lack 
the  arch  and  upper  cross.  That  of  a  duke 
is  adorned  wlm  strawberry  leaves ;  that 
of  a  marquis  has  leaves  with  pearls  inter- 
spersed ;  in  that  of  an  earl  the  pearls  are 
above  the  leaves ;  that  of  a  viscount  Is 
surrounded  with  pearls  only ;  that  of  a 
baron  has  but  six  pearls. 
Corozo-nuts,  ro'zS-nuts.  The  seeds  of 
a  tropical  American  palm,  the  Phvtelephas 
macrocarpa,  whose  hardened  albumen  is 
known  as  vegetable  ivory. 
Corporal,  kor'po-ral.  The  lowest  non- 
commissioned officer  ofa  company  of  in- 
fontry.  The  ship's  corporal  is  the  supe- 
rior of  the  first-class  working  petty  offi- 
cers, and  attends  to  police  matters  under 
I   the  master-at-arms. 


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CORPOSANT 


218 


OOEVETTK 


Oorposant,  -wmt.  A  nauio  grivon  by 
seamen  to  a  ball  of  electric  light  often  ob- 
served in  dark  tempestuons  nights. 

Oorps,  kor.  A  body  of  troops ;  anv  divi- 
sion ofan  army.  C.  d'arm^e  the  largest 
division  of  the  army  in  the  field.  1-.  do 
bataille,  the  main  body  of  an  army  drawn 
up  for  battle  between  tho  wings.  0.  de 
garde,  a  post  occupied  by  a  body  of  men 
on  watch,  also  the  body  which  occupies  it. 
C.  de  reserve,  troops  Kept  out  of  action, 
with  a  >iew  of  being  brought  forward  if 
their  aid  should  be  required.  C.  diplomat- 
ique, the  body  of  ministers.  0.  L^gisla- 
tif,  the  lower  house  of  the  French  l^sla- 
ture.  C.  volant,  a  body  of  troops  in- 
tended for  rapid  movements. 

Ck>rpse,  korps.  The  dead  body  of  a  hu- 
man being, 

Oorpus  Christi.  A  festival  of  the  E. 
C.  Church,  celebrated  Thursday  after 
Pentecost  week. 

Corpuscle,  kor'pus-l.  A  minute  parti- 
cle, molecule,  or  atom  of  matter.  A  mi- 
nute animal  cell  generally  Inclosing  gi-anu- 
lar  matter,  and  sometimes  a  spheroidal 
body  called  a  nucleus ;  as,  blooa  corpus- 
cles, chyle  corpuscles. 

Oorral,  -ral'.  A  pen  or  Inclosure  for 
horses  or  cattle.  An  inclosure  formed  of 
wagons  employed  by  emigrants  as  a 
means  of  defense  against  Indians.  A 
strong  stockade  for  capturing  >vild  ele- 
phants. 

Corre^dor,  ko-re'ji-dor.  In  Spain  the 
chief  magistrate  of  a  town.  In  Portugal, 
a  magistrate  possessing  administrative, 
but  no  governing,  power. 

OorrefiT^o,  Antonio  Allegrri,  kor- 
rM'io.  An  eminent  Italian  painter ;  b. 
1494",  D.  15.^. 

Oorreligionist,  -re-li'jon-ist.  One  of 
the  same  religious  i)ersuasion  as  another, 
one  belonging  to  the  same  branch  of  the 
church. 

Ck>Tridor,  'ri-dOr.  A  galleiy  or  passage 
in  a  building  leading  to  rooms  at  a  dis- 
tance from  each  other.  The  covered  way 
round  the  whole  compass  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  a  place. 

Oorroboree,  -rob'o-re'^.  Tlio  native 
name  of  the  Australian  war-dance. 

Ck>r8ak,  'sak.  A  species  of  yellowish 
fox  or  dog  found  in  Tartary. 

Cor  Scorpionis,  skor-pi-o'nis.  A  name 
for  Antares,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  the  zodiacal  constellation  Scorpio. 

Corsica,  'se-ka.  A  French  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  separated  from  Sar- 
dinia by  the  Straits  of  Bonllkcio ;  46  by 


Corselet. 


120  m.;  pop.  2f>4,318.  Ajaccio,  the  cap., 
is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon  1., 
and  the  island  as  the  place  of  his  first 
banishment. 

Corselet,  kors'let.  A  rnlraffn 
or  armor  to  cover  and  I'l'i^-H 
the  body,  worn  fornix  ^'  Uy 
pikemen.      In   En^!.»?ML    it 
was  enacted  in  1558  nui Lull 
persons  having   estntL'*   of 
£1,000  or  upward,  phonldf 
along  with   other  dt»6frfp- 
tiong  of  armor,  ket^jt  jot-ly 
corselets.      That   p;itt  uf  tv  i 
winged  Insect  to  wliirh  ibpg 
wings  and  legs  are  aLt^kcbed^Sg 
the  thorax. 

Corset,  kor'set.  Something 
worn  to  give  shape  to  the 
body  ;  a  bodice ;  stays. 

Cortegre,  -tazh.    A  train  of  atten  dants. 

Cortes,  'tez.  The  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese name  of  the  States  of  the  kingdom, 
composed  of  nobility,  clergy  and  repre- 
sentatives of  cities;  the  assembly  oi 
States  answering  in  some  measure  to  the 
Parliament  of  Great  Britain. 

Cortes,  Hernando.  A  Spanish  adven- 
turer ;  B.  1485,  D.  154T.  Celebrated  as  th« 
conqueror  of  Mexico. 

Cortex,  'tox.  Bark,  as  of  a  tree ;  hence, 
an  outer  covering.  The  cortex  of  plants 
consists  of  an  inner  fibrous  layer  called 
the  liber  or  endophloeum,  a  middle  cellu- 
lar layer,  the  mesophloeum,  and  an  oiiter 
corky  layer,  the  epiphloeum,  on  the  ex- 
terior of  which  is  the  epidermis  or  cuticle. 
In  Med.  Peruvian  bark. 

Corticata,  'ti-kfi-ta.  The  barked  corals, 
a  IHmily  Including  the  polvps  forming  the 
red  coral  of  commei-ce.  The  species  prop- 
agate by  buds  and  eggs. 

Cortile,  kort'i-ia.  A  small  court,  inclosed 
by  the  divisions  of  a  building.  The  area 
or  courtyard  of  a  dwelling-house. 

Corundum,  ko-run'dum.  The  earth  alu- 
mina, as  found  native  In  a  crystalline 
state.  In  hardness  it  is  next  to  the  dia- 
mond ;  the  amethyst,  ruby,  sapphire, 
topaz,  emery,  &c.,  are  varieties  of  this 
mineral.  It  is  nearly  pure  anhydrous 
alumina,  and  its  specific  gravity  is  nearly 
four  times  that  of  water. 

Corunna.  Cap.  of  pror.  of  same  name 
In  E.  Spain,  a  fine  seaport  on  the  Bay  of 
Betanzas ;  pop.  88,600. 

Corvette-  kor-vet'.  A  flush-decked  ves- 
sel, ship-rigged,  but  without,  a  quarter- 
deck, and  having  only  one  tier  of  guns. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


cosymjB 


S19 


(X)8TEAjrme 


Sorvidm.  M-dS.  The  crowB,  a  fkm.  of 
conlrostral  birds.  Including  the  common 
crow,  rook,  raven,  macrpie,  jay,  jackdaw, 
nut-cracker,  CJornioh  chough,  Ac. 

Oorvisart,  Jean  Nioolas,  Baron. 
A  distinguished  French  surgeon  :  b  .  1755, 
p.  1821.  He  was  physician -In-chief  to  Na- 
poleon I.  from  1800  until  his  abdication. 

Ck>rvil8  'vus.  A  constellation  of  the 
Southern  hemisphere,  containing  9  stars. 
The  name  giren  to  several  andent  mili- 
tary war  engines. 

Gorwin^  l^omaa.  An  eloquent  Amer- 
ican statesman ;  b.  in  Ky.,  1794,  d.  in 
Washington,  1865.  He  served  in  the 
State  I^slature,  both  houses  of  Con- 
gress, as  Secretaiy  of  the  Treasury  and 
Minister  to  Mexlc*. 

Gorybant,  kd'ri-bant.  A  priest  of  Cy- 
bele  wh«  celebrated  the  mysteries  with 
mad  dances  to  the  sound  of  drum  and 
cy9ibal. 

Corynida,  -rin'i-da.  A  fiun.  of  hy- 
droid  ccelenterates.  The  body  consists 
either  of  a  single  polypitp,  or  of  several 
united  by  a  coeoearc,  which  usually  de- 
velops a  firm  outer  layer  or  polypary. 

CorsrphaBna.  -rl-fe'na.  A  gen.  of  teleos- 
tean  fishes,  lam.  Bcomberldw,  to  which 
the  name  dolphin  has  been  popularly 
transferred.  By  some  nat(U*ali8ts  this  gen. 
has  been  raisea  to  the  rank  of  a  fam.  un- 
der the  name  Goryphaenidae*. 

Coryphee,  -r6-fa.    A  ballet  dancer. 

Corsrpliodon,  -rif  6-don.  A  gen.  of  ex- 
tinct Ungulata,  forming  a  link  between 
the  elephants  and  tapirs,  found  in  the 
Eocene  formations  of  England  and  France. 

Corystidse,  -ristl-de.  A  fiim.  of  short- 
tailed  cmstaoeans  or  crabs,  of  which  the 
gen.  Corystes  is  the  type. 

Ck>-8ecant,  kd-se'kant.  In  Geom.  the  se- 
cant of  arc  which  is  the  complement  of 
another  to  90*;  or  the  co-secant-of  an  arc 
or  angle  is  the  secant  of  its  complement 
and  -^ce  versa. 

CkMiheringr,  kosh'cr-ing,  In  Ireland  an 
old  feudal  custom  wherebv  the  lord  of  the 
soil  was  entitled  to  feast  nimsclf  and  fol- 
lowers at  a  tenant's  house,  afterwards 
commuted  for  chief-rent. 

Co-eine.  ko-sin.'  In  Geom.  the  sine  of  an 
arc  which  is  the  complement  of  another 
to  90*;  or  the  co-sine  of  any  arc  or  angle 
is  the  sine  of  its  complement. 

CkMsmetio,  koz-met'ik.  Any  preparation 
that  renders  the  skin  soft,  pure  and 
white. 

CkMOnio,  'mik.    Relating  to  the  universe 


and  to  the  laws  by  which  its  order  !• 
maintained.  Harmonious,  as  the  unit 
verse;  orderly.  Pertaining  to  the  solar 
system  as  a  whole,  and  not  to  the  earth 
alone.  In  Astron.  rising  or  setting  with 
the  sun  ;  the  opposite  of  acronycal.  Of 
inconceivably  great  or  prolonged  dura- 
tion. C.  speed,  that  inconceivably  rapid ' 
rate  at  which  cosmical  bodies  more  in 
their  orbits. 

Ck>8moffony,  -mog'on-i.  The  genera- 
tion, origin,  or  creation  of  the  world  or 
universe :  the  sdenoe  of  the  origin  or  for- 
matioH  of  the  universe. 

Cosmoerraphy,  'ra-fi.  A  description  of 
the  world  or  universe. 

Ck)8molatry,  -mol'a-tri.  The  worship 
paid  to  the  world  or  its  parts  by  the 
heathen. 

Ck>8nLonLetry,  -mom'et-ri.  The  art  of 
measuring  the  world  by  degrees  and  min- 
utes. 

Cosmopolitan,  -mo-poVi-tan.  A  i>er- 
son  who  has  no  fixed  residence ;  one  who 
is  at  home  in  every  place  ;  a  citizen  of  the 
world, 

Coeanorama,  -r&'ma.  A  view  or  series 
of  views  of  the  world  ;  a  comprehensive 
painting. 

Cosmos,  'mos.    Order,  harmony. 

Cosmosphere,  'mo-sfrr.  An  apparatus 
for  showing  the  position  of  the  earth,  at 
any  given  time,  with  respect  to  the  fixed 
stars. 

Co-soverelffn.  ko-sov'o-rin.  A  joint- 
sovereign  ;  a  king  or  queen  consort. 

Coss,  kos.  In  India,  a  road-measure, 
ranging  between  i  and  2  miles. 

Cossack,  'sak.  One  of  a  warlike  people, 
very  expert  on  horseback,  inhabiting  the 
steppes  in  the  south  of  Kussia,  about  the 
Don,  Ac. 

Cossas,  'saz.    Plain  India  muslin. 

Cossonns,  -so'nus.  A  gen.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  fiun.  Gurculionidae,  ot 
which  0.  linearis  is  the  type. 

COSSUS.  'bus.  a  gen.  of  moths,  flim. 
HepialidaB  or  Xylotropha ;  woodborers. 

Oossyplms,  'si-fiis.  A  gen.  of  ooleoi>- 
terous  insects,  sec.  Heteromera. 

Costa  Rica.  A  S.  American  Republic, 
bet.  the  river  San  Juan  and  Isthmus  of 
Panama ;  area,  16,250  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt. 
200,000.  Its  chief  towns  are  San  Jos6,  the 
cap.,  Punta  Arenas  and  Matira. 

Costeaniner,  'ts-an-ing.  The  process  of 
sinking  small  pits  to  discover  a  mining 
lod«. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COSTREL 


COTYLOPHOBA 


CkMtrel,    kos'trel.      A  small   vessel   of 


Costrels. 
leather,  wood,  or  earthenware,  generally 
with  ears ;  a  vessel  for  holdins:  Avine.    An 
ancient  drinking  cup,  generally  of  wood. 
Costumer,  'tum-er.    One  who  prepares 
costumes,  as  for  theatres,  fancy  balls,  &c.; 
one  who  deals  in  costumes. 
Co-tang«nt,  ko-tan'ient.    ITie  tangent 
of  an  arc  which  is  the  complement  of 
another  to  90<» ;  or  the  tangent  of  the  com- 
plement of  any  arc  or  angle. 
Oote,  kot.    A  sheepfold. 
Coterie,  ko'te-rS.     A  set  or   circle   of 
friends  in  the  habit  of  meeting  for  social 
intercourse  or  other  purposes ;  a  clique. 
Cothurnus,  -them'us.  A  bus- 
kin, a  kind  of  shoe,  laced  high, 
such  as  Diana  and  her  nymphs 
are  represented  as  wearing. 
Coticidar,     -tik'u-ler.       Per- 
taining to  whetstones ;  suitable 
for  whetstones. 

Cotillon,  ko-tel-yon.    A  brisk 
dance,  performed  by  eight  per- >J)  7 
sons  together.    A  tune  which  ^^ 
regulates  the  dance.  Cothurnus. 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pak'se.  A  noted  volcanic 
peak  of  the  Andes  in  Ecuador;  84  m.  8. 
E.  of  Quito ;  18,875  ft.  above  sea  level, 
its  crater  being  4,000  ft.  high,  and  impos- 
sible of  ascent. 

Cotswold,  kots'wOld.  A  wold  where 
there  are  sheepcotes.  The  name  of  a 
range  of  hills  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  C. 
sheep,  a  breed  remarkable  for  the  length 
of  their  wool. 

Cotta,  kot'ta.    An  African  measure  con- 
taining 12,000  cowries. 
Cotta.gre,  'taj.    A  small  detached  suburb- 
an house,  adapted  to  a  moderate  scale  of 
living. 

Cottaere-piano,  pi-a-no.  A  small  up- 
right piano. 

Cottise,   'tis.    In  Her.  a  dimfaiution  of  I 
the  bend,  containing  in  brendth  one  half  I 


of  the  bendlet ;  when  borne  alone  termed 
a  cost,  but  when  borne  in  pairs  cottises. 
Cottle,   'tl.    A  part  of  a  mold  used  by 
pewterers. 

Cotton,  'n.    A  soft  downy  substance  re- 
sembling fine  wool,  growing  in  the  cap- 
sules or  pods  of  Gossypium. 
Cottonade,  -ad.    A  stout,  thick  fabric  oi 
cotton. 
Cotton-gin,  -jin.    A  machine  to  separate 
the  seeds  from  cotton. 
Cottonian,  -'tO-'ni-an.    The  name  of  a 
famous  library,  founded  by  Sir  Robert 
Cotton  early  in  the  17th  century,  added  to 
by  his  son  and  grandson,  and  handed  over 
to  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the  British 
nation .    It  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
Cotton-plant,  ^       p'^^- 

'tn-plant.     The       ;2;j^S5^i-|  fr  1  *^-^ 
popuhir  name  of  /:;^^^:M 

several  species 
of  Gossypium, 
ord.  Malvaceae, 
from  which  the 
well-known  tex- 
tile substance 
cotton  is  ob- 
tained. The 
genus  is  indige- 
nous to  both  the 
Old  and  the  New 
World.  ITieN. 
American     cot-  „    v  ^ 

ton  is  produced  Herbaceous  Cotton  Plant 
by  Gossypium  barbadense;  that  grown 
in  8.  America  is  obtained  from  G.  peru- 
yianum,  called  also  kidney-cotton.  The 
indigenous  Indian  species  is  G.  herbaceum, 
which  yields  a  short-stapled  cotton. 
Cotton-press,  -pres.  A  machine  for 
pressing  cotton  into  bales. 

Cottus,  'tus.  A  gen.  of  teleostean  fishes, 
including  the  bull-head  or  miller's-thumb, 
the  sea-scorpion,  and  father-lasher. 
Cotyledon,  -il-6'don.  The  seed-leaf; 
the  first  leaf  or  leaves  of  the  embryo 
plant. 

Cougrar,  kO'gar. 
A  voracious 
quadruped  of  the 
cat  kina,by  some 
called  the  puma 
or  red  tiger.  It 
is  one  of  the  < 
most  destructive  . 
ofthe  animals  of 
America,  partic- 
ularly in  the 
warmer  climates. 
Cotylophora,  -ofo-ra,    A  name  applied 


Cougar. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COtrCHEE 


Sftl 


COtJKTESS 


to  all  bovine  and  cervine  animals  (except 
Tragulus  and  the  camels),  the  placenta 
being  cotyledonary. 

Couchee,  kSsh-i.  Bed-time ;  a  visit  re- 
ceived about  bed-time ;  opposed  to  levee. 

Cou^nax,  kog'nar.    A  three-masted  Ma- 


Gongnar. 
lay  boat,  rigged  with  square  sails.  It  is 
broad,  sits  low  in  the  water,  and  is  decked 
or  not  according  to  fancy. 
Oonlisse,  k5-lds.  A  piece  of  timber  with 
a  groove  in  it,  as  the  slides  In  which  the 
Bide  scenes  of  a  theatre  run,  the  upright 
posts  of  a  floodgate  or  sluice,  &o.  One  of 
the  side  scenes  of  the  stage  in  a  theata*, 
or  the  space  included  between  the  side 


€k>ulter,  kSl'ter.  An  iron  blade  or  knife 
inserted  Into  the  beam  of  a  plow  for  the 
purpose  ofcutting  the  ground  in  front  of 
the  plowshare. 

Co-olter-neb,  kolt'er-neb.  A  popular 
name  for  the  sea-bird  otherwise  known  as 
the  puffin. 

CouxzLaron,    k6-marron.     The   native 
name  of  the  tree  (Dipterix  odorata),  ord. 
Leguminosce,   which   yields   the   sweet- 
scented  Tonka  bean  of  the  perfumers. 
Count,  kount.    A  title  of  nobility,  equiv- 
alent to  the  English  earl,  and  whose  dp- 
main  is  a  county.    C.  Palatine,  formerly 
the  proprietor  of  a  county,  who  had  his 
own  courts,  appointed  judges  and  law  of- 
ficers, and  could  pardon  criminals. 
Counter,  'er.    A  term  in  music.    That 
part  of  a  horse's  forehand  between  the 
shoulders  and  under  the  neck.    In  a  ship, 
an  arched^space  between  the  bottom  or 
the  stern  and  the  wing-transoms  and  but- 
tock.   The  heel  part  of  a  boot. 
Oounterba  lance,    koun'ter-bal-ans. 
Equal  weight,  power,  or  agency  acting  in 
opposition  to  anything.    A  weight  to  bal- 
ance the  vibrating   parts   of  machinery 
upon  their  axis ;  also,  a  weight  by  which 
a  lever  acted   upon  by  an  intermitting 
force  is  returned  to  its  position. 


Oounter-lLory,  -flo-ri.  In  Her.  denoting 
that  flowers  with  which  an  ordinary  is 
adorned  stand  opposite  each  other  alter- 
natelv. 

Counter-irritant,  -ir-it-ant.  In  Med. 
a  substance  employed  to  produce  an  arti- 
flcial  or  secondary  disease,  in  order  to  re. 
lieve  the  primary  one.  The  commonest 
counter-irritants  are  mustard,  cantharides 
or  Spanish  flies,  tartar  emetic,  setons  and 
the  actual  cautery. 

Countermand,  -mand.  A  contrary  or- 
der ;  revocation  of  a  former  order  or  com- 
mand. -  J  J  J 
Countermark,  -mfirk.  A  mark  added 
to  marks  ah-eady  existing  for  greater  se- 
curity or  more  sure  identification.  -A.  ng- 
ure  or  ipscription  stamped  on  ancient 
coins  after  tiiey  had  been  struck,  pointing 
to  a  change  of  value  or  showing  that  the 
money  had  been  taken  from  an  enemy. 
An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  teeth  ol 
horses  to  disguise  theh:  age. 
Countermine,  -min.  Milit.,  a  g^ery 
running  underground  in  search  of  the 
enemy*8  mine  to  defeat  its  effect.  A  strat- 
agem  or  project  to  frustrate  any  contriv- 
ance. 
Counterpane,-  pan.     A  bed-cover ;  a 

qiiit. 

Counterplot,  -plot.  A  plot  or  artifice 
opposed  to  another. 

Counterpoint,  -point.  In  Music,  a 
term  used  as  an  equivalent  of  harmony ; 
also  as  meaning  the  art  of  musical  compo- 
sition generally. 

Counter-pointe.  In  Her.  when  two 
chevrons  meet  with  theh-  points  in  the 
centre  of  the  escuteheon. 
Counterproof,  -prof.  In  Engr.  an  im^ 
prossion  yielded  by  a  newly  printed  proof 
Sf  a  plate,  by  passing  the  proof  again 
through  the  press  with  a  fresh  she^t  of 
paper.  . 

Counterronnd.  -round.  A  body  of 
officers  going  to  Inspect  the  sentinels. 
Counterscarp,  -karp.  In  Fort,  the  ex- 
terior talus  or  slope  of  the  diteh;  some 
times  the  whole  covered  way,  wltii  its 
parapet  and  glacis. 

Countersigrn,  -sin.  A  private  signal 
given  to  soldiers  on  ^"-d./ijh^^^f »  Jj 
let  no  man  pass  unless  he  first  gives  that 
sign.  A  watehword  in  various  secret  w- 
ders.  The  signature  of  a  subordinate  offi- 
cer to  a  writing  signed  by  tiie  pnncipal. 
Countersink,  -singk.  A  driU  or  brace- 
bit  for  countersinking.  The  cavity  for  re- 
ceivlng  the  head  of  a  screw  or  bolt. 
'  Countess,   kount'es.    The  wife   of  an 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


COtJNTEY 


COUSm-GEBBtAK 


earl  or  count,  or  a  lady  possessed  of  the 
dignity  in  her  own  right 
Country,  kun'tri.  A  tract  of  land ;  a 
kingdom.  Bural  parts  of  a  region,  as  op- 
posed to  cities  or  towns.  Land,  as  op- 
posed to  water. 

Ooiinty,  koun'ti.  Originally,  the  dis- 
trict or  territory  of  a  count  or  earl.  Now. 
a  district  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated 
from  tjie  rest  of  the  territory  for  certain 
purposes  In  the  administration  of  jastice. 
Coup,  kO.  A  French  terra  for  stroke  or 
blow,  and  used  to  convey  the  general  idea 
of  promptness  and  force. 
Coupe,  -pa.  The  trout  seats  of  a  French 
diligence  ;  the  front  compartment  of  a 
first-class  railway  carriage.  A  four- 
wheeled  carriage  carrying  two  inside, 
with  a  seat  for  the  driver  on  the  outside. 
Couped,  knpt.  In  Her.  a  term  used  to 
express  that  the  head  or  any  limb  of  an 
annual  is  cut  off  from  the  trunk :  in  con- 
tradistinction to  erased,  which  indicates 
that  the  head  or  limb  is  torn  off. 
Couple-close,  kTjp'l-kl6s.  In  Arch,  a 
pair  of  spars  for  a  roof;  couples.  In  Her. 
the  fourth  of  a  chevron,  never  born©  but 
in  pairs  except  there  is  a  chevron  between 
them. 

Couplingr-boz,  -ing- 
boks.  In  Mach.  the  box  or 
ring  of  metal  connecting 
the  contiguous  ends  of  two 
lengths  of  shaft. 
Coupon,  ko'pon.  An  in- 
terest certificate  attached 
to  transferable  bonds  given 
for  a  term  of  years.  One  Coupling-box. 
of  a  series  of  tickets  which  ^     ® 

binds  the  issuer  to  perform  some  service, 
or  give  value  for  certain  amounts  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  in  consideration  of  money 
received. 

Courant,  -rant'.  In  Her.  ahorse,  hound, 
or  other  beast  represented  running.  A 
piece  of  music  in  triple  time;  also,  a 
kind  of  dance,  consisting  of  a  time,  a  step, 
a  balance,  and  a  couple.  A  circulating 
gazette  ;  the  title  of  a  newspaper. 
Courap,  rap'.  A  distemper  in  the  E.  In- 
dies, in  whicn  there  is  a  perpetual  irrita- 
tion and  eruption. 

Courier,  're-er.  A  messenger  sent  ex- 
press with  letters  or  dispatches.  A  trav- 
eUng  servant  whose  especial  duiy  Is  to 
make  all  arrangements  at  hotels  on  the 
journey.   A  frequent  title  ©fa  newspaper. 

Course,  kors.  In  a  general  sense,  a 
moving  or  motion  forward  in  any.  dtrec- 
.  tion;  a  continuous  progression  or  adTAnce. 


The  direction  of  motion ;  the  Une  in 
which  a  body  movps.  In  pcdestrianlsm 
and  horse-racing,  the  ground  or  distance 
tobeoovwed.  Tlie  charge  of  one  mounted 
knight  or  champion  against  another  in  the 
lists.  The  period  oocapiod  by  a  revolution 
of  the  moon,  or  of  tne  earth  round  the 
sun.  The  oontinual  advance  or  progreu 
of  anything.  The  part  of  a  meal  served  at 
one  time. 

Courser,  'er.  A  swift  horse ;  a  runner ; 
a  war  horse.  One  who  pnrsues  the  sport 
of  coursing  hares.  One  of  the  gen.  of 
grallatorial  bhds  (Cursorius),  belongicg 
to  the  plover  tribe,  Charia^iadffi.  One 
of  the  order  of  birds  called  Cursores  or 
runners. 

Court,  kdrt.  An  inclosed  nnoovo^d  area, 
behind  or  in  fh)nt  of  a  house,  or  surround- 
ed by  buildings ;  a  court-yard.  A  palace; 
the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or  sover- 
eign prince.  All  the  surroundings  of  a 
sovereign  in  his  regal  state;  the  body  of 
persons  composing  the  rel^ue  or  council 
of  a  monarch. 

Courtezan,  'e-zan.  A  wonuui  who  proe- 
titutes  herself  for  hire. 

Court-gruide,  'gid.  A  directory  or  book 
containing  the  addresses  of  the  nobility 
and  gentry. 

Court-house,  'hous.  A  house  in  which 
established  courts  are  held. 

Court-martial, -mfir'shal.  A  court  con- 
sisting of  military  or  naval  officers,  for  the 
trial  of  military  and  naval  offenses,  the 
members  acting  both  as  judge  and  iury. 

Court-plaster,  'plas-ter.  Silk  varnished 
over  with  a  solution  of  isinglass,  often  per- 
fumed with  benzoin,  used  for  covering 
slight  wounds. 

Coury,  kou'ri.  A  superlw  catechu  made 
in  India  from  the  nuts  of  Areca  Catechu. 

Cous-COUS,  kdz'k5z.  A  Ikvorite  W.  Af- 
rican dish,  consisting  of  millet-flour,  flesh, 
and  the  leaves  of  the  Adansonia  dlgitata, 
or  baobab. 

Cousin,  kuz'n.  In  a  general  sense,  one 
collaterally  related  more  remotely  than  a 
brother  or  sister.  Specifically,  the  son  or 
daughter  of  an  uncle  or  aunt.  In  the  sec- 
ond generation  they  are  called  second 
cousins.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a  no- 
bleman, particularly  to  those  of  tiie  Coun- 
cil. 

Cousin,  Victor,  koo'zing.  A  distin- 
guished French  philosopher  ;  b.  1792,  n. 
1867.  He  was  the  founder  of  Systemstie 
Eclecticism. 

Cousin-ererman,  -jer-man.  A  c(>'udn  h^ 
the  first  generation ;  a  first  cousin. 


Digitized- by 


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COWLEY 


Ooussiliet,  ko8-Bl-net  The  crowning 
fitone  of  ft  pier.  The  ornament  in  the  Ionic 
capital  beween  the  abacus  and  the  echinus. 

Oouteau,  k5-td'.  A  short  dagger  in  use 
during  the  middle  ages  ;  a  hanger. 

Oouthon,  Qeor^es,  koo-t5ng.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  bloody  French  triumvirate,  his 
associates  being  Robespierre  and  St.  Just: 
B.  1756,  guillotined  July  28, 1794. 

Couvade,  -v&d.  A  singular  custom  prev- 
alent among  some  of  the  primitive  races 
in  all  parts  of  the  world.  After  the  birth 
of  a  child  the  fiither  takes  to  bed  and  re- 
ceives the  food  and  compliments  usually 
given  to  the  mother.  Travelers  have 
met  with  the  custom  among  the  Chinese, 
the  Dyaks  of  Borneo,  the  negroes,  the  ab- 
original tribes  of  N.  and  8.  America,  Ae. 

Ctove,  kdv.  A  small  inlet,  creek  or  bay. 
Any  kind  of  concave  mol<ung ;  the  oon- 
cavitv  of  a  vault.  C.  bracketing,  the 
nvooden  skeleton  forming  a  cove. 


Ck>yed,  kovd.    Forming  an  ardi ;  curv- 


img.  C.  ceiling,  a  ceiling  coved  or  arched 
at  its  junction  with  the  side  walls. 

Covenanter,  kuv'en-ant-er.  One  who 
makes  ,  a  covenant  A  term  applied 
to  those  who  joined  in  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  in  Scotland,  and  in 
particular  those  who  forcibly  resisted  the 
government  of  Charles  II. 

Coventry,  'n-try.  One  of  the  oldest 
English  cities,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Birmingham, 
aotedfor  itsbeautiAil  cathedral.  It  has 
large  manufactories  of  lace,  ribbons,  Ac.; 
pop.  48,790. 

Coverdale,  Miles.  An  English  prel- 
ate, and-  one  of  the  earliest  reformers ; 
B.  1467.  D.  1668.  He  published  the  first 
entire  EngUsh  Bible,  1685. 

Coverlet,  '^vlet.  The  upper  covering  of 
abed. 

Cover-point,  -point.  A  fielder  in 
the  game  of  cricket,  who  stands  behind 
point,  and  whose  duty  is  to  stop  the  ball. 

Covey,  '6.  A  brood  of  birds ;  an  old  fowl 
with  her  brood  ;  a  number  of  fowls  to- 
gether ;  as  a  covey  of  partridges.  A  com- 
pany; a  set.  I 


Cow,  kou.  The  general  term  applied  to 
the  females  of  the  gen.  Bos  or  ox.  Sea- 
cow,  the  Manatus,  a  gen.  of  herbivorous 
cetaceans. 

Cow-boy,  'boi.  A  person  who  has  charge 
ofcattie.  The  name  given  to  a  band  of 
marauders  during  the  American  Bevolu- 
tion,  who  infested  the  neutral  ground  be< 
tween  the  British  and  American  Unes,  and 
plundered  the  Bevolutionists ;  tory 
refhgees. 

Cow-bunting',  kou'bunt-ing.  The  Mo. 
lothrus  pecoris,  belonghig  to  the  fam. 
Stnmidffior  starling  tribe:  forming  one 
of  the  many  connecting  links  between 
that  fiunily  and  the  Fringillid«e  or  finches. 
Its  most  remarkable  trait  is  the  practice 
of  dropping  its  ^gs  into  the  nests  of  other 
birds,  and  abandoning  its  progeny  to  the 
care  of  strangers.  It  has  never  been 
known  to  drop  more  than  one  egg  into 
the  same  nest. 

Cow-oatcher, 'kach-er.   A  strong  frame 


Locomotive  with  Cow-catcher, 
in  front  of  locomotives  for  removing  oV 
structions  from  the  rails. 

Cowhaee,  'S^.  The  hafrs  of  the  pod  of 
a  leguminous  plant,  Mucuna  pruriens. 
They  easily  penetrate  the  skin,  and  pro- 
duce an  intolerable  itching.  They  are  em- 
ploved  medicinally  as  a  mechanical  ver- 
mirage. 

Cowish,  'Ish.  A  plant  found  in  the  val- 
lev  of  the  Oregon.  The  root  Is  of  the  size 
of  a  walnut,  and  resembles  in  taste  the 
sweet-potato. 

Cowl,  koul.  A  hood,  especially  a  monk's 
hood.  A  covering  for  the  top  of  a  chim- 
ney, which  turns  with  the  wind.  A  wire 
cap  on  the  top  of  an  engine  fUnnel. 

Cowley,  Abraham.  An  En^ llsh  poai  ; 
B.  1618,  D.  1667. 


Digitized  by 


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gbake 


Clow-lick,  kou'llk.  A  reversed  tuft  of 
>air  on  the  human  forehead. 

Gowpens.  A  village  in  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict, ti.  Carolina,  noted  for  a  brilliant  vic- 
tory bv  the  Americans,  under  Oen.  Moivan 
over  the  British,  under  CoL  Tarleton,  Jan. 
17, 1781. 

Oowper,  William.  An  English  poet, 
B.  1781,  D.  1800.  He  became  insane  be- 
fore his  death. 

Orabbe,  Georgre  An  English  poet;  b. 
1754,  i>.  1832. 

Cow-pox,  'poks.  The  vaccine  disease 
which  appears  on  the  teats  of  a  cow,  in 
the  form  of  vesicles,  containing  a  limpid 
fluid  or  virus  capable  of  communicating 
genuine  cow-pox  to  the  human  subject, 
and  of  conferring,  in  a  great  majority  of 
instances,  complete  security  against  small- 

Eox.  The  disease  called  grease,  in  the 
orse'sheel,  is  said  to  possess  the  same 
virtue. 

Oowry,  M.  A  small  gasteropodous  shell, 
the  Cypnea  moneta,  used  for  coin  in  parts 
of  AlHca  and  Asia.  They  vary  in  value. 
In  India  6,000  to  T,000  are  equal  to  a  ru- 
pee (60  cents),  while  in  the  interior  of 
Africa  600  are  worth  about  the  same.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  other  shells  of  the 
gen.  CyprsBa. 

Oozcoxnb,  koks^kom.  The  comb  resem- 
bling that  of  acock  which  licensed  fools 
wore  formerly  in  their  caps;  hence  used 
often  for  the  cap  itself.  A  fop ;  a  vain, 
showy  fellow.  The  name  given  to  a 
fksciated  variety  of  Celosia  cristate. 

Coxswain,  'wen.  The  person  who  steers 
a  boat ;  the  captain  of  a  Doat's  crew. 

Coyote,  kol-ot.  The  American  prairie 
wolf  (Canis  ochropus  or  Lyciscus  latrans). 

Coypou,  'po.  The  native  name  of  a  S. 
American  rodent  mammal,  the  Myopota- 
mus  coypus,  valued  for  its  ftir,  which  was 
formerly  used  in  the  manufacture  of  hats. 

Crab,  krab.  A  popuhir  name  for  all  the 
ten-footed,  short-tfuled  crustaceans  con- 
stituting the  sub-ord.  Brachyura,  ord. 
Decapoda,  comprising  many  genera.  The 
common  large  edible  crab  belongs  to  the 
gen.  Cancer ;  the  small  edible  crab  to  the 
gen.  Carcinus  ;  the  long-armedcrabto  the 
gen.  Corystes ;  the  hermit-crab  to  the  gen. 
Pagurus,  and  the  land-crab  to  the  gen. 
Gecarcinns.  Cancer,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac. 
A  name  given  to  various  machines,  used 
in  building  operations  for  raising  weights, 
and  in  loading  and  discharging  vessels.  A 
machine  used  in  rope-works  for  stretching 
the  yarn  to  its  fUlIest  extent  before  it  is 
worked  into  strands.     Crab's  eyes,  in 


materia  medica,  ooncretlons  formed  in 
ihe  stomach  of  the  orayflsh,  formerly  when 
powdered  in  much  repute  aa  antaoida. 
To  catch  a  crab,  in  rovring,  to  miss  a 
stroke  and  fkU  backwards. 

Orab-apple,  'ap-1.  A  wild  apple ;  also  a 
small  cultivated  apple. 

Grab-catcher,  'kach-«r.  A  species  of 
bittern,  the  Htfodias  vlresoens,  indigenous 
to  Jamaica. 

CrabronidflB,  kr&-brd'ni-d&  A  tarn,  of 
hymenopterous  insecte,  see.  Aculeata, 
sub-sec.  Fossores  orfUse  wasps,  including 
several  genera,  the  type  gen.  being  Grabro. 

Craoided,  kras'i-de.  The  eorassows,  a 
flEun.  of  gallinaceous  birds,  which  connect 
the  Insessores  with  the  Baaores.  The 
typical  gen.  is  Crax. 

Cracker,  krak'er.  A  small  fhrework  fUled 
with  combustible  matter,  which  explodes 
with  a  smart  crack  or  with  a  series  of 
sharp  noises.  A  sm^  rich  biscuit.  A 
bfard,  the  pln-teil  duck.    (Anas  acuta). 

Crackling, '  ling.  Slight  abrupt  reports 
frequently  repeated.  The  browned  skin 
of  roast  pig.  A  kind  of  cake  used  for 
dogs*  food,  made  fk^>m  the  reftise  of  tal- 
low-melting. 

Cracksman,  kraks'man.    A  burglar. 

Cracovienne,  krfi-k5-v6-en'.  The  fb- 
vorito  dance  of  the  Polish  peasantry 
around  Cracow. 

Cracow,  krfi'ko.  An  Austrian  dty,  on 
the  Vistula,  160  m.  8.  W.  of  Warsaw:  the 
ancient  cap.  of  Poland,  many  of  whose 
kings  are  buried  in  its  cathedral ;  pop. 
abt.  51,000. 

Craoowes,  Ocdz.  Long-toed 
boots  or  shoes,  introduced  in 
1884— named  firom  the  city  of 
Cracow :  worn  now  by  some 
comic  athletes. 

Crag:,  krag.    A  steep,    rug- 
ged  rock ;  a  rough  broken 
rock,  or  point  of  a  rock.     In 
Oeol.  sh^y  deposits  of  the  i 
older  pliocene  period,  sub-di-f 
vided  into  tiiree  members, 
the  upper  or  mammaliferous 
crag,  the  red  crag  and   the 
lower  or  coralline  crag.  Crag 
and  tail,  a  form  of  secondary 
hills,  in  which  a  precipitous 
fW>nt  is   presented    to   the  Cracowes. 
west  or    north-west,   while 
the  opposite  side  is  a  sloping  declivity. 
The   rock    on  which  Edinburgh  Castle 
stands  presents  a  fine  example. 

Crake,  krak.  Crex,  a  gen.  of  migratory 
graUatorial  birds,  fym,  IUUUd».    The  best 


Digitized  by 


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GBAM 


CBAWFOED 


known  spedes  Is  the  comRrftkc  dr  lainl- 
rail  (Crex  pratensia). 

Cram,  kram.  In  wellviIlg^  &  wjirji  Lftvlng 
more  than  two  threiiilrt  In  mvh.  ilfcil  ur 
split  of  the  reed.  Maturs  t^f  faujl.  fts  i\U- 
t&gulshed  from  prlnc»3*U^r*»  romUkittiHl  to 
liemory  with  a  view  Uj.  1iikEEitHyiitoiiiAi>^; 
information  acquired  ]nirii«'<ll^  fur  n»  I'S- 
araination  or  other  spr  ■  inl  fntr[to!!!*".  A  lU. 

Orampit,  'pit.  A  pi «  j  uruit^ul  &i  the 
end  of  the  scahbard  of  n  *w<vr(l ;  n  pii'iM*  of 
iron  with  small  spikes  in  It,  fur  fewplng 
the  foot  firm  on  ice. 

Orampoon,  'p6n.  An  Iron  inptrmnii^nt 
fastened  to  the  shoes  ufn  i^iloriiitnff  p^irty, 
to  assist  them  in  cllmMiijj  n  rauip^t,.  An 
apparatus  used  in  the  t\,il!ilni^'  of  timbor  ar 
stones. 

Oramp-ringr,  kram].''Hng.  A  Htiij  if 
gold  or  silver,  which,  ctftt-r  hvhig  bl-  -  ■  d 
By  the  English  soveriiirn,  wjia  f^riiu  ily 
believed  to  cure  cramp  iiUfl  fblltn^'  ak-k- 
nesB.  The  custom  of  I  .U^srinj^  gr-Mt  n  lim- 
bers on  Good  Friday,  iiontiiiut'd  down  to 
the  time  of  Queen  Mat  y^ 

Orane,  kran.  A 
migratory  grallato- 
rialor  wading  bird 
of  the  gen.  Grus, 
fam.  Gruidffi,  hav- 
ing long  legs  and  a 
long  neck,  being 
destined  to  wade 
and  seek  their  ibod 
among  grass  and 
reeds  in  marsky 
grounds.  A  ma- 
chine for  raising 
great  weights,  con- 
structed on  the  pi-in- 
ciple  of  the  wheel 
and  axle,  cog-wheel  arnl  >\h\.'A  ahd  |iltiioEi. 
A  machine  for  weighlrjg  phthIh  oi]  Ujo 
principle  of  the  crano  I'tn'  lUXiUiS  ^Vi  iiriif.,. 
A  movable  iron  arm  Mlixr^liiMi  Utth"  .vitle 
of  a  fire-place,  used  f'i.r  ^i:]p|ior(1iikC  ei  juit 
or  kettle  over  a  fire.  ?|nnt.  pitHitrt  Eit  a 
vessel's  side  for  sto^vLiij?'  btvits  or  j^imr-s 
upon.  A  siphon  for  dra^iiig  lifiiiow  nut 
of  a  cask. 

Orane-fly,  'fli.  A  gtm.  of  Ihalh^u^,  ikrn. 
Tipulidae.  T.  oleracen  is  tlie  well-kiiu^ni 
daddy-long-legs. 

Orangron,  krang'gorj.  Tlif*  plnliiip,  a 
gen.  of  macrurous  or  iMiiir-tJiilcd  t-nnit'i- 
ceans. 

Oraniofimozny,  kra-iiiHiij-'nfi'nii,  ilie 
science  which  treats  oi'  tim  t&kMll, 

Oranloscopy,  -os'kn-]^!,  ,\n  t'\-jtniEej lo- 
tion of  the  skull  with  llie  vlnvt  of  dl^^eu^- 


i  'r«>wni'c!  CmiiC'. 


I  of  an  animal. 


ering  the  relative  prominence  of  the  or- 
gans of  tiie  brain  ;  phrenology. 

Oranium,  -um.    The  skull  of  an  animal. 

Grank,  krangk.      An  axis 
serving  for  communicating 
circuit^     motion ;     as    the 
crank  of  a  grindstone ;  or  for. 
changing  circular  into  recip-l 

rocating  motion,asinasaw-f  

mill,  or  reciprocating  into  Crank, 
circular  motion,  as  in  a 
steam-engine.  An  iron  brace  for  various 
purposes.  An  instriunent  of  prison  dis- 
cipline, consisting  of  a  small  wheel,  like 
the  paddle-wheel  of  a  steam  vessel,  which 
revolves  on  prisoners  turning  a  crank,  as 
a  punishment.  A  slang  term  for  a  person 
of  unbalanced  mind. 

Orank-pin,  'pin.  In  a  steam  engine,  the 
piece  Joining  the  ends  of  the  crank  arms, 
and  attached  to  the  connecting-rod,  or 
piston-rod. 

Oranny,  kran'ni.  Any  narrow  opening, 
fissure  or  chink.  In  gUss-making,  an 
iron  instrument  for  forming  the  necks  of 
glasses. 

Orantara,  -ta'ra.  The  fiery  cross  which 
forms  the  rallying  symbol  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  so  called  because  diso- 
bedience inferred  infomy. 

Crape,  krap.  A  thin,  transparent  stuff, 
made  of  raw  silk  gummed  and  twisted  on 
the  mill  and  woven  without  crossing. 

Crash,  krash.  A  coarse  linen,  mostly 
used  for  towels. 

OrassuB,  Marous  Licinius,  krSs'sfis. 
One  of  the  Roman  triumvirs,  his  associates 
being  Ceesar  and  Pompey,  which  de- 
stroyed the  senatorial  power ;  b.  190,  n. 
68  B.  o.  C.  acquired  immense  wo&Ith 
through  trading  in  slaves  and  was  notori- 
ous for  his  avarice.  He  was  defeated  by 
Burena,  the  Parthian,  in  Mesopotamia, 
20,000  Romans  being  killed  and  10,000 
made  piisoners,  including  C,  who  was 
put  to  death  by  the  victors. 

Crater,  kra'ttT.  The  orifice  or  mouth  of 
a  volcano.  A  constellation  of  the  south- 
ern hemisphere,  containing  81  stars; 
called  also  tno  Cup. 

Cratippus.  A  celebrated  Mytilene 
philosopher  of  the  Peripatatics,  flourished 
about  60  B.  o.  He  was  the  teacher  of 
Cicero,  who  pronounced  him  the  ablest 
man  of  the  age. 

Cravat,  krarvat'.  A  neck-cloth  ;  an  arti- 
cle worn  by  men  about  the  neck. 

Crawford,  Thomas.  An  American 
sculptor,  B.  In  New  York,  1814,'d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1867.    Among  his  works  are   the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CEAWPOED 


226 


CBBEPEB 


bronze  statae  ef  Beethoyen  in  Boston  Mu- 
sic Hall,  an  equestrian  statute  of  Qen. 
Washington  at  the  Capitol,  Bichmond, 
Va.,  and  a  number  of  marble  and  bronze 
pieces  in  the  Capitol,  Washington. 
Orawford,  William  Harris.  An 
American  statesman ;  b.  in  Virginia, 
1772,  D.  1884.    He  was  reared  and  entered 

Subllc  life  in  Gteorgia,  being  elected  to  the 
tate  Legislature,  and  afterward  to  the  U. 
8.  Senate,  being  made  president  of  that 
body  in  1812;  in  1813  appointed  Minister 
to  France,  he  was  recalled  in  1815  and 
made  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  In  1824 
he  was  an  unsuooessftil  candidate  for  the 
Presidency. 

Orax,  kraks.  Curassow,  a  gen.  of  galli- 
naceous birds,  fam.  Cracidae. 

Orairfish,  kra'fish.  Astacus  fluyiatilis, 
the  river  lobster,  a  macrurous,  ten-footed 
crustacean,  esteemed  as  food. 

Crayon,  'on.  A  pencil  of  colored  pipe- 
clay, chalk  or  charcoal,  used  in  drawmg 
upon  paper.  A  composition  pencil  made 
of  soap,  resin,  wax  and  lamp-black,  used 
for  drawing  upon  lithographic  stones. 

Oream,  krem.  The  butyraceous  part  of 
milk,  which  rises  to  the  surface.  This  by 
agitation  forms  butter.  It  contains  about 
4  parts  of  butter,  4  of  casein,  a  little  inor- 
ganic matter,  and  92  of  serum.  The  best 
part  of  a  thing.  A  sweatmeat  or  viand 
prpared  ft-om  cream  ;  as  iced  cream.  A 
name  common  to  fine  liquors,  rosoglio, 
maraschino,  &c.  C.  oi  lime,  the  scum  of 
lime  water.  C.  of  tartar,  the  scum  of  a 
boiling  solution  of  tartar :  purified  and 
crystfdlized  supertartrate  of  potash. 

Oxeamery,  'er-i.  An  establishment  in 
which  the  cream  of  the  cows  of  a  district 
is  manufactured  into  butter  and  cheese. 

Grease,  kres.  A  Malay  dagger  or  short 
sword. 

Oreasingr-tool,  'ing-tol.  A  tool  used 
by  workers  in  sheet-metals  in  producing 
tubes  and  cylindrical  moldings. 

Oieasote,  kre'a-sot.  A  substance  ex- 
tracted ft-om  wood  tar,  generally  obtained, 
however,  ft-om  the  products  of  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood.  It  is  a  pow- 
erful antiseptic. 

Oreationiszn,  -a'shon-izm.  The  doctrine 
that  a  soul  is  specially  created  for  each 
human  fetus  as  soon  as  it  is  formed  in  the 
womb ;  opposed  to  Traducianism  and  In- 
fUsionism. 

Creator,  -at'er.  One  who  creates,  pro- 
duces, or  constitutes ;  distinctively,  the 
Almighty  Maker  of  all  things. 

Creche,  krdsh.    A  public  nursery  for  the 


children  of  poor  women  who  have  to  work 
out  during  the  day. 

Crecy  (Cressy),  krds'se.  A  village  of 
dept.  of  Somme,  France,  noted  as  the 
scene  of  the  decisiTe  victory,  1846,  of  Ed- 
ward in.  of  Enghmd  over  Philip  VI.  oi 
France,  in  which  tiie  latter  took  tne  King 
of  Bohemia,  9  princes,  80  knights  banner- 
et, 1200  knights,  1500  seigneurs,  and  over 
4,000  men-at-arms. 

Credence,    kj-e'- 
dens.  Belief;  cn-*!- 
it.  ThesmalltiiMi> 
by  the  side  of  '^' 
communion  ta 
on  which  the  bi 
and  wine  are  pl&^.  v-i  j 
before     they     arei 
consecrated.       Ini 
mediffival     tinii^H.j 
a  bu£fet  or   eUli'- 
board  where  iVi, 
was  tasted  bel" 
being  served  to  t  Si ti      Crediiaw  TAb]«. 
guests,  as  a  precau- 
tion against  poisoning. 

Credendum,  -den'dum.  In  Theol. 
something  to  be  believed ;  as  distinguished 
from  agendum,  a  thing  to  be  done. 

Credit  Foncier,  kra-de  fon-syS.  A  mode 
of  raising  money  on  land  in  France,  the 
repayment  of  the  loan  being  by  an  annuity 
terminable  at  a  certain  date. 

Credit  Mobilier,  m5-be-lya.  A  scheme 
which  originated  in  France  in  1862,  its  ob. 
jects  being  to  undertake  trading  enter- 

})rises  of  all  kinds  on  the  principle  of 
imited  liability.  A  similar  scneme  in  the 
United  States,  which  involved  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  number  of  public  men. 

Credo,  kre'dS.  The  creed,  as  said  or  sung 
in  the  service  of  the  E.  C.  Church. 

Creed,  kred.  A  brief  summary  of  the 
articles  of  the  Christian  fl&ith ;  as,  the 
Apostolic  Creed.  Any  system  of  prin- 
ciples, believed  or  professed. 

Creek,  krek.  A  small  inlet,  or  cove.  A 
small  river;  a  rivulet. 

Creek  Indians.  A  N.  American  tribe 
formerly  occupying  a  section  covering 
portions  of  Florida,  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
and  among  the  most  wai-like  of  the  ab- 
original races.  They  sided  vdth  Qreat 
Britain  in  the  Eevolution,  and  in  1787  and 
1813  made  war  on  the  whites,  in  the  latter 
campaign  being  signally  defeated  by  Gen. 
Jackson  ;  in  the  Seminole  war  of  1818  they 
were  the  allies  of  the  whites.  They  are 
now  peacefully  located  In  the  ladian 
Territory. 

Creeper,  krgp'er.    One  who  creeps;  that 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CREMATION 


227 


CBIBBAGA 


which  creeps ;  a  reptile ;  a  creeping  plant. 
An  iron  used  to  slide  along  the  grate  in 
kitchens.  A  patten  or  clog  worn  by 
women;  also,  an  appliance  with  iron  points 
fixed  on  a  shoe  to  prevent  slipping.  An 
instrument  with  claws  for  dragging  in 
water.  The  popular  name  of  a  famuy  of 
birds  (Certhiad^e)  which  resemble  the 
woodpeckers. 

Cremation,  kre-mfi'shon.  The  act  or 
custom  of  burning  the  dead. 

Orexnona,  -md'na.  A  general  name  given 
to  violins  made  at  Cremona,  the  capital  of 
MUan,  in  the  17th  centurv,  by  the  Amati 
family,  and  byStraduanus  in  the  ISth 
centuiy. 

Orenate,  'n&t.  Notched;  indented; 
scalloped. 

Orenatala,  -nat'ii-la.  A  gen.  of  the  bi- 
valve shells  of  the  mussel  and  pearl-oyster 
fom.,  found  in  sponges,  and  moored  to 
corallines. 

Crenellated,  'nel-Ut-ed.  Furnished 
with  crenelles,  as  a  parapet  or  breast-work; 
embattled ;  indented. 

Crenilabrus,  -ni-Wbrus.  A  gen.of  fishes, 
sec.  Acanthopterygli,  fam.  Labridae,  to 
which  the  gilt-head  or  golden  maid,  and 
the  goldfinny  or  goldsinny,  belong. 

Creole,  '61.  A  native  of  the  West  Indies 
and  Spanish  America,  descended  from 
European  ancestors.  A  native  of  the  W. 
Indies  and  Spanish  America  of  any  color, 
but  not  of  indigenous  blood. 

Creon.  In  Mjrth.  King  of  Corinth,  who 
betrothed  his  daughter  Glance  to  Jason, 
the  latter  having  abandoned  Medea.  In 
revenge  Medea  sent  Glance  a  present  of  a 
poisoned,  inflammable  dress  which  took 
fire  and  destroyed  the  palace  with  Glance, 
Creon  and  the  remainder  of  his  family. 

Creon.  In  Myth.  King  of  Thebes,  whoso 
territories  were  ravaged  by  the  Sphinx.  C. 
offtered  his  crown  to  whoever  would  solve 
the  riddles  and  thus  clear  the  country  of 
the  Sphinx,  a  feat  which  was  accom- 
plished by  CEdipus,  who  became  King  of 
Thebes. 

Crepon,  'pon.  A  fine  stuff  made  of 
wool,  or  wool  and  silk,  of  whieh  the  warp 
is  twisted  much  harder  than  the  weft. 
The  crepons  of  Naples  consist  altogether 
of  silk. 

Crepnscnlaria,  -pusTcu-la'M-a.  A  sec. 
of  lepidopterous  insects  occupying  an 
intermediate  station  between  the  butter- 
flies and  moths. 

Crescent,  kres'ent.  The  increasing  or 
new  moon  ;  also,  the  old  or  decreasing 
OWWD*    The  figure  of   l^e    new  moon, 


Cressets. 


as  borne  in  the  Turkish  flag  or  na< 
tional  standard ;  the  standard  itself,  and 
figuratively,  the  Turkish  power.  In  Her. 
a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  new  moon. 
The  name  of  three  orders  of  knighthood, 
the  first  instituted  by  Charles  I.  of  Na- 
ples and  Sicily  in  1268 ;  the  second  at  An- 
glers in  14ft4  by  Een6  of  Aniou,  a  revival 
of  the  former ;  and  the  third  by  Selim, 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  in  1801,  in  honor  of 
Lord  Nelson.  A  Turkish  military  music- 
al instrument  with  bells  or  jingles.  In 
Arch,  a  range  of  buildings  in  the  form  of 
a  half-moon. 

Cresset,  'et.  A 
name  anciently 
given  to  fixed  can- 
dlesticks in  great 
halls  and  church- 
es, to  lights  used 
as  beacons  and  to 
lamps  or  fire- 
pans suspended 
on  pivots  and  carried  on  poles. 

Cretaceous  Period.  In  Geol.  the  up- 
per  strata  of  the  secondary  series,  first  be- 
low the  Tertiary  and  above  the  Oolite. 
The  maximum  depth  of  the  strata  is  8,700 
ft.,  of  which  about  1,100  in  Europe  is  chalk. 

Cretin,  kre'tin.*  A  name  given  to  de- 
formed idiots  in  the  valley  of  the  Alps. 

Cretism,  kret'izm.  A  falsehood ;  a  Cre- 
tan practice.  Derived  ttom  Crete,  the  in^ 
habitants  of  which  in  ancient  times  were 
so  much  given  to  mendacity,  that  a  Cretan 
and  a  liar  were  considered  synonymous. 

Cretonne,  kre-ton'.  A  cotton  cloth 
printed  on  one  side  with  pictorial  and 
other  patterns. 

Creuse,  krftz.  A  dept.  of  Central 
Franco  ;  cap.  Gu6nt ;  pop.  abt.  280,000. 

Crevasse, 
krg-vas'.Arent 
across  a  gla- 
cier as  deep  as 
the  glacier  is 
thick.  A  breach 
in  the  embank- 
ment or  levee 
of  a  river,  oc- 
casioned by  a 
pressure  of 
water.  j 

Crewel,  kro'- 
el.      A     fine 
worsted     or 
thread  of  silk  | 
or  wool. 

Cribbagre, 
krib'aj.  A 
game  at  cards, 


Creyasse  in  a  Glacier, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CEICETUB 


OBOOODILIA 


CMoket 
There  are  several  spc- 


plaved  with  the  whole  pack  by  two,  three, 
or  four  persons.  ^.  board,  a  board  used 
for  marking  in  the  game. 

OricetUB,  kri-se'tus.  The  hamster,  a 
gen.  of  ivodent  animald,  with  teeth  like 
those  of  the  rat,  very  destructive  to  grain. 

Oxichton,  James,  'ton  Aji  accom- 
plished Scotchman ;  b.  1560,  assassinated 
at  Mantua  in  1582.  He  was  sumamed 
Admirable,  from  his  great  natural  gifts 
and  accomplishments. 

Cricket,  krik'- 
et.  An  insect 
of  the  gen. 
Gryllus,  or 
Adbetaof  some 
naturalists, 
ord.  Orthoptera. 
des. 

Oxioket.  An  open-air  game  played  with 
bats,  baUs,  and  wickets. 

Oxicket-club,  -klub.  An  association  or- 
ganized for  playing  cricket. 

Crimea,  The,  kri-me'a.  A  peninsula 
of  S.  Russia,  noted  as  the  scene  of  the 
war  of  1854-66,  in  which  the  Turks  were 
assisted  by  the  British  and  French,  and 
resulted  in  the  capture  and  destruction  of 
Sebastopol.  Pop.  abt  -SOOiOOO;  mostly 
Tartars. 

Oriminal,  krim'in-al.  A  person  who 
has  committed  an  offense  against  pub- 
lic law ;  a  violator  of  law,  divine  or  hu. 
man;  more  particulariy,  a  person  in. 
dieted  or  charged  with  a  public  offense 
and  found  gulfty,  by  confession  or  proof 

Crimp,  krimp.  One  who  decoys  another 
into  the  naval  or  military  service. 

Crimping-machine,  'ing-ma-shSn.  A 
machine  for  forming  plaiting  or  fluting  on 
frills  or  ruffles. 

Crinoid,  krin'oid.  A  fossil  lily-shaped 
animal ;  an  encrinite. 

Crinoline,  krln'o-lin.  An  article  of  fe- 
male attire,  consisting  of  an  expansive 
skirt,  stiffened  in  any  way. 

Criocerided,  •kri-6-ser'i-de.  A  fiim.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Tetramera.  The 
typo  is  the  Crioceris,  but  the  most  com- 
mon species  Is  the  asparagus-beetle. 

C    r   i   o 
B  p  h  i  n  z, 
-singks.    One 
of    the  three 
varieties  of  the  ^-- 
Egyptian  « 
ephinx,  having  Crio-sphinx. 

the  head  of  a 

ram,  as  distinguished  fr«m   the  andro- 
sphlnx,  with  the  head  of  a  human  being, 


and  hieraco-sphinx  or  hawk-headed 
sphinx. 

Crisper,  krisp'er.  He  who  or  that  which 
crisps  or.  curls ;  an  instrument  for  frieztng 
or  crisping  cloth. 

Crispin,  kris'pin.  A  familiar  name  for  a 
shoemaker,  ttom  CMspin  or  Crispinus,  the 
patron  saint  of  the  craft. 
sCMspin,  St.  The  patron  saint  of 
shoemakers;  b.  in  Rome,  231,  suffered 
isartyrdom  as  a  Christian,  287. 
Criss-cross,  'kros.  A  mark  or  cross,  as 
the  signature  of  one  who  cannot  write.  A 
game  played  on  slates  by  children  at 
school. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordan.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman  ;  b.  in  Kentucky,  1776,  d* 
1863.  He  was  elected  to  the  State  Legis- 
lature in  1816,  and  to  the  U.  8.  Senate* 
1817  ;  appointed  Attomey-Qeneral  of  the 
U.  S.  in  1841,  and  in  1848  was  elected 
Governor  of  Kentucky.  Reappointed  as 
Attorney -Oeneral  in  1860,  he  retired  from 
public  Ufe  with  the  close  of  President  Fill- 
more's administration.  In  1860-61  he 
vainly  attempted  to  stem  the  tide  of  se- 
cession through  a  public  convention  of 
prominent  conservatives  from  all  sections. 
Crizzel,  krizl.  A  rouehness  on  the  sur- 
face of  glass  which  clouds  its  transparency. 
Croak,  kr5k.  The  low,  harsh  sound  ut- 
tered by  a  frog  or  raven,  or  a  like  sound. 
Croatia,  kro-a'she-a.  An  ancient  kingdom 
of  central  Europe,  adjoining  and  depen- 
dent upon  Hungary,  now  a  prov.  of  Aus- 
tria, governed  by  a  viceroy,  called  the 
Ban.  Gap.  Agram,  pop.  abt.  1,200,000. 
Crochet,  kro'shft.  A  species  of  knitting 
performed  by  means  of  a  small  hook,  the 
material  being  fonoy  worsted,  cotton  or 
silk. 

Crooiaiy,  'shi-a-ri.  The  official  who  car- 
ries the  cross  before  an  archbishop. 
Crock,  krok.  An  earthen  vessel.  Soot, 
or  the  black  matter  collected  from  com- 
bustion. The  escape  of  color  from  drees 
goods. 

Crockery,  'e-ri.  Earthenware;  vesaeto 
formed  of  clay,  glazed  and  baked. 
Crocodil- 
ia,  kro-k5- 
dil'i-a.  An 
ord.  of  saur- 
ian reptiles, 
ranging 
from  the 
oolite  strata 

to  the  pres-  ^^       ... 

enttime,and  (^aoHlllu, 

comprising  the  three  DuniUes  CrooodlHda^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CROCKET 


CROSS-BEARER 


Alligatorifle  and  OftylalidsB,  of  which  the 
orooodile  of  Eg^rpt,  the  American  alliga- 
tor, and  the  Indian  gayial  are  respectiyely 
the  best  known  members. 

Crocket,  'et.  In  Gothic  arch,  an  orna- 
ment, usually  in  imitation  of  curved  and 
bent  foliage,  placed  on  the  angles  of  the 
Inclined  sides  of  pinnacles,  gables,  &c. 
One  of  the  terminal  snags  on  a  stag's 
horn. 

Oroooisite,  -koi'zite.  A  mineral,  native 
chromate  of  lead  or  red-lead  ore  used  as  a 
pigment. 

OrOBSUS,  krg'sjis.  The  last  king  of  Lydia, 
famed  for  his  immense  riches ;  b.  600,  b. 
o. ;  assassinated  548,  by  order  of  Camby- 
ses.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Cyrus,  bv 
whom  C.  was  defeated  and  captured,  546. 

Oxomeroacll.  The  name  of  the  chief 
idol  of  the  Irish  before  their  conversion 
by  St.  Patrick.  It  was  a  gold  or  silver 
image;  surrounded  by  twelve  little  brazen 
ones. 

Oroxnlech, 
krom'lek.  Large 
flat  stones  Idd 
across  others  in 
an  upright  posi- 
tion ;  very  com- 
mon in  Qreat 
Britain  and  Cen- 
t  r  a  1    Europe ;  CSromlech. 

also  found  in  Asia  and  America.  From 
having  been  found  in  burial  mounds  or 
barrows,  with  their  rude  chambers  filled 
with  sepulchral  remains,  they  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  sepulchral  monuments. 
in  France  they  we  caUed  dolmens. 

Oroxnoma,  kro-mor'na.  A  reed-stop  in 
the  organ,  yoi($ed  like  the  oboe,  and  bear- 
ing the  same  relation  to  the  oboe  as  the 
stopped  diapason  to  the  open.  Some- 
times written  Cremona. 

Oroxnwell,  Oliver.  Lord  Protector 
of  the  Commonwealth.  The  descendant 
of  a  noble  English  ftmily,  b.  at  Hunt- 
ingdon, 1509.  He  early  attached  himself 
to  the  Puritans,  and  entered  Parliament  in 
1628,  leaving  it  to  take  up  arms  in  the 
civil  war,  16^.  He  rapidly  rose  to  the 
chief  command,  sat  as  one  of  the  Judf^es 
of  Charies  I.,  1649,  in  1658  dissolved  ParUa- 
ment  by  force  and  in  1654  was  proclaimed 
dictator  under  the  above  title.  He  gov- 
erned vigorously  but  wisely,  d.  1658. 

Oxomwell,  Bicliard.  Son  and  s.  to 
his  father,  OHver,  b.  1626,  d.  1712.  He 
resigned  the  Protectorship  in  1650. 

Oromwell,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Essex. 
An  English  statesman,  b.  1490 ;  beheaded 


on  a  false  chfu-ge  of  treason,  1540.  Hfl 
held  the  office  of  prime  minister  undef 
Henry  VIII. 

Oronstadt,  krdn'stdt.  A  Russian  sea* 
port,  strongly  fortified,  abt.  20  m.  W.  ol 
St.  Petersbuxg,  on  the  Qulf  of  Finhmd ; 
Itop.  50,100. 

Crook,  krdk.  Any  bend,  turn  or  curve. 
Any  bent  or  curved"  instrument ;  a  shep- 
herd's staff,  curving  at  the  end.  The  pas- 
toral staff  of  a  bishop  or  abbot,  fashioned 
in  the  form  of  a  shepherd's  staff.  The 
iron  chain  with  its  appropriate  hooks,  by 
which  pots,  &c.,  are  hung  over  the  fire. 
A  small  curved  tube  applied  to  a  trumpet, 
horn,  &c.t  to  change  its  key.  A  slang 
term  for  a  thief. 

Croon,  kron.    A  low,  continued  moan. 

Cropper,  krop'er.  A  breed  of  pigeons 
with  a  large  crop.  A  fall,  as  from  horse 
back ;  hence,  failure  in  an  undertaking. 

Croppy,  'i.  A  person  whose  ears  have 
been  cut  off,  especially  for  treason ;  an 
Irish  rebel.  A  Roundhead.  One  who 
has  had  his  hair  cropped  in  prison. 

Cross,  kros.  A  gibbet,  consisting  of  two 
pieces  of  timber  placed  across  each  other; 
the  ensign  of  the  Christian  religion.  The 
doctrines  of  Christ's  sufferings  and  of  the 
atonement.  In  sporting  a  contest  de- 
cided dishonestly,  for  the  sake  of  gaining 
money.  In  Her.  an  ordinary,  composed 
of  four  lines,  two  parallel  lines  perpendic< 
ular,  and  two  transverse,  held  by  many 
authorities  to  be  the  most  honorabfa 
charge  in  all  heraldry.  A  mixing  of  breeda 
in  producing  animals. 
Crosses,  in  architectural 
antiq.  are  of  various  de- 
scriptions, according  U> 
the  occasion  or  purpose 
of  their  erection.  Thej 
include  preaching  cross 
es,  market  crosses, 
weeping  crosses,  crossep. 
of  memorial,  the  monu- 
mental or  sepulchral 
cross,  the  palm  cross, 
and  boundary  crosses. 
Cross  and  pile,  a  play 
with  money,  at  which  it 
was  put  to  chance 
whether  a  coin  should 
fall  with  that  side  upi 
which  bears  the  cross,  ^ 
or  the  other.  "' '  t» 

Cross-bearer,  'bar-er.    Monumental 
In  the  R.  C.   Church,  Cross, 

the  chaplain  of  an  arch- 
bishop who  bears  a  cross  before  him  on 
solemn  occasions.    A  certain  officer  in  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CROQUET 


CBOWK 


Inquisition,  who  ina<l<^  a  vow  bf  fnr«'  ths 

Inquisitors  to  defen^l  t\u^  VnihiMv  Mih, 

though  with  the  losft  of  tort  tin  e  iiiid  Uft*. 
Oroquet,    krd'kA.       An   upi^ndr  i^'iitfif^ 

played  with  a  ni^et.  1»:iI1m,  mtft*  or  rMp-its, 

and  a  series  of  iron  I  "-«|kA  iirbnrhrifi.     It 

can  be  played  by  tw-ni  nnvrv.  ftnd.  In  tko 

case  of  seyeral  playing',   tlK'y  inuy  cithj'r 

be  divided  into  parUubi,  or  [ilny  couHi  Ibr 

their  own  hand. 
Oroquette,  -ket.     A   frlrd,  forct'-rnt-itt 

ball,  made  of  chicken,  ineikt,  nwi  butter. 
0r08S-bill,  kros'bil.   Kujiio  urUtnU,  pin, 

Loxia,  f|m.  Fringilliclii«, 

ord.  Passeres,  the  mun- 

dibles   of    whoso     ItUl 

curve     opposite   wtija 

and  cross  each  other. 
€ro88.bow,  0)6.      A 

weapon      formed     by 

placing  a  bow  athwhiH 

ft    stock.      There    wo 

^veral     kinds,     son  to 

being    Airnishod    wilti 

implements   for  bend- 
ing the  bow,as  the  cr(  -^^  - 

bow  with  windlass ;  1  ho 

German     cro8s-b<KH-, 

with  a  wheel  attacht^  \ 

tlie  Chinese  cro88-b<iW^ 

some  of  which  are  fnmljitu'd  wllh  &  isUdci 

enabling  them  to  disrtiaTgiitwoiitj-  firrcnv» 

in  succession. 
Oross-breed, 'brCd.    Abrit^l  pnubm-d 

from  parents  of  differt'Ut  forewHls. 
OrosscutHBaw,  'kut-^    A  t^uw  u4ji[Ph«ii 

for  cutting  timber  acm?ta  ilii^'^^ndiL 
Oross-days,  Mfiz.    Tlje  lljriHi  dfiy.i  ino- 

ceding  the  feast  of  the  Aae^xaitttu 
Orosse.  The  implement  u^od  la  Uie  i^iipie 

of lacrosse. 
Ghross-eye,  'I.    That  sort  ctf  Hi^utui  hy 

which  both  eyes  tuni  tuvviirfl  \ha  nm*\  t?-u 

that  the  rays  of  ligh\  ciOisa  tmuh  athej' ; 

strabismus. 
Oro8sopteryfirid»,  --ip'terij'i.du,     a 

6ub-ord.  of  ganoid  fo!«sr|  iinil  j'i.'i<i.>jiL  JblM'^, 
By  far  the  greater  nutid^er  of  thw  old  rt^ 
sandstone  fishes  bclo Hi?  ti)  tidfi  iitib-urd., 
also  the  living  gen.  Folyptenw, 

Gross-staff,  'staf.  An  InhtniiiUMit  ftir- 
merly  used  to  take  t\iv  iilJfroilii  i»f  tho  jsun 
or  star.  In  Surv.  an  liHiriinunt  tNsnr'iwt- 
Ing  of  a  staflT  carrying  ilr,  dfvtrtf^l 

into  four  equal  parts  In. 

OrotaMdflB,  kr5-tal'  m.  of  ven- 

omous serpents,  oi  I.  oj,iaiM;i,  dlvldt^i 
Into  several  genera,  rl"  ^vliUh  CmtAlua  and 
Trigonocephalus  are  tJiu^  ijHndiwd, 

Orotalo,  'ta-l6.    A  Tujklek  uiuattiil   lit- 


strument,  corresponding  with  the  ancient 
oymbalum. 

Orotalus,  -lus.    The  rattlesnake. 

Orotoplia«ra,  -tofa-ga.  The  horn-bill 
cuckoos,  a  gen.  of  birds,  ord.  Scansores, 
fhm.  CuculidaB. 

Oroupier,  kro'pe-er.  One  who  superin- 
tends and  collects  the  money  at  a  gam- 
ing-table. One  who  at  a  public  dinner 
party  sits  at  the  lower  end  of  the  table,  as 
assistant-chairman. 

Crow,  kro.  A  general  name  for  members 
of  the  gen.  Corvus,  type  of  the  fam.  CJor- 
vidap.  The  carrion  crow  is  the  Corvua 
corone ;  the  raven,  Corvus  corax ;  the 
hoode<l  crow,  Corvus  comix  ;  the  rook, 
(./orvus  iVugilegus ;  the  jackdaw,  Corvus 
monedula.  The  cry  of  the  cock.  The 
mesentery  or  ruffle  of  a  beast,  so  called  by 
butchers. 

Orowbar,  'bar.  A  bar  of  iron  with  a 
bent  and  sometimes  forked  end,  used  as  a 
lever. 

Crown,  kroun.    An  orna- 
ment for  the  head,  originally 
in  the  form  of  a  wreath  or 
garland,  and  worn  by  the 
Greeks  and  Koraans  on  spe-i 
cial  occasions.  Crowns,  made! 
at  first  of  grass,  flowers  orf 
twigs,  but  later  of  gold,  were  1 
awarded  victors   in    public  J 
games,  and  citizens  who  had 
done  the  state  marked  ser- 
vice.   A  badge  of  sovereign- 
ty in  modern  states.     "Hie 
crown  of  £ngland  is  a  gold  circle,  adorned 
with  pearls  and       j  2 

Erecious  stones, 
aving  alter- 
nately four  Mal- 
tese crosses  and 
four  fleurs-de- 
lis.  From  the 
top  of  the 
crosses  rise  im- 
perial arches, 
closing  under 
mound  and^ 
cross.  The 
whole  covers  a 
crimson    velvet       8  4 

cap  with  an  er-     1,    Imperial   Crown 
mine      border.  (Charlemagne's).  2,  Aus- 
The   crown   of  trian  Cro-wn.    8,  Russian 
Chnrlem  a  g  n  e.  Crown.  4,  French  Clx)wn. 
preserved  in  the 

Imperial  Treasury  of  Vienna,  is  composed 
of  eight  plates  of  gold,  four  large  ana  four 
small,  connected  by  hinges.  The  large 
plates  are  studded  with  precious  stones, 
the  fh)nt  one  being  surmounted  with  a 


Digitized  by 


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CEOWl^J -GLASS 


281 


CBTPTOGAMIA 


croM,  fhe  smaller  ones,  placed  alternately 
-with  these,  are  ornamented  with  enamels 
representing  Solomon,  David,  Hezeklah, 
and  Isaiah,  and  Christ.seated  between  two 
flaming  seraphim.  The  Aastrian  crown 
is  a  sort  of  cleft  tiara,  having  in  the  mid- 
dle a  semicircle  of  gold  supporting  a 
monnd  and  cross  ;  the  tiara  rests  on  a 
circle  with  pendants  like  those  of  a  mitre. 
The  royal  crown  of  France  is  a  circle  orna- 
mented with  eight  fleurs-de-lis,  from 
which  rise  as  many  quarter-circles  dosing 
under  a  double  fleur-de-lis.  The  triple 
crown  of  the  popes  is  more  commonly 
called  the  tiara. 

Orown-fflaflS,  'glas.     The  finest  com- 
mon window-glass,  used   in   connection 
with  flint-glass  for  dioptric  instruments. 
Orown-piece,    'pes.      A    British    coin 
worth  6s.;  a  crown. 

OTOWn-prinoe,'prins.  The  prince-royal, 
legitimate  successor  to  the  crown. 
Orown-wheel,  'wh6l.     A  wheel  with 
teeth  set  at  right  angles  with  its  plane. 
Orow'8-feet,    kroz'fSt.      The   wrinkles 
brought  out  by  age  under  and  around  the 
•ut^  corners  of  the  eyes. 
Orow's-nest,    'nest.    A   barrel  or  box 
fitted  up  on  the  cross-trees  of  a  vessel  for 
the  sheUer  of  the  look-out  man 
Orozier,  kro'zhi-er.     An  or- 
namental sta£f  surmounted  by 
a  floriated   cross  or  crucifix, 
borne  by  or  before  an  arch- 
bishop on   solemn   occasions.        M 
The  crozier  is  often  confounded        W 
with    the    bishop's    pastoral         || 
staff,  which  is  quite  dissimilfu-,   Grower, 
being  made  in  the  form  of  a 
crook.    In  Astron.  a  southern  constella- 
tion, consisting  of  stars  in  the  form  of  a 
cross ;  the  Southern  cross. 
Oracian,  kro'shi-an.    A  fish,  the  Cypri- 
nus   carassius,   or   German    carp,    fam. 
Cyprinidffi. 

Oracible,  'si-bl.  A  melting  pot,  made 
of  earth,  and  so  tempered  ana  baked  as  to 
endure  extreme  heat  without  Aising,  used 
for  melting  ores,  metals,  Ac.  Crucibles 
are  somettines  made  of  other  materials, 
as  black-lead,  platina,  clay,  &o.  A  hol- 
low place  at  the  bottom-of  a  chemical  ftir- 
nace.  In  a  moral  sense,  a  severe  or 
searching  test. 

OruoifLx,  'si-fiks.  A  representation  of  a 
cross  with  the  figure  of  Christ  crucified 
upon  it. 

Oraet,  'et.    A  vial  or  small  glass  bottle 
for  holding  vinegar,  oil,  Ac. 
Oraet-stand,  'et-stand.    A  metal  firame 
for  holding  cruets. 


Oroise,  kroz.  A  voyage  ;  a  sailing  to  and 

fro,  as  in  'Search  of  an  enemy's  ship,  or 

for  pleasure. 
Cruiser,  'or.    An  armed  ship  that  sails 

to  and  fro  for  capturing  ten  enemy's  ships, 

for  protecting  the  commerce  of  the  coun- 
try, or  for  plunder. 
Crumb-cloth,  krum'cloth.    A  cloth  to 

be  laid  under  a  table  to  receive  the  falUng 

fragments. 
Crusades,  The.    The    name   given  to 

the  seven  great  Christian    invasions   of 

Asia  by  Europeans  for  the  conquest  of 

Palestine.     Tne  first  was  organized  by 

Peter  the  Hermit,  1096 ;  the  second,  1142; 

thfrd,   1189;  fourth,    1217;  fifth,    1228; 

sixth,  1249 ;  seventh  and  last,  1270. 
Crut,  krut.    The  rough  shaggy  part   of 

oak  bark. 
Crutched,     kmcht.     Supported     with 

crutches.    Crossed ;  badged  with  a  cross. 

C.  Friars,  an  order  founded  at  Bologna  in 

1169. 
Crux,    kruks.     The   Cross,  n  t^oiitlKTri 

constellation  consisting  of  4  bs  tij  htstanuj 
.   situated  close  to  the  hinder 

legs    and  under   the    body 

of   Centaurus.     C.    critico- 

rum,  the  greatest  difficulty 

that  can  occur  to  critics,  as  a 

passage  in  a  Greek  author. 
Crwth,  krflth.    A  kind  of 

violin  with  six-  strings,  for- 
merly much  used  Ip  Wales. 

Four   of  the   strings   werei 

played  on  by  a  bow,  and  two 

twanged  by  the  thumb. 
Cryopho- 

rus,  kri-ofo- 

rus.     An  in- 

stnmient   for' 

showing    the 

diminution  of 


r 


Cryophorus. 


temperature  in  water  by  evaporation. 

Czypt,  kript.  A  subterranean  cell  or 
cave,  especially  one  constructed  for  the  in- 
terment of  bodies.  That  part  of  a  cathe- 
dral or  church  beneath  the  floor,  set  apart 
for  monumental  purposes,  and  some- 
times used  as  a  chapel.  In  Hot.  a  round 
receptacle  for  secretion  present  in  the 
leaves  of  some  plants,  as  in  the  orange 
and  myrtle.  In  Anat.  a  little  rounded  ex- 
crescence, In  which  the  ramifications  of 
the  arteries  terminate  In  the  cortical  part 
of  the  kidneys. 

Czyptooepnalus,  krip-t6-sefal-us.  A 
gen.  of  coleopterous  insects,  fiim.  Cryso- 
melidae. 

CrsrptOflraznia,  -ga'mi-a.  The  name  given 
by  LinnffiUB  to  plants  which  do  not  bear 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OEYPTOLOGY 


CUCULLUB 


true  flowers  consisting  of  stamens  and 
pistils.  They  are  divided  iato  cellular 
and  yascalar  cryptogams.  The  first 
groap  includes  the  algte,  fUngi,  lichens, 
charas,  Iiverw9rt8,  and  mosses ;  the 
second,  ferns,  horse-tails,  moonworts, 
rhizocarps,  and  lyoopods. 

CrsrptolOfiry,  -toro-ji.  Secret  or  enig- 
matical language. 

ClTptopentamera,  -to-pen-tam"e-ra. 
A  sec.  of  coleopterons  insects,  having  five 
tarsi  to  all  the  Ws,  the  fifth  tarsus  being, 
however,  concealei. 

Gryptophasrus,  -tofa-gus.  A  gen.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  fam.  Kngidae,  minute 
beetles,  found  in  f^ngi  and  flowers. 

Olirstal,  kris't^.  An  inorganic  body, 
which,  by  the  operation  of  affinity,  has  as- 
sumed the  form  of  "^  regular  solid,  termi- 
nated by  a  certain  number  of  plane  and 
smooth  surfaces.  A  species  of  superior 
glass.  The  best  is  the  Venice  crystal. 
The  glass  of  a  watch-case.  A  body  re- 
sembling crystal  in  its  qualities.  Rock  or 
mountain  crystal,  a  general  name  for  all 
the  transparent  crystals  of  quartz.  Ice- 
land crystal,  a  variety  of  calcareous  spar, 
or  crystallized  carbonate  of  lime. 

Orystalline,  -in.  A  crj'^stallized  rock,  or 
one  partially  crystallized,  as  granite.  In 
Chem.  an  old  name  for  aniline. 

Orystalloid,  -old.  The  name  given  to 
bodies  which  hav«  the. power,  when  in 
solution,  of  passing  through  membranes, 
as  pwchment-papw.*  Metallic  salts,  sui-'ar, 
morphia,  and  oxaUd  acid,  are  crystalloids. 
They  are  opposed  to  colloids,  which  have 
not  this  permeating  power. 

Orsrstallonietry,  -om'et-ri.  The  art 
of  measuring  the  forms  of  crystals. 

Otenobranchiata,  ten-o-brangk-i'a''- 
ta.  Van  der  Hoeven's  10th  family  of  mol- 
lusks.  The  whelk  is  the  best  known  mem- 
ber. The  sexes  are  separate,  and  the  ex- 
ternal organs  of  generation  distinct. 

Otenodactyliis,  -dak'til-us.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  animals,  fam.  Ootodontina. 

Otenoidei,  -oid'e  i.  The  8d  ord.  of  fossil 
fishes,  according  to  the  classification  of 
Agassiz,  including  the  porch,  flounder 
and  turbot. 

CtenoxniTB,  'd-mls.  A  gen.  of  rat-like, 
rodent  animals,  with  habits  of  the  mole. 

Ctenophora,  -©f  6-ra.  An  ord.  of  aca- 
lephs,  of  which  the  gen.  Beroe  maybe 
taken  as  a  type.  They  are  free-swimming 
ocean  forms  which  never  develop  a  coral. 

Oub,  kub.  The  young  of  the  dog,  lion, 
bear  or  fox ;  a  puppy ;  a  whelp.  A  young 
boy  or  gfa-l— In  contempt. 


K 

k 

kl 

k 

Cube. 


Cuba.  The  largest  and  most  important 
of  the  W.  Indies,  called  the  *'  Queen  of 
the  Antilles ;"  area  4S,469  sq.  m. ;  length 
660  m.;  breadth  from  11  to  135  m.  C.  be- 
longs to  8pain,  and  is  ruled  by  a  captain, 
general ;  slavery  still  exists,  but  is  in  pro- 
cess of  gradual  abolition  ;  chief  cities  and 
ports  are  Havana,  the  cap.,  Matanzas, 
Puerto  Principe,  Cardenas  and  Manzanillo; 
pop.  1,620.000. 

Cube,  kub.  In  Geom.  a  regu- 
lar solid  body  with  six  equal 
sides,  all  squares,  and  con- 
taining equal  angles;  a  rec- 
tangular parallelopiped  which 
has  all  its  six  sides  squares. 
In  Arith.the  product  of  a 
number  multiplied  into  it- 
self, and  that  product  multiplied  into 
the  same  iiu^i.ber.  In  Alg.  the  third 
power  in  a  series  of  geometrical  propor- 
tionals continued  ;  as  a  is  the  root,  a'  the 
square,  and  a*  the  cube.  C.  root  is  the 
number  which,  multiplied  into  itself,  and 
then  into  the  j)roduct,  produces  the  cube ; 
or  which  twice  multiplied  into  itself,  pro- 
duces the  number  of  which  it  is  the  root. 

Cubit,  ku'bit.  In  Anat.  the  ulna,  a  bone  of 
the  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  vmst.  A 
lineal  measure,  being  the  length  of  a 
man's  arm  from  the  elbow  te  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  middle  finger.  The  Roman 
cubit  was  174-10  inches,  the  Hebrew 
cubit  a  little  less  than  22  inches,  and  the 
English  cubit  18  inches. 

Cubo-cube,  ku'bo-kfib.  In  Math,  the 
sixth  power  of  a  number ;  the  square  of  a 
cube ;  thus,  64  is  the  cubo-cube  of  2. 

Cubo-cubo-cube,  'bo-kub.  In  Math,  the 
ninth  powerof  a  number ;  the  cube  of  the 
cube ;  thus,  512  is  the  cubo-cubo-cube  of  2. 

Cuckingr-stool,  kuk'ing-stol.  A  chair 
In  which  an  offender  was  placed,  usually 
before  her  or  his  own  door,  to  be  hooted 
at  or  pelted  by  the  mob. 

Cuckold,  'old.  A  man  whose  wife  is 
false  to  his  bed ;  the  husband  of  an  adul- 
teress. 

Cuckoo,  kfl'- 
ko.  A  scanso- 
rlal  or  climbing 
bird,  gen.  Cu- 
culus,  the  type 
of  the  fam.  Cu- 
culidee.  It  be-\ 
longs  to  the 
zygodactvlo  u  s 
or  yoke-footed  tribe. 

Cucullus,  -kul'us.  A  cowl  or  hood  worn 
by  the  ancient  Romans  and  by  monka. 
In  Bot.  a  hood  or  terminal  hollow. 


Cuckoo. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CtrCtJEBIT 


CTTPRITE 


Oacizrbit,  'kes-bit.  A  chemical  vessel 
made  of  copper,  glass,  tin,  or  stoneware, 
and  used  in  distillation.  This  vessel,  with 
its  cover,  constitutes  the  alembic. 

Cucorbitacas,  -S"se-e.  An  ord.  of  i>ol- 
vpetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  compre- 
hending the  melon,  gourd,  cucumber,  col- 
ocynth  and  bryoiiy. 

Chidbear,  kud'bar.  A  powder  usetl  in 
dyeing  violet,  purple  and  crimson,  pre- 
pared Arom  lichens. 

Cuddle,  'dl.    A  hug ;  an  embrace. 

Oui  bono,  kl  bo'nd.  For  whose  benefit  ? 
Popularly,  for  what  use  or  end  ? 

Ouinagre,  kwin'^.  The  making  up  of 
tin  into  pigs,  <feo.,  for  carriage. 

Onlraas,  kwi-ras'.  A  breastplate ;  apiece 
of  defensive  armor  covering  the  body  from 
the  neck  to  the  girdle.  The  1st  and  2d 
life  Guards  and  Royal  Horse  Guards 
Blue  are  the  only  cuirassiers  in  the  British 
army. 

OolxViBoililly,  kwer-bo-il-Ii.  Leather 
softened  and  impressed  ^th  ornaments, 
used  for  shields,  girdles,  sword-sheaths, 
coffers,  pen-cases,  shoes  and  many  other 
articles ;  also,  in  the  16th  century,  for 
hangings  for  rooms. 

Ouish,  Ifwis.  Defensive  armor  for  the 
thighs,  originally  of  buff  leather,  but  later 
of  iron  or  steel. 

Ooisine,  kwe-zSn'.  A  kitchen ;  the 
cooking  department.  Manner  or  style  of 
cooking;  cookery. 

Oujas,  Jacques,  koo'zhda.  A  French 
lurist ;  b.  1520,  d.  15»0.  Hallam  eulogizes 
him  as  the  "  greatest  of  civil  lawyers." 

Onldee,  knl'de.  One  of  an  ancient  order 
of  monks  In  Scotland,  Ireland  and  Wales, 
supposed  to  have  been  founded  in  the  6tfa 
century  by  St.  Columba. 

Ool-de-sac,  kiilMe-sak.  A  street  or  pass- 
age closed  at  one  end ;  a  blind  alley. 
Milit.  an  army  hemmed  in  at  the  rear  and 
flanks,  and  having  no  exit  but  by  the  front. 

Oolicided,  ku-Iis'i-de.  A  snb-fam.  of 
dipterous  insects,  fam.  Tipulida;.  The 
gen.  Oulex  comprehends  the  common  gnat 
and  mosquito. 

Oullet,  knl'et.  Broken  glass  brought  to 
the  glass-house  for  the  purpose  of  being 
melted  up  Trtth  fresh  materials. 

Oolloden.  A  moor  in  Scotland,  near 
Inverness,  celebrated  for  the  total  defeat 
of  Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart  by  the 
EngUsh  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
1745. 

Onlm,  kulm.  Anthracite  shale,  an  fan- 
pore  oool. 


Culminatloii,  kul-mi-na'shon.  The 
transit  of  a  planet  over  the  meridian,  or 
highest  point  of  altitude  for  the  day. 
Top;  crown. 

Oult,  kult.  Homage ;  worship.  A  system 
of  religious  belief,  eapecially  tne  rites  and 
ceremonies  employed  in  worship. 

Culverin,  'ver-in.  A  long  piece  of  artil- 
lery, serving  to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  dis- 
tance. 

Culvert,  'vert,  An  arched  drain  carried 
under  a  road,  Aas.^  for  the  passage  of 
water. 

Cuma,  ku'ma.  The  first  Greek  settle- 
ment in  Italy,  1050  b.  c,  in  the  Campagna, 
near  Baiffi. 

Cumana,  koo-mfi'na.  The  first  dtv 
founded  by  Europeans  in  America,  1528, 
in  Venzuem ;  present  pop.  abt,  10,000. 

Cumberland,  William,  Duke  of. 
Second  son  of  George  II.,  of  England,  b. 
1721,  D.  1705.  He  commanded  the  English 
army  at  its  defeat  by  the  French  at  Fonte- 
noy,  1745,  and  the  same  year  defeated 
Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart,  at  Cullo- 
den,  Scotland. 

Cumberland  Qap.  An  important 
strategic  defile  in  the  mountains  dividing 
Kentucky  and  eastern  Tennessee,  success- 
fully occupied  by  the  Union  and  Confed- 
erate forces  in  the  late  Civil  War. 

Cumberland  Mountains.  A  branch 
of  the  Appalachian  range,  dividing  Vir- 
ginia, Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  ex- 
tending through  Tennessee  into  Alabuna. 

Cumberland  Biver.  A  considerable 
stream,  which,  rising  in  Kentucky  and 
running  through  a  portion  of  Tennessee, 
re-enters  Kentucky  and  empties  Into  the 
Ohio;  length  600m. 

Cummer-bund,  kuro'er-bund.  A  cloth 
girdle  or  waist  band  worn  in  Hindustan, 
sometimes  embroidered  and  ornamented 
with  lace  and  pearls. 

Cumshaw,  'sha.  In  the  East,  a  present 
or  bonus ;  originally  applied  to  that  paid 
on  ships  which  entered  the  port  of  Can- 
ton. 

Cuneifonn,  k&-ng'l-form.  Having  the 
shape  or  form  of  a  wedge;  specifically, 
the  epithet  applied  to  tiie  inscriptions 
found  on  old  Babylonian  and  Persian 
monuments. 

Cupola^ftimace,  -fer-nas.  A  fhmace 
for  melting  iron. 

CuppinflT-fflass,  kupMng-glas.  A  glass 
vessel  to  be  applied  to  the  skin  in  thd 
operation  of  cupping. 

Cuprite,  ku'prlt.  The  red  oxide  of  cop. 
per;  red  copper  ore. 


Digitized  by* 


•Googk 


CUPEL 


284 


CUEEENCT 


Cupid. 


Oupel,  'pel.  A  small 
porous  vessel  used  in  re- 
fining metals.  Thus,  when 
a  mixture  of  lead  with 
gold  or  silver  is  heated  in  a 
strong  fire  the  lead  sinks  in- 
to the  substance  of  the  cu- 
pel, while  the  gold  or  silver 
remains  pure.  It  is  usually 
made  of  phosphate  of  lime 
or  the  residue  of  burned, 
bones. 

Cupid,  'Did.  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Grecian  god  ot] 
love.  Eros,  the  son  of  Her- 
mes (Mercury)  and  Aphro- 
dite (Venus.) 

Cupola,  ku'po- 
la.  In  Arch,  a 
spherical  vault 
on  the  top  of  an 
edifice;  a  dome, 
or  the  round 
top  of  a  dome. 
The  round  top 
of  any  struc- 
ture, as  of  a 
ftirnace  ;  the 
fUrnace  itself. 
In  Anat.  tho  ^^- 
dome-llke  ex-  ^.^ 
tremity  of  the  "^^ 

^?£!ea°'    *"  Cupola. 

Cup-valve,  kup'valv.  A  valve,  the 
seat  of  which  is  made  to  fit  a  cover  in  the 
form  of  a  vase,  or  of  the  portion  of  a  sphere. 

Curacoa,  ko-ra-so.  A  liquor  or  cordial 
flavored  with  orange  peel,  cinnamon  and 
mace. 

Curari,  kn'ra-re.  A  resinous  substance, 
consisting  of  the  aqueous  extract  of  Strych- 
nos  toxifera,  used  by  the  S.  American  In- 
dians for  poisoning  their  arrows.  Curari 
may  be  Introduced  with  comparative  Im- 
punitv  into  the  alimentary  canal,  but  If 
introduced  into  a  puncture  so  as  to  mix 
with  the  blood,  the  effects  are  instantly 
fatal.  ^ 

Curate,  'rat.  A  clergyman  in  Episcopal 
churches  employed  to  perform  dlidna  ser- 
vice In  the  place  of  the  incumbent,  parson, 
or  vicar.  There  are  two  kinds  of  curates, 
stipendiary  and  perpetual. 

Curator,  'ter.  One  who  has  the  care  and 
superintendence  of  anything,  as  a  univer- 
sity, public  library,  museum,  &c. 

Curba,  ker'ba.  An  African  measure  of 
capacity,  varying  from  7^^  to  18  gallons, 
used  by  the  negroes  in  the  sale  of  palm- 
oil,  grain,  pulse,  «&c. 


Curassow, 
ku-ras'sd.  The 
name  given  to 
birds    of    the 
gen.  Crax.  The 
crested   curas-a 
sow  is  the  Crax  | 
alector,  the  red  j 
curassow  is  the! 
Crax     rubra.  I 
The     cushew- 
bird   (Ourax. 
pauxi)  Is  called  ' 
the     galeated  ''     ^     ^  a  ^ 
curassow.  Crested  Curassow. 

Curb-roof,  kerb'rof.  A  roof  In  which 
the  rafters  are  of  different  slopes,  so  that 
the  roof  presents  a  bent  appearance,  called 
also  a  Mansard  roof,  from  its  inventor. 
CurculionidsB,  ker^ku-li-on^i-de.  The 
weevils  or  snout-beetles,  one  of  the  most 
extensive  families  of  coleopterous  insects. 
About  8,000  species  are  described,  all 
found  on  plants. 

Curcuma-paper,    -ma-pa-per.     Paper 
stained  with  a  decoction  of  turmeric  acid, 
used  as  a  test  of  free  alkali,  by  the  action 
of  which  it  is  stained  brown. 
Curfew,  'fa.    A  bell  rung  In  the  even- 
ing as  a  signal  to  the  inhabitants  to  rake 
up  their  fires  and  re- 
tire to  rest.  This  prac- 
tice was  introduced  in- 
to England  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  is  g 
believed  to  have  orig-  f 
inated  as  a  precaution! 
against   the   outbreak* 
of  fires.    A   bell  stiU 
rung  in  some  parts  in    Curfew  for  fire, 
continuation   of    this 
old  custom.    A  cover  for  a  fire  ; 
plate. 

Curia,  kuM-a.  In  Eom.  antlq.  one  of 
the  thfrty  divisions  made  bv  Eomulus  of 
the  Soman  people.  A  building  in  which 
the  curiae  met  for  the  celebration  of  cU vine 
worship.  The  building  in  which  the 
senate  held  its  deliberations.  In  law,  a 
court  of  justice.  The  Roman  see  In  its 
temporal  aspect.  Including  the  pope,  car- 
dinals, &c. 

Curiologric,  -o-loj"Ik.  Designating  a 
rude  kind  of  hieroglyphics,  in  which  a 
thing  Is  represented  by  Its  picture. 
Curran,  John  Fhilpot.  A  distinguish- 
ed Irish  advocate  and  statesman,  the  most 
eloquent  orator  of  his  day ;  b.  1750,  d. 
1817.  \ 

Currency,  kur'ren-sl.  That  which  is  In 
circulation  as  amedlumof  tiade.  MetaDio 


fire- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OtJELEW 


SSO 


CTTBP 


Curlew. 


enrrency,  gold,  silver  and  copper  coin. 
Paper  correnoy,  that  which  passes  cur- 
rent as  a  sabstitnte  for  money  or  a  repre- 
sentatlye  of  it. 

Onrlew,  ker'lfi.     Numenlus,  a  gen.  of 
grallatorial  birds  of  the 
same  fluniiy  as  the  snipe 
and  woodcock. 

Carlinfir,  kerFing.  A 
winter  amusement, 
originating  in  Scotland, 
on  the  ice,  in  which  con- 
tending parties  slide 
lai^e  smooth  stones  of 
a  circular  form  ftx>m  one 
mark,  called  the  tee,  to 
another. 

Current,  'rent  A  body  of  water  or  air 
moving  in  a  certain  direction.  The  set  of 
a  current  is  that  i>olnt  of  the  compass  to- 
ward  which  the  water  runs ;  and  the  drift 
is  the  rate  at  which  it  runs.  Electric  cur- 
rent, the  passage  of  electricity  flrom  one 
pole  of  an  apparatus  to  another. 

Onrricle,  'ri-kl.  A  chaise  or  carriage  with 
two  wheels,  drawn  by  two  horses  abreast. 

Oarriouluxn,  -rik'u-lum.  A  race-course; 
a  place  for  running,  &e.  A  specified  course 
of  study  in  a  university,  school  or  the 
like. 

Curry,  M.  A  sauce  much  used  in  India, 
containing  cavenne-peper,  garlic,  tur- 
meric, coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  other 
strong  spices.  A  stew  of  fish,  fowl  &c., 
cooked  with  curry-sauce. 

Curry-ooxnb,  -kfim.  A  comb  with  very 
short  metal  teeth,  for  cleaning  horses. 

Curry-powder,  -pou-der.  A  condiment 
used  for  making  curry,  composed  of  tur- 
meric, coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  cay- 
enne-pepper, to  which  salt,  cloves,  carda- 
moms, pounded  cinnamon,  onions,  garlic, 
and  scraped  cocoa-nut  may  be  added  at 
pleasure. 

OurBOres,  ker-so'rez.  The  runners,  an 
ord.  of  birds,  fSun.  StruthionldsD  of  most 
ornithologists,  ord.  Batitse  of  others),  so 
named  firom  their  remarkable  velocity  in 
running.  The  order  comprises  the  ostrich, 
cassowary,  emu,  rhea,  and  aptenrx.  A 
name  given  to  those  spiders  which  make 
no  ww)s,  but  catch  tneir  prey  by  swift 
pursuit,  SQch  as  the  wolf-spider. 

OurBOrius,  'ri-us.  A  gen.  of  grallatorial 
birds,  tiie  sub-film .  Ciirsorinie  of  some 
naturalists,  belonging  to  the  plover  tribe, 
including  the  black-belUed  eourier,  the 
brazen-winged  courser,  and  the  cream- 
colored  courser  or  swift-foot. 

Cartation,  kert-a'ahon.    The  difi'erence 


between  a  planet's  true  distance  ftH>m  th« 
Run  and  the  curtate  distance. 

Curtein,  ker-ton.  The  pointless  sword, 
carried  before  the  kings  of  England  at 
their  coronation,  and  emblematically  con* 
sidered  as  the  sword  of  mercy. 

Curtis,  G^orgre  Ticknor.  An  Amer- 
can  Jurist  and  writer  on  political  economy; 
B.  in  Mass.  1812. 

Curtis,  G^eorgre  WilUaxn.  An  Amer- 
ican political  economist,  author  and  edit- 
tor,  for  some  years  editor  of  ' '  Harper's 
Weekly,"  and  previous  to  that  editor  of 
"  Putnam"  and  "  Harper's  Magazine;"  b. 
in  R.  1. 1824. 

Curule,  kii'rol.  Belonging  to  a  chariot. 
Privileged  to  sit  in  a  curulo  chair.  0 
chair  or  seat,  among  the  Romans,  an  em- 
bellished chair  or  seat  of  ivory,  gold,  Ac^ 
S laced  In  a  chariot,  wherein  the  chief  of- 
cers  of  Rome  were  wont  to  be  carried  in- 
to council.  It  was  also  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion for  dictators,  consuls,  pnetors,  cen- 
sors and  cdiles,  who  w«re  from  this  dr- 
cumstan<ie  called  curule  magistrates. 

Curvilinead,  kerv-i-lin'e-ad.  An  in- 
struinent  for  describing  curves. 

Curvilinear,  -er.  Having  a  curve  line ; 
consisting  of  curve  lines ;  bounded  by 
curve  lines. 

Cusliew-bird,  kush'u-berd.  Ourax 
pauxi,  a  bird  resembling  the  curassow, 
and  sometimes  called  the  galeated  curaa- 
sow. 

CushinfiT,  Caleb.  An  American  jurist 
and  statesman ;  b.  In  Mass.,  1S0<),  d.  1879. 
He  filled  the  civil  positions  of  member  of 
Congress,  Ck)mmissioner  to  China,  U.  B. 
Attorney-General  and  Minister  to  Spain, 
and  was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Mexican 
war. 

Cusp,ku8p.  The 
point  or  horn  of  4 
the     crescent^ 
moon    or    other 
crescent-shaped 
luminary.  InAs- 
trol.  the  first  en- 
trance   of   any 
house  in  calcula- 
tion of  nativities. 
In  Math,  the  ter-f 
minal    i>oint 
corner  formed  1  _       _ 
two  branches  o?  Cusps, 

curves  meeting. 

In  Arch,  a  term  applied  to  the  points  of 
the  small  arcs  or  foliations  terminating  the 
internal  curves  of  the  tre-foiled,  dnque- 
foiled,  &c.,  heads  of  Gothic  windows  and 
panels ;  also,  the  pendant  of  a  pointed 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CUSTAED-APPLE 


2d« 


CUVIEE 


arch.  In  Zo51.  the  prominence  on  the 
molar  teeth. 

Oustard-apple,  kus'terd-ap-pl.  The 
fruit  of  Anona  reticulata,  sometimes  called 
bollock's  heart. 

Custodia,  -to'di-a.  The  shrine  of  pre- 
cious metal,  in  the  shape  of  a  cathedral, 
in  which  the  host  is  carried  in  procession 
on  certain  solemn  occasions.  The  proces- 
sional shrine  containing  the  relics  of  a 
•aint. 

Onstodian,  -an.  One  who  has  the  care 
or  custody  of  a  library,  public  building, 
Soc.  , 

Custom-house,  'tum-hous.  The  house 
where  vessels  are  entered  and  cleared,  and 
where  the  customs  are  paid.  The  whole 
system  by  means  of  which  the  customs 
revenue  is  collected  and  its  regulations 
enforced.  Custom-house  broker,  a  person 
authorized  to  act  for  parties  in  the  entry 
or  clearance  of  ships  and  the  transaction 
of  business  connected  with  the  customs. 

Customs-duty,  ''tumz-du-tl.  The  tax 
levied  on  imports  or  exports. 

Custozza,  -tod'za.  A  strategic  point 
near  Mantua,  N.  Italy,  noted  for  the 
defeat,  July  23,  1848,  of  the  Sardinians 
under  King  Charles  Albert,  by  the  Aus- 
trians  under  Marshal  Eaditzky ;  also  for 
the  defeat,  June  24,  1866,  of  the  Italians, 
under  Gen.  MacMora  by  the  Austrians. 

Cutch,  kuch.    The  spawn  of  the  oyster. 
Outchery,  'e-ri.     In  the  E.  Indies,  a 
court  of  justice  or  public  office. 

Cuthbert,  St.  An  Anglo-Saxon  monk, 
noted  for  his  eloquence,  fervent  piety  and 
extraordinary  asceticism  ;  b.  abt.  625,  d. 
686. 

Cuticle,  ku'ti-kl.  The  outermost  thin 
transparent  skin  which  covers  the  surface 
of  the  body,  except  the  nails ;  the  epider- 
mis or  scarf-skin.  The  external  covering 
of  the  bark  of  a  plant ;  the  outer  pellicle 
of  the  epidermis.  A  tUn  skin  formed  on 
(he  surface  of  liquor. 

Cutlass,  kut'las.  A  broad  curving  sword 
used  by  cavalry  ;  a  hanger,  used  by  sea- 
men. 

Cutler,  ler.  A  maker  or  dealer  in  knives 
and  other  cutting  instruments.  One  who 
sharpens  or  repairs  cutlery;  a  knife- 
grinder. 

Cutleriaceas,  -I-A'se-e.  A  fam.  of  the 
fUcoid  algffi,  represented  by  the  gen.  Cut- 
leria. 

Cutlet,  'let.  A  piece  of  veal  or  mutton, 
generally  a  part  of  the  rib  with  the  meat 
belonging  to  it. 


Cutter. 


Cut-off,  'of.  That  which  cuts  off  or  short- 
ens, as  a  nearer  passage  or  road.  A  con- 
trivance for  cutting  off  the  steam  from  the 
steam-chest  to  the  cylinder,  when  the 
piston  has  made  the  part  of  a  stroke. 

Out-purse,  'pers.  One  who  cuts  purses 
for  the  sake  of  stealing  them  or  their  con- 
tents ;  a  practice  common  when  men  wore 
purses  at  their  ghrdles ;  one  who  steals 
from  the  person. 

Cutter,  'er.  One 
who  cuts  out 
cloth  for  gar- 
ments according 
to  measure- 
ments. An  in- 
strument that 
cuts ;  as,  a  straw- 
cutter.  A  fore- 
tooth, that  cuts, 
as  distinguished 
from  a  grinder; 
an  incisor.  A  small  boat  used  by  ships  ol 
war.  A  vessel  rigged  nearly  Uke  a  sloop, 
with  one  mast  and  a  straight  running  bow- 
sprit. Eevenue  cutter,  an  armed  vessel 
employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling 
and  the  enforcement  of  the  customhouse 
regulations.  A  soft,  yellow  malm-brick, 
used  for  focework.  In  mining,  a  term 
applied  to  cracks  or  fissures  cutting  across 
the  strata.  In  Mineral,  a  crack  in  the 
substance  of  a  ciystal,  destroying  or  less- 
ening its  value. 

Cutter-bar,  -bar.  The  bar  of  a  boring- 
machine,  in  which  the  cutting  tools  are 
fixed. 

Cuttle,  'ti.  A  name  for  any  of  the  Ce- 
phalopoda, more  strictly  applied  to  tiiose 
of  the  gen.  Sepia,  fam.  Sepiadse. 

Cuttle-bone,  -bon.  The  dorsal  plate  of 
Sepia  officinalis,  formerly  much  used  in 
medicine  as  an  absorbent,  but  now  used 
for  polishing  wood,  painting,  varnishing, 
&c.,  also  for  pounce  and  tooth  powder. 

Cutwal,  'wal.  In  the  E.  Indies  the  chief 
police-officer  of  a  city. 

Cut-water,  'wa-ter.  The  fore  part  of  a 
ship's  prow.  Tite  lower  portion  of  the 
pier  of  a  bridge,  formed  witn  an  angle  di 
rected  up  the  stream,  so  as  to  resist  the 
action  of  the  water.  Ice,  &c. 

Cuvier,  Oeorgres  Chretien  Xieo- 
pold  Dagrobert,  Baron.  An  emi- 
nent French  naturalist ;  b.  1709,  d.  1888. 
His  principal  work,  the  "  Animal  E[ing- 
dom,'' consists  of  4  vols.,  uid  is  aclassl 
fication  of  all  animals  into  the  four  supe- 
rior divislons^Vertebrata,  Mollusca,  Ar- 
ticulata  and  Eadlata;  it  is  the  accepted 
basis  of  zoological  study.    He  also  pub* 


^  . 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OtTTPH 


28T 


CTCLOPIDJS 


lifiLed  the  "  Natural  History  of  Fishes/' 
in  8  vols.,  and  is  credited  with  being  the 
founder  of  the  science  of  Gomparatiye 
Anatomy. 

Ouyph  (Knyph),  Albert,  koip.  An 
eminent  Dutch  painter ;  b.  1606,  d.  1684. 

Ooooo.  The  cap.  of  Pern  at  the  time  of 
the  SpaniAh  discovery,  captured  by  Pizar- 
ro,  1GB4  It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  Manoo  Oopac,  the  first  Inca, 
1048.  Situated  on  a  slope  of  the  Andes, 
11,400  ft.  above  the  sea,  400  m.  S.  £.  of 
Lima.    Present  pop.  abt  47,000. 

Cwt.  An  abbreviation  of  hundredweight, 
c  being  the  symbol  for  a  hundred,  and  vrt. 
the  contraction  for  weight. 

Csramus,  si'a-mus.  A  gen  of  Iffimodi- 
podouB  Crustacea,  the  species  of  which  are 
parasites  of  the  whale ;  whale-lice. 

Oyanometer,  -  an-om'et-er.  A  meteor- 
ological instrument  for  estimating  or  meas- 
uring degrees  of  blueness,  as  of  the  sky. 

OyanoBis,  -o'sis.  The  blue  disease ;  the 
blue  jaundice  of  the  asdents.  It  is  usual- 
ly due  to  malformation  of  the  heart, 
whereby  the  venous  and  arterial  currents 
mingle. 

Osranotsrpe,  'p-tip.  A  photograpb  ob- 
tained by  tne  use  of  a  cyanide. 

Oybele,  sfb'e-le.  In  Myth,  also  known 
as  Geres,  Bhea,  Ops  and  Vesta ;  daughter 
of  GobIus  (or  Uranus)  and  Terra,  wife  of 
Saturn,  and  mother  of  Jupiter  and  other 
deities ;  hence  called  "Mother  of  the 
Gods."  She  is  generally  represented  in  a 
chariot  drawn  by  lions,  and  sometimes 
with  several  breasts,  symbolical  of  the  fe- 
cundity of  the  earth. 

Oybitun,  'bi-um.  A  gen.  of  fishes,  Ibm. 
8eomberid£e. 

Oyclades,  sTkaa^dez.  The  principal 
group  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  com- 
prising 18  islands.  It  forms  a  monarchy 
of  modern  Greece ;  cap.  Syra ;  pop.  abt. 
120,000. 

Oyclas,  si'klas.  In  Antiq.  an  upper  gar- 
ment made  of  rich  stuff  or  silk,  worn  by 
both  sexes,  somewhat'  similar  to  the  sur- 
coat ;  it  was  embroidered  or  interwoven 
with  gold. 

Oyde,  Id.  An  imaginary  circle  or  orbit 
in  tho  heavens.  A  round  of  years,  or  pe- 
riod of  time,  in  which  a  certain  succession 
of  events  or  phenomena  is  completed,  and 
at  tiie  end  of  which  the  same  course  be- 
gins again.  A  long  period  of  years  ;  an 
age.  In  literature,  the  aggregate  of  le- 
gendary matters  accumulated  round 
some  heroic  event  or  character,  as  the 
flleg«  of  Troy.    In  Bot  a  term  employed 


Id.'kloid.        ^^  ^*-">^ 


in  the  theory  of  spiral  leaf  arrangement, 
to  express  a  complete  turn  of  the  spire. 
G.  of  the  moon,  or  golden  number,  or 
Metonic  cycle,  a  period  of  19  years,  after 
which  the  new  and  ftill  moons  return  on 
the  same  day  of  the  month.  G.  of  the  sun. 
a  period  of  28  years,  when  the  dominical 
or  Sunday  letters  return  to  their  former 
place,  ana  proceed  in  the  former  order,  ac- 
cording to  the  Julian  calendar.  0.  of  in- 
diction,  a  period  of  15  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  the  Roman  emperors  imposed  an 
extraordinanr  tax,  to  pay  the  soldiers  who 
were  obliged  to  serve  only  for  that  period. 

Oyclica,  'klik-a.  A  fam.  of  tetramerous 
coleopterous  insects,  containing  the  tor- 
toise-beeties  (Cassida)  and  Ghrysomelse. 

Oyclobranchiata,  'klo-brangk'i-a-ta. 
Anord.  of  gasteropods,  consisting  princi- 
pally of  the  limpets. 

Chrclogen,  -jen.  A  dicotyledon  with 
concentric  woody  circles ;  an  exogen. 

Osrolofirraph,  -graf.  An  instrument  for 
describing  the  arcs  of  circles. 

03rcloid,'kloid. 
A    curve 
erated 
point 

plane  of  a  circle  Gydoid. 

when  the  circle 
is  rolled  along  a  straight  line,  and  kept  in 
the  same  plane. 

Oyoloidei,  'fi-I.  The  4th  order  of  fishes 
according  to  tiie  arrangement  of  M.  Agas- 
siz,  having  smooth,  round  or  oval  scales, 
as  the  salmon  and  herring. 

Oyclometopita,  'kl6-me-top"i-ta.  A 
Mbe  of  brachyurouB  crustaceans,  includ- 
ing the  genera  Oanoer,  Portnnus,  Xanttio 
and  Garclnus.  The  common  edible  crab 
is  a  member  of  tho  tribe. 

Oydone,  'klon.  A  drcular  or  rotatory 
storm  of  immense  force,  revolving  round 
a  calm  center,  which  advances  at  a  rate 
varying  ftom  2  to  30  miles  an  hour. 

OyclopSBdla,  -klo-pe'dl-a.  A  work  con- 
taining definitions  or  accounts  of  the  prin- 
dpal  subjects  in  one  or  all  branches  of 
science,  art,  or  learning. 

Oydops,  -kl5ps.  In  Myth,  a  race  of 
giants,  having  but  one  eye  in  the  centre  of 
the  forehead ;  they  were  the  armorers  of 
Jupiter,  forging  his  thunderbolts  beneath 
Mount  Etna,  under  direction  of  Yulcan. 
Homer  varies  tills  account,  describing  the 
G.  as  a  gigantic  tribe  of  lawless  cannibals, 
who  were  destroyed  by  Apollo. 

Oyclopidas,  -klop'i-de.  A  fam.  of  mi- 
nute one-eyed,  entomostraoous  Crustacea, 
divided  into  many  genera,  so  prolific  tha^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


CYCLOPEAN 


CYN08UBE 


Cyclopean  Walla. 


in  one  Bommcr,  a  female  may  have  be- 
come the  progenitrix  of  more  than  fonr 
million  descendants.  They  undei^o  many 
transformations.  Cyclops  qaadricornis  is 
tJie  common  water-nea. 

Osrclope  a  n, 
clo-pe'an. Per- 
taining to  the 
Cyclops;  vast ; 

I  gigantic.      In 

/  Arch,  applied  •^X 
to  a  primltiv«    ^^ 
style  of  build- 
ing fiftbh  1  t** 
be  the  work  of! 
the     Cy  ?'>p^ 
It    is    dt'tia 
gnishedl'v  tbH:4 
immense    y\v.r< 
of  the  tinui'JN 
and    the    ab- 
sence  of  any 
cement.     Ex- 
amples occur  in  Greece,  Italy  and  Asia 
Minor.    Called  also  Pelasgic. 

Oydostoma, -klos'to-ma.  A  gen.  of  air- 
breathing  gasteropoda  or  snails. 

Oydostoxni,  -mi.  Afam.  of  fishes  which 
have  circular  mouths,  as  the  lamprey : 
synonymous  with  Marslpobranchii. 

Oygnet,  sig'net.  A  young  swan.  C. 
royal,  in  Iler.  a  swan  gorged  with  a  ducal 
coronet,  having  a  chain  attached  thereto 
and  reflexea  over  the  back. 

Oygninse,  -ni'ne.  The  swans,  a  sub-fam. 
ord.  Natatores,  fam.  Anatidae. 

OygnuBy  'nus.  A  northern  constellation 
containing  81  stars.  The  bright  stars  in 
Aquila,  Lyra  and  Cygnus  form  a  remark- 
able triangle. 

Oylinder-press,  sil'in-der-pres.  In 
printing,  a  form  of  press  in  wluch  the  im- 

{)ression  Is  made  by  means  of  a  cylinder 
Rstead  of  a  flat  surface. 

Oylindroid,  -drold.  A  solid  body,  re- 
sembling a  right  cylinder,  but  having  the 
bases  elliptical. 

Oylindro-ofirival,  -dro-o  ji'^val.  In 
Gun.  a  terra  applied  to  a  shot  having  a 
cylindrical  body  and  ogival  head. 

03niia,  sl'ma.  In  Arch,  a  moulding  of 
the  cornice,  the  profile  of  which  is  a  curve 
of  contrary  flexure.  There  are  two  kinds, 
cyma  recta,  concave  at  the  top  and  con- 
vex at  the  bottom  ;  and  cyma  reversa,  con- 
vex at  the  top  and  concave  at  the  bottom. 
BotL  kinds  are  also  called  Ogee. 

Ojnxiaplieil,  -fen.  An  apparatus  In  a 
telephone  for  receiving  transmitted  elec- 
tric waves. 


Cyxnba,  sim'ba.  A  gen.  of  molluaca, 
fam.  Volutidje. 

CyxntMkl,  'bal.  A  musical  instrument, 
chrular  and  hollow  like  a  dish,  made  o! 
brass  or  bronze,  two  of  which  are  struck 
together.  A  triangular  instrument  made 
of  steel  wire,  on  which  are  rings,  wtdch 
are  touched  and  shifted  with  an  iron 
rod  held  in  the  right  hand,  while  the 
cymbal  is  supported  in  the  left  by  a  cord. 

CyxnothoadSB,  sT-mo-thd'a-de.  A  fkm. 
ofisopodous  crustaceans,  not  unlike  the 
wood-louse.  Cymothoa  SDstrum  is  para- 
sitic upon  many  species  of  fish. 

Oymiy,  kim'ri.  The  name  given  to 
themselves  by  the  Welsh.  In  its  wider 
application,  that  portion  of  the  Celtic  race 
which  at  one  time  occupied  all  Britain, 
and  were  expelled  from  the  Highlands  by 
the  Gadhelic  Scots,  and  fh>m  the  Lowlands 
of  Scotland  and  England  by  the  Saxons 
and  Scandinavians,  popuUu'Iy  known  as 
the  ancient  Britains.  The  Welsh,  Bretons 
and  Comishmen  are  Oymry. 

Csmanthropy,  si-nan'thro-pi.  A  kind  of 
madness  in  which  a  man  imagines  him- 
self a  dog,  and  imitates  its  voice  and  ac- 
tions. 

Cynic,  sin'ik.  One  of  an' ancient  sect  of 
philosophera  who  prided  themselves  on 
their  contempt  of  riches,  arts,  sciences 
aad  amusements ;  disciples  of  Antisthenes 
of  Athens.  A  man  of  a  currish  temper ; 
a  sneering  fcult  finder ;  a  follower  of  Dio- 
genes ;  a  misanthrope. 

Oynicisxn,  'l-slsm.  The  practice  of  a 
cynic  ;  a  morose  contempt  for  the  pleas- 
ures and  arts  of  life. 

Oynictis,  -ik'tis.  A  gen.  of  carnivorous 
animals,  forming  a  connecting  link  be- 
tween the  civets  and  dogs. 

Cynipidse,  -Ip'i-de.  The  gall-flies,  a 
gen.  of  hymenopterous  insects  which 
puncture  plants,  depositing  with  their 
eggs  an  irritant  fluid  which  produces  tu- 
mors, commonly  called  galls  or  nut-galls. 
The  gall  used  In  themanufectnreof  ink 
is  caused  by  the  Cynlps  gallae  tinctorifie 
piercing  a  species  of  oak. 

Cynocephalus,  sT-no-sefa-lus.  The 
gen.  of  baboons  having  a  head  shaped  like 
that  of  a  dog. 

Oynosrale,  -nog'a-l€.  A  gen.  of  mam 
mals,  fam.  Viverridffi. 

Cynogrraphy,  sin-og'ra-fl.  A  history  of 
the  dog. 

Oynosure,  sl'no-zhor.    Ursa  Minor,  the 
Little  Bear;  the  constellation  near   the 
north    pole,    consisting  of  7  stars,  4  of  - 
which  are  disposed  like  the  4  wheels  of  a 


Digitized  ^y 


Googk 


CYNTHIA  a 

chariot,  and  8  lengthwise,  like  the  beam ; 
hence  called  the  Chariot  or  Charles's  Wain. 
It  contains  the  jpole-star,  and  the  eyes  of 
.  mariners  were,  in  andent  times,  frequent- 
ly directed  to  it ;  hence,  anything  that 
strongly  attracts  attention ;  a  oentar  of  at- 
traction. 

Cynthia,  sin'thi-a.  In  Myth,  one  of  the 
names  given  to  Diana.  In  Zodl.  a  sub- 
gen,  of  Ascldidffi,  and  a  gen.  of  lepidop^ 
terons  insects,  containing  the  pain  tea  lady- 
butterfly.    A  gen.  of  crustaceans. 

Oyphonidso,  si-fon'i-dfi.  A  group  of 
beetles  detached  from  the  Cebrionidnon 
account  of  thdr  small  size  and  other  dif- 
ferences. 

O3rpT8Bld80,  -pre'i-dS.  The  cowry  fam., 
marine  gasteropodous  moUusks,  one  of 
the  spedes  being  used  in  some  parts  of 
the  East  as  a  circulating  medium. 

Oypream^  'pres.  The  popular  name  of 
Cupressns,  a  gen.  of  coniferous  trees,  in- 
cluding C.  sempervirens  or  common  cy- 
press, the  evergreen  American  cypress  or 
white  cedar,  and  C.  distioha  or  aedduous 
American  cypress.  The  wood  is  remark- 
able for  its  durability.  The  coffins  in 
whidi  the  Athenian  heroes  were  deposited 
were  made  of  the  first  spedes,  and  some 
authorities  believe  that  the  gopher- wood 
of  which  Ko^'s  ark  was  built  was  also  of 
this  spedes.  The  emblem  of  mourning 
for  the  dead,  cypress  branches  having 
been  andently  used  at  Amerals. 

Oyprian,  'pri-an.  A  Cypriot;  a  lewd 
woman ;  a  courtezan. 

OTPrian,  St.,  Thasciiu  OeBoilius 
CyT^TiaxvoLB.  Bishop  of  Carthage,  b. 
abt.  200 ;  martyred  258.  C.  was  a  prolific 
writer,  and  his  works  are  still  considered 
authority. 

03rpridinid8B,  -din'i-de.  A  tun.  of  ma- 
rine crustaceans  consisting  of  one  gen., 
Cypridina. 

Osrprinidso,  -prln'i-d6.  A  ftun.  of  teleos- 
tean  fishes,  sec.  Malacopterygli  Abdoml- 
nales.  The  gen.  Cyprinus  is  the  type  of  the 
femily,  which  contains  the  carp,  gold-fish, 
roach,  bleak,  barbel,  &c. 

Oypris,  'pris.  A  gen.  of  minute  fresh- 
water Crustacea,  inclosed  in  a  delicate  shell, 
and  which  swim  by  means  of  dlia.  Fossil 
shells  under  the  generic  term  Cyprls  oc- 
cur in  all  rocks  flrom  the  coal  measures 
upward. 

Oypnis,  'priis.  An  Important  Medi- 
terranean Island,  lying  between  Syria  and 
Asia  Minor,  formerly  belonging  to  Tur- 
key, but  since  1878,  under  the  Berlin 
treaty,  occupied  by  Gt.  Britain ;  pop.  abt. 
200,000. 


}  CZAB 

CsTPflolidSB,  sip-seri-de.  A  fern,  of  in* 
sessorial  birds,  sub-ord.  Fissirostres,  in* 
eluding  the  swifts  and  their  congeners. 
Besides  the  gen.  Cypselus,  the  fSunily  in- 
dudes  the  N.  Amencan  swallow  and  th« 
esculent  swallow. 

Oyrenaio,  si-dre-n&'lk.  Pertaining  to 
Cyrene.  a  Greek  colony  on  the  north 
coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  the  school  of 
Epicurean  philosophers  founded  by  Aris- 
tippus,  a  disdple  of  Socrates,  at  Cyrene. 

Oyril,  8t.  Bishop  of  Jerusalem,  of 
which  place  he  is  beueved  to  have  been  a 
native  ;  b.  816.  d.  886,  in  exile.  A  second 
St.  Cyril,  Arcnbishop  of  Alexandria ;  b. 
870,  presided  at  the  Coundl  of  Ephesns, 
481,  and  was  excommunicated  oy  the 
Coundl  of  Antioch,  the  same  year.  A 
third  St.  Cyril  (Constantino),  b.  in  Thes- 
salonlca  abt.  800  ;  d.  868.  He  introduced 
Christianity  along  the  Danube,  Invented 
the  Sclavonic  alphabet  and  translated  the 
Bible  therein. 

Oyrillic,  si-rll'ik.  The  term  applied  to  an 
amhabet  adopted  by  all  the  Sclavonic  peo- 
ples belonging  to  the  Eastern  Church.  It 
superseded  the  Glagolitic  and  some  of  its 
si^s  are  modified  from  the  Glagolitic.  It 
was  brought  into  general  use  by  St. 
Cyril's  pupil,  Clement,  first  bishop  of 
Bulgaria. 

Oynui,  The  Great.  Also  known  as  the 
Elder,  son  of  Cambyses  and  Mandane, 
daughter  of  Asiyages,  King  of  Media  ;  b. 
abt.  600  b.  0.,  ascended  the  throne  of 
Media  669,  conquered  Lydia,  Babylon  and 
other  surrounding  countries,  and  founded 
the  Persian  Kingdom.  C.  was  killed  in 
an  invasion  of  Scythia,  629  b.  c;  Cyrus 
the  Younger,  Bon  of  Darius  Nothus,  King 
of  Persia,  revolted  against  his  brother  Ar- 
taxerxes,  who  s.  his  father,  and  was  de- 
feated and  killed ;  b.  abt.  470  b.  o.,  d.  abt. 
898. 

Cyst,  sist  In  Physiol,  a  hollow  organ 
with  thin  walls,  as  the  urinary  bladder  or 
the  gall  bladder.  In  Pathol,  a  bladder* 
like  bag  or  vesicle  whioh  includes  mop- 
bid  matter  in  animal  bodies. 

Oystidead, -id'C-<3.  A  fam.  of  fossil  echin- 
oderms,  occurring  in  the  Silurian  and  car- 
boniferous strata. 

Cythere,    sT-the're.    A  gen.   of  minute 
entomostracous   bivalve  crustaceans,    of  . 
marine   habit,    and    found  fossil  in  the 
chalk  and  older  tertiaries. 

Czar,  zar.  A  king;  a  chief.  A  title  pf 
the  Emperor  of  Kussla,  first  adopted  in 
1679  by  Ivan  II.,  who  styled  himself  Cza« 
of  Moscow. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OZAKEVNA 


DAGHESTAN 


Osazerna,  za-rey'na.    The  wife  of  the 

czarowitz. 
Qgarina,  -re'na.    A  title  of  the  Empress 

of  Russia. 

CzazowitE,  zar'o-vits.  The  title  of  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Czar  of  Russia. 

OsartoryBki,  char-to-ris'ke.  A  noble 
Polish  family  of  very  ancient  renown  and 
royal  blood.  Stephen,  b.  1609,  d.  1665,  is 
called  the  Dngaesclin  of  Poland,  and  the 
liberator  of  his  country.  Adam.  Casimir, 
cousin  of  KingStanislans,  b.  1781,  d.  1828; 
was  starost  general  of  Podoliaand  presi- 
dent of  the  Diet.  Adam  George,  son  of 
the  former,  b.  1770,  d.  in  Paris  in  exile, 
1861.      Ho  became  Minister   of  Foreign 


Affairs  under  Alexander  I.  of  Russia,  but 
joined  in  the  revolt  of  1831,  and  was  elect- 
ed president  of  the  tern  poraiy  government. 
His  son.  Prince  Ladislaus,  b.  1828,  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Queen  Christina  of 
Spain,  and  made  his  home  in  England. 
Czemy,  G^eorgre,  zair'ne.  The  son  of  a 
Servian  peasant,  b.  1770,  who  raised  him- 
self to  the  leadership  of  his  countrymen 
in  their  revolt  against  the  Turks,  captured 
Belgrade,  and  on  peace  being  declared  was 
elected  governor  and  recognized  as  prince 
of  Servia  by  the  Sultan.  During  the  in- 
vasion of  Russia  by  Napoleon,  C.  was  com- 
pelled to  abandon  Servia,  and  on  his  re- 
turn in  1817  was  assassinated  by  order  of 
Prince  Milosch. 


DIN  the  English  alphabet,  is  the  4th  let- 
ter and  the  8d  consonant.  It  represents 
a  dental  sound,  formed  by  placing  the  tip 
of  the  tongue  against  the  root  of  the 
upper  teeth,  and  then  forcing  up  vocalized 
breath,  the  soft  palate  being  raised  topre- 
vent  its  escape  through  the  nose.  Yfhen 
D  follows  a  whispercMi,  non- vocal,  or  surd 
consonant  in  the  same  syllable  it  takes  the 
sound  of  t,  as  after  k,  p,  f,  s.  It  is  never 
silent  in  English  words,  except  in  a  rapid 
utterance  of  such  words  as  handkerchief. 
According  to  Grimm's  law,  where  d  ap- 
pears in  English  we  find  dh  in  Sanskrit, 
th  in  Greek,  fin  Latin,  and  t  in  German. 
As  a  numeral,  D  represents  500,  and  with 
a  dash  over  it,  6000.  In  Music,  D  is  the  2d 
note  of  the  natural  scale,  answering  to  re. 
Dab,  dab.  A  gentle  blow  with  the  hand 
or  some  soft  substance.  A  quick  or  sud- 
den blow.  A  small  mass  of  anything  soft 
or  moist.  A  name  common  to  fish  of  the 
gen.  Pleuroneotes,  but  especially  applied 
to  the  flounder  or  fluke. 

Dacca  Former 
cap.  of  Bengal, 
127  m.  N.  E.  of 
Calcutta ;   pop.  "^ 
abt.  70,000. 

Dace,  d  &  B . 
Leudsous  vul- 
garis, fimi.  Cyprimdae,  a  smaU  river  fish 
resembling  me  roach.  Name  also  Dar. 
Dare  and  Dart. 

Dacla,  dS'she-ah.  Ancient  name  of  that 
portion  of  the  Roman  empire  lying  along 
the  Danube,  inhabited  by  a  warlike  Ger- 
man race,  the  Dacii ;  only  subdued  after  a 
struggle  of  75  irears  by  Tr^an,  106. 


Dace. 


Dactylethridse,  dak-ti-lethM-de.  A 
fam.  of  amphibia  vertebrata,  comprising 
only  one  gen.,  and,  so  far  as  known,  two 
species. 

Dactyli,  'ti-ll.  In  Class.  Antiq.  fabulous 
beings  inhabiting  Mount  Ida  in  Phrygia, 
to  whom  the  discovery  of  iron  and  the  art 
of  working  it  is  ascribed.  They  were  ser- 
vants or  priests  of  Rhea,  and  are  some- 
times confounded  with  the  Corybantes. 

Dactylio^aphy,  -til'l-6g"ra-fl.  The 
art  of  gem  engraving.  A  description  of 
engraved  flnger-rings  and  precious  stones. 

Dactyliology,  -ol"o-ji.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  history  and  qualities 
of  finger-rings. 

Dactylologry,  -ol'o-ji.  The  art  of  com- 
municating ideas  by  the  fingers ;  the  lan- 
guage of  the  deaf  and  dumb. 

Dactylopterous,  -op'ter-us.  A  gen.  of 
flshes,  ord.  Aciinthoptcrvgii,  fam.  Cata- 
phractl.  It  contains  the  flying  gurnard  or 
flying  fish. 

Daedalus,  ded'a-lus.  In  Myth,  an  ar- 
tist-inventor who  desiffnod  the  Cretan 
Labyrinth,  and  inventeoL  the  saw,  auger, 
wedge,  and  other  tools.  Confined  in  the 
Lal^rinth  by  Minos,  King  of  Crete,  he 
made  himself  wings,  and  accompanied  by 
his  son  Icarus,  attempted  to  escape  by 
flight.  Icarus  fell  into  the  sea,  since 
known  as  the  Icarian,  butD.  landed  safely 
at  Cumaa,  where  he  built  a  temple  to 
Apollo. 

Da^hestan.  That  portion  of  W.  Asia 
lying  between  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the 
Caucasus ;  area  17,600  sq.  m. ;  i>op.  abt 
2,000,000,  principally  Tartar  nomads. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DAeGEB 


241 


DAIMIO 


DsLgger,  dag'- 

^r.  A  weapon 
with  usually  a 
two-edg^ed, 
Bometimes  a 
tiuree -edged, 
8harp-i>ointed^ 
blade,  used  for 
stabbing  at 
close  quarters. 
In  feudal  times 
it  was  carried  in 
addition  to  the 
sword,  and  in  Various  forms  of  daggers, 
single  combat  it 

was  wielded  in  the  left  hand  to  parry 
blows,  and  also  to  despatch  a  vanquished 
enemy,  unless  he  begged  for  quarter, 
whence  it  was  called  the  dagger  of  mercy. 
In  Fencing,  a  blunt  blade  of  iron  with  a 
basket  hilt,  used  for  defense.  In  Print- 
ing, the  second  mark  of  reference,  t. 

Dagroba,  da-go'ba.  The  name  given  to 
monumental  structures  containing  relics 


Ceylonese  Dagoba. 
of  Buddha  or  of  some  Buddhist  saint. 
They  are  of  brick  or  stone,  circular  in 
form,  and  erected  on  a  mound. 

Dagrobert  I.,  dig-o-bah■^  King  of  the 
Franks,  b.  abt.  596,  s.  his  father  Clovis 
II..  628,  D.  ess.  He  was  warlike  but  ex- 
travagant, cruel  and  licentious.  D.  II., 
s.  his  father  Sigebert  II.,  King  of  Aiistra- 
sia,  666,  d  679.  D.  111.,  s.  his  father 
Childebert  III.,  King  of  the  Franks,  711, 
but  only  reigned  in  name  through  Pepin 
d'Heristal,  his  mayor ;  d.  716. 

■Dagron,  d&'gon.    The  national  god  of  the 

*  Philistines,  representefl  >vith  the  upper 
part  of  a  man  and  the  tail  of  a  fish.  His 
most  famous  temples  were  at  Gaza  and 
Ashdod.  He  haa  a  female  correlative 
among  the  Syrians.  In  Babvlonian  Myth, 
the  name  is  given  to  a  flsh-Jike  being  who 
rose  from  the  waters  of  the  Red  Sea  as 
one  of  the  great  benefactors  of  men. 

BafiToenre,' Louis  Jacques  Maude, 
da-gair.    An  Inventive  French  artist;  b. 


1789,  D.  1861.  He  invented  the  diorama 
and  the  daguerreotype. 

Dagruerreotyye,  da-ger'6-tTp.  The 
name  given  to  an  invention  of  M.  Da. 
guerre,  of  Paris,  first  published  in  1839, 
by  which  the  lights  and  shadows  of  a 
landscape  or  figure  are  fixed  on  a  metallic 
plate  solely  by  the  action  of  the  sun's  ac- 
tinic or  chemical  rays.  A  picture  pro- 
duced by  the  same  process. 

Dahableh,  -ha-bd'&.  A  boat  in  use  on 
the  Nile  forthr  — -''~- — #»  oftravrleis. 


There  Is  a  Jeck  fore  and  att,  on  the  center 
of  which  are  the  seats  for  the  rowers.  On 
the  aftw  part  is  a  largo  cabin. 

DahlgTen  Quu,  dal'gren  gun.  A  can- 
non invented  bv  an  officer  named  Dahl- 
gren,  of  the  U.  S.  navy. 

Dahlfirren,  John  A.,  Admiral.  An 
American  navoJ  ofticor,  b.  in  Penn.,  1809, 
D.  1870.  He  invented  the  Dahlgren  shell- 
gun,  1847.  In  1868,  as  commander  of  the 
S.  Atlantic  fleet,  he  made  an  unsuccessful 
attack  upon  Fort  Sumter. 

Dahomey,  dah-ho'me.  A  kingdom  of 
W.  Africa,  the  king  of  which  maintains  an 
army  of  female  Amazons.  Captives  and 
other  human  beings  are  sacrificed  to  the 
fetishes.  The  only  seaport  is  Whydah. 
Neither  the  area  nor  pop.  is  known. 

Daikoku,  dl-ko-ko.  The  god  specially 
worshiped  by  the  artisans  of  Japan.  He 
is  represented  as  sitting  on  a  ball  of  rice, 
with  a  hammer  in  his  hand,  before  a  sack. 
Every  time  he  stricks  the  sack  it  becomes 
ftill  of  silver,  rise,  cloth,  and  other  things 
usei^il. 

Daimio,  'ml-o.  The  title  of  a  class  of 
feudal  lords  in  Japan.  In  accordance 
with  a  decree  issued  in  1871,  the  daimios 
surrendered  their  exclusive  privileges  and 
to  a  great  extent  thoir  private  property. 
They  were  made  official  governors  of  the 
districts  which  they  formerly  held  aa 
feudal  rulers. 


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I>airi,  'rS.  An  alternative  name  for  the 
Japanese  mikado.  He  is  held  to  bo  de- 
scended •fh>m  the  son-groddess,  and  as 
such  unites  in  his  person  all  the  attributes 
of  the  deity. 

Dairo,  -rfi.  The  Japanese  name  for  the 
court  of  the  mikado  or  dairi-soma. 

Dairymaid,  da'ri-mad.  A  female  ser- 
yant  whose  business  is  to  milk  cows  and 
work  In  the  dairy. 

Dairymazi,  -man.  One  who  ke^ps  cows 
for  the  sale  of  milk,  or  who  attends  to  the 
sale  of  dairy  produce. 

Dais,  'is.  The 
high  table  at 
upper  end  of 
an  ancient  din- 
ing>jhall  at 
which  the  ckief 
persons  sat. 
The  raised  ioor 
on  which  the 
high  table 
stood.  The 
chiefeeatatthe 
high  table,  with 
hangings  be- 1 
hind  and  often 
with  a  canopy. 
A  canopy  or 
coveraing.  P*1h- 

Daker-hen,  -ker-hen.  The  corncrake  or 
landrail,  fam.  BaUidse. 

Pakoit,  da^koit.  One  of  a  class  of  rob- 
bers in  India  who  plunder  in  bands,  but 
seldom  take  life.  The  term  was  also  ap- 
plied to  pirates  who  infested  the  rivers  be- 
tween Calcutta  and  Burhampore,  but  are 
now  suppressed. 

Dakota.  A  territory  of  U.  8.,  TV.  of 
Minnesota  and  N.  of  Nebraska ;  area  abt. 
150,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  500,000.  Bis- 
marck, the  cap. ;  principal  towns,  Fargo, 
Jamestown,  Sioux  Falls,  Grand  Forks; 
chief  rivers,  Missouri,  Cheyenne,  Ne- 
braska, James,  Bed  Biver  of  the  North. 

Dalai-lama,  -li'la-ma.  One  of  the  two 
lama  popes  of  Tibet  and  Mongolia  (his  fel- 
low-pope being  Tesho-lama),  each  su- 
preme In  his  own  district.  When  he  dies 
he  is  succeeded  by  a  boy,  generally  of  four 
or  five  years  of  age,  into  whom  the  soul 
•f  the  deceased  dalai  is  supposed  to  have 
entered.  The  dalai  resides  at  Fotala  near 
Lassa,  in  Tibet. 

Dalkey,  darke.  An  Irish  seaside  re- 
sort, 8  m.  IVom  Dublin ;  pop.  6,500. 

Dallas,  Alexander  James.  An 
American  statesman,  b.  In  Jamaica,  1759, 
immigrated  to  Penn.  1783 ;  became  dis- 
tinguished as  a  lawj  er  and  BepubUcan 


politician,  and  held  the  ofllce  of  Secretary 
of  the  Commonwealth  and  Secretary  ol 
the  Treasury  ;  d.  1817. 

Dallas,  G^eorgre  MifOin.  Son  of  the 
above,  e.  in  Penn.,  1792,  elected  to  the  U. 
8.  Senate,  1881,Attomey-Generalof  Penn., 
1885,  appointed  Minister  to  Bussla,  1887, 
and  In  1844  elected  Vice-President  of  the 
U.  8.  Sent  as  Minister  to  Gt.  Britain, 
1856 ;  D.  1864. 

Dallas.  A  viUage  of  Pulaski  Co.,  Ky., 
where,  Jan.  25-June  1, 1864,  several  se- 
vere but  indecisive  actions  occurred  be- 
tween the  Federals  under  Gen.  Sherman 
and  the  Confederates  under  Gens.  Hood 
and  Hardee.    The  latter  finally  retreated. 

Dalmatia,  d&l-ma'she-a.  An  Austrian 
prov.  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Adriatic ; 
area,  4,670  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt,  50«,000.  Ca©. 
Zara. 

Dalmatica,  dal-mat'i-ka.  The  vestment 
used  by  the  deacon  at  mass,  worn  also  by 
bishops  under  the  chasuble,  and  from  a 
very  early  period  by  the  popes  when  offi- 
ciating pontifically.  It  consists  of  a  long 
robe  with  larger  and  Ailler  sleeves  than 
the  tunic.  The  sides  are  left  partially  un- 
closed. It  has  longitudinal  stripes  be- 
fore and  behind,  these  stripes  onginally 
being  black  but  in  later  times  red.  A 
similar  robe  is  worn  by  the  sovereigns  of 
England  on  high  occasions  as  a  super- 
tunic  over  the  tunic  surcoat. 

Dalriad,  M-ad.  One  of  a  tribe  of  the 
Scots  in  Ireland,  which  occupied  the 
Southern  part  of  the  County  of  Antrim. 

Damajavagr,  da-ma-ja'vag.  The  name 
given  to  a  preparation  of  the  chestnut-tree, 
employed  as  a  substitute  for  oak  bark  and 
gall-nuts  in  tanning. 

Daman,  dam'an.  A  rabbit-like  animal 
of  the  gen.  Hyrax,  supposed  to  be  the 
shaphan  or  cony  of  Scripture. 

Daman.  A  Portuguese  town  In  India, 
100  m.  N.  of  Bombay,  noted  as  containing 
the  famous  Temple  of  Parsis  ;  pop.  abt 
10,000. 

Damascenus,  Johannes.  An  emi- 
nent Saracenic  theologian ;  6.  in  Damas- 
cus abt.  700,  D.  768.  His  "Summary  of 
the  Orthodox  Faith  "  was  for  centuries  a 
model  for  scholars. 

Damascus,  da-mSs^iis.  An  ancient 
city  of  Syria,  famous  2,000  years  b.  c, 
now  cap,  of  a  Turkish  pashalic  of  same 
name ;  pop,  200,000. 

Damascus  Blade,  -blad.  A  sword 
or  scimitar  presenting  upon. its  surface 
a  variegated  appearanco  of  watering,  In 
fine  Uoes  or  fillets,  fibrous,  cro8sed»ir 


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terlaced  or  parallel,  &c.,  formerly  fobricat- 
ed  chiefly  at  Damscus. 

Damask,  dam 'ask.  The  name  given  to 
textile  fobrios.  richly  ornamented,  being 
the  richest  species  of  ornamental  weaving, 
tapestry  excepted.  A  pink  color,  like 
that  of  the  daipask-rose. 

Damasae,  -as'.  A  kind  of  linen  for  ta- 
ble-cloths, napkins,  A«.,  woven  in  flowers 
and  figures  In  imitation  of  damask. 

Daxuassin,  -sin.  A  kind  of  damask, 
with  gold  and  silver  flowers  woven  In  the 
warp  and  woof. 

Damianist,  da'mi-an-ist.  One  of  a  sect 
founded  by  Damian,  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria, In  the  6th  century,  who  denied  any 
distinction  in  the  Godhead,  yet  using  the 
names  of  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Spirit. 

Damietta,  dam-e-et'ta.  An  Egyptian 
city  on  the  E.  arm  of  the  Kile,  100  m.  N. 
E.  of  Cairo ;  pop.  60,000.  The  old  city 
which  stood  5  m.  nearer  the  sea  than  the 
present,  was  captured  several  times  by 
the  Crusaders ;  it  is  now  in  ruins. 

Bammar-resin,  'mar-re-zin.  A  gum 
resembling  copal,  produced  by  various 
species  of  dammar,  used  for  colorless 
yamish. 

Damn.  The  execration  employed  by 
those  who  use  the  verb  profimely ;  a  curse ; 
an  oath.    Generally  written  D— n. 

Damodean,  -o-kle'-an.  Belating  to 
Damocles,  a  flatterer,  who,  having  ex- 
tolled Dionysios,  Tyrant  of  Syracuse,  was 
placed  by  the  latter  under  a  sword  sus- 

emded  over  his  head  by  a  single  hair, 
ence,  applied  to  any  condition,  especial- 
ly one  or  eminence,  threatened  with  ex- 
treme danger. 

Damon.  One  of  the  traditionary  herocfl 
of  andent  Syracuse,  in  whose  behalf 
Pythias  oflered  to  sacrifice  his  life. 

Damonoh,  -mnch\  The  Arab  name  for 
Nitraria  tridentata,  believed  to  be  the 
lotus- tree  of  the  ancien  ts. 

Dampler,  William.  An  Engflsh  cir- 
cumnavigator ;  B.  1652,  D.  1712. 

Dampier  Archipelagro.  A  group  N. 
W.  of  Australia.  D.  Strait  divides  New 
Guinea  and  Waygiou ;  85  m.  wide. 

Damael,  dam'zel.    A  young  unmarried 

woman. 
Dana,  Ftancis.    An  American  Jurist 

and  statesman :  b.  in  Mass.  1748,  d.  1811. 

He  was  a  member  of 'Congress,  Minister 

to  Bussla  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Mass. 

Supreme  Court. 
DfUiae,  din'a-e.    In  Myth,  daughter  of 

Acrisios,  King  of  ArgoB  and  Eurydioe . 


seduced  by  Jupiter,  and  mother  by  him 
of  Persons. 

Danaides.  In  Myth,  the  60  daughters 
of  Danaus,  semi-king  with  his  brother 
Egyptus  of  Egypt.  They  were  all  mar- 
ried to  the  sons  of  Egyptus,  and  by  com- 
mand of  their  father  all  but  one — Hyperm- 
nestra,  who  saved  Lynceus — ^miinlered 
their  husbands  on  the  nuptial  night.  Ju- 
piter condemned  them  to  eternally  carry 
water  in  selves  in  Hades. 

Danby,  Francis.  An  emincat  Irish 
painter;  b.  1798,  d.  1871. 

Dance,  dans.  A  lively  exercise  of  amuse- 
ment, in  which  the  movements  are  regu- 
lated by  art  in  figure,  and  by  the  sound  of 
instruments  in  measure.  A  tune  by 
which  dancing  is  regulated.  D.  of  death, 
in  all^orical  painting  and  sculp,  illustra- 
tive or  the  universal  power  of  death,  in 
which  a  skeleton  figures  prominentiy; 
frequently  met  with  in  ancient  buildings, 
stained  glass  and  in  the  decoration  of 
manusci-ipts. 

Dandolo,  Isnrioo.  A  member  of  an 
ancient  Venetian  fiunlly,  b.  1105,  elected 
doge  1163,  held  a  high  command  in  the 
4th  Crusade  at  the  capture  of  Byzantium, 
the  throne  of  which  city  was  offered  him, 
but  declin'od ;  d.  1205.  Several  of  the 
fjamily  held  the  chief  magistracy  of  Venice. 

DandmfT,  dan'druf.  A  scurf  which 
forms  on  the  head  and  comes  off  in  small 
scales  or  particles. 

Dandy,  Mi.  A  boatman  of  the  Ganges. 
A  man  who  is  fastidious  as  to  dress.  A 
roller  of  woven  wire,  forming  part  of 
a  paper-making  machine,  emploved  to 
press  the  liquid  flrom  the  pulp,  and  to  bar 
or  8tripo  the  paper. 

Danebroff,  'C'-brojr.  A  Danish  order  of 
knifrhthood.  instituted  about  1219,  and  re- 
vived In  um. 

Danger-sismal,  (irm'Jer-sig-nal.  The  sig- 
nal usod  on  rnilwavb  to  indicate  that  there 
is  Bomo  obsUiclo  involving  danger  to  an 
advancing  train,  given  by  the  movable 
arms  of  a  semaphore  during  the  day,  and 
by  a  red  lamp  at  night. 

Daniel.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  greater  He- 
brew prophets,  of  royal  blood,  who  was 
taken  with  other  Jewish  captives  to  Baby- 
lon in  the  8d  year  of  King  Jcholakim^s 
reign.    He  became  famous  for  his  gift  of 

{>ropheoy  and  steady  devotion  to  his  re- 
igion,  being  made  governor  of  Babylon 
by  Nebnchwinezzar,  and  next  in  power 
to  the  king  himself  by  Darius,  the  Mede. 
The  time  and  place,  of  his  death  are  un« 
known. 
.DanJM'W^rko,  The.    A  strong  fortifloj 


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DARWIN 


wall  erected  in  the  9th  century  to  protect 
8.  Jutland  from  hostile  inland  tribes.  Its 
modern  fame  rests  upon  the  8-hour  battle, 
1848,  between  10,000  Danes  and  80,000 
Prutslans,  the  former  being  finally  defeat- 
ed. In  the  war  of  1864,  the  D.  was  again 
the  scene  of  stubborn  resistance  to  the 
Austro-Prossian  army  of  invasion. 

Dante,  dan'tai.  Italy's  greatest  poet ; 
B.  in  Florence  1256,  d.  atBavenna  1821. 

Danton,  G^orgre  Jacques.  A  French 
Jacobin,  b.  1780,  guillotined  by  order  of 
Eobesplerre,  1794. 

DantadfiT.  A  fortified  seaport  and  cap. 
of  E.  Prussia,  on  the  Vistula,  4  m.  firom 
its  mouth ;  pop.  abt.  90,000. 

Danubian  Principalities.  Moldavia 
and  Wallachia,  formerly  semi-independent 
states  under  Turkish  dominion,  but  made 
independent  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  1878, 
and  now  called  Bonmania.  Total  area, 
46,700  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  5,000,000. 

Danube.  The  largest  river  of  Central 
Europe,  rising  in  Baden,  and  traversing 
Wflrtemberg,  Bavaria,  Austria,  Hungary, 
Boumania  and  Bulgaria,  empties  into  the 
Black  Sea  through  several  arms.  Total 
length  2,400  m.;  navigable  to  Pesth.  Its 
chief  afSuents  are  the  Inn,  Leltha,  Save, 
Baab,  Drave,  Pmth  and  Theiss.  It  was 
for  centuries  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  the 
Boman  Empire. 

Dapedium,  da-pe'di-um.  A  gen.  of  fos- 
sil ganoid  fishes  of  the  Lias. 

Daphne,  daf  ne.  In  Myth,  a  nymph  of 
Diana  feigned  to  have  been  changed  into 
a  laurel.  In  Bot.  a  genus  of  thjrmelaceous 
plants,  some  of  which  are  of  medicinal 
importance,  and  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  hemp  and  paper. 

Daphnia,  'ni-a.  The  water-flea,  a  gen. 
of  minute  crustaceans,  ord.  Cladocera, 
div.  Branchiopoda. 

Daphnis.  In  Myth,  the  son  of  Mercury, 
a  Sicilian  shepherd,  and  inventor  of  pas- 
toral poetry. 

Darby,  dar'bi.  A  plasterer's  tool,  used 
for  floating  a  ceiling.    Handcuff's. 

Darboy,  Georgres.  Aixjhblshop  of  Par- 
is, shot  by  the  Communists,  1871. 

Dardanelles,  The.  The  strait  con- 
necting the  JEgeaa  and  Sea  of  Marmora, 
at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Mediterranean ; 

40  m.  long,  and  1  to  4  m.  wide.  Anciently 
known  as  the  Hellespont,  ii-om  Helles,  a 
Theban  princess,  who  drowned  herself  In 

its  waters. 

Dardanus.      In  Myth,  son  of  Jupiter 

and  Electra,  the  founder  of  Troy. 

Darfour.    A  section  of  Central  Africa, 


Golden  Daric. 


annexed  to  Egypt  in  1875,  and  a  part  of 
the  Soudan,  now  in  rebellion  under  the 
leadership  of  El  Mahdi,  the  False  (Mo 
hammedan)  Messiah. 

Dare-devil,  dar'dev-U.  A  desperado; 
one  who  fears  nothing  and  will  attempt 
anything. 

Daric,  dar'ik.  In 
Numis.  a  gold  coin^ 
of  Darius  the  Mede,| 
weighing  about  1291 
grains,  value  aboutl 
$6,  and  bearing  on 
one  side  the  %ure 
of  an  archer.  A  sil- 
ver coin  having  the  flgure  of  an  archer, 
and  thence  called  a  daric.  Any  very  pure 
gold  coin. 

Darien,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Car- 
ibbean Sea,  C.  America.  Isthmus  of  D., 
better  known  as  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 

C.  America. 

Darius  I.  (sumamed  Hystaspis). 
King  of  Persia;  b.  Cambyses,  521  b.  c, 
after  putting  to  death  Smerdis,  a  usurper. 
He  was  wise  and  successful  in  his  civil 
policy,  but  was  defeated  in  an  invasion  of 
Scythia,  and  also  at  Marathon,  Greece ;  i>. 
485.  D.  II.  (Nothus)  a  natural  son  of 
Artaxerxes  Longimanus,  deposed  the 
usurper  Sogdianus,  and  became  King  of 
Persia,  424  b.  c;  d.  406.  D.  III.,  called 
Codomannus,  the  last  of  the  ancient  Per- 
sian kings,  a.  Arses  836  b.  o.  Defeated  by 
Alexander  the  Great  at  Issus  and  Arbela, 

D.  was  assasinated  by  Bessus,  one  of  his 
satraps,  while  escaping  fi-om  the  battle- 
field. Statira,  daughter  of  D.,  became  one 
of  the  wives  of  Alexander. 

Darley,  Felix  O.  C.  An  eminent 
American  artist ;  b.  in  Penn.  in  1822.  His 
illustrations  of  the  works  of  Irving, 
Cooper,  Dickens,  &o.,  have  given  him  a 
high  reputation. 

Damley,  Henry  Stuart,  liord.  A 
Scottish  noble,  of  the  royal  blood  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  b.  1545  ;  became  the 
second  husband  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Soots, 
1566.  His  open  profligacy  alienated  her 
aflfections,  and  it  is  generally  believed  she 
connived  at  his  assassination  which  was 
planned  and  carried  out  by  the  Earl  of 
Bothwell,  1567. 

Darter,  dart'er.  One  who  throws  a  dart. 
One  who  or  that  which  springs  forward. 
A  gen.  (Plotus)  of  web-footed  birds  of  the 
peUcan  tribe,  resembling  the  gulls.  An 
ord.  (Jaculatores)  of  birds  containing  the 
king-fishers,  bee-eaters  and  jacamars, 
ii-om  their  habit  of  darting  on  their  prey. 

Darwin,  Charles.    An  English  natox* 


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alist  and  publicist,  b.  1809,  d.  1SS3.  He 
is  noted  as  the  author  of  the  startling  eth- 
nological theory  taught  in  his  book,  "  The 
Origin  of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural  Se- 
lection,*' popularly  known  as  the  Evolu- 
tion theory. 

Dash-board,  dash'bdrd.  A  board  or 
apron  placed  on  the  fore  part  of  a  vehicle 
to  prevent  water,  &c.,  from  being  thrown 
upon  those  in  the  vehicle  by  the  heels  of 
tiie  horses. 

I>ash-pot,  'pot.  An  apparatus  for  dead- 
ening the  blow  of  any  falling  weight,  and 
preventing  jar  in  the  machinery. 

Bash-wheel,  'whel.  A  name  applied 
to  two  cylinders  revolving  against  each 
other  in  a  cistern,  used  for  washing  woven 
goods  by  alternately  dipping  them  in  the 
water  and  dashing  them  against  the  sides 
of  the  compartment  in  which  they  are 
placed. 

Dasyomis,  da-si-or'nis.  Bristle-bird,  a 
gen.  of  insectivorous  birds,  thrush  fam. 

Dasypidse,  -sip'i-de.  A  small  fam.  of 
edentate  mammals,  comprising  the  manis, 
armadillo,  ant-eater  and  the  platypus  or 
duck-bill. 

Dasyure,  'si-ar.  The  brush-tailed  opos- 
sums, a  gen.  of  plantigrade  marsupials, 
found  in  Austria,  so  named  in  contrast 
to  the  opossums  of  the  New  World,  which 
have  naked  tails  somewhat  like  rats. 

Dataria,  -ta'ri-a.  The  papal  office  of  the 
chancery  at  Borne,  from  which  all  bulls 
are  issued. 

Datary,  'tarri.  An  officer  of  the  chan- 
cery at  Borne,  who  affixes  the  datum 
Bomse  (given  at  Bome)  to  the  pope's  bulls. 
The  employment  of  a  datary. 

Date-palm,  dat'- 
pam.  The  common 
name  of  Phoenix  dac- 
tyUfera,  the  palm- 
tree  of  Scripture. 
Next  to  the  cocoa- 
nut  tree,  the  date  is 
the  most  interesting 
and  usefiil  of  the 
pahn  tribe.  The 
fruit  is  eaten  fresh  or 
dried.  Cakes  of 
dates  are  the  princi- 
pal food  of  the  Arabs.  Date-tree 
A  liquor  resembling  ^*^  ^^^ 
wine  is  made  from  dates  by  fermentation. 

Daufirhter,  daw'ter.  The  female  offspring 
of  a  man  and  woman.  A  female  child.  A 
daughter-in-law ;  a  son's  wife.  A  wom- 
an. A  female  descendant.  A  title  of  af- 
fection given  to  a  woman  by  a  man  older 
In  respect  of  years,  or  whose  character 


or  office  entitles  him  to  esteem,  as  to  a 
penitent  by  her  fiither  confessor.  The  fe- 
male offspring  of  an  animal  or  plant. 

Daufirhter-in-law,  -in-la.  A  son's 
wife. 

Daun,  Iieopold  Joseph  Marias 
Count  von.  An  Austrian  Field-Mar- 
shal; B.  1705,  p.  1766.  He  defeated 
Frederick  the  Great  at  the  battles  of  Ko- 
lin  and  Hocbkirchcn,  1768,  but  was  de 
feated  by  the  Prussian  King  at  Torgau, 
1761. 

Dauphin,  daw'fin .  The  eldest  son  of  the 
King  of  France  prior  to  the  Bevolution  of 
1880. 

Dauphine,  'fen.  The  wife  or  lady  ol 
the  dauphin  ;  dauphiness. 

Dauw.  A  S.  African  zebra,  the  Equus 
Burchellii. 

Davenant,  William,  Sir.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  said  to  have  been  the  nat- 
ural son  of  Shakespeare,  whom  he  strik- 
ingly resembled  ;  b.  1605,  d.  1668. 

David.  In  Scrip,  a  prophet,  poet  and 
King  of  Israel,  s.  Saul ;  b.  abt  1100  b.  c, 
D.  1015.  He  abdicated  his  throne  in  favor 
of  Solomon,  his  son,  several  years  before 
his  death.  The  Psalms,  most  of  which 
were  his  composition,  are  unsurpassed  in 
poetic  beauty,  strength  or  grandeur. 

David  I.  King  of  Scotland,  s.  his  broth- 
er Alexander  L;  b.  1124,  d.  1158.  D.  II. 
(David  Bruce),  son  of  the  great  Robert 
Bruce,  retired  to  France  on  his  father's 
death,  who  was  s.  by  Baliol,  1382,  but  re- 
turned in  1842  and  recovered  his  throne. 
In  1846  he  was  defeated  and  captured 
while  invading  England,  and  imprisone<l 
in  the  Tower  of  London  till  1867 ;  p.  1371. 

David,  Jacques  Louis.  An  eminent 
French  painter :  b.  1748,  d.  in  exile,  1826, 

Davidist,  da'vid-ist.  One  of  a  sect  so 
called  from  David  George,  who.  In  the 
16th  century,  gave  out  that  he  was  the 
Messiah,  rejected  marriage,  and  denied 
the  resurrection. 

Davis,  Charles  Henry,  Bear  Ad- 
miral. An  American  naval  officer ;  b. 
in  Mass.,  1807  ;  commanded  the  Missis- 
sippi flotilla  duiing  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Na- 
tional Observatory,  1865 ;  d.  1878. 

Davis,  Jefferson.  An  American  sol- 
dier and  statesman  ;  b.  in  Ky.,  1808,  edu- 
cated at  West  Point,  served  7  years  with 
credit,  and  resigned  to  become  a  planter 
in  Mississippi.  Elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  Congress,  he  took  a  leading  part 
in  all  debates.  He  commanded  the  18th 
Milf^Ulppl  Volunteers  during  the  Mezit 


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246  DEACX)ir 


can  War,  winning  distinction  by  his  abili- 
^  and  ffaUantiy.  On  his  return  home  he 
aeelined  the  appointment  bv  President 
Polk  of  brigadier  general  of  volunteers, 
holding  that  snch  appointment  should  be- 
long to  the  State,  and  not  to  the  Federal 
antnorities.  Elected  to  the  TT.  S.  Senate 
in  1847,  he  was  appointed  Secretvy  of 
War,  1863,  and  at  the  close  of  President 
Pierce's  administration  was  again  elected 
to  the  Senate.  Taking  a  leading  part  in 
the  secession  movement  of  18@3-^1,  he 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  Senate,  and  was 
soon  after  elected  President  of  the  South- 
em  Confederacy.  Taken  prisoner  at  the 
close  of  armed  resistance,  he  was  confined 
in  Fortress  Monroe  for  two  years,  then 
released  on  bail,  and  was  included  in  the 
Amnesty  Prochimatlon  of  Pres't  Johnson, 
Dec.  26,  1868.     Ho  now  resides  in  Miss. 

Davis,  John.  An  English  navigator  ; 
B.  1560.  He  discovered  the  strait  which 
bears  his  name,  and  oenetrated  to  72"  N. 
lat.  while  seeking  a  N.  W.  passage  to  In- 
dia ;  he  was  killed  in  Japan,  1606. 

Bavis  Strait.     The   passage  dividing 
British  N.  America  and 
Greenland ;      760     m. 
long  by  220  to  600  wide. 

Bavit,  dav'it.  One  of 
two  projecting  pieces 
on  a  vessel,  used  for 
lowering  and  hoisting 
the  boats  by  means  of 
sheave     and     pulley.  _     .^ 

Fish-davit,  a  spar  with  Davits, 

a  roller  or  sheave  at  its  end  used  for  fish- 
ing the  anchor. 

Bavoust,  liOiiis  Nicolas,  dah-voo'. 
A  French  marshal ;  b.  1770,  d.  1823.  He 
commanded  the  left  wing  of  Napoleon's 
army  in  the  victory  of  Austeflitz  and  de- 
feated the  Prussians  at  Auerstadt,  and 
EckmGhl,  receiving  the  titles  of  Duke  of 
Auerstfidt  and  Prince  of  Eckmuhl. 

Bavy,  Humphrey,  Sir,  Bart.  A 
distinguished  English  chemist  and  natural 
philosopher  ;  b.  1778,  d.  1829. 

Bavy  Jones,  da'vi-Jftnz.  The  spirit  of  the 
sea ;  a  nikker ;  a  sea-devil.  Davy  Jones' 
locker,  the  ocean;  specifically,  as  the  grave 
of  all  who  perish  at  sea. 

Bavy-lamp,  -lamp.  A  lamp  whose 
flame  is  surrounded  with  wire,  invented 
bv  Sir  Humphrey  Davy  to  protect  miners 
from  explonons  of  fire-damp.  Caljed  also 
Safety-lamp. 

Bawk,  dak.  A  hollow  or  incision  in  tim- 
ber. In  the  E.  Indies,  the  post ;  a  relay 
of  men,  as  for  carrying  letters,  dispatches, 
A«.,  or  travelers  in  patanquins.    D.  bung- 


alow, a  house  at  the  end  of  a  stage  designed 
for  those  who  journey  by  palanquin.  To 
travel  dawk  is  to  ionmey  in  palanquins 
carried  by  relays  of  men,  or  by  govern- 
ment post-wagons. 

Bawm,  dam.  An  E.  Indian  copper  coin 
of  the  value  of  one-fortieth  of  a  rupee. 
Bay,  da.  That  part  of  the  time  of  the 
earth's  revolution  on  its  axis  in  which 
its  snribce  Is  presented  to  the  sun ;  or  the 
time  between  the  rising  and  sotting  of  the 
sun.  This  is  termed  the  day,  and  consti- 
tutes what  astronomers  call  the  artlfldal 
day.  The  period  of  one  revolution  of  the 
earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty-four  hours ; 
called  the  natural  day.  The  Babylonians 
began  the  day  at  sun-rising ;  the  Jews  at 
sun-setting;  the  Egyptians  at  midnight, 
as  do  the  British,  French,  Spanish,  Amer- 
ican, &c. 

Baybreak,  'br&k.  The  dawn  or  first  ap- 
pearance of  light  in  the  morning. 
Bayfly,  'fli.  The  popular  name  of  the 
neuropterous  insects,  gen.  Ephemera,  so 
called  because,  though  they  may  exist  in 
the  larval  and  pupal  state  for  several 
years,  in  their  perfect  form  they  exist  only 
from  a  few  hours  to  a  few  days,  taking  no 
food,  but  only  propagating  thefa:  species 
and  then  dying. 

Baysman,  daz'man.  An  umpire  or  ar- 
biter ;  a  mediator. 

Baystar,  da'stfir.  The  morning  star, 
Lucifer,  Venus ;  the  star  which  precedes 
the  morning  light.  The  sun,  as  tne  orb  of 
day. 

Beacon,  de'kon.  A  person  in  the  lowest 
degree  of  the  holy  orders.  The  office  of 
deacon  was  instituted  bv  the  apostles, 
and  seven  persons  were  chosen  at  first  to 
serve  at  the  feasts  of  Christians,  and  dis  - 
tribute  bread  and  wine  to  the  communi- 
cants, and  minister  to  the  wants  of  the 
poor.  In  the  R.  C.  Church  the  ofllce  of 
the  deacon  is  to  wait  upon  the  officiating 
priest,  and  at  the  pontincial  mass  to  put 
the  mitre  on  the  bishop's  head.  In  the 
Church  of  England  the  deacon  may  per- 
form all  ordinary  offices  of  the  priesthood 
except  consecrating  the  elements  and  pro- 
nouncing the  absolution.  In  Presbyterian 
churches  the  deacon's  office  is  to  attend 
to  the  secular  interests,  and  in  Indepen- 
dent churches  it  is  the  same,  with  the  ad- 
dition that  he  distributes  the  bread  and 
wine  to  the  communicants.  In  Scotland, 
the  president  of  an  incorporated  trade, 
who  is  the  chairman  of  its  meetings,  and 
signs  its  records.  The  deacon -convener 
of  the  trades  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  is 
a  coustltutent  member  ot  the  town  conn* 


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dl.  A  dignity  once  enjoyed  by  all  similar 
officers  in  the  country. 

Deaconess,  -es.  A  female  deacon  in  the 
primitive  church.  A  quasi  sister-of-mercy 
among  certain  Protestants. 

Dead-beat,  ded'het  One  who  has  com- 
pletely failed  in  life ;  a  loafer ;  a  sharper. 

Dead-center,  'sen-ter.  That  position  of 
the  arms  of  a  link-motion  in  which  they 
coincide  with  the  lino  of  centers. 

Dead-eye,  1.  A  wooden  block  pierced 
with  three  holes  to  receive  the  lanyard, 
used  to'extend  avessePs  shrouds  and  stays 
and  for  other  purposes. 

Dead-head,  'hed.  In  founding,  the  extra 
length  of  metal  given  to  a  cast  gun,  con- 
taining the  dross,  which  rises  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid  metal.  When  cooled  Uie 
dead-head  is  cut  off.  Naut. ,  a  rough  block 
of  wood  used  as  an  anchor-buo  v.  One  who 
obtains  anything  of  value  without  pay- 
ment. 

Dead-letter,  let-ter.  A  letter  which 
lies  for  a  certain  period  uncalled  for  at  the 
post-office,  or  one  having  a  defective  ad- 
dress, and  which  is  sent  to  the  general 
post-office.  Anything  which  has  lost  its 
force  or  authority,  by  lapse  of  time  or  any 
•ther  cause.  Dead-letter  office,  a  depart- 
ment of  the  general  post-office  where  dead- 
letters  are  examined  and  disposed  of. 

Dead-march,  'march.  A  piece  of  sol- 
emn music  played  at  fUneral  processions, 
especially  those  of  military  men. 

Dead-reckoningr,  'rek-n-ing.  The  cal- 
culation of  a  ship's  place  at  sea,  indepen- 
dently of  observations  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  fh)m  the  distance  she  has  run  by 
the  log,  and  the  courses  steered  by  the 
compass,  rectified  by  the  allowances  fbr 
drift,  lee-way,  Ac. 

Dead  Sea,  The.  A  lake  of  Palestine, 
20  m.  N.  of  Jerusalem,  85  m.  long  by  10 
to  12  m.  wide.  Its  waters  are  intensely 
salt,  and  there  is  no  perceptible  outiet, 
although  the  Jordan  feeds  it  from  the  N. 
It  is  1,881  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Med- 
iterranean. It  is  generally  believed  that  no 
living  thing  can  exist  in  its  waters,  but 
this  is  disputed  by  some  who  insist  that 
fish  have  been  seen  below  the  surface. 

Deafness,  defines.  Incapacity  of  perceiv- 
ing sounds ;  want  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 
Unwillingness  to  hear. 

Dean,  dSn.  An  ecclesiastical  governor  or 
dignitary,  so  called  because  each  diocese 
was  divided  into  deaneries,  each  compris- 
ing ten  parishes,  with  a  dean  presiding 
over  each.    A  dene  or  valley. 

Deanery,  'e-ri.  The  office  or  the  revenue 


of  a  dean.    The  house  or  Jurisdiction  of  a 
dean. 
Deaf-mute,  def mflt 


fev^^ 


A  person  who  la 
i 


Deaf-mute  Alphabet, 
both  deaf  and  dumb.    Deaf  mutes  com* 
mnnicate  their  thoughts  by  means  of  a 
manual  alphabet. 

Dearborn,  Henry,  Qen.  An  Ameri- 
can officer  of  the  Revolution ;  b.  in  N.  H. 
1751,  D.  1829.  He  was  Secretary  of  War 
8  years  under  President  Jefferson.  Com. 
manded  at  the  capture  of  Yorktown,  Can- 
ada, 1813,  and  was  Minister  to  Portugal, 
1822  24. 

Dearborn,  dur'bom.  A  light  four- 
wheeled  vehicle. 

Deasil,  de'shel.  Motion  from  east  to 
west,  according  to  the  course  of  the  sun. 

Death-flre,  deth'flr.  A  luminous,  ap- 
pearance or  flame,  as  the  ignis  fotfdus, 
supposed  to  presage  death. 

Death-rate,  'rat.  The  proportion  of 
deaths  among  the  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
country,  «kc. 

Deatl\^head,  deths'hed.  The  skull  o/ 
a  human  skeleton,  or  a  figure  or  painting 
representing  one.  Death^s-head  moth, 
the  largest  species  of  lepidopterous  insect 
found  in  Britain,  and  systematically 
known  as  Acherontia  atropos.  Regarded 
by  the  vulgar  as  the  forerunner  of  death 
or  other  calamities. 

Death-warrant,  deth'wor-rant.  An 
order  from  the  proper  authority  for  the 
execution  of  a  criminal.  Anything  which 
puts  an  end  to  hope. 

Death-watch,  'woch.    A  small  beetie. 


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D£GKMB£B 


A.  tesselatum,  whose  ticking  Is  supposed, 
by  superstitious  and  Ignorant  people,  to 
prognosticate  death.  It  belongs  to  the 
gen.  Anoblum.  The  ticking  is  the  call  of 
the  sexes  to  each  other. 
Debauch,  de-bach^  Excess  in  eating  or 
drinking ;  inteniperance ;  gluttony;  lewd- 
ness. An  act  of  debauchery. 
Deborall.  A  Hebrew  prophetess  and 
judge,  who  lived  in  the  13th  century  b.  c. 
She  took  an  active  part  in  delivering  her 
country  from  the  Canaanites  under  Sisera, 
and  is  the  reputed  author  of  "  Judges  v." 
Debauchee,  de'bo-she.  A  man  given  to 
intemperance  or  bacchanalian  excesses  ;  a 
man  habitually  lewd  or  profligate. 
Debris,  da-bre.  Fragments;  rubbish; 
ruins.  In  Geol.  any  accumulation  of 
broken  and  detached  matter,  as  that  which 
arises  from  the  waste  of  rocks,  or  a  drifted 
heap  of  animal  and  vegetable  matter. 
Debtor,  defer.  The  person  who  owes 
another  either  money,  goods,  or  services ; 
one  who  has  received  from  another  an  ad- 
vantage of  any  kind. 

Debut,   da-bu.     Beginning  or  entrance 
upon  anything;    first   attempt;    hence, 
first  appearance  before  the  public,  as  that 
of  an  actor  or  actress  upon  the  stage. 
Debutant,  -tan.    One  who  makes  a  d6 
but ;  a  man  who  makes  his  first  appear- 
ance before  the  public. 
Debutante,  -tant.    A  woman  appearing 
for  the  first  time  before  the  public. 
Deca-,  dek'a.    A  prefix,  from  the  Greek, 
signifying  ten. 

Decade,  dek'ad.  The  sum  or  number 
of  ten  ;  an  aggregate  or  group  consisting 
of  ten  ;  specifically,  an  aggregate  of  ten 
years. 

Decagron,  'a-gon.  A  plane  figure  having 
tne'  sides  and  ten  angles.  When  all  the 
sides  and  angles  are  equal  it  is  a  regular 
decagon. 

Decagrranime,  da-ka-gram.    A  French 
weight  of  ten  grammes,  equal  to  5.644 
I  drams  avoirdupois. , 
Decagryn,  dek'a-jin.    A  plant  having  ten 
pistils. 
Decahedral,  -he'dral.   Having  ten  sides. 
Decalitre,  da-ka-le-tr.    A  French  mea- 
sure of  capacity,  containing  ten  litres,  or 
610.27  cubic  indies. 

Decalogrue,  dek'a-log.  The  ten  com- 
mandments or  precepts  given  by  God  to 
Moses  at  Mount  Sinai,  originally  written 
on  two  tables  of  stone. 
Decameron,  de-kam'e-ron.  The  angli- 
cized name  of  the  celebrated  collection  of 


tales  by  Boccaccio,  which  consists  of  100 
stories,  ten  of  which  are  told  on  each  o! 
ten  days  by  seven  ladies  and  three  gentle- 
men  who  had  fled  from  Florence  to  a  coun- 
try house  during  the  plague  of  1848. 
Decametre,  da-ka-ma-tr.  A  French 
measure  of  length,  10  metres,  equal  to 
82.8  feet. 

Decandria,  de-kan'dri-a.  The  10th 
class  of  plants  in  the  artificial  system  of 
Llnnteus,  having  10  stamens,  and  one  or 
more  pistils.  It  Includes  Dianthus, 
Lychnis,  Cerastium,  Saxifraga,  Bedum, 
Oxalis,  &c. 

Decanter,  -kan'ter.  A  vessel  nsed  to 
decant  liquors,  or  for  receiving  decanted 
liquors  ;  a  glass  vessel  or  bottle  used  for 
holding  wine  or  other  liquors. 
Decapitation,  -kap'i-ta"shon.  The  act 
of  beheading. 

Decapod,  dekVi)od.    One  of  an  order  of    ' 
crustaceans  having  ten  feet.    One  of  that 
division  of  the  cuttle-fishes  which  have 
ten  prehensile  arms. 

Decapoda,  de-kap'o-da.  The  highest 
order  of  crustaceans,  so  called  from  having 
five  pairs  of  legs.  They  are  subdivided  into 
Brachyura,  or  short-tailed  decapods,  the 
crabs ;  Macrura,  or  long-tailed,  including 
the  shrimp,  lobster,  prawn,  crayfish,  &c., 
and  Anomura,  of  which  the  hermit-crab 
is  an  example.  One  of  the  two  divisions 
of  the  dibranchiate  cuttle-fishes  (the 
other  being  the  Octopoda). 
Decastyle,  dek'a-stll.  A  portico  or  colon- 
nade often  columns. 

Deccan,  The.  That  portion  of  Hindo- 
Stan  S.  of  the  Yindhya  Moimtains. 
Decatur,  Stephen,  Com.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  ofiicer ;  b.  in  Md.  1779,  killed 
in  a  duel  with  Com.  Barron,  at  Bladens- 
burg,  Md.,  1820.  As  a  midshipman  he 
distinguisiied  himself  in  cutting  out  the 
captured  Philadelphia  from  under  the 
guns  of  theTripolitan  forts,  1808 ;  in  1812, 
with  the  frigate  United  States,  he  cap- 
tured the  British  frigate  Macedonian,  af- 
ter a  sanguinary  battle ;  in  1815,  while  In 
command  of  the  President  he  was  at- 
tacked by  four  British  vessels  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender ;  In  the  same  year, 
■with  a  strong  flotilla,  he  broke  the  power 
of  the  Algerian  cruisers. 
Decedent,  de-sed'ent.  A  deceased  per* 
son. 

December,  -semper.  The  12th  and  last 
month  in  the  year,  in  which  the  sun 
touches  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  at  the 
winter  solstice,  being  then  at  his  greatest 
distance  south  of  the  equator. 


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248 


DEOUMBENCB 


Decemvirate,  'ver-at.  The  office  or 
term  of  office  of  the  decemvirs  or  ton 
magistrates  in  Borne,  who  had  absolute 
authority  for  two  years.  A  body  of  ten 
men  in  authority. 

Deoennaxy.  -sen'na-ri.    A  period  of  ten 
years. 
Decennial,  'ni-al.    Continuing  for  ten 
years ;  consisting  of  ten  years ;  as,  a  de- 
cennial period.      Happening  every   ten 
years  ;  as,  decennial  games. 
Decentralization,  'tral-iz-a'^shon.  The 
actof  distributing  what  has  been  central- 
ized or  brought  to  a  common  centre. 
Declduate,  -sid'u-at.    A  term  applied  to 
those  mammals,  as  Man,  the  Quadramana, 
Gamivora,  Insectivora,  Cheiroptera,  and 
Bodentia,  which  throw  off  decidua  after 
parturition;  or  to  the  placenta  of  such  ani- 
mals. 

Deciduous, -us.  Falling;  not  perennial 
or  permanent.  In  Bot.  applied  to  trees 
whose  leaves  &11  in  autumn  and  to  the 
leaves  or  other  parts  of  the  plant  which  do 
so  ML.  In  Zool.  applied  to  parts  which 
fall  off  at  a  Cfsrtain  stage  of  an  animal's  ex- 
istence, 85  the  hair,  horns,  and  teeth  of 
certain  animals. 

Decifirram,  des'i-gram.    The  anglicized 
form  of  decigramme.    A  French  weight 
of  one-t«nth  of  a  gramme. 
Decil.   de'sil.    An  aspect  or  position  of 
two  planets  when  they  are  a  tenth  part  of 
the  zodiac  distant  from  each  other. 
Decillion, '11-on.    According  to  English 
notation,  a  million  involved  to  the  tenth 
power,  or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  an- 
nexed ;  according  to  the  French  notation, 
a  thousand  Involved  to  the  eleventh  power, 
or  a  unit  with  thhrty-three  ciphers   an- 
nexed. 
Decimal,  des'i-mal.     Any  number  ex- 
pressed in  the  scale  of  tens ;  specifically, 
and  almost  exclusively,  a  decimal  fraction. 
Decimitre,  da-si-ma-tr.    A  French  mea- 
sure of  length  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a 
metre,  or  8.98710  Inches. 
Dedmo-aezto,  des'l-mo-seks'^to.    The 
size  of  one  fold  of  a  sheet  of  printing  paper 
when  doubled  so  as  to  make  sixteen  leaves. 
Written  usually  16mo. 
Becins,  Cains  Messina  anintus 
Trajanns.    Emperor  of  Borne,  249-251 , 
noted  for  his  persecutions  of  Christians. 
Deck,   dek.     A    horizontal  platform   or 
floor  extending  from  side  to  side  of  a  ship. 
A  pack  of  playing  cords. 

Deck-beam,  'bem.  A  strong  transverse 
piece  of  timber  stretchtng  across  a  ship 


from  side  to  side,  to  support  the  deck  and 
retain  the  sides  at  their  proper  distance. 

Deckle,  '1.  In  paper-making,  a  thin  frame 
of  wood  serviiig  to  regulate  the  width  ol 
the  sheet.  The  rough  or  raw  edge  of  papar, 

Deck-passengrer,'pa8.en-ier.  A  pas- 
senger who  remains  on  the  deck  of  a  ves- 
sel, and  is  not  privileged  to  go  below,  or 
only  to  a  cabin  of  an  inferior  description ; 
a  steerage  passenger. 

Declinator,  lin-at-er.  An  instrument 
used  in  ascertaining  the  declination,  as  in 
dialing,  of  a  plane,  and  in  astronomy,  of 
the  stars. 

Decliner,  de-klTn'er.  One  who  declines. 
In  dialing,  the  name  given  to  a  dial  which 
cuts  either  the  plane  of  the  prime  vertical 
circle  or  the  plane  of  the  horizon  obliquely. 
Called  also  a  declining  dial. 

Declinometer,  dek-li -nom'ct-er.  A n  in- 
strument lor  measuring  the  declination  of 
the  magnetic  needle,  and  observing  its 
variations. 

Decoction,  de-kok'shon.  The  act  of  boil- 
ing a  substance  in  water  for  extracting 
its  virtues.  The  liquor  in  which  a  suV 
stance  has  been  bailed ;  water  impreg- 
nated with  the  principles  of  any  animal  or 
vegetable  substance  boiled  in  it. 

Decollation,  -kol-la'shon.  The  act  of 
beheading ;  the  state  of  one  beheaded.  It 
is  especially  used  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
of  a  festival  of  the  B.  C.  Church  instituted 
in  his  honor,  and  of  a  painting  which  rep- 
resents his  beheading. 

Decolorimeter,  'or-im"et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  estimating  the  decolorizing 
power  of  charcoal. 

Decolorization,  -kurer-iz-a"shon.  The 
process  of  depriving  of  color. 

Decortication,  -kor'ti-ka^shon.  The 
act  of  stripping  off  bark  or  husk. 

Decorum, -ko'rum.  Propriety  of  speech 
or  behavior ;  decency.  In  Arch,  the  suit- 
ableness of  a  building,  its  parts  and 
ornaments,  to  its  place  and  uses. 

Decoy-bird,  -koi'berd.  A  bird  or  duck 
employed  to  draw  others  into  a  net  or  sit- 
uation to  be  taken.  A  person  employed 
to  decoy  others  into  some  snare. 

Decretal,  -kret'al.  An  authoritative 
order  or  decree ;  specifically,  a  letter  of 
the  Pope  determining  some  point  or  ques- 
tion in  ecclesiastical  law.  A  book  of  de- 
crees or  edicts ;  a  body  of  laws. 

Decubation,  -ku-ba^shon.  The  act  of 
lying  down. 

Decumbence,  -kuma>ens.  The  posture 
of  lying  down. 


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DECUPLE 


DEFTER-DAR 


Decuple,  dek'u-pl.  A  number  ten  times 
repeated. 

Decnrion,  d$-ka'ri-on.  An  officer  in  the 
Roman  army  who  commanded  a  deoury, 
that  is,  a  body  of  ten  soldiers.  Any  com- 
mander or  overseer  of  ten,  whether  men 
or  households;  specifically,  a  titliing- 
man. 

Decussation,  -kus-a'shon.  The  act  of 
crossing  at  riglit  or  acute  angles ;  an  in- 
tersection in  the  form  of  X  ;  the  crossing 
of  two  lines,  rays,  or  nerves  which  meet 
in  a  point  and  then  proceed  and  diverge. 

Dee,  John.  An  educated  and  eccentric 
Englishman,  generally  known  as  "Doc- 
tor^'; B.  1627,  I).  1608.  lie  was  noted  for 
his  enthusiastic  devotion  to  mathematics 
and  astrology,  being  persecuted  as  a  ma- 
gician by  Queen  Mary,  but  honored  by 
Elizabeth.  He  was  the  first  to  advocate 
what  is  now  known  as  Spiritualism. 

Deemster,  dem'ster,  The  name  of  two 
judges  in  the  Isle  of  Man  who  act  as  the 
chief-justices  of  the  island. 

Deer,  der.  Ag<  n.        ti^ 
ofrnminantquMil 
rupeds  constitil- 
ing  the  fam.  C'  i- 
vidte.    There  an- 
several  species^  •■m 
the  red  deer,  JUI- 
low-deer,    rno- 
buck,     rein-de^r, 
moose-deer  ,   .-^.. 
American      eH,  {'t^C^ 
black-tailed  de^'r,>£.^ 
long-tailed    de^i,      "-    tii^rt  ^W^i- 
Mexican  deer,4fcc.  ^'"^^  *'^^' 

Deer-hound,  'hound.  A  hound  for 
hunting  deer ;  a  stag-hound. 

Deer-mouse,  'mous.  The  common 
name  of  the  American  rodents,  gen.  Meri- 
ones,  allied  to  the  mice  and  the  jerboas  of 
Europe. 

Deer-stalkiner,  'stak-ing.  The  hunting 
of  deer  on  foot  by  "hiding  and  stealing 
upon  them  unawares. 

Deev,  d§v.  In  ancient  Persian  Myth,  one 
of  the  inferior  spirits  in  the  kingdom  of 
darkness.  In  modern  Persian  Myth,  one 
of  a  class  of  malignant  beings  allied  to 
fairies,  implacable  enemies  of  the  Peris. 

De  facto,  de-fak'to.  Actually ;  in  fact ; 
In  reality ;  existing ;  as ,  distinguished 
fh)m  de  jure,  or  by  right. 

Defaulter,  -folt'er.  One  who  fiiils  to 
perform  a  public  duty ;  one  who  fails  to 
account  for  money  intrusted  to  his  care ; 
a  delinquent. 

Defendant,  dg-fend'ant    One  who  de- 


fends against  an  assailant,  or  against  the 
approach  of  evil  or  danger.  In  law,  th« 
party  that  opposes  a  complaint,  demand, 
or  charge. 

Defender,  'er.  One  who  defends  by  op- 
position ;  one  who  maintains,  supports, 
protects,  or  vindicates;  a  vinaicator, 
either  by  arms  or  by  arguments.  D.  of  thr 
Faith,  title  peculiar  to  the  kings  of  Eng- 
land, first  conferred  by  Pope  Leo  X.  on 
Henry  VIII.  in  1521,  as  a  reward  for  writ- 
ing against  Luther. 

Defervescence,  -fer-vcs'ens.  Abate- 
ment of  heat ;  the  stote  of  growing  cool. 

Defiance,  fi'ans.  A  daring;  a  ohal' 
longo  to  fight ;  invitation  to  combat. 

Deficit,  'fi-sit.    Want ;  deficiency. 

Defile,  -f fl'.  A  narrow  passage  or  way, 
in  which  hoops  may  march  only  in  a  file, 
or  with  a  narrow  front ;  a  long  narrow 
pass,  as  between  hills,  «fcc. 

Defiliation,  -fil'H-a"shon.  The  ab 
straction  of  a  child  from  its  parents ;  the 
act  of  rendering  childless. 

Deflagrration,  -fla-gra'shon,  A  burning; 
rapid  combustion  of  a  mixture,  attended 
witl*  much  evolution  of  flame  and  vapor. 
The  process  for  oxidizing  substances  by 
means  uf  nitre  is  called  deflagration. 

Deflagrrator,  -grat-er.  A  galvanic  in- 
strument for  producing  the  combustion  of 
metallic  substances. 

Deflection,  de-flek'shon.  Deviation ; 
turning  from  a  true  line  or  r^ular 
course. 

Deflector,  de-flekt'er.  The  diaphragm 
of  the  furnace  of  a  boiler,  by  means  of 
which  air  and  gas  are  deflected  and 
mingled. 

Defloration,  -fior-a'shon.  The  act  of 
deflouriug ;  the  act  of  depriving  of  the 
flower  or  prime  beauties  ;  particularly, 
the  act  of  taking  away  a  woman ^s  virgin- 
ity ;  rape.  A  selection  of  the  flower  or 
most  valuable  part  of  anything. 

Defluvium,  -fiii'vi-um.  A  falling  off,  as 
the  hair  or  bark  of  trees,  by  disease. 

Defoliation.  -fi)'li-a"shon.  The  fWl  of 
the  leaf  or  shedding  of  leaves ;  the  season 
of  shedding  leaves  in  autumn. 

Deforciant,  -fors'i-ant.  In  law,  one 
who  keeps  out  of  possession  the  rightful 
owner  of  an  estate. 

Defrauder,  -IVad'er.  One  who  takes 
from  another  his  right  by  deception,  or 
withholds  what  is  his  due  ;  a  cheat ;  an 
embezzler ;  a  peculator. 

Defter-dar,  defter-dgr'.  The  Minister 
of  Finance  and  High  Treafiorer  of  the 
Turkish  Empfre. 


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DEGREE 


251 


DELABEGHEA 


Deerree,  dS-gre.  The  860th  part  of  the 
circumference  of  any  circle,  the  drcum- 
ference  of  every  circle  being  supposed  to 
be  divided  into  860  equal  parts,  called  de- 
grees. A  degree  of  latitude  is  the  860th 
part  of  the  earth^s  drcnmference  north  or 
south  of  the  equator,  and  a  degree  of  lon- 
gitude the  same  part  of  the  surface  east 
ot  west  of  any  given  meridian,  measured 
on  a  cirde  parallel  to  the  equator.  De- 
grees are  marked  by  a  sign,  thus,  45°. 
The  degree  is  sub-divided  into  sixty  min- 
utes ;  and  the  minute  into  six^  seconds. 
Thus,  46®  12'  20"  means  45  degrees, 
12  minutes  and  20  secoDds.  InAlg.  a 
term  applied  to  equations  to  show  what 
is  the  highest  power  under  which  the  un- 
known quantity  appears.  In  music,  an 
interval  of  sound  marked  by  a  line  on  the 
scale.    In  Arith.  three  figures  taken  to- 

f  ether  in  numeration ;  thus,  the  number 
70,860  consists  of  two  degrees.  A  di- 
vision, space  or  interval  marked  on  a 
mathematical,  mcteorological,or  other  in- 
strument. In  universities,  a  mark  of  dls- 
tincidon  conferred  on  students,  members 
or  distinguished  strangers,  as  a  testimony 
of  proficiency  or  as  a  mark  of  respect..  The 
degrees  are  Whelor,  master  ana  doctor. 

Dehiscence,  -his'ens. 
In  Bot.  the  separating 
into  regular  parts,  as 
the  opening  of  the  parts 
of  a  capsule  or  the  cells  i 
of  anthers,  &c.  ' 

Dehortation,  -hort-a'- 
shon.  Dissuasion ;  ad- 
vice or  counsel  against 
something. 

Deiaxnba,  da-S-am'ba. 
a  plant  growing  wild  in  Congo,  the  flow- 
ers of  which   produce   a  narcotic  effect 
when  smoked. 

Deification,  de'lf-i-ka'^shon.  The  act 
of  deifying ;  the  act  of  enrolling  among 
deities. 

Deigratia,  'i-gru"8hi-a.  By  the  grace  of 
God  ;  an  expression  usually  inserted  in 
the  ceremonial  description  of  the  title  of  a 
sovereign. 

Dei  judicium,  Jii-di'shi-um.  In  law, 
the  judgment  of  God ;  a  phrase  applied  to 
the  old  Saxon  trial  by  oraeal. 

Xteinacrida,  dl-nak'ri-da.  A  gen  of  the 
cricket  tribe,  abundant  in  New  Zealand. 

Deinosaiuia,  -no-sa'ri-a.  A  group  of 
fossil  colossal  lizards,  resembling  the 
pachydermatous  mammals,  but  interme- 
diate between  the  struthious  birds  and  liz- 
ards. The  majoritv,  as  M^alosaurus, 
which  attained  to  40  feet  in  length,  were 


Dehiscent. 
Congo   tobacco. 


carnivorous ;  Iguanodon,  however,  was 
herbivorous.  HHiey  were  the  land  reptiles 
of  the  Jurassic,  Wealden  and  inferior  ore> 
taeeous  continents. 

Seiparous.  d6-ip'a-rus.  Bearing  or 
bringing  forth  a  god ;  applied  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary. 

Deipnosjophist,  dip-nos'd-flst  One  of 
an  ancient  sect  of  philosophers  who  were 
famous  for  their  learned  conversation  at 
meals. 

Deist,  'ist.  One  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  God  but  denies  revealed  re- 
ligion ;  a  freethinker. 

Deity,  -ti.  Godhead  ;  divinity  ;  the  na- 
ture and  essence  of  the  Supreme  Being. 
God,  the  Supreme  Being,  or  infinite  self- 
existing  Spirit.  A  fabulous  god  or  god- 
dess; an  animate  or  inanimate  object 
viewed  as  a  god.  The  supposed  divine 
qualities  of  a  pagan  god. 

Dcij  anira.  In  Myth. ,  daughter  of  (Eneus, 
King  of  iEtolia,  and  wife  of  Hercules. 
She  was  the  cause  of  her  husband^s  death, 
by  giving  him  the  poisoned  shirt  of  Nessus, 
the  Centaur. 

Dejeuner,  da-zhu-na.  Breakfast;  the 
morning  meal.  In  France  it  is  now  used 
as  synonymous  with  the  English  luncheon. 
D.  a  la  fourchette,  a  repast  in  the  middle 
of  the  day,  with  meat  and  wine  ;  a  lunch. 

De  jure,  de  ju-re.  By  right ;  according 
to  law. 

Dekabrist,  dek'a-brist  A  member  of  a 
militaiy  conspiracy  which  broke  out  in  St. 
Petersburg  Dec.  26,  1825,  on  the  acces- 
sion of  ttie  Emperor  Nicholas  to  the 
throne  ;  one  who  suffered  death  or  banish- 
n^nt  to  Siberia  for  this  conspiracy. 
De  EjEtlb,  John,  Bciron.  A  noble 
Frebchinjin  :  n,  in  AJwiosv  IT^^,  Xilltid  at 
iW  bunk-  0f  Cumdun,  y.  C,  1 7 so.  He 
Af:ctnji(iEiTnt>tl  Lfiftiit-gtlti  in  Anirrica,  an<J 
wart  3if>[Nitnti'«1  lUYyor-tfuTu^rwl. 
Delab>Bcli#Ei,di]-lLi-brk!ib'ij-a.    A  peculitf 


Delabechea  or  Bottle-tree. 


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D£LAGBOIX 


D£LPHINE 


gen.  of  trees,  ord.  SterculiacesB.  D.  ru- 
pestris,  or  bottle-tree  of  Australia,  is  re 
markable  for  the  form  of  the  trunk,  which 
bulges  out  in  the  shape  of  a  barrel.  The 
stem  abounds  in  a  resiaous  nutritioiM 
substance,  resembling  gum  tragacanth, 
which  is  used  by  the  aborigines  for  food. 

Delacroix,  Ferdinand  Victor  Eu- 
firene,  diah-krwa.  An  eminent  French 
painter ;  b.  1799,  d.  1363. 

Delaine,  de-lan'.  A  muslin  made  orig- 
inally of  wool,  but  now  generally  of  cot- 
ton and  wool. 

Delaroche,  Paul.  A  celebrated  histor- 
ical painter,  founder  of  the  Eclectic 
school ;  B.  in  France,  179T,  d.  1866. 

Delavieme,  Jean  Frangois  Casi- 
mir,  d'lah-van'.  A  French  poet  and 
dramatist ;  b.  1798,  d.  1848.  His  stirring 
«ong  *'  La  Parislenne,"  was  the  popular 
air  of  the  Revolution  of  1830. 

Delaware.  One  of  the  18  states  of  the 
American  Union,  named  from  Lord  de 
la  Warr,  Governor  of  Va.,  1610.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  Penn.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
and  D.  Bay,  8.  and  W.  by  Maryland;  area, 
2,120  sq.  m.;  pop.  146,608.  Chief  towns, 
Dover,  the  cap.,  Wilmington,  Lewes, 
New  Castle  and  Smyrna.  D.  Bay  is  a 
large  estuary  of  the  Atlantic,  separating 
the  state  lh)m  N.  Jersey;  length  66  m., 
breadth  18  to  30  m.  With  D.  river,  a 
considerable  stream,  it  affords  open 
navigation  foi  the  largest  ships  to  I%il- 
adelphia,  120  m.  from  the  sea.  D.  river 
rises  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y. 
State,  and  running  as  the  boundary  line 
between  that  state  and  Penn.  for  some 
distance,  then  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Penn.  and  N.  Jersey,  emptying  into 
D.  Bay,  40  m.  below  Philadelphia.  It  is 
navigable  for  smaU  craft  to  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Delectation, 
sure;  delight. 

Deleerate,  dere-gat.  A  person  appointed 
and  sent  by  another  or  by  others,  with 
powers  to  transact  business  as  his  or  their 
representative ;  a  deputy  ;  a  commission- 
er; an  attorney. 

Delenda,  de-len'da.  Things  to  be  erased 
or  blotted  out. 

Delesseria,  de-les-s6'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  the 
Ceramiaceae,  or  rose-spored  algsB. 

Deletion,  de-lS'shon.  The  act  of  delet- 
ing, blotting  out,  or  erasing.  An  erasure; 
a  passage  deleted. 

Delf,  delf.  Earthenware,  covered  with 
white  glazing  in  imitation  of  chtnaware  or 
porcelain.    Spelled  also  Delph. 

Delft,  ddlf.    A  (Aty  of  the  Netherlands,  9 


-lek-ta'shon.    Great  plea- 


m.  N.  W.  of  Rotterdam,  formwly  noted 
for  its  potteries.  Willkun,  Prince  of 
Orange,  was  assassinated  at  D.,-  1684. 
Pop.  28,107. 

Delhi.  Cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name 
in  Hindostan,  and  the  ancient  cap.  of  the 
Mogul  Empu-e,  880  m.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta, 
on  the  Jumna  River ;  pop.  160,420.  -  D. 
is  famed  for  its  magnificent  temple,  Jumna 
Musjid,  and  palaces. 

Deliac,  de'U-ak.  A  kind  of  sculptured 
vase ;  also  beautlAil  bronze  and  silver. 

Delian,  -an.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Delos, 
a  small  island  in  the  JEgean  Sea,  now 
called  Dili.  D.  problem,  in  Math.,  the 
duplication  of  the  cube :  so  called  because, 
when  the  plague  was  raging  at  Athens, 
the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delos  replied  to  a 
deputation  that  the  plague  would  be  stayed 
when  they  doubled  the  altar  of  the  god, 
which  was  a  cube.  The  problem  has  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  some  of  the  greatoBt 
mathematicians. 

Delille,  Jacques,  d'liel'.  A  distin- 
guished French  poet;  b.  1738,  d.  1818. 

Deliquescence,  del-i-kwes'ens.  Spon- 
taneous liquefaction  in  the  air. 

Delirium,  de-lir'i-um.  A  temporary  dis- 
ordered state  of  the  mental  faculties  occur- 
ring during  illness,  either  of  a  febrile  or  of 
an  exhausting  nature.  Violent  excite- 
ment ;  wild  enthusiasm ;  mad  rapture. 
D.  tremens,  an  affection  of  the  brain 
which  arises  ftom  the  inordinate  and  pro- 
tracted use  of  ardent  spirits. 

Dell,  del.  A  small  narrow  valley ;  a  ra- 
vine. 

Delia  Crusca,  'la  krus'ka.  An  academy 
founded  at  Florence  in  1582  for  promoting 
the  purity  of  the  Italian  language. 

Delos.  One  ofthe  islands  of  the  Cycla- 
des  group,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  an- 
ciently sacred  to  the  worship  of  Apollo,  and 
the  reputed  bh^place  of  A.  and  Diana. 

Deloul,  de-151'.    A  dromedary. 

DelpMnaptera,  del-fin-ap'te-ra.  A 
gen.  of  cetaceans,  fam.  Delphinidae,  in- 
cluding the  right  whale-porpoise,  or  D. 
Peronii,  theD.  Commersonii  and  D.  bor©- 
alls. 

Delphine,  'fin.     Pertaining  to  a  dol- 

e  Pertaining  to  the  Dauphin  of 
ce.  D.  editions  of  the  classics, 
a  set  of  Latin  classics,  prepared  by 
thirty-nine  scholars  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Montausier,  Bossnet  and 
Huet,  for  the  use  ofthe  son  of  Louis  XIV., 
called  Che  Gnmd  Danphin.  They  are 
now  valueless  except  for  their  Indices 
Verborum. 


Digitized  by 


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BELPHINORHYKCHUS 


BEMtlTBdE 


Delphinorhynchiis,  -fi'n5-ring''kas. 
Agen.  ofoetaoeans,  fun.  Delphlnidffi.  D. 
coroniituB,  the  largest  spedes,  is  from  80 
to  36  feet  long. 

Delphinus,  'bus.  The  dolphin,  a  gen. 
of  Mammalia,  ord.  Getaoea. 

Delta,  'ta.  The  Greek  letter  answering 
to  the  English  P.  The  island  formed  by 
the  alluvial  dej^osits  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Nile,  was  named  Ddta  by  the 
Oreeks ;  and  the  name  has  sinoe  be^  ex- 
tended to  the  alluvial  tracts  at  the  mouths 
of  all  rivers. 

Deltoid.  Delta- 
shaped,   triangular. 

Delubraxn,  dd-lu' 
brum.  In  Boman 
Antiq.  a  templd 
having  a  basin  or 
ibnt  where  porsons 
coming  to  sacrifice 
washed.     A  church  ^  ,     , 

Aimished     with    a  Deltoid, 

font.    A  font  or  baptismal  basin. 

Deliic,  JeanAndre,d'luk'.  An  eminent 
Bwiss  phiTosopher  and  inventor ;  b.  1727, 
D.  in  Engkind  1817.  He  invented  the 
portable  barometer  and  improved  the 
thermometer,  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his 
great work^pnblished  in  England,  1778 : 
^*L«tters,  I^ysical  and  Moral,  on  the 
History  of  the  Earth  and  of  Man, "  in  which 
the  harmony  of  the  Mosaic  history  with 
'  geology  is  maintained. 

Delufire,  del'^J.  Any  overflowing  of  wa- 
ter ;  an  Inundation ;  a  flood ;  specifically, 
the  great  flood  in  the  days  of  Noah. 

Delundunflr,  de-lun'dung.  The  native 
nameofPrionodon  gracilis,  a  quadruped, 
allied  to  the  civets,  but  probably  forming 
a  connecting  link  between  them  and  the 
Felidffi,  being  destitute  of  scent-pouches. 

Dexnaflmetization,  du-mag'net-iz-a''- 
shon.  The  actor  process  of  depriving  of 
magnetic  or  mesmeric  influence. 

Dexnarch,  dSm'Srk.  The  ruler  or  mag- 
istrate of  a  deme ;  the  mayor  of  a  modern 
Greek  town. 

DembinBki,  Henry,  Qen,  A  noble 
Pole ;  B.  1791,  d.  1864.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  revolution  of  1831,  and 
Joined  the  Hungarians,  1849.  Kossuth 
appointed  him  commander-in-chief,  but 
the  Hungarian  officers  refkised  to  serve 
under  him.  He  accepted  a  subordinate 
command  and  was  defeated  at  Temesv&r. 

Deme.  A  subdivision  of  ancient  Attica 
and  of  modem  Greece ;  a  township. 

Demeter.  dg-md'ter.  A  Greek  goddess, 
corresponding  in  some  respects  to  the 


Latin  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  agriculture. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Bacchus. 

Demetrius.  Known  as  "  The  False  De- 
metrius," claimed  to  be  the  son  of  Ivan 
IV.,  Czar  of  Muscovy,  invaded  Russia  at 
the  head  of  a  Polish  armv,  1608,  and  on 
the  death  of  Boris  s.  to  tne  throne.  He 
was  killed  in  a  revolt,  1606.  Another  D. 
the  False  claimed  the  Muscovite  throne  as 
the  rival  of  Basil  II. ;  he  besieged  Mos- 
cow, but  was  assassinated  by  his  own  sol- 
diers, 1610. 

Demetrius  Nicator,  Bon  and  s.  of  D. 
Boter,  King  of  Syria,  who  only  secured 
the  crown  after  dethroning  Belus.  who 
had  usurped  it,  146  b.  o.  He  was  defeated 
and  made  prisoner  by  the  Parthians,  and 
on  his  release  was  murdered  at  Tyre,126. 
D.  Soter,  fether  of  the  above,  son  of  Se- 
leucus  Philopator ;  b.  abt.  185  b.  c,  pro- 
claimed King  of  Syria,  161,  and  was  killed 
in  battie  will  Belus,  150. 

Demetrius  Phalereus.  An  eminent 
Greek  orator,  philosopher  and  statesman  ; 
B.  845  B.  c,  D.  284.  He  was  appointed 
governor  •f  Athens  bv  Oassanaer,  816. 
and  for  10  yeai's  ruled  with  Justice  nuu 
wisdom.  When  Athens  was  captured  by 
D.Poliorcetes,  he  found  reftige  at  the  court 
of  Ptolemy,  King  of  Egj'pt. 

Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  SonofAnti- 
gonus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals,  re- 
ceived his  surname  from  his  military  suc- 
cess in  capturing  cities ;  b.  885  b.  c,  d. 
abt.  288. 

Demi-ffod,  demM-god.  Half  a  god ;  an 
inferior  deity ;  a  fobulous  hero,  produced 
by  the  intercourse  of  a  deity  with  a  mor- 
tal. 

Demi-ffoddess,  -es.  A  female  demi- 
god. 

Demi-island,  -i-land.    A  peninsula. 

Demijohn,  -)on.    A  glass  vessel  or  bot- 

tie  indosed  In  wicker-work. 
Demi-rep,  -rep.    A  woman  of  doubtfbl 

reputation  or  suspicious  chastity. 

Demi-rilievo,  -r5-is-v5.  In  Sculp,  half 
relief,  or  the  condition  of  a  figure  wnen  it 
rises  from  the  plane,  as  if  it  had  been  cut 
in  two  and  only  one  half  fixed  to  the 
plane. 

Demiurgre,  -eij.  The  name  given  bv  the 
Gnostics  to  the  creator  of  the  world  of 
sense.  He  was  chief  of  the  lowest  order 
of  spirits  orseons  of  the  Pleroma.  and, 
mingling  with  Chaos,  he  evolved  from  it 
a  corporeal  animated  world.  He  could 
not,  however,  impart  to  man  the  true  soul 
or  pneuma,  but  only  a  sensuous  one, 
psyche.    He  was  also  regarded  as  the  ori- 


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254 


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gin  of  evil.  In  some  Peloponnesian  Rtates 
of  ancient  Oreece,  one  of  a  olaas  of  ma^^B- 
trates. 

Demi-volt,  -volt.  In  the  man6fr«,  one 
of  the  seven  artificial  motions  of  a  horse. 
In  which  he  raises  his  fore-legs  in  a  partic- 
ular manner. 

Demi-wolf,  -wnlf.  Haifa  wolf;  a  mon- 
grel between  a  dog  and  a  wolf. 
Democracy,  de-mol^'ra-si.  That  form  of 
government  in  which  the  sovereignty 
of  the  state  is  vested  in  the  people.  In 
the  United  States,  the  name  given  to  the 
system  of  principles  held  by  one  of  the 
two  great  political  parties  into  which  that 
country  is  divided. 

Democrat,  dem'5-krat.  One  who  ad- 
heres to  democracy.  A  member  of  the 
Defnocratic  party  in  the  United  States. 
Demooritus,  de-mdk're-t&s.  A  Greek 
philosopher;  b.  in  Thrace  abt  475b.  c; 
celebrated  for  his  study  of  the  natural 
sciences,  and  as  the  promul^tor  of  the 
"  Atomic  System." 

Demofirorsron,  dd-ma-gor'gon.  A  mys- 
terious divinity  in  Pagan  mythology, 
viewed  as  an  object  of  terror  rather  than 
of  worship,  by  some  regarded  as  the  au- 
thor of  creation,  and  by  others  as  a  fa- 
mous magician,  to  whose  spell  all  the  in- 
habitants of  Hades  were  subjected. 
Dexnoiflelle,  d&-mwa-zel.  A  vonng  la- 
dy ;  a  damsel ;  a  hidy's  maid.  A  bird,  the 
Numidian  crane. 

Demon,  dd/mon .  A  spirit  holding  a  mid- 
dle place  between  men  and  the  celestial 
deities  of  the  pagans,  cspeciallv  an  evil  or 
malignant  spirit.  The  soul  of  a  deatl  per- 
son. A  very  wicked  or  cruel  person. 
Demoniac,  -mo'ni-ak.  A  human  being 
possessed  by  a  demon,  an  evil  spirit,  .or 
by  a  created  spiritual  being  of  superior 
power.  One  of  a  section  of  the  Anabap- 
tists, who  maintain  that  the  devils  will 
ultimately  be  saved. 

Demotic, -mot'ik.  Popular*  pertaining  to 
the  common  people ;  specifically  applied 
to  the  alphabet  used  by  the  people  of  an- 
cient Egypt,  as  contradistinguished  fi*ora 
that  used  by  the  priestly  caste,  called  the 
hieratic. 

Demosthenes.  The  most  eminent  or- 
l  ator  of  antiquity ;  b.  near  Athens,  abt.  384 
B.  c,  D.  by  poison,  822. 
Demotica,  'e-ka.  A  city  of  European 
Turkey,  22  m.  S.  of  Adrianople,  noted  as 
the  asylum  of  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden, 
after  his  defeat  at  Pultowa:  pop.  abt. 
10,000. 
Demy,  -nu'.    A  particular  size  of  paper 


intervening   between  royal    and    erowiL 

Printing  demy  measures  22  inches  by  17i; 

writing,  20  inches  by  15^ ;  drawing  22 

Inches  by  17.    A  half  fellow  at  Magdalen 

College,  Oxford. 
Denidn,  ddn-an^     A  town    in    dept 

of  Nord,  Franoe,  flunons  for  the  defeat  of 

the  Dutch-German  army  under  the  Earl 

of  Albemarle,  by  the  French  under  Mar- 
shal Villars,  1712 ;  pop.  abt.  10,000. 
Denarius, 

de-na'ri-us.  Ai 

Boman  silverfe 

coin  worth  101 

ases    or     101 

lbs.   f  copper 

originally,and  Denarius  of  Tiberias  Cesar 

afterwards 

considered  equal   to  16  ases,  when  the 

weight  of  the  as  was  reduced  to  an  ounce. 

Equivalent  to  about  7|d.  English  money. 

There  was  also  a  gold  denarius  equal  in 

value  to  25  silver  ones. 

Denary,  den'a-rl.    The  number  ten. 

Dendrachate,  'dra-kfit.  Arborescent 
agate;  agate  containing  the  ^Bgures  of 
shrubs  or  parts  of  plants. 

Dendraspidsd,  -draa'pi-ds.  A  fiun.  of  S. 
AiHcan  snakes,  having  very  long  poisonous 
fongs,  perforated  and  permanently  erect 

Dendrerpeton,  -drer'pC-ton.  A  gen. 
of  fossil  amphibians,  whose  character  was 
determined  from  teeth  and  bones  found 
in  the  cavity  of  a  sigillaria  from  the  coal 
strata  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Dendrite,  'drlt.  A  stone  or  mineral  on 
or  in  which  are  figures  resembling  shrubs, 
trees,  or  mosses,  due  to  arborescent  crys- 
tallization, resembling  frost-work  on  win- 
dows, attributable  to  the  presence  of  the 
hydrous  oxide  of  manganese. 

Dendrocolaptes,  Mro-kd-lap''tez.  The 
hook-billed  creepers,  a  gen.  of  tenuirostral 
birds,  natives  orS.  America. 

Dendrodus, -dus.  The  name  provision- 
ally given  to  a  fossil  gen.  of  vertebrates. 

Dendrolagns,  -drol'a-gus.  The  tree- 
kangaroo,  a  gen.  of  marsupial  animals, 
kangaroo  fam. 

Dendrolite,  -it  A  petrified  or  fossil 
shrub  or  plant. 

Dendrology,  'o-1i.  A  discourse  or 
treatise  on  trees ;  tne  natural  history  of 
trees. 

Dendrometer,  -drom Vter.  An  instru- 
ment of  various  forms  for  measuring  the 
height  and  diameter  of  trees. 

Dendromys,  'dro-mis.  A  gen.  of  S. 
African  rodents,  which  build  their  nests 
in  branches  of  trees.    They  belong  to  the 


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fiunilj  of  mice.  D.  typus  is  the  only  spe- 
cies. 

Dendrophis,  -fls.  A  gen.  of  serpents, 
fam.  OolubridsB,  found  in  India  and  Africa, 
and  not  venomous. 

Deneb,  de'neb.  The  name  of  a  bright 
star  (Beta)  in  the  tail  of  the  Lion. 

Denichi,  den'i-chS.  A  Japanese  idol 
with  three  heads  and  forty  hands.  The 
heads  symbolize  the  sun,  moon  and  ele- 
ments, and  the  hands  the  bounty  of  na- 
ture. 

Denim,  'im.    A  coarse  cotton  drilling. 

Denis,  St.  The  first  bishop  of  Paris, 
martyred  abt.  272,  in  the  Valerian  perse- 
cution. St.  D.  is  the  tutelary  saint  of 
France. 

Denis,  St.  A  town  in  dept.  of  the  Seine, 
France,  noted  for  its  beautiftil  abbey,  the 
burial  place  of  French  monarchs,  begun 
In  1180,  and  completed  in  1781. 

Denmark.  A  kingdom  ofN.  Europe, 
a  peninsula  and  ai*chipelago,  bet.  the 
North  and  Baltic  seas,  bounded  N.  E.  and 
W.  by  the  sea,  and  8.  by  Schleswig-Hol- 
Btein;  area,  14,797  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  2,000,- 
000.  The  principal  islands  are  Zoeland, 
Funen,  Laaiand,  Falster  and  Bomholm, 
and  the  foreign  dependencies  include  the 
Faroe  Islands,  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  St. 
Ooix,  St  John  and  St.  Thomas  in  the  W. 
Indies.  Chief  towns,  Copenhagen,  the 
cap.,  Odense,  Nyrkioping,  Bonne  and 
Aarhuus.  The  government  is  a  consti- 
tutional monarchy.      ' 

De  novo,  diS-no'v6.  Anew;  from  the  be- 
ginning. 

Dent,  dent.  A  manufacturer's  name  for 
the  tooth  of  a  comb,  metallic  brush,  or 
card;  also,  a  cane  or  wire  of  the  reed  frame 
of  a  weaver's  loom. 

Dental,  den'tal.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
teeth.  In  Gram,  formed  or  pronounced 
by  the  teeth,  with  the  aid  of  the  tongue ; 
as,  d'and  t  are  dental  letters. 

Dentalidse,-tan-de.  Tooth-shells,  a  &m. 
of  cirribranchiate  mollusks,  consisting  of 
the  single  gen.  Bentalium. 

Dentary,  'ta-ri.  The  bone  in  the  lower 
iaw  of  fishes  and  reptiles  that  supports 
the  teeth,  analogous  to  the  lower  jaw  of 
man. 

Dentelle,  -tel'.  Lace;  ornamentation  re- 
sembling lace. 

DentelU,  II.  Ornaments  in  cornices  bear- 
ing some  resemblance  to  teeth ;  modill- 
ions. 

Dentex,  'teks.  A  gen.  of  acanthopte- 
rvgious  fishes,  fam.  Sparidae,  resembling 
tne  perch. 


Denticle,  'tiki.    A  small  tooth  or  pro. 

jecting  point. 
Dentifactor,  -&k-ter.     A  machine  for 

the  manu&cture  of  artificial  teeth,  gums 

and  palate,  used  in  dental  surgery. 
Dentifrice,  -fHs.     A  powder  used  in 

cleaning  the  teeth,  as  pulverized  sheUs  and 

charcoal. 
Dentilave,  -l&v.    A  lotion  for  cleaning 

the  teeth. 
Dentile,  'tU.    A  sihaU  tooth  like  that  oT 

a  saw. 
Dentiloquy,  'o-kwl.     The  practice  of 

speaking  through  the  teeth,  or  with  the 

teeth  closed. 
Dentine,  'tin.     The  ivory  tissue  lying 

below  the  enamel  and  constituting  the 

body  of  the  tooth. 

Dentirostres,  -ti-ros'trSz.  A  sub-ord. 
.of  insesBorial  birds  including  the  butcher 

birds,  shrikes,  Soe. 
Dentiscalp,    -skalp.      An   instrument 

for  scraping  the  teeth. 
Dentist,  'tist.    One  who  makes  it  his 

business  to  clean  and  extract,  repair  and 

replace  teeth  by  artificial  ones ;  one  who 

Sractices  dental  surgery  and  mechanical 
entistry. 

Dentolingnal,  'to-ling-gwal.  A  con- 
sonant pronounced  by  applying  the  tongue 
to  the  teeth,  or  to  the  gum  immediately 
above  them ;  a  linguadental ;  as,  d,  t,  s. 

Denver.  Cap.  of  Colorado,  on  the  S. 
Phitte  river,  680  m.  W.  of  the  Mississippi. 
Founded  1868,  It  has  a  pop.  of  48,000. 

Deodate,  dg'5-dat.  A  gift  or  offering  to 
God;  a  thing  offered  in  ttie  name  of  God. 

Deodorizer,  'der-Iz-er.  That  which  de- 
prives of  odor ;  a  substance  which  has  the 
power  of  destroying  fetid  effluvia,  as 
chlorine,  chloride  of  zinc,  nitrate  of  lead, 
&c. 

DeontolOfiry,  -on-tol'o-)i.  The  science 
of  duty ;  a  term  assigned  by  the  followers 
of  Jeremy  Bentham  to  their  doctrine  of 
ethics,  founded  on  the  principle  of  judging 
of  actions  by  their  tendency  to  promote 
happiness. 

Departer,  -pSrt'er.  One  who  departs. 
One  who  refines  metals  by  separation. 

Dephlefirmator,  -fieg-m&'ter.  A  form 
of  condensing  apparatus  for  stills. 

Depilatory,  -pll'a-to-ri.  Any  applica- 
tion used  to  strip  off  hair  without  injuring 
the  texture  of  the  skin ;  specifically  a  cos- 
metic employed  to  remove  superfluous 
hairs  from  the  human  skin. 

Depot,  -po.  A  place  of  deposit ;  a  ware- 
house ;  a  storehouse.    A  railway-station ; 


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a  building  for  the  aooommodation  and 
shelter  of  passengers  by  railway.  Milit.,  a 
magazine,  where  stores,  ammunition,  &c., 
are  deposited ;  or  a  station  where  recruits 
are  received  and  drilled,  and  where  sol- 
diers who  cannot  accompany  thehr  regi- 
ments remain. 

Depressaria,  -pres-a'ri-a.  -  A  gen.  of 
moths,  fam.  Tineidae,  whose  caterpillars 
do  great  mischief  to  carrots  and  parsnips. 

Pepuration,  -pur-a'shon.  The  act  of 
purifying  fluids  firom  heterogeneous  mat- 
ter. The  cleansing  of  a  wound  ftom  im- 
pure matter. 

Peptford.  A  city  in  Kent  Co.,  England, 
8  m.  S.  E.  of  London,  on  the  Thames.  It 
has  a  royal  arsenal  and  navy-yard  in  which 
Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  studied  ship- 
building; pop.  29,T82. 

De  Quincey,  Thomas.  An  English 
philosopher  and  essayist;  b.  1786,  d.  1809.' 
He  was  the  finest  Greek  scholar  of  the 
age,  a  most  original  thinker  and  brilliant 
writer.  He  fell  a  victim  to  the  habit  of 
opium-eating,  and  philosophically  ana- 
lyzed its  awftil  effects  in  his  *'  Confessions 
of  an  English  Opium  Eater,"  1821. 

Deputy,  dep'u-ti.  A  person  appointed  or 
elected  to  act  for  another,  especially  a  per- 
son sent  with  a  special  commission  in  place 
of  another. 

Perailxnent,  ds-ral'ment.  The  act  of  a 
railway  train  or  carriage  running  off  the 
rails. 

Perby,  der-bi.  A  race  for  a  sweepstakes 
of  60  sovereigns  each  for  8-year-oId  thor- 
oughbred horses,  founded  in  1780  bv  the 
12th  Earl  of  Derby,  and  run  annually  at 
Epsom,  Surrey.  It  is  the  principal  horse- 
race in  England. 

Derby-day,  -da.  The  day  on  which  the 
Derby  sweepstakes  is  run,  the  Wednesday 
before  Whitsunday. 

Derby,  Edward  Geoffirey  Smith- 
Stanley,  14th  Earl  of.  A  distin- 
guished orator,  statesman  and  publicist, 
the  head  of  the  ancient  house  of  Stanley, 
descended  from  the  blood-royal  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  ;  b.  1799,  d.  1869.  He 
was  for  years  the  Parliamentary  leader  of 
the  Conservatives.  8.  Earl  Kussell  as 
Prime  Minister,  1862. 

Deroeto,  daur'se-to.  In  Myth,  a  Syrian 
god,  represented  with  the  body  of  a  wo- 
man and  tail  of  a  fish,  identical  with  Ve- 
nus. 

Derm,  derm.  The  true  skin,  or  imder 
layer  of  the  skin,  as  distinguished  from 
the  cuticle,  epidermis  or  scarf  skin.  It  is 
also  colled  enderon,  the  epidermis  being 
known  as  ecderon. 


Dermaptera,  der-map'ter-a.  An  ozd. 
of  insects  restricted  to  tiie  earwigs. 

Dermeetldte, -me8'ti-d&  Afiun.ofoole' 
opterous  insects,  sec.  Necrophaga.  The 
principal  genera  are  Dermestefl,  Anthre- 
nus,  Megatoma  and  Attagenua. 

Dermobranchiata,  'mo-bnmgk'i-a''ta. 
A  fkm.  of  gasteropods,  more  commonly 
called  Nudmranehiata. 

Dermo-Bkeleton,  -mo-skel'd-ton.  A 
term  applied  to  the  coriaoeoua,  crustace- 
ous,  testaceous  or  osseous  tntegoment 
such  as  covers  many  invertebrate  and 
some  vertebrate  animals,  In  fishes  and 
reptiles  the  dermo-skeleton  is  the  skin 
with  the  scales ;  in  turtles  it  is  united 
with  parts  of  the  endo -skeleton,  such  as 
the  vertebrsB  and  ribs;  insects  and  orosta- 
ceans  have  a  dermo-skeleton  only. 

Derrick,/ 
der'rik.      Anf 
app  aratusl 
for    h  o  i  s  t  - 1 
ing    heavy) 
wdghts,  usu- 
ally   consist- 
ing of  a  boom 
supported  by 
a  central  post 
steadied     by 
stays    and 
guy8,andftir- 
nished  with  a  •n/»«i«v.>«^«i» 

purchase.  To        .  Derrick-crane. 

rig  a  derrick,  to  raise  a  single  pole  and 

step  it  over  before  the  mainmast,  inclining 

over  the  main  hatchway  of  a  vessel.    D.- 

crane  combines  the    advantages  of  the 

common  denrrick  and  those  of  the  ordinary 

crane. 
Dervis,     'vis.       A 

Mohammedan  priest  or 

monk,    who    professes 

extreme    poverty,   and 

leads   an    austere    life, 

partly   in   monasteries,  i 

partly  itinerant    They  | 

are  highlv  respected  by 

the  people,  and  reputed 

to  be  able  to  work  mir- 
acles. Written  also  Der- 

vise,  Darweesh. 
Derwent  water,. 

James  Badclilfe,| 

8d  Earl  of.    An  Eng-| 

lish  noble;  b.  1689,  j>} 

1716.      He  headed  the 

rising   of   the   iJnglish' 

loyalists  in  fovor  of  the  Traveling  Dervl« 

restoration  of  the  Stuarts, 

1716,  and  was  executed  vie  next  year. 


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DESAIX 


267 


DESUETUDE 


Desaix,  XjOuIs  Oharles  Antoine, 
da-Ba^  A  French  general ;  b.  1768,  killed 
at  Marengo,  1800.  He  fought  under 
Moreau,  1796-97,  and  under  Bonaparte  in 
Egypt 

Besatir,  de-oa'tlr.  A  book  which  pro 
feeees  to  be  a  collection  of  the  writings  of 
fifteen  old  Persian  prophets,  together 
with  the  book  of  Zoroaster.  Some  au- 
thorities ascribe  it  to  a  Parscewho  lived 
in  the  4th  century  of  the  Hegira. 

Descartes,  Bene,  da-kart^  A  eminent 
French  maUiematician  and  philosopher; 
B.  1596,  D.  in  Sweden,  1600. 

Besoribent,  de-sknb'ent  In  Geom.  the 
line  or  surlkoe  from  the  motion  of  which 
a  surface  or  solid  is  supposed  to  be  gener- 
ated or  described. 

Desert,  dez'ert  A  region  in  its  natural 
state;  a  wilderness,  sandy>  stony,  or 
rooky  expanse,  almost  destitute  of  mois- 
ture and  vegetation. 

Deserter,  de-zert'er.  A  person  who  for- 
sakes his  cause,  his  post,  his  party  or 
friend.  A  soldier  or  seaman  who  quits  the 
service  without  permission. 

Deshabille,  -za-b€l.  Undress;  a  loose 
morning  dress. 

DesiccatiozL,  -sik-ka'shon.  The  act  of 
making  dry  ;  the  state  of  being  dried. 

Desiflmator,  'sig-nat-er.  One  who 
designates  or  points  out.  In  Rom. 
Anttq.  an  officer  who  assigned  to  each 
person  his  rank  and  place  in  public  shows 
and  ceremonies. 

DesilverisatiozL,  -sil'ver-iz-a^'shon. 
The  process  of  depriving  lead  of  the  silver 
present  in  its  ore. 

Desman,  des'man.    The  musk-rat. 

Desxnine,  'min.  A  zeolitio  mineral  that 
crystallizes  in  little  silken  tofts,  accom- 
panying spinellane  in  the  lava  of  extinct 
volcanoes.  It  is  a  silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime.  Galled  also  Stilbite. 
Desmodi- 
xun,  -mo'di- 
um.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  ord. 
LeguminossB, 
The  best 
known  species 
is  D.  gyrans, 
the  semaphore 
plant,  remark- 
able for  the  pe- 
culiar rotatory 
movement  of 
its  leaflets, 
which  move  in 
ways ;  two  of  them  may  be  at  rest  and  the 


Semaphore  Plant, 
nearly   all  conceivable 


others  revolving,  or  all  three  may  be  mov- 
ing together.  The  movements  are  most 
obvious  when  the  plant  is  in  a  hot-house, 
with  a  strong  sun  shining. 

Desmodus,  'mo-dus.  A  gen.  of  bats, 
including  the  true  vampires. 

Desmoloery,  -moKo-jL  The  branch  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the  ligaments 
and  sinews. 

Des  Moines,  de-moln'  Gap.  of  Iowa, 
at  the  junction  of  the  t>m  Moines  and 
Baccoon  rivers.  150  m.  N.  of  Davenport ; 
pop.  22,408.  Also  the  name  of  a  county 
and  river  in  Iowa. 

Desmo'dlins,  Camille,  da-moo-lilhn. 
A  French  writer  and  revolutionist;  b. 
1762 ;  guillotined,  1794.  He  was  a  school- 
master of  Bobespierre,  and  the  bosom 
friend  of  Danton.  Giving  earnest  sup- 
port to  the  most  extreme  measures 
against  the  Girondists,  he  agreed  with 
Danton  in  opposing  Bobespierre's  bloody 
programme,  and  sufiered  death  on  the 
same  scaflfold. 

Die  Soto,  Hernando,  A  Spanish  ex- 
plorer ;  B.  1500,  D.  in  Louisiana,  1542.  He 
served  under  Pizarro  in  Peru,  and  after- 
ward commanded  an  expedition  which 
landed  on  the  Florida  coast,  and  ft^m 
there  marched  inland,  discovering  the 
Mississippi  Biver,  on  the  banks  of  which 
De  Soto  oied  of  fever. 

Desperado,  des-per-&'d5.  A  desperate 
fellow ;  a  person  urged  by  ftirious  pas- 
sions ;  one  fearless  or  regardless  of  saiety. 

Desquamation,  ds-skwa-ma'shon.  A 
scaling  or  exfoliation  of  bone ;  the  separa- 
tion of  the  cuticle  In  small  scales. 

Dessalines,  Jean  Jacques,  dansa- 
len'.  The  first  emperor  of  Hayti,  an  Af- 
rican n^rro,  B.  abt  1780 ;  assassinated  by 
Ghristopher  and  Fetion,  1806.  He  was  the 
favorite  officer  ands.  Toussaint  I'Ouver- 
ture  in  the  bloody  Dominican  insurreo- 
tion,  proclaiming  Umself  emperor  in  1804. 

Dessert,  de-zert'.  A  service  of  fruits  and 
sweetmeats,  at  the  dose  of  the  entertain- 
ment ;  the  last  oourse  at  the  table. 

Dessiatine  des'1-a-tin.  A  Bussian  land 
measure'— 2.702  English  acres. 

Destiny,  'ti-ni.  In  Ghws.  Myth,  the 
Parcffi  or  Fates :  the  powers  which  pre- 
side over  human  life. 

Destmotionist,  ds-stmk'shon-ist  One 
who  delights  in  destroying.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  the  final  complete  deitraction 

or  annihilation  of  the  wicked. 

Desuetade,  des'wo-tud.    The  cessation 

of  use ;  disuse ;  discontinuance  of  prac- 
tice, custom  or  fitshion. 


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DETECTIVE 


268 


DEVIL 


Detective,  dO-tekt'iv.  A  species  of  po- 
lice officer,  whose  special  duty  It  is  to  de- 
tect oflfenses  and  appreliond  criminals. 
His  duties  differ  from  those  of  the  ordi- 
nary policeman  in  that  he  has  ho  specific 
round,  and  he  Is  concerned  >vith  bringing 
criminals  to  justice  rather  than  directly  in 
the  prevention  of  crime.  There  are  also 
private  detectives  who  investigate  cases 
for  Ure. 

Detent,  -tent'.  A  pin,  stud  or  lever 
forming  a  check  in  a  clock,  watch,  tumbler- 
lock,  &G.  The  detent  in  a  clock  falls  into 
the  striking  wheel,  and  stops  it  when  the 
right  number  of  strokes  have  been  given. 

DeternLixLism,  -ter'min-ism.  A  system 
of  philosophy  which  denies  liberty  of  ac- 
tion to  man,  holding  that  the  wul  is  not 
free,  but  is  invincibly  determined  by  mo- 
tives; specifically,  in  the  scholastic  phil- 
osophy, the  doctrine  that  our  human  will 
is  determined  by  a  motiv*  which  divine 
Providence  always  fhrnishes. 

Detersive,  -ters'iv.  A  medicine  which 
has  the  power  of  cleansing  ulcers,  or  car- 
r3rlng  off  foul  matter. 

Detxuold.  Gap.  of  Lippe-Detmold,  Ger- 
many, noted  for  the  battle  fought  near  by, 
A.  D.  9,  in  which  Armlnius  exterminated 
the  Roman  army  under  Varus ;  also  for 
the  defeat  of  the  Saxons  by  Charlemagne. 

Detonation,  de-to-na'shon. 
An  explosion  or  sudden  report 
made  by  the  inflammation  of 
certain  combustible  bodies,  as 
fulminating  gold. 

Detour, -tor'.  A  roundabout 
or  circuitous  way ;  a  deviation 
from  the  direct  or  shortest 
route. 

Detritus,  de-tri'tus.    In  Geol. 
a  mass  of  substances  detached  ^^'^1^^^^'^ 
from  solid  bodies  by  attrition  ;  Detonating 
disintegrated      materials     of     Tube, 
rocks,  as  diluvial  detritus.   De- 
tritus may  consist  of  clay,  sand,  gravel, 
rubbly  fragments,  or  any  admixture  of 
these. 

Detroit,  da-trwA.  The  chief  commer- 
cial city  of  Michigan,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  D.  Elver,  which  separates  the  State 
from  Canada,  and  connects  Lakes  Erie 
and  St.  Clair.  It  was  founded  by  the 
French,  1670 ;  pop.  116,340. 

De  trop,  tro.  Not  wanted;  a  term 
applied  to  a  person  whose  presence  is  in- 
convenient. 

Dettinerer.  A  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Main,  12  m.  from  Aschafifenburg,  noted 
as  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  French 
under  Marshal  De  Noailles,  b^  the  English- 


Austrians  under  George  II.  of  England 
1743. 

Deuce,  dus.  Two ;  a  card  or  die  with 
two  spots;  a  term  used  in  gaming. 

Deutero-oanonical,  du'te-rd-ka-non'' 
ik-al.  A  term  applied  to  books  o/  Scrip- 
ture admitted  into  the  canon  after  the 
rest. 

Deuteroflramy,  -ter-og'a-ml.  A  second 
marriage  after  the  death  of  the  first  bus- 
band  or  wife. 

Deucalion.  In  Myth,  a  son  of  Prome- 
theus, who  married  Pyrrha,  daughter  of 
Epimethus,  the  two  being  the  sole  sur- 
vivors of  the  Sabian  deluge,  supposed 
to  have  occurred  1503  b.  c. 

Deuteronomy.  In  Script,  the  5th  book 
of  the  Pentateuch,  supposed  to  have  been 
written  by  Moses,  with  the  exception  of 
the  four  last  chapters. 

Devexa,  de-veks'ai  A  fam.  of  ruminants, 
of  which  the  giraffe  is  the  only  represen- 
tative. 

Device,  vis'.  That  which  is  forme<l  by 
design  or  invented ;  scheme ;  stratagem. 

2 
1 


1.  Device  of  Henry  VII.    2.  Device  of 
Anne  Boleyn. 

Anything  fancifiiUy  conceived,  as  a  pic> 
ture,  piece  of  embroidery,  or  cut  of  a  gar- 
ment. An  emblem  intended  to  represent 
a  family,  person,  action,  or  quali^,  with 
a  suitable  motto.  It  generally  consists  in 
a  metaphorical  simuitude  between  the 
things  representing  and  represented,  as 
the  figure  of  a  plow  representing  i^- 
culture.  Hence tne  motto  attached  to,  or 
suited  for,  such  an  emblem. 
Devil,  dev'Il.  In  Theol.  an  evil  spirit  or 
being :  specifically,  the  evil  one,  repre- 
sented in  Scripture  as  the  traducer,  father 
of  lies,  tempter,  <&c.,  and  referred  to  under 
the  names  Batan,  Lucifer,  Belial,  Apollyon, 
Abaddon,  the  Man  of  Sin,  the  Adversary, 
&c.  A  very  wicked  person,  a  traitor. 
An  expletive  expressing  wonder,  vex- 
ation, &G.  An  idol  or  false  god.  The 
name  popularly  given  in  Tasmania  to  a 
marsupial  animal  (Dasyurus  ursinua)  of 
great  ferocity.  A  printer's  errand  boy;  also 
a  printer's    apprentice.     The    machine 


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DEVIL-FISH 


259 


DHU 


through  which  cotton  or  wool  Is  first 
passed  to  prepare  it  for  the  carding  ma 
chines.  In  cookery,  a  dish,  as  a  bone 
with  some  meat  on  it,  grilled  with  Cajenno 
pepper. 

Devil-fisll,  fish.  The  popniar  name  of 
a  large  species  of  ray,  the  Lophius  pisca 
tortus,  otherwise  called  the  American 
angler,  flshing-fi*og,  sea-devil,  toad  fish, 
Ac. 

Devil's  DaminiT-needle,  ilz  dam* 
ing-ne'dl.  The  popular  name  of  various 
species  of  the  dragon-fly. 

Devil-worship, 'il-wer-ship.  Thewor 
ship  paid  to  an  evil  spirit,  a  malignant 
deity,  or  the  personiflea  evil  principle  in 
nature,  by  many  primitive  tribes,  under 
the  assumption  that  the  good  deity  does 
not  trouble  himself  about  the  world,  or 
that  the  powers  of  evil  aie  as  mighty  as 
the  powers  of  good. 

Devonian,  d6-vd'ni-an.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Devonshire  in  England.  In  Geol.  a 
term  applied  to  a  great  portion  of  the 
palaeozoic  strata  of  that  section,  and  for- 
merly used  as  synonymous  with  old  red 
sandstone,  as  occupying  an  Intermediate 

eosition  between  the  Silurian  and  carbon- 
Serous  rooks.  Modern  geologists,  how- 
ever, do  not  use  the  terms  as  identical, 
the  conditions  under  wMoh  the  strata 
were  deposited  being  very  different. 

Devonport,  dev'on-pfirt.  A  small  writ- 
ing-table, fitted  up  wita  drawers  and  other 
conveniences. 

Dewan,  du-an'.  In  the  East  Indies,  the 
head  of&aer  of  finance  and  revenue. 

Dewanny,  'ni.  An  Indian  court  for  try- 
ing revenue  and  other  civil  causes. 

Dew-claw,  'kla.  One  of  the  bones  or 
little  nails  behincl  a  deer's  foot.  The  up 
permost  claw  in  a  dog's  foot. 

De  "Witt,  John.  A  distinguished  Hol- 
lander; B.  1625,  assassinated  bv  a  mob, 
1672.  He  was  a  sturdy  republican,  and 
bitterly  opposed  to  the  house  of  Orange. 
As  Grand  Protector  he  administered  the 
affahrs  of  his  country  with  vigor  and  wis- 
dom, but  throughtnetreachery  of  Charles 
II.  of  England,  Louis  XIV.  of  France 
overran  a  large  part  of  Holland,  creat- 
ing popular  discontent  against  De 
T^tt,  and  his  rival,  William,  Prince  of 
Orange,  was  made  commander-in-chief 
and  stadtholder,  De  Witt  being  shortly  af- 
ter this  murdered  with  his  brother 
Cornelius  by  a  mob. 

Dewlap,  lap.  The  fold  of  skfai  that 
hangs  firom  the  throat  of  oxen  and  cows. 
The  flesh  on  the  throat  becomes  flaccid 
with  age. 


Dew-point,  point.  The  degree  indi- 
cated by  th<-  thermometer  when  dew  be 
gins  to  bo  deposited  It  vai-iea  with  th« 
degree  of  the  humidity  jf  the  atmosphere. 

Dextro-comi)ound,  deks  trd-kom 
pound.  In  Ghem.  a  compound  body 
which  causes  th  >  plane  of  a  ray  if  polar 
ized  light  to  rotate  to  the  right.  Dex 
trine.  dextro-glucosQ  tartaric  acid,  malic 
acid,  cinchonine,  are  dextro-compounds. 

Dextro-erlucose,  -glu-kos.  In  Chem. 
ordinary  glucose  or  granular  sugar,  ci&lled 
also  grape,  firuit,  honey,  starch,  diabetic, 
urine,  chestnut  and  rag  sugar,  according 
to  its  origin.  It  has  Its  name  fi'om  its 
property  of  turning  the  plane  of  polariza 
tion  to  the  right. 

Dey,  da.  The  title  of  the  old  governors 
of  Algiers,  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  under  the 
protection  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 

D.  F.  Abbreviation  for  defensor  fidei.  de- 
fender of  the  faith. 

D.  Q-.  Abbreviation  for  Dei  gratia,  by 
the  grace  of  God. 

Dhawalaffiri.  One  of  the  loftiest  of 
the  Himalayas,  in  Hindustan,  ht.  28,080  ft. 

Dhole,  dol.  The  Cingalese  name  for  the 
Avild  dog  of  India  (Canis  dukhunensis),  in 
size  between  a  wolf  and  Jackal.  It  hunts 
in  packs,  and  runs  down  almost  every  an- 
imal, except  the  elephant  and  rhinoceros. 

Dhotee,  do'tfi.  A  long  narrow  strip  of 
cotton  or  gauze,  worn  by  the  male  Hin- 
dus instead  of  pantal«ons. 

Dhow,  dou.    An  Arab  vessel,  generally 


Slave  Dhow. 


with  one  mast ;  employed  in  mercantile 
trading,  and  also  in  carrying  slaves  fi'om 
the  east  coast  of  Afiica  to  the  Persian 
GulfandtheEedSea. 
Dhu,  dii.  A  common  element  in  Caltio 
pkice  and  personal  names,  signifying 
black,  as  Dublin  (Dubh  linn),  the  black 
pool ;  Dhu  Loch,  the  black  loch ;  Rod' 
eriok  Dhu,  the  black  Roderick. 


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BIABLEBI^ 


W) 


DIAMOlfD 


Diablerie,  dl-j&bae-i^.  Misohief  i  devil, 
ry.    Incantation ;  witchcraft. 

riabolism,  di-aVol-izm.  The  actions  of 
the  devil ;  conduct  worthy  of  a  devil. 
Possession  by  the  deviL 

Diaooiutte,  -ak'on-at.  The  office  or  dig- 
nity of  a  deacon.    A  body  of  deacons. 

Diaoope,  ^o-pS.  In  Oram,  tmesis  ;  a 
cutting  a  word  in  two  and  inserting  one  or 
more  words  between  them ;  as,  "of  whom 
be'  thou  ware."  A  gen.  of  fishes,  sec. 
Aoanthopterygii,  ftm.  Peroid©. 

Diaooustics,  -kous'tiks.  The  science  of 
refracted  sounds.    Galled  dso  Diaphonics. 

Diadem,  -dem.  Anciently  a  head-band 
or  fillet  worn  by  kings  as  a  badge  of  roy- 


Parthian  Diadem.    Diadem  of  Gonstantine. 

ally,  embroidered  with  gold  or  set  with 
pearls  and  precious  stones.  Anything 
worn  on  the  head  as  a  badge  of  ro  v^ty ;  a 
inrown.  In  Her.  an  ftrch  arising  from  the 
rim  of  a  crown  or  coronet,  and  uniting 
with  other  arches  to  form  a  centre  which 
serves  to  support  the  globe  and  cross  or 
fleur-de-lis  as  a  crest. 

Diasroxneter,  -gom'e-ter.  An  electrical 
apparatus  for  ascertaining  the  conducting 
power  of  oil,  as  a  means  of  detecting  its 
adulteration. 

Diasronal,-ag'on-aI.  In 
Geom.  a  right  line  drawn 
between    the    opposite 
angles  of  a  quadrilateral       Diaimnfll 
figure,  and  dividing  It       ^»a«fonai. 
into  two  eaual  parts.    It  is  sometimes 
called  the  diameter,  and  sometimes  the 
diametral.  A  light  woolon  cloth  for  men's 
garments. 

Diafirraph, 'ft-graf.  An  Instrument  for  re- 
producing, without  its  being  necessary  to 
know  drawing  or  perspective,  the  figure 
of  objects  before  the  eyes. 

DiaL  'al.  An  instrument  for  showing 
the  hour  of  the  day  from  the  shadow 
thrown  by  a  stile  or  gnomon  upon  a  grad- 
uated sumce.  When  the  shadow  is  cast 
by  the  sun  it  is  called  a  sun-dial.  The  face 
of  a  watdi  or  other  time-keeper,  on  which 
the  time  of  the  day  is  indicated.  A  miner's 
compass.  Anv  plate  or  face  on  which  a 
pointer  or  index  revolves,  moves  back- 
ward and  forward,  or  oscillates.     Night 


or  nocturnal  dial,  an  instrument  for  show^ 
ing  the  hour  by  the  shadow  of  the  moon. 

Dialect,  'a-lekt  The  form  or  idiom  ol 
a  language  peculiar  to  a  province  or  to  a 
limited  region  or  people,  as  distinguished 
firom  the  literary  language  of  the  whole 
people.  The  Oreek  language  is  remark- 
able  for  four  dialects— the  Attic,  Ionic, 
Doric  and  Eolic. 

Dial-plate,  -pl&t  The  plate  of  a  dial, 
on  which  the  lines  are  drawn  to  show  the 
time  of  the  day.  The  fi^e  of  a  clock  or 
watch,  on  wmch  the  time  of  the  day  is 
shown.    Any  kind  of  index-plate. 

Dial-work,  werk.  That  portion  of  the 
motion  of  a  watch  between  the  dial  and 
movement-plate. 

Diamagmetio, 'a-mag-net'^.  A  sub- 
stance which,  when  magnetized  and  sus- 
pended freely,  points  east  and  west. 

Diamond,  -mond.  A  mine- 
ral, gem,  or  predous  stone, 
of  the  most  valuable  kind,  re- 
markable for  its  hardness,  as 
it  cuts  all  other  minerals. 
When  pure,  the  diamond  is  ■ni-™^^^ 
usually  clear  and  transparent,  /SSSLJS 
but  it  is  sometimes  colored,  (^™J»»t)- 
the  colors  being  white,  yellow,  blue, 
green,  black,  Ate.  It  consists  of  pure  car- 
bon ;  when  placed  between  the  poles  of  a 
powerftd  battery  It  is  completely  burned 
to  carbon  dioxide.  One  of  the  largest 
diamonds  known  is  that  belonging  to  the 
Bajahof  Mattan,  in  Borneo,  weighing  867 
carats.  The  Eoh-I-noor,  now  belonging 
to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  originally 
weighed  about  800  carats,  but  it  has  been 
reduced  to  108J  carats ;  the  Orlow  dia- 
mond, belonging  to  the  Emperor  of  Eus- 
sia,  weighs  196  carats ;  and  the  Pitt  or 
Regent  diamond,  among  the  French 
crown  lewels,  186i.  A  yety  small  print- 
ing letter.  A  geometrical  figure,  other- 
wise called  a  rhombus.  One  of  a  set  ol 
playing  cards  marked  with  the  figure  of  a 
diunond.  A  glazier's  tool  for  cutting 
glass.  Diamonds  so  used  are  uncut,  and 
so  motmted  as  to  act  upon  the  glass  by  a 
curvilinear  edge  of  the  orystal.  Black 
diamond,  a  term  applied  colloquially  to 
coal.  Diamond  edition,  an  editloB 
of  a  work 
printed  in 
very  small 
type.  Dia- 
mond fret,in 
Arch,  a  spe- 
cies of  mold- 
ing consist- 
sisting  of  fil- 
lets    inter-  Diamond  Fret. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


rriAHOND-BEETLE 


Ml 


DIBBANGHIATA 


Beotlng  each  othtr,  bo  as  to  form   dift- 

moncU  or  rhombuses. 
Diamond-beetle, -bSt-1.  TheEntimiu 

imperiaUs,  a  ooleopterous  insect,   flun. 

Cnrcalionidfe. 
Diamond-borer,  -b5r-er.    A  metal  bar 

or  tube,  arme4  ut  theborine  extremity 

with  one  or  more  diamonds,  for  perforat- 
ing rocks,  gems,  &e.    Large  implemeats 

of  this  kind  driyen  by  steam-power  are 

now  used  in  mining,  tunneling,  &o. 
Diana, -&'na. 

In    Myth,    the 

Latin   name  of 

the  Greek  god- 

deea     Artemis, 

daughter  of 

Zeus  or  Jupiter 

and  Leto  or  La- 

tona,  and  sister 

of  Apollo.     She 

was   the  Tirgin 

goddess  of  the 

chase,  and  also 

Ereeided     over 
ealth. 

Dlandrla,-An'-  ^ 
dri-a.  The  2d^^ 
elass  In  the  Lin-  ^ 

nnan     system,  "^^ 

comprehending  all  genera  with  flowers 
having  only  two  stamens,  provided  these 
are  neither  united  at  their  base,  nor  com- 
bined with  the  style  and  stigma,  nor  sep- 
arated lW>m  the  pistil. 

Diane  de  Poitiem.  A  noted  French- 
woman :  B.  1498,  D.  1566,  the  mistress  of 
Henry  ll.,  by  whom  she  was  created 
Duchess  of  Yalentinois. 

Diaper,  'a-per.    A  textile  fiibrio  of  linen, 
cotton,  or  a  mixture  of  the  two,  upon  the 
surlhoe  of  which   a 
figured    pattern    is 
produced  bvapecu- 
Uar  mode  of  twilling, 
much  used  Ibr  tow- 
els or  napkins.    A 
towel     or     napkin. 
The  flowering  either 
of  sculpture  in  low 
reUefl  or  of  painting 
or  gliding    used  to 
(nmament  a  panel  or 
flat     surface.         A 
square  pieoe  of  cloth  Diaper,  Westmin- 
for  wrapping  about       ster  Abbey, 
the  hips  of  a  child. 

Diapason,  -a-pft'zon.  An  old  Greek 
term  for  the  octave,  or  interval  which  in- 
dudea  all  the  tones  of  the  diatonic  scale. 
Ftoportion  in  the  constituent  parts  of  an 


octave ;  concord ;  harmony.  The  entin 
compass  of  the  tones  of  a  voice  or  instru- 
ment. A  rule  by  which  the  pipes  of  or* 
«U)8,  the  holes  of  flutes,  A«.,  are  adjusted. 
One  of  the  certain  stops  in  the  organ,  as 
open  diapason,  stopped  diapason,  double 
diapason,  and  the  like. 

Diapbanometer,  -fo-nom''et-er.  An 
instrument  for  estimating  the  transparen- 
cy of  air. 

IMapbragm,  -tnan.  The  midriff,  a 
muscle  separating  the  chest  or  thorax 
fh>m  the  abdomen,  found  complete  only 
ih  mammaUa.  A  dividing  substance, 
commonlv  with  an  opening  through  it.  A 
circular  ring  in  optical  instruments  to  cut 
off  marginal  portions  of  a  beam  of  light 
In  Ck>nch.  a  straight  calcareous  plate  which 
divides  the  cavity  of  certain  shells. 

Diarcby,  'ark-i.  A  form  of  government 
in  which  the  supreme  power  is  vested  in 
two  persona. 

Diary,  'arri.  An  account  of  daily  events 
or  transactions ;  ajoumal.  A  blank  book 
dated  for  the  record  of  daily  memoranda. 

Diastase,  'as-tfis.  A  substance  existing 
in  barlev,  oats  and  potatoes,  after  germi- 
nation, in  solution  possessing  the  prop^iy 
of  causing  feonla  or  starch  to  break  up  at 
the  temperature  of  150°  Fahr.,  trEUisform- 
ing  it  first  into  dextrine  and  then  into  SU' 
gar. 

Diastasis,  'ta-sis.  A  forcible  separation 
of  bones  without  fracture. 

Diatbermanoy,  -a-ther-man-si.  The 
property  of  transmitting  radiant  heat ;  the 
quality  of  being  diatheimal. 

Diatoma,  'td-ma.     In  Bot  a  gen.  of 


Dlatomft. 
DiAtomaoeffi,  of  which  the  fhistules  are 
connected  together  by  their  angles,  form- 
ing a  zigzag  chain. 

Diaz,  Bartbolomew,  d6'ath.  A  Por- 
tuguese navigator;  b.  abt.  1450,  lost  with 
his  ship  at  sea,  1500.  D.  was  the  first  who 
doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Dibotbrian,  d!-both'ri-an.  A  member  of 
a  division  of  the  Entozoa,  including  those 
tape-worms  of  the  fsaa.  Bothriocephala 
which  have  not  more  than  two  pits  or 
fosssB  on  the  head. 

Dibranobiata,  -brangk-i-a'ta.  An  ord. 
ofcephalopods  in  which  the  branchiieare 
two  in  number,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
body.  The  group  is  divided  into  two 
tribes,  the  decapods  and  the  octopods. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DICE  2 

I>ioe,  dis.  Plural  of  die;  also  a  game  with 
dice. 

Dice-box,  'boks.  A  box  from  which  dice 
are  thrown  in  gaming. 

ENLohobune,  di-ko-bun'.  A  gen.  of  extinct 
quadrapeds,  occurring  in  the  eocene  for- 
mations, presenting  marked  affinity  to  the 
ruminants,  and  coming  between  them  and 
the  Anoplotherium. 

Dichodon,  -don.  A  gen.  of  extinct 
quadrupeds,  closely  allied  to  the  Dicho- 
bune,  whose  remains  occur  in  the  eocene 
of  Hampshire. 

Pickens,  Charles.  An  English  jour- 
nalist and  novelist;  b.  1812,  n.  1870.  His 
works  are  familiar  to  all  readers  of  fiction. 

Dickinson,  Jolin.  An  American  states- 
man, B.  in  Md.,  1732,  p.  18()8.  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  ('olonial  Congress  from 
Penn.,  1765,  he  drafted  the  resolutions 
formed  by  that  body,  and  as  a  member  of 
the  first  Continental  Congress  he  was  the 
author  of  several  of  its  most  Important 
papers,  but  he  declined  to  sign  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  considering  the 
step  premature.  His  "  Fabius  Letters," 
1788,  urged  the  adoption  of  the  new  con- 
stitution. 

DicrurinSB,  di-kro-ri'ne.  Drongoshrikes, 
a  sub-fam.  of  dentirostral  birds,  ord. 
Passeres,  fam.  Ampelidie,  including  the 
bee-eater  of  8.  Africa,  called  by  the  Hotten- 
tots devil-bird;  Dicrurus  macrocercus,  the 
king  of  the  crows  of  Bengal,  D.  cristatus 
and  I),  musicus,  whose  notes  have  been 
compared  to  those  of  the  thrush  and 
nightingale. 

Dictator,  dik'ta-ter.  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  magistrate  invested  with  unlimited 
power.  His  term  of  office  was  six 
months.  One  invested  with  absolute  au- 
thority. One  whose  credit  or  authority 
enables  him  to  direct  the  conduct  or  opin- 
ion of  others. 

Dictionary,  'shon-a-ri.  A  book  contain - 
th«  words  of  a  language  arranged  in  al- 

Shabetical  order,  with  explanations  or 
eflnitions  of  their  meanings;  a  lexicon,  a 
vocabulary.  Any  work  which  professes 
to  communicate  information  on  a  subject 
or  branch  of  a  subject,  under  words  or 
heads  arranged  alphabetically. 

Dictyophyllum,  -ti-of  il-lum.  A  pro- 
visional gen.  intended  to  include  all  fossil 
dicobrledonous  leaves  the  affinities  of 
which  are  not  known. 

Dicynodon,  di-sl'n6-don.  A  fossil  gen. 
ofanimals  occurring  in  S.  Africa,  supposed 
to  be  of  triassic  age,  combining  in  struc- 
ture the  characters  of  the  lizard,  crocodile, 
and  tortoise. 


2  DIEPPE 

Didactics,  -dak'tiks.  The  science  of 
teaching. 

Didactyl,  'til.  An  animal  having  two 
toes  only. 

Didecahe 
dral,  -dek'ii- 
he"dral.  In 
Crystal,  havint: 
the  form  of  t^ 
decahedral,  or 
ten-sided  prisr  I. 
with  pentahr 
dral,  or  fiv«-  ' 
sided  sunmiits. 

Didelpliia. 
-del'fi-a.  One  Vh*ginia  Opossum, 
ofthe  three  sub- 
classes of  Mammalia  (the  other  two  being 
Ornithodelphia  and  Monodelphia),  found- 
ed on  the  nature  of  the  female  reproduc- 
tive organs.  It  contains  but  one  ord.,  the 
Marsupialia,  represented  by  the  kangra- 
roos,  wombats,  &c.,  of  Australia,  and  the 
opossums  of  America. 

Diderot,  Denis,  de-dro'.  A  noted 
French  philosopher ;  b.  1712,  d.  1784.  He 
is  considered  the  chief  of  the  school  of 
sceptics  known  as  the  Encyclopedists. 

Didodecahedral,  di-dd'dek-a-he''dral. 
In  Crystal,  having  the  form  of  a  dodecahe- 
dral  prism  with  hexahedral  summits. 

Didrachm.  'dram.  A  piece  of  Orecian 
money,  the  fourth  of  an  ounce  of  silver. 

Didus,  'dus.  The  generic  name  for  the 
dodo. 

Die,  dl.  A  small  cube  marked  on  its  faces 
from  one  to  six,  used  In  gaming.  Any 
cubic  body  ;  a  flat  tablet.  In  Arch,  the 
cubical  part  of  a  pedestal  between  its  base 
and  cornice.  A  stamp  used  in  coining 
money,  in  foundries,  Ac.  One  of  two  or 
more  pieces  of  steel  forming  a  female 
screw  for  cutting  the  threads  of  screws. 

Diebitsch,  Hans  Karl  Friedrioh 
Anton,  Count.  A  Kussian  general,  b. 
in  Silesia,  1785,  i>.  of  cholera,  1881.  He 
won  distinction  in  the  Napoleonic  cam- 
paigns, and  in  1829,  as  commander-in- 
chief  ofthe  Russian  armies,  made  the  fa- 
mous march  across  the  Balkans  which 
Sve  him  the  titie  of  Count  Sabalkanski. 
3  was  in  command  of  Poland  at  his 
death. 

Dieman,  Anthony  Van.  A  Bntoh 
navigator ;  b.  1598,  i).  1646.  He  was  vice- 
roy of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  1686-43, 
and  with  Tasman  discovered  Van  Die- 
man's  Land,  now  Tasmania. 

Dieppe,  de-^p.  A  seaport  and  favorite 
summer   reswt    dept.  Belne-Inf6rieare, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DIS^INKEB 


MS 


DIMPLE 


France,  on  the  English  Channel,  one  of 
the  principal  stationa  of  the  sea  seryice  be- 
tween Enf^d  and  France ;  pop.  28,460. 

Bis-flinker.dl'singk-er.  An  engraver  of 
diea  tat  stamping  or  embossing. 

lUes  It8B,  'ea  i'rS.  The  name  of  a  fkmoos 
mediiBTal  hymn  on  the  last  judgment, 
probably  composed  by  Thomas  of  Oelano 
m  the  18th  centoiy. 

Diet,  'et  Food  or  Tictnals.  A  meeting, 
as  of  dignitaries  or  delegates,  bolden  Arom 


day  todayforleglsIatiTe,  political,  ecclesi- 
astical or  mnnidpal  purposes,  specifically, 
thel^slative  and  administrative  assem- 


blies in  the  German  Empire,  Austria,  See. 

Dietetics,  -et'iks.  That  department  of 
medicine  which  r^tes  to  the  diet 

Dieu  et  Uon  Droit.  Lit.  "  God  and 
my  right"  The  heraldic  motto  of  the 
English  royal  arms,  first  adopted  by 
Richard  Goeur  de  lion. 

DiffEtrreatiozL,  diMk'r6-ft''shon.  The 
parting  of  a  cake  made  of  spelt ;  a  cere- 
mony among  the  Bomans  at  the  divorce 
of  man  and  wife. 

Diiferential,  -fer-en'shi-al.  In  Math,  an 
infinitesimal  difference  between  two  states 
of  a  variable  quantity.  D.  coupling,  in 
Maoh.  a  form  of  siip-ooupKng  appllMl  in 
light  machinery  for  the  purpose  of  regu- 
lating the  velocity  of  the  connected  shaft 
at  pleasure.  D.  duties,  duties  which  are 
not  levied  equally,  as  when  a  tax  on  cer- 
tain commodities  Is  lighter  in  one  country 
than  in  another.  D.  gear,  a  combination 
of  toothed  wheels,  by  which  a  difi'erential 
motion  is  produced,  extensively  employed 
in  lathes  and  boring-machines.  D.  motion, 
an  adjustment  by  which  a  single  combina- 
tion is  made  to  produce  a  high  degree  of 
velocity.  The  Chinese  or  differential 
windlass  is  an  example  of  tills  kind  of  mo- 
tion. D.  screw,  a  com- 
S>und  screw,  whereby  a 
fferential  motion  is  pro- 
duced. D.  thermometer, 
an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring very  small  differ- 
ences of  temperature. 
Two  glass  tubes,  each 
terminating  in  a  hollow 
ball,  a  small  portion  of 
sulphuric  acid  being  in- 
troduced into  the  ball  of 
one,  are  joined  together 
and  afterward  bent  into  Ji^^'^SL 
theshape  of  the  letter  U.  Th«nnometer. 
To  one  of  the  legs  of  the  thermometer  a 
scale  is  attached,  and  the  liquid  so  disposed 
that  as  long  as  both  balls  are  of  the  same 
temperature  It  remains  stationary ;  but  tf 


DUTerential 


the  ball  which  holds  the  liquid  be  heated, 
the  ehisticity  of  the  confined  ahr  will  make 
it  rise  in  the  opposite  branch  pioporttonal 
to  the  excess  of  eJastid^,  or  of  heat 

Digest,  di  jest  A  collection  or  bodyot 
Boman  laws,  arranged  under  proper  titiea 
by  order  of  the  Emoeror  Justinian ;  the 
Pandects.  Any  coUeotion,  compilation, 
abridgment  or  summary,  as  of  laws,  dis- 
posea  under  proper  heaas  or  tities. 

"Digger  Indians.  A  California  tribe, 
the  most  degraded  and  efftsminate  of  the 
race. 

Dii.  Lit  "  Gods."  In  Roman  Myth, 
there  were  four  classes  of  deities:  dii  ma- 
jorum  gentium,  or  superior  gods,  six  of 
each  sex  ;  dii  minorium  gentium,  or  infe- 
rior ;  dii  selecti,  and  demi-gods. 

Diflrit,  d^'it  A  Anger.  The  measure  of 
a  finger*s  breadth,  or  i  Inch.  In  Astron. 
the  12th  part  of  tiie  diameter  oftiie  sun 
or  moon.   In  Arith.  any  integer  under  10. 

Di«ritalin,  -«-lin.  A  vegetable  alkali, 
the  active  prindple  of  Digitalis  purpurea, 
or  foxglove,  a  strong  poison. 

Di«ritisrade,  -i-grftd.  An  animal  that 
M'alks  on  its  toes  or  digits,  tis  the  lion, 
wolf,  &c. 

Diflrlyph,  dl'glif.  In  Arch,  a  projecting 
fiice  with  wim  two  panels  or  channels 
sunk  in  it. 

Dihedron,  -hS'dron.  A  figure  with 
two  sides  or  surflices. 

Dilettante,  dll-e-tant'.  An  admirer  of 
the  fine  arts ;  an  amateur ;  one  who  pur- 
sues an  art  desultorily  and  for  amuse- 
ment ;  sometimes  applied  contemptuously 
to  one  who  affects  a  taste  for  art. 

Dillffenoe,  dS-lo-zh&ns.  In  France,  a 
four-wheeled  stage-coach. 

Diluvial,  dl-m'vi-al.  Pertaining  to  a 
flood  or  deluge,  more  espedaUy  to  the 
deluge  in  Noab's  days.  £fl!bctea  or  pro- 
duced by  any  extraordinary  rush  of  water. 
D.  formation,  the  name  given  to  supor- 
fioial  deposits,  the  result  of  any  unuHiii*! 
or  extraordinary  rush  of  water.  The  term 
is  now  rarely  used,  the  deposits  grouped 
under  it  being  assigned  to  the  post-plio- 
cene period. 

Dime,  dim.  A  silver  coin  of  the  United 
States  of  the  value  of  10  cents ;  the  tenth 
of  a  dollar. 

Dimera,  dim  Vra.  A  sec.  of  homopterous 
insects,  in  which  the  tarsi  are  two-Jointed, 
as  in  the  aphides. 

Dimity,  1-ti.  A  stout  cotton  fkbrio 
ornamented  in  the  loom  by  raised  stripes 
or  t&Dcy  figures ;  it  is  rarely  dyed. 

Dimple,  'pi.     A  small  natural  depres* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DIKGLE 


264 


DI0MEDE8 


Bion  in  the  cheek  or  chin ;  a  slight  in- 
terrnption  to  the  uniform  rounded  flow 
of  the  facial  lines,  appearing  especially  in 
youth  and  in  smiling.  A  slight  indenta- 
tion on  any  sur&ce. 

Dingle.    A  seaport  of  Co.    Kerry,  Ire- 
land, 40  m.  N.   W.  of  KiUamey;   pop. 

"DiDgOy  ding'go.  The  Australian  dog 
(Gania  Dingo),  of  a  wolf-like  appearance, 
and  extremely  fierce. 
Dinner,  din'ner.  The  principal  meal  of 
the  day,  corresponding  with  the  deipnon 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  ccena  of  the  Bomans. 
An  entertainment. 
Dinornis,  di  .. 
nor'-nis.  Agen.of^ — n 
extinct  cursorial  j 
bhrds,  of  gigantic 
size,  which  formerly! 
Inhabited  New  Zei\ 
land.  The  krgest  \ 
must  have  stood  at  \ 
least  14  feet  in  height,  \ 
and  probably  more.  By  \^ 
the  natives  they  are  called  moa"*' 
It  is  supposed  they  became 
extinct  in  the  17th  or  18th  cen- 
.  tury,  as  traditions  are  still  cw- 
rent  concerning  them. 

Dinotherium,-n6-the'rI-um . 
A  gen.  of  extinct  gigantic  mam-  .^v— 
maid  occurring  in  the  strata  of  Dinornis. 
the  tertiary  formation.     The 
remains  have  been  found  in  Hesse  Darm 
Btadt,  also  in  several  parts  of  France,  Ba- 


5n^«f^*'^*r'^®™^  (^-  6^eanteum)l8  cal- 
culated to  have  attained  the  length  of  18 
^t.  It  had  a  proboscis  and  two  tusks. 
Ktmp  regards  it  as  intermediate  between 
Sfi/"S^«^^i?  a°^>JPf™»  and  terrestrial, 
^S"i?^l"^^®  ^^  "ctet  regard  It  a^ 
allied  to  the  sea-cows. 

^???^  '^3'  .P^^  <^"it  or  extent  o  f 
a  bishops  jmisdlctlon;  an  eccIesiasticAl 
division  of  a  kingdom  or  state,  subject  to 
the  authority  of  a  bishop. 

%?2^?ff*^i5**^ 'Valerius  Aure- 
uus  inocletianTis  A  Epman  general: 


B.  abt.  245  A.  D.,  proclaimed  emperor  by 
the  imperial  guard  after  the  assassination 
of  Numerianus,  284.  D.  divided  the  em- 
pire with  Maximian,  and  governed  Asia 
and  Egypt.  In  808  he  signed  an  edict 
against  the  Christians,  abdieated  power 
804,  and  d.  818. 

Dloctaliedral, -ok'ta-h6"dnd.  In  Crys- 
tal, having  the  form  of  an  octahedral  prism 
with  tetrahedral  summits. 

Diodon,  'o-don.  A  Ldnnffian  gen.  of 
teleostcan  fishes  now  giving  its  niune  to  a 


Diodon  Hystriz. 
film.  DiodontidiB,  ord.  Plectognathi.  They 
Hveon  crustaceans  and  sea-weeds,  for  the 
trituration  of  which  their  mouth  Is  admir- 
ably adapted.  The  family  includes  the 
sun-fish. 

DiOBcia,  -e'shi-a.  The  22d  class  of  phmts 
in  the  artificial  system  of  Linnaeus.  It 
comprehends  such  genera  as  have  male 
or  stamen-bearing  flowers  on  one  plant^ 
and  female  or  pisttl-bearing  flowers  on  an- 
other, as  wiUows. 

Diodorus  Siculns.  A  Sicilian  histo- 
rian who  lived  in  the  first  century  b.  o. 
He  published  his  universal  history  in  40 
books,  brought  down  to  the  year  60  b.  c, 
but  of  these  only  16  are  extant. 
Diogrenes.  A  distinguished  Cynic;  b. 
In  Sinope,  Asia  Minor,  b.  c.  421,  d.  at 
Corinth,  825.  He  spent  most  of  his  Hfe 
in  Athens,  where  he  lived  upon  alms,  and 
taught  his  philosophy  from  a  tub. 
Diogenes  Laertiiui.     An  Epicurean 

Ehllosopher ;  b.  In  Cicilia.  He  wrote  the 
ves  of  the  philosophers  in  10  books. 

Diogrenes-crab,  di-oj'en-oz-krab.  A  spe- 
cies of  Coenobita,  found  In  the  W.  Indies; 
so  called  from  its  selecting  a  shell  for  its 
residence. 

Biog^nes-cnp,  -kup.  A  term  applied 
to  the  cup-like  cavity  of  the  hand,  formed 
by  bending  the  metacarpal  bone  of  the 
Uttle  finger. 

Diomedea,  -o'me-de"a.  A  gen.  of  birds, 
ord.  Longipennes,  Including  the  various 
species  of  albatross. 

Diomedea.  In  Myth.  King  of  Thrace, 
son  of  Mars  and  Cyrene,  who  fed  his 
horses  on  human  flesh.  Hercules  killed 
him  and  gave  his  b«dy  to  his  horses. 


Digitized  by 


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DIOMEDES 


265 


DIPLOMATICS 


Diomedes.  Son  of  Tydens  and  Delp- 
yle,  King  of  ^tolia,  and  one  of  the  he- 
roes of  the  Trojan  war.  H«  was  a  favorite 
of  l^Onerva,  who  bade  him  attack  and 
wound  both  Mars  and  Venus. 

Dion.  A  noble  Syracusan,  son  of  Hippa- 
sina,  a  favorite  disciple  of  Plato,  and  relat- 
ed to  Dionysius  the  Elder,  who  admired 
his  abilities,  and  freely  consulted  him ;  b. 
abt.  410  B.  o.  After  the  accession  of 
Dionysius  the  Younger,  D.  fell  into  dis- 
grace, repaired  to  Athens,  and  soon  after 
led  an  army  against  Syracuse,  which  cap- 
tured the  city  after  a  three  days*  assault. 
D.  was  assassinated  854. 

Dioneea,  di-d-n€'a. 
A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  DroseracecB. 
Only  one  species  is 
known,  D.  muscip- 
ula  (Venus  fly-trap) 
a  native  of  Caro- 
lina and  Florida 
The  bristles  on  th 
leaf  are  remarkably 
irritable,  and  when 
touched  by  a  fly  or 
other  insect  the 
lobes  suddenly 
dose  on  it.  It  is 
said  to  digest  the 
fbodthus  captured 
by  means  of  a  fluid 
which   dissolves  it 

•exactly  like  ordinary  gastric  juice. 

Dion  Oassius.  A  Roman  historian  of 
the  2d  century  a,  d.  He  spent  12  years 
on  his  history  of  Some. 

DionirsillB  I.  Dictator  of  Syracuse, 
known  as  The  Elder ;  b.  abt.  b.  c.  480,  d. 
869.  D.  II.(The  Younger)  son  and  s.  of  the 
above,  b.  abt.  889,  died  in  exile  at  Corinth 
abt.  885.  He  was  driven  from  his  throne 
by  Dion,  but  recovered  possession  ;  was 
deposed  a  second  time  and  exiled  to  Cor- 
inth. 

Dionysius  (of  Halicamassus).  A 
Greek  historian  and  critic;  b.  70  b.  c,  d. 
abt.  1  A.  D.  He  wrote  in  Greek  at  Bome 
his  **  Roman  Antiquities,"  much  of  which 
is  preserved. 

DionyBiiis  (The  Thracian).  A 
teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Rome,  whose  "  Art 
of  Grammar  "  was  authority  for  several 
centuries.    He  flourished  abt.  60  b.  o. 

Dionysos,  dl-o-ni'sos.  In  Greek  Myth, 
the  effeminate  god  of  wine,  called  also 
Bakchos  by  the  Greeks,  and  Bacchus  by 
the  Romans. 

Diophantine,  -fan'tin.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Diophantus  of  Alexandria,  the  first 


Venus  Fly-trap, 


Greek  writer  on  algebra,  who  flourished 
according  to  some  about  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century,  according  to  othera  about 
the  end  of  the  6th.  D.  analysis,  that 
branch  of  algebra  which  treats  of  indeter- 
minate questions. 

Diopsis,  -op'- 
sis.    A  gen.  of    > . 
dipterous      in-  *>,  .  ^^s 
sects,  fom.Mus-   v^"<\: 
cidsB.     A  gen. 
of   turbell^ian 
worms. 

Diorama,  -d- 
ra'ma.  A  mode  ^ 
of  painting  and  '^  I 
of  scenic  exhibi- 
tion, producing 
a  greater  degree 
of  optical  illu- 
sion than  the  panorama,  and  suitable  as 
well  for  architectural  and  interior  views 
as  for  landscape.  A  building  in  which  dio- 
ramic  paintings  are  exhibited. 

Diorite,  'o-nt.  A  tough  crystalline  trap- 
rock,  consisting  of  hornblende  and  a  tri- 
clinio  felspar  albito  or  oligoclase,  either 
metamorphio  or  volcanic  in  origin. 

Dioscroides,  Pedanins.  A  noted 
Greek  physician  of  the  1st  century  a.  d. 
His  *  Pe  Materia  Medica"  was  a  text  book 
for  mora  than  1,800  yeara. 

Diota,  -6'ta.  In  Anc.  Sculp,  a  sort  of  vase 
with  two  handles,  used  for  wine. 

Diphda,  dif  da.  The  star  Beta  of  the 
constellation  Cetus. 

Diphthonfir,  'thong.  A  coalition  of  two 
vowels  pronounced  in  one  syllable.  Im- 
proper diphthong,  a  union  of  two  or  more 
vowels  in  the  same  syllable,  only  one  oi 
them  being  sounded. 

Diph3res,  di'fi-ez.  A  gen.  and  fom.  ot 
coBlenterate  animals,  ord.  Calyoophoridce. 

Dipleidoscope,  -pirdo-skop.  An  in- 
strument for  indicating  the  passage  of  the 
sun  or  a  star  over  the  meridian,  by  the 
coincidence  of  two  images  of  the  object, 
the  one  formed  by  single  and  the  other  by 
double  reflection. 

Diploe,  diplS-S.  The  soft  medullary 
substance  between  the  plates  of  the  skull. 

Diplomat,  -Id'mat.  A  minister,  of- 
ficial agent  or  envoy  to  a  foreign  court ;  a 
diplomatist. 

Diplomatics,  'Iks.  The  science  of  dip- 
lomas or  of  ancient  writings,  literary  and 
public  documents,  letters,  Ac,  which  has 
for  its  object  to  decipher  old  writings,  as- 
certain their  authentldty,  J^o-:  paleog* 
raphy 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DIPLOPIA 


2W 


OIBGEE 


I>ipl<»pla,  dl-pl6'pf-a.  A  diMSAe  of  the 
eye  in  which  the  patient  sees  an  object 
double  or  even  triple. 

Diplopoda,  -plop'o-da.  One  of  the  two 
divisions  of  the  Myriapoda,  Bynonymoua 
with  Chilognatha. 

Diploptera,  'ter-a.  A  group  of  aculeate 
hymenopterous  insects,  forming  three 
families,  Eomenidfti,  Masarida;  and  Ve^- 
pidffi. 

Diploptems,  -nn.  A  gen.  of  fossil  gan- 
oid flshes,  four  species,  belonging  to  the 
old  red  sandstone. 

Diplozoon,  dip-lo-zo'on.  A  parasitic  tre- 
matode  worm  which  appears  to  be  formed 
of  two  distinct  bodies  united  in  the  middle; 
two  sexually  mature  bodies  being  united. 

Dipnoi,  'noi.  An  ord.  of  fishes,  includ- 
iag  only  the  singular  mud-fishes  (Lepido- 
siren),  important  as  exhibitinir  the  transi- 
tion between  fishes  and  the  amphibia. 
Formerly  Lepidosiren  was  reckoned  the 
lowest  of  the  amphibia,  new  it  constitutes 
the  highest  order  of  ti.shes. 

Dipodidce,  df-pod'l-de.  The  jerboas,  a 
tun.  of  rodents,  characterized  by  the  dis- 
proportionate length  of  the  hind-limbs. 

Dipper, 
dip'er.  One 
of  a 


A  gen.  of  birds  (Cinclus)  belonging  to  the 
dentlrostral  division  of  the  great  ord. 
Passeres,  and  thrush  fam. 

Dippinfir-needle,  'ing-ne-dl.  An  in- 
strument for  showing  the  direction  of  one 
of  the  components  of  the  earth's  magnet- 
ism. 

Diprotodon,  dl-prot'o-don.  An  extinct 
gigantic  marsupial  mammal,  found  in  the 

fleistocene  or  recent  beds  of  Australia, 
t  is  allied  to   the  kangaroo,  but  much 
larger. 

Dipsomania,  dip-s5-m&'ni-a.  The  name 
given  to  that  condition  to  which  habit- 
ual drunkards  of  a  nervous  and  sanguine 
temperament  are  liable  to  reduce  them- 
selves, and  in  which  they  manifest  an  un- 
controllable craving  for  stimulants. 


Dipsaoen,  dip- 

s&'s^-e.    An  era. 

of  exogenous 

plants  irtth  mon-rs 

opetalous      flow-y 

ers,  nearly  alHed  ^ 

to       Composite, 

but     having  the 

anthers   quite 

free, 
Dipsas,    'sas. 

A  gen.    of  non- 
venomous    8  e  r- 

m^nts,  fam.  Colu- 

briilfe.     A  name  T^^ao.ww« 

given  to  a  gen.  of  Dlpsaoe©. 

fresh-water    bivalves,    Intermediate 

tween  Unio  and  Anodonta. 
Diptera, 

't  e  r  -  a.      An 

onl.  of  insects 

having      only 

two       wings, 

with  two  hal- 

teres  or  pois- 

ers  instead  of 

the  hinder 

pair.     The 

common 

house-fly  and 

the  blue-bottle 

flv  are  exam- 

Eies.  They 
ave  six  legs 
and  a  mouth  formed  for  suction.  The  tms 
eyes  are  large  and  oom|>ound,  ofteM  oon- 
taining  thousands  of  facets. 

Diptenis,  -us.  A  gen.  of  old  red  sand- 
stone fishes,  of  which  there  are  two  spe- 
cies. 

Diptych,  -tik.  In  Greek  and  Boman 
Antiq.  a  public  register  of  the  names  of 
consuls  and  other  magistrates ;  in  later 
times  a  list  of  bishops,  martyrs,  and 
others  among  Chrlstiims.  The  sacred 
diptych  consisted  of  two  tables,  in  one 
of  which  was  registered  the  names  of  the 
living,  and  in  the  other  the  names  of  the 
dead,  which  were  to  be  mentioned  in  the 
prayers  of  the  church. 

Directory,  di-rek'to-rl.  A  book  contain^ 
ing  directions  for  public  worship  or  re- 
ligious services.  A  book  containing  an 
alphabetical  list  of  the  inhabitants  of  a 
city,  tfiwn,  and  the  like,  with  their  places 
of  business  and  abode.  The  executive 
power  of  the  French  Republic,  1796-96, 
quashed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  and  the 
Consulate  established  on  its  ruia.  Board 
of  directors ;  dhrectorate. 

Dirsree,  der'jS.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a  na- 
tive domestic  tailor  or  seamster. 


Diptera. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DIBK 


WT 


DIBOOPHORA 


Birk,  derk.  A  dagger 
formerly  much  used  in  the 
Higrhlands  of  Scotland,  and 
stfll  worn  as  essential  to 
complete  the  Higrhland  cos- 
tome. 

Birt-eatizi^,     dert'et-in«. 
Cachexia  AMcana.  a  disoi^ 
da*  of  the  nutritive  Amotions 
ainon<f  negroes,  and  in  cei^ 
tain  kinds  of  disturbance  of 
the    feminine     health,     in 
which  there  is  an  irresistible 
desire    to    eat    dirt.      The 
practice  of  some  tribes  of 
S.  America,  of  using  certain 
kinds  of  day  for  food. 
Discharsrer,    dis- 
-charj'er.     In  Elect 
an  instrument  for 
discharging  a  Ley- 
den  jar,    Ac.,    by 
making  a  connec- 
tion between    the 
two  sur&ces.     In 
calico  printing, 
discharge. 
Di  schar^e 
valve,  'valv.    In 
steam-engines,     a 
valve  which  covers 
the  top  of  the  barrel     Leyden  Jar  >*1th 
of    the    air-pump  Discharger, 

and  opens  upward. 

Discharsrinsr  Aroh,   'Ing  Srch.     An 
arch  tbrmed  in  the  substance  of  a  wall  to 


DU-k. 


relieve  the  part  which  is  below  it  from  the 
superincumbent  weight,  commonly  uswl 
over  lintels  and  flat-headed  openings. 
XMscipline,  'l-plin.  Education;  in- 
struction; training.  Rule  of  government 
Subjection  to  rule.  Correction;  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  way  of  correction  and 
training :  instruction  by  means  of  misfor- 
tune and  the  Uke.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch.  bod- 
ily punishment  inflicted  on  a  delinquent ; 
or  that  external  mortification  which  a  pen- 


itent inflicts  on  himself.  Th«  soooige  a 
delinquent  use«  in  seK-chastiaeineDt ;  or 
that  wieldcil  by  his  confessor.  Books  of 
discipline,  two  books  drawn  up  Ibr  tb« 
reformation  of  the  Scotch  Church— the 
first  by  Knox  and  four  other  ministers  iu 
150l>.  thi»  stH^ond  bv  a  committee  of  Assem- 
blvof  IMS.  in  which  Andrew  Melville  tottk 
a  lesiding  iiart.  This  is  still  ap|»e«lt«d  to  as 
the  most  c^unpl  'to  and  authoritative  ex- 
hibition of  Scottish  lVesb\  teri.'»nisui. 
Diachidia.  -Wd'^ 
i-a.  A  getj  of 
AsclepiatL^fH^i', 
herbs  or  mtitlcr 
shrubs.  Oiu''MK>- 
des,  D.  Rifn*^- 
ana,  is  r«in:irlt- 
able  for  iU  ii!i- 
merous  pifi^hi:*!-- 
like  ap|>end:iir«*^. 
Disciples  o  f 
Christ  (Oamp 
bellites).  An  iti^ 
dependent  svt^t 
holding  v  1  f  w  a 
substantially 
identioal  with  tUni 
Baptists,  fo) I N.],.n 
in  their.  8., i-  -j 
by  Rev.  Thomas  Dlsohidla  Rafllesiana. 
Clampbell,  a  distinguisheti  prt»aciier  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  fWun  which  he  se- 
ceded, and  his  son.  Rev.  Alexander  I'amp- 
bell,  both  natives  of  Ireland.  The  sect 
numbers  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  million 
communicants,  most  of  them  belnir  iu  tb«» 
8.  and  W.  States. 

Discobolus,  -kob'o-lns.  In  Class.  Ai 
tiq.  a  thrower  of ^^ 
the  discus  or  quoit; 
a  quoit-player.  The 
name  given  bv 
Cuvier  to  his  8<i 
femily  of  soft- 
finned  teleostean 
fishes.  The  lump> 
fish  (Cyclopterus 
Lumpus)  is  a  good 
example  of  the 
group. 

Disoopliora,-kor 
o-ra.  A  sub-dass 
of  the  Hydrozoa, 
comprising  most  of 
the  organ  isms 
known  as  sea-jel- 
lies, jelly-fishes  or 
sea-  nettles.        A 


lilsi.-i.t.i.iiis!  til. run' 


name  sometimes  given  to  the  order  of  an- 
nelids, Uirudinea,  to  which  the  leach  be- 
longs. 


Digitized  by 


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DIBCOVEBTURE 


2«d 


DISTAtrOfi 


Dlfloovertnre,  -kuv'ert-ur.  Freedom 
of  a  wonum  from  the  oovertm^  of  a  hus- 
band. 

Diflorase,  -krfis.  A  rare  ore  oonsistliig  of 
antimony  and  silver,  fomid  in  metamor- 
phic  strata,  alone  or  associated  with  other 
ores. 

Discos,  Hens.  A  quoit ;  a  piece  of  iron, 
copper  or  stone,  to  be  thrown  in  play, 
used" by  the  ancients.    A  disk. 

Disinfectant,  -in-fekt'ant.  An  agent 
for  destroying  the  power  or  means  of  prop- 
agating diseases  which  spread  by  infec- 
tion or  contagion  ;  anything  that  purifies 
the  air  from  noxious  matters  or  removes 
odors  or  hurtflil  organic  substances 
from  the  ground,  water,  &c.  The  more 
common  are  chlorine,  bromine,  sulphur-: 
ous  acid,  nitrous  acid,  chloride  of  lime, 
carbolic  odd,  &c. 

|>isk.  A  quoit ;  a  circular  piece  of  stone, 
iron  or  copper,  used  in  games.  Any  fiat, 
circular  plate  or  surface,  as  of  a  piece 
of  metal,  the  fiuse  of  the  sun,  moon,  or 
a  planet  In  Bot.  the  name  given  to 
markings  on  the  woody  fiber  of  certain 
trees,  as  the  conifers,  as  seen  in  a  longitu- 
dinal section  of  the  wood. 

Di8k-ooaplin«r,  diskacu-pl-ing.  In 
Mach.  a  coupling  consisting  of  two  disks 


Disk-coupling, 
keyed  on  the   connected   ends    of  two 
shafts.    In  one  are  recesses,  into  which 
corresponding  projections  on   the  other 
are  received. 

Dispart,  dis'pfirt.  In  Gun.  the  difference 
between  the  semi-diameter  of  the  base 
ring  at  the  breech  of  a  gun,  and  that  of  the 
ring  at  the  swell  of  the  muzzle. 

Dispart-siflrht,  -sit  In  Gun.  a  piece  of 
metal  oast  on  the  muzile  of  a  piece  of 
ordnance  to  make  the  line  of  sight  parallel 
to  the  azia  of  the  bore. 

Dispensation,  -pen-s&'shon.  The 
granting  of  a  lioens^  or  the  lieense  itself, 
to  do  what  is  forbidaen  by  laws  or  canons, 
or  to  omit  something  wUch  is  command- 
ed, llie  poi>e  haapower  to  dispense  with 
the  canons  of  the  Gnurch,  but  has  no  right 
to  grant  dispensatlona  to  the  injury  of  a 
third  person. 


Dispermoiis,  dl-sperm'us.  In  Bot.  con- 
taining two  seeds  only ;  as,  umbellate  and 
stellate  plants  are  diapermoos. 

Dispositor,  dls-poz'it-er.  A  disposer. 
In  Astrol.  the  planet  which  is  lord  of  the 
sign  where  another  planet  is. 

Disraeli,  Benjamin,  dlz-rfll'e.  An 
English  statesmen  and  author,  b.  1805. 
D.  1883.  He  was  of  Jewish  descent,  ana 
for  years  was  the  leader  of  the  Conserva- 
tive party  in  the  Commons,  holding  the 
oflice  of  Prime  Minister  in  1868-70,  and 
187^76.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  created 
Earl  of  Beaconsfield. 

Disruption,  dis-rup'shon.  The  act  of 
rending  asunder;  breach;  dilaceration.  £c 
des.  the  term  appUed  to  the  rupture  whidi 
took  place  in  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland  in  1843,  when  474  ministers  and 
professors  demitted  their  chaif^es.  The 
controversy  proceeding  the  rupture  lasted 
for  10  years,  having  originated  in  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Veto  Act. 

Dissection,  -sek'shon.  The  act  of  out- 
ting  in  pieces  an  animal  or  vegetable  for 
the  purpose  of  examining  the  structure 
and  uses  of  its  parts;  anatomy. 

Dissifirht,  -sit  An  eyesore;  anything 
offensive  to  the  sight 

Dissyllable,  'sil-la-bl.  A  word  of  two 
syllables. 

Distaff,  'taf.  The  staff  to  which  flax  or 
tow  is  tied,  and  from  which  the  thread  is 
drawn. 

Distance,  'tans.  An  interval  between  two 
objects;  the  length  of  the  idiortest  line 
whidi  intervenes  between  things  that  are 
separate.  .Contrariety ;  opposition.  The 
remoteness  which  respect  requires  or  re- 
serve inspires.  In  Music,  the  interval  be- 
tween two  notes.  In  horse-racing,  a  length 
of  240  yards  from  the  wire  or  winning- 
post,  at  which  point  is  phioed  the  distance- 
post.  Mean  distance  of  the  planets,  a 
mean  between  thdr  aphelion  and  peri- 
helion distances.  Proportional  distances 
of  the  planets,  the  distances  of  the  several 

Slanets  from  the  sun,  compared  with  the 
istance  of  any  one  of  them  considered  as 
unity.  Real  distanoea,  the  abeolute  dis- 
tances of  those  bodies  as  compared  with 
miles,  leagues,  Ac  Accessible  diatanoea 
may  be  measured  by  the  application  of 
any  lineal  measure.  Inaccessible  distances 
cannot  be  measured  but  by  means  of  trig- 
onometrical rules.  Line  of  distance,  in 
persp.  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  eye  to 
tiie  principal  point  of  the  plane.  Point  of 
distance,  that  point  in  the  horizontal  line 
which  is  at  tne  same  distance  fkrom  the 
principal  point  as  the  eye  la  from  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DISTANCE-SIGNAL 


209 


DIVEE 


same.  Angular  distance,  the  angle  of  sep- 
aration wUch  the  directions  of  two  bodies 
indnde. 

Distanoe-Bigrnalf-sig-nal.  In  Ball,  the 
most  distant  of  the  scries  of  signals  mider 
the  oontrol  of  a  signal-man. 

Disthene,  di'sthSn.  Kranite ;  a  miner- 
al so-called  on  aooonnt  of  its  uneanal  hard- 
ness, and  because  its  crystals  have  the 
property  of  being  electrified  both  positiye- 
fy  and  negatively. 

DistiLch,  dis'tik.  A  couplet ;  a  couple  of 
verses  or  poetic  lines  making  complete 
sense ;  an  epigram  of  two  verses. 

Distillatioil,  -til-a'shon.  The  volatili- 
zation and  subsequent  condensation  of  a 
Uqnid  by  means  of  an  alembic,  or  still  and 
refrigeratory,  or  of  a  retort  and  receiver ; 
the  operation  of  extracting  spirit  from  a 
substance  by  evaporation  and  condensa- 
tion ;  rectification.  Distillation  is  of  great 
ipoiportance,  not  only  in  obtaining  spiritu- 
ous liquors,  but  also  in  procuring  essences, 
essential  oils.  &o.  Dry  distillation,  the 
distillation  of  substances  per  se,  or  with- 
out the  addition  of  watw. 

Pistillery,  'e-ri.  The  building  and 
works  where  distillation  is  carried  on. 

Distoma,  'to-ma.  A  gen.  of  trematode 
or  suctorial  parasitical  worms  or  flukes, 
inhabiting  various  parts  in  dilfmrent  ani- 
mals. All  present  the  strange  phenome- 
non known  as  alternation  of  generation. 

Distraint,  -trant'.  A  distress  or  dis- 
training. 

District  Ck>tirt,  'trlkt  kdrt.  A  coui:t 
which  has  cc^nlzance  of  certain  causes 
within  a  defined  district. 

District-jud^e,  -Juj.  The  Judge  of  a 
district  court. 

District  Parish,  par-ish.  In  England, 
an  ecclesiastical  division  of  parishes  for 
all  purposes  of  worship,  the  celebration  of 
marriages,  christenings,  Su:.  In  Scotland, 
similar  divisions  are  called  quoad-sacra 
parishes. 

District  School,  skul.  A  school  with- 
in a  certain  district  of  a  town. 

Disunion,  dis-un'yon.  Separation ;  dis- 
junction. A  breach  of  concord  and  its 
edBTeot,  contention.  The  separation  or 
withdrawal  of  any  state  fit>m  the  federal 
union  of  the  United  States. 

Ditetrahedral,  di-tet'ra-he'dral.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  tetrahedral  prism  with 
dihedral  summits. 

Ditheism,  -th6-izm.  The  doctrine  of  the 
existence  of  two  gods,  especially  that  on 
which  the   old   Persian     religion     was 


founded,  or  the  opposition  of  good  am 
evil  principles ;  dualism  ;  Manicheism. 
Dithyrambio,  dith-i-ram'bik.  A  hymn 
in  honor  of  Baochus  or  some  of  the  other 
Greek  divinities ;  dithyramb.  Any  poem 
written  in  wild,  enthufiiastio  etrains. 

Ditrifirlyph,  dflri  gU£    An  interval  be- 


Ditriglyph. 
tween  two     columns,     admitting    two 
triglvphs  in  the  entablature ;  used  in  the 
Doric  order. 

Ditrihedria,  -he'dri-a.  A  gen.  of  spars 
with  six  sides  or  planes,  formed  of  two  trig- 
onal pyramids  Joined  base  to  base,  with' 
out  an  intermecUate  column. 

Dinma,  -em'a.  A  section  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  corresponding  with  the  Lin- 
mean  gen.  Papilio,  or  butterflies.  Also  ap< 

Slied  to  insects  that  do  not  five  more  than 
i  hours,  as  the  Ephemerse. 
Diurnal,  'al.  Behitinff  to  a  day ;  per- 
taining to  the  daytime  *  happening  every 
day;  performed  in  a  day.  Constituting 
the  measure  of  a  day;  as,  the  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  earth ;  as  applied  to 
another  planet,  constitutiing  the  measure 
of  its  own  day.  In  Med.  an  epithet  of 
diseases  whose  exacerbations  are  in  the 
daytime.  D.  arc,  the  apparent  arc  de- 
scnbed  bv  the  heavenly  bodies  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rotation  of  the  eartii.  D. 
motion  of  a  planet,  the  number  of  degrees, 
minutes,  &c.,  which  a  planet  moves  in 
twenty-four  hours.  D.  flowers,  open  only 
during  the  day.  Flowers  which  endure 
but  for  a  day,  as  the  flower  of  Tigridia. 

Divan,  -van'.  Among  the  Orientals  a 
court  of  Justice  or  a  council.  A  council- 
chamber  ;  a  reception  room  in  palaces  and 
houses  of  richer  citizens.  A  ny  council  as- 
sembled. A  coffee-house  where  smoking 
is  the  principal  enjoyment.  A  cushioned 
seat :  a  kind  of  sofa.  A  book,  especially 
a  collection  of  poems  by  one  and  the  same 
author. 

Divertisement,  -vert'iz-ment.  Di- 
version ;  amusement.  A  short  ballet  or 
otiier  entertainment  between  the  acts  of 
longer  pieces. 

Diver,  'ver.    One  who  dives  ;  one  who 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DIVESTITURE 


270 


DOBEREINER'8  LAMP 


sinks  by  effort    One  who  goes  deeply  in- 


to  a  subject.  ITio  divers  (Colymbldae),  a 
farn.  of  swimming  birds  (Natatores),  con- 
sisting of  three  genera— the  divers  prop- 
erly so  called,  the  grebes  and  guillemots. 

Divestiture,  -vest'i-tur.  The  act  of 
stripping  or  depriving.  In  law,  the  act  of 
surrendering  one's  effects  ;  opposed  to  in- 
vestiture. 

Divide,  -vid'.  The  watershed  of  a  dis- 
trict ;  the  ridge  of  land  dividing  the  tribu- 
taries of  one  stream  from  those  of  an- 
other. 

Divider,  -vid'er.  A  pair  of  small  com- 
passes, used  for  dividing  lines,  describ- 
ing circles,  &c. 

Divi-divi,  'vi-di'vl.  The  native  and 
commercial  name  of  CcBsalpinia  Coriaria 

Divi-divi. 

and  its  pods.    The  latter  are  excessively 

astringent  and  contain  a  large  proportion 

of  tannic  and  gallic  acid. 
Dividual,  -vid'u-al.    In  Arith.  and  Alg. 

one  of  the  several  parts  of  a  dividend  from 

which  each  separate  figure  or  term  of  the 

quotient  is  found. 
Divine,  -vTn.    A  minister  of  the  gospel; 

a  priest;  a  clergyman.    A  man  skilled  m 

divinity;  a  theologian. 

Divingr-dress,  dlv'inp-dres.  A  dress  of 
India-rubber  used  by  professional  divers, 
having  a  head-piece  of  metal  furnished 
with  strong  glass  eyes  and  twopliable 
pipes  to  maintain  a  supply  of  air.  Weights 
are  attached  to  the  sides  and  shoes  of  the 
diver. 

DivininfiT-rod,  di-vTn'ing-rod.  A  rod, 
usually  of  hazel,  with  forked  branches, 


Divlng-belL 


used  by  those  who  pretend  to  discovei 
minerals  or  water  under  ground. 
Diviner,  'or.    One  who  pretends  to  pre- 

df-n  cvf nt?,  or  fr,  r--    -^ _ 

by  tlws  aid  of  fltiper-  f^'"    '^  ■'-  '        "^ 
natciml  uieaiiB.  Qno 
who  p-IH'H^CSi  acofi' 
Jw.tiirtT. 

Diving'-bell,  dTv'* 
iujL'-Ln^.  A  wjiiitriv-' 
aiH^o  tiiT  tbo  purport' 
of  ensilrllnif  pcT^uuidp 
to  df^^.ena  miiJ  ru-  =! 
iiiflEn  iMiJDW  tliu  mtF~\i 
fti£'ti  nf  wBtcT  Jbr  a" 
IiJiji'lhirtf timo.  tTh-]' 
iMt:  !rt41ei  hiivc  boeo 

funis  but  are  now 
g4 ' rural! j^  iiiuila  otX 
cast-iron  in  the  fbrm'^ 
of  an  oblong-chest, 
open  at  the  bottom, 
as  shown  in  the  cut,  with  a  flexible  tub*; 
attached  through  which  fresh  air  is  sup- 
plied the  diver. 

Divisor,  di-viz'er.  In  Arith.  the  number 
by  which  the  dividend  is  divided. 

Divorce,  -vors'.  A  legal  dissolution  of 
the  bond  of  marriage.  The  sentence  or 
writing  by  which  marriage  is  dissolved. 

Divorcer,  'er.  One  who  or  that  which 
produces  a  divorce  or  separation.  One  of 
a  sect  who  advocate  divorce  for  slight  rea- 
sons ;  said  to  have  sprung  fh)m  Milton. 

Dix,  John  A.,  Gen.  An  American 
author,  statesman  and  soldier ;  b.  in  N. 
H.,  1798,  D.  1882.  He  was  IT.  8.  Senator 
from  and  Governor  of  New  York,  secre- 
tary of  the  U.  S.  Treasury  and  a  major- 
general  in  the  Civil  War. 

Dixon's  Entrance.  A  strait  100  m. 
long,  bet.  Queen  Charlotte  Island  and 
Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago,  N.  W. 
America. 

Djebel,  jeb'el.  An  Arabian  word  signi- 
fying mountain  ;  as,  Djebel-el  Mousa,  the 
mountain  of  Moses. 

Djereed,  je-red'.  A  blunt  javelin  used  in 
Oriental  military  sports. 

Do,  do.  In  Music,  the  name  given  by 
the  Italians  and  English  to  the  first  of  the 
syllables  used  in  sounization. 

Do.    An  abbreviation  of  ditto. 

Doasta,  do-as'ta.  An  inferior  Indian  ar- 
dent spirit,  often  drugged. 

Doab,  'ab.  In  the  E  Indies,  a  tract  of 
country  between  two  rivers. 

Dobereiner's     Lamp,    dob-er-in-en 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


D0BHA8H 


271 


DODO 


lamp.  A  oontrivanoe  for  producing  an  In- 
Btantaneous  Ught,  produced  by  throwing  a 
jet  of  hydrogen  gaa  upon  spongy  platinum, 
when  vie  metal  instantly  becomes  red  hot, 
and  then  sets  fire  to  the  gas. 

Dobhash,  liash.  In  the  E.  Indies,  an 
Interpreter;  one  who  speaks  two  lan- 
guages. 

Dooetss,  d6-B6't6.  An  ancient  heretical 
sect,  who  maintained  that  Christ  acted 
and  suffered  only  in  appearance. 

Dooixnaoy,  dos'i-ma-sl.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  assaying  metals,  or  the  art  of  de- 
termining the  nature  and  quantity  of  met- 
i^c  substances  contained  in  any  ore  or 
mineral;  metallurgy.  The  art  of  ascer- 
taining the  nature  and  qualities  of  medi- 
cines, or  of  flicts  pertaining  to  physiology. 

Dock,  dok.  The  place  where  a  criminal 
stands  In  court.  A  place  on  the  side  of  a 
harbor  or  the  bank  of  a  river  for  the 
reception  of  ships.  There  are  dry  or  grav- 
tnu  ai"N-J,r,  n3i*l  ^■■■*  .h.-'k-  ri  ..  -"  imer 
are  iiftt3iliijmi'*'jviJijLf  -ii.i|i>   lji   uniL-t  to 


Dry  or  Graving  Dock, 
their  being  inspected  and  repaired.  Wet 
docks  are  formed  for  the  piu^se  of  keep- 
ing vessels  always  afloat.  A  floating  dock 
Is  constructed  so  that  it  may  be  sunk  be- 
neath a  vessel  and  raised  with  it  when  the 
water  is  pumped  out  of  the  tanks  round 
its  sides. 

Dockyard,  'yard.  A  yard  or  magazine 
for  containing  all  Idnds  of  naval  stores  and 
timber. 

Doctor,  ter.  A  teacher;  nno  skilled 
in  a  profession.  In  a  nniversitv  one  who 
has  passed  all  the  degrees  of  a  faculty. 
The  aegree  is  often  merely  honorary,  but 
is  conferred  on  physicians  as  a  profession- 
al degree.  A  person  duly  licensed  to 
practice  medicine.  A  term  applied  to  va 
rlotts  mechanical  contrivancos  for  perform 


ing  certain  subsidiary  operations  in  a  ni» 
chine  or  train  of  machinery.  An  auxiliary 
eteam-engine ;  a  donkey-engine.  Brown 
sherry,  so  called  because  it  is  concocted 
ih>m  a  harsh  thin  wine  by  the  addition  of 
old  boiled  Mosto  stock. 

Doctor-flsh,  -fish.  A  name  applied  to 
thegen.  Acanthurus.  Called  also  Surgeon- 
fish. 

Doctrinaire,  'trin-ar.  The  name  origi- 
nally applied  to  one  of  a  section  of  French 
politicians  of  moderately  liberal  principles, 
as  being  mere  theoretical  constitution- 
makers  rather  than  practical  politicians. 
Hence,  one  who  theonzes  without  a  sufll- 
cient  regard  to  practical  considerations ; 
an  ideologist. 

Doddart,  dod'ert.  The  bent  stick  used 
in  playing  the  game  of  doddart,  the  object 
being  to  drive  a  wooden  ball  to  one  of  two 
boundaries  or  goals. 

Doddridge,  Philip.  A  distinguished 
English  divine  of  the  Non-Conformist 
church;  b.  1702,  d.  1751.  He  was  ths 
author  of  *'  Evidences  of  Christianity." 

Dodecagon,  do-dek'9-gon.  A  regular 
polygon  consisting  of  twelve  equal  sides 
and  angles. 

Dodecasryn,  -jin.  In 
Bot.  a  plant  having 
twelve  styles. 

Dodecaliedral,  -he'dral } 
Pertaining  to  a  dodecahe- 
d  r  o  n ;      consisting     of     Dodecahe- 
twelve  equal  sides.  drons. 

Dodecandria, 
-de-kan'dri-a.  A 
class  of  plants 
having  twelve 
stamens,  or  any 
number  from , 
twelve  to  nine- 
teen inclusive, 
Srovided  they 
o  not  adhere  by 
their  filaments. 

Dodecapetal-  Dodecandria. 

0118,  'ka-pet"al-u8.  In  Bot.  having  twelve 
petals  ;  having  a  corolla  consisting  of 
twelve  parts. 

Dodecastyle,  bUI.  a  portico  having 
twelve  columns  in  front. 

Dodman,  dod'man.  An  animal  that 
casts  its  shell  like  the  lobster.  A  shell- 
snail. 

Dodo,  do-do.  An  extinct  gen.  of  birds 
(Didus),  ord.  Columbee,  and  constituting 
a  new  family,  Didida?.  It  was  a  massive, 
clumsy  bird,  larger  than  a  swan,  cov- 
ered with  down  instead  of  feathers,  %^ith 


welve  equal  sides 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DODEAlsrs 


272 


DOG-TOOTH 


Dodo. 


short,  extremely  strong  legrs,  and  wings 
and  tail  so  short  as  to  be  useless  for  flight. 

Xkxlrans,  'dranz.  A  Roman  measure 
equal  to  about  9  inches. 

Doe.  The  female  of  buck ;  the  female  of 
the  fallow-deer,  the  goat,  the  sheep,  the 
bare,  and  the  rabbit. 

Doeskin,  'skin.  The  skin  of  a  doe.  A 
compact  twilled  woolen  cloth. 

Doer,  dog.  A  quadruped,  geji.  Canis  (C. 
£uniliaris).  A  satisfactory  classification 
of  the  dogs  has  not  yet  been  arrived  at, 
what  some  naturalists  regard  as  types  be- 
ing regarded  by  others  as  mere  mongrels. 
In  systematic  zoology  the  wolf  and  the 
fox  are  included  under  the  general  des- 
ignation Oania.  A  term  of  reproach  or 
contempt  given  to  a  man.  A  gay  young 
man.  A  name  given  to  two  constella- 
tions in  the/  southern  hemisphere,  Canis 
Major  and  Canis  Minor,  the  Greater  and 
the  Lesser  Dog.  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral devices,  tools,  pieces  of  machinery, 
«Scc.,  which  have  some  peculiarity,  as  a 
curved  neck.  Dog  is  often  used  in  com- 
position for  male  as  dog-fox,  dog-otter, 
&c.;  as  also  to  denote  meanness,  degener- 
acy, or  worthlessness ;  as  dog-I«atin, 
dog-rose. 

Dogr-ape,  'ap.    A  male  ape. 

Dogr-bee,  'bo.  A  drone  or  male  bee.  A 
fly,  troublesome  to  dogs. 

Dog'-caxt,  'kart.  A  carriage  with  a  box 
for  holding  sportsmen's  dogs ;  a  sort  of 
double-seated  gig  for  four  persons,  sitting 
back  to  back. 

Dogr-day,  'da.  One  of  the  days  when 
Birius  or  the  dog-star  rises  and  sets  with 
the  sun.  The  dog-days  last  for  forty 
days,  twenty  before  ana  twenty  after  the 
heliacal  rising  of  Sirius,  beginning  on  the 
8d  of  July  and  ending  11th  of  August. 

Dogr-flsh,  'fish.    A  name  given  to  sev- 


Dog-fiah. 


cral  species  of  shark,  as  the  spotted  shark 
or  greater  dog-flsh,  the  picked  dog-fish, 
&c.  They  are  arranged  bv  Cuvier  under 
his  sub-gen.  Scyllium.  The  common  or 
picked  dog-fish  belongs  to  the  gen.  Acan- 
thias  (A.  vulgaris). 
Doge.     i\n\.      Tho 

ChJt't    llirii-'i^frfiti'    i^f 

tht*  iM'jHiMkif*  fif 
TiinicL'  tmfl  Ouniia. 
Tt^  tlr,st  liitgv'  of 
YiTiic'tj  wma-  A  nan 
fufiit'  (t'fiolntJtUiiK 
<T(;it^'«HlU7;tho  Arftt 
Ih-.'  it'  GnuiM,  SI 
in  ■^  J I      lifKscanera, 

both  cidtHB  tiiD  cjffieti 
dlsAjflnmredin  ITOTt 
Hhi^^n  ILy  rc{inb]!iMLn 
furJii  cirKOVC^riULit^t 

wiiha]!iiiillBti(.<'0  Liy  tbo 
Fit  mil. 

dog  fwi-si-er.     One     Dogeof  Venioe. 
who  has  a  taste  for     ■*'"8""*  fwtww. 
dogs  and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 
Dogrgrer, '... 

A  Dutch  Jir^ij- 
ing  vessel  1.?:  Ill 
in  the  cod  iLcid 
herring  fish- 
eries. 

Dogrgrerer-el. 
Originally, 
b  u  r  1  e  s  q  ti  e 
poetry,  gei  i  -  " 
ally   in    h ■■ 
ular   meae 
Mean,    wc   ' 
less  verses..  il 
fective  in  sense, 
rhythm,      and 
rhyme. 

Dogrgrery,  -i.  Anything  of  a  mean  or 
worthless  quality ;  quackery.  Applied  to 
a  low  business,  especially  to  a  amreput* 
able  liquor  saloon. 

Dogrma,  'ma.  A  settled  opinion;  an  opin> 
ion  or  doctrine  received  on  authority,  as 
opposed  to  one  obtained  from  experience 
or  demonstration. 

Dogrznatist,  'mat-ist.  A  positive  assert* 
er;  a  bold  or  arrogant  advancer  of  prin- 
ciples. One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  physicians 
founded  by  Hippocrates. 
Dogr-star,  'star.  Sirius,  a  star  of  the 
first  magnitude,  whose  rising  and  setting 
with  the  sun  gives  name  to  the  dog-days. 
Dogr-tooth.  'toth.  A  sharp-pointed 
*  human  tootn  situated  between  the  fore> 


Dutch  Dogger. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DOIT 


HfS 


DOLOE 


teeth  and  grinders,  called  also  Canine- 
tooth  and  !E^e-tooth. 

Doit,  doit.  The  andent  Scottish  penny 
piece,  of  which  twelve  were  equaf  to  a 
penny  sterling.     A  Dutch  copper  coin, 


Doit. 

the  eighth  part  of  a  stiver,  in  valne  half  a 
ferthing.  Any  small  piece  of  money.  A 
trifle. 

Dokmeh,  dok'me.  A  Farsee  receptacle 
for  dead  i>odie8,  consisting  of  a  stone 
tower,  on  the  grated  top  of  which  bodies 
areeiroosed  till  they  orop  through  into 
the  body  of  the  tower.  Similar  structures 
are  found  near  Lake  Titacaca,  Peru. 
Dolabella,  dol-a-bel'k.  A  gen.  of  tec- 
tibranchiate  mollusks,  allied  to  the 
hares  (Aplysia). 
Dolabra,  do-l&' 
bra.  A  variety  oi 
celt  used  bv  the 
Roman  soldiers 
for  making  in- 
trenchments  and 
destroying  fortifi- 
cations. Others 
of  a  more  ornate 
form  were  em-  Pontifical  Dolabrse. 
ployed     by     the 

pontifices  in  slaughtering  their  sacrificial 
victims,  and  still  others  were  used  for 
trinmiing  vines,  &c. 

Doldroms,  d5Fdmmz.  Naut.,  the  parts 
of  the  ocean  near  the  equator  that  abound 
in  calms,  squalls,  and  light  baffling  winds; 
the  horse-latitudes.  Low  spirits;  the 
dxmips. 

Doll  capaz,  doll  ka'paks.  In  Law, 
capable  of  criminal  intention  ;  of  the  age  to 
distinguish  between  right  and  wrong ;  of 
the  age  of  discretion. 

DoliohopodidSB,  -ko-pod"i-de.  A  fam. 
of  insects,  ord.  Diptera,  including  the 
well-washers. 

Dolichosaums,  -sa'^rus.  An  extinct 
snake-like  reptile  found  in  the  chalk, 
whose  remains  indicate  aquatic  habits. 
Doliolmn.  'd-lum.  A  gen.  of  oceanic 
asddians,  allied  to  the  Salpae,  and  like  them 
exhibiting  interesting  forms  of  alternate 
^neratlon. 


I>oliiiin,-um.  A  gen.  of  moUusoa,  inhabit* 
ing  univalve  shells.  One  species  f D.  per- 
dlx)  is  known  as  the  partridge-shell. 

DoU,  dol.  A  small  image  in  the  human 
form  for  the  amusement  of  children.  A 
girl  or  woman  more  remarkable  for  gt>od 
looks  than  intelligence. 

Dollar,  'ler.  A  silver  or  gold  coin  of  the 
United  States,  of  the  value  of  100  cents. 
The  English  name  of  a  coin  of  the  same 
general  weight  and  value,  though  differing 
somewhat  in  different  countries,  current 
in  Mexico,  a  great  part  of  South  America, 
Singapore,  the  Philippine  Islands,  &c. 
The  value  of  a  dollar,  the  unit  employed 
in  reckoning  money  in  the  United  States. 

Dcdlingrer,  Jolian  Joseph  Igrnaz. 

An  eminent  German  theologian,  b.  1799, 
p.  1881.  He  was  leadisr  of  the  German 
Catholics  who  reftised  to  accept  the  doc- 
trine of  the  pope's  infallibility,  and  which 
afterwards  founded  the  Old  Catholic  sect 
Dolman,  'man.  A  long  robe,  open  in 
front,  and  having  narrow  sleeves  but- 
toned at  the  wrist,  worn  bv  the  Turks 
over  their  other  garments.  A  garment  €i 
the  nature  of  a  wide  Jacket,  worn  by 
ladies. 

Dolmen,  'men.  A  term  freqnentiy  used 
as  synonymous  with  Cromlech,  but 
properly  applied  to  one  large  unhewn 
stone  resting  on  others  placed  erect  in 
the  earth.  The  name  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied also  to  structures  where  several 
blocks  are  raised  upon  pillars  so  as  to  form 
a  sort  of  gallery.    The  most  remarkablo 


Dolmen, 
monument  of  this  kind  is  the  Pierre 
Couverte,  near  Saumur,  64  ft.  long,  14 
wide  and  about  6  ft.  high,  and  consists  of 
four  upright  stones  on  each  side,  one  at 
each  end  and  four  on  the  top.  That  repre- 
sented in  the  cut  consists  of  a  stone  88 
ft.  long,  l^  deep  and  18^  across,  calcu- 
lated to  weigh  750  tons,  and  poised  on  tiie 
point  of  two  natural  rocks.  It  is  generally 
believed  that  dolmens  were  sepulchres, 
although  afterwards  they  may  have  been 
used  as  altars. 
Dolor,  doler.    Grief;  lamentation.    Our 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DOLPHW 


^4 


BONATIST 


Lady  of  Dolors,  In  the  R.  O.  Ch.  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  so  called  on  occoimt  of  her  sor- 
row at  the  passion  of  onr  Lend. 
Dolphin,  dol'flu.  The  popular  name  of 
several  species  of  Delphinus,  a  gen.  of  ce- 
taceous mammalia,  comprehending  the 
dolphin  proper,  the  bottle-nosed  dmphin, 
the  grampus,  &a  The  oonmion  dolphin 
Is  peculiarly  agile,  and  often  follows  snips 
in  large  herds,  executing  amusing  gam- 
hols.  A  name  given  by  poets  and  others 
to  the  conrphone  (Coryphaena  hippuris, 
Linn.),  a  teleostean  fish,  celebrated  for 
swiftness  and  the  brilliant  colors  which  it 
assumes  in  succession  in  the  act  of  d}ing. 
In  Greek  antiq.  a  ponderous  mass  of  metal 
suspended  i^-om  the  yard  arm  of  a  vessel 
ana  suddenly  let  down  upon  an  enemy's 
ships.  Naut.,  a  spar  or  buoy  made  fast  to 
an  anchor,  to  enable  vessels  to  rido  by  It. 
A  mooring  post  placed  at  the  entrance  of 
a  dock 

Bom,  dam,  A  title  In  the  middle  ages 
given  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards  to  R. 
C.  dignitaries  and  some  monastic  orders. 
In  Portugal  and  Brazil,  universally  given 
to  the  higher  classes. 

Bom-boc,  'bok.     Lit.  doom-book;  the 
book  of  laws,  now  lost,  compiled  under 
the  direction  of  King  Alft-ed,  and  contain 
ing  the  local  customs  of  the  several  prov- 
inces of  the  kingdom. 
Bomenichino.    A  distinguished  Italian 
painter,  b.  1581,  d.  1641.    His  true  name 
was  Donnico  Zampierl.    His  "  CJommun 
ion  of  St.  Jerome."  in  the  Vatican,  is  con 
sidered  among  tae  finest  works  of  the 
Masters. 

Dominican, -an.  A 
member  of  a  religious 
order,  instituted  in 
1216  at  Toulouse, 
TVance,  under  the 
name  of  Freres 
pr§cheurs(Predicants 
or  Preaching  Breth- 
ren or  Friars),  by 
Dominic  de  Gusman 
(afterwards  St.  Dom- 
inic), with  the  spe- 
cial purpose  of  com- 
bating the  doctrines 
of  the  Albigenses, 
against  which  this  _^ 
saint  contended  with  Si 
great  zeal.  They  took 
a  vow  of  poverW,  re- 
ceiving in  1272  theBominioan  or  Black 


privileges  of  a  mendi-  Friar, 

cant    order.      Origi- 
nally they  were  black  fiiars,  but  subse- 
quently they  adopted  a  white  serge  tunio, 


with  a  black  cloak  and  pointed  cap  of  the 
same  color.  In  Prance  they  were  called 
Jacobins.  They  figure  prominently  in  the 
liistory  of  the  inquisition,  and  a  member 
of  the  order  is  alwi^s  master  of  the  Vati- 
can, the  interpreter  of  Scripture,  and  cen- 
sor of  books.  One  of  an  order  of  clois- 
tered nuns  founded  by  St.  Dominie  in 
1206.  One  of  an  order  of  knights  founded 
in  1224  also  by  St  Dominic  for  the  express 
purpose  of  making  war  on  heretics,  and 
who  called  themselves  the  knights  or  sol- 
diery of  Christ 

Dominica.  One  of  the  leeward  group 
of  W.  I.  Islands,  belonging  to  Gt  Britain ; 
discovered  by  Colxmibus,  1498.  Area  26  by 
16m.;  pop.  28,000 ;  cap.  Roseau. 
Dominical,  dd-minak-al.  That  which 
notes  the  Lord^s  day  or  Sunday.  Relat- 
ing to  our  Lord ;  as,  the  dominical  prayer. 
D.  letter,  one  of  the  seven  letters,  A,  B, 
0,  D,  E,  F,  G,  used  in  almanacs,  &c.,  to 
mark  the  Sundays  throughout  the  year. 
Dominicide,  do-min'l-sld.  The  act  of 
murdering  a  master.  One  who  kills  hia 
master. 

Domino,  dom'i-nd.  A  hood  or  cape  for- 
merly worn  In  winter  by  priests  when  ofl3.- 
ciating  in  cold  edifices.  A  hood  worn  by 
canons  of  cathedral  churches  in  Italy.  A 
mourning  veil  formerly  worn  by  women. 
A  masquerade  dress  worn  by  ladies  and 
gentlemen.  A  half-mask  formerly  worn 
by  ladies  as  a  partial  disguise.  A  lerson 
wearing  a  doniino.  A  game  playe<^  with 
twenty-eight  pieces  of  ivory  or  bone ;  also 
one  of  the  pieces. 

Domitianxis,  Titus  Flavins 
Augnstos,  do-mish-c-u'nus.  An  in 
famous  Emperor  of  Rome,  brother  of  Ti- 
tus, B.  abt  85  A.  P.,  reigned  from  81  to 
96,  and  was  murdered  ^iih  the  complicity 
of  his  wife. 

Don,  don.  A  title  in  Spain,  formerly 
given  to  noblemen  and  gentlemen  only, 
but  now  common  to  all  classes.  Any  per- 
son of  high  importance  or  leading  position. 
A  fellow  or  officer  of  a  college. 
Don.  One  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  rising  In  the  govt,  of  Tula, 
and  emptying  into  the  Sea  of  Azof ;  length 
abt90()m. 

DonatellO.  A  famous  Italian  sculptor ; 
B.  1888,  D.  1466. 

Donatist,  'at-lst.  One  of  a  body  of  AM- 
can  schismatics  of  the  4th  century,  so 
named  from  their  founder  Donatus,  bish- 
op of  Casa  Nigra  in  Numidia,  who  taught 
that  though  Christ  was  of  the  same  sub- 
stance with  the  Father,  yet  that  he  was 
less  than  the  Father,  that  the  Catholic 


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275 


DORinCK 


Chnroli  was  not  infiillible,  but  had  eiT«d 
and  become  practically  extinct,  and  that 
he  was  to  be  the  restorer  of  It. 

Bonauwerth,  don'on-yaht.  A  village 
of  Bayaria,  on  the  Danube,  24  m.  from 
AugsbOTg,  noted  for  the  victory,  1704, 
gained  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  over 
the  Bavarians ;  also  for  the  defeat,  1805,  of 
the  French  under  Marshal  Sonlt  by  the 
Germans. 

Bonoaster.  A  town  in  York  Co.  (W. 
Riding),  England,  noted  for  its  race- 
course ;  pop.  14,182. 

BoneenElL  The  N.  W.  co.  of  Ireland,  in 
prov.  Ulster ;  area  1,865  sq.  m.;  cap.  Bal- 
lyshannon ;  pop.  220,486. 

Donizetti,  Oaetano,  da  nid-2dt'te.  An 
eminent  Italian  musical  composer;  b. 
1798,  D.  1848. 

Donjon,  'jon.  The  principal  towor  of  a 
castle,  into  which  the  garrison  could  re- 
treat in  case  of  necessity.  Its  lower  part 
was  commonly  used  as  a  prison. 

Donkey,  dong^e.  An 
ass.  A  stupid  or  ob- 
stinate and  wrong- 
headed  fellow. 


Donkey. 


Donkey- e  n  sr  i  n  e , 

-en-iin.  A  small  steam- 
engine  used  where  no 
great  power  isrequlr- 
ed.  In  steam-vessels,  &c,  they  are  sup- 
plied with  steam  from  the  main  engine, 
and  are  used  for  pumping  water  into  the 
boilers,  raising  heavy  weights,  &c. 

Dooly,  do-li.  In  the  E.  Indies  a  bamboo 
chair,  carried  on  men's  shoulders  by 
poles,  used  for  convejring  persons,  espe- 
cially the  sick ;  a  palanquin  ;  a  litter. 

Doomsday,  dOmz'da.  The  day  of  final 
Judgment.  A  day  of  sentence  or  condem- 
nation. 

Doomsday-book,  -bnk.  A  book  com- 
piled by  order  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
containing  a  survey  of  all  the  lands  in 
England. 

Door-case,  'kas.  Tlie  frame  which  in- 
closes a  door,  and  in  which  it  swings ;  a 
door-frame. 

Dor,  dor.  The  black-beetle  or  Geotrupes 
stercorarius,  sec.  ArenicolsB  or  sand- 
dwellers,  tribe  ScarabaeidiD. 

Dorado,  dO-ruMo.  A  southern  constel- 
lation, containing  6  stars,  called  also  Xiph- 
ias.  A  large  fish,  gen.  Coryphaena,  re- 
sembling the  dolphin  of  the  ancients. 

Dore,  Paul  Giistav,  do-ra.  A  distin- 
guished French  artist  and  engraver;  b. 


Doree,    re. 

A    popular 
name  of  the 
acanthop- 
t  e  rygio  u  s 
fish      Zeus 
Faber  type  > 
of  the  fam.  '^ 
Zeidffi. 
D  o  r  i  a, 
Andrea, 
dO're-a.     A 
distinguish- 


Doree. 


ed  Genoese ;  b.  1468,  j>.  1560.  He  belonged 
to  a  femily  which  gave  his  native  city  sev- . 
eral  doges  and  admirals,  and  was  the  ablest 
naval  commander  of  the  age,  command- 
ing both  the  French  and  German  fleets. 

Doric,  dor'ik.  Per-  f 
taining  to  Doris  or 
the  Dorians  inGreece. 
D.  order  in  Arch., the  old- 
est, strongest  and  sim- 
plest of  the  three  orders 
of  Grecian  architecture, 
and  the  second  of  the 
Roman.  The  language 
of  the  Dorians  ;  a  Greek 
dialect  characterized  by 
its  broadness  and  hard- 
ness; hence,  applied  to 
any  dialect  with  similar 
characteristics,  especial- 
ly to  the  Scottish. 

I>orid8B,  do'ri-dc.  The 
sea-lemons,  a  ftim.  of 
naked-gille<l  marine  gas- 
teropod  mollusks. 

Doris,    'ris.      A   small, 
planet   or   asteroid    be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter.    The  typi- 
cal gen.  of  the  DoridaB. 

Doris.  In  Myth,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and 
Tethys,  and  mother  of  the  50  Nereides  by 
her  brother  Nereus.  She  was  worshipped 
as  the  patron  of  sea-goers. 

Dorkingr,  dork'ing.  A  species  of  barn- 
door fowl,  distinguished  oy  having  five 
claws  on  each  foot. 

Doniach.  A  historic  village  of  Switzer- 
land, 20  m.  from  Soleure,  the  scene  of  the 
decisive  defeat  of  the  Austrians,  1^W9, 
which  secured  the  independence  of  the 
country ;  pop.  8,782. 

Domick,  'nlk.  A  figured  linen  of  stout 
flabric,  principally  used  for  table-doths. 
It  is  the  most  simple  in  pattern  of  all  va- 
rieties of  diaper  or  damasK  style.  Also  a 
coarse  sort  of  damask  used  for  carpets, 
hangings,  &c. 


Grecian  Doric 
Order. 


Digitized  by 


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DO&VEB-WINDO'W 


276 


DOUBLET 


Bormer-window,  dor^mer-vrln-dd.    A 


lyormer-wlndow. 
^rliidow  Btanding  vertically  on  a  sloping 
root 

Dormitory,  'ini-to-rL  A  place  or  room 
to  sleep  in  ;  spedfically,  a  ^Jlery  in  con- 
vents divided  into  several  cells  wnere  the 
inonksor  nans  sleep. 

Dormouse,  'mons.    The  popnlar  name 


»P^' 


Common  Dormouse, 
of  the  several  species  of  Myoxus,  a  gen. 
of  Mammalia,  ord.  Eodentia.    The  dor- 
mice pass  the  winter  in  a  lethargic  or  tor- 
pid state. 

Dorpat,  ddr'pa.  A  city  of  Livonia,  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  seat  of  a  famous  univer- 
sity, founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
1682,  and  restored  by  Alexander  I.,  1802; 
pop.  28,249. 

Dorsel,  'sel.  A  pannier  for  a  beast  of 
burden.  A  kind  of  woolen  stuff.  A  rich 
canopy  or  curtain  at  the  back  of  a  throne 
or  chair  of  state. 

bort  (Dordricht).  One  of  the  oldest 
cities  of  Holland,  on  an  island  in  the 
Meuse,  abt.  10  m.  from  Botterdam.  Not- 
ed as  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  first  as- 
sembly, lo72,ofthe  States  of  Holland,  after 
their  release  from  Spanish  domination  ;fiJ- 
BO, for  the  meeting  of  the  celebrated  Synod, 
1618-19,  which  approved  the  Calvfidstic 
doctrine  and  rejected  Armlnlanism :  pop. 
27,800.  '  *^* 

Dosithean,  do-sith'e-an.  One  of  »n  an- 
cient met  of  SamaritaBs,  o  called  from 


their  founder,  Dositheus,  a  oontempoi^ii 
and  associate  of  Simon  Magus,  in  &•  ui 
century  of  the  Christian  era.  They  reject- 
ed the  authority  of  the  prophets,  Delieved 
in  the  divine  inspiration  of^Uieir  founder, 
and  had  many  superstitious  practices. 

Dot,,  dot.  The  fortune  or  dowry  a  wo- 
man brings  her  husband  on  her  marriage. 

Dotterel,  dot'ter-el.  Charadrius  morl- 
nellus,  a  graUatorial  bird,  a  species  of  plov- 
er.   A  booby  ;  a  dupe ;  a  gulL 

Doiiay  Bible,  do'a  bl'bl.  An  EngHsh 
translation  of  the  Scriptures  sanctioned 
by  the  R.  C.  Church,  of  which  the  New 
Testament  was  first  printed  at  Rheims  in 
1582,  and  the  Old  at  Donay  in  1609-10. 

Double-bass,  dubl-bas.  The  largest 
musical  instrument  of  the  viol  kind. 

Double-crown,  -kroun.  An  English 
gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  James  I.,  of  the 
value  of  lOs.,  afterward  raised  to  lis. 

Double-eagrle,  -e-gl.  A  gold  coin  of 
the  U.  8.,  worth  $20.  The  representa- 
tion of  an  eagle  with  two  heads,  as  in  the 
national  arms  of  Russia. 

Double-q'jiick,  -kwik.  MiUt,  the  quick- 
est step  next  to  the  run,  consisting  of  166 
steps  in  the  minute. 

Double-star,  -st^r.  Two  sta-s  so  near 
each  other  that  they  are  distinguishable 
only  by  the  help  of  a  telescope. 

Doublet,  'let,  A  close-fitting  gar- 
ment, covering  the  body  fkrom  the  neck  fo 


Doublet, 
a  little  below  the  waist.    One  of  a  pair. 
In  lapidary  work,  a  counterfeit  stone  com- 
posed of  two  pieces  of  of  stal,  with  a  cot 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOtTBLE-VAtJLT 


277 


BOWltY 


or  between.  In  printing,  a  word  or 
phrase  unintentionaJly  set  up  the  second 
nme.    A  simple  form  of  microscope. 

Double-vault,  '1-valt.  In  Arch,  one 
yaalt  built  over  another,  with  a  space 
between  the  conyexity  of  the  one  and  the 
concavity  of  the  other. 

Doubloon,  dflb-lon'.  A  gold  coin  of 
Spain,  and  the  Spanish  American  States, 
originally  double  the  value  of  the  pistole. 
The  doubloon  of  Spain  is  of  100  reals.  The 
double  doubloon,  xalled  also  onza,  is  of 
820  reals,  or  16  hard  dollars. 

Doubs,  doob.  A  dept.  of  Prance,  border- 
ing Switzerland,  with  the  Jura  Mountains 
on  the  E.    Cap.  Besanyon  ;  pop.  801,687. 

Done,  dok.  A  gen.  of  catarhiuo  or  Old 
World  monkeys,  remarkable  for  varied 
and  brilliant  colors. 

Douche,  doBh.  A  jet  or  current  of  water 
or  vapor  directed  upon  some  part  of  the 
body. 

D  o  u  13a 
Palm,  t^ilm 
pfim.  A  pulm- 
tree,HyphjVfno 
thebaioa.  Tlio 
fruit  is  aU>ut 
the  size  of  mi 
apple,  and  \i&& 
a  fibrous, 
mealv  rin(l» 
which  ta^utti 
like  giiigi^r- 
bread.  An  i.ti- 
fhsion  of  ititi 
rind  is  usih]  u& 
'  a  cooling  Im'v- 
erage.  T  h  a 
seed  is  hcimvt 
and  is  iiijuli' 
into  small  or 
n  a  m  e  n  t  s  . 
K  o  p  e  8  11  r  *^ 
made  of  the  li- 
bers of  the  leaf 
stalks. 

Douflrlas,  dfig'l&s.  A  Scotch  baronial 
house  of  ancient  and  brilliant  fame,  do- 
Boended  from  Sir  James,  the  bosom  friend 
of  King  Bobert  Bruce.  They  were  long 
known  as  the  **  King  Makers  of  Scotland.*' 
Archibald,  5th  earl  of  Angus,  surnamed 
*'  The  Great,"  led  10,000  of  his  clan  to  the 
field  of  Flodden,  1M4,  and  was  killed  with 
6  of  his  sons. 

Don«rla8,  Stephen  Arnold.  An 
American  statesman,  n.  in  Yt.  1818,  d. 
1861.  He  represented  Illinois  in  both 
branches  of  the  U.  S.  Congress,  defeating 
Abraham  lincoln  in  a  memorable  contest 


Doum  Fahn. 


for  the  Senate,  1859.  Defeated  for  the 
regular  Democratic  nomination  for  the 
Presidency,  1860,  he  was  nominated  by  a 
convention  of  seceding  Democrats,  and 
received  nearly  as  many  popular  votes  as 
his  successful  competitor,  Mr.  Lincoln. 

Douro,  doo'ro.  A  river  which  rises  in 
Aragon,  Spain,  traverses  Portugal,  and 
empties  into  tne  Atlantic  near  Oporto ; 
length  400  m. 

Douroucoull,  d5-r5-ko-li.  The  native 
name  of  a  curious  S.  American  monkey. 

Dove,  duv.  A  name  sometimes  ex- 
tended, as  that  of  pigeon,  to  the  whole 
fara.  of  CoIuml>idR>,  sometiines  restricted 
to  the  gen.  Colnmba. 

Dover.  A  seaport  of  Kent  Co. ,  England, 
66  m.  S.  K.  of  London,  opposite  Calais, 
Franco,  with  which  daily  communication 
is  maintained.  The  castle  is  supposed  to 
be  almost  impregnable ;  pop.  81,241. 

Dover.  Cap.  of  the  State  of  Delaware, 
in  Kent  Co.,  6  m.  W.  of  Delaware  Bay : 
pop.  2,811.  D.  in  N.  H.,  cap.  of  Strafford 
tk).,  on  the  river  Cocheoo,  the  oldest  town 
in  the  State,  founded  1628 ;  pop.  11,687. 

Dover,  Straits  of.  The  channel  sep- 
arating France  and  England,  and  connect- 
ing the  English  Channel  a  d  German 
Ocean  or  North  Sea;  average  width 22  m. 

Dou  (Douw),  Oerard,  d6w.  A  dis- 
tinguished Dutch  genre  painter ;  b.  1618  ; 
D.1680. 

Dowagrer,  dou'a-jer.  In  law,  a  widow 
endowed  or  enjoying  a  jointure.  A  title 
given  to  a  widow  of  rank  to  distinguish 
her  from  the  wife  of  her  husbimd^s  heir 
bearing  the  same  name.  The  widow  of  a 
king  is  called  queen  dowager. 

Dowdy,  'di.  An  awkward,  ill-dressed, 
inelegant,  slovenly  woman  ;  a  trollop. 

Dowel,  'el.    A  pin      ^^  j» 
or   tenon    used    in   ^  • 
joining  together  two  / 
pieces  of  anv  sub-  / 
stance.    A  piece  of  I  ' 

wood  driven  into  a  \ 
wall  to  receive  nails  V 
of  skirtings,  Ac.  xj 

^IS">^^vJ"w«l'    Barrell^joined 

A  web-footed   binl,         ^    Dowels. 

the  black  guillemot.  "^  a^wwc«». 

Dover's-powder,  dS'verz-pou-der.    A 

compound   of  ipecacuanha,    opium   and 

sulphate  of  potasn. 
Down.    A  CO.  in  Ulster,  N.  E.  Ireland^ 

traversed  by  the  Moume  Mountains ;  cap. 

Downpatrick ;  pop.  275,891. 
Dowry,  dou'ri.    The  money,  goods,  or 

estate  which  a  woman  brings  to  her  hus- 


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DRAKE 


Land  in  marriage.  The  reward  paid  for  a 
-wife.    A  fortune  given ;  a  gift 

Doxoloery,  dok»-oVo-)i.  In  Christian 
worship  a  short  hymn  In  praise  of  the 
Almighty  sang  or  chanted  at  the  close  of 
service. 

Doxy,  '1.  A  mistress ;  a  paramour  ;  a 
prostitute. 

Dozen,  duz'en.  A  cf»llection  of  twelve 
things  of  a  like  kind. 

Drab,  drab.  A  woolen  cloth  of  a  dim  or 
dull-brown  color.  A  dull  brownish-yel- 
low color. 

Dracasna,  dra-se'na.  A  gen.  of  endoge- 
nous, evei^een  trees,  ord.  Liliacete.  It 
includes  only  the  dragon-tree  of  Teneriffe, 


celebrated  for  producing  the  rosin  called 
dragon's-blood,  and  for  the  ago  and  im- 
mense proportions  of  an  individual  at  Or- 
otava,  destroyed  by  a  hurricane  in  1867, 
which  was  48  ft.  in  circumference,  and  70 
ft.  high  in  1402.  It  was  hollow  inside  and 
ascended  by  a  staircase. 

Drachenfels,  The,  drfik'kn-f(51z.  A  ro- 
mantic summit  of  the  Siebengebirge  range 
of  mountains,  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the 
Rhine  near  Bonn. 

Drachma,  drak'ma.  A  Grecian  coin, 
having  a  different  value  in  different  states 
at  different  times.  A  weight  among  the 
Greeks  of  about  2  dwt.  7  gr.  troy. 

Draco,  dra'ko.  The  Dragon,  a  constella- 
tion of  the  northern  hemisphere,  contain- 
ing 80  stars.  The  star  Gamma  Draconis 
is  used  in  determining  the  coeffloient  of 
aberration  of  the  fixed  stars.  Aluminous 
exh^tion  from  marshy  grounds.  A  gen. 
of  reptiles. 

Draco.  The  first  lawgiver  of  Athens, 
whose  code  was  published  628  b.  o.  The 
laws  were  severe,  and  popularly  said  to 
have  been  written  in  blood. 


FlyiUjij  Dri^foii. 


Drafirantine,  dra-gan'tin.  A  mucilage 
obtained  from  gom-tragacanth. 

Drasoman,  'gOdman.  An  interpreter 
and  traveler's  guide  or  agent;  an  inter- 
preter attached  to  an  embassy  or  con- 
sulate: a  term  in  general  use  among 
travelers  in  the  East. 

Dra^rou,  'fni. 
In      M}  IL,    u   J,' 
fjitniT(Hsfi.     tm-    '■'• 
lijjiil,  a  FHart  of  .;  ;J 
wi[itj'j.'(|i  en  ICO-  .'  -  ' 
d^JiS^titli  fleiy 

Lc^ul,  mill  ffu- 

ormimRolaws 
HjifPiitiujtr  firt% 
nnil  rijijsidL^r-( 
ii\  I  hi  I  rally  j 
ttiLi  oiDbodU 
HI  nil  t  of  ti^il, 
of      jntkUrlotJii 

'\\  lii.utLfllllJe#^ 

and  oppres- 
sion. The  slaying  of  the  dragon  by  St. 
George  is  probably  an  allegory  to  expresf 
the  triumph  of  the  Christian  hero  ovei 
evil.  A  gen.  of  saurians(  Draco),  small 
and  inoffensive.  Draco  volans,  the  best 
type  of  the  gen., is  10  to  12  inches  in  length, 
the  tail  being  long  in  proportion  to  the 
body,  which  is  not  above  4  inches.  A 
fiery,  shooting  meteor,  or  imaginary  ser- 
pent. A  spiteful,  watchful  woman ;  a 
duenna.  A  constellation  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  An  ancient  short  carbine. 
In  Bot.  the  popular  name  of  a  gen.  of 
apetalous  plants,  Dracontium.  A  race  of 
carrier  pigeons  of  the  same  stock  as  the 
Persian  and  Bagdad  carrier.  In  Scrip, 
dragon  sometimes  signifies  a  lai^e  fish  or 
serpent,  and  sometimes  a  venomous  land 
serpent.    It  is  also  nsed  for  the  devil. 

Draeronade,  dr^-on-fid'.  One  of  a  series 
of  persecutions  or  French  Protestants  in 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  which  drove 
thousands  of  Protestants  out  of  France. 

Dragron-fly,  -fii.  The  popular  name  of 
a  fam.  of  insects,  LibellulidiB.  They  are 
strong,  swift  of  fiight  and  voracious. 

Dragroon,  dra-gon.  A  cavahy  soldier. 
A  kind  of  pigeon. 

Drain-trap,  'trap.      A  contrivance  to 

Ere  vent  the  escape  of  foul  air  ftom  drains, 
ut  to  allow  the  passage  of  water  into 
them. 

Drake,  drak.  The  male  of  the  duck.  The 
silver  shilling  of  the  reign  of  Queen  EUza- 
b(^th,  having  a  martiet,  popularly  called 
a  drake,  as  the  mint-mark.  A  species  of 
fly  used  in  angling. 


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JDBILL 


Xhrake,  Francis,  Sir.  A  distinguished 
English  naval  oommander;  b.  1540,  d. 
1695.  He  circamnavigated  the  glohe 
under  a  commission  against  the  Spaniards, 
Aestroying  many  vessels  and  capturing 
Immense  hooty  in  Spanish  Amenca ;  in 
15S7  he  commanded  the  fleet  which  de- 
stroyed over  100  ships  at  Cadiz,  breaking 
up  a  contemplated  invasion  of  England. 
He  was  made  vice-admiral,  and  com- 
manded in  the  battle,  1588,  which  destroy- 
ed the  Spanish  Armada. 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardiner.  An  Amer- 
ican antiquary  and  author ;  b.  in  N.  H., 
1798,  D.  1877.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
interesting  works  on  the  Indians  of  N. 
America. 

Drama,  dra'ma.  A  poem  or  composition 
representing  a  picture  of  human  life,  and 
accommodated  to  action  ;  a  play  or  opera. 

Dramatis  personsB,  dram'a-tis  per- 
sd'ng.    Thecharactersinaplay. 

DranesviUe'.  A  village  of  FairfkxGo., 
Va.,  17  m.  W.  of  "Washington,  the  scene 
ofa  stubborn  battle,  1861,  between  4,000 
Union  troops  under  Gen.  Reynolds,  and 
2,500  Confederates  under  Qen.  Stuart,  the 
former  being  victorious. 

Draper,  John  William.  A  disthi- 
guished  chemist,  physiologist  and  author; 
B.  in  England,  1811;  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Penn.,  became  a  professor 
in  Hamden-Sydney  College,  Va.,  after- 
ward in  the  N.  Y.  College.  He  was  au- 
thor of  several  standard  scientific  works, 
and  also  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Amer- 
ican Civil  War."    D.  1884. 

Praugrhtsman,  drafts'man.  A  man 
who  draws  writings  or  designs. 

Drave,  drav.  A  river  of  E.  Europe,  one 
of  the  largest  affluents  of  the  Danube.  It 
rises  in  the  Tyrol,  flows  through  Austria 
and  Hungary,  and  empties  into  the  Dan- 
ube near  Essig;  length,  750  m. 

Dravidian,  dra-vid'i-an.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Dravlda,  an  old  province  of  India ; 
sf^flcally,  applied  to  a  family  of  tongues 
spoken  in  8.  India,  Ceylon,  &c.  It  in- 
cludes Tamil,  Telugu,  Canarese  and  Mal- 
abar. 

Drawbridgre,  'brij.  A  bridge  which 
may  be  drawn  up  or  let  down  to  admit 
or  hinder  communication,  as  before  the 
gate  of  a  town  or  castle  or  over  a  naviga- 
ble rivfflr. 

Drawee,  -e'.  The  person  on  whom  an^ 
order  or  bill  of  exchange  is  drawn. 

Drawer,  'er.  He  who  draws  a  bill  of  ex- 
change or  an  order  for  the  payment  of 
money.    A  sliding  box  in  a  table,  desk, 


Ac.  An  undergarment  worn  on  the  legs 
and  lower  part  of  the  body.  Chest  ol 
drawers,  a  case  of  sliding  boxes. 

"Drawing^  'ing^  The  act  of  representing 
the  appearance  or  figures  ofoblectson  a 
plain  surihce,  by  means  of  lines  and 
shades,  as  with  a  pencil,  compasses,  Ae. 
The  distribution  of  prizes  and  blanks  in  a 
lottery. 

Drawingr-room,  -r5m.  A  room  appro- 
priated for  the  reception  of  company  ;  a 
room  in  which  distinguished  personages 
hold  levees,  or  private  persons  receive 
parties.  The  company  assembled  in  such 
room.  The  formal  reception  of  evening 
company  at  a  court,  or  by  persons  in  high 
station.  The  apartment  in  an  engineer's 
shop  where  patterns  and  plans  are  pre- 
pared. 

Drawlngr-slate,  -slat.  A  fine-grained 
compact  clay,  usually  found  in  connection 
with  metamorphic  rock,  as  clay-slate, 
gneiss,  &c.  It  is  sometimes  called  bl^k- 
chalk. 

Draw-link,  'lingk.  A  link  for  conrect- 
ing  two  carriages  of  a  train  together. 

Dray,  dra.  A  low  cart  or  carriage  on 
heavy  wheels.  A  sledge.  A  rude  cart 
without  wheels. 

Dredginff-machine,  'ing-ma-shdn.  A 
machine  used  to  deepen  rivers,  docks,  &c. 

Drepano,Oaiie  (Drepannm).  A  head- 
land on  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  near  which  the 
Carthaginians  defeated  the  Romans  in  a 
naval  battie,  249  b.  o. 

Dresden.  Cap.  of  the  Kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, Germany ;  on  both  sides  the  Elbe, 
70  m.  8.  E.  of  Leipzig.  Noted  for  its  mag> 
nificent  palaces  and  its  picture  gallery; 
also  for  one  of  Napoleon's  greatest  victo- 
ries, with  131,000  men,  over  the  allied 
Prussian,  Austrian  and  Russian  armies, 
numbering  150,000,  under  Prince  Schwart- 
zenberg,  Aug.  26-27, 1818  ;  pop.  208,640. 

Dress-coat,  ^6t.  A  coat  with  narrow 
pointed  tails ;  a  swallow-tailed  coat,  which 
gentlemen  wear  at  fUll-dress  parties, 
operas,  &c. 

Dresser,  'er.  A  side-board ;  a  table  on 
which  meat,  Ac,  ai*e  prepared  for  use; 
also,  a  cupboard  or  set  of  shelves  for 
cooking  utensils. 

Dressingr-case,  -kas.  A  box  contain- 
ing requisites  for  the  toilet. 

Drill,  dril.  A  pointed  instrument  used 
for  boring  holes ;  a  boring  tool  that  cuts 
its  way  as  it  revolves.  The  act  of  train- 
ing soldiers.  In  Agri.  a  row  of  seeds  de- 
posited in  the  eartii ;  also,  the  trench  or 
channel  in  which  the  grain  or  seed  is  de- 


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t>EltL-feOW 


tyUOPDlBLILL 


posited.  A  machine  for  sowing  seeds  in 
regular  rows.  A  coarse  linen  or  cotton 
cloth;  drilling. 

DriU-bcw,  'bo.  A  small  bow,  generally 
made  of  a  thin  slip  of  steel,  used  for  the 
purpose  of  rapidly  turning  a  drill. 

Drill-liarrow,  ^la-ro.  A  small  harrow 
employed  in  drill  husbandry. 

Drill-press,  'pres.  A  machine  armed 
with  one  or  more  drills  for  boring  holes  in 
metal,  and  designated  as  vertical,  horizon- 
tal or  universal. 

DriU-sergreant, 'sar-Jant  A  non-com- 
missioned officer  who  instructs  soldiers  in 
their  duties  and  trains  them  to  military 
movements. 

Drink,  dringk.  Liquor  to  be  swallowed; 
any  fluid  to  be  taken  into  the  stomach  for 
quenching  thirst  or  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses;  a  draught  of  liquor ;  a  potion.  In- 
toxicating liquors,  or  the  practice  of  tak- 
ing such  liquors  to  excess. 

Drinker-moth,  'er-moth.  The  Odo- 
nestis  potatoria. 

Drinking-horn,  'ing-hom.  A  horn  an- 
ciently used  as  a  drinking-vessel.  A  cup 
or  goblet  made  of  horn,  used  at  the  pres- 
ent day. 

Drip-stone, 

drip'ston.  In 
Arch,  a  pro- 
jecting mold- 
ing or  cornice 
over  door- 
ways,  win- 
dows, Ac.,  to 
throw  off 
the  rain.  It 
is  also  called 
a  weather 
molding,  and  label  when  it  is  turned 
square.  A  filtering-stone,  familiarly  so 
called  by  seamen. 

Driver-ant,  driv'er-ant.  Anomma  ar- 
cens,  a  singular  AlHcan  species,  so  named 
ih)m  its  driving  before  it  almost  every  an- 
imal that  comes  in  its  way. 

Drivingr-spriner,  'ing-spring.  The 
spring  fixed  upon  the  box  of  the  driving- 
axle  of  a  locomotive  engine. 

Drivingr-wheel,  -wh€I.  A  wheel  that 
communicates  motion  to  another  or  to 
others.  The  large  wheel  in  a  locomotive 
engine  which  is  ftxed  upon  the  crank-axle 
or  main  shaft. 

Drog,  Drogrue,  drog.  A  buoy  attached 
to  the  end  of  a  harpoon  line. 

Drogrer,  Drogrher,  drd'ger.  A  small 
W.  Indian  coasting  ^aft. 


Drip-stone. 


Drogrheda,  drawh'he-d&.  An  Irish  sea- 
port, on  the  Boyne,  80  m.  N.  of  DubHn ; 
pop.  16,800. 

Drome,  drdm.  A  B.  E.  dept  of  France ; 
area  2,519  sq.  m. ;  cap.  Grenoble ;  pop. 
880,682. 

Dromedary,  dmrn'o-da-ri.  A  species 
of  oamel,  called  also  the  Arabian  camel 


Dromedary. 
(Gamelus  dromedarius),  with  one  hump 
or  protuberance  on  the  back.  In  distinc- 
tion from  the  Bactrian  camel,  which  has 
two. 

Dromiid89,  drom-I'i-dd.  A  Dun.  of 
brachyurous  crustaceans,  of  which  Dro- 
mia  is  the  type. 

Drone,  dron.  The  male  of  the  honey- 
bee, smallw  than  the  qneen-bee,  but  larger 


Drone-bee. 
than  the  working-bee.  The  drones  make 
no  honey,  but  after  living  a  few  weeks 
and  Impregnating  the  queen  they  are 
killed  or  driven  from  the  hive.  An  idler ; 
a  sluggard.  A  humming  or  low  sound. 
The  largest  tube  of  the  bagpipe,  which 
emits  the  key-note  of  the  scale. 
Drongro,  drong'go.  The  name  of  a  gen. 
of  fly-catching  bfrds  (Edolius). 

Dropaz,  dro'paks.  A  preparation  for 
removing  hair  from,  the  skin ;  a  depila- 
tory. 

Drop-drill,  drop'dril.  In  Agri.  an  ag- 
ricultural implement  which  drops  seed 
and  manure  into  the  soil  simultaneously. 


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281 


DBTADS 


Dropping'-bottle,  'ing-bot-tl.  An  in- 
strament  for  supplytng  small  qoantities  of 
water  to  test  tubes,  £o. ;  an  edoloorator. 

Drosky,  drosld.  A  light  four-wheeled 
carriage  used  in  Bussiaand PrussiA.    The 


Drosky. 
drosky  proper  consists  of  a  long  narrow 
bench,  on  which  passengers  ride  as  on  a 
saddle,  but  the  name  is  now  applied  to  va- 
rious vehicles,  as  to  the  common  oab  of 
German  dtiea,  Ao. 

Drosometer,  dro-som'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  dew 
that  condenses  on  a  body  exposed  to  the 
open  air  during  the  night. 

Brouet,  Jean  BapUste,  Oonnt 
d'Erlon,  droo'a.  A  French  marshal ; 
B.  1765,  D.  1844.  He  fought  at  Jena  and 
Waterloo,  and  was  governor-general  of 
Algeria,  1884. 

Drow,  dron.  In  Zetland  superstition,  a 
diminutive  elfish  race  residing  in  hills  and 
caverns,  onrioos  artificers  in  iron  and  pre- 
cious metals. 

Drudgre,  dnri.  One  who  works  hard  or 
labors  with  toil  and  Iktigue ;  one  who  la- 
bors hard  in  servile  employment ;  a 
shive.  Whisky  in  its  raw  state,  as  used 
in  the  manuikcture  of  alcohol. 

tea^,  drug.  Any  substance,  vegetable, 
animal  or  mineral,  used  in  the  composi- 
tion of  medicines;  any  ingredient  used  in 
chemical  preparations  employed  in  the 
arts.  Any  commodity  that  is  not  sal- 
able.   A  mortal  or  deadly  drug,  poison. 

Drofinpet.  'get  A  cloth  of  wool,  or  wool 
and  thread,  used  for  covering  carpets,  and 
also  as  an  ariide  of  clothing. 

Druid,  drn'id.  A  priest  among  the  an- 
cient Celtic  nations.  They  possessed 
some  knowledge  of  the  natural  sciences, 
superintended  the  afiairs  of  religion  and 
acted  as  Judges.  They  venerated  the 
mistletoe  when  growing  on  the  oak,  a 
tree  which  wasesteemeid  sacred.  They 
had  a  common  superior,  elected  by  votes 
from  their  own  number,  who  enjoyed  his 
dignity  for  life.  A  member  of  a  beneficiary 
Older  founded  in  London  about  1780,  now 


counting  numerous  lodges  or  groves  in 
Europe,  America  and  Australia. 

DmideM, -«s.    A  female  druid. 

Drum,  drum.  A  martial  instrument  of 
music  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  cylinder  of 
wood  or  brass,  covered  at  the  ends  with 
vellum. 

Dmza.  A  Geltio  word  signifying  a  round 
knoll,  a  ridge,  a  small  hill.  It  enters  into 
the  composition  of  many  ^ace-names,  as 
Drumcondra,  Drumglass,  Drumoak,  and 
is  frequently  found  alone  as  the  name  of  a 
former  village. 

Draxn-flAh,  'fish.  The  popular  name  uf 
a  gen.  of  fishes  (Pogonias),  named  from 
the  extraordinary  noise  they  make  under 
water.  Called  for  the  same  reason  Grunts. 

Dmnunond  Liflrlit,  'mond  lit.  A  very 
intense  light  produced  by  turning  two 
streams  of  gas,  one  of  oxygen  and  tho 
other  of  hydrogen,  in  a  state  of  ignition, 
upon  a  ball  of  Ume.  Called  also  oxycakdum 
light,  lime-baU  light,  lime  light. 

Drunkard,  drungk'erd.  One  given  to 
an  excessive  use  of  strong  liquor ;  a  per- 
son who  habitually  or  frequently  is  drunk . 

Drupe,  drop.  In  Hot.  a 
stone  ituit;  as  the  plum, 
cherry,  apricot  and  peach. 
The  stone  inolosinfi^  the  kernel 
is  called  the  endooarp,  the 
pulpy  or  succulent  port  the 
mesocarp. 

Druses,  drd'z(Sz.  A  curious 
people  of  mixed  Syrian  and 
Arabian  origin,  inhabiting  the 
mountains  of  Lebanon  audi 
Anti-Libanus.  in  whoso  fidthi 
are  combinea  the  doctrinesl 
of  the  Pentateuch,  tho  tenets* 
of  Christianity,  the  teachings 
of  the  Koran,  and  the  Sufi 
allegories ;  they  describe 
themselves  as  Unitarians  and  fbllowers  of 
Khalif  Hakim-Biamr  Allah,  whom  they 
regard  as  an  incarnation  of  deity,  the  last 
prophet,  and  the  founder  of  the  true  re- 
ligion. Dur-el-Kammor  is  their  chief 
city. 

Drusus,  Olaudius  Nero.  A  Boman 
soldier,  son  of  Tiberius  N.  and  Livia  and 
son-in-law  of  Mark  Antony  ;  b.  88,  n.  8, 
B.  0.  He  commanded  the  Boman  army 
which  conquered  all  Germany  to  the 
Elbe. 

Drusus,  M.  Livius.  A  celebrated 
Boman,  who  renewed  the  proposals  re- 
garding the  Agrarian  laws,  which  proved 
&tal  to  the  Gracchi. 

Dryads.  In  Myth,  nymphs  who  ruled 
the  woods  and  groves,  and  to  whom  oV 


Drupe. 


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DRYDEN 


DUENNA 


lations  of  milk,  oil  and  honey  were  offer- 
ed. They  were  superior  to  the  Hama- 
dryads, who  were  supposed  to  be  confined 
to  particular  trees,  perishing  with  them. 

Dryden,  John.  An  eminent  English 
poet;B.  1681,  D.  ITOO. 

Drsrite,  dn'it.  Fragments  of  petrified  or 
foMil  wood  in  which  the  structure  of  the 
wood  Is  recognized. 

Dry-zneasure,  'me-zhur.  The  measure 
by  bushels,  pecks,  &c. 

Dry-nurse,  'ners.  A  nurse  who  attends 
and  feeds  a  child  without  the  breast.  One 
who  stands  to  another  in  a  somewhat  sim- 
ilar relationship  to  that  of  a  dry-nurse ;  in 
Milit.  slang,  an  inferior  officer  who  in- 
structs his  superior. 

I>ryopitheciLS,  'o-pi-the"kus.  An  ex- 
tinct gen.  of  long-armed  apes  found  in  the 
miocene  beds  of  the  south  of  France. 

Dry-pile,  'pTl.  A  form  of  voltaic  pile,  in 
wMch  the  liquid  is  replaced  by  some  hy- 
grometrio  substance,  as  paper  moistened 
with  sugar  and  water,  and  allowed  to  dry, 
chiefly  used  in  the  construction  of  electi-o- 
soopes  of  great  delicacy. 

Duality,  doo-al'i-ti.  The  state  of  being 
two  or  of  being  divided  into  two. 

Dubber,  dub'er.  A  leathern  vessel  used 
in  India  to  hold  oil,  ghee,  &c.,  usually 
made  of  untanned  goat  skins. 

Dubbing:,  'ing.  The  act  of  making  a 
knight;  entitling;  dressing  by  means  of 
an  adze ;  raising  a  nap  on  cloth  by  teasels. 
A  greasy  dressing  used  by  curriers. 

Dubhe.  A  variable  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude in  the  northern  constellation  Ursa 
Major. 

Dublin.  The  cap.  of  Ireland,  on  the 
river  Liffey,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  of 
Europe,  with  an  extensive  commerce ; 
pop.  827,592. 

Dubois,  Quillaume,  Cardinal.  An 
able  but  dissipated  French  prelate  and 
statesman  ;  b.  1656,  r>.  1725.  Ho  was  cre- 
ated cardinal  1721,  and  from  that  time  un- 
til his  death  ruled  Franco  as  Prime  Min- 
ister of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  regent. 

Dubuque,  doo-book'.  A  co.  and  city  of 
Iowa,  the  latter  bein  r  the  most  import- 
ant place  in  the  State,  on  the  Mississippi, 
460  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Louis;  pop.  22,254. 

Ducat,  duk'at.  A  coin  common  in  Italy, 
Austria  and  Kussia,  of  silver  or  gold; 
average  value  of  the  former,  Ss.  to  4s., 
and  of  the  latter  about  98.  4d.  English 
currency. 

Duchess,  duoh'es.  The  consort  or  wid- 
ow of  a  duke;  a  female  sovereign  of  a 
duohf. 


Duchy,  'i.  The  territory  or  dominions 
of  a  duke;  a  dukedom. 

Duck,  duk.  A  species  of  coarse  canvas, 
used  for  sails,  sacking  of  beds,  <fec.  The 
name  common  to  all  the  ibwls  constitut- 
ing the  linneean  gen.  Anas,  now  raised 
into  a  sub-fiftm.  AnatinsB,  and  bv  some 
naturalists  divided  into  two  sub-families 
Anatinie  and  FuligulinaB,  or  land-dueks 
and  sea-ducks. 

Ducking-stool,  'ing-stol.     A  stool  o^ 
chair  in  which  common  scolds  were  foi 
merly  tied  and  plunged  into  water,  exter 
sively  in  use  throughout  Engluid  fror 


:-^?^ 


Ducking-stool, 
the  15th  till  the  beginning  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  in  one  rare  case  at  Leominster, 
as  recently  as  1809. 

Ductilimeter,  -til-im'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment which  shows  the  ductility  of  metals. 

Ductility,  'i-ti.  The  property  of  solid 
bodies,  particularly  metals,  which  renders 
them  capableof  being  extended  by  draw- 
ing, their  thickness  or  diameter  being 
diminished,  without  any  actual  fhtctore  or 
separation  of  their  parts. 

Dudgreon,  du'jon.  A  small  dagger.  The 
haft  or  handle  of  a  dagger. 

Dudley,  Oharles  Edward  An  Amer- 
ican statesman ;  b.  in  England  1780,  re- 
moved to  N.  y.  in  youth,  and  settled  In 
Albany  ;  was  elected  State  Senator,  Mayor 
of  Albany  and  U.  S.  Senator,  1829.  He 
founded  Dudley  Observatory  at  Albany ; 
1).  1841. 

Dudley.  The  chief  iron  manufacturing 
center  of  England,  in  Co.  Worcester,  9  m. 
W.  of  Birmingham  ;  pop.  48,270. 

Duel,  du'el.  Single  combat ;  a  premedi- 
tated combat  between  two  persons  with 
deadly  weapons.  A  fight  between  two 
fortresses,  two  armies  or  vessels,  carried 
on  without  the  tactics  of  a  pitched  battle 
or  an  assault. 

Duenna,  -en'na.  The  chief  lady  in  wait- 
ing on  the  Queen  of  Spain.  An  elderly 
female,  holding  a  middle  station  between 
a  governess   and   companion.     An   old 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DTJEB 


DUMAS 


woman  who  is  kept  to  guard  a  younger ; 
a  governess. 

Duer,  Jolin.  An  American  jurist  and 
author,  b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1782,  and 
elected  chief  justice  of  the  State  1857;  d. 
1868. 

Duet,  du-et'.  A  musical  composition  fbr 
two  voices  or  instruments. 

Sugronsr,  du-gong.  a  herbivorous  mam- 
mal, the  Halicore  dugong,  ord.  Sirenia. 
The  anatomy  of  the  dugong  presents  the 
remwkable  peculiarity  that  the  ventricles 
of  the  heart  are  divided  from  each  other 


Dugong. 
by  a  deep  notch  at  the  apex.  The  fobled 
mermaia  seems  to  have  originated  from 
the  dugong  or  the  manatee,  these  animals 
supporting  themselves  in  a  semi-upright 
position  in  the  water. 

Bnke,  duk.  In  Gt 
Britain,  a  title  of 
honor  or  nobility  next 
below  that  of  a  prince. 
A  duke's  coronet  con- 
sists of  a  richly  chased 
gold  circle,  having  on 
its  upper  edge  eight 
strawberry  leaves  ;  Coronet  of  a  Duke, 
the  cap  of  crimson 
velvet,  closed  at  the  tofbwith  a  gold  tassel 
lined  with  sarsnet,  and  turned  up  with  er- 
mine. In  some  continental  countries,  a 
sovereign  prince,  the  ruler  of  a  state. 

Bukhobortsi,  duk-hS-bort'si.  A  sect 
of  Russian  fanatics, 
remarkable  for 
their  fine  form  and 
vigorous  constitu- 
tion, said  to  be  due 
to  the  fact  that  they 
destroy  every  deli- 
cate child.  In  1842 
and  following  years 
most  of  the  sect 
were  transported 
to  the  Caucasus. 

Buloamara,  dul-  \ 

ka'ma-ra.  Solanum  "^^ 

Dulcamara,   other- 
wise called  bitter-        Bitter-sweet 
sweet     or   woody 
nightshade. 


Dufiraay-Trouin,  Bene,  doo-g&-troo< 
ahn'.  A  distin^shed  French  admiral; 
B.  1678,  D.  1742:  He  defeated  the  Dutch 
and  English,  and  captured  Bio  de  Janeiro 
in  1711. 

DuflTuesolin,  Bertrand.  Constable  of 
France,  and  among  the  ablest  military 
commanders  of  the  age  ;  b.  1814,  d.  1880. 
He  twice  drove  the  English  out  of  nearly 
every  point  they  occupied  in  France,  al- 
though defeated  and  captured  by  Edward 
the  Bhick  Prince. 

Dulcimer,  'si-mer.     One  of  the  most 


Italian  Dulcimer, 
ancient  of  musical  instruments.  The 
modern  instrument  consists  of  a  shallow 
trapezium-shaped  box  without  a  top, 
across  which  runs  a  series  of  wires,  play^ 
on  by  being  struck  by  cork-headed  ham- 
mers. It  is  the  prototype  of  the  piano. 
In  Asia  it  is  used  by  the  Arabs,  Persians, 
Chinese  and  Japanese.  The  ancient  east- 
em  dulcimer,  as  represented  in  Assyrian 
bas-reliefs,  dififered  from  the  modern  in- 
strument in  being  carried  before  the  player, 
in  the  strings  running  from  top  to  bottom, 
and  in  being  played  by  one  plectrum,  the 
left  hand  being  employed  either  to  twang 
the  strings  or  to  check  vibration.  The  He- 
brew psaltery  is  supposed  to  have  been  » 
variety  of  the  dulcimer. 

Dulcinist,  'sin-ist.  A  follower  of  Dul. 
cinus,  a  layman  of  Lombardy,  in  the  14tii 
century,  who  preached  the  reign  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  affirming  that  the  Father  had 
reigned  till  Christ's  incarnation,  and  that 
the  Son's  reign  terminated  in  1800.  He 
was  followed  by  a  great  many  people  to 
the  Alps,  where  he  and  his  wife  were 
burned  by  order  of  Clement  IV. 

Dulia,  du'li-a.  An  inferior  kind  of  wor- 
ship or  adoration,  as  that  paid  to  saints 
ana  angels  in  the  R.  C.  Church. 

Duluth.  Cap.  of  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minne- 
sota, at  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  State; 
pop.  8,648. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  doo-m&h'  (Th^ 
Elder).  A  distinguished  French  drama- 
tist, novelist  and  radical  statesman ;  b. 
1808,  D.  1871.  His  son  (The  Younger): 
B.  1824,  is  also  a  popular  playwright  ana 
novelist. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DUMAS 


884 


DuAJuBK 


Dnmb-bella. 


Ihuiuui,  Jean  Baptiste.  An  eminent 
French  chemist;  b.  1800,  d.  1877.  His 
scientlflc  works  are  standard  aathorittes. 

Bninb-bellfl,  dom'- 
belz.  Weiffhts  swang 
in  the  hands  for  deyel- 
oping  the  chest,  the 
mnsdes  of  the  arms, 
&o. 

Dumb-waiter, 
'wftt-er.  A  framework 
with  shelves,  for  oon- 
Y^ringfood,  &c.,made 
to  rise  and  fall  by 
means  of  palleys  and  weights.  Also,  a 
side  table  in  a  dining-room,  with  tops 
capable  of  being  eleyated  and  depressed. 

Ihunftiefl.  An  important  seaport  of 
Scotland,  on  the  Nith,  61  m.  8.  W.  of 
Edinburgh ;  pop.  16,100. 

Dammy,  'mi.  One  who  is  dumb.  The 
fourth  or  exposed  hand  when  three  per- 
sons play  at  whist ;  also  a  game  at  whist 
when  there  are  only  three  playing.  A  lo- 
comotive with  condensing  engines,  and 
hence  without  the  noise  of  escaping  steam. 
The  name  given  by  firemen  to  the  jets 
fix>m  the  chief  water-pipes.  A  hatter's 
pressing  iron. 

Ihiinont  d'TTrville,  Jules  Sebas- 
tien  Cesar,  doo-mdng  door-velF.  A 
distinguished  French  naval  officer,  bota- 
nist and  pubHoist ;  b.  1 790,  d.  1842.  His 
voyages  included  an  Arctic  exploring  ex- 
pedition, 1887-40. 

I>uinouriez,  Obarles  Francois.  A 
French  statesman  and  general;  b.  1789,  d. 
in  exile  in  England,  1828.  In  1792  ho  re- 
signed the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  to 
assume  chief  command  of  the  army,  super- 
seding Lafayette.  He  defeated  the  Aus- 
triansat  Jemmapes,  and  overrun  Belgium ; 
afterward  entered  into  treasonable  nego- 
tiations with  Austria,  resigned  his  com- 
mand and  fled  to  England. 

Dumplingr,  dump'llng.  A  kind  of  pud- 
ding or  mass  of  boiled  paste,  with  or  with- 
out ftvit  in  it.  Thus,  there  are  suet, 
veast,  apple,    currant  and  other  dump- 

Bunbar.  A  Scotch  seaport,  27  m.  N.  E. 
of  Edinburgh.  Noted  as  the  scene  of  a 
great  battle  and  disastrous  defeat  of  the 
Scotch  by  Cromwell,  1650;  pop.  abt.  4,600. 

Duncan  I.  King  of  Scotland,  son  of 
Beatrix,  daughter  of  Malcolm  II.,  mmv 
derod  by  Macbeth,  Thane  of  Cawdor; 
flourished  abt.  the  year  103540. 

Duncan,  Adam,  Viscount.  A  Brit- 
ish admiral ;  b.  1781,  x>.  1804.    He  won  a 


decisive  battle  with  the  Dutch  off  Cam- 
perdown,  179T. 

Dnnoiad,  'i-ad.  A  fiunous  satirical 
poem  by  Pope  in  ridicule  of  OoUey 
Cibber,  Theobald  and  other  poetasters  of 
the  period. 

Dundalk.  An  Irish  seaport,  in  Co. 
Louth,  45  m.  N.  of  Dublin ;  pop.  12,160. 

Dundee.  A  large  and  important  sewort 
of  Scotland,  on  the  Tay,  87  m.  N.  £.  of 
Edinburgh ;  pop.  abt  128,000. 

Dundonald,  Thomas  Ck>chrane, 
10th  Earl  of.  An  English  naval  offi- 
cer ;  B.  1775,  D.  1860.  His  life  was  a  long 
romance.  Entering  the  service  as  a  lad, 
he  distinguished  himself  by  destroying 
the  French  fleet  in  the  Basque  by  fire-ships, 
1809.  An  ardent  Liberal  in  politics,  he 
was  tried,  fined  and  imprisoned  at 
the  instigation  of  Lord  Liverpool, 
1814.  He  then  took  service  with 
Chili,  and  as  conmiander  of  her  navy 
secured  her  independence  lh>m  Span- 
ish rule,  1818-22.  In  1828  he  was 
given  command  of  the  Brazilian  fleet,  and 
cleai^  her  coasts  of  the  Portuguese,  and  in 
1827  he  was  admfartd  of  the  Greek  fleet  in 
her  successftil  WW  of  independence.  Soon 
after  this  Queen  Victoria  restored  him  to 
his  ftUl  rank  in  the  British  navy. 

Dune,  d&n.  A  hill ;  spedflcally,  a  low 
hill  of  sand  on  the  seoooast. 

Dunereon,  dun'jon.  The  innermost  and 
strongest  tower  of  a  castle ;  the  donion. 
A  close  prison ;  or  a  dark  puce  of  o«nfine- 
ment. 

Dungriyah,  dun'gS'yft.  A  coasting  ves- 
sel in  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  along  the 
coasts  of  Arabia.  They  are  said  to  be  the 
oldest  kind  of  vessels  in  the  Indian  seas, 
dating  as  far  bock  as  the  expedition  of 
Alexander. 

Dunfflison,  Bobley.  A  distinguished 
physician  and  author;  b.  in  England, 
1798,  but  practicing  and  officiating  in  the 
universities  of  Virginia  and  Maryland, 
also  tn  Jefforsox  College,  Phila.;  d.  1868. 

Duniwassal,  -i-wa»'8al.  A  gentleman ; 
esped^y,  a  gentleman  of  secondaiT  rank, 
among  the  Highlanders ;  a  cadet  of  a  tam- 
ily  of  rank. 

Dunker,  dung'ker.  A  member  of  a  sect 
of  Baptists  originating  in  Philadelphia. 
Written  also  Tunker. 

Dunkirk.  An  ancient  seaport  of  France, 
strongly  fortified,  in  dept.  Le  Nore,  40  m. 
N.  W.  of  Lille.  D.  was  burned  by  the 
English,  1888,  uid  captured  by  tiiem, 
1658,  being  restored  to  France  through 
purohase,  1662 ;  pop.  abt  45,000*. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


American 


Dunlin. 


DUNLAP 

Dunlap,     William. 

painter  and 
writer;  b. 
inN.J.lT66, 
D.  1889. 

Dnnlin, 
dunlin.  A 
bird  (Tringa 
variabilis),  a 
si>ecle8  of 
sandoiper, 
oalled  also 
stint,  pnrre, 
ox-biro,  Ao. 

I>anoi8.  Jean,  Oount  de  Longne- 
ville  (known  as  "The  Bastard  of  Or- 
leans"). A  natural  son  of  Lonis,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  brother  of  Charles  YI.,  and  the 
ablest  noilitary  leader  of  his  age ;  b.  1402, 
D.  1468.  He  .defeated  the  EnglishJn  sev- 
eral battles  and  drove  them  from  the  conti- 
nent, being  made  lieutenant-general  of  the 
kingdom  and  declared  a  prince  of  the 
blood. 

lihiodeoimal,  du-o-des^-mal.  One  of  a 
system  of  numbers  the  scale  of  which  is 
twelve.    Called  also  Cross  Multiplication. 

I>uodeoixiio,  -mo.  A  book  in  which  a 
sheet  is  folded  into  twelve  leaves.  The 
size  of  a  book  consisting  of  sheets  so 
folded  ;  usually  indicated  thus :  12mo. 

]Daodenii2n,  -de'num.  The  first  por- 
tion of  the  small  intestines ;  the  twelve- 
inch  intestine. 

Buoliteral,  -lit'er-al.  Consisting  of  two 
letters  only ;  blllteral. 

Duns  Scotos,  John.  A  learned  Scotch 
theologian ;  b.  at  Dunse,  1266,  n.  1808. 
He  became  professor  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
and  founded  the  school  of  Scotists,  op- 
posed to  the  Thomists,  followers  of  Bt. 
Thomas  Aquinas. 

Dnnstan,  St.  An  English  monk  who 
was  made  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
obtained-great  political  influence,  which  he 
subsequently  lost ;  b.  abt.  900,  n.  98S. 

Buperre,  Victor  Gui,  Baron,  doo- 
pa-ra'.  A  French  admiral ;  b.  1775,  p. 
1846.  He  captured  several  English  ships, 
1819,  and  commanded  the  fleet  which 
bombarded  Algiers,  and  compelled  the 
Bey  to  make  honorable  concessions,  1880. 

Dupion,  du'pi-on.  A  double  cocoon, 
formed  by  two  or  more  silk-worms. 

X)nppel  (Dybbol  or  Duppeln).  An 
unimportant  village  of  Bchleswig,  sepa- 
rated from  the  island  of  Alson  by  a  narrow 
strait,  noted  as  the  scene  of  several  san- 
guinary battles.  The  Danes  defeated  the 
Prussians  May  28, 1848,  and  ag^  June  6. 


B  DUEEEireTEm 

The  Saxons  and  Bavarians  captures  tt 
April  18, 1849,  and  it  was  taken  by  ha 
Prussians,  April  18, 1864. 

I>upu3rtren,  CHiillanTne,  Baron, 
doo-poo-e-trdn.  An  eminent  Frecch  jur- 
geou ;  B.  1777,  n.  1886. 

Buquesne,  Abraliavx,  Karquis, 
doo-kain'.  A  French  adminJ ;  k.  1610,  d. 
1688.  He  successively  defeaW  <iie  Span- 
iards, Dutch  and  Danes,  winnfag  a  signal 
victory  over  the  celebrated  Dutch  adiiii« 
ral,  De  Euyter,  near  Catania,  1676,  the 
latter  losing  his  life  in  the  battle. 

Dxyra  mater,  'rama'ter.  The  outer 
membrane  of  the  brain,  so  named  fix)m 
its  hardness  compared  with  the  mem* 
brane  which  lies  under  it,  called  pia  mater. 

Duramen,  -r&'men.  The  central  or 
heartwood  in  the  trunk  of  an  exogenous 
tree,  more  solid  than  the  newer  wood  that 
surrounds  it. 

Dorand,  Asher  Brown.  An  Ameri 
can  engraverand  painter ;  b.  1796,  d.  1878. 

Durbar,  der'bar.  An  audience  room  in 
the  palaoes  of  tne  native  princes  of  India. 
AflUite  levee  held  by  the  governor-gen- 
eral of  India,  or  by  one  of  the  native 
princes ;  an  official  reception. 

Darer,  Albreobt,  doo'rair.  A  German 
engraver  and  painter;  b.  1471,  d.  1628. 
He  is  considered  the  inventor  of  etching. 

Dar8ra,dvir'- 
ga.  A  Hindu 
divinity ;  one 
of  the  names 
given  to  the 
consort  of  Si- 
va, the  others 
being  Devi, 
Kali,  Parva- 
ti,  Bhavani, 
Uma,  &c. 
She  is  the 
A  m  a  zon 
champion 
and  protect- 
ress of  the 
gods.and  has 
been  com- 
pared to  the  d 
Hera  (Juno),  * 
Mid  the  Pal- 
las, or  armed 
Athene  of  the  Greeks;  She  Is  represented 
with  ten  arms.  A  10-days'  festival  in  het 
honor,  the  durga  puja,  is  celebrated  annu 
ally  in  Bengal. 

Dnrrenstein.  An  Austrian  village  on 
the  Danube,  40  m.  N.  W.  of  Vienna,  noted 
as  the  place  where  Eichard  Coeur  de  Lion 
was  imprisoned  by  Leopold,  and  also  as 


Durga. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DtTBIO 


DYSPHONIA 


Durto. 
Duke  of  Friiill 


the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  allied  Rus- 
sian and  Austrian  army  by  the  French 
under  Gen.  Mortier,  1805. 

fhiriO,  du'ri-6.  A 
gen.  of  plants,  ord. 
Malvaceae.  The  D. 
zibethinus,  civet  du- 
rio  or  durian,  the  only 
species,  is  a  lofty  tree 
producing  a  large 
fetid  fruit,  of  the  size 
of  a  man's  head,  a  &• 
vorite  food  of  the  na- 
tives. The  smell  is 
offensive,  like  putrid 
animal  matter,  but 
with  this  is  associated 
the  most  delicious 
flavor,  which  places  it 
in  the  foremost  place 
among  tropical  fruits. 

D  u  r  o  c,  Gerard 
Christoplie  Michel. 
and  Marshal  of  France ;  b.  1772,  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Markersdorf,  1818.  He  was 
the  fkyorite  aid  and  confidant  of  Napo- 
leon I. 

Dustee.  A  river  of  Beloochistan,  1,000 
m.  long,  emptying  into  the  Arabian  Gulf. 

Dwierht,  Timothy.  A  distinguished 
American  theologian ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1752, 
D.  1818. 

I>U8ter,  dust'er.  One  who  or  that  which 
clears  frx>m  dust.  A  sieve.  A  light  over- 
coat worn  to  protect  the  clothing. 

Dutch,  duch.  Originally  the  Germanic 
race ;  the  German  peoples  generally — 
now  only  applied  to  the  people  of  Holland. 
The  language  spoken  in  Holland. 

I>utch-erold,  'gold.  An  alloy  of  11  parts 
copper  and  2  zinc.  Galled  also  Pinchbeck 
and  Tombac. 

Dutch-mineral,  -min>er-al.  Copper 
beaten  out  into  very  thin  leaves. 

Dutch  School,  skol.  The  name  applied 
to  a  peculiar  line  of  painting  which  at- 
tained its  highest  development  in  Hol- 
land, characterized  by  the  selection  of 
subjects  of  a  low  character,  as  boors  drink- 
ing, butchers'  shops,  Ac.,  but  raised  to 
the  highest  popularity  by  perfection  of 
execution. 

Duumvir,  -um'ver.  One  of  two  Eoman 
officers  or  magistrates  united  in  the  same 
public  functions. 

Dux,  duks.  A  leader;  a  chief;  specifi- 
cally, the  head  pupU  of  a  class  or  division 
in  a  public  school. 

Dwale,  dwal.  In  Her.  a  sable  or  black 
color.  The  deadly  nightshade,  which  pos- 
9  stupefying  or  poisonous  properties. 


Dwarf,  dwarf.  A  general  name  for  an 
animal  or  plant  much  below  the  ordinary 
size.  In  early  romances,  an  attendant  on 
a  lady  or  knight. 

Dyad,  dl'ad.    Two  units  treated  as  one  • 

^  pair;  a  couple.  In  Chem.  an  elementary 
substance,  each  atom  of  which,  in  com- 
bining with  other  bodies,  is  equivalent  to 
two  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

Dyaus,  dyous.  In  Hind.  Myth,  one  of 
the  elemental  divinities  of  the  v  edas,  the 
god  of  the  bright  sky,  bis  name  being  con^ 
nected  with  that  of  the  Greek  Zeua 
through  the  rootdyu,  to  shine,  and  the 
Latin  Jupiter,  which  is  merely  Dvaus 
piter  or  Zeus  pater,  father  Dyaus  or  Zeus. 
He  was  primarily  the  sky  from  which  rain 
falls.    He  gave  place  to  his  son  Indra. 

Dye,  di.    A  coloring  liquor ;  stain  ;  tinge. 

Dye-wood,  'w^d.  A  general  name  for 
any  wood  from  which  dye  Is  extracted. 

Dsrnactinometer,  -nak'tin-om"et-er. 
Ah  instrument  for  measuring  the  inten- 
sity of  actinic  power,  or  for  comparing  the 
quickness  of  lenses. 

I)yiia]Xieter,  di-nam'et-er.  An  instm 
ment  for  determining  the  magnifying 
power  of  telescopes. 

Dynamics,  'iks.  The  science  which 
investigates  the  action  offeree. 

Djniamism,  'nam-izm.  The  doctrine  of 
Leibnitz,  that  all  substance  involves  force. 

Djmamite,  -it.  An  explosive  substance 
consisting  of  a  siliceous  earth  impregnated 
with  nitro-glycerine.  The  object  of  the 
mixture  is  to  diminish  the  susceptibility 
of  nitro-glycerine  to  slight  shock,  and  so 
to  facilitate  its  carriage  without  destroy- 
ing its  explosive  force.  The  disruptive 
force  of  dynamite  is  estimated  at  ^ut 
eight  times  that  of  gunpowder.  Charcoal, 
sand  and  saw-dust  are  employed  as  sub* 
stitutes  for  siliceous  earth. 

Djmamometer,  -na-mom'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  force  or  power, 
especially  that  of  men,  animals,  machines, 
the  strength  of  materials,  Ac. 

D3ma8iid8B,  di-nas'ti-de.  A  tiaa.  of  la- 
mellicorn  beetles,  including  the  elephant- 
beetle,  hercules-beetle  and  atlas-beetie. 

Djrsnomy,  dis'no-mi.  Bad  legislation;  the 
enactment  of  bad  laws. 

Dysodile,  'S-dil.  A  species  of  coal  which 
emits  a  fetid  odor  when  burning. 

Dysopsy,  -op'si.    Dimness  of  sight. 

Dysphagria,  -fS'ji-a.  Difficulty  of  swal 
lowing. 

Dysphonia, -f5'ni-a.  Obstruction  of  thA 
organs  of  speech. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


DTSPKOEA 


287 


EASL 


Dsrspncea,  disp-ne'a.  Difficulty  of  broath- 
tog. 

Dysory,  dls'Q-ri.  Difficulty  in  discharg- 
ing the  urine,  attended  with  pain  and 
heat. 

I>3rti80id8B,  di-tis'si-dd.  A  fam.  of  pen- 
tamerous  coleopterous  insects  of  -vehich 
the  gen.  Dytlscus  (water-beetle)  is  the 
type. 


Daeren,  dze'ren.  The  Chinese  antelope, 
Prooapra  gutturosa.  When  alarmed  it 
clears  20  to  25  feet  at  one  bound. 

"Dziggetai,  dzig'ge-tft.  The  wild  ass  of 
Asia  (Equus  hemionus),  believed  to  be 
the  hemionos  of  Herodotus  and  Pliny.  It 
is  intermediate  in  appearance  and  cbara*' 
ter  between  the  horse  and  ass. 


E 


EIS  the  2d  Towel  and  the  6th  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet.  It  occurs  more 
frequently  than  any  other  letter  ef  the 
alphabet.  Its  long  or  natural  sound  coin- 
cides  with  the  sound  of  i  in  the  Italian  and 
French  languages,  as  in  here,  mere,  me. 
It  has  also  another  principal  sound,  a 
short  one,  as  in  met,  men.  It  has  besides 
a  sound  like  a  in  name,  as  in  there,  where, 
&c.,  and  the  obscure  sound  which  is  heard 
in  her.  As  a  final  letter  it  is  generally 
silent-;  but  it  serves  to  lengthen  the  sound 
of  the  preceding  vowel,  or  to  indicate  that 
the  preceding  vowel  is  to  have  its  long 
sound,  as  in  mane,  cane,  plume.  After  o 
and  g  the  final  e  indicates  that  these  let- 
ters are  soft,  c  being  pronounced  as  s,  and 
g  as  j.  When  two  e's  come  together  the 
sound  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  the 
single  e  long,  as  in  doem,  esteem,  need ; 
when  it  occurs  with  a  and  i,  as  in  mean, 
hear,  seige.  deceive,  it  often  has  the  same 
sound.  Buch  a  combination,  when  onlv 
one  vowel  sound  is  heard,  is  colled  a  di- 
graph. As  a  numeral,  £  stands  for  250. 
In  the  calendar  it  is  the  fifth  of  the  domin- 
ical letters.  As  an  abbreviation  it  stands 
for  East,  as  in  charts  ;  in  the  combination 
e.  g.,  for  exempli  gratia,  for  example; 
and  in  i.  e.,  for  id  est,  that  is.  E,  in  Mu- 
sic, is  the  thhrd  note  or  degree  of  the  dia- 
tonic scale,  answering  to  the  mi  of  the 
Italians  and  French.  Also,  the  key  hav- 
ing four  sharps  in  its  signature ;  the  key- 
note of  the  church  mode  called  Phrygian. 

Sad.  An  element  in  Anglo-Saxon  names, 
signifying  happy,  fortunate,  as  in  Edward, 
happy  preserver ;  Edwin,  happy  con- 
queror. 

Sagrle-liawk,  -hak.  Morphnus,  a  gen.  of 
FaloonidjB. 

Safirle-owl,  -oul.  One  of  a  sub-fiun.  of 
owls,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  is  the 
great  homed  owl. 

ZSas'le,  S'gl.    Aqnila,  a  gen.  of  raptorial 


Golden  Eagle. 


birds,sub-ftm. 

AquilinsB, 

0  o  m  p  r  i  s  in^ 

the  largest  and 

most  powerful 

members      of 

the  fbm.    Fal- 

conidflB.  There  ' 

are  numerous 

species,    of  ! 

which      the' 

noblest  is  the 

golden      eagle 

(A.     Ghrysae* 

tos).     Other 

species  are  the   imperial,  the    spotted, 

the  Australian  eagle,  Ac.    The  name  is 

applied  to  other  members  of  the  group, 

not  belonging  to  the  gen.  Aquila,  as  the 

white-tailed  sea-eagle  of  Britain  and  the 

American  bald-headed  sea-eagle,  the  em> 

blem  of  the  U.  S.,  both  of  which  ar« 

really   ernes,  and  to  the   marsh   eagle, 

harpy  eagle,  eagle-hawk  of  the  gen.  Falco, 

dec.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemi- 

sphere,  having  its  right  wing  contiguous 

to  the  equinoctial. 

Safirlet,  6'glet  A  young  or  diminutive 
eagle. 

Bagre,  fi'ger.  The  whole  body  of  spring- 
tide water  moving  up  a  river  or  estuary 
in  one  wave,  or  in  a  few  successive  waves 
of  great  height. 

Earl,  erl.  A  British  title  of  nobiUty,  the 
tUrd  in  rank,  next  below  a  marquis,  and 
next  above  a  vis- 
count. The  earl  for- 
merlv  had  the  govern- 
ment of  a  shire,  and 
was  called  shireman. 
After  the  Conquest 
earls  were  (»Ued 
counts,  and  firom 
them  shires  have 
taken  the  name  of 
counties.  Earl  is  now 
a  mere  title.    An  earPs  coronet  consists  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EAB  2 

a  chased  drde  of  gold,  having  on  its  npper 
edge  eight  strawberry  leaves,  and  between 
each  pidr  a  pearl  raised  on  a  spire  higher 
than  the  leaves,  cap,  &c. 
Ear,  dr.  The  organ  of  hearing,  contained 
nartly  in  the  snbstance  of  the  temporal 
bone,  and  partly  projecting  externally  be- 
hind the  Joint  of  the  lower  law.  Anything 
resembling  an  ear.  A  spike  or  head  of 
com  or  grain ;  that  part  of  the  cereal  plants 
which  contains  the  flowers  and  seed. 
Saxldoxn,  Mnm.  The  seigniory,  juris- 
diction or  dignity  of  an  earL 
Kamegt-money,  er^nest-mnn-i.  Money 
paid  to  bind  a  ba^;ain  or  ratify  and  prove 
a  sale. 

XSar-zin^,  'ring.  A  pendant;  an  orna- 
ment, sometimes  set  with  jewels,  worn  at 
the  ear,  by  means  of  a  ring  passing  throogh 
the  lobe.  Among  Orientals  ear-rings  have 
been  worn  by  both  sexes  from  the  earliest 
times.  In  England  they  were  worn  by  the 
Bomanized  Britons  and  by  Anglo-Saxons. 
Atteac  the  10th  century  the  fashion  de- 
clined, bat  it  was  re-introduced  into  Eng- 
land in  the  16th  century.  In  the  17th 
century  ear-rings  were  worn  by  male  fops. 

SSartll,  erth.  The  particles  which  com- 
pose the  mass  of  the  globe ;  more  partic- 
ularly the  particles  which  form  the  mold 
on  the  surraee  of  the  globe ;  any  indefinite 
portion  of  that  matter,  as  we  throw  up 
earth  witli  a  spade  or  plow.  This  sub- 
stance being  considered  by  ancient  philos- 
ophers as  simple,  was  called  an  element ; 
and  in  popular  language  we  still  hear  of 
the  four  elements — fire,  air,  earth  and 
water.  The  terraqueous  globe  which  we 
inhabit  It  is  the  8d  planet  in  order  from 
the  sun,  its  orbit  embracing  those  of  Mer- 
cury and  Venus,  but  being  within  the  or- 
bits of  all  the  other  planets. 

Earth-closet, 'kloz-et  A  night-stool  or 
convenience,  in  which  the  fioocs  are  re- 
ceived in  a  quantity  of  earth. 

Earthenware,  'en-war.  Crockery ;  any 
household  ntensU  made  of  clay  hardened 
in  the  fire. 

Earth-flax,  'flaks.  A  fine  variety  of  as- 
bestos, whose  long  flexible  filaments  are 
so  delicate  as  to  resemble  flax. 

Earth-hooae,  'hous.  The  name  given 
to  the  undergroimd  buildings  known  as 
Plots*  dwellings,  frequent  in  Scotland,  oo- 
casionally  thirW  or  forty  being  found  in 
the  same  localitv.  Querns,  bones,  deers' 
horns,  plates  of  stone  or  slate,  earthen 
vesseLs,  cups  and  implements  of  bone, 
stone  odts,  bronze  swords,  and  the  Uke, 
are  occasionally  found  in  connection  with 
them.  Very  similar  structures  oooaralso 
In  Ireland. 


8  EAST 

Earthquake,  Hcwik.  A  shaking,  trem< 
bling,  or  concussion  of  the  earth ;  somsi 
times  a  edight  tremor;  at  other  timeaa 
violent  shudng  or  convulsion ;  at  other 
times  a  rocking  or  heaving  of  the  earth. 
The  shock  generally  comes  on  with  a  deep 
rumbling  noise,  or  with  a  tremendous  ex- 
plosion resembling  the  dischaii^e  of  artil* 
lery,  and  the  ground  is  raised  vertically 
at  the  center  of  the  disturbed  tract  There 
is  little  doubt  that  earthquakes  and  vol- 
canoes are  due  to  the  operation  of  the  in- 
ternal igneous  forces  of  the  earth.  Prob- 
ably the  most  destructive  earthquake  ot 
modem  times  was  that  which  nearly  de- 
stroyed Lisbon  in  1756,  bywhidi  from 
80,000  to  40,000  persons  perished,  although 
it  lasted  only  six  minutes.  Kearlyhali 
that  number  are  supposed  to  havep«r< 
ishcd  in  the  earthauake  of  1888,  in  wnldh 
some  islands  S.  or  Asia  were  completely 
submerged  and  others  partially  swaUowed 
up. 

Earth-shine,  'shin.  In  Astron.  a  name 
given  to  the  fiii^t  line  visible  on  the  part 
of  the  moon  not  illuminated  by  the  sun, 
due  to  the  illumination  of  that  portion  by 
the  light  which  the  earth  reflects  on  her. 

Earth-worm,  'werm.  The  common 
worm  found  in  the  soil^  a  type  of  the  class 
Annelida  (ord.  Oligoclueta).  The  name  is 
common  to  all  the  species  of  the  gen. 
Lumbricns.  E.  oil,  a  medicinal  ofl  ob- 
tained from  the  common  earthworm,  and 
used  in  earache. 

Ear-tmmpet,  Sr'trum-pet  A  contriv- 
ance for  the  benefit  of  deaf  persons.  It 
magnifies  sound. 

Ear-wax,  'waks.  The  cerumen,  a  thick 
viscous  substance  secreted  by  the  glanda 
of  the  ear. 

EarwiflTi  'wig.  The  popular  name  oi 
certain  species  of  Forficula,  which  are  or- 
thopterous  Insects,  iSun.  Cursoria. 

Easel,  ez'el.  The  wooden  frame  on  which 
painters  place  pictures  while  at  work  upon 
them.  E.  pieces,  the  smaller  pieces  which 
are  painted  on  the  easel,  as  distingnished 
from  those  which  are  drawn  on  waUa, 
ceilings,  &c. 

East,  est  The  point  in  the  heavens 
whero  the  sun  is  seen  to  ilseatthe  equi- 
nox, or  the  corresponding  point  on  the 
earth ;  the  point  of  the  compass  in  a  di< 
reotion  at  r(ght  angles  to  that  of  north  and 
south.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points, 
rnie  eastern  parts  of  the  earth ;  applied  to 
Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Ghaldea,  Persia,  India, 
China,  Sue.  Empire  of  the  East,  foimded 
895  A.  D.,  when  Theododiu  the  Great  di- 
vided  the  Boman   empIrD  betwem  bis 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EASTLAKE 


ECCE  HOMD 


sons,  Arcadius  and  Honorius.  The  me- 
tropolis was  Constantinople.  The  western 
^vision,  whose  capital  was  Borne,  was 
called  the  Empire  of  the  West. 
Eastlake,  Oharles  Lock,  Sir.  An 
English  historian  painter;    b.  1T98,  d. 

East  India  Oompany,  The.     An 

English  commercial  association  incorpo- 
rated in  Qneen  Elizabeth's  reign,  1600, 
and  giyen  the  monopoly  of  all  trade  E.  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  abolished  1833. 

Easter,  es'ter.  A  festival  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  observed  in  commemoration 
of  our  8aviour's  resurrection.  Easter  is 
the  first  Sunday  after  the  full  moon  which 
happens  upon  or  next  after  the  2l8t  of 
March ;  and  if  this  happens  upon  a  Sun- 
day, Easter-day  is  the  Sunday  after. 

Easter-day,  -da.  The  day  on  which  the 
festival  of  Easter  is  celebrated. 

East  Biver.  A  strait  connecting  N.  Y. 
Bay  with  Long  Island  Sound ;  18  m.  long. 

Easy-chair,  ez'i-char.  An  arm-chair, 
sometimes  with  rockers,  padded  for  rest- 
ing or  reposing  in  ;  a  chahr  for  reclining  in. 

Eau  Creole,  kre-ol.  A  highly  esteemed 
liquor  made  in  Martinique  by  distilling  the 
flowers  of  the  mammee  apple  with  spirit 
of  wine. 

Eau  de  Oolofirne,  de  ko-Ion.  A  per- 
fumed spirit  consisting  of  spirits  of  wine 
flavored  Dydififerent  essential  oils  blended 
so  as  to  jield  a  fragrant  scent. 

Eau  de  Luce,  lus.  A  solution  of 
ammonia,  scented  and  rendered  milky  by 
mastic  and  oil  of  amber ;  used  in  India  as 
an  antidote  to  the  bites  of  venomous  ser- 
pents. 

Eau  de  Vie,  ve.  The  French  name  for 
brandy ;  specifically,  the  coarser  and  less 
purified  varieties,  cognac  being  the  best. 

Eaux  Bonnes,  d-b5n.  A  popular 
French  spa,  dept.  Basses  Fyr^n^es,  20  m. 
8.  E.  of  Oleron. 

Ebauohoir,  a-bosh-war.  A  large  chisel 
used  by  statuaries  to"  rough-hew  their 
work.  A  great  hatchel  or  beictting  instru- 
ment used  by  rope-makers. 

Ebb.  The  reflux  of  the  tide  ;  the  return 
of  tidewater  toward  the  sea ;  opposed  to 
flood  or  flow. 

fibelians,  e-be^i-onz.  A  German  sect 
which  had  its  origin  atKunigsberg  in  1836 
under  the  leadership  of  Archdeacon  Ebel 
and  Dr.  Diestel,  professing  a  doctrine 
called  spiritual  marriage.  The  leaders 
were  in  1889  tried  and  condemned.  The 
sect  is  popularly  named  Mucker,  or  hyp- 
ocrites. 


Eberhard,  Johann  Ausrust.  A 
German  philosopher;  b.  1789,  d.  1809. 
He  wrote  in  defense  of  Liebnitz  and  in  op- 
position to  Kantism. 

Ebionite,  e'bi-on  it  One  of  a  sect  of 
Jewish  Christians  who  denied  tho  divinity 
of  Christ  and  rejected  parts  of  the  New 
Testament.  They  were  pronounced  her- 
etics by  Justin,  Irenseus  and  Origen.  It 
is  thought  St.  John  wrote  his  gospel  in 
the  year  97  against  them. 

Eblis,  eb'les.  In  Mohammedan  Myth, 
an  evil  spirit  or  devil,  chief  of  the  fallen 
angels  or  wicked  jinns.  Before  bis  &11 
he  was  called  Azazel  or  Hharis.  Hall  of 
E.,  the  hall  of  demons ;  pandemonium. 

Ebonite,  'on-it.  A  hard  black  compound 
obtained  by  blending  caoutchouc  or  gut- 
ta-percha with  va- 
riaole  proportions 
of  sulphur.  Called 
also  vulcanite. 

Ebony,  -i.  The 
popular  name  of 
various  plants  of 
difi^erent  genera, 
having  wood  of  a 
dark  color,  but  the 
best  known  ebony 
is  derived  from  ^^' 
plants  of  the  gen.^y^ 
Diospyros,  ord. 
Ebenaceffi.  The 
most  valuable  el>' 


Ebony. 


onyis  the  heartwood  of  the  Diospyros 

Ebenus. 
Ebriety,  C-bri'e-ti.  Drunkenness ;  Intox 

ication  by  spirituous  liquors. 
Ebullition,  -bul-U'shon.    The  operation 

of  boiling ;  the  agitation  of  a  liqnoi  by 

heat,    which   throws  it   up  in  bubbles. 

Eflfervescence. 
Ebuma,  -ber'na.    A  gen.  of  spiral,  iin« 

valve,  gasteropodous  mollusks. 
Ebumification,   'ni-fi-ka"shon.     The 

conversion   of   substances    into    others 

which  have  the  appearance  of  ivory. 
Ebuminae,  -ni^ne.    A  sub-fam.  of  the 

fam.  of  mollusks  TurbineUldse,  having  the 

gen.  Ebuma  for  its  type. 
Ecarte,  a-kur-ta.    A  game  of  cards  for 

two  persons  with  82  cards,  those  from 

two  to  six  being  excluded. 
Eooaleobion,  ok'kalle  6"bl-on.  A  con- 
trivance for   hatching  eggs  by  artificial 

heat. 
Ecce  homo,  'so  hu'm5.    A  name  given 

to  paintings  which  represent  our  Saviour 

crowned  with  thorns    and    bearing   the 

reed,  particularly  to  a  noble  painting  by 

Correggio. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ECCENTEIO 


890 


ECLECmC 


Eccentric,  -sen'trik.  In  the  Ptolemaio  I 
system  the  supposed  circular  orbit  of  a 
planet  about  the  eiuth,  but  with  the  earth 
not  in  its  center.  A  circle  described 
about  the  center  of  an  elliptical  orbit, 
with  half  the  major  axis  for  radius.  In 
Mech.  mechanical  contrivances  for  con- 
verting circukir  into  reciprocating  recti- 
linear motion.    Irregular  in  action. 

Eccentric-sear,  -ger.  In  Mech.  a  term 
Including  all  the  links  and  other  parts 
which  transmit  the  motion  of  an  eccentric. 

Eccentric-strap,  -strap.  The  band  of 
iron  which  embraces  the  circumference  of 
an  eccentric,  and  within  which  it  revolves. 
The  eccentric  rod  is  attached  to  it. 

Ecdesia,  -klu'zi-a.  An  assembly;  the 
great  assemblv  of  the  people  of  Athens,  at 
which  every  free  citizen  had  a  right  to  at- 
tend and  vote.  An  ecclesiastical  society ; 
a  church ;  a  congregation. 

Ecdesiarch,  -ark.  A  ruler  of  the 
Church. 

Ecclesiastes,  -as^'tSz.  A  canonical  book 
of  the  Old  Testament,  placed  between  the 
book  of  Proverbs  and  the  Song  of  Solo- 
mon. 

Ecclesiastic,  ''tik.  A  person  consecrat- 
ed to  the  services  of  the  Church  and  the 
ministry  of  religion. 

Ecclesiasticus,  'tik-us.  A  book  of  the 
Apocrypha. 

Ecclesiologry,  -ol"o-ii.  The  science  of 
antiquities  as  applied  to  churches  and 
other  ecclesiastical  foundations. 

Ecderon,  'de-ron.  The  outer  layer  of 
the  integument;  the  epithelial  layer  of 
mucous  membrane ;  the  epidermal  layer 
of  the  skin :  the  endoderm  is  the  deeper, 
dermal  layer. 

Echeneis,  -e-ne'is.  A  gen.  of  fishes  re- 
markable for  having  the  top  of  the  head 
occupied  by  a  laminated  disk,  by  means 
of  which  they  attach  themselves  to  other 
bodies. 

Echidna,  e-kid'na.  A  gen.  of  Australian 
monotrematous,  toothless  mammals,  re- 
sembling a  large  hedgehog,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Ornithorhynchus.  One  species  (E. 
hystrix),  is  popularly  known  as  the  Por- 
cupine Ant-eater. 

Echidnine,  'nin.  Serpent  poison ;  the 
secretion  from  the  poison  glands  of  the 
viper  and  other  serpents. 

Echidna.  In  Myth,  daughter  of  Tar- 
tarus, and  mother  of  Cerberus,  the 
Sphinx,  the  Chimaera  and  other  monsters : 
she  was  represented  as  half  woman  and 
half  serpent. 

Echiznys,  -kl'mis.    A  gen.  of  S.  Ameri- 


EoUnooactoB. 


can  rodent  quadrupeds.  Some  of  the 
species  are  known  as  spiny  rats,  the  fiuu- 
ily  being  allied  to  the  porcupines. 
Echinite,  -kln^t  A  fossil  sea-urchin  or 
cidaris,  found  in  all  formations,  but  most 
abundant  and  best  preserved  in  tke  dhalk. 

EchinocactuB, 

'd-kak-tus.  A  gen. 
of   cactaceous 

J>lants,  remarkable 
br  the  singular 
forms  of  their 
stems,  which  are 
fluted  and  ribbed 
or  tuberculated. 

Echinoder  m  a  - 
ta,  -der"ma-ta.  A 
class  of  inverte-  - 
brated  marine  ani- 
mals characterized 
by  having  a  tough 
integument  in  which  lime  is  deposited  as 
granules  or  so  as  to  form  a  rigid  test, 
classed  with  the  Scolecidain  the  sub-king- 
dom Annuloida.    The  sexes  are  distinct. 

Echinorli3mclius,  -ring'^kus.  A  gen. 
of  intestinal  worms,  the  only  members  ol 
the  Acanthocephala,  or  thorn-headed  ikm* 

Echo.  In  Myth,  daughter  of  the  Air  and 
Tellus,  who  was  one  of  Juno's  attendants. 
She  was  deprived  of  speech  by  Juno. 

Ecija,  a-se'hah.  A  city  of  SevlUe,  Spain, 
on  the  Xeriel ;  pop.  82,800. 

Eckmuhl,  dk'mul.  A  town  of  Bavaria, 
18  m.  from  Ratisbon,  noted  for  the  defeat 
of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  under 
Davoust,  1809. 

Echometry,  e-kom'et-ri.  The  art  or  act 
of  measuring  the  duration  of  sounds. 
The  art  of  oonstructing  vaults  to  produce 
echoes. 

Edaircissement,  &-kl&r-sis-mSn.  Ex- 
planation ;  the  clearing  np  of  anything  not 
before  understood. 

Eclampsy,  ek-lamp'si.  A  flashing  of 
light  before  the  eyes;  rapid  convulsive 
motions  of  the  mouth,  eyelids  and  fingers 
—symptomatic  of  epilepsy ;  hence,  epilep- 
sy Itself. 

Eclat,  a-klfi.  A  burst,  as  of  applause: 
acclamation  ;  approbation.  Brilliancy  of 
success ;  splendor  of  effect ;  luster. 

Eclectic,  ek-Iek'tik.  One  who  follows 
an  eclectic  method  in  philosophy,  science, 
religion  and  the  like ;  spedfloally,  a  fol- 
lower of  the  ancient  eclectic  philosophy. 
A  Christian  who  believed  the  doctrine  ol 
Plato  conformable  to  the  sphrit  of  the  goe- 
pel. 


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EDITOB 


Edipsareon,  o-klip-s&'rG-on.  An  in- 
strument for  explaining  the  phenomena 
of  eclipses. 

IiOllpse,  -kllps^  An  interception  or  ob- 
struction of  the  light  of  the  son,  moon  or 
other  luminous  body,  by  the  Intervention 
of  some  other  body  either  between  it  and 
the  eye  or  between  the  luminous  body 
and  that  illuminated  by  it  The  number 
of  eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon  cannot  be 
fewer  than  two  nor  more  than  seven  in 
one  year.    Darkness. 

Ecliptic,  -klip'tik.  A  great  circle  of  the 
sphere  supposed  to  be  drawn  through  the 
Eolddle  of  the  zodiac,  making  an  angle 
with  the  equinoctial  of  about  28°  27',  tixe 
smi*B  greatest  declination.  It  is  the  ap- 
parent path  of  the  sun,  but  as  it  is  the 
earth  wnich  moves,  the  ecliptic  is  the 
path  among  the  fixed  stars  which  the  earth 
In  its  orbit  appears  to  describe  to  an  eye 
placed  in  the  sun.  In  Geog.  a  great  circle 
on  the  terrestrial  globe,  answering  to  the 
fiUUng  within  the  plane  of  thocelesllal 
ecliptic.  Plane  of  the  ecliptic,  an  imagi- 
nary plane  which  passes  through  the  eclip- 
tic, and  is  indefinitely  extendi. 

Eoorohe,  a-kor-shfi.  In  painting  and 
Sculp,  the  sub|ect,  man  or  animal,  flayed 
or  deprived  oiits  skin,  so  that  the  muscu- 
lar system  is  exposed. 

Ectoparasite,  ek'td-pa'ra-sit.  A  para- 
sitic animal  infesting  the  outside  of  ani- 
mals, as  opposed  to  endoparasite,  which 
lives  in  the  body. 

Ectype,  'tip.  A  production  of,  or  close 
resemblance  to,  an  original;  opposed  to 
prototype. 

Ectypoerrapliy,  -og'ra-fl.  A  method  of 
etching  in  which  the  lines  are  in  relief  in- 
stead of  being  sunk. 

Ecuador.  A  republic  of  8.  America, 
lying  on  the  W.  coast  directly  under  the 
equator,  bounded  N.  by  New  Granada, 
E,  by  Peru  and  Bolivia,  S.  by  Peru,  and 
W.  by  the  Pacific;  area,  208,000  sq.  m.; 
poD.  1,726,000;  chief  cities,  Quito,  the  cap., 
ana  Guayaquil,  the  principal  seaport; 
principal  mountains,  the  Andes,  two  of  the 
nighest  peaks  of  which— Chimborazo  and 
Cotopaxi — are  within  its  limits;  there  are 
no  large  rivers  but  several  considerable 
feeders  of  the  Amazon. 


'z<3-ma.  An  eruptive  disease  of 
the  skin,  preceded  by  redness,  beat  and 
itching.  E.  opizootica,  foot  and  mouth 
disease. 

Edaphodont,  6-daf  o-dont.  One  of  a 
fossil  chimseroid  fishes,  from  the  green- 
sand  chalk  and  tertiary  strata. 


Edentate. 


Edda,  ed'da.  A  book  containing  a  svs- 
tem  of  old  Scandinavian  mythology,  with 
exploits  of  the  gods  and  heroes  and  some 
account  of  the  religious  doctrines  of  the 
ancient  Scandinavians. 

Eden,  'den.  The  garden  in  which  Adam 
and  Eve  were  placed  by  God ;  hence,  a  de-> 
lightful  region  or  residence. 

Edentata,  -den-t&'ta.  That  ord.  of  mam- 
mals  to    which 
sloths,     ant-eat- 
ers,  armadillooB,  ^ 
Ao.y  belong.        g 

Edentate, 
-dent'ut.    AnK 
animal  having  no 
fore  teeth,  as  the 
armadillo. 

Edfirar.  Einff  of  England,  snmamed 
"  The  Peaceable,"  s.  his  brother  Edwy, 
948;  D.  975.  St.  Dunstan  was  his  chief 
political  adviser.  E.  Atheling,  grandson 
of  King  Edmund  Ironsides,  was  proclaim 
ed  King  on  the  death  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, but  submitted  to  William  the  Con- 
queror ;  B.  1068.  D.  1120.  E.,  King  of  Scot- 
land, was  nephew  of  E.  Atheling;  b. 
1061,  D.  1107. 

Edgrehill,  ej'hil.  An  eminence  in  War- 
wickshire, Eng.,  7  m.  N.  W.  of  Banbury, 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  and  inde- 
cisive battle  of  the  civil  war,  Oct.  28, 16^. 

Edge-tool,  ej'tol.  Any  instrument  hav- 
ing a  sharp  edge. 

Edfireworth,  Maria.  An  eminent  En- 
glish novelist ;  b.  1767,  d.  1^9. 

Edging:,  'ing.  Lace,  fHnge  or  trimming, 
added  to  a  garment.  In  Hort.  a  row  of 
small  plants  set  along  the  border  of  a 
flower-bed. 

Edible,  ed'i-bl.  Anvthinff  that  may  be 
eaten  for  food  ;  an  article  of  food. 

Edifice,  ed'i-fls.  A  building;  a  structure; 
chiefly  applied  to  elegant  large  structures. 

Edile,  u'^.  In  Roman  Antiq.  a  magis- 
trate whose  chief  business  was  to  super- 
intend buildings,  especially  public  edi- 
fices, t'mples,  bi-ldges,  aoueancts,  &c., 
and  who  had  also  the  care  of  the  highways, 
public  places,  weights  and  measures,  &c. 

Edinburgh,  dd'n-bruh.  Cap.  of  Scotland, 
on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  857  m.  N.  W.  of 
London ;  pop.  208,400. 

Editio  princeps,  -di'shl-o  prin'seps. 
The  eailiest  edition  of  a  book ;  the  first 
printed  edition. 

Editor,  ed'it-er.  A  person  who  superin- 
tends, revises,  corrects  and  prepares  a 
book,  newspaper  or  magazine  for  pub* 
lication. 


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£GBEBT 


feSdxntuld  I.  A  Saxon  King  ol  £nglaiid, 
grandson  of  Alfred  the  Great ;  b.  898,  a. 
his  brother  Athelstan,  941;  asiuussinated, 
946.  £.  II.,  *' Ironsides,''  son  of  Ethelred 
II.,  B.  989.  He  made  a  treaty  1016,  with 
Canute  the  Great,  the  Danish  King,  to 
divide  Great  Britain,  but  was  assassinat- 
ed, leaving  Canute  sole  ruler. 

fiSdom.  In  Scrip,  the  oountiy  over  which 
Esau  ruled,  a  strip  100  by  20  m.  bet.  8. 
Palestine  and  the  Red  Sea ;  cap.  Bozrah 

Sow  Bunirah).    Also  the  section  bet.  the 
editerranean  and  Gulf  of  Akabah  on  the 
Bed  Sea  (Idnmea). 

Ediiophthalmata,  'ri-of-thal'^ma-ta. 
One  of  the  great  divisions  of  the  Crus- 


Edriophthalmata. 
tacea,  including  the  three  orders  which 
have  their  eves  sessile,  or  imbedded  in 
the  head,  and  not  fixed  on  a  peduncle  or 
stalk  as  the  crabs,  lobsters,  &o. 
Eduction-pipe,  e-duk'shon-plp.  In 
steam-engines,  the  pipe  bv  which  the  ex- 
haust steam  is  led  from  the  cylinder  into 
the  condenser  or  the  atmosphere. 

Edward.  Thename  of  9  kings  of  Eng- 
land. Of  them  8  belonged  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  line.  E.  I.,  "the  Elder,"  son  and 
8.  of  Alfred  the  Great,  crowned  901,  d. 
925.  E.  II.,  "  the  Martyr,"  great-grand- 
son of  the  former,  s.  his  father  Edgar,  975; 
assassinated  by  direction  of  his  step-mother 
Elftlda,  978.  E.  III.,  "the  Confessor," 
s.  his  half-brother,  Edmund  Ironsides, 
1042;  D.  1066.  In  the  Plantagenet  line 
there  were  6  of  the  name :  E.  I.,  "  Long- 
shanks,"  B.  his  father,  Henry  III.,  1274,  d. 
1807.  E.  II.,  his  son,  b.  in  Wales,  was 
the  first  to  assume  the  title  of  Prince  of 
Wales,  since  bestowed  upon  tiie  heir  to 
the  throne.  He  s.  his  mther,  1807,  and 
was  murdered  by  Boger  de  Mortimer, 
paramour  of  his  queen,  Isabella  of  France, 
1827.  E.  III.,  his  son  and  s.,  n.  1812,  d. 
1877.  E.  IV.,  son  of  Richard,  Duke  of 
York,  great-great-grandson  of  E.  III., 
was  B.  at  Rouen,  France,  1441,  and 
claimed  the  throne  in  right  of  his  mother 
and  as  the  head  of  the  House  of  York,  in 
opposition  to  Henry  VI.,  king  de  jure, 
representing  the  House  of  Lancaster.  The 
long  and  bloody  civil  "War  of  the  Boses  " 
ensued,  E    4naUy  vanquishing  his  ene- 


mies ;  D.  1488.  E.  v.,  his  son  and  %  b. 
1470,  was  murdered  along  with  his  yokkag- 
er  brother  in  the  Tower  of  London,  l«6», 
by  order  of  their  uncle,  Bichard,  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  afterward  Bichard  III.  In  the 
Tudor  line  there  was  but  1  of  the  name — 
E.  VI.,  only  son  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Jane 
Seymour,  b.  1587,  s.  his  father,  1547  ;  d. 

Edwards,  Jonathan.  A  distingoished 
American  theologian,  b.  in  Conn.,  1703 ; 
became  president  of  Princeton  College, 
N.  J.,  1759,  D.  1760. 

Edwin.  An  Anglo-Saxon  king  of  North- 
umbria,  son  and  s.  of  JSHtk,  b.  abt.  590, 
crowned  617,  killed  in  battle,  688. 

Edwy,  MVe.  An  English  king  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  line,  s.  his  undo  Edred,  955, 
D.  958. 

Eel,  el.  A  fam.  of  teleostean  fishes  be- 
longing to  the  apodal  section  of  the  Mala- 
oopterygii.  The  name  is  also  applied  to 
other  fishes  belonging  to  distinct  genera. 

Eelbuok,  a)uk.  A  basket  for  catching 
eels. 

Eel-ffraS8,  'gras.  Zostera  marina,  a  kind 
of  sea-wrack. 

Eeriness,  er'i-nes.  Superstitious  fear 
combined  with  a  sense  of  loneliness. 

Effare,  a-lh-ra.  In  Her.  a  term  appUed 
to  an  animal  represented  as  rearing  on  its 
hind  legs,  asifit  wero  frightened  or  en* 
raged. 

Effifiry,  'fi-ji.  The  image, 
likeness  or  representation 
of  a  person  or  thing  in 
whole  or  in  part;  a  like- 
ness in  sculpture,  paint- 
ing, bas-relief  or  drawing; 
a  portrait ;  most  frequent- 
ly applied  to  figures  on 
sepuldiral  monuments. 
In  Numis.  the  impression 
on  a  coin  representing  the 
head  of  the  sovereifpi  by 
whom  it  was  issued. 

Effluent,    'fln-ent.       A 
stream  that  flows  out  of 
another  stream  or  out  of  a  * 
lake. 

E.  Or.  For  the  sake  of  an 
example;  for  instance. 

Egrad,  e-gad.  An  exclam- 
ation expressing  exulta- 
tion or  surprise. 

Egbert  (The  Ghreat). 
Kingof  Wessex,  England; 
b.  abt.  765,  crowned  800,  v.  888.  He  oon- 
solidsted  the  several  states  of  the  Hept* 
archy  into  one  kingdom. 


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EIDEE 


Effendi,  ef-fen'di.  A  title  of  respect  at- 
tached to  the  official  title  of  Turks,  es- 
pecially to  those  of  learned  men  and  eccle- 
siastics ;  thas,  the  sultan's  first  physician 
is  Hakim  effendi.  Also  often  used  as 
master  or  sir ;  thus,  Greek  children  are  in 
ih6  habit  of  calling  their  fathers  effendi. 

Egrean,  -je'an.    A  term  applied  to  that 

Srt  of  the  M'iditerranean  otnerwise  called 
e  Archipelago. 

Effer,  'ger.  In  Bot.  a  tulip  early  in 
bloom. 

Egreria,  -j5'ri-a.  One  of  the  small  aster- 
oids between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Ju- 
piter. 

Egreria.  In  Myth,  a  nymph  of  Aricia,  in 
Italy^  where  Diana  was  the  principal  ob- 
ject of  worship.  E.  was  courted  by  Nu- 
ma  Pompilius,  and  according  to  Ovid 
became  his  wife.  At  his  death  she  wept 
so  violently  that  Diana  changed  her  into  a 
fotmtain. 

EgriT,  eg.  The  body  formed  in  the  females 
of  all  animals  (with  the  exception  of  a  few 
of  the  lowest  type,  which  are  reproduced 
by  gemmation  or  division),  in  which,  by 
impregnation,  the  development  of  the 
fcBtus  takes  place. 

Egrgr-nogr,  'nog.  A  drink  consisting  of 
the  yelks  of  eggs  beaten  up  with  sugar, 
and  the  white  of  eggs  whipped,  with  the 
addition  of  wine  or  spirits. 

Effgr-plant, 
'plant.  A 
fhiited  vari- 
ety of  Sola- 
num  esculen- 
tum,  culti- 
vated as  an 
article  of 
food. 

Egrgr-erlas8, 

'  g  1  a  s.  A 
small  glass 
Tor  holding 
an  egg  at  the 
table.  A 
sand-glass 
for  regulat- 
ing the  boiling  of  eggs. 

Egrgreba,  'e-ba.  A  weight  used  on  the 
Guinea  coast,  equal  to  half  an  ounce. 

Effgr-bird,  'herd.  The  name  given  to 
Hydrochelidon  fUliginosum,  a  species  of 
tern. 

Egrina  Marbles,  5-gl'na  mar-blz.  A 
collection  of  ancient  statues  discovered  on 
the  island  of  Egina,  supposed  to  have 
originally  decorated  the  temple  sacred  to 
Pallas  Athene.    They  are  the  most  re> 


Egg-plant. 


markable  ornaments  of  the  Glyptothek  ol 
Munich. 
Egrmont,   Ijamorel,   Oount  of.    A 

Dutch  General,  descended  from  the  Duke 
of  Guilders;  b.  1622.  As  commander  ol 
the  Spanish  cavahy  of  Charles  V.  he  de- 
feated the  French,  1567-58,  but  incurring 
the  enmity  of  Philip  II.,  through  his  len- 
ient treatment  of  the  Flemish  Protestants, 
he  was  put  to  death,  1568,  despite  the  re- 
monstrances of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land and  German  princes.  His  fate  led  to 
the  independence  of  the  Netherlands. 

Egro,  'g6.  In  Metaph.,  I ;  the  conscious 
thinking  subject ;  the  subject,  as  opposed 
to  the  non-ego,  the  not-self,  the  object. 

Egroism,  -Izm.  In  Philos.  the  opinion  of 
one  who  thinks  everything  uncertain  ex- 
cept his  own  existence.  A  passionate 
love  of  self 

Egroiflt,  -ist.  An  egotist ;  a  selfish  person. 
One  holding  the  doctrine  of  egoism. 

Egrret,    grot.    A   naim' 
common  to  a  species  of 
herons.    The  little  epn  t 
(Herodias  or  Ardea  {::ir- 
zetta)  is     probably    Ihf 
most  elegant  of  all  tlm- 
heron  tribe.    A  hercn  - 
feather.       In    Bot.    ilh  ." 
feathery  or  hairy  do^'Lhi 
of  seeds,  as  the  down 
the  thistle.    A  specie.-.  ■  ■  i  • 
ape. 

Bgnrett,  -gret'.    A  tuft 
of  feathers,  diamonds,  &g.  , 
of  ribbons.  Written  also  Aigret,  Aigrette. 

Egrsrpt,  6-ilp.  A  country  in  the  N.  E.  of 
AfHca;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Medi- 
terranean, E.  by  the  Red  Sea  and  Isthmus 
of  Suez,  W.  by  Barca  and  the  Great  Des- 
ert, 8.  by  Nubia ;  area,  abt.  180,000  sq.  m. 
Principal  cities,  Cakt),  the  cap.,  Alexan- 
dria, Damietta,  Suez,  Khartoum,  Rosetta 
and  Port  Said,  the  latter  being  the  Medi- 
terranean port  of  the  Suez  Canal.  The 
Nile  is  the  only  river  of  consequence,  and 
two  low  mountain  ranges  on  either  side 
the  Nile  extend  from  Syene  to  Cairo,  and 
from  the  Nilotic  valley.  Pop.  abt.  8,500,- 
000. 

Egryptologir-  -tol'o-ji.  The  science  of 
Egyptian  antiquities;  that  branch  of 
knowledge  that  treats  of  the  ancient  lan- 
guage, history,  &c.,  of  Egjrpt. 

Eider,  I'der.  A  species  of  duck.  Soma- 
terla  molllssima,  about  twice  the  size  of 
the  common  duck.  The  down  is  much 
valued  for  its  superior  warmth,  lightness 
and  elastioity.  The  king  eider  is  another 
species. 


Egret, 
an   ornament 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EGYPTIAN 


»4 


ELATERIBiB 


solidity,  bold-  Court  of  Temple  at  Edfon. 
new*  and  •  originality.  The  remarkable 
feature  ast^ooiated  with  this  Rtyle  is  the 
prandeur  of  its  mechanical  operations,  in 
cutting,  polishinp,  sculpturing  and  trans- 
porting vast  blocks  of  limestone  and  of 
granite.  E.  blue,  a  brilliant  pigment  con- 
sisting of  the  hydrated  protoxide  of  cop- 
r-  mixed  with  a  minute  quantity  of  iron, 
pebble,  a  species  of  agate  or  jasi»er.  E. 
thorn,  the  Acacia  vera.  L.  vulture. 
Neophron  percnopterus,  one  of  the  smaller 
vultures.  It  frequents  the  streets  of  East- 
ern towns,  where  it  is  protected  as  a 
scavenger,  and  follows  caravans  through 
the  desert.  Called  also  Pharaoh's  hen  or 
chicken. 

Eider.  A  Danish  river  forming  the 
bmmdary  between  Schleswig  and  IIoI- 
stein,  emptying  into  the  German  Ocean  at 
Tonning. 

EiidogTapll,  'do-graf.  An  instrument 
for  copying  designs,  reduced  or  enlarged. 

Eidolon,  -do'lon.  A  likeness,  image,  or 
representation  ;  a  shade  or  specter ;  an 
apparition. 

Eidoimuiion,  -<lou-ru'ni-on.  A  repre- 
sentation of  the  heavens. 

XSigrllt,  fit.  One  of  the  cardinal  numbers. 
A  symbol  representing  eight  units,  as  8  or 
viii. 

Eifirhteenmo,  'en-mo.  The  size  of  a 
book'  in  which  a  sheet  is  folded  into  eigh- 
teen leaves.    "Written  generally  18mo. 

'^ESireziafcll,  !'ren-ark.  In  Greek  Antiq. 
a  magistrate  to  whom  the  keeping  of  the 
peace  was  intrusted. 

Eisleben,  iz'la-ben.  A  town  of  Saxony, 
24  m.  N.  "W.  of  Merseberg,  the  birthphice 
of  Martin  Luther,  1488,  and  where  he 
died,  1546;  pop.  18,782. 


Eisteddfod,  !-«tethvdd.  A  meeting; 
an  assemblv  or  session  of  bards  and  min- 
strt-Is  held  In  Wales  In  ancient  times,  re- 
vived by  the  Tudor  sovereign  j  and  again 
popultf  wherever  the  Welsh  live  in  any 
numbers. 

Ekaterinodar.  Cap.  of  the  Coasaeks 
ofthe  Euxine,  on  the  Kuban,  European 
Bussia  ;  pop.  abt  12,300. 

Ekaterinoelav.  Cap.  of  govt,  of  same 
name  in  European  Bussia,  on  the  Dnieper, 
260  m.  N.  E.  of  Odessa;  pop.  28,60^ 
Strongly  fortified. 

Elceolite,  el-e-o-nt.  A  coarse,  massive 
variety  of  nepheline.  The  predominance 
of  soda  in  its  composition  renders  its  alter- 
ation a  frequent  source  of  zeolites,  as 
thomsonite. 

ElaBOptene,  -op'ten.  The  Uqnid  portion 
of  volatile  oils,  as  distinguished  fix>m  the 
crytalKzable  portion  called  stearoptene. 

Elaine,  e-Ia'in.  The  liquid  principle  oi 
soils  and  fats ;  oleine. 

Eland, 'land.    An 

African        specie 

(Oreas  canna),  the 

largest  of  all  ante- 
lopes  and  almost 

the  only  one  dis-  . 

posed  to  take  on  ( 

fat.  It  is  about  the  5 

size  of  a  horse.  The 

moose. 
E1ann8,-la'nus.  A  ' 

gen.    of  kites,  the 

only    cosmopolitan 

member  ofthe  group,  of  which  the  black- 
winged  kite  is  a  good  example. 

Elaplioniyces,  el-a-fom'i-sez.  A  gen. 
of  underground  fungi,  alhed  to  truflftes. 
They  were  once  regarded  as  aphrodisiac, 
and  are  still  sold  by  herbalists  under  the 
name  of  lycoperdon  nuts. 

ElapidSB,  e-lap'i-de.    A  fam.  of  venom- ' 
ous  serpents,  including  the  genera  Bunga- 
rus.  Cobra  and  Elaps. 

Elasmobranchii,  -1as'md-brang''ki-i. 
An  ord.  of  fishes,  including  the  &harks, 
dog-fishes,  rays  and  chimiera. 

Elasmodon,  -don.  A  sub-gen.  of  the  gen. 
Elephant,  under  which  are  included  the 
inanmioth  and  Asiatic  species,  the  African 
belonging  to  the  sub-gen.  Loxodon. 

ElasmotheriTun,  -the^'ri-um.  An 
extinct  gen.  of  mammalia,  referred  by 
some  to  the  horse  family,  by  others  to 
the  rhinoceros,  being  intermediate  be- 
tween them. 

Elateridaa     el  a-ter'i-dS.      A   fiun.    of 


Eland. 


Digitized  by 


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ELATEKITE 


295 


ELECTTRO-CHEMISTEY 


ooleopteronB  insects  oorresponding  to  the 
LiimieaQ  gen.  Elater. 

Elatexite,  d-1aVer-It  An  elastic  mineral 
resin. 

Elba.  An  Italian  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, off  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  18  m. 
long,  by  8  to  12  m.  wide.    Koteid  as  the 

Elaoe  of  banishment  of  Napoleon  I.  after 
is  first  abdication,  1814.    He  remained 

on  it  only  ten  months. 
Elbe,  Slh.    A  rlyer  of  N.  Germany,  rising 

in   the    Biesengebirge  Mountains,   ana 

emptying  Into  the  German  Ocean  70  m. 

below  Hamburg ;  length  860  m. 
Elberfeld.     A  mannfocturing   city  of 

Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  Wapper,  15  m. 

N.  E.  of  DQsseldorf ;  pop.  abt.  90,000. 
ElbuTB,  dl-booTz'.    The  highest  peak  of 

the  Caucasus  Mountains ;  18,526  ft. 

Eloesaite,  -sS'sa-It.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Gnostics,  which  arose  among  the  Asiatic 
Christians  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 

ELohinflren,  -shSng'gn.  A  Bavarian 
Tillage,  8  m.  N.  £.  of  Ulm,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Danube,  noted  as  the  scene  of 
the  yictory  by  the  French  under  Marshal 
Ney  over  the  Austrians,  1805. 

Elder,  eld'er.  A  person  advanced  in  life, 
and  who,  on  account  of  age,  experience 
and  wisdom,  is  selected  for  office.  Among 
the  Jews,  the  seventy  men  associated  with 
Moses  in  the  government  of  the  people 
were  elders.  In  the  first  Christian 
churches  the  word  includes  apostles,  pas- 
tors, teachers,  presbvters,  bisnops  or  over- 
seers. Peter  and  John  called  tiiemselves 
elders.  The  first  councils  of  Christians 
were  called  presby  teria,  councils  of  elders. 
Among  some  modern  sects  the  title  is  ap- 
plied to  ministers ;  among  others,  to  the 
nighest  lay  officer. 

El  Dorado,  el  do-rfiM5.  A  country  that 
Orellana,  the  lieutenant  of  Pizarro.  pre- 
tended that  he  had  discovered  in  S.  Amer- 
ica, and  which  he  thus  named  on  account 
of  the  quantity  of  predons  metals  in 
Manoa,  the  capitid.  His  relation  was  soon 
discovered  to  be  a  figment.  The  word 
has  become  a  proverbid  term  for  a  region 
represented  to  be  unusually  rich. 

Eleanor  (of  Ghiienne).  Queen  Regent 
of  England  during  the  absence  of  her  son, 
Richard  CoBur  de  Lion,  in  the  crusades : 
B.  1122,  D.  1204.  E.  was  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  last  Duke  of  Aquataine,  and 
was  married  to  Louis  YII.  of  France, 
1187:  divorced  1152,  she  married  Henry 
II.  of  England,  her  extensive  possessions 
in  France  being  the  cause  of  the  protracted 
wan  between  the  two  countries. 


Elecampane,  '6-kam-p&n''.  The  com- 
mon name  of  Inula  Heleninm,  &  composite 
herb.    It  is  an  aromatic  bitter. 

Elector,  5-lekt'er.  One  who  elects  or  has 
the  right  of  choice  ;  a  person  who  has  by 
Uiw  or  constitution  the  right  of  voting  for 
any  ftmctionary. 

Electrepeter,  -lek-trep'et-er.  An  in- 
strument for  changing  the  direction  of 
electrical  currents. 

Electric,  'trik.  Containing  electricity  or 
capable  of  exhibiting  it  when  excited  by 
fHction.  E.  apparatus,  the  various  things 
necessary  for  conducting  electrical  exper- 
iments and  illustratiiig  the  laws  of  electric 
action.  E.  circuit,  plates  of  copper  and 
zinc,  with  the  acid  solution  which  renders 
them  active,  and  a  wire  connecting  the 
unimmersed  ends  of  the  plates.  E.  cur- 
rent, a  stream  of  electricity  traversing  a 
closed  circuit,  or  passing  by  means  of  con- 
ductors from  one  body  to  another.  E. 
battery,  a  number  of  electric  jars  connect- 
ed, witn  each  other.  E.  machine,  an  a^ 
paratus  capable  of  exciting  a  great  quantl* 
ty  of  electricity  and  exhibitUig  its  effects. 
They  are  of  a  great  variety  of  forms. 
Electricity,  -tris'i-tl.  The  branch  of 
.  natural  philosophy  which  investigates  the 
attractions  and  repulsions,  the  produc- 
tion of  light,  the  elevation  of  temperature, 
explosions  and  other  phenomena  attend- 
ing the  Auction  of  vitreous,  resinous  and 
metallic  surfaces,  and  the  heating,  cooling, 
evaporation  and  mutual  contact  of  a  great 
number  of  bodies.  Electricity  is  positive 
and  negative,  the  first  like  that  evoked  on 

glass  by  rubbing  with  silk,  and  the  latter 
ke  that  evok<^  on  sealing-wax  by  rub- 
bing with  flannel.  Similarly  electrified 
bodies  repel,  and  dissimilarly  electrified 
bodies  attract  each  other,  while  neutral 
bodies  are  attracted  by  those  which  are 
electrified.  Besides  friction  there  are 
other  sources  of  electricity.  After  cleav- 
age or  pressure  certain  laminated  min- 
erals exhibit  electric  excitement  at  tiie 
surfaces  cleft  or  pressed,  one  of  these 
being  always  positive,  the  other  negative. 
Many  other  bodies,  not  minerals,  possess 
the  same  property. 

Electro-biology,  'tro-bl-ol-o-ji.  That 
branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the 
electric  currents  developed  In  living  or- 
ganisms. 

Electro-chemistry,  -kem-is-trl.  That 
science  which  treats  of  the  agejicy  of  elec^ 
tricity  and  galvanism  in  effecting  chemi- 
cal changes,  divided  into  electrolysis  and 
electro-metallurgy. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ELECTEO-CHEONOGRAPH 


ELEPHANT 


Electro-chronoerraph.,  -kron^'o-graf. 
An  iDBtruinent  used  in  astronomical  ob- 
servatories for  noting  the  precise  instant 
or  duration  of  transits  and  similar  phe- 
nomena. 

Electrode,  ^trod.  A  term  to  denote  the 
surface  at  which  eloctricitv  enters  or 
leaves  a  body  under  electrolytic  decom- 
position, to  avoid  the  ambiguity  of  the 
terms  positive  pole,  negative  pole.  The 
point  at  which  electricity  enters  is  term- 
ed the  anode,  and  the  point  at  which  it 
departs,  the  cathode. 

Electro-dynamics,  'tro-di-nam-iks. 
The  science  which  treats  of  mechanical 
actions  exerted  on  one  another  by  electric 
currents. 

Electro-enfirravingr,  -en-grav-ing.  The 
process  of  engraving  by  means  of  voltaic 
electricity. 

Electrofirraphy,  -trog'ra-fi.  The  process 
of  copying  engravings  from  copper  or 
steel  plates  to  an  electro-copper  deposit. 

Blectrometer,  -trom^et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  differences  of  electric 
potential  between  two  conductors  through 
effects  of  electrostatic  force,  and  distin- 
tinguiahed  from  the  galvanometer,  which 
measures  differences  of  electric  potential 
through  electro-magnetic  effects  of  elec- 
tric currents  produced  by  them. 

"Electromotor,  tro'-mo-ter.  An  arrange- 
ment which  gives  rise  to  an  electric  cur- 
rent, as  a  galvanic  battery,  or  a  thermo- 
electric pile.  An  engine  in  which  elec- 
tricity is  employed  to  produce  mechanical 
effect 

filectroplione,  'tro-fon.  An  instru- 
ment for  producing  sounds,  resembling 
trumpet-tones,  by  electric  currents  of  high 
tension. 

Mectropho  r  u  s  , 
-trof  o-rus.  An  in- 
strument for  ob- 
taining electricity 
by  means  of  induc- 
tion. It  consists  of 
a  disk  of  resin  and 
another  of  polished 
metal  with  an  insu- 
lating handle.  The 
resin  disk  is  electri-  ,,,  ^  , 
fled  by  striking  or  i-lectrophorus. 
rubbing  and  the  metal  plate  is  then  laid 
upon  it.  The  upper  plate  does  not  re- 
ceive a  direct  charge  from  the  lower,  but, 
if  touched  with  the  finger,  receives  an  op- 
posite charge  by  induction. 

Electro-plate,  'tro-plat.  Articles  coated 
with  silver  or  nther  metal  by  the  process 
01  electro-plaxb.^ 


^ 


Electroscope,     -skop.     Aa 
instrument  for  observing  or  de- 
tecting the  existence 
of  free  electricity  and 
determining  its  kind. 
The  simplest  electro- 
scope   consists   of   a 
pair  of  short  pieces  of 
straw  suspended    by 
silk  threads.    On  pre- 
senting an  electrified 
body   to    them 
they  become  ex- 
cited and  stand 
apart.    This  has 

been  superseded 

by  the  gold-leaf  Gold-leaf  Electrosoopo. 
ei«ctr  o  s  c  o  p  e , 

consisting  of  two  pieces  of  gold-leaf,  fixed 
to  a  brass  rod  and  hung  Inside  a  dry  glasa 
globe.  If  an  electric  body  be  brought 
near  the  instrument  induction  take-s  place. 
To  find  if  the  leaves  are  positively  or  neg- 
atively charged  an  electrified  glass  rod  la 
brought  near ;  if  positively  chained,  th« 
leaves  will  divei^e  still  more ;  if  negatively, 
they  will  collapse. 

Electro-tint,  -tint  An  art  by  which 
drawings  are  traced  by  the  action  of  elec- 
tricity on  a  copper  plate,  for  use  in  the 
common  printing  press. 

Electrotype,  -tip.  The  act  of  producing 
copies  of  wood-cuts,  tj'pes,  &c.,  J »y  means 
of  the  electric  deposition  of  copper  upon 
a  mold  taken  fi*om  the  originill.  A  copy 
thus  produced. 

ElectniTn,  'trum.  Amber.  In  Mineral, 
an  argentiferous  gold  ore  or  native  alloy. 
An  alloy  of  gold  used  by  the  ancients, 
consisting  of  a  mixture  of  gold  with  a  fifth 
part  of  sUver. 

Elegy.  A  plaintive  poem,  or  a  Ameral 
song.  In  Class,  poetry,  any  poem  writ- 
ten in  elegiac  verse. 

Element,  -ment.  In  Chem.  one  of  the  64 
simple  substances  which  hitherto  have 
resisted  resolution  by  chemical  analysis ; 
one  of  the  ultimate,  Indecomposable  con- 
stituents of  an  V  kind  of  matter.  The  first 
or  simplest  rules  or  principles  of  an  art  or 
science ;  rudiments.  In  Scholastic  Philos- 
ophy, one  of  the  four  constituents  of  the 
material  world — fire,  air,  earth  and  water, 
which  were  supposed  to  be  ultimate  inde- 
composable principles. 

Elephant,  -fant  The  popular  name  of 
a  gen.  constituting  a  sub-fam.  of  five-toed 
proboscidian  mammals,  oompiehending 
two  species,  Elephas  (Elasmodon)  Indicus 
and  Elephas  (Loxodon)  AlHcanus,  the 
former  inhabiting  India,  the  latter  Africa. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ELEPHANTA 


297 


ELIJAH 


The  tusks 
occur  in 
both  sexes, 
and  are  of 

freatyalnc, 
rom  the 
Ivory  of 
which  they 
consist,  fur- 
nishing an 
1  m  p  o  rtant 
articleof 

commerce.    „,„-.,,      -r.,     ».     j. 
Ten  species    Head  of  Indian  Elephant, 
of  fossil  elephants  have  been  described,  in- 
eluding  the 
mastodon  and 
the  mammoth. 

Elephanta, 

-fin'ta.    An 
Island  oflf  the 
W.  coast  of 
Hindustan,    5 
m.  E.  of 
Bombay,, 
noted  as' 
contain- 
ing many 
remark- 
able reli- 


Head  of  African  Elephant. 


glous  antiquities.  Among  these  are  an 
Immense  stone  elephant  from  which  a 
slope  leads  to  an  artificial  rock  cave,  80 
by  40  ft. ,  the  roof  of  which  is  supported  by 
pillars  18  ft.  high.  It  is  cut  up  into  apart- 
ments, which  contain  carved  images  of 
objects  and  animals  in  Hindu  Myth.,  in- 
cluding the  gods. 

Xilepliant-fiBll,  -fish.  Callorhynchus 
antarctica,  a  fish  belonging  to  the  ord. 
Elasmobranchii,  having  a  proboscis-like 
process  on  its  nose. 

Elephantiasis,  -V'a-sis.  In  Med.  a 
term  applied  to  several  varieties  of  skin 
diseases  in  which  the  limbs  suflFer  enlarge- 
ment and  the  skin  discoloration. 

Elepliantidad,  'i-de.  A  fam.  of  animals 
included  among  the  Pachydermata  of 
Cuvier,  but  raised  by  some  into  a  distinct 
order  of  mammals,  that  of  the  Probosci- 
dea,  comprising  the  elephants,  the  mam- 
moth, the  mastodon,  and  perhaps  the 
dinotherium. 

Elephantine,  -fan'dn.  A  small  Nilotic 
island  opposite  Assouan,  U.  Egypt,  con- 
tfidning  many  ruins,  the  most  remarkable 
being  that  of  the  Kilometer,  referred  to  by 
Strabo. 

Elephant's-tusks,  -tusks.  A  gen.  of 
gasteropodous  mollusks,  fam.  Dentalldae 


or  tooth-shells.  In  parts  of  Africa  the 
shells  are  used  as  money. 

Elephant,  White.  The  highest  order 
of  Danish  knighthood,  numbering  but  80, 
exclusive  of  the  royal  males. 

Eleusinia,  e-loo-sin'e-a.  Solemn  festi- 
vals with  mysterious  religious  rites,  cele* 
brated  every  4  years  by  the  ancient  Greeks, 
in  honor  of  Ceres  and  her  daughter  Pro- 
serpine. The  presiding  priest  was  termed 
a  hierophant,  and  to  disclose  the  secrets 
of  the  rites  was  an  offense  that  could  not 
fail  of  being  avenged  by  the  gods. 

Eleutheropomi,  e'lu-ther-o-po"mT.  A 
sub-ord.  of  chondropterygian  fishes,  in- 
cluding sturgeons  and  chimaeras. 

Elevator,  el-e-vat-er.  A  muscle  which 
serves  to  raise  a  part  of  the  body,  as  the 
lip  or  the  'iye.  A  mechanical  contrivance 
for  raising  persons  or  goods  from  a  lower 
story  of  a  building  to  a  higher.  A 
series  of  boxes  or  buckets  attached  to  a 
belt  traveling  round  drums,  for  hoisting 
grain,  meal,  &c.,  in  a  mill.  A  building 
containing  mechanical  elevators,  especially 
a  grain  warehouse. 

Eleve,  a-lav.  A  pupil ;  one  brought  up 
or  protected  by  another. 

Eleven,  e-lev'n.  The  sum  of  ten  and 
one.  A  symbol  representing  eleven  units, 
as  11  or  xi.  In  cricket,  the  number  oi 
players  on  a  side. 

Elf,  elf.  A  wandering  spirit ;  a  fairy  ;  a 
goblin;  an  imaginary  being  anciently  sup- 
posed to  inhabit  unft«quente<l  places,  and 
in  various  ways  to  affect  mankind.  A 
mischievous  or  wicked  person .  A  diminu- 
tive person;  a  dwarf;  hence,  a  pet  name 
for  a  child. 

Elf-arrow,  'a-ro.  The  name  popularly 
given  to  the  flint  arrow-heads  which  were 
in  use  at  an  early  period  am6ng  the  bar- 
barous tribes  of  many  countries.  They 
were  supposed  to  be  shot  by  fairies. 
Elf-land,  'land.  The  region  of  the  elves; 
fairy-land. 

El^Ln  and  Kincardine,  Thomas 
Bruce,  7th  Earl  of.  A  Scotch  noble 
descended  from  the  roval  bouse  of  Bruce ; 
B.  1777,  D.  1841.  While  In  the  diplomatic 
service  in  Turkey  and  Greece,  he  secured 
the  celebrated  collection  of  ar«lstlo  remains 
known  as  the  Elgin  marbles.  James,  his 
son,  8th  earl,  b.  1801,  d.  1863,  ^asffovem- 
or-general  of  Canada  and  viceroy  of  India. 
Eli.  In  Scrip,  a  high-priest  and  tbo  Judge 
of  Israel  preceding  Satnuel,  d.  111<*  b.  o. 
Elias,  Mount  St.  A  range  of  N.  Alas- 
ka. 
Elijah  (The  Tishbite).    One  oT  '«»*aJ> 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ELIOT 


2^ 


ELUTBIATION 


most  distinguished  prophets,  called  Ellas 
in  the  New  Testament.  He  Is  said  to  have 
been  translated  abt.  896  b.  g. 

Eliot,  John  (The  Apostle  of  the  In- 
dians). An  English  clergyman,  b.  1C04, 
emigrated  to  Mass.  1681,  becoming  pastor 
of  the  Roxbury  Church,  and  devoting 
most  of  his  after  life  to  missionary  efforts 
among  the  Indians. 

BUot,  Samuel.  An  American  historian; 
B.  in  Mass.  1821,  d.  1SS2. 

Elisha.  A  prophet  of  Israel,  pupil  and 
B.  of  Elijah  ;  lived  bet.  890  and  835  b.  c. 

Elite,  a-let.  A  choice  or  select  body  ;  the 
best  part ;  as  the  elite  of  society. 

Elizabeth.  Queen  of  England ;  daughter 
of  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn ;  b.  1633, 
B.  1603.  She  8.  her  sister  Mary,  1658,  and 
consummated  the  establishment  of  Prot- 
estantism as  the  faith  of  the  realm. 

Elizabethan,  -liz'a-beth"an.  Pertain- 
ing to  Queen  Elizabeth.  E.  architecture, 
the  mixed  or  debased  architecture  of  the 
times  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.,  when  the 
worst  forms  of  Gothic  and  Italian  were 
combined. 

Elizabeth  Petrowna,  pa-truv'na. 
Empress  of  Russia;  b.  1T09,  d.  1761.  She 
was  a  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  and 
became  empress  through  the  deposition 
of  Ivan,  1741. 

Elizabeth,  St.  (Of  Hungary).  Daughter 
of  Andreas  II.,  King  of  Hungary,  and 
wife  of  Louis,  Landgrave  of  Thuringia;  b. 
1207,  D.  1281.  She  was  eminent  for  piety 
and  ascetidsm. 

Elk,  elk.  Alces  Malchis  or  Cervns  Alces, 
the  largest  existing  species  of  the  Cervidae 
or  deer  fam.  It  is  found  in  Europe  and 
Asia,  but  chieflyin  North  America,  where 
it  is  called  the  Moose  or  Moose-deer. 
Elke.  Cygnus  ferus,  the  wild  swan  or 
hooper. 

Ell,  el.  A  measure  used  chiefly  for  meas- 
uring cloth.  The  English  elf  is  45  in., 
the  Flemish  27,  the  Scotch  87.2,  and  the 
French  54. 

Ellery,  William.  An  American  states- 
man, and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  ;  b.  in  R.  I.,  1727, 
D.  1820. 

Ellora.    A  village  of  pro  V.  Aurungabad, 
Hindustan,  celebrated  for  immense  Brah- 
man temples,  hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock. 
Elliptic,  -lip'tik.    A  flat  body,  oval  and 
acute  at  each  end. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican jurist,  second  Chief  Justice  of  the  U. 
8.;  B.  in  Conn.,  1746,  d.  1807. 


Ellwand,  'wond.  A 
measuring-rod,  which 
in  England  was  45  in. 
long,  and  in  Scotland 
87i.  In  Scotland,  the 
constellation  otherwise 
known  as  the  girdle 
or  belt  of  Orion.  CaU- 
ed  also  Our  Lady's 
ellwand. 

Elm,  elm.  The  En- 
glish name  of  the  gen. 
of  trees,  Ulmus,  ord. 
Ulmaceffi,  of  which 
there  are  thirteen  spe- 
cies. The  elm  for  use- 
fulness ranks  next  to 
the  oak  as  a  timber  tree. 

Elmidas,  'i-d6.  A  fam.  of  small  aqoatio 
coleopterous  Insects  found  adhering  to  the 
under  sides  of  stones  lying  at  the  bottom 
of  running  water. 

Elmo's-flre,  el^mdz-fir.  A  popular  name 
for  a  meteoric  appearance  seen  playing 
about  the  masts  of  a  ship.  Called  also 
Castor  and  Pollux,  Helena,  and  Corposant 

El  Obeid,  ei-o'baid.  Cap.  of  Kordoflin, 
Africa ;  pop.  abt.  85,000. 

Elogrist,  e'lo-jlst.  One  who  pronounces 
a  panegyric,  especially  upon  the  dead; 
one  who  delivers  an  61oge. 

Elohim,  -him.  One  of  the  names  of  God, 
of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  Bible.  It  is 
used  both  of  the  true  God  and  of  JBdse 
gods,  while  Jehovah  is  used  only  of  the 
true  God. 

Elohist, -hist.  The  epithet  appfled  to  the 
supposed  writer  of  the  Elohisno  passages 
of  the  Pentateuch,  in  contradistinction  to 
Jehovist. 

Elongration,  -long-ga'shon.  In  Astron. 
the  angular  distance  of  a  planet  firom  the 
sun,  as  it  appears  to  the  eye  of  a  spectator 
on  the  earth ;  apparent  departure  of  a 
planet  from  the  sun  in  its  orbit.  In  Surg. 
a  partial  dislocation,  occasioned  by  the 
stretching  of  the  ligaments. 

Elsinore,  Sl'se-nor.  A  seaport  of  Zee- 
land,  commanding  i^e  Sound,  and  for- 
merly the  place  where  the  Danish  gov- 
ernment collected  dues  from  vessels. 
Noted  for  the  proximity  of  the  castle  of 
Kronborg,  the  supposea  scene  of  Shake- 
speare's tragedy  of  Hamlet. 

Elul,  ^ul.  The  12th  month  of  the  Jewisk 
civil  year,  and  i^e  6th  of  the  ecclesiastical, 
corresponding  nearly  to  our  August. 

Elutriation,  -lu'tri-ft"shon.  The  opera- 
tion of  pulverizing  a  solid  substance,  stir- 
ring  it  with  water,  and  pouring  off  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ELYDOmo  ^ 

liqnid,  to  separate  the  foul  or  extraneous 
substances  from  the  finer,  as  the  elutria- 
tioD  of  tin-ore. 

Elydorio,  el-I-dor'ik.  A  method  of  paint- 
ing with  oil  and  water.  In  which  the  work 
has  the  freshness  of  water  colors  and  the 
mellowness  of  oU  painting'. 

El3rBiad89,  sra-d€.  A  small  &m.  of 
nndlhranchiate  moUusks,  in  which  no 
trace  of  special  respiratory  organs  has 
been  detected. 

Elysiaxi  Fields,  e-lizh'ySn.  In  Myth, 
the  Paradise  or  Heaven  of  the  ancient 
heathen  world;  they  were  yariously  lo- 
cated. 

Elytxine,  el'i-tr!n.  The  name  griycn  to 
the  substance  of  which  the  horny  covering 
ef  orustaceous  Insects  is  composed. 

ElaeTir,  el-ze'ver.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Elzevir  fomily.  £.  editions  of  the 
classics,  Ac.,  published  by  the  Elxevir  fam- 
ily at  Amsterdam  and  Leyden,  from  about 
lw6to  1680,  highly  prized  for  accuracy 
and  elegance.    A  peculiar  cut  of  type. 

Em,  em.  In  printing,  the  unit  of  meas- 
urement ;  the  square  of  the  type.  The 
em  of  pica  is  the  standard  unit. 

Emanatioxi,  -a-na'shon.  The  act  of 
flowing  or  proceeding  from  a  fountain- 
head  or  origin.  In  Phllos.  a  system  which 
supposes  that  all  existences  proceed  by 
successive  disengagements  from  one  be- 
ing, which  is  God. 

Emancipation,  e-man'si-pa^'shon.  The 
act  of  setting  free  from  slavery,  subjec- 
tion,clvll  restraints  ordisablllties,  Ac;  lib- 
eration, as  the  emancipation  of  slaves.  E. 
proclamation,  a  war  edict  of  President 
Lincoln  declaring  all  slaves  in  the  U.  8. 
free.  Ratified  by  the  votes  of  the  States 
at  the  close  of  the  Kebellion. 

Emasculation,  -ma8'ku-lH"shon.  The 
act  of  depriving  a  male  of  the  parts  which 
characterize  the  sex ;  castration .  The  act  of 
expurgating  some  jMirts  from  a  book,  writ- 
ing, Ac,  as  being  over-vigorcus  or  coarse. 

Emballinff,  em-bal'lng.  The  condition 
«f  being  distinguished  by  the  ball  or  globe, 
the  ensign  of  royalty ;  promotion  to  sov- 
rvlgnty. 

Embalon,  'bal-on.  The  beak  of  an  an- 
cient war-galley,  made  of  meta.  and  sharp- 
ened &o  that  it  might  pierce  an  enemy^s 
vessel  under  water. 

EmlMUBSy,  'bas-si.  The  public  function 
or  residence  of  an  ambassador;  the 
chaise  or  employment  of  a  public  minis- 
ter, whether  ambassador  or  envoy. 
Embatefion,  ba-tS'ri-on.  A  war-song 
of  the  Spartans,  accompanied  by  flutes. 


9  EMBBASUBE 

Embattled,  -bat'tld.  Arrayed  In  order 
of  battle. 
Furnished 
with  bat- 
tlements; 
specifically, 
in  Her.  in- 
dented like  _,  ,  ^^,  .  ,,  , ,, 
a  battle-         Embattled  Molding. 

ment.  E.  molding,  in  Arch.  Indented  like 
a  battlement. 

Ember,  'ber.    A  small  live  coal. 

Ember-days,  -dOz.  The  Wednesday, 
Friday  and  Saturday  after  Quadragesima 
Sunday,  after  Whitsunday,  after  Holy- 
rood-day  in  September,  and  after  St.  Lu- 
cla^s  day  in  December,  appointed  in  the 
Church  of  England  for  fasttng  and  absti- 
nence. 

Ember-ffoose,  -gos.  An  Arctic  bird, 
known  also  as  the  great  northern  diver 
and  loon,  gen.  Colymbus,  ord.  Natatores. 

Emberizidse,  -iz'l-da.  A  fiim.  of  small 
birds,  ord.  Insessores  and  tribe  Conlros- 
tres.  It  Includes  the  buntings,  the  snow- 
flake,  yellow-hammer,  reed-8i»rrow  and 
the  ortolan,  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of 
its  flesh.  By  some  naturalists  they  are 
classified  as  a  sub-fam.  of  the  Fringlliidfle, 
under  the  title  Emberlzina). 

Emblazonry,  -bla'zon-ri.  The  actor  art 
of  emblazoning ;  blazonry.  Heraldic  dec- 
oration. 

Emblem,  'blem.  A  work  of  art  repre- 
senting one  thing  to  the  eye  and  another 
to  the  understanding ;  a  painted  or  sculp- 
tured  enigma ;  a  figure  representing  some 
obvious  history,  or  suggesting  some  moral 
truth.    A  symbol. 

Emblemata, -ble-ma'ta.  The  sculptured 
figures,  usually  made  of  the  precious  met- 
a&  or  of  amber,  with  which  ornaments 
were  decorated  by  the  ancients. 

Embolism,  'bol-lzm.  Intercalation  ;  the 
insertion  of  days,  months  or  years  in  an 
account  of  time,  to  produce  regularity. 
The  Greeks  made  use  of  the  lunar  vear  ot 
854  days,  and  to  adjust  It  to  the  soutr  year 
of  865  they  added  a  lunar  month  every 
second  or  third  year. 

EmbrasiLre,  -br&'-  ■ 
zhur.    An  opening    _ 
In  a  wall  or  parapet  'U^ 
through  which  can-  *~~ 
non  are  pointed  and  ^ 
fired  :  the  indent  or^^_  i 
crenelle  of  an  em-^g^. 
battlement.    In 
Arch,  the  enlarge^         Embrasure. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EUfBOSSMENT 


£MPIBE 


ment  of  the  aperture  of  a  door  or  window 

isside  the  wall. 

EmbocNBment,  -bos'ment.  The  act  of 
forming  protuberanoeB  upon,  or  state  of 
being  emboBsed.  A  prominence,  like  a 
boss ;  a  Jut.    Belief ;  rising  work. 

Embrocado,  -bro-kaMo.  A  pass  in  fenc- 
ing. 

XSmbroidery,  -broi'de-rl.  Work  in  pold. 
silver,  silk,  or  other  thread,  formed  bv  the 
needle  on  cloth. 

XSxnbryo,  'bri-fl.  The  first  rudiments  of 
an  animal  in  the  womb,  before  the  several 
members  are  distinctly  formed,  after 
which  it  is  called  a  letus.  In  liot.  the 
rudimentary  plant  contained  in  the  seed, 
produced  by  the  action  of  the  pollen  on 
the  ovule. 

Emerald,  'e-rald.  A  precious  stone 
whose  colors  are  shades  of  green.  It  is  a 
little  harder  than  quartz  and  is  composed 
of  67  to  68  per  cent,  of  silica,  15  to  IS  al- 
umina, 12  to  14  glucina,  and  minute 
quanties  of  peroxide  of  iron,  lime  and 
oxide  of  chromium.  The  emerald  and 
beryl  are  varieties  of  the  same  species.  A 
size  of  printing  type. 

Emerald  Chreen,  gren.  A  durable 
green  pigment  prepared  from  the  arseniate 
of  copper. 

Emeritus,  6-mer'it-us.  A  soldier  or 
other  public  ftmctionary  of  ancient  Rome 
who  had  served  out  his  time  and  retired 
from  service.  Hence,  one  who  has  been 
honorably  discharged  from  public  service. 
^hnersion,  -mer'shon.  The  act  of  ris- 
ing out  of  a  fluid  or  other  covering  or  sur- 
rounding substance.  In  Astron.  the  re- 
appearance of  a  heavenly  body  after  an 
eclipse  or  occultation. 

Emerson,  Balph  Waldo.  An  emi- 
nent American  poet  and  essayist ;  b.  in 
Mass.  1803. 

Emiery,  em'e-ri.  An  amorphous  variety 
of  corundum  and  sapphire  extensively 
used  In  tiie  arts  for  grinding  and  polishing 
metals,  hard  stones  and  glass.  Its  com- 
position is  alumina  82,  oxide  of  iron  10,  sili- 
ca 6,  lime  1  i.  Razor-strop  paper  Is  made  by 
mixing  the  finest  emery  powder  and  a  little 
finely  powdered  glass  with  paper  pulp. 

Emetic,  6-met'ik.  A  medicine  that  pro- 
vokes vomiting. 

Emeute,  e-mut.  A  seditious  commotion; 
a  riot. 

Emigrant,   em'i-grant.     One  who  re- 
moves his  habitation,  or  quits  one  country 
or  region  to  settie  in  anotner. 
Emigre,    a-m^-gra.       One  of  the  old 


Fi-ench  nobles  who  became  reftigees  dur- 
ing the  revolution  of  1T89. 

Exuinential,  em-i-nen'shi-al.  In  Alg.  a 
term  applied  to  an  artificial  kind  of  equA- 
tion,  which  contains  another  eminentiy. 

Emir,  e'mir.  The  titie  given  bv  Moham- 
medans to  all  Independent  chieni.  When 
associated  with  other  words  it  denotes  the 
heads  of  certain  departments  in  Turkey. 
Thus  the  caliphs  style  themselves  £mir-al 
Mumenin,  Prince  of  the  Faithful ;  Emir-al 
Omrah,  Prince  of  Princes,  is  the  titie  ol 
the  governors  of  the  diflPerent  provinces, 
&c.  The  titie  is  also  given  to  all  descend- 
ants of  Mohammed,  through  his  daughter 
Fatima. 

EmmazLuel.  In  Scrip.,  a  titie  of  the 
Saviour,  alluding  to  His  Incarnation. 

Emmanuel  (The  G-reat).  King  of 
Portngal;  b.  1469,  d.  1521.  He  was 
brother-in-law  of  Charles  V.  of  Spain. 

Emmet,  em'met    An  ant  or  pismire. 

Emmet,  Eobert.  An  Irish  patriot ;  v. 
1780,  executed  1808. 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addis.  Brother  of 
the  above;  b.  1764;  took  an  active  part 
In  the  Insurrection  of  1798,  and  was  im- 
prisoned 8  years.  In  1814  emigrated  to 
N.  Y.,  and  became  attorney-general  of  the 
State ;  d.  1827. 

Emollient,  e-mol11-ent.      A    medicine 

.  which  softens  and  relaxes  living  tissues 
that  are  inflamed  or  too  tense.  Emol- 
lients proper  are  oils,  cataplasms,  fomen- 
tations, &G. 

Empaistic,  em-past'ik.  Ancient  inlaid 
work  resembling  modem  buhl ;  marquet- 
.  It  consisted  of  pressing  threads  or 
les  of  one  metal  into  another. 

Empasm,  -pazm'.  A  powder  used  to  re- 
move any  disagreeable  odor  from  the  per- 
son. 

Emperor,  'per-er.  The  sovereign  of  an 
empire ;  a  title  of  dignity  superior  to  that 
of  king. 

Empidad,  emp'i-dS.  A  group  of  dipter- 
ous Insects,  mmich  are  at  the  same  tiihe 
vegetable  feeders  and  carnivorous,  prey- 
ing on  ephemerae,  phryganete,  tipuJarifle, 
&c. 

Empire,  em'pir.  The  territory  or 
countries  xmder    dominion    of  an   em- 

!)eror  or  other  powerftil  sovereign ;  usual- 
y  a  territorr  of  greater  extent  than  a 
kingdom.  The  population  of  an  empire. 
Supreme  control;  governing  influence. 
E.  State,  the  State  of  New  York,  so  called 
from  the  enterprise  of  its  p€M>ple,  its 
wealth,  popuhitton,  Ac.    E.  City,  iTew 


iinei 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EMPIEIO 


501 


ENCEATITE8 


York,  as  being  the  capital  of  the  Empire 
State. 

XSmpiiic,  -pir'ik.  A  physician  who  lacks 
a  regular  professional  education,  and  re- 
lies on  his  own  experience.  Hence,  a 
quack ;  a  charlatan. 

Bmplecton,  -nlek'ton.  In  Arch,  a 
method  of  builoing  by  the  Greeks  and 
Bomans,  in 


Empleoton. 
and  the  central  space  filled  in  with  rubblo- 
work. 

Ximporium,  -p6'ri-um.  A  town  or  city 
of  extensive  commerce,  or  in  which  the 
commerce  of  an  extensive  country  cen- 
ters ;  a  market-place ;  a  warehouse  ;  a 
shop. 

Empress,  'pres.  The  wife  of  an  em- 
peror ;  a  female  who  governs  an  empire. 

Empyema,  -pi-€'ma.  A  collection  of 
pus,  blood  or  other  fluid  matter,  in  some 
cavity  of  the  body,  especially  in  the  cavity 
of  the  pleura  or  chest. 

Empyrean,  -pT-r€'an.  The  highest 
heaven,  where  tne  pure  element  of  fire 
was  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  exist. 

Ems.  A  popular  spa,  in  Nassau,  on  the 
Lahn,  5  m.  from  Nassau.  A  river  of 
Westphalia,  Germany. 

Emu,  b-mu. 
The  r#nnTil[ir 
npzDQ  of  umrgic 
ciirsorrin)  bird, 
DromaiaH  No- 
vm  Hollniidlio, 
fouBil  ifj  Ami- 
trali^  It  ifl 
sbontf  fc^t  In 
I o  n  ^  th  And 
stand's     bifflior  55 

wary.    It  Is  un-  „ 

like  the  ostrich  Emu. 

in  having  Its  feet  three-toed. 

Emu-wren,  'mu-ren.  An  Australian 
bird,  the  Stipiturus  malachurus,  fam.  Byl- 
viadee. 

Emydad,  em'i-d€.  A  &m.  of  chelonian 
reptiles,  comprehending  the  fresh-water 
tortoises  or  terrapins,  intermediate  in 
form  between  the  turtles  and  land  tor- 
toises. 

Enaliosaur,  en-al'i-o-sar.  A  member  of 
a  group  of  fossil  marine'*reptiles  of  great 


size,  one  example  of  which  is  the  ichthyo- 
saurus. 

Enamel,  -am'el.  A  colored  substance  of 
the  nature  of  glass,  but  possessing  a  greater 
degree  of  fusibility  or  opacity,  used  as  an 
ornamental  coating.  Enamels  have  for 
their  basis  a  pure  crystal  glass  or  frit, 
ground  with  a  fine  oxide  of  lead  and  tin, 
the  color  being  varied  by  adding  other 
substances. 

Encardion,  -kftr'di-on.  In  Bot.  the 
heart  or  pith  of  vegetables. 

Encarpus,  'pus.  In  Arch,  a  sculptured 
ornament  in  imitation  of  a  garland  of 
fruits,  leaves  or  flowers,  sometimes  an 


Encarpus. 
imitation  of  drapery,  and  frequently  ol 
musical  instruments,  implements  of  war 
or  of  the  chase. 

Encaustic,  -kas'tik.  The  art  of  painting 
on  enamel ;  the  art  of  painting  in  burned 
wax  or  in  any  way  wherein  heat  is  used 
to  fix  the  colors. 

Encephalon,  -se'fa-lon.  The  brain  ;  the 
contents  of  the  skull,  consisting  of  the 
cerebrum,  cerebeUum,  medulla  oblongata, 
and  membranes. 

Enchelya,  kel'i-a.  A  fem.  of  Inftisoria, 
of  very  simple  organizations.  They  live 
in  stagnant  water,  and  are  multiplied  by 
transverse  spontwieous  divisions. 

EncliodTis,  'ko-dus.  A  gen.  of  scombe- 
roid  fossil  fishes  found  in  the  chalk  forma- 
tion. 

Encke's  Comet,  Sng'kgz.  The  first 
comet  whoso  period  was  defined;  dis- 
covered by  Pons  of  Marseilles,  1818,  but 
named  after  Johann  Franz  Encke,  of 
Hamburg,  who  established  its  periodicity. 

Encore,  an-kor.  Again ;  once  more ;  used 
by  the  auditors  when  they  call  for  a  repeti- 
tion of  a  particular  part  Our  use  of  this 
word  is  unknown  to  the  French,  who  use 
the  word  bis  (twice)  if  they  wish  a  repeti- 
tion. 

Encratites,  en'kra-tits.  A  name  given 
to  a  sect  in  the  2d  century  because  they 
condemned  marriage,  forbade  the  eating 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ENCRINITE 


802 


ENFEOFFMENT 


offlesh  or  drinking  of  wine,  and  rejected 
all  the  comforts  and  convenience  of  life. 
Tatian,  an  Assyrian  monarch  and  a  dis- 
ciple of  Justin  Martyr,  was  the  leader  of 
this  sect.    Called  also  Continenta. 

Encrinite,  Icri- 
nit.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  whole 
order  of  Grinoidea 
or  stone-lilies,  bat 
more  speciflcally 
restricted  to  the 
genera  having 
rounded,  smoot£ 
stems.  The  pet- 
rifled  remains  of 

the       encrinites   Marble,  showing  En- 
compos  e     vast  crinites. 

•strata   of  marble 

in  N.  Europe  and  N.  America.  In  the 
cut  the  variety  in  the  figures  of  the  en- 
crinites Is  caused  by  the  different  angles 
at  which  they  occur. 

EncycUc,  -sikaik.  Circular;  sent  to 
many  persons  or  places;  intended  for 
many,  or  for  a  whole  order  of  men. 

Encyclopaedia,  -Bi'kl6-po"di-a.  The 
circle  of  sciences  ;  a  general  system  of  in- 
struction or  knowledge.  A  work  in  which 
the  various  branches  of  science  or  art  are 
discussed  separately  ;  a  cyclopredia. 

Encyclop8Bdist,  -pod-ist.  The  compiler 
of  an  encyclopaedia,  or  one  who  assists  in 
such  compilation;  also  a  person  whose 
knowledge  is  of  a  very  wide  range. 

Endecagron,  en-de'ka-gon.  A  plane 
figure  of  eleven  sides  and  angles. 

Endecaerynous,   -kaj'in-us.     lu  Bot. 
•  having  eleven  pistils  or  female  organs  of 
fructification. 

Endecaphyllous,  kafil-lus.  In  Bot. 
having  a  winged  leaf  composed  of  eleven 
leaflets. 

Endless,  end'les. 
Without  end.  E. 
saw  consists  of  a  rib- 
bon of  steel  serrated 
on  one  edge  and 
passing  continuous- 
ly over  a  wheel  or 
pulley  above  and 
one  below.  E.  screw, 
a  mechanical  ar- 
rangeme  n  t ,  the 
thread    of  which 

SJi^J"    ?    .^^^^   Endless  Screw  amd 
with  skew  teeth,  the  xrh/^Ai 

obliquity     corre-  "  ®^* 

eponding  to  the  angle  of  pitch  of  screw. 


Endemic,  -dem'Ik.  Peculiar  to  a  people 
or  nation ,  as,  an  endemic  disease  Is  one 
to  which  the  inhabitants  of  a  particular 
country  are  peculiarly  subject 

Enderby  Land.  A  large  island  in  the 
Antarctic  Ocean  ;  lat.  67«»  80'  8.,  Ion.  60« 
E. ;  discovered  1881,  by  BIscoe. 

Endive,  'div.    A  plant,  Cichorium  En- 
divia,  ord.  ComposItsB,  used  as  a  salad. 
Endocarp,       en'do- 
karp.       In   Bot.    the 
inner  layer  of  the  perl-  , 
carp.    It  may  be  hard 
and  stony,  as  in  the  I 
plum  and  peach,  mem-  ' 
branous  as  In  the  apple, 
or   fleshy   as   in    the 
orange.  The  endocarp 
or   stone,  the  epicarp  Fruit  of  Common 
or  outer  skin,  and  the  Peach, 

mesocarp     or    fleshy 
part,  are  shown  in  the  cut 
Endogramy,  -dog'a-ml.  A  custom  among 
some  savage  peoples  of  marrying  only 
within  their  own  tribe ;  opposed  to  ex- 
ogamy. 

Endogren,    Mo-jen. 
A  plant  belonging  to 
one  of  the  large  pri- 
mary   classes    Into 
which  the  vegetable  i 
kingdom  Is  divided.! 
To  this  class  belongi 
palms,  grasses,  rush- ' 
es,  lilies,  &c. 

EndonLorpli,-morf. 
A  term  applied  to 
minerals  inclosed  in 
minerals. 

Endorse,  -dors',  in  Her.  an  ordinary 
contaming  in  breadth  one-fourth,  or,  ac- 
cordmg  to  some,  one-eighth  of  the  pale. 
It  bears  the  same  relation  to  that  ordinary 
as  the  cottise  does  to  the  bend. 

^'^dowment,  -dou'ment.  The  act  of 
settling  dower  on  a  woman,  or  of  settling 
a  lUnd  or  permanent  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of  any  person  or  object.  That  which . 
is  bestowed  or  settled  on.   Gift  of  nature. 

Eneid,  ^-ne'id.  An  epic  poem  written 
m  Latin  bv  Vfa-gil,  of  which  ..Eneas,  re- 
puted the  founder  of  the  Latin  race.  Is  the 
hero. 

Energretlcs,  en-er-jet'Iks.  That  branch 
of  science  which  Investigates  the  laws  reg- 
ulating physical  or  mechanical  forces,  as 
opposed  to  vital. 

Enfeoffinent,  fefment.  In  law,  the 
act  of  giving  the  fee  simple  of  an  eatate. 


Endoguns. 
crystals    or   other 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ENFILADE 


EUlffEACONTAHEDKAL 


The  instram^it  'r  jIooI 

by  which  one  is  iniisiH^*! 

with  the  fee  of  fin  fii^^ttile. 
Enfilade, -fi-lSii.   MiHt. 

a  line  or  straight,  pnj>EL&gc^ ; 

a  situation  -which  rn&j  he 

raked  with  shot  through 

its  whole  length. 
Enfiraflred^-ga^d  Tn.xigofi; 

affianced  ;  enhstj'jl  -  earn- 
estly  employed     K.   cn!- 
nmn,  a  colomn   uttxu5herl 
to  a  wall  so  that  ;>art  of  it 
is  concealed.    E.    ^vIicgIs^^ 
wheels  that  ar</>  in  geac 
with  each  other. 
Engrine,  'jin.    Any  mi- 
dline for  apply!  riL^  attiani 
to   propel    vesftoi.H,    taU- 
way  trains.  &c.;   n  Bli^jtn]- 
engine.    Aayiii^trnmynt  Y^ngagcA  Col- 
in any  degree  t^mipllnat-         luim. 
ed;  that  by  which  any  ef- 
feet  is  pxodnced^  aa  a  cannon,  the  rtwk. 

batterlBg ^^  — 

ram,    Ac. 
Means ;  any-    ^ 
thing  nsed^^ 
to    effect    a  ^  . 
purpose ;    a 
tool ;    an 
agent. 

Ensrineer, 
-fir'.  A  per- 
son  skilled 
in  the  prin- 
ciples  and  Bteam  i^ti-JLuginis 

practice  of  engitit^rlnirT  efthor  civil  or  mXth 
tary.  A  me(diaTi ieut  en ptneer  innicHoirrt  thn 
ayooation  of  tlin  machliJist,  in  oseoininijr 
the  great  machimj,-!  empldyod  in  thu  nrti 
and  mano&ctan.*^,  Ajs  eTii^inMlrlVL'i-;  {Hie 
who  manages  un  im^riQe ;  a  porsou  who 
attends  the  mnoiiiiii^ry  on  bmktd  a  stt>iiin- 
vessel. 

Eii»i»cope,  'j!-iikyii\  A  kind  of  rpflwt- 
ing  microscope. 

England,  inff-p-lanH.  TJie  B.  sectton  of 
the  island  of  Gt,  Britntn,  bonndcrt  N.  by 
Scotland,  E.  by  tho  XcirtJi  St'W,  W.  by 
Wales,  the  Atb'r] Ik' Onyftn  unr!  IrWi  iii^A, 
8.  by  the  English  ClmnnA ;  area  &0,fil3 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  flit.  ■26jHH>,ij(HK  The  iirln- 
dpal  dties  ar*-^  T^rmflon,  Lho  <?3p.t  UTer- 
ppol.    Manohee^l  r,    L«j«1j(,   Eirnifn^lifmi 

•HulL  Bristol,  Xtiwcattle-uJi-Tvnt*  and 
Sheffield;  chief  rivers,  Thjinipa,  K<iivt»ra, 
Trent,  Mersej .  Otiso,  MtMirtar,  Tvne, 
Dee,  Teas  an<i  Wuar:  lakt-s,  l>nrwent' 
water,  Ultroivfltor,  Windemierfl  pjid 
Keswick;       momiuina,      CmnljerltLtitl, 


Westmoreland,  Yorkshire,  Cotswold,  th« 
Cheviots  on  the  Scottish  border,  and  the 
DerbysUre  Peak.  It  is  divided  into  40 
counties. 

Enfirine-taminfir,  -tem-ing.  A  method 
of  turning  executed  by  what  is  termed  a 


Examples  of  Engine-turning, 
rose-engine.     It  is  used  in  ornamental 
work,  such  as  the  curved  lines  on   the 
backs  of  watches ;  also  similar  lines  on 
bank  note  plates,  &c. 

Engrland,  Clmrcliof.  The  Protestant 
Episcopal. 

Engrlante,  anglan-ta.  In  Her.  bearing 
acorns  or  similar  glands. 
Engrlisli,  ing^glish.  One  of  the  Low  Ger- 
man group  of  ^guages,  and  that  spoken 
by  the  people  of  ikigland  and  the  de- 
scendants of  natives  of  that  country.  It 
is  a  direct  development  of  Anglo-Saxon. 
There  appear  to  have  been  three  chief  dia- 
lects of  English— the  Northern,  Midland 
and  Southern,  the  second  of  which  grad- 
ually becfune  the  dominant  and  literary 
dialect  of  the  country,  and  the  immediate 
parent  of  modem  English.  Although 
Teutonic  as  regards  its  grammar  and 
particles,  as  well  as  the  great  propor- 
tion of  words  in  daily  use,  yet  perhaps  no 
language  has  incorporated  so  many  foreign 
words.  The  chief  sources  from  which 
these  contributions  have  been  received  are 
Norman-French,  French  and  the  other  Ro- 
mance languages,  Latin  and  Greek,  besides 
contributions  from  Celtic,  German,  Dutch, 
Hebrew,  Persian,  Hindu,  Chinese,  Turk- 
ish, Malay,  American,  &c.  A  great 
many  of  the  terms  borrowed  from  the  last- 
mentioned  languages  are  names  of  articles 
of  trade.  As  a  collective  noun,  the  people 
of  England.  In  printing,  a  size  of  type. 
Engrraver,  -grav'er.  One  who  eng^ves  ; 
a  cutter  of  letters  or  devices  on  stone, 
metal  or  wood ;  a  sculptor,  a  carver. 
Enhydra,  -hi'dra.  A  gen.  of  carnivor- 
ous mammals,  fam.  Mustelide,  sub-lhm. 
LutrinaB,  consisting  of  only  one  sx)ecies, 
the  sea-otter. 

Enneacontahedral,  en'nS-a-kon-ta- 
he"-dral.  Having  90  faces;  said  of  a 
crystal  or  other  solid  figure  bounded  by 
planes. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ENNEACONTAHEDEON 


304 


ENTKE80L 


Enneacontaliedron,  -dron.  A  figure 
havlMg  90  sides. 

Ennead,  -ad.  One  of  the  divisions  of 
Porphyry's  collection  of  the  doctrines  of 
Plotinus,  so  named  from  its  being  arranged 
in  sbc  divisions,  each  containing  nine  books. 

XSnneaffon,  -a-gon.  A  polygon  or  plane 
figure  with  nine  sides  or  nine  angles. 

Enneandria,  -an'- 
dri-a.  The  9th  class 
of  the  Llnnsean  sys- 
tem of  plants,  com-' 
Erehending  such  as 
ave  hermaphrodite 
flowers  wiUi  9  sta* 
mens. 

E  n  n  i  s  ,  'is.  An 
Irish  form  of  the 
Celtic  inis,  an  island,         ^  ^  . 

a  frequent  element        -c^neandria. 
of  place  names ;  Ennis,  Enniskillen,  Ac. 

Enniscorthy,  -kor'the.  A  town  in  Co. 
Wexford,  Ireland,  in  which  the  principal 
actions  of  the  rebeUion  of  1798  wore 
fought ;  pop.  8,300. 

Eimi8killen,-ni8-kil'hi.  Cap.  of  Co.  Fer- 
managh, Ireland,  on  an  island  in  Lough 
Erne,  noted  for  its  memorable  seige  by 
James  II.,  1689 ;  pop.  6,600. 

Enoch,  e'nok.  In  Scrip,  an  antediluvian 
patriarch,  father  of  Methuselah  ;  b.  8378 
B.  c,  and  was  translated  at  the  age  of  865. 

Enomoty,  e-no'mo-ti.  In  Greek  Antiq. 
any  band  of  sworn  soldiers ;  specifically,  a 
body  of  soldiers  in  the  Lacedaemonian 
army,  variously  estimated  at  25  and  32, 
bound  together  by  an  oath. 

Enopla,  en'op-la.  A  tribe  of  turbellarian 
annelids.  The  members  are  microscopic, 
and  live  in  fresh  or  sea  water. 

Enorthotrope,  -or'tho-trop.  A  card  on 
which  conftised  objects  are  transformed 
into  various  figures  or  pictures,  by  caus- 
ing it  to  revolve  rapidly ;  a  thaumatrope. 

Enos,  o'nds.  The  eldest  son  of  Seth,  an 
antediluvian,  who  lived  905  years*  r. 
2045,  D.  1140  B.  c.  i^T^ 

Entablature,  -tab'Ia-  §    t 

tui-.    In  Arch,  that  part  " 

of  an  order  which  lies 

upon  the  abacus  of  the  rfj c 

column,    consisting  of  |  L 

the  architrave,the  frieze  *** ^ 

and  the  cornice. 
Entellns,  -tel'lus.  An 

E.    Indian    species    of 

monkey,  gen.    Senmo- 

pithecus.  It  receives  di-      Entablature. 

vine  honors  from  the  natives,  by  whom  it 
*8  termed  Hoonuman. 


Enter-mewer,  'ter-mu-er.  A  hawk 
gradually  changing  the  color  of  its  feathers, 
commonly  in  the  2d  year. 

Entomoid,  'to-moid.  An  object  having 
the  appearance  of  an  insect. 

Entomoloery,  -tom-oro-Ji.  That  branch 
of  zoology  wWch  treats  of  the  structure, 
habits  and  classification  of  the  Insecta  or 
insects.  Entomology  formerly  dealt  with 
all  articulated  animals. 

Entomopliagra,  -of  a-ga.  A  group  of 
hymenopterous  insects  whose  larvsa  gen- 
erally feed  parasitically  upon  living  insects. 
A  tribe  of  marsupials,  as  the  opossums, 
bandicoots,  «fec.,  which  are  insectivorous, 
though  not  exclusively  so.  A  section  ol 
edentates,  as  the  ant-eater  and  pangolin. 

Entophyte,  'to-fTt.  A  term  properly 
applied  to  a  plant  growing  in  the  interior 
of  animal  or  vegetable  structures.  Gen- 
erally, however,  restricted  to  plants  grow- 
ing on  or  in  living  animals,  bdonging  to 
the  Alga)  or  Fungi.  The  fur  on  the  tongues 
of  persons  with  disordered  stomachs  is  an 
Alga,  Leptothrix  buccalis,  and  the  same 

Sarasite  infests  iU-cleaned  teeth.  Other 
iseaaes  are  referred  to  the  growth  of  en- 
tophytes  on  or  in  various  structures,  and 
the  disease  is  cured  by  killing  the  parasite. 
Epidemic  diseases,  as  cholera,  have  been 
ascribed  to  spores  or  germs  being  con- 
veyed through  the  air. 

Entozoa,  -to-zo'a.  A  general  name  for 
those  annulose  parasitical  animals  which 
infest  the  bodies  of  other  animals. 

Entr»act,  an-trakt.  The  interval  between 
theactsof  a  drama.  A  short  musical  eu' 
tertainment  performed  during  such  inter- 
val. 

Entre  nous,  -tr  no.   Between  ourselyes. 


Entrepot,  -pi'i.   A  w  nt-i^hon  sw  c*r  jb&rh^ bo 
for  the  (1  ejKi  s\  tb  f  ^.^tlMJJ    ^l^m      "^J^v 

of  i.v.wif\K  n  Trw  f  ^^a     h^ 


1^S\ 


\»>cl  y\hi:T0  fur- 
eign  ttiyiiNjliiMn- 
d1-.i?  Isdi.'if.io^'.iHHi 
UTjdt^r  fUo  diir- 
vdHstncssi  i5f  fiii*- 
totns  afflpcra  t\]\ 
itlercHLMportt'h]; 
al&ti,  II  itinrt 
where  irood*  art) 
sejit  tfj  hti  dk- 
tributod. 
Entreaol.  -ml, 

A    lii^v  ril^.iry  ]ii^- 
tv,''ji-:i  LWi.i  u:Li.-:'.sl 
of  greater  Loitriii; 

Called  also  Mezzanin* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EBTVOY  a 

EnTOy,  'voi.  Ono  deputed  by  a  govern- 
ment to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  transact 
other  buBiness  with  a  foreign  ruler  or 
govemment,  inferior  in  rank  to  an  am- 
bassador. 

Enzootic, -z&-ot^ik.  A  disease  restricted 
to  the  animals  of  a  district. 

Eocene,  e'd-s€n.  In  Geol.  the  earliest  of 
the  three  periods  of  the  tertiary  strata, 
^  each  of  which  is  characterized  by  contain- 
ing a  different  proportion  of  fossil  shells  of 
recent  species.  Tno  eocene  bods  are  ar- 
ranged In  three  groups,  termed  the  lower, 
middle  and  upper. 

Eolian,  -d'li-an.  Pertaining  to  JBolia  or 
JEk>lis,  in  Asia  Minor,  inhabitod  by  Greeks. 
£.  mode,  in  music,  the  fifth  of  the  authen- 
tic Gregorian  modes ;  it  consists  of  the 
natural  notesABCDEFG.  Pertain- 
ing to  .fiolufi,  the  god  of  the  winds.    £. 


Eolian  Harp. 

lyre  or  harp,  a  simple  stringed  Instrumejit 
that  sounds  by  the  impulse  of  air.  E.  at- 
tachment, ■'  contrivance  attached  to  a 
piano-forte,  by  which  a  stream  of  air  can  be 
thrown  upon  the  wires,  prolonging  their 
vibration  and  increasing  the  volume  of 
sound.  E.  rocks,  in  Geol.  the  blown 
sands  of  the  desert  and  the  seashore. 

£olid»,  -ol'i-de.  A  fam.  of  nudibranch- 
late  gasteropodous  mollusks. 

Eolipile,  -pil.  A  hollow  ball  of  metal, 
with  a  slender  neck,  used  in  hydraulic  ex- 
periments. 

Eon,  'on.  A  space  of  time,  especially  the 
time  during  which  anything  exists;  an 
age ;  an  era ;  cycle ;  eternity.  In  Platonic 
Philos.  a  virtue  or  attribute  existing 
throughout  eternity.  The  Platonlsta 
represent  the  Deity  as  an  assemblage  of 
cons.  The  Gnostics  considered  cons  as 
certain  substantial  powers  emanating 
from  the  Supreme  Deity,  and  active  in 
tiie  operations  of  the  universe. 

Eozoon,  -o-zo'on.  The  name  given  to  a 
supposed  gigantic  fossil  foraminifer, 
found  in  the  I^urentian  rocks  of  Canada 
and  in  the  quartz  rocks  of  Germany,  the 
oldest  form  of  life  traceable  in  the  history 
of  the  globe. 

Epaulet,  'pal-et.  A  shoulder-pieco ;  an 
ornamental  f>adge,  distinguishing  the  mil- 
itary or  naval  rank  of  the  wearer. 

Epanliere,  -pal'yar.  Ancientiy  a  shoul- 
der-plate &atenea  to  the  sleeve  of  the 


5  EPHE8IAN8 

hauberk.  Latterly  the  pauldron  was  used 
to  cover  the  epauli^e. 

Epacris,  ep'a-kris.  A  gen. 
of  plants,  the  typical  gen.  of 
the  ord.  Epacridacc«e.  Among 
those  cultivated  is  E.  grandi- 
flora. 

Epact,  6'pakt.  In  Chron 
the  excess  of  the  solar  month 
above  the  lunar  synodical 
month. 

Epaminondas,  e-pam-!n'- 
dn-d&s.  The  greatest  general 
and    statesman    of    Theban 

.Greece ;  b.  412  b.  c,  killed  at  \ 
2d  battle  of  Mantinea,   after 
achieving   a  notable  victory  { 
over  the  Spartans,  862  b.  o. 

EparcH,  ep'ark.  In  Greece, 
the  governor  of  a  province  or 
eparchy. 

Epaulement,  e-pal'ment. 
In  Fort,  a  term  used  to  desig-  ^-  Grandl- 
nate  the  mass  of  material  flora, 
which  protects  the  guns  in  a  battery,  dis- 
tingufshed  from  a  parapet  by  being  with- 
out a  banquette  or  step  on  which  the 
men  stand  to  fire. 

Epencephalon,  ep-en-sefal-on.  In 
Anat.  the  hindmost  or  the  four  segments 
of  the  brain.  It  includes  the  cerebellum, 
the  fourth  ventricle,  the  medulla  oblongata, 
and  the  pons  Yarolil. 

Epeiflrne,  e-pem'.  An  ornamental  stand 
with  a  dish  and  branches  for  the  center  of 
a  table. 

Epemay,  ai-pafr-na.  A  town  in  dept. 
Marne,  France,  celebrated  for  its  manu- 
facture of  champagne ;  pop.  9,800. 

Epha,  'ffi.  A  Hebrew  measure  of  capa- 
city, containing,  according  to  one  estimate, 
8.6696  gallons ;  according  to  another  only 
4.4286. 

Ephelis,  e-fB'lis.  A  term  for  the  freckles 
that  appear  on  persons  of  fair  complexion 
when  exposed  to  the  sun;  also  brown 
patehes  occurring  on  other  parts  of  the 
body. 

Ephemera,  -fe'me-ra.  A  rever  of  one. 
days'  continuance.  A  gen.  jf  neuropter« 
OU8  Insects,  the  type  of  the  fam.  Epheme- 
rida) ;  the  May-fly  and  day-fly. 

Epheznerist,  -rist.  One  who  studies 
the  daily  motions  and  positions  of  the 
planets  ;  an  astrologer.  One  who  keeps 
anephemeris;  a  journalist. 

Ephesians,  Epistle  to  the,  e-f^'zhans. 
In  Scrip,  letters  written  by  St  Paul  to  the 
church  at  Ephesus,  during  his  imprison- 
ment at  Bome,  abt  61. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EPHIALTE8 


806 


EPIZOON 


Ephialtes,  -fi-al'toz.  The  nightmare. 
Xiphesus,  df  e-8us.  A  noted  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  cap.  of  Ionia,  now.  in  ruins.  It 
wa8  celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Diana, 
considered  one  of  the  7  wonders  of  the 
world ;  also  as  the  seat  of  one  of  the  first 
7  Christian  churches,  founded  by  St.  Paul. 
Itiwas  situated  abt.  88  m.  S.  E.  of  Smyrna. 

Ephod,  'fod.  In  Jewish  Antlq.  a  species 
of  yestment  worn  by  the  high  priest  over 
the  second  tunic.  A  girdle  of  one  piece 
with  the  ephod,  fastened  it  to  the  lK>dy. 
Just  above  the  girdle,  in  the  middle  of  the 
ephod,  and  joined  to  it  by  little  gold 
chains,  rested  the  square  breast-plate  with 
the  Urim  and  Thummim.  A  similar  vest- 
ment of  an  inferior  material  seems  to  have 
been  In  use  in  later  times  among  ordinary 
priests. 

Ephor,  'for.  One  of  the  five  magistrates 
chosen  by  the  ancient  Spartans  as  a  check 
on  the  regal  power  and  the  senate. 

Epic,  'pik.  A  narrative  poem  of  elevated 
character. 

Epicarp,  'pi-karp.  In  Bot.  the  outer 
skin  of  fimits,  the  fleshy  substance  being 
the  mesocarp,  and  the  inner  portion  the 
endocarp. 

Epictetus,  S-pik-te'tus.  A  celebrated 
Boman  stoic  philosopher,  b.  60.  d.  in  bui- 
ishment  at  NicopoUs,  abt.  124. 

Epicurus,  'e-ku'riis.  A  Greek  philos- 
opher, founder  of  the  Epicureans,  b.  abt. 
840,  D.  270  B.  c. 

Epicurean,  -re'^an.  A  man  devoted  to 
sensual  pleasures  or  luxuries,  especdally  a 
gourmand. 

Epidemic,  -pi-demMk.  An  infectious  or 
contagious  disease,  which  attacks  many 
people  at  the  same  period  and  in  the  same 
country. 

Epidermis,  -derm'is.  The  cuticle  or 
scarf-skin  of  the  body.  In  Bot  the  exterior 
cellular  coating  of  the  leaf  or  stem  of  a 
plant. 

Epigastrium,  -pi-gas'tri-um.  The 
upper  part  of  the  abdomen. 

Epifirlottis,  -glot'is.  A  cartilaginous 
plate  behind  the  tongue,  which  covers  the 
glottis  during  the  act  of  swallowing. 

Epigronatioxi,  -pig'on-a"ti-on.  A  loz- 
enge-shaped piece  of  stiff  material  which 
forms  part  of  the  dress  of  the  Pope  and 
of  bishops  in  the  Greek  Church  while 
officiating. 

Epifirram,  'pi-gram.  An  interesting 
thought  represented  happily  in  a  few 
words,  whether  verse  or  prose ;  a  pointed 
^  antithetical  saying. 


EpilOflTue,  'pi-log.  In  Bhet.  the  closiDg 
part  of  a  discourse,  in  which  the  prindpal 
matters  are  recapitulated.  In  the  drama, 
a  speech  or  short  poem  by  one  of  the 
actors  after  the  play. 

EpimachinsB.  -marki"ne.  A  sub-fiim. 
of  slender-billed  (tennirostral)  birds,  fam. 
IJpupidse,  resembling  birds  of  paradise  in 
the  luxuriance  and  brilliancy  of  their 
plumage.  The  gen.  Epimaohus  (plume- 
birds)  IS  the  type. 

Epiphany,  ^pifa-ni.  An  appearaaee 
or  a  becoming  manifest.  A  Chnstian  fes- 
tival celebrated  on  the  6th  day  of  January, 
the  12th  day  after  Christmas,  in  conmnem- 
oration  of  the  appearance  of  our  Saviour 
to  the  magians  or  wise  men  of  the  East, 
I  or  to  commemorate  the  appearance  of  the 
star  to  the  magians. 

Epiphyte,  'pi-f!t.  A  plant  growing  upon 
another  and  rooting  among  the  soil  that 
occupies  its  sur&oe,  as  a  moss,  lichen, 
fern,  &c.,  but  which  does  not,  like  a  para- 
site, derive  nourishment  firom  the  plant  on 
which  it  grows.  Many  orohidaoeous  plants 
are  epiphytes. 

Epirus,  e-prrus.  A  prov.  of  anc. 
Greece,  divided  ttom  niyru  by  the  Cer- 
auuian  Mountains,  and  from  Thessaly  by 
the  river  Pindus,  now  the  Turkish  prov. 
Yanla. 

Episcopacy,  e-pis'kS-pa-si.  Govern- 
ment of  the  Church  by  tnree  distinct  or- 
ders of  ministers — deacons,  priests  and 
bishops. 

Episcopalian,  -pa'li-an.    One  who  be- 
longs to  an  episcopal  church  or  adheres  to 
the  episcopal  form  of  church  government 
and  discipline. 
Epistle,  '1.     A  writing  communicating 


missive ;  applied  particularly  in  ^gnifled 
discourse  or  in  speaking  of  the  lettera  of 


intelligence  to  a  distant  person ;  a  letter 
"  '       rticularly  in  (■* 
speakii  _ 
the  apostles  or  of  the  ancients. 

Epitaph,  e'pi-taf.  An  inscription  on  a 
tomb  or  monument  in  honor  or  memory 
of  the  dead.  A  brief  descriptive  sentence 
in  prose  or  verse,  composed  as  if  to  be 
inscribed  on  a  monument. 

Epithalamium,  -tha}-a"mi-um.  A 
nuptial  song  or  poem,  in  praise  of  a  bride 
ana  bridegroom,  and  praying  for  theh: 
prosperity. 

Epithet,  e'pl-thet.  An  adjective  expres- 
sing some  real  quality,  applied  to  a  person 
or  thing. 

Epitome,  u-pi'to-mi.  An  abridgment ;  a 
briefsummary  or  abstract  of  any  book  or 
writing. 

Epizoon,  e-pi-zd'on.    A  term  applied  t(( 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EPIZOOTIC 


£BA 


those  piMieitic  Bmmals  which  Uye  upon 
the  bodies  of  other  animals. 

Epizootic,  'pi-z5-ot''ik.  A  murrain  or 
peetilenoe  among  animals.  It  differs  from 
enzootic  in  not  being  confined  to  a  dis- 
trict, and  from  epidemic  in  affecting  only 
the  lower  animals.  Foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease, plenro-pneumonia,  &o..are  examples. 

E  Fliixibus  TTnum,  6  ploo're-bus  u'- 
nnm.  Ut.  "One  frt)m  many."  The  motto 
of  the  United  States. 

Epoch,  e'pok.  In  Ghron.  a  fixed  point  of 
time,  from  which  succeeding  years  are 
numbered.  In  Astron.  the  date  at  which 
a  heavenly  body  has  a  eiven  position.  An 
arbitrary  fixed  date,  tor  which  the  ele- 
ments used  in  computing  the  place  of  a 
Slanet  or  other  heavenly  body  at  any  other 
ate  are  given. 

Epos,  e'pos.  An  epic  poem,  or  its  foble 
or  subject;  an  epopee. 

Eprouvette,  fi-pro-vet  An  instrunaent 
for  ascertaining  the  explosive  force  of 
gunpowder,  or  for  comparing  its  strength. 

Epsoxn,  ep'siim.  A  town  15  m.  S.  W.  of 
London,  England,  noted  for  its  horse- 
races ;  pop.  7,250. 

EpsoxnHBalt,  -salt.  The  sulphate  of 
magnesia,  a  cathartic  prepared  from  sea- 
water. 

Equant,  e'kwant  In  the  Ptolemaic 
system  of  astronomy,  an  imaginuy  drcle 
used  for  determining  the  motions  of  the 
planets. 

Equator,  -kwft'ter.  In  Astron.  that  im- 
aginary great  circle  in  the  heavens,  the 
plane  of  which  is  perpendicular  to  the 
axis  of  the  earth.  It  is  everywhere  90*» 
distant  firom  the  celestial  poles. 

Equatorial,  -kwa-to-'ri-al.  An  astro- 
nomical instrument,  contrived  for  the 
purpose  of  directing  a  telescope  upon  any 
celestial  objeot  of  which  the  right  as- 
cension and  the  declination  are  known, 
and  for  keeping  the  object  in  view  for  any 
length  of  time. 

Equerry, 'kwe-ri.  An  oflBcer  of  nobles 
or  princes  who  has  the  care  and  manage- 
ment of  their  horses. 

Eques,  6'qwez.  In  Soman  Antiq.  one  of 
the  2d  order  of  citizens  called  Equites  ;  a 
knight.  A  gen.  of  teleostean  fishes,  fam. 
ScisenidfiB,  including  the  belted  and  spot- 
ted horseman. 

Equestrian,  -ques'tri-an.  A  rider  on 
horseback ;  specifically,  one  who  earns  his 
living  by  performing  feats  of  agility  and 
skill  on  horseback  in  a  circus. 

Equestrienne,  -en.  A  female  rider  or 
performer  on  horseback. 


EquldSB,  'kwl-d^    The  horse  Aim.,  ord. 

Ungulata,     sub-division     Perissodao^la, 

divided  into  two   groups — oBeinolu<ung 

the  asses  and  zebras  (gen.    Asinus),  the 

other  comprising  the  true  horses   (gen 

Equus). 
Equilateral,  -lat'er-al.     A 

side  exactly  corresponding  to 

others  in  length,  or  a  figure 

of  equal  sides. 
Equilibrist,    -kwU'i-brist.  ^ 

One  who  keeps  his  balance  in 

unnatural  positions  and  haz- 


A 


Equilat- 
eral, 
ardous  movements,  as  a  rope-dancer. 

Equinia,  -kwin'i-a.  A  dangerous  conta- 
gious disorder,  originating  in  the  horse, 
ass  and  mule,  communicable  to  man ; 
glanders  In  man. 

3Bquinoctial,  -kwi-nok'shal.  In  Astron. 
the  celestial  equator,  so  called  because, 
when  the  sun  Is  on  it,  the  days  and  nights 
are  of  equal  length  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Equinox,  -noks.  The  precise  time  when 
the  sun  enters  one  of  the  equinoctial 
points,  or  the  first  point  of  Anes,  about 
the  21st  of  March,  and  the  first  point  of 
Libra,  about  the  28d  of  September,  making 
the  day  and  night  of  equal  lenglii.  Oallea 
respectively  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equi- 
noxes.   Equinoctial  gale. 

Equitation,  e-kwlt-ft'shon.  The  act  or 
art  of  riding  on  horseback ;  horsemanship. 

Equites,  ek'wi-t&.  An  order  of  Roman  cit- 
izens originally  forming  the  cavahv  of  the 
army,  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  Rom- 
ulus. About  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  (128 
B.  c.)  the  Equites  became  a  distinct  order 
in  the  State,  and  Judges  and  farmers  of  the 
revenue  were  selected  from  their  ranks. 

Equivocation,  '6-ka"Bhon.  Ambiguity 
of  speech  ;  the  use  of  expressions  suscept- 
ible of  a  double  signification,  with  a  view 
to  mislead ;  prevarication. 

Equuleus,  -kwu'ie-us.  The  Horse's 
Head,  a  northern  constellation  consisting 
of  10  stars.  In  Rom.  Antiq.  a  rack  for 
extorting  confessions,  at  first  used  against 
criminals,  but  afterwards  against  Chris- 
tians. E.  Picloris,  the  Painter's  Horse  or 
Easel,  a  southern  constellation  consisting 
of  eight  stars. 

Equus,  'kwus.  The  horse,  a  gen.  of  ani- 
mals, ord.  Equidffi. 

Era,  'ra.  In  Ohron.  a  fixed  point  of  time, 
ft«om  which  any  number  of  years  is  begun 
to  be  counted,  as  the  Christian  era.  A 
succession  of  years  proceeding  from  a  fixed 
point,  or  comprehended  between  two  fixed 
points,  as  the  era  of  the  Seleucides  ended 
with  the  reign  of  Antiochus. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EBASI8TRATUS 


SOS 


EBMINE 


Erasistratus.  An  ancient  physician, 
the  reputed  son  of  Aristotle,  b.  in  Ceos 
abt  800  B.  c.  He  discovered  the  functions 
of  the  brain  and  nervous  system. 
Erasmus,  Desiderius.  A  distin- 
guished scholar  and  writer,  also  a  reform- 
er, B.  at  Rotterdam,  1465,  d.  1536.  He 
differed  from  Luther,  but  sharply  criti- 
cised tho  R.  C.  Church  government. 
Erastiazi,  -ras'ti-an.  One  whose  opinions 
are  akin  to  those  of  Thomas  Erastus,  a 
German  divine  of  tho  16th  century,  who 
maintained  the  complete  subordination  of 
the  ecclesiastical  to  the  secular  power. 
Erato,  er'a-to.  One  of  the 
Muses,  whose  name  pTjit- 
nifies  loving  or  Ic'v.ly. 
She  presided  over  hnv. 
and  especially  am:iiiTy 
poetry,  and  is  gem  i  ;!ll> 
represented  c  r  o  w  <  i  !■  0 
with  roses  and  mvrr^,, 
with  the  lyre  in  th  ■  ]i  It 
hand  and  the  plecti  nm 
intherightin  theu/ti^r 
playing. 

Erebus,    e're-bus.     In 
Myth,  the  son  of  Omtm 
and  Darkness,  who  nutr 
ried  his  sister  Night  tuid 
was  the  father  of  Light 
and  Day.    He  was  trans- 
formed intx»  a  river  and   plunged   into 
Tartarus,    because 
he  aided  the  Titans. 
Hence,   the   lower 
world,  particularly 
the  abode   of   the 
virtuous;  hades; 
hell. 

EreznitLsm,  -mit- 
izm.  State  of  a 
hermit;  living  In 
seclusion. 

Erica,  e-ri'ka.  The      Erica  herbacca. 
heath,   a  gen.    of 
branched  rigid  shrubs,  ord.  Ericaceae,  con 
sisting  of  more  than  400  species. 
Ericsson,  John,  er'iks-sun.    A  distin- 
guished   inventor;     born     in    Sweden, 
1808;  removed  to  the  U.  8.,  1839.    He 
constructed  the  monitor  Merrimack,  and  is 
still  engaged  in  perfecting  naval  engines  of 
war. 
Eridanus,     e-rid'a-nus.      A     winding 
southern  constellation  containing  &4  stars, 
among  which  is  Achernar,  a  star  of  the 
first  magnitude. 
Erie,  Lake.    The  4th  of  the  five  great 
Inland  seas,  which  divide  the  U.  S.  and 


Erato. 


Canada,  connected  with  L.  0#tario  by 
tho  Niagara  River ;  area,  7,800  sq.  m.    It 
is  connected  with  tide-water  by  the  Erie 
Canal  and  the  Hudson  River,  and  by  the 
Ohio  Canal,  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers: 
and  on  the  Canadian  side,  by  the  Welkmd 
Canal,  Lake  Ontario  and  the  8t  Lawrence. 
It  is  inclosed  on  the  N.  by  Canada,  E.  by 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  8.  by  Ohio, 
and  W.  by  Michigan ;  its  length  is  abt, 
265  m.,  its  breadth  from  10  to  65  m. 
Erie.    A  dty  of  Pennsylvania  on  Lake  E. 
cap.  of  CO.  of  same  name :  pop.  27,787. 
Erigrena,  Joannes  Scotus.    An  Irish 
theologian;  b.  abt.  810.     His  writings, 
denounced  by   the    R.  C.    Church,    are 
among  the  most  profound  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 
ErinaceadSB,  'rin-^-so"a-do.      The  ur- 
chin or  hedgehog  tribe. 
Erinnys,  e-rin'nis.    In  Greek  Myth,  one 
of  the   Furies;   a   goddess  of  disoord; 
bc'nr'o,  di^fcord  in  gcneraL 
Eriottendron,  -iUtu"- 
drijii.    Tho  \vi.>ol-trci>, 
a  freo,  of  plants,  ^ir^, 
lJii[vai?4.'ji'',   Tbij  ivt>t>lly  ^ 
ct>{i(;  of  tlJ.(!i    AL'vda    Jf 
faomc  ttf  the  species  Is 
iiftcid  for  6tuJ[!t[i|br  citsli- 
loik.-i    ujid  !:tmilur   piir- 

ErtOdeB.        Cr-l-aMiSi!, 


Wool-tree. 


; ;,.   .-.,.   ,  ■.  ,1.  iiS'iniailni- 
mana  Brachyteles. 

Eriangren,  ah^lang-gn.  A  city  of  Ba- 
varia, 8.  Germany,  the  seat  of  tho  Prot- 
estant University ;  pop.  13,186. 

Erl-kingr,  eri'king.  The  English  form 
of  the  name  given,  in  German  and 
Scandinavian  Myth.,  to  a  personified  nat- 
ural power  which  works  mischief,  espe- 
cially to  children. 

Ermine,  er-min. 
The  stoat, 
quadruped  of  the  ; 
weasel  tribe5 
(Mdstela  Er-^ 
minea).  Inconse- » 
quence  of  the; 
change  that   oc-  _ 

curs  in  tho  color  Ermine, 

of  its  fur  at  different  seasons,  it  is  not 
generally  known  that  the  ermine  and 
stoat  are  the  same.  In  winter  the  ftir 
changes  from  a  reddish  brown  to  a  white, 
under  which  shade  the  animal  is  recog- 
nized as  the  ermine.  In  both  states  the 
tip  of  the  tail  is  black.  The  ftir  is  in 
gi'oat  request;  at  one  time  it  was  an  In- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ERITE 


m 


IS&tLAU 


signia  of  royalty,  and  is  still  vrom  by 
judges.  The  ermine  has  tiie  power  of 
ejecting  a  fluid  of  a  strong  musky  odor. 
Ibrzie,  urn.  A  river  of  Ireland  which 
empties  into  Donegal  Bay,  abt.  100  m.  in 
length. 

Eros.  In  Myth,  the  Oreek  name  of  the 
god  of  love,  corresponding  >vith  the  Ro- 
man Cupid. 

Erotetic,  e-ro-tet'ik.    Interrogatorj'. 

Erotic,  -rot'ik.  An  amorous  composition. 

Erotomania,  -ro'to-mtt"ni-a.  Mental 
alienation  or  melancholy  caused  by  love. 

Errantes,  cr-ran'tez.  A  sub-ord.  of  an- 
nelides,  known  as  sea-centipedes,  sea- 
mice,  and  nereids. 

Erratic,  -rat'ik.  Irregular ;  wandering. 
In  Geol.  a  bowlder  which  has  been  con- 
veyed from  its  oilginal  site ;  an  erratic 
block. 

Erse,  ers.  A  name  given  to  the  language 
ofthe  descendants  of  the  Gaels  or  Celts, 
in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  as  being  of 
Irish  origin.  The  Highlanders  themselves 
invariably  call  it  Oaelic. 

Erskine,  Thomas,  Lord.  A  dis- 
tinguished Scotch  lawyer  and  statesman  ; 
B.  1750,  D.  1828. 

Emca,  C*-ro'ka.  An  insect  in  the  larval 
state ;  a  caterpillar. 

Emditioxi,  e-ru-di'shon.  Learning ; 
scholarship  ;  particularly,  learning  in  lit- 
erature, as  distinct  from  the  sciences. 

Erythacinaa,  'i-tha-s!''ne.  The  red- 
breasts, a  sub-fam.  of  passerine  birds,  fiun. 
Luscinidse.  The  common  robin  red- 
breast is  the  Eryt^aca  rubecnla.  This 
sub-fom.  is  by  some  made  a  group  of 
the  thrushes. 

Eryz,  eMks.  A  gen.  of  colubrino  ser- 
pents, separated  from  Boa,  and  differing 
n-om  it  in  having  a  very  short  obtuse  tail 
and  the  ventral  plates  narrower. 

Erzeroum.,  airz'room.  Cap.  of  pashalic 
of  E.,  in  Turkish  Armenia ;  pop.  116,000. 

Erzfirebirfire  Mountains,  erts'ga-bur- 
ga.  A  chain  extending  from  the  valley  of 
the  Elbe  to  the  Fichtelgebh'ge  range, 
bordering  Saxony  and  Bohemia. 

Esau  (Edom),  G'sau.  Eldest  son  of  the 
patriarch  Isaac,  brother  of  Jacob,  and 
founder  of  the  Edomites;  b.  abt.  1885  b.  c. 

Escallop,  es-kol^lop.  A  fam.  of  bivalvu- 
lar  shell-fish,  whose  shell  is  regularly  in- 
dented. 

EsoaUopee,  'lo-pe.  In  Her.  covered 
as  an  escutcheon,  with  linos  resembling 
the  outiines  of  scallop  shells,  overlapping 
each  other. 


Escapement,  -kiip'ment.  The  general 
contrivance  in  a  time-piece  by  which  the 
pressure  ofthe  wheels  and  the  vibratory 
motion  of  the  pendulum  or  balance-wheel 
are  accommodated  the  one  to  the  other. 

Eschara,  'ka-ra.  A  gen.  of  zoophytes, 
class  Bryozoa  or  Poly7X)a,  resembling  the 
Flustra,  but  calcareous. 

Eschatology,  -toro-ji.  The  doctrine 
of  the  last  or  final  things,  as  death. 

Escritoire,  -kri-twar'.  A  box  with  i»- 
struments  and  conveniences  for  writing; 
sometimes  a  desk  or  chest  of  drawers 
witii  ail  apartment  for  writing  instru- 
ments. 

Esculapius,  'ku-Iu'oi- 
us.  In  Myth,  the  god 
of  medicine,  the  son  of 
Apollo  by  the  nymph 
Coronis.  His  worship 
prevailed  over  all  Greece. 
Ho  is  usually  represent- 
ed as  an  old  man.  The 
most  characteristic  em- 
blem of  E.  is  the  serpent. 
The  name  is  often  used 
as  a  general  term  for  \ 
doctor.  ^ 

Esculent,  -lent.  Some-  ( 
thing  which  may  be  safe-  j 
ly  eaten  by  man. 

Escurial,  The,  -koo- 
re-&l.      Tne    celebrated 
royal  palace,  24  m.  S.  of  Madrid,  Spain ; 
built  by  Philip  U.,  at  a  cost  of  $15,000,000. 

Escutch- 
eon,-kuch'- 
on.  The 
shield  o  n 
which  a 
coat  of  arms  a 
is  represent- 1 
e  d ;  the 
shield  of  a 
family;  the 
picture  of 
ensigns  ar- 
morial; the 
symbol  of  one's  birth  and  dignity. 

Esdras,  Books  of  ,  ez'dras.  Two  books 
(formerly  four)  of  the  Old  Testament. 
The  others  are  now  called  Ejsra  and  Nehe- 
miah. 

Eskar,  es'ker.  A  term  for  a  late  geo- 
logical formation  in  the  superficial  drift, 
generally  consisting  of  a  long  linear  ridge 
of  sand  and  gravel,  derived  from  the  waste 
of  till  or  bowlder-clay ;  their  arrangement 
took  place  probably  under  water  over 
which  icebergs  floated. 


Esculapius. 


Escutcheon  of  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Henry  VII. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ESKIMO 


dlO 


ESTTTAEY 


Eskimo,  'ki-mo.  One  of  a  tribe  in- 
habitin^f  the  northern  parts  of  N.  Amer- 
ica and  Greenland. 

EBkixno-doer.  One  of  a  breed  of  dogs 
extensively  spread  over  the  northern  re- 
gioas  of  America  and  of  £.  Asia.  It  is 
the  only  beast  of  burden  in  these  lati- 
tudes. 

Esneh,  'na.  A  town  of  U.  Egypt,  25 
m.  flrom  Thebes,  on  the  Nile ;  it  has  con- 
siderable commerce,  and  contains  the 
ruins  of  an  immense  temple. 

XSsox,  e'soks.  The  pike,  a  gen.  of  ab- 
dominfd  fishes,  including  the  common 
pike,  the  fox-pike,  the  gar-flsh,  &c. 

XSspadon,  es'pa-don.  A  long  sword  of 
Spanish  invention,  used  by  foot-soldiers 
or  for  decapitation. 

Espartero,  Joachim.  Baldomero, 
I>uke  ofVictory.  A  Spanish  general 
and  statesman ;  b.  1788,  d.  1879.  He  re- 
fused the  cro>vn  on  the  abdication  of 
Isabella,  1870. 

EBpionagre,  'pi-on-aj.  The  practice  or 
emplovment  of  spies;  the  practice  of 
watching  the  words  and  conduct  of  others. 

EBpotisal,  -pouz'al.  The  act  of  espous- 
ing or  betrothing  ;  formal  contract  or  cel- 
ebration of  marriage. 

EBprineral,  >pring'gal.  An  ancient  mil- 
itary engine  for  throwing  stones. 

Esquimaux,  'ke-moz..  The  race,  classed 
with  the  Mongolians,  inhabiting  Arctic 
Asia,  Greenland  and  America. 

Esquire,  -kwir'.  Properly,  a  shield-bear- 
er or  armor-bearer;  an  attendant  on  a 
knight ;  hence,  a  title  of  dignity  next  be- 
low a  knight.  In  the  U.  S.  universally  be- 
stowed upon  inferior  judges,  and  usually 
given  to  professionul  and  literary  men  ; 
bi  the  addresses  of  letters  esquire  is  put  as 
a  complimentary  adjunct  to  almost  any  per- 
son's name.  In  Her.  the  helmet  of  an 
esquire  is  represented  sideways,  with  the 
visor  closed. 

Esquisse,  -kes'.  In  the  fine  arts  the  first 
sketch  of  a  picture  or  model  of  a  statue. 

Essed,  'sed.  A  two-wheeled  war  chariot 
used  by  the  ancient  Britons  and  Gauls. 

Essen.  A  city  of  Ehenish  Prussia,  noted 
for  its  manufacture  of  arms.  Herr  Krupp's 
celebrated  steel  works  are  located  here, 
employing  8,000  men  ;  pop.  48,200. 

Essence  d'Orient,  as-sans  du-ryan. 
A  substance  of  a  pearly  appearance  found 
at  the  base  of  the  scales  of  the  bleak,  used 
to  line  the  interior  of  glass  bubbles  in  the 
manufacture  of  artificial  pearls. 

Essenes,  es-sSnz'.    A   Jewish   sect  re- 


markable for  theh:  strictness  and  absti< 
nence. 

Esseqiiibo,  -se-kSOx).  A  river  of  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  S.  America ;  its  mouth  is  20 
m.  wide. 

Essez^  Earl  of  .  A  title  of  the  English 
house  of  Devereux.  Three  of  these  are 
renowned  ;  Walter,  b.  1640,  d.  1676.  Ho 
was  a  favorite  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Rob- 
ert, his  son,  B.  1567,  died  on  the  scaflfold 
1601.  He  was  also  a  favorite  of  Elizabeth, 
but  incurring  her  displeasure,  attempted  to 
incite  a  revolt.  Bobert,  his  son,  b.  1692, 
D.  1647.  He  commanded  the  Parliament 
forces  in  the  contest  with  Charles  I.,  resign- 
ing after  his  victory  at  Edgehlll. 

Estainer,  Charles  Hector  Ck>mte  d', 
daiz'tahn.  A  French  naval  officer ;  b. 
1729,  died  by  the  guillotine  1794.  He  was 
Vice-Admiral  of  the  fleet  which  coSperat- 
ed  with  the  Americans  in  the  Bevolution. 
In  the  Revolution  of  1790-91  he  unsuc- 
cessfully endeavored  to  save  the  lives  of 
Louis  aVI.  and  his  queen,  and  was  con- 
demned to  death. 

Esterhazy.  A  princely  Hungarian  fiunlly* 
which  trace  their  origin  to  the  10th  century- 
Esther,  es'ter.  The  name  of  one  of  the 
books  of  Scripture  and  of  the  hero- 
ine of  the  book,  held  to  have  been 
written  late  in  the  reign  of  Xerxes  or  early 
in  that  of  his  son  Artaxerxes  Longimanus, 
and  Bupposea  to  be  the  composition  of 
Mordecai,  uncle  of  the  heroine. 

Estival,  -tlv'al.  Pertaining  to  summer, 
or  continuing  for  the  summer. 

Estoile,  US-toil.  In  Her.  a  star  with  six 
waved  points ;  a  mullet  has  only  five,  and 
these  straight. 

Estoilee,  'e.  In  Her.  a  star  with  four 
long  rays  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  broad  in 
the  center,  and  terminating  in  sharp  points. 

Estradiot,  es-trad'i- 
ot.  An  Albanian  light- 
horseman,  employed 
in  the  French  army  in 
the  15th  and  16th  cen- 
turies. They  some- 
times fought  on  foot. 

Estramacon,  -tram- 
a-son.    A  sort  of  dag-  , 
ger  used  in  the  middle  ' 
ages.     A  pass  with  a 
sword. 

Estuary,  'tu-a-ri.  An  . 
arm  of  the  sea ;  a  frith  i^ 
or  firth ;  the  mouth  of  ? 
a  river  or  lake,  where 
the  tide  meets  the  cur- 
rent. An  Estradiot 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JSTAGSBE 


dll 


KUOALYPTTTB 


Etagrere,  a-ta-zhar.  A  piece  of  domes- 
tic ftirnitare  supplied  with  shelves,  as  a 
side-board,  a  what-not,  &c. 

XStanin,  et'a-nin.  The  star  Gamma  of  the 
constellation  Draco,  interesting  as  being 
the  star  by  the  observation  of  which 
Bradley  was  led  to  the  discovery  of  the 
aberration  of  the  fixed  stars. 

Eit  oadtera,  set'e-ra.  And  others  of  the 
like  kind;  and  so  forth;  and  so  on 
Written  also  Etcetera,  and  contracted  &c. 

Bitching,  echoing.  The  process  of  pro- 
ducing designs  upon  a  metal  or  glas^  plate 
bv  means  of  lines  drawn  through  a  kind 
of  varnish  by  a  pointed  instrument  and 
corroded  by  an  acid.  The  Impression 
taken  ftom  an  etched  plate. 

JEitemal,  S-tem^al.  An  appellation  of 
God.    That  which  is  everlasting. 

Eternity,  'i-ti.  The  condition  or  quality 
of  being  eternal;  duration  or  continnance 
without  beginning  or  end.  The  whole  of 
time  past ;  endless  future  time ;  the  state 
or  condition  which  begins  at  dealii. 

Etesian,  -te'zi-an.  Recurring  every  year ; 
blowing  at  stated  times  of  the  year ;  pe- 
riodical; applied  by  Greek  and  Boman 
writer.^  to  the  periodical  winds  In  the 
Mediterranean. 

Bthal,  'thai.  A  solid  substance  separated 
tvom.  spermaceti,  fusible  at  nearly  the 
same  point  as  spermaceti,  and  crystallizing 
in  plates.  In  point  of  composition  it  re- 
sembles ether  and  alcohol. 

Ethelingr,  eth'el-ing.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
nobleman. 

Ethelbert,  eth'el-biirt.  The  first  Chris- 
tian King  of  Kent,  England,  converted  by 
his  wife  Bertha,  of  France  and  St.  Augus- 
tine; reigned  560  to  616.  He  gave  the 
English  the  first  written  code  of  laws. 

Ether,  6'ther.  In  Astron.  and  Physics, 
a  hypothetical  medium  of  extreme  ten- 
uily  and  elasticity  mpposed  to  be  dif- 
Aised  throughout  all  space,  and  the  me- 
dium of  the  transmission  of  light  and 
heat.  In  Chem.  a  very  light,  volatile  and 
inflammable  fluid,  produced  by  the  re- 
placement of  the  hydrogen  of  organic 
acids  by  alcoholic  radicals. 

Ethics,  eth'iks.  The  science  of  human 
duty.  Tho  whole  of  the  moral  sciences, 
including  moral  philosophy,  international 
law,  public  or  poUtical  law,  civil  law,  and 
history,  proftoe,  civil  and  political. 

Ethiopia,  e-the-o'pe-ah.  The  name  for- 
merly given  to  an  uumense  and  vaguely 
defined  section  of  0.  Africa,  now  knowi 
as  Abyssinia,  Kordofon,  Nubia,  &o. 


Ethiops  Martial,  e'thi-ops  mfir'shaL 
Black  oxide  of  iron  ;  iron  finely  powdered. 

Ethiops  Mineral,  mi'ne-ral.  A  com- 
bination of  mercury  and  sulphur ;  black 
sulphuret  of  mercury. 

Ethnarch,  eth'nark.  In  Greek  Antiq.  a 
viceroy ;  a  governor  of  a  province. 

Ethnic,  'nik.    A  heathen;  a  pagan. 

Ethnographer,  -nog'ra-fer.  One  who 
cultivates  ethnography,  one  who  treats 
of  the  different  races  and  fftmilies  of  men. 

Ethnology,  •nol'o-ji.  The  science  oi 
races. 

Ethologry*  -ol'o-jl.  The  science  of  eth- 
ics ;  tiie  science  of  character. 

Etiolation,  'ti-d-l&''shon.  The  becom- 
ing white  by  excluding  the  light  of  the  sun 
or  by  disease.     In  Hort.  the  rendering 

Slants  white,  crisp  and  tender,  by  exclnd- 
)g  the  action  of  light  from  them. 

Etna,  et'na.  A  table  cooking-utensil, 
heated  by  a  spirit  lamp. 

Etna,  Mount  (JBtna).  The  volcano 
on  the  Island  of  Sicily,  10,784  ft.  above  tho 
sea-level.  Its  most  destructive  outburst 
occurred  in  1698 ;  its  latest  great  eruption 
in  1787. 

Etniria,  e-troo're-ah.  The  ancient  name 
of  nearly  the  whole  of  Italy.  The  Etrus- 
cans possessed  a  high  degree  of  civiliza- 
tion, as  demonstrated  by  almost  innumer- 
able works  of  art,  masonry,  eto. 

Etude,  &-tiid.  In  the  fine  arts  and  music,  - 
a  composition  designed  t   serve  as  a  study. 

Etymologry,  -jl-  That  part  of  phll  )logy 
which  explains  the  origin  and  derivation 
of  words;  that  part  of  grammar  which 
comprehends  the  various  inflections  and 
modifications  of  words,  and  shows  how 
they  are  formed  frt>m  their  simple  roots. 

Eucalyptus, 
ii-ka-lip'tus.  A 
gen.  of  large 
generally  glau-  . 
cous  trees,  i 
ord.  Myrta: 
cese.  There 
are  more  than 
100  species. 
TheAustralian 
colonists  call 
them  giim- 
trees,  from  the 
gum  that  ex- 
udes    from 

fnd   S^:  BIueGum-tree. 

bark  and  iron-bark  trees,  fi>om  the  fibrous 
or  solid  barks.  Some  trees  of  E.  amyg 
dalina  have  been  felled  which  were  480  ft. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ElTCHAllIST 


^« 


EUPHEMISM 


high  and  lOd  ft.  In  circumference  near  the 
ground.  E.  globulus  has  been  evu  uMv^ly 
planted  in  malarious  districts  for  tb»^  [mr- 
pose  of  rendering  them  healthier. 
Eacharist,  u'ka-rist.  Thesacnnh  nt  of 
the  Lord's  Supper. 

Euchelaion,  -ke-la'on.  In  tbo  iirotk 
Ch.  the  oiUvith  which  a  penilrut  mm- 
scious  of  any  mortal  sin  is  aDuii]ti>cI  by 
the  archbishop  or  bishop,  assisted  Ijy  fli.^vt'n 
priests,  in  order  to  gain  absolutlnH' 
Eachlorine,  Oclor-in.  An  ex[tlnH.fvn  f^as 
obtained  by  the  action  of  hydrochlr^rit^  raid 
on  chlorate  of  potassium  ;  it  is  a  mistiire 
of  chlorine  and  oxide  of  chlorine. 
Eucholofirion,  -ko-lO'ii-on.  TIim  rldial 
of  the  Greek  Ch.,  in  which  are  ppfP-arlbJ^d 
the  order  of  ceremonies,  sacrattii^TitH  and 
ordinances ;  a  liturgy. 
Slichre,  'ker.  A  game  of  card  si ;  a  mtyd- 
ifiod  form  of  6carte,  played  by  two,  thr<^>, 
or  four  players  with  the  thhrty-tuo  hf^^h- 
est  cards  of  the  pack. 

Euclid,  ii'klid.  A  noted  mathpm&tichun 
of  Alexandria,  known  as  the  "  Ffithar  nf 
Geometry  ;''  b.  abt.  820,  d.  abt,  *im  i%.  o. 
E.  of  Megara,  a  Greek  philosopher,  fniisj!  of 
Socrates,  who  lived  abt.  400  b.  c,  ^  xva,-?  t  he 
founder  of  the  Dialectic  School,  whifdh 
combined  Socratic  ethics  and  Kleoitic 
Metaphysics. 

Eadssxnoniaxii,  -dg'mon-izm.  *Vho  «y»- 
tem  of  philosophy  which  make-*  IniiHAn 
happiness  its  highest  object,  rUcl'irtng 
that  the  production  of  happine^:^  in  Lbe 
ibundation  of  virtue. 

Sudioxneter,  -di-om'et-er.  An  iujitrii- 
ment  originally  designed  for  as- 
certaining the  purity  of  the  air 
or  the  quantity  of  oxygen  it  con- 
tains, but  now  employed  gener- 
ally in  the  analysis  of  gases. 
XiUdozian,  -doks'i-an.  One  of 
a  sect  of  heretics  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, followers  of  Eudoxlus,  pa- 
triarch of  Antloch  and  Constan- 
tinople, who  aflarmed  the  Son  to 
be  differently  aflfected  in  his  will  _ 
from  the  Father  and  made  of  KtJ»[(Htri 
nothing.  el4T; 

Eugrene,  Prince,  oo-zhan.  (Fniji^nh 
Eug<ine  de  Savoy).  The  greatest  mfUtun' 
commander  of  his  day ;  b.  in  Part?,  HVW'; 
D.  in  Vienna,  1786.  Refhslng  a  con  1 1  luind 
in  the  French  army,  he  entered  tfu-  Aiia- 
trian  service,  and  in  the  wars  whh  tho 
Turks  and  France  won  an  almoi<l  utiSri- 
terrupted  series  of  victories  dnrluK^  an  m- 
tl ve  career  of  26  years.  His  hist  irrwit  vic- 
tory was  at  Peterwardein,  where  ho  d-  ftnt- 
e<l  an  army  of  180,000  Turks. 


Eusrenie,  oo-zha'ne.  rEug6nIe  Maria  de 
Guzman).  Daughter  of  Condo  de  Monti- 
jo,  and  wife  of  Napoleon  III.;  b.  in  Gran- 
ada, Spain,  1826;  crowned  empress  of  tiie 
French,  1868 ;  appointed  Regent  while  her 
husband  was  with  the  army,  1870 ;  fled  to 
England  after  the  loss  of  the  battle  of  Se- 
dan, and  still  makes  that  country  her 
home. 

Eugrenius,  u-je'ne-as.  The  name  of  four 
popes,  the  most  noted  being  E.  III.  (Ber- 
nard  of  Pisa),  who  s.  Lucius  II.,  1146,  d. 
1168.  The  outbreak  against  the  papacy, 
led  by  Arnold  of  Brescia,  occurrea  during 
his  pontificate.  E.  IV.  (Gabriele  Condol- 
mero),  s.  Martin  V.,  1481 ;  d.  1447.  The 
schism  occasioned  by  the  action  of  the 
Council  of  Basle  occurred  in  his  pontlfl< 
cate. 

EugXLbine,  'gu-bln.  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  ancient  Eugubium  (mow  Gubbio), 
or  to  the  seven  tablets  discovered  there  In 
1444.  These  tablets,  caUed  the  E.  tables, 
furnish  a  comprehensive  memorial  of  the 
ancient  Umbrian  tongue,  and  show  that  it 
somewhat  resembled  the  ancient  Latin,  as 
well  as  the  Oscan. 

EaxneiieB,  u-me'nez.  A  fhvorite  general 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  b.  860,  d.  816  b.c. 
E.  received  Pontus,  Cappadocia  and 
Paphlagonia  as  his  share  of  the  empire  at 
Alexander's  death,  but  was  killed  through 
tho  intrigues  of  Antigonus. 

Eiuneiiides,  -dez.  In  Class.  Myth,  a 
name  given  to  the  Furies,  because  it  was 
considered  unlawful  and  dangerous  to 
name  them  under  thehr  true  designation 
Erinnys. 

Eunoxnia,  -nO'mi-a.  A  small  asteroid 
revolving  between  the  orMts  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter,  discovered  29th  July,  1851,  by 
De  Gasparis. 

Eunoxnian,  -an.  One  of  a  sect  of  here* 
tics,  disciples  of  Er.nomius,  bishop  of  Cy- 
zicum  in  the  4th  century.  Thev  main- 
tained that  the  Father  was  of  a  different 
nature  from  the  Son,  and  that  the  Son  did 
not  in  reality  unite  himself  to  human  na- 
ture. 

Eunuch,  fi'niik.  A  castrated  male  ser- 
vant employed  in  Eastern  harems. 

Euomphalus,  -om^fol-us.  A  gen.  of  fos- 
sil gasteropodous  mollusks,  fam.  Turblnl- 
d(e,  Appearing  in  the  Silurian  strata,  and 
keeping  its  place  till  the  triassio  period. 

Eupatried,  'pat-rid.  A  member  of  tiie 
ancient  aristocracy  of  Athens,  In  whom 
were  vested  the  privileges  and  powers  of 
lawgivers. 

Euphemism,  'fem-izm.  In  Bhet  a 
figure  in  which  a  delicate  word  or  oxprss- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EUPHONIUM 


818 


EUTY.CHIAN 


sion  is  substituted  for  one  which  Is  offen- 
sive. 

BuphozLium,  -um.  A  brass  bass  in- 
strument, generally  used  as  a  substitute 
for  the  bass  trombone. 

Euphonon,  'fo-non.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  great  sweetness  and  power,  re- 
sembling the  upright  piano  in  form  and 
the  organ  in  tone. 

Buphrates,  u-fra'teez.  A  large  river  of 
W.  Asia,  joined  by  the  Tigris  at  Kumah ; 
1,800  m.  in  length,  and  navigable  nearly 
1,200  m. 

fhiphrosyxie,  -fros'i-n6.  An  asteroid, 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter, 
discovered  by  Ferguson,  September  1, 
1854. 

£upyrion,  -pir'i-on.  Any  contrivance 
for  obtaining  an  instantaneous  light,  as 
luclfer-matches,  &c. 

Eurasian,  -ra'shl-an.  One  born  in  Hin- 
dustan of  a  Hindu  mother  and  European 
father. 

Eureka,  -ro'ka.  The  exclamation  of 
Archimedes  when  he  discovered  the 
method  of  detecting  the  amount  of  alloy 
in  King  Hiero's  crown  ;  hence  a  discov- 
ery ;  an  expression  of  triumph. 

Euroclydon,  -rok'li-don.  A  tempestu- 
ous wind  in  the  Levant,  which  was  the  oc- 
casion of  the  shipwreck  of  the  vessel  in 
which  St.  Paul  sailed,  as  narrated  in  Acts 
xxvii.,  now  known  as  Gregalia. 

Europa,  -ro'pa.  An  asteroid,  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter,  discovered 
by  Goldschmidt,  February  4, 1858. 

Europa,  -ro'pa.  In  Myth,  sister  of 
Cadmus,  and  mother  of  Minor  and  Bhada- 
manthus,  by  Jupiter,  who  seduced  her  in 
the  form  of  a  bud.  The  continent  of  Eu- 
rope derives  its  name  firom  her. 

Eiurope,  u'rop.  The  smallest  of  the  five 
continents,  about  one-fifth  the  size  of 
America.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  the  White 
Sea  and  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  Asia,  8.  by 
the  Mediterranean  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic ; 
lying  bet.  86**  and  71°  12'  N.  lat.,  and  9«» 
80'  W.  and  60*»  50'  E.  long.  Its  govern- 
mental divisions  are  Sadowa,  France  and 
Switzerland,  republics;  Monaco,  princi- 
pality^  Belgium,  Denmark,  Great  Britain, 
Greece,  Holland,  •  Italv,  Portugal  and 
Spain,  kingdoms;  Austria,  Germany,  Kus- 
sia  and  Turkey,  empires.  Its  marine  divis- 
ions include  the  German  Ocean,  the  Med- 
iterranean, Baltic,  Euxine,  Irish,  North, 
"White,  and  seas  of  Marmora  and  Azof. 
Its  principal  islands  are  Great  Britain, 
Irehind*  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Corsica,  Malta, 
Candia,  Zealand,  Nova  Zembla  and  Spitz- 
bergen.    Its  mountain  ranges  include  the 


Alps,  Pyrenees,  Carpathians,  Appenines, 
Balkan  and  Hartz,  with  the  Ural  range 
dividing  it  from  Asia  in  the  N.  and  the 
Caucasus  in  the  S.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the 
Thames,  Severn,  Clyde,  Shannon, 
Danube,  Dnieper,  Volga,  Dneister,  Rhine. 
Rhone,  Seine,  Tagus,  Guadalquivor  ana 
Loire.  Its  lakes  include  I^adoga,  Peipus, 
Onega,  Maggiore,  Como,  Geneva^^U' 
cerne,  Constance,  Cumberland  and  West' 
moreland,  with  Lough  Ncagh  and  Lochs 
Lomoiid  and  Ness.  Total  area,  abt.  8,775,- 
000  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  826,500,000. 
Euripides,  u-r!p'e-dez.  The  greatest  of 
Grecian  tragic  poets ,  b.  in  S^kunis,  4S0, 
D.  406  B.  c.  He  was  the  friend  of  Socrates 
and  the  rival  of  Sophocles. 
Eurylaixniii89,-ri-la-mT'no.  A  sub-fom.of 
flssirostral  insessorial  birds,  fam.  Coracia- 
dse,  forming  one  of  the  connecting  links 
between  the  swallows  and  the  beo-eaters, 
closely  allied  to  the  todies. 
Eurypterida,  -rip-te'ri-da.  An  extinct 
sub-ord.  of  crustaceans,  ord.  Merostomata, 
closely  allied  to  the  king-crabs. 
Eusebian,  -s6'bi-an.  A  follower  or  one 
holding  the  opinions  of  Eusebius,the  father 
of  ecclesiastical  history,  who  was  at  the 
head  of  the  semi-Arian  or  moderate  party 
at  the  Council  of  Nice. 
Eusebius,  Faxnphili,  u-se'be-us.  A 
celebrated  divine,  honored  with  the  title 
of  "Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History;"  b.  at 
CflBsarea,  266,  d.  abt.  840.  He  was  bishop 
of  his  native  city  from  814  till  his  death. 
Eustachian,  -sta'ki-an.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Eustachi,  a  fiimous  Italian  physi- 
cian, who  died  at  Rome,  1574.  E.  tube 
forms  a  communication  between  the  in- 
ternal ear  and  the  back  part  of  the  month. 
E.  valve,  a  semilunar  membranous  valve 
which  separates  the  right  aaricle  of  the 
heart  from  the  interior  vena  cava. 
Euterpe,  -ter'pfi.  In  Myth,  one  of  the 
Muses,  who  presided  over 
lyric  jwetry;  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Mnemosyne. 
In  Astron.  an  asteroid 
discovered  by  Hind,  1858, 
In  Bot.  a  gen.  of  palms. 
Euthanasia,  -than-a'zi- 
a.  An  easy  death.  A 
utting  to  death  by  pair  , 
[ess  means.  ' 

Eutychian,  -ti'ki-an.  A 
follower  of  Eutychiut , 
who  taught  that  in  Jesu  ^ 
Christ  there  was  buton^  ^ 
nature,  compounded  vi' 
Uie  cUvine  and  human 
natures.  This  heresy  was 


DU 

les 


Euterpe. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EU8TATHIAN 


814 


EVOLUTION 


condemned  by  the  Synod  of  Chalcedon, 
461. 

Eostathian,  'thi-an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
hereties  of  the  4th  centuir,  so  named 
ftom  their  founder  Enstathius,  who  de- 
nied the  lawftilness  of  marriage.  He  was 
excommnnicated  by  the  Council  of  Gangra. 
Enxanthlne,  uks-anth'in.  A  substance 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  bile  or 
urine  of  the  buffalo,  camel,  or  elephant. 
It  comes  from  India  under  the  name  of 
purree  or  Indian  yellow,  and  is  used  as  a 
pigment.  It  is  the  magnesia  salt  of  eux- 
anthic  or  purreio  acid. 
Euxine,  In.  The  sea  between  Russia 
and  Asia  Minor  ;  the  Black  Sea. 
Evangrelical,  e-van-jel'Ik-al.  Contained 
in  the  gospels,  or  four  first  books  of  the 
New  Testament.  According  to  the  relig- 
ious truth  taught  in  the  New  Testament. 
A  term  applied  to  a  section  in  the  Prot- 
estant churches  who  profess  to  base  their 
prindples  on  Scripture  alone.  Applied 
in  Germany  to  Protestants  as  distinguished 
lh)m  Roman  Catholics,  and  especially  to 
the  national  Protestant  church  formed  in 
Prussia  in  181T.  E.  Alliance,  an  associa- 
tion of  yarious  churches  and  countries, 
formed  in  1846,  to  concentrate  the  strength 
of  an  enlightened  Protestantism  against 
the  encroachments  of  Popery  and  I^isey- 
ism.  E.  Union,  a  religious  body  consti- 
tuted in  Scotland  in  1848. 
Evanerelist,  ist.  A  writer  of  the  history 
or  doctrines,  precepts,  actions,  life  and 
death  of  the  Saviour;  specifically,  8S. 
Matthew,  Mark,  Luke  and  John.  One  of 
an  order  of  men  in  the  early  Church  who 
appear  to  have  been  a  kind  of  missionary 
preachers.  A  person  licensed  to  preach 
but  not  having  a  charge ;  a  layman  en- 
gaged in  missionary  work  of  any  kind. 
Evangrelistary,  "a-ri.  A  selection  of 
passages  from  the  Gospels,  as  a  lesson  in 
oivine  service. 

Evaporation,  -va'per-a^shon.  The  act 
of  resolving  or  state  of  being  resolved  into 
vapor;  the  conversion  of  a  solid  or  liquid 
by  heat  into  steam,  which  becomes  dissi- 
pated in  the  atmosphere  in  the  manner  of 
an  elastic  fluid  ;  vaporization. 
Evaporoxneter,  -om"et-or.  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  a 
fluid  evaporated  in  a  given  time;  an  atmora- 
eter. 

Eve,  6v.    In  Script,  the  wife  of  Adam, 
progenitor  of  the  human  race. 
Eve.    The  close  of  the  day ;  the  evening. 
Evection,   e-vek'shon.    In  Astron.  the 
most  considerable  of  the  lunar  irregulari- 


ties, caused  by  the  action  of  the  sun  upon 
the  moon.  Its  general  and  constant  effect 
is  to  diminish  the  equation  of  the  center 
in  syzygies,  and  increase  it  in  the  quadra- 
ture. It  is  periodical,  running  through 
all  its  changes  in  about  27  days.  The  li- 
bration  of  the  moon. 

Eveniner-star,  S'vn-ing-star.  Hespe- 
rus or  Vesper ;  Venus,  visible  in  the  even- 
ing. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill.  An  Amer- 
ican litterateur  and  diplomatist;  b.  in 
Mass.,  1792,  d.  while  Commissioner  t« 
China,  1847.  Ho  was  Minister  to  Russia, 
Holland  and  Spain.  Edward,  his  younger 
brother ;  b.  1794,  d.  1865,  was  a  distin- 
guished statesman  ;  serving  in  Congress, 
as  Governor  of  Mass.,  Minister  to  Eng- 
land, and  Secretary  of  State  in  President 
Fillmore's  cabinet. 

Evergreen,  -gren.  A  plant  that  retains 
its  verdure  through  all  the  seasons, 
shedding  its  7eaves  in  the  spring. or 
summer. 

EverlastinfiT,  -last'ing.  Eternity ;  eter- 
nal duration,  past  and  future. 

Eviction,  -vik'shon.  Dispossession  by 
judicial  sentence  ;  the  recovery  of  lands 
or  tenements  from  another's  possession 
by  course  of  law. 

Evolation,  -la'shon. 
away. 

Evoluto, 'o-lut.    In 
Geom.    a    curve    from 
which    another    curve, 
called    the   involute  or./ 
evolvent,    is    described  T 
by  the  end  of  a  thread  ^' 
gradually  wound   upon  ' 
the  former,  or  unwound 
from  it. 

Evolution,  -m'shon.  The  act  of  unfold- 
ing or  unrolling ;  development.  A  series 
of  thingfif  unrolled  or  unfolded.  In  Geom. 
the  opening  of  a  curve  and  making  it  de- 
scribe an  evolvent.  In  Math,  the  extrac- 
tion of  roots  from  powers  ;  the  reverse  of 
involution.  Milit.  the  wheeling,  coun- 
termarching, or  other  motion  by  which 
the  disposition  of  troops  is  changed. 
Naut.  the  change  of  form  and  disposition  of 
a  fleet.  In  Biology,  the  theory  of  genera- 
tion. The  evolution  theory  of  the  origin 
of  species  is,  that  later  species  have  been 
developed  by  contfaiuous  differentiation  of 
organs  and  modification  of  parts  from 
species  simpler  and  less  dij^entiated, 
and  that  thus  all  organic  existences,  even 
man  himself,  maybe  traced  back  to  a 
simple  oelL 


The  act  of  flying 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EWE 


815 


EXEUNT 


£Swe,  &.  A  female  sheep  ;  the  female  of 
the  ovine  race  of  animals., 

!EiWer»  'er.  A  kind  of  pitcher  with  a  wide 
spout,  that  accompanies  a  wash-hand 
basin. 

"Ewing,  Thomas.  An  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Va.,  1789,  d.  1871. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  U.  8.  Senate, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  first  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior. 

Ezsereais,  egz-e're-sis.  That  branch  of 
surgery  which  relates  to  the  removal  of 
parte  of  the  body. 

ISzaltado,  eks-al-ta'dd.  In  Spanish 
Hist,  a  member  of  the  extreme  liberal  or 
radical  political  party. 

EjUtrch,  'ark.  A  prefect  or  governor 
under  the  Byzantine  Empire.  A  title  as- 
sumed for  a  time  by  the  Bishops  of  Con- 
stantinople, Antioch,  Ephesus  and  Ciesa- 
rea,  as  superiors  over  the  surrounding 
metropolitans.  A  title  given  to  inspectors 
of  the  clergy,  commissioned  by  the  East- 
em  patriarchs. 

Szcalibur,  eks-kari-ber.  The  mythol- 
ogical sword  of  King  Arthur  given  mm  by 
the  Lady  of  the  I^ke,  to  whom  Merlin 
directed  him  to  apply  for  it. 

Excellency,  ek'scMen-si.  A  title  of 
honor  given  to  governors,  ambassadors, 
ministers,  and  the  like. 

Ezoerebration,  eks-se're-bra^shon. 
The  act  of  removing  or  beating  out  the 
brains. 

SbLCerpt,  ek-serpt'.  An  extract  from  an 
author  or  from  a  writing  of  any  kind. 

Excise,  ek-slz.  A  tax  or  duty  imposed 
on  certain  commodities  of  home  produc- 
tion and  consumption.  That  department 
of  the  civil  service  which  is  connected  with 
the  levying  of  such  duties.  In  some 
States,  the  Board  of  License. 

Excision,  -si'zhon.  The  act  of  cutting 
olT ;  extirpation  ;  destruction. 

Excitator,  -at'er.  An  instrument  em- 
ployed to  discharge  an  electrical  apparatus 
In  such  a  manner  as  to  secure  the  operator 
flrom  the  eflFcct  of  the  shock. 

Exdusionist,  eks-klu'zhon-ist.  One  of 
a  party  of  English  politicians  'n  the*  time 
or  Charles  II.  favorable  to  a  bill  to  ejcclude 
his  popish  heirs  from  the  throne. 

Exconuodunicatlon,  -kom-mu'ni-ka"- 
shon.  Expulsion  flrom  the  communion  of 
a  church. 

Excoriation, -k6'ri-a''shon.  The  act  of 
flaying,  or  the  operation  of  wearing  off  the 
skin  or  cuticle ;  a  galling ;  abrasion  ;  the 
state  of  being  galled  or  stripped  of  skin. 


Exoortication,  -kor'ti-ka'^shon.  The 
act  of  stripping  off  bark. 

Excrement,  'krg-ment  Matter  excreted 
and  ejected ;  that  which  is  discharged 
from  the  animal  body  after  digestion ;  al- 
vlne  discharges. 

Excubitorium,  -ku'bi-t6"ri-um.  A 
gallery  in  a  church  where  pubUo  watch 
was  kept  at  night  on  the  eve  of  some  fes- 
tival, and  from  which  the  great  shrines 
were  observed. 

Excursus,  -ker'sus.  A  dissertation  or 
digression  appended  to  a  work,  containing 
a  more  full  exposition  of  some  important 
point  or  topic  than  could  be  given  in  the 
notes  to  the  text. 

Exeat,  'e-at  Leave  of  absence  given  to 
a  student  in  the  English  universities.  The 
permission  granted  by  a  bishop  to  a  priest 
to  go  out  of  his  diocese. 

Executioner,  ek-s€-ku'shon-er.  One 
who  executes  or  carries  into  effect ;  espe* 
cially  one  who  carries  into  effect  a  judg- 
ment of  death. 

Executive,  egz-ek'ut-iv.  Any  officer 
who  superintends  the  execution  of  the 
laws ;  the  person  or  persons  who  adminis- 
ter the  government. 

Executor,  -er.  The  person  appointed  by 
atestator  to  execute  his  will  or  to  see  it 
carried  into  effect. 

Executrix,  -triks.  A  female  executor; 
a  woman  appointed  by  a  testator  to  exe- 
cute his  will. 

Exedra,  -ed'ra.  In  Anc.  Arc.  an  apart' 
ment  provided  with  seats  for  the  purpose 
either  of  repose  or  of  conversation.  They 
were  open  to  the  sun  and  ah*,  and  were 
appended  to  the  portico. 

Exeeresis,  eks-€-1e'sis.  The  exposition 
or  interpretation  of  any  literary  produc- 
tion, but  more  particularly  the  exposition 
or  interpretation  of  Scripture. 

Exelmans,  Bemy  Joseph  Isidore, 
Baron,  Sk-sSl-m&n'.  A  French  mar- 
shal ;  B.  1776,  D.  1852.  He  fought  in  Na- 
poleon's chief  campaigns. 

Exequatur,  -c-kwa'ter.  A  written  rec- 
ognition of  a  person  in  the  character  of 
consul  or  commercial  agent  issued  by  the 
government  to  which  he  is  accredited. 
An  authoritative  recognition  of  any  official 
document ;  official  permission  to  perform 
some  act. 

Exergue,  egz-erg'.  The  small  space  be» 
neath  the  base  line  of  a  subject  ergraved 
on  a  coin  or  medal,  left  for  the  date,  en- 
graver's name,  <fec. 

Exeunt,  eks'e-unt    A  word  used  in  dr» 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EXFOLIATION 


816 


EXPONENT 


matic  literature  to  denote  the  period  at 
which  actors  quit  the  etaffe.  K.  omnes 
(all  go  out)  is  used  when  allleavo  the  stage 
at  the  same  time. 

Bxfoliation,  •f5'li-a''shon.  In  Surg,  the 
scaling  of  a  bono ;  the  process  of  separa- 
tion, as  pieces  of  unsound  bone  from  the 
sound  part;  desquamation.    In  Mineral, 
separation  into  scales  or  laminsB. 
"Exheredation,  elcs-he'ro-da'^shon.    In 
civil  law,  a  disinheriting ;  the  act  of  a 
father  excluding  a  child  from  inheriting 
/  any  part  of  his  estate. 
Xixhiunation,    eks-hum-a'ahon.      The 
act  of  exhuming  or  digging  up  that  which 
has  been  buried. 

Exile,  egz'il.  Banishment ;  the  state  of 
being  expelled  from  one's  native  country 
or  place  of  residence  by  autliority,  and 
forbidden  to  return.  A  removal  to  a  for- 
eign countiy  for  residence  for  any  cauao 
distinct  from  business.  The  person  ban- 
ished or  expelled  or  who  abandons  his 
country. 

Exmouth,  Edward  Fellow,  Vis- 
count. An  English  admiral;  u.  1757,  d. 
1838.  Noted  for  his  expedition  to  Algiers, 
1816,  when  iu  a  bombardment  of  four 
hours  he  destroyed  the  Algerian  ships, 
silenced  their  forts,  shollod  the  palace,  and 
compelled  the  Dey's  submission  and  the 
release  of  1,200  European  prisoners. 
Ezo,  '6.  A  common  prefix  in  words 
taken  lh)m  the  Greek,  the  equivalent  to 
without ;  on  the  outside. 
Bxooetus,  -sep- 
tus. The  flying- 
flsh,  a  gen.  of  tel- 
eostean  fishes, 
fam.  Soombereso- 
cid»,  snb-onl 
Abdomlnales.  It 
can  raise  itself 
from  the  water 
and  pass  through  the  air  as  much  as  ^200 
yards. 

Exodus,    '5-du8.      The   emigration    of 
large  bodies  of  people  from  one  country 
to  another.    The  departure  of  the  Israel- 
ites from  Egypt  under  the  leadership  of 
Moses.    The  Second  book  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament. 
Ex  officio,  -of-fi'shl-o.    By  virtue  of  of- 
fice, and  without  special  authority. 
Exosrazny,  -og'a-ml.    A  custom  among 
certain  savage  tribes  which  prohibits  a 
man  fbom  marrying  a  woman  of  his  own 
tribe. 
Exophthalmia,   -of-thal'mi-a.    A  pro- 
trusion of  the  eyeball  to  Hiich  a  degree  that 
the  eyelids  cannot  oover  It 


Flying-fish. 


Exogen. 


Exosren,   ^6-jen.     A 

})lant  whose  stem  Is 
brmed  by  successive 
additiotis  to  the  out-  \ 
side  of  the  wood,  the 
largest  prlDuuy  class  i 
of  plants  in  the  vc^eta- 1 
ble  kingdom.  AU  the  j 
trees  of  cold  ciimates,' 
and  most  of  those  in 
hot  latitudes,  are  ex- 
ogenous, and  distinguished  from  the  endo- 
genous by  the  reticulated  venation  of  their 
leaves,  and  by  their  seeds  having  two 
cotyledons  or  lobes. 

Exordium,  cgz-or'di-nm.  The  introduce 
tory  part  of  a  discourse ;  the  pre&ce  or 
proemial  part  of  a  composition. 

Exosmoae,  eks'os-mos.  The  passage  of 
gases,  vapors  or  liquids,  through  mem- 
branes or  porous  media,  from  within  out- 
ward, in  the  phenomena  of  osmose,  the  re- 
verse process  being  called  endosmose. 

Exoterlcs,  -te'riks.  The  lectures  of  Ar- 
istotle on  rhetoric,  to  which  all  were  ad- 
mitted ;  his  published  writings. 

Exotic,  cgz-ot'ic.  Anything  not  native ; 
anything  of  a  foreign  origin. 

Expatriation,  oks-pu'tri-a''8hon.  The 
act  of  banishing  or  state  of  being  banished; 
especially,  the  forsaking  one's  own  coun- 
try, with  a  renunciation  of  allegiance,  and 
with  a  view  of  becoming  a  citizen  in  anoth- 
er country. 

Expectation-week,  -pekt-a'shon-wek. 
the  interval  between  Ascension-day  and 
Whitsu  day,  so  called  because  at  l^is 
time  the  apostles  continued  in  prayer  and 
expectation  of  the  Comforter. 

Expectorant,  -pek'to-rant.  Any  medi- 
cine which  pcomotes  expectoration  or  dis 
charges  from  the  lungs. 

Experientialism,  -pu-ri-en'shal-ism. 
The  doctrine  that  all  knowledge  or  ideas 
are  derived  from  experience,  none  being 
intuitive. 

Expiator,  -or.  One  who  expiates  or 
atones. 

Expletive,  'plet-iv.  A  word  or  syllable 
inserted  to  fill  a  vacancy;  an  oath;  a  curse. 

Explosive,  -plo'siv.  Anything  with  a 
tendency  to  explode.  In  Philol.  a  mute 
or  non-continuous  consonant,  as  k,  t,  b. 

Exponent,  -po'nent.  In  Alg.  the  num. 
ber  or  figure  which,  placed  above  the 
root  at  the  right  hand,  denotes  how  often 
that  root  is  rep«Aited  or  how  many  multi- 
plioations  are  necessary  to  produce  the 
power.    One  who  or  that  which  stands  as 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EXPOET 


SIT 


ETK 


an  index  or  representatiye.  One  that  ex- 
ponnds  or  explains  anything. 

Export,  'port  A  commodity  oony«yed 
oat  of  one  country  or  state  to  another  in 
traffic. 

Ez  x>ost  facto,  post  fak'td.  In  law, 
done  after  another  thing.  An  ex  post 
fecto  law  is  a  law  made  to  visit  with 
penal  consequences  an  act  done  before  its 
passing. 

Express,  -pres'.  A  messenger  sent  on  a 
particular  errand  or  occasion.  Any  regu- 
Ur  provision  made  for  the  speedy  trans- 
mission of  goods  or  messages ;  any  vehicle 
or  other  convejrance  sent  on  a  special 
message.  A  railway  train  which  travels  at 
a  specDdly  high  rate  of  speed. 

SziBllfflation,  -snf-fla'shon.  A  blowing 
or  blast  from  beneath.  A  kind  of  exor- 
cism, performed  by  blowing  and  spitting 
at  the  evil  sphrit 

Extezxipore,  eks-tem'porre.  Extempo- 
raneous specJcing ;  the  act  of  expressing 
one^s  self  without  premeditation. 

Extensor,  -tens'er.  In  Anat  a  musde 
which  serves  to  extejid  or  straighten  any 
part  of  the  body  ;  opposed  to  flexor. 

Extermination,  -tcr^min-a^'shon.  The 
act  of  exterminating ;  total  expulsion  or 
destruction;  extirpation.  In  Alg.  the 
process  of  causing  to  disappear,  as  un- 
known quantities  from  an  equation  ;  elim- 
ination. 

Extern,  -tem.  Outward  form  or  part ; 
exterior.  A  B.  C.  student  or  pupil  who 
does  not  live  or  board  within  a  college  or 
seminary  ;  a  day  scholar. 

Exterritoriality,  -te'ri-to'ri-al"i-ti. 
Immunity  from  a  country's  laws,  such  as 
that  enjoyed  by  an  ambassador. 

Extersion,  -ter'shon.  The  act  of  wip- 
ing or  rubbing  out. 

ExtingXLisher,  ek-sting'gwish-er.  He, 
who  or  that  which  extinguishes  ;  speclfi 
cally,  a  hollow  conical  utensil  to  put  «n  a 
candle  or  lamp  to  extinguish  it. 
Extirpation,  -sterp-a'shon.  The  act  of 
rooting  out ;  eradication ;  excision ;  total 
destruction. 

Extortion,  eks-tor'shon.  Oppressive 
or  ille^  exaction  ;  illegal  compulsion  to 
pay  money  or  to  do  some  other  act. 
Extrsrconstellaxy,  -tra-kon'stel-la-ri. 
A  term  applied  to  those  stars  which  are 
not  classed  under  any  constellation. 
Extract,  'trakt.  In  Lit.  a  passage  taken 
from  a  book  or  writing ;  an  excerpt.  Any- 
thing drawn  from  a  substance  by  heat, 
solution,  distillation,  or  chemical  process. 


Extradition, -tra-di'shon.    Delivery  > 

one  nation  to  another  of  f^igitives  tiron 

justice,  in  pursuance  of  a  treaty. 
Extrados,  -tra'dos.    In  Arch,  the  ex- 

terior  curve  of  an  arch ;  the  outer  curvtt 

of  a  vousseir. 
Extrajudicial,  -ju-dV'shal.    Out  of  the 

proper  court,  or  tiie  ordinary  course  or 

legal  procedure. 
Extranmndane,    munMan.     Beyond 

the  limit  of  the  material  world. 
Extramural,  -mur'al.    Without  or  be< 

yond  the  walls,  as  of  a  fortified  dty  or  a 

university. 
Extraneous,  -tra'ne-us.    Foreign  ;  not 

belonging  to  a  thing ;  not  intrinsic. 
Extratropical,-tra-trop'ik-aI.    Without 

the  tropics,  north  or  south. 
Extravagant,   -trav'a-gant    One  who 

is  confined  to  no   general  rule.    Eooles. 

certain  decretal  episUes  of  the  popes,  pub- 
lished after  the  Clementines,  but  not  at 

first  arranged  and  digested  with  the  other 

Papal  Constitutions. 
Extravasation,  -sa^'shon.    The  act  of 

forcing  or  letting  out  of  its  proper  vessels 

or  ducts,  as  a  fluid ;  eflPusion. 

Extrinsically,     -trin'sik-al-li.      From 

without ;  externally. 

Extroversion,  -tro-ver'shon.  A  mal- 
formation consisting  in  an  organ  being 
turned  inside  out,  as  the  bladder. 

Exude,  -Qd'.  To  flow  from  a  bo<ly, 
through  the  pores  or  by  a  natural  dis- 
charge. 

Exuviation,  -&''shon.  In  Zool.  the  re- 
jection or  casting  off  of  some  part,  as  the 
deciduous  teeth,  the  skin  of  serpents,  the 
shells  of  crustaceans  and  the  Hke. 

Eyalet,  i'a-let.  A  Turkish  government 
or  principality  under  the  administration  of 
a  vizier  or  pasha  of  the  first  class. 

Esras.  'as.  A  young  hawk  Just  taken 
ftom  the  nest,  not  able  to  prey  for  itself. 

Eyck,  Jan  Van,  ik.  (John  of  Bruges). 
One  of  the  greatest  of  Flemish  painters  ; 
B.  1890,  D.  1440.  His  brother  Hubert  was 
also  a  noted  artist ;  b.  13d6,  d.  1426.  The 
brothers  have  been  pronounced  the  origi- 
nators of  oil  painting. 

Eye.  The  organ  of  vision,  formed  by  the 
combination  of  two  segments  from  a  larger 
and  a  smaller  sphere.  The  segment  of  the 
lesser  sphere  is  composed  externally  of  a 
strong  membrane  called  the  cornea,  ^vith- 
in  wWch  are  the  aqueous  humor  and  the 
iris.  The  iris  is  a  colored  membrane  cap- 
able of  contraction  and  dilatation,  suspend- 
ed in   the  aqueous  humor,   with  a  hole 


Digitized  by 


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EYEBALL 


818 


FABLE 


the  pupil)  in  the  center  for  the  transmis- 
sion of  light.  The  lai'ger  sphere  presents 
three  ooats,  the  outermost  being  the  scler- 
otic, within  which  is  the  choroid  and  last* 
I7  tne  retina.  The  eyes  of  a  ship,  the  eyes 
of  her,  the  foremost  part  in  the  bows  of  a 
ship.  It  was  an  old  custom  in  Britain  to 
paint  an  eye  on  each  bow,  and  in  Spanish 
and  Italian  boats,  as  well  as  in  Chinese 
innka,  the  practice  is  still  observed.  The 
hawse  holes  are  also  called  the  eyes  of  her. 
The  word  is  applied  to  many  other  things 
about  a  ship. 

Bye-ball,  'bal.  The  ball,  globe,  or  apple 
of  the  eye. 

Byebrow,  'brou.  The  hairy  arch  above 
the  eye. 

Eye-erlass,  ^glas.  A  glass  to  assist  the 
sight.  The  eye-piece  of  a  telescope,  mi- 
croscope and  the  like.  In  Surg,  a  gmss  for 
the  application  of  coUyrium  to  the  eye. 

Eyelaah,  'hish.  The  line  of  hair  that 
edges  the  eyelid.  A  single  one  of  the 
hairs  on  the  edge  of  the  eyelid. 

Eylau,  i'lou.  A  town  on  the  Pasmar, 
20  m.  from  Konlgsberg,  E.  Prussia,  noted 
as  the  scene  of  the  great  victory,  Feb.  8, 
1807,  of  Napoleon  over  the  Bussian-Prus- 
slan  allies. 

Syelet,  'let  A  small  hole  or  perforation 
to  receive  a  lace  or  cord. 

Eyelid,  'lid.  The  cover  of  the  eye ;  that 
portion  of  movable  skin  with  which  an 
animal  covers  or  uncovers  the  eye-ball  at 
pleasure.  j 


Bye-pieoe,  pds.  In  a  telescope,  micro- 
scope, or  other  optical  instrument,  tiie 
lens  to  which  the  eye  is  applied. 

Eyestone,  'stdn.  A  small  calcareous 
bodv,  the  operculum  of  small  TurbinidsB, 
used  for  removing  substances  from  be- 
tween the  lid  and  ball  of  the  eye.  Being 
put  into  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  it 
works  its  way  out  at  the  outer  cor- 
ner, bringing  with  it  any  foreign  sub 
stance. 

Eyestriner,  'string.  The  tendon  by  which 
the  eye  is  moved. 

Eyetooth,  'tdth.  A  pointed  tooth  In  the 
upper  jaw  next  to  the  grinders  ;  a  £uig; 
a  canine  tooth. 

"Eyrie,  'ri.  A  bird's  nest ;  specifloally  the 
nest  of  an  eagle  or  other  bird  of  prey. 

EzekieL  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  greater  He- 
brew prophets,  son  of  the  priest  Bezi, 
who,  with  Jeholakim,  king  or  Juda,  was 
carried  capttver  to  Mesapotamia ;  b.  abt 
570  B.C.;  the  date  of  nis  death  Is  un- 
known. The  book  of  E.  oontains  his 
prophecies. 

Ezra.  In  Scrip,  a  Jewish  priest,  who  led 
the  second  expedition  of  his  people  home 
from  the  Babylonian  exile,  4o8  b.  0.  A 
tomb  said  to  be  his  is  still  shown  on  the 
Tigris,  some  20  m.  above  its  junction 
with  the  Euphrates.  The  book  of  E.  re- 
lates the  events  connected  with  the  second 
return :  that  of  Nehemiah  (formerly  first 
book  or  E.)  the  incidents  of  the  mrst  re- 
turn, 21  years  before. 


F 


II  IS  the  6th  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, and  is  a  labio-dental  articulation, 
classed  as  a  surd  spirant,  its  corresponding 
sonant  sphrant  being  v,  which  is  dis- 
tinguished from  f  bv  being  pronounced 
with  voice  instead  or  breath.  The  figure 
is  the  same  as  that  cf  the  ancient  Greek  dl- 
gamma,  which  it  also  closely  resembles  in 
power.  F  is  a  common  consonant  initially, 
medially  and  finally,  in  the  latter  two  cases 
being  often  doubled.  As  an  initial  it  is 
very  common  in  coi\)unction  with  1  and  r, 
as  in  fiy,  free.  In  plurals  it  often  becomes 
V,  asl  n  knife,  knives  :  calf,  calves.  As  a 
Latin  numeral  it  signifies  40,  and  with  a 
dash  over  the  top,  40,000.  F.  often  stands 
for  Fellow  ;  F.  K.  8.,  Fellow  of  the  Koyal 
Society ;  F.  S.  A.,  FeUow  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries.  F,  in  Music,  is  the  fourth 
note  of  the  diatonic  scale.  In  the  calen- 
dar F  is  one  of  the  seven  Dominical  letters. 


Fa,  fl.  In  music,  the  Italian  name  of  the 
4th  note  of  the  diatonic  scale. 
Fabian,  fH'bi-an.  Dehtying:  dilatory; 
avoiding  battle,  in  imitation  or  Q.  Fabius 
Maximus,  a  Roman  general,  who  conduct^ 
ed  militaiy  operations  against  Hannibal. 
Fabii,  -be-i.  An  illustrious  Boman 
family.  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus,  elected 
consul  122  b.  c,  defeated  the  Allobroges 
in  Gaul  in  a  great  battle  in  which  they 
lost  120,000  men.  Quintus  Fabius  Max- 
imus Eulianufl,  the  greatest  soldier  of  his 
day,  was  five  times  consul  and  twice  dic- 
tator, 822  to  295  b.  o.  Quintus  Fabius 
Maximus  Yemioosus,  chosen  consul  288 
and  dictator  217  b.  o.,  carried  on  a  success- 
ful defense  against  Hannibal,  «nd  was 
elected  consul  for  the  fifth  time,  209;  n. 
203  B.  o. 

Fable,  'bl.    A  feigned  story  or  tale^  In- 
tended to  instruct  or  amuse. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FABLIAU 


819 


FAIRFAX 


Fabliau,  &b-l€-d.  In  French  Lit.  one 
of  the  metrical  tales  of  the  Trouvdres  or 
early  poets  of  the  Langue  d'Oil. 

Fabnliflt,  u-Hst.  An  inventor  or  writer 
of  fables. 

Facade,  fii-sid'.  The  face  or  front  view 
or  elevation  of  an  edifice. 

Face,  f&s.  The  front  part  of  an  animal^s 
head,  made  up  of  the  forehead,  eyes,  nose, 
mouth,  cheeks,  &o.;  the  visage.  Aspect 
or  air  of  the  &oe;  cast  of  features;  look.  In 
a  general  sense,  the  suribce  or  side 
which  presents  itself  to  the  view  of  the 
spectator ;  the  front ;  the  forepart 

Facet,  fes'et  A  little  face  ;  a  small  sur- 
flice,  as  the  fkcets  of  a  diamond.  In  Arch, 
a  flat  projection  between  the  flutings  of 
oolnmns.  In  Anat.  a  drcumscribed  por- 
tion of  the  snrflioe  of  a  bone. 

FaoetiSB,  &-s€'shl-€.  Witty  or  humorous 
sayings  or  writings. 

Facient,  f&'shi-ent  In  AW.  the  variable 
of  a  quantic  as  distinguished  from  the  co- 
efficient. 

FadnoronB.  -sin'er^us.  Atiodously 
wicked. 

Facsimile,  &k-8im'i-ld.  An  exact  copy 
or  likeness,  an  imitation  of  an  original  in 
all  its  proportions,  traits  and  pecul^ties. 

Faction,  ''shon.  A  party,  in  politics, 
combined  or  acting  in  union,  in  opposi 
tion  to  the  government  or  state.  A  party 
promoting  discord  or  unscmpulously 
promoting  their  nrivate  ends  at  the  ex 
pense  of  tiie  pubno  good.  In  the  U,  8. 
usually  applied  to  any  active  sub-division 
of  a  poUtical  party.  Tumult,  discord, 
dissension.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  one  of 
the  four  classes,  distinguished  by  spe- 
cial colors.  Into  which  the  combatants  la 
the  drcus  woto  divided. 

Factor,  't^.  In  Com.  an  agent  em 
ployed  by  foreign  merchants  to  transact 
business.  He  may  buy  and  sell  in  his  own 
name,  in  which  particular  consists  the 
main  diflTerence  between  factors  and 
brokers.  An  Arith.  the  multiplier  and 
multiplicand.  In  Alg.  any  expression 
considered  as  part  of  a  product 

Factory,  to-ri.  A  building  or  collection 
of  buildings  ^propriated  to  the  manu- 
I  fiustnre  of  goods  ;  the  place  where  work- 
ers are  employed  in  fobricating  goods, 
wares  or  utensfls.  In  Great  Britain,  asso- 
ciations of  traders  and  merchants  doing 
business  In  the  East,  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection. 

Factotuxn,  -tum.  A  male  servant  em- 
ployed to  do  all  kinds  of  work. 

Facolaa,  'u-le.    In  Astion.  spots  on  the 


sun's  disk,  which  appear  brighter  thai 
the  rest  of  bis  surikoe. 

Faculty,  'ul-ti.  The  body  of  individ- 
uals constituting  one  of  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, more  especially,  medical  and 
surgical  professions.  In  colleges,'  the 
masters  and  professors  of  the  several  de- 
partments. 

FaBOes,  fS'aSz.  Excrement;  also,  set- 
tlings ;  sediment  after  infiision  or  diatilla' 
tion. 

Fa^rot ,  fiig'ot  A  bundle  of  sticks  or  twiffs, 
used  for  ftiel,  or  for  raiidng  batteries,  fiU&g 
ditches,  and  other  purposes  in  fortifica- 
tion ;  a  fascine.  A  bundle  of  iron  for  re- 
manufiftcture,  or  steel  in  bars. 

Faffotto,  -got'tO.  Amu-( 
sical  instrument  with 
reed  and  movth-piece  like 
the  darionet  and  reeem- 
bUng  the  bassoon.  The 
alto-fligotto  has  a  range  of 
three  octaves. 

FaflTUS,  fft'gus.  The 
beech,  a  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  CupnlifenB.  There 
are  about  twenty  species. 

Fahrenheit,    Gabriel     „     ^^ 
Daniel,    &r'en-hit     A      Fagotto, 
distinguishea   German    philosopher;    b. 
1690,  D.  1740.    He  invented  the  tixermom- 
eter  known  by  his  name. 

Faience,  fS-i-ens'.  A  sort  of  fine  earth- 
enware glazed  with  a  fine  varnish,  and 
Cted  in  various  designs,  named  from 
iza  in  Komagna,  where  it  is  said  to 
have  been  invented  in  1299. 

Faint,  f&nt  A  fointing  fit;  a  swoon. 
The  impure  spirit  which  comes  over  first 
and  last  in  the  distillation  of  whisky, 
much  impregnated  with  fetid  essential  oil 
(fUsel  oil). 

Fair,  t&r.  Ellinticallv,  a  fair  woman ;  a 
handsome  female,  llie  fiiir,  the  female 
sex ;  spedficaUy,  the  loveliest  of  that  sex. 
A  stated  market,  or  meeting  of  buyers 
and  sellers  for  trade.  Among  the  most 
celebrated  (Urs  in  Europe  are  those  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main  and  Leipzig  in  Ger- 
many, of  Nijni-Novgorod  in  Bussia,  of 
Lyons  in  France.  A  festival  in  behalf  of 
a  religious  or  benevolent  object 

Fair  Isle.  An  island  in  the  N.  Atlantic, 
bet.  the  Orkneys  and  Shetland,  the  scene 
of  the  disastrous  wreck  of  the  Duke  of 
Medina  Sidonia,  with  the  remaining  ves- 
sels of  the  defeated  and  scattered  B^uiish 
Armada,  1588. 

Fairfia^-  Thomas.  Lord.     An  En 
gllsh  general,  wno  commanded  the  Far 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


I^AttlY 


^AMtttS'T 


liamentary  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  1642 ;  and  again  in  1645 ;  b. 
1611,  D.  1671.  Thomas,  Lord  F.,  his 
grandson,  b.  1691,  d.  1782,  spent  part  of 
his  life  in  Yu-ginia,  and  was  the  friend  and 
patron  of  Gen.  Washington. 

Fairy,  fa'ri.  A  fay ;  an  imaginary  spirit, 
supposed  to  assume  human  form,  dance 
in  meadows,  &c. 

Fakir,  fS'ker.  An  Oriental  ascetic  or 
begging  monk.  They  are  filthy  in  habits, 
and  inflict  upon  themselves  the  severest 
tortures  and  mortifications.  In  the  U.  S. 
applied  to  street  hawkers  of  cheaper  coun- 
terfeit jeweh^,  trinkets,  Ac. 

Palcbion,  fal'shon.  A  broad  short  sword, 
with  a  slightly  curved  point,  much  used 
in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Falconet,  faVkon-et.  Aij  ancient  piece 
of  ordnance,  whose  diameter  at  the  bore 
was  4i  inches,  and  which  carried  shot  of 
li  to  2  pounds. 

Falconidee,  'i- 
de.  A  fair,  ot-^.  / 
raptorial  bErJ-i  in  ^jj^ii^ 
which  th(i  dif;- 
structivo  in>\n'i'a 
are  most  pi-rfoLit- 
ly  developed,  In- 
cluding tho  ilif- 
ferent  speclniH  of 
eagles,  the  liawfca 
and  falcons  prop- 
erly    so       i'fllllCil, 

comprising  ttit* 
Bub-fam.  ijirai'n,- 
ras,  buzzards, 
eagles,  falcons, 
kites,  hawks  and 
harriers. 

Faldstool,  fald'stol.  A  folding  stool 
similar  to  a  camp-stool ;  especially,  a 
kind  of  stool  placed  at  tne  south  side  of 
the  altar,  at  which  the  kingi  of  England 
kneel  at  their  coronation.  A  small  desk  at 
which  In  cathedrals,  churches,.  &c.,  the 
litany  is  enjoined  to  be  sung  or  said.  It 
is  sometimes  called  a  Litany-stool. 

Falemian,  fa-ler'ni-an.  The  aicient 
wine  made  from  grapes  from  Mt.  Faler- 
nus. 

Falkland  Islands.  An  English  group 
in  the  S.  Atlantic,  abt.  300  m.  8.  E.  of  the 
Straits  of  2i£agellan;  pop.  less  than  1,000. 

Fall,  fal.  The  act  of  dropping  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place  by  gravity  ;  de- 
scent. Descent  of  water ;  a  cascade  ;  a 
cataract.  The  season  when  leaves  fall 
from  trees ;  autumn.  That  which  falls. 
Lapse  from  innocence,  especially  the  act 


Peregrine  Falcon. 


of  our  first  parents  in  eating  the  forbidden 
fruit ;  also,  the  apostasy  of  the  rebellious 
angels.  Naut.  the  part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  appUed  in  hoisting. 

Falliner-sickness,  'ing-sik-nes.  The 
epilepsy ;  a  disease  in  which  the  patient 
suddenly  loses  his  senses  and  faiUa. 

Fallingr-star, -stfir.    Meteors  which  ap- 

eear  as  luminous  points  shooting  or  dart- 
ig  through  the  sky,  and  followed  by 
long  trains  of  light.  They  are  believed  to 
consist  of  small  cosmical  bodies  which  en- 
ter our  atmosphere  under  the  influence  of 
the  earth's  attraction,  ignite  and  are  va- 
porized in  consequence  of  the  friction  re- 
sulting from  the  immense  velocity  with 
which  they  move.  Called  also  shooting- 
star.  In  jBot.  the  popular  name  of  the 
common  nostoc,  from  its  sudden  appear- 
ance on  gravel  walks  after  rain. 

Falliner-stone,  -ston.  A  stone  falling 
from  the  atmosphere;  a  meteorite;  an 
aerolite. 

Fallow- 
deer,    -dgr* 
The    Cenras      ^ 
dama.      i^«  "^J 
horis  are  pe-  " 
culiar  to  the  ' 
male. 

Fallow- 
finch, 
-flush.  A 
small  insessorial  dentirostral  bird,  the 
Saxicola  cenanthe  or  wheat-ear.  Some- 
times also  called  the  Fallow-chat. 

Fall  mver.  A  city  and  seaport  of  Bris- 
tol Co.,  Mass.,  etmouth  of  Taunton  River, 
46  m.  8.  W.  of  Boston ;  it  has  extensive 
textile  manufactories ;  pop.  48,691. 

Falsehood,  'hSd.  Contrariety  or  want 
of  conformity  to  fact  or  truth;  falseness. 
Want  of  veracity  ;  untruthftilness ;  a  lie. 

Falsetto,  fal'set-to.    The  tone  above  the 

natural  compass  of  the  voice. 
Falsi  crimen,  fal'sl  kri'men.    In  law, 

the  crime  of  what  is  false;  the  crime  of 

fraud,  forgery. 

Fama,  fa'ma.  In  Eom.  Myth,  the  dei- 
fied personification  of  rumor. 

Familiar,  fa-mil'yer.  An  Intimate;  a 
close  companion.  A  demon  supposed  to 
attend  at  a  call ;  a  familiar  spirit  In  the 
Inquisitioo,  an  officer  employed  in  appre- 
hending the  accused — so  named  be^nse 
regarded  as  part  of  the  family  of  the  chief 
Inquisitor. 

Familist,  'milist.  One  of  the  religious 
sect  called  the   Family  of  Love  which 


Fallow-deer. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FAMILY 


8tl 


FABOE  ISLANDS 


arose  in  Holland  in  155C.  They  taught 
that  religion  conaista  wliolly  in  love,  inde- 
pendently of  any  form  of  tmtii  hold  and 
Delieved. 

Family,  'mi-li.  The  collectiye  body  of 
peraona  who  live  in  one  houae  and  under 
one  head  or  manager;  a  household,  in- 
eluding  parents,  ohildren  and   servants, 

'and  as  the  case  may  be.  lodgers  or  board- 
ers. The  parents  and  children  alone.  The 
children  as  distinguished  from  the  parents. 
The  descendants  fh>m  one  common  pro- 
genitor ;  a  tribe  or  race ;  kindred  ;  lineage. 

Famine,  'min.  Scarcity  of  food ;  dearth ; 
a  general  want  of  provirions. 

Fan,  ihn.  The  name  of  various  instru- 
ments for  exciting  a  current  of  air  by  an 
instrument  made  of  palm-leaf,  feathers,, 
paper,  or  taflfeta,  mounted  on  stidcs.  In 
ICach.  any  contrivance  of  revolving  vanes 
or  disks,  as  for  winnowing  grain,  cooUng 
fluids,  urging  combustion,  £&. 

Fanatic,  &-nat'lk.  A  person  affected  by 
excessive  enthusiasm,  piarticularly  on  re- 
ligious subjects. 

Fandango,  -dang^go.  A  lively  dance, 
in  triple  time,  conunonin  Spain  and  Span- 
ish America.  It  was  originally  a  dance  of 
the  Moors. 

Fane,  fan.  A  temple ;  a  place  consecrated 
to  religion ;  a  church. 

Fanfare,  &n'fSr.  A  flourish  of  trumpets, 
as  on  the  approach  of  some  personage. 
A  short,  lively  tune  played  witn  hunting 
horns,  to  inspirit  the  nunters.  An  osten- 
tatious parade  or  boast ;  bravado. 

Fan-foot,  'ftit  K.  AfHcan  lizard,  gen. 
PtyodactylnSjinuch  dreaded  in  Egypt  for 
Its  venom.  The  poison  is  said  to  be  in- 
lected  by  the  teeui  but  to  exude  ttom  the 
lobules  of  the  toes.  It  is  so  much  dreaded 
as  to  be  popularly  termed  Abou-burs,  or 
ibther  of  leprosy.  A  name  given  by  col- 
lectors of  moths  to  the  gen.  Polypogon. 

Fanff.  flmg.  The  tusk  of  a  boar  or  other 
animal  by  which  the  previa  seized  and 
held ;  a  long  pointed  tooth,  as  the  hollow 
poison  £uig  of  a  serpent. 

Fan-light,  fSmlit.  Properly,  a  window 
in  form  of  an  open  fan  situated  over  a 
door,  but  now  used  for  any  window  over 
a  door. 

FanninfiT-mill,  'ing-mil.  A  machine 
for  cleaning  seeds  from  chaff,  husks,  &c.  ; 
afhn. 

Fanon,  'on.  A  headdress  worn  by  the 
Pope  when  celebrating  mass  pontiflcally. , 
The  handkerchief  useof  by  the  FMrlest  dur- 
ing the  celebration  of  mass.  The  white 
ttnen  doth  in  which  the  laity  make  their 


oblations  at  the  altar.  The  limpets  of  the 
miter.  A  church  banner  carried  in  pro- 
oeaaioBS. 

Fantoooini,  -to-ehS'n«.  Pnppetamade 
to  perform  by  concealed  wires  or  strings. 
Dramatical  representations  in  which  pup- 
pets are  the  performers. 

Fan-traoery  'tras-er-i.  Elaborate  geo- 
metrical carved  work,  which  spreads  over 
the  surfhoe  of  a  vaulting,  rising  fh>m  a 
corbel  and  diverging  Uko  the  folda  of  a 

fan, 

Faraday,  yiohael,  far'ah-da.  An 
eminent  English  phyddan,  chemist  and 
electrician ;  b.  1791,  d.  1867. 

Faradisation,  flu-'a-diz-&''shon.  The 
medical  application  of  the  magneto-elee- 
tric  currents,  which  Faraday  disooTered 
in  1887. 

Faroe,  Gn.  A  dramatic  composition  of 
a  broadly  comic  character,  differing  ftt>m 
a  comedy  chiefly  in  its  grotesqueness. 

Faroy,  f&r'si.  A  disease  of  horses  in- 
timated^ connected  with  glanders,  the  two 
diseases  generally  running  into  each  other. 

FardinflM>aff,  mrd'ing-bag  The  first 
stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal,  wher« 
green  food  lies  until  chewed  ovw  again; 
the  rumen. 

Farina,  fit-r!'na.  A  soft,  tasteless  pow- 
der, obtained  by  trituration  of  the  seeds 
of  cereal  and  leguminous  plants,  and  of 
some  roots,  as  the  potato.  Fossil  ftrina. 
a  carbonate  of  lime,  light  as  cotton,  ana 
easily  powdered. 

Farmer,  fKrm'er.  One  who  ftrms ;  an 
agriculturist ;  a  husbandman.  F.  general. 
In  France,  under  the  old  mont^chy,  a 
member  of  a  privileged  association  which 
fiumed  certain  branches  of  the  revenue. 

Famese,  f&r-nez.  An  illustrious  Italian 
fomily.  Alessandro  F.  was  olect<?!a  Pop% 
under  the  titie  of  Paul  III.  A.  F.,  son  o( 
the  Duke  of  Parma,  b.  1680,  d.  1592,  was 
one  of  the  foremost  generals  of  his  age, 
serving  under  Don  John  of  Austria,  and 
made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  on 
the  latter's  death.  He  obliged  Henry  IV , 
to  raise  the  seigo  of  Paris  during  the  war 
of  the  French,  and  afterwards  defeated 
him  in  the  field ;  he  also  defeated  the 
Prince  of  Nassau. 

Faro,  fti'ru.  A  game  at  cards  in  which  a 
person  plays  against  the  bank. 

Faro-baxilc, -bangk.  A  bank  or  estab- 
lishment, aminst  which  persons  play  at 
the  game  of  faro ;  a  place  for  gambling. 

Faroe  IslandJB  (Ferro),  Wro.  A  group 
of  22  small  islands  in  the  N.  Ocean,  abi 
176  m.  K.  W.  of  the  SheUanda. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


S-AEQUHAlt 


fAtHESB 


Farthisgale. 


Farqiihar,  Gheorgre,  far'kw&r.  An  En 
glish  dramatist ;  b.  1678,  d.  1707.  Several 
of  his  plays  are  still  popular. 

Farraerut,  David  G-lascoe,  Admi- 
ral. An  American  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Tenn.,  1801,  d.  1870.  He  played  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  civil  war,  capturing  New 
Orleans  and  Mobile.  He  was  the  first 
American  upon  whom  the  title  of  Admiral 
was  conferred. 

Farrier,  'ri-er.  A 
horseshoer ;  gener- 
ally one  who  com- 
bines horseshoeing 
with  veterinary  sur- 
gery. 

Farrow,  'ro.  Not 
producing  young  in 
a  particular  season  or 
year ;  applied  to  cows 
only. 

Farthing:,  fSr'thing 
The  fourth  part  of  a 
penny ;  a  small  cop- 

SiT    coin   of    Great 
ritain. 

Fartbingrale, 'thin- 
gal.     A  hoop  petti- 
coat, or  circles  of  hoops,  used  to  extend 
the  petticoat. 

Fasces,  fas'sez.  In  Koman 
Antiq.  bundles  of  rods, 
witii  an  axe  bound  in  with 
them,  borne  by  lictors  be- 
fore the  superior  Roman 
magistrates  as  a  badge  of 
their  power  over  life  and 
limb. 

Fascia,  fa'shl-a.  A  band  or 
fillet  worn  by  the  women 
of  ancient  Rome  next  to 
the  skin  to  make  the  waist 
appear  slender. 

Fascicolaria,  fas-sik'u-la'M-a.  A  gen. 
of  extinct  polyzoa,  fam.  TubuliporidsB,  oc- 
curring in  the  coralline  crag  of  Sufiblk. 

Fascine,  -son'. 
In  Fort,  a  faggot, 
bundle  of  small 
sticks  of  wood, 
used  In  raising  bat- 
teries, filling  ditch- 
es, strengthening 
ramparts  and 
making  parapets. 

Fasciolaria,  'j3i-6-la"ri-a. 
mollusks,  fam.  MuricidaB. 

Fast,  fiist.  Swift ;  dissipated ;  indulging 
In  sensual  vices.  Abstinence  fh)m  food. 
Thetimeoffliisting. 


t 


Fasces. 


Fasdnes. 


A  gen.  of 


Fat,  t&t  An  oilv  concrete  substance,  a 
compound  of  carbon,  hvdrogen  and  oxy- 
gen, deposited  in  the  cells  of  the  adipose 
or  cellular  membrane  of  animal  bodies.  It 
consists  of  two  substances,  stearine  and 
elaine  or  oleine,  the  former  solid,  the  lat- 
ter liquid.  Human  fitt  appears  to  contain 
no  steai-ine,  but  margarine  and  oleine.    In 

Erintiug,  type-work  containing  much 
lank  space,  and  therefore  paying  the 
workman  well. 

Fatalism,  fat'al-izm.  The  doctrine 
that  all  things  are  subject  to  fiite,  or  that 
they  take  place  by  inevitable  necessity. 

Fata  Morgrana,  fS'ta  mor-gS'na.-  A 
striking  optical  illusion,  i»dncipally  re- 
marked in  the  Strait  of  Messma,  between 
the  coast  of  Sicily  and  Calabria.  The 
images  of  men,  houses,  trees,  &o.,  are  oc- 
casionally seen  from  the  coast,  semetimes 
in  the  water,  in  the  ahr,  or  at  tilie  surilEUie 
of  the  water. 

Fate,  t&t.  Primarily,  a  decree  pro- 
nounced by  God,  or  a  fixed  sentence,  by 
which  the  order  of  things  is  prescribed ; 
hence,  inevitable  necessity  ;  destiny  de- 
pending on  a  superior  cause  and  uncon- 
trollable. Final  event ,  death.  In  Myth, 
the  Destinies  or  Parcffi;  three  goddesses 
supposed  to  preside  over  the  birth  and 
life  of  men,  Glotho,  Lachesis  and  Atropos. 

Father,  fS'ther.  He  who  begets  a  child; 
next  male  ancestor;  a  male  parent.  A 
male  ancestor,  the  progenitor,  or  founds*, 
of  a  race,  family,  or  line.  The  appellation 
of  the  first  person  in  the  Trinity.  The 
title  given  to  dignitaries  of  the  Church, 
superiors    of  convents,    confessors   and 

griests.  The  title  of  a  senator  in  andent 
ome<  The  eldest  member  of  any  pro- 
fession, or  of  any  body.  Fathers  of  the 
Church,  the  early  teaGha*s  and  expound- 
ers of  Christianity.  Those  who  were  con- 
temporary with  the  apostles  are  oaJled 
Apostolic  Fathers.  These  are  five  :  Cle- 
ment of  Rome,  Barnabas,  Hermas,  Igna- 
titus  and  Polycarp.  Those  of  the  first 
three  centuries,  styled  Primitive  Fathers, 
are  Justin,  Theophilus,  bishop  of  Antioch, 
Irenoeus,  bishop  of  Lyon,  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  Cyprian,  bishop  of  Carthage, 
Origen  of  Alexandria,  Gregorv  Thauma 
turgus,  Dionysius,  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
Tertullianus  of  Carthage,  and  the  five 
above  named.  The  fkthers  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  centuries  are  ranged  in  two  dasses, 
fathers  of  ■  the  Greek  and  Latin  Churdu 
The  former  are  Eusebius  of  Ceeaurea, 
Athanasius,  Basil  the  Great,  bishop  of 
CaBsarea,  Gregorv  Nazianzenus,  Gregory 
of  Nyssa,  Cyril,  bishop  of  Jerasalem, 
Chrysostom,  patriarch  of  Constantliiople^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PATHEB-IK-LAW 


FEBEUAET 


EpiphaniaB,  bishop  of  Solamls  in  Cyprus, 
CJyril,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  £phraim,tiie 
Syrian  deacon  of  Edessa.  The  latter, 
IjMstantinB,  Hilary,  bishop  of  Poictiers, 
Ambrose,  archbishop  of  Milan,  Jerome, 
the  translator  of  the  Bible,  Angostln, 
bishop  of  Hippo.  Adoptive  father,  one 
who  adopts  the  children  of  another.  Puta- 
tive father,  one  who  is  oulv  reputed  to  be 
the  father ;  the  supposed  iather. 
Father-in-law,  -in-Ig.  The  &ther  of 
one's  husband  or  wife.** 
Fathom,  'um.  A  measure  of  length  con- 
taining 6  feet. 

Fatixoide,  fitt'i-mid.  A  descendant  of 
Fatima,  daughter  and  only  child  of  Ma- 
homet. A  fine  of  caliplis,  the  Fatimite 
dynasly,  was  founded  in  909  by  Abu- 
Mohammed  Obeidalla,  who  gave  nimself 
out  as  grandson  of  Fatima,  and  continued 
tiU  the  death  of  Adhed,  the  14th  Fatimite 
caliph,  in  1171.  The  members  dalmed 
pontifical  attributes. 
Fat-lute,  'lut.  .A  mixture  of  pipe-clay 

and  linseed-oil  for  filling  joints,  Ac. 
Faun,  &n.  In  Bom.  Myth,  a  demigod  or 
rural  defty,  differing  little  from  the  satyr. 
The  form  was  principally  human,  with  a 
short  goat's  tail,  pointed  ears,  and  project- 
ing horns;  sometimes  also  with  cloven  feet. 
Fauna,  'a.  A  collective  word  signifying 
all  the  animals  peculiar  to  a  r^on  or 
epoch,  and  also  a  description  of  them ; 
>  corresponding  to  flora  in  respect  of  plants. 
Faust,  Johann  (Fust),  fowst.  One 
of  the  three  reputed  inventors  of  the  art 
of  printing  by  movable  types ;  a  citizen  of 
Mentz,  B.  abt.  1400,  d.  1440. 
Faust,  John  (Dr.Faustus).  A  cele- 
brated astrologer  of  the  latter  part  of  the 
15th  century,  the  hero  of  numerous  tales 
a»d  dramas,  fh>m  the  superstitious  legend 
that  he  sold  himself  to  Satan  for  24  years, 
was  served  by  Mephistopheles,  Satan's 
emissary,  who  carried  him  to  his  master 
at  the  expiration  of  the  contract. 
Fauteuil,  f5-tnl.  An  arm-chair ;  an  easy 
chair.  A  seat  in  the  French  academy. 
Broit  de  f^uteuil,  the  privilege  formerly 
enjoyed  by  gentlemen  of  rank  at  the 
French  Court  of  sitting  on  a  fauteuil  in 
presence  of  the  king,  corresponding  to 
the  droit  de  tabouret  enjoyed  by  ladies. 
Fauvette,  -vet'.  A  term  introduced 
finom  French  works,  applied  to  the  species 
of  soft-billed  birds  or  warblers,  such  as  the 
nlgbtingaie. 

9talCC-pas,  -pa.  A  fUse  step ;  a  breach 
of  manners  or  moral  conduct ;  more  par- 
ticularly a  lapse  flrom  chastity. 


Favose. 


Fawn. 


Favose,  -v6se'.  Hav- 
ing pits,  depressions  , 
or  cells,  like  those  of  ^ 
a  honeycomb. 

Favosite,  fa'vo-sit.^ 
A  gen.  of  fossil  corals 
conmion  to  the  Siluri- 
an, Devonian  and 
Carboniferous  sys- 
tems. 

Favre,  Jules.  A  French  statesman  and 
orator,  b.  1809,  d.  1878.  He  was  one  oi 
the  principal  leaders  in  the" establishment 
of  the  republic  after  Napoleon  III.  surren- 
dered to  the  Germans  at  Sedan. 

Fawn,  fkn.  A  young 
deer ;  a  "buck  or  doe 
of  the  first  year. 

Fay,  {&.  A  fMry ;  an 
elf. 

Feast,  fSst.  A  sump- 
tuous repast  or  enter- 
tainment.   A  festival  I 
in  commemoration  of  J 
some    event,    or   in  ^ 
honor  of  some  person- 
age. 

Feather,  feih'er.  A  plume ;  one  of  the 
dermal  growths  which  form  the  covering 
of  birds.  Those  which  cover  the  body 
are  called  the  plumage.  In  founding,  a 
thin  rib  cast  on  iron  fuming.  A  slip  in- 
serted longitudinally  into  a  shaft  or  arbor, 
and  projecting  so  as  to  fit  a  groove  in  the 
eye  of  a  wheel.     . 

Feathering:,  -ing.  The  uniform  turning 
of  the  blade  of  an  oar  horizontally,  when 
raised  from  the  water.  In  Arch,  an  ar- 
rangement of  small  arcs  separated  by  pro- 
jecting cups,  used  as  ornaments  in  the 
molding  of  arches,  &c.,  in  Qothic  archi- 
tecture; foliation. 

Feather-weierht,  -wat.  Scrupulously 
exact  weight,  such  as  that  a  feather  would 
turn  the  scale,  when  a  jockey  is  weighed 
or  weighted.  The  lightest  weight  that 
can  be  placed  on  a  horse. 

Febrifacient,  fe-bri-fa'shi-ent.  That 
which  produces  fever. 

FebrifUfire,  -fuj.  Any  medicine  that 
mitigates  or  removes  fever. 

Febris,  15'bri8.    Fever. 

Febronianism,  -bro'ni-an-izm.  In  R. 
C.  Theol.  a  system  of  doctrines  antagonist 
tic  to  the  amnitted  claims  of  the  pope, 
asserting  the  independence  of  national 
churches,  and  of  bishops  within  their  owm 
dioceses. 

February,  feb'rn-a-ri.    The  name  of  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FEBEUUS 


PELLOW-CBAJ*T 


isecond  ttKrntU  ^n  the  year,  introdnocdlnto 
the  Boman  calendar  by  Nama.  In  com- 
mon years,  this  month  contains  twenty- 
eight  days ;  in  the  bissextile  or  leap-year, 
twenty-nine  days. 

Februus,  -ns.  In  Chiss.  Mvth.  an  old 
Italian  divinity,  whose  worship  was  cele- 
brated with  lustrations  in  the  month  of 
February. 

Fecial,  fo'shal.  A  member  of  a  college 
of  ancient  Boman  priests,  whose  province 
it  was  when  any  dispute  arose  with  a  for- 
eign state,  to-  demand  satis&ction,  to  de- 
termine the  circumstances  under  which 
war  might  be  commenced,  to  perform  the 
various  religious  rites  attendant  on  tiie 
declaration  of  war,  and  to  preside  at  the 
formal  ratification  of  peace. 

fe'ecit,  'sit.  A  word  which  is  placed  on 
one's  work,  as  a  statue,  &c.,  along  with 
tho  name  of  the  maker  or  designer ;  as 
Straduarius  fecit,  Straduarius  made  it. 

Fecula,  fe'ku-la.  Starch  or  forina,  called 
also  Amylaceous  F.  The  green  coloring 
matter  of  plants ;  chlorophyll. 

Fedelinl,  f5-del-o'n6.  A  dried  Italian 
paste  in  pipe  form,  smaller  than  vermicelli. 

Federal,  fe'der-al.  An  appellation  in 
America,  given  to  those  politicians  who 
wanted  to  strengthen  the  foedus  or  general 
government  compact,  in  opposition  to 
others  who  wished  to  extend  tne  separate 
authority  of  the  several  states,  in  the 
American  civil  war  of  1861-6,  the  term 
Federals  was  applied  to  the  Northern 
partyjwho  strove  to  retain  the  states  in 
the  Union,  in  opposition  to  the  Confed- 
erates, who  desired  to  secede. 

Federation,  -a'shon.  The  act  of  unit- 
ing in  a  league.  A  league ;  a  confederacy. 
A  federal  goverment,  as  that  of  the  U.  H. 

Feed,  fed.  Food ;  that  which  is  eaten ; 
pasture ;  fodder.  In  Mach.  as  much  ma- 
terial as  is  supplied  at  once  to  a  machine 
to  make  it  act.  In  Mech.  any  contrivance 
for  giving  to  a  machine  a  regular  and  uni- 
form supply  of  material  to  be  operated  on. 

Feeder,  'er.  One  that  gives  food  or  sup- 
plies nourishment.  One  who  fattens  cat- 
tle for  slaughter.  A  fountain,  stream  or 
channel  that  supplies  a  main  canal  with 
water.  A  branch  or  side  railway  or  canal 
connecting  with  the  main  line.  In  iron- 
founding  a  large  head  or  supply  of  fluid 
Iron  to  a  runner  or  mold  in  heavy  cast- 
ings. In  mining,  a  short  cross  vein  pass- 
ing into  a  lode. 

Feed-water,  'wa-ter.    Warm  water  sup- 

8 lied  to  the  boifer  of  a  steam-engine  by 
ie  feed-pump  through  the  feed-pipe. 


Feejee  Islands  (Fiji),  fe'je.  An  En 
glish  group  of  200  ishmds  in  the  8.  Padfio, 
66  inhabited ;  pop.  abt.  160,000. 

Feeler,  'er.  An  organ  of  touch  in  in- 
sects and  others  of  the  lower  animals. 

Fee-tail,  fe'tiU.  An  estate  limited  to  a 
man  and  the  heirs  of  his  body,  or  to  him- 
self and  particular  heirs  of  his  body. 

Feint,  fant.  An  assumed  or  false  appjcar- 
ance ;  a  pretence  of  doing  something  not 
intended  to  be  done. 

Fel-bovinum,  fel-bo-vi'num.  Ox-gall, 
or  bilis  bovina,  an  extract  of  which  is  used 
by  painters  to  remove  the  greasiness  of 
colors,  ioi. 

Felid»,  fiili-dS.  A  fkm.  of  earnivora  in 
which  thepredaoeous  instincts  reach  their 
highest  development.  They  are  among 
quadrupeds  what  the  FalconidiB  are 
among  birds.  The  species  are  numanoas, 
but  none  are  found  in  Australia.  The 
fomily  comprehends  the  domestic  cat,  the 
wildcat,  the  lion,  tiger,  leopard,  lynx, 
jaguar,  panther,  chetah,  ounce,  cancal, 
serval,  ocelot,  Ac. 

Felines,  -li'nfi.  The  cat  family ;  a  sub- 
&m.  of  the  Felidffi,  comprising  the  cats, 
lions,  tigers  and  lynxes. 

Feliz,  fS'likz.  The  name  of  four  popes. 
F.  I.,  s.  Dionysius,  269 ;  d.  in  prison  and 
was  canonized.  F.  II.,  s.  liberius,  868, 
D.  866;  was  canonized.    F.  III.,  s.  Sim- 

glicius,  488,  n.  492.    F.  lY.,  s.  John  I., 
26,  D.  680. 

Felixian,  -lik'si-an.    One  of  a  Spanish  ' 
religious  sect  of  the  latter  part  of  tne  8th 
century,  who  sided  with  the  Archbishop 
of  Toledo  in  the  Adoptiui  controversy. 

Fell,  fel.  A  seam  or  hem  sewed  down 
level  with  the  cloth.  In  weaving,  the  Une 
of  termination  of  a  web  formed  by  the 
last  weft-thread  driven  up  by  the  lay; 
the  line  to  which  the  warp  is  at  any  in- 
stant wefted. 

Fellah,  Oa.  An  Egyptian  or  Syrian 
peasait  or  agricultonu  laborer.  Chiefly 
applied  by  the  Turks  in  a  contemptuous 
sense. 

FeUoe,  16.  One  of  tne  curved  pieces  of 
wood  which  form  the  circular  nm  of  a 
cart  or  carriage  wheel. 

Fellow,  'Id.  A  companion;  an  asso- 
ciate. One  o'  the  same  kind.  An  equal 
in  rank ;  a  peer ;  a  compeer.  One  of  a 
pair.  An  avpellation  of  contempt ;  a  man 
without  good  breeding  or  worth.  A 
member  of  a  college  that  shares  its  reve* 
nues ;  or  a  member  of  any  incorporated 
society. 

Fellow-oraft,  -kraft.    A  Freemason  of 


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825 


FENIAN 


^  the  second  rank  ;  one  above  an  entered 
apprentice. 

Pelode  86,  i&IO  du  s6.  In  law,  one  w&o 
oommits  felony  by  suicide. 

Eelon,  fel'on.  In  law,  a  person  who  has 
committed  felony.  A  person  guilty  of 
heinous  crimes.  A  whitlow ;  a  sort  of 
inflammation  in  animals  similar  to  whit- 
low. 

Eelony,  -i.  In  law,  a  crime  which  occa- 
sions the  forfeiture  of  lands  or  goods,  or 
both,  and  for  which  a  capital  or  other  pun- 
ishment may  be  inflicted. 

Felspax,  'spar.  A  mineral  consistiDg  of 
silica  and  alumina,  with  potash,  soda  or 
lime,  a  principal  constituent  in  all  igneous 
and  metamorphlc  rocks,  as  granite, 
gneiss,  porphyry,  greenstone,  trachyte, 
felstone,  &c. 

Felstone,  'ston.  A  rock  composed  of 
felspar  and  quartz.  It  may  be  compact 
and  amorphous  or  vitreous,  as  pitchstone. 

Felt,  felt  A  doth  made  of  wool,  or  wool 
and  hair  or  fUr,  matted  by  rolling,  beating 
and  pressure,  generally  wiUi  lees  or  size. 

Felt-fi^ain, 'gr&n.  In  Carp,  the  grain 
of  cut  timber  that  runs  transversely  to 
the  annular  rings  or  plates.  It  is  op- 
posed to  the  grain  that  follows  the  course 
ofthe  annular  rings,  called  quarter  grain. 

Feltre,  ferter.  An  andent  cuirass  made 
of  wood  or  felt. 

Felucca,  fe-luk-a'.  A  long,  narrow  vessd. 


rigged  with  two  lateen  sails,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean. 

Female,  fs'mal.  Among  animals  one  of 
that  sex  which  conceives  and  brings  forth 
young.  Among  plants,  that  which  pro- 
duces fruit ;  that  which  bears  the  pistil 
and  receives  the  pollen  of  the  male  flow- 
ers. 

Feme-covert,  fem-ku'vert.  A  married 
woman  who  is  under  covert  of  her  hus- 
band. 

Femerell,  'e-rel.  In  Arch,  a  dome  or 
cover  placed  on  the  roof  for  the  purpose 
of  ventilation  or  the  escape  of  smoke. 


Feme-solo,  -sOl'.  An  unmarried  woman. 

Femicide, 'i-sid.  The  killing  of  a  woman. 

Femur,  fG'mer.  In  vertebrate  animals, 
the  first  bono  of  the  leg  or  pelvic  extrem> 
ity.  In  Entom.  the  third  Joint  ofthe  Ic^. 
In  Arch,  the  interstitial  space  between 
the  channels  in  the  triglyph  of  the  Doric 
6rder. 

Fen,  fen.  Low  land  overflowed  or  covered 
partially  with  water,  producing  aquatic 
plants  ;  a  moor  or  marsh.  A  disease  af- 
fecting hops,  caused  by  a  quick-growing 
moss  or  mold. 

Fence,  fens.  That  which  fends  ofi*;  a 
wall,  hedge,  ditch,  bank  or  line  of  posts 
and  rails,  or  of  boards  and  pickets.  Any- 
thing to  restrain  entrance.  The  art  of  sefr- 
defense,  especially  by  the  sword  ;  skill  in 
fendng  or  sword-pkiy  ;  hence,  fig.  skill  in 
argument  and  repartee.  A  purchaser  or 
receiver  of  stolen  goods.  In  tools,  Mach., 
&c.,  a  guard,  guide  or  gauge  to  regulate 
or  restrict  movement. 

Fencer,  'er.  One  who  teaches  or  prac- 
tices the  art  of  fencing  with  sword  or  foil. 
A  horse  good  at  leap&g  fences. 

Fender,  fend'er.  A  utensil  employed  to 
hinder  coals  of  fire  from  rolling  forward  to 
the  floor.  A  piece  of  timber  or  bundle  of 
rope  hung  over  the  side  of  a  vessel  to  pre- 
vent it  being  injared  by  collision. 

Fenelon,  fiSn'a-16ng.  (Francois  de 
Salignac  delaMothe.)  An  eminent  French 
divine  and  writer,  b.  1651 ;  n.  1715. 

Fenestella,  fe-nes-teria.  In  R.  0.  Ch. 
the  niche  on  the  south  side  of  an  altar, 
containing  the  piscina,  and  frequently  also 
the  credence.  In  Zool.  an  extinct  gen.  of 
fan-like  polyzoa,  very  abundant  in  palaeo- 
zoic rocks. 

Fenestral,  'tral.  A  small  window  ;  also 
the  fhimed  blinds  of  cloth  or  cantas  that 
formerly  supplied  the  place  of  glass. 

Fenestration,  fe-nes-tru'shon.  The  act 
of  making  windows.  In  Arch,  a  design 
in  which  the  windows  are  arranged  to 
form  the  principal  feature. 

Fengrite,  fen'jit.  A  transparent  alabaster 
or  marble,  sometimes  used  for  windows. 

Fenian,  fo'ni-on.  One  of  an  associntlon 
which  had  its  origin  in  America  among 
tho  refligeos  ttom  Ireland  after  the  out- 
break of  1848,  the  object  of  which  was  the 
erection  of  Ireland  Into  an  independent 
republic.  It  propagated  itself  rapidly  over 
Ireland,  as  well  as  in  the  large  towns  of 
Britain  having  considerable  Irish  element. 
In  1865, 1866  and  1867  the  Fenians  made 
several  abortive  attempts  at  risings,  and 
two  or  throe  raids  were  attempted  upon 


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FERMENTATION 


Gaiudawith  ^ually  littl«  suoeess.  The 
last  was  made  ui  1871. 

F^nks,  fengks.  The  reftise  oi'  wnale 
blubber,  yalaed  as  a  manure. 

Feodor  Ivanovitch.,  fa'o-ddr.  The . 
last  czar  of  the  Burik  line ;  b.  1546.  d. 
1508.  During  his  reign  the  Russian 
church  declared  its  independence  of  the' 
See  of  Constantinople.  F.  II.,  k.  1629,  d. 
1682 ;  elder  brother  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Ferao,  fB're.  The  third  order  of  Mamma- 
lia according  to  Linnaeus,  placed  between 
the  orders  Bruta  and  Glires.  It  contains 
ten  genera,  and  corresponds  to  the  Insect- 
ivora,  Camivora,  Marsupialia  and  Lem- 
ures. 

Ferao  natursB,  na-t&Ve.    Of  a  wild  na- 

•  ture ;  applied  in  law  to  animals  living  in  a 
wild  state,  as  the  hare,  deer  or  pheasants, 
as  distinguished  from  domesticated  ani- 
mals, the  cow,  horse,  sheep,  poultry,  &c. 

Feral,  'ral.  Wild  animals  descended 
from  tame  stocks ;  animals  haying  become 
wild  from  a  state  of  domestication,  or 
plants  from  a  state  of  cultiyation. 

Fer-de-lance,  fer-de-lans.  The  lance- 
headed  viper  or  Graspedooephalus  lan- 
ceolatus,  one  of  the  most  terrible  mem- 
bers of  the  rattlesnake  fkmily. 

Ferdinand,  fiir'de-nand.  The  name  of 
several  European  monarchs,  the  following 
being  the  most  distinguished.  F.  I.,  of 
Austria,  b.  1793  ;  s.  his  father  Francis  I., 
1835;  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  present 
emperor,  Francis  Joseph,  1848.  F.  V. 
(The  Catholic),  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
son  of  Juan  of  Aragon,  m.  Isabella,  heir- 
ess of  C.  1469  ;  the  pair  were  crown«i  sov- 
ereigns of  C.  and  A.  1479  ;  established  the 
Inquisition,  1480 ;  took  Granada  from  the 
Moors,  and  sent  Columbus  to  America, 
1491-2 ;  defeated  the  French  in  Italy  in 
two  warl,  1495  and  1500-11,  annexing  Na- 
varre, whose  king  had  allied  himself  with 
France.  The  reign  of  F.  and  Isabella  is 
the  most  glorious  in  Spanish  history,  but 
was  marred  by  religious  intolerance.  F. 
L,  II.  and  III.  of  Bohemia  and  Germany 
are  identical.  F.  I.,  younger  brother  of 
Charles  V.,  b.  1503.  s.  his  brother  1556,  d. 
1564.  F.  II.,  grandson  of  F.  I.,  b.  1578, 
crownedklngof  B.  1617;  his  persecution 
of  Protestants  cost  him  his  crown,  and  in- 
augurated the  terrible  Thirty  Years'  Civil 
War;  s.  Matthias  as  Emperor  of  G.,  1619, 
his  me  was  a  continual  warfare  against  the 
Protestant  League  ;  d.  1637.  F.  III.,  son 
and  s.  of  F.  II.,  b.  1608,  crowned  Emper- 
or of  Germany  and  Hungary  and  King  of 
Bohemia,  1687;  d.  i657.  He  carried  on 
tiie  war  again'^t  the  German  Protestants 


and  also  the  Swedes,  butpeaoe  was  finally  • 
secured  by  the  treaty  of  W  estphalia,  which 
secured  to  Protestants  ftiU  religious  tol- 
eration. F.  IV.,  of  Naples,  and  I.,  of  the 
Two  Sicilies,  son  of  Charles  III.,  of 
Spain  ;  b.  1751,  crowned  while  in  his  mi- 
3ority,  and  soon  became  involved  in  war 
with  Napoleon,  who  placed  Murat  on  the 
throne  of  Naples ;  restored  in  1816  he  unit- 
ed the  two  kingdoms  into  one  monarchy 
under  the  uamo  of  the  Two  Sidlles ;  d. 
1825.  He  wa4  a  tyrant  and  detested  by 
his  subjects.  F.  II.  (Bomba),  son  and  s. 
of  Francis  I.;  b.  1810,  crowned  1830,  r. 
1859.  His  character  was  infamous.  F.  I., 
of  Portugal,  son  and  s.  of  his  father  Peter 
(The  Cruel),  1367,  d.  1883.  He  was  wise 
and  generous.  F.  II.»  b.  1838,  s.  his 
brother,  Dom  Pedro  V.,  1861. 

Feretory,  fe're-to-ri. 
A  shrine  made  of  met- 
al or  wood  variously 
adorned,  and  usually 
in  the  shape  of  a  ridged 
chest,  with  a  roof-like 
top  for  containhig  the 
relics  of  saints.  It  is 
borne  in  processions.  Feretory. 

Feriae,  fia'ri-e.  In  Roman  Antlq.  holi- 
days, during  which  free  Romans  suspend- 
ed their  poUtical  transactions  and  lawsuits* 
and  slaves  enjoyed  a  cessation  from  labor* 
They  were  divided  into  two  classes,  pub- 
lic and  private.  The  latter  were  o'bserved 
by  single  families  or  individuals,  the  for 
mer  included  all  days  consecrated  to  any 
deity,  and  bore  great  analogy  to  our  ob 
servance  of  Sunday,  the  people  visiting 
the  temples  of  the  gods  and  offering 
prayers  and  sacrifices. 
Ferine,  'rln.  A  wild  beast ;  a  beast  of 
prey. 

Ferin^ree,  fe-ring'ge.  The  name  given 
to  Englishmen  by  me  Hindus. 
Fermanagrh.  A  co.  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
cap.  Enniskillen  ;  pop.  94,821. 
Fermentation,  -a'shon.  The  conver- 
sion of  an  organic  substance  into  new  com- 
pounds in  presence  of  a  ferment.  Fermen- 
tation differs  in  kind  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  substance  which  promotes 
it.  Vinous  fermentation  is  produced  by 
the  growth  of  the  veast  plant ;  lactic  fer- 
mentation is  due  to  the  presence  in  the 
liquid  of  common  blue  mold.  In  vinous 
fermentation  the  sugar  is  converted  into 
carbonic  acid  and  alcohol.  Lactic  fermen- 
tation takes  place  In  milk  in  the  process  of 
becoming  sour,  when  the  sugar  is  convert- 
ed Into  lactic  acid.  Acetous  fermentation 
occurs    in   liquids   which   have  already 


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FESTUS 


undergone  yinons  formentstion  ;  they  be- 
come sour,  and  yinegar  is  produced.  This 
change  is  probably  due  to  the  growth  of  a 
ftingus,  Mycoderma  aceti  (the  yinegar- 
plant).  Other  kinds  of  fermentation  are 
benzoicfermentation,  in  which  the  essen- 
tial oil  of  bitter  almonds  is  formed;  and 
sinapic  fermentation,  occurring  in  mustard 
moistened  with  water,  during  which  oil  of 
mustard  is  produced. 

Fern,  fern.  One  of  a  group  of  vascular 
CfTptogamous  plants,  constituting  the  ord. 
Fuices.  The  number  of  species  is  va- 
riously estimated  at  from  2,500  to  6,000. 
Th^  are  also  very   abundant  as   fossil 

Slants.  The  earliest  known  forms  occur 
1  Devonian  rocks,  and  their  remits  con- 
tribute largely  to  the  formation  of  the 
beds  of  coal.  Male  fern  is  Lastrea  filix- 
mas ;  lady-fern,  Athyrium  filix-femtna. 

Fernando  Po.  A  Spanish  island  in  the 
Atlantic,  Bight  of  Biafra,  20  miles  from 
African  coast;  a  penal  settlement ;  cap. 
Clarence  Town. 

Fem-«eed,  sM.  The  spores  of  fern, 
formerly  supposed  to  impart  wonderful 
powers,  such  as  rendering  a  person  invis- 

Feroher,  fer- 
o'her.  A  sym 
bolorrepresen 
tation  of  the 
solar  de  i  t  y , 
seen  on  many 
of  the  monu- 
ments exhum- 
ed ih>m  the 
ruins  of  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  at  Perse- 
polis,  Axi.  Sometimes  it  appears  as  a 
winged  drcle :  at  others  as  a  aemi-firure 
of  the  god,  with  expanded  wings,  and  in 
the  act  of  dischargmg  an  arrow  from  his 
bow.  A  similar  figure  has  been  found  on 
monuments  in  Mexico  and  C.  America. 

Feronia,  f3-rd'ni-a.  An  extensive  gen. 
of  coleopterous  insects,  sec.  Pentamera, 
fam.  GarabidsB. 

Ferrara,  fer-ri'ra.  A  broad-sword  of 
excellent  quality,  named  alter  a  femous 
swordsmith,  Andrea  Ferrara,  but 
whetherhe  was  a  Spaniard  or  Italian  is 
not  determined.  The  genuine  have  a 
crown  mark  on  the  blade. 

Ferrara,  fer-ra-ra.  An  ancient  fortified 
dty,  cap.  of  prov.  of  F.,  Central  Italy,  on 
the  y olano,  20  m.  N.  £.  of  Boli^na,  noted 
as  the  birthplace  of  Tasso,  Ouarini  and 
Curdinal  Bentivoglio,  and  as  the  residence 
of  Ariostothepoet;  pop.  abt.  T0,000. 

Ferret,  'ret.  A  variety  of  the  gen.  Mus- 
tela,  most  closely  aUiea  to  the  polecat ; 


Feroher. 


are  used  in  catching  rabbits  and  rats.  In 
glass  manuf.  the  iron  used  to  try  the 
melted  matter  to  see  if  it  is  fit  to  wwk 
and  to  make  the  rings  at  the  mouths  of 
bottles. 

Ferretto,  'to.  Copper  oaldned  with 
brimstone  or  white  vitriol,  used  in  color- 
ing glass. 

Ferricaldte.  -ri-kal'sit  A  species  of 
calcareous  earth  or  limestone,  containing 
7  to  14  per  cent  of  iron. 
Ferriferous,  -rlTer-us.  Producing  or 
yielding  iron.  F.  rocks  contain  abundance 
of  iron  ore,  comprising  clay,  iron  ore  and 
iron  pyrites. 

Ferrol,  fafr'rol.  A  strongly  fortified 
Spanish  seaport,  on  the  Bay  of  Corunna, 
25  m.  8.  W.  of  Cape  Ortegal.  Only  war 
vessels  are  permitted  to  enter  its  harbor. 
Ferrotype,  'ro-tlp.  A  term  applied  to 
photographic  processes  in  which  uie  salts  of 
m>n  are  the  principal  aeents.  A  photo- 
graph taken  on  japanned  sheet-iron  by  a 
collodion  process. 

Fermgro,  -ro'go.  A  disease  of  plants, 
commonly  called  Bust,  caused  by  minute 
fringi,  <^efly  of  the  genera  Uredo  and 
Puccinii^ 

Ferrule,  'rnl.    A  ring  of  metal,  round 
a  column,  cane,  A«.,  to  strengthen '  it  or 
prevent  its  splitting.    In  steam-boilers,  a 
bushing  for  expanding  the  end  of  a  fine. 
Fernunination,  -rn'min-a^'shon.    The 
soldering  or  uniting  of  metals. 
Ferry,  'ri.    A  vessel  in  which  passengers 
and  goods  are  conveyed  over  narrow  wa- 
ters ;    wherry.     The  place   or    passage 
where  a  ferry-boat  plies. 
Ferula,  'rQ-hi.    The  scepter  of  the  em- 
peror of  the  Eastern  empire.    In  Bot.  a 
gen.  of  umbelliferous  plants,  whose  species 
yield  powerftil  stimulating  gum  resins, 
employed  in    medicine— aisafetida,   am- 
moniacrmi  and  sagapenum. 
Fesse.    lii  Her.  a  band  or  girdle  compris- 
ing the  center  third  part  of  the  escutcheon; 
one  of  the  9  honorable  ordinaries. 
Fesse-point,  'point.    The  exact  center 
of  the  escutcheon. 

Fester,  'ter.    A  small  infiammatory  tu- 
mor.   Act  of  festering  or  rankling. 
Festival,  'ti-val.    A  time  of  feasting  ;  an 
anniversary  day  of  joy,  civil  or  religious. 
Festoon,  -ton'.    A  chain  or  garland  of 
flowers,  drapery,  &c.,  suspended  so  as  to 
form  depenaing  curves.  In  Arch,  a  sculp- 
tured ornament  suspended  between  two 
points ;  an  encarpus. 
Festus,  Porcius.    The  Boman  govern' 


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FETATION 


FIAT 


Fetiches  of  Dahomey. 


or  of  Jndea,  appointed  62,  before  whom 

the  Apostle  Paul  was  charged  by  the  Jews 

with  treason  ;  d.  abt.  81. 
Fetation,  fS^ta'shon.    The  formation  of 

a  fetus. 
F«te,  f&t.    A  feast ;  a  holiday  :  a  festival 

day.    Fete  de  Dleu,  a  feast  of  the  B.  O. 

Gh.  in  honor  of  the  real  presence  in  the 

Eucharist,  kept  on  the  Thursday  alter 

Trinity  Sunday. 
Fete-chaxnpetro,  -shan-pfitr.  A  festiyal 

in  the  open  air ;  a  rural  entertainment. 

Fetich.      f8  - 

tish.  Any  ob- 
ject, animate 
or  inanimate, 
natural  or  arti- 
ficial, regarded 
as  having  mys- 
terious powers 
residing  in  it 
or  as  being  the 
representative 
or  habitation 
of  a  deity.  Fe- 
tichism  pre- 
vails in  AiMca. 
Each  tribe 
has  a  fetich 
in  common,  but  every  individual  may 
have  one  of  his  own,  to  which  he  offers  up 

grayors,  and  which,  if  these  are  not  heard, 
e  punishes,  throws  away  or  breaks. 

Feticide,  'ti-sld.  In  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence, the  destruction  of  the  fetus  in  the 
womb,  or  the  act  by  whidi  criminal  abor- 
tion is  produced. 

Fetlock,  fet'lok.  A  tuft  of  hair  growing 
behind  the  pastern  Joint  of  horses.  The 
joint  on  which  the  hah:  grows.  An  instru- 
ment fixed  on  the  leg  of  a  horse  when  in 
pasture  to  prevent  hla  running  off.  The 
feUock  is  used  in  heraldry ;  thus,  some 
branches  of  the  Scotch  family  of  Lockhart 
have  for  arms  a  man's  heart  within  a  fet- 
lock, signifying  that  one  of  its  heads  ac 
companied  Sir  James  Douglas  when  he 
set  out  with  Bruce's  heart  for  Jerusalem ; 
and  a  falcon  within  a  fetlock  was  a  badge 
of  Edward  IV.,  for  the  duc^y  of  York. 

Fetlock-Joint,  -joint.  The  joint  of  a 
horse's  leg  next  to  the  hoof. 

Fetlow,  'lo.  A  whitlow  or  felon  in  cat- 
tie. 

Fetor,  /e'ter.  Any  strong  offensive 
smell ;  stench. 

Fetter,  fet'er.    A  chain  for  the  feet. 

Fettle,  '1.  The  state  of  being  in  high 
condition  or  order. 


Fetus,  ftj'tuB.  The  young  of  viviparous 
animals  in  the  womb,  and  of  oviparous  an- 
imals in  the  egg,  after  it  is  perfectly 
formed,  before  which  time  it  is  called  em- 
bryo. 

Fetwa.  fot'wS.  In  Turk.  Law,  the  writ- 
ten decision  of  a  mufti  on  some  l^^l  point. 

Feudalism,  fud'al'izm.  The  system  ol 
holding  land  by  military  services. 

Feudary,  a-ri.  A  tenant  who  holds  his 
lands  by  feudal  service ;  a  feudatory.  An 
ancient  officer  of  the  English  Court  uf 
Wards. 

Feu  de  Joie,  fU-d-zhw§.  A  bonfire,  or  a 
firing  of  guns  in  token  of  joy. 

Feuillasre,  -yazh.  A  bunch  or  row  of 
leaves. 

Feuillans,  -yanz.  A  religious  order, 
founded  by  Jean  dela  Barriere  in  167T ;  so 
culled  fh>m  the  Convent  of  Feuillant  in 
I^nguedoc. 

Feuillant  Club.  A  French  political 
society,  formed  1791,  during  the  Kevolu- 
tion.  Its  leaders  held  ministerial  power 
only  a  month,  1792,  and  were  overthrown 
by  the  Jacobins. 

Feuilleton,  fwel-ton.  That  part  of  a 
French  newspaper  devoted  to  light  litera- 
ture or  criticism. 

Fever,  fe'ver.  A  diseased  state  of  the 
system,  characterized  by  an  accelerated 
pulse,  increase  of  heat,  deranged  ftmctions, 
diminished  strength,  and  ottan  with  ex- 
cessive thirst. 

Fez  fez.  A  red  head- 
dress fitting  slosely,  i 
with  a  tassel  of  blue  at  I 
the  crown,  much  worn  [ 
in  Turkey  and  N.  Africa  I 
generally. 

Fez  (Fas).  Cap.  of  an  : 
ancient  kingdom  of  that 
name,  now  a  walled  city 
and  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  F. ,  Morocco,  80  m. 
8.  E.  of  Tangier.  The  city  is  deemed 
sacred  by  the  Mohammedans,  and  only 
good  Moslems  arc  permitted  to  enter  it ; 
pop.  abt.  62,000. 

Fiacre,  fS-a-kr.  A  small  four-wheeled 
carriage;  a  hackney-coach. 

Fiance,  an>sa.  An  affianced  or  betrothed 
person. 

Fiants,  fi'ants.  The  dung  of  the  fox  or 
badger. 

Fiasco,  fti-afiOcd.  A  lUlnre  in  a  musical 
performance ;  an  ignominious  fiiilnre  gen 
erally. 

Fiat,  fl'at.  A  decisive  or  effective  com- 
mand.   In  Law,  a  short  order  or  wamwt 


tian  and 
sh  Fez. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


by  a  Jadgre  for  making  out  and  allowliig 
certain  processes. 

Fib,  fib.  A  lie  or  fUsehood ;  used  as  a 
softer  expression  than  either. 

Fiber,  fi'bor.  A  gen.  of  rodent  mam- 
mals, fam.  CastoridaB,  the  only  known 
•pedes  being  the  musk-rat,  or  F.  zibethi- 
eus.  A  thr^  or  filament;  one  of  the 
hair-like  bodies  of  which  the  tissues  of 
animals  and  plants  are  partly  constituted. 
The  slender  root  of  a  plant. 

Fibril,  'bril.  A  small  fiber ;  the  branch 
of  a  fiber ;  a  very  slender  thread. 

Fibrilla,  'la.  One  of  the  components  of 
fiber :  specifically,  one  of  the  hairs  ttom  the 
epidermis  which  coyers  the  young  roots 
of  plants. 

Fibrin,  'brin.  A  peculiar  organic  com- 
pound substance  found  in  animals  and 
yegetables,  procured  in  its  most  eharao 
teristic  state  ttom  firesh  blood  by  whip- 
ping it  with  a  bundle  of  twigs.  It  also  ex- 
ists in  chyle,  forming  the  chief  part  of 
muscular  nesh,  and  is  composed  of  carbon, 
nitrogen,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  being 
olosely  ailiea  to  albumen  and  oaseine. 

Fibrooartila«e,  'bru-kar^'ti-laj.  The 
substance  intermediate  between  the  proper 
cartilage  and  the  ligament  which  consti- 
tutes the  base  of  the  ear,  the  rings  of  the 
trachea,  the  epiglottis,  &c. 

Fibroin,  -in.  The  principal  chemical 
constituent  of  silk,  cobwebs  and  the  horn/ 
skeletons  of  sponges. 

Fibrolite,  'bro-llt.  A  mineral  composed 
.of  silica  and  alumina. 

Fichtelito,  flsh'tel-Tt.  A  mineral  resin 
found  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  Bayaria. 

Fichu,  fi'sho.  A  light  piece  ot  dres^ 
worn  by  ladies,  coyering  the  aeck  and 
shoulders. 

Fictor,  fik'ter.  Any  artist  who  works 
in  wax.  clay  or  other  plastic  material,  as 
contradistinguished  from  one  who  works 
in  solid  substances. 

Fiddle,  fid'I.  A  stringed  instrument  of 
music,  the  finest  of  solo  instruments  and 
the  leading  instrument  in  the  orchestra. 
Nant.,  a  contriyance  to  preyent  things 
from  rolling  off  the  table  m  bad  weather. 

Fiddle-bow,  -bo.  The  bow  strung  with 
horse-hair  with  which  the  player  draws 
sounds  firom  the  yiolin. 

Fiddler,  'ler.  One  who  plays  on  the  yio- 
lin. In  the  U.  S.  the  popular  name  of  a 
small  crab  with  one  lai^e  claw  and  a  yery 
small  one. 

Fides,  tl'dSx.  In  Class.  Myth,  the  god- 
dess of  Ikith,  commonly  represented  with 


^  FlfiSOHI 

her  hands  dosely  jjolned.    An  asteroid  b» 

tween  the  orbita  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Fid-hammer,  fid'ham-mer.  A  tool  con- 
sisting ofa  fid  at  one  end  and  a  hammer 
at  the  other. 

FidiooU,  fi-dik'Q-la.  A  small  musical 
instrument  in  the  shape  of  a  lyre. 

Fidonia,  -do'ni-a.  A  gen.  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  fam.  Geometridie. 

Fiduciary,  -du'shi-a-rl.  A  trustee.  One 
who  depends  on  fUth  for  salvation ;  an 
antinomian. 

Fief,  t&t.  A  fee ;  a  feud ;  an  estate  held 
ofa  superior  on  condition  of  military  or 
other  service. 

Field,  CsrroB  W.  An  American  mer- 
chant, B.  in  Mass.  1819.  The  organizer  of 
the  Atlantic  Gable  Company. 

Field-artillery,  fsid'&r-til-e-ri.  Light 
ordnance  applicable  to  the  active  opera- 
tions of  the  field,  including  officers,  men 
and  horses. 

Field-book,  n>\(k..  A  book  nsed  in  sur- 
veying, engineering,  geology,  A«.,  in 
which  are  noted  angles,  distances,  observar 
tions,  Ac. 

Field-cricket,  Hcrik-ct  Acheta  campes- 
tris,  one  of  the  most  r  oisv  of  all  the  crick- 
ets, larger  and  rarer  than  the  house-oricket. 

Field-duck,  'duk.  The  little  bustard 
Otis  tetrax. 

Fielder,  'er.  A  cricket  or  base-ball  play> 
er  who  stands  out  in  the  field  to  catch  and 
stop  balls. 

Fieldfare,  'far.  A  bird  of  the  gen.  Tur- 
dus. 

Field-fflass,  -glas.  A  binocular  tele- 
scope or  opera-glass  of  great  power.  A 
small  achromatic  telescope.  That  one  of 
the  two  lenses  forming  the  eye-piece  of 
an  astronomical  telescope  or  compound 
microscope  which  is  the  nearer  the  object 
glass,  the  other  being  the  eyeglass. 

Fieldinff,  Henry.  An  eminent  En- 
glish novelist;  b.  1707,  ofa  fhmily  allied  to 
the  royal  house  of  Austria ;  d.  at  Lisbon, 
Spain,  1754.  He  Is  known  as  the  **  Father 
of  English  fiction." 

Field-mamhal,  -mftr'shal.  The  highest 
rank  conferred  on  general  officers  in  the 
British  and  some  other  armies. 

Field-officer,  'of-fis-er.  A  military  of- 
ficer above  the  rank  of  captain  and  below 
that  of  general,  as  a  m^)or  or  colonel. 

Fiend,  fSnd.  An  infernal  being ;  a  demon ; 
the  devil;  a  person  with  malicious  quali- 
ties. 

Fieeohi,  Joaeph  Marco,  fe-ds'ke.  A 
Oorsisian,  b.  1790,  who  exploded  an  in* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


I*l£SOLE  8 

femal  machine  in  the  streets  of  Paris, 
1885,  by  which  Marshal  Mortier  and  9 
others  of  the  suite  of  King  Louis  Phlllippe 
were  killed,  the  king  receiving  slight 
wounds.  F.  was  guillotined,  1886. 
Fiesole,  Pra  GKovanni  da,  fe-ais-o'- 
lil.  (Beato  Angelica),  whose  real  name 
was  Giovanni  Guido,  among  the  greatest 
of  Italy's  painters ;  b.  1887,  d.  1455. 
FierycrosB,  fi'e-ri-kros.  In  Scotland,  in 
ancient  times  a  signal  sent  as  a  summons 
to  repair  to  arms.  It  consisted  of  a  cross 
of  light  wooQ,  the  extremities  of  which 
were  set  fyre  to  and  then  extinguished  in 
the  blood  of  a  goat. 

Fi.  fa.,fi'fa.  The  abbreviation  of  Fieri 
facias. 

Fife,  fif.  A  small  flute  having  but  one 
key,  and  a  compass  of  two  octaves  rang- 
ing upward  from  D  on  the  fourth  line  of 
the  treble  clef. 

Fifty,  fif  tJ.  •  The  number  which  consists 
of  five  times  ten.  A  symbol  representing 
this  number,  as  60  or  1. 
Figr,  fig.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree  (Ficus 
Carica).  An  excrescence  on  the  fi*og  of  a 
horse's  foot  following  a  bruise. 
Piftieth,  fif ti-eth.  One  of  fifty  equal 
parts  into  which  a  unit  or  whole  is  divid- 
ed. 

'Blfth.-xnonarchy  Man.    One  of  a  sect 
of  English  &natics  which  sprung  up  in 
the  time  of  Cromwell,  and  considered  him 
as  commencing  the  fiith  great  monarchy 
of  the  world  (Assyria,  Persia,  Greece  and 
Rome  preceding),  during   which   Christ 
should  reign  on  earth  lOCK)  years. 
Fifteen,  fif  ten.  The  number  which  con- 
sists of  five  and  ten.  A  symbol  represent- 
ing this  number,  as  15  or  xv. 
FifiT-apple,  fig'ap-1.    A  species  of  apple 
without  core  or  kernel. 
Figr-eater,  'et-er.    A  bird;  the  greater 
pettychaps. 
Figrhtingr-flsli,  f^t'tng-fish.  Macropodus 
or  Ctenops  pugnax,   a  small  fish,   fitm. 
AnabasidsB.     In  Siam  they  are  kept*»n 
glass  globes,  for  the  purpose  of  fighting, 
and  an  extravagant  amount  of  gambling 
takes  place  about  the  result. 
Figr-shell,  fig'shel.    The  name  given  to 
the  yarions  species  of  Pyrula,  fam.  Mur 
)cld£d. 

FifiT-tree,  'tre.  A  tree,  gen.  Ficus,  the  F, 
Carica,  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean 
region.  The  tree  in  its  native  countries 
yields  two  crops  of  ripe  i^uit  each  season. 
Figurant,  'ur-ant.  One  who  dances  at 
the  op«ra  in  groups  of  figures.    An  aooes 


Figure-head. 


0  llLE-LEABBB 

Borv  character  on  the  stage,  who  has 
nothing  to  say. 

Fierure,  'fir.  The  form  of  anything, 
as  expressed  bv  the  outiine  or  ter- 
minating extremiti^ ;  feshion.  In  Arith. 
a  character  standing  for  a  number, 
as  2,  7,  0.  In  Astrol.  the  horoscope ;  the 
diagram  of  the  aspects  of  the  astrological 
houses. 

Figrore-head,    -bed.     The  ornamental 
figure,  statue  or 
bust  on  the  bow 
of  a  ship  over 
the     cutwater  , 
and  immediate- 
ly    under     the  ( 
bowsprit. 

Fignxe-mak . 
er,  -mak-er.  A  { 
modeler  ;  o  n  e  1 
who  practices  * 
the  most  refined 
part  of  the  art  of 
molding  and  casts  busts,  animals,  foHage, 
&c.;  a  maker  of  wooden  anatomical  mod- 
els for  artists. 

Figrure-stone,  -ston.  Agalmatolite  or 
bildstein  ;  a  variety  of  talc-mica,  so  soft  as 
to  be  easily  cut  into  figures. 

Filament,  fil'a-ment.  A  thread ;  a  fiber ; 
a  fine  thread,  of  which  flesh,  nerves,  skin, 
plants,  roots,  dec,  and  also  some  minerals, 
are  composed. 

Filatory,  -to-ri.  A  machine  which 
spins  thread. 

Filature,  -tur.  A  reel  for  drawing  off 
silk  fi*om  cocoons ;  a  fllatory.  An  estab- 
lishment for  reeling  silk. 

Filliert,  'bert.  The  flruit  of  a  cultivated 
variety  of  Corylus  Avellana,  or  hazel 
The  oU  is  little  inferior  to  the  oil  ot  al- 
monds. 

File,  f  n.  A  line  or  wire  on  whidi  papers 
are  strung  in  due  order  for  preservation. 
The  papers  strung  on  a  line  or  wire ;  a 
collection  of  papers  arranged  according  to 
date  or  subject  for  ready  ref?rence.  A 
roll,  list  or  catalogue.  A  row  of  soldiers 
ranged  one  behind  another.  A  steel  in- 
strument, having  teeth  upon  the  surface 
for  cutting,  abrading  and  smoothing 
metal,  wood,  &c. 

File-cutter,  'kut-er.  A  maker  of  files. 

File-flsh,,  'fish.  A  name  given  to  oer 
tain  fishes  fi*om  their  skins  Doing  granu- 
lated like  a  file ;  they  constitute  the  gen. 
Balistes. 

File-leader,  asd-er.  The  soldier  placed 
in  front  of  a  file. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ttL£-MA&CldrEfG 


tel 


m^QtA 


FH^maxchingy  'maroh-ing.  The 
marching  of  a  line  of  soldiers  two  deep, 
when  teJced.  to  right  or  left,  so  that  front 
and  rear  rank  inarch  side  by  side. 

Filiation,  fil-i-&'shon.  The  relation  of  a 
son  or  ohUd  to  a  Ihther ;  the  correlative  to 
paternity.  Adoption.  The  fixing  of  a 
bastard  child  on  some  one  aaita&ther; 
aflUiation. 

FiUbnBter.  'i-bus-ter.  Originally,  a  buc- 
caneer in  the  W.  Indian  Islands  who 
preyed  on  Spanish  commerce  to  8.  Amer- 
ica :  now  applied  to  adventorers  from  the 
U.  S.  who  myade  a  foreign  conntry. 

Filioes,  ^is-ez.  Sdentlflo  name  of  the 
large  group  of  cryptogamic  plants,  known 
asfeifks. 

Filioite,  'i-sit  A  fossil  fern  or  fllicoid 
plant 

fillety,  fl-B'e-ti.  The  relation  of  a  son  to 
a  parent;  sonahip. 

Filifonnia,  Hn-form-i-a.  One  of  the 
two  sections  into  which  crastaceansof  the 
<Hrder  LsBmodipoda  are  divided,  the  other 
being  the  OvaHa. 

Fillffxee,  -gre.  Originally  granular  net- 
work, the  Itellans  who  Introduced  it  plac- 
ing beads  upon  it ;  an  enrichment  on  gold 
or  silver  wrought  delicately  m  the  manner 
of  little  threads  or  grains,  or  of  both  inter- 
mixed. 

FilitelSB,  -i^telti.  A  tribe  of  spiders  who 
spread. tiieir  threads  about  the  places  in 
which  they  prowl  in  pursuit  of  their  prey. 

FillibeflT,  'U-beg.  A  dress  reaching  only 
to  the  knees  worn  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland ;  a  kilt. 

JSUlipeen,  -M-pen.  A  present  given  in 
accordance  with  a  custom  borrowed  from 
Germanj.  When  a  person  eating  nuts 
finds  one  with  two  kernels,  one  of  them  is 
given  to  a  person  of  the  opposite  sex,  and 
whoevOT  at  the  next  meeting  shall  utter 
the  word  fillipeen  first  is  entitled  to  a 
present  from  the  other.  The  term  is  ap- 
plied also  to  the  kernel  thus  given.  Writ- 
ten also  Phillipena,  Philopena. 

Fillmoxe,  Millant.  The  I8th  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.,  B.  in  N.  T.  1800;  sat 
several  terms  in  Congress,  was  defeated 
for  Governor,  but  elected  Vice-President 
on  the  ticket  with  Oen.  Taylor,  1848,  and 
became  Pyesident  on  the  death  of  the  lat 
ter  1850 ;  d.  1874  at  Bufi'alo. 

Filly,  'li.  A  female  or  mare  foal  ^  a  young 
mare.    A  wanton  girl. 

Pilzn,  film .  A  thin  skin ;  a  peUicle,  as  on 
the  eye ;  a  fine  thread,  as  of  a  cobweb. 

Filter,  fil'ter.  A  strainer ;  any  substance 
throng  which  liquors  are  passed  for  de- 


fecation. Filters,  with  charcoal  and  sand 
filling,  are  now  largely  employed  for  the 
purpose  of  filtering  water  for  domestic 
uses. 

Filtrate,  'trflt.  The  liquid  which  has 
been  passed  through  a  filter. 

FJmaahing,  fim'ash-ing.  Among  hunt- 
ers, the  dung  of  several  sorts  of  wild 
beasts;  fkmets. 

Fixnble,  'bl.  The  male  plants  of  hemp, 
which  ripen  soonest. 

Fimbria,  'bri-a.  A  firinge;  specifically, 
in  Anat.  applied  to  the  fiinged  extremity 
of  the  Fallopian  tube.  In  Bot.  applied  to 
the  dentatcd  ring  of  the  operculum    ol 


Fin,  fin.    One  of 
the      projecting  ^^ 
wing-like  organs^^ 
which     enable  ^  "i 

fishes  to  balance  Fins, 

themselves  In  an 

upright  position,  and  assist  in  regulating 
their  movements  in  the  water,  consisting 
of  a  thin  elastic  membnuie  supported  by 
little  bony  or  cartilaginouH  ossicles.  The 
pectoral  and  ventral  arc  known  as  paired 
■ns,  and  represent  the  limbs  of  other  ver- 
tebrates ;  the  dorsal,  anal  and  caudal  are 
median,  vertical,  or  impar  fins,  and  pecu- 
liar to  fishes.  Apolied  to  many  things  re- 
sembling a  fish's  nn. 

Finance,  fi-nans'.  The  system  or  science 
of  public  revenue  and  expenditure.    The 
income  or  resources  oi  Individuals. 
Finob,  finsh.    The  popular  name  of  the 
small  singing  birds,  gen.  Fringilla.    Also  , 
applied  to  the  numerous  group  constitut> 
ing  the  fiuu.  Fringillidie. 
Finery,  fln'e-ri.      Fineness;    splendor; 
ornament ;  showy  or  excessive  decoration. 
In  iron- works,  the  second   forge  at  the 
mill  at  which  the  iron  is  hammered  and 
fhshioned  into  a  bloom  or  square  bar. 
Finesse,  fi-nes'.     In  whist -plajring,  the 
act  of  playing  with  the  view  of  taking  the 
trick  with  a  lower  card  than  may  be  in  the 
hand  of  your  adversary  on  the  left,  while 
a  higher  card  is  in  your  own  hand. 
Finestiller,  Hn'stil-er     One  who  distils 
spirit  tcom  treacle  or  molasses. 
Finestuff,  'stuf.     The  second  coat  of 
plaster  for  the  walls  of  a  room,  made  of 
finely  sifted  lime  with  sand  and  hair 
Fin-foot,  fin'fbt     Heliomis,  a  gen.   of 
8.  American  bfrds,  so  called  ih>m  their 
feet  being  lobed. 

Finfirer,  flng'ger  One  of  the  five  extreme 
members  of  uie  hand,  exclusive  of  the 
thumb ;  a  digit 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


^mClfife-ALMAfefiT 


m 


FIB£ 


Finsrer-alphabet,  -al-fa-bet.  Certain 
positions  and  motions  of  hands  and  fin- 
ders answering  to  the  written  alphabet. 

^Finfirer-board,  -bord.  The  board  at  the 
neck  of  a  violin,  guitar  or  the  like, 
where  the  fingers  act  on  the  strings  ;  also 
the  range  of  keys  of  a  piano-forte,  organ 
or  harmoniam    a  key-board. 

Pin^r-irlass,  -glas.  A  bowl  at  table  in 
which  to  rinse  the  fingers  after  dinner. 

Fingreringr,  -ing.  In  music,  the  manage- 
ment of  the  fingers  in  playing  on  an  in- 
strument. The  marking  of  the  notes  to 
guide  the  fingers  in  playing.  A  thick, 
loose  woolen  yam 

Finsrer-post,  -post.  A  post  set  up  for 
the  direction  of  travelers,  generally  where 
roads  cross  or  divide. 

FiiLffer-stone,  -ston.  A  fossil  resem- 
bling an  arrow. 

Finial,  fin'i- 
al.  In  Gothic 
Arch,  the  or- 
namental ter- 
mination or 
apexofapin- 
nacle,canopy, 
gable  or  the 
Uke. 

Finical, 
ness,  -kal. 
nes.  Quality 
of  being  fini- 
cal ;  extreme  nicety  In  dress  or  manners ; 
foppishness ;  fastidiousness. 

Fining,  fin'ing.  The  process  of  purify- 
ing. Clarifying  of  wines,  malt  liquors, 
&c.  The  preparation,  generally  a  solution 
of  isinglass  or  gelatine,  used  to  fine  or 
clarify. 

Finingr-pot,  -pot.  A  vessel  in  which 
metals  are  refined. 

Finis,  'is.    An  end ;  conclusion. 

Finistere,  fln-is-talr.  A  dep.  of  "W. 
France,  b.  E.  by  depts.  Morbihan  and 
Cotes-du-Nord,  N.  by  the  English  Chan- 
nel, W.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic;  cap. 
Quimper,  pop.  T00,465. 

Finite,  fi'nite.  Having  a  limit;  opposed 
to  infinite.  In  Gram,  a  term  applied  to 
those  moods  of  a  verb  which  are  limited 
by  number  and  person. 

Finland.  A  country  of  N.  Europe,  for- 
merly belonging  to  Sweden  but  now  a 
Kussian  grand  duchy ;  cap.  Helsingfors ; 
area  147,415  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  2,000,000. 

Finland,  G-ulf  of.  A  vast  arm  of  the 
Baltic,  dividing  Finland  from  the  Russian 
provinces ;    lengUi   260   m.,    maximum 


Finials. 


breadth  90  m.  Its  ports  are  Cronstadt, 
Sweaborg  and  Reval. 

Finmark.  A  Norw^an  prov.,  the 
most  northerly  portion  of  Europe ;  cap. 
Hammerfest:  area,  1,284  sq.  m.:  pop. 
abt.  22,000. 

Finn,  fin.  A  native  of  Finland  ;  a  Fin- 
lander. 

Finner,  'er.  A  species  of  whale  (Physa- 
lus),  so  called  ih>m  their  possessing  a  dor- 
sal hump  or  fin.  The  name  is  sometimes 
given  to  members  of  the  gen.  Balsenoptera. 

Finnikin,  'i-kin.  A  pigeon  with  a  crest 
somewhat  resembling  the  mane  of  a  horse. 

Finnish,  'ish.  A  language  spoken  by 
the  Fins  in  Northwestern  Russia  and  re- 
lated tribes  in  Esthonia  and  Livonia,  allied 
to  the  Turkish  and  Hungarian. 

Fin-pike,  'pTk.  A  fam.  of  ganoid  fishes, 
remarkable  fbr  the  structure  of  the  dorsal 
fin,  which  is  separated  into  twelve  or  six- 
teen strong  spines,  each  borderod  behind 
by  a  smidl  soft  fin.  Two  species  of  this 
carious  group  are  living,  but  the  flunily 
attained  its  maximum  in  palffiozoic  times. 

Finster-Aarliom,  flnz-t&i^ahr'hdm. 
The  highest  Alpine  peak  in  the  Bernese 
Oberhmd,  bet.  Berne  and  Yalais  ;  14,020  ft 

Fion.  A  name  given  in  the  Ossianio 
poetry  to  a  semi-mythical  race  of  war- 
riors of  superhuman  size,  strength  and 
prowess.  Generally  they  are  supposed  to 
have  been  Irish  militia,  and  to  have  had 
their  names  from  Fion  MacOamhal  (the 
Finn  MacCoul  of  Dunbar,  and  Fingal  of 
Macpherson),  their  most  distingaished 
leader ;  but  others  believe  them  to  have 
been  of  the  race  that  Inhabited  Germany 
before  the  Germans,  and  Scotland,  and 
Ireland  before  the  Soots. 

Fir,  fer.  A  name 
sometimes  used  as 
co-extensive  with 
the  term  pine,  and 
Including  the 
whole  gen.  Pinus, 
but  generally  re- 
stricted to  the  sec. 
Abies.  The  tim- 
ber Is  valuable  in 
house  and  ship 
building. 

Firdusi.  An 
eminent  Persian 
poet,  B.  abt.  940, 
D.  1020. 

Fire,    fir.      The  Scotch  Fir. 

simultaneous  evolution  of  heat  and  light 
durtug  the  process  of  combustion  ;  com- 
bustion. Anciently,  fire,  air,  earth  and 
water  were  regarded  as  the  four  eiementa 


'^^^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FIOBD 


FI&EWORK 


of  which  all  things  are  composed.  The 
burning  of  anyUiing ;  a  conflagration. 
Greek  fire,  an  artificial  ilre  which  the 
Greeks  used  in  their  struggles  against  the 
Saracens,  and  which  is  said  to  have 
burned  even  in  water. 

B^ord,  fyord.  An  Inlet  from  the  sea, 
usuaUv  long,  narrow  and  \ery  irregularly 
shaped,  common  on  the  coast  of  Norway ; 
a  frith. 

Fire-alarm,  Vlarm.  An  apparatus  for 
instantaneously  communicating  informa- 
tion of  fire,  as  by  telegraphic  signal. 

fi^e-arxn,  'arm.  Any  weapon  whose 
charge  is  expelled  by  the  combustion  of 
powder. 

Fire-arrow,  'a-ro.  A  small  h^n  dart, 
ftirnished  with  a  match  impregnated  with 
powder  and  sulphur,  formerly  used  to 
fire  the  sails  of  ships. 

fireball,  'bal.  A  ball  filled  with  powder 
or  other  comBustibles,  intended  to  injure 
by  explosion,  or  set  fire  to  Inflammable 
material.  A  popular  name  of  a  class  of 
meteors  which  exhibit  themselves  as 
globular  masses  of  light,  moving  with 
great  velocity  across  the  sky.  They  are 
not  to  be  confounded  with  another  class  of 
meteors  that  explode  in  thefr  passage. 

Fire-balloon,  ^bal-lon.  A  balloon  pro- 
pelled by  air  rarefied  by  heat.  A  balloon 
sent  up  at  night  with  fire-works,  which 
igniteataregcdated  height. 

Firebox,  'boks.  The  box  in  which  the 
fire  in  a  locomotive  is  placed. 

Fireclay,  'kliU  A  clay,  consisting  chiefly 
of  silica  and  alumina,  capable  of  sustaining 
intense  heat,  and  usea  in  making  fire- 
bricks, gas  retorts,  crucibles,  &c.  It  ex- 
ists chiefly  in  coal  measures. 

Fire-cracker,  Hcrak-er.  A  small  fire- 
work, consisting  of  a  paper  cylinder  filled 
with  gunpowder,  Ac,  and  Aimished  with 
a  fusee. 

Firedamp,  'damp.  Light  carbureted 
hydrogen  gas  or  marsh-gas,  sometimes 
abundantly  evolved  in  coal  mines,  and 
productive  of  the  most  dreadfril  results 
by  its  explosion. 

Fire-dress,  'drcs.  A  dress  which  en- 
ables the  wearer  to  pass  through  a  fierce 
flame,  consisting  of  a  light  armor  of  me- 
tallic gauze,  Uned  with  cloth  immersed  in 
certain  saline  solutions. 

Fire-eater,  'ot-er.  A  juggler  who  pre- 
tends to  eat  fire.  A  cant  term  for  a  fight- 
ing character  or  duellist. 

Fire-enfirine,  'en-Jin.  A  machine  for 
throwing  water  to  extinguish  fire,  a 
species  of  forco-punip,  in  which  the  water 


is  subjected  to  pressure  sufiicient  to  rais« 

it   t^>   tho 


now  frb- 
q  H  0  n  tl  y 
workidilby 

StCJUJl. 

F  i  r  e- 
escape, 
'or-  kiif^ 
An  J4p[trr- 
attiB  for 
escjiplnic: 
fr^im    tlin 


of  lilii/-- 


injr    vUvii. 

o  r  I     tl  r  t', 

TWy     rim 

of  \Liriuif[) 

d  e  s  i  iiUA. 

and   both  Fire-escape, 

permanent  and  moveable. 

Firefly,  'fix.  A  name  indefinitely  given 
to  any  winged  insect  which  possesses 
luminosity.  Except  the  lantern-fly,  the 
firefiies  are  all  coleopterous,  and  mem- 
bers of  two  allied  families,  the  Ekiteridn 
or  skipjacks,  and  Lampyridn,  to  which 
the  glow-worm  belongs. 

Fireplace,  'plfts.  The  lower  part  of  a 
chimney  which  opens  into  an  apartment, 
and  in  which  fhel  is  burned ;  a  hearth. 

FirepluflT,  'plug.  A  plug  for  drawing 
water  from  tne  main  pipes  in  a  street  to 
extinguish  fire. 

Fire-policy,  -po-1i-si.  An  instrument 
whereby,  in  consideration  of  the  payment 
ofa  premium,  an  insurance  company  en- 
gages to  make  good  to  the  assured  person 
such  loss  as  may  occur  by  fire  to  his  prop- 
erty. 

Firepot,  'pot  A  small  earthen  pot  filled 
with  combustibles,  used  in  military  oper^ 
ations.  That  part  of  afrirnace  in  which 
the  fire  is  made. 

Firescreen,  'skron.  A  movabio  screen 
placed  before  a  flre  to  intercept  the  heat 
A  woolen  screen  placed  in  the  passage 
way  from  a  powder  magazine,  whenever 
this  is  opened. 

Fireship.  'ship.  A  vessel  filled  with 
combustibles  to  De  set  on  fire  for  the  pur- 
pose of  burning  an  enemy's  ships. 

Firestone,  'stdn.  A  sandstone  which 
bears  a  high  degree  of  heat 

Firework,  'werk.  A  preparation  of 
gunpowder,  sulphur  ana  other  inflam- 
mable materials,  used  for  making  explot 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FIEE-W0R8HIP 


884 


FISSIUNGUIA 


Biongin  the  air  on  occasions  of  public  re- 
joicings, Ac.;  also  the  name  given  to 
yarlous  combustible  preparations  used  in 
war.  An  exhibition  of  fireworks ;  pyro- 
technics. '  ^^ 
Kre-worship, 'wer-shlp.  The  worship 
of  fire,  the  highest  type  of  which  worship 
is  seen  in  the  adoration  of  the  sun.  In  the 
early  religion  of  India  the  sun  appears 
in  the  form  of  the  god  Agni^  what  was 
first  regarded  as  a  mere  phenomenon  in 
time  being  regarded  as  a  sentient  indi- 
vidual. Thus  in  the  Vedic  hymns  Agni 
is  the  god  of  fire,  corresponding  to  the 
Greek  Hephaestos.  The  worship  of  fire 
was  practiced  by  the  ancient  Persians  or 
Magians,  and  Is  continued  by  the  Parsees. 
The  establishment  of  this  species  of  idol- 
atry is  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  who  taught 
that  in  the  sun  and  in  the  sacred  fires  of 
temples  God  more  especially  dwelt,  and 
that  therefore  divine  homage  was  to  be 
paid  to  these. 

Firingr-iron,  'ing-I-em.  An  instrument 
used  in  farriery  for  cauterizing ;  a  cautery. 
Firkin,  fer'kin.  A  measure  of  capacity, 
being  the  fourth  part  of  a  barrel.  A  small 
wooden  vessel  or  cask  of  no  determinate 
capacity;  used  chiefly  for  butter,  tallow, 
&c. 

Firm,  ferm.  A  partnership  or  association 
of  two  or  more  persons  for  carrying  on  a 
business ;  a  commercial  house. 
Firmament,  'a-ment.     The  region  of 
the  ah-;  the   sky   or  heavens.     In   old 
Astron.  the  orb  of  the  fixed  stars,  or  the 
most  remote  of  all  the  celestial  spheres. 
Firman,  fer-man'.     A  decree,  order  or 
grant  of  an  Oriental  sovereign,  issued  for 
various  special  purposes;   passport,  per- 
mit, license  or  grant  of  privileges. 
Firmilian,  St.    Bishop  of  Caesarea ;  b. 
abt.  200,  D.  269.    He  was  the  friend   of 
Origen  and  St.  Cyprian,  and  suppressed 
the  Novatian  heresy. 

Firolidae,  fl-rol'i-de.  A  fam.  of  gaster- 
opodous  mollusks,  ord.  Nucleobranchiata 
or  Heteropoda. 

First-day,  ferst'da.  A  name  given  to 
the  Lord's-day  by  Quakers  and  other 
Christian  bodies,  fi-om  its  being  the  first 
day  of  the  week. 

First-fruit,  'frot.  The  firuit  or  produce 
first  matured  and  collected  In  any  season. 
Of  these  the  Jews  made  an  oblation  to 
God,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  His  sover- 
eign dominion.  In  the  Ch.  of  England, 
the  income  of  every  spiritual  benefice  for 
the  first  year. 
2^irst-mate,  'mat    The  chief  officer  of  a 


merchant  vessel,  next  In  rank  to  the  cap. 
tain. 

First-wator,  'wa-ter.  The  first  or 
highest  quality;  purest  luster:  applied 
principally  to  diamonds  and  pearls. 
Fish,  Hamilton.  An  American  states- 
man, B.  in  N.  Y.  1809,  has  been  success- 
ively a  member  of  Congress,  Governor  of 
hia  native  State,  and  Secretary  of  State 
under  Presidents  Grant  and  Arthur. 

Fish,  fish.  A  general  name  for  a  class  of 
animals  subsisting  in  water,  the  first  divis- 
ion of  vertebrate  animals.  Cetaceous 
animals,  as  the  whale  and  dolphin,  are 
popularly  called  fishes,  but  they  breathe  bv 
lungs,  are  viviparous,  and  suckle  their 
young  like  mammalia.  The  term  has 
been  also  extended  to  other  aquatic  ani- 
mals, as  moUusca,  Crustacea,  <Scc. 

Fish-carver,  'karv-er.  A  broad  knife, 
generally  of  silver,  for  carving  fish  attaDle; 
a  fish-slice ;  a  fish-knife. 

Fisher's  Hill.  An  elevated  plateau  in 
Vh-ginia,  20  m.  8.  of  "Winchester,  noted  as 
the  scene  of  a  severe  battle  between  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Sheridan  and  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Early,  Sept.  22, 
1864,  the  latter  being  defeated,  with  1,000 
killed  and  wounded,  over  1,000  prisoners, 
and  16  guns ;  Federal  loss,  abt.  8,000. 

Fish-flour,  'flour.  A  kind  of  flour  made 
by  grinding  dried  flbsh, 

Fishinff-fly,  'Ing-fli.  An  artificial  fly 
used  as  bait  for  catehmg  fish. 

Fiphing-tackle,  -tak-1.  All  the  apnar- 
atus,  as  rod,  lines,  hooks,  artificial  flies, 
Ac,  used  by  an  angler. 

Fisbjoint,  'joint.  In  EaQ.  a  splice  con- 
sisting of  one  or  more  oblong  plates,  bolt- 
ed to  the  sides  of  two  rails  meeting  end  to 
end. 

Fish-louse,  'lous.  A  name  for  several 
crustaceans,  ord.  Siphonostoma  or  Ichthy- 
ophthira,  as  the  genera  Argulus,  Caligus, 
&c.,  parasitic  on  fishes. 

Fishplate,  'plat.  In  Bail,  one  of  the 
plates  composmg  a  Adjoint. 

Fish-sound,  'sound.  The  swimming 
bladder  or  air-sac  of  a  fish.  Islnghiss  Is 
prepared  from  the  sounds  of  some,  others 
are  converted  Into  glue,  and  some  are 


Fish-tongme,  'tung.  An  instrument 
used  by  dentists  for  the  removal  of  the 
vrisdom -teeth. 

Fish-way,  'wa.  A  contrivance  to  enable 
fish  to  ascend  a  fall. 

Fishwife,  'wif.  A  woman  who  sells  fish. 

Fi88ilin«raia,  -ling'ffwl-a.    One  of  two 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FISBIPABA 


FLABELLUM 


divisionB  of  the  lacertilJii  or  lizards.  The 
fam.  LacertldflB,  the  monitors,  the  gen. 
Ameiva,  and  some  fossil  genera,  belong  to 
this  section. 

Fissipara,  -sip'&r-a.  In  Zool.  animals 
which  propagate  hy  spontaneons  fission, 
as  the  polypi,  Inftisoria  and  certain  worms. 

Fiflsiped,  'sl-ped.  An  animal  whose 
toes  are  not  connected  by  a  membrane. 

FissipenzLSBL  -pen'n€.  The  plnmed 
moths,  a  small  gronp  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects. 

Fissirostres,  -ros'tr&E.  A  tribe  of  the 
Insessores  or  perching  birds,  divided  into 
two  sections  :  the  Kocturna,  Gaprlmnl- 
gidn,  comprehending  the  night-jars  or 
goatsuckers,  whip-poor-wills,  &o.,  and  the 
Diiima,  HinmoinidiB,  inclading  the 
swallows,  swifts,  martins.  Sec. 

Fissnrellidad,  -sfi-rel'li-de.  The  key- 
hole limpets,  a  fiun.  of  gasteropodous 
monasks,  ora.  Scutibranchiata. 

FiBSure-needle,  fisHinr-nS'dl.  A  sphral 
needle  for  bringing  together  the  lips  of  a 
wonnd,  so  made  as  to  introdnce  a  thread 
w  wire,  which  is  left  in  the  place  when 
the  needle  is  withdrawn. 

X^Lst,  fist  The  hand  clenched.  The 
talons  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

Fistuca,  fis-tn'ka.  An  instrument  for 
driving  pile«;  a  monkey. 

Fistula,  -la.  A  wind  instrument  of  mu- 
sic. In  Surg,  a  channel  excavated  be- 
tween an  internal  part  and  the  skin-sur- 
face, showing  no  tendency  to  heal,  differ- 
ing firom  a  sinus  in  being  caUous. 

Fistularia,  -la''ri-a.    Tobacco-pipe  fish, 


Tobacco-pipe  Fish, 
a  gen.  of  acanthopterygious  fishes,  tarn. 
Amostomidae,  or  FistularidsB,  chai'acter- 
ized  by  the  elongation  of  the  facial  bones 
into  a  long  fistiua  or  tube. 

Fistullna,  -li'na.  A  gen.  of  Fungi,  al- 
lied to  Boletus,  found  on  old  trees, 
and  esteeemed  in  some  parts  of  Europe  as 
an  article  of  food,  when  grilled  it  is 
scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  broiled 
meat. 

Fitch,  fich.  In  Fur.  the  skin  of  the  pole- 
cat. 

Fitch,  John.  An  American  inventor, 
6.  in  Conn.  1748,  d,  1798.    He  buUt  the 


first  boat  propelled  by  steam,  tested  on 
the  Dehiware  Kiver,  1787. 

Fitch-bnis^,  'brush.  A  brush  or  hair* 
pencil  made  of  the  hair  of  the  polecat. 

Fitchet,  'et.    A  polecat ;  a  foumart. 

Fits,  fits.  A  son  ;  used  as  a  jmrefix  in  oer 
tain  surnames,  as  Fitzgerald,  Fitzherbert, 
espedaUy  of  the  illegittmate  sons  of  kings 
or  princes  of  the  blood,  as  Fitzroy,  FitZ' 
clarence. 

Fitzgerald,  Edward,  liord.  A  no' 
ble  Irishman,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Leins' 
ter ;  b.1768,  d.  in  prison,  1798.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  patriot,  and  joined  the  so' 
ciety  of  United  Irishmen,  and  was  leader 
in  the  "rising"  of  '98.  Arrested  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  he  died  while  awaiting 
trial. 

Fiuxne,  fe-oo'ma.  An  Austrian  seaport, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero,  8S  m.  S.  W.  of 
Trieste ;  pop.  abt  18,000. 

Five,  f  iv.  The  number  which  consists  of 
four  and  one ;  the  number  of  the  fingers 
and  thumb  of  one  hand.  A  symbol  rep- 
resenting the  number,  as  5  or  v. 

Five-finser,  'flng-ger.  Potentllla  rep- 
tans,  a  perennial  plant ;  dnquefoil. 

Five-flngers,  -gers.  The  nam©  given 
to  two  species  of  star-fish,  the  Uraster  ru- 
bens  ana  Bolaster  papposus.  The  five  of 
trumps  in  certain  games  of  cards. 

Fives,  f  ivz.  A  game  played  with  a  ball, 
sometimes  called  hand-tennis. 

Fives.  A  disease  of  horses,  resembling 
the  strangles.    Written  also  Vives. 

Five  Hundred,  Oonncil  of.  One  of 
the  two  French  councils  (the  other  being 
"  The  Ancients  ")  invested  with  lerislatlve 
powers  by  the  Convention,  1796;  dis- 
solved by  Napoleon,  1799. 

Flabelliim,  'lum.  A  ftn ;  speciflcallv, 
an  ecclesiastical  fan  ancientlv  used  to 
drive  away  flies  from  the  chance  during 
the  eucharist.    Such  fans  are  a  mark  of 


Flabellum. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FLABBLLABIA 


FLAME-Bl^LVREE 


distinction  in  the  Ch.  of  Borne,  and  are 
carried  before  the  Tope  and  other  digni- 
taries on  state  occasions. 
Flabellaria,  iU-bel-lil'ri-a.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  palms,  occurring  in  secondary  and 
tertiary  rocks.  The  nn-ooral,  a  gen.  of 
Actinozoa,  ord.  Alcyonaria. 

Plaocus,  CaiuB  ValeriuB.  A  Boman 
poet,  auUior  of  "Argonaatica,"  describ- 
ing the  expedition  of  Jason ;  b.  abt,  12,  d. 
abt88. 

Flaff ,  fi»g.    A  flat  stone  nsed  for  paving. 

^laff.  An  ensign  or  colors  ;  a  cloth  on 
which  certain  ngures  are  painted  or 
wrought,  borne  on  a  staff,  ana  employed 
to   distinguish   one   company,  party  or 


Flag. 


nationality  from  another ;  a  standard  on 
which  iu*e  certain  emblems  expressive  of 
nationality,  party  or  opinion.  In  the 
army  a  flag  is  a  banner  by  which  one  regi- 
ment is  distinguished  f^om  another.  In 
the  navy,  flags  not  only  designate  the 
country  to  which  they  boiong,  but  denote 
the  rank  of  the  officer  in  command.  There 
are  also  small  flags  used  in  the  navy  for 
signals  or  telegranha.  Black  flag,  a  sign 
that  no  mercy  will  be  shown  to  the  van- 
quished. Bed  flag,  a  token  of  defiance  to 
battle.  White  flag,  a  flag  of  truce,  an  in- 
vitation to  the  enemy  to  confer,  and  in  the 
meantime  a  notification  that  the  fighting 
shall  cease. 

filag^llum,  -leianm.  In  Bot.  a  runner ; 
a  weak,  creeping  branch  sent  out  from  the 
bottom  of  the  stem,  and  giving  off  at  its 
extremity  leaves  and  roots.  In  Zool.  the 
l&sh-like  appendage  exhibited  by  many 
infusoria;  an  appendage  to  the  legs  of 
some  Crustacea. 

Flageolet,  '1el-et.  A  small  wind  instru- 
ment of  music,  played  on  by  means  of  a 
mouth-piece  inserted  in  a  bulb.  The 
double  flageolet  consists  of  two  instru- 


ments united  by  one  mouth-pioce,  and 
producing  double  notes. 

Flagellant,     fl  V 
-Jel-lant.    One  v  hu 
whips  himself  in  i  ^  -     - 
ligious     discipliiii.' ;    A  j 
specifically,  one  nf  \  i 
a     Iknatical      s^i  t^-  f 
founded     in    Itah 
laeO,  who  walked  ib 
procession  with  frpt 
and  shoulders  hh.rf, 
and  whipped  th<iD 
selves  till  theblooil 
ran      down     ti.< 
bodies,  to  obbiin  i  ii  ^ 
mercy  of  God  an^  - 
appease   his    wrath         Flagellant, 
against  the  vices  of  the  age. 

Fla«r-offioer,  flag'of-fis-er.  A  distin. 
guishing  titie  for  the  commander  of  a 
squadron. 

Flagship,  'ship.  The  ship  which  bears 
the  flag-officer  and  on  which  his  flag  is  dis- 
played. 

Flake-white,  fl&k'whlt.  In  painting, 
the  purest  white-lead.  When  levigated, 
it  is  called  body-white.  Basic  nitrate  o! 
bismuth,  or  pearl-white. 

Flambeau,  flam'- -  ^         .  -       \- .- 

b5.    A  flaming  V- 

torch :  a  light  made  r  j 

of  thick  wicks  cov-|., 

ered  with  wax  or  :,> 

other   Inflammable  |^  V 

material. 
Flamboyant, 

-boi'ant.     A  style 

of  Gothic  architec- 
ture once   popular 

in  France.  Its  chief 

characteristic  is    a 

wavy  flame-like 

tracery  in  the  win- 
dows. 
Flame,   flam.     A 

blaze;  vapor  in  com- 
bustion ;  hydrogen 

or  any  inflammable 

gas   in    a   state  of 

visible  combustion. 

Heat    of    passion ; 

tumult.    Ardor   of 

inclination ;  warmth  of  affection. 

Flame*  bearer, 'bar-er.  The  name  given 
to  the  members  of  a  gen.of  humming-birds, 
having  flery  crimson-colored  gathers 
round  the  neck  like  a  gorget  The  littie 
flame-bearer  inhabits  the  extinct  volcano 
Chiriqui,  in  Yeragua,  9,000  feet  above  the 


Flamboyant  Win- 
dow. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FliAMEN 


88T 


FLEET 


Flamingo. 


leyel  of  the  sea.  It  measures  only  2| 
inches  in  length. 

Flamen,  fla'men.  In  Horn.  Antiq.  the 
name  given  to  any  priest  devoted  to  the 
service  of  one  particular  deity.  Originally 
there  were  but  three,  Flamen  Dialis,  con- 
secrated to  Jupiter ;  Flamen  Martialis,  to 
Mars ;  and  Flmnen  Quirinalis,  to  Quirinus 
or  Bomulus.  The  number  was  ultimately 
increased  to  fifteen,  the  original  three  re- 
taining priority  in  potiit  ~ 
of  rank,  as  Majores,  aiHi 
elected  fh)m  the  patji 
cians,  while  the  tweJvt^ 
Minores  were  plebeian-. 
Plamin^o,  fla-ming'i. n  < 

A  bird  of  the  gen.  it'l 

nicopteras,  ord.Natatov'> 
or  Palmipedes,  a  fant. 
Phccnicopteridffi,  allli<J 
to  the  AnatidaD. 
FlaminiuB,  Titun 
Quintius,  fla-min'yLiii. 
A  Boman  general;  n. 
abt.  280.  D.  1T5  b.  o.  He 
defeated  the  Macedo- 
nians, and  in  196  relieved  Greece  from 
Macedonian  supremacy.  F.  Cains  Nepos, 
a  Boman  Censor,  built  the  celebrated 
Flaminian  Wav  (road),  221  b.  c;  elected 
consul,  228-227,  he  was  in  the  latter  year 
defeated  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Thrasymene, 
and  perished  on  the  field,  with  the  larger 
part  of  his  army. 

Flanders.  Anciently  a  flourishing  in- 
dependent European  state,  now  consti- 
tuting two  Belgian  provinces,  E.  and  W. 
F.,  having  a  total  pop.  of  abt.  1,500,000; 
cap.  Bruges. 

Flanflre,  flanj.  A  projecting  edge,  rim, 
or  rib,  as  the  projecting  pieces  on  the 
wheels  of  raUway  carriages  to  ktep  them 
on  the  rails.  Port-flange,  a  piece  of  timber 
festenedover  a  ship's  port  to  prevent  dirt 
or  water  flrom  entering  when  it  is  open. 
Flanfire-rail,  'ral.  A  rail  ftimished  with 
a  flange  on  one  side  to  prevent  the  wheels 
of  oars  running  off  the  Une. 

Flannel,  flan'nel.  A  soft  nappy  woolen 
cloth  of  loose  texture. 

Flat-flsh,  'fish.  A  fish  which  has  its 
body  of  a  flattened  form,  swims  on  the 
side,  and  has  both  eyes  on  one  side,  as 
the  flounder,  turbot,  halibut  and  sole; 
also  applied  to  the  skate  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  ray  family. 

FlatidaB,  'i-d3.  A  sub-fom.  of  hemip- 
terouB  insects,  belonging  to  the  Fulgor- 
IdaB.    They  yield  Chinese  wax. 

Zlat-racOi  'rfts.    A  race  over  level  or 


Flax. 


clear  ground,  as  opposed  to  a  hurdle-race 
or  steeple-chase. 

Flattery,  'te-ri.  The  act  of  one  who  flat- 
ters ;  false,  insincere  or  venal  praise ;  ca- 
jolery. 

Flatting,  'ing.  Preserving  unburuished 
gilding  by  touching  it  with  size.  A  mode 
of  house-painting,  in  which  the  paint, 
mixed  with  turpentine,  leaves  the  work 
without  gloss.  The  rolling  out  of  metal 
into  sheets. 

FlattinflT-mill,  Mng-raill.  A  mill  forrol^ 
ling  out  metals  by  cylindrical  pressure. 

Flax,  flaks.  The  common 
nameof  plants,  gen.  linum, 
ord.  LinaceaB.  The  species  c^ 
number  nearly  a  hundred,  -^ 
the  cultivated  species  being 
L.  nsltatissimum.  The  fi- 
ber is  used  for  making 
thread  and  cloth  called  lin- 
en, cambric,  lawn,  lace,  Ac. 
A  useftil  oil  is  expressed 
from  the  seeds,  and  the  res- 
idue, called  linseed  cake,  is 
one  of  the  most  fattening 
kinds  of  food  for  catUe. 

Flax-comb,  'kdm.  An  instrument 
with  teeth,  through  which  fiax  is  drawn 
for  separating  it  from  the  tow  or  coarser 
part  and  the  shives.  Called  also  Hackle, 
Heckle  and  Hatchel. 

Flax-dressing,  Mres-ing.  Thepnicess 
or  trade  of  breaking  and  scutching  flax. 

Flaxman,  John.  An  eminent  English 
sculptor ;  b.  1765,  d.  18.6.  Canova  pro- 
nounced him  the  **  greatest  of  moaem 
artists." 

Flax-mill,  'mil.  A  mill  for  the  numu- 
facture  of  linen  goods. 

Flaxseed,  'sM.  The  seed  of  flax ;  lin- 
seed. 

'Flea,  flu.  An  insect,  gen.  Pulex,  ord. 
Aphaniptera.  All  the  species  are  similar 
to  the  conunon  flea  (P.  irritans). 

Flea-beetle,  'be-ti.  Different  species  of 
beetles,  flam.  Halticidip,  so  called  from  their 
leaping  powers,  being  provided,  like 
fleas,  with  thickened  hind-legs. 

Fleece,  flos.  The  coat  of  wool  that  covers 
the  sheep  or  that  is  shorn  from  a  sheep  at 
one  time.  Any  covering  resembling  wool 
in  quality  or  appearance.  The  loose  thin 
sheet  of  cotton  or  wool  coming  from  the 
breaking-card  in  the  process  of  manu&c- 
tiu-e. 

Fleet,  flet.  A  body  or  squadron  of  ships ; 
a  number  of  ships  in  company,  whether 
of  war  or  of  commerce. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FLEMISH  SCHOOL 


888 


PLOATINlMKXJK 


Xlexnish  School,  The.  In  Point,  the 
school  founded  in  Flanders,  early  in  the 
16th  century,  by  the  brothers  Van  Eyck, 
and  counting  among  its  scholars  Rubens, 
Vandyke,  Teniers,  the  younger,  and  others 
scarcely  less  eminent. 
Fle&sborflr,  flainz'bftrg.  A  German  sea- 
port in  Schleswig-Holstein,  on  a  fiord  of 
the  Baltic,  having  large  ship-yards ;  pop. 
28,146. 

Flesh,  flesh.  A  compound  substance 
forming  a  large  part  of  an  animal,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  fibrin,  with  albumen,  gela- 
tin, hsBmatosin,  fat,  phosphate  of  sodium, 
phosphate  of  potassium,  phosphate  and 
carbonate  of  calcium,  sulphate  of  potas- 
sium and  chloride  of  sodium,  permeated 
by  an  acid  fluid,  called  fiesh-juice.  Animal 
food  in  distinction  from  vegetable.  The 
body  as  distinguished  from  the  soul.  In 
Theol.  the  character  as  influenced  by  ani- 
mal propensities  or  selfish  passions.  Kin- 
dred ;  £unily  ;  near  relatives.  In  Bot.  the 
soft  pulpy  substance  of  fruit,  which  Is  fit 
to  be  eaten. 

Flesh-brush,  'brush.     A  brush  for  ex- 
citing action  in  the  skin  by  friction. 
Flesh-color, 'kul-er.    The  color  of  fiesh; 
carnation. 

Fleshingr,  'ing.  A  covering,  as  drawers, 
worn  by  actors,  dancers,  &c.,  resembling 
the  natural  skin. 

Fletcher,  flech'er.    An  arrow-maker ;  a 
manufocturer  of  bows  and  arrows ;  hence 
the  family  name  Fletcher. 
Fleur-de-lis,    fler-de-  v         ^,      y 
le'.    In  Her.  a  bearing    * 
which  some  authorities 
maintain  represents  the 
lilv,  others  the  head  of 
a  uuice  or  some  warlike 
weapon.    The  fleur-de- 
lis  has  long  been  the  dis- 
tinctive bearing  of  the 
kingdom  of  France.    In 
Bot.  the  iris. 

Fleiirus,  floo'rooz.  A  town  in  Hain- 
ault,  Belgium,  near  Charleroi ,  noted  for 
battles  fought  in  the  vicinity  in  1622, 1690, 
1T94, 1815  ;  pop.  8,300. 
Fleury,  Andre  Hercule  de,  floo'rc. 
An  eminent  French  divine  and  statesman, 
B.  1653,  D.  1743.  He  was  appointed  a 
cardinal  and  prime  minister,  1726. 
Flier,  fli'er  One  that  flies  or  flees ;  a  run- 
away ;  a  fugitive.  A  part  of  a  machine 
which,  by  moving  rapidlv,  equalizes  and 
regulates  the  motion  of  the  whole  ;  a  flv. 
One  of  the  arms  attached  to  the  spindle  of  a 
spinning-wheel,  over  which  the  thread 
passes  to  the  bobbin.  The  fan-wheel  which 


Fleur-de-lis. 


rotates  the  cap  of  a  wind-mill  as  the  wind 
veers.  In  printing,  a  contrivance  for  tak- 
ing off  or  delivering  the  sheets  trom  a 
printing  machine.    Written  also  Flyer. 

Fliflrhter,  flit'er.  In  brewing  and  distil- 
ling, a  horizontal  vane  revolving  over  the 
sumce  of  wort  in  a  cooler,  to  produce  a 
circular  current  in  the  liquor. 

Flint,  flint.  In  Mineral,  a  sub-species  oi 
quartz,  very  hard,  strikes  -fire  with  steel, 
and  is  an  ingredient  in  glass  and  in  all  flne 
pottery  ware.  Liquor  of  flints  is  a  solu- 
tion of  flint  or  silica  in  potash.  A  piece  oi 
flinty  stone  used  in  a  flint-lock. 

Flint-fflass,  'glas.  A  species  of  glass, 
so  called  because  pulverized  flints  were 
originally  employed  in  its  manufacture. 
Its  dispersive  power  in  regard  to  light 
renders  it  invaluable  in  the  manufacture  ot 
the  object-glasses  of  telescopes  and 
microscopes.  Quartz  and  fine  sana  iu*e  now 
substitued  for  flint  in  its  manufjacture. 

Flinty-rock,  'i-rok.  A  siliceous  schist 
containing  about  57  per  cent,  of  silica,  the 
rest  being  lime,  magnesia  and  oxide  of 
iron.  Lydian  stone,  used  under  the 
name  of  touch-stone  for  testing  gold  by  its 
color,  is  a  variety ;  also  horn-stone. 

Flitch,  flich.  The  side  of  a  hog  salted 
and  cured.  In  Carp,  one  of  several  asso- 
ciated planks  fastened  side  by  side  to  form 
a  compound  beam. 

Flittermonse,  flit'er-mous.  A  bat;  a 
flickermouse  ;  a  fiindermouse. 

Float,  flot.  The  small  piece  of  ivoiy  on 
the  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the  basm  of 
a  barometer.  The  hollow  metallic  sphere 
of  a  self-acting  faucet  which  floats  in  the 
boiler  of  a  steam-engine  or  in  a  cistern. 

Floatingr-bridgre.  'ing-br«.  A  bridge 
of  timber^Bupported  wholly  by  the  water. 
Milit.  a  double  bridge,  the  upp^ 
floor   projecting   and   capable   of   being 

•  moved  forward  by  pulleys.  A  flat-bot- 
tomed steam  ferry-boat,  in  harbors  or 
rivers,  generally  running  on  chains. 

Floatingr-    i        . 
dock,  -dok    ^i     f — 
A    capadout^  '/'r" 
structure,   y]\ 
genorallyofa  I"  \i'  ' 
roctangulaj    |  "^    ' 
shape,       In-jf^  %;;     , 
tended        td  i^T  . ' 
serve    as    a  ^a^^ 
graving- 
dock.    Som.e  Floating-dock, 
are   built  in 

water-tight  compartments,  from  which 
the  water  may  be  drawn  or  into  which  it 
may  be  Introduoed  at  pleasure. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FLOOR 


889 


FLOWER-PIECE 


^oor,  flor.  The  bottom  or  lower  wyt  of 
a  building  or  room.  A  platform  of  boards 
or  planks  laid  on  timbers,  as  in  a  bridge ; 
any  similar  platform.  A  story  in  a  build- 
ing ;  a  suite  of  rooms  on  a  level.  That 
part  of  the  bottom  of  a  yessel  which  is 
modt  nearly  horizontal.  In  legislative 
assemblies,  the  part  of  the  house  assigned 
to  the  members. 

Flora,  fio'ra.  In  Bot.  awork  systemat- 
ically describing  the  species  ofplants  of  a 
country  or  geologicid  period.  The  botany 
or  the  complete  series  of  plants  indigenous 
to  any  region  or  period.  One  of  the  small 
asteroids  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter. 

Flora.  In  Roman  Mvth.  the  goddess  of 
flowers,  identicfd  with  Ghloris  of  the 
Greeks.  She  was  the  reputed  wife  of 
Zephyms,  and  was  worsnipped  before 
Rome  was  built 

Floran,  flor'an.  Tin  ore  stamped  very 
small.  An  exceedingly  small-grained  tin 
ore,  scarcely  perceptible  in  the  stone, 
though  perliaps  very  rich. 
Florascope,  fld'ra-skdp.  An  optical  in- 
strument for  ins];>ecting  flowers.  • 
Floreal,  -ra-al.  In  the  French  repub- 
lican calendar,  the  eighth  month  of  the 
year,  dating  from  September  22, 1T92.  It 
conunenced  April  20  and  ended  May  19. 
Florence.  One  of  the  flrst  of  Italian 
cities,  on  both  sides  of  the  Amo,  18T  m.  N. 
W.  of  Rome,  in  a  beautiful  Apennine 
valley.  F.  was  anciently  the  cap.  of  Tus- 
cany, and  of  the  Italian  Kingdom  from 
I860  till  1872.  It  has  magnificent  palaces, 
churches,  art  galleries  and  other  public 
buildings,  and  its  roU  of  distinguished 
citizens  Includes  Dante,  Petrarch,  Boccac- 
cio, Galileo,  Michael  Angelo,  Leonardo  da 
Vinci,  and  Leo  X.;  pop.  120,400. 
Floriculture,  fl6'ri-kul-tur.  The  culti- 
vation of  flowers  or  flowering  plants. 
Florida,  fl6r'e-da.  Lit  "Land  of  Flow- 
ers." The  S.  E.  State  of  the  U.  8.,  b.  N. 
by  Geoi^a  and  Alabama,  E.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic, S.  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ; 
area,  59,268  sq.  m.;  pop.  142,803  whites, 
126,690  negroes;  principal  towns,  Talla- 
hassee, the  cap.,  Pensaoola,  Appalachicola, 
St  Augustine,  St.  M^'s,  Femandina, 
Jacksonville,  and  Key  West ;  St  Augus- 
tine and  St.  Mary's  on  the  E.,  and  Pen- 
sacola  and  Tampa  on  the  W.,  have  fair 
harbors ;  chief  rivers,  the  Escambia,  St 
John's,  Appalachiooht,  Perdido,  Suwanee 
and  Ghoctawhatohee ;  lakes,  St  George, 
Macao,  Klssimee  and  Okeechobee;  June  10, 
1861,  F.  formally  seceded  from  the  Union, 
but  was  re-admitted  in  1865. 


Florida  Kesrs.  A  group  of  small  islands 
and  reefis,  extending  S.  W.  from  Cape 
Florida  some  200  m.  Thompson 's  Island, 
■  on  which  the  city  of  Key  West  is  situated, 
Is  the  chief. 

Florin, 'in.  A  name  given  to  diiferent 
coins  of  gold  or  silver,  of  different  values, 
and  to  moneys  of  account,  in  different 
countries.  The  English  florin  is  60  cents, 
the  Austrian  gulden  or  florin  about  th< 
same ;  the  gulden  or  florin  of  Germany  tji4 
the  guilder  or  florin  of  Holland,  40  cents. 

Florinean,  fl6-rin'6-an.  One  of  a  sect  o* 
Gnostics  of  the  2d  century,  so  called  from 
Florin  us,  a  Roman  priest,  who  was  exoom- 
mun  cated  by  Pope  Eleutherius  in  176. 

Floripondio,  fior-i-pon'di-o.  Datura 
eanguinea,  an  infusion  firom  whose  seeds 
prepared  by  the  Peruvians  induces  stupe- 
iiAction,  and  if  used  largely,  fhrious  deliri- 
um. 

Florist,  'ist.  A  cultivator  of  flowers; 
one  who  deals  in  flowers.  One  who  writes 
a  flora  or  an  account  ofplants. 

Floss,  flos.  A  silky  substance  in  the  husks 
of  certain  plants.  Untwisted  fllamentsof 
silk,  used  in  embroidering  on  satin,  Ac. 
A  fluid  glass  floating  upon  iron  in  a  pud- 
ling  furnace,  produced  by  the  vitrification 
of  oxides  and  earths. 

Flotsam,  fldt'sam.  Such  portion  of  the 
wreck  of  a  ship  and  the  cargo  as  continues 
floating  on  the  surfkce  of  the  water. 

Flounce,  flouns.  A  strip  of  cloth  at- 
tached to  a  gown  or  dress,  with  the  lower 
border  loose  and  spreading. 

Flounder,  floun'der.  A  small,  flat  mala- 
copteiTgious  flsh,  fom.  Pleuronectidae, 
gen.  Pleuronectes  or  Phitessa.  A  tool 
used  to  stretch  leather  for  a  boot  fix)nt 

Flour,  flour.  The  meal  of  wheat  or  other 
grain,  especially  the  finer  part  separated 
by  bolting ;  hence,  the  fine  and  soft  pow- 
der of  any  substance. 

Flow,  flo.  A  stream  of  water  or  other 
fluid  ;  a  current  The  rise  of  the  tide. 
Abundance ;  copiousness,  as  a  flow  of 
spirits.  Any  gentle  procedure  or  move- 
ment, as  of  thought,  language  and  the  like. 

Flower,  flou'er.  In  Bot  the  organs  of 
reproduction  in  a  phenogamous  plant.  A 
complete  flower  consists  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  together  with  two  sets  of  leaves, 
the  calyx  and  corolla. 

Flower-dock,  -klok.  A  contrivance 
for  measuring  time  by  means  of  flowers 
that  open  and  shut  at  certain  hours  of  th« 
day. 

Flower-piece,  -pes.  A  painting  or  pi» 
ture  of  flowers. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FLOWRETEY 


840 


FLYING-FISH 


Flowretry,  'ret-ri.    Carved  work  repro- 
senting  flowers. 

Hue,  flu.  A  passage  for  smoke  in  a 
chimney,  leading  from  the  fireplace  to  the 
chimney.  A  pipe  or  tube  for  conveying 
heat  to  water  in  steam-boilers.  A  passage 
in  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  heat. 
fluff,  fluf.  Light  down  or  nap  such  as 
rises  from  beds,  cotton,  &c.,  when  agi- 
tated ;  flue. 
Huid,  flu'id.  A  body  whose  particles 
move  and  change  their  relative  position 
without  separation ;  a  liquid  or  gas  ;  op- 
posed to  a  solid. 
Fluke,  fluk.  The  part  of  an  anchor 
which  fastens  in  the  ground.  In  mining, 
an  instrument  used  in  cleaning  a  hole  pre- 
\iou8  to  its  being  charged  with  powder 
for  blasting.  One  of  the  two  triangular 
divisions  constituting  the  tail  of  a  whale. 
Flume,  flum.  The  passage  for  water 
that  drives  a  mill-wheel ;  an  artificial  chan- 
nel for  gold- washing. 

Huor-spar,  flu'or-spar.  A  common  min- 
eral containing,  when  pure,  48.7  per  cent, 
fluorine,  51.8  calcium.  It  is  often  beauti- 
ftilly  banded,  especially  when  in  nodules, 
which  are  much  prized  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  vases,  and  occasionally  for  beads, 
brooch-stones,  and  other  ornamental  pur- 
jioses.  It  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  the 
ancients  for  the  same  purpose,  being  the 
material  of  the  original  rajTrhino  vessels. 
.  Flute,  flut.  A  musical  wind-instrument 
consisting  of  a  tapering  tube  with  six 
holes  for  the  fingers,  and  from  one  to  four- 
teen keys  which  open  other  holes.  The 
sound  is  produced  by  blowing  with  the 
mouth  into  an  oval  aperture  at  the  side 
of  the  thick  end  of  the  instrument.  Its 
useful  compass  is  about  two  and  a  half 
octaves,  including  the  chromatic  tones. 
Flute-stop,  'stop.  In  organs,  a  range  of 
wooden  and  metal  pipes  tuned  in  unison 
>vith  the  diapason,  designed  to  imitate  the 
flute. 

Flute-work,  'werk.  The  name  given  to 
a  particular  class  of  stops  in  organ-build- 
ing, in  contradistinction  to  reed-work. 
Fluvialist,  flu'vi-al-ist.  One  Avho  ex- 
plains geological  phenomena  by  the  action 
of  existing  strbains. 

Fluvicolinee,  -ko-li''ne.  The  water- 
caps,  a  sub-fam.  of  birds,  fam.Tyrannidae; 
a  synonym  of  Alectrurina;. 
Fly,  fll.  A  >vinged  insect  of  various  spe- 
cies, whoso  distinguishing  characteristics 
are  that  the  wings  are  transparent  and 
have  no  cases  or  covers.  In  Mech.  an 
arrangement  of  various  designs  to  regulate 
the  ZQotioQ  of  machinery.    In  weai^g,  a 


White-collared  Fly 
catcher. 


shuttle  with  wheels  driven  through  the 
shed  by  a  blow  or  jerk.  In  knitting  ma- 
chines, a  piece  for  holding  the  needle  in 
position  while  passing  through  a  new  loop. 
In  spinning,  one  of  the  arms  that  revolve 
round  the  bobbin  and  t>vist  the  yarn  as  it 
is  wound  on  the  bobbin.  That  part  of  a 
vane  which  shows  which  way  the  wind 
blows.  A  light  carriage ;  a  hackney  coach; 
a  cab.  A  hook  dressed  to  resemble  a  fly 
or  other  insects,  used  by  anglers.  In  a 
theater,  a  galleiy  stage  at  a  level,  where 
the  ropes  for  drawing  up  parts  of  the 
scenes,  Ac.,  are 
worked. 

Flyblow,  'bio. 
the  egg  of  a  fly.     r^A 

Flycatcher,  ^?'3 
'kach-or.   In  ^;'^^^^ 
Zool.  the  Eng-  ^;^': 
lishnameof  the  ^'^ 
birds  of  the  gen.    '*•■■. 
Muscicapa,  ord.      ^' 
Insessores,  tribe 
Dentirostres, 
and  fam.  Musci- 
capidas,  in  many  places  of  great  use  in  de 
stroying  noxious  insects. 

Flying-  -  buttress, 

'ing-but-tres.  In 
Gothic  Arch,  a  but- 
tress in  the  form  of 
an  arch  springing 
from  a  solid  mass  of 
masonry. 

Flying:  Dutch- 
man, 'ing  duch'- 
man.  A  legendary 
Dutch  captain  who 
for  some  heinous  of- 
fense was  condemned 
to  sail  the  sea,  beat- 
ing against  head  - 
>vinds,  till  the  day  of 
judgment.  The  ves- 
sel commanded  by 
this  captain. 

Flyingr-flsh,   -fish. 
A  name   common  to 
fishes  of  the  families 
ScomberesocidsB   and 
Sclerogenida),  which  have  the  power  ot 
sustaini  n  g 
themselves 
for  a  time 
in  the  air. 
Generally, 
however, 
hmited    to* 
the  gen. 
•^ocetus.  Flying-flah. 


Flylng-buttresa. 


Digitized  by 


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It.Wi8Ht!J(i 


841 


FOU 


Flyfishing*,  'fish-ing.  Angling ;  tbo  art 
or  practice  of  angling  for  fish  Mith  flies, 
natural  or  artificial,  as  bait. 

Flying'-fox,  'foks.  Pteropus  rubricollls, 
a  bat  found  in  the  islands  of  the  Eastern 
Archipelago,  the  largest  of  the  bat  tribe. 

Flyingr-gnmard,  -ger-nard.  A  gen.  of 
fishes,  fern.  Sclerogenidie  or  Cataphracta, 
or  mailed-cheeks,  closely  allied  to  the  gur- 
nards. 

Flsriner-lexniir, -lu-mer.  The  name  giv- 
en to  insectivorous  mammals,  gen.  Gal- 
eopithecus.  They  possess  a  broad  flying 
membrane,  extending  from  the  nape  of 
the  neck  to  the  tail,  by  means  of  which 
they  can  take  extended  leaps  from  tree  to 
tree. 

Flyinsr-p]ialan^r,-fa-lan-jer.  A  popu- 
lar name  of  members  cf  agen.  of  nocturnal 
marsupials  (Petaurus),  lam.  Phalangist-- 
idae,  nearly  allied  to  the  true  phalangers. 
A  fold  of  the  skin  extends  along  the 
flanks,  and  this  acting  as  a  parachute  en- 
ables the  animal  to  leap  great  distances. 

Flyiner-sqiiid,  -skwld.  The  popular 
name  of  a  gen.  of  cephalopodousmollusks 
(Ommastrcphes),  alUed  to  the  calamaries 
or  squids. 

Fly-wheel,  whel.  In  Mech.  a  wheel 
placed  on  the  revolving  shaft  of  any  ma- 
chinery for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the 
motion  equable  and  regular  by  means  of 
its  momentum. 

Fo,  fo.  The  name  under  which  Buddha 
is  worshipped  in  China.  This  name  (writ- 
ten also  Foe  and  Fohi)  seems  to  be  the 
nearest  approach  that  the  Chinese,  owing 
to  the  meagerness  (ft  their  articulation, 
can  make  to  the  real  sound,  Buddha. 

Foal,  f5l.  The  young  of  the  equine 
genus  of  quadrupeds,  and  of  either  sex  :  a 
colt. 

Foal-teeth,  'teth.  The  first  teeth  of 
horses,  which  they  shed. 

Foam,  fom.  Froth ;  spume ;  the  aggre- 
gation of  bubbles  formed  on  the  surface  of 
liquors  by  fermentation  or  violent  agita- 
tion. 

Foam-cock,  'kok.  In  steam-boilers,  a 
cock  at  the  level  of  the  water,  by  which 
Impurities  are  drawn  off. 

Focimeter,  -sim'et-er.  In  Photog.  an 
instrument  for  finding  the  focus  of  a  lens 
which  has  not  been  properly  achroma- 
tized. 

Fodder,  fod^der.  Food  for  cattle, 
horses  and  sheep,  as  hay,  straw,  &c. 

FoBnus,  ie'nus.    A  remarkable  gen.  of 

hymenopterous  insects,  fam.  Ichneumon- 

.     <iH».    They  are  parasitic,  feeding  in  th« 


larva  state  upon  other  insects,  in  which 
the  eggs  are  deposited  by  n  long  oviposi- 
tor. In  the  perfect  state  they  feed  upon 
the  nectar  of  flowers. 

FoST,  fog.  A  dense  watery  vapor  exhaled 
from  the  earth  Dr  from  rivers  and  lakes, 
or  generated  in  the  atmosphere  near  the 
earth. 

Fogrbank,  'bangk.  At  sea  an  appear- 
blance  n  hazy  weather  sometimes  resem- 
ing  laiid  at  a  long  distance,  but  which 
vanishes  as  it  is  approached, 

Fogr-bell,  'bel.  A  bell  placed  on  some 
rock,  shoal,  «fcc.,  whoso  ringing  is  a  warn- 
ing to  sailors  in  foggy  weather. 

Fofi^a,  f5d'jdh.  Cap.  of  prov.  of  same 
name  in  S.  Italy ;  pop.  84,390. 

Fog-horn,  'horn.  A  horn  kept  on  board 
of  a  vessel  to  sound  as  a  warning  signal 


Siren  Fog-horn. 

in  foggy  weather.  A  sounding  instru- 
ment for  warning  vessels  of  their  proxim- 
ity to  the  coast  during  a  fog.  Tho  most 
powerful  is  an  instrument  called  tho  siren, 
or  siren  fog-horn,  the  sound  being  pro- 
duced bv  means  of  a  disk  with  twelve 
radial  slits  made  to  rotate  in  front  of  a 
fixed  disk  exactly  similar,  a  cast-iron 
trumpet  20  feet  long  forming  part  of  the 
apparatus. 

FOST-Sigrnal,  'sig-nal.  Any  signal  made 
during  fog  to  prevent  collision.  In  Rail, 
a  signal  made  by  placing  detonating  pow- 
der or  torpedoes  on  the  rails,  which  ex- 
plode on  the  engine  passing  over  thorn,  and 
give  warning  of  danger.  A  shrill  steam 
whistle  to  give  AvarniJog  that  a  train  is  ap- 

Sroaching.  A  signal  made  on  board  ship 
uring  a  fog  to  prevent  collisions,  or  on 
shore  to  warn  ships  off  a  coast. 
Foil,  foil.  A  leaf  or  thin  plate  of  metal, 
as  tin  foil.  Among  jewelers,  a  thin  leaf  of 
metal  placed  under  precious  stones  to 
make  them  appear  transparent,  and  give 
them  a  particular  color.  A  coat  of  tin 
with  quicksilver,  laid  on  tlie  back  of  a 
looking-glass,  to  cause  reflection.  In  Arch. 


Digitized  by 


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i*OOLSCAl> 


a  small  arc  in  the  tracery  of  a  Gothic  vda- 

dow,  panel,  &c. 
Foil.  A  blunt  Bword, 

or   one  that  has  & 

button  at  the  end, 

used  in  fencing. 
Foiii,foln.    A  small 

ferret  or  weasel.    A 

kind  of  ftir,  blacken 

a    whitish    ground,       Fencing  Foils. 

from  the  ferret  or  weasel  of  same  name. 
Foix,  Gtaflton  de,  fwaw.    A  nephew  of 

Louis  XII.  of  France,  Due  de  Nemours 

and  Count  de  Narbonne  ;  b.  1489.    While 

in  conunand  of  the  French  army  in  Italy 

he  won  the  great  battle  of  Eavenna,  but 

was  killed  while  pursuing  the  flying  foe. 
Foldingr-doors,  'ing-dOrz.     Two  doors 

which  meet  in  the  middle,  and  either  slide 

back  or  turn  back  on  hinges. 
Foldinfir-macliine,  'ing-ma-shen.     A 

machine  which    delivers  newspapers   or 

other  printed  work  folded. 
Foley,  John  Henry.    A  distinguished 

Irish  sculptor ;  b.  in  Dublin,  1818 ;  d.  1879. 
Foliage,  I5'li-aj.    Leaves  in  general.    A 

cluster  of  leaves,  flowers  and  branches  ; 

•artfcularly  in  Arch,  the  representation  of 

leaves,  flowers  and  branches,  intended  to 

ornament  and  enrich  capitals,  friezes,  pedi- 
ments, &c. 
Folio,  f5'li-6.      A  sheet  of  paper  once 

folded.  A  book  of  the  largest  size,  formed 

by  once  doubling  a  sheet  of  paper.      In 

book-keeping,  the  left   and   right   hand 

pages  of  an  account-book,  expressed  by 

the  same  figure.    In  printing,  the  number 

appended  to  each  page.    In  law,  a  certain 

number  of  words  in  conveyances,  &c. 
Foliot,  -ot.    The  generic  name  for  a  com- 

jmratlvely  harmless  devil  or  goblin,  allied 

to  Puck  or  Robin  Goodfellow. 
Folkestone.     A  fortified  seaport,  7  m. 

8.  W.  of  Dover,  England,  from  which  the 

steamers  for  Boulogne  sail ;  pop.  18,200. 
Follicle,  fol'U-kl.    In  Bot. 

a  dry  seed-vessel  or  pod 

opening  on  one  side  only; 

a  carpel  dehiscing  by  the 

ventral  suture,  and  having 

no  dorsal  suture;   a  uni- 

valvular  pericarp  formed  of 

a  simple  pistil.     A  vessel 

distended  with  air,  as  on 

the  roots,  stems  and  leaves 

of  Utrlcularia  and  on  the 

leaves  of  Aldrovanda.     In 

Anat.  a  little  bag  in  animal 

bodies ;  a  gland  ;  a  minute 

secreting  cavity. 


Folkland,  fokOand.  Land,  under  Saxon 
law,  of  the  folk  or  people,  as  distinguished 
lh)m  bookland,  or  land  held  by  charter  or 
deed.  Folkland  was  the  property  of  the 
people,  and  while  it  continued  to  be  folk- 
land  it  could  not  be  alienated. 
Folklore,  'lor.  Rural  supei^titions, 
tales,  traditions,  or  legends. 

Fomalhaut,  fo'mal-hat.  A  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Piscis 
Australis  or  Southern  Fish,  much  used  in 
astronomical  measurements. 

Fond-du-lac,  f5nd-doo-lik.  Lit.  ♦*  End 
of  the  Lake."  A  county  and  city  of  Wis- 
consin, the  latter  situated  at  the  8.  end  of 
Lake  Winnebago,  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Mil- 
waukee ;  pop.  18,094. 

Fondus,  fon-du.  A  term  applied  to  that 
kind  of  printing  of  calico,  paper-hangings, 
&c.,  in  which  the  colors  are  blended  into 
each  other. 

Font,  font.  The  vessel  used  in  churches 
as  the  repository  of  the  baptismal  water. 
A  spring  or  fountain  of  water ;  a  source. 
A  complete  assortment  of  printing  types 
of  one  size,  including  points,  accents,  Ac. 

Fontainebleau,  fdn-tan'blo.  A  French 
town,  dept.  Seine-et-Mame,  82  m.  8.  E. 
of  Paris,  noted  for  its  magnificent  royal 
palace  and  grounds  of  84,200  acres. 

Fontana,  Domenico.  An  Italian 
architect ;  b.  1543,  d.  1607.  Under  Pope 
Sixtus  V.  he  erected  the  Egyptian  Obelisk 
in  front  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  1586,  and 
later  built  the  Lateran  and  Quirinal  pal- 
aces, and  the  Vatican  Library. 

Fontenelle,  Bermard  le  Bovier  de, 
f6nt-nail'.  An  eminent  French  writer, 
nephew  of  Corneille ;  b.  in  Rouen  1657,  d. 
1767.  One  of  his  ablest  works,  an  ' '  Essay 
on  the  Geometry  of  the  Infinite,"  was 
written  when  he  was  70  years  of  age. 

Fontenoy.  A  Belgian  village  6  m.  S.  E. 
of  Tournai,  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  great 
battle,  April  80, 1746,  in  which  the  En- 
glish and  their  allies  under  the  duke  ol 
Cumberland  were  disastrously  defeated 
by  the  French,  under  Marshal  Saxe  ;  pop. 
2,400.  '  ^  ^ 

Foochow  foo.  A  Chinese  seaport, 
prov.  Fokien,  on  the  Min,  opened  to 
foreign  trade,  1842 ;  pop.  about  1,000,000. 

Fool,  fol.  One  who  is  destitute  of  reason 
or  the  common  powers  of  understanding ; 
an  idot ;  a  natural.  One  who  counterfeits 
folly ;  a  professional  jester  or  bufiboB. 

Foolscap,  folz'kap.  Paper  of  the  small- 
est regular  size  but  one ;  so  called  ftom 
its  ancient  water-mark  being  the  outline 
of  a  fool's  bead  and  cap. 


Digitized  by 


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FOREMAN 


Foot,  f^t.  In  animal  bodies,  the  lowest 
extremity  of  the  leg.  The  oart  of  a  stock- 
ing or  boot  which  receives  the  foot.  The 
lowest  part  or  foundation. 

Foot-and-mouth  Diaease.  Eczema 
epizootioa,  a  highly  contagious  eczema- 
tous  affection  which  attacks  the  feet  and 
months  of  cattle,  and  occasionally  spreads 
to  the  udder  of  milch-cattle. 

Foot-ball,  Oxal.  A  large,  light  ball  to  be 
driven  by  the  Toot ;  hence,  i^.  any  object 
subjected  to  many  vidssitudes  or  changes 
of  condition ;  as  he  was  the  foot-ball  of  for- 
tune. A  game  played  with  a  foot-ball  by 
two  parties  of  players. 

Foot-board,  'bord.  A  support  for  the 
foot;  a  board  at  the  foot  of  a  bed;  the 
platform  on  which  the  engineer  and  fire- 
man of  a  locomotive  stand  ;  a  foot-plate. 

Footbrid^,  'brij.  A  narrow  bridge  for 
foot  passengers. 

Foot-ffaards,  *g&r6z.  Guards  of  in&n- 
try.    The  foot-guards  in  the  British  army 

'  consist  of  three  regiments,  the  Grenadier, 
Ck>]dstream  and  Scots  Guards. 

Foot-liffhts,  'lits.  In  theaters,  a  row  of 
lights  placed  on  the  front  of  the  stage  and 
on  a  level  with  it  to  Hght  It  up.  To  appear 
before  the  foot-lights,  to  appear  on  the 
stage. 

Footman,  'man.  A  soldier  who  marches 
and  fights  on  foot.  A  male  servant  whose 
duties  are  to  attend  the  door,  the  carriage, 
the  table,  &c.;  a  man  in  waiting. 

Foot-pound,  'pound.  The  unit  selected 
in  measuring  the  work  done  by  a  mechan- 
ical force,  representing  1  lb.  weight  raised 
through  a  height  of  1  foot. 

Footprint,  'print  The  mark  of  a  foot. 
In  Geol.  an  impression  of  the  foot  of  an 
animal  on  the  surfhce  of  rocks,  made  at 
the  time  the  stone  was  in  a  state  of  loose 
sand  or  moist  clay ;  an  ichnite. 

Foot-race,  'ras.    A  race  by  men  on  foot 

Footrot,  'rot  A  disease  in  the  feet  df 
sheep. 

Fop,  fop.  A  vain  man  of  weak  under- 
standing and  much  ostentation ;  one  whose 
ambition  is  to  gain  admiration  by  showy 
dress  and  pertness. 

Foralite,  fo'ral-It.  In  Geol.  a  name  ap- 
plied to  a  tube-like  marking  in  sandstone 
and  other  strata,  which  appears  like  the 
burrow  of  a  worm-like  animal. 

Foraminifera,  fo-ram'in  if 'e-ra.  An 
ord.  of  Bhizopoda,  sub  kingdom  Protozoa, 
Aimlahed  wltti  a  shell  or  test,  simple  or 
oompl63c,  nsnallv  perforated  by  pores 
(fonanlna).  80  nr  is  yet  known  the  fo- 
ramlnUlBni  were  the  eaniest  of  created  be> 


ings,  the  oldest  known  fossil  (Eozoon  oan> 
adense,  of  the  Laurentian  rocks  of  Canada) 
belonging  to  this  order. 

Forbidden-fruit,  for-bid'n-frOt  The 
fruit  of  the  tree  of  knowledge,  prohibited 
to  Adam  and  Eve  in  Paradise.  In  Bot 
the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  decumana,  or  shad- 
dock, when  of  small  size. 

Forcemeat,  fors'met.  In  cookery,  meat 
choi>pe(l  fine  and  seasoned,  either  served 
up  alone,  or  used  as  stuffing. 

Forceps,  for'seps.  A  general  name  for 
a  two-bladed  instrument  on  the  principle 
of  pincers  or  tongs,  used  for  seizing  and 
holding,  and  for  extracting  obiects  ;  used 
by  watchmakers,  lewelers,  dentists,  ac- 
coucheurs and  maoolnists. 

Force-pump,  i&ra'pump.  A  pump  which 
delivers  the  water  under  pressure,  so  as  to 
eject  It  forcibly  or  to  a  great  elevation,  in 
contradistinction  to  a  lift-pump  in  which 
the  water  Is  lifted  and  simply  runs  out  o! 
the  spout. 

Forcing*,  'ing.  In  Hort  the  art  of  rais- 
ing plants,  flowers  and  fruits  by  arttfldal 
heat. 

Forcipation,  for-sip-a'shon.  Torture 
by  pinching  with  forceps  or  pincers. 

Fold,  fSrd.  A  place  In  a  river  or  other 
water  where  it  may  be  passed  by  man  or 
beast  by  wading.    A  stream. 

Forearm,  fdr'arm.  That  part  of  the  arm 
between  the  elbow  and  wrist 

Forecastle,  'kas-1.  A  short  deck  in  a 
ship  of  war,  forward  of  the  foremast  above 
the  upper  deck.  In  merchant  ships  the 
forepart  of  the  vessel  under  the  deck, 
where  the  sailors  live. 

Forefather,  'fa-ther.  An  anoestor ;  one 
who  precedes  another  in  the  line  of  gen- 
ealogy in  any  degree. 

Forefinger,  'fing-ger.  The  finger  next 
to  the  thumb  ;  the  index  :  called  by  our 
Saxon  ancestors  the  shoot-finger,  from  its 
use  in  archery. 

Forefoot,  'l^t  One  of  the  anterior  feet 
of  a  quadruped  or  multiped.  Kaut.,  a  piece 
of  timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  the 
fore-end. 

Foreground,  'ground.  That  part  of  the 
field  or  expanse  of  a  picture  which  is  near- 
est the  eye  of  the  observer,  or  before  the 
figures. 

Foreigner,  foMn-er.  A  person  born  in 
a  foreign  country ;  an  alien. 

Foreman,  f5r'man.  The  first  or  chief 
man ;  particularly,  the  chief  man  ofa Jury 
who  acts  as  their  speaker.  The  chief  of  a 
set  of  hands,  who  superintends  the  rest/ 
an  overseer ;  a  superintendent 


Digitized  by 


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^Ol&tiMAST 


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Fore8hortene<l. 


Foremast,  'mast.    The  mast  of  a  vessel 

nearest  the  bow,  which  carries  the  foresail 

and  foretop-sail  yards. 

FoTemast-nian,   -man.     A    common 

sailor ;  a  man  before  the  mast. 

Forename,  'nam.  A  name  that  precedes 
the  family  name  or  surname. 

Forenoon,  'aon.  The  part  of  the  day 
firom  the  morning  to  midday  or  noon. 

Foreshorten, 
-short'n.  In 
Persp.  to  repre- 
sent figures  in 
such  a  manner  as 
to  convey  to  the. 
mind  the  impres- 
sion of  the  entire 
length  of  the  ob- 
ject when  repre- 
sented as  viewed 
in  an  oblique  di- 
rection ;  to  repre- 
sent any  object 
as  pointing  to- 
wards the  spec- 
tator standing  in 
firontof  the  pic- 
ture. The  projecting  object  is  shortened 
in  proportion  to  its  approach  to  the  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  picture. 

Foreshot,  'shot.  The  lirst  portion  of 
liquid  that  comes  over  in  the  distillation 
or  low  wines.    It  abounds  in  ftisel-oil. 

Foreskin,  skin.  The  skin  that  covers 
the  glans  penis ;  the  prepuce. 

Forest,  for'est.  An  extensive  wood ;  a 
tract  of  mingled  woodland  and  open 
and  uncultivated  ground;  a  district 
devoted  to  the  purposes  of  the  chase. 

Forestick,  fSre'stik.  The  front  stick 
lying  on  the  andirons  in  a  wood  fire. 

Forest-marble,  for'est  -mar-bl.  An  ar- 
gillaceous laminated  shelly  limestone,  alter- 
nating with  clays  and  calcareous  .  sand- 
stones, forming  one  of  the  upper  portions 
of  the  lower  oolite. 

Foretop-man,  ior'top-man.  A  man  sta- 
tioned in  the  foretop  m  readiness  to  set 
or  take  in  the  smaller  sails  and  to  keep  the 
upper  rigging  in  order. 

Foretop-mast,  -mast.  The  mast  at  the 
head  of  the  foremast,  at  the  head  of  which 
stands  the  foretop-gaOantmast. 

Forey,  Elle  Frederic.  A  distinguished 
French  marshal;  b.  in  Paris,  1804,  d. 
1872.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
war  with  Austria,  and  in  Algiers  and  Mex- 
ico. 

Forflculidae,  for'-flk-iVli-de.  A  family  of 


insects,  ord.  Orthoptera.    To  thisftm.  be- 
long the  different  species  of  earwigs. 
FoxPro,  f5rj.    A  fhmace  in  which  metal  is 
heated  to  be  hammered  into    form;  a 
workshop  in  which  metal  is  hammered 


Traveling  Forge. 

and  shaped  by  the  aid  of  heat ;  a  smithy : 
also,  the  works  where  Iron  is  render«d 
malleable  by  puddling  and  shlngUng ;  a 
shingling  mill.  For  military  purposes  a 
traveling  forge  Is  used.  The  act  of  beat- 
ing or  working  iron  or  steel ; 
the  manu&cture  of  metallic 
bodies. 

Forgret-me-not,  for-get'- 
me-not.  The  common  name . 
of  Myosotis  palustris  or  scor- 
pion-grass, ord.  BoraginacesB, 
a  very  beautlftd  plant,  con- 
sidered to  be  the  emblem  ^f 
friendship. 

Forgre-water,    f5rj'wa-ter. 
Water  In  which  a  blacksmith 
has  dipped  his  hot  irons— a  Forget-me- 
popular  remedy,  as  a  lotion,       not 
for    aphthae,  &c.,  and   also 
drunk  as  a  chalybeate.    It  contains  sul- 
phate of  iron. 

Fork-chuck,  fork'chuk.  An  appendage 
to  a  turning-lathe,  which  screws  on  the 
mandrel,  having  oiyhe  outer  side  a  square 
hole  in  which  forked  pieces  of  iron  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  are  placed  when  in  use. 

Form.  A  Latin  termination  denoting 
like,  in  the  form  of;  as  vermiform,  worm- 
like ;  cnsiform,  sword-like ;  oviform,  in  the 
form  of  an  egg^  &c. 

Forme,  for-ma.  In  Her.  a  term  applied 
to  a  cross  having  the  arms  expanding  to- 
ward the  ends  and  flat  at  the  outer  edges. 
Called  also  Pat6e. 

Formeret,  form-er-et'.  In  Arch,  the 
arch  rib,  which,  iu  Gothic  groining,  Hes 
next  the  wall,  a;*d  is  ccnseA-^ently  less 
than  the  other  ribs  which  divide  the  vault- 
ing. 

Formicariidm,  f€'r'r\i-ha-ri"«-<;-.  The 
ant-birds,  a  fam.  iccliiding  the  bash- 
shrikes. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FOBMOSA 


845 


FOBUM 


Formosa.  A  Chinese  Island  in  the  China 
Sea,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the 
Strait  of  F. ,  90  m.  wide.  It  is  260  ra.  long, 
and  from  40  to  80  m.  in  width ;  estimated 
area,  14,000  sq.  m.^estimated  pop.  2,800,- 
000.  Ke-lung  is  the  chief  seaport. 
Forrest,  Edwin.  A  distingdished 
American  tragedian ;  b.  in  Phil.  1806,  d. 
1872. 

Forster,  John.  An  eminent  English 
author  and  journalist ;  b.  in  Newcastle, 
1812 ;  D.  1876.  He  was  editor  of  the 
"London  Examiner,"  and  author  of  sev- 
eral biographical  works,  among  the  latter 
being  "The  Life  of  Charles  Dickens,"  of 
whom  Mr.  F.  was  the  warm  friend  and 
executor. 

Forsterite,  fors^tcr-It.  A  crystallized 
mineral,  which  occurs  at  Vesuvius,  con- 
taining silica  and  magnesia. 
Foivylh,  Jolin.  An  American  states- 
man; bom  in  Va.  1780,  d.  1841.  He 
was  a  member  of  both  branches  of  the  U. 
8.  Congress,  Minister  to  Spain,  Governor 
of  Georgia  and  Secretary  of  State  under 
Presidents  Jackson  and  Van  Buren. 
Fort,  f5rt.  A  fortified  place ;  any  build- 
ing or  place  fortified  for  security  against 
an  enemy  ;  a  castie. 

Fort  Alamo,  &l-a-mo.  A  small  fortifi- 
cation in  Bexar  Co.,  Texas,  near  San  An- 
tonio do  Bexar,  noted  for  the  desperate 
defense  of  its  small  garrison  of  Texans 
against  an  overwhelming  Mexican  force, 
March  6,  1886,  eveiy  man  of  the  defenders 
perishing,  after  killing  four  times  their 
fiumber  of  the  enemy.  Other  principal 
American  forts  to  which  interest  attaches 
are .  F.  Beauregard,  in  Port  Boyal  har 
bor,  8  C,  captured  by  the  Federal  forces 
Nov.  7, 1861.  F.  Donelson,  a  strong  for 
tification  on  the  Cumberland  Biver,  near 
Dover,  Tenn.,  captured  by  the  Federal 
troops  Feb.  16,  1862.  F.  Fisher,  a  for- 
oridable  work,  commanding  Cape  Fear 
Biver,  N.  C,  20  m.  S.  of  Wilmington: 
captured  by  a  combined  naval  and  land 
attack,  Jan.  15, 1865,  after  having  repulsed 
two  previous  attacks.  F.  Hamilton,  the 
prindpalwork  commanding  N.  Y.  Bay, 
on  W.  end  of  Long  Island.  F.  Henry,  on 
the  Tennessee  Biver,  8  m.  from  F.  Donel- 
son ,  captured  by  the  Federal  forces  Feb. 
6, 1862.  F.  Jackson,  an  elaborate  work 
on  the  Mississippi,  80  m.  below  New  Or- 
leans, and  in  connection  with  F.  St. 
Philip,  on  the  opposite  bank,  supposed  to 
be  proof  against  assault  Com.  Farragut, 
however,  passed  both  with  his  fleet, 
April  2;^,  1862,  captured  New  Orleans, 
and  compelled  the  surrender  of  both  forts. 
F.  Lafayette,  one  of  the  defenses  of  N,  Y, 


harbor,  on  the  Narrows,  Ihcing  F.  Hamil' 
ton.  F.  Mifflin,  a  work  at  the  junction  o! 
the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  in 
Penn.,6m.  below  Phila.;it  was  erected 
during  the  Eevolution.  F.  Moultrie,  on9 
of  the  defenses  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  noted 
for  repulsing  the  British  fleet  in  the  Bev^^ 
olution ;  also  for  its  part  in  the  successfol 
attack  by  the  Confederates  on  F,  Sumter. 
April  11-13,  1861.  F.  Pillow,  a  strong 
work  on  the  Mississippi,  40  m.  N.  <3 
Memphis :  captured  by  the  Federals  June, 
1862 ;  recaptured  by  Gen.  Forrest,  April, 
1864,  many  of  the  colore<l  garrison  being 
killed  after  the  surrender.  F  Pulaski,  a 
defense  of  Savannah  Biver, captured  by  the 
Federals  April  12,  1862.  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, a  formidable  work,  having  870  guns 
In  position  ;  it  commands  the  entrance  to 
Hampton  Beads,  Va.  F.  Steadman  a 
Federal  work  on  the  James  Biver,  Va.,  18 
m.  below  Bichmond  ,  captured  by  the 
Confederates  March  14,  1866,  but  soon  re- 
taken. F.  Tompkins,  m  N.  Y.  harbor, 
facing  F.  Hamilton. 

Forte  The  strong  portion  of  a  sword- 
blad  eo  apier,  as  opposed  to  the  foible 
or  faible.  That  in  which  one  excels  •  a 
peculiar  talent  or  faculty. 

Fort  Qeor^e.  One  of  the  strongest 
forts  in  Gt.  Britain,  on  a  peninsula  in 
Moray  Firth,  Scotland. 

Forth.  A  river  in  Scotland,  180  m.  long, 
emptying  into  the  North  Sea  through  a 
broaa  estuary,  the  Frith  of  F. 

Fortieth,  for'ti-eth.  One  of  40  equal 
parts  into  which  a  whole  is  divided  ;  the 
quotient  of  a  unit  divided  by  40. 

Fortnight,  fort'nit  The  space  of  14 
days ;  two  weeks. 

Fortress,  'res.  A  fortified  place ;  a  fort ; 
a  castle ,  a  stronghold. 

Fort  Boyal.  Cap.  of  Martinique,  a 
French  W.  Indian  Island  ;  pop.  14,876. 

Fortttna,  for-tu'na.  In  BomanMyth.  the 
goddess  of  fortune.  A  small  asteroid  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Fort  St.  David.  On  the  Coromandei 
coast,  12  m.  iVom  Pondicherry ,  at  one 
time  the  chief  English  trading  station,  but 
captured  by  the  French,  1768. 

Fort  Warner.  On  Morris  Island,  in  the 
harbor  of  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Forty,  'ti.  The  number  which  consists 
of  four  times  10  ;  the  sum  of  40  units.  A 
symbol  expressing  40  units,  as  40  or  xl. 

Forum,  fo'rum.    A  public  place  in  Bome 
where  causes  were  iudidally  tried  and  ora- 
tions deUvered  to  tbe  people.  A  tribunal 
a  court. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FORT  WAYNK 


946 


FOUR  EVANGELISTS 


Fort  Wayne.  Cap.  of  Allen  Co.,  Ind.. 
112  m.  N.  £.  of  InaUnapoliR,  at  Janction 
of  Bt.  JoBeph*saod  at,  Mary's  rivers  :  pop. 
26,880. 

FOMMUM,  fofl'in.     A  Aperies  of  camivor- 
ouB  qaadraped,  of  the  weasel  kind  (Viver 
ra  foflaa)^  aOied  to  the  genet. 
Foflail,  'siL    Lit  whatever  is  dug  ont  of 
the  earth,  indnding  all  minerals  and  rocks, 
the  former  being  the  native  fossilA,  the 
Uttor  extraneous  fossils.    It  is  now,  how- 
ever,  restricted   to    designate    petrified 
forms  of  plants  and  animids. 
FoMdlist,  -ist.    One  who  studies  the  na- 
ture and  properties  of  fossils ;  one  versed 
in  the  science  of  fossils ;  a  paLcontologifit 
FoflSOmbrone,  -sAm-bro'ne.     A  city  of 
Urbino,   O.  Italy,  noted   for    the  signal 
defeat  oftheCartnaginians  by  the  Romans, 
194  B.  c;  pop.  abt.  9,000. 
FoflSOres,  -so'r^.     An    extensive   sub* 
sec.  of  hymenopterous  insects,  division 
Aculeata,  or  those  furnished  with  a  sting 
in   the   females,  including   the    garden- 
wasps,  sand-wasps,  Ac.    That  group  of 
quadrupedB  which  contains  the  bnrrowlng- 
moles. 

FcMMOrial,  M-al.    An  animal  which  digs 
into  the  earth  for  a  retreat  or  residence ; 
a  burrowing  animal. 
Foster,  John.    A  brilliant  and  profound 
British  essayist;  b.  17T0,  d.  1843. 
Foster-brother,  'ter-bmth-er.    A  male 
cared  for  by  the  same  nurse,  but  not  the 
offspring  of  the  same  parents. 
Foster-child,  -child.    A  child  nursed  by 
a  woman  not  the  mother,  or  bred  by  a 
man  not  the  fother. 

Foster-father,  -fl'ther.  One  who  takes 
the  place  of  a  father  in  bringing  up  a  child. 
Foster-mother,  -muth-er.    A  woman 
who  takes  the  place  of  a  mother  in  bring- 
ing up  a  child ;  a  nurse. 
Foster-son,  -sun.    One  cared  for*  like  a 
son  though  not  a  son  by  birth. 
Fotherinflray.    A  village  of  Northam- 
pton   Co.,  England,  noted  as  the  seat 
of  the  castle  in  which  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  was  imprisoned  by  EUzabeth,  and 
finally  executed. 

Fouche,  Joseph,  foo-sha'.  Minister  of 
police  under  Napoleon  I.,  and  bv  him 
created  Duke  of  Otranto  b.  in  Nantes, 
1768 ;  D.  in  exile  at  Trieste,  1820. 
Fonletrd,  -lar.  A  silk  material  forhidies' 
dresses,  originally  brought  from.  India ;  a 
silk  handkerchief  or  cravat. 
Foundation-stone,  found-a'shon-ston. 
A  stone  of  a  pubUo  building,  kid  in  publio 


with    some   ceremony,    but   having   no 
necessary  connection    with   the   founda- 
tion of  a  building. 
Foundling,   'ling.  ftA  deserted  or    ex* 

posed  infiuit;  a  cliild    found  vdthout    a 

parent  or  owner. 
Fonndling-hospitaL  "Ung-hos'pit^. 

A  hospital  at  which  children  deserted  by 

their  parenta  are  brought  up. 
Foundry,  'ri.    The  buildings  and  works 

«Krcupied  for  casting  metals,  as  a  foundry 

of  bells,  cannon,  type,  &c. 
Fount,    fount.    A    spring  of  water;    a 

fountain.      Holy-water  fount,  the  stone 

basin  or  receptacle  for  holy-water  in  R. 

C.  churches. 
Fountain,    an.      A  spring  or  natural 

source  of  watw.     An  araficial  spout,  Jet 

or  shower  of  water :  also,  the  structure  or 

works  in  which  such  is  produced ;  a  struo' 


Fountain, 
ture  kept  suppKod  with  water  for  use  or 
ornament.  Origin ;  first  principle  or 
cause.  In  Her.  a  circle  callea  a  roundle, 
divided  into  six  spaces  by  waved  llnea 
across  the  shield,  and  tinctured  argent 
and  azure. 

Fountain-pen,  -pen.  A  writing  pen 
with  a  reservoir  for  f^imishing  a  continu- 
ous supply  of  ink. 

Fouquier-Tinville,  Antoine 
duentin,  foo-ke-al'tang-veeP.  A  blood- 
thirsty French  Jacobin  ;  b.  1747,  guillo- 
tined 1796.  Ho  was  public  accuser  before 
Robespierre's  Revolutionary  Tribunal, 
and  gloated  over  the  death  of  thousands 
of  innocent  victims.  Sentenced  to  the 
same  fate,  he  exhibited  the  most  abject 
cowardice. 

FoiiT)  for  The  number  consisting  of 
twice  two  Hence  a  four-oared  boat ;  the 
crew  of  a  ifour-oared  boat. 

Four  Xivangrelists,  The.  The  name 
giyen  to  four  of  the  g^oup  of  islands  off 
the  W.  entrance  to  the  straits  of  Magellaii 
called  the  Twelve  Apostles. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FOUBIEB 


847 


FRANCE 


Fonrier,  Franooia  Oharles  DCarie. 
A  distingaJBhed  French  sodaUst,  b.  1772, 
D.  1887. 

Pourierism,  fo'ri-er-izm.  The  Social 
system  propounded  by  Fourier,  that  the 
world  was  to  be  subdivided  into  associ- 
ations, consisting  of  1800  members,  each 
group  occupying  a  common  edifice,  and 
all  enjoying  the  fruit  of  their  labors  In 
common.  Though  talent  and  industry 
were  to  be  rewarded,  no  one  was  to  be  de- 
barred flrom  a  certain  amount  of  luxury 
and  amusement.  A  universal  language  was 
to  be  established,  while  the  several  groups 
were  to  be  associated  together  under  a 
central  government,  litee  the  cantons  of 
Switzerland  or  the  U.  8.  of  America. 

Ponr-in-liand,  f5r'in-hand.  A  vehicle 
drawn  by  four  horses  and  guided  by  one 
driver  holding  all  the  reins. 

Four  Lakes.  A  series  of  small  lakes  in 
Dane  Co.,  Wis.  Madison,  the  State  cap., 
is  built  on  a  narrow  isthmus  bet.  the  th&d 
and  fourth. 

Fourlinir,  Ihig.  One  of  four  chUdron 
bom  at  the  same  time. 

Foiirpenoe,  'pens.  An  English  silver 
coin  worth  four  pennies;  a  fourpenny  bit; 
a  groat. 

Four-poster,  'pdst-er.  A  large  bed 
having  four  posts  or  pillars  for  me  cur- 
tains. 

Fourscore,  'skor.  Twenty  taken  four 
times  ;  80  units. 

Foiirteen,  't6n.  The  number  consisting 
of  ten  and  four.  A  symbol  representing 
this  number,  as  14  or  xlv. 

Fourteenth,  't^nth.  One  of  14  .^gwl 
parts  in  which  a  whole  Is  divided  ;  the 
miotient  of  a  unit  divided  by  14.  In  music 
the  octave  or  replicate  of  the  7th,  a  dis- 
tance comprehending  18  diatonic  Inter- 
vals. 

Fowl,  foul.  A  barn-door  fowl ;  a  cock  or 
hen.    Anciently  a  bird. 

Fowlingr-piece,  'ing-pes.  A  light  gun 
for  shooting  birds. 

Fox.  Oharles  James.  An  eminent 
English  orator  and  statesman  ;  b.  in  Lon- 
don,*1749  ;  d.  1806.  Ho  denounced  the 
conduct  of  the  government  toward  the 
American  colonies,  and  later  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  French  revolutionists;  he  held 
the  office  of  foreign  secretary  in  1782,  and 
again  In  1806,  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Fox,  Georgre.  Founder  of  the  Society 
of  Frlinds ;  b.  in  Leicester,  Eng.,  1624 ;  d. 
1690. 


FoXjfoks.     An  animal  of  the  gen.  Canla 


Fozhoand. 


Fox-bat,a>at  A  bat,  fitm.  Pteropidn,  one 
species,  the  Pteropus  edulis,  or  kalong, 
attaining  a  length  of  4  to  5  feet  from  the 
tip  to  tip  of  the  wings. 
Foxhound, 
'hound.  Abound 
in  which  are  com- 
bined fleetness,  -^if 
strength,  spirit,!^*' 
fine  scent,  perse- 
verance, and  sub- 
ordination ;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  mixed  breed  between  the 
staghonnd  or  the  bloodhound  and  the 
greyhound. 

Fraction,  frak'shon.  The  act  of  break- 
ing, or  state  of  being  broken  ;  specifically, 
the  rite  of  breaking  bread  in  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  eucharist.  in  Arith.  and  Alg. 
one  or  more  aliquot  parts  of  a  unit  or 
whole  number,  distinguished  as  vulgar, 
proper,  improper,  simple,  compound, 
complex  and  decimal  fractions. 
Fra^aria,  fra-ga'rl-a.  The  strawberry 
gen.,  ord.  Rosaceae. 

Franc,  frangk.  The  name  given  to  two 
ancient  coins  in  France,  the  one  of  gold 
andtheother  of  silver.  A  French  sflver 
coin  and  money  of  account  wbJch  since 
1795  ^  formed  the  unit  of  the  French 
monetary  system,  and  has  also  been 
adopted  as  the  unit  of  currency  by  Switz- 
erland and  Belgium.  It  is  divided  into 
100  centimes,  and  its  value  is  about  19 
cents. 

France.  One  of  the  Great  Powers  of  Eu- ' 
rope,  occupving  the  N.  W.  portion  of  the 
continent;  b.  N.  by  the  English  Channel 
and  Belgium,  E.  by  Germany,  Switzer- 
land and  Italy j8.  by  the  Mediterranean 
and  Spain,  and  w.  by  the  Atlantic;  It  has 
a  length  fl^m  N.  to  S.  of  660  m.,  and  a 
breadth  of  886  to  620  m.;  area  208,788  sq. 
m. ;  pop.  88,192,412.  F.  is  divided  Into  86 
departments,  all  being  named  after  some 
natural  feature  by  which  they  are  distin- 
guished. Chief  towns,  Paris,  the  cap., 
Lyons,  Lille,  Toulouse,  Rouen,  Orleans, 
Amiens,  Rheims,  Tours,  MarselUes, 
Havre,  Bordeaux,  Nantes,  L'Orlent, 
Dieppe,  Dunkerque,  St.  Malo,  Bayonne, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PEANCIA 


848 


PEAlsrKFORT 


La  Sochelle,  Brest,  Toulon,  Cherbourg 
and  Bochefort,  the  last  14  being  seaiwrts, 
and  the  last  four  naval  stations.  Rinci- 
pal  rivers,  Seine,  Loire,  Rhone,  Oise,  Ga- 
ronne, 8omme,  Tonne,  Aisne  and  Cher. 
Mountains,  Pyrenees,  Alps,  Jura,  Vos- 
geSy  Auvergne,  Cote  d'Or,  Covennes  and 
Arr6e.  Principal  islands,  Corsica,  ITsh- 
ant.  Belle-isle,  Noirmoutler,  Re,  Olcron 
and  Hydres.  There  are  no  lakes  of  notice- 
able size  or  importance.  The  colonies  of 
F.  are  Algeria,  Senegambia,  Gaboon  and 
the  islands  of  Reunion,  May  otto,  Nossi- 
B6  and  8te.  Marie  in  Africa,  8t  Pierre  and 
Miouelon,  Martinique,  Guadaloupo  and 
Guiana  in  America,  Pondicherry,  Eari- 
kal,  Mahd,  Yanaon,  Cochin  China  and 
Chandemagore  in  Asia,  New  Caledonia, 
the  Loyalty  and  Marquesas  groups  In 
Ocoanica.  The  history  of  F.  as  a  nation 
begins  with  Pharamond,  chief  of  the 
Franks  and  founder  of  the  Merovingian 
dynasty,  420.  Uer  government  is  now  a 
republic. 

Francia,  Jose  GFaspar  Bodriflruez, 

fr&n'the-ah.  Dictator  of  Paraguay ;  b. 
1758,  D.  1S40.    He  was  a  physician  by 

grofession,  but  was  made  Secretary  of 
tate  in  the  younj^  Republic,  1811,  and  be- 
came dictator  1814. 

Francis.  A  name  of  many  European 
sovereigns,  among  the  most  celebrated 
being  F.L,  of  Germany,  b.  1708,  eldest 
son  of  Leopold,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  found- 
er of  the  prejent  imperial  house  of  Haps- 
burg.  Lorraine,  tnrough  his  marriage 
with  Maria  Theresa,  daughter  and  heiress 
of  the  Emperor  Charles  YI.,  s.  Charles 
VII.  as  Emperor  of  Germany,  1745 ;  d. 
1765.  F.  II.  of  Germany,  and  I.  of  Aus- 
tria, son  of  the  Emperor  Leopold  II.,  b. 
1768 ;  was  declared  Emperor  of  Austria, 
1804,  and  renounced  the  imperial  German 
title  1806 ;  d.  1835.  Most  of  his  active 
life  was  passed  in  the  struggle  against  Na- 
poleon 1.  F.  I.,  of  France,  son  of  Charles, 
Comto,d'Angouleme,  by  Louise  of  Savoy, 
B.  1494 ;  he  married  the  daughter  of  Louis 
VII.,  1514,  and  s.  hfan  1515 ;  d.  1547.  His 
reign  was  characterized  by  almost  contin- 
uous wars  with  Italy  and  Germany,  but 
he  was  a  wise  and  liberal  ruler.  F.  II., 
B.  1548 ;  s.  his  father,  Henry  II.,  1559, 
having  married,  1558,  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  ;  he  was  sickly  and  weak -minded ; 
D.  1560.  F.  I.,  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  b. 
1777;  8.  his  fether,  Ferdinand  I.,  1825; 
he  was  a  tyrant ;  d.  1880.  F.  II.,  b.  1886; 
grandson  of  F.  I.  and  s.  his  father,  Ferdi- 
nand II.  (the  influnous  Bomba),  1859.  He 
possessed  the  tyrannical  instincts  while 
tacking  the  abilities  of  his  immediate  an* 


cestors,  and  was  dethroned  1861,  Qen. 
Garibaldi  leading  the  successful  revolt. 
F.  Joseph  Charles,  Emperor  of  Austria 
and  King  of  Hungary,  b.  1880 ;  s.  his  un- 
cle Ferdinand  IV.,  1848 ; 
still  on  the  throne. 

Francia,  St.  (of  Aasi- 
si).  Founder  of  the 
Franciscan  order  of 
monks ;  b.  at  Aseisi,  Ita- 
ly, 1182,  D.  1226,  canon- 
ized 1280. 

Franciaca, -sisOca.   The 
ancient  Frankish  battle- 
axe,  differing  chiefly  teom 
the  modern  kind  in  the  jj 
angle    at  which  it   was  ^ 
Joined  with  the  handle. 

Franciscan,  'kan.  One[i 
of  the  order  of  mendicant  Pi 
friars  founded  by  St  F 
Francis  of  Assisi,  ab«ut!^ 
1210,  and  otherwise  called  I 
Minorites,  or,  trom  the  .  _  _  . 
color  of  theh-  habit,  Gray  Franciscan  or 
Friars.  Q^y  y^^ 

Francis  de  Paulo,  St.  Founder  of 
the  Minim  order  of  monks;  b.  In  Cala- 
bria, 1416,  D.  1507,  canonized  1651. 

Francis  de  Sales,  St.  An  eminent 
theologian,  bishop  of  Geneva ;  b.  at  Sales, 
near  Geneva,  1567,  d.  1622;  canonized 
1665. 

Francis  Xavler,  St.  A  devoted  Jesu- 
it, called  the  "  Apostle  of  the  Indies  ;'* 
B.  in  Navarre,  1506  ;  d.  in  Sumatra,  1552 ; 
canonized  1622.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent 
aa  a  missionary  in  the  E.  Indies. 

Franc-tireur,  frSn-tc-rnr.  One  of  the 
French  guerrilla  soldiers,  organized  in  the 
war  of  1870,  after  the  defeat  of  the  reguUir 
army,  for  harassing  the  enemy,  cutting 
off  detachments,  &o. 

Franfiripane,  fran'ji-pan.  A  species  of 
pastry,  containing  cream,  almonds  and 
sugar.    A  kind  of  perfume. 

Frank,  firangk.  A  member  of  the  ancient 
German  tribe  or  abrogate  of  tribes  which 
overthrew  the  Roman  dominion  in  Gaul 
and  gave  origin  to  the  name  France ;  a 
native  of  Franoonla.  A  name  given  by 
the  Turks,  Greeks  and  Arabs  to  all  inhab- 
itants of  the  western  parts  of  Europe. 

Frank.  A  letter  sent  by  mail  free  of  post- 
age ;  also,  that  which  makes  a  letter  ft«e, 
as  the  signature  of  a  person  possessing  the 
privilege. 

Frankfort.  Cap.  of  Kentucky,  on  the 
Kentucky  River ;  pop.  6,958. 


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PBANKt^OHT-BLACK 


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Frankfort-black,  'furt-Uak.  A  fine 
black  pi^nent  used  in  copper-plate  print- 
ing. 

Frankfort«on-the-Main.  A  noted 
German  city,  on  the  river  Main,  20  m.  N. 

E.  of  Metz,  founded  in  the  6th  centnry  by 
the  Franks,  and  cap.  of  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire fN)m  843  to  889,  afterward  the  place 
of  election  of  the  German  emperor.    Later 

F.  became  a  member  of  the  Hanseatic 
League,  and  was  a  "  free  city  '*  firom  1259 
till  1866,  when  it  was  incorporated  with 
Prussia.  F.  was  captured  by  the  French 
Inl750, 17»2antl'^, 
1796;  pop.  abL 
100,000. 

Frankincense 
'in-sens.  OVhu- 
num,  agumre^- 
in  which  distiJ.<^ 
from  incisions 
madeintheBo.S' 
wellia  thorifenk, 
ord.  Amyrld^i- 
cese,  inhabiting' 
the  mountains  ot 
India,  which,  .^.  ^  ^, 
when  burned,  ex- -^^can  Frankincense. 

hales    a    strong 

aromatic  odor.  African  frankincense  is 
yielded  by  B.  Carterit ;  the  common  frank- 
incense is  the  produce  of  Pinus  Abies  or 
spruce  fir. 

Franklin  Bay.  A  bur  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean  olT  the  coast  of  Birosh  N.  America. 

Franklin,  Benjamin.  A  distin- 
guished American  philosopher  and  states- 
man ;  B.  in  Boston,  1706:  died  in  Phila., 
1790.  He  commenced  life  as  a  printer's 
apprentice,  and  removed  to  Phila.,  on  be- 
coming a  ioumeyman,  and  soon  after  es- 
tablished the  "Pennsylvania  Gazette,''  a 
newspaper  which  became  &mons  as  the 
medium  of  "Poor  Richard's"  sayings.  In 
the  troubles  preceding  and  during  the 
Bevolution  he  was  sent  upon  admicate 
mission  to  England  and  Fnuice.  He  also 
served  as  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, as  President  of  Penn.,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  Constitution.  His  discovery,  1762,  of 
the  identity  of  electricity  and  lightning, 
won  the  aamirtng  plaudits  of  the  scien- 
tists of  the  day,  and  F.  was  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed societies. 

Franklin,  John,  Sir.  A  celebrated 
English  naval  otUcer  and  Arctic  explorer ; 
B.  1786;  D.  (it  is  beUeved)  1847,  while 
on  a  vcgrage  in  search  of  a  N.  W.  pas- 


Franklinite,  'lin-It.  A  mineral  com- 
pound of  iron,  zinc  and  manganese. 

Franks,  The.  A  name  taken  by  a 
Confederation  of  Gothic  tribes  who  in- 
vaded Gaul  and  Spain  266-270,  and  settiod 
in  Gaul  481,  founding  the  Kingdom  of 
France.  The  Orientals  call  all  the  inhab- 
itants of  W.  Europe  Franks. 

Frater,  fra'ter.  A  monk ;  a  member  of 
a  religious  establishment. 

Fraterciila,  'ku-la.  A  gen.  of  web- 
footed  birds,  the  puffins. 

Fratricelli,  'tri-sel-ll.  A  sect  of  Fran- 
ciscans established  in  Italy  in  1294.  They 
claimed  to  be  the  only  true  church,  and 
denounced  the  pope,  whose  authority 
they  threw  off,  as  an  apostate.  They 
made  all  perfection  consist  in  poverty, 
forbade  oaths,  discountenanced  marriage, 
and  were  accused  by  their  opponents  of 
very  lewd  practices.  The  sect  is  said  to 
have  continued  until  the  Reformation, 
which  they  embraced. 

Fratricide,  -  sid.  The  crime  of  murder 
ing  a  brother.    One  who  kills  a  brother. 

Fxuunhofer'8  Lines,  ftoun'ho-ferz 
linz.  The  dark  lines  observed  crosHing  a 
solar  spectrum  at  right  angles  to  its 
length,  caused  by  the  absorption  of  por- 
tions of  the  rays  emitted  from  the  incan- 
descent body  of  the  sun  in  their  passage 
through  the  gases  and  vapors.  The  dis- 
covery led  to  the  invention  of  the  spectro- 
scope, to  the  science  of  spectroscopy,  and 
to  all  present  knowledge  of  solar  and 
stellar  ^emistry. 

Fraxin,  fraks'in.  A  substance  existing 
in  the  bark  of  the  common  ash-tree,  de- 
coctions of  which  have  the  property  of 
fluorescence. 

Frasser  River.  A  hirge  stream  of  Brit- 
ish N.  America,  which  empties  into  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  opp.  Vancouver's  Island. 

Freckle,  frekl.  A  vellow  spot  in  the 
skin,  particularly  on  the  face  and  hands, 
hereditary  or  produced  by  the  action  of 
the  sun.    Any  small  spot  or  discoloration. 

Frederick  (Frederic).  A  name  of 
numerous  European  sovereigns,  the  most 
noted  of  whom  are  :  F.  V.  of  Bohemia, 
B.  1696 ;  died  in  exile,  1632.  Seven  kings 
of  the  name  filled  the  throne  of  Norway 
and  Sweden  between  the  years  1622  and 
1868,  of  whom  the  most  conspicuous  was 
F.  Vl.,  who  s.  his  father,  1808;  allying 
himself  with  Napoleon,  a  British  fleet  un- 
der Nelson  destroyed  his  fleet  and  bom- 
barded his  cap.  In  1814  he  was  forced  to 
cede  Norway  to  Bernadotte,  King  of  Swe- 
den ;  D.  1889.  F.  L  of  Germany  (Barbar- 
ossa,  the  "Red-beard"),  son  of  Fred0"*ck, 


Digitized.by 


Googk 


FBEDSBIGKBBUBG 


860  FHEBSTONS 


Dnke  of  Snabla,  b.  1181,  8.  his  uncle  Ck>n- 
rad  III.  as  emperor,  1162.  He  Joined  the 
8d  Crusade,  and  was  drowned  in  Pales- 
tine, 1190.  F.  II.,  B.  1194,  crowned  1215 ; 
D.  1250.  He  led  a  Crusade  1227,  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and  captured  Jerusalem. 
F.  II.  of  Prussia  (Frederick  the 
Great),  b.  1712,  s.  his  &ther,  1740;  d. 
1786.  His  reign  was  one  ofaunost  con- 
tinuous wars  with  France,  Austria  and 
Bussia,  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  1756-68, 
the  three  being  allies,  F.  receiving  onlv 
nominal  assistance  from  England,  r. 
WiDiam  III.,  b.  1770.  s.  his  Ikther,  F. 
William  II.,  1797 ;  he  participated  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  at  one  time  losing  more 
than  half  his  dominions,  but  recovering 
these  finally  on  the  downfall  of  the 
French  Emperor ;  d.  1840.  His  son  Wil- 
liam IT.  s.  to  the  throne,  but  was  forced, 
1868,  to  relinquish  power  to  his  brother, 
the  reigninff  Emperor  William  I.  of 
Germany,  who  s.  mm  as  King  of  F^rossia, 
1861.  ^^ 

Frederlcksbmg.  A  dty  of  Spottsyl- 
vania  Co.,  Ya.,  on  the  Bappahannock,  65 
m.  N.  of  Bichmond,  noted  as  the  scene  of 
a  series  of  the  most  sanguinsjy  battles. 
Bee.  18-16, 1862,  of  the  late  dvil  war,  re- 
sulting In  the  defeat  of  the  Federals  un- 
der Gen.  Bumsideby  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Lee,  vdth  a  total  loss  of  over 
12,000 ;  pop.  5,010. 

Frederlokah all .  A  Norwegian  seaport 
on  Swinesund  fiord,  57  m.  S.  £.  of  Chris- 
tiania,  at  the  siege  of  which,  1718,  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  was  killed  by  a  musket 
ball;  pop.  6,800. 

Frederiokton.  Cap.  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  St.  John  Biver,  60  m.  N.  W. 
of  St  John;  pop.  7,000. 

S^reetowzL  (St.  George).  Cap.  of  the 
English  Colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  Upper 
Guinea,  W.  Africa;  pop.  16,200. 

Free-Chazge,  frg'chaij.  in  electrical 
experiments  with  the  Leyden  Jar  or  bat- 
tery, a  term  applied  to  that  part  of  the  in- 
duced eleotrldty  which  passes  through 
the  air  to  surrounding  conductors. 

Free  Church,  cherch.  That  ecdesias- 
tical  body  (Free  Church  of  Scotland), 
which,  on  the  disruption  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church  of  Scotland  in  May,  1848, 
was  founded  by  those  who  left  her  com- 
munion. 

Free-city,  'sit-l.  A  city  having  an  inde- 
pendent government  and  virtually  form- 
ing a  state ;  a  name  given  to  certain 
dnes,  prindpallv  of  Germany,  which 
were  reaDy  smaU  republics.  They  were 
once  numerous,  but  are  now  reduced  to 


three,  viz.,  Hamburg,  Lfibeok  and 
Bremen. 

Freed  man,  fred'man.  A  man  who  has 
been  a  slave,  but  is  manumitted. 

Free-lanoe,  firelans.  A  member  of  one 
of  those  companies  of  knights  and  men- 
at-arms  who  wandered  fi«m  place  to  place, 
after  the  Crusades,  selling  their  services  to 
the  highest  bidder. 

Freexnartln, 'milr-tin.  A  cow-calf  twin 
bom  with  a  bull-calf.  It  is  generally  bai^ 
ren,  and  in  this  case  on  dissection  is  round 
to  have  parts  of  the  organs  of  each  sex, 
but  neither  perfect 

Freexnasoxi- 
ry,'m&Hni-ii.  A 
term  ^pUed  to 
an  organization 
calling  them- 
sdves  Free  and 
Accepted  Ma-V 
sons,  and  all  the 
my  sterie  s 
therewith  con- 
nected. Ac- 
cording to    its 

own  peculiar  -,  ,  ,;.  ., 
hinguagelt  is  Masonic  Emblem, 
founded  on  the  practice  of  9od&l  and  moral 
virtue.  It  claims  tiie  character  of  diarity, 
in  the  most  extended  sense ;  and  brother- 
ly love,  relief  and  truth  are  inculcated  in 
it.  Fable  and  imagination  have  traced  back 
its  origin  to  fm  Boman  Empire,  to  the 
Pharaohs,  the  Temple  of  Solomon,  the 
Tower  of  Babel,  and  even  to  the  building 
of  Noah's  ark.  In  reality  it  took  its  rise 
in  the  middle  ages  along  with  other  incor- 
porated crafts.  SkillM  masons  moved 
from  place  to  place  to  assist  in  building 
Cathedrals,  abbeys,  &c.,  audit  was  essen- 
tial for  them  to  have  some  sign  by  which, 
on  coming  to  a  strange  place,  they  could 
be  reoog^zed  as  real  craftsmen  and  not 
impostors. 

Free-soiler,  'soil-or.  In  the  United 
States,  one  of  a  faction  of  the  Democratic 
party  which  advocated  the  non-extension 
of  slavery. 

Free-spirlts,  'spi-rits.  A  sect  of  here 
tics  whidi  originated  in  Alsace  in  the  18th 
century,  and  quickly  spread  over  Italy, 
France  and  Gkrmanv.  They  claimed  free- 
dom  of  spirit,  ana  dalming  that  they 
could  not  sin,  lived  in  open  lewdness,  go- 
ing fi^m  place  to  place  accompanied  by 
women  under  the  name  of  sisters. 

Freestone,  'stdn.  Any  spedes  of  stone 
composed  of  sand  and  grit,  so  called  be> 
cause  it  is  easily  cut  or  wrought. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PEEE  TEMPLAB 


851 


FEICTION 


I^ree  Templar.  A  member  of  on  or- 
ganization combining  the  principles  of  tee- 
totalism  with  certain  mystic  rites  allied  to 
those  of  Freemasonry,  which  branched  off 
fhH>m  the  Good  Templars  on  the  point  of 
the  independence  of  each  local  lodge,  the 
Free  Templars  maintaining  this  independ- 
ence, while  the  Good  Templars  subordi- 
nate themselyes  to  a  grand  lodge. 

Freethinker,  'thingk-er.  One  who  pro- 
fesses to  be  free  from  the  common  modes 
of  thUiking  in  religions  matters ;  a  deist ; 
an  nnbelieyer ;  a  skeptic ;  one  who  discards 
revelation. 

Free-trader,  'trad-er.  An  advocate  of 
free-trade ;  one  who  opposes  the  imposi- 
tion of  customs  duties  levied  with  the 
view  of  prohibiting  or  restricting  the  in- 
troduction of  foreign  goods. 

Freeze,  frSz.  To  congeal ;  to  harden  into 
ice ;  to  change  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  form 
by  cold  or  abstraction  of  heat. 

Freezinsr^poixit,  'ing- point.  That  de- 
gree of  a  thermometer  at  which  a  liquid 
begins  to  freeze ;  specifically,  the  temper- 
ature at  which  water  freezes.  By  the 
Centigrade  thermometer  the  freezing-point 
of  water  is  0*>  or  zero ;  by  Fahrenheit's, 
82*>  above  zero,  that  of  mercury  being  89<» 
below  zero,  and  of  sulphuric  ether  46«  be- 
low zero. 

FreeEillflMiliztlire,  -miks-tur.  A  mix- 
ture such  as  produces  a  degree  of  cold 
sufficient  to  freeze  liqui^.  A  mixture  of 
three  Mrts  of  snow  with  four  parts  of 
crrstamzed  chloride  of  calcium  produces 
a  degree  of  cold  which  sinks  the  thermom- 
eter to  54®  below  zero  Fahr. 

Freiburgr.  Gap.  of  canton  of  same  name, 
Switzerland,  17  m.  8.  W.  of  Berne;  pop. 
10,750.  ^ 

Fremont,  John  Oharles.  An  Ameri- 
can military  officer,  who  won  enduring 
mme  as  a  successftil  explorer  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  ;  b.  in  Ga.,  1818.  He  was 
elected  Governor  of  California,  1846,  and 
U.  8.  Senator  from  that  State,  1860.  In 
1856  was  the  first  candidate  of  the  Bepub- 
Ucan  party  for  President,  being  defeated 
by  James  Buchanan ;  in  1878  appointed 
€k)vemor  of  the  State  of  Arizona ;  now 
living  retired  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  Bay. 

French-chalk,  frensh'chak.  A  variety 
of  indurated  talc,  in  masses  composed  of 
smafl  scales,  used  by  tailors  for  drawing 
lines  on  doth,  and  for  similar  purposes. 

French-horn,  'horn.  A  brass  musical 
instrument  having  several  curves,  and 
gradually  widening  from  the  mouthpiece 
to  the  end  whence  the  sound  issues. 


French-polish,  'polish.  Gum-lao  dis- 
solved in  spirits  of  wine,  used  for  coating 
wood  with  a  fine  glossy  surfiice.  Gnm- 
sandarao,  gum-copal,  gum-arabic  and  Un- 
seed oil  are  also  sometimes  introduced. 
The  snrilace  produced  on  cabinet-work  by 
the  application  of  the  polish. 
French-roof,  -r5f.  A  flat  roof  with 
curved  sides. 

French-white,  'whit.  Finely  pulver 
ized  talc. 

Freaoo,  fres'kd.  Coolness ;  shade ;  duski- 
ness. A  method  of  painting  pn  walls, 
performed  with  mineral  and  earthy  pig- 
ments on  fresh  plaster. 
Freshman,  fresh'man.  A  novice ;  one 
In  the  rudiments  of  knowledge.  A  stu- 
dent of  the  first  year  in  a  universitjr. 
Fresnel,  AnsiLstin  Jean,  fra-nafl'.  A 
distinguished  French  natural  philosopher ; 
B.  1798,  D.  1827.  He  discovered  the 
double  relhtction  and  polarization  of  light 
now  in  universal  use,  and  known  as  the 
French  system. 

Frey,  fri.  In  Scand.  Myth,  the  Norse 
god  of  sun  and  rain  ;  also  of  the  fruits  of 
tiie  earth. 

Friar,  'er.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  name 
common  to  the  members  of  all  religious 
orders,  but  more  especially  to  those  of  the 
four  mendicant  orders — Minors,  Gray 
Friars  or  Franciscans  ;  Augustines ;  Do- 
minicans or  Black  Friars ;  White  Friars  or 
Carmelites. 

Friar-bird, -berd.  Tropidorhynohus  cor- 
niculatus,  an  Australian  bird,  fun.  Meli- 
phagidffi.    Called  also  Leather-head. 
Friar's-balsam,  'erz-bal-sam.  An  alco- 
holic solution  of  benzoin,  stvrax,  tolu  bal- 
sam and  aloes,  used  as  a  stimulating  ap- 
plication for  wounds  and  ulcers. 
Friar's-lantem,  -lan-tem.    The  ignis 
iSatuus  or  will  o'  the  wisp. 
Fricandeau,  frSk-fin-d5.     Properly    a 
IMcassee  of  veal,  but  applied  to  various 
preparations  of  veal. 

Fricassee,  fri-kas-sS'.  A  dish  of  chopped 
chickens,  rabbits,  or  other  small  animals, 
dressed  with  a  strong  sauce  and  stewed. 
Friction,  frik'shon.  The  act  of  rubbing 
the  surlbce  of  one  body  against  that  of 
another ;  attrition.  The  resistance  whidi 
a  moving  body  meets  with  from  the  sur- 
fece  on  which  it  moves.  Coefficient  of 
friction  is  the  ratio  that  subsists  between 
the  force  necessary  to  move  one  surihce 
horizontally  over  another  and  the  pres- 
sure between  the  two  surfiices.'  Thus  the 
ooeffideut  of  friction  for  oak  and  cast-iron 
is.88:100,or.88. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


J*BtCtIOTJ-BALtJ5 


m 


^It^Gfi 


Friction-balls,  -balz.  Balls  placed 
under  a  heavy  obiect  to  reduce  the  fric- 
tion, while  that  object  is  moving  horizon- 
t^v.  Some  swing-bridges  have  such 
balls  placed  under  tJbem. 

Friction-cllltcli,  -Much.  A  species  of 
loose  conpUng  much  used  for  connecting 
machines  which  require  to  be  frequently 
engaged  and  disengaged,  or  which  are 
subject  to  sudden  variations  of  resistance. 

Friction-conefl,  -k5nz.  In  Mach.  a 
form  of  slip-coupling,  which  allows  the 
cones  to  slip  on  any  extreme  pressure 
being  appliea. 

Friction-couplingr,  -kupOing.  A  form 
of  coupling  in  which  two  shafts  are  con- 
nected by  friction,  as  in  the  friction-clutch 
and  fricnon -cones. 

Friction-powder,  -pou-der.  A  com- 
position of  chlorate  of  potash  and  anti- 
mony, which  readily  ignites  by  friction. 

Friday,  frl'da.  The  6th  day  of  the  week. 
Good  F.,  the  Friday  immediately  preced- 
ing Easter;  which  is  kept  sacred,  in  mem- 
ory of  the  snflferings  and  death  of  Christ, 
as  It  is  believed  to  be  the  anniversary  of 
the  day  on  which  he  was  crucified. 

Friedland,  frcdlahnt.  A  town  of  E. 
Prussia,  86  m.  8.  E.  of  Konigsberg,  noted 
for  the  great  victory,  June  14, 1807,  of 
the  French  under  Napoleon  I.  over  the 
allied  Russian  and  Prussian  armies,  re- 
sulting in  the  treaty  of  Tilsit. 

Friendly  Islands  (Tonsra).  An  archi- 
pelago of  the  8.  Pacific,  of  which  Ton- 
gataboo  is  the  chief  Island ;  pop.  abt 
25,000. 

Friend,  frend.  One  of  the  Society  of 
Dissenters,  which  took  its  rise  in  England 
about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century, 
through  the  preaching  of  George  Fox. 

Fri  e  ze, 


Frieze. 

A  coarse  woolen  cloth  hav- 
ing a  shaggy  nap  on  one  side,  extensive- 
ly manufactured  in  Ireland. 

F^eze-panel,  'pan-ol.  One  of  the  up- 
per panels  of  a  door  of  six  panels. 

Friffa,  frig'a.    In  Scand.  Myth,  the  wife 


Fri^-stt" 


of  Odin,  a  goddess  corresponding  in  some 

respects  to  the  Aphrodite  of  the  Greeki 

ana  Venus  of  the  Romans.    Called  also 

Freya. 
Frigate,  fri'gat  A 

war    vessel     larger 

than  a  sloop  orl>rig, 

and  less  than  a  ship 

of  the  line;  usually 

carrying    Uiirty    to 

sixty  guns    on  the 

main  deck    and  on 

a  raised  quarter-deck 

and     forecastle,    or 

having   two  decks. 

8ince  the  introduc- 
tion of  iron-dad  war 

vessels  the  term  has  j 

been  applied  to  those 

having  a  high  speed 

and    great   fighting 

power.    Double-banked  frigates,  such  as 

carried  guns  on  two  decks  and  had  a  flush 

upper-deck.    Steam  frigates,  large  fiteam- 

ships  carrying  guns  on  a  flush  upper-deck, 

and  having  a  tier  also  on  the  lower  deck. 
Frifirate- 

bird, 

-herd.    TL- 

name  given 

to   a  geii 

of   trojK 

ical  bird- 

(Tachy 

{)etes),  pel  - 
can  fani.i 
(Pelicaii- 

'Z\^\t  Frig.te.blrd. 

cormorants ;  a  man-of-war  bird. 

FrigridZone,  frIJ'id.  A  space  about 
either  pole  of  the  earth,  terminated  by  a 
parallel  of  C6i*>  of  latitude,  known  as  the 
polar  circles.  At  the  pole  the  sun  is  visi- 
ble for  half  the  year  and  invisible  the  other 
half. 

Frinxaire,  fWj-mar.  The  8d  month  of 
the  French  republican  calendar,  dating 
from  September  22, 1792.  It  commenced 
November  21,  and  ended  December  20. 

Fringre,  frlnj.  An  ornamental  append- 
age to  the 
borders  of 
garments 
or  furni- 
ture, con- 
sisting of  i 
1  o  o  B  e  f 

thread  s.  Assyrian  Fringes. 

The  use  of  "'  " 

fringes  is  of  very  great  antiquity,  as  shown 
by  the  dresses  of  figures  on  the  anoioi^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FEINGILLIDJBJ 


FRONTISPIECE 


EgTptlan  and  AsByrian  monaments.  In 
Bot  a  row  of  teeth  bordering  the  orifloe  of 
thd  oapsnle  in  almost  aU  the  genera  of 


ave  Vx        \I 
led  %.      ^ 

eral        J^^^ 


Frinffillidsd,  frin-jilOi-de.   Theflnehea, 

ord.     Coniros- 

tres.      The 

species      have 

been     diyided 

among  several 

snb-fiuniliea, 

the     weay&n, 

tanagers,  haw- 

finches,    true    Head,  Foot  and  BUI  of 

finches,    bnnt-  a  Finch. 

ings,]arks,  boU- 

finohes,  eross-beaks,  the  SpizelliniB  and 

Pitvlina.     But  the  first  two   are   now 

ranked  as  distinct  fitmilies. 
FrizLffiUinsB,  rU'ng.    A  sub-fam.  of  the 

FringillidiB,  indnding  the  true  finches, 

snch  as  the  goldfinch,  chafilnoh,  buMnoh, 

canary,  Asc. 

Stinffinff-reef,  'ing-r6f  A  class  of 
coral  reefis,  known  also  as  Shore*ree&,  flrom 
their  encircling  Islands,  at  a  moderate  dis- 
tance firom  the  shore. 

Frit,  IHt.  The  matter  of  which  glass  is 
made  after  it  has  been  oaldned  in  a  tar- 
nace,  consisting  of  silex  and  metallic 
alkali,  occaslonaUy  with  other  ingredients. 

Ftlth,  fHth.  A  narrow  arm  of  the,  sea ; 
an  estuary ;  the  opening  of  a  rivw  into  the 
sea.  A  wear  for  catddng  fish ;  a  kind  of 
net. 

Frizz,  Mx.  That  which  is  firlzzed  or  curl- 
ed, as  a  wig  or  lock  of  hair. 

Arobisher,  Martin,  Sir.  An  English 
naval  ofificer  and  navigator,  the  first  who 
sought  a  N.  W.  passage ;  n.  1518,  d.  1594. 
F.  Strait  divides  the  ».  side  of  Hudson's 
Strait  fh>m  the  W.  shore  of  Davis*  Strait ; 
length  140  m.,  width  abt.  20  m. 

"Erooky  tcok.  Primarily,  an  ecolesiasticid 
garment  with  large  sleeves  worn  by 
monks ;  hence  the  phrase,  to  unfi*ook  a 
priest.  An  upper  coat;  an  outer  gfurment; 
espedaUv,  a  loose  garment  worn  by  men 
over  their  other  clothes.  A  gown,  which 
opens  behind,  worn  by  femtdes  and  chil- 
dren. 

S'TOOk^ooat,  'kdt.  A  stnilghtbodied 
coat,  having  the  same  length  before  and 
behind ;  a  surtout. 

S^roff-flsh,  'fish.  The  name  given  to  tho 
members  of  the  toleostean  gen.  Ba- 
tnehus,  fam.  Lophiidw.  The  grunting 
frog'fiah  is    remarkable   for   the    noise 


It  makes     when    taken,  which 
bles  the  grunt- 
ing of  a  pig. 

FrOflT,    frog.^ 
The    common 
name 
mals 
ingt 
Sana, 
ampUbi 
ord.    Anoura^ 
remarkable 
for  the  trans-    Frog  and  itsMetamor- 
formations  phoses. 

thev    undej^o 

while  passing  firom  the  tadpole  form  to 
that  of  'the  mature  firog.  In  ftrriery,  a 
tender  horn  in  the  sole  of  a  horse's  foot, 
divided  into  two  branches,  and  running 
toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork.  A 
triangular  crossing  plate  for  the  wheels 
of  railway  carriages,  where  one  line  crosses 
another  at  an  oblique  angle.  An  orna- 
mental fiuBtonlng  fora  firock  or  gown.  The 
loop  of  the  scabbard  of  a  bayonet  or  sword. 

FrofiT-liopper,  'hop-er.  Aphrophora  spu- 
maria,  a  small  insect,  ord.  Homoptera,  re- 
markable for  its  powers  of  leaping.  Its 
larvflB  are  found  on  leaves,  inclosed  in  a 
fi*othy  liquid,  commonly  called  cuckoo-spit 
or  Arog-spittle. 

FroiMUirt,  Jean.  An  eminent  French 
historian  ;  b.  1887,  d.  140«. 

Frond,  firond.  In  Bot.  a  term  used  to 
designate  the  leaves  of  ferns  and  other 
oryptogamous  plants. 

Fronde,  firond.  The  name  of  a  party  in 
France,  who,  during  the  minority  of  Louis 
XIV.,  waged  dvil  war  against  the  court 
party  on  account  of  the  heavy  fiscal  impo- 
sitions. 

Frondescenoe,  fi^>nd-es'sens.  In  Bot. 
the  precise  time  of  the  year  and  month  in 
which  each  species  of  plants  unfolds  its 
leaves.    The  act  of  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frondeur,  firon-der.  A  member  of  the 
Fronde.  Generally,  an  opponent  of  the 
party  in  power ;  a  member  of  the  opposi- 

Frontier,  tton't&r.  That  part  of  a  coun- 
try which  lW>nts  or  faces  another  country; 
the  confines  of  a  country ;  the  marches ; 
the  border. 

Frontiflrnao,  'tin-yak.  French  wine, 
firom  Frontignan  (H^rault),  where  it  Is 

.  produced. 

Frontispiece,  'tis-pes.  That  which  is 
seen  in  front,  or  which  directiy  presents 
itself  to  the  eye ;  as  the  principal  race  of  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FRONTLET 


854 


FULCEUM  FORCEPS 


building.  An  ornament  or  engraving 
fronting  the  first  page  of  a  book. 

Frontlet,  frantlet.  A  frontal  or  brow- 
band  ;  a  fillet  or  band  worn  on  the  fore- 
head. In  Omith.  the  margin  of  the  head 
behind  the  bill  of  bh^. 

Frost,  frost.  The  act  of  freezing.  That 
state  or  temperatare  of  the  air  which  oc- 
casions the  congelation  of  water.  Frozen 
dew;  called  also  hoar-frost  and  white- 
frost.  C!oldness  or  severity  of  manner  or 
feeling.  Black-frost,  a  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere by  which  vegetation  is  frozen  with- 
out any  appearance  of  rime  or  hoar-frost. 

Frostinflr,  'ing.  A  composition  resem- 
bling hoar-Arost,  made  of  loaf  su^  mixed 
with  whites  of  eggs,  used  to  cover  cake, 
Sec. 

Frost-Bxnoke,  'smdk.  A  thick  fog  re- 
sembling smoke,  arising  from  the  surface 
of  the  sea  when  exposed  to  a  temperature 
much  below  freezmg-point.  When  the 
thermometer  is  down  to  zero,  the  fog  lies 
close  on  the  water  in  eddying  white 
wreaths. 

Frostwork,  Verk.  The  beautifril  cover- 
ing of  hoar-fi^st  deposited  on  shrubs  or 
other  natural  objects. 

Froude,  James  Anthony,  frood.  An 
English  essayist  and  historian  ;  b.  1818. 

Fruotescenoe,  fruk'tes-sens.  In  Hot. 
the  time  when  the  fruit  of  a  plant  ar- 
rives at  maturity  and  its  seeds  are  dis- 
persed ;  the  fruiting  season. 

Fructidor,  fruk-ti-d6r.  The  12th  month 
of  the  French  republican  calendar,  begin- 
ning August  18  and  ending  September  16. 

Fruotist,  'tist.  One  who  classifies  plants 
by  their  fruit. 

Fructose,  ^tos.  In  Chem.  sugar  of  fruit, 
c  onsisting  partly  of  cane-sugar  and  partly 
of  inverted  sugar,an  onorystaUlzable  sugar. 

Fmit,  frot  In  a  general  sense,  whatever 
vegetable  products  the  earth  yields,  as 
corn,  grass,  cotton,  flax,  grapes,  and  all 
cultivated  plants.  In  a  more  limited 
sense,  the  reproductive  product  of  a  plant ; 
the  seed  or  the  part  that  contains  the  seeds, 
as  wheat,  rye,  apples,  pears,  acorns, 
melons,  Ac.  In  a  still  more  limited  sense, 
the  edible  succulent  products  of  certain 
plants,  as  the  apple,  orange,  peach,  grape, 
Derrles,  Ac.  In  Bot.  the  mature  ovary, 
composed  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed. 
Fruit-tree,  'tr6.  A  tree  cultivated  for 
fruit. 

Fnunentation,  fro-mem- 1  a '  s  h  o  n . 
Among  the  Romans,  a  largess  of  grain  be- 
stowed on  the  people  to  quiet  them  when 
uneasy  or  turbulent. 


'  Frustum. 


Fnunentsr,  'men'ti.  A  dish  of  hailed 
wheat  boiled  in  milk  and  seasoned ;  Air- 
menty. 

Fnunp,  frump.  A  cross-tempered,  old- 
fashioned  female. 
Fmstiun,  'turn, 
In  Geom.  the 
part  of  a  solid 
next  the  base, 
left  by  cutting  off 
the  top  portion 
by  a  plane  paral-' 
lei  to  the  base;  or 
the  part  of  any 
solid  between  the  two  planes,  dther  par- 
allel or  inclined  to  each  other. 
Fmtex,  fro'teks.  In  Bot.  a  shrub;  a 
plant  having  a  woody,  durable  stem,  but 
less  than  a  tree. 

Fry,  fri.    A  swarm,   espedallv  of  Uttte 
fishes ;  a  swarm  of  any  small  animals,  or  of 
young  people.    The  young  of  the  salmon. 
Fuca,  Strait  of,  foo'kah.    The  connec- 
tion between  the  Padfic  and  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  dividing  Washington  Territory 
from  Vancouver's  Island.    The  Island  of 
San  Juan,  the  ownership  of  which  has 
caused  so  much  controversy  between  Gt. 
Britain  and  the  U.  S.  is  in  {he  strait  of  F. 
FucaoeeB,  m-k&'sS-S.    An  ord.  of  algae, 
consisting  of  olive-colored  inarticulate  sea- 
weed. Macrocy  stis  pyrifera  is  said  to  have 
fronds  500  to  1,500  feet  long. 
Fucino.  Lake  of  (Oolona).  The  chief 
lake  of  8.  Italy,  10  m.  long  by  7  m.  wide ; 
in  prov.  of  Asuzzo  Ultra  n. 
Faegrian,  -o'ii-an.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

Fuel,  'el.  Any  matter  which  serves  as 
aliment  to  fire.  Anything  that  serves  to 
feed  or  increase  flame,  heat  or  excitement. 
Fuentes  de  Onore,  foo-aln'teez  da  o- 
no'ra.  A  village  in  prov.  Salamanca, 
Spain,  16  m.  W.  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  noted 
for  the  sanguinary  but  Indecisive  battle. 
May  6, 1811,  between  the  Anglo-Spanish 
army  under  Wellington  and  the  French 
under  Marshal  Massena. 
Fuero,  f^t-er'd.  A  Spanish  term,  signify- 
ing a  code  of  law,  a  charter  of  privileges,  a 
custom  having  the  force  of  law,  a  declara- 
tion by  a  magistrate,  t^e  seat  or  Jurisdlo- 
tion  of  a  tribunal.  F.  luzgo,  a  code  of 
Spanish  law,  said  to  be  the  moat  andant 
in  Europe. 

Fulcnun  Forceps.  A  forceps  used  by 
dentists,  in  which  one  beak  is  ftimlBhea 
with  a  hinged  metal  plate,  padded  with 
india-rubber,  which  rests  against  the  gum, 
while  the  other  hius  the  usual  gouge  tm^e. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FULCBUM 


866 


FXJWeiTE 


Fulcrum. 


Folomxu,  flir- 
kruin.    A  prop 
or  support.    lu 
Meoh.  that  by 
wbiohaleyeris 
Bustained ;  the 
point       about 
which  a  leyer 
turns  in  ]iKLng 
a  body.    In  the 
figure  L  is  the  leyer,  by  depressing  which 
oyer  p,  the  fUlcrum,  the  stone  is  raised. 
Fulcor/gor.  Splendor ;  daczllng  bright- 
ness. 

Falffora,  'go-n.  The  lantem-fly  gen., 
homopteroofl  insects  allied  to  the  Gicadi- 
dtt,  but  formed  into  a  fiunlly,  the  Fulgori- 
d». 

Fulguratloxi,  -gOr-ft'shon.  The  act  of 
lightening  or  flashing  with  light  In  as- 
saying, the  sadden  brightening  of  the 
meltM  globules  of  gold  and  silver  in  the 
oapel  of  the  assayer,  when  the  last  film  of 
yltreous  lead  or  copper  leaves  the  surlhoe. 
Pulsurite,  -It.  Any  rooky  substance 
that  has  been  ftised  or  yltrifled  by  light- 
ning. A  vitrified  tube  of  sand  formed  by 
lightning  penetrating  the  solid  ground 
and  Aising  a  portion  of  the  materials. 
Fulioa,  f&'li-ka.  A  gen.  of  grallatorial 
birds,  including  the  ooots. 
Fuli^nilinaB, -lig-Q-li'nd.  The  sea  ducks, 
a  sub-fiun.  of  the  Anatidaa,  including  the 
pochards,  canvas-backs,  Ac. 
Fuller,  ^er.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
Aill  cloth.  In  blacksmith's  work,  a  die ; 
a  half-round  set-hammer. 
Paller'0-earth,  'erz-erth.  A  variety  of 
clay  or  marl,  useftil  in  scouring  or  cleansing 
oloth,  consisting  of  silica  60  per  cent.,  alu- 
mina 90,  water  24,  magnesia,  lime  and 
peroxide  of  iron.  It  occurs  in  and  gives 
Its  name  to  a  division  of  the  lower  oolitic 
strata. 

FolllnflMnill,  'ing-mll.  A  mill  for  ftill- 
iug  cloth  by  means  of  pestles  or  stampers, 
whiGh  beat  and  press  it  to  a  close  or  com- 
pact state,  and  cleanse  it. 
Fulmar,  taV- 
m&r.  A  natatorial 
or  swimming  oce- 
anic bird.  fl^. 
Procellaridte  or 
petrels.  It  makes 
its  nest  on  sea- 
cliffs,  in  which  it 
lays  only  one  egg. 
The  natives  of  Bt. 
Kilda  value  tJie 
eggs  above  those  of  any  other  bird,  and 
search  for  them  by  descending  precipices 


Fulmar  Petrel. 


in  the  most  perilous  manner.  The  feathers, 
down  and  the  oil  found  in  its  stomach  are 
also  valuable.  When  caught  or  assailed 
it  lightens  itself  by  dlsgor^g  the  oil  ttom 
its  stomach. 

Fulminate,  'min-ftt.  An  explosive 
compound. 

Fulton,  Bobert.  An  American  civil 
engineer  and  inventor ;  b.  in  Penn.,  1765; 
D.  1815.  He  made  the  first  practical  ap- 
plication of  steam  to  navigation,  1807. 

Fum,  ftmi.  The  Phoenix,  one  of  the  four 
symbolical  animals  supposed  to  preside 
over  the  destinies  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

Fumarole,  fu'ma-rol.  A  hole  from 
which  smoke  issues  in  a  sulphur-mine  or 
volcano. 

Fnmosity,  -os'l-tl.  Tendency  to  emit 
fUmes  ;  Aunes  arising  flrom  excessive 
drinking. 

Fun,  ftm.  Sport;  mirthfhl  drollery; 
ii'olicsome  amusement. 

Funambulist,  fEi-nam'bu-list.  A  rope 
walker  or  rope-dancer. 

Funchal.  Cap.  of  the  Portuguese  isUnd 
of  Madeira ;  pop.  about  20,000. 

Fundament,  ftm'da-ment.  The  seat; 
the  lower  part  of  the  body  on  which  one 
sits ;  also  tlie  orifice  of  the  intestines ;  the 
anus. 

Fun<U,  'di.  A  grain  allied  to  millet,  cul- 
tivated in  W.  Africa.  It  is  light  and  nu- 
tritions, and  recommended  as  food  for  in- 
valids.   OaQed  also  hungry  rice. 

Fundus,  dns.  In  Anat.  the  base  of  any 
cone-shaped  organ,  as  the  uterus,  bladder, 
A<i. 

Fundy,  Bay  of.  A  large  bay  dividing 
New  Brunswick  firom  Nova  Scotia;  170 
m.  long,  80  to  60  m.  wide. 

Funeral,  fTi'ner-al.  The  ceremony  of 
burying  a  dead  human  body  ;  the  solemni- 
zation of  interment ;  obsequies.  The  pro- 
cession of  persons  attendUig  the  burial  of 
the  dead. 

Fun^,  fUn'jT.  An  ord.  of  aoofyledonons 
or  cryptogamous  plants,  6,(N)0  being 
known,  comprehending  the  various  races 
of  mushrooms,  toad-stools  and  similar 
plants,  also  microscopic  plants  growing 
ui>on  other  plants,  ana  sulwtanoes  known 
as  molds,  mildew,  smut,  rust,  brand, 
dry-rot,  &o.  F.  differ  from  other  plants 
iu  being  nitrogenous  and  in  inhaling  oxy- 
gen and  giving  out  carbonic  acid  gas. 

Fun^dsB,  'ii-dS.  A  fam.  of  simple  and 
single  lamellated  corals  resembling  a 
fimgus  or  mushroom. 

Funffite/JIt    AkindoffossUcoraj. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FUNGOLOGT 


856 


FYZABAD 


FurbelowB. 


FunffOlogy,  fting-goro-ji.  A  treattse  on 
or  the  science  of  the  fUngi ;  mycology . 

Foxmel,  ftm'nel.  A  passage  for  a  fluid 
or  flowing  substance,  as  Uie  shaft  of  a 
chimney ;  specifically,  In  ,<^^ 
steam-ships,  a  cylindrical  "^  -^  " 
iron  chimnev  rising 
above  the  decK.  A  ves- 
sel for  conveying  fluids 
into  vessels  with  small 
openings. 

f^ir,  fer.  The  short,  fine, 
soft  hair  of  certain  ani- 
mals, growing  thick  on 
the  skin,  and  distin- 
guished from  hafar,  which 
is  longer  and  coarser. 

FarlMlow,  0)5-16.  A 
piece  of  stuff  plaited  and 
puckered  on  a  gown  or 
petticoat;  a  flounce. 

FarlonfiT,  'long.  A  measure  of  length ; 
the  eighth  part  of  a  mile  ;  forty  K>ds, 
poles  or  perches. 

Farloufirll,  1o.  Leave  of  absence ;  es- 
pecially that  to  an  officer  or  soldier  for  a 
certain  time. 

Fomaoe,  'nfis.  A  place  where  a  vehe- 
ment fire  and  heat  may  be  made  and 
maintained,  as  for  melting  ores  or  metals, 
beating  the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine, 
warming  a  house,  baking  pottery  or  bread, 
Ac.  Any  place,  time  or  occasion  of  severe 
torture. 

FamarinaB,  -na-rl'nS.  The  oven-bird, 
asub-fiun.  of  teuuirostral  insessorial  birds, 
fern.  Certhidffi  or  creepers. 

Furore,  f6-r6'rfi.  Great  excitement ;  en- 
thusiasm. 

furrier,  fer'i-er.  A  dealer  in  or  dresser 
of  ftirs  ;  one  who  makes  or  sells  ftir  goods. 

Furrackabad.  Cap.  of  district  of 
same  name,  pres.  Bengal,  India,  on  the 
Ganges ;  pop.  80,000. 

Forst.  Walter.  One  of  the  triumvi- 
rate, the  others  being  William  Tell  and 
Arnold  of  Melchthal,  who  wrested  Switz- 
erland from  Austria,  1 807. 

Fury,  fa'ri.  In  class.  Myth,  one  of  the 
three  avenging  deities,  Tislphone,  Alecto 
andMegsera,  daughters  of  Earth  or  Night, 
represented  as  fearfril  winged  maidens, 
with  serpents  twisted  in  their  hair,  and 
blood  dripping  from  their  eyes,  dwelling 
in  the  depths  of  Tartarus,  and  dreaded  by 
gods  and  men. 

Fiuie,f&z.    A  tube  fiUed  with  combusti- 


ble matter  used  in  blasting,  discharging 

a  shell,  &c. 
Fusee,  fii- 

z6'.    The 

cone    of    a 

watch    or 

dock.round 

whi  oh     is    Barrel  and  Fusee  of  a  Watch. 

wound   the 

chain  or  cord,  a  mechanical  contrivance 

for  equalizing   the  power  of  the  main- 
spring. 
Fusee.    An  andent  muskat  or  flrelodc ; 


FuMe. 


a  fUsil.    Same  as  ftise.    A  kind  of  match. 
Fusee.    The  track  of  a  buck. 

Fusee-enfirine,  -en-jin.  A  machine  for 
making  ftisees  for  watches  and  docks. 

Fusel-oil,  'zd-oil.  Oil  of  potato-soirit ; 
crude  amylic  alcohol,  wmch  produces 
stupefying  and  poisonous  effects. 

Fusileer,  -6r*.  Properly,  a  soldier  armed 
with  a  fasil ;  a  soldier  who  bore  fire- 
arms, as  distinguished  flrom  a  pikeman 
and  archer. 

Fusion,  f&'zhon.  The  act  or  operation 
of  melting  or  rendering  fluid  by  heat  The 
state  of  being  melted  or  dissolved  by  heat. 
Point  of  ftisTon  of  metals,  the  degree  of 
heat  at  which  they  mdt  or  liquefy. 

Fustian,  ftis'ti-an.  A  coarse  twilled 
stuffofcotton  or  cotton  and  linen  with  a 
pile  like  velvet,  but  shorter.  It  indudes 
corduroy,  moleskin,  velveteen,  &c.  An 
inflated  style  of  writing ;  a  swdUng  style ; 
bombast 

Futurist,  fQ'tur-ist  In  Theol.  one  who 
holds  that  the  prophedes  of  the  Bible  are 
yet  to  be  fulfilled. 

Fuzee,  -ze'.  In  fiurriery,  a  splint  applied 
to  the  legs  of  horses. 

Fylfot,  fiVfot  A  peculiarly-formed  cross, 
introduced  into  Europe,  about  the  6th 
century,  from  India  or  China,  where  it 
was  employed  as  a  mystic  symbol  among 
religious  devotees.  It  was  often  used  in 
decoration  and  embroidery  in  the  middle 
ages. 

Fjrzabad.  Andent  cap  of  Oude,  British 
India,  on  the  Gogra;  pop.  108,700. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MT 


GAETA 


G 


GIS  the  7th  letter  In  the  En^Uah  alpha- 
bet It  has  two  founds,  g  hard,  a  guc- 
toral  mnte.  and  the  soft  or  sonant  sonnd, 
oorresponding  to  the  ha.  d  or  sard  sound 
k  (or  c  hard).  This  sound  of  g  is  what  the 
letter  always  has  before  a  (except  in  gaol), 
o,  n,  and  when  initial  also  before  e  and  i 
in  all  words  of  English  origin,  and  when 
•nal.  The  soft  sound,  as  bi  gem,  gin,  is 
a  palatal  sound,  and  did  not  occur  in  the 
oldest  English  or  Anglo-Saxon.  The  let- 
ter G  was  a  Bom«n  invention  of  compar- 
atively late  times,  and  was  formed  from 
fromO.  G  is  silent  before  n  at  the  be- 
rinning  of  words;  in  the  middle  of  words 
before  n  it  is  generally  pronounced ;  at  the 
end,  it  is  not  propwly  pronounced  but 
lengthens  the  preceding  vowel,  as  in  be- 
nign, campaign.  In  many  words  which 
In  Anglo-Saxon  contained  a  guttural  h. 
It  has  Intruded  itself  before  the  h,  as  in 
fbught,  bright,  high.  In  words  originally 
begbning  with  w,  and  borrowed  from  the 
Chirman  into  the  French,  g  has  been  in- 
aerted  before  the  w,  hence,  guard  and 
ward,  guarantee  and  warrant  Asa  num- 
eral, G  was  anciently  used  to  denote  400, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  40,000.  In  the 
calendar  it  is  the  7th  Dominical  letter.  In 
music,  the  5th  note  and  dominant  of  the 
normal  scale  of  C,  called  also  sol;  the  lowest 
note  of  the  grave  hexaohord ;  tn  the  Guid- 
onian  system  gamma  ut ;  a  name  of  tiie 
treble  clef,  which  is  seated  •on  the  G  or 
second  line  of  the  treble  sta£f. 

Chtb,  gab.  In  steam-engines,  the  hook  on 
the  end  of  the  eccentric  rod.  opposite  the 
strap. 

Ghtboon.  A  large  river  of  W.  Africa, 
emptying  into  the  Atlantic  Just  S.  of  the 
equator. 

Chtble,  'bl.  In  Arch,  the  triangular  end 
of  a  house  or  other  building,  from  \he  level 
of  the  eaves  to  the  top,  distinguished  from 


€M>le  of  16th  century. 


a  pediment  by  not  being  surrounded  by  a 
ovrnice.    The  end-wall  of  a  boose. 


Gabardine,  ga'bar-dSn.    A  coarse  ftoek 
or  loose  upper  garment ;  a  mean  dress. 
Gabriel.    In  Scrip,  the  angel  sent  with 
messages   to   the    prophet    Daniel,    to 
Zacharias  to  announce  the  birth  of  John  the 
Baptist,  and  to  Mary,  mother  of  Jesus,  to 
announce  his  incarnation. 
Gab-lever,    gab'le-ver.      In  steam-en* 
gines,  a  contrivance  for  lifting  the  galr 
from  the  wrist  on  the  crank  of  the  eccen* 
trie  shaft  in  order  to  disconnect  the  eccen 
trio  fit>m  the  valve  gear. 
Gablock,  'lok.    A  fiUse  spur  fitted  on  to 
the  heel  of  a  gamecock  to  make  it  more 
eflfective  In  fighting. 

Gabrielite,  ga'bri-el-it.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Anabaptists  in  Pomerania,  so  called  ftt»m 
Gabriel  Scherling. 

Gadfly,  gad'fli.  A  dipterous  insect,  gen. 
(Estrus,  which  stings  cattle  and  deposits 
its  eggs  in  their  skin ;  called  also  botfly ; 
also  known  by  the  name  breeze. 
Gadhelio,  -ho'lik.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
that  branch  of  the  Celtic  race  comprising 
the  Tirse  of  Ireland,  the  Gaels  of  Scotland 
and  the  Manx  of  the  Isle  of  Man ;  as  diS' 
tinguished  from  the  Cymric  branch,  com- 
prising the  Welsh  and  Bretons,  the  Corn- 
ish, and  generally  all  the  earliest  Celtic  In- 
habitants of  Britain.  Ireland  was  the 
home  of  the  Gadhelic  branch,  whence  it 
spread  to  Scotland  in  the  6th  century,  a 
portion  under  the  name  of  Scots  settling 
inArgyle.  Thev  ultimately  became  the 
dominant  race,  the  Picts,  an  earlier  Cym- 
ric race,  being  lost  in  them. 
Gadolinite,  '6-lln-lt  A  mineral  hav. 
ing  the  appearance  of  vitreous  lava.  li 
consists  of  yttria,  silica  and  the  protoxides 
of  cerium  and  Iron. 
GadwfiOl.  A 
bird  of  the 
duck  family,  \  j  1 
f  o  u  n  d  i^m\ 
Northern  Eu-  \ 
rope. 

Ghiel,  gal.    A^ 
Scottish  High-  V 
lander  or  Celt. 
Gaelic, 'ik. 
The    language 
of  the  Celts  inhabiting  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland. 

Gaeta,  ga-ai'ta.  A  fortified  seaport, 
prov.  Caserta,  S.  Italy,  41  m.  N.W.  of  Na- 
ples ;  pop.  abt  20,000. 


^'  '■    -fllTf. 


f;iidwri][. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


6AFFEB 


St» 


GALILEAN 


Gaifer,  gaf  er.  An  old  rustic ;  a  word 
originally  of  respect,  bnt  degenerated  in- 
to a  term  of  familiarity  or  contempt.  The 
foreman  of  a  squad  of  English  workmen, 
especially  navvies  ;  an  overseer. 

Gagre,  gaj.  A  pledge  or  pawn.  Anything 
thrown  down  as  a  token  of  challenge  to 
combat.  Formerly  the  challenger  cast  on 
the  ground  a  glove,  a  gauntlet  or  the  like, 
which  was  taken  up  by  the  accepter. 

Cklfire.  The  name  given  to  several  varie- 
ties of  plum,  as  the  green  gage,  golden 
gage,  Ac. 

G-agr-rein,  gag'ran.  A  rein  intended  to 
draw  the  bit  into  the  comers  of  the  horse's 
month. 

Gfliningr-twist,  gan'ing-twist.  In 
rifled  arms,  a  spiral  inclination  of  the 
grooves,  which  shortens  toward  the  muz- 
zle. 

Qainsborougrh,  Thomas,  ganz'bro. 
An  eminent  English  landscape  painter, 
B.  1727,  D,  1788. 

Gaiter,  ga'ter.  A  covering  of  cloth  for 
the  leg,  fitting  upon  the  shoe ;  a  spatter- 
dash.  A  shoe  with  cloth  upper ;  ^so  a 
shoe  which  covers  the  ankles. 

Galactophaarist,  ga-lak-tofa-jist.  One 
who  cats  or  subsists  on  milk. 

Gala-day,  ga'la-da.  A  day  of  festivity ; 
a  holiday  with  rejoicings. 

Gala-dress,  -dres.  A  holiday  dress ;  a 
person's  gayest  dress. 

Galatea.  In  Myth,  a  Nereid,  beloved  by 
Polyphemus  the  Cyclops  and  by  Acts. 

Galaxidaa,  -laks'i-de.  A  fam.  of  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  formerly  classed  with 
the  Salmonidse,  much  resembling  common 
trout. 

Galaxy,  gal'ak-si.  In  Astron.  the  Milky 
Way;  that  long,  white,  luminous  track 
which  stretches  across  the  heavens,  and 
when  flilly  traced,  is  found  to  encompass 
the  heavenly  sphere  like  a  girdle,  occa- 
sioned by  a  multitude  of  stars  so  distant 
and  blended  as  to  be  distinguished  only 
by  the  most  powerful  telescopes.  At  sev- 
eral points  are  seen  dark  spots,  one  of  the 
most  easily  distinguished  of  which  has 
long  been  known  as  the  "  coal-sack."  Any 
remote  cluster  of  stars.  An  assemblage 
of  splendid  persons  or  things. 

Galba,  Servius  Sulpicius.  Emperor 
of  Kome,  s.  Nero ;  b.  abt.  1  a.  d.  ;  crowned 
68,  killed  by  his  soldiers,  69. 

GalbulinaB,  gal-bfi-li'ne.  The  jacamars, 
a  fam.  of  fissirostral  birds,  allied  to  the 
trogons  and  kingfishers 

Galemys,  ga-lS'mis.  A  gen.  of  mammals 


idlied  to  the  shrews.  Only  two  species  are 
known,  the  Bussian  desman  or  musk-rat 
and  the  French  desman.  Owing  to  a  pow- 
^ful  musky  odor  which  they  exhale  they 
are  often  called  musk-rats. 

Galen.  An  eminent  Greek  physician ; 
B.  at  Pergamus,  lao,  d.  at  Eome,  208.  His 
system  of  practice  was  in  common  use 
for  18  centuries. 

Galena,  'na.  A  remedy  or  antidote  for 
poison ;  theriaca.  Sulphate  of  lead ;  the 
principal  ore  of  lead. 

Galenic,  -len'ik.  Relating  to  Galen,  the 
celebrated  phvsidan,  or  his  principles  and 
methods.  The  G.  remedies  consist  of 
preparations  of  herbs  and  roots,  bv  infu- 
sion, decoction,  &c.  The  chemical  rem- 
edies consist  of  preparations  by  means  of 
calcination,  digestion,  fermentation,  &c. 

Galeocerdo,  ga'le-6-ser"d6.  A  gen.  of 
sharks  whose  broad-based,  sharp,  serrat- 
ed teeth  occur  fossil  ttom  the  lower  ter- 
tiaries  upward. 

Galeodes,  Mes.  A  gen.  of  arachnidans, 
by  some  called  Solpuga,  forming  the  type 
of  a  distinct  family,  Galeodidee  or  Sol- 
pugidae,  having  somewhat  the  appearance 
of  large  spiders, 

Galeopithecus,  -pi-th6"kus.  The  fly- 
ing-lemur, a  gen.  or  mammals  of  so  pe- 
culiar a  structure  as  to  constitute  a  fkmily 
(Galeopithecidse)  of  themselves.  The 
bones  of  the  arm  and  leg  are  elongated, 
and  support  lateral  folds  of  skin  service- 
able as  a  parachute,  but  not  as  organs  of 
flight.  * 

Galerius,  Cains  Valerius  Maz- 
imianns.  A  Soman  soldier,  b.  260; 
was  adopted  by  the  Emperor  Diocletian, 
and  proclaimed  OsBsar,  292 ;  in  305,  on  the 
abdication  of  Diocletian  and  Maximian,  he 
became  Emperor  of  the  West  and  Con- 
stantius  Chlorus  of  the  East ;  b.  811. 

Galicia,  ga-Ush'ya.  A  section  in  N. 
W.  Spain  divided  into  four  provinces  ;  cap. 
Santiago.  The  people  are  distinguished 
for  industry,  probity  and  patriotism  ;  pop. 
abt.  2,000,000. 

Galicia  and  Lodomeria  (Kingr- 
dom  of.)  A  division  of  Austria  com- 
prehending the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  em- 
pire; cap.  Lemberg;  area  84,857  sq.m.: 
pop.  abt.  6,000,000. 

Galilean,  gal-i-l^'an.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Galilee  in  Judea.  One  of  a 
sect  among  tiie  Jews  who  opposed  the 
payment  of  tribute  to  the  Romans.    Of  or 

fertaining  to  or  invented  by  Galileo,  the 
tallan  astronomer,  as  the  Galilean  tele- 
scope. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GALILEE 


860 


GALLEON 


0alilee.  That  seotioii  of  Palestine  b.  N. 
by  Syria  and  the  Lebanon,  E.  by  the  Jor- 
dan and  W.  by  Phoenicia,  the  birthplace  of 
Christianity ;  It  is  now  included  in  the 
Turkish  pashalio  of  Damascns.  Sea  of 
G.,  also  called  in  Scrip.  Lake  of  Tiberias, 
Gennesaret  and  Kinnaeth,  is  simply  a 
iNToad  expanse  of  the  Siver  Jordan. 

Gkdilee,  'l-U.  A  portico  or  chapel  an- 
nexed to  a  church,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. In  it  public  penitents  were  sta- 
tioned, dead  bodies  deposited  previous  to 
their  Interment,  and  reUffious  processions 
formed ;  and  it  was  omy  in  the  Galilee 
that  in  certain  religious  houses  females 
were  allowed  to  converse  with  monks 
or  attend  divine  service.  When  a  female 
made  application  to  see  a  monk  she  was 
direotea  to  the  porch,  in  the  words  of 
Scripture,  "  He  goeth  before  you  into  Gal- 
ilee ;  there  shall  you  see  nlm." 

Galileo  (Qalilei).  An  eminent  Itolian 
mathematician  and  natural  philoso- 
pher; B.  at  Pisa,  1564'  d.  at  Florence, 
1642.  He  discovered  the  isochronism 
of  the  vibrations  of  the  pendulum,  the 
Uiw  governing  the  velocity  of  fall- 
ing bodies 
and  invented 
the  thermom- 
eter and  tele- 
scope. H  e 
suffered  im- 
prison m  e  n  t 
as  a  heretic. 

Galionfiree. 
A  Turkish 
sailor. 

Oaliot,  -ot.!|-  |» 

A  small  gal-  ^         '  -       f  S 

ley  or  brigan- ar  '  '  [M 

tine     moved «  - 

by  sails  and 
oars,  having  > 

one  mast  and  sixteen  or  twenty  seats  for 
rowers.  A  Dutch  or  Flemish  freight  ves- 
sel. Also  a  name  formerly  given  to  a 
bomb-ketch. 

GkOl,  gal. 
A  bitter  Si- 
kaline  fluid, 
secreted  in 
the  gland- 
ular sub-  I 
stance  of  \ 
the  liver, 
and  stored 
in  the  gaU- 
bladder; 
bile.  Any- 
thing  bitter;   rancor;   maUgnity. 


GaD-fly. 


The 


gall  bladder.  G.  of  glass,  the  neutral  sail 
skimmed  off  the  surface  of  crown-glass ; 
called  also  Sandiver.  A  vegetable  ex- 
crescence produced  by  the  deposit  of  the 
Seeg  of  an  insect  in  the  bark  or  leaves  of  a 
lant.  The  galls  of  commerce  are  pro-  • 
uced  by  a  spedes  of  cynips  depositing  its 
eggs  in  the  tender  shoots  of  the  Quercns 
infectoria,  a  species  of  oak.  Galls  are  in  - 
odorous,  and  have  a  nauseously  bitter  and 
astringent  taste ;  their  cbief  ingredients 
are  tannin  and  gallic  acid.  They  are  also 
termed  nut-galls  or  gall-nuts. 

Gall,  Franz  Joseph.  A  German  phy- 
sician, and  founder,  with  Spurzheim,  of 
the  science  of  phrenology ;  b.  in  Baden, 
1768 ;  D.  in  Paris,  1828. 

Gall.  St.  An  E.  canton  of  Switzerland, 
S.  of  Lake  Gonstuice ;  cap.  St.  Gall ;  area, 
2,076  sq.  m. ;  pop.  about  200,000. 

Galla,  gal'la.  One  of  a  race  inhabiting 
the  S.  and  E.  of  Abyssinia,  forming  with 
the  Fulahs,  Mandingoes  and  Nubas  the 
link  connecting  the  Negroes  with  the  Sem- 
itic races,  and  belonging  to  the  great  Kafir 
femily.  The  principal  member  of  the 
Abyssinian  or  Ethiopic  group  of  Hamitic 
tongues,  the  chief  spoken  language  of 
Abyssinia. 

Galland,  Antoine,  'Idng.  A  French 
traveler  and  writer ;  b.  1646,  d.  1716.  He 
made  the  first  translation  of  *'  The  Thou- 
sand and  One  Nights,''  or  Arabian  Nic^ts* 
Entertainments. 

Galla-OX,  'l&-oks.  A  variety  of  the  ox, 
a  native  of  Abyssinia,  remarkable  for  the 
size  of  its  horns,  which  rise  from  the  fore- 
head with  an  outward  and  then  an  inward 
curve,  so  as  to  present  a  very  perfect 
model  of  a  lyre.  It  has  also  a  hump  on 
the  shoulders.    Called  also  Sanga. 

Gallatin,  Albert.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  1761 : 
immigrated  to  the  U.  S..  1780.  and  settled 
in  Penn.,  1786.  Entering  politicai  life  he 
was  elected  to  Congress  and  became  the 
leader  of  the  Republican  party ;  1801-18 
he  was  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
afterward  Minister  Resident  at  Paris  and 
Commissioner  to  England  on  the  boundary 
and  fishing  disputes  ;  i>.  1849. 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins.  An 
American  philanthropist;  b.  in  Penn., 
1787,  T>.  1861.  He  founded  the  first  deaf 
and  dumb  asylum  in  the  U.  S.,  at  Hart* 
ford.  Conn. 

Gallegros.  A  river  of  Patagonia,  S. 
America,  emptying  into  the  AtUntic. 

Galleon,  ^13-un.  A  large  ship  formerly 
used  by  the  Spaniards  in  their  commerce 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GAlliERIA 


GALVANISM 


GaUey. 


'vrith  S.  America,  usually  fUmished  with 
four  decks. 

Galleria,  -Wri-&.  A  gen.  of  nocturnal 
lepidopterous  insects,  fam.Tineidea,  whose 
larvae  are  very  destructive  to  beehives. 

GhOley,  m. 
A  low  vessel 
with  one 
deck,  and 
navigated 
with  sails  and 
oars,  once 
commonly 
used  in  the 
Mediterra- 
nean.  The 
largest  sort  of 
of  thera  were 
called  galleas- 
ses, those  of 
small  size 
half-gidleys,  and  those  of  a  still  less  size 
quarter-galleys.  A  ship  of  war  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  propelled 
chiefly  by  oars.  The  boat  of  a  war-ship 
appropriated  for  the  captain's  use.  The 
cook-room  ol  a  ship  of  war  or  a  steamer. 
An  oblong  reverberatory  furnace  with  a 
row  of  retorts,  whose  necks  protrude 
through  lateral  openings.  In  printing,  a 
ihime  of  wood,  brass,  or  zinc,  on  wUch 
the  types  are  placed  when  composed. 

61-all-fly,  gal'fli.  An  Insect  that  punc- 
tures plantSj^and  occasions  galls ;  a  veget- 
able excrescence. 

GuUia  (Ghtlll).  The  ancient  name  of 
France. 

G-allican  Ohuroh.  The  title  of  the  E. 
C.  Church  in  France,  which  reftised  to  ac- 
cede to  the  demands  of  papal  authority  in 
respect  to  temporalities,  and  held  that  de- 
cisions of  the  Holy  See  may  be  set  aside 
by  the  body  of  the  clergy.  Gallicanism  is 
opposed  to  Ultramontanism. 

OallienuB,  Publius  Luclnius  Va- 
lerius. Emperor  of  Rome,  son  of  Va- 
lerian ;  B.  288 ;  s.  his  father  who  was  a 
prisoner  to  the  Persians,  260 ;  assassinated 
by  his  soldiers  at  the  siege  of  Milan,  268. 

fktliigaskins,  gAl-Ii-gas'klnz.  Large 
open  breeches;  wide  hose.  Leather 
guards  worn  on  the  legs  by  sportsmen. 

Ckdlinaceee,  -na'se-e.  The  term  by 
which  the  whole  order  of  rasorial  birds 
is  sometimes  designated,  but  properly  re- 
stricted to  that  section  of  which  the  do- 
mestic fowl  is  the  type,  including  turkeys, 
partridges,  grouse,  pea-fowl,  and  allied 
forms,  the  second  sub-ord.  being  the  Go- 
lambidfiB  or  Colambacen  (pigeons). 


G-alllnha,  'in-ha.  A  nominal  mooey  ol 
account  In  W.  AlHca,  represented  by  cow- 
ries. 

Gallinipper,  'i-nip-er.  A  large  mos- 
quito. 

Galliniile,  Oin-ul.  GaUinula,  a  gen.  of 
grallatorial  birds,  fam.  RallidsB  or  rails, 
allied  to  the  coots. 

Gallipoli,  -Hp'o-Ie.  A  Turkish  sea- 
port at  the  junction  of  the  Hellespont  and 
8ea  of  Marmora ;  the  chief  navu  rendez- 
vous ;  pop.  abt.  52,000. 

GktlliuB,  CaiuB  SulpiciuB.  The  first 
Roman  astronomer,  elected  conetul,  166  b. 
o.  His  prediction  of  an  eclipse  on  the  eve 
of  the  battle  of  Pydna,  168,  was  verified, 
and  secured  him  the  highest  honors.  G., 
Caius  Vibius  Trebonianus,  emperor  of 
Rome,  B.  205 ;  s.  Decius,  251 ;  killed  by  his 
soldiers,  258.  He  lost  populartty  through 
purchasing  peace  from  the  Goths. 

Oalliwasp,  1i-wasp.  A  species  of  lizard 
bearing  the  scientific  name  of  Celestus  oo- 
ciduus. 

Gall-oak,  g&VSk.  Quercus  infectoria,  the 
oak  fh>m  which  the  galls  of  commerce  are 
obtained. 

Galloon,  gal-Ion'.  A  narrow  close  lace 
made  of  cotton,  silk,  gold  or  silver 
threads,  &c.,  used  for  binding  shoes,  hata 
and  other  purposes. 

Galloway,  'lo-wa.  A  horse  of  small  size, 
first  bred  in  Gallewayin  Scotland,  charac- 
terized by  great  spirit  and  endurance. 

Gallowgrlaas,  -glas.  An  ancient  heavy- 
armed  foot-soldier  of  Ireland  and  the 
Western  Isles ;  opposed  to  kerne,  a  light- 
armed  soldier. 

Gall-stone,  gal'ston.  A  concretion 
formed  in  the  gall-bladder.  The  common 
kind  is  used  by  painters  as  a  yellow 
coloring  matter. 

Galvani,  Aloisio.  An  Italian  physi- 
ologist, discoverer  of  Galvanism  ;  b.  at 
Bologna,  1787  ;  d.  1798. 

Galvan- 
ism, gal' 
V  a  n-ism. 
That 
branch  of^ 
the  Bci-B 
ence  ofl 
electricity 
which 
treats   of 

the  electrical  currents  arising  from 
chemical  action,  more  particularly  from 
that  accompanying  the  decompositioR  ol 
metals.  Gralvanic  eleetridty  is  a  most  im- 
portant agent  in  the  arts,  in  medicine^ 


Battery. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


eALVANOGKAPHY 


861 


dAlt 


A 


^i'r 


Bvgrenr,  Ao.  Through  its  discovenr  the 
iDvention  of  the  electric  telegraph  be- 
came possible. 

Galvanoflrraphy,  -og'ra-fi.  A  method 
of  producing  plates  for  copper-plate 
engraving  by  the  galvanoplastic  pro- 
cess without  etching.  The  impressions 
are  taken  from  this  In  the  same  manner 
as  in  copper-plate  printing. 

Q-alvanometer, 
-om'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment tor  detecting  the 
existence  and  deter- 
mining the  strength 
and  direction  of  an 
electric  current.  The 
Sine  G.  is  exhibited  in 
the  cut.  Thompson's 
mirror  galvanometer 
is  the  most  sensitive. 
Its  needle  is  rigidly, 
attached  to  a  concave 
mfarror,  and  suspended 
in  the  center  of  a  verti- 
cal coil  by  a  silk  fiber. 
A  movable  magnet  is 
provided  for  bringing  the  needle  into  the 
plane  of  the  coil  when  the  latter  does  not 
coincide  with  the  magnetic  meridian. 
Needle,  mfarror  and  magnet  weigh  only 
about  li  frains. 

GalvanoflOOpe,  '6-sk6p.  An  instru- 
ment for  detecting  the  existence  and  di- 
rection of  an  electric  current.  A  magnetic 
needle  is  a  galvanoscope. 

GalTeston.  Gap.  of  counbr  of  same 
name  in  Texas,  on  an  island  in  bay  of  same 
name,  on  Gulf  of  Mexico,  280  m.  8.  E.  of 
Austin.  G.  is  the  commercial  metropolis 
of  the  State ;  pop.  22,248. 

Galway.  An  Irish  seaport,  cap.  of  Go. 
G.,  on  bay  of  same  name,  118  m.  W.  of 
DubUn ;  pop.  18,820. 

Qama,  Vasco  de.  A  Portuguese  navi- 
gator, B.  at  Sines  about  1460 ;  d.  in  Gochin, 
1624.  He  was  the  first  to  double  the  Gape 
ofGood  Hope,  1497. 

Oambeflon,  gam'bS-zon. 
A  quilted  tunic,  stuffed 
with  wool,  fitting  the  body, 
and  worn  under  the  haber- 
geon; strong  enough  to 
resist  ordinary  cuts,  it  was 
frequently  worn  without 
armor.  Galled  also  Acton 
and  Haoqneton. 

Oambetta,  Iieon.  A 
French  lawyer  and  states- 
man •  B.  at  Gahors,  1888  ; 
D.  1884.  An  ardent  repub- 
lleaii^  eloquent  and  brave,  he  manifested 


Gambeson. 


the  greatest  energy  in  the  defense  of  Parlf 
against  the  Germans,  1870,  and  when 
longer  defense  was  useless,  escaped  by 
balloon,  reached  Bordeaux  and  con- 
tinued the  war  for  some  months.  After 
the  formation  of  the  republic  G.  entered 
the  National  Assembly,  and  at  once  as- 
sumed a  leadership  which  only  terminated 
with  his  death. 

Gkunbia.  A  river  of  W.  Africa,  abt. 
1,000  m.  in  length.  It  empties  into  the 
AtUntic  at  Bathurst.  Gap.  of  a  British 
colony  called  G. 

Gambit,  'bit.  In  chess-playing,  the  sacri- 
fice of  a  pawn  early  in  the  game,  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  up  an  attacking  posi- 
tion. 

G-amofirenesis,  -o-Jen'e-sis.  Generation 
by  copulation  of  the  sexes ;  sexual  gen- 
eration. 

Ganges.  The  sacred  river  of  India, 
1,557  m.  long,  with  a  delta  extending  200 
m.  N.  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  The  Hooghiy, 
on  which  Galcutta  is  situated,  is  one  of  its 
two  principal  arms. 

Ganjah,  gan')2.    E.  Indian  name  for  the 

dried  hemp  plant  fi^m  which  the  resin  has 

not  been  removed  ;  it  is  sold  for  smoking, 

like  tobacco. 
Gannet,  vt. 

The  solan  go(is4\ 

a  bird  of  the  g.  11. 

Sula,  fiun.  Pfii- 

canidse. 
Ganoidel, 

-oid'-6-i.  The  ^'1 

order  of   flsln.s 

according  to  lia^ 

arrangement   ur 

M.  Agassiz.  The 

bony    pike   and 

sturgeon  are  of  this  order. 

Gan3nnede,  'i-mSd.  In  Glass  Myth, 
a  youth  carried  off  by  Jupiter,  in  eagle 
form,  and  made  cup-bearer  to  the  immor- 
tals. 

Ganza  'za.  One  of  the  birds  (a  species 
of  wild  goose)  which,  in  the  fictitious 
work  of  Oyrano  de  Bergerac  (1649),  relat- 
ing the  journey  of  Dominic  Gonzales, 
Spanish  adventurer,  to  the  moon,  are 
represented  as  drawing  the  chariot  of 
Gonzales. 

Gaon,  ga'on.  One  of  an  order  of  Jewish 
doctors  who  appeared  after  the  closing  of 
the  Talmud. 

Gar,  gSr.  An  element  in  proper  names 
derived  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  ;  as  Edgar, 
happy  weapon  ;  Ethelgar,  noble  weapon. 


Solan  GUx>8e. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OABANGAN 


sei 


OABTEB 


Garde-brace. 


Garanfiraa,  'an-gan.  A  Javanese  species 
of  ichneumon,  the  Herpestes  Javanicns, 
possessing  the  power  of  mflating  and  con- 
tracting its  body  with  great  rapidity. 

Q«rda    Iiake.     The 

principal  lake  of  N. 
Italy,  surrounded  by 
the  provinces  of  Ver- 
ona, Brescia  and  Man- 
tua, and  on  the  N.  by 
the  Tyrol ;  85  m.  long 
by  12  m.  wide. 
Garde-braoe,  gard' 
brfts.  A  piece  of  armor 
fkstened  to  the  elbow-plates,  and  cover- 
ing the  elbow  and  upper  part  of  the  arm ; 
UMd  in  the  15th  century. 
Qarfleld,  James  Abraxn.  Nine- 
teenth President  of  the  U.  8.;  b.  in 
Orange  Township,  Cuyahoga  Co.,  O., 
Nov.  19,  1831.  Entered  the  army  as 
Colonel,  1861;  was  promoted  to  Maior- 
General,  but  resigned  on  election  to  Con- 
gress, 1868;  1880  elected  to  U.  8.  Senate, 
and  nominated  and  elected  President. 
Was  shot  by  Ouiteau.  July  2,  and  died 
September  18, 1881. 

Gargoyle,  gar'- 

goil.      In  Arch,  a 

projecting     spout 

for  throwing    the 

water    ftrom     the 

gutters  of  a  build- 

mg. 
Gkuibaldl,  -i-bftl'  Gargoyle. 

di.    A  Jacket  worn 

by  ladies,  supposed  to  resemble  the  colored 

shirt  worn  by  Garibaldi  and  his  soldiers. 

A  peculiar  style  of  hat ;   so  named  for  a 

similar  reason. 

Gkuribaldi,  G-iuseppe,  Qen.  A  dis- 
tinguished Italian  patriot;  b.  at  Nice, 
180T ;  D.  at  Caprera,  1881.  He  was  an 
exile  for  several  years,  residing  in  New 
York  City  and  vicinity. 

Oamet,  'net.  The  name  common  to  a 
group  of  minerals  var3ring  in  composition, 
as  alumina,  lime,  magnesia  or  some  other 
base  is  associated  with  the  silica  which 
composes  about  half  the  mineral.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  coarse  garnet,  there  are  the 
oriental  garnet,  of  cmnson-red  color,  the 
most  pr^ed  of  all  the  varieties ;  the  gros- 
sular  or  olive-green  garnet  firom  Siberia ; 
the  pyrope,  the  topazolite,  the  succinite, 
the  melanite,  the  pyrenite,  the  allochroite, 
the  aplome,  and  the  coiophonite.  Naut. 
a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to  the  main-stay,  and 
used  to  hoist  thd  «argD  in  and  out 


Garnishee,  -nish-S'.  In  law.  a  person 
warned  not  to  pay  money  which  he  owes 
to  another  person  who  is  indebted  to  the 
person  giving  warning. 

Garonne,  ga-r5n.  A  French  river, 
principal  branch  of  the  Girondo,  which 
empties  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  85  m.  N. 
W.  of  Bordeaux. 

Garrick,  David.  A  distinguished  En- 
glish tragedian  b.  at  Hereford,  1710 ;  d. 
1779. 

Gharrison,  William  lAoyd.  An  em- 
inent American  Journalist  and  anti -slavery 
agitator ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1804 ;  d.  1879. 

Garrote,  gar-rot'.  A  mode  of  capital 
punishment  in  Spain,  the  victim  being 
placed  on  a  stool  before  a  post  to  which  is 
affixed  an  iron  collar  with  a  screw ;  this 
collar  is  made  to  clasp  the  neck  and  drawn 
tighter  by  means  of  the  screw  till  life 
b^mes  extinct.  The  instrument  by 
means  of  which  this  punishment  is  in- 
flicted. A  form  of  roboery  by  compress- 
ing the  victim's  windpipe  till  ae  becomes 
insensible. 

Garraliu,  'rii-lus.  A  gen.  of  insessorial 
birds  of  the  crow  fiun.,  containing  the  Jays. 

Garter,   gfir'ter. 
A  band  used  to  tie  a 
stocking     to     the 
leg.    The  badge  of 
the  highest  order  of 
knighthood    in    0. 
Britain,  the  order  of 
the  Garter;   hence, 
also,    the  order  it^- 
self,  founded  by  Ed-  : 
ward  III.  in  mem*  j 
ory  of  the  following^ 
circumstance :   Tlie  ' 
Countess   of   Salis- 


Insimia  of  the 
Garter. 


her    garter    wnile 
dancing,    the    king 

{)icked  it  dp  and  tied 
t  round  his  own 
leg,  but,  observing 
the  lealons  glances 
of  the  queen,  he  re- 
stored it  toTts  own- 
er with  the  exclamation,  "  Honi  soit  qiA 
mal  y  pense  "  (Shamed  be  he  who  thinki 
evil  of  it).  The  emblem  of  the  order  is  * 
dark  blue  ribbon  edged  with  gold,  bearing 
the  motto,  and  with  a  buckle  and  pend- 
ant of  gold,  worn  on  the  left  leg  below  the 
knee.  The  dress  is  of  different  colored 
velvets,  the  collar  of  gold  and  the  star  of 
silver,  the  two  last-mentioned  being  in  the 
^rm  of  a  garter.  The  original  number  of 
i  knights  was  26.  and  this  6  still  the  2ion> 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


6a6 


GATHEEING-PfeAl* 


inal  number,  although  the  princes  of  the 
blood  are  admitted  as  supernumerary 
members.  Originally  known  as  the  Order 
of  St.  George,  it  still  retains  that  title.  A 
king-of-arms  instituted  by  Henry  V.  for 
the  service  of  the  order  of  the  Garter. 
He  is  also  principal  king-of-arms  in  Eng- 
land. In  Her.  the  half  of  a  bend.  In  a 
circus  the  tapes  held  up  for  a  performer  to 
leap  over. 

Qas,  gas.  An  elastic  aeriform  fluid,  a 
term  originally  synonymous  with  air,  but 
afterward  restricted  to  bodies  supposed  to 
be  Incapable  of  being  reduced  to  a  liquid 
or  solid  state.  Since  the  liquefoction  of 
gases  by  Faraday  the  term  has  resumed 
nearly  its  original  signification  and  desig- 
nates any  substance  in  an  elastic  aeriform 
state.  Many  of  the  gases  are  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  arts  and  manufactures, 
and  coal-gas  has  contributed  Immensely 
to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  modern 
living.  Chisesare  invisible  except  when 
colored,  which  happens  in  two  or  three 
instances. 

Oasoxnet- 
er,gaz-om' 
et-er.  An 
apparatus 
intended  to 
mea  sure, 
collect,  pre-  3lS^ 
servo  or  *"■''"' 
mix  dlifer- 
ent  gases. 
An  instru- 
ment   for 

2T^^^l        «»«»-»«• 

tity  of  gas  employed  In  any  chemical  ex- 
periment. A  reservoir  or  storehouse  for 
gaa. 

Qaspe,  gHs'pa.  A  peninsula  in  Quebec, 
E.  Canada,  containing  two  counties,  Gaspe 
and  Bonaventure. 

Gassendi,  Pierre.  An  eminent  French 
astronomer  and  philosopher ;  b.  in  Prov- 
eiioe  1692,  r.  1655. 

O-asteromyoetes,  gas'ter-o-mi-86"tez. 
One  of  the  six  great  divisions  of  the  ftin- 
gi,  comprising  those  genera  with  naked 
spores  in  which  the  hymenium  or  fruit- 
bearing  surface  is  inclosed  in  a  peridium 
or  outer  coat.     It  includes  the  puff-balls. 

QasterophiluB,  -ofi-lus.  A  gen.  of 
narasitio  insects  inhabiting  the  stomach  of 
horses,  the  grubs  or  larvre  of  which  are 
ordinarily  termed  bots. 

Qasteropoda,  -op'o-da.  A  class  of  mol- 
lusks  consisting  principally  of  animal^  in- 


habiting a  univalve  shell.  The  garden 
snail  is  a  ^e.    The  class  comprises  also 

Clasteropoda. 

whelks,  periwinkles,  limpets  and  cowries. 
No  known  gasteropod  has  a  bivalve  shell. 

Gku9l;erosteid8B,  -os-te'i-de.  The  stickle- 
backs, a  fiun.  of  spine-fin  ne<l  acanthopter- 
ygian  fishes,  remarkable  for  building  nests 
for  their  young. 

Qastronomy.  -tron'o-mi.  The  art  or 
science  of  good  living ;  the  pleasures  ol 
the  tables ;  epicurism. 

G-astrotomy,  -trot'6-rai.  The  operation 
of  cutting  open  the  abdomen. 

G  a  t  e  - 
h  ouse, 
gat'hous.  A 
house,  as  a 
por  t  er'  s 
lodge,  at  the  K 
entrance   tofe' 
the  grounds    2 
of  any  man-  \^ 
sion,     insti- 
tution, &o. ; 
the  house  of 
the    person 
who  attends 
the  gate  at 
a  level  cross- 
ing on  a  rail- 
way ;    espe- 
cially,      i  n 
Arch.       a 

house    over  Gate-house  at  Sens,  France, 
the  gate  giv- 
ing entrance  to  a  city,  castle,  abbey,  col- 
lege or  mansion,  and  forming  the  residence 
of  the  gate-keeper.  In  ancient  times  these 
houses  were  often   large  and  Imposing 
structures,  of  great  strength,  and  were 
sometimes  used  as  prisons. 
Gates,  Horatio,  Gen.     An  American 
ofllcer  in  the  Revolution  ;  b.  in  England, 
1728;  D.  1806.    He  captured  Gen.   Bur- 
goyne  and  his  army  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

Gatheringr-peat,  gath'er-ing-pet.  A 
fiery  peat  which  was  sent  round  by  the 
Borderers  to  alarm  the  country  In  time  of 
danger,  as  the  fiery  cross  was  by  the 
Highlanders.  A  peat  put  into  the  fire  at 
night  to  preserve  the  nre. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GATINEAU 


864 


GEAE 


Gauntlets. 


Gatineau,  gah-teen'o'.  A  river  of  E. 
Canada  which  empties  into  the  Ottawa 
near  the  city  of  that  name. 

Qutlingr-sriin,  gat'Iing-gun.  An  Amer- 
ican form  of  the  mitrailleuse,  so  named 
from  the  inventor. 

0aTlb,  gab.  An  Indian  name  for  the  as- 
tringent medicinal  fruit  of  Diospyros  Em- 
bryopteris,  which  yields  juice  containing 
60  per  cent,  of  pure  tannic  acid.  The 
juice,  in  addition  to  Its  use  as  an  astrin- 
gent and  stvptic,  is  employed  in  Bengal  for 
paying  the  bottoms  of  boats. 

Gklliclio,  ga-o'cho.    A  native  of  the  pam- 

{>as  of  La  Flata,  of  Spanish  descent,  noted 
or  independence,  for  horsemanship  and 
the  use  of  the  lasso. 

Gaul,  gal.  The  name  of  ancient  France. 
An  InhaBitant  of  Gaul. 

Gaiintlet,  gantlet.  An  iron  glove  with 
fingers  cov-" 
ered  with 
small  plates, 
formerly^ 
worn  by 
armed  cava* 
liers.  It  used 
to  be  thrown 
down  in 
token  of  challenge ;  hence,  to  throw  down 
the  gauntlet,  to  challenge  ;  to  take  up  the 
gauntlet,  to  accept  the  challenge.  Any 
long  glove  which  envelops  the  hand  and 
wrist.  In  Surg,  a  bandage  covering  hand 
and  fingers. 

^laur.  gour.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  ox 
tribe  (Bos  gaurus),  inhabiting  the  moun- 
tain jungles  of  India,  so  fierce  when 
aroused  that  neither  tiger,  rhinoceros, 
nor  elephant  dare  attack  it.  The  hide  on 
the  shoulders  and  hind-quarters  is  some- 
times nearly  2  inches  In  thickness.  It 
has  never  been  domesticated. 

G-au8abey,  gou'sa-ba.  A  village  com- 
mittee or  petty  court  in  Ceylon,  to  which 
all  minor  disputes  are  referred. 

0au8S,  Karl  Friedrich.  A  distin- 
tinguished  German  mathematician  ;  b.  at 
Brunswick,  1777,  D.  1856. 

Oautier,  Theophile,  go-te-a.  An 
eminent  French  litterateur  and  poet ;  b.  at 
Tarbes,  1810,  D.  1872. 

fflauze,  gaz.  A  very  thin,  transparent 
stufl*,  of  siflc,  linen,  or  cotton,  either  plain 
or  figured,  the  latter  being  worked  with 
flowers  of  silver  or  gold.  Any  slight 
open  material,  as  wire  gauze. 
iktvami.  The  nom  de  plu:::«e  o«  Paul 
Chevalier,  a  clever  French  cMieatiirist; 
B.  in  Paris,  1801,  d.  1866. 


G^vlal,  pVvl-fll. 


of  tlie   ord. 


Gavlal  or  Gangetto  Orooodile. 
CroGodilia,  characterized  by  narrow  elon- 
gated  jaws. 

Gay-IiUssac,  Joseph  Loids.  An  em- 
inent French  chemist ;  b.  at  St.  Leonard, 
1778,  ».  1850. 

G-ayal,  gl'al.  A  spedes  of  ox  (Bos  fron- 
talis) found  wild  In  the  mountains  of  N. 
Burmah  and  Assam,  and  long  domesti- 
cated. 

G-aza.  A  city  of  Syria,  paahaUc  of  Da- 
mascus ;  50  m.  S.  W.  of  Jerusalem,  and  8 
m.  from  the  Mediterranean.    G.  is 


^  ^m."  j-.f  tlii>  Jewish 


Gazelles. 


tioned  in  Scrip,  at  1 
exodus  from  Egypt 

Gazelle.  ga-zeK.  A  n 
animal  of  Africa  &u  y\ 
India,  of  the  gen. 
Antilope.  It  has  a 
brilUant,  beautiful 
eye. 

Gazette,  -zet'.  a  J 
newspaper;  a  shj-^L-l.— 
containing  an  ac- 
count of  transactions 
and  events  deemed 
important  and  interesting.  The  first  ga- 
zette in  England  was  published  at  Oxford 
in  1665.  On  the  removal  of  the  court  to 
London  the  title  of  London  Gazette  was 
adopted  It  Is  now  the  official  newspaper, 
published  Tuesdays  and  Fridays.  A  ga- 
zette is  published  also  in  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin,  and  all  three  contain  among  other 
things  a  list  of  those  who  have  become 
bankrupt  since  last  publication  ;  hence,  to 
appear  in  the  gazette,  to  become  bankrupt. 
A  popular  name  for  newspapers  in  the  U. 
S.  and  British  colonies. 


Gtoar, 


In 


Mach.  the  appli- 
ances or  ftunish- 
Ings  conn^jted 
with  the  acting 
poftions  of  any 
piece  of  mechan- 
ism, as  valve  gear; 
specifically, 


SpuT'gearing. 


toothed  wheels  or 

the   connection  of  toothed  wheels  wit^ 

each  other ;  gearing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GEAGH 


866 


GENEALOGY 


Wiill-geolto. 


Qeaffh.  The  name  given  by  the  Turks 
to  a  cycle  of  12  years,  each  year  bearing 
the  name  of  a  different  animal. 

GecarcinuB.  JS-kfirHu'nas.  The  gen.  of 
short-tailed  decapod  orostaceans  ;  Land- 
crabs. 

Gecininte,  Je-si-nl'nd.  The  green  -wood- 
peckers, a  sub-fiun.  of  scansorial  biids, 
nun.  Picidie. 

€(eckoticUB,  gek-o'tl- 
d&  A  tun.  of  noo 
tomal  lizards,  nJio 
called  Ascalabo^L^g. 
sec.  Pachyglossa ,  ttie 
toes  being  Ainii:-Ti>j-l 
with  flattened  suck  i :  i  ^' 
pads  by  meaiL^  nf 
which  thev  can  T\ii\  My 
a  perpendicolar  wall, 
or  across  a  ceiling. 

Gees,  g&E.  Th«^  in- 
dent language  of 
Abyssinia,  a  dialw^t  of 
Arabic.  It  has  a  liter- 
ature reaching  back  to  the  4th  century. 
As  a  liying  language  it  has  been  superceded 
by  Amharic.  Called  also  Litenuy  Ethi- 
opic. 

Gehenna,  gS-hen'na.  A  term  used  in 
the  New  Testament  as  equivalent  to  hell, 
place  of  fire  or  torment  and  punishment. 

Gelada,  geFad-a.  A  singular  Abyssinian 
baboon,  having  a  heavy  mane  which  hangs 
over  the  shoulders,  and  which  only  grows 
when  the  animal  is  adult. 

Gelalesan  Era,  Je-lal-€'an  €'ra.  The 
era  of  Tezdegerd,  so  called  from  its  reform 
by  Gehd-Edln,  sultan  of  Khorassin. 

Gelatine,  JelVtin.  A  concrete  animal 
substance,  transparent  and  soluble.  It  is 
confined  to  the  tendons,  ligaments,  car- 
tilages and  bones,  and  exists  nearly  pure 
in  the  skin,  but  is  not  contained  in  any 
healthy  animal  fluid.  Its  leading  charac- 
ter is  the  formation  of  a  tremulous  jelly 
when  its  solution  in  boiling  water  cools. 
The  coarser  forms  from  hoofs,  hides,  Ac, 
are  called  glue ;  that  from  skin  and  finer 
membranes  is  called  size ;  and  the  purest 
gelatine,  from  the  air-bladders  and  other 
meml»:«nes  offish,  is  called  isinglass.  It 
is  a  nutritious  article  of  food,  but  animals 
fed  exclusively  on  it  die  with  the  symp- 
toms of  starvation,  as  it  cannot  yield  albu- 
men, fibrine  or  caseine. 

Geldinff,  geld'ing.  A  castrated  horse. 
Formerly  the  word  was  applied  to  men  as 
weU  aa  brutes,  and  was  equivalent  to 
•unneh. 

GeelonfiT.    A  city  of  Yiotoria,  S.  Aus- 


G^mlni. 


tridia,  40  m.  8.  W.  of  Melbourne  on  the 
W.  arm  of  Port  St.  Philip ;  pop.  27,460. 
Gelon.    The  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  b.  abt. 
680,  D.  478  B.  o.    He  defeated  the  Cartha- 
ginians at  Himera  with  great  slaughter, 

Gem,  Jem.  A  precious  stone  of  any  kindL. 

especially  when  cut  and  polished ;  ajewelj 

anything  remarkable  for  beauty,  rarity. 

or  costliness.    Artificial  gems  are  made  oi 

what  is  termed  paste,  mixed  witii  metallic 

oxides  for  producing  the  desired  color. 
Gemara,  ge-m&'ra.  In  Jewish  literature, 

the  part  of  the  Talmud  or  commentary  on 

the  Mishna. 
Gemini,  JemM-nL    In  Aftron.   the  8d 

sign  of  the  zodiac, 

so  named  ft^m  its 

two  brightest^ 

stars,    Castor,    of  HI 

the   first    mi^i- 

tude,  and  Pollux, 

of  the  second.   Its 

constituent    stars  v 

form  a  binary  sys- 
tem revolving   in 

about  260  years. 

The    sun    is     in 

Gemini  ft^m  about  May  21  till  about  June 

21,  or  the  longest  day. 
G^enunatlon,  -ft'shon.  In  Zodl.the  pro- 
cess of  reproduction  by  buds;  budding. 

In  Bot  the  time  when  leaf-buds  are  put 

forth. 
Gtomabok,  gem^l- 

bok.  Oryx  Gazelljj, 

a  splendid  yarii  iv 

of  S.  Afiican  anb'. 

lope,  having  son^r^- 

what  the    appeiu-- 

anceofahorse. 

Jem'skulp-tur.  Tijo 

art  of  lithoglypticH 

theartofrepreseii 

ing    designs   npin^ 

precious    stone;!, 

either     in     raised 

work  (cameos)  or 

by  figures  cut  into  or  below  the  surface 

(intaglios). 
Gemshom,  gemz'hom.    An  organ  stop 

of  conically  shaped  tin  pipes,  having  a 

peculiarly  pleasant  tone. 
Gtond  arme,  zhan-darm .   A  private  in  the 

armed  police  of  France.    In  former  times 

the  appellation  was  confined  to  the  flower 

of  the  French  army,  composed   of  the 

nobles  or  noblesse. 
Genealogy,  je-nS-al'o-Ji.    A  history  of 


Gemsbok. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GENERAL 


866 


GEN8EBI0 


the  descent  of  a  person  or  family  from  an 
ancestor ;  ennuioration  of  ancestors  and 
their  children  "  in  the  natural  order  of 
succession.    Pedigree ;  lineage. 

General,  Jen 'er-al,  One  of  the  chief 
military  officers  of  a  country  or  govern- 
ment, the  commander  of  an  army,  a  di- 
vision or  brigade.  Eccles.,  the  chief  of  an 
order  of  monks,  or  of  all  congregations 
under  the  same  rule. 

Beneral  Assembly.  The  supreme 
court  of  the  Established  Church  and  Free 
Church  of  Scotland.  The  highest  tribunal 
of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  America. 

Gennappe,  zha-nap'.  A  small  Belgian 
town,  prov.  Brabant,  17  m.  8.E.  of  Brus- 
sels, noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  en- 
gagement in  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Genesee  Biver.  A  stream  in  w.  N. 
Y.,  noted  for  its  series  of  falls,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  at  Rochester  and  Portage. 
It  rises  In  Potter  Co.,  Pa.,  and  empties 
into  Lake  Ontario,  six  miles  below  Roch- 
ester ;  total  length,  145  m. 

Genesis,  'e-sis.  The  first  book  of  the 
Old  Testament,  containing  a  history  of  the 
creation.  In  the  original  Hebrew  this 
book  has  no  title ;  the  present  title  was 
given  It  by  those  who  translated  it  into 
Greek.    Its  history  covers  8,700  years. 

Genet,  je-net'. 
The  Viverra  ge- 
netta,  a  carnivor- 
ous animal,  fam. 
Viverridae,  about 
the  size  of  a  small 
cat,  and  having  a 
very  beautiftil  soft 
ftir,  and,  like  the 
agreeable  perAime. 

Geneva,  j«-n«'va. 


Genet, 
civet,  jirodudng  an 


A  spirit  distilled  from 
grain  or  malt,  -with  the  addition  of  juniper 
berries.  The  word  is  now  usually  in  the 
form  gin. 

Geneva.  The  leading  but  smallest  in 
extent  of  the  Swiss  cantons,  cap.  Geneva, 
area  110  sq.  m.,  pop.  88,197.  G..  the  cap., 
is  the  largest  ana  richest  city  of  Switzer- 
land, on  the  B.W.  comer  of  Lake  G.,  70 
m.  N.E.  of  Lyons ;  pop.  47,200.  It  was 
a  thriving  place  in  the  time  of  Julius 
Caesar.  Lake  of  G.  (Leman),  the  largest 
in  Switzerland,  in  the  S.W.  section  of  the 
canton ;  leng^th  55  m.,  width  1  to  9  m. 
Along  its  shores  are  Nyon,  Vevay, 
Ouchy,  Clarens  and  Meillerie. 

Geneva  Bible.  A  copy  of  the  Bible  in 
English,  printed  at  Geneva,  1560,  in  com- 
mon use  in  England  tiU  the  version  made 
by  order  of  King  James  ww  Intro- 
daoed« 


Genevieve  St.  The  patroness  of  Paris ; 
B.  at  Nanterre  428,  j>.  512.  Tradition 
says  she  performed  miracles,  predicted 
coming  events,  and  was  the  means  of  con- 
verting Clovis  the  king. 

Genevre,  zha-nav'r.  An  Alpine  park 
bet.  France  and  Piedmont,  ll,6l5  ft.  high< 
A  road  made  bv  order  of  Napoleon  L 
crosses  it  at  the  height  of  6,000  it. 

Gtongrhis  Khan.  A  Tartar  chief  who 
consolidated  his  people  and  carried  ou 
perpetual  and  successful  war ;  b.  1164,  d. 
1227.  lie  overrun  a  great  part  of  N. 
China,  destroyed  Samarcand  and  Bokha- 
ra and  subjugated  Persia.  It  is  estimat- 
ed that  5,000,000  souls  were  slain  in  bis 


Genitals,  ien'it-alz.  The  parts  of  an  an- 
imal which  are  the  immediate  instruments 
of  generation  ;  the  privates ;  the  sejcual 
organs. 

Gtonitor,  -er.  One  who  procreates;  a 
sire ;  a  fother. 

G^enoa.  The  commercial  metropolis  of 
modem  Italy,  formerly  the  cap.  of  a 
duchy,  noted  for  its  magnificent  palaces 
and  churches,  also  for  its  manufiM- 
tures ;  pop.  abt.  180,000.  It  is  strongly 
fortifled. 

Genouilliere,     zhn51-  \ 
yar.     A   steel  covering  \ 
for  the  knees  which  first  (" 
appeared  In  the  18th  cen- 
tury.   In  Fort,  the  parti 
of  the  interior  slope  of] 
the  parapet    below   the  I 
sill    of   an    embrasure.    G^ouillidres. 
The  height  of  the  parapet 
above  the  banquette  in  a  barbette  battery. 

Genius  loci,  je'ni-us  lo'sl.  The  presid- 
ing divinity  of  a  place.  The  penradinf 
spirit  of  a  place  or  institution. 

Gtonre,  zhan-r.  A  term  applied  to  paint- 
ings which  depict  scenes  of  ordinary  life, 
as  domestic,  rural  or  village  scenes.  The 
term  is  applied  in  an  analogous  sense  to 
sculpture  and  the  drama. 

Qena,  jens.  In  ancient  Rome  a  clan  or 
house  embracing  several  flunilies  united 
together  by  a  common  name  and  oertidn 
religious  rites;  as  the  Fabian  gens,  all 
bearing  the  name  Fabius. 

Gtonseric.  A  Yandal  King,  b.  at  Seville, 
406,  D.  477.  He  inyaded  Africa,  429,  de- 
feated the  Romans,  captured  Cartaage, 
and  Mauritania  489.  His  fleet  also  defeated 
the  Roman  fleet,  and  in  455  he  captored 
and  sacked  that  city,  carrying  the  Empress 
EudozlA  A  prisoner  to  Oartbage. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GEiirnAN 


GEOLOGY 


Gentian. 


Oentian,   jen'shi-an. 
The  name  given  to  the 
members  of  the  gen. 
Gentiana,  a  large  gen. 
of  the  bitter  herbace- 
ous plants,  having  op- 
posite, often  strongly 
ribbed  leaves,  aad  blue, 
yellow  or    red,  often 
showy  flowers.     The 
root,  the  onlv   medi- 
dnai  part  of  the  plant, 
has  a  yellowish  brown 
color  and  a  very  bitter 
taste,  and  is  in  frequent  use  as  a  tonic. 
GtontiazL-spirit,  jen'shi-an-spi-rit.    An 
alcoholic  liquor  produced  by  vinous  fer- 
mentation of  an  infusion  of  gentian,  much 
drunk  by  the  Swiss. 

(ientil,  'til.  A  species  of  trained  falcon 
or  hawk. 
Oentile,  til.  In  Bcrip.  any  one  belong- 
ing to  the  non-Jewish  nations ;  a  worship- 
er of  false  gods ;  any  person  not  a  Jew 
*  a  Christian ;  a  heathen.  In  civil  affairs 
all  nations  who  were  not  Romans. 
GtonUB,  je'nus.  In  logic,  that  which  has 
several  species  under  it :  a  class  of  a  greater 
extent  man  species.  In  science,  an  as- 
semblage of  species  possessing  certain 
characters  in  common,  oy  which  they  are 
distinguished  from  others. 
Geo.  A  frequent  prefix  In  compound 
words  derived  from  Greek,  referring  to 
the  earth;  as, geography,  geology,  geom- 
etry. 

Oeocyclic,  -6-siklik.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  revolutions  of  the  earth.  Cfrcling 
the  earth  periodically.  G.  machine,  In- 
tended to  represent  how  the  changes  of 
seasons,  the  days,  Ac.,  are  caused  by  the 
inclination  of  the  axis  of  the  earth  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecUptic,  at  an  angle  of  66^*, 
and  how  the  axis,  by  remaining  parallel  to 
itself  in  all  points  of  its  path  round  the 
sun.  Invariably  preserves  this  inclination. 
Geode,  '6d.  In  mineral,  a  lump  of  agate 
or  other  mineral,  or  a  mere  incrustation. 
It  is  sometimes  empty,  and  the  cavity  is 
line  dwith  crystals,  as  in  agate  balls ;  some- 
times it  contains  a  solid  movable  nucleus, 
and  sometimes  an  earthy  matter,  whence 
the  name. 

Qeodephafira,  -6-def  a-ga.  Predaceous 
land-beetles,  a  div.  of  carnivorous  coleop- 
terous insectsf  subdivided  into  two  large 
families,  OicindelidaB  and  Carabldffi. 
Geodesy,  -od'e-sl.  That  branch  of  ap- 
plied mathematics  which  determines  the 
figure  and  area  of  the  earth's  surJbce  and 
the  varlatlonB  of  gravity. 


Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  An  ancient 
EngUsh  historian :  b.  abt.  1090  ;  d.  Ho*, 
as  abbot  of  Abingdon.  His  chronicles  ol 
the  early  kings  are  high  authority. 

Geoffrey  Saint-Hillaire,  Btienne. 
An  eminent  French  naturalist;  b.  at 
Etampes,  1772  ;  d.  in  Paris,  18^4.  G.  8. 
H.,  Isidore,  his  son,  b.  in  Paris,  1805;  d. 
1861,  was  also  distinguished  in  the  same 
line  as  his  father. 

tants.     General  or  Universal  G.  treats  of 
the  earth  both  as  a  dlstlnctbody  In  the 
universe,  and  as  connected  with  a  system 
of  heavenly  bodies.    Mathematical  G.  ap- 
ples mathematical  truths  to  the  figure  of 
the  earth,    and  determines  the  relative 
positions  of  places,  longitudes  and  lati- 
tudes, the  imaginary  lines  and   circles, 
their  measure,  distance,  Ac.    Physical  G. 
describes  the  principal  features  of   the 
earth's  surface,  climates  and  temperatures, 
and  shows  how  these,  with  other  causes, 
affect  the  condition  of  the  human  race, 
and  also  gives  a  general  account  of  ani- 
mals and  productions.    Political  G.  toeats 
of  the  inhabitants  and  their  socl^  relations. 
Bacred  or  BlbUcal  G.  ti-eats  of  Palestine 
and    nations    mentioned    in    ScolP^®' 
illustrating    and    elucidating     B^pture 
history.    A  book  containing  a  description 
of  the  earth  or  of  a  portion  of  it. 
Geology,  -ol'o-ji.     The   science  which 
deals  with  the  structure  of  the  crust  ol 
the  globe  and  of  the  substances  which 
compose  It ;  or  the  science  of  the  minerals 
and  the  relations  which  the  several  con- 
stituent masses  bear  to  each  oth^.     it 
also  investigates  the  successive  changes 
tiiat  have  taken  place  in  the  organic  and 
inorganic  kingdoms  of  nature.    Thegeolo. 
gist  ought  to  be  well  versed  in  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  zoology,  botany,  comparative 
anatomy  and  every  branch  of  science  re- 
lating to  organic  and  inorganic  nature. 
The  rocks  have  been  variously  divided  In 
accordance  with  thehr  position  and  con- 
tents.   The  first  great  division  is  Into  un- 
sti^tifled  and  stratified.    The  uns^atified 
rocks  may  belong  to  any  ago ;   they  are 
divisible  into  two  groups,  metamorphic 
and  volcanic,  all  crystalline.     Four  sub- 
stances enter    into   thefr  composltion- 
mlca,  quartz,  felspar  and  hornblende.  The 
sta^tifled  rocks  have  been  deposited  from 
water,  and  have  been  divided  into  meta- 
morphic and    fossiliferous.     The  meta- 
morphic  rocks  are  gneiss,  some  granites, 
serpentine  and    the    like.      The  oldest 
sta-ata,  Laurentian,    are  represented   by 
ttoae  rocks,  and  the  tertiaries  exhibit  the 


Digitized  by 


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GtOMETEICIAN 


368 


CIEOBGE 


conversion  of  limited  areas  into  crystalline 
masses.  The  fossiliferoas  strata  have 
been  divided  into  Laurentian,  Cambrian, 
Silurian,  Devonian  and  Old  Bed  Sand- 
stone, Carboniferous,  Permian  or  Lower 
New  Red  Sandstone,  Triassic  or  Upper 
New  Bed  Sandstone,  Oolitic  or  Jurassic, 
subdivided  into  lias,  oolite  proper,  pur- 
becks.  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  oivided  into 
Eocene,  Miocene,  Pliocene  and  Pleisto- 
cene, Quaternary  or  Post-tertiary,  di- 
vided into  Prehistoric  or  Post-pleistocene 
and  Historic  or  Becent,  in  which  deposits 
are  now  forming,  and  species  now  ensting 
or  existing  within  the  historic  period. 
Another  division  of  stratified  fossiliferous 
rocks  is  into  Primary  or  Palaeozoic, 
Secondary  or  Mesozoic,  Tertiary  or  Qaino- 
zoic,  and  "Post-tertiary  or  Quaternary. 

Geometrioian,  -om'e-tri'^shan.  One 
skilled  in  geometry  ;  a  mathematician. 

Qeometry,  -omVtri.  The  science  of 
magnitude  in  general;  that  branch  of 
matiiematics  which  treats  of  the  properties 
and  relations  of  magnitudes.  It  is  the 
most  general  and  important  of  the  mathe- 
matical sciences;  it  is  founded  upon  a 
few  axioms  or  self-evident  truths,  and 
every  proposition  which  it  lays  down, 
whether  it  be  theorem  or  problem,  is 
subjected  to  the  most  accurate  and  rigid 
demonstration.  It  is  distinguished  as 
theoretical  or  speculative  and  practical. 
The  former  treats  of  the  various  proper- 
ties and  relations  of  magnitudes,  with 
demonstrations  of  theorems,  &c. ;  and  the 
latter  relates  to  the  performance  of  ope- 
ration!^ and  the  application  of  geometrical 
principles  to  the  various  measurements  in 
the  ordinary  concerns  of  life. 

G^eo-naviffation,o-na-vi-ga''shon.  That 
branch  of  the  science  of  navigation  in 
which  the  place  of  a  ship  is  determined 
by  referring  to  it  some  other  sp>ot  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth — ^in  opposition  to 
Coelo-navigation. 

Cteonomy, -on'o-ml.  The  science  of  the 
physical  laws  relating  to  the  earth,  includ- 
ing geology  and  physical  geography. 

Beophagist,  -of  a-jlst.  One  who  prac- 
tices geophagism ;  one  who  eats  cartn. 

Gteorgre.  The  name  given  to  four  (Hano- 
verian) kings  of  England.  Gt.  I.  (Lewis), 
son  of  Ernest  Augustus,  Elector  of  Han- 
over, by  Sophia,  granddaughter  of  James 
I.,  B.  at  (58naburg,  1660 ;  s.  his  father, 
1698,  and  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  was 
declared  her  successor  under  the  Act  of 
Settiement  which  excluded  the  B.  C.  de- 
scendants of  James  II.  G.  was  entirely 
ignorant  of  the  English  language,  and  was 


only  tolerated  bv  the  English  people ;  d. 
172t.  George  II.  (Augustus)  son  ands.  of 
the  former,  b.  at  Hanover,  1688 ;  crowned 
1727,  D.  1760.  G.  distinguished  himsell 
in  the  general  European  war  of  1740,  in 
which  he  was  the  ally  of  Austria  against 
France,  Spain  and  Prussia,  and  command- 
ed in  person  in  the  victory  over  the 
French  at  Dettingen,  1748.  In  1765 
war  was  renewed  and  G.  allied  himself 
with  Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia 
against  France  in  the  seven  years*  war. 
Q.  III.,  grandson  of  the  former,  and  son 
of  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  b.  1788 ; 
D.  1820,  after  the  longest  reign  of  any- 
English  monarch.  During  his  reign  the 
American  Colonies  secured  their  indepen- 
dence. G.  IV.,  son  and  s.  of  the  former, 
B.  1762,  D.  1830.  He  was  an  unpopular 
monarch,  and  was  s.  by  his  brother  Wil- 
liam IV. 

Oeorgre, 
jorj.  A 
figure  of 
St.  George 
on  horse- 
back en- 
coun  1 0  r  - 
ing  the, 
dragon, 
worn  pen- 
dent from 
the  collar 
by  knights 
of  the  (bar- 
ter. A  loaf, 
suppo  sea 
to   nave 

been  ori^nally  stamped  with  a  figure  ol 
St.  Gfsorge. 

Gtoorgre.Xake  (Horioon).  A  beauti- 
ful lake  in  N.  E.  New  York,  an  exten- 
sion of  L.  Champlain  ;  80  m.  long  by  8  m. 
•wide. 

George,  St.  (of  Oappadocia).  The 
patron  saint  of  England  and  Greece,  was  a 
pious  and  learned  priest,  appointed  Arian 
Bishop  of  Alexandria,  864.  He  was  killed 
by  a  mob,  and  canonized  494.  Tradition 
says  he  was  named  "Victorious"  fi*om 
having  killed  a  terrible  dragon  in  Asia 
Minor,  supposed  to  be  that  mentioned  by 
St.  John  in  the  Book  of  Bovelation. 

Oeorgre,  St.,  Order  of.  The  titie  of 
several  orders  of  European  knighthood, 
some  now  extinct.  The  principal  are  tlie 
Bussian  militanr  order,  instituted  by 
Catharine  II.,  1769  ;  that  of  St.  G.  Lucca, 
1888 ;  the  Hanoverian  Order  of  St.  G., 
1889,  and  that  of  St.  G.  of  the  Eeunion. 
founded  by  Joseph  Bonaparte  in  Naples 
1808. 


George. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GEOEOETOWIT 


869 


GEEMANT 


Georgretown.  A  city  and  port  of  entry 
of  Washtoflrtou  Co.,  District  of  Columbia, 
2  m.  N.  W.  of  Waahingrton ;  pop.  12,678. 

Qeorgria,  Jdr'Je-ah.  A  section  of  W. 
Ada,  inclnmng  nearly  the  entire  isthmus 
oonneoting  the  Caspian  and  Euxlne  seas, 
now  the  Sussian  govt,  of  Trans-Caucasus ; 
ow.  Tiflis,  area  18,000  sq.  m.,  pop.  abt. 

owU,UUU. 

Qeorgria.  One  of  the  8.  States  of  the 
American  Union,  b.  N.  by  Tennessee  and 
N.  Carolina,  £.  by  the  Atlantic,  8.  by 
Florida,  W.  by  Alabama ;  area  58,000  sq. 
m.  G.  is  divided  into  188  counties.  Its 
chief  towns  are  Atlanta,  the  cap..  Sa- 
vannah, Macon,  Milledgevllle,  Athens, 
Brunswick,  Borne,  St.  Mary's,  Colum- 
bus and  Newton ;  principal  rivers,  Sar 
vannah,  St.  Mary's  and  Altamaha.  G.  was 
named  after  Cteorge  II.  of  England,  and 
was  the  last  organized  British  colony 
within  the  U.  S.,  Savannah  being  laid  out 
as  a  dty  by  Gen.  Oglethorpe,  1788.  G. 
8«oeded  Jan.  19,  1861 ;  was  readmitted 
to  the  Union,  1868 ;  pop.  1,542,180. 

Qeorgria,  GxQf  of.  In  the  N.  Pacific, 
bet.  British  Columbia  and  Yanoouver's 
Island  ;  100  m.  long  by  20  m.  wide. 

Gtoorgrian  Bay  (Manitoulin  Lake). 
An  arm  of  Lake  Huron,  on  the  Canadian 
shore;  50 by 20m. 

Q^osoopy,  -os'ko-pi.  Knowledge  of  the 
earth  or  soil  obtaine;^  by  inspection. 

Gtooaelenic,  'd-s€-len''ik.  Belating  to 
the  Joint  action  or  mutual  relations  of  the 
earth  and  moon ;  as  geoselenic  phenomena. 

Qeothermometer,  '5-ther-mom''et-€r. 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  degree 
of  terrestrial  heat  in  mines  and  artesian 
wells. 

Qeotrapid8B,je-d'trnp'i-d€.  A  fam.  of 
burfowing  lamellicom  beetles,  sec.  Peta- 
locera,  which,  when  alarmed,  feign  death. 

Qepll3rrea,  ge-fi'r6-a.  A  class  of  the 
Anarthropoda,  comprising  the  spoon- 
worms  and  allies. 

Qerab.,  g@'ra.  The  smallest  piece  of 
money  current  among  the  ancient  Jews, 
the  20th  part  of  a  shekel,  or  nearly  8  cents. 

Qerard,  ICaiirice  Etienne,  Comte. 
A  French  general ;  b.  1798,  d.  1866.  He 
served  with  distinction  under  Napoleon 
I.,  and  captured  Antwerp,  1882. 

Qerbillus,  jer-billus.  A  gen.  of  small 
burrowing  rodents  (the  gerbils),  fam.  Mu- 
ridsB,  having  a  long  tail,  tufted  at  the  end. 

Qerlo-antico,  -lo-an-te^kd.  A  rare,  rich, 
flesh-colored  marble  used  for  statuary 
purposes  in  Borne. 


Qerman,  'man.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Germany.  The  language  of  the  higher 
and  more  southern  districts  of  Germany, 
and  the  literary  language  of  all  Germany. 
It  is  divided  into  three  periods— Old  High 
German,  trom  the  8th  to  the  12th  centu- 
ry. Middle  High  German,  to  the  15th  cen- 
tury, and  Modem  High  German.  The 
first  embraces  the  AUemannie,  Frankish 
and  other  sub-dialects.  The  second  is  the 
language  of  the  Minnesingers,  of  the  na- 
tional heroic  legends  (Heldensagen),  and 
of  the  lay  of  the  Nibelungen.  Modern 
German  is  properly  the  dialect  of  Saxony, 
which  Lutiher  rendered  classic^  by  ms 
translation  of  the  Bible. 

G^erman-Bilver,  -sil'ver.  Packfong; 
the  white  alloy  of  nickel,  formed  by  fus- 
ing together  100  parts  of  copper,  60  of  zinc 
and  40  of  nickel. 

Gtermanicus,  Osasar.  A  Boman  gen- 
eral, brother  of  Enrperor  Claudius  ;  b.  14 
B.  o.,  D.  19  A.D.  His  principal  military 
exploit  yras  the  defeat  or  the  great  German 
chief  Arminius  (Hermann).  He  was  the 
&ther  of  the  notorious  Caligula,  and  his 
daughter  Agrippina  was  the  mother  of  the 
Emperor  Nero. 

G^ennantown.  A  suburb  of  Philadel- 
phia, noted  as  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of 
Gen.  Washington  by  Gen.  Howe,  Oct.  4, 
1777. 

Germany  (Empire  of).  A  confedera- 
tion of  States  occupving  the  greater  por- 
tion of  N.  Central  Europe,  bounded  if.  by 
the  North  and  Baltic  Seas  and  Denmark, 
E.  by  Eussia,  S.  by  Austria  and  Switzer- 
land, and  W.  by  irance,  Belgium  and  the 
Netherlands ;  cap.  Berlin ;  area  9,590.21 
German  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  44,000,000. 
The  territorial  divisions  of  the  empire  are 
the  Kingdoms  of  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
and  Wurtemberg;  grandnduchies  of  Hesse, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Saxe-Weimar, 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  and  Oldenburg ; 
duchies  of  Brunswick,  Saxe-Meiningen. 
Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  and 
Anhalt ;  principalities  of  Lippe-Detmold, 
W  a  1  d  e  c  k,  Schwarzburg  -  Budolstadt. 
Sch  warzbui^-Sondershausen ,  B  e  u  s  s  - 
Schleiz,  Beuss-Greiz  and  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  with  the  fi-ee  cities  of  Bremen, 
Hamburg  and  Lubeck,  and  the  ceded 
province  of  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  princi- 
pal cities  are  Berlin,  Munich,  Dresden, 
Stuttgart,  Carlsruhe,  Darmstadt,  Schwer- 
in,  Brcslau,  Leipzig,  Cologne,  Mentz, 
Augsburg,  Weimar,  Neu-Strelitz,  Olden- 
burg, Brunswick,  Meiningen,  Altenburg, 
Gotha,  Dessau,  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Brem- 
erhaven,  Konigsberg,  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  and  Strasburg.  Chief  rivers,  the  Dao' 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GEBMINAL 


870 


©IAJIT8'  CAUSEWAY 


nbe,  BUne,  Elbe,  Weser,  Main  and  (Mer. 
The  present  empire  was  formed  Jan.  IS, 
1871,  when  the  raling  monarch  of  Priibsia, 
King  William  I.,  was  crowned  hereditary 
Emperor  of  the  Oerinans,  the  constitution 
being  adopted  May  4  of  the  same  year. 

Qerminal,  zhfir-mG-nal.  The  7th  month 
of  the  first  French  repnbttcan  calendar, 
commencing  March  21  and  ending  April 
19. 

Germination,  jerm-i-na'shon.  The  first 
act  of  growth  by  an  embryo  plant ;  the 
time  in  which  seeds  vegetate  after  being 
phmted  or  sown. 

Gerontes,  ge-ron'tez.  In  Greek  Antiq. 
magistrates  in  Bparta  who,  with  the 
ephori  and  kings,  were  the  supreme  aa- 
tnority  of  the  state.  They  could  not  be 
elevated  to  the  dignity  before  their  60th 
year. 

Gerry,  ZSlbridfire.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  Mass.,  1744,  d.  1814.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
Commissioner  to  France  (1797),  governor 
of  Mass.,  and  (1812)  Vice-President  uf  the 
U.  B. 

Genuda,  -ro'si-a.  The  senate  of  ancient 
Bparta ;  the  aristocratic  element  of  Spartan 
polity. 

Qervillia,  Jer-vil'li-a.  A  gen.  of  conch- 
ifers  or  bivalves,  fkm.  Aviculide,  or 
wing-shells,  found  fossil  flrom  the  carbon- 
iferous system  to  the  chalk,  inclusive. 

Gestation,  Jest-a'shon.  The  act  of  carry- 
ing young  in  the  womb  ft-om  conception 
to  delivery ;  pregnancv.  Exercise  in  which 
one  is  borne  or  carried,  as  on  horseback, 
or  in  a  carriage,  without  the  exercise  of 
his  own  powers. 

Gesture,  'tur.  A  motion  of  the  face, 
body  or  limbs  expressive  of  sentiment  or 
passion  ;  any  action  or  posture  intended 
to  express  an  idea  or  a  passion,  or  to  en- 
force an  argument  or  opinion. 

Gethsemane.  The  garden  at  the  foot 
of  the  Mount  of  Olives,  near  Jerusalem, 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  the  agony  of 
Christ  and  his  betrayal  by  Judas. 

Gettjrsbiirgr.  A  town  in  Adams  Co., 
Penn.,  86  m.  8.  W.  of  Harrisburg,  noted 
for  its  proximity  to  the  desperate  ^ree 
days'  battle  (July  1-5, 1868)  between  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Meade,  and  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Lee.  The  latter  was 
defeated,  losing  80,000,  Including  14,000 
prisoners ;  the  Federal  loss  was  upward 
of  28,000. 

Geyser,  gVzer.  •  The  name  given  to 
springs  of  not  water.  The  geysers  of  Ice- 
md  number  nearly  one  hundred.     They 


are,  however,  surpassed  by  those  which 
have  been  discovered  in  comparatively 
recent  times  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  In 
the  Yellowstone  region. 

Ghat,  gat  In  the  £.  Indies,  a  pass 
through  a  mountain  ;  also,  a  range  or  cnain 
of  hilb.  A  landing-place  or  st^way  to 
the  rivers  of  India. 

Ghazepore,  gaz-c-poor'.  Cap.  of  a  dist. 
of  same  name  in  British  Bengal,  India, 
on  the  Ganges ;  pop.  107,000. 

Ghee,  gC>.  In  the  £.  Indies,  butter  made 
from  the  milk  of  the  buflUo,  clarified  by 
boiling. 

Ghent,  pint.  Can.  of  E.  Flanders,  Bel- 
gium, 80  m.  N.  W.  of  Brussels,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Lys  and  Scheldt;  built  on 
26  islands  with  canals  dividing  them,  and 
connected  by  800  bridges.  It  dates  back 
to  the  7th  century,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  broad  wall,  8  m.  in  circumference :  pop. 
abt.  122,000. 

Gherkin,  ger'kin.  A  small-fhiited  vari- 
ety of  the  cucumber,  used  for  pickling. 

Ghetchoo,  get'sho.  £.  Indian  name  for 
Aiwnogeton  monostachyon,  the  roots  of 
which  resemble  potatoes. 

Ghetto,  'td.  The  quarter  in  certain 
Italian  towns  where  Jews  live. 

Ghibelline,  gi'bel-in.  One  of  a  fkction 
in  Italy  in  favor  of  the  emperor  and  op- 
posed to  the  Gnelfs,  or  pope's  fiiction. 
They  arose  in  the  12th  centunr,  and  dis- 
turbed Germany  and  Italy  for  800  years. 

Ghoont,  gont.  A  small  sure-footed  E. 
Indian  pony,  used  in  the  mountain  ranges 
as  a  pack  or  saddle  horse- 
Ghost,  Holy,  The,  gdst.  In  Theol. 
the  third  person  in  the  TVinity.  All  who 
subscribe  to  the  Athanasian  Creed  believe 
the  Holy  Ghost  proceeds  firom  the  Father 
and  Bon ;  the  Greek  Church  teaches  that 
he  proceeds  fi*om  the  Father  only. 

Ghost-moth,  moth.  A  nocturnal  lepi- 
dopterouB  insect,  so  called  from  the  male 
being  white  and  hovering  with  a  pendu- 
lum-like motion  in  the  twilight  over  one 
spot  where  the  female,  which  is  red  and 
gray,  is  concealed. 

Ghoiil,  ghol.  An  Imaginary  evil  being 
among  Eastern  nations,  supposed  to  prey 
upon  human  bodies. 

Giallolino,  jyal-16-le'n6.  An  oxide  of 
lead  or  massicot,  a  fine  yellow  pigment, 
also  known  as  Naples  Yellow. 

Giants'  Causeway.  A  remarkable 
basaltic  formation  on  the  N.  coast  of  Ire- 
land, constituting  a  platform  600  ft.  long 
by  860  broad  and  26  ft.  high,  of  closely  ar^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


©lAOTTE 


an 


GIBANBOLE 


tanged,  colaxnnfl.  It  owes  its  name  to  a 
tFadition  that  giants  oonBtracted  it  with  a 
Tiew  to  inyadiog  Scotland. 

Giaour,  jour.  A  word  used  by  the  Turks 
to  designate  the  adherents  of  all  religions 
except  the  Mohammedan.  The  use  is  so 
common  that  it  is  often  applied  without 
intending  an  insult.    A  dog. 

GUbb^rUQl,  giVber-ish.  Rapid  and  in- 
articnlate  talk ;  unmeaning  words. 

p-ibbet,  jib'bet    A  gallows ;  consisting 

)  of  an  upright  post  with  an  arm  projecting 
flrom  the  top,  on  which  maleractors  are 
hanged.  Tho  projecting  beam  of  a  crane 
which  sustains  the  pulleys  and  the  weight 
of  goods;  a  jib. 

Gibbon,  gib'bon.  A  name  common  to 
apes,  gen.  Hylobates,  but  more  particular- 
ly restricted  to  the  species  Hylobates  lar, 
having  unusually  long  arms.  Its  color  is 
black,  but  its  fince  is  surrounded  by  a 
white  or  gray  beard. 

Gibbon,  Edward.  A  distinguished 
English  historian  ;  b.  1767,  d.  1794, 

Gibel,  jiVel.  A  fish  of  the  carp  gen., 
Cyprinus  glbelio,  said  to  be  able  to  live  80 
hours  out  of  water. 

(Hbeonite,  gi'be-on-lt.  A  slave's  slave ; 
a  workman's  laborer  ;  a  farmer's  drudge. 

Giblets,  jibaets.  The  entrails  of  a 
fowl,  removed  before  roasting,  as  the 
heart,  liver,  gizzard,  Ac,  often  served  as  a 
sauce  or  in  a  pie. 

Gibraltar.  Animpregnably  fortified  city 
and  seaport  in  Spain  at  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  Straits  of  G.,held  by  the  En- 
glish. Straits  of  G.,  the  passage  connect- 
ing the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean  and 
dividing  Europe  and  Aflrlca ;  length  86  m., 
width  from  15  to  24  m. 

Giff,  gig.  A  Uttie  thing  that  is  whirled 
round  in  play ;  a  top  ;  a  whirligig.  A 
light  carriage  with  one  pair  of  wh<^ls  ;  a 
chaise.  A  long  narrow  rowing-boat, 
adapted  for  racing ;  also  a  ship's  boat, 
generally  fkimished  with  sails.  A  machine 
consisting  of  rotary  cylinders  covered  with 
wire  teeth  for  teazling  woolen  cloth. 

Gilbertine,  gil'bert-in.  One  of  a  relig- 
ious order  founded  about  1148,  by  Gfl- 
b*rt,  lord  of  Sempringham  in  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  the  male  members  of 
which  observed  the  rule  of  St.  Augustine, 
and  the  females  that  of  St.  Benedict. 

Gill,  jil.  A  measure  of  capacity,  contain- 
ing the  fourth  part  of  a  pint. 

Gill-flirt,  'flert.  A  sportive  or  wanton 
girl. 

Gillie,  '11.  In  the  Highlands,  a  man-ser- 
vant; a  serf;  a  boy. 


Gimbal. 


Gimbal,  gim'bal.  A 
contrivance  for  securin); 
free  motion  la  susueii  ' 
sion,  or  for  snspenaiii^jr 
anything,  as  a  chronom  - 
eter,  so  that  it  mav  keep 
a  constant  position  or 
remain  in  equilibrium. 
The  mariner's  compass  is  suspended  by 
such  a  contrivance. 

Gimcrack,  jlm'krak.  QriginaUy  a 
spruce  or  pert  boy.  A  trirviai  piece  of 
mechanism;  a  toy. 

Gin,  jin.  A  oontraotion  of  Geneva,  a  dis- 
tillod  spirit.  A  machine  used  instead  of 
a  crane,  firom  which  a  block  and  tackle  is 
suspended,  and  a  windlass  is  attached.  A 
whim  or  windlass  which  turns  a  cvlinder 
and  winds  on  it  a  rope,  raising  minerals, 
&c.,  from  a  depth.  A  machine  for  sepa- 
rating seeds  from  cotton.  A  machine  for 
driving  piles,  an  engine  of  torture,  and  a 
pump  moved  by  Bails.    A  trap  ;  a  snare. 

Gingal,  'gal.  A  large  musket  used  in 
Asia  by  the'natives,  and  fired  ttoin  a  rest. 
Some  are  mounted  on  carriages.  The 
Chinese  use  them  extensively. 

Ginsrerbread-work,  'jer-bred-werk. 
Ornamental  work  cut,  carved,  or  formed 
in  various  fancifUl  shapes,  as  an  ornament 
to  buildings,  &c. 

Glnfirbam,  ging'am.  A  kind  of  striped 
cotton  cloth. 

GinsenflT, 
jin'-seng.  A 
name  given « 
to  two  plants 
of  the  gen. 
Panax,  ord. 
AraliaceiB,the 
root  of  which 
is  considered 
by  the  Chi- 
nese a  univer- 
sal panacea  or 
remedy  for  all  ills. 

Giorgione,  Giorerio  BarbEurelli.  An 
eminent  Italian  painter,  founder  of  the 
Venetian  School;  b.  1477.  d.  1611.  He 
was  a  fellow-student  with  Titian. 

Giraffe,  ji-raf.  The  cainelopard  (Giraf- 
fa  CamelopardaliB  or  CamelopardaUs  Gi- 
raffa),  a  ruminant  animal  constituting  the 
only  species  of  its  gen.  and  fam.  It  is  the 
tallest  of  animals,  reaching  the  height  ol 
18  to  20  feet.  It  is  a  mild  and  inoffensive 
animal,  and  in  captivity  is  very  gentle  and 
playful. 

Girandole,  'ran-d6I.  A  chanddier;  a 
large  kind  of  branched  candlestick.    In 


Ginseng. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GIBABD 


872 


GLANDERS 


Pyrotechnics,  a  revolving  firework  ;  a  re" 
volving  Bun. 

Oirard,  Stephen.  An  American  phil- 
anthropist, B.  In  France,  1750  ;  d.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1831.  He  made  a  large  fortune  as  a 
merchant  in  Philadelphia,  and  at  his  death 
left  $2,000,UOO  to  found  a  college  for  or- 
phan boys,  to  be  conducted  on  strictly 
secular  principles.  The  building,  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  country,  was  beg^in  in 
1888,  and  eompleted  in  1848. 

Ghlrasole,  'ra-sol.  The  turnsole  (Helio- 
tropium  europieum).  A  transparent  va- 
riety of  opal,  usually  white  or  bluish- 
white,  but  when  turned  toward  any  bright 
light  it  constantly  reflecta  a  reddish  color 
— Whence  its  name ;  Fire-opal. 

Girdle,  ger'dl.  A  band  or  belt ;  some- 
thing drawn  round  the  waist  of  a  person 
and  fastened.  Indosure :  ch*cumference. 
In  jewelry,  the  line  which  encompasses 
the  stone,  parallel  to  the  horizon.  In  Arch, 
a  small  circular  band  or  fillet  round  the 
shaft  of  a  colunm. 

Ghirl,  gerl.  A  female  child ;  a  person  of 
the  female  sex  not  arrived  at  puoerty ;  an 
unmarried  young  woman.  In  the  language 
of  the  chase,  a  roebuck  of  two  years  old. 

Girondist,  zhi-rond'ist.  A  member  of 
a  celebrated  political  party  during  the  first 
French  revolution,  so  named  because  the 
most  talented  and  eloquent  of  their  leaders 
were  fi*om  the  department  of  La  Gironde. 

Girth,  gerth.  The  band  by  which  a  sad- 
dle or  any  burden  on  a  horse's  back  is 
made  fast  by  passing  under  his  belly.  Any 
circular  bandage.  The  measure  round 
anything  of  a  cylindrical  shape.  In  print- 
ing, one  of  two  bands  attached  to  the 
rounceof  a  press,  and  used  to  run  the 
carriage  in  or  out. 

Gittem,  glVtem.  An  iitstniment  of  the 
guitar  kind  strung  with  wire ;  a  dttem. 

Gitteth,  'teth.  A  musical  instrument 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  to  the 
Israelites  by  David  from  Gath  in  the  land 
of  the  Philistines. 

Ginsto,  jns'to.  In  Music,  in  Just,  cor- 
rect, or  steady  time. 

Gizzard,  giz'erd.  The  third  and  princi- 
pal stomach  in  birds.  It  performs  the 
ranction  of  teeth  in  triturating  or  grinding 
the  food. 

Glacier,  gla'shi-er.  An-  immense  accu- 
mulation of  ice  filling  a  valley  and  pouring 
down  its  masses  to  valleys  vet  lower. 
They  present  the  appearance  of  firozen  tor- 
rents, frequently  several  miles  in  length, 
traversed  Dy  deep  rents  called  crevasses. 
They  move  gradually  down  into  the  lower 


valleys  at  a  varying  rate  of  18  to  24 
inches  in  twenty-four  hours.  In  the  win. 
ter  of  1818-19  some  Swiss  glaciers  cam« 
so  far  down  into  tiie  lower  vallevs  as  to 
sweep  away  whole  villages.  They  are 
founa  in  many  lofty  mountain  ranges,  as 
the  Alps,  the  Andes,  &c.  G.  theory  at- 
tributes important  geographical  changes 
to  the  action  of  glaciers,  which,  durlii^ 
the  glacial  period,  covered  a  large  part  of 
the  frigid  and  temperate  zones.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  any  theory  account- 
ing for  the  downward  motion  of  glaciers. 

Glacis,  glft'sis.  A  gentle  slope  or  slop- 
ing bank.  In  Fort,  a  sloping  bank  so 
raised  as  to  bring  the  enemy  into  the 
most  direct  line  of  fire  fi*om  the  fort  In 
Geol.  an  easy  slope,  like  that  of  shingles 
piled  on  the  shore  by  the  action  of  tides 
and  waves ;  less  steep  than  a  talus. 

Glade,  glad.  An  opening  or  passag^e 
through  a  wood ;  on  open  phice  in  a  wood 
or  forest.  An  opening  ia  ice  or  a  place 
left  unfi^zen ;  smooth  ice.    An  everglade. 

Gladiate,  glad'i-at  Sword-shaped ;  as 
the  legume  ef  a  plant 

Gladiator,  -er.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  one 
who  fought  in  publle  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  the  people.  At  first  prisoners, 
slaves  or  conaemned  criminals ;  but  sf> 
terward  fi-eemen  fought  in  the  arena,  for 
hire  or  from  choice.  Under  the  empire 
knights,  senators  and  even  women  ex- 
hibited themselves  in  this  way. 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart.  A  dis- 
tinguished English  statesman  and  orafa^  ; 
B.  in  Liverpool,  1609.  He  is  at  present 
(1884)  prime  minister  for  the  second  time, 
succeeaing  the  late  Lord  Beaoonsfield 
(Disraeli). 

GlafiTOl,  gla'gol.  An  ancient  Sclavonic  al- 

Shabet,  principally  used  in  several  B.  O. 
ioceses  of  Istria  and  Dalmatia  in  tho 
psalms,  liturgies  and  ofiices  of  the 
church.  It  bears  traces  of  having  existed 
prior  to  Christianity,  and  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally cut  on  sticks  in  the  Bunic  fashion. 
The  earliest  Sclavonic  mannscripta  are 
written  in  Glagol. 

Glair,  giar.  The  white  ofan  egg  used  as 
varnish  to  preserve  paintings,  and  as  a 
size  in  gilding. 

Glaive,  glav.  An  ancient  cutting  weap- 
on, used  by  foot  soldiers,  fixed  to  the  end 
of  a  pole,  and  differing  fh>m  the  bill  in 
having  its  edge  on  the  outside  curve. 

Glanders,  glan'derz.  In  Farriery,  a 
dangerous  contagious  disease  of  horses. 
In  Med.  a  dangerous  contagious  disease 
in  the  human  enbject,  aocompanled  Iqr  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


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GtOBAtS 


pustular  eruption,  communicated  by  inoc- 
ulation from  glandered  animals. 

GlaSffOW,  glas-go.  The  principal  manu- 
fiusturing  and  commercial  dty  of  Scotland, 
•n  both  sides  the  river  CIvde,  42  m.  S.  £. 
•f  Edinburgh ;  pop.  abt.  470,000. 

Glass,  glas.  A  hard,  brittle,  transparent 
artiflcialsubstanoe, formed  by  the  fUsion 
of  sUicious  matter,  such  as  powdered  flint 
or  fine  sand,  together  with  some  alkali,  al- 
kaline earth,  salt  or  metallic  oxide.  Al- 
though exceedingly  brittle  when  cold,  yet 
it  is  so  ductile  when  heated  that  it  may  be 
spun  into  filaments  of  the  greatest  con- 
ceivable fineness,  and  these  when  cold  are 
Eliant  and  elastic  in  a  high  degree.  8oIu- 
le  glass,  a  silicate  of  potash  or  soda  in 
which  the  alkali  predominates.  Tempered 
or  toughened  glass  is  hardened  by  being 
inunersed  in  a  hot  bath  of  melted  wax, 
resin,  oil,  &c.  The  name  is  applied  to 
many  objects  made  of  glass,  as  looking- 
l^ass,  hour-glass ;  also  to  dlfi'erent  optical 
Instruments.  O.  of  antimony,  a  vitreous 
oxide  of  antimony  mixed  with  sulphide. 
G.  of  borax,  a  vitreous  transparent  sub- 
stance obtained  by  exposing  to  heat  the 
crystals  of  biborate  of  sodium. 

Glasflohord,  'kord.  The  name  given  bv 
Franklin  to  a  mnslcaT  instrument,  with 
keys  like  a  piano-forte,  but  with  bars 
of  glass  instead  of  strings  of  wire,  invent- 
ed in  Paris  in  1785  by  a  German  named 
Beyw. 

Q-laa8-€iye,  -i.  The  common  name  in 
Jamaica  for  a  species  of  thrush  (Turdus 
jamaicensis),  so  called  from  the  glass-like 
iris  of  the  bird.  A  pulpy  berry  on  which 
it  feeds  is  called  glass-eye  berry. 

OUuMite,  It.  One  of  a  religious  sect 
founded  in  Scotland  in  the  early  part  of 
the  18th  century  by  John  Glass,  a  minister 
of  the  Established  Church,  deposed  in 
1728  for  his  opinions  regardiug  ecclesiasti- 
cal polity,  in  England  and  America,  to 
which  this  sect  spread,  the  adherents 
called  themselves  Bandemanians,  after 
Bobert  Sandeman,  a  native  of  Perth,  and 
son-in-law  of  Mr.  Glass. 

Glass-mosaic,  -mo-z&'ik.  A  modem 
Italian  work  in  imitation  of  the  antique, 
formed  of  small  squares  of  colored  glass, 
representing  a  painting  so  perfectly  as  to 
deceive  the  eye,  used  for  brooches,  lids  of 
snufT-boxes,  iae. 

Glastonbury-thom,  'ton-ber-i-thom. 
A  variety  of  hawthorn,  the  original  thorn, 
in  popular  tradition,  having  been  the  staff 
brought  over  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea 
from    the    Holy  Land   to  GUstonbury, 


Eng.,  where  he  is  said  to  have  founded 
the  celebrated  abbey. 

Glauber-salt,  glaa>er-sa]t.  Sulphate  of 
soda,  a  well-known  cathartic.  It  may  be 
inrepered  by  the  direct  aetion  of  sulphuric 
add  on  carbonate  of  soda. 

Glauoolite,  'kol-it.  A  variety  of  soapo- 
lite,  composed  chiefly  of  the  silicates  of 
alumina  and  lime. 

Glauooma,  -ko'ma.  An  almost  incurable 
disease  of  the  eye,  being  an  opacity  of  the 
vitreous  humor.  It  somewhat  resembles 
cataract,  especially  in  the  gradual  obscura- 
tion of  vision. 

Glauoopis,  'pis.  A  gen.  of  bhrds,  fam. 
Corvidse,  the  only  known  spedes  of  which 
is  the  New  Zealand  crow,  called  by  the 
natives  kokako. 

GlauoilS, 'kus.  Agen.ofnudilntmchiate 
gasteropodous  moUusks,  popularly  known 
as  sea-lizards. 

Glauous.  In  Myth,  a  marine  deity,  said 
to  have  built  the  ship  Aivo  and  accom- 
I>anied  Jason  on  the  expedition  in  quest 
of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

Glendale.  A  parish,  also  known  as 
Frazer's  Farm,  near  Malvern  Hills,  Ya., 
noted  as  the  scene  of  a  bloody  battle  (June 
80,  1862),  between  the  Federals,  under 
Gens.  Meade,  McOall  and  Seymour,  and 
the  Confederates,  under  Gens.  Longstreet 
and  Hill.  The  former  withdrew,  having 
suffered  heavy  loss. 

Glendower,  Owen.  A  Welsh  chief,  a 
descendant  of  LleweUyn,  the  last  native 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  revolted  agaiast 
Henry  lY.  and  suooessfriUy  defended  the 
mountain  fkstnesses  against  the  English 
armies.  Later  he  Joined  Harry  Percy  and 
Lord  Mortimer,  and  shared  in  their  aefeat 
near  Shrewsbury.  Betiring  to  Wales,  he 
maintained  a  successfhl  revolt  until  his 
death;  b.  1850, d.  1416. 

Gliadine,  gira-din.  The  viscid  portion 
of  gluten,  a  slightly  tr&nsparent  brittle 
substance,  having  a  slight  smell  similar  to 
honey-comb. 

Glixes,  'rez.  The  4th  order  of  mammalia, 
according  to  the  system  of  Unnieus.  It 
includes  the  porcupines,  hares,  rabbits, 
Ac.f  beavers,  rats  and  mice ;  guinea-pigs, 
agoutis,  marmots,  lemmings,  hamsters, 
dormice,  jerboas,  the  paca  and  squirrels, 
and  corresponds  closely  to  the  Rodentia 
of  Guvier.  Their  characteristic  is  two  flat 
Incisors  in  each  Jaw. 

Globate,  gidb'at.  Having  the  form  of  a 
globe;  Sj^iierical;  spheroidal. 


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Globe-flflh. 


Olobe.  Any  round  or 
spherical  solid  body;  a 
l>all;  a  body  whose  sur- 
face is  Jn  every  part  equi- 
distant from  the  center. 
The  earth ;  the  terraque- 
ous ball.  An  artinclal 
sphere  of  metal  or  other  ™,  — ^ 
substance  on  whose  con-  ^^  tiiobe, 
vex  surface  is  drawn  a  map  of  the  earth 
or  of  the  heavens.  That  on  which  the 
oceans,  seas,  continents,  isles  and  coun- 
tries of  the  earth  are  represented  Is  called 
a  terrestrial  globe,  that  which  exhibits  the 
constellations  a  celestial  globe. 

Ohlobe-flsh, 
'fish.  The 
name  griyen  to 
several  fishes 
of  the  geneni 
Diodon  and 
Tetraodon, 
fem.  Diodonti- 
diB,  ord.  Plec- 
tognathi,  possessing  the  power  of  assum- 
ing a  globular  form  by  swallowing  air. 

Globlde,  glob'iil.  A  little  globe ;  a  small 
particle  of  matter  of  a  spherical  form.  In 
Physiol,  a  circular  or  elliptical  corpuscle 
found  In  the  blood  of  all  animals. 

G-lobulin,  'u-lin.  A  protein  body  form- 
ing, in  association  with  hsematin  or 
hsemato-globulin,  the  main  ingredient  of 
the  blood -globules,  and  also  occurring, 
mixed  with  albumen,  in  the  cells  of  the 
crystalline  lens  of  the  eye. 

Glochidate,  glo'kid-at.  In  Bot.  ftir- 
nished  with  bristles  or  rigid  hairs,  the 
ends  of  which  are  hooked  back  or  barbed 
like  a  fish-hook. 

G-l02nerid»,  glo-me'ri-de.  The  wood- 
louse  miUipeds,  a  fam.  of  Arthropoda, 
ord.  Chilognatha,  class  Myriapoda.  One 
species,  called  the  pill-milliped  or  pill- 
worm,  was  formerly  used  In  medicine. 

Gloriole,  glo'ri'ol.  A  circle,  as  of  rays, 
represented  in  ancient  paintings  as  sur- 
rounding the  heads  of  saints. 

Glory,  'ri.  Praise,  honor,  admiration  or 
distinction  accorded  by  common  consent 
to  a  person  or  thing ;  honorable  fame ;  re- 
nown ;  celebrity.  In  painting,  a  combi- 
nation of  the  nimbus  and  aureola,  that  is, 
of  the  luminous  halo  (nimbus)  encircling 
the  head  of  holy  persons,  and  the  halo 
(aureola^  encompassing  the  whole  person. 
Popularly,  It  is  frequently  confounded 
with  the  nimbus. 

Glossanthraz,  glos-an'thraks.  A  dis- 
ease in  horses  and  cattle,  characterized  by 


malignant  carbuncles  in  the  mouth,  and 
especially  on  the  tongue. 
Glossary,  'a-ri.    A  vocabuhu-y  of  glosses 
or  explanations  of  the  meaning  of  words 
used  by  any  author,  of  the  technical  terms 
of  any  art  or  sdence,  of  a  dialect  and  the 
like ;  a  limited  and  partial  dictionary. 
Glosser,  'er.  A  writer  of  glosses ;  a  scho- 
liast ;  a  commentator. 
Glossology,  -ol'o-ji.    The  definition  and 
explanation  of  terms,  as  of  a  science ;  tech- 
nology.   The  science  of  language ;  uni- 
versal grammar ;  comparative  philology; 
glottology. 

Glottis,  glet'is.  The  opening  at  the  up- 
per part  of  the  trachea  or  windpipe,  and 
between  the  vocal  cords,  which,  by  its 
dilatation  and  contraction,  contributes  to 
the  modulation  of  the  voice.  In  music, 
a  small  tongue  or  reed  by  means  of  which 
ancient  wind-instruments  were  sounded. 
Glove,  gluv.  Any  covering  for  the  hand, 
or  for  the  hand  and  wrist,  with  a  separate 
sheath  for  each  finger. 
Glover's-stitch,  'erz-stich.  In  Surg,  a 
peculiar  stitch  employed  in  sewing  up  a 
wound. 

Glucina,  glu-si'na.    The  only  oxide  of 
the  metal  glucinum  or  beryllium. 
Gluck,  Johann  Christophe,  von. 
A  noted  German  mnslcal  composer;  b. 
1714;d.  1T87. 

Glucose,  -kos'.  A  Tariety  of  sugar  less 
sweet  than  cane-sugar,  produced  ilh>m 
grapes,  com,  cane-sugar,  dextrin,  starch, 
cellulose,  <fco.,  by  the  action  of  acids,  cer- 
tain ferments  and  other  reagents,  and  by 
processes  going  on  tu  living  plants.  It 
also  occurs  in  the  urine  of  persons  Sliver- 
ing from  one  varieties  of  diabetes.  There 
are  two  varieties,  distinguished  by  their 
action  on  polarized  light ;  dextro-glucose 
turns  the  plane  of  polarization  to  the  right ; 
levo-glucose  turns  it  tothelefL  When 
heated  up  to  400<>  it  becomes  caramel,  and 
is  used  by  cooks  and  confectioners  as  ool. 
oring  matter. 

Glume,  glum.  In  Bot  the  im-  y 
bricate  scale-like  bract  inserted  ) 
on  the  axis  of  the  spikelet  In  1 
GrarainesB  and  Cyperacese;  the  | 
husk  or  chaff  of  grain,  the  psJea 
or  pale. 

Glut8eiU3,  glu-to'us.    In  Anat. 
a  name  common  to    tJie   three 
muscles  of  the  hips  which  form  Glume, 
part  of  the  buttocks. 

Glue.  Common  or  impure  gelatine  ob- 
tained by  boiling  animal  substances,  aa 
the  skins,  hoofb,  &c.,  of  animals,  with 


;  T 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GLtrTEN 


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GNU 


wmter;  used  m  ft  flflin«nt  for  unltfaig 
pieces  of  wood  or  other  matoriftl.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  other  visooos  sub- 
stances. Marue  glue,  a  solution  of  oaout- 
chouc  in  naphtha  with  shellac. 

aiaten,  'ton.  A  tough  etostio  substance 
found  in  tilie  flour  or  wheat  and  other 
grain.  It  eontifbntes  much  to  the  nutrl- 
Uyo  quslity  of  flour,  and  glyes  tenaeity  to 
its  paste.  A  stmihur  substance  is  fennd 
in  theluieesofoertabi plants.  It  consists 
of  gUadine,  vegetable  fibrine  and  caseine, 
witii  sometimes  a  f&tty  substance. 

QluttOilfgluV 
1.  One  who 
indulges  to  ex- 
cess in  eatinff 
or  eating  and 
drinking;  i* 
fformandiier. 

^^^  %  Glutton, 

eager  io  anything  to  excess.  The  Oulo 
arcticns,  a  carnivorous  quadruped,  inter- 
mediate between  the  bears  and  weasels, 
resembling  the  former  in  general  struc- 
ture and  the  latter  in  dentition.  It  is 
known  also  by  the  name  of  Wolverine. 
Olyoerine.  gli'se-rin.  A  transparent  col- 
orless liquid  with  a  sweet  taste,  obtained 
from  natural  fats  by  saponiflcation  with  al- 
kalies or  by  the  action  of  superheated 
steam. 

Glycol,  gll'kol.  The  type  of  a  class  of 
artificial  compounds  intermediate  in  their 
properties  and  chemical  relations  between 
alcohol  and  glycerine.  It  is  a  diatomic 
acid,  alcohol  being  a  monatomic  and  glyc- 
erine a  triatomic. 

Glyt^yrrliiza,  gli-si-ri'za.  A  gen.  of  le- 
guminous plants,  O.  glabra  being  the  plant 
from  which  licorice  is  derived. 
Glsrphflaa,  gli-fS'a.  A  gen.  of  small  fos- 
sil crustaceans,  somewhat  resembling  lob- 
sters. 

Glirphic,  glif  ik.  A  picture  or  figure  by 
wbdch  a  word  is  implied ;  a  hieroglyphic. 
Glirphogrraphy,  -og'ra-fi,  A  peculiar 
electrotyping  process  in  which  a  design 
drawn  on  a  metal  plate  is  coated  with  ink  or 
varnish,  and  then  with  the  copper  deposit, 
the  result  being  a  plate  with  the  drawing 
In  relief,  from  which  impressions  may  be 
obtained  after  the  manner  of  ordinary  let- 
terpress. 
GlirptocrintlS,  -to'kri-nus.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  encrinites,  belonging  to  the  lower 
Silurian. 

Glirptodipterini,  /to-dip-ter-i''ni.  A 
turn,  of  ganoid  fossil  fishes  occurring  in 
the  Devonian  series  of  rocks. 


Glyptodon. 


Glyptodou^ 

-don.       A    t'oml  _ 
edentate    anliiuil,  . 
alli^  to  the  arinii-^ 
dillos,    found    in 
the  upper  ten  iJirj' 
strataof  S.  Amx 
ica.    It  was  01':  L 
size  of  an  ox,  ai.d 
covered    with     a 
coat  of  mail. 
Gl3rptogTaph,  -graf.    An  engraving  on 
a  gem  or  precious  stone.  • 
Gnarl,  narl.    A  protuberance  on  the  out- 
side of  a  tree  ;  a  knot ;  a  snag. 
Gnat,  nat    A  name  applied  to  several  in- 
sects of  the  gen.  Culex,  the  female  having 
a  proboscis  or  sting.    The  most  trouble- 
some of  this  gen.  is  the  mosquito. 
Gnathodon,   nath'o-don.      A  gen.   of 
mollusks,  of  which  there  is  one  well-known 
species,  O.  cuneatus.    A  gen.  of  birds  (the 
toothed-billed  pigeons),  ^lied  to  the  pig- 
eons.   It  is  also  called  Didunculus,  from 
being  in  some  particulars  a  miniature  re- 
semblance of  the  dodo. 
Gnat-worm,  nat'werm.    A  small  water 
insect  produced  by  a  gnat,  and  which  after 
several  changes  is  transformed  into  a  gnat ; 
the  larva  of  a  gnat. 

Gneiss,  nis.  A  species  of  rock,  composed 
of  quartz,  felspar  and  mica,  arranged  in 
layers.  It  is  rich  in  metallio  ores,  but  con- 
tains no  fossil  remains.  O.  often  contains 
hornblende  in  pUice  of  mica,  and  receives 
the  name  of  syenitio  gneiss.  The  only 
difference  between  this  rock  and  granite 
consists  in  the  foliation,  the  materials  of 
granite  being  crystallized  promiscuously, 
those  of  gneiss  being  segregated  in  layers. 
Ghiome,  n5m.  An  imaginary  being,  sup- 
posed by  the  Gabalists  to  inhabit  me  in- 
ner parts  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  the  guard- 
ian of  mines,  quarries,  Ac.  A  dwarf;  a 
goblin. 

Gnomonios,  n5-mon'iks.  The  art  or 
science  of  constructing  dials  to  show  the 
hour  of  the  day  by  the  shadow  of  a  gno- 
mon. 

Ghiostio,  nos'tik.  One  of  a  sect  of  phi- 
losophers that  arose  in  the  first  ages  of 
Christianity.  They  held  that  all  natures, 
intelligible,  intellectual  and  material,  are 
derived  from  successive  emanations  from 
the  infinite  fountain  of  Deity.  These 
emanations  they  called  eons. 
Gnu,  nu.  A  gen.  of  ruminant  quadrupeds 
(Gatoblepas),  Inhabiting  8.  Africa,  gen- 
erally ranked  by  naturalists  among  the  an- 
telopes, but  by  some  placed  in  the  oxfiim- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GOAT 


m 


GOLD 


lly.  The  form  of  C.  gnu  partakes  of  that 
of  the  antelope,  ox  and  horse. 

Gk>at,  got.  A  well-known  horned  rum- 
inant quadruped,  gen.  Capra.  They  are  of 
the  size  of  sheep,  but  stronger,  less  timid, 
and  more  agile.  Thev  frequent  rocks  and 
mountains,  and  subsist  on  scanty  coarse 
food.  Their  strong  ordor  is  proverbial. 
Their  milk  is  sweet,  nourishing  and  medi- 
cinal, and  their  flesh  ftirnishes  food.  Some 
varieties  furnish  valuable  hair  or  wool. 

Qoat-SUCker,  'suk-er.  A  name  common 
to  the  various  species  of  birds  gen.  Cap- 
rimulgus.,  given  originally  from  the  erro- 
neous opinion  that  thev  sucked  goats. 
The  whip-poor-will  is  an  American  species. 

Gk>bbler,  gobler.  One  who  swallows  In 
haste  ;  a  greedy  eater ;  a  gormandizer.  A 
turkey-cock. 

Gk>belin,  go'be-lin.  A  species  of  rich 
tapestry,  ornamented  with  complicated 
and  beautlfiil  designs  In  brilliant  and  per- 
manent colors;  also  a  printed  worsted 
cloth  for  covering  chafrs,  sofhs,  &c. ,  in 
imitation  of  tapestry. 

Gk>bius,  go'bi-us.  The  goby,  a  gen.  of 
fishes,  sec.  Malacoptervgii  Abdominales, 
fem.  Cyprinidae,  Including  the  gudgeons. 

Gk>blixi,  gob'lin.  An  evil  or  mischievous 
sprite ;  a  gnome ;  an  elf;  a  malicious  fairy. 

Go-C£trt,  go'kSrt.  A  small  framework  on 
castors,  without  a  bottom,  in  which  chil- 
dren learn  to  walk  without  danger  of  fall- 
ing. 

God,  god.  The  Supreme  Being;  Jeho- 
vah; the  eternal  and  infinite  Spirit,  the 
Creator  and  the  Sovereign  of  the  uni- 
verse. Any  being  believed  to  possess  di- 
vine power,  and  worthy  of  worship.  Any 
person  or  thing  exalted  too  much  in  esti- 
mation, or  deified  and  honored  as  the 
chief  good. 

Godwit.  A  bird 
found  in  Europe 
and  Africa,  es- 
teemed for  its 
flesh.  __ 

aodcMid,'chnd.  vi\",\} 

One  for  whom  a  ^j\'  1 
person  becomes  ^  ^>>5^l 
sponsor  at  bap- 
tism and  prom- 
ises to  see  educat- 
ed as  a  Christian; 
a  godson  or  goddaughter. 

GkMlenda,  go-den'da.  A  pole-axe  having 
a  spike  at  its  end,  used  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury. 

Gk>dfather,  '^-ther.  A  man,  other  than 
the  father,  who  at  the  baptism  of  a  child 


makes  a  confession  of  the  Christian  fiiith 
in  its  name,  and  guarantees  its  religious 
education ;  a  male  sponsor.  One  who 
gives  a  name  to  any  person  or  thing. 

GkKlfrey  of  Bouillon.  The  principal 
chief  of  the  first  Crusade,  a  son  of  Eus- 
tace, 2d  Count  of  Boulogne ;  b.  1058 ;  d. 
1100.    He  captured  Jerusalem,  1098. 

Godhead,  Oied.  Godship;  dei^:  di- 
vinity ;  divine  nature  or  essence.  A  deity 
in  person  ;  a  god  or  goddess. 

Godmother,  'muth-er.  A  woman  who 
becomes  a  sponsor  for  a  child  in  baptism. 

Gk>down,  go-doun'.  In  the  £.  Indiee,  a 
warehouse. 

Gk>d'sAcre.  An  old  name  for  a  burial- 
ground — still  occasionally  used. 

Gk>d8on,  god'snn.  A  male  for  whom 
another  has  been  sponsor  at  the  baptismal 
font. 

Goethe,  Johann  Wolf^an^  von, 
f5n  goh'ta.  The  German  Shakespeare ; 
B.  1749,  D.  1882. 

Gk>g>8rle,  gog^.  A  strained  or  affected 
rolling  of  tiie  eye.  In  Surg,  tastramenta 
used  to  cure  squinting  or  the  distortion 
of  the  eyes  which  occasions  It  Cylindrical 
tubes  in  which  are  fixed  glasses  for  defend- 
ing the  eyes  from  cold,  dust,  &c.,  and 
sometimes  with  colored  glasses  to  abate 
the  intensity  of  light.  Spectacles.  Blinds 
for  horses  that  are  apt  to  take  fHght. 

Gk>itre,  goi'ter.    Bronchocele ;  a  morbid 
enlargement     of     ih>- 
th3rroid  gland,  contain- 
ing  a  serous  fluid  41  r 
sometimes    a  gaseous 
matter.    Its  position  f^ 
on  the  anterior  part  uii^f 
the   neck.    The    sasnf  r' 
disease  affects  the  test*     ^^ 
and  the  female  breast:^,  "^^^^ 
but  is  not  called  goiti  t . 
Cellular  sarcoma   is   a 
name  applicable  to  the  Goitre, 

disease  in  all  locations. 

Gk>lconda.  An  ancient  and  celebrated 
city  in  the  Nlzam^s  dominions,  India, 
once  the  cap.  of  a  powerful  kingdom,  but 
now  of  little  importance ;  noted  for  dia- 
mond-cutting. 

Gk>ld,  gdld.  A  precious  metal  of  a  bright 
yellow  color,  and  the  most  ductile  and 
malleable  of  all  metals.  It  is  not  liable  to 
i  jury  by  exposure,  and  is  therefore  well 
fittea  to  be  used  as  coin.  Itraay  be  beaten 
into  leaves  so  exceedingly  thin  thatl  grain 
in  weight  will  cover  56  square  Inches.  It 
may  ^so  be  melted-  and  remelted  with 
scarcely  any  diminution.     Its  specify 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GOLDEN-BEETLE 


8T7 


GONDOLA 


rravitf  is  19.8,  or  about  nineteen  times 
heavier  than  water.  The  fineness  of  gold 
is  estimated  by  carats.  Jeweler's  gold  is 
usually  a  mixture  in  the  proportions  of 
three-fourths  of  pure  gold  with  one-fourth 
of  copper.  €k>ld  is  seldom  used  for  any 
purpose  in  a  state  of  perfect  purity  on  ao- 
oennt  of  its  softness,  but  is  combined  with 
some  harder  metal.  Graphic  gold,  an  ore 
of  tellurium,  oonsifitingoi  tellurium,  gold 
and  sUyer. 

Gk>lden-beetle,  'n-be-tl.  The  popular 
name  of  seyeral  species  of  beetles,  gen. 
Ghrysomda,  belonging  to  the  tetramerous 
sec,  ord.  Chrysomelidfle. 

Golden-pheasant,  -fez-ant.  Phasia- 
nus  pictus,  a  beautiftd  species  of  Chinese 
pheasant. 

Golden-wasp,  -wosp.  The  popular 
name  of  the  Ghrysididee,  a  tribe  of  hymen- 
opterous  insects,  which,  in  the  richness  of 
th^  color,  vie  with  the  humming-birds. 
They  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  nests  of 
other  hymenoptera,  then:  larvsB  destroying 
those  of  these  insects. 

GoldfLnoh,'finsh.  The  FringJlla  oarduelis, 
a  common  British  song-bird,  so  named 
from  the  yellow  markings  on  its  wings. 

Gk>ldfl8h,  'fish.  A  fish  ot  the  gen.  Cypri- 
nus,  of  the  size  of  a  pilchard,  so  named 
from  its  bright  color.  They  are  reared 
and  kept  for  ornament. 

Gk>ld-foil,  'foil.  A  thin  sheet  of  gold 
used  by  dentists  and  others. 

Gold-leaf,  'lef.  Gold  foliated  or  beaten 
into  a  thin  leaf  on  a  block  of  marble 
with  hammers  of  polished  iron.  It  is  then 
cut  into  pieces  about  an  inch  square,  placed 
between  skins  and  again  beaten,  until  it 
has  acquired  the  necessary  degree  of  thin- 
ness. 

Gold-siate,  'slz.  A  size  or  flue  used  as  a 
surfiEUje  on  which  to  apply  gold-leaf ;  a  mix- 
ture of  chrome  and  varnish  used  in  gold- 
printing  and  for  other  purposes. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver.  An  eminent  Irish 
author;  b.  1728,  d.  17T4.  His  "  Vicar  of 
Wakefield"  is  one  of  the  master-pieces 
of  simple  romance. 

Goldsmiths'-note,  'smiths-not.  The 
name  given  to  the  earliest  form  of  bank- 
note, from  the  foot  that  it  was  issued  by 
goldsmiths. 

Gk>ld-thread,  'thred.  A  thread  formed 
of  flattened  gold  laid  over  a  thread  of  silk 
by  twisting  it  with  a  wheel  and  iron  bob- 
bins ;  the  same  as  Gold-wire. 

Golf,  golf.    A  game  played  with  clubs  and 


balls,  on  large  commons,  where  a  series  of 
small  holes  are  cut  in  the  turf  so  as  to 
form  a  circuit  or  round.  The  object  of 
the  game  is,  starting  from  the  first  hole,  to  • 
drive  the  ball  into  all  the  other  holes  in 
succession,  the  side  which  holes  its  ball 
with  the  fewest  strokes  being  said  to  gain 
the  hole. 

Gk>lf-club,  Hclub.  A  club  used  in  the 
game  of  golf.  These  are  of  different  uses 
and  names,  one  being  the  driver,  another 
the  putter,  a  third  the  spoon,  a  fourth  the 
cleek,  Ac.  An  association  formerly  for 
practicing  grolf  playing. 

Gk>lg:otha.  The  scene  of  the  crucifixion 
ofChrist,  just  outside  of  the  E.  gate  of 
Jerusalem  ;  also  known  as  Mt-  Calvary. 

Goliath.  In  Scrip,  a  Philistine  s^ant, 
slain  by  David,  while  still  a  shepherd  boy, 
with  a  sling  and  stone,  abt.  the  11th  cen- 
tury B.  c. 

Gk>liath-beetle,  go-li'ath-bo-tl.  The 
popular  name  of  beetles,  gen.  Goliathus, 
remarkable  for  their  large  size,  and  on 
account  of  their  beauty  and  rarity  much 
prized  by  collectors. 

Gk>l08he,  -losh'.  An  overshoe,  gener- 
ally made  of  vulcanized  india-rubber. 

Gk>marite(Gk>mari8t),  'mar-it.  A  fol- 
lower of  Francis  Oomar,  a  Duteh  disciple 
ofCalvininthel7th  century.  The  sect, 
otherwise  called  Duteh  Remonstrants, 
strongly  opposed  the  doctrines  of  Armini- 
us,  adhering  rigidly  to  those  of  Calvin. 

Gk>mer.  Eldest  son  of  Japhet,  youngest 
son  of  Noah,  and  progenitor  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Asia  Minor  and  8.  Europe. 

Gk>mutl,  -mu'ti.  The  Malayan  name  for 
the  sago-palm. 

Gk>ndola,  gon'do-la.  A  flat-bottomed 
boat,  very  long  and  narrow,  used  at  Ven- 
ice in  Italy  on  the  canals.  They  terminate 
at  each  end  in  a  sharp  point  or  peak  ris- 


€k)ndola. 

ing  to  the  height  of  6  feet.  Towards  the 
center  Is  a  curtained  cabin  for  the  passen- 
gers.   A  long  platform  railway  car. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OOTFAJLON 


878 


GOB^ 


Qonfalon,  '&-Ion.  An 
ensign  or  standard  ;  espe- 
cially an  ensign  haying  two 
or  three  streamers  or  tails 
fixed  on  a  firame  made  to 
turn  like  a  yane.  The 
person  intrasted  with  the 
gonfolon  in  the  medieyal 
republioan  cities  of  Italy 
was  often  the  chief  person- 
age  in  the  state.  Gonfidon, 

Otongy  gong.  A  Ghtnese  mnsical  instni- 
ment  niade  of  a  mixed  metal  of  copper  and 
tin,  in  form  like  a  round  flat  *disn  with  a 
rim  2  or  8  inches  In  depth.  It  is  struck  by 
a  padded  drum-stick.  They  are  in  com- 
mon use  in  hotels  in  America  to  announce 
meals.  In  Mach.  a  stationary  bell  whose 
hammer  is  moved  by  a  wire  or  cord,  as  in 
the  engine  room  of  a  steamer. 

Gk>neron]ia,  gon-gon'ya.  A  variety  of 
mat6  or  Paraguay  tea,  prepared  from  the 
leaves  of  Ilex  Gongonha  and  I.  Theezans, 
species  of  holly. 

€k>niaster,  gd-ni-as'ter.  A  gen.  of  star- 
fishes, occurring  also  fossil  in  the  green- 
sand,  chalk  and  elder  tertiaries;  often 
called  Cushion-stars. 

Gk>niatlte(i,  'ni-a-tl''t€z.  An  extinct 
gen.  of  fossil  shells,  belonging  to  the  di- 
branchiate  cephalopodous  mollusks,  fern. 

.Ammonites. 

Qoniomet6r,-ni-om'' 
et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  solid 
angles,  or  the  inclina- 
tion of  planes,  particu- 
larly the  angles  formed 
by  the  faces  of  crystals. 

Gk>niopholis,  -ofol- 
is.  A.  genus  of  fossil 
crocodiles. 

Gk>noplacid8B,     -no- 
pla'si-dc.      A  fam.  of 
brachyurous  crustaceans.    Several  species 
occur  fossil. 

Gk>xioptex7X,  gon-op'ter-iks.  A  gen.  of 
lepldopterous  insects,  the  brimstone  or 
sulphur  butterflies. 

Gk>xlOTrhea,  go-no-re'a.  A  specific  con- 
tagious inflammation  of  the  male  urethra 
or  the  female  vagina. 

Gk>n080nie,  go'no-sdm.  In  Zool.  a  col- 
lective term  for  the  reproductive  zooids  ot 
a  hydrozoon. 

Gkiod  Friclay.  A  fast  of  the  Christian 
church  In  memory  of  our  Saviour's  cruci- 
fixion, kept  on  the  Friday  of  Passion- 
week  ;  the^hird  day  before  Easter. 


Goniometer. 


Good  Templarism,  pud  tera'pler'izm. 

.The  principles  of  tixkt  society  of  Good 
Templars,  combining  teetotalism  with 
certain  mystic  rites  imitated  less  or  more 
from  freemasonry,  having  secret  signs, 
passwords  and  insignia  peculiar  to  itself. 
The  members  difler  from  Free  Templars 
in  that  they  recognize  the  authority  of  the 
grand  lodge. 

Qoon,  g5n.    A  species  of  E.  Iniiim  grain. 

GoOTOO,  g5'r5.    A  Hindu  spiritual  guide. 

Goose,  gos.  The  common  name  of  birds, 
fam.  Anseridse,  ord.  Lamellirostres,  a  well- 
known  fomily  of  natatorial  birds. 

Goose-step,  'step.  The  act  of  a  soldier 
marking  time  by  raising  the  feet  alternate- 
ly without  moving. 

Gk>pher,  go'fer.  The  name  given  br  the 
French  settlers  in  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Canada  to  many  burrowing 
animals  of  different  genera.  A  species  o! 
burrowing  land-tortoise  of  the  Southern 
States,  whoso  eggs  are  valued.  In  Georgia 
a  snake,  the  Coluber  coupon. 

Gk>pher-wood, -wod.  A  species  of  wood 
used  in  the  construction  of  Noah's  ark, 
but  whether  cypress,  pine  or  otho:  wood 
is  a  point  not  settled. 

Gk>racco,  -rak'ko.  Prepared  tobacco,  a 
paste  smoked  in  their  hookahs  by  the 
natives  of  W.  India. 

Goral,  'ral.  Antllope  goral  or  Kemorhe- 
dus  goral,  a  species  of  antelope  inhabiting 
the  Himalayan  Mountains. 

Gk>raxny,  -rami'.  A  fish,  gen.  Osphro- 
menus,  fam.  AnabasidsB  or  Labyrinthi- 
branchidflB.  It  is  kept  in  jars  in  Java  and 
fhttened  on  water-plants.  It  is  one  of  the 
few  fishes  which  build  nests. 

Gk>rdiacea,  gor-di-a'se-a.  The  hair- 
worms, an  order  of  annuloid  animals  with 
a  body  resembling  horse-hair. 

Gk>rdian,  Marcus  Antonius  Afri- 
canus.  A  Roman  pro-consul,  elected  in 
association  with  his  son  Emperor  of  Rome; 
B.  160;  suicided  after  the  death  of  his  son, 
288.  G. ,  Marcus  Antonius  Pius,  grandson 
of  above,  B.  225;  became  Emperor,  288; 
murdered  by  the  usurper  Philippus,  244. 

Gordian  Ejtiot,  The.  An  intricate 
knot,  made  by  Gordius,  King  of  Phrygia, 
which,  the  oracle  declared,  could  only  be 
untied  by  one  who  should  conquer  Asia. 
Alexander  the  Great  cut  it  open  with  his 
sword. 

Gk>re,  gor.  Blood  that  is  shed  or  draw« 
from  the  body ;  thick  or  clotted  blood. 

Gk>re.  A  triangular-shaped  piece  sewed 
into  a  garment,  sail,  4to.,  to  widen  it  in  any 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GOSGE 


8T9 


GOTHARD 


Plate  Gorget. 


p«rt;  ft  groAset.  AsUp  or  triangnlar  piece 
of  land. 

Oorge,  fforj.  The  throat;  the  gullet; 
the  canal  Dy  which  the  food  passes  to  the 
stomach.  In  Arch,  the  narrowest  part  of 
the  Tuscan  and  Doric  capitals;  also  a 
cavetto  or  hollow  molding.  That  which 
is  gorged ;  swallowed  food  caused  to  re- 
gurgitate through  nausea  or  disgust.  A 
narrow  passage  between  hills  or  moun- 
tains. The  entrance  into  a  bastion  or 
other  outwork  of  a  fort. 

Qorget,  gor'Jet     A 

}>ieoe  of  armor  for  de- 
iending  the  throat  or 
neck:  also  a  breast- 
plate like  a  half-moon. 
The  camail  or  throat 
covering  of  chain-mail 
is  sometimes  called  the  gorget  of  mail. 

Gorgrey,  Arthur.  A  Hungarian  gen- 
eral, B.  1818 :  ».  1878.  He  was  given  chief 
command  of  the  patriot  army  in  1848, 
and  in  1849  was  made  dictator  and 
traitorously  surrendered  his  army  to  the 
Bnssians. 

Gtorgron,  'gon.  in  Greek  Myth,  one  of 
several  monsters  of  terrific  aspect,  the 
sight  of  which  turned  the  beholder  to 
stone.  They  are  represented  as  three  sis- 
ters— Stheno,  Euryale  and  Medusa. 

Gk>r8^>neia,  -gon-I'a.  In  Arch,  masks 
carved  in  imitation  of  the  Gorgon's  or 
Medusa's  head ;  used  as  key-stones. 

GtorgronidsB, -de.  A  fam.  of  sclerobasic 
corals,  ord.  Alcyonaria,  comprising  the 
sea-shrubs,  Ikn-corals  and  the  red  coral 
of  conmierce. 

Gtorilla,  go-rilOa.  The  largest  animal  of 
the  ape  kind,  called  also  the  Great  Chim- 
panzee ;  possessed  of  great  strength,  and 
has  a  barking  voice,  rising  in  rage  to  a 
terrific  roar.  The  gorilla  has  thirteen  ribs, 
and  in  the  proportion  of  its  molar  teeth 
to  the  incisors  and  in  the  form  of  its  pelvis 
it  approaches  closely  the  human  form 
The  PhoBnician  navigator  Hanno  found 
the  name  in  use  in  the  6th  century  b.  o. 
in  W.  Africa. 

GN>rt8Cliakoif,  gor-chah-kdf.  The  pat- 
ronymic of  a  noble  Russian  family,  the 
most  distinguished  members  being 
Michael,  Prince  G.,  b.  1795,  who  was 
CoDMnander-in-Chief  of  the  Russian  ar- 
mies in  the  Danubian  Principalities  and 
Crimea,  1853-5,  and  afterward  Governor 
of  Poland ;  n.  1861.  Alexander,  PWnce 
6.,  brother  of  the  above,  was  a  distiu- 
^oished  diplomatist ;  b.  1800,  d.  1879. 


Goshawk. 


Ooehawk,  sosOiak. 
A  raptorijd  btrd 
of  the  hawk  kind, 
gen.  Astur,  the  fe- 
male being  much 
the  lai^er.  It  was 
formerly  much  used 
in  falconry. 

G-ospel,  'pel.'' 
Lit.  God's  word. 
The  history  of  the 
birth,  life,  actions, 
death,  resurrection, 
ascension  and  doc- 
trines of  Jesus  Christ. 
One  of  the  four  records  oi  Christ's  life  left 
by  his  apostles.  System  of  gospel  doc- 
trine or  of  religious  truth.  Any  general 
doctrine. 

Gossamer,  'a-mer.  A  fine  filmy  sub- 
stance like  cobwebs,  floating  in  the  air  in 
calm  clear  weather,  especially  in  autumn. 
It  is  formed  by  small  species  of  spiders. 

Gossypium,  -sip'i-um.  The  cotton- 
plant,  ord.  Malvaceae,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant groups  of  plants. 

Goth,  goth.  One  of  an  ancient  Teutonic 
race  of  people,  first  heard  of  as  inhabiting 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic.  Great  hordes 
migrated  southward  in  the  2d  century, 
dispossessed  the  Romans  of  Dacia,  occu- 
pied the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  from  the 
Don  to  the  Danube,  and  afterward  over- 
ran and  took  an  important  part  in  sub- 
verting the  Roman  Empire.  The  Mceso- 
goths,  a  section  of  the  Western  or  Visi- 
goths, settled  in  Moesia,  and  applied  them- 
selves to  agriculture ;  and  a  portion  of  the 
Scriptures  in  their  language  is  the  earliest 
specimen  of  the  Teutonic  or  Gothic  tribe 
of  tongues.  The  Eastern  Goths  were 
called  Ostrogoths. 

Gothamite,  go'tham-It.  A  man  of  Go- 
tham ;  a  Gothamist ;  a  term  sportively 
applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  New  York. 

Gothic,  goth'ik.    The  lan- 
guage of  the   Goths.    In  j 
printing  the   name  of  an  ' 

"  type.     TheUjj 
architec-  ^^'' 


'i  sizm.     A  ** 
Conformity  "^ 


angular-&ced 

Gothic  order 

ture. 
Gk>thici8X]i, 

Gothic  idiom.    ^ 

to  the  Gothic  style  of  ar-  • 

chitecture.    Rudeness    of 

manners;  barbarousness. 
Gothard,    Mount    St. 

A  celebrated  Swiss  plateau 

and  pass,  the  former  11,000  ft.  above  the 

sea  level.  The  highway  from  Lake  Lucerne 

to  Lake  Magglore,  N.  Italy,  Is  through  th* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


€K)THLAin> 


880 


GBACE 


pass,  6^800  ft.  high.  The  sooroes  of  the 
riyers  Bhine,  Rhone  and  Beuss  are  in  the 
Tidnltjr  of  the  noted  St.  G.  hospice. 
Gk>thland.  A  southerly  div.  of  Sweden, 
containing  12  counties ;  pop.  2,580,000.  A 
Swedish  island  in  the  Baltic ;  cap.  Wisby  ; 
pop.  57,800. 

Gottenburff.  Gap.  of  the  Swedish  co. 
of  same  name,  280  m.  S.  W.  of  Stockholm, 
and  tadng  the  northernmost  point  of  Den- 
mark ;  pop.  60,000. 

Gk>ti9n,  Huffh,  Visootuit.  A  distin- 
guished British  general;  b.  in  Ireland 
1779,  D.  1867.  He  won  distinction  by 
subjugating  the  East  Indian  Sikhs. 
Gk>ildiEt,  gou'da.  A  kind  of  cheese  from 
Gouda,  in  Holland. 

Qouge,  goxi\.  A  chisel  with  a  hollow  or 
semi-cylindncal  blade ;  a  similar  instru- 
ment used  in  turning  wood.  An  imposi- 
tion ;  a  cheat ;  also,  an  impostor. 
Gk>iinod,  Felix  Charles.  An  eminent 
French  musical  composer ;  b.  1818. 

Gk>tirixi»,  gou-ri'no.  The  ground  doves 
or  pigeons,  a  sub-fam.  of  the  Golumbidaa, 
which  Ikr  surpass  in  size  all  other  pigeons. 
The  head  of  G.  VictorisB  is  surmounted  by 
a  handsome  crest. 

GoormancL,  gur'mand.  A  glutton  ;  a 
greedy  feeder. 

Gourmet,  -ma.  A  man  of  keen  palate ; 
a  connoisseur  in  wines  and  meats ;  an  epi- 
cure. 

Gk>U8ly,  gousli.  An  old  form  of  harp 
used  by  the  Sclayonians,  whose  bards  were 
called  Gouslas,  the  poetry  which  they 
chanted  being  styled  gouslo. 

Gk>ut,  gout.  A  constitutional  disease  giv- 
ing rise  to  paroxysms  of  acute  pain  with 
a  specific  form  of  inflammation,  appearing 
after  puberty  chiefly  in  the  msJe  sex,  and 
returning  after  intervals.  It  is  generally 
characterized  by  aifection  of  the  first  Joint 
of  the  great  toe,  by  nocturnal  exacerba- 
tions and  morning  remissions,  and  by  vas- 
cular plethora.  Indolence,  inactivity,  and 
too  free  use  of  tartareous  wines,  fermented 
liquors  and  very  high-seasoned  food,  are 
the  principal  causes  which  give  rise  to  this 
disease. 

GovemoMl,  guv'em-es.  A  female  vested 
with  authority  to  control  and  direct:  a 
tutoress ;  a  lady  who  has  the  care  of  in- 
structing and  directing  children.  Any- 
thing r^;arded  as  feminine  that  governs, 
instruct,  or  tutors. 

Qovemor-fireneral,  -ien"er^.  A  gov- 
ernor who  has  under  him  subordinate  or 
deputy  governors ;  a  viceroy ;  as  the  gov- 
smor-general  of  India. 


Governor. 


Qovemor,-er.  He 
who  or  that  which  \ 
governs,  rules  or 
directs.  One  in- 
vested with  su- 
preme authority  I 
to  administer  or ' 
enforce  the  laws ; 
the  supreme  ex- 
ecutive magistrate 
of  a  state,  commu- 
nity, corporation 
or  post.  A  tutor, 
one  who  has  the 
care  of  a  young 
man  ;  one  who  in- 
structs a  pupil  and  forms  his  manners. 
A  father;  an  employer;  an  elderly  per- 
son. A  contrivance  in  mills  and  ma- 
chinery for  maintaining  a  unifozm  velocity 
with  a  varying  resistance. 
Gk>verxior'8  Island.  A  small  island 
in  N.  Y.  harbor,  on  which  is  erected 
Castle  William  and  Fort  Columbus. 
Gk>wail,  gou'an.  Decomposed  granite; 
granite  rock  in  a  soft  or  fragile  condition. 
Gk>wlee,  gou'16.  lit.  a  cow-herd ;  the 
name  ef  one  of  the  Indian  castes. 
Grab,  grab.  A  sudden  grasp  or  seizure ; 
a  catch.  An  implement  for  clutching 
boring  bits  and  the  like  for  the  purpose 
ofgiving  power  and  steadiness  in  work- 
ing them  ;  also  an  instrument  of  various 
shapes  for  clutching  objects  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  them,  as  for  drawing  pip«As 
drills,  &c,  from  artesian  wells. 
Gracchus,  Oaius'  Sempronitis.  A 
Boman  orator  and  statesman  who,  as 
tribune,  was  the  originator  of  many  ex- 
cellent laws ;  B.  109  b.  c,  killed  in  a  maA- 
sacre  organized  bv  Opimius,  121.  His 
brother  Tiberius  Sempronius  was  elected 
tribune,  and  was  also  killed  in  an  nprisiiig 
of  the  patricians  against  his  pro|K>sal  to 
distribute  the  public  lands ;  b.  168  b.  o., 
D.188. 

Ghraoe,  gras.  Favor ;  kindness ;  disposi- 
tion to  oblige  another.  In  Scrip,  tiliefree, 
unmerited  love  and  fiivor  of  God ;  also  th« 
influence  of  the  Spirit  in  renewing  th« 
heart  and  restraining  from  sin.  Yirtnoua 
aflfection  or  disposition,  as  faith,  patience, 
Ac.f  proceeding  from  divine  influence. 
That  element  in  deportment  or  language 
which  renders  it  appropriate  and  agree- 
able ;  elegance  with  appropriate  dignity. 
Affectation  of  elegance;  assumption  ol 
dignity  or  refinement.  In  Greek  Myth. 
beauty  deified ;  one  of  three  goddesses  In 
whose  gift  were  grace,  loveliness  and  fla- 
vor, worshippedm  Greece  under  the  name 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GBACULIKJB 


881 


QKAND-CBOtfB 


of  GhJiritea,  caUed  Gratto  ¥7  theBomans. 
Ther  were  generally  known  as  Aglaia, 
ThaUa  and  Euphrosyne. 
QxaoulixUB.  grak-a-G'nS.  The  graokles, 
a  sub-fun.  of  oonirostral  birds,  ord.  Pas- 
seres,  fam.  Starnide  or  starlings.  The 
Paradise  graokle  of  India  has  acquired 
great  celebrity  as  a  destroyer  of  locusts 
and  caterpillars. 

G-radient,  gr&'di-ent.  The  degree  of 
slope  or  inclmatlon  of  the  ground  over 
which  a  railway,  road  or  canal  passes  or 
Is  intended  to  pass ;  the  rate  of  ascent  or 
descent. 

Graduate, -&t.  One  who  has  been  ad- 
mitted to  a  degree  in  a  ooUege  or  univer^ 
sitFt  or  by  some  professtonafincorporated 
society. 

Qraf^  graf.  The  German  equivalent  of 
the  English  earl  and  French  count. 
Qraft,  graft.  A  small  shoot  or  scion  of  a 
tree  inserted  in  another  tree  as  the  stock 
which  is  to  support  and  nourish  it 
Oraliam  of  daverhouM,  John 
(Viaooiint  Zhmdee).  A  Scotch  gen- 
eral :  B.  1650,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kfllie- 
crankle,  1689.  Heachieyed  notoriety  for 
his  persecution  of  the  Covenanters. 
Qrail,  gril.  The  legendary  holy  vessel, 
supposed  to  have  been  of  emerald,  from 
which  our  Saviour  ate  the  paschal  lamb  at 
the  last  supper,  or,  according  to  other 
legends,  from  whicn  he  dispensed  the 
wine,  and  said  to  have  been  brought  to 
England  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  who 
had  caught  the  hut  drops  of  Ghrist*s  blood 
in  it  as  he  was  taken  from  the  cross.  The 
grail  having  been  lost,  became  the  great 
object  of  quest  to  the  knights-errant  of  aU 
nations,  none  being  quaUfled  to  discover 
it  but  a  knleht  perfectly  chaste  in  thought 
and  act,  and  the  stories  and  poems  ofAr- 
thur  and  the  Knights  of  the  Bound  Table 
are  founded  on  this  legend  of  the  quest  of 
the  holy  chalice. 

Qraining,  'tng.  In  painting,  the  process 
of  producing  an  imitation  of  the  grain  or 
libers  of  wood ;  wainsootting.  A  process 
in  leather-dressing  by  which  the  skin  is 
softened  and  the  grain  raised. 
Grain-leather,  'leth-er.  A  name  for 
dressed  skins,  blacked  on  the  grain  side. 
Grains,  grftnz.  The  husks  or  remains  of 
malt  after  brewing,  or  of  any  grain  after 
distination. 

Grains  of  Paradise.  The  pungent 
somewhat  aromatic  seeds  of  Amomum 
Helegnetta,  nat.  ord.  Zin^beracen,  a  phmt 
of  tropical  W.  Africa.  They  are  chiefly 
used  in  cattle  medicines  and  to  give  a  fiery 
puBgenoy  to  cordials.  I 


Ghrain-tin,  granatin.  The  purest  )cind  ol 
tin,  prepared  from  the  ore  called  stream- 
tin  found  in  river-beds. 
Grallatores,  gral-a-t5'r6z.  Orders  of 
birds  adapted  for  wading  in  water,  Includ' 
ing  the  cranes,  herons,  storks,  plovers, 
snipes,  rails,  coots,  &c.  &c.  Most  modern 
naturalists  have,  however,  separated  the 
herons  and  storks  from  the  Grallatores, 
and  placed  them  in  an  order  by  them- 
selves, to  which  they  give  the  name 
Giconiffi. 

GraminesB,  gra-min'6-€.  A  very  import- 
ant group  of  Glumacese,  generally  hee- 
baoeous,  the  bamboos  ibrmlng  a  marked 
exception  to  this  rule.  The  various  cereals 
and  the  sugar-cane  are  members  of  this 
fhmily. 

Oraminivoroos,  min-iv'd-rus.  Feed- 
ing or  subsisting  on  grass ;  said  of  oxen, 
sheep,  horses,  £c 

GTanunalogue,  grom'ma-log.  In  pho- 
nography, a  letter-word;  a  word  repre- 
sented by  a  logogram ;  as  it,  represented 
by  |,thatist 

GhfamTnar,  gram'm&r.  A  system  of 
eeneral  principles  and  of  particular  rules 
for  spelling  or  writing  a  language;  a 
book  containing  such  principles  and 
rules;  a  digested  compiUtion  of  customary 
forms  of  speech  in  a  nation. 
Gram.  The  French  standard  unit  of 
weight,  equivalent  to  a  cubic  centimeter 
of  water,  or  the  millionth  of  a  cubic  meter 
at  a  temperature  of  4*  Centigrade,  or 
89.2<*  Fahrenheit  in  a  vacuum,  in  Paris.  It 
is  equal  to  15.48248  grains  troy. 
Grampian  Hills.  The  principal  moun- 
tain of  Sootkmd,  the  highest  summit,  Ben 
Nevis,  being  4,406  ft.  above  sea  level.  A 
mountain  chain  in  Victoria,  S.  Australia. 
Grampus,  'pus.  A  marine  cetaceous 
mammal,  gen.  Orca.  which  grows  to  the 
length  of  25  feet  The  grampus  is  carniv- 
orous and  remarkably  voracious,  even  at- 
tacking the  whale. 

Granada.  Ancient  Spanish  city,  cap.  of 
prov.,  jjad  formerly  of  the  kingdom  of 
same  name ;  on  the  Xenil,  120  m.  W.  of 
Seville.  It  is  noted  for  its  specimens  of 
Moorish  art,  the  chief  of  these  and  most 
magniflcent  extant  being  the  Alhambra 
palM>e ;  pop.  70,746. 

Ghran  Chaoo  (El).    A  large  interior  sec- 
tion of  8.  America,  occupied  by  roving 
Indian  tribes  and  vast  herds  of  cattle. 
Grandchild,  grand'cluld.     A  son's  or 
daughter's  child. 

Ghrand-oross,  'kros.  The  highest  class 
of  knighthood  in  the  order  of  the  Bath. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GBAND-DUKE 


QBAPE 


Orand-duke,  'dQk.  The  title  of  the 
sovereign  of  several  of  the  statas  of  Ger- 
many, considered  of  a  rank  between 
duke  and  king :  also  applied  to  members 
of  the  imper^  liunily  of  Russia.  The 
great  honied  owl. 

Ghrandee,  gran-dg'.  A  nobleman.  In 
Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the  first  rank,  who 
has  the  king's  leave  to  be  covered  in  his 
presence. 

Qrandfather,  grand'fR-ther.  A&ther's 
or  mother's  father. 

Qrand-firarde,  'gfird.  A  piece  of  plate 
armor  used  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries 
in  the  tournament.  It  covered  the  breast 
and  left  shoulder. 

GhrandGhilf.  A  village  of  Claibome 
Co.,  Miss.,  on  the  Mississippi  Biver,  60 
m.  above  Natchez.  The  Confederates 
fortified  it  strongly  during  the  rebellion, 
but  the  works  were  captured  by  Com. 
Porter,  May  8,  1868. 

Grand-Jury,  'ju-ri.  A  Jury  whose  duty 
it  is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  accu- 
sation agpainst  offenders,  and  to  find  bills  of 
indictment  to  be  presented  to  the  court. 

Grand  IiOd^.  The  principal  lodge  or 
governing  body  of  Freemasons. 

Grand-master,  'mas-ter.  The  title  of 
the  head  of  the  military  orders  of  knight- 
hood, as  the  Hospitallers,  the  Templars, 
and  the  Teutonic  knights.  The  title  is 
also  given  to  the  heads  of  the  order  of 
Freemasons. 

Grandmother,  'muth-er.  The  motiier 
of  one's  father  or  mother. 

Grand-nephew,  'ne^vu.  The  grandson 
of  a  brother  or  sister. 

Grand-niece,  'nes.  The  grand-daughter 
of  a  brother  or  sister. 

Grandparent,  'pu-rent.  The  parent  of 
a  parent. 

Grand-piano,  'pi-a-no.  A  large  piano, 
of  great  compass  and  strength,  and  in 
which  the  wires  or  strings  are  generally 
triplicated.  They  are  generally  in  the 
shape  of  a  harp,  to  correspond  with  the 
varying  length  of  the  strings. 

Grand-seigrnior,  -sen'yer.  The  sov- 
ereign or  sultan  of  Turkey. 

GrandBOn,  'sun.  The  son  of  a  son  or 
daughter. 

Grand-vicar,  -vi'ker.  A  principal  vicar ; 
a  French  ecclesiastical  delegate. 

Grand-vizier,  -vl-z6r'.  The  chief  min- 
ister of  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Ghranfire,  gr&n]  A  fkrm,  with  the  dwell- 
ing-house, stables,  byres,  barns,  Ac.    A 


society  or  lodge  of  Ihrmers  in  the  U.  8., 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  theintoresti 
of  agriculture,  more  especially  for  abolish- 
ing the  restraints  and  burdens  imposed  oo 
it  by  the  conunerdal  clasaee,  and  lor  doing 
away  with  middlemen. 

Granger,  gra^j'er.  A  member  of  a  flum- 
ers'  grange.    A  farmer. 

Granicns.  An  andent  name  of  a  small 
river  in  Bithynia,  on  whose  banks  Alex- 
ander the  Great  with  80,000  soldiers  de- 
feated the  Persian  King  Darius  with  600,- 
000, 884  B.  c. 

Granilite,  gran'i-nt  Indetermiaata 
granite ;  granite  that  contains  more  than 
three  oonstitnent  parts. 

Granilla,  -ilHa.  The  dust  or  small  grains 
of  the  cochineal  insect 

Granite,  'it.  An  unstratified  rook,  com- 
posed generally  of  quartz,  felspar  and 
mica,  united  in  a  conftised  cJ^staUization, 
that  is,  without  reguko*  arrangement  of 
the  crystals. 

Ghranivorous,    gran-lv'&-ru8.      Eating  ' 
grain ;  feeding  or  subsisting  on  seeds  ;  as 
granivorous  birds. 

Grant,  Francis,  Sir.  A  celebrated 
British  painter ;  b.  1804,  d.  1877. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  Gen. 
Eighteenth  President  of  the  U.  8. ;  r.  in 
Ohio,  1822.  Educated  at  West  Point,  he 
served  during  the  Mexican  war,  but  re- 
signed in  1854.  Yoluntering  at  the  outbreak 
ofthe  rebellion,  he  was  soon  commissioned 
as  brigadier-general,  and  rapidly  rose  to 
the  command  of  the  western  department, 
and  In  18&1  was  made  commander-in-cUef 
of  the  entire  forces,  and  transferred  to  the 
East.  After  a  series  of  repulses  and  de- 
feats lasting  over  a  year,  ne  forced  Qen. 
Lee  to  evacuate  Bichmond,  and  received 
the  surrender  of  the  last  army  of  the  Con- 
federacy, April  9, 1865.  The  rank  of  Gen- 
eral was  created  expressly  in  his  honor, 
and  he  acted  as  Becretuy  of  War  fi*om 
Aug.  1, 1867,  to  June  14,  1868.  Elected 
President  in  November  of  that  year,  he 
was  re-elected  in  1872.  A  candidate  for  a 
third  term,  he  was  defeated  for  the  nom- 
ination by  James  A.  Garfield,  and  remov- 
ing to  N.  Y.  city,  engaged  in  business  in 
which  he  was  unfortunate,  the  firm  of 
Grant  -k  Ward,  in  which  he  and  his  three 
sons  were  jmrtners,  having  fidled  (May, 
1884)  with  liabilities  estimated  at  over 
$17,000,000.    Died  July  28, 1885. 

Grape,  grap.  Properly,  a  cluster  of  the 
firultofthe  vine,  but  commonly  a  single 
berry  ofthe  vine.  The  cascabel  or  knob 
at  the  butt  of  a  cannon. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GBAM^HOT 


GREAT  BRITAIN 


^hrape-shot,  'shot.  A  mis- 
sile intermediate  between 
case-shot  and  solid  shot,  con- 
sisting of  three  tiers  of  cast- 
iron  balls  arranged  between 
four  parallel  iron  disks  con  ■ 
nected  together  by  a  cenflral 
wrought  h:on  pin. 

Gh:uphite,  graf  it.  One  of 
the  forms  under  which  car-  Qrape-shot. 
bon  occurs  in  nature,  also  * 
jknown  as  Plumbago,  Black-lead  an  Wad; 
used  chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  pencils, 
crucibles  and  i>ortable  Airnaces,  In  bur- 
nishing iron  to  protect  it  from  rust  and  for 
counteracting  friction  between  tne  rub- 
bing surfaces  of  machinery. 

Grapholite,  'ol-It.  A  species  of  slate 
suitable  for  writing  on. 

GTaphoxneter,  -om'et-er.  A  mathe- 
matical instrument,  called  also  a  semi- 
circle, for  measuring  angles  in  surveying. 

Grapnel, 
grap'nel.  A 
small  anchor 
fitted  with 
four  or  five 
flukes  u  r 
claws.  A 
grappling-  _ 
iron  used  to  Grapnel, 

hold  one  ship 
to  another  preparatory  to  boarding. 

G-rapsid89,  graps'i-de.  A  fam.  of  de- 
capod brachyurous  crustaceans,  fam. 
Gatametopes. 

GraptolitidSB,  grap-to-iit'I-dS.  An  ex- 
tinct sub-fam.  of  the  hydrozoa,  found 
fossil  in  Silurian  slate. 

Ghrass-cloth,  gras'kloth.  A  name  given 
to  certain  beautiftil  light  fabrics,  made  in 
India  from  the  fiber  of  Boehmeria  nivea 
or  China  grass,  Bromelia  Pigna,  &c. 
None  of  the  plants  are  grasses. 

Grassliopper,  'hop-er.  A  saltatorial 
orthopterous  insect,  fan..  Qryllidte,  nearly 
allied  to  the  locust  tribe. 

G-rass-widow,  'wl  do.  A  wife  living 
apart  from  her  husband. 

G-ratelupia  gra-te-lu'pi-a.  A  genus  of 
fossil  bivalve  moUusca. 

G-ratloule,  'ti-kul.  A  design  or  draft 
divided  into  squu'es  for  the  purpose  of 
producing  a  copy  of  it  in  larger  or  smaller 

dimensions. 

Ghrattan,  Henry.     An  eminent  Irish 

lawyer,  orator  and  statesman;    b.  1750, 

i>.  1820.     He  was  a  member  of  the  last 

Irish  and  also  of  the  British  Parliament. 
O-rave-^ffSrer,  grav'dig-er.    One  whose 


occupation  is  to  dig  graves.  The  oonmion 
name  in  Jamaica  for  a  hymenopterous  in- 
sect, gen.  Snhez. 

Gravel,  gra'vel.  Small  stones  or  flrag- 
ments  of  stone,  or  verv  small  pebbles.  In 
Pathol,  small  concretions  or  calculi  in  the 
kidnevs  or  bladder,  similar  to  sand  or 
gravel;  the  disease  occasioned  by  such 
concretions ;  stone. 

Graver,  grav'er.  One  who  carvea  or 
engraves ;  a  sculptor.  An  engraving  tool 
made  of  fine  tempered  steel ;  a  burin.  A  n 
instrument  used  for  turning  iron  after  it 
has  been  roughed  out  by  the  heel-tool. 

Gravidation,  gra-vid-a'shon.  The  act 
of  gravidating  or  making  pr^nant,  or 
state  of  being  gravidated  or  made  preg- 
nant ;  pregnancy ;  impregnation. 

Gravi^rada,  -vi-grS'da.  A  fomily  of 
huge  fossil  animals  allied  to  the  sloths, 
but  of  the  bulk  of  a  rhinoceros,  differing 
from  the  sloth  in  that  their  fe«t,  instead 
of  being  suitable  for  climbing,  were  adapt* 
ed  for  digging. 

Gravimeter,  -vim'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  specific  gravities  of 
bodies,  whether  liquid  or  solid. 

Gravitation,  -vi-ta'shon.  The  act  of 
tending  to  a  center  of  attraction  ;  the  force 
by  which  bodies  are  pressed  or  drawn,  or 
by  which  they  tend  toward  the  center  of 
the  earth  or  other  center,  or  the  effect  of 
that  force. 

Gray,  Thomas.  A  gifted  English  poet; 
B.  1716,  D.  1771. 

Gray-lafiT,  graOag.  The  common  wild 
goose  or  fen -goose,  the  supposed  original 
of  the  domestic  goose. 

Gray- 
ling:, 
'ling.  Thy- 

mallus  vul-  jSJKg^^'i^cS.Api^vt 
garis,  a  vo- 

raci  o  u  s  /i««„ii„„ 

fish,    fkm.  GrayUng. 

Salmonidffi,  called  also  Umber.  It  is  ex- 
cellent food. 

Gray-owl,  'oul.  The  tawny  owl,  a  com- 
mon British  species. 

Grazioso,  gra-tsi-d'sd.  An  instruction 
to  the  performer  that  the  music  is  to  be 
executed  elegantly  and  gracefully. 

Greaser,  grez'er.  A  name  of  contempt 
given  to  a  Mexican  or  Central  American 
Creole. 

Great  Britain.  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or;  "  The  Brit- 
ish Empire."  A  political  division  cov- 
ering sections  of  the  five  continents,  the 


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orlgfiuU  comprising  the  island  of  BriUin, 
fynnerly  divided  into  the  kingdoms  of 
England  and  Scotland  and  the  principal- 
ity of  Wales  ;  to  this  Irebud  was  added 
by  conquest,  in  a  aeries  of  inyasions  be- 
guming  in  1160  and  ending  only  in  1601, 
when  Limerick  surrendered.  The  aeyeral 
divisions  ofthe  Empire  with  the  area  and 
population  are :  In  Europe,  121,987  sq.  m., 
pop.  84,8tf»,900;  Asia,  1,102,946  sq.  m., 
pop.  161,000,000:  Africa,  228,881  sq.  m., 
pop.  1,840,000 ;  N.  America,  8,524,151  sq. 
m.,  pop.  4,872,859 ;  C.  America  andW. 
Indies,  28,588  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,286,000;  8. 
America  (and  islands),  164,472  sq.m.,  pop. 
854,810 ;  Australia,  8,006,890  sq.  m.,  pop. 
2,815,  T26.  The  government  is  a  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  the  title  of  the  present 
sovereign  being  Victoria  Alexandrina. 
Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ana 
Empress  of  India. 

Oreat-so,  grat'go.  The  examination  for 
degrees  at  some  univo^ties. 

Gxebe,  greb.  The 
common  name  o; 
birds,  gen.  Podiceps, 
film.  Golymbidse. 

GhreciBm,  gre'sizm. 

^^ei'Cg^e.""  HO""' 
Greoque,  grek.  An  attachment  to  coffee 
pots  for  holding  the  coffee  grounds.  The 
bottom  is  perforated  with  holes,  and  the 
hot  water  is  poured  through  It,  carrying 
with  it  the  aroma  of  the  coffee  without  the 
erounds.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  oof- 
fee-pot  furnished  with  this  contrivance. 

Greece.  A  kingdom  of  8.  Europe  compris- 
ing two  large  divisions  known  as  Livadia 
or  N.  Greece,  and  the  Morea  (ancient 
Peloponnesus),  or  8.  Greece,  including 
•everal  islands.  The  sub-divisions  or 
monarohies  are  Attica  and  Bceotia,  Phocis 
and  Phthiotis,  Acamania  and  ^tolia,  Eu- 
bcea  in  the  N.,  Corinth  and  Argolis,  Arca- 
dia.Laconia,  Messenia,  Achaiaand  Elis,the 
Oyclades  and  Ionian  Islands ;  total  area, 
20,152  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,864,254.  Modem  G. 
dates  only  from  1832,  having  been  pre- 
viously under  Turkish  dominion  for  cen- 
turies. The  princip^  cities  are  Athens 
the  cap.,  Zeitunia,  Missolonghl,  Egripos, 
Nauplla,  Tripolltza,  Sparta,  Calamata, 
Patras.  Syra  and  Corfu,  capitals  ofthe 
several  nomarchies.  The  government  is 
» limited  monarchy,  and  the  ruling  mon- 
arch is  George  I.,  of  the  royal  house  of 
Denmark. 

Greek  Church.  That  branch  of  the 
Christian  church  which  separated  fh)m 
the  Latin  or  Western  church  in  the  9th 


884  eKSEKeCK 

and  10th  oentoilea,  and  is  the  preyaiUng 
religion  of  Bussia^  Greece  and  the  Otbv 
man  Empire.  The  {Mindnsl  points  o| 
difference  with  the  B.  C.  Church  are  in 
holdine  that  the  Holy  Ghost  prooeeda 
fh>m  the  Father  above,  in  permitting  th« 
marriage  of  prieata.  In  denying  pniga* 
torial  punishment,  in  holding  to  emsab^ 
Btantiation  In  the  eoeharist,  and  denying 
other  than  the  nominal  spiritual  sapremaey 
of  the  patriarchs  of  Constantinople. 

Greeley,  Horaoe.  A  dlstingniflhed 
American  JoumalM  and  antiim*  b.  In  K. 
H.,  1811,  D.  1872.  He  was  thefoimder  and 
Ufe-long  editor  of  the  H.  Y.  Tribune. 

Greenback,  grenHiak.  A  popular  name 
for  the  paper  mon^  of  the  u.  8.,  first  is- 
sued In  1862  ;  so  called  from  the  ba^  of 
the  note  being  of  a  green  color.  The  term 
is  sometimes  used  to  indade  the  U.  8. 
bank-notes. 

Green-chafer,  'ehif-er.  A  coleopterous 
Insect  of  the  genus  Agestrata. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  Gen.  An  Ameri- 
can patriot,  B.  in  B.  I.,  1742,  n.  1786.  Ho 
ranked  next  to  Gen.  Washington  In  the 
Bevolutionary  struggle. 

Green-ebony,  'eb-on-i.  An  oHre-green 
wood  obtained  fW>m  the  8.  American  tree 
Jacaranda  ovallfolia,  ord.  Bignonlaoese, 
used  for  round  rulers,  tnmerv,  marquetry 
work,  &c.,  and  also  in  dveuoig,  yielding 
olive-green,  brown  and  yellow  colors. 

Greenfinch,  'flush.  An  insessorial  bird, 
gen.  Coccothraustes,  the  C.  chloris,  fiau. 
Fringillidse. 

Green-gaee,  'gfij.  A  spedes  of  plum, 
the  reine  cUude  of  the  French. 

Greenhooae,  Oious.  A  building,  largely 
of  glass,  constructed  for  the  purpose  of 
c^iltivating  exotic  plants  which  are  too 
tender  to  endure  the  open  air  during  the 
colder  parta  ox' the  year.  The  temperature 
in  winter  is  kept  up  by  means  of  artificial 
heat 

Greenland.  The  northernmost  part  of 
the  American  continent,  separated  fh>m 
the  main  land  by  Davis'  8traits  and  the 
Atlantic,  and  extending  to  60<'  K.  lati- 
tude. It  is  under  Danish  Jurisdiction,  and 
its  European  population  number  only 
about  10,000.  The  natives  are  called  Es- 
uimaux.  The  principal  settlements  are 
Disco,  Upemavik  and  Frederickshavn. 

Greenlandite,  land-it.  A  variety  of 
precious  garnet  obtained  fh>m  Greenland. 

Green-mineral,  'min-er-al.  A  carbonate 
of  copper,  used  as  a  pigm^it. 

Greenock.    A  Scotch  seaport  hx^wr  ••- 


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OBES80BIAL 


tenaiye  aWpyards.  on  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
19  m.  N.  "W.  of  Glaagow  ;  pop.  49,T00. 

G-reexLoufirli,  Horatio.  A  distinfiruiBhed 
American  sculptor,  b.  in  Mass.,  1806,  n. 
1852. 

QreexL-xoom,  'rdm.  A  room  near  the 
stage  In  a  theater,  to  which  actors  retire 
during  the  intervals  of  thefa:  parts  in  the 

play- 

G-reeiuiand,  'sand.  A  name  common  to 
two  groups  of  strata,  the  one  belonging  to 
the  lower  cretaceous  series,  the  other  to 
the  upper  cretaceous  series;  between 
them  is  the  gault 

OreexL-fidckiieflS,  'sik-nes.  A  disease  of 
young  females,  characterized  by  livid  com- 
plexion, languor,  depraved  appetite  and 
digestion,  and  a  morbid  condition  of  the 
catamenial  discharge ;  chlorosis. 

Green-snake,  'snak.  The  name  given 
in  the  U.  8.  to  two  species  of  coluber. 

Green-tea,  'tS.  A  tea  of  a  greenish 
color,  due  to  the  mode  in  which  the  leaves 
of  the  plant  are  treated  in  the  process  of 
drying. 

Greenwich.  A  city  in  Kent  Co.,  En- 
gland, 6  m.  B.  E.  of  London  Bridge.  It  is 
noted  for  its  seamen's  hospital,  the  BoyaJ 
Observatory  and  as  the  point  from  which 
longitude  is  reckoned ;  pop.  148,671. 

GregrarinljleB,  gre-ga-rin'i-dS.  A  class 
of  animal  organisms,  comprising  the  low- 
est forms  of  the  Protozoa,  found  in  the 
intestines  of  various  animals,  e8per,iaUy 
the  cockroach  and  earth->worm. 
Greerarioiisneai,  gr^-ga'ri-us-nes.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  gregarious  or  of 
living  in  flocks  or  herds. 
Ore^SToe,  'go.  A  short  doth  Jacket 
or  cloak  with  a  hood  attadied,  worn  by 
the  Greeks  and  others  in  the  Levant 
Ckregrorian,  -g5'ri-an.  .  Belonging  to, 
established  or  produced  by  Gregory.  G. 
calendar,  the  calendar  as  reformed  by 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.  In  1682,  which  adjusts 
the  leap  years  so  as  to  harmonize  the  civil 
jtearwith  the  sol^,  and  shows  tiie  new 
and  full  moon,  with  the  time  of  Easter  and 
the  movable  feasts  depending  thereon,  by 
means  of  epacts.  Cf.  year,  the  ordinary 
year,  as  reckoned  according  to  the  Grego- 
rian calendar.  It  consists  of  865  days,  6 
hours,  48  minutes,  49  seconds,  the  excess 
over  866  days  forming  a  whole  day  every 
fourth  vear.  G.  epoch,  the  time  from 
which  the  Gr^orian  computation  dates, 
the  year  1582.  G.  chant,  one  of  a  series 
of  choral  melodies  introduced  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Christian  Church  by  Pope  Greg- 
ory I.  about  the  end  of  the  6th  century. 


Grenade. 


G.  telescope,  the  first  and  most  common 
form  of  the  reflecting  telesoope,iMvented  by 
James  Gregory,  a  Scotch  mattiematidan. 
GreflTory.  The  name  of  16  Boman  pon- 
ti£Bs,  the  most  prominent  of  whom  were 
G.  VII.  (Hildebrand),  b.  1028 ;  s.  Alex- 
ander II.,  1078 ;  n.  1086.  He  inangurated 
extensive  reforms  in  the  Church,  excom- 
municated the  Emperor  Henry  lY.  of 
Germany,  and  aimed  to  subordinate  the 
entfa^  civil  power  of  Europe  to  tiie  spirit- 
ual. G.  XIII.  8.  Pius  v.,  1672,  and  waa 
also  a  reformer  and  liberal  patron  of  learn- 
inff,  endowing  the  Gregorian  and  othw 
colleges  at  Bome ;  he  introduced  the  *  *  new 
style  "  into  the  Julian  calendar ;  d.  1686. 
Gregrory,  James  0.  An  eminent 
Scotch  mathematician ;  b.  1688 ;  d.  1674. 
Gremial,  'mi-aL  An  episcopal  ornament 
for  the  breast,  lap  and 
shoulders,  made  of  silk 
or  damask. 

Ghrenade, -nfid^  A  hol- 
low shell  of  metal  or  an-i 
nealed  glass,  filled  with! 
powder,  fired  by  means! 
of  a  fa.se  and  thrown 
among  enemies,  lliey 
are  of  different  sizes  and 
thrown  from  a  cannon  or 
by  hand. 

Grenadier,    eren-a- 
d&r^.       OriginiUly,    a 
soldier     who     threw 
hand  grenades.  When, 
hand   grenades  went^ 
out  of  general  use,  the 
name    was    still    re- 
tained for   the   com- 
pany, the  members  of 
which  were  of  great 
height  and  were  dis- 
tinguished by  a  par-  ^.• 
ticuhir  dress,  as  for  in-  '-^ 
stance  the  high  bear-  Grenadier  of  174t>. 
skin  cap.  A  S.  African 
bird  of  brilliant  plumage,  red  above,  black 
below,  called  also  G.  Grossbeak. 

Grenadine,  '-din.  A  thin  gauzy  silk  or 
woolen  &bric,  used  for  ladies'  dresses, 
shawls,  &c. 

Ghrenville,  Georgpe.  An  English  states- 
men, who,  as  prime  minister,  originated 
the  oppressive  Stamp  Act  of  1766,  which 
resulted  in  the  revolt  and  independence 
of  the  American  colonies ;  b.  1712 ;  d.  1770. 

Ghressorial,  gres-s5'ri-al.  A  term  applied 
to  birds  which  have  three  toes  forward 
(two  of  which  are  connected)  and  one  be- 
hind. 


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OBOm 


Ghrenae,  Jean  Baxrtiste.  A  distin 
golBhod  French  painter  ;  b.  1726,  d.  1805- 

Qtb7,  Charles,  dd  Earl.  An  EngliBh 
statesman  under  whose  prime  minister- 
ship the  Reform  Bill  of  18S0  was  passed ; 
B.  1764,  D.  1846. 

Grey,  Lady  Jane.  Granddaughter  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  bequeathed  the  crown 
of  England  by  Edward  VI.  She  was  per- 
suaded against  her  will  to  assume  the 
throne,  but  was  queen  only  a  few  days, 
the  people  declaring  in  favor  of  Princess 
Mary,  Edward's  sister.  Lady  Jane  and 
her  husband,  Lord  Guilford  Dudley,  son 
of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  were  be- 
headed on  Tower  Hill;  b.  1587,  d.  1664. 

Ghreyhotind,gra' 
hound.  A  tall  flee 
dog,  remarkable 
for  the  keenness  of 


its  sight,  the  sym 
metrical  strength 
and  beauty  of  its 
form,  and  its  great 
fleetnesB.  There 
are  many  sub-vari-  Greyhound, 
eties  from  the  Irish 

and  Highland  breeds  to  the  Italian  grey- 
hound. It  figures  on  Egyptian  monu- 
ments, and  is  supposed  to  be  the  gaze- 
hound  of  old  English  writers. 

Ghrlbble,  grib'l.  An  isopod  crustacean, 
which  commits  great  damage  by  boring 
into  submerged  timber.  It  is  not  unlike  a 
wood-louse. 

G-rlffln,  griffin.  In  Myth,  an  imaginary 
animal,  the  fore  part  being  represented  as 
an  eagle  and  the  lower  part  as  alien.  It 
was  supposed  to  wateh  over  mines  of  gold 
and  hidden  treasures,  and  was  consecrated 
to  the  sun.  G.  male,  In  Her.  a  griffin 
without  Avings  and  having  large  ears.  A 
species  of  vulture.  The  be^irded  griffin  is 
the  lammergeyer. 

Grilla^,  gril'a).  In  Engin.  a  frame- 
work composed  of  heavy  beams,  used  to 
sustain  foundations  and  prevent  their  ir- 
regular settling  in  soils  of  unequal  com- 
pressibility. 

Grille.  A  lat- 
tice or  open 
work  or  grat- 
ing. A  metal 
screen  to  in- 
close or  pro- 
tect a  shrine, 
tomb  or  sacred  Grille, 

ornament.    A 

gate  of  metal  inclosing  or  protecting  the 
entrance  of  a  religions  house  or  sacred 
building.    A  small  screen  of  iron  bars  in 


the  door  of  a  nunnery  or  oonvent,  through 
which  inmates  converse  with  yisitora ;  tba 
wicket  of  a  monastery. 

Grimm's  Law.  A  law  dlsoovered  bv 
Jacob  L.  Grimm,  the  great  German  phil- 
ologistf  formulating  certain  ehanges  which 
the  muto  consonantB  undergo  in  corre- 
sponding words  in  the  most  important 
branches  of  the  Aryan  fiunily  of  languages. 

Griquas,  grC'kwSs.  S.  African  half- 
castes,  occupying  the  banks  of  the  Orange 
River,  resulting  ftt>m  the  intercourse  be- 
tween the  Duteh  settlers  and  Hottentot 
and  Bush  women.  Part  are  Christians 
and  considerably  dviUzed.  They  have  a 
thriving  settlement  called  Griquatown, 
680  miles  northeast  of  Cape  Town. 

Grisaille,  gr6s-fil'.  A  style  of  painting 
in  gray  tints  employed  to  represent  solid 
bodies  in  relief. 

Ghrisette,  gri-zet'.  In  France,  a  girl  or 
young  married  woman  of  the  working- 
class;  more  commonly,  a  belle  of  the 
working  class  given  togayetyand  gallan- 
try.   A  female  servant  of  loose  morals. 

Ghrisi,  Ginlia,  gr^'se.  An  eminent 
Italian  cantatrioe ;  b.  in  Mlhm,  1810,  d. 
1869. 

Grison,  gri'sun.  A  S.  American  animal  of 
the  weasd  kind  but  a  little  larger.  It  is 
very  amusing  in  captivity.  Called .  also 
Huron. 

Ghdsons,  gre'sunz.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  eastern  Swiss  Alps.  The  largest  and 
most  eastern  of  the  Swiss  cantons. 

Ghdvet,  griv'et.  A  small  green-gray  A^s- 
sinian  monkey,  gen.  Cercoplthecus.  "nie 
common  hand-organ  monkey  is  either  a 
vervet  or  grivet. 

Ghriwennick,  gri-ven'ik.  A  silver  coin 
of  Russia,  equal  to  10  copecks,  or  about 
8  cents. 

Groat,  grot.  An  old  English  coin  and 
money  of  account,  equal  to  fourpence.  A 
proverbial  term  for  a  small  simn. 

Grocer's-itch,  gro'serz-ich.  A  variety 
of  eczema  impetiginoides,  produced  in 
grocers  and  persons  working  in  sugar- 
refineries  by  the  irritation  of  sugar. 

Grogr,  grog.  A  mixture  of  spirits  and 
water  not  sweetened;  rum  and  water 
cold  without  sugar.  Also  a  general  term 
for  strong  drink. 

Grogrsrery,  'e-ri.  A  place  where  grog 
and  other  liquors  are  sold  and  drunk. 

Qrograjoa.,  'ram.  A  coarse  stuff  made  of 
silk  and  mohair.    A  strong,  coarse  silk. 

Groin,  groin.  The  hollow  or  depression 
of  the  human  body  in  front  at  the  junction 


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of  the  thigh  with  the  trunk.  In  Arch,  the 
angular  curve  made  by  the  Intersection  of 
simple  vaults  crossing  each  other  at  any 
angle.  A  wooden  breakwater  constructed 
between  low  and  high  water  to  retain  sand 
or  mud  thrown  up  by  the  tide. 

Ghromet,  grom'et.  A  ring  for  fastening 
the  upper  edge  of  a  sail  to  its  stay.  Shot 
gromet,  a  similar  ring  used  to  contain  shot 
in  time  of  action.  G.  wad,  a  wad  used 
in  flring  cold  shot  from  smooth-bore  guns 
when  me  elevation  is  less  than  8<*. 

Gro&insen,  gr5n'ing-ain.  A  fortified 
seaport  and  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  same  name, 
in  the  Netherlands,  87  m.  N.  E.  of  Am- 
sterdam, celebrated  for  its  university; 
pop.  41,000. 

Gronizifirenist,  gro-nin'Jen-ist.  One  of 
ft  sub-sect  of  the  Anabaptiists,  which  took 
its  rise  in  the  territory  of  Groningen. 
They  held  the  opinion  that  Judas  and  the 
high  priests  were  blessed,  because  In  the 
murder  of  Jesus  they  had  executed  the 
designs  of  God. 

Groom,  grom .  A  boy  or  young  man  who 
has  the  charge  of  horses ;  one  6t  several 
officers  in  the  English  royal  household,  as 

rom  of  the  stole ;  groom  of  the  chamber, 
man  newly  mairied  or  about  to    be 
married ;  a  bridegroom. 

Ghrooxn's-nian,  gromz'man.  One  who 
acts  as  attendant  on  a  bridegroom  at  his 
marriage. 

Groot,  grdt.  An  old  money  of  account  in 
Bremen,  of  the  value  of  rather  over  a 
cent.  Seventy-one  groots  were  equal  to 
one  rix-dollar  or  thaler. 

Gtos,  gr6.  A  febric,  usually  of  sflk,  of 
a  strong  texture ;  as  gros  de  Naples,  gros 
de  Tours,  gros  de  Berlin,  «fcc.,  all  strong 
fabrics. 

Groscliezi,  gro'shen.  A  German  coin 
equal  to  a  little  over  two  cents.  Ten 
groschens  make  one  mark,  which  Is  worth 
about  26  cents.  Thegroschen  is  divided 
into  10  pfennige. 

G>ro8Bbeak,  gros'-  A  ^  r&  -^ 
b€k.  A  name  com-  ^Jk^  %l  ^  r^ 
mon  to  several  in-  ^^^^  iBh.  ^t^ 
sesfiorial  birds  of 
different  genera,  re- 
sembling the  finches, 
to  whose  family  <S^' 
(PringillidjB)  they  in  iJi  U^^-.  A,^ 
general  belong.  '  '^'"i^''^  ^  ^ 

Ghrote,      Georgre.    Green   Grossbeak. 
An  English  histori- 
an ;  B.  1794,  D.  18T1 
'G-rotesque,  gro-tesk'.     &.  capricious  va- 


riety of  arabesque  ornamentation  used  by 
the  Romans  in  decorative  painting,  and 
revived  by  the  artists  of  the  Benaisaanoe. 
A  squat-shaped  printing  type. 

Grotiiis,  Hiiero  (De  Groot).  A  dis- 
tinguished Dutch  iurist  and  author  b. 
1583,  D.  1645.  His'^Intemational  Law" 
is  still  authority. 

Grotto,  grot'tS.  A  cave  or  natural  cavity 
in  the  earth,  as  in  a  mountain  or  rook. 
An  artiflclal  cavern  decorated  with  rock' 
work,  shells,  Reconstructed  for  coolnetsa 
and  pleasure. 

Grouchy,  Emmanuel,  Marquis  de. 

A  French  Marshal ;  b.  1766,  n.  1847.  He 
reftised  to  march  his  corps  itom  Wavre 
to  the  assistance  of  Napoleon  I.  at  Water- 
loo, without  orders,  and  has  been  charged 
with  treachery 

Ground-dove,  'duv.  A  name  common 
to  birds,  fam.  Oolumbidse,  which  live 
mostly  on  the  ground  and  little  on  trees. 
They  include  the  beautlAil  bronze-wings 
of  Australia. 

Ground-hogr,  Hiog.  The  popular  name 
of  the  American  marmot,  usually  called 
Woodchuck.  A  name  applied  to  the 
Orycteropus  capensis  ofS.  Africa.  • 

Ground-line,  lln.  In  Geom.  and  Persp. 
the  line  of  intersection  of  the  horizontal 
and  vertical  planes  of  projection. 

Groundling,  'ling.  A  popular  name 
for  two  fishes  that  keep  at  the  bottom  of 
the  water,  the  spined  loach  and  the  black 
goby. 

Ground-nut,  'nut.  Arachis  hypogssa, 
an  annual  plant  growing  in  the  warm 
parts  of  America,  having  pods  containing 
two  to  four  seeds  of  the  size  of  a  hazel- 
nut, and  a  root  resembling  licorice,  for 
which  it  is  sometimes  used.  The  peanut 
or  earthnut. 

Ground-pigr,  'pig.  A  8.  African  rodent, 
sub-fkm.  Echimyna;  so  called  ik'om  its 
burrowing  habits. 

Ground-plan,  'plan.  The  representa- 
tion of  the  divisions  of  a  building  on  a 
level  with  the  ground. 

Ground-rent,  'rent.  Rent  paid  for  the 
privilege  of  building   on  another  man's 

GroTind-squirrel,  'skwi-rel.  The  com- 
mon name  of  several  rodents,  gen.  Tami- 
as,  allied  to  the  true  squirrels.  A  well- 
known  species  is  the  chipmunk,  hackee 
or  chipping-squirrel. 

Ground-swell,  'swel.  Abroad  deep 
swell  or  rolling  of  the  sea  near  the  shore. 

Ground-tackle,  'tak-I.    A  general  term 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OEOUBE 


OUBOEON 


for  the  anchors,  cables,  A«.,  nsed  for  se- 
oaring  a  vessel  at  anchor. 
GrouBd,    |^o^P^.  ' — *  — 

nmnti  of  a  num- 
ber    of    nifiinitil      ^^^^^^^___,_. 

triionldiE>,  incliii!  j^/f  .^^^^EW^HSf^ii 

Jjlg  ttl*J  CtipHTihiE-    ^  ^^ ' 

ar    cook    of   Itae^^-^'^^^f^ywiSiT  ^!jT 

cook,  tlitjprulrlo-  ^'''^    ■^t"''^^'' 

hen  of  N.  Amer- 
ica, the  spotted  grouse,  dusky  grouse,  &c. 

Qrove.  William  Bobert.  An  emi- 
nent English  electrician  and  scientist ;  b. 
1811,  D.  1879. 

O-rowier,  groul'er.  A  fish  of  the  perch 
kind,  so  called  from  the  sound  it  utters  on 
being  landed. 

Gra-flrm,  gro'gro.  The  grub  of  the  large 
coleopterous  insect  Oalandra  palmarum. 
It  lives  in  pahu-trees  and  in  the  sugar-cane 
and  is  regardol  as  a  delicacy  by  the  natives 
of  8.  America. 

Ghmidsd,  -rdS.    A  &m.  of  wading  birds, 
of  which  the  crane  is  the  type. 
Grants,  grunts.    A  popular  name  in  the 
W.  Indies  for  flsh,  gen.  Haamulon,  and  in 
the  U.  8.  for  those  of  the  gen.  Pogonias. 
G-ryllidsd,  gril-U'dS.    A  fam.  of  insects, 
ord.    Orthoptera.      The   three   principal 
genera  are  Gryllus,  Gryllotalpa  and  Tri- 
dactylus.    The  common  house-cricket  and 
the  locust  afford  examples  of  the  first. 
GrsrpllflBftt  gri-fe'a.    A  gen.  of  fossil  la- 
mellibranchiate  bivalves,  closely  allied  to 
the  oyster,  abundant  in  the  secondary  strata 
from  the  lias  upwards  to  the  chalk,  but 
scarcely  known  in  tertiary  strata. 
Grsrp^te,  grif  it.    An  oblong  fossil  shell, 

{jen.  Gryphaea,  popularly  known  as  mil- 
er's  thumbs  or  crowstones.  They  occur 
in  the  cretaceous  and  Jurassic  formations. 

Gryphosis,  grl-f5'sis.  A  growing  inward 
of  the  nails. 

Grypinaa,  gri-prn6.  The  wedge-tailed 
humming-birds,  a  sub-fam.  of  tenuirostral 
birds,  ord.  Passeres,  fam.  Trochilidffi. 

Goaiacum,  gwa'ya-kum.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  ZygophyllaceaB,  and  also  the 
resin  of  G.  officinale,  popularly  called  lig- 
num vitae.  The  resin  is  used  in  medicine, 
as  well  as  the  bark  and  wood. 

Goan,  gwfin.  A  8.  American  gallina- 
ceous bird,  gen.  Penelope,  aUied  to  the 
ourassows. 


Ghiacharo,  gwa- 
ch&'r5.  An  inses- 
sorial  bird,  the  ste- 
atornis  caripensis, 
famUy  of  goatsuck- 


Guacharo. 


Guadalupe. 

(Guadalupe  Hidal- 
go).   A  town  8  m, 
K.  of  the  city  oJ  J 
Mexico,  noted   as* 
the    place    where 
the  treaty  of  peace 

with  the  U.  8.  was  negotiated  (1848),  by 
which  Upper  California  and  New  Mexico 
were  ceded  to  the  latter. 
Guanaco,  gwa-n§'kd.  The  Anohenia 
Huanaca,  fam.  OamelidiB  or  Pylopoda,  a 
species  of  the  genus  of  ruminant  mam- 
mals to  which  the  llama  belongs. 
Guano,  gwa'nd.  A  substance  found  on 
many  small  islands,  especially  in  the 
Southern  Ocean  and  on  the  coast  of 
8.  America  and  Africa,  chiefly  composed 
of  the  excrementB  of  sea-birds  in  ft 
decomposed  state.  It  is  an  excellent 
manure. 

Guara,  'ra.    The  Brazilian  name  of  the 
scarlet  ibis. 

Guarapo,  -rS'pd.  A  preparation  fasm 
the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane^mudh  used  as 
a  beverage  in  Venezuela.  The  same  name 
is  given  to  sugar  and  water  which  has 
undergone  vinous  fermentation. 
Ghiatemala.  A  G.  American  republic, 
bounded  N.  by  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  E.  Imt 
San  Salvador  and  Honduras,  W.  and  S. 
by  the  Pacific;  area,  40,781  sq.  m.;  pop. 
1,287,690.  Nueva  G.,  the  cap.  90  m.  from 
the  Pacific,  has  a  pop.  of  46.000.  The 
Monti^a  is  the  onlv  river  of  size,  and 
Golf«»Dolco  the  only  lake. 
Gnatemozin.  The  last  prdice  of  the 
Aztec  dynasty  in  Mexico,  s.  of  Monte- 
zuma ;  B.  1481,  put  to  death  by  order  ol 
Oortez,  1522. 

Guayaquil.  Gap.  of  dept.  of  same  name 
and  prindpal  commercial  dty  of  Ecuador, 
8.  America ;  pop.  24,870. 
Gudflreon,  guj'on.    A  small  fresh-water 
flsh,     fam.    Oy-  ^ 

prinidae.      Sea- 
gudgeon,      t  h  e  I 
black     goby    or  1 
rock -fish.    In 
Mach.  that  part 
of   a  horizontal 

shaft  or  axle  which  turns  in  the  collar,  in- 
dependent of  the  body  of  the  shaft. 


Gudgeon. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OUDIN 


989 


GtriNEA-FOWL 


Gxidin,  Jean  Antoine  Theodore. 

An  eminent  French  painter  ;  b.  1802,  d. 
187T. 

Gxiebre,  ga'ber.  The  name  given  by  the 
Mohammeiclans  to  one  belonging  to  the 
Persian  fire-worshippers,  called  in  India 
Parsees.  They  worship  fire  as  a  symbol 
of  the  Supreme  Being.  Their  sacred 
books  are  termed  Zend-Avesta. 

Guelph,  gwelf.  The  name  of  a  dis- 
tingnished  princely  fiunily  in  Italy,  origi- 
nally German,  and  re-transported  into  Ger- 
diany  in  the  11th  centmy,  still,  however, 
r«taining  large  possessions  in  Italy.  Welf, 
son  of  Isenbrand,  Count  of  Altorf,  one  of 
the  vassals  of  Charlemagne,  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  to  boar  the  name.  It 
still  continues  in  the  two  branches  of  the 
House  of  Brunswick — the  dncal  and  the 
royal,  to  which  latter  the  reigning  family 
of  Britain  belongs.  After  the  battle  of 
Weinsberg,  fought  in  1140  against  the 
Waiblingens  (Ghibellines),  the  term 
was  extended  to  that  faction  in  Italy 
which  aimed  at  national  independence 
and  supported  the  pope,  while  that  of 
Ghibelluie  was  given  to  the  supporters 
of  the  emperors  in  their  endeavor  to  sub- 
jugate Italy  to  Germany. 

Ohiereza,  ge-re'za.  A  beautiful  Abys- 
sinian monkey,  gen.  Colobus. 

Guericke,  Otto  von.  An  eminent 
German  philosopher  and  mechanician,  in- 
ventor of  the  air-pump ;    b.  1602,  d.  1686. 

Quenx,  gu.  The  title  of  the  patriot 
nobles  of  the  Low  Countries  who  with- 
stood Philip  II.  of  Spain  in  his  eflforts  to 
impose  the  Inquisition  on  their  native 
land. 

Qnevei.  The  native  name  of  the  pigmy 
antelopeof  Africa,  the  smallest  species  of 
the  family.  In  size  it  scarcely  exceeds  a 
rat,  and  its  legs  are  not  thicker  than  a 
goose-quill. 

Ohiiana.  A  country  of  E.  S.  America, 
between  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco,  former- 
ly divided  Into  British,  French,  and 
Dutch  G.,  but  since  18T2,  when  the  Dutch 
ceded  their  portion  to  Great  Britain, 
Into  two  divisions.  British  G.  has  an 
area  of  184,800  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  8OO,O0O; 
ohief  towns, Georgetown,  Paramaribo  and 
New  Amsterdam ;  principal  rivers,  the 
Demerara,  Surinam,  Essequibo,  Berbioe 
and  Corentyn.  French  G.  comprises  the 
eastern  section ;  area,  85,080  sq.  m.;  pop. 
abt.  84,000 ;  it  is  the  chief  penal  settlement 
of  the  French  government. 
Ghlicowar,  gi'kwSr.  The  title  of  a  sov- 
ereign prince  in  India,  the  ruler  of  Baroda. 
Spdled  also  Guikwar,  Gaekwar,  Ae, 


Guillemot. 


Qnido  (G-.  Beni).  An  eminent  Itahtm 
painter ;  b.  1575,  d.  1642. 

Guilder,  gild'er.-  A  coin  in  Holland 
worth  twenty  stivers  or  40  cents;  a  florin. 

Ghiilford  Conrt-lioiise.  A  village  o\ 
Guilford  Co.,  N.  Carolina,  the  scene  of  a 
severe  battle  (March  16, 1T81)  between  the 
British  under  Lord  Cornwallis  and  the 
Americans  under  Gen.  Greene,  the  latter 
being  defeated. 

Ghullemot,  giKle- 
mot.  A  natatorial 
bird,  gen.  Uria,  in- 
cluded among  the 
auks,  or  made  with 
them  a  sub-fam.  of 
the  divers. 

Goiillotine,  -lo-tcn'. 
Ah  engine  for  behead- 
ing   persons    at   one 
stroke — an    invention  i 
of  the  middle  ages- 
adopted     with      im- 
Srovements     by    the 
rational  Assembly  of  Franco  during  the 
first  revolution 
on  the  propos- 
al   of    a    Dr. 
GuiUotin,  after 
whom     it     is 
named.        I  n 
this  apparatus 
decapitation  is 
cfTected        by 
means     of    a 
steel        blade 
loaded  with  8 
mass  of  lead, 
and  sliding  be- 
tween two  up-  ^2 
right       posts,  =2^1 

grooved      o  n  ^_ 

their     inner        _,       i.  ^^  .„  x^ 
sides,  the  per-        French  Guillotine, 
son's  neck  be- 
ing confined  in  a  circular  opening  between 
two  planks,  the  upper  one  of  which  also 
slides  up  or  down. 

Ghiinea.  An  extensive  coast  r^on  of 
W.  Africa,  comprising  Angola,  Benguela, 
Congo,  Liberia,  Ashantee,  Dahomey,  Sier- 
ra Leone,  Benin,  Bia- 
fra,  and  other  smaller 
territorial  divisions. 

Guinea-fowl,    -foul. 
The  Numidameleagris  ] 
of  the    rasorial  order,  j 
fam.  Phasianidffi,  close- 
ly allied    to   the   pea- 
cocks and  pheasants.         Guinea-fowl. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GUINEA 


890 


GUN-BAEBEL 


Guinea-pig. 


Quinea,  gin'e.  A  gold  coin  of  Groat 
Britain  of  the  value  of  21  shillings  sterling : 
since  the  issue  of  sovfireigns  in   1817  no 

Ghsinea-jJig.  -[^!i,^  a  rodttjt  iiwiritnial, 
Kt'n.i'jiviu  or  Cnvj,  the  G.  pulwiyfl,  tonnd 
In  HrfWiL    Tb«  ^.JJ  jX.^-^;^^.. 

miTfc  eia  thu 
Mihiidl  16  oat 
relutiL^    Ui   th« 

O-  u  L  n  a  u  - 
worm, 
-werm.  A  spe- 
cies of  worm, 
common  in  hot  countries,  which  often 
insinuates  itself  under  the  human  skin, 
causing  intense  pain. 

Gxiipure,  g6-piir'.  An  imitation  of  an- 
tique lace,  very  durable,  equally  beautiful, 
and  less  expensive.    A  kind  of  ginip. 

GKiitar,  gi-tar'.  A 
musical  stringed  in- 
strument,somewhat 
resembling  the  lute, 
having  six  strings, 
which  are  played 
upon  by  twitching 
Avith  the  fingers  of 
the  righfchand,  while 
the  notes  are  stop- 
j>ed  by  the  fingers  of 
the  left. 

Ghilaund,     g  u ' 
land.      An    aquatic 
fowl  of  a   size    be- 
tween a  duck  and  a 
goose.      It  inhabits  Iceland. 

Ghiizot,  Prancois  Pierre  Ghiill- 
ailiue,  gAve-zo'.  A  distinguished  French 
scholar,  historian  and  statesman ;  b.  1787, 
D.  1874. 

Ghllf-streajn,  gulf'strem.  A  current  of 
warm  water,  which  flows  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  through  the  channel  between 
Cuba  and  America,  past  the  Bermudas, 
touching  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bank  of 
Newfoundland,  and  thence  sweeps  on- 
ward toward  Europe,  part  going  north 
and  part  returning  southerly  to  the  tropics. 

Ghll-iTIll,  gul'gul.  A  sort  of  chunam  or 
cement  made  of  pounded  sea-shells  mixed 
with  oU,  which  hardens  like  a  stone,  and 
is  put  over  a  sUp's  bottom  in  India,  so 
that  worms  cannot  penetrate  It. 

Ghllo,  gu'lo.     The  generic  name  under 
,  which  the  glutton  or  wolverine  and  the 


Guitars. 


Gull. 


grison,  with  other  carnivorous  congencrf^ 
have  been  ai-rangcd. 

Qxdl.      A    natatorial  - 
bird,  gen.  Larus,  fam. 
Laridie,  ord.    Longi- 
pennesof   Cu  v  er.  : 
There     are     various : 
species,  as  the  com- 
mon gull  or  sea-mew, 
the  black -headed  gull, 
the  herring   gull,  the 
kittiwake,  the  wagel  or  great  black -backed 
gull,  the  ivory  gull,  the  burgomaster,  Ac. 

GKun.  A  juice  which  exudes  from  trees 
and  thickens  on  the  surface,  or  is  obtained 
from  their  seeds  or  roots.  There  are  six 
varieties  of  gum,  namely,  gum-arabic, 
gum-senegal,  gum  of  the  cherry  and  other 
stone-fruit  trees,  gum-tragacanth,  gum  of 
Bassora  and  the  gum  of  seeds  and  roots. 

Qum-animal,  'i  1 1  ■ 
i-mal.  The  Gala>,^o 
senegalensis,  a  quaditi 
raanous  animal  of  \\\ 
Africa,  about  the  ein' 
of  a  rat. 

Guiu-arabic,      -ar'  n 
bik.      The  iuice  of  v vi- 
rions   species  of  ti-(  t^f 
of  the  gen.  Acacia. 

Qum-elastic,  'e-la> 
tik.  Caoutchouc ;  indlu 
rubber.  Gum-arabic  Piant. 

Gum-JTiniper,  -iu'ni-per.  The  resin  of 
Callitris  quadrivalvis,  a  coniferous  tree, 
used  in  varnish-making ;  when  powdered 
it  forms  pounce,  used  for  preparing  paper 
and  parchment  for  writing  on. 

Gum-resin,  -rez'in.  A  mixed  juice  of 
plants,  consisting  of  resin  and  other  sub- 
stances, extract^  by  incisiop.  The  most 
important  are  olibanum,  galbanum,  scam- 
mony,  gamboge,  euphorblum,  asafetida, 
aloes,  myrrh  and  ammoniac. 

Ghim-seneeral,  -sen'e-gal.  A  kind  of 
gum-arabic  brought  from  the  country  of 
the  river  Senegal,  in  AfHca,  yielded  by 
Acacia  Verek. 

Gxim-trasracantli,  -trag'a-kanth.  A 
gum  yielded  by  several  species  of  Astrag- 
alus, sub-gen.  Tragacantha. 

Qxin,  gun.  A  name  applied  to  every 
species  of  fire-arm  for  throwing  projectiles 
by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder  or  other 
explosive. 

Ghin-barrel,  'bar-el.  The  barrel  or  tube 
of  a  gun.  Gun-barrel  drain,  a  cylindriaU 
drain  of  smp"  diameter. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GUN-BOAT 


891 


GUY  DE  LUSIGNAN 


Gtm-boat,  ^bot.  A  boat  or  Bmall  vessel 
fitted  to  carry  one  or  more  guns  of  heavy 
caliber,  and  from  its  light  draught  capable 
of  numing  dose  inshore  or  up  rivers. 

Oun-carxiage,  'kar-ij.  The  carriage  or 
structure  on  which  a  cannon  Is  mounted 
or  moved,  and  Itom  which  it  is  fired. 

G|;illl-O0tton,  'kot-tn.  A  highly  ex- 
ploslTe  substance  produced  by  soaking 
cotton  or  any  vegetable  fiber  in  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leaving  it  to  dry. 
It  has  about  four  times  the  explosive  force 
of  gunpowder. 

GKm-xnetal,  'met-1.  An  alloy,  generally 
of  nine  parts  of  copper  and  one  part  of  tin, 
used  for  the  manuracture  of  cannon,  &c. 
Other  metals,  as  zinc  or  iron,  have  some- 
times been  added  or  substituted  for  the 
tin. 

Gunny,  'ni.  A  strong  coarse  sackcloth, 
for  bags,  sacks  and  packing  generally, 
made  from  jute,  the  fiber  of  Corchorus 
capsularis,  and  sunn,  the  fiber  of  Orotala- 
riajuncea. 

Ghin-port,  'port.  A  hole  in  a  ship  for  a 
cannon. 

Ghmpowder,  'pou-der.  An  explosive 
mixture  of  saltpeter,  sulphur  and  char- 
coal, reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  then  gran- 
ulated and  dried. 

CKm-tackle,  'tak-1.  The  blocks  and  pul- 
leys afiOxed  to  the  sides  of  a  gun-carriage 
and  the  side  of  a  ship  by  means  of  which 
a  gun  is  run  np  to  or  drawn  back  ftom 
the  port-hole. 

Ghinter's  Chain,  'terz-chan .  The  chain 
in  common  use  for  measuring  land,  having 
a  length  of  66  feet ;  it  Is  divided  into  100 
links  of  7. 92  inches.  100,000  square  links 
make  one  acre. 

Gxtnter's  Line,  lin.  A  logarithmic  line 
on  Gunter's  scale,  used  for  performing 
the  multiplication  and  division  of  jium- 
bers  mechanically  by  the  dividers.  A 
sliding  scale  corresponding  to  logarithms 
for  performing  these  operations  by  inspec- 
tion without  dividers. 

Gunter's  duadrant,  kwod-rant.  A 
kind  of  stereographic  projection  on  the 
plane  of  the  equator,  tne  eye  being  sup- 

Sosed  in  one  of  the  poles.  It  is  used  to 
nd  the  hour  of  tne  day,  the  sun's  azi- 
muth, &c.,  as  also  to  take  the  altitude  of 
an  object  In  degrees. 

Gxinter's  Scale,  skal.  A  large  plain 
scale  having  various  lines  upon  it,  Doth 
natural  and  logarithmic,  of  great  use  in 
solving  mechanically  by  means  of  a  slider 
problems  In  navigation  and  surveving. 


Ghin  Town.  A  cross-road  settlement  i^ 
Mississippi,  on  M.  A;  O.  R.  R.,  noted  for 
the  defeat  of  a  Eedend  force  of  12,000, 
under  Gen.  Sturgis,  by  the  Confederate 
cavalry  under  3en.  Forrest,  June  10, 1864 ; 
Federal  loss,  3,500. 

Ghirgrlet,  ger'glet.  A  very  porous  earthen 
vessel  for  cooling  water  by  evaporation. 

Ghimard,'  'nard.  The  popular  name  oi 
fishes,  gen.  Trigla,  fam.  SclerogenidsB. 

QxLStavtls.  The  name  of  four  kings  of 
Sweden,  G.  I.  (Vasa),  b.  at  Stockholm, 
1496  ;  drove  the  Danish  usurper.  Chris- 
tian II.,  from  the  country  and  was  crowned 
king  1527 ;  d.  1559.  G.  II.  (Adolphus), 
grandson  of  above,  was  one  of  the  greatest 

?enerals  of  history;  b.  1694;  crowned 
611 ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  Ger- 
many, 1682.  He  defeated  the  Prussians 
and  Poles,  and  as  champion  of  the  Protes- 
timt  cause  overrun  nearly  the  whole  oi 
Germany.  G.  III.,  b.  1746;  crowned 
1771 ;  assassinated  by  Ankarstrom,  one  of 
his  nobles,  1792.  G.  IV.,  b.  1778  ;  s.  his 
father,  G.  III.,  1792 ;  was  aeposed  and  d. 
in  Switzerland,  1887. 

GKlsto,  gust'o.  Nice  appreciation  or  en> 
joyment ;  keen  relish  ;  taste ;  fancy. 

Gxit,  gut.  The  intestinal  canal  of  an  ani^ 
mal  from  the  stomach  to  the  anus ;  intes* 
tine  ;  a  narrow  strait. 

GxLtenbergr,  Johann.  The  inventor  of 
the  art  of  printing  with  movable  types ;  b. 
at  Mentz,  Germany,  1400  ;  ».  1468. 

Gxitta,  'ta.  One  of  a  series  of  pendent 
ornaments,  generally  in  the  form  of  the 
frustum  of  a  cone,  but  sometimes  cylin- 
drical, attached  to  the  under  side  of'^  the 
mutules  and  under  the  triglyphs  of  the 
Doric  order. 

Ghitta  Percha,  per'cha.  A  substance 
resembling  caoutchouc  in  many  of  its 
properties,  but  stronger,  more  soluble 
and  less  elastic.  It  is  obtained  in  the  state 
of  a  milky-looking  juice,  which  hardens 
on  being  exposed  to  the  air,  qfid  is  the  sap 
of  a  large  tree  of  the  gen.  Isonandra,  ord. 
SapotacesB. 

Ghlttifer,  'i-fer.  In  Bot.  a  plant  that  ex- 
udes gum  or  resin  ;  a  plant  oelonging  to 
the  ord.  Guttifera). 

Guttural,  'er-al.  A  letter  or  combination 
of  letters  pronounced  in  the  throat ;  any 
guttural  sound  or  articulation.  In  the 
English  alphabet  the  gutturals  are  c,  g 
(both  hard),  k  and  q. 

Ghiy  de  Lusigman.  A  French  knight 
and  Crusatler  who  was  elected  King  of 
Jerusalem,  1186;  losing  his  cap.  and 
crown,  1187,  to  Saladin,  Richard  Coaur  de 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GYLE 


GYEENCEPHALA 


Lion  made  him  King  of  Cyprus  ;  b.  1186, 
D.  1194. 

Gkyle,  gfl.  A  brewer's  vat.  The  ferment- 
ed wort  used  by  vinegar  makers. 

G3nimasiarch,jim-na'zi-ark.  A  magis- 
trate who  superintended  the  gymnasia  in 
Greece. 

GyTTmaninm,  -um.  A  place  where 
athletic  exercises  are  performed.  Among 
the  ancient  Greeks  those  who  took  part 
in  such  exercises  were  naked  or  nearly  so, 
hence  the  name.  A  school  or  seminary 
preparatory  to  the  universities. 

Gymnast,  'nast.  One  who  teaches  or 
pra(Stices  gymnastic  exercises. 

GyxnnoderinaB,  'n6-de-ri"ne.  A  8. 
American  sub-fam.  of  conirostral  birds, 
fam.  Corvidffi,  nearly  allied  to  the  true 
crows;  the  fruit  crows. 

Gyxnnodont,  -dont.  One  of  a  fam. 
of  plectognathouB  teleostean  fishes,  in- 
cluding the  spinous  globe-fishes. 

Qyxnnogren,  -gen.  In  Bot.  a  plant 
with  a  naked  seed;  a  gymnosperm. 
Among  the  gymnogens  are  pines  and  firs, 
yews,  joint-firs,  the  CycadaceaB,  &c. 

QyxnnolaBiuata,  -le'ma-ta.  An  order 
of  the  Polyzoa,  in  which  the  mouth  is 
devoid  of  the  valvular  structure  known 
as  the  epistome. 

Gymnopliioxia,  -fl'6-na.  Huxley's 
name  for  a  small  order  of  Amphibia,  in- 
cluding only  certain  vermiform  animals 
which  are  found  in  various  tropical  coun- 
tries burrowing  in  marshy  ground,  some- 
what like  gigantic  earthworms. 

Gymnoplltlialziiata,  -nof-thal'ma-ta. 
A  tribe  of  Medusae,  having  a  disk-shaped 
body,  circulating  vessels  running  to  the 
margin,  and  the  eye-specks  either  uncov- 
ered or  wanting. 

GymnoplitlialmidaB,  'mi-d€.  A  fam. 
of  lizards  comprising  several  genera,  in 
which  the  eyes  are  distinct  and  exposed, 
the  eyelidsT)eing  rudimentary. 

Gyxnnosoxuata,  -nd-so'ma-ta.  An  or- 
der of  Pteropoda  in  which  the  body  is  not 
protected  by  a  shell. 

Gymnosophist,  -nos'o-flst.  One  of  a 
sect  of  ancient  Hindu  philosophers  who 
lived  solitarily  in  the  woods,  wore  little  or 
no  clothing,  ate  no  flesh,  renounced  all 
l>odily  pleasures,  and  addicted  themselves 
to  mystical  contemplation. 

Ch^mnotus,  -no'tus.  A  genus  of  fishes, 
sec.  Apodes,  or  those  which  have  no  dor- 
sal fin.  The  only  known  species  is  tiie 
Gymnotus  electricus,  or  electric  eel. 


OynaBcexixu,  jin-e'se-um.  Among  the 
ancients,  the  females'  apartment  or  di- 
vision of  a  house  of  consideration.  A 
sort  of  manufactory  in  ancient  Rome  for 
making  clothes  and  furniture  for  the  em- 
peror's family,  the  managers  of  which 
werelfemales.  In  Bot.  the  pistil  taken 
in  a  collective  sense,  precisely  jis  the 
stamens  form  the  androBceum,  the  petals 
the  corolla,  and  the  sepals  the  calyx. 
GKynardiy,  'ar-ki.  Government  by  a  fe- 
male or  females. 

Oypaetinad,  jip-a'e-ti-ne.  The  bearded 
vultures,  a  sub-fam.  of  which  the  type  is 
the  gen.  Gypaetos. 

Gyposreranidsd,  'o-jer-an"i-de.  A  fam. 
of  vultures,  including  a  single  genus,  of 
which  only  one  species,  the  secretary-fal- 
con of  8.  Africa,  is  known. 
Oypsogrraphy,  -sog'rarfi.  The  art  of 
engraving  on  gypsum. 
Gypsologry,  -sol'o-ii.  That  branch  of 
knowledge  that  treats  of  the  gypsies, 
their  language,  history,  manners  and  cus- 
toms. 

Gypsoplast,  'so-plast.  A  cast  taken  in 
plaster  of  Paris  or  white  lime. 
Gypsum,  'sum.  A  mineral  found  in  a 
compact,  crystallized  state,  as  alabaster 
and  selenite,  or  in  the  form  of  a  soft  chalky 
stone  which  in  avery  moderate  heat  gives 
out  its  water  of  crystallization,  and  be- 
comes a  very  fine  white  powder,  exten- 
sively used  under  the  name  of  plaster  of 
Paris. 
Gypsy,  'si.  One  of  a  peculiar  vagabond 
race  found  in  every  countrv  of  Europe,  af^ 
well  as  in  parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and  Amer- 
ica, distinguishable  from  the  peoples  among 
whom  they  rove  by  their  bodily  appeal^ 
ance  and  by  their  language.  Their  lan- 
guage, which  they  call  Romany  chiv  or 
chib  or  Romanes,  is  a  Hindu  dialect 
closely  allied  to  Sanskrit,  but  much  cor- 
rupted by  admixture  with  the  tongues  of 
the  peoples  among  whom  they  have  so- 
iourned.  Ethnolo^sts  generally  concur 
in  regarding  the  gypsies  as  descendants  of 
some  obscure  Indian  tribe. 
G^ypsy-moth,  'si-moth.  The  Hypo- 
gymna  dispar  of  naturalists. 
Gyracanthns,  jT-ra-kan'thus.  A  gen. 
of  fossil  acanthopterygious  fishes,  found 
in  the  carboniferous  and  Permian  forma- 
tions. 

Gyrencepheila,  jl-ren-sefa-la.  One  of 
the  four  sub-classes  into  which  Owen  has 
divided  the  mammalia,  based  on  the  struc- 
ture of  the  brain.  To  the  G.  belong  th« 
Quadrumana,    Camivora,     Artiodactyla, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


GYKFALCOlil 


HADixa 


Perissodactyla,  Proboscidea,  Toxodontia, 
Sirenia,  and  Cetacea. 

Oyrfalcon,  jer'fe-kn.  A  species  of  fel- 
con,  one  of  the  boTdest  and  most  beautiful 
of  the  tribe.  ^     / 

QyrinidSB,  ji-rrnl-de.  A  fam.  of  coleop- 
terous Insects,  sec.  Pentamera,  sub-sec. 
Hydradephaga  or  water-beetles. 

Gyrodus,  'ro-dus.  A  thick-toothed  fos- 
sil fish  found  in  the  oolite  of  Durrhelmin 
Baden,  as  also  in  the  chalk. 

Gyrolepis,  -rore-pis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
ganoid  fishes,  found  in  the  new  red  sand- 
stone and  the  bone  beds  of  the  lias. 

Oyronecllina,  -ron'c-kI"na.  Whirligigs, 
a  sub-fern,  of  aquatic  carnivorous  beeties. 

Gyrophora,  -rof  o-ra.  A  gen.  of  lichens, 
one  of  which  is  the  tripe-de-roche,  on 
which  Sir  J.  Franklin  and  his  companions 
Uved  for  some  time.  "^ 


Qyropristis,  ro-pris'- 
tis.  A  gen.  of  fossil 
placoid  fishes  fi-om  the 
red  sandstone  near 
Belfast 

Gyroscope,  'ro-skop. 
An  apparatus,  consist- 
ing of  a  rotating  disk 
mounted  by  very  ac- 
curately fitted  pivots 
in  a  ring  or  rings,  also 
rotating  in  different 
ways.  By  means  of  i 
this  Instrument  the  \ 
rotation  of  the  earth  on 
its  axis  can  bo  ocularly 
demonstrated.  Gyroscope. 

Gyve,  jiv.    A  shackle,  usually  for  the 
legs;  a  fetter. 


H 


HIS  the  8th  letter  of  the  alphabet,  and 
often  called  the  aspirate,  though  not 
the  only  aspirated  letter  in  English.  The 
sound  that  distinctively  belongs  to  it  is 
that  which  it  has  at  the  beginning  of  a 
syllable  either  before  a  vowel,  as  in  hard, 
heavy,  or  after,  w,  as  in  where,  when. 
This  letter,  along  with  most  of  the  others 
la  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  was  bor- 
rowed ftom  the  Latin  alphabet,  into  which 
it  passed  from  the  Greek.  In  music,  H  is 
the  German  equivalent  for  B  natural,  B 
being  with  them  our  B  flat.  As  a  numeral 
in  Latin,  H  denotes  200,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it  200,000.  As  an  abbreviation  In 
Latin,  H  stands  for  homo,  haeres,  hora, 
Ac.;  In  English,  H.M.8.  stands  for  his 
(her)  majesty's  ship  or  service,  H.K.H. 
for  his  (her)  royal  highness,  H.P.  for  half- 
pay. 

Habakkuk,  ha-bak'kuk.  The  name  of 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Habakkuk  was  the  eighth  of  the  twelve 
minor  prophets,  and  his  prophecy  is  ad- 
mired for  its  elevated,  lyrical  style. 

Haberdaslier,  'ber-dash-er.  A  dealer 
in  drapery  goods. 

Habei^reon,  -ber'jo-on.  A  coat  of  mail 
consisting  of  a  jacket  without  sleeves, 
formedof  little  iron  rings,  and  descended 
from  the  neck  to  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Habitant,  'bit-ant.  An  Inhabitant.  A 
name  appned  to  inhabitants  of  Lower 
Canada  of  French  extraction. 

Habit-shirt,  -shert.  A  thin  muslin  or 
lace  garment,  worn  by  females  over  the 
breast  and  neck. 


Habrocoma,  -}>^^'^''^'''  \ ^S"',^^ 
mammals,  ord.  Kodentia,  sub-ord.  Hystri- 
cidffi,  allied  to  the  cavles. 

Habromauia,  -bro-ma'ni-a.  Insanity 
in  which  the  delusions  are  of  a  gay  char- 
acter. 

Habronexne,  hab'ro-nom.  In  mineral, 
having  the  form  of  fine  threads. 

Hacbure,  hapch'ur.  Short  lines  which 
mark  half-tin  ta  and  shadows  in  designing 
and  engraving,  employed  in  delineating 
mounts^s. 

Hacienda,  &-th6-en'da.  In  Spanish 
America,  a  manufecturing.  mining  stock- 
raising,  or  other  establishment  in  the 
country ;  an  isolated  fiurm  or  farm-house. 

Hack  hak.  A  horse  kept  for  hh-e;  a 
worn-out  horse.  A  drudge  or  a  person 
overworked ;  a  writer  employed  in  the 
drudgery  and  details  of  book-making. 

Hackery,  'e-ri.  A  rude  two-wheeled 
cart  drawn  by  oxen,  used  by  the  natives 
of  India. 

Haddock,  had'dok.  A  fish  of  the  cod 
film.,  but  smaller  than  the  cod. 

Hackney,  'n5,  A  horse  kept  for  riding 
or  driving ;  a  pony.  A  coach  or  other 
carriage  kept  for  hire. 

Hades,  ha'dez.  The  invisible  abode  of 
the  dead  ;  the  place  or  state  of  departed 
souls ;  the  world  of  spirits. 

Hadith,  had'ith.  In  Mohammedan  theol. 
the  body  of  traditions  relating  to  Moham- 
med, now  forming  a  supplement  to  the 
Koran.    Originally  it  was  not  lawfhl  to 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HABJ 


894 


HAIECLOTH 


commit  them  to  writing,  but  the  danger 
of  their  being  lost  or  corrupted  led  to  their 
being  placed  on  record. 
Ha4J,  haj.    The  Mohammedan  pilgrim- 
age to  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Ha4ji,  'e.  A  Mussulman  who  has  per- 
formed his  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  a  Greek  or  Arme- 
nian who  has  visited  the  holy  sepulchre  at 
Jerusalem,   ■ 

Hadrosaiirus,  had-ro-sa'ms.  A  gen. 
of  extinct  reptiles  belonging  to  the  deino- 
saurian  division  of  the  Ornithoscelida.  It 
appears  to  have  been  the  American  repre- 
sentative of  the  Iguanodon  of  Europe,  re- 
sembling it  in  its  enormous  dimensions, 
herbivorous  habits  and  anatomical  struc- 
ture. 

ECaBina,  hS'ma.  Blood ;  much  used  as  a 
prefix  in  words  of  Greek  origin  referring 
to  the  blood. 

HsBinacliroine,  -krdm.  The  coloring 
matter  of  the  blood ;  Heematosin. 

Haematics,  -mat'iks.  That  branch  of 
physiology  which  treats  of  the  blood. 

fiaBinatiiioxie,  -mat'in-on.  A  red  glass 
known  to  the  ancients  and  used  fur  mo- 
saics, ornamental  vases,  &c.  It  contains 
no  tin  and  no  coloring  matter  except  cu- 
pric  oxide.  All  attempts  of  the  moderns 
to  imitate  it  have  hitherto  failed. 

&89matOSis,  -ma-to'sis.  .The  arteriali- 
zation  of  blood ;  sanguification,  or  the 
formation  of  the  blood. 

tTflBTnatozoa,  'ma-to-zo"a.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  the  entozoa  which  exist  in  the 
blood  of  mammals,  birds,  reptiles,  fished, 
and  many  invertebrate  animals.  They  are 
generally  microscopic,  without  generative 
organs,  and  found  both  in  the  arteries  and 
veins. 

SaBmogrlobin,  'mo-gl6b-in.  The  fluid 
matter  of  a  red  color  contained  in  the  red 
corpuscles  of  the  blood.  It  can  be  resolved 
into  an  albuminous  substance  called  glob- 
ulin, and  the  coloring  matter  hasmatin. 

&89iniilon,  'mu-lon.  A  gen.  of  rcan- 
thopterygious  fishes,  fam.  Sciaenidse. 

fiafiz,  haf  iz.  Having  the  whole  Koran 
by  heart. 

Haflz,  Mohammed  Shems-ed- 
Deen.  An  eminent  Persian  poet ;  b.  at 
Shiraz,  abt.  1800,  d.  abt,  1890.  His  writ- 
ings have  been  translated  into  EngUsh. 

Haft,  haft.  A  handle  ;  used  chiefly  of  a 
knife,  sword  or  dagger ;  the  hUt. 

Hagr,  hag.  An  ugly  old  woman.  A  witch. 
A  ftiry ;  a  she-monster.  A  gen.  of  car- 
tilaginous fishes  allied  to  the  lamprey. 


Hagrada,  hag-S'da.  A  legend,  anecdote, 
or  saying  in  the  Talmud  illustratiye  of  the 
law.  The  free  rabbinical  interpretation'of 
Scripture. 

Hacrsrai,  gi.  The  name  of  one  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Haggai  was 
the  tenth  of  the  twelve  minor  prophets, 
and  the  first  of  those  who  prophesied  in 
Jerusalem  after  the  Babylonian  captivity. 
He  urged  the  rebuilding  of  the  temple. 

Hagriocracy,  ha-ji-ok'ra-si.  The  gov- 
ernment of  the  priesthood ;  a  sacred  gov- 
ernment ;  a  hierarchy. 

Hagriofirraphy,  -ji-og'rarfi.  The  last  oi 
the  three  Jevnsh  divisions  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament. These  divisions  are :  The  Law, 
contained  in  the  first  five  books;  the 
Prophets,  or  Nevlm  ;  and  the  Cetnvim, 
or  writings,  by  way  of  eminence.  The 
latter  is  called  by  the  Greeks  Hagio- 
grapha,  comprehending  the  Psalms,  Prov- 
erbs, Job,  Daniel,  Ezra,  Nehemiah, 
Ruth,  Esther,  Chronicles,  Canticles,  La- 
mentations and  Ecclesiastes.  In  the  B. 
C.  Ch.  Uves  of  the  saints. 

Hagriologry,  -ol'o-ji.  HlBtorr  or  descrip- 
tion of  the  sacred  writings.  That  branch 
of  literature  which  has  to  do  vrith  the  his- 
tory of  the  lives  and  legends  of  the  saints. 

Hagrue,  The.  Cap.  of  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  a  prov.  of  Holland,  10 
m.  S.  W.  of  Leyden  ;   pop.  97,800. 

Hahnemann,  Samuel  Christian 
Friedrich.     A  distinguished  German 

Ehysician  and  chemist,  originator  of  the 
omoeopathic  svstem  of  m^cal  practice ; 
B.  1756;  D.  in  faris  1848. 

Haiduck,  hl'dnk.  One  of  a  class  of 
mercenary  foot-soldiers  in  Hungary  who 
sold  their  services  to  the  best  bidder. 
The  name  is  now  given  to  maoers  in  the 
Hungarian  courts,  halberdiers  of  Hunga- 
rian magnates,  and  the  lackeys  and  other 
attendants  in  German  courts. 

Haik,  hak.  A  large  piece  of  woolen  or 
cotton  cloth  worn  by  the  Arabs  over  the 
tunic  but  under  the  bumoose.  Also 
written  Hyke. 

Hailstone,  huFston.  A  single  ball  or 
pellet  of  hail. 

Hair-bracket,  h&ra>rak-et  In  ship- 
building, a  molding  which  comes  in  at  the 
back  of  or  runs  aft  from  the  figure-head. 

Hair-breadth,  bredth.  The  diameter  or 
breadth  of  a  hair ;  a  very  small  distance. 
Among  the  Jews  It  was  reckoned  the 
forty-eighth  part  of  an  inch. 

Haircloth,  'kloth.  Cloth  made  of  hair 
or  in  part  of  hair ;  used  for  covering  the 
cushions  of  chairs,   ooudiee,   Ao.,   and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HAIB-LIKE 


895 


HALF-LAP  COUPLING 


Bometimes  worn  next  the  skin  in  doing 
penance. 

Hair-line,  'lln.    A  slender  line  in  writ- 
ing or  drawing ;  a  halr-Btroke.    A  type 
having  all  the  face-linos  fine. 
Hair-pencil,  'pen-sil.    A  fine  brush  or 
pencil  made  of  hair. 

Hair-pin,  'pin.  A  pin  usetl  to  keep  the 
hair  in  a  certain  position;  especially,  a 
double  pin  or  bent  wh-o  used  by  w«>inen. 
Hair-pcwder,  'pou-der.  A  fine-scented 
powder  of  flour  or  starch  for  sprinkling 
the  hair  of  the  head. 

Hair-salt,  'salt.    Epsoinite,  a  native  sul- 
phate of  magnesia. 

Hair-space,  'spas.    The  thinnest  space 
used  by  printers. 

Hair-sprinfiT,  'spring.    In  watch-mak- 
ing, the  fine  spring  giving  motion  to  the 
balance  wheel. 
Hair-tail,  'tal.  The  blade-fish,  or  Trich- 
iurus  lepturus. 

Hair-trigrerer, 'trig-er.    A  trijrger  to  a 
gun-lock  so  delicately  adjusted  that  the 
slightest  touch  will  discharge  the  piece. 
Hair-worm,  'werm.    A  filiform  worm, 
gen.  Gordius. 

Hai-tsai,  ha-tsu.    A  transparent  gluten 
much  used  in  China,  the  chief  ingredient 
of  which  is  supposed  to  be  Plocaria  teuax, 
a  small  sea-weed. 
Hake,  hak.     A 
gen.  of  fishes,  cod 
fam. 

Hakem,  ha'kem. 
In  Arabia  a  wise  Hake, 

man ;     hence,     a 

physician.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  a 
commander,  ruler,  or  governor,  as  of  a 
province. 

Hakemite,  -it.  Pvelating  to  the  caliph 
Hakem,  or  to  the  astronomical  tables  pub- 
lished under  the  caliph  Hakem. 
Halacha,  ha'la-ka.  The  Jewish  oral  or 
traditional  law,  as  distinguished  ftom  the 
written  law  laid  down  in  the  Scriptures, 
and  like  it  believt»d  to  be  of  divine  origin. 
The  ultimate  conclusion  of  Tahnudic  rab- 
bis on  a  disputed  question. 
Haladroma,  -la'dro-ma.  A  gen.  of  pal- 
miped birds,  ord.  Longipennes,  resem- 
bling the  petrels  in  figure  and  beak,  and 
the  cormorant  in  their  pouch-like  throat. 
Halation,  ha-la'shon.  In  Photog.  an 
appearance  as  of  a  halo  of  light  surround- 
ing the  edge  of  a  dark  object  in  a  photo- 
graphic picture  developed  upon  iodide  of 
sUver. 


Httlberts. 


Halbert,    hal'bert. 
An  ancient    military 
weapon,  Intended  for 
both      cutting     and  -, 
thrusting,     formerly  |    ... 
carried  by  sergeants    v^^^Iji 
of  foot,  artillery  and       I 
marines.  [i 

Halcyon,  'sl-on.    A  *^ ;  - 
gon.  of  the  kingfisher  ^- 
famlly,  of  which  there 
are     many    species. 
Cfdled     more     com- 
monly   Alcedo.     H, 

days,  according  to  the  ancient  belief,  the 
seven  days  before  and  as  many  after  the 
winter  solstice,  when  the  halcyon  was  be- 
lieved to  brood,  and  the  weather  was 
calm  ;  hence,  days  of  tranquillity . 
Haldanite,  hal'dan-it.  A  follower  of 
the  brothers  Haldane,  Scotch  Independ- 
ents or  Congregationalists,  who  secedetl 
ftom  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland 
and  founded  the  sect  at  the  close  of  the 
last  century. 

Heile,  Matthew,  Sir.  An  eminent 
English  jurist;  b.  1609,  d.  1676. 
Half-blood,  haf  blud.  One  born  of  the 
same  mother  but  not  the  same  father  as 
another,  or  vice  versA.  One  born  of  a 
male  and  female  of  dlflferent  bree<ls  or 
races ;  a  half-breed. 

Half-breed,  'brGd.  One  who  is  half- 
blooded  ;  specifically  applied  to  the  otf- 
sprlng  of  American  Indians  and  whites. 
Half-brother,  'bruth-er.  A  brother  by 
one  parent,  but  not  by  both. 
Half-ca43te,  'kast.  One  bom  of  a  Hindu 
parent  on  one  side  and  of  a  European  on 
the  other. 

HaIf-K)Ock,  'kok.  The  position  of  the 
cock  or  hammer  of  a  gun  when  it  is  ele- 
vated only  half-way  and  retained  by  the 
first  notch. 

Half-crown,  -kroun'.    An  English  sil- 
ver coin  of  the  value  of  28.  6d. 
Half-dime,  -dim'.    A  silver  coin  of  the 
U.  8.  of  the  value  of  five  cents. 
Half-eagrle,  'c-gl.    An  American  gold 
coin  of  the  value  of  five  dollars. 
Halfer,  'er.    A  male  fallow-deer  gelded. 
Half-face,  'fas.    The  part   of  the  face 
seen  in  profile. 

Half-lap  Coupling:,  'lap  kup-ling.  In 
Mech.  a  kind  of  permanent  coupling  in 
which  the  boss-ends  of  the  connected 
shafts  are  made  semi-cylindrical,  so  as  to 
overlap  each  other.  This  is  reckoned  the 
best  form  of  permanent  coupling. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HALF-LENGTH 


896 


HALTiCIDJfiJ 


Half-length,  'length.  Showing  only 
the  upper  half  of  the  body,  as  a  portrait. 

Half-pace,  'pas.  The  resting-place  of  a 
staircase.  The  broad  space  or  interval 
between  two  flights  of  steps.  When  it 
occurs  at  the  angle  turns  or  the  stair  it  is 
oaUed  a  Quarter-pace.  A  raised  floor  In  a 
bay-window. 

Half-penny,  ha'pen-ni.  An  English 
copper  coin  of  the  value  of  half  a  penny. 

Hcdf-pike,  hfif  plk.  A  spcar-headed 
weapon  with  a  shaft  about  half  the  length 
of  the  ordinary  pike.  One  form  of  this 
weapon,  called  also  spontoon,  was  former- 
ly carried  by  infantry  officers;  another 
form  is  used  in  the  navy  in  boarding  ships. 

Half-round,  'round.  In  Arch,  a  mold- 
ing whose  profile  is  a  semicircle.  It  may 
be  either  a  oead  or  a  torus. 

Half-shift,  'shift.  In  playing  the  violin 
a  move  of  the  hand  a  little  way  upward  on 
the  neck  of  the  instrument  so  that  the 
first  finger  can  readily  stop  the  note  G  on 
the  first  string. 

Half-sovereigrn,  'so-ve-rin.  A  British 
gold  coin  in  value  lOs. 

Half-tint,  'tint.  An  Intermediate  color ; 
middle  tint. 

Haliaetus,  hal-i-a'^-tus.  A  gen.  of  birds, 
fam.  Faloonidse,  eagle  group,  differing 
from  the  true  eagles  in  the  greater  length 
of  the  bill,  in  the  toes  andlower  part  of 
the  tarsi  being  destitute  of  feathers,  in 
feeding  on  carrion  almost  as  readily  as  on 
newly-killed  prey,  and  In  inferior  courage. 
The  most  noted  species  is  H.  leucocepha- 
lus,  the  white-headed  erne  or  sea-eagle, 
the  chosen  symbol  of  the  U.  8. 

Halibut,  ha'll-but,  A  fish,  gen.  Hippo- 
glossus,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  flat-fish 
family  or  Pleuroneotidae. 
Halictus,  -Uk'tns.  A  gen.  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects,  sec.  Aculeata,  sub-sec.  Api- 
arise,  and  group  Andrenidaa  or  short- 
tongned  bees. 

Halieutics,  -li-u'tlks.  A  treatise  on 
fishes,  or  the  art  of  fishing ;  ichthyology. 

Halifax,  Oharles  Montagru,  Earl 
of.  A  celebrated  EngUsh  statesman  and 
financier;  b.  1661,  d.  1716.  As  prime 
minister  he  was  the  originator  of  the  na- 
tional debt,  and  founder  of  the  Bank  of 
England. 

Halifax.  A  city  in  W.  Riding  Co.,  York, 
England,  noted  for  its  woolen  manufoc- 
tories,  86  m.  8.  W.  of  York  ;  pop.  71,800. 
The  cap.  of  Nova  8cotia,  a  fortified  sea- 
port, the  naval  depot  of  the  British  N. 
American  fleet,  and  a  trans-Atlantio  steam- 
ship station ;  pop.  88,846. 


HaliORraphy,  -og'ra-fi.  That  depart- 
ment of  science  which  treats  of  the  sea. 

Haliotis,  -d'tis.  A  gen.  of  gasteropo- 
dous  mollusks,  both  fossil  and  reoeni;, 
commonly  called  sea-ears  or  ear-shells. 

Halitus,  Oi-tus.  In  Physiol,  the  breath ; 
the  vapor  exhaled  from  the  body,  so  long 
as  the  blood  is  warm  ;  the  odorous  vapor 
exhaled  by  newly  drawn  blood. 

Hall,  Joseph.  An  eminent  English  the- 
ological writer ;  b.  1574,  d.  1666. 

Hallam,  Henry.  An  English  historian; 
B.  1779, 1).  1859. 

Halleck,  Fitz-Oreene.  An  eminent 
American  poet ;  b.  in  Conn.  1790,  d.  1867. 

Halleck,  Henry  Wa«rer,  Oen.  An 
American  general,  b.  at  Utlca,  N.  Y., 
1814,  graduated  at  W.  Point,  1889,  ap- 
pointed m^or-general,  1861,  and  rose  to 
be  commander-in-chief,  July,  1862,  being 
superseded  by  Gen.  Grant,  March,  1864 ; 
D.  in  LouisvUfe,  Ky.,  1872. 

Hallell3jah,  hal-le-ld'ya.  Praise  ye  Je- 
hovah ;  give  praise  to  God.  It  is  used  as 
a  noun  or  as  an  exclamation. 

Halley,  Edmund.  A  noted  English 
astronomer ;  b.  1656,  d.  1742.  He  was 
the  first  who  accurately  predicted  the 
action  of  a  comet,  and  made  other  impor- 
tant celestial  discoveries. 

Halloo,  -Id'.  A  cry  uttered  to  attract  at- 
tention. 

Hallo^w-e'en,  '16-€n.  The  eve  or  vigil  of 
All-Hallows  or  All-Saints. 

Hallowmas,  -mas.  The  feast  of  All- 
Souls  ;  the  time  about  All-Saints'  and  All- 
Souls'  Day,  viz.,  the  1st  of  November,  and 
thence  to  Candlemas. 

Hallux,  'luks.  The  innermost  of  the 
five  digits  which  normally  compose  the 
hind  foot  of  a  vertebrate  animal.  In  man, 
the  great  toe. 

Halmaturus,  -ma-tu'rus.  A  gen.  of 
marsupials  belonging  to  the  kangaroos. 

Halo,  h&'lo.  A  luminous  ring  or  drde, 
either  white  or  colored,  appearing  round 
the  sun  or  moon.  When  they  are  of  small 
diameter  they  are  usually  called  ooronae. 
Halos  are  at  times  accompanied  with  other 
phenomena,  such  as  parhelia,  or  rnock^ 
suns;  paraselensB,  or  mock-moons,  and 
various^  arranged  white  bands,  crosses 
or  arcs. 

Haloscope, -skop.  An  instrument  which 
exhibits  all  the  phenomena  connected  with 
halos,  parhelia  and  the  like. 

Halticidae,  hal-tis'i-dg.  The  flea-beetles, 
a  fam.  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  which 
the  gen.  Ilaltica  is  the  type. 


^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HALTIO 


897 


HAN 


&altio,  'ti-o.  In  Lapland  Mjth.  one  of 
the  guardian  spirits  of  Mount  Niemi. 

Ebdyard,  'yard.  A  rope  or  tackle  for 
hoisting  and  lowering  sails,  yards,  Ac. 
Written  also  Halliard. 

Balyaites,  'i-slts.  A  fossil  gen.  of  coral, 
£ftm.  Farositidffi,  peculiar  to  the  paUeozoic 
strata. 

ftam,  ham.  A  common  element  in  En- 
glish place-names,  as  Buckingham,  Dur- 
ham, &c.,  a  home.  Hamlet  is  a  diminn- 
tiye.  The  inner  angle  of  the  joint  which 
unites  the  thigh  and  the  leg  of  an  animal. 
The  thigh  of  a  hog,  or  other  animal,  salted 
and  dried  in  smoke. 

Ham.  In  Scrip,  the  2d  son  of  Noah,  and 
progenitor  of  the  African  race  through  his 
sons  Oush,  Phut,  Mizraim  and  Canaan. 

Ham.  Atownofdept.  Somme,  France, 
81  m.  S.  £.  of  Amiens,  noted  for  its  strong 
fortress  in  which  Napoleon  III.  was  con- 
fined, 1840-46,  and  from  which  he  escaped 
in  disguise ;  pop.  about  8,000. 

Hamadryad,  'a-dri-ad.  In  Greek  and 
Soman  Antiq.  a  wood-nymph,  feigned  to 
live  and  die  with  the  tree  to  which  she 
was  attached. 

Hamadryaa,  -as.  A  dog-liiced  ape  (Cy- 
nocephalus  hamadryas). 

'H'ftfPft.1^  ha'mal.  A  porter  in  Constanti- 
nople. 

Hamarthritis,  ham-ar-thri'tis.  In  Med. 
universal  gout,  or  gout  in  all  the  joints. 

Hamel,  'el.  The  name  for  the  bright 
star  alpha  in  the  constellation  Aries. 

Hamiform,  ha'mi-form.  In  Zool.  curved 
at  the  extremity ;  resembling  a  hook. 

HambllTgr.  A  free  city,  cap.  of  prov.  of 
same  name,  in  Germany,  the  commercial 
emporium  of  the  empire,  on  the  Elbe  at 
its  Junction  with  the  Elster,  and  60  m. 
from  its  mouth ;  pop.  854,720. 

Haxnilcar.  A  famous  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral father  of  the  more  celebrated  Hanni- 
bal; B.  abt.  800  B.  c;  killed  in  battle  in 
Spain,  229.  He  Successfully  defended 
Sldly  against  the  Romans  for  5  years,  and 
finished  his  siiccossM  military  career  in 
Spain. 

Hamilton.  The  patronyomio  of  a  noble 
Scottish  family.  James  H.,  2d  Earl  of 
Arran,  became  regent  in  1542.  He  was  a 
warm  partisan  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ; 
D.  1675. 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  An  eminent 
Scotch-American  statesman  and  orator, 
B.  In  Nevis,  1757,  killed  in  a  duel  with 
Aaron  Burr,  at  weehawken,  N.  J.,  1804. 
He  was  ft  member  of  the   Continental 


Hammer-beam. 


Congress,  one  of  the  Commissioners  which 
ihimed  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  Presi- 
dent "Washington.  ' 

Hamilton,  William,  Sir.  The  most 
celebrated  metaphysician  of  the  Scotch 
school ;  B.  1788,  d.  1856. 

Hamilton,  William  Bowan,  Sir. 
An  eminent  Irish  scientist  and  astron- 
mer,  b.  1806,  n.  1866. 

Hamitic,  ham-it'ik.  Relating  to  Ham  or 
his  descendants;  specifically,  appellative 
of  a  class  of  African  tongues,  comprising 
the  ancient  Hieroglyphic  language,  Cop- 
tic, Ethiopian  or  Abyssinian,  Libyan  or 
Berber,  and  the  Hottentot  groups. 

Hammer-beam. 

A  beam  acting  as  a 
tie  at  the  feet  of  a 
pair  of  principal 
rafters. 

Hammer-fish, 
'mor-flsh.  A 
rapacious  fish,  fam. 
SqualidsB  or  sharks, 
the  balance-fish, 
called  also  Ham- 
mer-headed Shark. 

Hammer-03neiter,  -ois-ter.  A  bivalve 
shell-fish  found  in  the  W.  Indies,  resem- 
bling the  pearl-oyster  when  young,  but 
when  mature  resembling  the  form  of  a 
hammer. 

Hammock,  'mok.  A  hanging  bed,  con- 
sisting of  a  piece  of  cloth,  gathered  at  the 
ends  and  suspended  by  cords  and  hooks. 

Hampden,  John.    An  English  patriot 

•  and  Parliamentary  leader ;  b.  1694,  killed 
at  Chalgrove  Hill,  1643.  He  was  a  cham- 
pion of  popuhur  rights  against  the  oppres- 
sive measures  of  Charles  I.,  and  suffered 
prosecution  and  imprisonment. 

Hampton  Hoads.  A  broad  channel  of 
Chesapeake  Bav,  opening  into  James 
River  bet.  Norfolk  and  Hampton,  com- 
manded by  Fortress  Monroe. 

Hamster,ham'- 
Bter.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  burrow  ,^ 
ing  quadrupeds  ^ 
(CWcetu8)ofthe 
rat  femlly  (Mu- 
ridffi). 

Hamstring:,  Hamster, 

'string.    One  of 
the  tendons  of  the  ham. 

Han,  han.  The  Chinese  dynasty  founded 
by  Kau-tsu,  and  lasting  from  b.  o.  206  to 
A.  p.  220,    It  is  the  most  celebrated  of  all 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HANAPEE 


HANOVER  C0XJRT-H0U8E 


Ui«  dynasties  of  China,  and  with  it  com- 
mences the  modern  history  of  that  empire. 

Hanaper, 
ha'na-per. 
A  kind  of 
basket  used 
in  early 
days  by  the 
kings  of 
England  for 

j  holding  Hanaper. 

their  money  *^ 

as  they  journeyed  firom  place  to  place ; 
the  king's  treasury.  This  word  answered 
to  the  modern  exchequer. 

Hancock,  John.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  Mass.,  1737,  d.  1793.  He  was 
president  of  the  Provincial  and  Continen- 
tal congresses  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration    of    Independence,    and 

governor  of  his  native  State  from  1780  till 
is  death. 

Hancock,  Winfield  Scott,  G^n.  An 
American  officer;  b.  in  Pcnn.,  1824;  gradu- 
ated iW)m  West  Point,  1844,  served  through 
the  Mexican  war,  appointed  brigadier-gen- 
eral, 1861,  and  served  with  gallantry 
through  the  rebellion  ;  now  senior  Major- 
General  in  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Atlantic,  headquarters  at  Governor's 
Island.  In  1880  he  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  presidency,  being  beaten 
by  Gen.  Garfield. 

Hand-book,  hand'bnk.  A  small  book 
or  treatise ;  a  manual  or  compendium  ;  a 
guide-book  for  travelers. 

Handcuff,  'kuf.  /  manacle  or  fastening 
for  the  hand,  consisting  of  an  iron  ring 
round  each  wrist  and  linked  together. 

Handel,  Q^orgre  Frederick.  The 
most  eminent  musical  composer  of  the 
ages ;  b.  at  Halle,  Germany,  1684,  d.  1759. 

Hand-grallop,  'gal-lup.  A  slow  and 
easy  gallop,  in  which  the  hand  presses  the 
bridle  to  hinder  increase  of  speed. 

Handicap,  han'di-kap.  In  racing,  an 
allowance  of  a  certain  amount  of  time  or 
distance  to  the  inferior  competitors  in  a  race 
to  bring  them  all  as  nearly  as  possible  to  an 
equality,  or  the  extra  weight  imposed 
upon  the  superior  competitors  with  the 
same  object.  Also  the  name  of  such  a 
race. 

Hand-lead,  'led  The  lead  which  is 
used  for  sounding  in  rivers,  harbors  or 
shoal  water,  much  smaller  than  the  deep- 
sea  lead. 

Handloom,  lorn.  A  weaver's  loom 
worked  by  tke  hand,  as  distinguished  from 
a  power-loom. 


Handxuill,  'mil.  A  mill  for  grinding 
grain,  pepper  j  co£fee,  &c.,  moved  by  th« 
hand. 

Hand-press,  'pres.  A  printing  press 
worked  by  hand. 

Handrail,  'ral.  A  rail  or  railing  in  » 
stair  raised  upon  slender  posts  called  bal« 
usters.  In  a  locomotive  engine,  the  rail- 
ing along  the  sides  to  protect  persona 
when  passing  to  the  front. 

HandBpike,  'spik.  A  bar  used  with  the 
hand  as  a  lever  for  raising  weights,  heav- 
ing about  a  windlass,  &c. 

Haner-K)ho^w-foo.  A  walled  Chinese 
city,  cap.  of  prov.  of  Che-kiang,  on  the 
Tsien-tang-kiang,  140  m.  S.  E.  of  Nankin, 
and  formerly  cap.  of  the  kingdom;  pop. 
740,000. 

Hangrer,  hang'er.  A  short,  broad  sword 
incurvate<l  at  the  point.  In  Mach.  a  part 
that  suspends  a  journal-box  in  which  shaft- 
ing, Ac,  runs.  Called  also  Hanging- 
bracket. 

Hangriner  -  b  u  1 1  r  e  s  s, 
'ing-but-tres.  In  Arch,  a 
buttress  not  standing  solid 
on  a  foundation,  but  sup- 
ported on  ft  corbel. 

Han^inff-erarden,  -gar- 
dn.  A  garden  formed  in 
terraces  rising  one  above 
the  other.  The  hanging- 
gardens  of  Babylon  were 
anciently  reckoned  among 
the  wonders  of  the  world. 
They  were  five  in  nnmber, 
occupied  each  an  area  of  4 
acres,  and  the  summit  was 
800  feet  above  the  base,  so 
that  the  whole  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  great 
I)yramid. 

Han-lin,    han'lin.     The  ' 
national  or  imperial  college 
of  China  from  the  mem- 
bers of  which  the  emperor's 
ministers     are     generally   HtiiijCnnt'-bul^ 
chosen.  i.V-.^s. 

Hannibal.  The  most  fi&mous  general 
of  Carthage ;  b.  247  b.  o.,  suicided  to  avoid 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Komans,  188, 
his  projects  of  reform  being  rejected  by 
his  own  people.  For  more  than  20  years 
he  was  successftil  in  his  struggle  against 
Rome. 

Hanover  Conrt-Honse.  A  village, 
cap.  of  Hanover  Co.,  Va.;  the  scene  of  a 
battle.  May  28,  1862,  between  Branch's 
Confederate  brigade  and  a  Federal  brifipide 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HA^SE 


889 


HAEMONICA 


under  Gen.  Porter,  the  latter  winning  a 
Yictory. 

Hanse,  lumB.  A  league ;  a  confederaor. 
H.  towns,  oertain  commercial  cities  in 
Germany  which  associated  for  the  protec- 
tion of  oonmierce  as  early  as  the  12th  cen- 
tury. To  this  confederacy  acceded  cer- 
tain commercial  cities  in  Holland,  Eng- 
land, France,  Spain  and  Italy,  until  they 
amounted  to  seventy-two,  and  for  centu- 
ries the  confederacy  (Hanseatlo  League) 
commanded  the  respect  and  defied  the 

S>wer  of  kings.  Lfibeck,  Hamburg  and 
remen,  the  uiree  free  cities  of  Germany, 
are  still  often  spoken  of  asiheHanse 
towns. 

Hanaellnes.  The  loose  breeches  worn 
during  the  15th  century. 

^i^Tiy>Tin^  han'srm.  A  two-wheeled 
hackney  carriage  or  cabriolet.  It  holds 
two  persons,  and  the  driver  sits  on  an  el- 
evated seat  behind  the  body  of  the  car- 
riage. 

HannmaTi,  han'n-man.  The  name  of  a 
fiibulous  monkey,  the  friend  of  Vishnu, 
much  referred  to  in  the  second  or  class- 
ical ago  of  Hindu  mythology.  Also,  the 
name  of  a  monkey  in  India  to  which  wor- 
ship is  paid. 

Hapstlid8»,  hap-al'i-dg.  A  fiun.  of  S. 
American  puityrhine  monkeys.  The  mar- 
moset, sahoni  and  ouistiti  are  the  popular 
and  nfl^ve  names  for  these  animals. 

Hapsbuzff,  House  of.  The  dynastic 
line  of  the  Austrian  emperors,  named  from 
the  Gastie  of  H. ,  in  Switzerland,  and  found- 
ed by  Eudolph,  Count  of  H.,  who  was 
elected  Emperor  of  Germany  1278.  Since 
11^6  the  d^asty  has  borne  the  name  of 
Hapsbui^-Iiorrfline. 

Har,  bar.  A  syllable  occurring  as  a  pre- 
fix In  person  and  place  names,  and  signi- 
fying an  army ;  thus,  Hiurold  signifies  the 
leader  of  an  army ;  Hereford,  ford  of  an 
army.  It  takes  various  forms,  as  hare, 
her,  here,  Ac. 

Hardinfire,  Henry,  Viscount.  An 
English  general;  b.  1786,  d.  1866.  He 
served  with  credit  in  the  Peninsular  war, 
was  appointed  Govornor-General  of  India, 
1844,  and  subdued  the  Sikhs,  and  s.  the 
Buke  of  Wellington  as  Commander-in- 
Chief,  1862. 

Hardware,  Vfir.  Wares  made  of  iron 
or  other  metal. 

Hare,  h&r.  The  common  name  of  the  ro- 
dent quadrupeds,  gen.  Lepus,  remarkable 
for  its  feoundily,  generally  producing 
three  or  four  at  a  time  and  breeding  sev- 


eral times  in  the  year.  In  Astron.  one  of 
the  forty^eight  ancient  constellations  of 
Ptolemy,  situated  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. 

SDare-kanflraroo,  ncang-ga-rS.  A  small 
kangaroo  of  Australia,  not  unlike  a  hare, 
but  smaller  in  size. 

Hareld,  ha'reld.  An  oceanic  duck  of  the 
sub-gen.  Harelda.  Its  down  is  said  to  ri- 
val mat  of  the  eider. 

Harem,  h&'rem.  The  apartments  appro- 
priated to  the  female  members  of  a  Mo- 
hammedan fkmily.  The  occupants  may 
consist  of  wives  to  the  number  of  four,  fe- 
male slaves,  who  may  be  retained  as  con- 
cubines or  as  servants,  and  of  female  free 
slaves,  with  whom  concubinage  is  un- 
lawftil. 

HarfanfiT,  har'fimg.     The  great  snowy 
owl  found  in  the  arctic  regions. 
Hari,  haM.    A  name  of  the  Hindu  god 
Vishnu. 

Harleian,  h&r'le-an.  A  collection  of 
7000  manuscripts,  besides  rare  printed 
books,  made  by  Secretary  Harley,  Earl  of 
Oxford,  and  his  son.  The  collection  is 
now  in  the  British  Museum. 
Harlequin-beetle,  ne-kwin-bo-ti.  A 
coleopterous  insect,  so  called  ftt)m  the 
mixture  of  gray,  black  and  red  on  the  ely- 
tra. 

HarleQuin-dnok,  -duk.  A  species  of 
duck  having  a  beautiflilly  mottled  plu- 
mage, the  male  being  ftmtastically  streaked 
•wlm  gray,  whence  tiie  name. 
Harlequin-snahe,  -snSk.  A  venom- 
ous S.  American  snake,  striped  with  red 
and  black.  , 

Harlot,  'lot.    A  woman  who  prostitutes 
her  body  for  hire ;  a  prostitute. 
Harmattan,  -mat'^an.  A  hot,  dry  wind 
which  blows  periodlexlly  from  the  interior 
parts  of  Africa  towant  the  Atlantic  in  De- 
cember, January  and  February ;  it  with- 
ers vegetation,  and  even  affects  the  hu- 
man body  so  that  the  bkin  peels  off. 
Harmonia,  rao'nl-a.    A  small  asteroid 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupite*.. 
Harmonica,  -mon'i-ka.    A  collection  of 
musical  glass  gob- 
lets,     resembling 
finger-glasses,  putf< 
Info    a  revolving^ 
motion    on    the& 
centers  while  the 
rim     is    touched 
by  the  finger.    A 

musical  instrument  consisting  of  a  smal; 
box,  in  which  arc  ranged  horizontally  a 


Harmonica. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HARMONIOHORD 


400 


HAREI-KARM 


namber  of  oblong  plates  of  glass  or  metal, 
which  are  struck  with  a  small  flexible 
hammer. 

Harmonichord,  -kord.  An  instru- 
ment played  like  a  piano-forte,  but  sound- 
ing like  a  violin. 

Hamxonicon,  -kon.  A  powerful  musi- 
cal instrument  consisting  of  a  large  barrel 
organ,  containing  pipes  to  imitate  wind- 
instruments  and  an  apparatus  to  produce 
the  effects  of  drums,  cymbals,  &c.  A 
small  mouth  instrument  consisting  of  free 
reeds  inclosed  in  a  box  in  such  a  way  that 
inspiration  produces  one  set  of  sounds, 
re^iration  another.  Chemical  harmoni- 
con,  a  contrivance  in  which  a  flame  of 
hydrogen  gas  causes  a  column  of  ah*  in  a 
tube  to  give  forth  musical  sounds. 

flarmoniphon,  -ton.  A  musical  wind- 
instrument  consisting  of  a  series  of  free 
reeds  inserted  in  a  tube  like  a  clarinet.  It 
is  plaved  upon  by  means  of  keys  arranged 
like  those  of  a  piano-forte. 

Harmonist,  'mon-ist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Protestants  from  Wurtemberg,  who  set- 
tled in  America  in  1808.  They  hold  their 
property  in  common,  and  consider  mar- 
riage a  civil  contract. 

^axxnoninnL,  -mo'ni-um.  A  musical 
instrument  resembling  a  small  organ, 
played  on  a  clavier  similar  to  that  of  an 
organ,  the  sounds  being  produced  by  tree 
reeds. 

flarxnonometer,  -mon-om'et-er.  A 
monochordfor  measuring  the  harmonic 
relations  of  sounds. 

Harold.  The  name  of  two  of  England's 
early  kings.  H.  I.,  surnamed  Harefoot, 
because  of  his  fleetness,  was  2d  son  of 
Canute  the  Great,  and  s.  to  the  throne, 
1087,  D.  1040.  H.  II.,  sea  of  Godwin, 
Earl  of  Kent,  was  proclain;ed  King  1066, 
as  s.  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;  he  defeat- 
ed an  invasion  of  Norsemen  the  same  year, 
but  was  himself  defeated  and  overthrown 
by  William,  Duke  of  Normandy  a  few 
days  later. 


Egyptian  harpii. 
Iriedi,  Welsh,  and  other   laDox^s. 


Haxoon-al-Baschid.  The  most 
eminent  of  the  Abbassides  caliphs;  b. 
abt.  766,  D.  809. 

Harpa,  har'pa.  A  gen.  of  gaateropodoua 
mollusks  of  the  whelk  fomily,  commonly 
called  Harp-sheUs. 

HarpalidsB,  -pal'i-de.  A  fam.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  sec.  Geodephaga,  usually 
found  under  stones. 

Harper,  hfirp'er.  A  player  on  the  harp. 
An  Irish  brass  coin  of  the  reign  of  Queei 
Elizabeth,  of  tiie  size  of  a  shilBng  and  the 
value  of  a  penny. 

Harper's  Ferry.  A  village  in  Jefferson 
Co.,  W.  Vh-ginia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Shenandoah  and  Potomac  rivers,  58  m.  N. 
W.  of  Washington,  noted  as  the  scene  of 
John  Brown's  abolition  raid,  1859,  and 
for  several  minor  engagements  in  the  civil 
war. 

Harpoon,  har-p^n^  A  spear  or  javelin 
used  to  strike  and  kill  whales  and  large 
flsh.  It  may  be  thrown  by  the  hand  or 
fired  ih)m  a  gun. 

Harpooner,  'er.  The  man  in  a  whale- 
boat  who  throws  the  harpoon. 

Harpoon-grun,  'gun.  A  gun  for  firing 
a  harpoon,  employed  in  the  whale-Ashery. 

Harp-seal,  harp'sSl.  The  Greenland 
seal. 

Harpsichord,  'si-kord.  A  stringed  mu- 
sical instrument  with  a  key-board,  some- 
thing Uke  the  horizontal  grand  piano-forte, 
superseded  by  the  piano-forte  about  the 
middle  of  the 
18th  century. 

Harpy,     har'pi.  / 

In  Class.  Antiq.  &\ 

fabulous    winged  I  j 

monster,  ravenous  V 

and  filthy,  having 

the  face  of  a  wo- 
man and  the  body 

of  a  bird.     The 

harpies      were 

three  in  number,  Aello,  Ocypete  and  Cel^ 

eno. 
Harpy-easrle,  -€-gl.      The  ThrasaStuf 

Harpjria,  a  raptorial  bfrd  of  Mexico  and  S. 

America,  celebrated  for  its  great  strength. 

Harridan,  ha'ri-dan.  A  hag ;  an  odious 
old  woman. 

Harrier,  -er.  A  small  dog  of  the  hound 
species  employed  in  hunting  the  hare. 
There  are  several  breeds.  A  hawk  of  the 
gen.  Circus,  allied  to  the  buzzards. 

Harri-Karri,  -ka'ri.  The  Chinese  term 
for  the  mode  of  suicide  Incumbent  on 
Japanese  offidaZs,  when  ordered  by  goT- 


Harpy. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HABEISBURa 


401 


HATCHING-APPAEATTT8 


ernment  to  perform  it  as  a  pnnishment 
fbr  any  offense.  It  is  effected  Dy  inflicting 
two  gashes  across  the  abdomen  in  the 
form  of  a  cross. 

Haxrisbargr.  Cap.  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Dauphin  Co.,  on  the  Susquehanna,  107  m. 
N.  W.  of  Phila. ;  pop.  80,762. 
Harrison,  John.  An  English  mechanic 
and  inventor ;  b.  1698,  d.  1776.  He  in- 
vented the  most  perfect  sea-chronometer 
of  his  time,  also  the  compensation  pendu- 
lum. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  Qen. 
Ninth  President  of  the  U.  8. ;  b.  in  Va., 
1778 ;  D.  one  month  after  his  inauguration, 
April  4, 1841.  He  was  the  hero  of  the 
Indian  battie  of  Tippecanoe,  in  Indiana, 
1811,  and  also  defeatea  a  British  force  on 
the  Thames,  Canada,  1818  ;  afterward 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate,  and  sent  as 
minister  to  Colombia,  1828-29.  Was  the 
unsuocessftQ  Whig  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, 1886,  and  was  elected  1840. 
Harrow,  'ro.  An  agricultural  imple- 
ment, formed  of  pieces  of  timber  or  metal 
crossing  each  other  and  set  with  iron 
teeth. 

Hart,  hfirt.  A  stag  or  male  deer  when 
he  has  passed  his  fifth  year,  and  the  sur- 
royal  or  crown  anther  is  formed.  Hart  of 
ten,  a  hart  with  ten  tines  or  branches  on 
his  horns. 

Hartbeest,  'bSst.  The  name  given  bv 
the  Dutch  colonists  to  the  kaama,  a  8. 
African  antelope. 

Hartshorn,  hartsOiom.  The  antier  of  the 
hart  or  stag,  formerly  much  used  as  a  source 
of  ammon^.  A  name  given  to  the  salt 
and  spirit  of  ammonia.  Jelly  of  hartshorn, 
a  numtive  jelly,  formerly  obtained  fix>m 
the  shavings  of  the  horns  of  harts,  now 
procured  from  the  bones  of  calves. 
Hartford.  Cap.  of  county  of  same  name, 
also  of  the  State  of  Connecticut,  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  80  m.  N.  E.  of  New 
Haven ;  pop.  42,015. 
Hartz  Mountains.  A  range  in  N.  W. 
Germany,  abt.  70  m.  in  length  by  28  in 
width.  The  Brocken,  the  highest  peak,  is 
8,740  ft.  above  sea  level.  The  range  is 
rich  in  minerals,  but  Is  especially  noted 
tor  the  superstitious  traditions  with  which 
many  of  its  chief  heights  and  valleys  are 
identified. 

Harvard.  The  oldest  American  college, 
founded  1688 ;  located  at  Cambridge,  now 
a  suburb  of  Boston. 

Harvester,  hfir'vest-er.  A  machine  for 
cutting  grain,  grass,  or  other  crop  ;  a 
mower  \  a  reaper. 


Harvest-fly,  -fli.  A  name  applied  to 
several  large  hemipterous  insects  of  the 
Cicada  group,  popularly  called  locusts. 

Harvest-month,  -month.    September. 

Harvest-moon,  -mon.  The  moon  near 
the  full  at  the  time  of  harvest,  or  about 
the  autumniU  equinox,  when,  by  reason  of 
the  small  angle  of  the  ecliptic  and  the 
moon's  orbit  with  the  horizon,  it  rises 
nearly  at  the  same  hour  for  several  days. 

Harvest-mouse,  -mous.  The  Mus 
messorius,  a  very  small  species  of  field- 
mouse. 

Harvey,  William.  A  celebrated  En- 
glish physician  and  anatomist ;  b.  1578,  d 
1657.  He  discovered  the  true  theory  of 
the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

Haslet,  has'let.  The  entrails  of  a  beast 
used  for  human  food,  as  the  heart,  liver, 
lights,  &c. 

ELasoda,  ha-so'da.  In  the  Turkish  se- 
raglio, a  school  established  for  training 
young  slaves  of  both  sexes. 

Hassock,  has'sok.  A  thick  mat  or  bass 
on  which  persons  kneel  in  church  ;  also 
a  small  footstool. 

Hastingrs.  A  borough  and  seaside  re- 
sort in  Co.  Sussex,  England,  54  m.  8.  E. 
of  London,  noted  for  the  battle,  Oct.  14, 
1066,  in  which  William  the "  Conqueror 
won  the  English  throne:  pop.  82,146. 

Hastiners,  Warren.  The  first  English 
viceroy  of  India ;  b.  1782,  d.  1818.  His 
impeachment  for  malfeasance  in  office, 
trial  and  acquittal,  form  one  of  the  most 
Interesting  legal  incidents  in  English  his- 
tory. 

Hasty-pudding,  hast'i-pnd-ding.  A 
thick  pudding  made  of  milk  and  flour 
boiled  quickly  together ;  also,  oatmeal  and 
water  boiled  toeether ;  porridge.  A  bat- 
ter made  of  Indian  meal  stirred  into  boil- 
ing water;  mush. 

Hatchet,  hatch'et.  A  small  ax  with  a 
short  handle,  used  with  one  hand.  An 
Indian  tomahawk. 

Hatchetine,  -in.  A  fatty  substance  oc- 
curring in  argillaceous  ironstone,  like  wax 
or  spermaceti  in  consistence ;  also  termed 
Mineral  Tallow.  It  consists  of  86  carbon 
and  14  hydrogen .  A  soft  mineral  contain- 
ing 80  carbon,  20  hydrogen. 

Hatching,  'ing.  Shading  in  a  drawing 
or  engraving  consisting  of  crossed  lines ; 
(»>oss-hatching. 

HatcMnar-apparatus,  -ap-pa-ra-tus. 
An  incubator  for  bringing  forth  chickens 
from  eggs  by  the  agency  of  artificial  heat 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HATCHMENT 


402 


HAT-TEDDER 


Hatchment,  'mcnt.  In  ller.  tho  coat 
of  arms  of  a  person  dead,  showing  the  rank 
of  the  deceased,  whether  the  person  was 
a  bachelor,  a  married  man,  a  wife,  &c. 

Hatchway,  'wS.  A  square  or  oblong- 
opening  in  the  deck  of  a  vessel,  or  in  a 
building. 

Hattemist,  hat'tem-ist  One  of  an  ec- 
clesiastical sect  in  Holland,  so  called  from 
Pontian  von  Hattem  of  Zeeland  (17th 
century).  They  denied  the  ezpia- 
tonr  sacrifice  of  Christ,  and  the  corruption 
of  human  nature. 

Hatteras.  An  inlet  of  PamUco  Sound, 
N.  Carolina.  It  is  commanded  by  forts 
H.  and  Clark,  both  of  which  were  captured 
Aug.  29, 1861,  by  Com.  Stringham. 

Hatti-sheriir,  'ti-sher-lf.  An  irrevoca- 
ble order  from  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  who 
subscribes  it  usually  with  these  words  :— 
"Let  my  order  be  executed  according 
to  its  form  and  import"  The  words  are 
usually  edged  with  gold,  or  otherwise  or- 
namented. 

Hauberk,  ha'berk.  A  coat  of  mail  with- 
out sleeves,  formed  of  steel  rings  inter- 
woven. 

HanlTn,  halm.  Tho  stem  or  stalk  of 
grain  of  all  ^inds.    Straw. 

Haustellata,  ha6'tel-la''ta.  A  div.  of 
insects,  in  which  l3ie  mouth  is  ftimished 
with  the  haustellam  or  proboscis  adapted 
for  suction.  It  includes  the  homopterous. 
heteropterous,  lepidopterous  and  dipter- 
ous insects. 

Hautboy,  holwi.  An  oboe:  a 
wind-instrument  of  wood,  sounded 
through  a  double  reed.  An  organ - 
stop  resembliag  the  hautboy  in 
sound. 

Hauy,  Bene  Just,  Abbe. 
hah-we'.  One  of  the  most  eminent 
of  French  mineralogists;  b.  lT4d, 
D.  1822. 

Havana.  Cap.  of  Island  of  Cuba, 
on  the  N.  W.  coast,  founded  by 
Diego  Velasquez,  1611;  pop.  221,- 
460. 

Havelock,  hav'lok.  A  light  cov- 
ering for  the  head  and  nedc.  com- 
§08^  of  white  cloth,  used  by  sol- 
iers  and  others  as  a  protection 
against  sun-stroke. 

Haversack,  'er-sak.     A  bag  of^^f 
strong  cloth  with  a  strap  fitting  ^y. 
over  file  shoulder,  worn  by  soldiers 
in    marching    order,    for   carrying 
their  provisions.     In  artillery,  a  leather 
bag  used    to  carry  cartridges  fi^m  the 
ammunition  chest  to  the  piece. 

Haversian,  ha-ver'si-an.    The  net-work 


of  minute  canals  which  traverse  the  solid 
substance  of  bones,  conveying  the  nutri- 
ent vessels  to  all  parts. 

Havlldar,  hav'il-dar.  The  highest  non- 
commissioned officer  in  the  native  armies 
of  India  and  Ceylon ;  a  sepoy  sergeant. 

Havre,  hahv'r.  A  fortified  seaport,  dept. 
Seine-Inf^rieure,  on  the  N.  estuary  of  the 
Seine,  42  m.  W.  of  Bouen,  France ;  pop. 
abt.  100,000. 

Hawk,  hak.  A  name  ft^uently  applied 
to  almost"  all  the  members  of  the  ttaa. 
Falconidie,  but  also  restricted  to  designate 
a  section  of  that  family. 

Hawk-moth,  'moth.  A  lepidoptoous 
insect,  fam.  Sphingidse  or  sphmxes. 

Hawk's-bill,  haks'bil.  Ohelone  or 
Caretta  imbricata,  a  well-known  turtle. 

Hawser,  has'er.  A  small  cable  or  a  large 
rope,  in  size"  between  a  cable  and  a  tow> 
line. 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel.  A  distin^ 
guished  American  novelist,  b.  in  Mas8.« 
1804,  D.  1864. 

Haydn,  Joseph,  hi'dn.  An  eminent 
Austrian  musical  composer ;  b.  1782,  d. 
1809. 

"HAyeB,  Isaac  I.  An  American  Arctic 
explorer ;  b.  in  Penn.,  1882;  made  sucoess- 
fol  voyages  in  1858  with  Dr.  Kane,  also  in 
1860  and  186»-n. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  Bixchaid.  Nine- 
teenth President  of  the  U.  S.;  b.  in  Ohio. 
1822.  Served  with  gaUantry  in  the  oivil 
war,  was  elected  to  Congress,  thrice  Gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  and  in  1876  President. 

Hay-fever,  ha'fe-ver.  A  summer  fever, 
popularly  but  erroneously  ascribed  to  the 
effluvium  of  new-cut  hay.  It  is  probably 
due  to  the  irritation  of  pollen  or  v^etable 
spores  entering  the  nostrils. 

Haynau,  Julius  Jakob,  Baron 
von,  hi'now.  An  Austrian  general ;  b. 
1786.  D.  1858.  He  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Austrian  armv  in  the  Hun- 
garian rebellion,  18^,  and  is  accused  of 
heartless  cruelty. 

Hay-tedder,  ha'ted-er.    A  wheeled  ma- 


Oh^kk 


Hay -tedder. 


chine  for  scattering  hay  so  as  to  expose  i^ 
to  the  sun  and  air. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HATTI 


408 


HEATEN 


Ebtyti.,  htt'td.  One  of  tiie  largest  islands 
of  the  W.  Indies,  in  the  Greater  Antilles 
gronn,  E.  of  Cuba  and  Jamaica ;  length 
abt.  400 m.;  maximum  width,  151  ra.  It 
is  politically  divided  into  two  rejoublics, 
Hayti  proper,  the  W.  end,  cap.  Port-au- 
Prince,  and  Santo  Domingo,  cap.  Santo 
Domingo.  Its  principal  towns  are  Port-au- 
Prince,  Cape  Haytlon,  Jacmel,  Jeremie, 
Aux  Cayes,  Santo  Domingo,  Porto  Phita 
and  Oonaives ;  chief  rivers,  Artibonite  and 
Yagnaj  pop.  of  Havtl  proper,  681,822 ;  of 
Santo  Domingo,  288,419. 

Hazard,  haz'erd.  A  game  at  dice  requir- 
ing much  calculation  and  experience,  and 
almost  always  played  for  money.  Applied 
to  strokes  in  the  old-lhshioned  game  of 
billiards  in  which  the  bolls  were  pocketed. 

flead-dress,  hed'dres. 
The  covering  or  orna- 
ments of  a  woman's 
head,  an  important  part 
of  female  attire,  wnich 
has  assumed  many 
forms  since  early  times. 

Headizi«r,  Mng.  A 
drift-way  or  passage  ex- 
cavated in  the  line  of  an 
intended  tunnel,'  form- 
ing a  gullet  in  which 
the  workmen  labor.  A 
preparation  of  equal 
parts  of  alum  and 
green- vitriol  used  in  brewing. 

Head-lierllt,  an.  A  light  with  a  reflec- 
tor placed  in  flront  of  a  locomotive. 

Head-money,  'rann-ne.  A  capitation 
tax. 

Head-water,  'wot-er.  The  part  of  a 
river  near  its  source,  or  one  of  the  streams 
that  contribute  to  form  a  larger  stream. 

Heazn.  The  after-birth  or  secimdine  of  a 
beast. 

Hearse,  hers.  A  hind  in  the  second  year 
of  its  age.  A  carriage  for  convoying  the 
dead  to  the  grave. 

jBCeart,  hart.  A  muscular  organ,  which 
is  the  propelling  agent  of  tho  blood  in  the 
animal  body,  situated  in  the  thorax  of 
vertebrated  animals.  From  this  organ  the 
primary  arteries  arise,  and  in  it  the  main 
veins  terminate.  One  of  a  suit  of  playing- 
cards. 

Heart-blim,  burn .  A  bnmi  ng  sensation 
in  the  stomach  ;  cardialgy. 

Heart-cam,  'kam.  A  wheel  or  double 
cam,  having  the  form  of  a  heart,  for  con- 
verting a  uniform  circular  motion  into  a 
reciprocating  alternating  motion. 


Head-dress. 
(Uth  Cent) 


Heart^liseaae,  'diz-«z.  A  morbid  con- 
dition of  the  heart,  either  Amctional  or 
organic.  To  the  former  belong  palpita- 
tion, syncope  and  angina  pectoris ;  to  the 
latter,  hypertrophy  of  the  heart,  dilata- 
tion, of  the  cavities,  &c. 

Heart-wood,  'w^d.  The  central  part 
of  the  wood  of  exogens ;  the  duramen. 

Heat,  het.  An  affection  of  matter  be- 
lieved to  consist  in  a  certain  motion  or  vi- 
bration of  the  ultimate  molecules  of  which 
bodies  are  composed.  An  exhibition  of 
energy,  of  whicn  motion,  light,  gravity, 
elecmcity,  &c.,  are  other  exhibitions  un- 
der different  conditions. 

Heath,,  hSth.  A  name  common  to  plants, 
ord.  EricacesB,  but  more  specifically  con- 
fined to  the  genera  Erica  and  Calluna.  In 
the  southern  promontory  of  AiHca  thou* 
sands  of  acres  are  covered  with  heaths,  in* 
eluding  hundreds  of  difftrent  species.  In 
Great  Britain  heather  covers  large  tracts, 
and  is  used  to  thatch  houses,  to  make 
brooms,  and  even  betfs  in  the  Highlands. 
Sheep  and  cattie  eat  it,  and  bees  extract 
finely  flavored  honey  flwm  the  flowers. 
The  young  shoots  and  flowers  are  said  to 
have  been  anoientiy  employed  for  the 
manufooture  of  beer. 

Heat-ensrlne,  het'en-Jin.  The  name  of 
heat-engine  or  thermo-dynamic  engine 
is  given  to  all  machines  which  yield  force 
in  virtue  of  heat. 

Heathen,  heathen.  One  who  worships 
idols  or  does  not  acknowledge  the  true 
God;  a  pagan;  an  idolater.  In  Scrip, 
the  word  seems  to  comprehend  all  nations 
except  the  Jews  or  Israelites,  as  they  were 
all  aadicted  to  idolatry.  The  word  is  now 
applied  to  all  except  Christians,  Jews  and 
Mohammedans. 

Heathenism,  -izm.  The  rites  or  sys- 
tem of  religion  of  a  heathen  nation ;  pa- 
ganism; idolatry. 

Heather,  heth'er.    Heath. 

Heathery,  -i.  A  place  where  heaths 
grow ;  a  house  in  wnich  valuable  heaths 
are  cultivated. 

Heat-spectrum,  het^spok-tnim.  An 
invisible  spectrum,  i>roduced  by  the  rays 
of  the  sun  when  a  beam  of  light  is  decom- 
posed by  means  of  a  prism.  It  shows  that 
the  blue  ravs  have  the  least  heat  or  none, 
aifd  the  red  the  greatest. 

Heaven,  hcv'n.  The  blue  expanse  which 
surrounds  the  earth,  and  which  appears 
above  and  around  us,  like  an  immense 
arch  or  vault,  in  which  the  sun,  moon  and 
stars  seem  to  be  set ;  the  sky.  The  part 
of  space  in  which  Jews  and  Christians  be- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HEAVE-OPPEKING 


404 


HEDGEHOG 


Meve  God  affords  more  sensible  manifes- 
tations of  his  glory ;  the  final  abode  of  the 
blessed ;  applied  also  to  the  abodes  of  the 
celestial  deities  of  heathen  mythologies. 

Heave-offering',  hev'of-fer-ing.  In  the 
Jewish  ceremonial  law,  an  offering  con- 
sisting of  the  tenth  of  the  tithes  which  the 
Levites  received,  or  of  the  first  of  tiie 
dough,  &o.,  which  was  to  be  heaved  or 
elevated. 

Hebdomadal,  heb-dom'a-dal.  Weekly, 
consisting  of  seven  days,  or  occorring 
every  seven  days. 

Hebdoxnadary.  In  B.  C.  Ch.  a  mem- 
ber of  a  chapter  or  convent  whose  week  it 
ifl  to  officiate  in  the  choir,  rehearse  the 
anthems  and  prayers,  and  perform  other 
services  which  on  extraordinary  occa- 
sions are  performed  by  the  superiors. 

Hebe,  hs'bd.  In  Class.  Antio. 
the  goddess  of  youth  and 
the  cup  bearer  of  Olympus,  a 
daughter  of  Zens  and  Hera, 
who  gave  her  as  a  Mrife  to 
Herades  after  his  deification, 
in  reward  of  his  achieve- 
ments. She  had  the  power 
of  restoring  the  aged  to  the 
bloom  of  vouth  and  beauty, 
and  is  only  to  be  recognized 
by  the  cup  In  which  she  pre- 
sented the  nectar.  One  of 
the  small  asteroids  l>otween 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter. 

Hebe-vase,  -vas.  In  the  fine  arts,  a 
small  vase,  so  named  because  borne  by 
Hebe,  who  Is  represented  as  filling  the  cups 
of  the  gods  flrom  such  a  vessel. 

Hebraist,  'bra-ist.  One  versed  in  the 
Hebrew  language  and  learning. 

Hebrew,  'brd.  One  of  the  descendants 
of  Jacob;  an  Israelite;  a  Jew.  The  lan- 
guage spoken  by  the  Hebrews,  one  of  the 
Semitic  family.  Rabbinical  or  modern  H., 
the  language  used  by  the  Rabbins  in  their 
writings.  Its  basis  is  Hebrew  and 
Ghaldaic,  but  they  borrow  from  the  Ara- 
bic, Greek,  Latin,  and  modern  tongues. 

Hebrides,  New.  A  group  of  8.  Pacific 
islands;  area 4,200  sq.  m. ;  pop.  184,000. 

Hecla.  An  Iceland  volcano,  5,110  ft. 
above  sea  level.  Its  summit  is  clothed  per- 
petually in  snow.  Destructive  eruptions 
occurred  in  1788  and  1846-46. 

Hecate,  hek'a-te.    In  Greek  Myth,  (and 
afterward  in  Latin),  a  goddess  of  a  three- 
fold character,  identified  sometimes  with 
Selene  or  Luna,  sometimes  with  Artemis  I 
QF  Diana,  sometimes  with  Proserpine ;  in  I 


Hebe. 


latter  times  especially  regarded  as  a  god 
dess  of  the  infernal  regions. 

Hecatomb,  he'ka-tom.  In  Class.  Antiq. 
a  sacrifice  of  a  hundred  oxen  or  beasts  of  th« 
same  kind.    Any  great  sacrifice  of  victims. 

Heoatompedon,  -ka-tom'pe-don.  A 
temple  100  feet  in  length;  particularly 
applied  to  the  temple  of  Minerva  or  Par 
thenon  at  Athens. 

Hecatonstylon.  -ton-stil-on.  In  An- 
cient Arch,  a  building  having  a  hundred 
columns. 

Heckle,  hek'l.  A  toothed  apparatus 
employed  in  the  preparation  of  animal 
and  vegetable  fibers  for  spinning. 

Hectare,  'tar.  A  French  measure  con- 
taining 100  ares,  or  10,000  square  meters 
=•2.471143  statute  acres;  a  square  hec< 
tometer. 

Hectoootylns,  -to-kot'il-us.  In  Biology 
Uie  metamorphosed  reproductive  arm  ot 
certain  of  the  male  cattie-fishes,  as  the 
argonaut,  which  beoom«8  detached  and  is 
deposited  within  the  mantie  cavity  of  the 
/emale  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  the 
sperm-cells  to  no*. 

Hectosrram,  'to-gram.  A  French  weight 
containing  100  grams,  .or  8  ounces  8.^88 
drams  avoirdupois. 

Ht;Ctoliter,  -tol'i-ter.  A  French  measure 
for  liquids,  containing  100  liters  ;  equal  to 
1-lOth  of  a  cubic  meter,  or  22.009668  im- 
perial gallons.  As  a  dry  measure  it  is 
called  a  setier,  and  contained  10  decaliters. 

Hectometer, -tom'e-ter.  A  French  meas- 
ure containing  100  meters  or  109.8688 
yards. 

Hector.  One  of  the  heroes  of  the  Trojan 
war,  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.  He  was 
slain  by  Achilles,  who  ti-eated  his  dead 
body  with  indignity. 

Hectostere,  -to-ster.  A  French  measnre 
of  solidly,  containing  1(H)  cubic  meto^, 
8,581.66  English  cubic  fi^t. 

Hecuba.  Second  ^vife  of  Priam,  King  of 
Troy,  and  mother  of  Hector,  Paris  and 
Cassandra,  with  other  children.  She 
drowned  herself  after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Hedgrehofir, 

hej'hog.       A  ^\'^' 

gen.  insectiv-  ^    m 

orous    quad-  T'  JM 

rupeds,     the  ^l^ 

type  of   the  *  ^^ 

fam.     Erlna- 

ceidaB.  When 

attacked,     it 

erects    Its 

prickles    and 

rolls  itself  into  a  round  form,  which  pre; 


Hodgehog. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HEDGE-SCHOOL 


405 


HfiLIOOHA^H 


Bfflita  the  points  of  the  prickles  on  all  sides 

to  an  assailant 
Hedge-school,  'skol.  A  school  formerly 

kept  beside  a  hedge,  or  in  the  open  air,  in 

Ireland ;  a  poor,  mean  school. 
Hedging-fflove,  'ing-glur.     A  strong 

leather  glove  worn  to  protect  the  hand  in 

trimming  hedges. 
Hedonism,  h6'don-izm.     The  doctrine 

that  the  chief  good  of  man  lies  in  the  pur- 
suit of  pleasure,  maintained  by  Aristippus 

find  the  Oyrenaio  school. 

Heel-tool,  hel'tol.     A  tool  with  an  acute 

cutting  edge  and  an  angular  base  or  heel, 

used  by  metal-turners  for  roughing  out  a 

piece  of  iron.  ^     ^ 

HCeeren,  Arnold  Hermann  Lud- 

wig.  An  eminent  German  historian  ;  b. 
1760,  D.  1842. 

Heerel,  Oeorgr  Willielm  Friedrich. 
A  prominent  German  metaphysician ;  b. 
1770,  D.  1831. 

Heerira,  he)M-ra.  The  flight  of  Moham- 
med from  Mecca,  September  18,  622  a.  d., 
afterward  adopted  as  the  name  of  the 
era  from  which  the  Mohammedans  reckon 
thehr  time,  beginning  July  16,  622. 

Heidelbergr.  A  city  in  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Baden,  Germany,  renowned  for 
its  Xfniversity,  founded  1886,  by  Rupert 
II.,  Elector-Palatine  of  the  Rhine;  pop. 
24,620. 

Heiffll,  hi.  An  exclamation  used  in  en- 
couraging. 

Heiflrn-no,  'hd.  An  exclamation  usually 
expressing  some  degree  of  languor  or  un- 
easiness. 

Heine,  Heinricli.  An  eminent  Gkrman 
poet;  B.  1800,  d.  at  Paris,  1856. 

Heirloom,  ur'lom.  A  personal  chattel 
that  descends  to  an  heir  with  the  inherit- 
ance, being  such  a  thing  as  cannot  be  sep- 
arated from  the  estate  without  injurv  to 
it.  Any  piece  of  personal  property  which 
has  belonged  to  a  family  for  a  long  time. 

Helamys,  ho'la-mls.  The  iumping-hare 
or  jumping-rat,  a  gen.  of  rodents  allied  to 
the  jerboas. 

Helarctos,  -lark'tos.  A  sub-gen.  of  the 
gen  Ursus,  comprising  bears  found  in 
India  and  the  eastern  islands.  All  the 
suB-bears  are  slenderly  made,  and  their 
fur  is  not  so  heavy  and  thick  as  that  of 
otiier  bears. 

Helder,  The.  A  seaport  of  the  Nether- 
lands, commanding  the  entrance  to  the 
Zuyder-Zee,  opp.  the  Texel,  40.  m.  N.W. 
of  Amsterdam ;  pop,  20,876. 

Helen.  The  supposed  daughter  of  Jupi- 
ter, by  Tyndarus  or  Leda,  and  the  most 


bcautifiil  woman  of  the  age,  was  the  cause 
of  the  Trojan  war.  Accepting  Menelaus 
for  her  husband,  she  was  soon  after  ab- 
ducted by  Paris,  son  of  Priam,  King  of 
Troy.  Her  former  suitors,  Ajax,  Ulysses 
and  others,  joined  Menelaus  in  the  war  of 
revenge.  After  the  death  of  Paris  she  is 
said  to  have  married  Deiphobus,and  finally 
to  have  been  reunited  to  Menelaus.  The 
accounts  of  her  death  are  conflicting. 
Helena.  The  name  of  several  Catholic 
saints,  the  most  noted  of  these  being  the 
Empress  H.,  wife  of  Constantius  Chlorus 
and  mother  of  Constantino  the  Great.  She 
visited  Palestine  when  80  years  of  age,  and 
assisted  in  discovci-ing  the  true  Cross ;  b. 
247,  D.  828. 

Helena,  St.  An  isolated  island  in  the  S. 
Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  and 
noted  as  the  scene  of  Napoleon's  exile 
and  death,  1816-21  ;  pop.  abt.  7,000. 
Jamestown  is  the  only  place  of  importance 
on  the  island. 

Heliac,  'li-ak.  In  Astron.  emerging 
from  the  light  of  the  sun  or  passing  int«) 
it.  The  heliacal  rising  of  a  star  is  when, 
after  being  in  conjunction  with  the  sun  and 
invisible,  it  emerges  so  as  to  be  visible  in 
the  morning  before  sunrising.  The  helia- 
cal setting  of  .a  star  is  when  the  sun  ap- 
proaches so  near  as  to  render  it  invisible. 
Heliades.  In  Myth,  the  daugnters  of 
the  Sun,  and  sisters  of  Phaeton,  who  were 
turned  into  poplar  trees  as  they  wept  over 
their  brother's  sad  fate. 
Helicon,  -kon.  A  mountain  in  BoBotia, 
in  Greece,  from  which  flowed  two  foun- 
tains sacred  to  the  Muses,  Aganippe  and 
Hippocrene.  The  Greeks  supposed  it  to 
be  the  residence  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 
Mt.  Paleovuvl,  5,000  ft.  above  the  sea  level. 
Helictis,  he-lik'tis.  A  gen.  of  Asiatic 
carnivorous  quadrupeds,  allied  to  the 
skunks. 

Helier's,  St.  Cap.  of  Jersey,  one  of  the 
English  channel  islands ;  pop.  83,720 ;  it  is 
fortified. 

Heligroland.  A  small,  barren  island 
in  the  N.  Sea,  commanding  the  entrance 
of  the  German  rivers  Elbe  and  Weser, 
owned  and  garrisoned  by  Gt.  Britain, 
since  1807,  before  which  time  it  belonged 
to  Denmark. 

Heliocentric,  he'li-o-scn''trik.    Appear- 
ing as  if  seen  from  the  sun's  center. 
Heliochromy,  -li-ok'ro-mi.    The  art  of 
producing  colored  photographs. 
Heliosrraph,  'li-o-graf.    An  instrument 
for  taking  photographs  of  the  sun.  A  pic* ' 
ture  taken  by  heuography ;  a  photograph. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HELTOLATET 


406 


HELODUS 


Hellolatry,  -li-ol'a-tri.  The  worship  of 
the  sun. 

Heliolites,  'll-o-U"Wz.  A  gen.  of  oonds, 
film.  Milleporidffi.  They  occur  In  the  Si- 
lurian and  bevonian  systemfi. 

Selioxneter,  -Il-om'et-er.  An  instni- 
ment  for  measuring  the  diameters  of  the 
0un,  moon  and  planets,  or  any  distance 
between  celestial  objects. 

Seliopolis.  A  once  famous  Egyptian 
city,  now  in  ruins,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Cairo ; 
the  original  seat  of  the  ancient  sun-wor- 
ship. 

SeliOflOOpe,  1i-o-skop.  A  sort  of  tele- 
scope fitted  for  viewing  the  sun  without 
pain  or  injary  to  the  eyes,  made  with  col- 
ored glasses,  or  glasses  blackened  with 
amoke,  or  with  mirrors  formed  simply  of 
surfaces  of  transparent  glass,  which  reflect 
but  a  small  portion  of  light. 

Eieliostat,  -os-tat.  A  name  given  to  va- 
rious contrivances  for  reflecting  tlio  sun's 
light  either  temporarily  or  continuously 
to  an  pbserver  at  a  distance.  The  simjUest 
heliostat  is  a  mirror  hung  up  at  a  distant 
station  so  as  to  reflect  a  flash  to  the  ob- 
server whose  station  may  be  many  miles 
Aromit. 

Hellot3rp©,'ll-o-tTp.  A  photographic  pro- 
cess by  which  pictures  can  bo  printed  in 
the  same  manner  as  lithographs. 

TTftH-nTw  .nm.  A  name  proposed  for  a 
new  hypothetical  elementary  substance 
supposed  to  have  been  discovered  by 
spectrum  analysis  in  the  form  of  glowing 
gas  in  the  atmosphere  surroondiug  the 
suni 

Selix,  liks.  A  spiral  line,  as  of  wire  in 
a  coil.  In  Arch,  a  small  volute  or  twist 
under  the  abacus 
of  the  Corinthian 
capital,  of  which 
in  every  perfect 
capital  there  are 
sixteen,  two  at 
each  angle,  and 
two  meeting 
under  the  middle 
of  each  face  of  the 
abacus.  A  gen. 
of  gasteropodous  mollusks,  type  of  the 
1km.  Helicidie,  ord.  Pulmonata,  and  com 
prising  the  land  shell-snails. 

Hell,  hel.  The  place  of  the  dead,  or  of 
souls  after  death ;  the  lower  regions  or  the 
grave ;  called  in  Hebrew  sheol,  and  by  the 
Greeks  hades.  The  place  or  state  of  pun- 
ishment for  the  wicked  after  death. 

Helladotherium,  'la-do -th6"ri-um.  A 
fossil  gen.  of  mammals  somewhat  resem- 


Ueliccs. 


bling  the  giraffe.    It  occurs  in  the  pliocene 
of  France  and  Greece. 

Hellas.  .The  ancient  name  of  Greece 
proper,  now  Livadia. 

Hell-bender,  'bend-er.  A  name  given 
to  the  large  N.  American  salamander. 

Hellenes,  -le'nez.  The  inhabitants  of 
Greece ;  the  Greeks. 

Hellenist,  'len-ist.  One  who  affiliates 
with  Greeks  or  who  Adopts  their  language, 
manners  and  customs ;  especially,  a  Jew, 
who  used  the  Greek  language  in  the  early 
ages  of  Christianity. 

Hellespont,  'les-pont.  A  narrow  strait 
between  Europo  and  Asia,  now  called  the 
Dardanelles. 

Hell-G-ate.  A  narrow  rocky  channel  in 
the  East  Biver,  opposito  the  upper  end  of 
N.  Y.  City,  in  which  the  eddies  were  very 
powcrfiiL  The  navigation  has  been  ma- 
terially improved  through  the  removal  of 
most  of  the  rocks  by  submarine  blasting. 

Helm,  helm.  The  instrument  by  which 
a  ship  is  steered,  consisting  of  a  rudder,  a 
tiller,  and  inlarg«  vessels,  a  whoel. 

HeXm- 
et,helm'- 
et.  A 
defensive 
covering 
for  the 5 
head. 
The  ear- 
lier Greek 
and  Bo- 
man  helmets  did  not  protect  the  face.  Dur- 
ing the  Middle  Ages  helmets  were  made 
of  steel,  frequently  inlaid  with  gold,  and 
provided  with  bars  and  flaps  to  cover  the 
face  in  battle,  and  to  allow  of  being  opened 
at  other  times. 

HelmetHBlhell,  she!.  The  common 
name  of  shells  gen.  Cassis,  pectinibran- 
chiate  gasteroi>ods,  Uan.  Buccinida?. 

Helmholtz,  Hermann  liUdwigr 
Ferdinand.  One  of  Germany's  most 
eminent  scientists ,  it.  1S2I,  d.  ISSS.  Ho 
invchtod  the  ophthalmoscope. 

Helminthic,  hcl  miu'thik.  A  medicino 
for  expelling  worms. 

Helmintholite, 'thol-it.  A  fossil  worm, 
with  or  without  a  shell. 

Helmond.  An  Afghanistan  river^  emptr- 
ing  into  Lake  Ilamoon :  800  m.  in  length. 

Helocera,  h6-losVra.  A  tribe  of  pen- 
tamerous  beetles,  including  mimic  beetles, 
piD-beetles,  &c. 

Helodus,  lo-dus.  A  fossil  gen.  of  shailc 
teeth. 


Open  Helm- 
et. 


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407 


HENBY 


Helopidao, -lop'i-dd.    A  fern,  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  sec.  Heteromera. 
Helot,  'lot.     A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta. 

Helps,  Arthur.  An  eminent  British 
historian  and  essayist ;  b.  1818,  d.  1878. 

Helsingfors.  Cap.  of  gi-and  duchv  of 
Finland,  £urop3an  Bussia,  on  the  golf  of 
same  name;  strongly  fortiHed,  pop.  84,- 
800. 

Helve-hammer,  helv'ham-mer.  A 
large  heavy  blacksmith's  hammer,  tilted 
by  the  helve  and  oscillating  on  bcaiings. 

Helvetic,  hel-vet'ili.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Helvetii,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Alps, 
now  Switzerland. 

Selvetic.     A  follower  of  Zwinglius  in 

opposition  to  Luther. 

BCemaohate,  he'ma-kat.    A  species  of 

agate,   interspersed  with   spots    of  red 

jasper. 

lemadromometer,    -dro-mom"et-er. 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rate  at 

which  the  blood  moves  in  the  arteries. 

lemadynamometer,  -di-na-mom^'- 
et-er.  A  contrivance  for  ascertaining  the 
pressure  of  the  blood  in  the  arteries  or 
veins. 

Eemastatic,  -stat'ik.     A  remedy  for 
stanching  the  flow  of  blood. 
[ematherm,  -therm.     A  name  given 
)y  some  some  zoologists  to  a  warm-blood- 
id  animal. 

[ematin,  -tin.  The  red  coloring  matter 
»f  the  blood  occurring  in  solution  in  the  in- 
erior  of  the  blood  corpuscles  or  cells. 
'exnatite,  -tit.  A  name  applied  to  two 
res  of  iron,  red  hematite  and  brown 
ematite. 

emerobaptist,  'me-ro-bap''tist.  One 
r  a  sect  among  the  Jews  who  bathed 
^^erj'  day. 

Bmi,  hem'i.  A  prefix  signifying  half, 
led  in  many  compound  words  derived 
om  the  Greek. 

)inicarp,  -karp.  One  of  the  halves  of 
fruit  'Which  spontaneously  divides  into 
ro,  as  a  pea. 

>xnicrania,  -mi-kra'ni-a.  A  pain  that 
'acts  only  one  side  of  the  head. 
»xnidactyliis,  -dak'til-us.  A  gon.  of 
arda  of  the  gecko  or  flat-toed  family. 
'ini^ale,  he-mig'a-le.  A  pretty  Bor- 
m  carnivorous  mammal  of  the  civet 
oily. 

mizLa,  -ml'na.  An  ancient  Boman 
asnre  containing  half  a  sextarius,  about 
int  KngliBb.  wine  measure.  In  Med.  a 
asure  equal  to  about  10  fluid  ounces.      ' 


HemipoditUB,  -p5'di-u8.  A  gen.  ol 
rasorial  hird»  allied  to  the  quails. 

Hemiptera,  -mip'ter-a.  An  order  ol 
four-winged  insects,  including  plant-Uce, 
boat-fly,  cochineal  insect,  locust,  bug, 
lantern-fly,  Ac. 

Hemisphere,  hem'i-sfer.  A  half  sphere; 
half  the  terrestrial  globe  ;  half  the  sm*face 
of  the  heavens. 

Hemorrhaare,  'or-aj.  A  discharge  of 
blood  firom  the  blood-vessels. 
Hemorrhoids,  -oidz.  Painftil  tumors 
or  tubercles,  consisting  of  enlargements 
of  the  mucous  membrane,  formed  in  the 
rectum  or  around  the  anus ;  piles,  in 
Scrip.,  emerods. 

HeDnp-palmi,  hemp'pSm.  A  Chinese 
and  Japanese  species  of  palm  of  the  fibers 
of  whose  leaves  cordage  is  made,  while 
hats  and  cloaks  are  made  fir^m  the  leaves. 
Hemuse,  hu'muz.  The  roe  in  its  third 
year. 

Hen,  hen.  The  female  of  any  kind  of 
bird ;  especially,  the  female  of  the  domes- 
tic or  barn-yard  fowl. 

Henchman,  hensh'man.  A  servant ,  « 
male  attendant ;  a  follower. 
Hendecagon,  hen-denca-gon.  A  piano 
figure  of  eleven  sides  and  as  many  angles. 
Henry.  The  Christian  name  of  many 
European  sovereigns,  of  whom  are :  H.  I. 
of  England  (Beauclerc,  "Fine  Scholar"), 
4th  son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  b.  1068, 
D.  1185.  He  usurped  the  thi-ono  in  tht 
absence  of  his  elder  brother  Bobert,  whom 
he  imprisoned  during  life :  he  was  a  wise 
and  moderate  ruler.  H.  II.,  grandson  of 
the  preceding  and  first  of  the  Plantaganet 
line;  b.  1122;  s.  Stephen,  1154;  d.  1189. 
H.  III.,  B.  1206;  crowned,  1216;  d.  1272. 
He  was  a  weak  tyrant,  and  his  violations 
of  Magna  Charta  caused  a  popular  revolt, 
in  which  he  was  defeated  ana  made  pris- 
oner by  the  barons,  1264,  but  was  restored 
to  his  throne  the  next  year.  H.  IV. 
(Bolinbroke),  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  be- 
came Duke  of  Lancaster  on  the  death  of 
his  father,  but  Blchard  II.  refused  to  con 
firm  his  title  to  the  estate.  This  led  to  a 
rebellion,  the  overthrow  of  Biohard  and 
the  crowning  of  H.  The  repulse  of  the 
Scotch  invasion  and  the  overthrow  of 
Hotspur  and  Qlendower  were  the  princi- 
pal public  events  of  his  reign.  H.  Y .,  son 
of  the  above,  b.  1888,  s.  his  father,  1418  ; 
D.  1422.  He  was  dissipated  in  youth,  but 
reformed  on  ascending  the  throne,  and  hit 
reign  was  wise  and  glorious.  He  invaded 
France  as  a  claimant  to  the  throne,  1416, 
ond  won  the  great  victory  at  Agincourt, 


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408 


HEBAGUSONITB 


making  peace  through  marriage  with 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Charles  VI.  H. 
VI.,  son  and  s.  of  II.  V.,  b.  1421 ;  cromied, 
1422 ;  D.  in  prison,  1471.  During  his  reign 
the  sanguinary  civil  war,  known  as  the 
"  War  of  the  Eoses,"  devastated  England. 
The  king  was  the  head  of  the  X^ancaster 
faction,  but  the  York  faction  was  success- 
ful, capturing  and  imprisoning  the  king, 
who  died  while  in  thefa-  hands.  H.  VII. 
(Earl  of  Richmond),  first  of  the  Tudor 
line ;  B.  1466 ;  crowned,  1486,  after  defeat- 
ing Richard  III.  at  Bosworth ;  d.  1509.  By 
his  marriage  with  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Edward  IV.,  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and 
York  were  united  in  a  permanent  bond. 
H.  VIII.  (Bluff  King  Hal),  son  and  s.  of 
H.  VII. ;  b.  1491 ;  crowned,  1609 ;  ©. 
154T.  He  married  six  wives,  two  of  whom 
suffered  death  on  charges  of  infidelity  and 
treason ;  he  also  repudiated  the  control  of 
the  Pope  in  spiritual  affah*s,  suppressed 
the  monasteries  and  carried  on  war  against 
France  and  Scotland.  H.  II.  of  France, 
B.  1519 ;  s.  his  brother  Francis  11.,  1547  ; 
D.  1569.  He  waged  a  successilil  war  with 
Charles  V.  and  his  son  Philip  II.,  captur- 
ing Metz,  Toul  and  Verdun,  and  also  drove 
the  English  out  of  Calais,  which  port  had 
been  held  by  them  for  200  years.  He  re- 
ceived a  mortal  wound  in  a  tourney.  H. 
III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  1646 ;  8.  his 
brother  Charles  IX.,  1574,  having  been 
elected  King  of  Poland,  1673.  He  was 
weak  and  profligate;  was  excommuni- 
cated by  the  Pope  for  the  murder  of  the 
Duke  of  Guise,  and  was  assassinated  bv 
Jaqnes  Clement,  a  fanatical  monk,  1589. 
H.  IV.  (Henri  le  Grand),  first  of  the  Bour- 
bon lino ;  B.  1663 ;  s.  to  the  throne  of 
Navarre  in  right  of  his  mother,  Jeanne  d' Al- 
bert, 1681,  and,  on  the  death  of  Coligny, 
became  head  of  the  Huguenot  or  Protes- 
tant party,  defeating  the  Catholics  in  the 
decisive  battle  of  Ivry,  1590,  and  obtaining 
complete  possession  of  the  kingdom,  1594. 
He  issued  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1598,  and 
established  full  religioua  toleration.  As- 
sassinated, 1610,  by  Ravaillac,  a  religious 
zealot.  German}  has  had  seven  monarchs 
bearing  th  name.  H.  Ill  son  of  Conrad 
II. ;  B.  1017 ;  elected  emperor,  1039 ;  d. 
1066.  He  deposed  three  popes,  raised 
Clement  to  the  papal  throne  and  carried 
on  suooessfhl  wars  in  Bohemia,  Hungary 
and  Italy.  H.  IV.,  son  and  s.  ot  the 
above ;  b.  1060 ;  elected  emperor  during 
his  father's  life :  d.  1106.  He  deposed 
Pope  Gregory  VII.,  who  in  turn  excom* 
municate<f  hun  and  incited  a  sttccessftil 
revolt  ag^st  him,  in  which  his  son  pArtici- 

Sited,  and  he  was  deposed  by  the  State|h 
encraL     H.  I V.,  son  of  the  former  »'. 


1081,  was  acknowledged  as  emperor  before 
his  father's  death,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Pope  Pascal  1 1.  He  renoonced  the«ncient 
right  of  selecting  bishops  and  maintained 
peacefhl  relations  with  the  pope.  He  died 
1138,  and  was  the  last  of  the  male  line  ol 
the  Frank  monarchs.  H.  VII. ,  son  of  H., 
Count  of  Luxemburg ;  b.  1262 ;  ohoeen 
emperor,  1808.  He  invaded  Italy,  then 
torn  by  the  strife  between  the  Guelphs 
and  Ghibellines,  and,  after  taking  seyeral 
cities  by  storm,  he  died  suddenly,  it  ia 
supposed  iW>m  poison,  1313,  when  about 
to  attack  Naples. 

Henry,  Patrick.  A  distinguished  Amei^ 
ican  statesman  and  orator:  b.  In  Va., 
1736 ;  D.  1799. 

Henry-rifle, 'riri-fl.  A  rifle  caDed  aft«r 
the  inventor,  Mr.  Henry,  an  Edinburgh 
gun-maker. 

Hepatic,  he-pat'ik.  A  disorder  of  the 
liver.  A  medicine  snpposed  to  acton  the 
liver. 

HephfiBStos,  -fSs'tos.  In  Myth,  the 
Greek  equivalent  of  the  Latin  Vulcan. 

Heptade,  'tad.  The  sum  or  number  ol 
seven. 

Heptaerlot,  'ta-glot.  A  book  in  seven 
languages. 

Heptagron,  -gon.  In  Geom.  a  plane  fig- 
ure consisting  of  seven  sides  and  as  many 
angles.  In  Fort  a  place  that  has  seven 
bastions  for  defense. 

Heptagyn,  -jin.  In  Bot.  a  plant  which 
has  seven  styles. 

HeptcQiedron,  -ta-ho'dron.  X  solid  fig- 
ure with  seven  aides. 

Heptandria,  -tan'dri-a.  The  7th  class 
in  the  Lhinffian  system  of  plants. 

Heptarchy,  'tark-i.  A  govemmeTit  by 
seven  persons,  or  the  country  governed 
by  seven  persons,  usually  appli^  to  the 
seven  Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms,  Kent,  the 
South  Saxons  (Sussex),  West  Saxons 
(Wessex),  East  Saxons  (Essex),  the  East 
Angles,  Merda  and  Northumberland.  In 
point  of  fact  there  was  no  period  of  history 
when  these  seven  kingd!oms  esdsted  to- 
gether. 

Heptateuch,  'ta-t&k.  The  first  sevoi 
books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Hera,  h5'ra.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  supreme 
goddess  of  heaven,  the  wue  and  sister  of 
Zeus,  the  Juno  of  the  Eomons. 

Heracleonite,  he-rak'lo-ou-It  One  of 
an  early  sect  of  heretics,  followers  of  He< 
racleon,  who  denied  that  the  world  was 
created  by  the  Son  of  God,  and  also  re- 
jected the  Old  Testament. 


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HEBMIT-OBAB 


EeradidsB.  In  Ano.  Hist,  the  descend- 
ants of  Hercules,  who  were  expelled  from 
the  Peloponnesus,  1209  b.  o.,  and  settled 
in  Attria.  A  century  later  they  returned, 
and  this  (called  the  Dorian  migration) 
forms  in  Grecian  chronology  the  connect- 
ing link  between  &bulous  and  authentic 
history. 

Herat.  An  important  city  of  Afghanistan, 
the  converging  point  of  all  roads  leading 
into  India  from  the  N.  W.;  pop.  abt. 
60,000. 

Herb,  erb.    A  plant  or  yegetable  with  a 
soft  or  succulent  stalk  or  stem,  which  dies 
to  the  root  every  year,  and  is  tiius  distin 
guished  from  a  tree  and  a  shrub,  which 
have  ligneous  or  hard  woody  stems. 
Herbal,  'al.    A  book  containing  names 
and  descriptions  of  plants,  or  the  classes, 
genera,  species  and  qualities  of  vegetables. 
A  collection  of  plants  dried  and  preserved ; 
a  hortus  siccus ;  a  herbarium. 
Herbalist,  -ist.     A  person   skilled  in 
plants ;   one  who   makes   collections   of 
plants ;  a  dealer  in  medicinal  plants. 
HerbicamivorotUB,      -i-kfir-niv'o-ms. 
An  animal  which  subsists  on  both  vege- 
table and  animal  food. 
Herbivora,    -iv'Ora.     Animals    which 
subsist  on  herbs  or  vegetables. 
Hercnlaneuni.    An  important  city  of 
Italy,  in  the  Campagna,  8  m.  8.  E.  of  Na- 
ples, buried  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius, 
A.  D.  79.    It  has  been  largely  exhumed. 
Hercu  1  e  s , 
herncu-lez.  A 
ccle  b  r  a  t  o  d 
hero  of  Greek 
mythology, 
the  offspring 
of  Zeus  and 
Alcmene, 
daughter    of 
Electryon, 
kinpr  of  My- 
cente.    He 
I>erformed  a 
number      of 
ex  t  r  a  o  r  d  i-  Hercules  Slaying  the  Hydra 
narv     feats,      !•*• 

which  are  generally  called  the  labors  of 
Hercules ;  he  is  represented  as  brawny 
and  muscular,  with  Droad  shoulders,  gen- 
erally naked,  with  a  ion's  skin  and  a  club. 
The  illustration  represents  the  second  la- 
bor ot  Hercules,  the  slaying  of  the  Ler- 
nffian  hydra.  A  constellation  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  containing  over  100  stars. 
Hercules-beetle,  -b€-tl.  A  very  large 
Brazilian  lamellicom  beetle. 


Herder,  Johann  Gottfried    von. 

An  eminent   German    theologian     au^ 
writer;  b.  1744,  d.  1808. 
Heredity,  he-red'i-ti.    The  doctrine  that 
the  offspring  inherits  oharacteristicA  of  the 
parents. 

Aeresiaroh,    he-re'si-ark.       A    leader 
in  heresy ;  a  prominent  or  arch  heretic. 
Heretic,  're-tik.    A  person  who  holds 
and  avows  religious  opinions  contr/iry  to 
,  the  doctrines  of  the  Scripture.    In  the  K. 
'  C.  Gh.  one  who  does  not  submit  to  tht 
teachings  of  the  Qhurch  ;  a  Protestant. 
HeretOfiT,  'rS-tog.  In  Anglo-Saxon  times, 
the  leader  or  commander  of  an  army,  or 
of  the  militia  in  a  district 
Hermaphrodite,  her-maf  ro-dlt.  An  an* 
imal  in  which  the  characteristics  of  both 
sexes  are  either  really  or  apparently  com- 
bined; an  animal  having  the  parts  of  gene- 
ration both  of  male  and  female,  so  that  re- 
production can  take  place  without   the 
union  of  two  individuals.  Confined  to  cer- 
tain groups  of  inferior  worms,  mollusks, 
barnacles,  &c.\  also   applied  to   plants. 
There  are  no  real  hermaphrodites  in  the 
human  family. 

Hermes,  'inez.  In  Myth,  the 
name  given  to  Mercury  by 
the  Greeks.  In  Greek  Antiq.  a 
statue  composed  of  a  head,  usu- 
ally that  of  the  god  Hermes,  / 
? laced  on  a  quadrangular  pillar.  \ 
'ho  Athenian  houses  had  one 
of  these  at  the  door,  and  some- 
times in  the  peristyle.  The 
hermsB  were  held  in  great  rever- 
ence. They  were  likewise 
placed  in  front  of  temples,  near 
tombs,  in  public  places,  on  high- 
roads as  sign-posts  with  dis- 
tances inscribed  upon  them, 
and  on  the  boundaries  of  lands  ( 
and  states,  and  at  the  gates  of 
cities.  Hermes  ot 

Hermesianism,  -mCzi-an-  Mercury 
izm.  A  rationalizing  tlicory  held  by  some 
German  Catholics,  derived  frt)m  George 
Hermes,  professor  nt  Honn. 
Hermit,  'mit.  A  person  who  retires 
from  society  and  lives,  in  solitude  ;  a  re- 
cluse ;  an  anchoret. 

Henuitagre,  -aj.  The  habitation  of  a 
hermit ;  a  secluded  habitation.  A  French 
wine  produced  along  the  Lower  Rhone. 
Hermit-crab, -krab.  A  name  common 
to  a  fem.  of  well-known  decapod  crusta- 
ceans, which  occupy  the  cast-off  univalve 
shells  of  various  mollusks,  changing  their 
habitation  for  a  larger  one  as  they  increase 
in  size. 


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410 


HE8PEBIDES 


HerxnogenBan, -mo-je-ne'fin.  One  of  a 
sect  of  heretics,  followers  of  Hermogenes. 
who  held  matter  to  be  the  source  of  nil 
eTil.  and  that  souls  are  formed  of  corrupt 
matter. 

Hero,  he'ro.  In  Myth,  a  kind  of  demi- 
god sprung  from  the  union  of  a  divine 
with  a  human  being,  mortal,  but  partak- 
ing of  immortality,  and  after  death  placed 
among  the  gods.  The  central  figure  in 
any  'remarkable  event.  The  principal 
male  character  in  a  novel  or  play. 

fiexod  (the  Oreat)..  Roman  King  of 
fludea;  b.  at  Ascalon  72  b.  c,  appointed 
Governor  of  Galilee  4T,  and  King  of  Judca 
40.  During  his  reign  Christ  was  born, 
and  the  cruel  King  ordered  the  "  murder 
of  the  innocents  ;"  d.  3  a.  i>.  H.  Antipaa, 
son  of  the  pn>cc<ling,  on  the  death  of  his 
father  bccam  tetrarch  of  Galileo,  and 
imprisoned  and  murdered  John  the  Bap- 
tist ;  ho  treated  the  Saviour  with  contume- 
ly when  he  was  brought  before  him,  and 
surrendered  liim  to  uie  Jews.  Deposed 
and  exiled  by  Einporor  Caligula,  89  a.  d. 

fierodian,  ho-rod'i-an.  One  of  a  party 
among  the  Jews,  taking  their  name  from 
Herod,  and  represented  by  Matthew  and 
Mark  as  acting  in  concert  with  the  Phar- 
isees in  endeavoring  to  obtain  from  Jesus 
Christ  the  materials  for  his  accusation. 

Herodotus.  The  first  authentic  histo- 
rian of  Greece,  known  as  "  The  Father  of 
History."    He  lived  in  5th  century  b.  c. 

Heroine,  'ro-in.  A  female  hero;  a 
womim  of  brave  spirit.  The  principal  fe- 
male character  in  a  poem,  play,  novel,  ro- 
mance, story,  or  the  like. 

Heron,  her-un.  Agralla- 
torial  bird,  gen.  Ardea, 
constituting  with  the 
storks  and  bitterns  the 
femily  Ardeidse. 

Heron    (Hieron     or 
Hero).      An      ancient 
mathematician    of  Alex- 
andria, Egypt ;  he  lived 
in  the  first  century  a.  d., 
and  is  said  to  liave  dis-        .. 
covered      the      motive         Heron, 
power  of  steam;    and  to  have  Invented 
**  Hero's  fountain." 

Herpetoloflry,  -pe-tol'o-jl.  Adescrip 
tion  of  reptiles,  including  oviparous  quad- 
rupeds, as  the  crocodile.  fi*og,  tortoise 
and  seipenta. 

Herr,  her.  The  title  by  which  persons  of 
respectable  position  are  addressed  in  Ger- 
man v,  and  equivalent  in  most  cases  to  the 
Engush  Mr. 


Hero*8  Fountain,  he'roz 
foun'tan.  A  pneumatic  appara- 
tus in  which  the  elastic  force  of  a  « 
confined  body  of  air,  increased 
by  hydraulic  pressure  and  react- 
ing upon  the  surface  of  water 
in  a  closed  reservoir,  produces 
a  jet  which  rises  above  that 
surface  to  a  height  eaual  to  the 
effective  height  of  tLe  pressing 
solunm. 

Herpe,  her'pe.  The  fiilcated 
sword  of  Perseus ;  a  harlequin's 
wooden  sword. 

Herpestes,  -pes'tC^z.  A  gen.  of  Hero'a 
Old  World  viverrine  camivora,pouQtain 
comprising  the  ichneumons. 

Herrinfir,  hcr'ing.  The  name  given  t4 
two  distinct  but  closely  allied  species  <A 
malacopterygian  fishes  of  the  gen.  Clupea 
— C.  harenguB  and  C.  Leachii.  The  former 
is  the  common  herring. 

Hermhuter,  hern'hnt-er.  One  of  a  sect 
established  by  Nicholas  Lewis,  Count  of 
Zinzendorf.  Called  also  Moravians  and 
United  Brethren. 

Herschel,  her'shel.  A  planet  discovered 
by  Sir  William  Herschel,  in  1781,  first 
called  Georgium  Sidus  in  honor  of  King 
George  111.,  afterward  Herschel,  in  honor 
of  the  discoverer,  but  now  Uranus.  It 
has  a  very  remote  place  in  our  system, 
and  is  accompanied  by  six  satellites. 

Herschel,  William,  Sir.  An  emi 
nent  astronomer ;  b.  in  Hanover  1T38,  d. 
1822.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  JEn- 
gland.  John  Frederick  William,  his  son, 
was  also  distinguished  in  the  same  line ; 
K.  in  England  1790,  D.  1871. 

Heruli.  A  Teutonic  race  anciently  in- 
habiting the  shores  of  the  Baltic.  They 
invaded  Greece  262  and  destroyed  the  fa- 
mous Ephcslan  Temple  of  Diana ;  later 
they  swept  over  Italy,  and  destroyed  the 
Western  Empire  476,  disappearing  frora 
liiwtory  abt.  650. 

Herzegrovina.  A  former  prov.  of  Tur- 
key, but  occupied  by  Austria  since  1878 ; 
boimded  N.  by  Croatia.  E.  by  Bosnia,  8. 
by  Montenegro  and  HVby  Dalmatia. 

Hesperian,  hes-pe'ri-an.  An  inhabitant 
of  a  western  country. 

Hesperides,  -per'i-dSz.  In  Greek  lifyth. 
the  daughters  of  Hesperus,  brother  or  At- 
las, three  or  seven  in  number,  possessors 
of  the  fhbulous  garden  of  golden  fruit, 
watched  over  by  an  enchanted  dragon  at 
the  western  extremities  of  the  earth  ;  the 
apples  were  stolen  by  Heronles,  who  slew 
the  dragon. 


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HEZ1&KIAR 


HesperiidsB,  -n-da.  A  fhm.  of  diurnal 
lepidopterous  insects,  of  which  the  type  is 
the  gen.  Hespeiia.  They  are  litUo,  large- 
headed  butterflies. 

Hesiod.  One  of  the  celebrated  poets  of 
Chreece,  by  some  believed  to  have  been 
contemporary  with  Homer,  by  others 
as  succeeding  him. 

Hesse.  An  ancient  division  of  Germany, 
now  Included  In  Hcsse-Nassua ;  cap. 
Oassel;  pop.  1,467,580.  H.  Darmstadt,  a 
State  of  the  German  Empire  ;  cap.  Darm- 
stadt ;  pop.  962,700. 

Hessian,  nesh'i-an.  Relating  to  Hesse, 
in  Germany.  H.  boots,  a  kind  of  long 
boots,  originally  woni  by  Hessian  troops. 

Hessian-bit,  -bit.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
jointed  bit  for  bridles. 

Hessian-fly,  -fil.  A  small  two-winged 
fly,  nearly  black,  the  larva  of  which  is 
very  destructive  to  young  wheat. 

Hestia,  hes'ti-a.  In  Myth,  the  Greek 
equivalent  of  the  Latin  Vesta.  An  aster- 
oid between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter, discovered  by  Pogson,  August  16,1857. 

Hetarism,  het'a-rism.  The  doctrine  that 
in  primitive  states  of  society  all  the  women 
in  a  tribe  are  held  in  common. 

Heterarchy,  het'er-firk-i.  The  govern- 
ment of  an  alien. 

Hetero,  'e-ro.  A  prefix  from  the  Greek 
denoting  difference,  and  opposed  to  homo, 
which  signifies  resemblance. 

Heterocerus,  -ros'er-us.  A  gen.  of 
pentamerous  coleopterous  insects,  fam. 
Heteroceridffi,  formerly  including  '  the 
Clavicomes. 

HeterOflTSma, -te-roj'iB-a.  A  tribe  of  the 
aculeate  Hymenoptera,  In  which  the  fe- 
males are  of  different  kinds,  one  fertile, 
the  other  infertile,  or  neuter,  as  the  ants. 

Heteroxnera,  -ro'mo-ra.  A  section  of 
coleopterous  insects,  including  such  as 
have  five  ioints  in  the  tarsus  of  the  first 
and  second  pair  of  logs,  and  only  four  in 
the  third  pair. 

Heteroxnys,  he'te-ro-mis.  A  gen.  of 
rodent  mammals,  sub-ord.  Baocomyida, 
tun,  Bacoomyina,  of  which  only  one  spe- 
cies, the  spiny-pouched  rat,  is  known. 

Heteroousian,  -ou^'si-an.  One  of  a 
Inranch  of  the  Arians  who  held  the  Son 
was  a  different  substance  ftom  tho  Father. 

Heterophafiri,  -te-rof  a-j^  That  sec.  of 
bhrds  the  young  of  which  require  to  be  fed 
by  their  parents. 

Heteropoda,  rop'6-da.  An  ord.  of 
marine  mollnsks,  the  most  highly  organ- 
ized of  the  Gasteropoda. 


Heteroptera,  'te-ra.  A  sec.  of  hemlp- 
terous  insects  comprising  the  land  and 
water  bugfs. 

Heteroscian,  -rosh'i-an.  An  inhabitant 
of  one  temperate  or  arctic  zone,  as  con- 
trasted with  an  inhabitant  of  the  other 
temperate  or  arcUo  zone,  in  respect  that 
their  shadows  at  noon  always  fall  in  op- 
posite directions. 

Hetman,  het'man.  The  title  of  the  head 
of  the  Cossacks.  This  dignity  was  abolish- 
ed among  the  Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine  by 
Catharine  tho  Great,  and  althongh  the 
Oo88a<^s  of  the  Don  still  retain  their  het- 
man, the  former  freedom  of  election  is 
gone,  and  the  title  is  now  held  by  the 
Russian  heir-appai-ent  to  the  crown. 

Hexade,  heks'ad  A  s^es  of  six  num- 
bers. 

Hexagon,  Vgon.  In  Geom.  a  figure  of 
six  sides  and  six  angles.  If  the  sides  and 
angles  are  equal,  it  is  a  regular  hexagon. 

Hexahedron,  -a-he'dron.  A  regular 
solid  body  of  six  sides ;  a  cube. 

Hexahemeron,  'me-ron.  The  term  of 
six  days.  A  history  of  the  six  days'  work 
of  creation  as  contained  in  the  firat  chap- 
ter of  Genesis. 

Hexapla,  'a-pla.  An  edition  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  in  six  languages  or  six  versions; 
applied  particularly  to  the  edition  pre- 
pared by  Origen  in  tiie  8d  century. 

Hexapod,  -pod.  An  animal  having  six 
feet,  as  the  true  Insects. 

Hexastyle,  'a-stil.    A  portico  or  temple 


Hexastylo. 

which  has  six  columns  in  fW)nt. 
Hexoctahedron,   -ok'ta-he'Mron.     A 

polyhedron  contained   under  forty-eighl 

equal  triangular  fiEices. 
Hey,    ha.      An  exclamation   ei  Joy  or 

mutual  exhortation. 
Heyday,  'da.    A  fh)lic ;  wildness ;  fh>lio' 

somoness,  as  the  heyday  of  youth. 
Heaekiah.    In  Scrip.  King  of  Judah, 

son  of  Ahaz,  cro^wned  726,  d.  607  b.  a  Ha 


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412 


HIND 


overthrew  idolatry,  and  was  cleliV'T^*! 
from  Sennacherib  by  miraculoua  int.  r 
yention. 

Hiatus,  hl-a'tu8.  A  space  frotn  ^v)ii^^li 
something,  'as  one  or  more  iiubvi!]- 
iialsofa  series,  Is  wanting;  a  la^^nriL  in  n 
manuscript  where  some  part  is  lost  or  lI"- 
laced. 

Hibernate,  -ber'nat  To  winter ;  to  iKa?3 
the  season  in  close  quarters  or  in  awln- 
sion. 

Hibernian,  'ni-an.  Pertaining  tm  JlitK  r- 
nia,  now  Ireland ;  Irish. 

Hibemo-Oeltic,  -self'ik.  The  njilivtj 
language  of  the  Irish  ;  that  branish  nf  thi> 
Celtic  language  spoken  by  natives  of  Ire- 
land. 

Hicatee,  hik'a-te.  A  fresh-^v^iti^r  tor- 
toise of  C.  America,  esteemed  for  ltd  liver 
and  feet. 

HidalffO,  hi-dal'gd.  In  Spain,  a  ntrui  Uo- 
longing  to  the  lower  nobility ;  ageJiLli^umn 
by  bh-th. 

Hide,  hid.  The  skin  of  an  animal,  iithtr 
raw  or  dressed. 

Hidrotio,  hl-drot'ik.  A  mediclHL'  which 
causes  perspiration. 

Hielmar.  A  lake  of  Sweden,  40  m.  Jnng 
by  8  m.  wide ;  it  is  connected  wllb  L«ke 
Malar  by  the  river  Ore. 

Hieracian,  -er-a'shan.  One  of  n  f-mi  of 
early  heretics,  followers  of  Hiwrajt,  who 
taught  that  none  in  the  married  state  could 
obtain  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 

Hierarch.  hi'er-ark.  One  who  ml*  a  or 
has  authority  in  sacred  things. 

Hieraroby,  -1.  Rule  by  sacred  perfton  s ; 
a  form  of  government  adminlsternel  liy  t  he 
priesthood  or  clergy.  i^^5\ 

Hierofirlyph, -o-glif.    Thefig-ffe5, 
ure  of  an  animal  or  obleot,  in- 
tended to  stand  for  an  alphabet- 
ical character;  a  figure  imply- 
ing a  woitl,  an  idea,  or  sound. 
Hieroglyphics     are    found    in 
abundance  on  Egyptian  monu- 
ments, and  the  term  was  origin- 
ally applied  to  those  of  Egypt 
in  therolief  that  they  were  used 
only  by  the  priests,  but  has  since  I 
been  extended  to  picture  writing 
in  general,  as  that  employed  by   t  ^  ^ 
the  Mexicans. 

Hierosram,  -gram.  A  species  of  gocrM 
writing. 

Hierologry,  -oro-ji.  The  soienoc  v.}\Uh 
treats  of  the  ancient  writings  and  tur^orip- 
tions  of  the  Egyptians,  or  a  trei:i:rl<ni  '>ii 
that  science. 


V 


»'?S£0 


Hieromartsnr,  ^er-o-mar-tcr.  A  pries* 
who  suffers  martyrdom. 

Hieronimian,  -nim''i-an.  One  of  a  re- 
ligious order  professing  the  rule  of  St 
Augustine,  founded  by  Columbini  of  Si- 
enna in  1454.    Galled  also  a  Jesuate. 

Hierophant,  -fiint.  A  priest ;  one  who 
teaches  themysterics  and  duties  of  relig- 
ion. 

Hierb-ccurte,  hl'kast  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  highest  order  or  caste  of  Hindus. 

Higrbland-flingr, -fling.  A  sort  of  horn- 
pipe peculiar  to  the  Scottish  Highlanders. 

HijBrb-maBS,  'mas.  In  the  R.  O.  Ch.  the 
mass  which  is  read  before  the  high-altar 
on  Sundays,  feast-days  and  gre^  ocoa' 
sions. 

Higrb-men, 'men.  False  dice  so  loaded 
as  always  to  turn  up  high  numbers ;  op- 
posed to  low-men. 

Higbness,  'nes.  A  title  of  honor  given 
to  princes  or  other  persons  of  rank. 

Hierb-pressore.  'pre-shur.     Having  a 

gressure  greater  than  60  lbs.  on  the  square 
ich ;  said  of  steam  and  steam-engines. 

Hild,  hild.  An  element  in  names  of  per- 
sons, signifying  a  person  of  noble  charac- 
ter or  rank,  as  Hildebert,  a  bright  hero ; 
Mathild,  Matilda,  a  heroic  lady. 

Hildretb,  Bicbard.  An  American  his- 
torian ;  B.  in  Msss.,  1807,  d.  in  Florence, 
Italy,  1865. 

Hill-folk,  hil'f&k.  In  Scand.  Myth,  a 
class  of  beings  Intermediate  between 
elves  and  the  human  race,  inhabiting  caves 
and  small  hills,  and  eager  to  receive  the 
benefit  of  man^s  redemption. 

Hillel.  An  eminent  Jewish  rabbi,  cred 
ited  with  the  authorship  of  the  Talmnd ; 
B.  at  Babylon  abt.  110  a.  d.  ;  d.  280,  hay- 
ing lived  120  years. 

Himalayas,  Tbe.    An  Asiatic  moun- 


tain chain,  the  loftiest  in  the  world ;  esti- 
mated length  1,900m.,  width  100m.  Th^ 
highest  peak  is  Mount  Everest,  29,100  ft 
above  sea  leveL 

Himilcon.  A  Carthaginian  general,  s. 
of  Hannibal  in  the  vrar  against  Dlonysine 
of  Syracuse,  whom  he  defeated ;  b.  abt 
460  B.  c,  D.  892. 

Himyaritic,  him-ya-rit'ik.  The  Ian 
guage  spoken  in  the  southeast  of  Arabia, 
a  dialect  of  Arabic 

Hin,hln.  A  Hebrew  measure  of  cuMcitr, 
containing  the  sixth  part  of  an  epnah,  or 
about  6  quarts. 

Hind,  hind.  The  female  of  the  red  dee« 
(Mr  stag. 


Digitized  by 


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HlSTERIDiB 


Hind-oalf,  'kaf.     A  hart  of  the  first 

ye%r. 
Hindi,  M€.    A  dialect  of  Northern  India, 

dlifertDff  fh>m  Hindustani  in  being  a  purer 

Aryan  dialect. 
Hindley'8  Screw,  hlndaiz  skrd.     A 

screw  cut  on  a  solid  whose  sides  are  arcs 

of  the  pitch  circle  of  a  wheel  into  which 

the  screw  is  intended  to  work. 

Hindustan.  India  Proper.  A  section  of 
B.  Asia,  bounded  by  the  Himalayas  on  the 
N.,  Assam  and  Burmah  on  the  if.,  Afghim 
istan  and  Beloochistan  on  the  W.  and  the 
Indian  Ocean  on  the  8. ;  area,  1,627,572 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  214,826.746.  Its  principal 
rivers  Inclnde  the  Ganges,  Indus,  Brahma- 
pootra, Taptee,  Nerbudda,  Oodayery, 
Mahanuddy ;  Its  mountain  ranges,  the 
Himalayas,  Ghauts  and  Yindhyas.  The 
political  diTlsions  are  British  India,  com 
prising  the  presidencies  of  Bengal,  Bom- 
bay and  Madras :  the  protected  States, 
Tirtnally  under  British  control,  and  the 
independent  States  of  Kepaul  and  Khotan. 

Hindxuitanl.hin-dd-8tan'6.  One  of  the 
languages  of  Hindustan,  a  form  of  Hindi 
which  grew  up  in  the  camps  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan conquerors  of  Didia  since  the 
11th  century  as  a  medium  of  communica- 
tion with  the  subject  population,  more 
corrupted  than  Hindi,  and  fllled  with 
Persian  and  Arabic  words.  It  is  the  ofil 
cial  language  and  means  of  genend  inter- 
course threughout  nearly  the  whole  Pen- 
Insula.    OaUed  also  Urdu. 

HinfiT-diinflr,  hlng^chlng.  The  Chinese 
9  for  the  phonetic  slenoB  in  their  alpha- 


Hinny,  hin'nl.    A  mule ;  the  produce  of 
a  BtalHon  and  a  she  ass. 

Hip-knob,  -nob.    In 

Arch,  a  finial  or  rfmflity 

ornament  placed  on  the 

top  of  the  nip  of  a  roofer 

on  the  point  of  a  gable. 
Hippecsrates.     An  em- 
inent   Grecian  physician, 

s^led  "The    Father    of 

Medicine  *' ;  b.  in  Ckw  abt 

400b.o.;d.894. 
Hippoc3«ne,  krd'ne.    A 

qNingon  Mount  HeUoon 

in  BoBotia,  consecrated  to 

tlie  Mnses,  the  waters  of 

which  possessed  the  power  of  poetic  in- 
spiration. 
Hippodrome,  'pd-drdm.     Andently,  a 

plaee  in  which  horse-raoea  and  chariot 

rsoeswere  performed ;  sometimes  applied 

to  a  modeni  droas. 


Hip-knob. 


Hippoerriir.  -crif.  A  febnlous  monster, 
half  horse  and  nalf-grilTon  ;  a  winged 
horse. 

Hippolith,  -lith.  A  stone  found  in  the 
stomach  oi  intestines  of  a  horse. 

Hippolyte,  po'li-ts.  A  gen.  of  long 
tailed  crustaceans  allied  to  the  shrimps. 

Hippopatholoflry,  -pa-thor^o-Ji.  The 
science  of  veterinary  medioiDo;  the  pa 
thology  of  the  horse. 

Hippopophafiri,  pofa-Ji.  Eaters  oi 
horse-flesh.  A  name  given  by  the  old 
geographers  to  certain  nomadic  Scythian 
tribes,  on  the  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
who  fed  on  horse-flesh. 

Hippopotamus,  -p5-pot'a-mus.  An 
ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  a  native  of 
Africa,  whose  flesh  is  greedily  eaten  bv  the 
natives.  It  has  been  found  of  the  length 
ofl7  feet,  and  stands  about  5  feet  high. 
It  delights  in  water,  and  feeds  on  water- 
plants  or  on  the  herbage  growing  near  the 
water.  It  is  an  excellent  swimmer  and 
diver  and  can  remain  under  water  a  con 
slderable  time.  Its  tusks  and  teeth  are 
superior  to  Ivory  There  are  several  ex- 
tinct species  known. 

Hippopos,  'p5-pns.  A  gen.  of  lamelli 
branchiate  mollusks,  of  which  there  Is  but 
one  known  species,  the  H.  maculatus,  or 
bear's-paw  clam. 

Hip-roof, 'rdf. 
A  roof,  the 
ends  of  which 
rise  immediate- 
ly ttom  the 
wall-platesl 
with  tne  same 
inclination  to 
the  horizon  as  its  oihet  two  sides. 

Hixcos,  herHcuB.  The  goat :  sometimes 
used  as  the  systematic  name  of  the  gen^ 
but  more  fi*eqnently  as  the  specific  name 
of  the  common  domestic  goat.  In  Astron. 
a  fixed  star  of  tiie  first  magnitude,  the 
same  with  CapeDa. 

Hirodo.  hi-rird5.  The  leech,  a  gen.  o' 
red-blooaed  w<Mrms  or  annelids. 

^OmndininsB,  -rnn'din-r'nG.  A  sub 
flmi  of  birds  comprising  the  swallows,  and 
oonstitatmg  with  the  swifts  the  fomily 
Hirundinidie. 

HiBpidse,  his'pi-dS  A  fiim.  of  coleop 
teroos  insects,  of  which  the  type  is  the 
gen.  Hispoijiopularly  known  in  the  U.  8. 
as  little  leaf  Wtlcs 

HisteridsB,  -tcr1-dc.  A  Ihm.  of  clan 
com  hooHos.    Thcgcn.  Histeris  tbelyiK* 


Hip-roof. 


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414 


HOGSHEAD 


Histrionism,  'tri-on-izm.  The  acts  or 
practice  of  stagre- players ,  feigned  repre 
sentation. 

Hive,  hiv.  A  box,  chest  or  basket  for 
the  reception  and  habitation  of  a  swarm  of 
honey-bees.  A  swai'm  of  bees,  or  the  bees 
inhabiting  a  hive. 

Hoar-frost,  hdr'ltost.  The  white  parti- 
cles of  lh>zen  dew. 

Hoarstone, 'stdn.  A  landmark;  a  stone 
designating  tiie  bounds  of  an  estate. 

Hoax,  hdks.  Something  done  for  decep- 
tion or  mockery;  a  trick  played  off  in 
sport ;  a  practical  joke. 

Hoazin,  hd'a-zin.  A  singular  gregarious 
S.  American  bird,  sometimes  called  the 
Crested  Turaco,  gen.  Opisthocomus.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  the  peacock. 

HobartTown.  Cap.  of  Tasmania,  an 
important  seaport  on  the  river  Derwent ; 
pop.  43,426. 

Hobbism,  hob'izm.  The  principles  of 
Thomas  Hobbes,  an  English  philosopher 
of  the  17th  century,  who  considered  reli- 

flon  to  bo  a  mere  engine  of  state,  and  man 
y  nature  altogether  a  ferocious  and  selfish 
being,  requiring  the  strong  hand  of  des- 
potism to  keep  him  in  check. 
Hobby,  'hi.  A  small  but  strong-winged 
British  foloon,  sometimes  trained  to  chase 
larks,  pigeons,  and  even  partridges. 
Hobby-horse,  -hors.  A  wooden  horse 
on  which  boys  ride.  One  of  the  principal 
performers  in  a  morris  dance,  having  the 
figure  of  a  horse  supported  round  his 
waist,  and  his  feet  concealed  by  a  long 
foot-cloth. 

&ob8K>blin,  -gob'lin.  A  kind  of  goblin 
or  fairy. 

Hobniail,  'nul.  A  nail  with  a  thick  strong 
head  used  for  shoeing  horses,  or  for  the 
soles  of  heavy  boots. 

Hoboxnokko,  -o-mok'kd.  Among  Amer- 
ican Indians  an  evil  spirit. 
Hbche,  Lazare,  osh.  A  brilliant  French 
general ;  d.  17G8,  d.  1797.  He  was  given 
command  of  the  anny  of  the  Moselle  when 
but  24  years  of  age,  and  drove  the  Aus- 
trians  under  Wurmser  out  of  Alsace ;  he 
then  brought  the  Civil  War  in  Vendee  to 
a  close,  and  in  1797,  as  Commandcr-in 
Cliief  of  the  army  of  the  Sambre  and 
Meuse,  he  defeated  the  Austrians  in  sev- 
eral battles.  He  died  suddenly  in  the 
flower  of  manhood. 

Hochstadt,  hdk'st&t  A  Bavarian  town 
on  the  Danube,  11  m.  N.W.  of  Augsburg, 
noted  as  the  scene  of  four  great  battles, 
the  defeat  of  the  Emp«?or  Henry  IV.  in 
1081,  the  defeat  of  tiie  Imperialists  by  the 


French  and  Bavarians.  1708,  the  defeat  of 
che  iatter  by  Prince  Eugene,  1704,  and  the 
defeat  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  un- 
der Moreau,  1800. 

Hock,  hok.  The  Joint  of  an  animal  be* 
tween  the  knee  and  the  fetlock.  In  man, 
the  posterior  part  of  the  knee-toint ;  the 
ham .  A  light  Khenish  wine,  eiuier  sparkr 
ling  or  still. 

Hockey,  'e.  A  game  of  ball  phived  with 
a  club  curved  at  the  tower  end,  Dy  two 
parties  or  sides,  the  object  being  to  drive 
the  ball  into  that  part  of  the  field  marked 
ofi"  as  their  opponent's  goal. 

Hod,  hod.  A  kind  of  shoulder  trough, 
having  a  long  handle,  for  carrying  mortar 
and  brick  to  masons  and  bricklayers.  A 
coal-scuttle. 

Hodja,  'J&.  In  Turkey,  a  professor  tn  a 
medress  or  secondary  school  attached  to  a 
mosque.  Hodjas  have  been  softas  and 
passed  an  examination  in  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage, the  Koran  and  ite  commentaries. 

Hodometer,  -om'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  length  of  way  traveled 
by  any  vehicle. 

Hoe,  ho.  An  instrument  for  cutting  up 
weeds  and  loosening  the  earth  m  fields 
and  gardens.  A  plate  of  iron  with  an  eye 
for  a  handle.  Horse-hoe,  a  firame  mounted 
on  wheels,  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  a 
hand  hoe,  and  worked  by  horse-power ;  a 
cultivator. 

Hoe-cake,  'kftk.  A  cake  of  Indian  meal;  so 
named  because  sometimes  baked  on  a  hoe. 

Hofflnanist,  hof  man-ist.  One  of  a  sect 
of  Lutheran  dissenters,  followers  of  Hoff- 
man, a  professor  at  Helmstadt  in  1598, 
who  taught  that  reason  and  religion  are 
antagonistic. 

Hog:,  hog.  A  swine,  All  varieties  of  the 
domestic  hog  are  derived  from  the  wild 

boar.  They  are  ungujate  animals,  and  bo 
long  to  the  family  Baidffi.  In  the  game  of 
curling,  a  stone  which  does  not  go  over 

the  hog-score ;  the  hog-score  itself.* 

Hoerarth,  William.  A  distinguished 
English  painter ;  b.  1697,  d.  1754. 

HogrST,  Janus.  An  eminent  Scotch  imet 
and  novelist,  called  ''  The  Ettrick  Bhep- 
hehl,"  B.  1772,  D.  1885. 

Host's  back,  hogz'bak.  In  QeoL  a  term 
used  to  express  the  ridgy  conformation  o/ 
any  district  of  alternate  rounded  ridgea 
and  ravines. 

Hogrsbead,  Hied.  A  measure  of  oiqMiaity 
containing  52i  imperial  gallons.  In  Amer- 
ica this  name  Is  often  given  to  a  butt,  coo 
toining  from  100  to  140  gallons. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOWESllSDWSt 


415 


HOLY-FIEB 


-"^S^ 


A>]iex]Iinden.  A  Bavarian  vlllafire  on 
the  Iser,  86  m.  8.  of  Munich,  noted  for  the 
victory  of  the  French  under  Moreau,  over 
the  AuBtrians  under  Archduke  John,  1800. 

Hohenstauffen.  A  German  dynastic 
hne,  1188  to  1268,  the  most  distinguished 
of  whom  was  the  Emperor  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa,  crowned  1152. 

HohenzoUem.  A  Prussian  state, 
formed  of  two  provinces,  and  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  Wurtemberg  and  Baden.  The 
dynasty  was  founded  in  800  by  Thassilo, 
count  of  Zollem;  in  the  16th  century  the 
younger  branch  of  the  fhmily  became  the 
mhng  dynasty  of  Prussia^ 

Holland,  hoIOand.  (The  Netherhmds). 
A  European  Kingdom  bounded  N.  and 
W.  by  the  North  Sea,  8.  bv  Belgium,  and 
E.  by  Prussia;  area  11,801  sq.  m.;  pop. 
4,107,650.  It  is  divided  into  12  provinces, 
and  has  colonics  in  the  £.  and  w .  Indies, 
and  on  the  W.  coast  of  AiHca.  Among 
the  colonies  are  the  islands  of  Java,  Ma- 
dura, Celebes,  theMoluacas,  Curacoa,  and 
others  of  less  importance.  The  principal 
cities  include  The  Hague,  the  cap.,  Ams- 
terdam, Botterdam,  Utrecht,  Arnheim 
and  Middleburg. 

Hollands,  'landz.  A 
sort  of  gin  imported 
irom  Holland. 

HoUow-brick,  Md- 
brik.  A  brick  made  with 
perforations  through  it 
n>r  tho  purpose  of  warm- 
ing or  ventilation,  or  to 
prevent  moisture  from 
penetrating  a  walL 

Hollo  w-a<ixiAre, 
-skwar      A  body  o^  sol- 
diers drawn  up  m  the  form  of  a  square, 
witiian  empty  space  In  the  middle. 

Hollowwall,  wal. 
A  wall  built  iu  two 
thicknesses,  leaving 
a  cavi^  between, 
either  for  the  pui> 
pose  of  preventing 
moisture  irom  being 
driven  by  storms 
through  the  brick 
wor'  for  ventilating.  Hollow- wall, 
for  preserving  a  unifbrm  temperature  in 
apartments,  or  for  saving  materials. 

HoUow-ware,  -war.  A  general  trade 
name  given  to  various  Iron  articles  which 
are  hollow,  as  caldrons,  kettles,  sauce- 
pans, coflFee-mills,  Ac 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  An 
American  poet,  author  and  scientist ;  b. 
in  Mass.  1809. 


HoIIow-brtdk. 


Holooanst,  hoao-kast.  A  burnt  saori- 
flee  or  offering,  the  whole  of  which  was 
consumed  bv  fire,  a  species  of  sacrifice  in 
use  among  the  Jews  and  some  pagan  na- 
tions ;  now  sometimes  appliedT^to  a  great 
slaughter  or  sacrifice  of  life. 

Holometabola,hoa<^me-tab''o-la.  The 
sec.  of  the  class  Insecta  which  undergo  a 
complete  metamorphosis. 

Holometer,  -lom'et-er.  A  mathemati- 
cal instrument  for  taking  oil  kinds  of 
measures,  both  on  the  earth  and  in  the 
heavens;  apantometer. 

Holophaneroas,-lo-fim'8-rus.  InZeoL 
an  epithet  applied  to  the  metamorphoaia 
of  insects  when  complete. 

Holoptyohins,  -lop-tik'i-us.  A  gen.  of 
fossil  ganoid  fishes.  The  name  is  findted 
to  those  01  the  old  red  sand-stone,  and 
that  of  Bhizodus^ven  to  those  of  the 
coal-measures, 

Holostomata,  -lo'stom'a-to.  A  division 
of  gast^ropodous  moUusks  in  which  the 
aperture  of  tho  shell  is  rounded  or  entire. 

Holothnroidea,  -thU'roi-dS^'a.  The 
sea-euoumber  or  sea-slugs,  an  order  of 
echinoderms,  capable  of  extending  them- 
selves to  several  times  the  lengUi  they 
have  in  a  state  of  repose,  and  of  extraor- 
dinary reproduction  of  parts,  even  of 
vital  organs.  The  young  undergo  a  met- 
amorp]u>8is  during  development 

Holstein,  Honse  of.  A  dynasty, 
formerlv  rulers  of  an  independent  duchy, 
now  alrussian  province,  tne  elder  branch 
of  which  is  at  preset  represented  by  the 
Dukes  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Sonderburg- 
Augustenbu^,  and  of  Schleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Gluoksburg,  and  the  youngest 

S[.  €k>ttrop),  by  the  Czar  of  Bussia,  and 
e  Prince  of  Wasa,  son  of  ex-King  Gas- 
tavns  rV.  of  Sweden. 

Holster,  hdl'ster.  A  leathern  case  for  a 
pistol,  carried  by  a  horseman  at  the  fore- 
part of  his  saddle. 

Holy-cross,  h51i-kros.  An  order  of 
Augustlnlan  canons,  suppressei*  In  the 
17th  century.  An  ecclesiastical  orde-  es- 
tablished in  France  in  1884,  who  devote 
themselves  to  preaching  and  education— 
the  brothers  educating  orphan  boys,  and 
tho  sisters  educating  girls  and  attending 
the  sick.  A  society  formed  by  clerical 
members  of  the  extreme  ritualistic  section 
of  the  English  Church. 

Holy-fire,  -fir.  In  the  B.  C.  and  Greek 
Churches,  a  light  kindled  on  Holy  Satur- 
day, the  Saturday  preceding  Easter  Sun- 
day, by  sparks  ttom  a  flint.  All  the  lights 
are  previously  extinguished,  and  the  holy 
fire  is  greeted  by  the  eedestaetics  on  their 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HOLT-BOOD  DAT 


41< 


BOVBT 


knees  ezdabninf  "  Lumen  Chrbti"  (light 
of  Gbrtot).  At  Kome  the  oeremooj  iB  per- 
fonned  in  the  presence  of  the  pope.  At 
Jenualem  It  is  celebrated  by  the  Greek 
and  Armenian  clergy  combined.  There 
the  light  is  represented  as  miracolons. 

Holy-rood  Da^  The  14th  day  of  Bep- 
tember,  on  which  a  religious  festival  is 
observed  In  memory  of  the  exaltation  of 
oar  8aviom>*s  Cross.    Holy-cross  Day. 

H6l7-stone,  -stdn.  A  soft  sandstone 
used  by  seamen  for  cleaning  the  decks  of 
ships. 

Holy-water  Sprink- 
ler. An  Instmment  con- 
sisting of  a  bnnch  of 
twigs  or  a  brash  of 
horse-hair,  which  is 
dipped  in  the  holy -water 
vessel  and  shaken  over] 
or  toward  the  congre 
gatfon. 

Hoxnlmrgr.    A  popalar 
spa,   formerly    cap.    of 
Hesse-Nassau,    Prussia, 
9  m.  N.  W.  of  Frankfort ;     Holy-water 
pop.  8,260.  Sprinkler. 

Homer.  h5'mer.  The  eminent  Greek  poet, 
supposed  to  have  flourished  about  800  years 
B.  o.,  and  to  have  been  a  native  of  Boio ; 
both  the  "  Iliad  "  and  "  Odyssey  »♦  are  by 
some  critics  ascribed  to  him,  but  others 
consider  the  last  named  as  the  production 
of  several  different  writers. 

Hozne-mle,  bom'rol.  The  political  pro- 
gramme of  the  National  party  in  Ireland 
subsequent  to  the  collapse  of  Fenianism. 
Its  leading  feature  is  the  establishment  of 
a  native  parliament  to  conduct  internal 
legislation,  leaving  the  general  political 
government  of  the  empire  to  an  imperial 
parliament. 

Homicide,  ho'mi-sid.  A  person  who 
kills  another ;  a  manslayer.  The  act  of 
one  person  killing  another,  sometimes 
Justinablti  in  law. 

Homiletics, ' -mi-Iet'iks.  The  art  of 
I>reaching. 

Homily,  'ml-Ii.  A  discourse  or  sermon 
road  or  pronounced  to  an  audience.  Book 
of  Homilies,  in  the  C.  of  England,  one  of 
two  series  of  plain  doctrinal  discourses, 
ascribed  to  Cranmer,  1547,  and  Jewell, 
1568. 

Hominy,  -nl.  Maize  hulled  and  coarsely 
ground  or  broken. 

Homo,  ho'mo.  A  prefix  derived  from 
the  Greek,  slgnliying  sameness ;  opposed 
to  hetoro,  deiiotin^r  difference. 

Homoeopathy,  <mfi-op'a-thi.  The  mode 


of  treating  diseases  by  the  administration 
of  medicines  capable  of  exciting  In  healthy 
j»er8ons  symptoms  similar  to  uoae  of  tha 
disease  treated. 

Homogenaria,  -mMea'e-tiB.  Thedoo^ 
trine  that  the  olbprmg  of  an  antmal  or 
plant  run  through  toe  samecyele  of  ex- 
istence as  the  parent,  as  opposed  to  heter* 
ogenesis  or  xenogenesls,  whkdi  maintains 
that  the  olEspiing  of  certain  organisms  run 
through  a  totally  diiferent  aeries  of  states 
from  uiose  of  the  parent 

Homoioosian,  -mol-oa'si-an.  One  of  a 
sect  of  Allans,  followers  of  Eusebins,  who 
maintained  that  the  natore  of  Christ  is 
not  the  same  wUh,  bat  only  similar  to, 
that  of  the  FSther,aa  distingnishedih>m 
the  Homoonsians,  who  maintained  that 
he  was  of  the  same  nature. 

HomologonTneTi  a,  hom'5-lo-gon"md- 
na.  An  epithet  applied  bv  Eusebins  to 
the  generally  acknowledged  books  of  the 
New  Testament,  to  distingnlsh  th^nftom 
the  Antilegomeaa. 

HomoooBian,  h5-m5-ou'si-an.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  orthodox  party  in  the  Church 
during  the  great  controversy  upon  the 
nature  of  Curist  in  the  4th  century,  who 
roaintainod  that  the  nature  of  the  Father 
and  the  Son  is  the  same,  in  opposition  to 
the  Homoiousians,  who  hold  that  their 
natures  were  only  similar. 

Homoptera,  -mop'ter-a.  One  of  the 
sections  into  which  the  ord.  of  hemipter- 
ous  insects  has  been  divided,  the  other 
section  being  the  Heteroptera.  To  this 
section  belong  the  Alphidie,  Cocddtt, 
Cicadidse,  Fulgoride,  &c. 

Homunciozdte,  hdm-un'shon-it.  £e- 
cles.  one  of  a  sect  of  early  heretics,  follow- 
ers of  Photlnns,  who  denied  the  divinity 
ofonr  Lord,  and  held  that  the  image  of 
God  is  impressed  on  the  body,  not  on  the 
mind  of  man. 

HomnnculxuB,  hS-mnngOcu-lus.  A  lit- 
tle man ;  a  manikin ;  a  dwarf. 

Hon.    An  abbreviation  of  Honorable. 

Honduras.  A  republic  of  Central 
America,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Car- 
ibbean Sea,  8.  by  Nicaragua  and  San 
Salvador,  and  W.  by  Guatemala;  area, 
47,095  so.  m.;  pop.  abt.  600,000.  It  con- 
sists of  7  provinces  with  Comayagua  as 
the  cap.  and  chief  emporium. 

Hone,  hon.  A  stone  of  a  fine  grit,  used 
for  sharpening  instruments  that  require  a 
fine  edge,  and  particularly  for  setting^ 
razors ;  an  oilstone. 

Honey,  hun'i.  A  sweet,  viscid  Juice,  col- 
lected and  elaborated  from  the  flowers  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HONKY-ANT 


41T 


H00GHL7 


Jilants  by  Beveral  kinds  of  insects,  for  the 
bod  of  themselyes  and  iheir  progeny,  es- 
pecially by  the  honey-bee. 

Honey-ant,  «nt.  A  kind  of  ant  inhab- 
iting Mexico.  Some  of  those  insects 
secrete  a  kind  of  honey  in  their  abdomens 
which  become  so  distended  as  to  appear 
like  small  pellacid  grapes.  When  food  is 
scarce  these  ants  are  devoured  by  others, 
and  they  are  also  eaten  by  the  inhabitants 
•ftheconntry. 

ftoney-busBard,  -boz-ard.  The  Pemis 
apivoros,  so  called  from  breaking  into  the 
nests  of  bees  and  wasps  to  obtain  the 
larvse. 

^oney-oomb,  -kdm.  A  waxy  sabstanoe 


of  a  firm,    close      .  ,.^. 


ebsting  of  an  ti^ 

glomi^ratlon  ofi 

ecllaforthorrtii'li' 

timior  tbd  honey, 

Mid  for  tht<  i.'}^y;> 

which      produce 

thehr  young.  Any 

substance,   as    a 

casting  of  iron,  &c.,  perforated  with  cells 

like  those  of  a  honey-comb. 

Aoney-oomb  Moth.  A  gen.  of  moths 
of  the  same  tribe  with  the  clothes^ -moths, 
which  infest  bee-hives.  They  appear  to 
enjoy  perfect  immunity  from  the  stings 
oftiiebees. 

Honey-de'V^,  -du.  A  sweet  saccharine 
substance  found  in  the  leaves  of  plants 
in  small  drops  like  dew.  There  are  two 
kinds ;  one  secreted  from  the  plants,  and 
the  other  deposited  by  the  insects  known 
as  aphides.  Different  kinds  of  manna  are 
the  dried  honey-dew  or  saccharine  exuda- 
tions of  certain  plants,  A  kind  of  tobacco 
which  has  been  moistened  with  molasses, 

HoneyfiTuide,  -gld.  A  name  given  to 
African  cuckoos  gen.  Indicator,  which, 
bythMr  motion  and  cries,  conduct  per- 
sons to  hives  of  wild  honey. 

Honeymoon,  -m5n.  The  first  month 
after  marriage ;  the  interval  spent  by  a 
newly-married  pair  in  traveling,  before 
settling  down. 

Honey-sucker,  -suk-er.  The  common 
name  of  bfrds  flam.  Meliphagidie  sub-ord. 
Tenuirostres,  ord.  Insessores,  peculiar  to 
Australia  and  the  neighboring  Islands. 

HonfiT,  hong.  The  Chinese  name  for  the 
foreign  factories  or  mercantile  houses  sit 
uated  at  Canton.  H  merchants,  a  body  of 
eight  to  twelve  Chinese  merchants  at  Can 
ton,  who  onoe  had  the  sole  privilege  of 


trading  with  Europeans,  and  wore  re 
sponsible  for  the  conduct  of  the  Europe 
ans  with  whom  they  dealt.  By  the  treaty 
of  1842  thehr  peculiar  Amotions  oeased. 
HonfiT-KonfiT.  An  island  and  British 
colony  in  the  Bay  of  Canton,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Canton  Biver ;  area  W  sq.  m.;  pop. 
128,274.  Victoria  is  the  capital 
Honiton-laoe,  honM-ton-l&s.  A  kind  of 
lace  made  atHoniton  in  Devonshire,  £ng 
land,  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  fig- 
ures and  sprigs. 

Honorarium,  on-er-a'ri-um.    A  fee  ten  • 
dered  to  a  professional  man  for  profession 
al  services. 
Hood,    hnd. 
A  soft  cover- 
ing   for    the 
head  worn  by 
females    and 
children.     A 
part    of    a 
monk*s  outer 

ga  r  m  e  n  t  Menkes  Hood,    Hood  for 
with  which  he  Hawk, 

covers    his 

head.    A  covering  for  a  hawk^s  head  oi 
eyes,  used  in  fUconry.    Anything  that  re- 
sembles a  hood  in  form  or  use. 
Honolulu.     Cap.  of  the  Sandwich  Is 
lands,  on  Hawaii ;  pop,  abt.  15,600. 
Hood,  John  B.    A  general  of  the  Con 
federate  army  In  the  American  Civil  War ; 
B.  in  Kentucky^  18B1,  o.  1879. 
Hood,  Thomas.    An  eminent  English 
poet  and  wit(  b.  1798,  d.  1845. 
Hood-oap,  'kap.    A  species  of  seal,  the 
Stemmatopus  cristatus,  so  called  from  an 
appendage  on  the  head  which  the  male  in* 
flates  when  angry  or  excited. 

Hood-mould, 

'mdld.     In    Arch. 
the  upper   project- 
ing     molding     of 
the     arch    over 
Gothic      door      or  j 
window,  &c. 

Hooded -snake, 

'ed-sn&k.  Thecobra- 

de-capello,  which  is  the  Portuguese  for 

the  snake  with  a  hood. 
Hoof,  h6f.      The   homy  substance  that 

covers  the  feet  of  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 

goats,  deer,  &c. 
Hoogrhly,    hoog'le.     A  river  of  India, 

formed  by  the  two  W.  branches  of  the 

Ganges,  250  m.  long ;  Calcutta  and  Hoogh- 

ly  are  located  on  its  banks. 


Hood  Molding. 


Digitized  by 


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HOOKAH 


418 


HORIZON 


Hookah,  holcfih.  A  pipe 
i^th  a  large  bowl  and  a  long 
pUable  tube,  bo  oonstmcted 
that  the  smoke  of  the  tobacco  Is 
made  to  pass  throngh  water  for 
the  pm-pose  of  ooolmg  It. 

Hooker,  Joseph.  An  Amer' 
lean  general ;  b.  in  Mass.  1819, 
D.  1879.  He  8.  Gen.  Burnslde 
aa  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Federal  armv,  Jan.  1868,  but 

*  was  removed  after  the  disas- 
trous defeat  of  Chancellorsville,   „    ,  'T' 
May  2-8,  of  the  same  year.  Hookah. 

Hook-motion,  hok'm5-shon.  In  the 
steam-engine  a  valve-gear  which  is  re- 
versed by  V-liooks. 

Hook-squid, 'skwid.  A  name  applied 
to  the  deoapodous  cephalopod  mollusks  of 
the  genera  Onychoteuthis  and  Enoploteu- 
this,  allied  to  the  common  squids  or  ca- 
lamaries,  remarkable  for  the  length  of 
thefar  tentacles. 

Eoondee.  hon'dS.  An  E.  Indian  bill  of 
exchange  drawn  by  or  upon  a  native  bank- 
et  or  B^ff. 

Hoop,  hdp.  A  drcular 
buid  of  wood,  metal  or 
otiber  material  used  to 
confine  the  staves  of 
casks,  Ac.,  or  for  simi- 
lar purposes.  A  circle 
or  combination  of  ch:- 
cles  of  elastic  material, 
used  to  expand  th< 
skirts  of  ladies*  dresses; 
a  farthingale;  crinoline. 

Hooper,   WiUiam. 

i  An   American    states- 
man: B.  in  Mass. 

11742,  D.  1790.  He 
waa  a  member  of 
the  Continental 

I  Congress,  and  a 
signer  of  the  Dec- 

,  laration    of    Inde- 


Hoop,  18th  cen- 
tury. 


Hoopoe,  ho'po.  A 

bird   of    the   gen. 

Upupa,  whose  head 

is  adorned  ^vith  a 

beautiftil      crest, 

which  it  con  erect  Hoopoe. 

or  depress  at  pleasure. 
Hoosier,  'zhi-er.    A  term  applied  to  citi- 
zens of  the  State  of  Indiana. 
Hoot,  h5t.    A  cry  or  shout  in  contempt. 

Hop-fly,  'fli.  A  species  of  Aphis,  so  de- 
structive in  hop- plantations  as  to  cause 
material  variations  In  the  price  of  hops. 


Hop-frosrfly,  'ttog-fS.  A  species  of 
firotii-fly  which  does  much  damage  in  hop- 
plantanons 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  'k!nz.  An  Amer^ 
lean  statesman,  b.  in  £.  I.,  1707,  d.  1785. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Inde* 
pendence. 

Hopkinsian,  -kin'si-an.  A  follower  of 
Dr.  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Connecticut,  wh« 
rolected  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  of  imput- 
ed sin  and  imputed  righteousness.  The 
basis  of  the  system  is  that  all  virtue  and 
true  hoUness  consist  in  disinterested  be- 
nevolence, and  that  all  sin  is  selfishness. 

Hopkinson,  Francis.  An  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Penn.,  1787,  d.  1791.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress 
from  N.  J.,  and  a  signer  of  the  Dedara- 
tion  of  Independence.  Joseph  H.,  his 
son,  a  distinguished  jurist,  and  author  of 
"  Hail,  Columbia,"  b.  1770,  d.  1842. 

Hoplite,  lit.  In  Greek  Antiq.  a  heavy- 
£rmed  soldier. 

Hoplotheke,  -lo-thg'ke.  Eccles.  a  work 
containing  the  opinions  of  the  fathers 
against  heretics,  supposed  to  have  been 
compiled  by  order  of  Emmanuel  Corn- 
menus. 

Hopple,  'pi.  A  fetter  for  the  le^  of 
horses  or  other  animals  when  turned  out 
to  graze. 

Hoppo,  'po.  In  China,  an  overseer  of 
commerce ;  a  collector.  A  tribunal  whose 
ftinction  iC  is  to  collect  that  portion  of  the 
public  revenue  arising  from  trade  and 
navigation. 

Hor,  Mt.  A  summit  of  the  Seir  range* 
Arabia,  dow  called  Jebelorely-Harboon. 
A  tomb  marks  the  traditionarv  burial* 
place  of  Aaron-,  the  first  Jewish  high- 
priest. 

Horace,  hor'&a.  (Quintus  Horatius  Flac- 
cus).  The  eminent  Latin  poet ;  b.  at  Ve- 
nusla,  65,  d.  8  b.  o. 

Horatii  and  Cnratii.  In  Bom.  Hist- 
the  names  of  three  brothers  of  two  &mi- 
lies,  chosen  670  b.  o.,  by  the  Bomans  and 
Albans,  to  decide  by  battie  whether  Borne 
or  Alba  should  be  the  subject  city.  The 
H.  were  victorious,  and  Alba  snbndtted 
to  Bome's  authority. 

Horizon,  ho-ri'zon.  The  drole  which 
bounds  that  part  of  the  earth^s  surftce 
visible  to  a  spectator  fix)m  a  given  point. 
An  imaginary  great  drcle,  parallel  to  the 
sensible  horizon,  whose  plane  passes 
through  the  center  of  the  earth,  whose 
poles  are  the  zenith  and  nadir,  and  which 
divides  the  globe  into  two  ^oal  hemi- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HORTZON-GLASS 


419 


HORSE-POWEB 


spheres:  called  the  Uational  ur  Celestial 
Horizon. 

Horison-fflass,  -glas.  In  Astron.  one 
of  two  small  speculains  on  one  of  the  ra- 
dii of  a  quadrant  or  sextant.  One  half  the 
fore-glass  is  silvered,  while  the  other  half 
is  transparent,  in  order  that  an  object  may 
be  seen  directly  through  it ;  the  back-glass 
\9  silvered  above  and  below,  but  in  the 
middle  there  is  a  transparent  stripe 
through  which  the  horizon  can  be  seen. 

Horisontal. 
-ri-zon'tal.  Pur 
alleltothe  h(<rh 
zon;  on  a  level. 

Hornbill 

hom'biL  A  vei.v 
ringular  gen.  Qi' 
¥ird8  (Bucero^), 
akin  to  the  tcm 
ean8.remarkaUle 
for  tne  large  st?  ■ 
of  the  biU,  an. I  _ 

tob?iJS™^Ty    Khinocen^s  Hornbill. 
which  it  is  surmounted. 

Hornbook,  'buk.  In  former  times,  the 
first  book  of  children,  or  that  in  which 
they  learned  their  letters ;  so  called  Arom 
the  horn  covering  placed  over  the  single 
page  of  which  it  consisted,  the  whole  be- 
mg  fixed  to  a  wooden  fhtme  with  a  handle. 
It  generally  contained  the  alphabet  in  Ro- 
man and  small  letters,  several  rows  of 
monosyllables,  and  the  Lord's  Prayer.  A 
book  containing  the  first  principles  of  anv 
science  or  branch  of  knowledge ;  a  manual. 

Homed-liorBe,  homdOiors.  The  gnu. 

Horned-screaxner,  'skrcm-er.  The 
kamichi,  a  grallatorial  bfard,  gen.  Palame- 
dea,  having  a  long  movable  horn  proiect- 
ing  fi-om  its  forehead.  Its  voice  is  loud 
and  shrill,  and  its  cry  is  uttered  suddenly 
and  with  such  vehemence  as  to  have  a 
very  startling  effect. 

Somet,  hom'et.  An  insect  of  the  gen. 
Yespa  or  wasp,  much  larger  and  stronger 
than  the  wasp,  and  causing  more  severe 
pain  by  its  sting. 

Somle,  'i.  A  name  given  in  Scotland  to 
the  devil,  in  allusion  to  the  horns  with 
which  he  is  generally  represented. 

Homito,  or-nS't5.  In  Geol.  a  low,  oven- 
shaped  mound,  common  in  the  volcanic 
districts  of  8.  America,  from  whose  sides 
and  summits  columnsof  hot  smoke  and 
other  vapors  are  usually  emitted. 

Hornpipe,  'pip.  An  instrument  of  mu- 
sic formerly  popular  in  Wales,  consisting 
of  a  wooden  pipe  with  holes,  and  a  piece 


of  horn  forming  the  bell-shaped  end.  A 
lively  dance  and  the  music  for  it. 

Horofirraphy,  hor-og'ra-fl.  The  art  ol 
constructing  instruments  for  showiUj^  the 
hours,  as  clocks,  watches,  dials ;  diaUing 

Horolofire,  'o-loj.  A  piece  of  mechanism 
for  indicating  the  hours  of  the  day ;  a  time* 
piece  of  any  kind. 

Horolfirium,  -o-loj'i-um.  The  Horologe 
or  Clock,  a  southern  constellation  consist- 
ingof  12  stars.  H.  FlorsB  or  Flora's  clock 
inBot.  atableofthehoufs  at  which  thi 
flowers  of  certain  plants  open  and  close  in 
a  given  locality. 

Horoscope,  'os-kop.  In  Astrol.  an  ob- 
servation made  of  the  aspect  of  the  heavens 
at  the  moment  of  a  person's  birth,  hf 
which  the  astrologer  claimed  to  foretell 
the  fiiture.  A  scheme  or  figure  of  the  13 
houses  or  12  signs  of  the  zodiac,  in  which 
is  marked  the  cusposition  of  the  heavens 
at  a  given  time,  and  by  which  astrologers 
formerly  told  the  fortunes  of  persons,  ac- 
cording to  the  position  of  the  stars  at  the 
time  of  their  birth.  A  kind  of  planisphere, 
invented  by  John  of  Padua.  A  taDle  of 
the  length  of  the  days  and  nights  at  i^ 
places. 

Horosoopy,  -osHco-pi.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  predicting  ftiture  events  by  the  dis- 
position of  the  stars  and  planets.  The  as- 
pect of  the  heavens  at  the  time  of  a  child's 
birth. 

Hors  de  combat,  hor  de  kon-ba.  Dis* 
abled  firom  fighting ;  rendered  useless. 

Home,  hors.  A  quadruped,  gen.  Equus, 
constituting  with  the  ass,  zebra  and  quag- 
ga  the  fam.  EquidaB  or  SoUdungula. 

Horsefly,  'fll.  A  large  fly  that  stings 
horses  and  sucks  their  blood,  the  latter 
characteristic  distinguishes  it  firom  the 
gadfly. 

Horseguards, 'gardz.  Abodyofcavahy 
for  guards.  The  name  given  to  the  publio 
office,  Whitehall,  London,  appropriated 
to  the  departments  under  the  comQian< 
der-in-chief  The  military  authorities  at 
the  head  of  the  British  war  department, 
in  contradistinction  of  the  civil  chief,  the 
secretary-of-war. 

Horse-Jockey,  'jo-ki.  A  professional 
rider  or  trainer  of  race-horses ;  a  dealer  in 
horses. 

Horse-Mackerel.  'mak-er-el.  A  spe- 
cies of  fish,  the  scad. 

Horse-Power,  'pou-er.  The  power  of  a 
horse  or  its  equivalent;  the  force  with 
which  a  horse  acts  when  drawing.  From 
a  variety  of  experiments  it  is  found  that  a 
horse,  at  an  average,  can  raise  160  lbs. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HOBBETAIL 


420 


HOUND 


weight  at  the  Telocity  of  2J  miles  per 
hour.  The  power  of  a  horse  exerted  in 
this  way  is  made  the  standard  for  esti- 
mating the  power  of  a  steam-engine,  each 
horse-power  being  estimated  as  equiva- 
lent to  88,000  lbs.  raised  one  foot  high  per 
minute. 

Hometail/tul.  The  tail  of  ahorse.  A 
Turkish  standard. 

Horticulture,  hor'ti-kul-tur.  The  art 
of  cultivating  or  managing  gardens  or 
raising  fruits,  flowers  and  culinary  vegeta- 
bles 

Hosanna,  ho-zan'na.  An  exclamation  of 
praise  to  God,  or  an  invocation  of  bless- 
ings. 

Hose,  hoz.  Close-fitting  trousers  or 
breeches  reaching  to  the  knee.  Covering 
for  the  lower  part  of  the  legs,  including 
the  feet ;  stockings.  A  flexible  pipe  for 
conveying  fluid  to  any  requhred  point. 

Hosea.  In  Scrip,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
minor  prophets,  who  flourished  784-783 
B.  c;  author  of  a  canonical  book  of  the 
Old  Testament,  bearing  his  name. 

Hose-reel,  'rel.  A  light  carriage  fur- 
nished with  a  large  revolving  drum  for 
carrying  hose  for  fire-engines,  &c. 

Hosmer,  Harriet.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican artist ;  b.  in  Mass.  1831,  but  for  many 
years  a  resident  of  Borne. 

Hospice,  hos'pis.  A  place  of  reftige  or 
entertainment  for  travelers  on  some  diffi- 
cult road  or  pass,  as  among  the  Alps, 
kept  by  monks,  who  also  occupy  it  as  a 
convent. 

Hospital,  'pit-al.  A  building  for  the  re- 
ception of  any  class  of  persons  who  are 
unable  to  supply  their  own  wants,  and 
are  more  or  less  dependent  upon  public 
help  to  have  those  wants  supplied. 

Hospitaller,  -er.  One  re- 
siding in  a  hospital  for  the 

purpose  of   receiving  the 

poor,    the    sick    and    the 

stranger.  One  of  a  religious 

community,  of  which  there 

were  several,  whose  ofiice 

it  was  to  relieve  the  poor, 

the  stranger  and  the  sick. 

One  of  an  order  of  knights 

who  built  a  hospital  at  Jeru  . 

salem  a.d.  1042  for  pilgrims. 

They  were  called  Knights 

of  St.  John,  and  after  their 

removal  to  Malta,  Knights 

of  Malta. 
Hospodar,  -p^-dfir*.     A  titie  of  dignity 


formerlv  borne  by  the  vassal  princes  of 
Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  and  in  earlier 
times  by  the  princes  of  Lithuania  and  the 
King  of  Poland. 

Host,  host.  One  who  receives  and  enter- 
tains another  at  his  own  house ;  one  ih>m 
whom  another  receives  food,  lodging  or 
entertainment ;  a  landlord ;  the  correlative 
of  guest.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  the  consecrated 
wafer,  representing  the  body  of  Christ,  or, 
as  Boman  Catholics  believe,  transubstan- 
tiated into  his  own  body. 

Hostillar  hds'til-er.  Ecdes.  the  monk 
who  entertained  the  guests  in  a  monas- 
tery. H.  external,  the  monk  who  relieved 
those  who  came  to  the  gates  of  the  mon- 
asterv.  H.  intrinsic,  the  monk  who  en- 
tertained the  guests  residing  in  the  mon- 
astery. 

Hostilius,  Tullius.  Third  King  of 
Bome ;  s.  Numa  abt.  600 ;  in  his  reign  the 
war  with  Alba  ended  with  the  Hcmttii- 
Curatii  combat  (see  Horatii). 

Hotbed,  hotn>ed.  A  bed  of  earth  heated 
bv  fermenting  substances,  ooyeired  with 
glass  to  defend  it  firom  the  cold  air,  intend- 
ed for  raising  early  plants,  or  tot  nourish- 
ing exotic  plants  of  warm  cUmates. 

Hothouse,  ^ons.  A  house  to  shelter 
tender  plants  and  shrubs  from  the  cold 
ah-,  and  in  which  a  relatively  high  tem- 
perature is  artificially  kept  up. 

Hot-press,  'pres.  A  means  of  calender- 
ing and  smoothing  paper  or  cloth  by  sub- 
iecting  it  to  heavy  pressure  between  glazed 
boards ;  hot  iron  plates  are  distributed 
through  the  pile  to  heat  it. 

Hottentot,  'n-tot.  One  of  a  certain  de- 
graded tribe  of  8.  Africa.  An  isolated 
branch  of  the  Hamltic  or  N.  African  &mily 
of  tongues. 

Houdon,  Jean  Antoine.  An  eminent 

French  artist;   b.  1741,  d.  1828.     Among 

his  works  (p         ^ 

the  statue  ^^r 

WashinghNi 

in  the  Sfin.. 

House    rH 

Bichmo:i»4|. 

Va. 
H  o  und . 

hound.     Aj 

generic  nat  Ml  < 

of  the  do^-  :' 

but    more  Deer-hennd. 

par  ticulorly 

restricted  to  particular  breeds  or  variettai 

used  in  the  chase. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HOUND-PISH 


4S1 


HUB 


Smooth  Houndfish. 
the  shark  fiaiiiily. 

Hour,  our.  The  twenty-fourth  part  of  a 
day :  sixty  minutes.  Certain  prayers  In 
^e  B.  G  Gh.,  to  be  repeated  at  certain 
times  of  the  day,  as  matins  and  vespers. 
In  Myth,  goddesses  of  the  seasons  or 
hours  of  the  day. 

Houz^lass,  'glcL8S.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  time, 
consisting  of  a  glass  yessel  hav- 
ing two  compartments,  from 
the  uppermost  of  which  a  quan- 
tity of  sand,  water  or  mercury 
runs  by  a  small  aperture  into 
the  lower. 

Honri,  hou'ri.  Among  the 
Mohammedans  a  nymph  of 
paradise.  In  the  Koran  the  hourls  are 
represented  as  most  beautiful  virgins, 
created  of  pure  musk  and  endowed  with 
an0»ding  youth  and  immunity  from  all 
disease.  Their  company  is  to  form  the 
chief  felicity  of  the  faithM. 

House-fly,  hous'fll.  A  well-known  dip- 
terous insect,  the  Musca  domestica  of 
naturalists. 

Honseholder,  'hold-er.  The  master  or 
chief  of  a  family;  one  who  keeps  house 
with  his  family ;  the  occupier  of  a  house. 

HoTisekeeper,  'kep-er.  One  who  occu- 
pies a  house  with  his  fiimily ;  a  man  or 
.woman  who  maintains  a  family  in  a  house. 
A  female  servant  who  has  the  chief  care  of 
the  family. 

Honsel,  houz'el.  The  eucharist;  the 
sacrament ;  the  act  of  taking  or  receiving 
the  sacrament. 

House-siirgreon,  'ser-jon.  The  resident 
medical  officer  in  a  hospital. 

Housewife,  'wif.  The  mistress  of  a 
family ;  the  wife  of  a  householder ;  a  fe- 
male manager  of  domestic  aflGairs.  A  little 
ease  for  pins,  needles,  thread,  scissors  and 
the  Uke. 

Honston,  Sanv.  An  American  states- 
man and  general ;  b.  In  Ya.,  1798,  d.  1862. 
He  was  President  of  Texas  after  its  seces- 
sion ftom  Mexico,  and  Governor  of  the 
State  a^r  its  admission  to  the  Union ; 
also  U.  8.  Senator. 

Houyhnlunn,  hou'inm .  One  of  a  class 
of  beings  described  by  Swift  in  "  Gulliver's 
Travels"  as  a  race  of  horses  endowed 
with  reason  and  extraordinary  virtues, 


Howdiih, 


and  who  bear  rule  over  the  Taho«s  or 
men-like  beings,  a  vicious,  disgusting  race. 

Hovel,  ho'vel.  An  open  shed  for  shelter- 
ing cattle,  protecting  produce  from  the 
weather,  &c.    A  small  mean  house. 

Howa4Ji)  hou-aVi.  A  name  given  to  a 
merchant  in  the  East,  because  merchants 
were  formerly  the  chief  travelers. 

Howdali,Ma.  A 
seat  erected  on 
the  back  of  &rj 
elephant  for  per-\ 
sons  to  ride  In. 
It  is  of  various 
forms. 

Howe,  Ellas. 
An  American  in- 
ventor  ;  b.  i  n^ 
Mass.,  1819; 
1867.  He  patent- 
ed the  first  sew- 
ing machine. 

Howel,  'el.  A  cooper's  tool  for  smooth- 
ing his  work,  as  the  inside  of  a  cask. 

Howitzer, 'Its-er. 
A  short  piece 
ordnance    usually'' 
having  a  chamber 
for    the     powder 
narrower  than  tiie' 
bore,  especially  de- 
signed for  the  hori-      Brass  Howitzer, 
zontal    firing     of 

shells  with  small  charges,  combining  in 
some  degree  the  accuracy  of  the  cannon 
with  the  caliber  of  the  mortar,  but  much 
lighter  than  any  gun  of  the  same  capacity. 

Howqua,  'kwa.-  A  Chinese  tea  of  very 
fine  quality. 

Howth.  A  popular  seaside  resort  at  the 
N.  entrance  to  Dublin  Bay,  Ireland,  8 
m.  N^.  E.  of  the  city  of  Dublin. 

Huamanga.  Gap.  of  prov.  Ayacueho, 
Peru,  140  m.  N.  W.  of  Cuzco,  noted  for 
its  proximity  to  the  battie-gronnd,  1894, 
where  the  Spaniards  were  disastrously 
defeated  by  Sucr6,  and  their  power  in  o. 
America  destroyed. 

Hub,  hub.  The  central  part,  usually  cy' 
lyndrical,  of  a  wheel  in  which  the  spokes 


I«i3=r) 

er  tJ 


Hubs  of  Wheels. 


are  set  radially ;  the  nave.    In  die-sink- 
ing, a  cylindrical  piece  of  steel  on  which 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


HUCKABACK 


HUNGAET 


the  design  of  a  coiji  is  engraved  in  relief. 
A  fluted  screw  of  hardened  steel  used  in 
cutting  screw-tools,  chasing-tools,  &c. 

Huckaback,  huk'a-bak.  A  kind  of  lin- 
en cloth  with  raised  figures  on  it  some- 
thing like  damask,  used  for  table-cloths 
and  towels. 

•&UCkle,  n.  The  hip ;  a  bunch  or  part 
projecting  like  the  hip. 

Hudson,  Hendrik.  An  English  navi 
gator ;  b.  1580 ;  discovered  the  river  in  N. 
Y.  State  which  bears  his  name,  while  in 
the  service  of  the  Dutch  £.  India  Co., 
1609 ;  In  1611  discovered  Hudson's  Bay. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  perished  at  sea, 
having  been  deserted  by  his  crew.  H. 
Bay,  an  immense  inland  sea  of  British  N. 
America ;  area  510,000  sq.  m. 

Sugr,  hug.  A  close  embrace ;  a  clasp  or 
gripe. 

Hufirhes,  Thomas.  A  popular  English 
statesman  and  author,  writing  under  the 
sobriquet  of  "  Tom  Brown  ";  b.  1823. 

Hiigro,  Victor  Marie,  Vicomte,  oo- 
go'.  A  French  poet  and  novelist,  with 
radical  political  sentiments ;  b.  1S02. 

Hllgfuenot,  hu'ge-not,  A  French  Protes- 
tant of  the  period  of  the  religious  wars  in 
France  in  the  16th  eentury. 

Hull,  Isaac.  An  American  naval  com- 
mander, b.  in  Conn.  1775,  d.  1843.  He 
commanded  the  frigate  Constitution  in 
the  fight  (1812)  in  which  the  British 
firigate  Guerricre  was  captured.  This 
was  the  first  naval  engagement  of  the  war. 

Humanitarian,  -man'i-ta"ri-an.  One 
who  has  a  great  regard  or  love  for  human- 
ity ;  a  philanthropist.  One  who  denies 
the  divmity  of  Christ,  and  believes  him  to 
have  been  a  mere  man.  A  disciple  of  St. 
Simon,  from  his  maintaining  th«'  perfect- 
ibility of  human  nature  without  the  aid  of 
grace. 

Humble-bee,  hum'bl-b6.  The  common 
name  of  a  gen.  of  large,  hairy  bees  (Bom- 
bus). 

Humble-pie,  -pT.  A  pie  made  of  the 
heart,  liver,  kidneys  and  entrails  of  the 
deer. 

Humboldt,  Friedrich  Heinrich 
Alexander,  Baron  von.  A  distin- 
guished German  traveler,  scientist  and 
author;  b.  1769;  d.  1859.  Karl  Wilhelm, 
Bargn  von  H.,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  eminent  statesman  and  philologist, 
styled  '*  the  creator  of  comparative  pWlol- 
ogy  ;'♦  B.  1767,  d.  1886. 

Hume,  Daniel.  An  eminent  British 
historian ;  b.  In  Edinburgh  1711,  d.  1T70. 


Tufted-necked 
Humming-bird. 


'ing-berd.  A  name 
given  to  the  individ- 
uals of  a  family  (Tro-  j 
childiffi)  of  minute  i 
andbeautlftil  birds,  V 
so  called  from  the 
sound  of  their  wings 
in  flight.  Some  400  ^ 
species  are  known. 
Humming* -bird 
Hawk-moth.  A 
lepidopterous  I  n  - 
sect,  the  Macro- 
glossa  stellatarom, 
fam.  SphingidaB.  It 
is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  diurnal  species,  and  re- 
markable for  the  loudness  of  the  sound 
which  its  wings  produce. 

Hun,  hun.  A  member  of  an  ancient  Asi- 
atic race,  probably  of  Mongolian  or  Tartar 
stock,  first  appearing  prominently  in  his- 
tory about  875  A.  D.  In  that  year  they 
crossed  the  Dnieper,  defeated  the  Goths 
and  drove  them  over  the  Danube  into  the 
Roman  province  of  Pannonia  (Hungary). 
In  the  reign  of  Attila  (484)  they  overran 
and  ravaged  the  greater  part  of  Europe, 
and  compelled  the  Bomans  to  pay  tribute. 
With  the  death  of  Attik  theh:  power  vraa 
broken. 

Hunchback,  hunsh'bak.  A  hump-back; 
a  hump-backed  person. 

Hundred,  hun'dred.  The  product  of  10 
multiplied  by  10 ;  five  score.  A  division 
or  part  of  a  county  in  England,  supposed 
to  have  originaUjr  contained  a  hundred 
families  or  freemen. 

Hundred-fold,  -fold.  A  hundred  times 
as  much. 

Hundredth,  'dredth.  The  one  after  the 
ninety-ninth.  One  of  a  hundred  parts  into 
which  anything  is  divided. 

Hundredweierht,  'dred-wat.  In  avofa-- 
dupois  weight,  a  denomination  usually 
denoted  by  cwt.,  containing  112  lbs. 

Hungrary-water,  hung'ga-ri-wa-ter.  A 
toilet  distilled  water  consisting  ot  dilute 
alcohol  aromatized :  so  called  Mcause  first 
made  for  the  use  of  a  queen  of  Hungary., 

Hungrary.  A  country  of  Central  Europe, 
formerly  an  independent  kingdom,  but 
since  1570  attached  to  the  Austrian  Em- 
pire, of  which  it  forms  the  easterly  and 
largest  part ;  area  82,867  sq.  m.;  pop.  16,- 
789,445.  The  chief  cities  are  Buda-Pesth, 
the  cap.,  Presburg,  Arad,  Komorn,  Temes- 
var.  Gran,  Debreczin,  Szegedin  and  Maria 
Theresienstadt    Its  rivers  are  the  Dan^ 


Digitized  by 


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HYALOID  JB 


nbe,  the  Save  and  other  tributaries,  and 
the  Carpathian  mountain  range  extends 
from  E.  to  W.  along  its  northern  frontier. 
Huns,  The,  hunz.  A  Scvthian  race  which 
occupied  Tartary  seTerai  centuries  prior 
to  the  Christian  era,  and  against  the  incur- 
Bionfi  ftY)m  which  the  great  wall  of  China 
was  built.  They  finally  divided  into  two 
nations,  called  Kortli  and  South  H.  The 
former  crossed  into  Europe  and  ravaged  a 
large  section  of  the  Boman  Empire,  under 
the  leadership  of  Attila,  capturing  and 
sacking  Home  in  the  6th  centurv.  Forced 
by  the  Goths  to  retii'e  across  the  Tanais, 
they  again  penetrated  E.  Europe,  settling 
in  tne  section  since  known  as  Hungary. 
Hunker,  hungk'er.  In  U.  S.  politics,  a 
member  of  the  section  of  the  Democratic 
pnly  opposed  to  progress ;  hence,  any  per- 
son opposed  to  innovatiDUs  in  general ;  a 
conservative. 

Hunt,  James  Henry  Leiirli,  hunt. 
A  distinguished  English  poet,  editor  and 
author;  b.  1784,  d.  1859. 
Hnnt-coiinter,  -koun'ter.  A  dog  that 
runs  back  on  the  scent,  and  hence  is  worth- 
less. 

Hunter,  'er.  One  who  engages  in  the 
chase  of  wild  animals.  A  nunting-dog. 
A  horse  used  in  the  chase.  A  watoh  whose 
glass  is  protected  by  a  metal  cover ;  a  hunt- 
ing-watch. 

Hnnter,  John.  An  eminent  British 
anatomist ;  b.  near  Glasgow,  1728,  d.  1798. 
Huntingr-cogr,  'ing-kog.  In  Mach.  an  odd 
cog  in  one  of  two  geared  wheels,  serving 
to  change  the  order  of  contact  of  the  teeth, 
so  that  the  same  teeth  shidl  not  continu- 
aUy  meet. 

Hnntinfirdonian,  -ting-do'ni-on.  Eo- 
cles.,  a  member  of  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon's  connection,  founded  by 
George  Whitefield  after  his  separation 
from  the  Wesleysin  1748. 
Hiintingrton,  Samuel.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist,  b.  in  Conn.  1732,  d. 
1796.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  Chief  Justice  and  Gov- 
ernor of  his  native  State. 
Hurdy-iTurdy,  her'dl-ger'di.  A  mu- 
sical instrument  whose  tones  are  produced 
by  the  friction  of  a  wheel  against  four 
strings,  two  of  which  are  pressed  by  the 
ib^en  or  by  kevs.  The  other  two  strings 
are  tuned  a  fifth  apart  to  produce  a  drone 
iMiss,  and  are  not  stopped. 
Huron.  Ijake.  The  smallest  of  the  five 
great  lakes  of  N.  America,  bet.  lakes  Erie 
•ad  Michigan,  abt.  800  m.  in  circumfer- 


ence; it  contains  8,000  Islands,  one  ol 
which,  the  Great  Manitoulin  or  Sacred 
Island,  runs  parallel  to  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  northern  coast. 

Hurricane,  ^ur'i-kan.  A  violent  tem- 
pest or  wind  storm.  H.  deck,  a  light  ele- 
vated deck  of  a  steamboat. 

Husband,  huz'band.  A  man  joined  to  a 
woman  by  marriage :  the  correlative  of 
wife. 

Huss,  Johann,  hoos.  A  distinguished 
religious  reformer,  b.  in  Bohemia  1878, 
burned  at  the  stake  byorder  of  the  Council 
of  Constance  1415.  His  followers,  called 
Hussites,  inaugurated  a  war  for  religious 
freedom,  1418,  and  continued  with  such 
success  that  the  Emperor  Sigismund 
granted  them  acceptable  terms  and  peace 
was  restored. 

Hutchinsonian,  huch-in-so'ni-an.  A 
follower  of  the  opinions  of  John  Hutch- 
inson, of  Yorkshire,  England,  a  philoso- 
pher and  naturalist  of  the  18th  century, 
who  rejected  Newton's  doctrine  of  gravi- 
tation and  maintained  that  the  Old  Testa- 
ment Scriptures  embraced  a  complete 
system  of  natural  philosophy  as  well  as  of 
religion. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas.  An  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Mass.  1711,  d.  in  London 
1780.  He  was  Chief  Justice  of  his  native 
State  1760,  and  Governor  in  1769  :  his  un- 
wise course  in  the  latter  position  did  much 
to  precipitate  the  Bevolution. 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry.  A  distin- 
guished English  scientist  and  author,  b. 
1825.  He  is  a  leader  of  the  Darwioian 
school  of  naturalists. 

Huzvaresh,  huz-va'rosh.  Same  as  Teh- 
levi ;  the  dialect  into  whicn  the  Zend- 
Avesta  of  Zoroaster  was  translated  during 
the  Sassanlan  dynasty  in  Persia. 

Huzza,  -2&'.    A  form  of  hurrah. 

Hyads,  hl'adz.  A  cluster  of  seven  stars 
in  the  Bull's  Head,  supposed  by  the  an- 
cients to  indicate  the  approach  of  rainy 
weather  when  they  rose  with  the  sun. 
This  notion  was  derived  from  the  fable  of 
the  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione,  who, 
overwhelmed  with  grief  at  the  fate  of  their 
brother  Hyas,  who  was  torn  in  pieces  by 
a  bull,  wept  so  violently  that  the  gods  in 
compassion  took  them  into  heaven  and 

S laced  them  in  the  Bull's  forehead,  where 
ley  still  continued  to  weep. 
HysBnodon,  -e'no-don.    A  gen.  of  fossil 
carnivorous  quadrupeds  found  in   eocene 
and  miocene  strata  of  the  tertiaries. 
HyalsBidsB,  -al-e'i-de.    A  &m.  of  pter# 
pods,  of  the  gen.  Hyalna  is  the  type. 


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424 


IIYDEOPATHT 


Hydrant 


Hyalesoence,  -es'sens.  The  act  or  pro- 
OMA  of  beooming  transparent  as  glass. 
Hyaloffraphy,  -og'ra-fi.  The  act  of 
writing  or  engraving  on  glass. 
9yaloiiemid»,  'al-d-ne'^mi-do.  A 
famff^  of  glass  sponges,  comprising  the 
glass-rope  of  Japan. 

?yalotype,  -al'o-tTp.  A  positive  photo- 
graphic picture  taken  on  glass. 
flybzld,  'brid.  A  mongrel  or  mole ;  an 
animal  or  plant,  the  produce  of  a  female 
animal  or  plasxt  wliioh  has  been  impreg- 
nated by  a  male  of  a  different  variety, 
species  or  genus. 

flydePark.  A  park  of400  acres  in  the 
city  of  London,  England. 
^ydra,  hi'dra.  In  Greek  Myth,  a  ser- 
pent or  monster  in  the  lake  of  Lernsea,  in 
Argolis,  represented  as  having  many 
heads,  one  of  which,  being  cut  off,  was 
immediately  succeeded  by  another,  unless 
the  wound  was  cauterized.  The  destruc- 
tion of  this  monster  was  one  of  the  twelve 
labors  of  Hercules.  A  southern  constella- 
tion running  along  the  south  of  Cancer, 
Leo,  and  Virgo.  A  genus  of  fresh-water 
polypes  of  a  very  low  type  of  structure. 
They  may  be  divided  into  almost  any 
number  of  fragments,  and  each  portion 
becomes  developed  into  a  fresh  indepen- 
dent polypite.  Beprodnction  Is  effected 
by  gemmation  as  well 
as  by  the  production 
of  ova  and  sperm - 
cells. 

Hydrant,  'drant. 
A  pipe  with  suitablo 
valves  and  a  spout  by 
which  water  is  rai8e<l 
and  discharged  from 
a  main  pipe ;  also,  a 
street  fountain. 

Hydraulics,  -draK- 
iks.    That  branch  of  science  which  deals 
with   the   application   of  the  motion  of 
liquids    to  machinery  and  of  machinery 
to  the  motion  of  liquids. 

Hydriad,  'dri-ad.  In  Myth,  a  water 
nymph. 

Hydrobarometer,  'dro-barrom"et-er. 
An  instrument  for  determining  the  depth 
of  the  sea. 

Hydrobranchiata,  -brang-kl-& ' '  t  a . 
The  first  section  of  the  ord.  Gasteropoda, 
containing  mollusca  which  breathe  in 
water  only. 

Hydrocantbaridfld,  -kan-thar^'i-ds. 
Water-beetles,  a  group  of  aquatic  coleop- 
terous insects,  with  numarous  genera. 

Hydroohosnu,  -dro-kg'ms.     A  gen.  of 


rodent  mammals,  1km.  Cavidn,  the  best- 
known  member  of  which  is  the  capybara 
or  water-hog. 

Hydrooorifl8»,  -kor'i-s«.  The  water- 
bugs,  a  tribe  of  heteropterous  insects 
containing  two  families,  the  Notoneotidte 
or  water-boatmen,  and  the  Nepids  or 
water-scorpions. 

Hydroflren,  -jen.  An  elementary  sub- 
stance, the  vapor  of  a  metal,  and  capable 
of  solidification.  The  name  was  given  to 
it  by  the  French  chemists  in  consequence 
of  its  being  one  of  the  elements  of  water. 
It  also  forms  a  component  of  all  vegetable 
and  animal  products,  and  is  usually  pro- 
cured by  the  action  of  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  upon  zinc  or  iron,  or  by  passing  the 
vapor  of  water  over  red-hot  iron.  It 
unites  with  all  other  elementary  gaseous 
bodies,  and  forms  with  them  compounds 
of  importance  and  utility ;  thus  with  oxy- 
gen it  forms  water ;  with  nitrogen,  am- 
monia ;  with  chlorine,  hydrochloric  acid ; 
Ac.  It  forms  compounds  also  with  car- 
bon, iodine,  phospnorus,  cyanogen,  sul- 
phur, &c. 

Hydrogrnosy,  -drog'no-si.  A  history 
and  description  of  the  waters  of  the  earth. 
Hydrogrraphy,  'ra-fi.  That  branch'  of 
science  which  has  for  its  object  the  mea- 
surement and  description  of  the  sea, 
lakes,  rivers,  and  other  waters,  embracing 
marine  surveying,  the  determination  of 
the  winds,  currents,  &c.,  and  the  art  of 
forming  charts,  which  exhibit  the  contour 
of  the  bottom  of  the  sea  and  harbors. 
Hydroxnel,  Mro-mel.  A  liquor  consist- 
ing of  honey  diluted  in  water ;  when  al- 
lowed to.  ferment  it  is  called  mead  or 
vinous  hydromel. 

Hydroxneteor,  -drO-me'tc-er.  A  mete- 
or dependent  upon  the  vapor  of  water ;  in 
the  plural,  a  general  term  foi  all  the  aque- 
ous phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  as  rain, 
hail,  snow,  &e. 

Hydrometer,  -drona '  ot  -  *»r. 
An  instrument  to  mea-^iim  tht* 
specific  gravitv  or  dMisity  ofg 
water  and    other  fLnUU.   tha  T 
strength  of  spiritnouft  liqiiora  ] 
and  of  various  solutions.     An 
instrument  to  measure  tlio  ve- 
locity of  running  water . 
Hydromys,    hi'drd-milri,    a  \ 
gen.    of   rodent   auadrupedri, 
fam.  Murids;  theDeavi.r-raU. 
Hydropathy, -dro'pri  (hi.  A  i 
mode  of  treating  disiri?.rH  },y 
the  use  of  pure  water  both  In- 
temally  and  externally;   the 
water  cure. 


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HTMK 


Hydrophis, -fis.  Water-snakes:  a  gen. 
of  venomous  reptiles,  fam.  Hydridae. 

Hydrophobia,  -drd-f5'bi-a.  A  disease 
produced  by  the  bite  of  a  mad  animal,  es- 
pecially of  a  mad  or  rabid  dog,  one  of  the 
characteristics  of  which  is  an  aversion  to 
or  inability  to  swallow  liquids. 

Hydrophore,  'dro-fOr.  An  instrument 
for  obtaining  specimens  of  water  at  any 
particular  depth. 

Hydrophyte, -fit.  A  plant  which  lives 
and  grows  in  water. 

Hydropult,  -pult.  A  machine  for  throw- 
ing water  by  hand-power,  used  as  a  gar- 
den-engine or  fire-annihilator. 

HydroBtat,  -stat.  A  term  applied  to  any 
apparatus  for  preventing  the  explosion  of 
steam-boilers. 

Hydrostatics,  -dro-stat^ks.  The  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  the  weight,  motion 
and  equilibrium  of  fluids,  particularly  of 
water. 

Hydras,  -drus.  A  gen.  of  water-snakes, 
now  genendly  called  Hydrophis,  the  type 
ofthelkm.  HydridaB.  A  constellation  of 
the  Southern  Hemisphere. 

Hyexnation,  -em-a'shon.  The  passing 
of  a  winter  in  a  particular  place. 

Hyena,  -6'- 
aa.  A  gen. 
of  digitlgxade 
carnivorous 
quadrupeds, 
constituting 
a  family, 
which  unites. 

the     skuir  _ 

characters  of  Hyena, 

the    Felidffi 

with  the  skeleton  and  gregarious  habits  of 
the  Ganidffi. 

Hyena-dofi:,  -dog.  The  wild  dog  of  Cape 
Colony,  rather  smaller  than  a  mastiff, 
fierce  and  active. 

Hyetogrraph,  'e-to-graf.  A  chart  show- 
ing the  average  rainfall  in  the  different  re- 
gions of  the  earth. 

Hirgriene,  'ji-en.  That  department  of 
medicine  which  treats  of  the  preserva- 
tion of  health;  sanitary  science. 

Sy^rograph,  'gr5-graf.  An  instru- 
ment which  registers  automatically  the 
variations  of  the  atmosphere  as  regards 
moistness. 

Hyarrometry,  -grom'et-ri.  That  branch 
of  physics  which  relates  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  humidity  of  bodies,  especially 
of  the  moisture  in  the  atmosphere. 


Hygreia, -je'ya.  TnOnss. 
Myth,  the  go<l  !■  ^^  ..f 
health,  daughter  nl  H:  i  -i 
lapius.  She  is  rei  r  ■  -^^  n  i  ri  J 
as  a  blooming  m^M,  v^kM 
a  bowl  in  oni^  Indi  J 
and  grasping  n  !^<.r 
pent  with  the  uHkc, 
One  of  the  asteMinlj  Lm  - 
tween  the  orbits  hi  W  rn-s 
and   Jupiter,  dis^^inma 

inl849.  ItrevolviNP. ! 

thesu!  in2160sol:i3  a:L^s. 

and   is   three    au^l  *tn<.': 

fourth  times  the  ■  J  i  7.  r  r i  r  i  >  1 1 

of  the  earth  from  [  tu'  ir^  l  j  n .        H  v^i'ij^. 

Hyla,  la.  A  gen.  ofbatrachian  reptiles* 
the  tree-frogs. 

Hyleosaiirus,  'le-o-sa"rus.  A  gigantic 
fossil  lizard,  dincovereH  in  the  Wealden 
formation  of  Tilgate  Forest.  Its  probable 
length  was  about  25  feet.  It  is  one  of  the 
Omithoscelida,  the  group  which  presents  a 
structure  intermediate  between  tnat  of  ex- 
isting birds  and  reptiles. 

Hylism,  'lizm.  In  Metaph.  the  theory 
which  regards  matter  as  the  original  prin- 
ciple of  evil,  in  opposition  to  the  good 
spirit. 

Hylopathism,  -lop^ath-ism.  The  doc- 
trine that  matter  is  sentient. 

HylophaffOUS,  -lof-a-gus.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  an  animal  that  feeds  upon  the 
young  shoots  of  trees,  roots,  &c. 

Hylotheism,  -lo-the'izm.  The  doctrine 
or  belief  that  there  is  no  God  except  mat- 
ter and  the  universe. 

Hymen,  'men.  In  Class.  Myth,  a  fobu- 
lons  deltv,  the  son  of  Bacchus  and  Venus, 
supposed  to  preside  over  marriages. 

Hymenoptera,  'men-op'te-ra.  Anord. 
of  insects,  the  tail  of  the  female  being 
mostly  armed  with  an  ovipositor  bv  means 
of  which  she  perforates  the  bodies  in  which 
she  deposits 
her  eggs,  or 
with  a  sharp 
sting.  The  ^ 
order  in- 
cludes the 
bees,  wasps, 
ants,  i  c  h  - 
neumon- 
flies,  &c. 

Hymn,him. 
A  song  or 
ode  in  henor 

of  God,  or  in  Hymenoptera. 

honor    of  j  e 

some  deity ;  a  sacred  lyric. 


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'426 


RSTXneneal,  -men-e'al.  A  marriage  song. 
Belating  to  marriage. 

Hyxnenolofiry,  -ol'o-ji.  A  treatise  on  the 
membranes  of  the  animal  system. 

HyopotamxUB,  -pot'a-mus.  The  rivor- 
hog ;  a  non-ruminant,  even-toed  mammal 
fonnd  fossil  in  the  tertiary  strata  of  En- 
gland and  Fraoice. 

Hypatia,  hl-pa'shah.  Daughter  of  The- 
on,  of  Alexandria,  of  high  education  and 
a  teacher  of  mathematics ;  b.  in  Alexan- 
dria, toward  the  end  of  the  4th  century. 
She  became  Hie  most  celebrated  professor 
of  the  Neo-Platonic  school  of  philosophy, 
and  was  killed  by  fimatical  Christians,  41o. 
Her  writings  were  burned  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Alexandrian  Library. 

Hypeathral,  -pe'thral.  In  Arch,  a  build- 
ing not  roofed,  as  the  Temple  of  Neptune 
at  Pestum. 

Hyperborean,  -per-b6'r6-an.  An  in- 
habitant of  the  most  northern  region  of 
the  earth.  In  the  early  Greek  legend  the 
Hyperboreans  were  a  people  who  lived 
beyond  the  north  wind,  were  not  exposed 
to  its  blasts,  but  enjoyed  a  land  of  per- 
petual sunshine  and  abundant  fruits. 
They  were  fi*ee  firom  disease,  violence  and 
war,  and  their  natural  life  lasted  1000 
years,  which  was  spent  in  the  worship  of 
Apollo. 

H3rperdulia,  -duOi-a.  The  peculiar 
worship  offered  by  Soman  Catholics  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  so  called  because  higher  than 
that  given  to  other  saints  (which  is  known 
as  dulia),  though  of  course  inferior  to  la- 
trla,  the  worship  due  to  God  alone. 

H!3rperio]l,  -p^'ri-on.  In  the  oldest 
mythology  of  Greece,  the  god  of  the  sun, 
distinguished  for  his  beauty:  afterward 
identified  with  Apollo. 

Hypnology,  hip-noro-ji.  The  study  of 
the  phenomena  accompanying  sleep;  a 
treatise  or  discourse  on  sleep. 

Hypocarpogrean,  Iu'p5-kar-pd''te-an. 
A  plant  which  produces  its  firuit  below 
ground. 

Hsrpodemiio,  -po-der'mik.      A   medi- 


cine introduced  under  the  skin,  as  mor- 
phia or  other  narcotic  agent. 
HypoffSBan,  -ju'an.     A  term  applied  to 
parts  of  pUmts  which  grow  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  earth. 

Hsrpostasis,  -pos'ta-sis.  That  wU<^ 
forms  the  basis  or  foundation  of  some- 
thing. Used  by  early  Greek  Christian 
writers  to  denote  distinct  substance  of  the 
Father,  Son  and  Holy  Spirit  In  the  God- 
head, called  by  them  three  hvpostases, 
and  by  the  Latins  personee,  whence  the 
modem  term  persons  applied  to  the  Gk>d- 
head. 

Hypoteniue,  -potv 
-nus.  In  Geom.  the 
subtense  or  longest  side 
of  aright-angled  trian- 
gle, or  a  lino  that  sub- 
tends the  right  angle. 

HsrpsiprsnnntuB,  bipj.y 
si-prim'nus.    A  gen.  of*^ 
marsupial      animals  a  b.  Hypotenuse, 
known  as  kuigaroo  rats. 

Hypsistarian,  -Bls-t&'ri-an.  One  of 
certain  heretics  of  ih«  4th  oentoiy,  some 
of  whose  notions  were  Pagan,  some  Jew- 
ish and  some  Christian :  so  «dlea  from  wor- 
shiping the  most  high  in  one  person  only. 

Hypsoxneter,  -som'et-«r.  A  thermo- 
metrical  barometer  for  measuring  alti- 
tudes. 

Hypsometry,  -ri.  The  art  of  measur- 
ing the  relative  or  absolute  heights  of 
places  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
either  by  the  barometer  or  by  trigonomet- 
rical observations. 

Hyrax,  'raks.  A  gen.  of  pachyderma- 
tous mammalia,  intermediate  in  their  char- 
acter between  the  rhinoceros  and  the  tapir. 

Hyson,  'son.  A  species  of  green  tea 
from  China.  H.  skin,  the  refVise  of  hyson 
tea. 

HyBteranthoiiB,  his-ter-an'thns.  Plants 
in  which  the  leaves  appear  after  the 
flowers,  as  in  the  willows,  poplars,  &c. 

Hystricidea,  -tris'1-de.  The  porcupine 
tribe,  a  fam.  of  rodents. 


IIS  the 9th letter  and  8d vowel  of  the 
English  alphabet.  In  which  it  repre- 
sents not  only  several  vowel  sounds  but 
also  the  consonantal  sound  of  y.  The  two 
principal  sounds  are  the  short  sound  as  in 
pit,  pin,  fin,  and  the  long  as  in  pine,  fine, 
wine.  It  has  also  three  other  sounds,  that 


in  first,  dirk,  that  in  machine,  intrigue ; 
and  the  consonant  sound  heard  in  many 
words  when  it  precedes  a  vowel,  as  in 
million,  opinion,  trunnion.  I  and  J  were 
formerly  re^irded  as  one  character. 
I.  The  nominative  case  of  the  pronoun  of 
the  first  person ;  the  word  which  expresses 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


uirtHmA 


42r 


ICHNEtJMONID^ 


'  one's  self.  In  Methaph.  the  conscious 
thinking  subject ;  the  ego. 

lanthina,  i-an'thin-a.  A  gen.  of  oceanic 
gasteropodous  moUusca ;  the  violet-snails. 
When  alarmed  it  pours  out  a  violet  secre- 
tion, which  serves  for  its  concealment,  in 
the  manner  of  the  ink  of  the  cuttle-fish. 

lapetus,  -ap'e-tus.  In  Myth,  the  son  of 
Titan  and  Tecra,  and  founder  of  the 
human  race.  In  Astron.  a  satellite  of 
Saturn. 

latrolepUc,  -a'tro-lep"tik.  Curing  by 
ointments  and  frictions.  The  iatroleptic 
method  .consists  in  the  application  of 
medidnes  to  the  sktn  aided  by  iriction.  It 
is  also  termed  thoEpidermio  Method. 

n>erian,  -bf'- 
ri-an.  One  of 
the  primitive  ij)- 
habitants  of 
Spain.  Thti 
Ba«qnesare8U|>- 
IMsedto  be  re]  i  I 
resentatives  nf 
the  ancienr 
Spanish  IberJ 
ans. 

Ibex,  'beks.  A 
sub-gen.  of  ttii-| 
hollow -horn  - 
ed  ruminants' 
(cavlcomla),  in- 
habit Ing  the 
highest  points  of  the  Alps  and  Apennines. 

Ibidem.,  n>-i'dem.  In  the  same  plac  e  ; 
contracted  ib.,  Ibid. 

Ibis,  i'bis.  A  gen.  of  grallatorial  birds 
allied  to  the  storks,  one 
of  whose  most  remark- 
able species  is  the  Ibis 
religiosa  of  Cuvler.  It 
was  reared  in  the  temples 
of  ancient  Egypt  with  a 
degree  of  respect  border- 
ing on  adoration.  Hie 
sacred  ibis  is  named 
Threskiornis  by  some 
zoologists. 

Ice,  Ss.    A  solid,  trans- 
parent, brittle  substance, 
formed  by  the  congela- 
tion of  a  fluid  by  means  of  the  abstrac- 
tion of  the  heat  necessary  to  preserve  its 
fluidity.     Water  be^ns  to  freeze  at  ""~ 
Fahrenheit. 

Ice-belt,  'belt.  A  fringe  of  ice  along  the 
shores  In  Arctic  regions. 

Iceberff ,  'berg.  A  vast  an d  lofty  body  of 
ice  floating  on  the  ocean,  sometimes  2 
miles  long  and  half  as  broad. 


Ibex. 


Sacred  Ibis. 


Iceblink,  'blingk.  A  bright  yellowish- 
white  tint  near  the  horizon,  reflected  troxa 
the  snow  in  the  arctic  or  antarctic  r^ons, 
observed  before  the  lee  itself  is  seen. 

Iceboat,  'bot.  A  strong  boat,  common- 
ly propelled  by  steam,  used  to  break 
a  passage  through  ice.  A  boat  for  sailing 
on  the  surface  of  ice. 

Ice-cap,  'kap.  A  bladder  containing 
pounded  ice,  applied  to  the  head  in  cases 
of  inflammation  of  the  brain.  The  great 
sheet  of  land  ice  formed  round  the  pole 
during  glacial  times. 

Ice-creaxn,  'krcm.  A  species  of  confec- 
tionery made  by  congealing  cream  vari- 
ously flavored  in  a  vessel  surrounded  by 
a  freezing  mixture. 

Ice-fern,  'fern.  A  beautifiil  fem-Uke 
incrustation  of  ice  or  hoar-frost  produced 
on  the  glass  of  windows  by  the  freezmg  of 
the  Insensible  moisture. 

Ice-field,  'feld.  A  sheet  of  ice  so  exten- 
sive that  its  limits  cannot  be  seen  from 
the  mast-head.    A  large  sheet  of  ice. 

Ice-floe,  'flo.  A  sheet  of  ice,  smaller  than 
an  ice-fleld. 

Iceland,  is'land.  An  island  of  the  N. 
Atlantic  belonging  to  Denmark  ;  area,  abt. 
40,000  sq.  m.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation, 
and  the  greater  portion  is  in  a  chronic  state 
of  terrestrial  agitation.  Mt.  Hecia  is  the 
principal  volcanic  peak,  and  the  geysera 
and  basaltic  caves  are  among  the  most  in- 
teresting of  the  natural  phenomena  of  the 
world.  The  natives  are  pure  Scandinavian, 
speak  the  Old  Norse  tongue,  are  Prot- 
estants and  well  educated  ;  pop.  abt.  70,- 
eoo.  Beikiavlk  is  the  cap.  and  the  chief 
port. 

Iceland-moss,  -mos.  Getraria  islandica, 
a  species  of  lichen  found  In  the  arctic  re- 
gions, and  on  lofty  mountains.  It  is  used 
in  medicine,  and  is  a  nutritious  article  of 
diet. 

Ice  and-spar,  -spir.  A  transparent 
rhomboidal  variety  of  calcareous  spar,  or 
carbonate  of  lime.  It  possesses  the  prop- 
erty of  double  refraction,  and  is  valuable 
for  experiments  on  the  double  refraction 
and  polarization  of  light. 

Ice-plow,  'plow.  A  sort  of  plow  for 
cutting  grooves  on  ice,  with  a  view  to  Its 
removal,  or  to  open  a  passage  for  boats. 

Ichneumonidse,  'i-de.  A  fom.  of 
hymenopterous  insects,  the  genera  and 
species  of  which  are  very  numerous,  over 
8,000  species  existing,  It  is  said,  In  Europe 
alone-,  the  ichneumon-flies. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


Ice-saw. 


I0B4AW 

loe-saw,    "dft.       \ 

large  baw,  used   i-r 

cutting  through  iln 

ice,  to  relieve  ailiit^H 

when  firozen  up,  ur 

for    cutthig    bk- fcii 

for  storage. 
Jch.  dien,  ecV  4.  n 

Lit.  "I  serve":  [hr 

motto  of  the  Priu  i 

of  Wales,  origin  ill V 

adopted  by  £d\v:ji>! 

the  Black  Princ  ^  in 

token  of  his  subjt'<5' 

Hon   to   his    fether, 

Edward  III. 

Ichnen- 
mon,    i  k  - 

nu'mon.     A 
digitigrade   :;g>v 
camivoro  us, 
animal,  gen.j 
Herpestes, 

fem.    Viver-      Egyptian    Ichncuuion. 
ridsB,     bear-  ''  •^ 

ing  a  close   resemblance   to    the  weasel 
tribe  both  in  form  and  habits. 
Ichnite,  'nit.     In    Geol.  the  term  ap- 
plied to  fossil  footprints;  often  used  in 
oompositlon ;  as  ornithiohnite,  bird  foot- 

}>rint;  tetrapodiohnite,  the  footprint  of  a 
bur-footed  animal,  as  a  batraonian  rep- 
tile. 

lohnologry,  -nol'o-jl.  That  branch  of 
geology  which  treats  of  the  fossil  foot- 
marks of  animals. 

Iclior,  f'kor.  In  Myth,  an  ethereal  fluid 
that  supplied  the  place  of  blood  in  the 
veins  of  the  gods  of  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans. A  thin  watenr  acrid  discharge 
from  an  ulcer,  wound,  &c. 

lohthyolite,  ik'thi-6-Ut  A  fossil  fish  or 
the  impression  of  a  fish  in  rock. 

IchthyolOflry,  -tW-ol'o-ji.  The  branch 
of  zoology  which  treats  of  fishes,  their 
structure,  form  and  classification,  habits, 
uses,  Ac.  The  ord«t8  are  Pharyngo- 
branohli,  Marsipobranohii,  Elasmo- 
branchii,  Ganoidei,  Teleostei,  Dipnof. 

Ichthyophaffist,  -ofa-Jlst.  One  who 
subsists  on  fish. 

Ichthyopflida,  -op'si-da.  The  primary 
division  of  the  Vertebrata,  comprising  the 
fishes  and  amphibia. 

Ichthyo 
saurus,  -o 

sa"  r  u  s .     A'  

fish-like     liz-  Ichthyosaurus, 

ard ;   an    im- 
mense fossil  marine    saurian  or  reptiJei 


IDAHO 


_^  I 


having  an  organization  combining  the 
characters  of  saurian  reptilee  and  of 
fishes  with  some  of  the  peouliafltieeof  the 
whales. 

Ichthys,  'this.  A  word  found  on  many 
seals,  rings,  urns,  tomb-stones,  &c.,  be- 
longing to  early  Christianity,  and  snp- 
poc^  to  have  a  mvstical  meaning,  from 
each  character  forming  an  initial  letter  of 
the  words  "  Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God, 
the  Saviour." 

loonoelast,  i-kon'o-kU»st.  A  breaker  or 
destroyer  of  images;  exposer  of  shams, 
superstitions  or  impositions. 

Iconography,  -og'ra-fi.  That  branch  of 
knowledge  that  treats  of  ancient  art  so  for 
as  it  consists  in  the  representation  of  ob- 
jects by  means  of  images  or  statues,  busts, 
'paintings  in  fresco,  mosaic  works,  engrav- 
ings on  gems  or  metals,  and  the  Uke. 

Iconolater,  -ol'a-ter.  One  who  wor- 
shii)S  images:  a  name  som^imes  given 
to  the  Roman  Catholics. 

IcOBahedral,  'kos-a-hS''draI.  Having 
twenty  equal  sides. 

loosahedron,  ^Mron.  A  solid  of  twenty 
equal  sides. 

Icosandria,  -kos-an'dri-a.  In  Bot.  the 
12th  class  in  the  Linn»an  system,  distin- 
guished by  having  twenty  or  more  sta- 
mens inserted  in  the  ca^x.  They  pro- 
duce our  most  esteemed  fruits. 

loteria,  lk-t6'ri- 
a.  A  gen.  of 
bfards  generally 
included  in  the, 

fam.  TurdidaBor  -^  -^^-^^^  — - 
thrushes.  I.  vir-  a  ^^^^^^KCksV\ 
idis  (chattering  i 
flycatcher  o  r  k 
yellow  -breasted  ( 
chat)  has  the  ! 
Ikculty  of  mim- ' 

icking      almost   ^.   ^^    .       -,,      ,  , 
any   noise  that  Chattering  Flycatcher, 
it  hears,   which 
it  repeats  often  during  the  whole  night 

loteridea,  -ter'i-de.  A  fiun.  of  conhx>stral 
passerine  birds,  allied  to  the  Stumidffi,  re- 
markable for  the  hammock-like  nests 
which   they  construct ;  the  hangnests. 

Id.    Contracted  ft>om  idem ;  the  same. 

Ida,  i'dah.  A  mountain  range  in  A&Ia 
Minor.  Near  the  base  of  one  of  its  {Hinot- 
pnl  summits  was  situated  the  fiunous  dty 
ofTroy(Trola). 

Idaho.  A  territory  in  the  U.  S.,  organ- 
ized ises;  bounded  N.  by  British  N. 
America  and  Montana,  £.  by  Wyoming, 
S.  by  Utah  and  Nevada,  W.  by  Oregon  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


IDEAUBM 


429 


ILLINOIS 


Washincrtoii ;  area,  96,000  m.  m.  The 
monntalii  ranges  are  the  Salmon  River, 
Bitter  Boot  and  Wind  River ;  the  chief 
rivers,  St.  Joseph,  Sohnon,  Gleiurwater  and 
Coeur  d'A16ne.  Boise  CJlty  (the  oap^,  Ida- 
ho City,  Centreville,  Esmeralda,  Lewis- 
ton,  Ruby  City  and  Florence  oonstitnte 
the  principal  towns.  Pop.  82,610. 
Idealism,  i-de'al-izm.  That  system  of 
philosophy  aooordlng  to  which  nothing  ex- 
ists but  the  mind  itself  and  the  ideas  pw- 
ceived  by  the  mind. 

Ides,  Idz.  In  the  ancient  Roman  calen- 
dar the  18th  of  January,  February,  April, 
June,  August,  September,  November  and 
December,  and  the  15th  of  March,  May, 
July  and  October.  Eight  days  in  each 
month  are  sometimes  caQed  by  this  name, 
but  only  one  should  strictly  receive  it,  the 
others  being  reckoned  as  so  many  days  be- 
fore the  Ides. 

Idiot,  ld'-i-«t.  A  human  being  destitute  of 
reason  or  the  ordinary  intellectual  powers 
of  man ;  one  who  has  no  lucid  intervals, 
as  distinguished  firom  a  lunatic,  who  has 
ludd  intervals. 

Idiotioon,  'ik-on.  A  dictionary  con- 
fined to  a  particular  dialect,  or  containing 
words  and  phrases  peculiar  to  one  part  of 
a  country. 

Idle-wheel,  i'dl-whel.  In  Mech.  a  wheel 
placed  between  two  others  for  the  pur- 
pose simply  of  tsunsferring  the  motion 
ftom  one  axis  to  the  other  without  change 
of  direction. 

Idolater,  -dol'at-er.  A  worshiper  of 
idols ;  one  who  pays  divine  honors  to  any- 
thing made  by  hands;  one  who  worships 
as  a  deity  that  which  is  not  God ;  a  pagan. 
Ifbrin.  In  Celtic  Myth,  the  Hades  of  the 
ancient  Oauls,  where  the  wicked  were  tor- 
tured by  being  chained  in  the  lairs  of 
dragons,  subje^ed  to  incessant  distillation 
of  poisons,  exposed  to  serpents  and  savage 
beasts,  &c. 
Iffloo,  ig'lo.  The  name  given  by  the  Es- 
quimaux to  a  hut  made  ofsnow.  The  ex- 
cavation which  a  seal  makes  in  the  snow 
over  its  breathing-hole,  for  the  protection 
of  its  young. 

Iflrnattus,  St.  (SumamedTheophoms), 
Bishop  of  Antioch,  ».  abt.  d2,martvred  in 
Rome,  107.  His  writings  are  stlU  neld  in 
high  esteem. 

Ignescent,  -nes'sent.  A  stone  or  min 
eral  that  gives  out  sparks  when  struck, 
especially  with  steel  or  iron. 
Iffnioolist,  -nik^ol-ist.  A  worshiper  of 
fire. 


Common  Iguana. 


lernis-fatuxis,  'nis-fitt^a-us.  A  meteor 
or  light  that  appears  in  the  night,  and  flits 
about  in  the  air  a  little  above  the  surfaee 
of  the  earth,  generally  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced bv  the  decomposition  of  animal  or 
vegetable  substances,  or  by  the  evolution 
of  gases  which  spontaneously  inflame  In 
the  atmosphere.  It  is  popularly  known 
by  such  names  as  Will-o'-the-wisp,  Jack- 
a-lantem.  Corpse-candle,  &o. 

IfinLorantin,  -nd-rant'in.  One  of  an  or- 
der of  lay  brothers  devoted  to  the  ele- 
mentary instruction  of  the  poor.  Some- 
times called  Brother  of  Charity. 

Igruana, 
-wa'na.  A 
gen.  of  la- 
ce r  til  iap^ 
reptiles, 
fam.  Iguan- 
i  d  8e,  of 
which  there 
are  several 
B  pedes, 
some  herbivorous  and  others  omnivorous. 
They  are  very  timid,  live  chiefly  on  trees, 
and  are  used  as  food. 

Ieraanodon,ig-w&'nd-don.  An  extinct 
fossil  colossal  lizard,  found  in  the  Wealden 
strata,  its  estimated  length  varying  firom 
80  to  70  ft. 

Thram.  The  garb  worn  by  Mohamme- 
dan pilgrims,  consisting,  for  men,  of  two 
scarfs,  one  folded  round  the  loins  and  the 
other  thrown  over  the  neck  and  shoulders; 
for  women,  of  a  doak  enveloping  the 
whole  person. 

I.  H.  S.  An  abbreviation  usually  con- 
sidered as  standing  for  Jesus  Hominum 
Salvator,  Jesus  the  Saviour  of  Men,  or  for 
In  hac  (oruce)  salus,  in  this  (cross)  is  sal- 
vation ;  but  it  was  originally  the  first  three, 
or  pwhaps  the  first  two  and  the  last  let 
ters  of  the  Oreek  form  of  Jesus. 

Hiad,  iri-ad.  An  epic  poem  in  the  Greek 
language,  in  24  books,  generally  regarded 
as  composed  by  Homer.  The  main  or 
)»rimary  subject  of  this  poem  is  the  wrath 
of  Achilles  and  the  chroumstances  result- 
ing fh)m  it ;  in  describing  which  the  poet 
exhibits  the  miserable  effects  of  disunion 
and  public  dissensions. 

Illinois,  ll'le-noi.  A  State  of  the  Ameri. 
can  Union,  admitted  1818;  bounded  N.  by 
Wisconsin  and  Lake  Michigan,  £.  by  In- 
diana, S.  by  Kentucky,  W.  by  Iowa  and 
Missouri ;  area,  65,410  sq.  m.  i  pop. 
8,877,871.  The  surfiice  is  almost  enlirely 
level  prairie :  theprindpal  rivers  are  Mis- 
sissippi o^  tAQ  W ,  boundaiy,  the  Ohio  on 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


IMAGE-BBEAKEB 


4d0 


IMPONDERABLE 


the  8.,  the  Illinois,  Wabash,  Ban^amon 
and  Easkaskia ;  chief 
towns,  Chicago,  Spring- 
field (cap.)»  Galena,  Rock 
Island,  Alton,  Peoria, 
Bloomington  and  Van- 
dalla. 

Imafire-breaker,  im'aj- 
brak-er.  One  who  breaks 
or  destroys  images ;  ai 
loonoclast ;  an  idoloclast. 

ImafiTO,  &'g5.  The  last  or 
perfect  state  of  an  insect, 
after  the  pupa  case  or 
sheath  hae  been  shed,  and 
the  animal  appears. 

Imam,  i-mam.  A  min- 
ister or  priest  who  per- 
forms the  services  of  the  Mosque. 

Imbrication,  im-bri-ka'^hon.  State  of 
being  imbri- 
cate tin  oyer- 
lapping  of  the 
eages,  like  that 
of  tiles  or  shin-, 
gles.  AhoUow' 
resembling 
that  of  a  gutter 
tile. 

Imbrocata, 
bro-ka-ta.     In 


Imam  of  a 
Mosque. 


Imbrication — Roof 
and  Column. 


fencing,  a  thrust  over  the  arm. 

Immaterialism,  -ma-te'ri-al-izm.  The 
doctrine  that  inunaterial  substances  or 
sphritual  beings  exist  or  are  possible.  The 
doctrine  that  there  is  no  material  world, 
but  that  all  exists  only  in  the  mind. 

IxKunersion,  -mer'shon.  In  Astron.  the 
disappearance  of  a  celestial  body  by  passing 
either  behind  another  or  into  its  shadow ; 
opposed  to  emersion.  The  occultation  of 
a  star  is  immersion  of  the  first  kind ;  the 
eclipse  of  a  satellite,  inmiersion  of  the 
second  kind. 

Imxnersionist,  -ist.  One  who  holds 
that  Immersion  is  essential  to  Christian 
baptism. 

Immigrant,  'mi-grant.  One  who  mi- 
grates into  a  country  for  the  pm-pose  of 
permanent  residence ;  the  correlative  of 
emigrant. 

Immolator,  'mo-lat-er.  One  of  a  sect 
of  modern  Russian  fanatics  who,  for  the 
sake  of  saving  their  souls,  mutilate 
their  bodies  and  kill  themselves. 

Immortal,  -mor'tal.  One  w%o  is  ex- 
empt from  death  or  annihilation  :  often 
applied,  in  the  plural,  to  the  gods  of  clas- 
sical mythology. 


Immortalist,  -ist.    One  who  holds  that 
the  soul  is  immortal. 
Ixnpanation,    -pa-na'shon.    The  sup- 

Eosed  real  presence  in,  and  union  of  the 
ody  and  blood  of  Christ  with,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  bread  and  wine,  after  conse- 
cration, in  the  eucharist ;  consubstantia- 
tion :  distinct  fi*om  transubstantiation, 
which  holds  that  there  is  a  miraculous 
change  of  the  elements  into  the  real  body 
and  blood  of  Christ :  a  tenet  of  the  Lu- 
theran Church. 

Impasto,  -pas'to.  In  painting,  the 
thickness  of  tne  body  of  pigment  applied 
by  the  painter  to  his  canvas. 

Impennate,  pen'at.  A  bird,  as  the 
penguin,  with  snort  wings  covered  with 
scales. 

Imperator,  -pe-ra'tor.  In  Rom.  Antiq. 
a  title  ori^aUy  applied  to  a  militaiy 
commander  After  tne  overthrow  of  the 
Republic,  Imperator 
beciame  the  highest 
title  of  the  supreme 
ruler,  expressing  the 
same  thing  as  the  title 
king.  Later  it  had  the 
signification  which  we 
attach  to  the  word  em- 
peror. 

Imperial,    -peM-al.  i 
In  Arch,  an  imperial  i 
roof  or  dome.    A  tuft  1 
of  hair   on  a   man's 
lower   lip :    so  called  I 
from  being  the  style  of  | 
beard  made  fashiona-  [ 
ble  by   the  Emperor 
Napoleon  III.    A  size     Imperial  Dome, 
of  paper,  22  by  80  inches. 

Imi)eyan,  'pi-an.  A  large  gallinaceous 
bird  belonging  to  the  pheasant  tribe,  gen. 
Lophophorus.  The  head  is  surmounted 
by  a  plume  or  crest,  the  feathers  in  the 
male  being  very  much  elongated.    The 

{)lumage  of  the  male  is  of  the  most  bril- 
.  iant,  changing,  metallic  hues — gr^n, 
steel-blue,  violet  and  golden  bronze. 

Implacentctl,  'pla-sen-tal.  A  manunal 
destitute  of  placenta. 

Impluvium,  -plii'vl-um.  In  Anc.  Arch, 
a  term  which  denoted  in  the  houses  of  the 
ancient  Romans  a  basin  in  the  middle  of 
the  atrium  or  entrance-hall,  below  the 
compluvium,  or  open  space  tn  the  roof,  to 
receive  the  rain. 

Imponderable,  -pon'der-a-bl  In  phy- 
sics, a  thing  which  has  no  appreciable 
weight ;  a  term  formerly  appliea  to  heat, 
light,  electricity  and  magnetism,  on  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


IMPOSING-STONE 


4S1 


INOUNABULUM 


supposition  that  they  were  material  sub- 
stances yet  destitute  of  weight,  or  of  inap- 
preciable weight. 

Impofiiner-stone.  -pozMng-ston.  In 
printing,  a  table  of  stone  or  metal  on  which 
the  pages  or  columns  of  type  are  made 
into  forms. 

Impost,  'puf-L  A 
duty  or  tax  laitl  by 
government  on  ^OJKi^i 
imported;  aciifitouiR 
duty.  In  Arch,  tbi 
point  where  n.q  nrcli^ 
rests  on  a  wall  nt-  col- 
umn. 

Imprint, 'print.  The 
name  of  a  printer  or 
publisher  of  a  book,    ^.    _,   ,  t^^^^* 
^th  the  pUice  and  of-    ^^^^^  ^"^P^^^- 
ten  the  date  of  publication. 
Impromptu,     -promp'tu.       Anything 
made  offhand,  at  the  moment  or  without 
preyious  study ;  an  extemporaneous  com- 
position. 

Tnarch,  -Srch.  To 
graft  by  uniting,  as  p. 
scion,  to  a  stock  with- 
out separating  tho 
scion  from  its  parent 
tree. 

Inaagnration,  -a'-  ^ 
ga-r&"shon.  The  act  h 
of  inducting  into  I 
office  with  approprl  U 
ate  ceremonies.  j  j 

Inanration,     -ra'  ^i 
shon.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  gilding  or  cov-        Inarchinff» 
ering  with  gold. 

Inbond,  'bond.    In  Arch,  a  term  applied 
to   a  brick   or  stone 
laid  lengthwise  across 
a   wall;    opposed   to 
outbond,    where    the 
brick  or  stone  is  laid 
with  its  length  parallel 
to  the  fece  of  the  wall. 
Xnoa,  'ka.    A  king  or|E^^ 
prince  of  Peru  before  g^,?' 
the  conquest  of  that       ^  •*<'  vr VMt^^ 
country  Dy  the  Span<   Inbond  and  Out- 
lards,  bond  Wall. 
Incaxnation,    -k&r- 
na'shon.    The  act  of  incarnating  or  cloth- 
ing with  flesh ;  confinement  within  a  body, 
as  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God.    In 
Surg,  the  process  of  healing  wounds  and 
fining  the  part  with  new  flesh. 
Isoendiary,  -sen'dl-a-rl,    A  person  wl;o 


sets  fire  to  a  building ;  one  who  is  guilty 
of  arson.  A  political  agitator. 
Incense,  'sens.  PerfUme  exhried  by  fire; 
the  odors  of  spices  and  gums  burned  in 
religious  rites,  or  as  an  offering  to  some 
deiiv.  The  materials  burned  for  making 
perfumes. 

^censory,  '6-ri.    The  vessel  in  whieh 
incense  is  burned  and  offered ;  a  censer. 
Inceration,  -se-ra'shon.      The  act   of 
covering  with  wax. 

Incertum,  -sei'tum.  In  Anc.  Arch,  a 
mode  of  building  walls  used  'by  the  Ro- 
mans, in  which  the  stones  were  not 
squared  nor  the  joints  placed  reguhirly  ; 
rubble-work. 

Incest,  sest.  The  crime  ef  cohabita- 
tion or  sexual  commerce  between  persons 
related  within  the  degrees  wherein  mar- 
riage is  prohibited  by  the  law  of  a  coun- 
try. Spiritual  incest,  the  crime  of  cohab- 
itation Detween  persons  who  have  a  spir- 
Ituid  alliance  by  means  of  baptism  or  con- 
-  flrmation. 

Inch.,     insh.      A    lineal   measure,    the 
twelfth  part  of  a  foot.    The  inch  is  subdi- 
vided  decimally  for  scientific  purposes, 
.and  into  halves,  quarters,  eighths,   six- 
teenths, Ac, .  for  mechanical  purposes. 
Inclipin,  'pin.  The  sweetbread  of  a  deer. 
Incineration,    in-sin-er-fi'shon.      The 
act  of  reducing  to  ashes  by  combustion. 
Incisor,  -siz'er.    In  Zool,  a  fore  tooth. 
Inclinometer,    -kK-nom'et-er.    An  ap- 
paratus for  determining  the  vertical  ele, 
ment  of  magnetic  force. 
Incoemita,  -kog'ni-ta.    A  female  who  is 
unknown  or  in  disguise ;  the  state  of  a 
female's  being  in  disguise  or  unknown. 
Incognito,  -to.    One  unknown  or  in  dis- 
guise or  under  an  assumed  name. 
Incremation,  -kre-ma'shon.     The  act 
of  consuming  by  burning,  as  dead  bodies ; 
a  conflagration. 

Incubation,  -ku-ba'shon.  The  act  of 
sitting,  as  on  eggs,  for  the  purpose  of 
hatching  young.  Artificial  incubation, 
the  hatching  of  eggs  by  prolonged  artifi- 
cial warmth.  The  Egyptians  have  from 
time  immemorial  been  accustomed  to 
hatch  eggs  by  artificial  heat.  In  China, 
also,  araficial  incubation  has  long  been 
practiced. 

Incubator,  -ku-biit-er.  An  apparatus  or 
contrivance  for  hatching  eggs  by  artificial 
heat. 

Incunabulum,  -kti-nab'ii-lum.  In  bib- 
llo^phy,  a  feook  printed  4wing  the  earlj 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


INDECIDUATE 


482 


INBICTION 


period  of  the  art;  generally,  a  book  print- 
ed before  the  year  1500. 
Indeoiduate,  -du-sid'u-at  Not  decida- 
ate ;  a  term  used  in  regard  to  those  pla- 
cental mammals,  as  the  horse,  oow,  pig, 
whose  uterus  develops  nodecidua,  the  pla- 
centa therefore  coming  away  without  loss 
of  substance ;  non-deciduate. 
IndeoiduouB,  -us.  Not  deciduous  or 
fMiing,  as  the  leaves  of  trees  in  autumn  ; 
lasting;  evergreen. 

Indehlacent,  -his'ent.  In  Bot.  not  de- 
hiscent ;  i\ot  opening  spontaneously  when 
ripe. 

Independent,  -pend'ent.  One  who,  in 
rehgious  afMrs,  maintains  that  every  con- 
gregation of  Christians  is  a  complete 
church,  subject  to  no  superior  authority, 
and  competent  to  perform  every  act  of 
government  in  ecclesiastical  affairs. 
Index-finsrer, 'deks-fing-ger.  The  fore- 
finger, so  called  from  its  being  used  in 
pointing. 

Index-srlass,  -glas.  In  reflecting  astro- 
nomical instruments,  a  mirror  which 
moves  with  the  index,  and  is  designed  to 
reflect  the  image  upon  the  horizon-glass, 
whence  It  is  again  reflected  to  the  eye  of 
the  observer. 

India,  'de-ah.  The  ancient  name  of  all 
8.  Asia  lying  between  Persia  and  China, 
now  consisting  of  Hindustan,  or  India 
W.  of  the  Ganges,  and  Chin-India,  the 
section  £.  of  the  Ganges,  and  compre- 
hending Burmah,  Slam  and  Anam. 
Indian,  -an.  Pertaining  to  either  of 
the  Indies,  E.  or  W.,  or  the  aborigines  of 
America.  I.  architecture,  peculiar  to  In- 
dia or  Hindustan.  It  comprehends  a  great 
variety  of  styles.  I.  shot,  a  name  given 
to  the  plants  of  the  genus  Canna.  The 
Ihiit  has  three  cells,  each  containing  sev- 
eral round,  hard,  black  seeds  resembling 
shot,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
cofi'ee,  and  yielding  a  purple  dye.  I.  sum- 
mer, in  N.  America,  a  season  of  pleasant 
warm  weather  occurring  late  in  autumn. 
Indiana,  -ah'nah.  A  State  of  the 
American  Union,  admitted  1816 ;  bound- 
ed N.  by  the  State  of  and  Lake  Michigan, 
E.  by  Ohio,  8.  by  Kentucky  and  W.  by 
Illinois  ;  area,  83,890  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,978,- 
801.  It  has  no  mountains,  but  the  gen- 
eral surface  of  the  soil  is  undulating,  and 
along  the  Ohio  there  are  low  hills ;  the 
principal  rivers  are  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  ; 
chief  towns,  Indianapolis  (cap.),  Evans- 
ville,  Fort  Wayne,  Terra  Haute,  Jeflfer- 
sonvllle,  Madison,  Columbus,  Yincennes 
and  South  Bend. 


Indiar-paper,  -pa-per.  A  delicate  ab- 
sorbent paper  made  in  China,  and  used  U 
take  first  or  finest  proofs  of  engravings. 
It  is  imitated  sucessmlly. 

India-rubber,  -rub'er.  Caoutchouc,  a 
substance  of  extraordinary  elasticity,  pro- 
duced IVom  several  trees  of  different  nat 
ural  orders,  chiefly  Euphorbiacese,  Arto 
carpacesB  and  Apocynacee. 

Indian  Territory.  A  section  of  the  TJ. 
8.  set  apart  as  the  home  of  the  Indiao 
tribes  which  ceded  the  lands  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  to  the  government,  bounded 
N.  by  Kansas,  E.  by  Arkansas,  and  8.  and 
W.  by  Texas  and  New  Mexico;  area  71,000 

S.  m.;  pop.  abt.  60,000.  There  are  ten 
bes  within  the  territory,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Choctaws,  Creeks,  8emi- 
noles,  Chickasaws,  Cherokees  and  Osages, 
many  of  whom  are  quite  highly  civilized. 
The  largest  town  is  Vineta,  pop.  abt. 
1,000.  TheWachita  Mountains  intersect 
the  8.  portion  of  the  territonr ;  the  chief 
rivers  are  the  Arkansas  with  its  forks,  th» 
Canadian  and  False  Wachita,  and  Bed. 
Indie, 'dik.  A  term  applied  to  a  class  d 
Indo-European  (Aryan)  languages,  com- 
prising Hindi,  Hindustani,  Mahratti,  Ben- 
gali, and  the  dead  languages  Prakrit 
and  PaU,  and  modern  Sanskrit  and  Yedio 
Sanskrit. 

Indicator,  •"di-kut- 
er.  In  Mech.  an  in- 
strument for  flj^etT-^ 
tainingand  rei^o riling 
the  pressure  oi^  Htfuui 
in  the  cyllndtr  of  a 
steam-engine,  hi  vou- 
tradietinction  tii  tho 
steam-gauge  which 
shows  the  pres.snro  f»f 
the  steam  In  Urn 
boiler,  Anapikru-ndiij 
or  appliance  in  ;l  ti::[c- 
graphfor  giving  sig- 
nals or  on  which  mes- 
sages are  recorded,  as  the  dial  and  index 
hand .  of  the  alplmbetio  telegraph ;  spe- 
cifically, a  name  given  to  a  recording  in- 
strument iiivontod  by  Professor  Morse, 
by  which  nies  sages  are  printed  as  they  are 
received. 

Indicatorinee,  -ka-to-ri^nG.  The  houCTr 
guides,  a  sub-fam.  of  scansorial  bh*d8i 
fam.  Cuculidaa  or  cuckoos. 
Indiction,  -dik'shon.  In  Chron.  a  cycle 
of  fifteen  years,  instituted  by  Constantine 
the  Great ;  originally,  a  period  of  taxa- 
tion, Constantine  having  reduced  the  time 
which  the  Bomans  were  obliged  to  serve 
In  the  anny  to  fifteen  years  and  imposed 


I^tchard's   indica- 
tor. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


nmiGENE 


438 


INFALLIBILITY 


a  tax  at  the  end  of  that  term  to  pay  the 
troops  discharged.  This  practice  Intro- 
duced the  keeping  of  aoooonta  by  this  pe- 
riod, and  it  was  also  used  Instead  of  the 
olympiads  in  reclconing  years,  beginning 
from  Jan.  1,  a.  d.  818. 

Indiflrene,  'di-Jen.  One  bom  in  a  coun- 
try ;  a  native  animal  or  plant 

Indi8^>,  -go.  A  beautiflil  blue  vegetable 
dye,  extensively  emploved  in  dyeing  and 
calico  printing.  It  is  almost  entirely  ob- 
tained from  leguminous  plants,  gen.  Indi- 
gofera. 

l^diflro-bixd,  -berd.  A  N.  American 
bird  of  the  finch  fiunily  of  a  deep  blue 
color,  and  with  a  sweet  song. 

]^do-Briton,  Mo-brit-on.  A  person  of 
British  parentage  bom  in  India. 

Indo-European,  ''dd-u-ro-pe'an.  A 
name  often  given  to  a  number  of  allied 
languages,  caUed  also  Aryan  and  some- 
times Indo-Germanic,  and  generally  clas- 
sified into  six  branches,  Indie  or  Indian 
(Sanskrit,  Hindustani,  &c.),  Iranian  or 
Medo-Persic  (Zend,  Pehlevi,  Parsi,  Ter- 
sian,  &c.),  Celtic,  GrsBoo-Latin  (compris- 
ing the  two  ancient  classical  languages  and 
all  the  Bomanoe  tongues),  Teutonic  (in- 
dudUng  English,  German,  A«.),  and 
Sclavonic  (Russian,  Ac.). 

Indra,  'dra.  A 
Hindu  deity  orig- 
inally represent- 
ing the  sky  or 
heavens,  and  wor- 
shiped in  the 
Vedio  period  as 
the  supreme  god, 
though  he  after- 
ward assumed  a 
subordinate  place 
in  the  Indian 
pantheon.  He  is 
represented  in  va- 
rious ways,  espe- 
cially with  four  arms  and  hands,  and 
riding  on  an  elephant.  When  painted  he 
is  covered  with  eyes.  In  the  oldest  Ve- 
dio hymns  tiie  character  of  Indra  is  that 
of  a  mighty  ruler  of  the  bright  firmament, 
at  once  beneficent,  as  giving  rain  and 
shade,  and  awftil  and  powerful,  as  in  the 
storm. 

Indri,  'dri.  A  tailless  quadmmanous 
quadraped,  fiun.  LemuricUB,  about  the 
size  of  a  cat  and  covered  with  curled 
woolly  hair. 

IndnUrenoe,  du^'ens.  In  the  B.  0.  Ch. 
remission  by  church  authority  to  a  repent- 
ant sinn«r  of  the  canonical  penance  at- 
tached to  •ertain  sins  in  this  life,  and  also 


Indra. 


of  the  temporal  punishment  which  woviMi 
await  the  impenitent  in  purgatory. 
Induction-coil,  -koil.     In  Elect,  an  ap- 
paratus for 


Indnction-ooil. 
sess  high  power  of  overcoming  resistance 
as  well  as  great  quantity,  and  hence  very 
intense  effects,  chemical,  physiological  and 
luminous  are  obtainable  from  them. 

Indus,  'dus.  The  Indian,  a  Southern 
constellation  situated  between  Sagittarius 
and  the  South  Pole. 

Indus.  A  large  river  of  W.  Asia,  1800  m. 
in  length,  emptying  into  the  Arabian  Sea 
by  several  deltas. 

Ixierm,  -erm\  In  Bot.  destitute  of 
prickles  or  thorns,  as  a  leaf. 

Inertia,  -cr'shi-a.  In  physics,  the  prop- 
erty of  matter  bv  which  it  retains  its  state 
of  rest  or  of  uniform  rectilinear  motion  so 
long  as  no  foreign  cause  occurs  to  change 
that  state;  called  also  vis  inertifie.  In  Med. 
sluggishness. 

In  esse,  in  es'se.  In  being ;  actually  ex- 
isting ;  distinguished  from  in  posse  or  in 
potentia,  which  denote  that  a  thing  is  not, 
but  may  be. 

Inexhaustible,  in-egz-hftsfJ-K  Inca- 
pable of  being  emptied,  spont  or  wearied; 
nnfhiling.  I.  bottle,  a 
toy  used  by  conjurors, 
consists  of  an  opaque 
bottle  containing  with- 
in it  gen»'rally  five 
small  vials.  These  com- 
municate with  the  ex- 
terior by  five  small  * 
holes  which  can  be  ^ 
closed  by  the  fingers,  \ 
and  each  has  also  n  ^ 
small  neck  which 
passes  up  into  the 
neck  of  the  bottle.  A 
different  kind  of  li- 
quor is  put  into  each 
vial,  and  any  one  of 
the  liquids  can  be 
poured  out  at  pleasure  by  uncovering  the 
corresponding  nole,'  which  admits  the  air 
and  permits  tiie  liquor  to  escape. 

InfallibiUty, -fal'I-bir'I-ti.  The  quality 
of  being  incapable  of  error  or  mistake.  A 
dogma  of  the  B.  C.  Ch.  that  the  church  as 
a  whole  is  not  suffered  by  the  Holy  Ghost 
to  foil  into  error.    Inf^bility  of  the  Pope, 


hkr^h.ai-ril-.l" 
BotUe. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


raFAHTTA 


484 


me^BEBB 


the  dogma,  first  established  as  an  article 
of  faith  by  the  Ecumenical  Council  which- 
met  at  Borne  in  1870,  that  the  Pope  when 
Bpeaiking'  ex  .cathedra  npon  matters  of 
ndth  or  morals,  though  not  in  council,  is 
infUUble. 

Infanta, -fim'tS.  In  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, any  princess  of  the  royal  blood,  ex- 
cept the  eldest  daughter  when  heiress  ap- 
parent. 

Infante,  -ftm'tA.  In  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, any  son  of  the  king,  except  the  eldest 
or  heir  apparent. 

Infanticide,  -fant'i-sid.  The  murder 
of  an  Infant;  specifically,  the  destruction 
of  a  child,  eitner  newly-born  or  in  the 
course  of  parturition. 

Infantry,  'fiint-ri.  Soldiers  that  serve 
on  foot,  as  distinguished  firom  cavahy. 
Infernal,  -fer'nal.  Pertaining  to  the 
lower  regions,  or  regions  of  the  dead,  the 
Tartarus  of  the  ancients.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  hell ;  inhabiting  hell.  I 
machine,  an  apparatus,  contrived  for  the 
purposea  of  assassination  or  other  mis- 
chief. 

Inferno,  -fer'no.  Hell,  from  Dante's 
great  poem. 

Infldfll,  'fl-del.  A  disbeliever ;  a  skeptic. 
One  who  does  not  believe  in  God  or  has 
no  religious  faith;  an  atheist;  a  free- 
thinker. A  person  who  refuses  to  believe 
the  inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  and  the 
divine  origin  of  Christianity.  A  term  ap- 
plied by  the  professors  of  any  religious 
svstem  to  a  person  who  refrises  to  believe 
tnat  the  system  is  of  divine  origin,  as  by 
Mohammedans  to  a  Christian. 
Infinite,  -nit.  That  which  is  infinite ; 
an  infinite  space  or  extent ;  specifically, 
the  infinite  being ;  the  Almighty. 
Infinite,  -ne'to.  In  Music,  perpetual, 
as  a  oanon  whose  end  leads  back  to  the 
beginning. 

Infioresoence,  -flo-res'sens.  A  flower- 
ing; the  unfolding  of  blossoms.  In  Dot. 
a  mode  of  flowering  or  the  manner  In 
which  flowers  are  supported  on  their  foot- 
stalks or  peduncles. 

Infracostal,  -fra-kost'al.  In  Anat.  sit- 
uated beneath  the  ribs. 

Infralapsarian,  -Iaps-a''ri-an.  One  of 
that  class  of  Calvinist*  who  consider  the 
decree  of  election  as  contemplating  the 
apostasy  as  past,  and  the  elect  as  being  in 
a  fallen  and  guilty  state ;  opposed  to  Su- 
pralapsarlan. 

Infra-maxillary,  -maks'11-la-rl.  In 
Asat,  belonging  to  the  lower  Jaw. 


InAila. 


Infira-median,  -m^'di-an.    A  term  ap- 

{»lied  to  th^  zone  along  the  sea-bottom  ly- 
ng  at  the  depth  of  between  50  and  190 

fathoms,  when  it  was  believed  that  marine 

life  did  not  extend  below  200  fathoms. 

Marine  life  is  now  believed  to  extend  to 

all  depths. 
Infra-mundane,  -mun'd&n.    Lying  or 

being  beneath  the  world. 
Infmctuofle,  -fruk'tu-os.    Not  produc- 
ing fruit. 
Infiila,  'fa-la.   A  name  given 

among  the  ancient  Romans 

to  a  woolen  head-dress,  worn 

by  priests  and  vestal  virgins 

as  a  sign  of  their  calling,  by 

the  emperors  and  higher  mag- 
istrates on  solemn  occasions, 

and  by  those  seeking  protec- 
tion or  sanctuary.      It  was 

also  placed  upon  the  victim 

in  sacrifice.  The  term  has 
also  been  applied  to  the  head-covering  of  a 
Christian  priest,  and  latterly  to  a  pendent 
ornament  at  the  back  of  a  miter. 

Inftunation,  fu-ma'shon.  The  act  of 
drying  in  smoke. 

Infasioniam,  'zhon-izm.  The  doctrine 
that  souls  are  pre-existent,  and  that  a 
soul  Is  divinely  inftised  Into  each  human 
foetus  as  soon  as  it  is  formed  by  genera* 
tion ;  opposed  to  Tradudanlsm  and  Crea- 
tionism. 

InftuM>ria,  -sdM-a.  A  class  of  minute, 
mostiv  microscopic  animals,  so  named 
from  being  frequently  developed  in  organic 
{nfUsions,  provisionally  regarded  as  the 
highest  class  of  the  Protozoa. 

In^rersoll,  Jared.  A  distinguished 
American  statesman  and  Jurist;  b.  in 
Conn.  1749,  d.  1822.  He  was  twice  At- 
torney-General of  the  U.  S.,  assisted  in 
ft^ming  the  Constitution,  and  was  the 
Federalist  candidate  for  Vice-President, 
1812. 

Ingrluvies,  gluM-ez.  In  Zool  the  crop, 
craw  or  gorge  of  birds.  The  stomach  or 
paunch  of  ruminant  animals. 

InfiTOt,  'got.  A  wedgo  of  gold  or  silver 
cast  in  a  mold ;  a  mass  of  unwrought 
metal. 

Insrrain,  -gran.  A  yam  or  febric  dyed 
with  fost  colors  before  manuftcture. 

Ingres,  Jean  Bominique  Au- 
gruste,  an-gr.  An  eminent  French 
painter ;  b.  1781,  d.  1867. 

IngTess,  'gres.  In  Astron.  the  entrance 
of  the  moon  into  the  shadow  of  the  earth 
in  edipses,  the  sun's  entranod  into  a  sign, 
dec. 


Digitized  by 


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inlHAT.TCR 


485 


INBECnvORA 


Inia  Boliyionsis. 


Inhaler,  -hal'er.  In  Med.  an  Apparatus 
for  inhaling  yaporo  and  volatile  ^abstanoes, 
as  steam  of  hot  water,  vapor  of  chloro- 
form, iodine,  Ac.  An  apparatus  to  ena- 
ble a  person  to  breathe  without  injury  in 
a  deleterious  atmosphere ;  a  respirator. 

Inia,  'i-a. 
A  gen.  of 
Oetacea 
belonging 
to  the  dol- 
phin fam., 

containing 

only    one 

known  species,  I.  boliviensis. 

Injector,  jekt'er.  'An  apparatus  for  sup- 
plying the  boilo-s  of  steam-engines  with 
water.  It  works  equally  well  whether  the 
engine  is  running  or  at  rest. 

Ink,  ingk'.  A  colored  liquid,  used  in 
writing  and  the  like.  Ciommon  writing 
ink  is  genenUly  made  of  an  inAision  of 
galls,  copperas  and  gum-arabic. 

Ink-ba«r,  Owg.  A  bladder-shaped  sac, 
found  in  some  dibranchiate  cephalopod*, 
containing  a  viscid  fluid  resenibling  ink, 
by  ejecting  which  they  render  the  sur- 
rounding water  opaque  and  thus  conceal 
themselves.  It  is  used  to  some  extent 
for  drawing  under  the  name  of  sepia. 

Inkermann,  ing'kur-man.  A  village  of 
the  Crimea,  European  Russia,  noted  for 
the  battle,  Nov.  5, 1854,  in  which  the  allied 
English  and  French  defeated  the  Russians; 
the  latter  lost  abt.  9,000  men,  the  former, 
abt.  4,500. 

Inman,  Henry.  An  eminent  American 
artist,  B.  in  N.  Y.  1801,  n.  1846,  while  at 
work  on  a  large  order  from  Congress  for 
the  historical  embellishment  of  the  Cap- 
itol. 

Ink-stone,  'ston.  A  small  round  stone 
of  different  colors,containing  native  vitriol 
or  sulphate  of  iron,  used  In  making  ink. 

Inlet,  inlet.  A  bay  or  recess  in  the  shore 
of  a  sea,  lake  or  river:  a  large  strip  of 
water  running  into  the  land. 

Inn.  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  enter- 
tainment of  travelers.  In  England,  a  col- 
lege of  municipal  or  common  law  profes- 
sors and  students. 

Inning,  'ing.  In  base-ball  or  cricket,  the 
time  or  turn  for  using  the  bat. 

Innocent,  'no-sent  One  free  from  guilt 
or  harm.  A  natural ;  an  idiot.  Massacre 
of  the  Innocents,  the  mui*dcr  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Bethlehem,  by  Herod,  as  recorded 
in  Mat.  11. 16. 

Innocent.  A  title  borne  by  18  Roman 
pontiffs,  the  most  distinguished  of  whom 


was  I.  Ill,  (Lothario  Conti),  b.  in  Rome, 
1161,  8.  Celestlne  III.,  1198;  n.  1216. 
During  his  pontificate  the  4th  Crusade 
took  place;  also  the  persecution  of  the 
Alblgenses,  the  excommunication  and  de- 
position ot  the  German  Emperor  Otho. 
and  the  interdicts  upon  the  commerce  of 
England  and  France. 

Innocents'-day,  -sents-da.  A  church 
festival  celebrated  on  the2Sth  of  Decem- 
ber, in  commemoration  of  the  Infants 
murdered  by  Herod. 

Innocoa,  -nok'u-a.  One  of  the  three 
sections  into  which  the  colubrlne  snakes 
are  divided,  according  as  they  are  venom- 
ous or  otherwise,  the  other  two  sections 
being  the  Suspecta  and  Yenenosa.  In 
this  section,  which  Includes  tiie  boas  and 
pythons,  there  are  no  ftmgs. 

Innspruck,  inss'prook.  Cap.  of  the 
Tjrrol,  in  Austria,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Inn  and  Sill :  pop.  16,870. 

Inosite,  'os-U.  A  saccharine  substance, 
isomeric  with  glucose,  found  in  the  mus- 
cular substance  of  the  heart,  in  the  lungs, 
kidneys,  brain,  &c. 

In  posse,  pos'sS.  In  possibility  of  being. 

InqLoisition,  -kwi-zi'shon.  In  the  R.  C. 
Ch.  a  tribunfd  for  the  examination  and 

?nni8hment  of  heretics,  established  in  the 
2th  century  by  Father  Dominic,  who  was 
charged  by  Fope  Innocent  III.  with 
orders  to  excite  Catholic  princes  and  peo- 
ple to  extirpate  heretics.  Its  operations 
were  confined  to  Spain  and  Portugal  and 
their  colonies,  and  to  part  of  Italy,  and  its 
functions  were  exercised  with  the  greatest 
cruelty.  It  still  nominally  exists,  but  its 
action  is  confined  to  the  examination  of 
books  and  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical  of- 
fenses. 

Insect,  'sekt.  In  Zool.  one  of  a  class  of 
Invertebrate  animals,  division  Arthropoda 
or  Articulata,  distinguished  by  the  tusit 
that  the  three  divisions  of  the  body— the 
head,  thorax  and  abdomen — are  always 
distinct  from  one  another.  Insects  are  all 
produced  frt>m  eggs.  They  have  been  di- 
vided into  three  sections — Ametabola, 
Hemtmetabola,  and  Holometabola,  accord- 
ing as  they  remain  always  the  same  or 
undergro  an  incomplete  or  complete  met- 
amorphosis. The  first  do  not  pass  through 
metamorphosis;  the  second  undergo  an 
incomplete  change,-  while  in  the  last  the 
metam«rphosis  is  complete. 

Insectivora,  -sek-tiv'o-ra.  In  Zool.  an 
order  of  mammals  which  live  to  a  great  ex- 
tent on  insects.  The  shrew,  hedgehog 
and  mole  are  familiar  examples.  An  order 
of  birds  that  feed  on  Insects,  as  the  swal- 


Digitized  by 


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mSESSOBBB 


486 


INTEEinjNOIO 


lowB.  The  Bub-order  which  inoludea  the 
great  mi^oritj  of  Cheiroptera  or  bats. 
TnitWlOitWi,  -««s-6d'res.  In  Qmltli. 
pcrohart  or  pasMrina  btrdSf  oomprehand* 
faff  all  thoaa  which  Ura  habitoaUy  amoBf 
trees,  with  the  azaeptloB  af  birds  of  pray 
and  climbing  birds. 

Insomnia, -Bom'ni-a.  Wantofsleep;  in- 
ability to  sleep. 
Insouoianoe,  an-Bo-syans.    The  quality 
of  being  insouciant ;  heedlessness ;  uncon- 
cern. 

Inspissation,  in-spis-a'shon.  The  oper- 
ation of  rendering  a  nuid  substance  thicker 
by  evaporation,  Ac. 

Installation,  -stal-a'shon.  The  act  of 
giving  poBsession  of  an  office,  rank,  or 
order  with  the  cnstomary  ceremonies; 
generally  applied  to  ministers. 
Instep,  'stop.  The  forepart  of  the  opper 
side  of  the  human  foot ;  the  tarsus.  That 
part  of  the  hind-leg  of  a  horse  which 
reaches  trom  the  ham  to  the  pastern-Joint. 

Insulator,  'su-lat-er.  A  substance  or 
body  that  insulates  or  interrupts  the  com- 
munication of  electricity  or  heat  to  sur- 
rounding objects  ;  a  non-conductor. 

Insurgent,  -ser'jent.  A  person  who 
rises  in  opposition  to  civil  or  political  au- 
thoritv ;  one  who  openly  and  actively  re- 
sists the  execution  of  the  laws. 

Intafirlio,  -tal'yd.  A  figure  engraved  or 
out  into  a  substance  so  as  to  form  a  hol- 
low. A  precious  stone  with  a  figure  or 
device  engraved  on  it  by  cutting,  the  re- 
verse of  cameo,  which  has  the  figure  in 
relief. 

Integrer,  'to-jer.  An  entire  enti^.  In 
Arith.  a  whole  number,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  a  fraction. 

Integrument,  -teg'&-ment  That  which 
naturally  invests  or  covers  the  body  of  an 
animal  above  the  Protozoa;  also  the  skin  of 

,  seeds. 

tntensifier,  -tens'i-fi-w.  In  Photog. 
those  substances  which,  when  applied  to 
a  negative,  increase  the  actinic  opacity  of 
the  deposit  already  formed. 

Inter,  -ter'.    To  bury ;  to  inhume. 

Inter,  in'ter.  A  Latin  preposition,  signi- 
fying among  or  between. 

Interact,  -akt.  In  the  drama,  the  interval 
between  two  acts ;  a  short  piece  between 
others ;  an  interlude. 

tntercostales, -kost&'asz.  InAnat.the 
two  sets  of  muscles  between  the  ribs,  the 
external  and  intemaL 

tnterdict,  -dikt  Prohibition ;  a  prohibit- 
toff  or4w  or  decree* 


Intorost,  est.  Premium  paid  for  the  use 
of  money;  the  profit  per  cent,  derived 
from  money  lent  or  property  used  by  an- 
other person,  or  from  debts  remamlng 
unpaid. 

Interfretted,-fret'ed,  In  Her.  interUwed: 
applied  to  any  bearings  linked  together. 
Interim,  in'ter-im.  The  meantime ;  time 
intervening. 

Interimist,  -ist.    A  Lutheran  who  ac- 
cepted the  Interim,  a  pacific  decree  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V. 
Interlace, 
-las'.  To  be  in- 
termixed ;    to 
intersect       I. 
arches,  circular 
arches     which 
intersect    each 
other. 

Interlocutor,  Interlacing  Arches. 
-lok'Q-ter.  One 
who  speaks  in  a  dialogue ;  one  who  takes 
I»art  in  a  conversation. 
Interlude,  -lud.  An  entertainment  be> 
tween  the  acts  of  a  play,  or  between  the 
play  and  the  afterpiece.  The  first  name 
given  to  regular  dramatic  compositions  in 
England.  A  brief  piece  of  church  music 
played  between  stanzas  of  the  metxioal 
psalm  or  hymn. 

Interment,  'ment  The  act  of  deposit* 
ing  a  dead  body  in  the  earth ;  burial ; 
sepulture. 

Intermontcme,  -mon'tan.  Betweea 
mountains. 

Intermundane,  -mun'dan.    Being  be- 
tween worlds  or  between  orb  and  orb. 
Intermural  -mur'al.     Lying  between 
walls. 

Intern,  -tem'.  To  send  to  or  cause  to 
remsdn  in  the  interior  of  a  country  without 
permission  to  leave. 

International,  -ter-na'shon-al.  Ase- 
cret  fiociely,  the  objects  of  which,  so  far  as 
avowed,  are,  by  a  close  union  of  the  Work' 
ing  classes  in  all  countriefi  to  put  down 
international  wars ;  to  overthrow  all  laws, 
customs  and  privileges  contrary  to  the 
interests  of  the  industrial  classes ;  to  op- 
pose the  international  union  of  working- 
men  to  the  influence  of  capital  in  the  or- 
ganization of  labor.  Secularistic  and  com- 
munistic theories  are  held  by  many  mem- 
bers, but  thefr  application  is  no  part  of  its 
programme. 

Internuncio,  -nun'8hi-5.  An  envoy  of 
the  pope,  sent  to  smaller  states,  dlstin- 
guishea  from  the  nuncio  who  reprasenta 
him  at  oonrts  of  emperors  and  kingb. 


Digitized  by 


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INTElll»BLLATION 


48l 


to» 


InterSinllation,  -pel-lft^shon.  A  qu6s< 
tion  i/tA  hj  a  memDer  of  a  legislative  as- 
seznt^  to  a  ^xduister  or  meml>er  of  the 
goTeniment. 

Inte^felator,  'p5-]A-tar.  One  who 
foista  uiM)  a  book  or  manuscript  spurious 
words  or  passages ;  ond  w2kO  adds  sozxie- 
thing  to  genuine  writings. 

Interpreter,  'pre-ter.  One  who  ex- 
plains or  expounds;  a  translator.  One 
who  explains  what  a  speaker  says  in  one 
language  to  the  person  spoken  w  in  an- 
other 

Inteneffntun,  -reg'nnm.  The  timo  in 
which  a  throne  is  yacant,  between  the 
death  or  abdication  of  a  king  and  the  ac- 
oeesioa  of  his  successor.  Any  interval 
during  which  the  powers  of  the  exeoutiTe 
are  in  abeyance. 

Interzoffatibn,  're-g&"shon.  A  ques- 
tion put;  inquiry.  The  note,  mark  or 
rign  f,  indicating  that  the  sentence  im- 
mediately prece£ng  it  is  a  question. 

Interstellar,  -stersr.  Situated  among 
the  stars. 

Intervital,  -vi'taL  Between  two  lives ; 
pertaining  to  the  intermediate  state  be- 
tween death  and  the  resurrection. 

Intestate,  test'at.  A  person  who  dies 
without  making  a  valid  will. 

Intestine,  'tin.  The  canal  or  tube  that 
extends  from  the  right  or  pyloric  orifice 
of  the  stomaeh  to  the  anus,  receives  the 
partly  digested  food  from  the  stomach, 
retains  it  till  it  mixes  with  the  bile  and 
pancreatic  juice,  and  till  the  chyle  is  taken 
up  by  the  lacteals,  and  conveys  the  iieces 
from  the  body. 

tntinction,  -tingrk'shon.  The  act  of 
dyeing.  Eccles.  uie  practice  of  adminis- 
tering the  sacred  body  and  blood  together 
in  the  communion,  as  is  done  to  the  laity 
in  the  East.  In  the  B.  C.  Church  intinc- 
tion  is  practiced  by  the  priest  when  he 
teeaks  a  portion  of  tiie  host,  puts  it  in  the 
chalice  and  receives  both  together. 

tntine,  'tan.  The  inner  coat  of  the  shell 
of  the  poUen-gratn  in  plants. 

bl  toto,  td't5.    Wholly ;  entirely. 

Intoxicant,  in-toks'i-kant.  lliat  which 
intoxicates ;  an  intoxicating  liquor  or  sub- 
stance, as  brandy,  bhang,  Ac. 

Intra,  in'tra.  A  Latin  preposition  and 
adverb,  signifying  within. 

tntrafoliaceoos,  -f5-H-ft''shus.  In  Bot. 
growing  on  the  inside  of  a  leaf. 

Intraxnnndane, -mun'dan.  Belonging 
to  the  material  world. 


Intramural,  •m&r'al.  Being  within  the 
walls  or  boundaries,  as  of  a  university  or 
dty. 

Intransifirentes,  -trans-i-hen't&z.  The 
name  given  to  the  extreme  left  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  and  afterwards  to  a  very 
advanced  republican  party,  corresponding 
to  tho  extreme  Communists  of  France 
and  elsewhere. 

Intro,  in'tro.  A  Latin  adverb,  used  as 
an  English  prefix,  and  signifying  within, 
into,  in.  . 

Introit,  -trS'it.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch.  a  psalm 
or  passage  of  Scripture  sung  or  chanted 
while  the  priest  proceeds  to  the  altar  to 
celebrate  mass ;  now  used  for  any  musi- 
cal composition  designed  for  opening  the 
church  service  or  for  the  service  generally. 

Intuitionalism,  -tfi-i'shon-al-izm.  In 
Metaph.  the  doctrine  that  the  perception 
of  truth  is  from  intuition. 

Intumescence,  -mes'ens.  The  state  or 
process  of  swelling  or  enlarging  with  heat ; 

.  expansion. 

Inverness.  A  Scotch  seaport  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ness,  115  m.  N.  of  Edin- 
burgh ;pop.  18,647.  It  is  the  chief  city 
of  the  Highlands. 

Invertebrata,  -ver'tfi-brfi^ta.  One  of 
the  two  great  divisions  of  the  animal  king* 
dom— the  other  being  the  Vertebrata— 
including  all  animals  destitute  of  vertebr» 
or  a  backbone. 

Inverted,  -vert'ed. 
In    Arch,    an    arch  : 
with  its  intrados  be- 1 
low    the    axis    >  

^iKga^^'thl  ^vorteTArche,." 
lowest  stone  is  the  key  stone. 

Invisible,  -vi'sd-bl.  A  Bosicmdan,  be- 
cause not  daring  publicly  to  declare  him- 
self. A  heretic  of  tho  16th  century,  who 
denied  the  visibility  of  the  Church. 

Involucre,  -vS-iancer.  In  Bot.  any  col- 
lection of  bracts  round  a  duster  of  flow- 
ers. 

Inwick,  'wik.  In  the  game  of  curling,  a 
station  in  which  the  stone  stops  very  near 
the  tee  after  passing  through  a  wick. 

Iodine,  Tod-In.  In  Ohem.  a  peculiar 
non-metallio  elementary  solid  substance, 
constituting  one  of  the  groupof  halogens. 
It  exists  in  the  water  of  the  ocean  and 
mineral  springs,  in  marine  molluscous 
animals,  and  in  sea-weeds,  fh>m  the  ashes 
of  which  it  is  chiefly  procured.  It  is  large* 
ly  employed  in  meoielne. 

Ion.     In  Myth,  the  son  of  Apollo  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


lONA 


4^ 


tROiJ-CLAi) 


Oreiua,  and  reputed  ancestor  of  the  loni- 
ans. 

lona  (IbolxnlcilloTOoliunbkill).  Lit. 
St  CkMomba's  Retreat.  A  small  island  of 
the  Hebrides,  noted  as  the  ancient  seat  of 
monasteries,  established  by  8t.  Columba, 
who  introdaoed  Christianity  into  Scotland. 
The  remains  of  48  Scotch,  4  Irish.  8  Nor- 
weg:ian  and  1  French  king  are  interred 
in  one  of  its  ruined  churches. 

Ionia.  A  section  of  Asia  Minor,  colo- 
nized from  Attica  about  1,000  b.  c.  It  con- 
tained the  important  cities  of  £phesus, 
Miletus,  Colophon  and  others.  It  was 
conquered  by  the  Lydians,  660  b.  c,  and 
by  the  Persians  557,  by  the  Macedonians, 
and  finally,  133  b.  o.,  by  the  Romans. 

Ionian  Islands.  An  elongated  group 
of  abt.  40  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  S. 
and  W.  of  Greece,  and  now  belonging  to 
that  kincrdom.    Ciorfii  is  the  chief. 

Ionian  Sea.  The  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean which  eonnects  with  the  Adriatic 
by  the  Strait  of  Otrantc.  Its  maximum 
width  is  400  m. 

Ionic,  i-on'ik.    One  of  the  ^ 
five  orders  of  architecture, 
the  distinguishing   charac- 
teristic of  which  is  the  vo- 
lute of  its  capital. 

I  O  TT,  i'6  a.  A  paper  hav- 
ing on  it  these  letters,  fol- 
lowed by  a  sum,  and  duly 
signed;  in  use  as  an  ac- 
knowledgment of  a  debt, 
and  taken  as  evidence  there- 
of.   . 

Iowa,  I'o-wah.    A  State  of      ,         — ^ 

*^t.^i1^2"'v^°*5°'^'5"  Ionic  Oraer. 
mitted  1846;   funded  N. 

bv  Minnesota,  E.  by  Illinois  and  Wiscon- 
sin, 8.  by  Missouri,  and  W.  by  Nebraska 
and  Dakota;  area,  55,045  sq.  m.,  pop. 
1 ,624,615.  It  is  mostly  rolling  prauie,  >vith 
considerable  coal  and  mineral  area.  The 
chief  cities  are  Des  Moines,  the  cap.,  Du- 
buque, Iowa  City,  Davenport,  Council 
Bluffs,  Burlington,  Keokuk  and  Cedar 
Rapids.  Principal  rivers,  the  Missouri, 
Mississippi,  Des  Moines,  Cedar  and  Iowa. 

Iphierenia,  if-e-je-ni'ah.  In  Myth,  the 
daughter  of  Agamemnon  and  Clytefti- 
nestra,  offered  as  a  sacrifice  to  Diana,  but 
preserved  by  the  goddess  and  made  a 
priestess  at  Tauris.  She  was  taken  back 
to  Greece  by  her  brother  Orestes. 

Ipse  dixit,  ip'se  diks'it.  A  mere  as- 
sertion without  proof. 

Iranian,  i-ra'ni-an.  A  family  of  Indo- 
European  or   Aryan  tongues,  including 


Persian,  Zend,  Pehlevi,  Parsl  or  Pazend, 
and  cognate  tongues.  The  word  is  de- 
rived from  the  legendary  history  of  the 
Persian  race  given  in  Firdusi's  *'  Book  ol 
Kings,'*  according  to  which  Iran  and  Tnr 
are  two  of  three  brothers,  from  whom  the 
tribes  Iran  (Persians)  and  Turan  (Turks 
and  their  cognate  tribes)  sprang. 

Ireland  (Erin  or  Hibemia).  The 
most  westerly  island  of  Europe,  a  division 
of  the  BriUsh  Empire ;  bounded  N.,  S. 
and  W.  bv  the  Atlantic,  and  E.  by  the 
North  Channel,  the  Irish  Sea  and  St. 
George's  Channel ;  area,  82,506  sq.  m., 
pop.  5,849,200.  Its  chief  cities  are  Dub- 
lin, cap.,  Cork,  Belfast,  Limerick,  Water- 
ford,  Galway,  ClonmeL  Sligo,  Londonder- 
rv  and  Enniskillen.  Prind]^  rlv^tL  the 
Shannon,  Boyne,Barrow,  Lee,  Sulr,  Nore, 
Slanev,  Foyle  and  Erne.  Its  lakes, 
Neagh,  AUen,  Ree,  Erne,  Oorrib,  Mask, 
Killso^ey  and  Conn.  The  mountain 
ranges  are  the  Connemara,  Wicklow, 
Moume,  Derryreagh,  ChJtees,  Slieve 
Bloom  and  Slieve  Donard.  It  is  governed 
by  a  Lord-Lieutenant,  has  82  represents- 
tives  in  the  British  House  of  Lords,  and 
105  in  the  Commons. 

Irene,  i-r6'nS.  The  Greek  goddess  of 
peace.  One  of  the  small  planets  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Iridescence,  i-rid-es'ens.  The  oondltioB 
of  being  iridescent;  exhibition  of  col- 
ors like  those  of  the  rainbow. 

Iris,  i-ris.  In  Class.  Myth,  the  goddess 
of  tne  rainbow  and  the  messenger  of  the 
gods;  hence,  sometimes  used  for  any 
messenger.  The  fleur-de-lis  or  flag- 
flower,  a  beautifhl  and  extensive  genus  ol 
plants  of  the  nat.  order  IrldaceiBB.  In 
Astron.  one  of  the  asteroids  between  the 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Iriscope,  M-skop.  A  philosophical  toy 
for  exhibiting  prismatic  colors. 

Irish,  'rish.  A  native  of  Ireland ;  tho 
people  of  Ireland.  The  Irish  language ; 
theHibemo-Celtic. 

Iron,  'ern.  The  commonest  and  most 
useful  of  all  the  metals,  constituting  about 
2  per  cent,  of  the  whole  mineral  crust  ol 
the  globe.  Iron  exists  in  nature  under 
four  different  states— the  native  state; 
that  of  an  oxide;  in  combination  with 
combustible  bodies,  particularly  sulphur, 
and  in  the  state  of  salts. 

Iron-clad,  -klad.  A  vessel  prepared  for 
naval  warfare  by  being  cased  or  covered, 
wholly  or  partially,  with  thick  iron  plates, 
generally  having  a  backing  of  teak  behina 
and  often  also  petw^n  the  plates. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


IftON-CftOWlSr 


ISMAtLlAlt 


Iron  Crown  of 
Ix)mbardy. 


Iron-hats. 


Iron-crown,  -kroun . 
An  antique  crown  of 
gold  set  with  jewels, 
made  originaUy  for 
the  Loml^rd  kings, 
whidb  was  supposed 
to  confer  the  right  of 
sovereignty  over  all 
Italy  on  the  wearer.  It  was  so  called  from 
inclosing  an  iron  circlet,  said  to  have  been 
forged  ^m  one  of  the  nails  used  in  the 
crucifixion  of  Christ 

Iron -hat, 

-hat.  -A- iiead- Y^rre^^n^  \i»J^ 
piece  of  met-  ^^***^  ^./mwM  \'5W«i. 
al  worn  ftom 
the  12th  to 
the  17th  cen- 
tury. Called 
also  Steel-hat 
and  Kettle-hat. 

Iron-liquor,  -lik-er.  Acetate  of  h-on, 
used  as  a  mordant  by  dyers,  &c. 

Iron-sand,  -sand.  A  variety  of  octahe- 
dral iron  ore  in  grains. 

Ironside,  -sid.  One  of  Oliver  Cromwell's 
veteran  troopers ;  a  soldier  noted  for  rough 
hardihood. 

Ironstone,  -stdn.  A  general  name  ap- 
plied to  the  ores  of  iron  containing  oxygen 
and  silica. 

Iroquois,  Ir-o-kwoi\  A  league  of  K 
American  Indians,  originally  located  in 
W.  and  Central  N.  Y.,  composed  of  six 
tribes,  the  Oneidas,  MohawKs,  Senecas, 
Cayugas,  Onondagas  and  Tuscaroras. 
They  sided  with  Great  Britain  in  the  war 
of  the  Bevolution,  and  have  since  been 
scattered,  a  few  still  being  on  reservations 
in  W.  N.  Y. 

Irving',  Edward.  A  Scotch  divine, 
the  most  eloquent  preacher  of  his  age ;  b. 
1792,  D.  1884.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
sect  called  Irvingltes,  or  the  Catholic  Apos- 
tolic Church. 

trvingr,  Washinerton.  A  distin- 
guished American  author ;  b.  in  N.  Y., 
1788,  D.  1859. 

Irvingrite,  er'ving-it.  A  follower  of  Ed- 
ward Irving,  a  clergyman  of  the  Scottish 
Church,  who,  drifting  into  mysticism, 
was  deposed  in  1838.  A  prominent  fea- 
ture in  Irving's  doctrines  was  the  imme- 
diate second  coming  of  our  Saviour.  His 
followers  organized  themselves  into  a  body 
called  "The  Holy  Apostolic  Church,'^' 
which  still  exists. 

Isaac,  I'zak.  In  Scrip,  son  of  Abraham 
and  Sarah,  and  ikther  of  £sau  and  Jacob, 
one  of  the  Hebrew  patriarchs.    He  died 


at  Hebron,  aged  180  years.  His  Ufe  is  re* 
corded  in  Genesis. 

Isagrogics,  'sa-goj'iks.  That  department 
of  theological  study  Introductory  to  exe- 
gesis or  the  interpretation  of  Scripture. 

Isasron,  -gon.  In  Math,  a  figure  whose 
angles  are  equal. 

Isaiah,  -za'yah.  In  Scrip,  the  most  emi- 
nent of  the  Hebrew  prophets,  the  son  o' 
Amoz,  and  active  during  the  reigns  of 
Uzziah,  Jotham,  Ahaz  and  Hezekiah,  king^ 
of  Judah. 

Isapostolic,  -pos-tor'ik.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  the  Christian  fathers  who  were 
alive  in  the  time  of  the  apostles,  and  to 
the  customs  instituted  by  these  fathers  ; 
to  certain  holy  women  resembling  the 
apostles  in  sanctity;  to  the  founders  of 
Christianity  in  any  given  country. 

Ishmael,  Ish'mal.  The  eldest  son  of 
Abraham,  the  Hebrew  patriarch,  by 
Hagar,  the  bondwoman.  He  was  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Arabians. 

Isinglass,  I'zing-glas.  The  purest  com- 
mercial form  of  gelatine,  prepared  fh>m 
the  sounds  or  air-bladders  of  certain  fresh- 
water fishes,  particularly  several  spedei 
of  sturgeon  found  in  the  rivers  of  Russia. 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  mica. 

Isis,  'sis.      One  of  the 
chief  deities  in  the  Egyp- 
tian mythology,  the  sis- 
ter or  sister-wire  of  Osi- 
ris, and  mother  of  Horns. 
Among  the  more  philo-  J 
sophical  theologians  she  J 
was  made  the  symbol  of 
pantheistic  divinity.  By  f 
the  people  she  was  wor-  1 
shipped  as  the  goddese  I 
of  fecundity.    The  cow  ■ 
was  sacred  to  her.    She 
is  represented  usually  as^ 
a  woman  with  the  horns 
of  a  cow,  between  which 


isis. 


is  a  globe  supporting  a  throne,  and  some, 
times  with  a  lotus  on  her  h^ul  and  the 
sistrum  in  her  hand. 

Islam,  iz'him.  The  religion  of  Moham- 
med, and  also  the  whole  body  of  those 
who  profess  Islamism. 

Isnxael,  Shah,  !s-mah-el.  Founder  of 
the  Sufi  dynasty,  Persia  :  b.  1487,  d. 
1524. 

Ismaelian,  -ma-e'li-an.  A  member  of 
the  Mohammedan  sect  which  maintained 
that  Ismael,  and  not  Moussa,  ought  to  be 
Imaum.  In  the  1 0th  century  they  formed 
a  secret  society,  from  Wiuch  sprang  tht 
AssassinB. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1800EATES 


446 


tJSZAtCD 


IsodomoD. 


Isoorates.  A  Oreek  philosopher  and 
orator,  friend  of  Plato  and  teacher  of 
Xenophon  ;  b.  480,  d.  888  b.  g. 
Iflodomon,  i-eod^ 
o-mon.  One  of 
the  methods  of 
building  walls 
among  theOreeks, , 
in  which  the  stones' 
forming  the 
ooorses  were  of 
equal  size  and  so 
disposed  that  the  vertical  joints  of  an 
upper  course  were  Immediately  over  the 
middle  of  the  stones  forming  the  lower 
course. 

Isopathy,  -sop'a-thi.  The  theory  that 
diseases  are  cured  by  the  products  of  the 
diseases  themselves.  The  theory  that  a 
diseased  ®rgan  Is  cured  bv  eating  the  same 
organ  of  a  healthy  animai. 
Isotherm,  'so-therm.  An  imaginary 
line  over  the  earth's  surface  passing 
through  points  having  the  same  tempera- 
ture. Also  a  similar  line  based  on  the 
distribution  of  temperature  in  the  waters 
of  the  ocean. 

Ispalian.  Formerly  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  of  Persia  and  its  cap,  for 
many  centuries,  on  the  Zendarood  River, 
210  m.  S.  of  Teheran.  At  one  time  it  had 
a  pop.  of  600,000,  but  with  the  transfer  of 
the  seat  of  government  to  Teheran  it  be 
gan  to  decline ;  present  pop.  abt.  66,000. 
Israelite,  iz'ra-el-lt.  A  descendant  of 
Israel  or  Jacob ;  a  Jew. 
Isthmian,  ist'mi-an.  Games  celebrated 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  forming  one  of 
the  four  great  national  festivals  of  Greece, 
and  celebrated  in  April  and  May  in  the 
first  and  third  year  of  each  olympiad. 
The  contests  embraced  all  varieties  of 
athletic  performances  and  racing. 
ItaoolimLite,lt-a-koPu-mit.  A.  laminated 
talcose  sandstone,  in  connection  with 
which  the  diamond  is  generally  found.  In 
thin  slabs  it  is  flexible. 
Italy,  it'ah-le.  A  peninsular  kingdom  of 
8.  Europe,  bounded  N.  by  Bvitzerland 
and  Austria,  E.  by  Austria  and  the  Adri- 
atic, S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  t^  id  W.  by 
France,  the  Lif^urian  and  Tyrrhenian  seas, 
arms  of  the  Mediterranean  ;  area  112,766 
sq.  m.,  pop.  abt.  80,000,000.  It  is  divided 
into  69  provinces,  and  the  principal  cities 
are  Kome,  cap.,  Florence,  Naples,  Venice, 
Turin,  Milan,  Mantua,  Leghorn,  Padua, 
Pisa,  Bologna,  Cagliail,  Parma,  Ancona, 
Perugia,  Potenza,  Chieti,  Bari  and  Co- 
senza.  Its  gulfs  are  Venice,  Manfredonia, 
Taranto,     SquUlaoe,    Polioastro,  Gaeta, 


Genoa  and  Spezzia ;  rivers,  the  Po,  Tiber, 
AtUge,  Brenta,  Piave,  Arno,  TagMamento 
and  Voltomo;  lakes,  Como.  Maggiore, 
Guarda,  Bolseno  and  Bracoiano ;  mouii' 
tains,  Alps  and  Apennines. 

Italic,  -tal'ik.  A  printing  tvpe  sloping 
towards  the  right,  and  usually  employed 
to  distinguish  words  or  sentences,  or  to 
render  them  emphatic.  They  were  In- 
vented about  the  year  1500  by  Aldus 
Manutius,  a  Venetian  printer,  who  dedi- 
cated them  to  the  States  of  Italy  (whence 
the  name). 

Itzibu,  it'zi-bu.  A  Japanese  money  of 
account,  constituting  the  monetary  unit. 
In  silver  it  is  a  coin  of  the  value  of  about 
88  cents. 

lulus,  i-u'lus.    A  gen.  of  Myriapoda,  ord. 


Millepede. 
Chilognatha  or  Diplopoda.    The  common 
gaUey  worm  is  the  type  of  the  genus. 

Ivory,  i'vo-ri.  The  substance  composing 
the  tusks  of  the  elephant,  extensively  used 
in  the  arts.  The  name  is  also  given  to  the 
tusks  of  the  wahms,  hippopotamus,  nar- 
whal, &c. 

Ivory-black,  -blak.  A  fine  soft  black 
pigment,  prepared  from  ivory-dust  by  cal< 
cination,  in  the  same  way  as  bone-black, 
extensively  used  in  the  filtering  beds  of 
sugar  refiners  for  purifying  the  syrup  of 
raw  sugar. 

Ivory-nut,  -nut.    The  seed  of  Phytele- 

Cmacrocarpa,  a  low-growing  palm  aa 
as  a  hen^s  egg ;  the  albumen  Is  close- 
grained  and  very  hard,  resembling  ivorv. 
It  is  often  wrought  into  ornamental  work, 
and  is  eaUed  Vegetable  Ivory.  The  seeds 
are  also  known  as  Gorozo-nuts. 

Ixion,  iks-T'on.  In  Greek  Myth,  a  king 
ofThessaly,  fktherof  the  Centaurs,  who 
for  his  wickedness  Avas  tied  to  a  perpet- 
mdly  revolving  wheel  in  the  infernal 
regions. 

Ixodes,  -d'd3z.  The  ticks,  a  section  of 
the  family  Acarida  or  mites,  and  class 
Arachnlda.    They  are  parasitic. 

Ixol3rte,  iks'o-lit.  A  mineral  resin  found 
in  bituminous  coal.  It  becomes  soft  and 
tenacious  when  heated,  wh^ice  the  name. 

Izard,  iz'fird.  The  wild  goat  of  the  Py- 
renees ;  the  ibex. 

Izzard,  'erd.  The  former  name  of  13i« 
letter  Z 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


441 


JACK^TRAW 


J  IS  the  10th  letter  Infhe  English  alpha- 
bet, and  the  7th  consonant.  The  sound 
of  this  letter  coincides  exactly  with  that 
of  g  in  genius;  it  is  therefore  classed  as  a 
palatal.  It  was  formerly  used  interchange- 
ably with  i,  both  letters  having  originally 
the  same  sound ;  and  after  the  J  sound 
came  to  be  common  in  English  i  was  often 
written  where  this  sound  must  have  been 
pronounced.  Separation  •f  these  two  let- 
ters in  English  mctionaries  is  of  compar- 
atively recent  date,  being  brought  about 
through  the  influence  of  the  Dutch  print- 
ers. In  medical  prescriptions,  at  the  end 
ofa  series  of  numerals,  J  is  generally  put 
fori;  a8,yj  (six);  vflj  (eight).  J.P.  is 
an  abbreviation  for  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Jaal-firoat,  ja'al-got  A  species  of  goat 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia, 
Upper  Egypt  and  Mount  Sinai. 

JabberinfiT-crow,  jab'ber-ing-kro.  Cor- 
vus  Jamaicensis,a  conh*ostral  bird  found  in 
the  Blue  Mountains  of  Jamaica,  remark- 
able for  the  resemblance  of  its  voice  to 
human  speech. 

Jabiru,  'i-ro.  A  wading  bh^  of  the  crane 
kind,  the  Mycteria  amencana  or  Senegal - 
ensis. 

Jacamar,  jak'a-mar.  The  name  given 
to  climbing  birds  gen.  Galbula,  sub-fam. 
GalbuliB8B,  ord.  Scansores,  nearly  allied  to 
the  kingfishers. 

Jaoana,  -na.  The  common  name  of  gen. 
Parra,  grallatorial  or  wading  birds,  vul- 
garly called  surgeons  ftom  a  prominent 
spur  on  the  wing. 

Jacare,  -ra.  A  species  of  Brazilian  alli- 
gator. 

Jaoa-tree,  Wka>trS«  Artocarpus  integri- 
folia,  a  species  of  bres'l -fruit  tree  found  in 
the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. The  fruit  is 
called  jack-fruit,and 
the  wood  jack- 
wood. 

Jacchtis,  Jak'kus. 
'  A  gen.  of  small  8. 
American  mdnkevB 
with  thumbs  on  the 
hind  feet  only,  and 
flat  nails  only  on 
the  thumbs.  They 
are  squhrel-like  in 
their  habits,omniv- 
orons,  and  are 
known  by  the  name 
of  marmosets. 

Jackass,  'as.  The  male  of  the  ass. 
Laugldng^kass,  a  species  of  kingfisher. 


Jackal,     jak'al. 
An  animal,  gen. 
Canis,  the  C.  (8a- 
calius)  aureus,  re- 
sembling a    dog 
and  a  fox ;  a  na-^ 
tive  of  Asia  ancll 
Africa.    It  inter-f 
breeds  with  the^ii  ^~  ■"•^^i^ 
common  dog  and**-<i:'^<i^^Sc».— ^» 
may  be  domesti-  Jackal 

cated. 

Jack-back,  'bak.     In  brewing,  a  vessel 
below  the  copper  which  receives  the  Infti- 
sion  of  malt  and  hops,  and  has  a  per- 
forated bottom  to  strain  off  the  hops. 
Jack-boot,  'bot.    A  kind  of 
large  boot  reaching  up  over 
the  knee  and  used  as  a  sort 
of  defensive  armor  for  the 
leg,  introduced  in  the  17th 
century;  also  a  similar  boot 
reaching   above    the    knee, 
worn  by  fishermen. 
Jackdaw,  'da.     An  inses- 
sorial  bird,  gen.  CJorvus  (C.  j 


Jack-boot. 


JaochuB. 


monedula),the  smallest  of  the 
crows. 

Jack-flagr,  'flag.  A  flag  hoisted  at  the 
spritsail  topmast-head. 

Jack-hare,  'bar.    A  male  hare. 

Jack-Ketch,  'kech.  In  Enghind,  a  pub- 
lic executioner  or  hangman. 

Jack-rib,  Mb.  In  Arch,  any  rib  in  an 
arch  or  dome  shorter  than  the  rest. 

Jack-saw,  'sa.  A  natatorial  bird,  gen. 
Merganser. 

Jackson,  Andrew.  The  7th  President 
of  the  U.  8. ;  b.  in  8.  Carolina,  1767  ;  i>. 
1846.  He  commanded  the  American 
troops  in  the  victory  over  the  British  at 
New  Orleans,  1815,  and  also  carried  the 
Indian  war  in  Florida  to  a  successftil 
close;  elected  President,  1828,  and  re- 
elected 1882. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan 
(Stonewall).  One  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Confederate  generals  ;  b.  in  Va., 
1824;  mortally  wounded  by  his  own 
troops,  May  2, 1868,  dying  on  the  10th. 

Jack-straw,  'stra.  One  of  a  set  of 
straws  or  strips  of  Ivory,  whalebone  or  the 
Hke,  used  in  a  child's  game,  the  Jack- 
straws  being  thrown  conrasedly  together 
on  a  table,  to  be  gathered  up  singly  by 
shocked  instrument  without  disturbing 
the  rest  of  the  pile. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JACOBEAN 


448 


JAMEB 


Jacobean,  1a-k51>€-an.  In  Aroh.  the 
term  sometimes  applied  to  the  style 
of  Elizabethan  arcnitecture  prevailing 
In  the  age  of  James  I.  It  dlflfered  from 
pure    EUzabethan    chiefly  in    having  a 

nter  admixture    of   debased    Italian 
IS. 

Jacobin,  jak'd>biii.  A  Gray  or  Domini- 
can Friar,  ih>m  these  friars  having  flrst 
established  themselves  in  Paris  in  the 
Uue  St.  Jacques.  A  member  of  a  club  of 
violent  republicans  In  France  during  the 
revolution  of  1789,  who  held  secret  meet- 
ings in  the  monastery  of  the  Jacobin 
monks. 

Jacobite,  -bit.  In  Eng.  Hist,  a  partisan 
of  James  II.  after  he  abdicated  the  throne, 
and  of  his  descendants;  an  opposcr  of 
William  and  Mary.  Eccles.  one  of  a  sect 
of  Christians  in  Syria  and  Mesopotamia 
who  hold  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  one 
nature,  having  its  name  from  Jacobus 
Baradesus,  a  Syrian  disdple  of  Eutyches. 

Jacob'8-fltaff,  ja'kobz-staf.  A  surveyor's 
instrument  for  taking  heights  and  dis- 
tances where  great  accuracy  is  not  re- 
quired. 

Jacob's-Btone,  -ston.  The  stone  brought 
ttom  Scone,  in  Perthshire,  by  Edward  I. 
and  inclosed  within  the  chair  on  which 
the  kings  of  England  sit  at  their  corona- 
tion; so  named  ftx)m  being  reputed  to 
have  been  the  stone  which  supported 
Jacobus  head  at  Luz. 

JacobtlS,  jarkS^bus.  An  English  gold 
coin,  value  25s.  sterling,  struck  in  the 
reign  of  James  I. 

JaOQUerie,  zhak-re.  An  insorrection  of 
peasants ;  originally,  the  name  given  to  a 
revolt  of  the  peasants  against  the  nobles 
of  Picardy,  France,  in  1858. 

Jafirannatha,jeg-gen-na'tha.  Lit.  "Lord 
of  the  World,"  the  name  given  to  Krish- 
na, the  eighth  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  and 
to  a  very  celebrated  idol  of  this  deity.  The 
temple  specially  dedicated  to  Jagannatha 
is  situated  at  Puri  in  Orissa.  Great  num- 
bers of  pilgrims,  at  the  time  of  the  festi- 
vals of  Jagannatha,  assemble  from  all 
quarters  of  India  to  pay  their  devotions 
at  his  shrine.  On  these  ocxmsions  the 
idol,  along  with  those  of  his  brother  and 
Bister,  is  mounted  on  a  monstrous  car 
resting  on  sixteen  wheels,  which  is  drawn 
by  the  pilgrims ;  and  formerly  great  num- 
bers of  people  were  wont  to  throw  them- 
selves under  the  wheels,  and  were  thus 
crushed  to  death,  the  victims  believing 
that  by  Buffering  this  sort  of  death  they 
shouldbe  inmiediatdy  conveyed  to  heaven. 
This  horrid  practice,  howeTer,  is  now  of 


Jaguar. 


rare  oooairenoe.  Written  also  Jngger" 
naut. 

Jasratalojag-ftpt&ik.  A  term  appUed  to 
the  eastemmoBt  dialects  of  the  TnrUdi 
group  of  tongues,  spoken  by  the  people  of 
Turkestan. 

Jagruar.  1^'- 
g  w  a  r  .  >%ilift 
onca,  thfl  Amer- 
ican tlij^or  f«r 
ounce  of  Rni?1E, 
the  larL'i  -1  amil  _ 
mostftisiiii.lubU.* 
feline  (jiuMlrii- 
ped  of  the  JSJew 
World. 

Jah,Ja.    Jehovah. 

Jain,  Jan.  One  of  a  Hindu  religious  sect 
which,  fh)m  the  wealth  and  influence  of 
its  members,  forms  an  important  division 
of  the  Indian  population.  The  name  sig- 
nifles  a  follower  of  Jina,  one  of  the  de- 
nominations of  theh'  deified  saints.  They 
deny  the  divine  origin  and  authority  of  the 
Vedas,  but  reverence  certain  holy  mortals, 
who  have  acquired  by  self-denial  and  mor- 
tification a  station  superior  to  that  of  the 
gods ;  and  they  manifest  extreme  tender- 
ness for  animal  life.  They  affirm  that  the 
world  has  existed  from  all  eteniiW,  not 
having  been  created,  and  that  it  will  exist 
forever. 

Jacquard,  Joseph  Marie,  zhah-kahr. 
A  French  mechanic  and  inventor,  b.  1752, 
D.  1884.  His  invention  of  the  J.  loom 
revolutionized  the  art  of  weaving. 

Jaffa  (Joppa),  A  seacoast  town  ot 
Syria,  abt.  83  m.  N.  W.  of  Jerusalem, 
formerly  the  chief  port  of  Judea.  During 
the  Crusades  it  was  the  principal  landing 
place  of  the  European  invaders.  Pop. 
abt.  5,000. 

Jalousie,  zhalM-ze.  A  wooden  firame  or 
blind  for  shading  from  the  sunshine, 
much  used  in  tropical  or  hot  countries ;  a 
Venetian  blind. 

Jamaica.  The  chief  English  W.  India 
island  ;  area  6,400  sq.  m.,  pop.  abt.  500,- 
000.  Spanish  Town  is  the  cap.  but  E^ing- 
ston  is  the  chief  port.  It  is  traversed 
from  E.  to  W.  by  the  Blue  Mountains. 

James,  St.  One  of  Christ's  fkvorite 
apostles,  son  of  Zebedee  and  brother  of 
St.  John,  ^e  was  martyred  abt  44  by 
order  of  Herod  Agrippa. 

>  James.  The  name  of  a  number  of  sover- 
eigns of  European  States,  the  most  noted 
of  whom  were  J.  I.  (VI.  of  Scotland)  of 
England;  b.  1566,  crowned  King  of 
Scotland  while  an  infisuit  on  the  abdioa- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JAMES  BIYEB 


448 


JATA 


tioii  of  his  mother,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
Elizabeth  of  EngUmd  having  declared  in 
hia  fkTor.  He  s.  to  her  tmt>ne  1608,  d. 
1626.  J.  II.,  B.  1688,  8.  his  brother  Charles 
II.  1686,  driven  from  his  kingdom  by 
William  Prince  of  Orange  1688,  utterly  de- 
feated in  Ireland,  and  d.  an  exile  in  France 
1701.  J.  IV.  of  Scotland,  "the  hand- 
somest and  most  ohivahrous  prince  of  his 
age,**  B.  1468,  s.  his  fether  J.  III.,  who 
was  murdered  after  the  disastrous  defeat 
near  Bannockburn,  1488;  killed  in  the  san- 
guinary battle  at  Flodden  Field,  1618,  in 
which  nearly  the  entire  Scotch  peerage  of 
mature  age  perished  with  their  king. 

James  Biver.  The  Uu-gest  river  of  Vir- 
ginia, 600  m.  in  length,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Jackson  and  Cowpasture 
rivers.  It  empties  into  GhesapeaKe  Bay 
at  Norfolk,  ana  Biohmond,  the  State  cap. 
is  at  the  head  of  tide- water. 

Jaxiip>nut,  jam'nut  In  Mech.  a  nut 
placed  in  contact  with  the  main  nut  on 
the  same  bolt  to  keep  it  from  turning. 

Jampan,  'pan.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a 
solid  sedan-chair  supported  between  two 
thick  bamboo  poles,  and  borne  by  4  men. 

Jan,  Jan.  In  Mohammedan  Myth,  an  in- 
ferior kind  of  demon. 

Janizary,  M-za-ri.  A  soldier  of  the  Turk- 
ish foot-guards,  the  Grand  Seignor's 
guards.  They  became  turbulent,  and 
rising  in  arms  against  the  sultan,  were  de- 
feated and  destroyed  in  Constantinople, 
1826. 

Jansenist,  'sen-ist  A  follower  of 
Jansen,  bluiop  of  Ypres  in  Flanders, 
who  leaned  to  the  doctrine  of  irresistible 
grace  as  maintained  by  Calvin.  The  Jan- 
senists  formed  a  powerftil  party  in  the 
B.  0.  Church. 

Jantu,  Jan't5.  A  machine  for  raising 
water  to  irrigate  land,  used  in  Hindustan. 

January,  jan'u-arri.  The  first  month  of 
the  year  according  to  the  present  compu- 
tation. 

Janiu,  j&'nus.  A  Latin  deity  represented 
with  two  fooes  looking  opposite  ways, 
holding  a  key  in  one  hand  and  a  staff  in  the 
other.  He  presided  over  the  commence- 
ment of  all  undertakings.  His  temple  at 
Bome  was  kept  open  in  time  of  war,  and 
shut  in  time  of  peace. 

Japan.  Jah-pahn'.  An  Asiatic  empire, 
consisting  of  nearly  4,000  islands,  off  the 
Chinese  coast,  bet.  lat.  9S-60^  N.  and  Ion. 
122-168*  E.:  area  179,000  sq.  m.,  esti- 
mated pop.  86,000,000.  It  is  divided  into 
upwara  of  200  provinces,  governed  by 
datmlos,  suborduiate  to  the  Mikado,  or 


emperor.  The  chief  cities  are  Teddo, 
cap.,  Nagasaki,  Yokohama,  Hiogo,  Osaka* 
Nugata,  Hakodadi,  Miako  and  Matsumai. 
Japan  is  rapidly  adapting  herself  to  tht 
highest  forms  of  civiUzation. 

Japan.  Work  varnished  and  figured 
in  a  manner  practiced  by  the  natives  dl 
Japan.  The  varnish  employed  in  Japan- 
ning articles. 

Japan-earth,  'erth.    A  name  of  terra  ' 
japonica,  catechu  or  cutch,  procured  froo 
Acacia  Catechu. 

Japan-lacQLuer,  'kk-er.  A  valuably 
black  hard  varnish  used  in  Japalining. 
It  is  obtained  fh>m  Bhus  vernix,  a  tree, 
ord.  Anacardiaceie. 

Japetid89,  -pet'i-d6.  One  of  the  three 
great  divisions  into  which  Dr.  Latham  di- 
vides the  famUy  of  man,  the  other  two  be- 
ing MongolidflB  and  Atiantide.  Itcom- 
prLses  the  chief  nations  of  Europe  belong- 
ing to  the  limiily  generally  known  as  the 
Indo-European. 

Japheth.  In  Scrip,  the  third  son  ef 
Noah,  and  reputed  progenitor  of  the  Cau- 
casian race. 

Jararaca,  Ja-ra-r&'ka.  A  species  of  small 
serpent,  a  native  of  Brazil,  and  very  poi- 
sonous. 

Jardiniere,  zhar-dSn-yftr.  An  ornamen- 
tal stand  for  plants  and  flowers,  used  as  a 
decoration  of  an  apartment. 

Jarl,  yfirl.  The  name  given  in  the  early 
history  of  the  Scandinavian  kingdoms  to 
the  lieutenant  or  governor  .of  a  province ; 
an  earl. 

Jasper,  Jas'per.  An  impure  opaque  col- 
ored quartz,  less  hard  than  flint  or  com- 
mon quartz,  but  which  gives  fire  with 
steel.  It  admits  of  an  el^rant  polish,  and 
is  used  for  vases,  seals,  snuff-boxes,  &c. 

Jasponyx,  'p5-niks.  The  purest  horn- 
colored  onyx,  with  beautifbl  green  zones, 
composed  of  genuine  matter  of  the  finest 
Jaspers. 

Jaasy,  yfis'se.  A  Boumanian  city,  162  m. 
N.  E.  of  Odessa.  Its  strategic  importance 
is  indicated  in  the  fiict  that  it  has  been  In 
the  hands  of  the  Turks,  Tartars,  Poles, 
Austrians  and  Bussians ;  pop.  98,620. 

Jauntinfir-car,  J&n'ting-k&r.  A  light 
car  used  in  Ireland  in  which  the  passen- 
gers ride  back  to  back. 

Java,  iah'vah.  The  principal  island  of 
the  Dutch  E.  Indies,  in  lat.  6-7«>  8.,  long. 
106-115°  E.,  separated  from  Borneo  on 
the  N.  by  the  Sea  of  Java ;  area  (including 
Madura),  61,886  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  17,000,- 
000.  Batavia,  the  cap.,  is  the  residence  of 
the  viceroy  of  the  Dntoh  £.  Indies. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JATELIN 


JIB8EY  CITY 


Javelin,  'Un.  A  light  spear  thrown  from 
the  hand,  in  use  in  ancient  warfare  both 
by  horse  and  foot 

Jay,  ji.  A  bird,  gen.  Oarmlas,  fiun.  Cor- 
vid«  or  crows. 

Jay,  John.  A  dlstingaished  American 
statesman  and  Jurist,  b.  in  N.  T.,  1T46,  d. 
1829.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  Con- 
tinental Congress,  chief  Justice  and  goy- 
•  emor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  spe- 
cial commissioner  in  negotiating  a  tr:)aty 
with  England,  1T94. 

Jaoerant,  J&'zer-ant  One  of  the  coi  itri- 
vances  of  the  Middle  Ages  to  supply  the 
place  of  the  heavier  armor  of  chain  and 
plate,  composed  of  orerlapping  pieces  of 
steel,  ihstened  by  one  edge  upon  canyas, 
which  was  coyered  with  cloth,  silk  or  vel- 
vet, the  gilt  heads  of  the  rivets  that  se- 
cured the  plates  forming  an  ornament  on 
the  outside. 

Jefferson,  Thomas.  The  8d  President 
of  theU.  8.;  b.  In  Va.,  1743,  d.  1826.  He 
took  an  active  part  In  the  proceedings  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  was  chalnnan 
of  the  committee  which  reported  and  the 
reputed  author  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence; was  afterward  €h)yemor  of 
Va.,  Minister  to  France,  Secreta^  of 
State  in  President  Washington's  Cabinet, 
Vice-President  with  President  John  Ad- 
ams, and  was  elected  President  in  1801  and 
1805. 

Jeifireys.  Georgre,  liord.  An  English 
Judge  and  Vice-Chancellor,  notorious  for 
cruelty  and  injustice ;  b.  1689,  n.  in  the 
Tower  1689. 

Jehovah,  J6-h6'va.  A  Scripture  name 
of  the  Supreme  Being,  the  proper  form  of 
which,  according  to  most  scholars,  should 
be  Yahveh  or  Yahweh. 
Jeleranfi:,  Jd'er-ang.  A  species  of  E.  In- 
dian squirrel  (Sdurus  javanensis). 
Jelly-fish,  'li-flsh.  The  popular  name 
of  the  Medusid£B,  Acalephee  or  sea-netties. 
Jeniidar,iem-i-dar'.  A  native  officer  in 
the  Anglo-Indian  army  having  Uie  rank  of 
lieutenant. 

Jena,  ya'nah.  A  dty  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
Germany,  on  the  Saale,  noted  for  its  prox- 
imity to  the  great  battie,  Oct.  14, 1806,  in 
which  Kapoleon  I.  defeated  the  Prussian 
army  with  immense  loss ;  also  as  the  seat 
of  a  venerable  university  founded  1558. 
Jenffis  Khan  (Gten^his),  Jain'gls.  A 
Tartar  chief  who  was  raised  to  the  Ehan- 
to  and  carried  on  almost  continuous  vran 
in  China,  Persia,  Bokhara  and  Samarcand ; 
B.  1164,  D.  1227.  It  is  estimated  that  his 
wars  caused  the  sUng^hter  of  5,000,000 
souls. 


Jenner,  Edward.  An  English  phy- 
sician ;  B.  1749,  D.  1828.  He  was  the  disr 
ooverer  of  vaccination,  as  a  remedy  foi 
small-pox,  for  which  Parliament  rewarded 
him  by  a  present  of  $150,000. 

Jennet,  Jen'net.    A  small  Spanish  hmve. 

Jenny,  'ni.  A  machine  for  spinning, 
moved  by  water  or  steam. 

Jenny-ass,  -as.    The  female  ass. 

Jentlin«r,  Jent'llng.  A  fish,  gen.  L«a- 
dscus,  the  blue  chub. 

Jerboa,  Jer-bo'a.  A 
name  common  to^ 
all  the  members  of 
the  family  of  rodents 
IMpodidiB,  but  fre- 
qnentiy  appropria- 
ted to  the  members  ^  ..  '%av 
^ae  typldgen.    EgyptUn  Jerb... 

Jereed,  Je-rSd'.  A  wooden  Javelin,  used 
in  Persia  and  Turkey,  especially  in  mo<d^ 
fights. 

Jeremiah.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  Hebrew  prophets,  and  author  of  the 
book  which  bears  his  name,  and  of  "  La- 
mentations." He  flourished  In  the  6th 
century  b.  o. 

Jerkin,  ier'ldn.  A  hawk,  the  male  of 
the  gyrfalcon. 

Jerkin-headf-had. 

In  Arch,  the  end  of 
a  roof  when  ,lt  is 
formed  into  a  shape 
intermediate  be- 
tween a  gable  and  a 
hip. 

Jerome,  St.     An 

eminent  fether  of 
the  Latin  Church,  b. 
abt.888,D.420.  He 
translated  the  Scrip- 
tures into  Latin  (the 
Vulgate),  wrote  the 

tian  Fathers,"  and  other  valuable  theolog- 
ical works. 

J>'erome  of  Praarne.  A  distingnished 
reformer,  b.  at  Prague,  1864 ;  martyred. 
1416.  He  was  an  earnest  supporter  of 
Huss. 

Jersey.  The  htrgest  of  the  Channel  Is- 
lands, a  group  belonging  to  Gt.  Britain ; 
length  12  m.,  width  7m.;  pop.  58,624. 
Cap.  St.  HeUer's.  ^ 

Jersey  City.  C^.  of  Hudson  Co.,  N. 
J.,  opposite  New  York ;  pop.  120,728. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JBBUBALEII 


44ft 


JOHB 


Jester. 


Janualexn.  The  andent  cap.  of  Judea* 
now  the  Turkish  proviiice 
El  Kads,  Syria,  87  m.  E. 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  24 
m.  W.  of  the  river  Jordan ; 
present  pop.  abt  25,000. 

Jester,  Jest'er.  A  bnffoon ; 
a  merrj-andiew :  a  person 
formerly  retained  by  per- 
sons of  rank  to  make  sport 
for  them.  They  were  nsu- 
ally  dressed  in  fimtastic 
style.  », 

Jeeuit,  Jei'a-it.  One  of  a^< 
reUgioos  order  founded  by 
Ignatios  Loyola  in  the  16th 
eantmy,  and  forming  the  most  celebrated 
of  all  the  £.  G.  relifiou.)  orders.  They 
haye  often  been  expelled  ov^i  from  Oath- 
olio  conntries,  owing  to  their  interference 
in  secular  affiiirs. 

Jeraitees,  -es.  One  of  an  order  of  nans 
established  on  the  principles  of  the  Jesuits, 
but  suppressed  by  Urban  YIII.  in  1680. 

JeeiUl,  j6'zus.  The  Son  of  God;  the 
Sayiour  of  men.  In  the  New  Testament 
tlie  name  l3sou8,  Jesus,  is  frequently 
oo^Joined  with  Ohristos,  the  Anointed, 
Christ. 

Jet,  Jet.  A  black,  inflammable  fossil  sub- 
stance, harder  -than  asphalt,  susceptible 
of  a  good  polish,  and  glossy  in  its  fivoture, 
found  in  beds  of  iignite  and  cannel  coal, 
being  a  highly  compact  form  of  either.  It 
is  wrought  into  toys,  buttons  and  oma- 


Jew,  J&.  A  Hebrew ;  a  descendant  of 
Arphazad,  son  of  Shem,  eldest  son  of 
Noah. 

Jeweee,  'es.    A  Hebrew  woman. 

Jesid,  je'zid.  One  of  a  sect  dwelling  in 
the  mountainous  country  near  Mosul, 
Asiatio  Turkey,  who  are  said  to  unite  the 
ancient  Manichean  bdiefof  that  district 
with  the  dociarines  of  Mohammedanism 
andZendism. 

Jiboya,  Ji-boi'a.  An  American  serpent 
of  the  laigest  kind. 

Jigger,  Jigger.  The  common  name  of  the 
ohigoe  or  chigre,  a  flea  which  penetrates 
the  feet  of  persons  in  the  W.  Inoies  andS. 
America. 

Jinnee,  Jin'ne.  In  Mohammedan  Myth, 
one  of  a  race  deso^ided  ttom  Jan,  and 
oroftted  thousands  of  years  before  Adam. 
They  are  goyerned  by  a  race  of  kings 
named  Suleyman,  one  of  whom  built  the 
pyraodds,  and  their  chief  residoice  Is  the 
mountain  KAfl    Arabic  writers  state  that 


tht  pam  tn  asrial  awlmali,  with  tranapar* 
«nt  bodlaa,  whUh  eaa  aianme  yartoos 
forms. 

Joan  of  Aro  (La  Puoelle  d'Or- 
leans.)  A  French  peasant  maid,  b.  1411; 
burned  at  the  stake,  1481.  She  claimed 
to  be  Inspired  with  a  mission  to  ftee  her 
nadye  country  fbom  the  English  who  oc- 
cupied a  large  portion  of  it,  and  restore 
internal  peace,  and  in  1429,  when  but  18, 
yisited  Charles  YII.  atChinon,  and  prom- 
ised to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans  and  con- 
duct him  to  Bheims  to  receiye  coronation. 
The  King  ommissioned  her,  and  at  the 
head  of  an  army  largely  Inspired  by  her 
own  enthusiasm  she  accomplished  what 
she  had  promised,  the  King  being  crowned 
at  Bheims  within  three  months.  She  was 
takenprisonerby  the  Burgundian alUes of 
the  EaigUsh,  1481,  and  burned  as  a  sor- 


Job.  In  Scrip,  a  patriarch  of  Uz,  the  ex- 
emplar of  religious  patience,  whose  his- 
tory in  the  book  bearing  his  name  is  fit- 
mlUar,  although  it  is  a  matter  of  doubt 
whether  he  was  a  real  or  mythical  person- 
age. 

Jockey,  Jok'i.  A  uum  whose  profession 
it  is  to  ride  horses  in  horse-races.  A 
dealer  in  horses ;  one  who  trades  in  horses. 

Jookey-olub,  -klub.  A  dub  or  associa- 
tion of  persons  interested  in  horse-racing, 
&c. 

Josri,  Jog'i.  In  the  E.  Indies,  the  name 
giyen  to  a  Hindu  deyotee ;  a  mendicant. 

Johannes,  1o-han'€z.  A  Portuguese 
gold  coin  of  the  yalue  of  $9 ;  contracted 
often  into  Joe ;  as,  a  joe  or  half-joe.  It  is 
named  from  the  flgure  of  King  John, 
which  it  bears. 

Johannisberff,  'is-berg.  The  finest 
and  most  ezpensiye  of  the  Bhenish  wines. 

John.  The  name  of  a  large  number  of 
European  soyerelgns,  the  most  noted  of 
whom  are  Don  John  of  Austria,  natural 
son  of  the  Emperor  Charles  Y. ;  b.  1516, 
n.  1678.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  gen- 
erals of  his  age,  defeating  the  Moors  in 
Spain,  and  as  commander  of  the  com- 
bined fleets  of  Spain  and  Italy  gaining 
the  important  nayal  ylctory  oyer  the 
Turks  at  Lepanto.  Declining  the  Grecian 
throne,  he  became  yiceroy  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 1576,  and  it  is  belieyed  was  poisoned. 
J.  of  Burgundy,  sumamed  by  the  Sultan 
Bajazet,  '*  Sans  Pear— the  Fearless  ;"  b. 
1874,  s.  his  father  PhUip  the  Bold  .on 
the  Bui^undian  throne.  He  was  made 
prisoner  In  a  campaign  against  the  Turks 
Dut  released  ;  fought  against  the  English, 
and  as  guardian  of  the  Daaphia  attained 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


JOHN 


JOSBPHTCTE 


almost  regal  power  in  France,  but  was 
murdered,  1419,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
latter.  J.  (sumamed  "Lackland")  of 
Englimd,  B.  1166,  d.  1216.  He  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Henry  II.,  and  brother 
and  s.  of  Bichard  Goeurde  Lion,  of  whom 
he  was  the  most  opposite  in  character.  He 
attempted  to  deprive  the  people  of  the 
charter  of  liberties  granted  by  Henry  I., 
but  the  barons  flew  to  arms  and  compelled 
him  to  sign  Magna  Gharta,  1215.  He  died 
the  object  of  universal  execration.    J.  I. 

2 lie  Great)  of  Portugal,  b.  1867,  d.  1488. 
e  carried  on  successful  wars  against 
Spain  and  the  Moors,  and  stimulated  mar- 
itime discoveries  and  colonization.  J.  II. 
(The  Perfect),  b.  1482,  s.  his  father  Alfon- 
so V.,  1481,  d.  149&.  J.  III.,B.  1488,8. 
his  Ikther  Emmanuel  the  Great,  1621,  d. 
1667.  He  established  the  Inquisition  and 
colonized  Brazil,  and  Japan  was  discovered 
during  his  reign.  J.  lY.  (Braganza),  b. 
1608,  D.  1666.  He  completely  freed  his 
country  from  Spanish  rule.  J.  VI.,  b.  1769, 
appointed  regent  1798,  left  his  country 

1807,  on  its  occupation  by  the  French,  and 
retiring  to  Brazil  became  its  &:st  emperor. 
J.  I.,  of  Sweden,  b.  1172,  d.  1222.  He  es- 
tablished Christianity  in  his  native  coun- 
try. Of  the  popes  28  bore  the  name  of  John 
between  the  years  628  and  1416. 

John,  St.  (The  Evangelist).  One  of  the 
twelve  aposties,  son  of  Zebedee,  and  the 
fovorite  of  Christ.  He  is  credited  with  be- 
ing the  author  of  three  epistles,  the  gospel 
which  bears  his  name,  and  the  Revelation. 
He  D.  at  Ephesus,  99. 

Johnson,  Andrew.  The  17th  presi- 
dent of  the  U.  8.,  through  the  assassina- 
tion of  Abraham  Lincoln ;  b.  in  N.  C, 

1808,  D.  1875.  Originally  a  tailor,  Mr.  J. 
entered  politics  in  Tennessee  in  early  man- 
hood, and  was  in  turn  elected  a  member 
ofthe  Legislature,  of  the  National  House 
of  Bepresentatives,  Governor  of  the  Stat§, 
two  terms,  and  to  the  U.  S.  Senate.  Ad- 
hering to  the  Union  when  his  State  se- 
ceded, he  was  appointed  military  govern- 
or, and  in  1864  was  elected  Vice-President, 
b^ng  sworn  in  as  President  on  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's death.  DiflFeriiig  with  his  party  re- 
specting recon8truction,he  was  impeached, 
but  acquitted  by  a  very  dose  vote.  He 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  after  his 
term  as  President  expired. 

Johnson,  Beverdy.  An  eminent 
American  statesman  and  jurist :  b.  in  Md., 
1796,  D.  1876. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  A  distinguished 
English  author  and  lexicographer,  b.  17(^, 
D.  1784.  His  dictionary  is  still  the  author- 
ity in  Great  Britain. 


Johnston,   Albert    Sidney.       An 

American  general,  believed  to  be  the  ablest 
in  the  Confederate  service;  b.  in  Ky.. 

1808,  killed  at  the  battie  of  Sbiloh,  1862. 
Johnston,  Joseph  Eodeston.     An 

American  general  who  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  OonfMerate  servioe  ;  b.  in  Ya., 

1809.  He  oommanded  the  flouthem  winf 
ofthe  Confederate  army  at  the  time^ 
Gen.  Lee's  surrendw  to  Gen.  Grant,  and 
surrendered  to  Gen.  Sherman. 

Joint-worm,  Joint'werm.  A  Jointed 
worm  ;  an  intestinal  worm,  gen.  iWia ; 
tape-worm. 

Jolly-boat,  jolli-bot.  A  smaU  oUnoher- 
built  boat  belonging  to  a  ship,  smaller 
than  a  cutter. 

Jonathan,  Jon'a-than.  A  sportive  ool- 
leotivename  for  the  inhabitants  ofthe  U. 
S.,  as  John  Bull  is  for  Englishmen ;  some- 
times applied  to  an  individual  as  a  speci- 
men of  the  dass ;  as,  he  is  a  regular  Jon- 
athan. 

Jones,  Paul.  (Real  name  John  Paul). 
A  brilliant  American  naval  commander  in 
the  Revolution ;  b.  in  Scotland,  1747,  d. 
in  Paris  1792.  After  the  conclusion  of 
peace  with.Gt.  Britain  he  became  rear-ad- 
miral in  the  Busslan  servioe,  but  was  dis- 
missed on  account  of  a  private  quarrel  and 
died  in  Paris  in  poverty. 

Jonson,  Ben.  An  English  poet  and 
dramatist,  the  contemporary  and  lUend 
of  Shakespeare ;  b.  1674,  d.  1687. 

Jordan.  The  chief  river  of  Palestine, 
200  m.  in  length,  emptying  into  the  Dead 
Sea. 

Joseph,  jo'zef.  A  riding  coat  or  habit 
for  women,  with  buttons  down  to  the 
skirts,  formerly  much  in  uae. 

Joseph.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  12  patri- 
archs, the  favorite  son  of  Jacob,  b.  in 
Mesopotamia  abt.  1626  b.  o.,  was  sold  by 
his  envious  brothers  and  taken  to  Egypt 
as  a  slave,  but  rose  to  be  prime  minister. 
Also  the  name  of  the  husband  of  Mary, 
mother  ofthe  Saviour.  Two  German  em- 
perors bore  this  name.  J.  I.,  b.  1676,  waa 
made  king  of  Hungary  and  of  the  Romans, 
and  s.  his  fktiier  IJeopold  I.  as  emperor 
1705,  D.  1711.  J.  II.,  B.  1741,  s.  his  fether 
Francis  1. 1764,  d.  1790. 

Josephine,  Marie  Joseph  Bose 
Tascher  de  la  Pa«rerie.  Fint  wife 
of  Napoleon  I.,  b.  in  Martinique,  1768,  d. 
1814.  She  was  the  widow  of  the  Vicomte 
de  Beauhamais,  by  whom  she  had  two 
chUdren.  Eugene  and  Hortense  (mother 
of  Kapoleon  III).  Kapoleon  divorced  her 
because  she  bore  him  no  children.  She 
was  universally  loved  and  pitied. 


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JOSEPHITB 


447 


JUQOEENAITT 


Josephiis,  Flavitis.  An  eminent  He- 
brew historian  ;  b.  at  Jerusalem  ▲.  d.  87, 
D.  at  Borne  95. 

Joso,  'so.  A  small  flsh  of  the  ^dgeon 
kind. 

Jo88-«tick,  jos'stik.  In  China,  a  small 
reed  ooyered  with  the  dnst  of  odoriferons 
woods,  and  bnmed  before  an  idoL 

Jouflrs,  jngz.  An  instroment  of  punish- 
ment formerly  used  in  Sootland,  consist- 
ing of  an  iron  collar  which  surrounded 
the  neck  of  the  criminal,  and  was  fjastened 
to  a  wall  or  tree  by  an  iron  chain. 

Jourdan,  Jean  Baptiste.  A  distin- 
guished French  Marshal ;  b.  1762,  n.  1888. 

Jouxneyxnan,  jer'ni-man.  Any  me- 
chanic or  worknum  who  has  served  his 
apprenticeship,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
learned  his  special  occupation. 

JouBt,  Jdst.  A  mock  encounter  on  horse- 
back, in  which  the  combatants  pushed 
with  lances  and  struck  with  swords,  man 
to  man,  in  mock  fight ;  a  tilt ;  one  of  the 
exerdses  at  tournaments.  It  has  recently 
been  reviyed  in  some  of  the  Southern 
States. 

Joiistixiff-helmet,  'ing-hekn-et.  A 
wide,  large  helmet  made  to  cover  the 
head  and  neck,  and  rest  upon  the  shoul- 
ders of  the  knight,  used  in  jousts  and 
tournaments.  U  was  decorated  with  the 
orle  displaying  his  colors,  and  his  crest 
above  that. 

Jove,  jov.  The  chief  divinity  of  the  Ro- 
mans ;  Jupiter.    The  planet  Jupiter. 

Jovinianist,  jo-vin'i-an-ist.  A  follower 
of  Jovinian,  a  monk  of  the  5th  century, 
who  denied  the  virginity  of  Mary. 

Jnan  Fernandez.  An  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific, abt.  100  m.  W.  of  Yalparalso,  noted 
as  the  residence  for  four  years  of  Alexan- 
der Selkirk,  an  adventurous  Scotch  sailor, 
whose  life  on  this '  island  Is  supposed 
to  have  suggested  Defoe's  "Robinson 
Crusoe." 

Juarez,  Benito.  President  of  Mexico 
when  that  country  was  Invaded  by  France, 
and  also  after  the  death  of  Maximilian  ;  b. 
1807,  D.  1872.  He  was  of  native  Indian 
descent. 

Juba,  Jn'ba.  The  long,  thick-set  hairs 
which  adorn  the  neck,  chest  or  spine  of 
certain  quadrupeds. 

Jubilate,  -bi-li'te.  The  thh^  Sunday 
after  Easter ;  so  called  because  in  the 
primitive  church  divine  service  was  com- 
menced with  the  words  of  the  sixty-sixth 
Psahn :  "  Jubilate  Deo,  omnes  terrw  " — 
"  Sing  to  the  Lord,  aH  ye  lands." 


Jubilee,  -16.  Among  the  Jews,  every 
50th  year,  being  the  year  following  the 
revolution  of  seven  weeks  of  years,  at 
which  time  all  the  slaves  were  liberated 
andaU  lands  which  had  been  alienated 
during  the  whole  period  reverted  to  their 
former  owners.  A  church  ceremony  cel- 
ebrated at  Rome  at  stated  Intervals,  orig- 
inally of  a  hundred  years,  but  now  of 
twenty-five,  in  which  the  Pope  grants 
plenary  indulgence  to  sinners. 

Judab.  One  of  the  12  Hebrew  patriarchs, 
the  4th  son  of  Jacob,  b.  1755  b.  c,  and 
progenitor  of  the  principal  Jewish  tribe, 
from  which  all  Jews  derived  their  name. 

Judas  Isoariot.  One  of  the  12  apos- 
tles, and  the  betrayer  of  Christ  for  thirty 
pieces  of  silver.     He  committed  suldde. 

Judaism,  'darizm.  The  religious  doc- 
trines and  rites  of  the  Jews,  as  enjoined 
in  the  laws  of  Moses. 

Judas-tree,  Mas-tre.  A  plant  of  the 
gen.  CcTois,  ord.  Leguminosie,  sub-ord. 
CeesalpineeB. 

Judflre,  juj.  In  Jewish  Hist,  a  chief  mag  - 
istrate  with  civil  and  military  powers. 
The  Israelites  were  governed  by  judges 
more  than  800  years,  and  thdr  history  is 
called  the  Book  of  Judges. 

Judffment-day,  'ment-day.  In  Theol. 
the  day  when  the  final  judgment  will  be 
pronounced  on  the  subjects  of  God's 
moral  government. 

Judica,  jfi'di-ka.  The  6th  Sunday  of 
Lent :  so  named  because  in  the  iwinutlve 
church  the  services  of  the  day  w^re  begun 
with  the  opening  words  of  the  fortT^-third 
Psalm:  "Judica  me,  Domine"— "Judge 
me,0  Lord." 

Judiciary,  -di'shi-a-ri.  That  branch  of 
the  goyemment  which  is  concerned  in  the 
trial  and  determination  of  controversies 
between  parties  and  of  criminal  prosecu- 
tions ;  the  system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a 
government;  the  judges  taken  collec- 
tively. 

Jufirata,  -g&'ta.  In  Numis.  two  heads 
represented  upon  a  medal  side  by  side  oi 
joining  each  other. 

Juggernaut,  jug'ger-n§t.  The  popular 
form  of  Jagann&tha,  the  fiimons  Hindu 
idol.  A  dty  in  Bengal,  India,  260  m.  S. 
W.  of  Calcutta,  sacred  to  Hindu  pil- 
grims, containing  a  temple  dedicated  to 
Yishnu,  to  whi(£  hundreds  of  thousands 
annually  repair.  The  god  is  borne  on  a 
huge  car  from  the  temple  to  a  pavilion 
about  a  mile  distant,  and  formerly  many 
devotees  cast  themselves  before  the  wheels 
and  were  crashed  to  death,  it  being  esti* 


Digitized  by 


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JXTLIAU 


44d 


JUPITER 


Biated  that  millions  have  thus  sacrificed 
themselves. 

Julian,  ju'li-an.  The  calendar  as  adlusted 
by  Julias  C»sar,  46  b.  o.,in  which  the 
year  was  made  to  consist  of  865  days, 
6  hours,  instead  of  865  days,  which  re- 
mained in  use  until  superseded  by  the 
Gregorian  year. 

Julian,  FlaviuB  Claudius  (The 
Apostate).  Emperor  of  Rome,  nephew 
of  Constantino  the  Great ;  b.  in  Ck>n8tan- 
tinople,  881,  crowned  861,  d.  868.  He  at- 
tempted to  restore  the  ancient  paganism. 

Julianist,  -ist.  One  of  a  section  of  the 
early  Coptic  Church,  who  held  the  Sav- 
iours body  to  be  incorruptible :  so  called 
from  Julian  of  Halicarnassus,  their  leader: 
opposed  to  Severlan. 

Julius.  The  name  of  three  popes,  of 
whom  J.  II.,  who  s.  Pius  III.  1608,  was 
distinguished  for  his  success  in  form- 
ing an  alliance  with  the  Spanish,  Swiss 
and  Venetians  and  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  fi:om  Italy,  by  his  patronage  of 
Michael  Angelo,  and  as  being  the  oi^Bri^al 
founder  of  the  magnificent  St.  Peter's 
cathedral ;  d.  1618. 

July,  -ir.  The  7th  month  of  the  year, 
during  which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo: 
so  caBed  from  Julius,  the  surname  of 
Caius  CiBsar,  who  was  born  in  this  month. 

Jumart,  'mfirt.  The  supposed  off- 
spring of  a  bull  and  mare. 

Jumna.  A  river  of  Hindustan,  chief 
branch  of  the  Ganges,  860  m.  in  length. 

Junffly-erau,  'gli-gou.  Bos  sylhetanus, 
a  species  of  ox  inhabiting  mountainons 
parts  of  the  northeast  of  India.  It  has 
more  the 


Chinese  Junk. 
_i,  often  of  large  dimensions.    It  has  a 
nigh  forecastle  and  poop,  and  ordinarily 
three  masts. 
Junff£rau,   yoong'frow.     (The  Virgin). 


pan. 
higl 


A  Swiss  Alpine  peak,  18.718  ft.  above  the 
sea  level. 

JumpinflT-deer.  The  black-tailed  deer, 
found  in  the  U.  S.  west  of  the  WjuHA' 
sippi. 

June,Jfin.  The  6th  month  of  the  year, 
when  the  sun  enters  the  sign  of  Cancer. 

Junffle-fowL  jnng'gl-foul.  A  name 
given  to  two  biras,  natives  of  Australia 
and  India.  The  Jungle-fowl  of  Australia 
is  Megapodius  tumulus.  The  Indian 
Jungle-fowl  is  Gallas  SonneratU,  the  first 
species  of  the  gen.  Gallua  known  in  its 
wild  state  to  naturalists. 

Junker,  Jungk'er.  A  member  of  the 
aristocratic  party  in  Prussia  which  came 
into  power  under  Otho  von  Blsmarck- 
Schdnhausen  (Prince  Bismarck),  when  he 
was  appointed  prime  minister,  9th  of 
Oct.,  18&. 

Juno,  j&'nd.  InBom. 
Myth,  the  highest 
and  most  powerful  ^ 
divinity  next  to  Ju- 
piter, of  whom  she 
was  the  sister  and 
wife,  the  equivalent 
of  the  Greek  Hera. 
She  was  the  queen 
of  heaven,  and  under 
the  name  of  Begina 
(queen)  was  wor- 
shipped in  Italy  at  an 
early  period.  She 
bore  the  same  rela- 
tion to  women  that 
Jupiter  did  to  men. 
She  was  also  the  guardian  of  the  national 
finances,  and  a  temple,  which  contained 
tiie  mint,  was  erected  to  heron  theCap- 
itoline.  In  Astron.  one  of  the  small  plan- 
ets between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Ju- 
piter. 

Junta,  jun'ta.  A  meeting;  a  council; 
^edfically,  a  grand  council  of  state  in 

Junto,  't5.  A  select  counoU  or  assembly, 
which  deliberates  in  secret  on  anvafflUror 
government ;  a  meeting  of  men  for  secret 
intrigue  for  party  purposes ;  a  fiiction ;  a 
cabfu. 

Jupiter,  lu'pi-ter.  In  Rom.  Mvth.  th« 
supreme  deity,  the  equivalent  of  the  Greek 
Zeus.  He  received  from  the  Romans, 
whose  tutelary  deity  he  was,  the  titles  of 
Optimus  Maximus  (Best  Greatest).  He 
was  regarded  as  supreme  in  human 
affairs;  he  foresaw  and  directed  the 
future,  and  sacrifices  were  offered  up 
to  him  at  the  beginning  of  eveiy  iindir 


-TllTM- 


Digitized  by 


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jupoir 


449 


KAFILAS 


teldng.  White  was  sacred  to  him ;  hence, 
white  animals  were  offered 
up  in  sacrifice  to  him,  his 
priests  wore  white  caps,  i 
his  chariot  was  represen- 
ted as  drawn  by  four  white 
horses,  and  the  consols 
were  dressed  in  white 
upon  the  occasion  of  their 
sacrificing  to  him  when 
they  ent^«d  upon  office. 
He  is  often  represented 
with  thunderbolts  in  his 
hand,  and  the  eagle,  his 
fitvorite  bird,  is  generally 

8 laced  by  the  side  of  his 
irone.     One  of  the  su- 
perior  planets,  remarka- 
ble   for    its    brightness,       ^     ,. 
having   four  moons.  Its      Jupiter, 
mean  diameter  is  about  86,000  miles ;  Its 
distance  from  the  sun  490,000,000  miles, 
and  its  period  of  revolution 
round  the  sun  a  UtUe  less 
than  twelve  years. 

Jupon,  ju-pon'.  A  tight- 
fitting  military  garment 
without  sleeves,  worn 
over  the  armor,  and  de- 
scending just  below  the 
hips,  frequentlv  richly  em- 
blazoned and  nighly  orna- 
mented. 

Jure  divino,  iu'rS  di-vl'-' 
no.    By  divine  right. 

Jur3riBan,  -man.  One  who 
se  rves  as  a  juror.  Jnpon. 


jTUltin,  St.  (The  Martyr).  Oneofth« 
Christian  &thers,  b.  in  Palestine  abt  10^ 
martyred  166. 

Justinian.  The  name  oftwo  emperors  of 
Constantinople.  J.  I.,  b.  488,  s.  his 
nephew  Justin  I.  627;  d.  665.  He 
was  wise  and  warlike;  the  celebrated 
"Justinian  Code"  was  compiled  under 
his  patronage,  and  the  empire  was  re- 
stored to  nearly  its  largest  former  di- 
menrions.  J.  II.  s.  his  Ikther  Constan- 
tino III.  686 ;  deposed  and  exiled,  696 ; 
killed  by  Phlllpplous  Bardanus,  who  s. 
him  711. 

Jute,  j&t  A  fibrous  substance  resem- 
bling hemp,  prepared  by  maceration  from 
the  inner  biu-k  of  Corchorus  capsularis, 
and  C.  olitorius  or  JewB*-mallow.  In 
India  it  is  made  into  cloth  for  bags,  and 
in  this  country  it  is  used  in  carpets,  bag- 
ging and  other  fitbrics.  It  is  also  used  to 
mix  with  silk  in  cloth  for  ladles*  dresses 
and  the  like. 

Jutland.  A  Danish  prov.  covering  the 
peninsular  mainland ;  pop.  abt.  800,000. 

Juvenal,  Deoimus  Junius  Jut»- 
nalis.  An  eminent  Boman  satirist ;  b. 
40,  D.  107. 

Juvenesoenoe,  ju-ve-nes'ens.  The  state 
of  being  juvenescent ;  a  growing  young. 

Juvia,  M-a.  The  fruit  of  the  BerthoUetia 
excelsa,  conmionly  called  BrazU-nttt. 

Juzail,  -zfil.  A  heavy  rifle  used  by  the 
Affghans. 


KIS  the  11th  letter  and  the  8th  consonant 
of  the  English  alphabet,  and  represents 
one  of  the  sounds  of  the  original  Indo- 
European  alphabet.  In  Anglo^axon  k 
was  occasionally  used,  but  c  was  r^pi- 
larly  employed  for  the  same  sound,  and 
previous  to  the  18th  century  this  letter  was 
seldom  used.  K  has  always  the  some 
sound,  b^ng  classed  as  a  guttural  mute, 
explosive,  or  momentary  consonant,  and 
represents  a  hard  or  surd  articuhttion. 
Formerly,  k  was  added  to  c  in  musick, 

Sublick,  Jko.f  but  is  now  omitted  as  super- 
uous.  Kn  forms  a  common  initial  com- 
bination in  English  words,  but  in  this 
position  the  k  is  now  silent,  as  in  know, 
knife,  knee.  Before  r  or  1  as  an  initial 
combination  this  sound  is  represented  by 
c,  as  in  cream,  clean.  As  a  contraction  K 
stands  for  Knight,  as  K.  B.,  Knight  of  the 
Bath ;  K.  G.,  Knight  of  the  Garter ;  K.  C. 
B.,  Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath. 


Kaallng,  n.tng.     A  bird,   a  species  of 


starling,  found  in  China. 
Kaama,  'ma.      A  S.   African  antelope 


(Bubalis  caama),  the  baarte-beest  of  the 
butch  colonists. 

Kabani,  ka-ba'ni.  A  person  who,  in 
Oriental  states,  supplies  the  place  of  a 
notary  public ;  a  kind  of  attorney  in  the 
Levant. 

Kabin,  k&'bin.  A  species  of  marriage 
among  Mohammedans,  which  is  not  bind- 
ing for  life,  but  is  solemnized  on  condi- 
tion that  the  husband  allows  the  wife 
a  certain  sum  of  money  in  case  of  separa- 
tion. 

Kadarite,    kad'&-rTt      One  of  a  sect 

among  the  Mohanmiedans  who  deny  the 

doctrine  of  predestination  and  maintain 

that  of  free-will. 

I  Kaftlall,  kafi-la.  A  party  traveling  with 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KAFIE 


460 


KAKT 


Early  navigators   applied    the 

term  to  convoys  of  merchant  Bliips. 
Kafir,  'er.  One  of  a  race  spread  over 
Boutheastem  Africa,  from  Cape  Colony  to 
Delagoa  Bay,  so  called  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Extern  Africa  on  accomit  of  their  re- 
fiisal  to  accept  the  faith  of  Mohammed. 
Xaftan,  'tan.  A  garment  worn  in  East- 
ern countries,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  long 
vest  tied  at  tiie  waist  with  a  girdle,  with 
sleeves  extending  beyond  the  points  of 
the  fingers.  A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn 
above  it. 

Xaliau,  ka'ha.  The  proboscis-monkey 
(Nalsalis  larvatus),  remarkable  for  the 
length  of  its  nose. 

Kakapo,  kak'a-po.  The  owl-parrot,  the 
Strigops  habroptilus,  resembling  an  owl. 
Kaland,  ka'land.  A  lay  fraternity  which 
originated  in  Germany  in  the  ISth  cen- 
tnry.  The  members  assembled  on  the 
first  of  each  month  to  pray  for  their  de- 
ceased friends,  after  which  thev  took  a 
repast  in  common.  The  ceremonies  gradu- 
ally degenerated  into  excesses,  and  the 
fraternity  was  abolished. 
Kaleidoscope,  ka-li'dd-skop.  An  opti- 
cal instrument  which  exhibits,  by  reflec- 
tion, a  variety  of  beautlAil  colors  and  sym- . 
metrical  forms,  and  enables  the  observer 
to  render  permanent  such  as  mav  appear 
appropriate  for  any  branch  of  the  oma- 
mentai«arts. 

Kaliya«ra,  kal-i-yu'ga.  The  last  of  the 
four  Hindu  periods  contained  in  the  great 
Yuga,  equal  to  the  iron  age  of  classic 
mv^ology.  It  consisted  of  432,000  solar- 
sidereal  years,  and  began  some  thousands 
of  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
Kaiki,  'k3.  An  avatar  or  Incarnation  of 
Vishnu,  which  it  is  considered  will  take 
place  about  the  close  of  the  Kaliyuga  age, 
when  all  whose  minds  are  given  up  to 
wickedness  shall  be  annihilated,  and 
righteousness  established  on  earth;  and 
the  minds  of  those  who  live  at  the  close 
of  that  age  shall  be  awakened  and  be  as 
pellucid  as  crystal. 
Kalongr,  ka'Iong.  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  fox-bats,  specifically  to  the 
great  frugivorous  fox-bat  of  India. 
Kalpa,  kal'pa.  In  Hindu  Chron.  a  day, 
or  according  to  others  a  day  and  night  of 
Brahma,  or  a  period  of  4,820,000,000  or 
8,640,000,000  solar-sidereal  years  Ac- 
cording to  some  the  number  of  kalpas  is 
infinite;  others  limit  them  to  thirty.  A 
great  kalpa.  Instead  of  a  day,  comprises 
tiie  life  of  Brahma. 
Kalpa-Sutra,  -pa-sti'tra.    In  Vedio  Lit. 


those  Sanskrit  works  which  treat  of  ih« 
ceremonial  attending  the  performance  of 
a  Yedio  sacrifice. 

Kalseepee,  -sd'pS.    The  Mahratta  name 
for  an  elegant  species  of  antelope,  and 
signifying  literally  black-taiL 
Kama,  kft'ma.    The  Hindu  god  of  love. 
Elami,  kam'e.    A  Japanese  title  belong- 
ing primarily  to  the  celestial  gods  who 
formed    the  first  mythological  dynasty, 
then  extended  to  the  terrestrial  gods  of 
the  second  dynasty,  and  then  to  the  long 
line  of  spiritual  princes  who  are  still  rep- 
resented by  the  mikado. 
Kamptulicon,  kamp-tuli-kon.    A  kind 
of  floor-cloth  composed  of  india-rubber, 
gutta  percha  and  ground  cork. 
Kaxnsin,  kam'sin.   A  hot  southerly  wind 
in  Egypt ;  the  simoon. 
irft.Tint.y]^hatkft.  A  large  peninsula  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Siberia,  belon^g  to  Bnssia. 
ITft^TtnTrft.    ka-nak'a.      A  native  of  the 
Sandwich  Ishmds. 

Kanohil,  kan'chil.  A  very  small  deer 
(Tragulus  pygmiens)  inhabiting  the 
Asiatic  islands.  Called  also  the  Pigmy 
Musk-deer. 

Kane,  Blisha  Kent.  An  American 
Arctic  explorer,  b.  in  Penn.  1820,  d.  1857. 
Kangraroo, 
kang'ga-rd.  The 
native  name  of 
the  ftntwii^^ft  gen. 
Macropus,  a  gen. 
of  marsupial 
mammalia  pecu- 
liar to  Austral- 
asia. They  are  the 
largest  animals 
having  a  double 
uterus  or  womb. 
An  external 
pouch  or  append- 
age to  the  abdo- 
men exists,  and  in 
this  they oung  are 
carried  ior  months  after  birth. 
Kansas,  kin's^}.  A  State  of  the  Amei^ 
lean  Union,  admitted  1861,  bounded  N. 
by  Nebraska,  E.  by  Missouri,  S.  by  Indiaa 
Ter.,  W.  by  Colorado ;  area  81,818  sq.  m.; 
pop.  996,096.  Chief  towns,  Topeka,  cap., 
Leavenworth,  Lawrence,  Atenlson  and 
Fort  Scott;  rivers,  Missouri,  Arkansas 
and  Kansas ;  its  surlhce  is  mainly  prahrie. 
Kant,  Immanuel,  kahnt.  A  German 
author  and  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
Critical  or  Transcendental  School;  b. 
1724,  D.  1804.  He  was  of  Scottish  de- 
scent 


Aroe  Kaogaroo. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KABAdAH 


451 


KETTLE-DBXJM 


Karaflran,  kar'a-gan.  Yulpes  K.,  a 
species  of  gray  fox  found  in  the  Kussian 
empire. 

Karaite,  ka'ra-!t  A  member  of  a  Jew- 
ish sect  which  adheres  to  the  letter  of 
Scripture,  rejecting  all  oral  traditions,  and 
denying  the  anthority  of  the  Talmud ;  op- 
posed to  Kabbinists. 

Karamsin,  Nikolai  Mikhaelo- 
vitch.  An  eminent  Bussian  historian  ; 
B.  17«6,  D.  1826. 

Xaraskier,  ka-rasld-er.  One  of  the 
chief  officers  of  justice  in  Turkey,  residing 
at  Constantinople,  and  a  member  of  the 
Ulema. 

Kamac.  An  Egyptian  village  occupying 
the  site  of  ancient  Thebes ;  chiefly  noted 
for  its  extensive  ruins. 

Kartikeya,  kfir-ti-ka'ya.  In  Hindu 
Myth,  the  god  of  war,  corresponding  to  the 
Latin  Mars.  He  is  commander-in-chief  of 
the  celestial  armies. 

Kattixnundoo,  kat-ti-mun'do.  The 
mllkv  juice  of  the  E.  Indian  plant  Eu- 
phorbia Cattimnndoo,  resembling  caout- 
chouc. It  is  used  as  a  cement  for  metal, 
knife-handles,  &c. 

Kat3rdid,  ka'ti-did.  An  orthopterous 
insect,  Plaiyphyllum  concavum,  a  species 
of  grasshopper. 

Kava,  'va.  A  species  of  pepper  (Macro- 
piper  methysticum),  trom  whose  root  an 
mtoxicating  beverage  is  made  by  the 
Bouth  Sea  Islanders. 

Xairak,  ka'ak.  A  light  fishing-boat  in 
Greenland,  made  of  seal-skins. 

Keblah,  keb'la.  The  point  toward  which 
Mohammedans  turn  their  feces  in  prayer, 
being  ^e  direction  of  the  temple  at 
Mecca. 

Xedflre,  kej.    A  small  anchor. 

Keel,  kel.  In  brewing,  a  broad  flat  vessel 
used  for  cooling  liquids. 

Keen,  ken.  In  Ireland,  the  piercing  lam- 
entation made  over  a  corpse. 

Keeve,  k3v.  A  large  tub  or  vessel  used 
in  brewing ;  a  mashing-tub.  In  mining, 
a  large  vat  used  in  dressing  ores. 

Keitloa,  kit-lo'a.  A  species  of  rhinoce- 
ros having  two  horns,  the  front  one  curved 
backward,  the  back  one  forward. 

KelsBnonesiaii,  ke-l6'no-ne''si-an.  In 
Ethn.  one  of  the  dark-colored  inhabitants 
of  the  Pacific  Islands. 

Kelliadss,  -I'a-d3.  A  &mily  of  lamelU- 
branchtate  mollusca,  embracing  several 
genera. 

Kelp,  kelp.    The  produce  of  sea-weeds 


when  burned,  from  which  carbonate  oS 
soda  is  obtained. 

Kelpie,  kel'pi.  In  Scotland,  an  imagin- 
ary spirit  of  the  waters  in  the  form  of  a 
horse,  believed  to  give  previous  warning 
when  a  person  was  about  to  be  drowned, 
and  sometimes  maliciously  to  assist  in 
drowning  persons. 

Kent-bufirle,  i 
kent'bQ-gl.  A I 
curved  siz-Q 
keyed  bugle,  1 
on  which  ev- ' 
ery  tone  in  the 

musical   scale  Kent-bugle, 

can  be  sound-  ** 

ed.    Also  called  the  key-bugle. 

Kentucky.  One  of  the  States  of  tho 
American  Union,  admitted  1792,  bounded 
N.  by  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  E.  by 
Virginia  and  W.  Virginia,  S.  bv  Tennes- 
see, W.  by  Missouri;  area,  87,^  sq.  m.; 
pop.  1,648,690 ;  principal  towns,  Frankfort, 
cap.,  Louisville,  Lexington,  Covington, 
Paducah,  Henderson,  Columbus  and 
Hickman ;  chi^  rivers,  the  Mississippi, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Cumber- 
land, Green  and  Licking. 

Kepler's  Laws,  kep'lerz  laz.  The  laws 
of  the  courses  of  the  planets  established  by 
Kepler. 

Kerana,  ke-rfi'na.  A  long  wind  instni- 
ment  like  a  trumpet,  much  used  in  Persia, 
being  sounded  evening  and  morning. 

Kermes,  'm€z.  A  dye-stuff  consisting  of 
the  dried  bodies  of  the  females  of  one  or 
two  species  of  Coccus,  more  permanent 
but  less  brilliant  than  cochineal. 

Kern,  kern.  A  light-armed  foot-soldier  of 
the  ancient  Irish  militia  and  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  armed  v^ith  a  dart  or  skean ; 
opposed  to  gallowglass,  who  was  heavy- 
armed. 

Kettle-dnun,  ket'1-dmm.  A  copper 
vessel,    usually   hemispherical,    covered 


Kettle-drum, 
with  parchment,  formerly  used  in  pairs  in 
martial  music  forcavaUy,  but  now  chiefly 
confined  to  orchestras. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EEBODON 


468 


EILLABNBY 


KerodoxL,  ker'd-don.  A  S.  American 
gen.  of  rodents,  allied  to  thecayies,  about 
tiie  size  of  a  grulnea-pig. 

Xeroselene,  'o-sS-lCn.  An  extremely 
light,  volatile,  liquid  hydrocarbon,  which 
first  passes  over  when  petroleum,  coal- 
tar,  &c.,  are  distilled. 

Kerosene,  -s^n.  A  liquid  hydrocarbon 
distilled  fW>m  coals,  bitumen,  i)etroleum, 
&c..  extensively  used  as  a  lamp-oil. 

Kersey,  'zi.  A  coarse,  woolen  doth 
usually  ribbed. 

Kerseymere, 
-m3r.      A    tl 
twilled  stuff  w    ^ 
en  from  theflni  -« 
wools;ca8sim(  1^'. 


Kestrel. 


Ketch. 


Keslop,  kesl.]^ 

The  stomach  cfa 

calf  prepared  fur 

rennet. 
Kestrel,      'trel. 

The    Falco  Tin- 

nunoulus,  a  common  British  species  of 

falcon,  called 

also    Stannel 

and      Wind- 
hover. 
Ketch,  kech. 

A     strongly- 
built    vessel, 

of  the  galiot 

order,  usually 

two-masted , 

and  from  100 

to    250    tons 

burden,     for- 
merly   much 

used  as  bomb  vessels. 
Kettle-hat, 

-hat,    T>jo  If  on 

hiii  uf  n  kiile'l'it 

in     ili^    iiiLtrtdlt? 

leat  |]  I'  r     bur- 

KeveL,  ki-v^ol. 
AxilflMpa  I*or- 
fifta»  u  Einytiva  of 
ELnti'lopB     ftinil- 

in  its  manners 
and  habits. 

Key,  kt5.  One  of  the  twenty-four  com- 
moners who  represent  the  people  in  the 
Parliament  or  Court  of  Tynwald  of  th? 
Isle  of  Man,  forming  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  legislative  body  of  the  island,  the 
other  branch  consisting  of  the  governor 
and  his  counoiL 


Kevel. 


Kesrstone,  -stdn.  The  stone  of  an  arch 
which,  being  the  last  put  In,  keys  or  locks 
the  whole  together. 

Khan,  kan.  In  Asia,  a  governor;  a 
king ;  a  prince ;  a  chief.  An  Eastern  inn ; 
a  caravansary.  The  khans  in  towns  ar9 
of  two  kindsr— those  for  travelers  and  pil- 
grims where  a  lodging  is  ftumished  gratis, 
and  those  for  traders,  usually  handsomer 
and  more  convenient.  A  small  sum  is 
charged  for  lodgment,  but  a  du^  is 
charged  on  aU  goods  sold  within.  These 
may  belong  to  government  or  to  private 
individuals. 

Khanate,  '&t  The  Jurisdiction  of  a 
khan. 

KhartounL  A  dty  of  upper  Nubia, 
Egypt,  on  the  Blue  Nile,  Just  above  its 
lunction  with  the  White  Nile.  It  has  a 
large  caravan  trade ;  pop.  86,470. 

Khedive,  ke-dSv'.  A  Turkish  title  ap- 
plied to  the  Pasha  or  Governor  of  Egypt, 
Implying  a  rank  or  authori^  superior  to 
a  prince  or  viceroy,  but  inferior  to  an  in- 
dependent sovereign.  The  title  is  an  old 
one  revived  by  Ismael  I. 

Kholsun,  korsun.  The  native  dog  of 
India;  the  dhole. 

Khotbah,  kofba.  A  Mohammedan  form 
of  praver,  repeated  at  the  commencement 
of  public  worship  in  the  mosques  every 
Friday  morning.  It  is  re«:arded  as  the 
most  sacred  portion  of  the  service,  and 
the  insertion  of  his  name  in  this  prayer  is 
regarded  as  tiie  chief  prerogative  of  the 
Bultan. 

Kibitka,  ki-bifka.  A  tent  of  the  nomad 
tribes  of  the  Kirghiz-Tartars.  A  Bussian 
vehicle  consisting  of  a  fttune  of  wood  cov- 
ered with  felt  or  leather,  and  placed  on 
wheels,  s^nring  as  a  movable  habitation. 

Kibllxiff,  kibOing.  A  part  of  a  small  fish 
used  by  fishermen  for  bait  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland. 

Kid,  kid.  A  young  goat  Leather  made 
fi:om  the  skin  of  a  kid,  or  firom  otker  hides 
in  imitation  of  it 

Kidderminster,  'er-min-ster.  An  En- 
glish carpeting  composed  of  two  webs, 
each  consisting  of  a  separate  warped 
woof,  interwoven  at  intervals  to  produce 
the  figures. 

Kid-fox,  'foks.    A  young  fox. 

Kikeknnemalo,  kikVku-nem"a-lo.  A 

Euro  resin  similar  to  copal,  but  of  a  more 
eautiftil  whiteness  and  transparency, 
forming  the  most  beautiftil  of  all  titie  var 
nishes. 

Killamey.  A  town  In  Co.  Kerry,  Ire- 
land, noted  for  the  three  beautiful  kkes  in 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


EILODYNE  41 

the  Tidnity.  also  fbr  the  Island  of  Innis- 
flUlen,  and  for  its  proximity  to  the  highest 
mountains  and  most  romantlo  soenery  in 
the  island. 

Silodyne.  kil'5-din.  In  dynamics,  a 
thousand  aynes. 

XilOflrram,  -gram.  A  French  measure 
of  w^ht,  being  1,000  grams,  equal  to 
2.20485  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Xilograzaxneter,  -d-gram'et-er.  The 
French  unit  employed  in  estimating  the 
mechanical  work  performed  by  a  machine. 
It  represents  the  work  performed  in 
raising  a  kilogram  through  a  meter  of 
space,  and  corresponds  to  7.288  foot- 
pounds. 

Xiloliter,  ki-lorit-er.  In  French  deci- 
mal measures  1,000  liters,  85.8166  cubic 
feet,  or  220.0967  imperial  gallons. 

Siloxnetpr,  -lom'et-er.  In  French  deci- 
mal system  of  measures  1,000  metero,  the 
meter  being  the  unit  of  linear  measure 
and  equivalent  to  8.2808992  English  feet. 

XilOiieTe,  kil'd-stSr.  A  French  solid 
measure,  consisting  of  1,000  stores  or  cubic 
meters,  and  equal  to  85817.41  cubic  feet. 

Silt,  kilt.  A  short  petticoat,  worn  by 
men  as  an  article  of  dress  in  lieu  of  trous- 
ers :  the  national  dress  of  the  Highlanders 
of  Scotland. 

Kinetics,  -net'iks.  That  branch  of 
dvnamics  which  treats  of  forces  causing  or 
changing  motion  in  bodies. 

Kinfir,  king.  A  Chinese  musical  instru- 
ment consisting  of  sixteen  resonant  stones 
or  metal  plates,  so  arranged  in  a  frame  of 
wood  as  to  sound  as  many  musical  notes. 

Xing'.  The  chief  ma^strate  or  sovereign 
of  a  nation  ;  a  monarch ;  a  prince ;  a  ruler. 

King^-at-curms,  'at-firmz.  In  Her.  an 
officer  of  great  antiquity,  and  formerly  of 
great  authority.  In  England  there  are 
now  three  kings-at-arms, 
viz..  Garter,  Glarencieux 
and  Norroy.  There  is  u 
Lyon-kingat-arms  for  Scot ' 
land  and  an  Ulster-king-at- 
arms  for  Ireland. 

KinfiT-bird,  'herd.  The 
popular  name  of  two  birds, 
the  one  belonging  to  the  gen. 
Paradisea,  the  other  to  the 
gen.  Tyrannus. 

Kingr-crab, 'krab.  A  name 
given  to  the  species  of  Lim- 
ulus,  a  gen.  of  crustaceans, 
ord.  Xlphosura. 
Kinsr-OTOW,  ^krd.  A  bhxl 
rOiorurus  nuicrocercus), 
nm.    Ampelidtt    or    chatterers. 


B  KISH 

Xing',  RufuB.  An  eminent  Americaa 
orator  and  statesman ;  b.  in  Me.,  1755 ;  d. 
1827. 

Xingrfishex, 
-flsh'er.  The  gen 
eralnameof  the 
birds  ibm.  Hal 
^onidsB,8ab-ord 
Fissirostres,  ord 
Insessores.  Iti 
probable  thai 
this  bird  is  th. 
halcyon  of  the 
ancients,  o( 
which  so  man} 
wonderAilstorien 
were  told. 

Xing-vulture,  'vul-tur.  The  Saroop- 
hampus  Papa  of  the  intertropical  regions 
of  America,  fam.  Vulturidie. 

Xinkajou,  'ka-j6.  A  plantigrade  carniv- 
orous mammal  of  northern  S.  America 
belonging  to  the  group  Cerooleptida,  and 
allied  to  the  family  Ursidae. 

Xinnikinic,  kin'ikin-ik".  A  compo- 
sition for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  and  bark  of  red  sumac  or  red  wil- 
low.   SpeUed  also  Killikinick. 

Xiosk,  ki-osk'.  A  Turkish  pavilion  or 
summer  house.     It  has  been  mtroduoed 


Ui:<l  Kjiigtlaher* 


King-crab. 


Kiosk. 

from  Turkey  and  Persia  into  gardens, 
parks,  Ac.,  of  Europe  and  America. 

Xip-skin,  kip'skin.  Leather  prepared 
from  the  skin  of  young  cattle,  inter- 
mediate between  calfskin  and  cowhide. 

Xirk,kirk.  The  Established  Church  of 
Scotland ;  a  church. 

Xirsoh-wasser,  kersh'vas-ser.  An  al- 
coholic liquor  distilled  from  the  fermented 
juice  of  the  small  black  cherry.  It  is 
called  the  brandy  of  Switzerland. 

Xish,  kish.  A  substance  resembling 
plumbago  found  in  iron-smelting  fhr- 
naces.  It  consists  of  carbon  and  manga* 
nese. 


Digitized  by 


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EISSMISS 


464 


KOB 


Kite. 


KiMiniM,  kis'mis.  A  small  Persian 
grape  from  which  Shiraz  wine  Is  made. 
Kitchen-midden,  kich'en-mid-n.  The 
name  given  to  certain  mounds,  from  8  to 
10  feet  in  height  and  100  to  1,000  feet  in 
length,  found  in  the  U.  8.,  Denmark, 
Scotland,  Ac.,  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
shells  of  edible  shell- 
fish. They  are  the 
reftise  heaps  of  a 
pre-historic  people, 
unaoqaaintea  with 
the  use  of  metals,  all 
the  implements 
found  in  them  being 
of  stone,  bone,  horn 
or  wood.  Fragments 
of  rude  pottery  oc- 
cur. 
Kite,  kit.  A  rap- 
torial bird  of  the  fal- 
con fam  ,  gen.  Milvus,  the  least  fsrmidable 
of  the  birds  of  prey. 

Kittiwake,  kit'ti-wak.  A  natatorial  bh-d, 
gen.  Larus  or  gulls. 

Kleber,  Jean  Baptiste.     A  gallant 
French  general ;  b.  1764,  assassinated  by 
an  Arab  in  Egypt,  1800. 
Kleptomania,  klep-to-ma'ni-a.    A  sup- 
posed species  of  moral  insanity,  exhibft- 
ing  itself  in  an  irresistible  desire  to  pilfer. 
Klipsprinsrer,  klip'spring-er.  A  beauti- 
ful little  8.  African  antelope,  gen.  Oreotra- 
gus,  as  sure-footed  and  agile  as  the  chamois, 
which  it  somewhat  resembles  in  its  habits. 
Knapsack,  nap'sak.    A  bag  of  leather 
or  strong  cloth  for  carrying  a  soldier's  or 
tourist's  necessities. 

Knave,  nav.    A  playing  card  ^vith  a  sol- 
dier or  servant  painted  on  it ;  a  jack. 
Knigrlithood,     'hud.         ^m.^ 
The  character  or   dig-         990. 
nity  ofaknight.  Order       ^H^ 
of  Knighthood,  an  or-  ■HF 

ganized  and  duly  con-T^l^^^V  Z^^^ 
stituted  body  I  ^^  ^^^ 
knights.  These  are  of 
two  classes — associa- 
tions or  fraternities, 
possessing  property  and 
rights  of  their  own  as 
independent  bodies,  or 
merely  honorary  associ- 
ations. To  the  former 
belonged  the  three  cele- 
brated religious  orders  _ 
founded  during  the  Cm-  Star,  Jewel  and 
sades— Templars,  Hos-  Ck)Ilar  of  the  Or- 
pitallers  and  Teutonic  der  of  St.  Patrick. 
Knights.  The  other 
embraces  most  of  the  existing  European 


orders,  such  as  the  order  of  the  €k)1den 
Fleece,  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  of  St.  Mi- 
chael. The  British  orders  aro  the  order 
of  the  Garter,  the  ThisUe,  St.  Patrick,  the 
Bath,  8t  Michael  and  St.  George,  and  the 
Star  of  India.  The  various  orders  have 
each  their  appropriate  insignia. 
Knifirht,  nit.  In  feudal  times,  a  man  ad- 
mitted to  a  certain  military  nmk,  with  spe< 
cial  ceremonies.  In  modem  times,  one 
who  holds  a  certain  dignity  conferred  by 
the  sovereign  and  entitiing  the  possessor 
to  have  the  titie  of  Sh:  prefixed  to  his 
Christian  name,  but  not  hereditary  like 
the  dignity  of  baronet. 
Knigrlit-errant,  -er'rant.  A  wandering 
knight ;  a  knight  who  traveled  In  search 
of  adventures. 

^nobber,  nob'er.  A  hart  In  its  second 
year;  a  brocket. 

Knobstick,  stik.  An  EngUsh  term  of 
disparagement  applied  to  a  workman  who 
refuses  to  join  a  trade's  union  or  who 
works  when  the  members  of  the  unien 
are  on  strike. 

Knot,  not.  A  grallatorial  bird,  fam. 
Scolopacidae,  gen.  Tringa  (T.  canutus), 
closely  allied  to  the  snipe. 
Knout,  nout.  An  instrument  of  punish- 
ment, consisting  of  thongs  of  leather  at- 
tached to  a  short  handle  of  wood,  used  in 
Kussia. 

Know-nothingr,  no'nuth-ing.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  secret  political  organization  in  the 
IT.  S.,  the  main  objects  of  which  were  the 
repeal  of  the  naturalization  law  and  oftho 
law  which  permitted  others  than  native- 
bom  Americans  to  hold  office.  It  was 
formed  in  1858,  and  lasted  2  or  8  years. 
Knox,  John.  An  eminent  Scoteh  di- 
vine and  reformer  ;  b.  1605,  d.  1672. 
Knubs,  nubz.  Waste  silk  formed  in 
winding  ofi'  the  threads  from  a  cocoon. 
Knuckle-duster,  nuk'1-dust-er.  An 
iron  Instrument  contrived  to  cover  the 
knuckles  so  as  to  protect  fhem  flx)m  inju- 
ry when  striking  a  blow,  adding  force  to 
it  at  the  same  time,  and  with  knobs  or 
points  projecting  so  as  to  render  the  blow 
still  more  severe.  It  is  used  by  garroters 
and  similar  raifians  ;  also  called  brass- 
knuckles. 

Koala,  ko-ala.  A  marsupial  animal  of 
Australia,  commonly  referred  to  the  fem. 
Phalangistidse,  somewhat  resembling  a 
small  bear. 

Kob,  kob.  A  name  given  to  many  spe< 
cics  of  African  antelopes  of  the  gen.  &o« 
bus,  but  more  commonly  appU^  to  K^ 
Sing-sing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KOBOLD 


455 


KUTUSOPF 


Kobold,  kd'bold.  A  domestio  spirit  or  elf 
inOerman  Myth.,  corresponding  to  the 
English  goblin  and  Scotch  brownie.  The 
metal  cobalt  has  its  name  from  this  spirit. 

Koodoo,  ko'do.  The  striped  antelope 
(Antilope  strepsiceros,  or  Strepsiceros 
koodoo),  the  male  of  which  has  horns 
nearly  4  feet  long,  and  beautilUlly  twisted 
in  wide  spirals. 

"KoniSBberg.  Cap.  of  £.  Prussia,  on 
the  Pregel,  near  its  mouth.  It  is  built  on 
piles ;  pop.  112,746. 

Xonigiifirratz.  A  town  of  Bohemia, 
Austria,  at  the  Junction  of  the  Aller  and 
Elbe,  noted  as  near  the  scene  of  the  great 
battle,  1866,  of  Sadowa,  in  which  the 
Prussians  defeated  the  Austrians;  pop. 
6,890. 

Koran,  ko'ran.  The  Mohammedan  book 
offoith. 

Kosciusko,    Thaddeiis.    A    distin- 

8 uished  Polish  patriot,  b.  1749,  d.  in  ex- 
e  in  Switzerland,  1817.  He  served  un- 
der Washington  in  the  American  Beyolu- 
tion,  and  was  afterward  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Polish  army  in  the  unsuccess- 
ftil  revolution  of  1794. 

Kossuth,  Louis.  An  eminent  Hunga- 
rian statesman  and  orator,  b.  1802.  He 
was  the  principal  promoter  of  the  unsuc- 
cessftil  revolt  against  Austria,  1848-49. 

Koster,  kos'ter.    A  species  of  sturgeon. 

Koth,koth.  A  shiny  earthy  substance 
ejected  by  some  S.  American  volcanos. 

EjOW-tow,  kou-tou'.  The  mode  of  sa- 
luting the  Emperor  of  China  bv  prostrat- 
ing one's  self  before  him  on  all  fours,  and 
touching  the  ground  with  the  forehead 
nine  times. 

Tf'»'ft^1,  kral.  In  S.  Africa,  among  the 
native  tribes,  a  village ;  a  collection  of 
huts ;  sometimes  a  single  hut. 

Kremlin,  kremlin.  In  Russia,  the  cita- 
del of  a  town  or  city.  The  term  is  spe- 
cifically applied  to  the  ancient  citadel  of 
Moscow,  containing  an  imperial  palace, 
several  churches,  among  which  is  the 
Church  of  the  Annunciation,  in  which  the 
coronation  of  the  Russian  emperors  is 
performed,  convents,  an  arsenal,  &c.  It 
was  partlv  destroyed  by  the  French  in 
1812,  out  has  been  repaired. 

Kreutaer,  kroit'ser.  An  old  S.  G^erman 
copper  coin,  equal  to  the  60th  part  of  the 
gnlaen  or  flonn.  The  Austrian  current 
coin  bearing  this  name  is  the  100th  part  of 
a  florin,  equivalent  to  one-fifth  of  an  En- 
glish penny. 

Krieffspiel,  kr^g^spsl.  A  game  of  Oer- 
man  origin,  in  which,  by  means  of  pieces 


representing  troops  moved  by  two  gene- 
rals, on  a  map,  the  manoeuvres  of  actual 
warfare  are  represented. 

Krishna,  krish'- 
na.  In  Hind.  Myth, 
the  eighth  incarna- 
tion of  the  god  Vish- 
nu, formed  from 
one  of  two  hairs 
plucked  bv  him 
from  his  head  in 
order  to  revenge 
the  wrongs  inflict- 
ed on  Brahma  by 
Kansa,  the  demon- 
king.  Lit.  the 
Dark  or  Black  One. 

Krone,  kro'na.    A 


KHs^dxiJi, 


Danish,  Norwegian  and  Swedish  money 
equal  to  25  cents.  There  are  krone,  two- 
krone  and  half-krone  pieces. 

Kronos,  'nos.  In  Greek  Myth,  the 
ruler  of  heaven  and  earth  before  Zeus,  a 
son  of  Uranus  and  Gto,  and  fether  by 
Rhea  of  Hestia,  Demeter,  Hera,  Hades, 
Poseidon  and  Zeus.  He  was  driven  by 
his  sons  from  the  throne,  Zeus  being 
put  in  his  stead.  He  was  identified  by 
the  Romans  with  Saturn. 

Kshatrijra,  ksha-tre'a.  The  second  or 
military  caste  in  the  social  system  of  the 
Brahmanical  Hindus,  the  special  duties  of 
the  members  of  which  are  oravery,  gene- 
rosity, rectitude  and  noble  conduct  gene- 
rallv. 

Kuichua,  kwich'wa.  A  pretty  tiger- 
cat  of  Brazil  (Leopardns  macrurus). 

Kukanff,  ko-kang'.  The  native  name  of 
the  slow-paced  lorls  of  Java  (Nyctlcebus 
javanicus),  one  of  the  nocturnal  quad- 
rumaha. 

Kukupa,  kn'kn-pa.  A  beautiM  spedes 
of  New  Zealand  wood-pigeon. 

Kumiss,  kd'mis.  A  liquor  or  drink 
made  from  mare's  milk  fermented  and 
distilled;  milk-spirit,  used  by  the  Tar- 
tars.    Written  also  Koumiss. 

Kunkur,  kon'ker.  The  Hindu  name  for 
a  oeculiar  deposit  spread  over  the  surfiftce 
of  India,  and  apparently  corresponding  to 
the  bowlder  drift  of  Europe. 

Kupfersohiefer,  kHp'fer-shef-er.  A 
term  applied  by  German  geologists  to 
certain  dark  shales  of  the  permian  series 
of  Thuringia.  They  are  impregnated 
with  argentiferous  copper,  and  abound  in 
fossil  remains  of  fishes. 

Kutusoif,  Michael.  A  Russian  gene- 
ral, B.  1745,  D.  1818.  He  defeated  Napo- 
leon's ablest  marshals,  and  received  fh>m 
the  Czar  the  title  of  Smolenskoi. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KUVEBA 


466 


LACERTILIA 


Xnvera,  kn-vS'ra.  In  Hind.  Myth,  the 
god  of  riches,  represented  as  riding  in  a 
car  drawn  by  hobgoblins. 

Kyley,  kl'Ie.  The  native  Australian 
name  for  a  boomerang. 

Kyloe,  'Id.  One  of  the  cattle  of  the  Heb- 
rides. 


Xsrrie,  'ri-e.  A  word  used  at  the  begin- 
ning of  all  masses,  sometimes  used  to  de- 
note the  movement  itself.  It  is  the  voc- 
ative case  of  Gr.^  Kyrios,  Lord. 

"Kyrie  eleiaon;  M-e  e-li'son.  Lit.  Lord 
have  mercy.  A  form  of  invocation  in  an- 
cient Greek  liturgies  and  still  used  in  the 
B.  C.  service  of  the  mass. 


LIS  the  12th  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet and  is  a  semi-vowel  or  a  liauid. 
It  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like, 
canal.  At  the  end  of  monosyllables  it  is 
often  doubled,  as  in  foil,  bell,  but  not  af- 
ter dipthongs  and  digraphs,  as  foul, 
growl,  foal,  Ac.  In  English  words  the 
terminating  syllable  le  is  unaccented,  the 
e  is  silent,  and  1  forms  a  syllable,  as  in 
able,  eagle,  pronounced  abl,  eagl.  In  some 
words  1  is  mute,  as  in  half,  walk,  yolk, 
calm ;  from  others  it  has  disappeared  alto- 
gether, as  from  each,  such ;  in  hauberk, 
liubnrn,  it  has  become  u ;  in  could,  sylla- 
ble, participle,  it  has  intruded.  As  a  nu- 
menu  L  stands  for  60 ;  as  an  abbreviation 
in  Latin  it  stands  for  Lucius ;  L.L.S.  for 
a  sesterce,  or  two  librsB  and  a  half.  LL.D. 
stands  for  Legum  Doctor,  Doctor  of 
Laws.  L  is  also  used  for  liber,  book,  as 
applied  to  a  division  in  a  work, 

Labadist,  lab'a-dist.  A  follower  of  Jean 
de  Labadie.  who  lived  in  the  17th  centu- 
ry. They  neld  that  God  can  and  does  de- 
ceive men,  that  the  observance  of  the  Sab- 
bath is  a  matter  of  indiiferenoe,  and  other 
peculiar  opinions. 

Labarri,  la-bar're.  Elaps  Icmniscatns.  a 
deadly  snake  of  Guiana.  It  is  beautiftilly 
colored  when  alive,  but  fades  when  dead. 

Labaroxn,  lab'a-rum.  The 
imperial  standard  adopted 
by  Constantine  the  Great 
after  his  conversion  toi 
Christianity,  generally  rep- 
resented as  a  pole  having  a 
cross-bar  with  the  banner 
depending  fi*om  it  and  bear- 
ing the  Greek  letters  X  P 
(that  is,  Chr),  conjoined  so 
as  to  form  a  monogram  of 
the  name  of  Christ. 

Labial,  Ifi'bi-al.    A  letter 
or  character  representing  a 
sound     or     articulation     T-Kamm. 
formed  or  uttered   chiefly    ■»^''"""** 
by  the  lips ;  b,  f,  m,  p,  y,  are  called  la- 

LaModental,  -(^-den-tal.    A  letter  rep- 


resenting a  sound  pronounce  by  the  co- 
operation of  the  lips  and  teeth. 

Labi-palpi,  -pal-pi.  The  labial  feelers 
in  iiiftft'Ew.  , 

Labor,  l[i-bnr^  A  Mexican  land  measmre, 
K-iiWd  to  117  ftt-res. 

Labor-pelxLa,  la'ber-panz.  Pains  of 
-hiiahirrh. 

LabrBJC,  'brnks.  A  gen.  of  acanthop- 
t V rvATJ :u I  1) s ^s I- ,  perch  fam. ,  which  includes 
liio  iMjtk-lbLi  L'r  striped  bass. 

Labridse,  lab'ri-de.  The  wrasse  tribe,  a 
fam.  ef  acanthopterygious  fishes  having 
the  gen.  Labms  as  the  type. 

L  a  b  y  - 
rintho- 
d  o  n,     -i- 
rinth'o-don. 
A    gen.    of  4 
fossil      am-  ^ 
phibians,  • 
whose     re- 
mains   are 
found  in  the   Labyrinthodon  Balamun- 
carbon  i  f  e  r-  droides. 

ous,  permian 

and  trias  formations,  allied  to  the  croco- 
dile and  to  the  frog,  and  10  or  12  feet  long. 
The  cheirotherium  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  same  animal. 

Lac,  lak.  A  resinous  substance  produced 
by  exudations  from  the  body  of  the  fe- 
male of  the  XDoccus  ficus  or  Coccus  laoca. 
It  is  composed  of  five  varieties  of  resin, 
Hith  a  small  quantity  of  several  other  sub- 
stances, particularly  a  red  coloring  mat- 
ter. It  is  analogous  to  cochineal,  and  is 
used  for  dyeing. 

Lac.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a  word  used  to 
denote  100,000 ;  as  a  lac  of  rupees. 

Lace,  l&s.  A  delicate  n^t-work  of  silk, 
flax  or  cotton  thread,  used  for  ornament- 
ing female  dresses,  Ac,  made  either  by 
hand  on  a  pillow  or  by  machine. 

Lacerta,  la-ser'ta.  The  lizard,  a  gen.  of 
saurian  reptiles.  A  northern  constella- 
tion consisting  of  16  stars. 

Lacertilia^  las'er-til-i-a.  An  ord.  of  rep- 
tiles   indnalng   the   slow-worm,   lizards 


Digitized  by 


Godgk 


lAOti^IS 


4IS7 


tiAG£:S-BBlS& 


proper,  monitors,  iguana,  chameleons  and 

geCKOB. 

Iiachesis,  lak'S-sis.  In  Glass.  Myth,  the 
one  of  the  three  Fates  whose  duty  it  was 
to  spin  the  thread  of  life.  An  American 
gen.  of  serpents,  fam.  Crotalidie  or  rattle- 
snakes, among  the  most  venomous  of  ser- 
pents. 

^aclirsrxnatory,  Mm- 
a-to-ri.  A  slender  glass 
vessel  found  in  the  sep- 
ulchers  of  the  ancients, 
in  which  it  has  been  sup- 
posed the  tears  of  a  de- 
ceased person's  friends 
were  collected  and  pre- 
served with  the  ashes 
and  uni. 

Xjac-lunas,    'lu-nu.    A  Lachrymatories, 
snowy-white   substance 
resembling  chalk.    It  consists  of  alumina, 
saturated  with  carbonic  acid. 

Iiaoquer,  'er.  A  solution  of  shell-lac 
in  alcohol,  colored  by  amotto,  or  otiier 
coloring  matter,  used  for  varnishing  brass 
and  some  other  metals. 

La^roflBO,  la-kros'.  A  game  at  ball,  orig- 
inating with  the  Indians  of  Canada,  the 
ball  being  carried  en  an  implement  called 
a  erosse,  the  player  in  possession  running 
with  it  toward  the  enemy's  goal,  and 
when  on  the  point  of  being  caught,  pass- 
ing it  by  tossing  to  one  of  his  own  side, 
or  throwing  it  over  his  head  as  far  in  the 
direction  of  the  goal  as  possible. 

IaC8  d'Amour,  lak  da-mor.  In  Her.  a 
cord  of  running  knots  surrounding  the 
arms  of  unmarried  women  and  widows. 

Lactantiiis,  Lucius  Coalius  Firxxd- 
axLUS.  The  most  eloquent  and  learned 
of  the  Christian  fetners :  b.  in  Africa,  290, 
D.  abt  826. 

Iiactarene,  'ta^ren.  A  preparation  of 
the  caseine  of  milk,  extensively  used  by 
calico-printers. 

Tjactlne,  'tin.  Sugar  of  milk,  a  substance 
obtained  bv  evaporating  whey,  filtering 
through  animal  cnarcoal  and  crystallizing, 

I^acto-butyrometer,  't6-ba-tl-rom"et- 
er.  A  lactometer  for  ascertaining  the  quan- 
tity of  buttery  matter  any  particular  milk 
contains. 

lACto-dexiBiineter,  -den-sim'et-er.  A 
hydrometer  for  finding  the  densitv  of 
milk,  and  discovering  whether  it  has  been 
mixed  with  water. 

I^^otoxneter, -tom'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  different  qualities  of 
milk. 


lACtoflOope,  't5-skdp.  An  instrument 
for  estimating  the  quantity  of  cream  in 
milk  by  ascertaining  its  opacity. 

Lacunar,  la-kun'er.  In  Arch,  any  ceil- 
ing having  sunk  or  hollowed  compart- 
ments without  spaces  or  bands  between 
the  panels ;  a  laquear  having  bands  be- 
tween the  panels.  One  of  ue  coffers  or 
sunk  compartments  in  ceilings  or  the 
sofDts  of  cornices. 

Ladifllaus.  The  name  of  several  kings 
of  Hungary  and  Poland,  the  most  noted 
of  whom  was  L.  Y.  (Jagellon^ ;  b.  1400 ; 
became  King  of  Poland,  14a4,  and  was 
elected  King  of  Hungary,  1440.  He  de- 
feated the  Turks  in  several  battles,  but  fell 
at  Yama,  1444. 

Lady,  l&'di.  A  British  tiUe  extended  to 
the  daughters  of  all  peers  above  the  rank 
of  viscount  ;  any  well-bred  female. 

Lady-bird,  -herd.  A  small  coleopterous 
insect,  fam.  Aphidiphagi,  gen.  Coooinella. 

Lady  Ohapel.  A  chapel  dedicated  to 
the  Yirgin  Mary,  frequently  attached  to 
large  churches. 

Lady-day.  The  dav  of  the  annunoiatton 
of  the  Yirgin  Mary,  March  25.  It  is  one 
of  the  immovable  festivals  of  the  English 
Church. 

Lady'8-xnald,  'diz-m&d.  A  female  at- 
tendant upon  a  lady. 

LsBxuodipoda,  lS-m5-dip'5-da.  An  order 
of  marine  sessile-eyed  crustaceans.  The 
whale-louse  (Cyamus)  and  Caprella  are 
examples. 

Lestare,  -tfi'r6.  The  fourth  Sunday  after 
Lent ;  so  called  because  the  ancient  Chris- 
tian Church  began  its  service  on  that  day 
with  LsBtare,  steriUs,  or  LiBtare,  Jerusa- 
lem (Bejoice,  barren  one,  Bejoice,  Jerusa- 
lem). 

LsBtltia,  -tish'i-a.  A  small  planet  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

LsBvigrate,  M-gat.  In  Bot.  having  a 
smooth  polish ;  applied  to  seeds. 

La  Fayette,  Karie  Jean  Paul  Booh 
Tves  Guilbert  Kotier,  Karquis 
de.  A  distinguished  French  general  and 
statesman ;  b.  1757,  d.  1884.  He  served 
as  a  volunteer  in  the  American  revolution. 

Lafitte,  la-f5t.  One  of  the  four  iSunous 
red  Bordeaux  wines,  known  as  claretA. 

Lafontaine,  Jean  de.  A  distinguished 
French  poet  and  fabulist ;  b.  1021,  d. 
1695. 

La^norhimcliuB,  Je'no-ring'^us.  A 
gen.  of  Cetacea,  fiim.  DelphinicuSs  or  dol- 
phins. 

Lager-beer,  l&'ger-bSr.  AOermanbeef, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LAGERWIKfi 


46d 


LAM^HEY 


Be  called  from  its  being  stored  for  some 
months  b^ore  use.  An  imitation  is 
lai^ely  manubctured  in  the  U.  8. 

Lafferwine,  -win.  Bottled  wine  that  has 
been  kept  for  some  time  in  the  cellar. 

JjBLgOJDYm,  l&'g5-mis.  A  gen.  of  rodent 
animals,  fam.  Leporidse,  forming  a  link 
between  the  hare  and  the  rat. 

lAffOpuB,  la-go'pus.  The  ptarmigan,  a 
gen.  of  birds. 

liOflrothrix,  Ifi'go-thriks.  A  gen.  of  8. 
American  monkeys. 

La^rotiB,  la-go'tis.  A  gen.  of  rodent 
mammals,  fom.  Chlnchillidse. 

IjafirriidaB,  -gn'l-de.  A  fam.  of  small 
ooleopteroas  insects,  sec.  Heteromera. 

Ijaird,  l&rd.  In  Scotland,  a  land-owner 
or  house-proprietor.  Anciently,  the  title 
was  given  only  to  those  proprietors  who 
held  Immediately  of  the  crown. 

Iiake,  l&k.  A  large  body  of  water, 
wholly  surrounded  by  land,  and  haying 
communication  with  the  ocean  or  wlt£ 
any  seas  only  by  means  of  rivers. 

Laksliml,  laksh'me.  In  Hind.  Myth, 
the  consort  of  the  god  Yishnu,  regarded 
as  his  female  or  creative  energy. 

Iiaxna,  Ia'm&.  A  priest  or  ecclesiastic 
belonging  to  that  variety  of  Buddhism 
known  as  Lamaism,  prevailing  in  Thibet 
and  Mongolia.  The  highest  object  of  wor- 
ship is  Buddha,  who  is  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  the  religion.  The  other  saints 
comprise  all  those  recognized  in  Budd- 
hism, besides  hodts  of  religious  teachers 
and  pious  men  canonized  after  their  death. 
The  clergy  are  the  representatives  of  these 
saints  and  receive  the  homage  due  to  them. 
Besides  these  saints  a  number  of  inferior 
gods  or  spirits  receive  a  certain  worship. 
They  have  a  hierarchy  in  some  respects 
resembling  that  of  the  K.  C.  Church, 
and  they  have  also  monasteries  and  nun- 
neries, auricular  confessions,  litanies,  (fee., 
and  believe  in  the  intercession  of  the 
saints  and  in  the  saying  of  masses  for  the 
dead.    In  the  hierarchy  there  are  two  su- 

{>reme  heads,  the  dalal-Iama  and  the  tesho- 
ama. 

liaTnantJii,  la-man'tin.  The  popular 
name  of  animals  gen.  Manatus,  an  nerbiv- 
orous  gen. ,  ord.  Sirenia. 

Lamartixie,  Alphonse  de.  An  em- 
inent French  historian,  poet,  orator  and 
statesman ;  b.  1792,  d.  1869. 

Lamasery,  la'ma-ser-i.  A  Buddhist  re- 
ligious society,  presided  over  by  its  lama. 
Every  such  society  has  its  lama,  in  the 
same  way  as  abbeys  and  priories  had  their 
abbots  and  priors.   The  lama  is  migratory. 


Lamboys. 


Lamb,  Charles.  A  brilliant  English  e«> 
sayist;B.  1776,  D.  1884. 

Lejnbosni,  'bolz.  In  Ano.  armor,  th6 
imitation  in  steel 
of  the  plaited 
skirts  or  bases  at 
one  time  worn,{ 
and  which  hung 
over  the  thighs. 

Lame,  lam.  In 
armor,  a  plate  of 
metal. 

LamellibrancMata,  la-melOl-brang'- 
ki-a"ta.  The  name  given  by  De  Blain- 
ville  to  the  fifth  order  of  mollusks,  of  which 
mussels,  cockles  and  oysters  are  iiuniliar 
examples. 

LameUicomes,  la-merii-kor^'nSz.  In 
the  system  of  Latreille,  the  sixth  and  last 
section  of  pentamerous  coleoptera,  includ- 
ing the  oung-beetles,  stag-beetles,  cock- 
chafers, &o. 

Lamellirostres,  -ros'^trSz.  A  fiunily 
of  natatorial  birds,  comprising  the  ducks, 
geese,  swans,  flamingoes,  Am. 

Lametta,  -met'ta.  Brass,  silyer,  or  gold 
foil  or  wire. 

TjawiTnerg  e  i  e  r ,  \\f<- 
'mer-gi-  e  r .    The    jf  .•  ^  '^-r^ 
bearded   vulture,  a  /f^. 
bird  of  prey  gen.  '  (j 
Gypaetos  (G.   bar- 1 Y 
batus),    fem.    Vul-  \ 
turidie,  forming   a  A  J 
link   between     the  V  I 
vulture     and     the  VJ 
eagles. 

LamnidSB,  'ni-de. 
The  porbeagles,  a 
family  of  sharks.         Bearded  Vulture. 

Lampadrome, 
'pa-drom.  In  Greek  Antiq.  a  race  run  by 
young  men  carrying  lamps  or  tordies, 
the  victor  being  the  one  who  arrived  at  the 
goal  first  with  his  lamp  or  torch  unex- 
tinguished. 

Lampetian,  lam-pS'shan.  A  follower 
of  Lampetius,  a  Syrian  monk  of  the  5th 
century,  who  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ 
and  the  cre- 
ation of the  I 
world  by  ^ 
God. 

Lamprey, 
'pri.  The 
popular  Lamprey, 

name      o  f 

several  species  of  Petromyzon,  a  gen.  of 
marsipobranohiate,  eel-nke,  B<»leless 
fishes. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


Lampybidjb 


459 


LANIIDJB 


Ija]np3rrid80,  -pir'i-de.  A  fam.  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  sec.  Malocodermi.  The 
type  of  the  fam.  is  the  gen .  Lampyris  or 
glow-worm. 

JLancaster-grujci,  lan'kas-ter-gun.  A 
species  of  rifled  cannon  having  an  elliptical 
bore.  The  projectile  is  also  elliptical,  so 
that  it  follows  the  twist  of  the  bore,  ac- 
quiring a  rotary  motion. 

liancaster-rifle,  -ri-fl.  A  rifle  construct- 
ed on  the  principle  of  the  Lancaster-gun. 

liancaster.  The  name  of  a  royal  English 
line  consisting  of  three  kings,  Henry  IV., 
V.  and  VI.  In  the  reign  of  the  latter  the 
bloody  feud  between  the  rival  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster  broke  out  into  open 
rebellion,  which  ended  in  the  union  of  the 
two  houses  in  the  person  of  Henry  VII. 

liancaster  (Lancashire).  Aco.ofW. 
England,  noted  for  its  vast  manufacturing 
and  commercial  interests ;  it  includes  the 
cities  of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Preston, 
Blackburn  and  Lancaster,  cap.;  pop.  abt. 
8,000,000. 

Xiitnce,  lans.  An  offensive  weapon  con- 
sisting of  a  long  wooden  shaft  with  a  sharp 
pointed  head  of  metal,  used  by  both  an- 
cient and  modern  nations ;  a  spenr. 

Lancet,  'et.  A  small 
surgical  instrument  of 
various  patterns,  sharp- 
pointed  and  generally- 
two-edged,  used  in  ven- 
esection and  in  opening 
tumors,  abscesses,  &c. 
Lancets  of  copper  have 
been  found  at  Pompeii 
with  other  surgical  -in- 
struments. A  high  and 
narrow  window  pointed 
like  a  lancet,  a  marked 
characteristic  of  the  „,«.»..,^ 
earlv  English  style  of  Lancet-window. 
Oothic  architecture. 

Xjandanunan,  land'am-man.  A  chief 
magistrate  in  some  Swiss  cantons. 

Landau,  lan-da'.  A  carriage  whose  top 
may  be  opened  and  thrown  back. 

Land-blink,  land'blingk.  A  peculiar 
atmospheric  brightness  perceived  in  the 
arctic  regions  on  approaching  land  .overed 
with  snow.  It  is  more  yellow  than  ice- 
blink. 

Lander,  Bichard.  An  English  explor- 
er, who  discovered  the  sources  of  the  river 
Niger  in  W.  Africa;  b.  1814;  killed  by 
the  Yumari  savages,  1885. 

Landgrave,  'grSv.  In  Germany,  orig- 
inally the  title  of  district  governors  depu- 
ted by  the  emperor,  and  given  to  distin- 


guish them  from  the  inferior  counts  under 
their  jurisdiction.  Later,  the  title  of  three 
princes  of  the  emphre,  whose  territories 
were  called  landgraviates. 
Iiandgravine,  'gra-ven.  The  wife  of  a 
landgrave  ;  a  lady  of  the  rank  of  a  land- 
grave. 

Landseer,  Edwin,  Sir.  A  distin- 
guished English  animal  painter ;  b.  1808. 
D.  1878.  * 

Landsturm,  lant'storm.  A  local  militia 
of  Germany,  never  called  from  its  own 
district  but  in  case  of  actual  invasion. 
It  comprises  that  portion  of  the  reserve 
too  old  for  the  landwehr.  Other  conti- 
nental nations  have  a  force  of  the  same 
nature. 

Land-tortoise, 'tor-tois.  A  gen.  of  tor- 
toises or  turtles  (Testudo)  inhabiting  the 
land. 

Land-urchin,  'er-chin.    A  hedge-hog. 

Land-warrant,  'wo -rant.  A  govern- 
ment security  or  title  authorizing  a  person 
to  enter  on  a  tract  of  public  land. 

Landwehr,  lantVar.  That  portion  of 
the  military  force  of  some  continental  na- 
tions which  in  time  of  peace  follow  their 
ordinary  occupations,  excepting  when 
called  out  for  occasional  training.  The 
landwehr  resembles  our  militia,  with  this 
important  difference,  that  all  the  soldiers 
l.ave  served  in  the  regular  army. 

Langruaere,  lang'gwaj.  Human  speech  ; 
the  expression  of  thoughts  by  words  or 
articulate  sounds.  When  classified  gen< 
enlogically  languages  are  divided  into 
families  or  groups  in  which  a  community 
of  origin  is  distinctly  traceable.  Such  are 
the  Aryan  or  Indo-European  family  (com- 
prising Sanskrit,  Persian,  Sclavonic,  Greek, 
Latin,  Gothic,  &c.),  and  the  Semitic  (com- 
prising Hebrew,  Arabic,  Aramaic,  &c.). 

Langrue  d'oc,  lan-gu-dok.  The  name 
given  to  the  Independent  Romance  dia- 
lect spoken  in  Provence,  France,  In  the 
Middle  Ages,  from  its  word  for  yes  being 
oc,  a  form  of  the  Latin  hoc.  It  was  thus  dis- 
tinguished fi-om  the  language  spoken  in 
the  North,  which  was  called  Langue  d'oui 
or  Langue  d'oil.  The  langue  d'oc  was  the 
language  of  the  Troubadours.  Called  also 
Provenpal. 

Langrue  d'oui, -dwo.  The  language  of 
the  North  of  France,  so  named  fk-om  its 
word  for  yes  (oil,  ouil,  oui,  being  contract- 
ed from  the  Latin  hocillud).  It  was  the 
language  of  the  Trouvdres  and  developed 
into  modern  French. 

Laniidse,  la-ni'i-dg.  The  shrikes,  a  fam. 
of  insessorial  or  perching  birds. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


lAJsnsn^ 


4d6 


LABK 


Lannes,  Jean,  laho.  (Duke  of  Monte- 
bello).  A  French  marshal,  styled  by  Na- 
poleon the  *' Roland"  of  his  army;  b. 
1769,  killed  at  Aspem,  1809.  He  rose 
from  the  ranks. 

liansquenet,  lans'ke-net.  ▲  German 
common  soldier  belonging  to  the  infantry 
first  raised  by  the  Emperor  Maximilian  in 
the  end  of  the  16th  century.  A  soldier 
who  hired  to  whoever  offered  highest  for 
his  services;  a  soldier  of  fortune.  A 
game  at  cards. 

Ijanteni,  lan'tem.  A  case  inclosing  a 
light  and  protecting  it  from  wind  and  rain, 
sometimes  portable  and  sometimes  fixed. 
A  tower  which  has  the  whole  or  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  the  interior  open  to  view 
from  the  ground,  and  is  lighted  by  an  up- 
j>er  tier  of  windows. 

Lantern-fly,  fll. 
Fulgora  lantertiuric^  fl 
hemipterous  Innt'^it  of 
8.  America  whlt-ii  is 
said  to  emit  a  ^tron-,' 
Ughtinthe  dark. 

IjaoCOOn,Ia-okVj  on,  J* 
In  Greek  Mylli,    ttw     -J;. 
priest   of  ApoUo   or    ^- 
Neptune  during  the       Lantern-fly. 
Trojan  war,  who  with 
his  two  sons  was  crushed  to  death  in  the 
foldii    of    two 
enormouB      str- 
pemts,  a  subjtict 
^prtia^tited     by 
abe&ntlftil^rniup 
of  ftiiiilptiir?,  db- 
coveir^oat  Liome 
drnong  tha  ruiiiEi 
«f  ttie  [mlooe  of 
Tftiifl  In  ttiti  1 0th 
cifnitiiryTOiid  uow 
iii  Ikei  Viitlctiii. 

LiactpMa,  'o-ns. 
A  foNsf]  Ff'rpeat 
ri]';  :  t-.  ih^  mt- 
t-ciLiu-Lu,  ^bout 
10  feet  long. 

Lapidary,  lap'- 
i-da-ri.  An  arti- 
ficer  who   cuts, 


The  Group  of  the  j:^ 
oooon. 


poHshes  and  engraves 
gems  or  precious  stones.  A  dealer  in 
precious  stones.  A  virtuoso  skilled  in  the 
nature  and  kinds  of  gems  or  precious 
stones. 

Lapidation,  -1-da'shon.  The  act  of 
stoning  a  person  to  death. 

Lapidescent,  id-es'ent.  Any  substance 
which  has  the  quality  of  petrifying  a  body 
or  converting  it  to  stone. 

LapUli,  la-piiai.    Volcanic  ashes. 


Lapis,  l&'pis.  A  stone.  L.  caastioiu, 
caustic  potash.  -L.  infemalis,  ftiaed  ni- 
trate of  silver,  or  lunar  caustic.  L.  lazuli, 
azure  stone,  an  aluminous  mineral  of  a  rich 
blue  color.  L.  Lydius,  touchstone ;  basan- 
ite.  L.  ollaris,  soapstone  or  potstone  or  talc. 

Laplace,  Pierre  Simon.  An  eminent 
French  asti*onomer  and  mathematician; 
B.  1749,  D.  1827. 

Lapland.  The  most  northerly  country 
of  Europe,  lying  partly  in  Bussia  and  part- 

.  ly  in  Sweden,  t^unded  N.  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  E.  by  the  White  Sea,  W.  by  the 
Scandinavian  Mountains,  and  S.  by  Fin- 
land; area  abt.  160,000  sq.  m.,pop.  (esti- 
mated) 60,000.  Hammerfest,  the  cap.,  is  an 
insignificant  village. 

La  Plata,  Bio  de.  One  of  the  largest 
S.  American  livers,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Uruguay  and  Parana,  emptying 
into  the  Atlantic ;  length  200  m. ;  width 
at  mouthf  126  m. 

Lapwlns",  lai>'- 

wtjIJf ,      Thc!  poj)' 
uLir  Liiino  of  a 
g(?n,      of     birds. 
(yuntfllLi!*),  fmii. 
Clhtirriilrt  aiin 
(tiioven*),      ortlJ, 
Gr4dlatorefl,ollUii]3  i 

fnMn  Its  piuijuu- 
lar  cry. 

liar,  I&r.  A  household  deity  among  the 
ancient  Komans,  regarded  as  the  spirit  of' 
a  deceased  ancestor ;  hence,  a  most  sa- 
cred posses- , 
sion. 

Lard-oil, 
Ifird-oil.  A  val- 
uable oil,  the 
olein  separated 
from  the  great- 
er part  of  the 
steuin  of  lard. 

Lard-stone, 
'ston.  A  soft 
stone  found  in  China. 

Larid8B,lar'i-de. 
The  family  of 
natatorial  birds, 
known  as  Sea- 
mews  or  Gulls.  «y 
The  gen.  Laruslt^ 
is  the  type.  IP^,  , 

Lark,  lark.    An  >CS«.  ! 
insessorial  bhrd,  *«!_,    ,_ 

gen.       Alauda,  Sky-lark, 

ram.  Alaudidae.  Birds  of  other  gepon 
have  also  the  name  of  lark,  as  the  tit-lark 
and  the  tree  tit-lark. 


Lark. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LABIAT 


461 


LAUD 


Xiariat,  lar'i-at.  The  losso ;  a  long  cord 
or  thong  of  leather  with  a  noose,  used  in 
catching  wild  horses,  &c. 

Lark-buntinflr,  'buct-ing.  The  snow- 
bunting  or  snow-bird. 

La  Bochefouoauld,  Francois,  Due 
de.  An  eminent  French  philosopher  and 
writer ;  b.  1618,  d.  1680. 

Lams,  Ifi'ms.  A  gen.  of  web-footed 
marine  birds  of  several  species,  the  com- 
mon blaok-baoked  and  irory  gulls. 

Larva,  Ifir'va.  The  early  form  of  any 
animal  which  during  its  development  is 
unlike  its  parent.  It  is  most  familiar  as 
the  term  for  an  insect  tn  the  caterpillar  or 
grub  state. 

Larripara,  -vip'a-ra.  Insects  which 
bring  forth  larvse  instead  of  eggs,  the  latter 
being  hatched  in  the  oviduct. 

Laryn^rosoope,  la-ring'go-skdp.  A  mir- 
ror for  examining  the  larynx  and  com- 
mencement of  the  trachea. 

Lascar,  laslcar.  In  the  E.  Indies,  proper- 
ly, a  camp  follower  ;  but  by  Europeans 
applied  to  a  native  sailor. 

Lasso,  'sd.  In  S.  America,  a  rope  or 
cord,  with  a  noose,  used  for  catching  wild 
horses  and  other  animals. 

Lat.  lat  A  name  given  to  pillars  common 
to  ul  styles  of  Indian  architecture. 

Latakia,  -s-ke^a.  A  fine  variety  of  Turk- 
ish tobacco. 

LatebricolSB,  la-tS-brlk'o-lS.  A  group 
of  spiders  fom.  Yenantes  or  hunting-spi- 
ders, of  which  the  gen.  Mygale  is  the  type, 
Some  wci 
G  or  T 
iuclies  in 
iliameter. 

-ten.  A 
trtimguJBf 
soil  cx- 
tend^lby 
a  lat  (ion 
yard,tiied 
in  xcboca, 

&G.,      In 

terranean. 

Lateran,  lat'er-an.  The  principal  church 
at  Rome,  built  by  Constantine  the  Grea^ 
and  dedicated  to  St.  John  of  Lateran.  Ix 
is  the  episcopal  church  of  the  pope,  and 
has  a  palace  and  other  buildings  annexed 
to  it.  Eleven  councils,  called  Lateran 
councils,  have  been  held  in  the  palace. 
Every  newly-elected  pope  takes  solemn 
possession  of  the  church,  and  from  ItA 


F"liiii>u>iivit^  T.^Mi'^r?  RjiSli- 


balcony  bestows  his  blessing  on  the  peo- 
ple. 

Lateriflrrada,  I&'ter-i-gr&''da.  A  family 
of  spiders  which  stitch  leaves  together  and 
make  no  web. 

Lates,  'tez.  The  Nile  perch,  which  grows 
to  the  length  of  8  feet. 

Lath-brick,  lath'brik.  A  brick  22  inches 
long  and  6  inches  broad,  used  in  kilns  to 
dry  malt  on.  _ 

Laticlave,  la'ti-kl&v.  A"broad  stripe  of 
purple  on  the  fore  part  of  the  tunic  worn 
by  Uoman^enators,  and  serving  as  a  mark 
of  their  rank. 

Latin,  la'tin.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Latium,  an  ancient  division  of  Italy.  The 
language  of  the  ancient  Komans. 

Latimer,  Hugrli.  An  English  reformer 
and  martyr;  b.  1472;  made  Bishop  of 
Worcester  1536 ;  burned  at  the  stake  with 
Bishop  Ridley  1556. 

Latitude,  lat'i-tud^  In  Astron.  the  dis- 
tance of  a  star  north  or  south  of  the 
ecliptic,  measured  on  that  secondary  to 
the  ecliptic  which  passes  through  the 
body.  Secondaries  to  the  ecliptic  are 
called  circles  of  celestial  latitude,  and  par- 
raUels  to  the  ecliptic  are  called  parallels 
of  celestial  latitude.  In  Geog.  the  distance 
of  any  place  on  the  globe  north  or  south 
of  the  equator,  measured  on  its  meridian. 
The  highest  latitude  is  9(y*,  that  is,  at  the 
poles. 

Latria,  -tri'a.  The  highest  worship,  or 
that  paid  to  God ;  distinguished  from  dulia, 
or  the  inferior  worship  paid  to  saints. 

Latten,  lat'en.  A  fine  kind  of  brass  or 
bronze  anciently  used  for  crosses  and 
candlesticks,  brasses  of  sepulchral  monu- 
ments, &o.  As  a  modern  commercial 
term,  sheet  or  plate  brass  or  thin  plates  of 
mixed  metal.  Black  latten,  brass  com- 
posed of  copper  and  zinc  in  milled  sheets, 
used  by  braziers,  and  for  drawing  into 
wire. 

Lattice,  Ms.  Any 
work  of  wood  oriroa  « 
forming  open  check- 
ered or  recticula- 
ted  work.  A  win- 
dow made  of  laths 
or  strips  of  iron 
which  cross  one  an- 
other like  net-work, 
so  as  to  leave  open 
interstices,  only  used 
when  air  rather  than 
light  is  to  be  ad- 
mitted. 

Laud,  lad.      That 
part  of  divlna  worship  whioh  oonslsts  ii 


Lattice-window. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LAUD 


4«9 


LEAD 


praise.  In  the  R.  G.  Ch.  the  second  ser- 
vice of  the  day  said  after  noctums,  and 
usually  included  in  the  term  matins. 

Laud,  William.  An  English  divine 
and  statesman ;  b.  1573 ;  made  Arch- 
bishop of  Ganterbary  1688  ;  beheaded  for 
high  treason  1644. 

Laudamim,  'a-num.  Opium  prepan^l 
in  spirit  of  wine  ;  tincture  of  opium. 

Lau^rlier,  lafer.  A  variety  of  AraWan 
pigeons,  so  named  from  its  cry. 

Lau^rhiilflr-flras/ing-gas.  Nitrous  oxide, 
or  protoxide  of  nitrogen.  • 

Ijaiuioe,  lans.  A  name  common  to  two 
species  of  Ammodytes  or  sand-eels. 

I<aiira,  la'ra.  Formerly  a  collection  of  cells 
or  hermitages  separated  from  each  other, 
where  the  monks  did  not  live  in  com- 
munity, but  each  provided  for  himself,  all 
being  under  one  superior. 

I<aiireate,  're-at  .  One  crowned  with 
laurel ;  a  poet  laureate. 

Laurens,  Henry.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  S.  0. 1724,  d.  1792.  He  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Hague,  17S0,  and 
en  route  was  captured  by  the  English  and 
kept  a  prisoner  In  the  Tower  of  London 
for  14  months. 

Lanrentian,  -ren'shi-an.  In  Geol.  a 
term  applied  to  a  vast  series  of  stratified 
and  crystalline  rocks  of  gneiss,  mica-schist, 
quartzite,  serpentines  and  limestones, 
about  40,000  feet  in  thickness,  northward 
of  the  8t.  Lawrence  in  Oanada.  It  is  the 
lowest  fossiliferons  system  of  rocks. 

Lautu,  'tu.  A  cotton  band  worn  on  the 
head  of  the  inca  of  Peru  as  a  badge  of 
royalty. 

Lava,  la'va.  The  general  term  for  all 
rock  matter  that  flows  in  a  molten  state 
from  volcanoes,  and  which  when  cool 
forms  varieties  of  tufa,  trachyte,  trachytic 
greenstone  and  basalt.  L.  ware,  a  coarse 
ware  resembling  lava,  made  from  iron 
slag  cast  Into  urns,  tiles,  table  tops,  &c. 

Lavender-water,  'ven-der-wa-ter.  A 
perftime  composed  of  spirits  of  wine,  es- 
sential oil  of  lavender  and  ambergris. 

Laver,  la'ver.  In  Scrip,  a  basin  placed 
in  the  court  of  the  Jewish  tabernacle,  where 
the  officiating  priests  washed  theh*  hands 
and  feet  and  the  entrails  of  victims. 
Lavoisier,  Antoine  Laurent.  An 
eminent  French  natural  philosopher  and 
chemist ;  b.  1748,  d.  by  the  guillotine 
during  the  "reign  of  terror,"  1794.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  antiphlogistic  or 
modem  school  of  chemistry. 

Law,  JohnCofLaoriston).  A  Scotch 


gambler  and  adventurer ;  b.  1671,  d.  in 
Venice,  1729.  He  gained  the  confidence 
of  Philip,  Regent  of  France,  and  became 
the  financial  director  of  the  kingdom.  He 
formed  the  Mississippi  Gompany  and  orig- 
inated the  •'  South  Sea  Bubble,"  the  ob- 
ject being  to  monopolize  trade  with  the  E. 
and  W.  Indies,  Louisiana,  etc.  It  failed 
and  bankrupted  thousands.  L.  died  in 
poverty. 

Law,  la.  A  rule  of  action  or  conduct 
laid  down  or  preswibed  by  authority ;  an 
edict  of  a  ruler  or  a  government. 

Lawn-sleeve,  lan'slev.  A  sleeve  made 
of  lawn ;  a  part  of&  bishop^s  dress. 

Lawn-tenJais,  'ten-nis.  An  out-door 
game  in  which  the  players  are  separated 
from  each  other  by  a  low  netting,  and 
strike  a  tennis  ball  toward  each  other  by 
means  of  bats. 

Lawrence,  James.  An  American  na- 
val officer ;  b.  in  N.  J.,  1781 ;  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle  between  the  Ghesa- 
peake  and  Shannon,  1818. 

Lawrence,  St.  A  large  river,  for  some 
distmce,  in  connection  with  the  lakes 
through  which  it  runs,  the  boundary  bet 
the  U.  8.  and  Ganada.  As  the  St.  Louis, 
it  is  an  affluent  of  Lake  Superior,  and  is 
0ven  diflFerent  names  between  the 
several  lakes,  it  being  known  as  the  St.  L. 
only  from  Montreal  to  the  sea ;  its  total 
length  is  about  2,000  m.,  and  at  Anticosti 
it  is  850  m.  wide.  It  empties  into  the  Ouli 
of  St.  L.,  a  great  arm  of  the  Atlantic. 

Layard,  Austen  Henry.  An  English 
archsBologist ;  b.  at 
Paris,  1817.  His  dis- 
coveries in  Nineveh  and 
elsewhere  in  Asia  have 
given  him  wide  distinc- 
tion. 

Lay-fignre,  la'flg-ur.j 
A  figure  used  by  paint  I 
ers,  made  of  wood  or 
cork,  in  imitation  '^f  the 
human  body,  which  serves,  when  clothed, 
as  a  model  for  draperies,  &c. 

Lazza3X>ni,  lats-a-rd'ne.  A  name  ^ven 
to  the  poorer  classes  at  Naples  who  nav« 
no  fixed  habitation,  and  spend  most  oi 
their  time  in  idling. 

Lea,  16.  A  measure  of  yarn,  containing 
in  cotton  and  worsted  80  threads,  in  linen, 
120. 

Lead,  led.  A  soft,  flexible  and  inelastio 
metal,  both  malleable  and  ducUle.  The 
lead  of  commerce,  which  commonly  con- 
tains silver,  iron  and  copper,  is  extracted 
from  the  native  sulphide,  the  galena  of 
I   mineralogists. 


Lay-figure. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LEAD-ABMING 


4e8 


LEGATE 


Iiead-armincr,  'Srm-ing.  A  lump  of 
talloyr  pressed  into  the  lower  end  of  the 
sounding  lead,  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  nature  of  the  bottom. 

Iieaf-cutter,  ISf  kut-er.  A  name  given 
to  certain  species  of  solitary  bees,  irom 
their  lining  their  nests  with  fragments  of 
leaves  and  petals  of  plants  cut  out  by  their 
mandibles. 

Ijeaf-liopper,  'hop-er.  A  name  common 
to  the  hemipterous  insects,  gen.  Tettigo- 
nia.    T.  vitus  is  very  destructive  to  vines. 

lieaf-louse,  Ions.  A  name  common  to 
various  insects  of  the  &m.  Aphides ;  a 
plant-louse. 

Leaf-metal,  'met-al.  Bronze  in  the 
form  of  thin  leaves,  used  for  giving  a  cheap 
and  brilliant  surface  to  metal  and  other 
substances. 

Iieander.  In  Heroic  Hist,  the  lover  of 
Hero,  who  nightly.swam  the  Hellespont  to 
visit  her,  but  was  eventually  drowned. 

LeapinfiT-fisb.,  l^p'ing-flsh.  Salarias  trl- 
dactylus,  a  small  fish,  blenny  fam.,  having 
the  power  of  leaving  the  water  for  a  time. 
It  displays  great  agility  in  moving  on  the 
damp  shore. 

Leap-year.  'yer.  Bissextile ;  a  year  con- 
taining 866  aays  ;  every  fourth  year,  which 
leaps  over  a  day  more  than  a  common 
year. 

Leather-back,  bak.  A  marine  tortoise, 
gen.  Sphargis. 

Leather-head,  -hed.  An  Australian 
bird,  the  Tropidorhynchus  comiculatus,  a 
species  of  honey-eater.    Called  also  Friar- 

Leban,  leb'tm.  A  common  Arabic  beve- 
rage consisting  of  coagulated  sour  milk 
diluted  with  water. 

Lebanon,  -on.  An  extensive  mountain 
range  in  W.  Asia. 

Lectern,  lek'tem.  The  desk  or  stand  on 
which  the  larger  books  used  in  the  services 
of  the  B.  G.  and  similar  churches  are 
placed. 

Lectioa,  -tlHca.  In  ancient  Bome,  a 
couch  or  litter  in  which  persons  were  car- 
ried. They  were  used  for  the  living  and 
for  conveying  the  dead  to  the  grave.  They 
were  used  also  by  the  Greeks  for  the 
latter  purpose. 

Ijectionary,  'shon-a-H.  A  book  con- 
taining portions  of  Scripture  to  be  read  in 
worsmp  on  particular  days. 

Lectistemium,  -ti-ster'ni-um.  In 
Class.  Antiq.  a  sacrifice  in  the  nature  of  a 
feast,  in  wmch  the  Greeks  and  Bomans 
placed  the  images  of  their  gods  reclining 
on  couches  round  tables  famished  with 


viands,  as  if  they  were  about  to  partake 
of  them. 

Lector,  'ter.  In  the  early  church  a  per- 
son set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  reamng 
p(^  of  the  Bible  and  other  religious 
writings  to  the  people. 

Leda,  Ig'da.  In  Classical  Myth,  the 
mother,  by  Jupiter,  of  Helen,  Castor  and 
Pollux.  A  small  planet  between  the 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Led-horse,  led'hors.  A  spare  horse  to 
be  used  in  case  of  emwgency ;  a  sumpter- 
horse  ;  a  pack-horse. 

Ledru-Bollin,  Alexandre 
AugnBte.  A  distinguished  French 
lawyer,  radical  politician  and  orator ;  b. 
1808,  D.  in  exile  in  England,  1874. 

Leech,  lech.  The  common  name  of  sev- 
eral genera  of  discophorous  hermaphrodite 
blood-sucking  worms,  ord.  Buctoria,  fiun. 
Hirudinidffi. 

Lee.  The  patronymic  of  an  illustrious 
American  family,  of  whom  the  following 
are  the  most  notable  members  :  Bichard 
Henry  L.,  b.  in  Va.,  1782 ;  d.  1794.  He 
was  a  warm  promoter  of  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence and  as  a  member  of  Congress 
active  and  prominent  as  a  patriot  and 
statesman.  Arthur  L.,  brother  of  the 
foregoing;  b.  1740,  d.  1793.  He  was 
prominent  in  Congress  and  was  sent,  1776, 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  France. 
Henrv  L.,  cousin  of  the  above ;  b.  1756, 
D.  1818.  He  commanded  the  fiimous  Vir- 
ginian Light  Horse  during  the  Bevolution, 
was  Governor  of  Virginia  after  the  war 
and  later  a  member  of  Congress.  Bobert 
Edward  Lee,  Commander-in-Chief  of  tiie 
Confederate  forces  during  the  Bebellion, 
was  the  son  of  Gen.  H.  Lee ;  b.  1808,  d. 
1870. 

Leeds.  An  English  borough,  W.  Biding, 
Co.  York,  noted  for  its  woolen  manufho- 
tures ;  pop.  268,426. 

Lee-tide,  le'tld.  A  tide  running  in  the 
direction  that  the  wind  blows. 

liegr,  leg.  The  limb  of  an  animal,  used  in 
supporting  the  body  and  in  walking  and 
running. 

liegracy,  'a-si.  A  bequest ;  a  particular 
thing  or  sum  of  money  given  by  last  will 
or  testament. 

Legrallst,  le^gal-ist.  A  stickler  for  adhe- 
rence to  law  or  prescription  ;  specifically, 
in  Theol.  one  who  relies  for  salvation  upon 
the  works  of  the  law  or  on  good  works. 

Legrate,  leg'at.  An  ambassador.  TIm 
pope^s  ambassador  to  a  foreign  prince  or 
state;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent  M  th« 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LEGEND  44 

pope^B  rapreeentatiye  or  oommiBBloner  to 
ft  soyereign  {Hinoe. 

Xiegend,  k$)'end.  A  duronide  or  register 
of  the  Uvea  of  Mlntfl,  fonnerlr  read  at 
maliiiB  and  at  the  refectories  of  religions 
houses.  A  sUvr  generallj  of  a  marrel- 
ons  eharaeter  told  respecbng  a  saint; 
hflnoe,  aoT  remarkable  story  handed  down 
horn  sar^  times;  a  tradition.  An  in- 
aeriptSon  or  motto  on  a  shield  or  coat  of 
arms :  spedfieallr,  in  Hnmls.  the  wwds 
nrand  the  field  of  a  medal  or  coin,  as  dis- 
ttngnished  from  the  Inscription  which  is 
aarossit. 

lieKerdemain,  'er-ds-man".  Sleight  of 
hand;  a  deceptiye  performance  which 
depends  on  dexterity  of  hand. 

IjBghomj  l^Oiom.  A  plait  for  bonnets 
and  hats  made  from  the  straw  of  bearded 
wheat  cut  green  and  bleached.  A  hat 
made  of  that  material. 

IjBghOTB..  An  Italian  seaport,  ProT. 
Pisa,  on  the  Mediterranean,  SI  m.  b.  W. 
of  Florence;  pop.  91,648. 

JjBgixm.  le'ton.  In  Rom.  MlUt  Antlq.  a 
body  of  infiuitry  consisting  of  different 
numbers  of  men  at  different  periods,  from 
8,000  to  above  6,000,  often  with  a  comple- 
ment of  oai^dry.  Each  legion  was  diirlded 
Into  ten  cohorts,  each  cohort  into  three 
maniples  and  each  maniple  into  two  cen- 
taries.  Any  military  foixse.  L.  of  Honor, 
an  order  instltatedin  France  bv  Napoleon 
when  first  consul,  as  a  rewara  for  merit, 
both  dvil  and  military.  The  order  origi- 
nally consisted  of  grand  crosses,  grand 
officers,  commanders,  officers  and  l^on- 
aries.  bat  has  since  lost  much  of  its  origi- 
nal character.  Also  the  name  of  an  Ameri- 
can beneficial  sodety. 

Lesifllature,  lej'is-lit-ur.  The  body  in  a 
state  or  kingdom  invested  with  power  to 
make  and  repeal  laws. 

liSSritiinist,  iS-Jit'i-mist.  One  who  be- 
lieves in  the  sacredness  of  hereditary 
monarchical  government.  In  France,  an 
adherent  of  tb<«  elder  branch  of  the  Bour- 
bon fiunily,  which  was  driven  from  tiie 
throne  in  1830. 

XjegTUninossd,  le-gu'ml-no^'se.  One  of 
the  largest  and  most  important  natural 
orders  of  plants,  including  about  7,000 
spedes  dispersed  throughout  the  world. 
Four  sub-orders  are  recognized :  Papilion- 
aceae,  8wartzie«e,  Ceesalpinieie  and  Mimo- 
sese.  It  contains  peas,  beans,  lentils, 
clover,  lucem,  sainfoin,  vetches,  indigo, 
logwood  and  many  other  dyeing  plants, 
acadas,  senna,  tamarinds,  Ac. 

Leflrominoflite,  'min-ds-Ik     One  of  a 


I  LEMMIEre 

gen.  of  fossil  fJaata  apparently  pod-bear* 
ing.    They  occnr  In  tortiaiy  strata.  • 

Leibnitx.  Gottfried  Willieliii, 
Baron  Ton.  An  eminent  Oerman 
philosopher ;  b.  1646,  d.  1716. 

LeioeBter,  Bobert  Dudley,  Sari  of: 
An  English  statesman,  one  of  Qaeen 
Etizabeth>  ftvorites ;  b.  1531,  n.  1588.  He 
was  appointed  Ueutenant-general  the  year 
of  hie  death. 

Iieiothzix,  n-d-thrlks.  A  gen.  of  birds 
known  as  sil^  chatterers,  fiun.  AmpeUI- 

I«eiotriolii, -ot'ri-U.  One  of  the  two  di- 
visions into  which  Huxley  has  classified 
man,  charactoized  bv  the  smoothness  of 
tiie  hair,  the  other  di vteion  being  Ulotrichi, 
crisp  or  woolly  haired  people.  The  Leiot- 
richi  comprise  the  AustraUoid,  Mongoloid, 
Xanthochroic  and  Melanochroic  groups. 

Ijeipoa,  -pd'a.  A  gen.  of  gaUinaoeoas 
bfards.  L.  oceUata,  the  only  known  spe- 
des, is  the  native  pheasant  of  W.  Aus- 
tralia, which  in  its  habits  is  very  like  the 
domestic  fowl.  It  leaves  its  eggs  to  be 
hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Ijeipziflr  (I«eilNiic).  An  important  dty 
of  Saxony,  Germany,  20  m.  8.  £.  of  Halle, 
on  the  White  Elster.  It  is  an  extensive 
manufacturing  and  educational  center,  and 
is  noted  as  the  scene  of  one  of  the  most 
sanguinarv  battles  (Oct.  16-19,  1818)  of 
modern  tunes,  in  which  Napoleon  I.  was 
defeated  by  the  alhed  armies ;  pop.  92,674. 

IjemaxL,  le'msn.  A  sweetheart  of  either 
sex;  a  gallant  of  a  mistress;  usually  in  a 
bad  sense. 

IjemxLiscas,  lem-nis' 
kus.  In  Anc.  oostame,  I 
a  various-colored  wool- 
en  fillet  or  ribbon  peny 
dan  tat  the  back  partU 
of  the  heatl,  firom  dia- 
dems, crowns,  Ac 

Ij  e  m  o  n ,  on.  The 
fruit  of  C5itm8  Limo- 
num.  The  tree  that 
produces  lemons,  the 
Citrus  Limonum,  ord.  Aurantlaceae. 

liemxniner,  ^^^.^ 
lem'ing.     A^|pa,s$3^ 
group  of  rodent  ''^jfl 
mammals,  allied 
to    the    mouse*^ 
and  rat,  oonsti- 
tuting  the  gen. 
My  odes  of  some  ' 
naturalists, 
Lemmus  of 
others  ;/omid  in 
Norway,  IiapUmd,  Siberia  and  the  north* 


Lemniscus. 


y^.._ 


Leininlng. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LEMUBES 


465 


LEPANTO 


Bed  Lemur. 


era  parts  of  America.  The  most  noted 
species  is  the  common  or  Em-opean  lem- 
ming ^M.  Lemmas),  vast  hordes  of  which 
periodically  migrate  toward  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  destroying  all 
Tegetation  in  their  path.  Numbers  of 
b^s,  wolves  and  foxes  follow  them  in 
their  march,  making  them  their  prey. 
Lemures,        ^  -vm    -^ 


1  em'ii-r  t  ?. 

Spirits  of  tliP 

departed; 

ghosts  ;   spL'c-| 

ters. 
liemtirlcUa, 

le-mu'ri-d6.  A 

family  ofqu:i>U 

rumanous  siii^ 

mals     distinct 

from  the  mon- 
keys and  ap- 
proaching the  insectiyores  and  rodents; 

the  lemurs. 
liena.    A  large  Siberian  river  emptying 
into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  length  2,550  m. 
Iieno,  lu'nd.    A  cotton  gauze  thinner  and 

clearer  than  book-musUn,  used  for  win- 
dow-blinds. 

liens,  lenz.  A  tranS' 
parent  substance,  usual- 
ly glass,  so  formed  that^ 
rays  of  light  passing 
through  it  are  made  to 
change  their  direction, 
and  magniiy  or  diminish 
objects  at  a  certain  dis- 
tance. 

Iient,  lent.    A  religious 
Ihst  of  forty  dijvs,  begin-< 
ning  at  Ash  W  ednesday 
and  continuing  till  East- 
er,  observed    in    com- 
memoration of  the  forty 
days*  &st  of  Christ. 
I<eo,   le'6.     The 
Lion,    the    fifth 
sign  of  the  zodi 
ao,  containing  95 
stars.    L.  Minor, 
the  Littie  Lion,  a 
constellation     of 
the       northern 
hemisphere  con- 
taining 68  stars. 

lieo.  The  name  of  4  Byzantine  emperors, 
of  whom  the  most  noted  was  L.  III.  (the 
Isaurian),  who  rose  from  humble  birth  to 
high  military  rank,  and  s.  Anastasius  II. 
717.  He  defeated  the  Saracens  before 
Constantinople ;  d.  741.     His  reign  was 


Lenses. 


made  remarkable  by  the  Iconoclastic 
schism.  Also  the  name  of  18  popes,  of 
whom  those  deswving  special  mention 
are  L.  I.  (The  Great),  who  s.  Sixtus  IaI., 
440.  During  his  pontificate  Bome  was 
sacked  by  tiie  Vandals,  456,  under  Gen- 
serio.  He  condemned  the  Ei^ychian  here- 
sy, D.  461.  L.  X.  (Giovanni  de  Medici),  b. 
1475,  s.  Julius  11. 1618  :  d.  1621.  He  was 
a  munificent  patron  of  learning  and  the 
arts,  and  shrewd  and  successfiil  as  a  states- 
man, but  the  church  was  scandalized  bv 
the  wholesale  traffic  in  indulgences,  which 
finally  led  to  the  Reformation. 

Ijeonidas.  A  Spartan  king  who  s.  his 
brother  Cleopienes  I.,  492  n.  o.  In  480  he 
with  a  few  soldiers  defended  the  Pass  of 
Thermopylae  against  Xerxes  and  his  Per- 
sian army,  nearly  a  million  strong,  the 
Greeks  perishing  to  a  man  after  killing 
five  times  their  number. 

liSonides,  -on'i-dez.  A  name  given  to 
the  group  of  meteors  observed  in  Novem- 
ber each  year,  but  occurring  with  profusion 
about  three 
times  in  a  cen- 
tury; so  ctdled 
because  they 
seem  to  rad-  j 
late  from  the 
constellation 
Leo. 

Iieopard,  Leopard, 

lep'ard.        A 

carnivorous  digitigrade  mammal,  gen. 
Fells. 

Ijeopold.  The  name'of  several  Europe- 
an sovereigns,  of  whom  the  most  distin- 
gulBhed  are:  L.  I.  (the  Great),  ofCter- 

.  many,  b.  1640,  d.  1706.  During  his  reign 
successful  wars  were  waged  against  the 
Turks,  French  and  Hungarian  rebels.  L. 
I.  of  Belgium,  a  son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Saalfeld,  b.  1790;  refUsed  the 
crown  of  Greece,  1830,  and  was  elected 
King  of  the  Belgians  after  the  separation 
of  B.  and  Holland,  1881 ;  d.  1865.  L.  III. 
of  Austria,  B.  1850 ;  killed  in  the  batUe  of 
Sempach  by  the  Swiss,  1386. 

liepadidao,  le-pad'i-de.  The  barnacles 
or  goose-mussels,  a  fam  of  cirriped  crus- 
taceans, free-swimming  when  in  the  larva 
state,  but  when  adult  attached  by  the  an- 
tennae to  submarine  bodies. 

Iiepanto.  Principal  town  of  the  Greek 
eparchy  of  L.  on  the  bay  of  same  name, 
noted  for  the  great  naval  victory,  1670, 
over  the  Turks  by  the  combined  fleets  of 
Philip  II.,  the  Pope  and  the  Venetians, 
the  Turks  losing  25,000  killed  and  10,000 
prisoners. 


Digitized  by 


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LEPIDOPTBKA 


4M 


LEVI 


Ijepidoptera,  lep-id-op'ter-a.  The  most 
beaatiftil  of  all  the  orders  of  InsectB,  com 
prising  the  butterflies  and  moths. 

Lepidosi-         y^.^ 
pen,      -o-     N'-v-i** 
8i"r«n.     A 
gen.  offish* 
es,      ord.     _ 
Dipnoi;  the  -^ 
mud-fish.        l:^pido0iren  annectens. 

^pidostetiS,  -os'to-U8.  A  gen.  of 
fishes  with  bony  polished  or  ganoid  scales, 
and  hence  -known  as  bony -pikes.  Tiiey 
belong  to  the  fam.  Lepidusteidep,  ord. 
Oanoidei,  and  resemble  many  of  the  mes- 
ozoic  fossil  genera  more  than  any  other 
living  fishes. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  JEmilius.  The 
Great  Triumvir.  The  adherent  of  Caesar 
in  his  conflict  with  Pompey,  and  his  as- 
sociate Consul,  46  ;  in  43  he  with  Antony 
and  Octavius  formed  the  celebrated  trium- 
virate. L.  receiving  Spain  and  Narbonnese 
Gaul  as  his  share  of  the  supreme  power. 
Deprived  of  his  commana,  47,  he  was 
given  a  position  in  AfHoa,  but  failing  in  an 
attempt  to  regain  his  former  position,  he 
D.  in  exile,  18  b.  o. 

Leptodactyl,  lep-t6-dak'til.  A  bird  or 
other  animal  having  slender  toes. 

liepuB,  le'pus.  A  gen.  of  rodents,  com- 
prising the  hare  and  rabbit.  In  Astron. 
the  Hare,  a  southern  constellation  contain- 
ing 19  stars. 

r«TX18Badse,  ler-ne'a-<lo.  A  group  of  par- 
asitio  suctorial  crustaceans,  ord.  Ichthy- 
ophthlra  or  fish-lice. 

X/erot,  I€Vot.  The  garden  dormouse 
(Myoxus  nitela),  a  little  rodent  which 
makes  great  havoc  among  fi*ult. 

Lesseps,  Ferdinand  de.  A  cele- 
brated French  engineer  and  diplomat,  b. 
1806.  He  conceived  and  directed  the 
work  on  the  Suez  Canal,  and  is  at  present 
engaged  in  uniting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
by  a  canal  across  the  Central  American 
isthmus. 

Lestris,  les^tris.  A  gen.  of  palmiped 
birds.  The  L.  parasiticus  is  the  arctic  gull, 
and  the  L.  catarrhactes  the  skua  gull,  the 
most  formidable  of  all  the  gull  kind. 

Lethe,  le'the.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  river 
of  oblivion  ;  one  of  the  streams  Q>i  the  in- 
fernal regions.  Its  waters  possessed  the 
quality  of  causing  those  who  drank  them 

to  forget  their  former  existence. 

IiOttisll,  let'ish.    The  language  spoken 

by   the  people  of  Livonia,  originally  a 

Sclavonian  branch  of  the  Aryan  liwily  of 

tongues.  1 


LeuciscuB,  m-sis'kus.  A  gen.  of  fishes, 
fkm.  (>prinid8e;  the  roach,  dace  and 
bleak  afford  familiar  examples. 
IieuoGBthiops,  lu-ke'thi-ops.  An  albino 
or  individual  affected  witii  a  want  of  color- 
ing matter  in  the  skin  and  outlcular  ap« 
pendages. 

lieuoophaaia,  -ko-fl'si-a.  A  gen.  of 
white  butterflies. 

lisucopterian,  'kop-ts'ri-an.  In  Eocles. 
Hist,  one  of  a  sect  of  the  Greek  Church 
charged  with  the  errors  of  the  Origenists, 
and  with  corrupting  the  text  of  the  Gospel. 
liSuoosiadaB,  -ko-si'a-dd.  A  fiimilyof 
short-tailed  decapodons  crustaceans,  con- 
taining many  pretty,  round,  porcellane, 
exotic  crabs. 

Iievant,  lo-vant'.  A  name  given  to  the 
maritime  parts  of  the  countries  lying  on 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  Mediterranean 
and  its  contiguous  waters,  as  Turkey, 
Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  Egyot,  Ac  An 
easterly  wind  blowing  up  the  Mediterra- 
nean ;  a  levanter. 

Iievel,  lev'el.  Any  instrument  by  which 
to  find  or  draw  a  straight  line  parallel  to 
the  plane  of  the  horizon,  and  by  this  means 
to  determine  the  true  level  or  the  differ- 
ence of  ascent  or  descent  between  several 
places,  for  various  purposes  in  architeo- 
ture,  agriculture,  engineering,  hydraulics, 
surveying,  &c. 

IievelinflT-stair,  -ing-staf.  An  instru- 
ment used  in  leveling  in  coi^unction 
with  f  spirit-level  and  telescope. 
liSVer,  lu'ver.  In  Mech.  one  of  the  me- 
chanical powers,  which  is  of  three  kinds. 
When  the  iVdorum  is  between  the  wdght 
and  the  power,  as  in  the  handspike.  When 
the  weight  is  between  the  power  and  the 
fulcrum,  as  in  rowing  a  boat,  where  the 
fulcrum  is  the  water.  When  the  power  is 
between  the  weight  and  the  fhlcrum,  as  in 
raising  a  ladder  ftom  the  ground  by  one  of 
the  lower  rounds,  the  fUlbrum  being  the 
foot  of  the  ladder.  The  bones  of  animals 
are  levers  of  the  third  kind. 
Leveret,  lev'er-et.  A  hare  in  the  first 
year  of  its  age. 

Lever-valve,  lo'ver-valv.  A  safety- 
valve  kept  down  by  the  pressure  of  an  ad- 
justable weiphtor  spring. 
Leverrier,  Urban  Jean  Joseph.  An 
eminent  French  astronomer,  b.  1811,  d. 
1877.  He  discovered  the  planet  Neptune, 
1846. 

Levi.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  Hebrew  pa- 
triarchs, son  of  Jacob,  and  pr<^enitor  of 
the  Levites;  b.  abt.  1760  b.  c,  d.  in  Egypt| 
aged  187. 


Digitized  by 


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LEVIATHAN 


4«7 


LICTOR 


liSTiathan,  -vl'a-than.  An  aqaatio  ani- 
mal described  in  the  book  of  Job,  ch.  xli., 
and  mentioned  in  other  passages  of  Scrip- 
tore.  It  is  not  known  whether  it  was 
a  crocodile,  the  whale,  or  a  species  of  ser 
pent. 

Eviration,  -vi-ra'shon .  The  act  or  cus- 
tom among  the  Jews  of  a  man^s  marrying 
the  widow  of  a  brother  who  died  without 
issue.  The  same  custom  or  law  prevails 
in  some  parts  of  India. 

Iievitation,  ley-i-ta'shon.  Among  Spir- 
itualists, the  alleged  phenomenon  of  booies 
heavier  than  air  being  rendered  buoyant 
in  the  atmosphere. 

Iievite,  I6'vit.  In  Jewish  Hist,  one  of  the 
tribe  or  ftunily  of  Levi ;  more  particularly, 
one  employed  in  various  menial  duties 
connected  with  the  tabernacle  or  temple. 
They  were  subordinate  to  the  priests,  the 
descendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  fdso  of 
the  ftunily  of  Levi. 

liSTiticiia, -vit'i-kns.  A  canonical  book 
of  the  Old  Testament,  the  tUrd  book  of 
Moses,  containing  the  ceremonial  laws. 

Iievoflrlucose,  'vo-glu-kos.  In  Chem.  a 
sugar  isomeric  with  deztro^ucose,  but 
distingnished  from  it  by  turning  the  plane 
of  polarization  to  the  left.  The  equal  mix- 
ture of  the  two  constitutes  fruit  or  inverted 
sugar,  which  turns  the  plane  of  polariza- 
tion to  the  left,  the  rotatory  power  of  levo- 
gluoose  being  greater  than  that  of  deztro- 

^ucose. 

£ex,  leks.    Law. 

Ijezioon, 'i-kon.  A  dictionary;  a  vocab- 
ulary or  book  containing  an  alphabetical 
arrahgement  of  the  wonls  in  a  language, 
with  their  definition. 

Leirden-jar,  li-dn- 
jar.  A  glass  Jar 
coated  inside  and 
outside,  usually 
with  tin-foil,  to 
within  a  third  of  the  I 
top,  that  it  may  be ' 
readily  charged  with 
electricity,  and  thus 
employed  in  a  vari- 
ety of  interesting  and  useftil  experiments. 

Lewis,  Meriwether.  An  American 
explorer ;  b.  in  Va.  1774,  n.  1809.  L.  In 
company  with  Clarke  explored  the  then 
unknown  region  In  which  the  Missouri 
rises,  and  traced  the  Columbia  to  its 
mouth.  L.  river,  the  largest  tributary  of 
the  Columbia,  900  m.  long. 

Leyden,  John  of  ( Johann  Beocold). 
A  religious  enthusiast,  b.  at  Leyden,  Hol- 
land, 1510,  executed  1586.  With  Matthys 
he  incited  the  Anabaptists  to  armed  revolt, 


Leyden-jar. 


seized  MCuister,  which  he  held  for  some 
time,  and  with  his  followers  was  guilty  of 
numerous  excesses.  L.,  a  city  of  S.  Hol- 
hind,  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Amsterdam,  formerly 
noted  for  its  university  founded  by 
William  Prince  of  Orange,  1675,  and  for 
its  obstinate  resistance  to  the  Spaniards, 
1574,  during  which  6,000  citizens  died  of 
flEunine  and  pestilence. 

lii.  Id.  A  Chinese  copper  coin,  otherwise 
called  a  cash.  It  is  worth  about  one-tenth 
of  a  cent  A  Chinese  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  .486  inch. 

liia-fail.  Lit  Stone  of  destiny.  The 
stone  on  which  the  ancient  Irish  kings  are 
said  to  have  been  crowned,  brought  by 
Fergus  to  Scotland,  and  ultimately  de- 
posited at  Scone,  where  the  Scottish  kings 
sat  on  it  at  their  coronation.  It  was  re- 
moved by  Edward  I.  to  England  and 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where  it 
still  forms  part  of  the  coronation  chair. 

I<ias,  H'as.  In  Oool.  that  series  of  strata 
lying  at  the  basis  of  the  oolitic  or  Jurassio 
series,  and  above  the  triassic  or  new  red 
sandstone. 

l4ibellulid8B,  -bel-fi'li-dd.  The  dragon- 
flies,  a  fkm.  of  neuropterous,  or,  accord- 
ing to  some,  orthopterous  inseots. 

I4iberal,  llb'er-al.  An  advocate  of  free- 
dom from  restraint,  especially  in  politics 
and  religion;  a  member  of  an  Englisk 
party  which  advocates  conferring  more 
power  on  the  people. 

I4iberia.  A  small  republic  of  W.  Africa, 
a  refVige  for  the  manumitted  slaves  firom 
the  U.  S.  Length,  600  m. ;  average  breadth, 
50  m.;  Monrovia  is  the  cap.  Total  pop. 
abt.  650,000,  of  whom600,0W)  are  natives. 

IJibra,  H'bra. 
In  Astron.  the 
Balance,  the 
seventh  sign  In 
the  zodiac,  i 
which  the  sun  \ 
enters  at  the 
autumnal 
equinox  in  September. 

I^bya.  In  Ano.  Oeog.  the  name  given  to 
Africa,  especially  N.  Africa. 

liibyan,  llb'yan.  A  name  given  to  a  group 
of  tongues,  otherwise  called  Berber. 

liictor,  'ter.  An  officer  among  the  Eo- 
mans  who  bore  an  ax  and  fhsces  or  rods  as 
ensigns  of  his  office.  His  duty  was  to  at- 
tend the  chief  magistrates  when  they  ap- 
peared In  public,  to  clear  the  way  for 
them  and  cause  due  respect  to  be  paid 
them;  also  to  apprelieoa  (ind  punish 
criminals. 


Libra. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LICHEN 


468 


LILLIBTILLEBO 


lich-gatd. 


liiohen,  irken.  \n  hf*t  omv  oT  an  i>r4ler 
of  cellular  crypt>j*ttmiu  plaiiU  wiUu-ut 
stem  and  leaves,  and  oi.<iiflytlug  nisdmly  of 
a  th  a  1 1  u  8 . 
They  include 
Iceland-moss , 
reindeer- 
mos8,rock  and 
tree  moss;  but 
are  entirely 
distinct  fh>m 
the  true  mou- 
es  (Musci). 

liich -grate, 
lich'g-iit.  A 
church  -yard 
gate,  with  a 
porch  under 
which  a  bier 
might  stand 
while  the  intro- 
ductory part  of  the  funeral  service  was 
read. 

liiebigr,  Justus,  Baron  von.  An 
eminent  German  chemist ;  B.  1808,  d.  1S78. 

Lieflre,  lej.  A  vassal  holding  a  fee  by 
which  he  is  bound  to  perform  certain 
services  and  duties  to  his  lord.  A  lord  or 
superior ;  a  sovereign. 

Lieutenant,  lu-ten'ant  A  commis- 
sioned officer  in  the  army  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  captain  ;  L.  general,  an  officer  next 
in  rank  to  the  general ;  L.  colonel,  an  offi- 
cer next  below  the  colonel  in  rank.  A 
commissioned  officer  in  the  navy  ranking 
with  a  captain  in  the  army. 

Lieutenant-grovemor,  -gu-vem-er. 
An  officer  performing  the  duties  of  a  gov- 
ernor. In  some  British  possessions  and 
colonies  under  a  governor-general,  the 
chief  magistrate  of  a  separate  district  is 
called  a  lieutenant-governor. 

liife-annuity,  Kf  an-nu-i-ti.  A  sum  of 
money  paid  yearly  during  a  person's  life. 

liif e-belt, 'belt.  An  inflated  belt  of  in- 
dia-rubber or  cork,  used  to  support  the 
bod  y  in  the  water. 

liife-preserver,  'r^'*''" 
zerv-er.  An  air-tight  ja  ■  k  - 
et  or  belt  or  a  compl^rf! 
dress  designed  for  the  pi .  -- 
ervation  of  the  lives  H 
persons  compelled  to  tru  ^t 
themselves  to  the  water. 

liife-rooket,  'rok-et.  A 
rocket  discharged  from  ii 
life-mortar,  and  which  C'fii- 
veys  a  rope  to  a  ship  in  diri- 
tress,  BO  as  to  establish 
communication  with  those  I/Ife-preserver. 
OAboArd. 


liiffey.  A  river  in  Ireland,  60  m.  long, 
emptying  into  Dublin  Bay. 

liigran,  li'gan.  Goods  sunk  tn  the  sea, 
but  having  a  cork  or  buoy  attached  in  or- 
der that  they  may  be  found  again.  Also 
written  Lagan. 

Tdghtf  lit.  That  agent  or  force  in  nature 
by  the  action  of  wmch  upon  the  organs  of 
sight  objects  from  whiob  it  proceeds  are 
rendered  visible. 

Ligrlltliouse,  'hous.  A  tower  or  other 
lofty  structure  with  a  powerftil  light  at 
top,  serving  as  a  guide  or  warning  of 
danger  to  navigators  at  night ;  a  pharos. 

Liffht-infantry,  'in-fant-ri.  A  body  of 
soldiers  selected  and  trained  for  rapid  evo- 
lutions. 

Liffhtnin?,  'ning.  A  flash  of  light  the 
result  of  a  discharge  of  atmosphwic  elec- 
tricity from  one  cloud  to  another,  or  trom 
a  cloud  to  the  earth. 

Iiifflitning'-rod,  -rod.  A  pointed  insu- 
lated metallic  rod  erected  to  protect 
buildings  or  vessels  from  li^^tiung;  a 
lightning-conductor. 

liigrlits,  nts.  The  lungs ;  the  organs  of 
breathing,  particularly  in  brute  animals. 

Li  erlit- 
ship. I i I 
shi[i.  A  ft]ii[t_ 
a  n  (■  Im  rinlj 
aiii1  ^p'l-viriL''^ 
an  a  lifjht''* 
honpiC^ 

Llff  ht-. 
W  e  i  g  kt,  * 
'w  ft  L.  in* 
sporting,  a 
man  or  an- 
imal below  a  fixed  weight ;  a  boxer,  Jock* 
ey  or  horse  under  a  standard  weight. 

Lignite,  'nit.  Fossil-wood,  wood-ooal 
or  brown  coal,  a  combustible  substance 
mineralized  to  a  certain  degree,  between 
peat  and  coal. 

Ligrnum,  'num.  Wood  ;  that  portion  of 
arborescent  plants  whicli  comprises  the  al- 
bui-num  and  the  duramen. 

Ligmy.  A  Belgian  village,  10  m.  N.  E.  of 
Charleroi,  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  open- 
ing battle  of  the  series  which  ended  at 
Waterloo,  June  16-18, 1816,  in  which  Na- 
poleon I.  defeated  the  Prussians  under 
Blucher. 

Liliputian,  lil-i-pu'shan.  One  belong- 
ing to  a  diminutive  race,  deacribed  in 
Swift's  imaginary  kingdom  of  LUipnt.  Any 
person  of  a  very  small  size. 

LiUibullero,  -bul-ld''ro.      OriginaDj^a 


Light-ship. 


Digitized  by 


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LlLY-BfiETLE 


409 


Lm^AM 


watchword  of  the  Irish  Koman  Catholics 
in  their  massacre  of  the  Protestants  in 
1641 ;  afterward,  the  refrain  and  name  of 
a  political  song  popular  daring  the  reign  of 
James  II. 

liily-beetle,  -he-tl.  A  small  tetram- 
eroHS  beetle  (Crioceris  merdigera),  fam. 
Crioceridae. 

liixna,  U'ma.  A  gen.  of  conchiferous 
moUusca,  scallop  family  (Pectinidie). 

LimacinsB,  -ma-si'nS.  A  sub-fam.  of 
pulmoniferous  gasteropodous  moUusks, 
of  which  the  gen.  Limax  is  the  type ;  the 
slugs. 

liima.  Cap.  of  Peru,  S.  America,  on  the 
Rimac,  t  m.  from  the  PacLQo :  pop.  abt. 
125,000. 

liimber,  limni>er. 
The  forepart  of  the 
carriage  of  a  field  gun, 
consisting  of  two, 
wheels  and  an  axle 
with  afi'amework  and 
shafts  tor  the  horses. 
On    the  top   of   the  Limber, 

frame  are  two  ammunition  boxes  which 
serve  also  as  seats.  The  limber  is  con- 
nected with  the  gun-carriage,  properly  so 
called,  by  an  iron  hook,  called  the  pintail, 
fastened  into  an  eye  in  the  trail  or  wooden 
block  which  supports  the  cannon.  When 
the  gun  is  brought  into  action  it  is  un- 
limbered. 

liixnbo,  'bfi.  In  Scholastic  Theol  a  re- 
gion beyond  this  world  in  which  the 
souls  of  those  who  have  not  oflfended  by 
personal  acts  are  detained  till  the  final 
judgment.  Two  or  more  such  regions  are 
sometimes  mentioned. 

liixne,  ITm.     A  viscoiifi 

substance,sometimes  laEd 

on    twigs    for    catching,' 

bh-ds ;  bird-lime.    A  uae- 

ftil  caustic  earth,  obtained 

by  exposing  limestone  «.>r 

carbonates  of  lime  tc«  a 

red    heat    In    kilns,    by 

which  the  carbonic  acid  Id 

expelled,  in  which  state  it 

is  called  quicklime.    TLti 

metallic  base  of  lime  la^ 

calcium.  A  small  fruit  re- 
sembling a  lemon. 
Lixnekiln,    'kil.     A  furnace   in   which 

limestone  or  shells  are  exposed  to  a  strong 

heat  and  reduced  to  lime. 
Ulixie-ligrllt,  'lit.    A  very  powerful  light 

produced  by  turning  two  jets  of  gas,  one 

of  hydrogen  and  one  of  oxygen,  in  a  state 

of  ignition  on  a  ball  of  lime. 


Lime. 


Liixnitarian,  Um-it-aM-an.  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  that  a  part  of  the  hu' 
man  race  only  are  to  be  saved ;  opposed 
to  universalist. 

liimnaeadae,  -ne'a-dS.  The  pond-snails, 
a  fam.  of  fresh-water,  univalve,  inopercu' 
late,  gasteropodous  mollusks,  having  a 
lung  sac  instead  of  gills. 

Limnite,  'nit.  Yellow  ochre  or  brown 
iron  ore,  containing  more  water  than  li- 
monite.  Composition  :  oxide  of  iron  74.8, 
water  25.2. 

LdmnoTia,  -no'ri-a.  A  gen .  of  isopodous 
crustaceans  which  are  most  destructive  to 
wood-work  immersed  in  water. 

Limonite,  U'mon-it.  An  iron  ore  which 
is  found  earthy,  concretionary,  or  mamil< 
lary,  and  fibrous.  It  consists  of  sesquiox- 
ide  of  iron  85.6,  water  14.4. 

liimosa,  -m5'sa.  A  gen.  of  wading 
birds,  the  godwits. 

Ldmpet,  lim'pet.  A  cyclobranchlate 
gasteropodous  mollusk,  gen.  Patella,  ad- 
hering to  rocks. 

liixnulus,  'u-lus.  A  gen.  of  large  crus> 
taceans ;  the  king-crabs. 

Liincoln,  Abraham.  The  16th  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  8.,  B.  in  Ky.,  1809 ; 
elected  President  1860,  and  re-elected 
1864 ;  assassinated  by  John  Wilkes 
Booth  while  witnessing  a  performance  at 
Ford's  Theater,  Washington,  April  15, 
1865,  less  than  a  week  after  the  surrender 
of  Gen.  Lee,  and  the  collapse  of  the  Re- 
bellion. 

Liind,  Jenny.  A  distinguished  vocal- 
ist, B.  1821.  She  retired  from  the  stage 
on  her  marriage  to  Otto  Goldschmidt, 
1861,  and  resides  in  London. 

liineagre,  lln'o-gj.  Race ;  progeny ;  de- 
scendants in  a  line  from  a  common  pro- 
genitor. 

liinen,  'en.  Thread  or  cloth  made  of 
flax  or  hemp.  Fossil  linen,  a  kind  of 
amianth,  with  soft,  parallel,  flexible 
fibers. 

Linen-scroll,  -skrSl.  In  Arch,  an  or- 
nament employed  to  fill  panels ;  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  convolutions  of 
a  folded  napkin. 

liiner,  Un'er.  A  ship  of  the  line ;  man- 
of-war.  A  vessel  regularly  trading  to 
and  from  certain  ports. 

liingr,  ling.  A 
fish  of  the  gen. 
Lota  (L. 
molva).  i^ 

Iiingr  a  m  , 

'gam.  In  Hind.  Myth,  the  male  or- 
gan of  generation,  worshipped  aa  being 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LmroA&D 


4ltO  UtLk 


t  passengers. 


LiDk-mution. 


representatiyeof  Oodor  of  the  fertility  of 
nature. 

Lilifirard,  John,  'ard.  An  Englisli  his- 
torian, B.  1771,  D.  1851. 

Idngnist,  'gwist.  A  person  skilled  in 
languages ;  one  who  k^ows  several  lan- 
guages.   A  ready  conversationalist. 

liinflTUla,  'gu-la.  A  gen.  of  mollasks, 
class  Brachiopoda,  &m.  Lingulide,  a  fiun- 
ilv  that  has  sarvived  with  but  little 
change  since  the  early  Silurian  period. 

lAnkboy,  lingk'boi.  A  boy  or  man  that 
carries  a  link  or  torch  to  light 

Link-motion, 
'md-shon.  Motion 
communicated  by 
Hnks,  applied  es- 
pecially to  a  sys- 
tem or  gearing  for 
working  the  y^yes 
of  a  locomotlye-engine. 

Iiinnaftan,  lin-nS'an.  Pertaining  to  Lin- 
naeus, the  celebrated  botanist.  L.  sys- 
tem, in  Bot.  the  system  of  classification 
introduced  by  Linnaeus,  in  which  the 
classes  are  founded  upon  the  stamens, 
and  the  orders  upon  the  pistils. 

liinnaBUB  (Carl  von  Linne).  An 
eminent  Swedish  botanist  and  naturalist, 
B.  1707,  D.  1778. 

Linnet,  'net  A 
small  sin  g  i  n  g 
bird,  gen.  Frin- 
gilla. 

Linoleum, 
-5'  1 6  -  u  m  .     A 

Sreparatio  n     of 
nseed-oil     with  Llimot. 

chloride  of  sul- 
phur, by  which  it  is  rendered  solid. 
When  rolled  into  sheets  It  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  india-rubber  or  gutta- 
percha ;  dissolved  it  is  used  as  a  varnish. 
As  a  paint  it  is  useful  both  for  iron  and 
wood,  and  for  ships'  bottoms  ;  as  a  cem- 
ent it  possesses  some  of  the  qualities 
of  glue ;  vulcanized  or  rendered  hard  by 
heat,  it  may  be  carved  and  polished  like 
wood,  and  mixed  with  ground  cork  afld 
pressed  upon  canvas  it  forms  floor-cloth. 
The  floor-cloth  thus  produced. 

Linaang",  'sang.  A  pretty  animal  allied 
to  the  civets. 

Linseed-oake,  'sed-k&k.  The  solid 
mass  which  remains  when  oil  is  expressed 
from  flax-seed,  used  as  food  for  cattle  and 
sheep ;  oil  cake. 

Linseed-oil,  -oil.  A  yellow  oil  pro- 
cured by  pressure  from  tne  seed  of  lint  or 


flax,  used  as  a  Teidde  for  colors  by 
Minters,  in  the  nuuraflustare  of  linoleum, 

Linaey-woolsey,     'si-wal-aL     Dress 

goods  made  of  Unen  and  wooL 
Linstock,  'stok.    A  pointed  staff  with  s 

fork  at  one  end  to  hold  a  lighted  match, 

used  in  firing  a  cannon. 
Lint,  lint.    Fbuc.    linen  scraped  into  a 

soft  substance  used  for  dressing  wounds 

and  sores. 
Lintel,  lin-teL     In  Arch,  a  horizontal 

Siece  of  timber  or  stone  over  a  door,  win- 
ow  or  other  opening. 

Lion,B'oi.  A 
.quadrupri 
gen.  FeUs.   F. 
leo,  the  l:*r^- 
est  and  luo-^r  i 
mi\)estic  of  atld 
carniy  oron^l 
animals.      Ofi 
the      AfrlojiD  1 
lion  there  un^ 
several     Tari- 
eties,   as   thi' 
Barbfl]y,QrLii]!- 

bian    Seneffil    ni'tuluf  tr  ■ -^ '  -  ]  ' 
and  Cape  lion. 

The  Asiatic  varietleB  are  generally  dis- 
^niishod  as  the  Bengal,  Persian  or  Arabian 
lion  and  the  maneless  lion  of  Gujerat  The 
American  lion  is  the  puma.  A  sign  tn  the 
zodiac ;  Leo. 

Lioness,  -es.  The  female  of  the  lion 
kind. 

Lionet,  -et.    A  young  or  small  lion. 

Lipoerram,  irpd-gram.  A  writing  in 
which  a  particular  letter  Is  wholly  omit- 
ted, as  in  the  Odyssey  of  Tryphlodorus, 
in  which  there  was  no  A  in  the  first  book, 
no  B  in  the  second,  and  so  on. 

Lip-xreadinfiT,  'red-ing.  Beading  or  un- 
derstanding what  one  says  by  the  move- 
ment of  the  lips ;  used  in  regard  to  the 
deaf  and  dumb. 

Lippi,  Fra  Filippo.  One  of  the  most 
eminuiit  of  Italian  painters ;  b.  1412,  n. 
1469.  His  natural  son,  Filippino,  was 
even  more  renowned  <is  an  artist ;  b.  1460, 
D.  1606. 

LiQueiir,  li-kur'.  A  sph*ituous  compound 
of  water,  alcohol,  sugar  and  some  infusion 
or  extract  flrom  fruits,  spices  and  yarious 
aromatic  substances. 

Liquor,  llk'er.  A  liquid  or  fluid  sub- 
stance, as  water,  milk,  blood,  sap,  juice 
and  the  like.  Alcoholic  or  spirituous  fluid, 
either  distilled  or  fermented. 

Lira,  l^ra.    An  Italian  silver  coin  con- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LISBON 


m 


LiTofiisr 


taining  100  centesimi  or  centimes,  and  in 
value  equivalent  to  a  franc,  or  about  20 
cents. 

liisbon.  Gap.  of  Portugal,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Tagus ;  pop.  228,749^  In 
1766  L.  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake. 

lllsp,  Usp.  The  habit  or  act  of  lisping,  as 
in  uttering  an  aspirated  th  for  s,  dh  for  z. 
Liflsa.  An  island  oflf  the  Dalmatian  coast, 
noted  for  the  great  naval  battle,  July  20, 
1S66,  in  which  the  Austrian  fleet  under 
Tegethoff  defeated  the  Italians  under  Per- 
sano. 

IilssezK»pliala,  lis-en-sefa-la.    A  pri- 
mary dlvisipn  of  mammalia,  according  to 
Owen,  comprising  the  Cheiroptera,  In- 
sectivora,  Bodentia  and  Edentata. 
liiszt,  Franz,  list.    An  eminent  Hun- 
garian pianist  and  musician ;  b.  1811.    He 
entered  a  convent  and  took  orders,  1866. 
Lltaziy,   lit'an-i.    A  collection  of  short 
prayers  or  supplications  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,  which  are  said  or  chant- 
ed, the  priest  uttering  one  and  the  people 
responding  with  another  alternately. 
Tiithanthrax,    li-than'thraks.      Stone- 
cdd.    In  distinction  from  xylanthrax,  or 
wood-coal. 

Idtliarse,  lith^arj.    The  yellow  or  red- 
dish protoxide  of  lead  partially  fkised.    It 
is  used  in  assaying  as  a  flux,  and  enters 
largely  into  the  composition  of  the  glaze 
of  common  earthenware. 
Lithochromatics,  'o-kro-mat^'lks.  The 
art  of  painting  in  oil  upon  stone,  and  of 
taking  impressions  on  canvas, 
liitliodoxiius,  li-thod'o-mus.    A  gen.  of 
Lamelllbranchiata,    mussel  &ni.,    which 
perforate  stones,  shells,  &c. 
LithOfirlyph,  lith'o-glif.    The  art  of  en- 
graving on  precious  stones,  &c. 
Lithofflyphite,  U-thog'U-m.     A  fossil 
that  presents  the  appearance  of  being  en- 
graved or  shaped  by  art. 
liithoflrraphy,  li-thog'ra-fi.    The  art  of 
Acting  or  drawing  on  stone,  and  of  pro- 
ducing impressions  from  it  on  paper ;  in- 
vented by  A.  Sennefelder,  at  Munich,  in 
1798. 

Litholatry,  -thora-tri.  The  worship  of 
stones  of  particular  shapes. 
liitlioloflry,  'o-Ji.  The  science  of  stones ; 
the  stu^  of  the  miner^  structure  of 
rocks.  Ill  Med.  a  treatise  on  stones  found 
in  the  body. 

lilthophafiri,  U-thofa-jT.  a  name  ap- 
plied to  all  bivalve  and  univalve  mollusca, 
radiata,  Ac,  that  penetrate  strmes  and 
other  hard  substances. 


Lithophytes. 


Idthophane,  lith'o-filn.  A  style  of  or- 
namentation produced  by  impressing  thin 
sheets  of  porceUdn  into  figures,  which  be- 
come visible  when  viewed  by  transmitted 
light. 

Litliophosphor,  -fos-for.  A  stone  that 
becomes  phosphorescent  by  heat. 

LtthopliotogTapliy,  -fS-tog^'ra-fi.  The 
art  of  producing  prints  from  lithographic 
stones  by  means  of  photographic  pictures 
developed  on  theh:  surfiice. 

liithophyl,  -fll.  A  fossil  leaf  or  im- 
pression of  a  leaf,  or  a  stone  containing 
such. 

liithopliyte,  fit.    Anamegiv«itotboB« 
species    of   polypes 
whose   substance  is 
stony   or  horny,    as 
the  corals  and   sea-^ 
films.    Formerly 
classed  with  plants,  | 
hence  the  name. 

liithosiidae,  -o-sri- 
de.  A  fiunily  of 
Lepidoptera,  section 
Heterocera. 

lilthotint,     'o-tint. 
The  art  or  process  of 
producing  pictures  in  colors  from  a  litho- 
graphic stone.    The  picture  so  produced. 

liithotome,  -tom.  A  stone  so  formed 
naturally  as  to  appear  as  if  cut  artificially. 
l4itllotoniy,  li-thot'o-mi.  The  operation 
of  cutting  for  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 
Ltthotrity,  M-ti.  The  operation  of  trit- 
urating the  stone  in  the  bladder  by  means 
of  an  instrument  called  a  llthotriptor. 
lAthptyvY,  'i-pi.  A  peculiar  process  of 
stereotyping  with  a  mixture  of  gum  shellac, 
fine  sand,  tar  and  linseed-oil  in  a  heated 
state,  which  when  cold  becomes  as  hard 
as  a  stone. 

liithozyle,  ll-thoks'il.  A  variety  of 
opal,  in  which  the  form  and  texture  of  the 
wood  which  has  been  petrified  is  distinctly 
visible. 

Idthlianian,   lith-u-a'ni-an.     The  lan- 
guage  of  Lithuania,  a   member  of  the 
Slavonic  femily  of  Aryan  tongues  gradu- 
ally becoming  extinct. 
liitxaus,  Ut'mus.    A  blue  coloring  matter 

Srocured  from  Roccellatlnctoria  and  other 
Chens.  Paper  tinged  blue  by  litmus  is 
reddened  by  the  feeblest  acids,  and  hence 
is  used  as  a  test  for  the  presence  of  acids ; 
and  litmus  paper  which  has  been  reddened 
by  an  acid  has  its  blue  color  restored  by 
an  alkali. 

Ldtom,  'om.  A  European  bird;  a  species 
of  thrush. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LmtAMfiTEB 


in 


tXKJtt 


l4itraxneter,  Ii-tram'et-er.  An  lostru- 
meut  for  ascertaining  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquids. 

Liter,  Wtr.  The  French  standard  meas- 
ure of  capacity  in  the  decimal  system. 
The  English  imperial  gallon  is  equal  to 
4.54345797  liters. 

liitterateiir,  lit'ter-a-ter.  One  engaged 
in  literary  work ;  one  who  adopts  litera- 
ture as  a  profession. 

Little  Bock.  Cap.  of  Arkansas,  in 
Pulaski  Co.,  on  Arkansas  Biver,  300  m. 
flrom  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi ; 
pop.  abt.  25,000. 

Littleton,  Thomas.    An  eminent  En- 
glish jurist;  b.  1418,  D.  1481. 
Littorina,  -to-rrna.    A  gen.  of  pectlni- 
branchiate  mollusks,  of  wUch  the  common 
periwinkle  is  a  specimen. 
Liturgy,  'er-ji.  Th«  entire  ritual  for  pub- 
lic worship,  in  churches  which  use  pre- 
scribed forms;  in  the  B.  C.  Ch.  the  mass. 
Lituus,  ll'tii-us.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  a  curved 
staff  used  by  the  augurs  in  quartering  the 
heavens.     An  Instrument     of     martial 
music ;  a  kind  of  trumpet. 
Liver,  liv'er.    The  glandular  structure 
which  in  animals  secretes  the  bile.     In 
man  it  forms  the  largest  gland    of  the 
body. 

Liverpool.  A  fortified  seaport,  and  one 
of  the  chief  commercial  cities  of  England, 
on  the  Mersey,  32  m.  S.  W.  of  Manchester; 
pop.  843,729. 

Liverstone,  -st5n.  A  stone  or  species 
of  earth  which,  when  rubbed  or  heated  to 
redness,  emits  the  smell  of  liver  of  sul- 
phur, or  alkaline  sulphuret. 
Livingrston,  Edward.  An  eminent 
American  statesman  and  jurist ;  b.  in  N. 
Y.,  1764,  D.  1886. 

Livingstone,  David.  A  distinguished 
Bcotch  explorer,  b.  1816,  d.  at  Itaca, 
Africa,  1878 

Livre,  lo-vr.  An  old  French  money  of 
account,  having  been  superseded  bv 
the  franc.  The  livre  tournois  was  worth 
about  20  cents,  the  livre  parlsis,  25  cents. 
Livy,  Titos  Livins.  An  eminent 
Boman  historian, 
B.  at  Padua,  59  b. 
0.,  D.  abt.  3  A.  D.* 

Lizard,  I{z'erd[ 
The  popular  name 
of  all  the  lacertilian 
reptiles,  but  spe- 
docally  restricted  to  the  £ua.  Lac«rtid£e. 


Lizard. 


Llama,  Ifi'mS. 

An      ungulate  ; 
rumi  n  a  t  i  n  g  \ 
quad  r  u  p  e  d  ,  ; 
gen.    Auchenia 
(A.     lama), 
closely  allied  to 
the  cameL    It 
waa    the   only 
beast  of  burden 
in  America  be- 
fore the  arrival 
of    the     Span' 
iards,  and  is  still  used  as  sadi  in  the  An- 
des. 

Llandeilo  Beds,  lan-dild  bedz.  Ib 
Geol.  the  name  of  one  of  the  lower  Silurian 
rock  groups.  It  is  5,000  feet  thick  In 
North  Wales. 

Llanero,  iyan-er'O.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
llanos  of  S.  America.  They  are  principsJly 
converted  Indians  or  descendants  of  In- 
dians and  whites,  and  are  distinguished 
for  ferocity  and  semi-barbarous  habiti>. 

XJlanos,  lan'dz.  Vast  and  almost  en- 
tirelv  level  steppes  or  plains  in  the 
northern  part  of  S.  America. 

Lloyd's,  loidz.  A  society  of  under- 
writers and  others  in  London  for 
the  collection  and  difitision  of  marine 
intelligence,  the  insurance,  classification 
and  certification  of  vessels,  and  the  trans- 
action of  business  of  various  kinds  con- 
nected with  shipping.  "Lloyd's List,"  a 
London  dailv  publication,  containing  fiill 
and  early  information  as  to  shipping  mat- 
ters. "Lloyd's  Begister,"  a  register  of 
shipping,  published  yearly. 
Loach,  loch.  A  small  fish  gen.  Cobitis 
(C.  barbatula),  inhabiting  small  clear 
streams  in  England.  A  name  given  also 
to  the  eel-pout  (Lota  vulgaris)  and  the 
three-bearded  rockling  (Motella  vulgaris). 
Load-line,  lod'IIn.  A  line  drawn  on  the 
side  of  a  vessel  to  show  the  depth  to 
which  she  sinks  in  the  water  when  prop- 
erly loaded. 

Loadstar,  'star.    A  star  that  serves  to 
guide ;  especially  the  polestar. 
Loadstone,  'ston.    An  ore,  consisting  of 
the  protoxide  and  peroxide  of  iron,  fre- 

fuently  called  the  magnetic  oxide  of  iron, 
t  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  they 
were  acquainted  with  its  singular  proper- 
ly of  attracting  iron.  It  communicates 
its  properties  to  iron  and  steel,  which 
then  l>ecome  what  are  called  artifidal 
magnets. 

Loch,  loch.  A  narrow  arm  of  the  sm 
running  into  the  land. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LOBATE 


478 


LOGKBOOK 


liubate  Foot  of 
Grebe. 


liObate,  lob'at. 
A  term  applied  to 
the  feet  of  birds 
iiirhich,  as  the 
grebe,  are  fiir- 
nished  with 
broad-lobedmem- 
branes. 

liObipedidsB, 
-i-ped'i-de.  Afiun- 
ily  of  aquatic  gral- 
latorial  birds,  near- 
ly allied  to  the  rails,  and  also  connected 
with  the  palmipeds  or  web-footed  birds. 
The  fiunily  includes  the  coots  and  phala- 
ropes. 

liObster,  'ster. 
The  common 
name  of  the  mac- 
rurous,  decapod- 
ous,  stalk-eyed 
crustaceans,  gen. 
Homarus.  They 
are  esteemed  a 
rery  rich  and 
nourishing  a  1  i  - 
ment,  but  dangerous  unless  fresh  and  in 
good  condition.  The  sea  crayfish  or 
spring  lobster  is  the  Palinurus  vulgaris 
of  zoologists.  The  fresh-water  lobster 
(AstacuB  fluviatilis)  is  called  crawfish  or 
crayfish. 

liOcliaber-az,    -ab'er-aks.     A   warlilce 

weapon  consisting  of  a  pole  bearing  an  ax 

at  its  upi>w  end,  formerly  used  by  the 

Highlanders  of  Scotland. 
liOchafire,  lok'^.     in  Greek  Antiq.  an 

officer  who  commanded  a  cohort, 
IiOCk,lok.    Anything 

that  fastens ;    specifl- 

cally,     an    appliance 

used     for     fastening 

doors.chests,  drawers, 

See.    In  fire-arms,  the 

mechanism  by  which 

the  piece  is  discharged. 


Lobster. 


Lock. 


„  An  indosure  In 
a  canal,  with  gates  at  each  end,  used  in 
raising  or  lowering  boats  as  they  pass 
from  one  level  to  another. 

Locke,  John.     An    eminent    English 

philosopher ;  b.  1682,  d.  1T04. 
IjOCO,  lo'kd.     In  Music,  a  direction  that 

the  notes  are  to  be  played  exactly  as  they 

are  written. 

Iiocomotive,  -kfi-mo'tiv.  Any  steam- 
engine  which  travels  with  the  load  which 
It  draws. 

Ii00lll08e»  lok'ti-lSs.  In  Bot.  divided 
Into  cells. 


Locust. 


Locu  st , 

'kust.      Thei 

CO  m  m  o  D^ 

name  of  sev-^ 

cral    insects 

belonging  to 

the  sec.  Sal- 

tatoria,  ord.  Orthoptera,  of  which   the 

gen.  Locus ta  is  a  type.     They  are  allied 

to  the  grasshoppers  and  crickets.     Their 

ravages  are  well  known.     Locusts  are 

eaten  in  many  countries  roasted  or  fried, 

and  are  often  preserved  in  Ume  or  dried 

in  the  sun.     The  most  celebrated  species 

is  the  migratory  locust.     The  harvest-fly 

(Cicada)  of  the  U.  8.  is  called  a  locust. 

liOde,  lod.  In  Mining,  any  regular  vein 
or  course.  The  lodes  contfuning  metallic 
ores  are  said  to  be  alive  ;  others,  which 
merely  contain  lapideous  matters  are  called 
dead  lodes. 

liOdi.  A  city  of  Milan,  Italv,  noted  for 
the  decisive  victory  gained  by  Napoleon 
I.,  May  10, 1796,  over  the  Austrians ;  pop 
abt.  20,000. 

Lost,  log.  Naut.  an 
apparatus  for  measur- 
ing the  rate  of  a  ship's  * 
velocity  through  the 
water.  The  record  of 
a  ship's  progress  ;  a 
log-book. 

IdOg.  A  Hebrew 
measure  of  liquids, 
containing  about  three 
quarters  of  a  pint ;  it 
was  the  seventy-sec- 
ond part  of  the  batJi 
or  ephah  and  the 
twelfth  part  of  a  hin, 

Iioeran,  log'an.    A 
rocking-stone ;  a  large 
stone  or  rock  so  bmnced  as  to  be  easily 
moved.    Written  also  Loggan-stone. 

IiOeran.  A  chief  of  the  Cayugas ;  b.  1725, 
killed  in  battle  1780.  His  family  were 
murdered  by  Ohio  frontiersmen  1774,  and 
he  swore  to  maintain  continuous  warfare 
against  the  whites,  an  oath  which  ho 
kept. 

LiOSr-board,  log'bord.  Naut,  two  boards 
or  slates  shutting  like  a  book,  on  which 
the  ship's  log  Is  kept  for  24  hours,  and 
then  transferred  to  the  log-book. 

liOer-book,  'buk.  Naut.,  a  book  into 
which  are  transcribed  the  contents  of  the 
log-board  or  log-slate,  with  any  other  par- 
ticulars relating  to  the  vessel's  voyage 
that  are  considered  worthy  of  being  regis- 
tered. 


Log  of  a  Ship. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LOG-CABIN 


474 


L0N6IBOSTBE8 


Log-cabto. 


liOff-cab- 
in, 'kAb-in. 
A  hoase  or 
hut  of  OS- 
hewn  logs 
common  in 
newly -«e  t - 
tlei  regions 
where  tim- 
ber is  plen- 
tifbl. 

Loffflria, 

kn-a.  In  Italian  Arch,  a  p^lery  or  arcade 
affording  an  airy  and  sheltered  resting- 
place  or  ontk>ok.  Among  famous  loggie 
are  those  of  the  Vatican,  decorated  by 
Raphael  and  his  scholars. 

liOff-line,  log'iin.  Naut.,  a  line  about 
150  fiithoms  in  length,  fastened  to  the  log 
or  float  and  wound  on  the  log-reeL 

JjOgOgranL,  log'6-gram.  In  Phonog- 
raphy, a  word-letter ;  a  phonogram  that, 
for  uie  sake  of  brevity,  represents  a 
word.    A  set  of  verses  forming  a  puzzle. 

JjOgom,  log'os.  The  Word;  the  Divine 
Word ;  Christ 

Logotype,  'd-iip.  A  name  given  to  two 
or  more  letters  cast  in  one  piece,  as  ff,  ffl, 
Ac. 

JjOgthing,  'ting.  The  legisktive  por- 
tion of  the  Norwegian  storthing,  consist- 
ing of  one-fourth  of  the  members,  the 
other  three-fourths  constituting  the 
odelsthing   or  representatives  of  lande<l 

{)roperty.  The  members  of  the  logthing 
brm,  with  the  judicial  authorities,  the  su- 
preme court. 

Loire.  The  largest  river  of  France,  000 
m.  long,  emptying  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

liOk,  lok.  In  Scan.  Myth,  the  evil 
diety,  the  author  of  all  calamities.  He  is 
the  father  of  llela,  goddess  of  the  lower 
regions. 

liOllard,  lol'ard.  One  of  the  semi-mo- 
nastic society  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and 
burial  of  the  dead,  originating  at  Antwerp 
about  1800,  and  not  extinct.  One  of  the 
followers  of  WIckliffe  in  England,  who 
were  persecuted  in  the  reigns  of  Henry 
IV.  and  V. 

Lombard,  lom'bard.  A  public  institu- 
tion in  France  and  Italy  for  lending  money 
to  the  poor  upon  articles  deposited,  called 
also  Mont-do-piet6.  In  Arch,  the  form 
which  the  Komancsque  style  assumed  un- 
der the  hands  of  the  Gothic  Invaders  and 
colonists  of  the  north  of  Italy,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  9th  to  the  18th  century. 

Loxnbanly.  An  ancient  kingdom  of  N. 
Italy,  named  from  the  Longobardi,  an 


ancient  tribe  who  occupied  it  In  568,  com- 
prising the  i^jvinces  of  Milan,  Mantua, 
Pa\ia,  Benramo,  Como,  Brescia,  Cremona 
and  Sondrio.  It  was  an  indei*endent  king- 
dom from  ^48  till  961.  when  it  was  annexed 
to  the  Gfrman  Empire ;  several  republics 
succeeded  until  reduced  b7  Austria,  1748; 
in  1T1*<5  formed  by  Napoleon  into  the 
Tnin>padine  Republic,  and  incorporated 
\»ith  the  Kinpdom  of  Italy  1S06,  Gi  1815 
the  great  powers  created  the  Kingdom  of 
Lonibardo-Venetia,  and  transferred  it  to 
Austria  in  exchange  for  her  portion  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  in  1S59  this  became  a 
rart  of  bardinia,  being  merged  into  the 
Kingdom  of  Italy  ld66. 

liOndixiinxn,  lon-din'i-nm.  Roman  name 
for  London. 

London.  The  cap.  of  England  and  of 
the  British  Empire,  on  the  Thames,  abt. 
40  m.  fh>m  the  sea.  It  is  the  largest  city 
in  the  world ;  area,  687  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
4,782,546. 

LonflT-bow,  long'bu.  The  favorite  na- 
tional weaiwn  of  the  English  from  the 
time  of  Edward  II.  down  to  the  period 
when  fire-arms  wefe  introduce. 

Lon^ellow,  Henry  Wadsworth. 
An  eminent  American  poet,  b.  in  Me. 
1807. 

LonflT-fteld-oir,  long'feld-of.  A  fielder 
at  cricket,  standing  behind  and  to  the 
left  of  the  bowler. 

Longr-fteld-on,  -on.  A  fielder  at  crick- 
et, standing  behind  and  to  the  right  of  the 
bowler. 

Longricor- 
nes,  lon-ji- 
kor'nez.  A 
fam.  belong- 
ing to  the  te- 
tramerous 
sec.  of  the, 
coleoptera  or  ^ 
beetles,  in-  ' 
eluding  avast 
number  o  f 
large  and 
bcautiftil  species. 

Longrimetry,  -jim'e-tri.  The  art  or 
practice  of  measuring  distances  or  lengths, 
whether  accessible  or  inaccessible. 

Longrinns.  A  distinguished  Greek  phi- 
losopher, B.  abt.  210;  put  to  death  by 
Aurelian,  for  aiding  Zenobia,  the  cele- 
brated queen  of  Palmyra,  278. 

Longripennatae,  lon'ji-pen-na"to.  A 
family  of  aauatic  birds,  including  th«  al- 
batross, gulls  and  terns,  and  petrels. 

Longirostres,  -ji-ros'troz.    A  group  of 


Ix>nglconi  Beetle. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


L0K6  ISLAND 


470 


LORETTK 


'wading  birds,  comprising  the  snipes,  sand- 
pipers, curlews,  ruffs,  godwits,  turn- 
stones,  avosets,  &c. 

IiOnsr  Island.  An  island  belonging  to 
New  York,  and  separated  from  that  State 
by  the  East  River,  and  from  Connecticut 
by  L.  I.  Sound ;  length  115  ni. ;  maximum 
breadth,  2\)  m.  It  is  divided  into  three 
counties.  Kings,  Queens  and  Suffolk. 
Brooklyn,  its  chief  city,  has  a  pop.  of 
566,668,  and  is  connected  with  N.  Y.  city 
by  a  magnificent  suspension  bridge,  one 
of  the  grandest  engineering  triumphs  of 
the  ages.  L.  I.  Sound  is  a  large  strait, 
connecting  with  the  Atlantic  on  the  W. 
through  East  River,  and  on  the  E.  by  the 
Race ;  it  is  the  highway  for  vessels  trad- 
ing between  New  York  and  N.  England. 

IiOXl«itade,  lon'ji-tud.  InGeog.  a  dis- 
tance on  the  BurfiuM  of  the  globe  measured 
on  an  arc  of  the  equator  or  a  parallel  of 
latitude,  expressed  in  degrees,  minutes 
and  seconds,  or  in  time,  for  since  anv 
point  of  the  earth's  surface  passes  through 
860«  of  longitude  in  twenty -four  hours, 
15°  are  equivalent  to  one  hour. 

Iionsrleflr,  long'leg.    A  fielder  at  cricket. 

IiOnflMBlip,  'slip.  A  fielder  in  cricket, 
standing  behind  and  to  the  left  of  the  bat- 
ter's wicket. 

IiOnsr-0top,  'stop.  A  fielder  at  cricket, 
who  stands  behind  the  wicket-keeper  and 
stops  balls  which  escape  him. 

IionfiTStreet,  James.  An  American 
general  who  won  distinction  in  the  Con- 
federate service ;  b.  in  S.  Carrilina,  1821 ; 
he  served  with  gallantry  in  the  Mexican 
War.  Has  been  in  the  customs  service 
since  the  restoration  of  the  Union. 

IiOnST-tom,  'tom.  A  long  gun  on  vessels, 
used  for  throwing  a  ball  a  great  distance. 

XiOO,  Id.  A  game  at  cards,  played  with 
three  cards.  A  tall  pack  is  used,  and  as 
many  as  seventeen  persons  may  play. 

Iiookout  Moiintaiii.  A  height  on  the 
Tennessee  River  near  Chattanooga,  noted 
for  the  defeat  of  the  C^onfederates  under 
Gen.  Bragg  by  the  Federals  under  Gen. 
Hooker,  Nov.  2  i,  1868. 

liOOn,  15n.  A  name  given  to  the  great 
northern  diver  or  ember  goose  from  its 
awkwardness  in  walking. 

Loop,  lop.  A  mass  of  half-melte<l  iron 
taken  from  the  fUrnace  in  a  pasty  state 
for  the  forge  or  hammer. 

XiOOp-line,  'Itn.  A  line  of  railway  run- 
ning out  of  the  main  line  and  returning  to 
it  again,  forming  a  loop. 

liope  de  Vesra  (Felix  Lope  de 
Veffa  Oarpio).   A  distinguished  Span- 


ish poet  and  dramatist ;  b.  1562,  d.  168& 

He  is  caUed  the  Spanish  "  Sbakeapeare." 

Lophius,  Id'fl-Qs.     A  gen.  of  aoaatliop 


Fishing-frog  (L.  piscatorius). 

terygious  fishes,  tun.  LophiidsB. 
Lophobranohii,    ld-f5-brang'ki-I.      A 
fam.   of 
fishes  cov-< 
ered  with 
s  in  a  1 1 
plates  for 
scales. 
It  com-^ 
prebends 
the  pipe- 

Iiophoph-  Lophobranohli. 

oiinw, -fofo-ri^nC.  Themonauls,a8ub- 
tun.  of  gaIIina(>eous  birds  of  the  pheasant 
family. 

IiOrcha,  lor'cha.  A  Chinese  sailing  ves- 
sel, carryinff  guns,  built  after  the  Euro- 
pean mode?,  but  rigged  like  a  Junk. 

Lord,  lord .    A  person  possessi  ng  supreme 

gower  and  authority  ;  a  monarch.  The 
upreme  Being ;  Jehovah ;  also  applied 
to  Christ,  especially  in  the  expression, 
our  Lord.  Lord's  Supper  in  the  Christian 
Church,  the  sacrament  of  the  eucharist, 
so  named  because  it  was  instituted  by  our 
Saviour  when  he  took  his  last  meal  with 
his  disciples,  on  the  occasion  of  celebrating 
the  Passover.  Lords  temporal,  lay  peers 
who  have  seats  in  the  British  House  of 
Lords.  Lords  spiritual,  the  archbishops 
and  bishops  who  nave  seats  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  House  of  Lords,  the  second 
branch  of  the  English  Legislature  or  Parlia^ 
ment.  ' 

Lord-lieutenant,  lordlu-ten-ant.  A 
British  official  of  high  rank,  representing 
the  sovereign. 

Lord's-day,  lordz'd&.  The  first  day  of 
the  week ;  Sunday. 

Lorette,  lo-ret.  A  French  term  desig- 
nating a  class  of  women  of  light  character ; 
a  member  of  the  demi-monde,  differing 
from  a  grisette  in  assuming  a  more  showy 
appearance,  living  In  higher  style  and  In 
domg  no  work. 


Digitized  by. 


Googk 


LORETTINB 


4T« 


LOWELL 


liOrettine,  retain.  One  of  an  order  of 
nuns  founded  in  Kentucky  1812.  Called 
also  Sisters  of  Loretto,  or  Friends  of  Mary 
at  the  Foot  of  the  Oross.  They  oocupy 
themselves  with  education  and  the  care  of 
destitute  orphans. 

IjOTgrnette,  lor-nyet.    An  op^ra-glaas. 

Lorikeet,  'i-ket.  The  general  name  of 
certain  small  Australian  parrots,  forming 
the  gen.  Trichoglossus,  remarkable  for 
their  extensible  tongue. 

Ijorla,  iri'ria.  A 
^on.  uf  ijuudru- 
ui  ji  n  #  IE  ft    BiaiM- 

Lorraine,     Fiir 

luerly  wa  ilnli,-|H'i|.- 
dnj-nt  ducliv  mi  thf 
Blil&e^    afti;'iw£ijil 
absorljuil    by 
France  and  Ger- 
many, and  a  large  section  of  which  now 
forms  a  part  of  the  united  province  of 
Alsace-Lorraine,  ceded  by  France  to  Ger- 
many after  the  war  of  1870-71. 

liOry,  'ri.    An  oricTital 
group     of     scant-iiiiiil 
birds,  fam.   Psitta- iUi'    ^ 
or  parrots.      The  int-     | 
lared    lory    is     eii,4ly?f;.ji 
taught  to  speak. 

Iiotliaire.  The  h^lhu' 
of  two  German  ennper- 
ors  and  one  king  ot  I  ho 
Franks.  L.  L,  b.  "05, 
D.  855.  L.  II.,  B.  HI75, 
son  of  Gebhard,  Count 
of  Amsberg,  elected  Purple-capped 
over  Conrad  of  Franco-  Lory* 

nia,  1125 ;  D.  1187.    L., 
king  of  the  Franks ;  b.  941,  s.  his  fother, 
Louis  d'Outremer,  954 ;  d.  986. 

liOtophagri,  -tof  a-jl.  In  ancient  Greek 
legends,  the  name  of  the  people  who  Uved 
on  the  fruit  of  the  lotus-tree.  They  re- 
ceived Ulysses  and  his  followers  hospit- 
ably, but  the  fruit  induced  such  happy 
languor  that  they  forgot  their  native  land, 
their  sole  object  being  to  live  in  delicious 
dreamy  idleness  in  Lotus-land. 

Louis,  Id'e.  The  baptismal  name  of  a 
number  of  European  sovereigns,  of  whom 
5  were  emperors  of  Germany,  and  18 
kings  of  France. 

Louisiana.  A  S.  State  .of  the  American 
Union,  bounded  N.  by  Mississippi  and 
Arkansas,  E.  by  Mississippi,  8.  by  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  W.  by  Texas  ;  admitted  1812  ; 
area  41,846  sq.  m.,  pop.  989,946.  Chief 
cities,  New  Orleans,  cap.,  Baton  Bouge, 


former  cap..  Bayou  Sara,  Shreveport, 
Nachitoches  and  Algiers;  principal 
rivers,  Mississippi,  Sabine,  Grand,  Bed, 
Bayous  Tech6  and  Calcasieu.  L.  se- 
ceded Jan.  25,  1861 ;  was  readmittxL  to 
the  Union  June  25, 1868. 

Louis  Philippe.  The  last  king  ol 
France,  son  of  L.  P.,  Due  d'Orleans,  b. 
1778,  elected  by  the  popular  vote  1880, 
driven  Arom  the  throne  and  country  1848, 
D.  in  England  1850. 

Louis-^uatorze, -ka-torz.  A  stvle  ot 
architeoture  prevalent  in  France  m  the 
reim  of  Louis  XIV.  The  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles and  the  east  flront  of  the  Louvre 
are  prominent  examples  of  the  style. 

Loujse,  lous.  The  common  name  of  a 
gen.  (Pediculus),  of  apterous  insects,  par- 
asitic on  man  and  other  animals. 

Louisville.  The  chief  commercial  city 
of  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  Biverat  the 
head  of  the  falls ;  pop.  128,758. 

Lout,  lout.  An  awkward  fellow;  a 
bumpkin ;  a  clown. 

Louvre,  1 6 '  v  e  r . 
A  dome  or  turret. 
L.  window  in  a 
church  tower, 
partially  closed  by 
sloping  bars  to  ex- 
clude the  rain, 
while  allowing  the 
sound  of  the  bell  to 
pass. 

Lover,  SaxaueL 
An  Irish  novelist 
and  poet,  b.  1797, 

Love-bird,  lur'- 

berd.    A  member 

of  a  gen.  (Psitta- 

cula)  belonging  to 

the      Psittacidffi. 

They  are  abeauti- 

ftil  group,  consist- 
ing of  very  diminutive  species. 
Love-child,  'child.  An  illegitimate  child. 
Love-day,  'da.    A  day  In  old  times  ap- 

Sointed  for  the  amicable  adjustment  of 
isputes  between  neighbors. 
Love-feast,  'f3st.  A  feast  or  banquet 
(in  Gr.  agapti)  in  the  primitive  church,  at 
which  rich  and  poor  feasted  together,  and 
the  former  made  a  contribution  for  the  lat- 
ter. A  species  of  religious  ordinance  held 
by  the  Moravians  and  Methodists,  to 
which  members  alone  are  admitted ;  an 
imitation  of  the  agapse. 
liOwell,  James  B^^uBell.  A  dis- 
tinguished American  p^t  and  litterateur. 


LoQ?rB. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LOW-GEEMAN 


477 


LUMBEICIB^ 


B.  In  Mass.  1819.  Appointed  Minister  to 
Spsin  1877,  and  at  present  Minister  to 
Great  Britain. 

IiOW-G«rman,  16-jer'man.  The  lan- 
gu&ge  spolcen  by  the  dwellers  in  the 
northern  and  flatter  part  of  Germany,  in 
many  respects  nearer  to  Dutch  or  Friosic 
than  to  High  German. 

LoxiadSB,  loks-i'a-de.  The  cross-bills,  a 
fern,  of  conirostral  birds,  of  which  the 
gen.  Loxia  is  the  type. 

IiOXOdoxL,  'o-don.  A  sub-gen.  of  ele- 
phants, living  and  fossil,  so  called  i^m 
the  rhomb- shaped  disks  of  the  wofn  mo- 
lars. 

Iioxodromics,  -o-drom'iks.  The  art  of 
oblique  sailing  by  the  loxodromic  or 
rhumb,  which  always  makes  an  equal  an- 
gle with  every  meridian. 

Loxosoma,  -so'ma.  A  marine  polyzoon- 
like  animal,  a  connecting  form  between 
the  worms,  the  Polyzoa,  and  the  Brachio- 
poda. 

l^yola,  Ifimatiiis  de,  St.  (Don  Inigo 
Lopez  de  Becalde).  The  distinguished 
founder  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  b.  in 
Spain  1491,  d.  1566,  canonized  1622. 

Iiozenfire,  loz'enj. 


In  Geom.  a  figure 
with  four  equal 
Bides,  having  two 
acute  and  two  ob- 
tuse angles,  called 
popularly  a  dia- 
mond ;  a  rhomb.  L.  molding,  a  kind 
used  in  Norman  architecture,  of  different 
forms. 

liUCanidss,  lu-ka'ni-de.  The  stag-beetles, 
a  fam.  of  lamellicorn  coleopterous  insects, 
distinguished  by  the  very  large  and  pow- 
erful mandibles  with  which  the  males  are 
ftirnished. 

liucan,  Marcus  AxmsBUsIiUcaxLus. 
An  eminent  Roman  poet ;  b.  in  Spain  88, 
put  to  death  by  the  emperor  Nero  65. 

liUce,  lus.  A  pike  ftill  grown ;  a  fish  used 
as  a  heraldic  bearing. 

XiUceme.  A  canton  of  Switzerland ;  also 
the  name  of  its  capital,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant manufacturing  centers  of  there- 
public,  and  of  a  beaut&iil  lake  occupying 
almost  the  exact  center  of  Switzerland. 

liUoifer,  lu'si-fer.  The  morning  star; 
the  planet  Venus  when  she  appears  in  the 
morning  before  sunrise ;  when  Venus  ap- 
pears in  the  evening,  she  is  called  Hesper- 
us, or  the  evening  star.  The  prince  of 
darkness ;  Satan.  A  match  ignitible  by 
fHction. 

Luciferian,  -foM-an.    One  of  a  sect  that 


Lozenge  Molding. 


followed  Lucifer,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  the 
4th  century,  opposed  to  the  Arians. 

liUCixueter,  -sim'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  intensity  of  the  light 
which  proceeds  from  different  bodies;  a 
photometer. 

liUcina,  -sl'na.  In  Bom.  Myth,  the  god- 
dess who  presided  over  the  birth  of  chil- 
dren, said  to  have  been  the  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Juno,  but  frequently  con- 
founded with  Diana  and  Juno. 

liUCius.    The  name  of  three  popes. 

liUcknow.  A  city  of  Hindusun,  on  the 
Goomtee,  150  m.  N.  W.  of  Benares,  noted 
for  its  magnificent  architecture,  and  also 
for  the  famous  defense,  1857,  of  4  months 
by  its  garrison  of  800  British  soldiers,  the 
besieging  sepoys  numbering  80,000  ;  pop. 
807,000. 

liUCule,  'kill.  InAstron.  aluminous  spot 
on  the  sun. 

liUCUllite,  -kul'lit.  A  sub-species  of 
limestone,  often  polished  for  ornamental 
purposes. 

liUdlow  Bocks,  lud'15  roks.  In  Geol. 
a  portion  of  the  upper  Silurian  rocks,  2000 
feet  in  thickness. 

li  u  g*  g*  e  r  , 
lug'er.  Ave-?- 
sel  carryiJi,^^ 
either  two  isr 
three  masts 
with  a  run- 
ning bow- 
sprit and  lu^'- 
sails. 

liiigrworm, 
'werm.  A  n 
annelid,  or^K 
Errantia,gerL^ 
Arenicolu, 
sometimes  i^-^ 
foot  long.        '~ 

liUke,      St.  ^^^'^'^'^'''' 

The  associate  of  St.  Paul,  and  author  of 
the  gospel  bearing  his  name,  also  of  the 
"  Acts  of  the  Apostles."  Tradition  fixes 
his  birth-place  as  Antioch,  of  Gentile  par- 
entage, and  his  death  by  martyrdom  abt. 
90. 

liUmachel,  lu'ma-kel.  A  calcareous 
stone  composed  of  shells  and  coral  con- 
glutinated.  When  red  colors  predominate 
it  is  called  fire-marble. 

liUxnbTical,  lum^rik-al.  A  muscle  of 
the  fingers  and  toes,  resembliog  a  worm. 

litunbricidSB,  -bris'i-dS.  The  earth- 
worms, a  fam.  of  annelids,  ord.  Oligochfe- 
ta,  comprising  only  the  gen.  Lumbricus. 


Digitized  by 


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LUMPFISH 


478 


LYCUEGU8 


Xiumpfiali,  lump'fish.  An  acauthop- 
terygi>ii8  fish,  gen.  Cyoloptenis,  fiim. 
Discoboli,  BO  named  from  the  olumsineBS 
ofitaform. 

liiina,  Ifi'na.    The  moon. 

liunarian,  -n&M-an.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  moon. 

liUnation,  'shon.  The  period  of  a  syn- 
odic  revolution  of  the  moon,  or  the  time 
from  one  new  moon  to  the  following. 

liiinette,  lu-net'.  In  Fort,  a  work  in  the 
form  of  a  redan  with  flanks.  In  Farriery, 
a  half  horseshoe.  In  Arch,  an  aperture 
for  the  admission  of  light  in  a  concave 
ceiling.  A  watch-glass,  flattened  in  the 
center ;  also,  a  convexo-eoncave  lens  for 
spectacles. 

liUZlff,  lung.  In  Anat  one  of  the  two 
organs  of  respiration  in  air-breathing  ani- 
mus, situated  one  on  each  side  of  the 
chest,  and  separated  by  the  heart  and 
larger  blood-vessels. 

LupercaL  lu-per'kal.  One  of  the  most 
ancient  of  Boman  feasts,  celebrated  in  the 
middle  of  Februaiy  in  honor  of  Lupercus. 

Xiapulin,  'pu-lln.  The  peculiar  bitter 
aromatic  principle  of  the  hop.  Called  also 
Lupulite.  The  fine  yellow  powder  of 
hops,  which  contains  the  bitter  principle. 

Xiapus,  'pus.  A  southern  constellation ; 
the  Wolf. 

Lusiad,  'si-ad.  The  celebrated  Portu- 
guese epic  poem,  written  by  Camoens,  on 
the  establisnment  of  the  Portuguese  gov- 
ernment in  India,  published  1G71. 

liUStration,  lus-tr&'shon.  In  Glass. 
Antiq.  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies  by 
which  cities,  armies  or  people  defiled  by 
crimes  were  purified. 

liUfltnim,  lus'trum.  A  lus- 
tration or  purification;  partic- 
uhirly,  the  purification  of  the 
whole  Koman  people  per- 
formed at  the  end  of  every 
five  years.  Hence,  the  space  of 
five  years,  or  fifty  completed 
months,  among  the  ancient 
Romans. 

liiuraa  natnnB,  lu'sus  na- 
tu'r€.  A  monster,  or  any- 
thing unnatural  in  the  phys-j 
ical  world. 

Lute.  l&t.  A  stringed  mu 
sioal  instrument  of  the  guitar 
kind,  formerly  very  i>opular 
in  Europe.  The  strings  are 
struck  by  the  fingers  of  the  right  hand 
and  stopped  on  the  frets  by  those  of  the 
left. 


Lute. 


Lutetia,  iQ-tu'shi-a,  A  small  planet  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mai-s  and  Jupiter. 

Luther,  Kartin.  The  great  German 
reformer ;  b.  at  Elsleben  1488,  i>.  1546. 

Latheranism,  'ther-an-izm.  The  doc 
trine  of  religion  taught  by  Martin  Luther, 
the  chief  characteristic  of  which  is  con- 
substantiation,  or  the  doctrine  that  the 
body  of  Christ  is  present  in  the  eucharist. 

Luthem,  'them.  In  Arch,  a  dormer  or 
garret  window. 

Lutaen.  A  small  town  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, 12  m.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig,  noted  for  its 
proximity  to  the  scene  of  the  great  vio- 
tory,  1682,  of  the  Swedes  under  Oustavus 
Adolphus  over  the  Imperialists,  under 
Wallenstein ;  also,  1818,  of  the  defeat  of 
the  Busso-Prussians  by  Napoleon. 

LuxembouxiT.  Francois  Henri  de 
Kontmorenci.  One  of  the  greatest 
of  French  generals;  b.  1628,  d.  16d5.  He 
successive^  defeated  the  Spanish  in  the 
Low  Countries,  the  combined  forces  of 
Austria,  HoUand  and  Spain,  and  the  £n- 
gUsh. 

LuxemburiT.     A  grand  duchy,  a  de- 

gmdency  of  Holland  governed  by  a 
utch  viceroy;  area  990  sq.  m.,  pop. 
208,786.  Also,  a  Belgian  province, 
formerly  attached  to  the  j,rand  duchy, 
area  1,695  sq.  m.,  pop.  228,800.  L.,  cap. 
of  grand  duchy,  on  the  Alzette,  22  m. 
S.  W.  of  Treves,  anciently  of  considera- 
ble importance  in  a  militarv  sense,  but 
now  dismantled  ;  pop.  15,870. 

Luzon  (Luoon).  The  priLcipal  island 
of  the  Philippine  group,  belonging  to 
Spain ;  area  56,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,817,000. 
Manilla  is  the  cap. 

Lyceum,  ll-se'um.  In  Greece,  a  pbice 
near  the  river  Illssus,  where  Aristotle 
taught  philosophv.  A  house  or  apart- 
ment approprialea  to  instruction  by  lec- 
tures or  disquisitions.  An  association  for 
literary  improvement.  A  school  for  the 
higher  education  preparatory  to  the  uni- 
versity. 

Lychnobite,  lik'no-blt  One  who  la- 
bors or  transacts  business  by  night,  and 
sleeps  by  day. 

Lycodon,  li'k5-don.  A  gen.  of  slow- 
moving  innocuous  serpents  found  tn  8. 
Africa. 

LycursruB.  A  distinguished  Spartan 
statesman,  known  as  the  "Lawgiver,"  re- 
puted son  of  King  Eunomus ;  b.  abt.  800 
B.  0.,  but  no  record  of  his  death  has  been 
found.  Herefbsed  the  crown, .  traveled 
extensively,  and  on  returning  to  Sparta 
framed  his  fiimous  code  of  hiws* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


LYU 


479 


MAO 


Ijye.  Water  impregniated  with  alkaline 
salt  imbibed  from  the  ashes  of  wood ;  any 
solution  of  an  alkali. 

Ijyell,  Charles,  Sir.  An  eminent 
Scottish  geolo^st,  b.  1797,  d.  1878. 

IjyexLcepliala,  -en-sef  a-la.  A  primary 
division  of  mammals,  according  to  Owen, 
comprising  the  Monotremata  and  Mar- 
supialia. 

Xi3rxilxi8Ba,  lim-ne'a.  A  gen.  of  pnlmonif- 
erous  gasteropodous  mollusca,  the  pond- 

I  snails. 

liyxnnite,  'nit.  A  fossil  fresh- water  snail. 

liyxnpliad.,  'fad.  An  ancient  ship  with 
one  mast.  The  feudal  ensign  of  the  lord- 
ship of  Lome,  and  borne  by  the  family  of 
Argyll  and  others  of  the  clan  Campbell. 

Ijynch-law,  linshlg.  The  practice  of 
punishing  men  for  crimes  or  offenses 
by  private  unauthorized  persons  without 
a  legal  trial,  said  to  have  been  so  called 
from  a  Virginian  farmer  named  Lynch, 
who  took  the  law  into  his  own  hands  by 
capturing  a  thief,  tying  him  to  a  tree  and 
flogging  him. 

X  y  n  X  , 
lingks.  The 
popular 
name  of  sev- 
eral species  of 
th  e  gen. 
Felis,  resem- 
bling  the 
common  cat. 

lySxes^Vre  Europe^,  Lynx, 

tamed  and  trained  for  hunting.  A  north- 
em  constellation  directly  in  front  of  Ursa 
Major. 


Ijyon.  Cap.  of  dept.  of  Bhone,  France,  and 
an  important  manufacturing  cenier,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Rhdne  and  Baone,  172  m. 
N.  W.  of  Marseilles  ;  pop.  abt.  862,000. 

Xiyra,li'ra.  The  Lyre^  a  constellation  ol 
the  northern  hem- 
isphere, surround- 
ed by  CygnuB, 
Aquila,  Hercules 
and  the  head  of 
Draco. 

Ijyre,  lir.    One  of  I 
the  most    ancient  f 
stringed       instru- 
ments, used  by  the 
Egyptians,    Assyr- 
ians and  Greeks. 

Liyre-bird.    A 
bird   noted   for    having 
sixteen  tail  feathers   ar- 
ranged in  the  form  of  a 
lyre. 

IjysaxLder.  A  distin- 
guished Spartan  states- 
man and  general ;  b.  abt. 
445  B.  o.,  killed  in  battle 
against  the  Thebans  895. 
He  conquered  Athens, 
and  founded  the  oligar- 
chy known  as  the  reign 
of  the  Thirty  Tyrants. 

Ijytton,  Lord.  (Edward 
George  Earle  Lytton  Bul- 


»tlan,  Assyriaa 
'  Greek  Lyres. 


Lyre-bird. 


wer-Lytton.)     A  distinguished   English 
•^ — ,  D.  1874. 

The  madness  of  a  dog; 


Ijyssa,  hs'sa 

hydrophobia. 
Ijythe,  lith.      The  coal-fish  or  wbittng 

pollack  at  its  4th  year. 


M 


MIS  the  18th  letter  and  10th  consonant 
of  the  alphabet,  and  one  of  the  origin- 
al Indo-European  consonants.  It  repre- 
sents a  labial  and  nasal  articulation,  and 
the  sound  is  quite  uniform,  being  always 
thai  heard  in  man,  time,  rim.  It  is  never 
silent  in  English  words  proper,  though  in  a 
few  words  from  foreign  sources  it  is  not 
sounded,mnemonic  (from  the  Greek)being 
one  of  the  few  examples.  M  as  a  numerd 
stands  for  1000,  with  a  dash  or  stroke  over 
it,  for  1,000,000.  It  stands  in  abbrevia- 
tions for  various  words ;  as  A.  M.  or  M. 
A.  for  Artium  Magister,  Master  of  Arts ; 
M.  D.  for  MedicinfB  Doctor,  Doctor  of 
Medicine ;  A.  M.  for  Anno  Mundi,  the 
year  of  the  world ;  MS.  for  manuscript, 
MSS.  for  manuscripts ;  M.  P.,  Member  of 


Parliament,  dsc.  Mwas  formerly  a  brand 
or  stigma  impressed  on  one  convicted  of 
manslaughter  and  admitted  to  the  benefit 
of  clergy. 

Maasha,  ma-ash'a.  An  E.  Indian  coin, 
a  little  more  than  the  10th  part  of  a  rapee 
in  weight. 

Mab,  mab.  A  mythical  personage,  often 
represented  as  the  queen  of  the  fairies, 
though  otherwise  Titania  holds  that  posi^ 
tion. 

Mabby,  'bi.  A  spirituous  liquor  distilled 
from  potatoes  in  Barbadoes. 

Ifliac,  mak.  A  Gaelic  word  signifying  son, 
and  prefixed  to  many  surnames,  as  Mao 
Donald,  Mac  Gregor,  &c.  It  is  also  syn- 
onymous with  Fitz  in  names  of  Norman 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MACACU8 


430 


MAOmHOlf 


origrln,  with  O  In  Irish,  and  with  Ab  or 
Ap  in  Welsh  names. 

Maoaoiis,  ma-ka'kus.  A  gen.  of  mon- 
keys, group  Cercopithedna,  characterized 
by  short  tails  and  prominent  eyebrows. 
M.  Inuus  is  the  Barbaryape  or  magot,  the 
only  monkey  found  in  Europe. 

Macao.  A  Portuguese  seaport,  on  the 
Chinese  island  of  Kwang-tung,  W.  of  the 
estuary  of  the  Canton  Eiver,  84  m.  8.  W. 
of  Canton  ;  pop.  88,726. 

Kacaroni,  mak-a-rd'ni.  A  dough  of 
fine  wheaten  flour  made  into  tubular  or 

Eipe  form,  a  fovorite  food  among  the  Ital- 
ins.  A  fop ;  an  exquisite ;  a  dandy.  The 
short  period  that  the  macaronies  led  the 
fashion  dates  from  17T0  to  about  1775. 

Macaroon,  -r5n^    A  small  sweetcake. 

Maoaulay,  Thomas  Babinerton, 
liOrd.  An  eminent  English  historian, 
jurist  and  essayist,  b.  1800,  d.  1869. 

Macaw,  ma-ka'.  Ot^i- 
of  a  gen.  (MacrocwruiiH  > 
of  the  parrot  Lrlln.", 
They  are  maf^nilttst'Dt 
birds,  of  different  col- 
ors. 

Macbeth.  A  ^(^:>t.iish 
Thane  who  a8;-:issiii;i!. 
edKingDuncar.,  umt, 
and  usurpeil  t  h  <■ 
throne  ;b.  100 J  :  y.WlM 
in  battle  by  Mui^dulf, 
1067. 

Maccabees.  makHca-bdz. 
name  of  two  books  treating  of  Jewish  his- 
toiy  under  the  MaccahMBcan  princes, 
included  in  the  Apocrypha,  and  accounted 
canonical  by  the  R.  C.  Church. 

Maccabees.  A  line  of  Hebrew  priests 
and  kings,  who  after  driving  the  Syrians 
from  Judea,  167  b.  c,  ruled abt.  126 years. 
The  founder  was  Mattathias,  who  was  a. 
by  his  three  sons,  Judas  (sumamed  Mac- 
cabeus), from  whom  the  line  was  named, 
Jonathan  and  Simon ;  Hyrcamis.  son  of 
Simon,  and  Aristobulus,  his  son  and 
successor,  assumed  the  title  of  king ;  he 
was  8,  by  his  brother  Alexander  Jannaeus. 
The  latter's  sous,  Hyrcanus  and  Aristobu- 
lus, Involved  the  country  in  civil  war,  and 
the  dynasty  ended  with  Antigonus,  son 
of  Aristobulus  II.,  with  the  Boman  con- 
quest. He  left  two  children,  Aristobulus 
and  Mariamne,  but  the  family  became  ex- 
tinct on  the  death  of  the  latter. 

Maccouba,  'k5-ba.  A  snuff  flavored 
with  attar  of  roses.  Spelled  also  Macco- 
boy. 

Macchiavelli,  Niccolo.     An  Italian 


statesman  noted  for  political  cunning  and 
artifice ;  b.  1469,  d.  1627. 

MacClellan,  Georgre  Brinton.  An 
American  general,  b.  in  Penn.  1826.  He 
was  madecommander-in-chief  of  the  Fed- 
eral army,  June  21,  1861,  and  relieved 
Nov.  5, 1862.  In  1864  he  was  the  unsuc- 
oessfUl  candidate  of  the  Democrats  for  the 
Presidency,  but  was  elected  Governor  ot 
N.  J.,  18n. 

MacDowell,  Irwin.  An  American 
general,  b.  in  0. 1818,  d.  1882.  He  com. 
manded  the  Federal  troops  at  the  first  bat 
tie  of  Bull  Bun. 

Mace,  mas. 
A  weapon  in  ' 
nse  in  Eu-  < 
rope  as  late 
as  the  16th 
century,  and 

still       used  .     ,  .„ 

among  sav-       Ancient  War-maces, 
age    tribes. 

It  was  a  fevorite  weapon  with  knights, 
with  the  cavalry  immediately  snooeeding 
them,  and  at  all  times  with  fighting 
priests,  whom  a  canon  of  the  Church  for- 
Dade  to  wield  the  sword.  An  ornamented 
staff  of  copper,  silver  or  other  metal,  re- 
sembling tne  warlike  instrument^,  heme 
before  magistrates  and  other  persons  in 
authority.  The  heavier  rod  used  In  bil- 
liards.   A  currier's  mallet. 

Mace-bearer,  'bar-er.  A  person  who 
carries  a  mace  before  public  frinotionaries. 

Macedonian,  mas-e-do'nl-an.  A  fol- 
lower of  Macedonius,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, who,  in  the  4th  century,  denied 
the  aistinct  existence  and  godhead  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,  which  he  conceived  to  be 
merely  a  divine  energy  difTUsed  through 
the  universe. 

Machete,  mfi-cha't&.  A  Spanish  imple- 
ment, resembling  a  large  chopping  knife 
or  cutlass,  used  for  cutting  canes,  corn, 
vines,  dec. 

Mackenzie  Biver.  A  large  stream  in 
British  N.  America,  emptying  into  M. 
Gulf,  an  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  total 
length  2,600  m. 

Mackerel-midgre,  -mij.  Motella  of 
Couchia  glauca,  a  minute  fish  little  more 
than  1  inch  in  length. 

Mackintosh,  In-tosh.  An  overcoat, 
rendered  viruterproof  by  a  solution  ot 
india-rubber. 

Mackintosh,  James,  Sir.  A  British 
statesman  and  Mtterateur ;  b.  in  Scotland, 
1765 ;  D.  1882. 

MacMahon,  Marie  Edme  Patrice 


.  Digitized  by 


Googk 


MACMILLANITE 


481 


MAELSTROM 


Kanrloe.  A  Frenck  marshal  of  Irish 
descent ;  b.  1808,  d.  1888.  He  won  dis- 
tinction in  Algiers,  the  Crimea  and  the 
war  with  Germany,  1870-71,  but  was  de- 
feated at  Worth;  made  commander-in- 
chief  on  the  establishment  of  the  republic, 
and  elected  president  to  s.  M.  Thiers, 
1878,  resigning  1879. 

ICacmillanite,  -mil'an-it.  One  of  a 
body  also  known  as  the  Reformed  Pres- 
^rterian  Church  of  Scotland. 

maoOXL,  mfi-oon'.    A  red  French  wine. 

MacPherson,  James  Birdseye. 
An  American  general;  b.  in  O.,  1828; 
killed  in  a  reconnoissance  near  Atlanta, 
6a.,  July  22, 1864. 

Macrobiotidae,  'ro-bi-ot"i-d6.  A  family 
of  minute  Termiform  Arachnida,  without 
respiratory  organs,  known  to  mlcrosco- 
pists  as  sloth  or  bear  animalcules,  or  water- 
bears.  The  most  singular  circumstance 
connected  with  them  is  their  power  of 
returning  to  life,  like  rotifers,  when  moist- 
ened, after  having  been  for  a  considerf^ble 
time  In  a  dry  and  apparently  lifeless  state. 

Macrocercus,  -ro-ser'kus.  A  gen.  of 
birds,  Psittaddffi  or  parrot  £un. ;  the 
macaws. 

Macrocosm,  'ro-kozm.  The  great 
world ;  the  universe,  or  the  visible  system 
of  worlds;  opposed  to  microcosm,  or  the 
littie  world  constituted  by  man. 

Macrodactyli,  -ro-dak'ti-li.  A  fam.  of 
birds,  ord.  Grallatores,  comprising  the 
coot,  rail,  water-hen,  the  jacana,  dec. 

Macrometer,  -rom'et-er.  A  mathemat- 
ics instrument  to  measure  inaccessible 
heights  and  objects. 

Macropus,  'ro-pus.  A  gen.  of  marsupial 
mammals,  the  type  of  the  fam.  Macropod- 
IdflB ;  the  kangaroos. 

ICacrotone,  -ton.  In  Gram,  a  horizontal 
line  placed  over  vowels  to  show  that  they 
have  their  long  or  name  sound ;  as,  fi  in 
name,  6  in  m6, 1  in  line,  o  in  home,  u  in 
tube. 

fCacmra,  -rn'ra.  A  fam.  of  stalk-eved 
decapod  crustaceans,  including  the  lob- 
ster, prawn,  shrimp. 

fCaotation,  -t&'shon.  The  act  of  killing 
a  victim  for  sacrifice. 

llCadagrascar.  A  large  island  off  the 
8.  E.  coast  of  Africa,  in  tiie  Indian  Ocean ; 
area,  284,400  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  5,000,000. 
Cap.  Tantanarivo. 

lEadeira,  ma-d^'ra.  A  rich  wine  made 
on  the  isle  of  Madeira. 

ICadeira.  A  Portuguese  island  off  the 
N.W.  coast  of  Africa;  pop.  128,760.    Cap. 


Funchal.  M.  (or  Cayari),  a  large  river  of 
S.  America,  emptying  into  the  Amazon ; 
length  2,000  m. 

Madeira-nut,  -nut.  A  species  of  wal- 
nut with  a  thin  shell,  from  the  island  of 
Madeira. 

Mademoiselle,  mad-mwfi-zel.  The  titie 
given  to  a  yoimg  immarried  lady  In  France; 
miss. 

Madison,  James.  Fourth  President 
of  the  U.  S. :  b.  in  Va.,  1761 :  d.  1886. 
He  was  president  two  terms,  1808-16. 

Madjoiin,  'jnn.  An  intoxicating  drug, 
made  by  the  Turks  from  the  pistils  of  the 
flowers  of  the  hemp  plant,  ground  and 
mixed  in  honey,  with  powdered  cloves, 
nutmegs  and  saffiron. 

Madonna,  ma-don'a.  An  Italian  term 
of  address  equivalent  to  Madam.  It  is 
given  specifically  to  the  Yirgln  Mary,  and 
hence  pictures  representing  the  virgin 
are  generally  callea  madonnas. 

Madoqua,  mad'o-kwa.  A  very  tiny  an- 
telope of  Abvssinia,  about  as  large  as  a 
rabbit,  with  legs  the  thickness  of  a  lady^s 
finger. 

Madras.  One  of  the  three  presidencies 
of  British  India,  comprising  most  of  the 
great  peninsula  of  Hindustan  and  divided 
mto  21  districts;  it  has  over  1,700  m.  of  sea- 
coast,  but  not  a  single  good  harbor ;  pop. 
abt.  26,000,000.  M.,  cap.  and  principal 
city,  is  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  870  m. 
8.  W.  of  Calcutta ;  pop.  740,G28. 

Madrepore,  're-pore.  A  coral-building 
polype,  gen.  Madrepora,  the  type  of  the 
fam.  MadreporideB.  The  term,  nowever, 
is  more  generally  applied  to  the  polypidom 
itself  than  to  the  polvpCt  and  in  this  sense 
is  equivalent  to  coral.  Madrepores  raise 
up  walls  and  reefs  of  coral  rocks  with 
astonishing  rapidity  in  tropical  climates. 
The  term  is  often  applied  to  other  branch- 
ing corals  than  those  of  the  gen.  Madre- 
pora. 

Madrid.  Cap.  of  Spain,  on  the  Manza- 
nares  Kiver,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Toledo ;  pop. 
489,720. 

Madrigral,  M-gal.      A  littie  amorous 

Soem.  Also  an  elaborate  vocal  composi- 
on  now  commonly  of  two  or  more  move- 
ments, and  in  five  or  six  parts. 

Madrilenian,  ri-le'ni-an.  A  native  or 
Inhabitant  of  Madrid,  Spain. 

Maelstrom,  mal'strom.  A  celebrated 
whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  near 
the  island  of  Moskoe.  It  is  very  danger- 
ous in  winter,  and  at  times  rages  violent- 
ly, so  as  to  be  heard  several  miles,  and  t« 
ingulf  sm^  vessels  which  approach  it. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ICAGDALEN 


4tt 


ICAHABHAEATA 


Xaffdalen,  mag'da-leii.  A  reformed 
prostitute ;  an  inmate  of  a  female  peniten- 
tiary. M.  hospital  or  asylum,  an  estab- 
lishment into  which  prostitates  are  re- 
ceived urith  a  yiew  to  their  reformation. 

HLBigdehnxg.  A  strongly  fortified  and 
important  commercial  aty  of  W.  Prus- 
sia ;  pop.  88,600. 

"MsigedaiL,  Fernando.  A  Portuguese 
navigator,  who,  1&20,  discovered  and 
Mssed  through  the  Straits  of  M.  into  the 
Padflc :  B.  1470,  killed  by  the  natives  of 
the  PhiUppine  Islands  1521.  Straits  of  M., 
the  channel  dividing  8.  America  A*om 
Tierra  del  Fuego,  connecting  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  oceans ;  800  m.  long ;  the  tide 
rises  60  feet  in  the  straits. 

lEanriore,  Ijake  (Locama).  A  lake, 
40  by  8  m.,  in  N.  Italy  and  8.  Switzer- 
land. Its  islands  and  coast  scenery  are 
most  romantic. 

ICaffenta,  ma-Jen'ta.  A  brilliant  blue- 
red  color  derived  from  coal  tar.  Called 
also  Fuchsine. 

KaarffOt,  mag'ot  The  larva  of  a  fly  or 
other  insect ;  a  grub ;  a  worm. 

ICaffi,  m&'fi.  The  caste  of  priests  among 
the  ancient  Medes  and  Persians ;  hence, 
holy  men  or  sages  of  the  East. 

Mag'ic  Lantern. 
An  optical  instrument 
which  exhibits  images 
considerably  magni- 
fled. 

Maflrilp,  ma-gilp', 
gelatinous   compound 
used  by  artists  as  a  ve-   Magic  Lantern.' 
hide    for  colors,  pro-       ^ 
duoed  by  mixing  linseed-oil  and  mastic 
varnish. 

Kafflster,  -Jis'ter.  Master ;  sfr  ;  an  ap- 
pellation given  in  the  middle  ages  to  per- 
sons of  scientific  or  literary  distinction, 
equivalent  to  the  modem  title  of  Doctor. 

ICasrna  Charta,  mag'na  kar'ta.  The 
great  charter  of  the  liberties  (Magna  Char- 
ta  Libertatum)  of  England,  signed  and 
seded  by  King  John  in  a  conference  be- 
tween him  and  his  barons  at  Eunnymede, 
June  19, 1215.  Any  ftmdamental  consti- 
tution which  guarantees  rights  and  priv- 
ileges. 

KCafimate,  'n&t.  One  of  the  nobility  or 
persons  of  rank  forming  the  House  of 
MagnatM  In  the  National  representation 
of  Hungary.  A  person  of  ranK  or  distinc- 
tion. 

Kagneslum,  -nS^shi-um.  The  metaHio 
base  of  magnesia.    It  may  be  obtained  bv 


>f  the  East. 

ind  II    <^     I 


i 


decomposing  chloride  of  magne^um  by 
means  of  potassium.  The  chief  salts  are 
the  carbonate,  the  chloride,  the  sulphate 
(Epsom-salt),  the  phosphates  ana  the 
sHioates,  among  whicn  are  such  minerals 
as  chrysoUte,  meersehaum,  soapstone 
and  serpentine. 

ICa^net,   'net     Loadstone; 
an  ore    of  iron    which    has 
the    peculiar    properties    of 
attracting    metallic    iron,   of 
pointing    to     the    magnetic 
poles  of  the  earth  when  freely 
suspended,  and  of  dipping  or 
inclining   in  a  perpendicular 
plane  on  being  removed  from  f 
the  equator.      These  It  com-     „ 
municates  to  iron  or  steet  by     /^***Jf" 
contact.  A  bar  or  mass  of  iron  «hooMag- 
or  steel  to  which  the  pecnUar      '**'• 
properties  of  the  loadstone  have  bean  im- 
parted, an  artificial  magnet 

Ma«rnetite,  -it  Abhick  oxide  of  iron, 
which  sometimes  possesses  polarity,  an€ 
is  highly  magnetic ;  magnetic  iron  ore. 

Ma^niificat, -nifi-kat  The  song  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  Luke  i.,  46— so  oaUed  be- 
cause it  conmienoes  with  this  word  tn  the 
Latin  Vulgate. 

Masrnifioo,  -k5.  A  grandee  of  Yeniee. 
A  rector  of  a  German  university. 

Magpie,  'pi.    A  y 
well-known  Brit- 
ish bird,  the  Pica  , 
caudata,    tjrpe  of 
the  gen.  Pica,  be* 
longing     to     the  | 
CorvidaB  or  crow  ' 
fam.      Celebrated  ' 
for      crafty      in- 
stincts, power  of 
imitating  words,  and  the  propensity  to 
purloin  and  seerete  gUttertng  articles. 

Magpie-motll,  -moth.  Lerene  grossn- 
lariata,  ftun.  OeometridcB,  often  called  the 
gooseberry-moth. 

Uagns,  mk'gna.  A  Maglan ;  one  of  the 
Magi  or  ancient  Oriental  philosophers. 

Magryar,  mag' var.  One  of  an  Asiatic  race 
which  invaded  tiungary  about  the  end  of 
the  9th  century,  and  settied  there,  where 
it  still  forms  the  predominant  race.  The 
native  tongue  of  Hungary.  It  belongs  to 
the  TJgrifui  fiunily  of  the  Turanian  or 
agglutinate  class  of  tongues. 

Kahabharata.  ma-h&-bb£'ra-ta.  The 
name  of  one  of  fne  two  great  epio  poems 
of  ancient  India,  the  other  oelng  the 
Sam&yana.  It  is  founded  on,  and  con- 
tains a  history  of,  the  contest  for  suprem- 


MlLgpi.^ 


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MAHADEYA 


MAKI 


acy  between  the  two  gr^t  regal  families 
of  North  India— the  Pandavaa  and  Knrus 
or  Kauravaa— ending  in  the  ylotory  of  the 
former.  In  reality,  however,  this  narra- 
tive occupies  bat  a  fourth  of  the  poem, 
the  remamder  being  episodical  and  added 
at  vaj^ous  times.  The  Mah&bhfirata  thus 
becomes  a  sort  of  encyclopaBdia,  embrac- 
ing evervthing  which  it  concerned  a  culti- 
vated Hmdu  to  know. 

BEahadeva,  -d^'va.  A  name  of  Siva, 
one  of  the  Indian  deities,  fh>m  which  the 
sacred  Oanges  is  ihbled  to  have  sprung. 

Maharajah,  -ha-rfi'la.  The  titie  as- 
sumed by  some  E.  Indian  princes. 

BKaharxnah,  -hSr'ma.  A  muslin  .wrap- 
per worn  over  the  head  and  across  the 
mouth  and  chin  by  Turkish  and  Arme- 
nian ladies  when  they  appear  abroad. 

JCahmoud.  The  name  of  two  Turkish 
Bultans.  M.  II.,  b.  1785,  s.  his  brother 
Mustapha  I V. ,  1808,  d.  1889.  During  his 
reign  tne  Janissaries  revolted  and  were 
exterminated,  1826,  and  the  independence 
of  Greece  was  secured  throiigh  the  alli- 
anoeofBussia,  France  and  England,  the 
principal  battle  being  the  naval  engage- 
ment at  Navarino,  1827. 

Kahout,  -hot.  In  the  E.  Indies,  an  ele< 
phant  driver  or  keeper. 

Mahratta,  rat'ta.  One  of  a  race  of  Hin- 
dus inhabiting  Central  India,  supposed  to 
have  migrated  or  to  have  been  pushed 
thither  m>m  the  north. 

Kaiden,  mfid'n.  An 
ancient  English  in.  t:  1 1- 
ment  of  capital  pii  i  j  i  s  h  - 
ment,  somewhat  w- 
sembUng  the  guill  1 1 tni  L% 

Maierre-food,  miiV 

fDd.     Food  perDHtciH] 

to  Koman  Oatholi':^  um 

fttst-days. 
Mail,  mSl.     Aijo-ir;^ 

a    defensive    coM^ijiij^ 

for  warriors,  and  some-         Maiden, 

times  their 

steeds.  A  suit 

of  armor  com- 
prehended   a 

coat  of  mail, 

Ma  i  1  e d -  Chain-maU.      Ring-mail. 
cheeks,  mald'cheks.    The  Sclerogenidae 
or  TrigMdffi,  a  fem.  of  acanthopterygious 
fishes,  having  large  bones  in  the  head. 
Bull-heads  are  members  of  this  fkmily. 

Main.  Qi^aine  or  Mayn).  A  considerable 
river  of  Central  Germany,  emptying  into 
the  Bhine  opposite  Mentz ;  lengta  800  m. 


Maine.  A  state  of  the  American  Union, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Dominion,  E.  by  the 
Atlantic,  W.  by  Vermont,  8.  by  Massa* 
chusetts  and  the  Atlantic,  admitted  1820: 
area,  81,766  sq.  m. ;  pop.  648,936.  Chief 
cities,  Augusta,  cap.,  Portland,  Bath,  Ban- 
gor, Saco,  Rockland  and  Belfast.  Princi- 
pal rivers,  Kennebec,  Penobscot,  St. 
Croir,  Sebasticook,  Saco  and  Androscog- 
gin. Lakes,  Moosehead,  Grand,  Schoodic, 
Umbagog  and  Chesuncook. 
The  Green  Mountains  ex- 
tend along  the  W.  and  N. 
boundaries. 

Maistree,    mfis'tru.     In 
the  £.  Indies,  a  native  do- J'' 
mestic  carpenter. 

Maize,  maz.  Indian  com, 
the  Zea  Mays  of  botanists, 
a  monoecious  grass. 

Maizena,  -u'na.  The 
starch  prepared  from 
maize  ;  corn-flour.  i 

Majesty,  m^j'es-ti.  A  titie  Maire. 
of  emperors,  kings  and  queens.  Most 
Catholic  M. ,  the  titie  of  the  kings  of  Spain. 
Most  Christian  M.,  a  titie  borne  by  th* 
former  kings  of  France.  Most  Faithful  M., 
the  tide  of  the  kings  of  Portugal. 

Majolica,  ma-Jol'i-ka.  A  kind  of  earth 
used  for  making  dishes,  vases,  &c. ;  also 
the  ware  itself,  resembling  porcelain. 
Called  also  faience. 

Mlajor,  mft'Jer.  Milit.,  an  officer  next  in 
rank  above  a  captain  and  below  a  lieuten- 
ant-colonel ;  the  lowest  field  officer. 

Major-domo,  -)er-do'md.  A  man  who 
takes  charge  of^^  the  management  of  a 
household;  a  steward;  also,  a  chief  minis- 
ter or  great  officer  of  a  palace. 

Major-general,  -jen'er-al.  A  military 
officer  next  in  rank  below  a  lieutenant- 
general. 

Majuscule,  ma-Jus'klU.  In  Diplomatics, 
a  capital  letter  ;  opposed  to  minuscule.  M. 
writing,  writing  composed  entirely  of  capi- 
tal lett-^-^,  •»-  ili  mM  Li  I-  ■  -   -r'lr: 

Maki,  m^'- 
ki.  A  Rud- 
di  vision      of 

the  LiiiFi'i^':in 
gen.  L^'iinir.  , 
includiiiL-rhi  I 
macacc'.  i\i<' 
mongo.-/iir«il 
thevarL.  'I'Us 
ring-ijiio'i) 
maki(I..i  iiL- 
ta)  is  ot  the 
size  of  &  cut  filog-toilijd  MakL, 


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484 


MAMIILTTKES 


Kalaoca.  A  British  Bettlement  and 
military  station  on  tho  W.  ooost  of  the 
Mahiy  peninsula;  pop.  abt.  60,000.  Straits 
of  M.,  tho  channel  between  Sumatra  and 
the  Malay  peninsula. 

Malachi.  In  Scrip,  a  prophet  supposed 
to  have  lived  abt.  425  b.  c,  tho  book  which 
bears  his  name  being  tho  last  of  the  x>ro- 
]>betio  utterances  before  the  anpearance 
of  John  the  Baptist,  tho  imuicdiate  fore- 
runner and  contemporary  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Malachite,  mal'a-kit.  A  carbonate  of 
copper  found  in  solid  masses  of  a  beauti- 
ful green  color.  It  takes  a  good  i)oliBh 
and  is  manufactured  into  toys.  Blue 
malachite  or  azuritc  contains  a  larger  pro- 
]K>rtion  of  carbonic  acid. 

MalaoolOfiry,  mal-a-koPo-ji.  The  science 
of  molluscous  or  soft-bodicil  animals, 
including  the  knowledge  of  such  animals, 
M'hether  protected  by  shells  or  entirely 
naked,  and  their  distribution  into  classes, 
subclasses,  orders,  funiUes,  genera  and 
species. 

Kalaoostraca,  -kos'tra-ka.  The  higher 
division  of  the  Crustacea,  including  the 
shrimps,  lobsters,  crabs,  &c.,  together 
with  tiie  wood-lice  and  sand-hoppers. 

TVTalaga.  A  Spanish  seaport  on  tho  Medi- 
terranean, cap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
noted  for  its  fruits  and  wine;  pop.  48,000. 

lialapteniruB,  ma-lap'te-ru-rus.  A 
gen.  of  small  malacopteryglous  fishes, 
sec.  Abdoroinales,  &m.  SiluridsB,  pos- 
sessed of  a  high  degree  of  electrical  power. 

KCalay,  ma-la'.  One  of  the  five  principal 
divisions  of  mankind  according  to  Blu- 
raenbach.  They  occupy  the  countries  and 
islaikls  between  China  and  Hindustan. 

Malay  Archipelaflro  (Eaatem  or 
Indian).  A  great  number  of  islands  in 
the  China  Sea,  Indian  nnd  Pacific  Oceans, 
divided  into  6  sections,  and  including 
Java,  Sumatra,  BorncH),  the  Philippines, 
with  hundreds  of  less  size  and  importance; 
total  pop.  estimated  at  8,000,000. 

Malay  Peninsula.  A  long  and  narrow 
section  of  Farther  India,  S.  £.  Asia, 
bounded  E.  by  the  Onlf  of  Siam  and  China 
Sea  and  W.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and 
Strait  of  Malacca;  pop.  223,400. 

Malibran,  Maria  Felicia.  An  emi- 
nent French  yocalist ;  b.  1808,  d.  1S36. 

Maligrnant,  -lig'nant.  In  English  Hist, 
one  of  the  adherents  of  Charles  I.  and  his 
son  in  their  struggle  against  Parliament ; 
a  Cavalier ;  so  called  by  the  Roundheads, 
or  opposite  party. 

Ifalinflrerer,  -ling'ger-er.  MOit,  a 
soldier  who  feigns  himself  sick. 


Mall,   mal.      A  public   work;   a  leyd 

shaded  walk. 

Mallard,  lard.   The  common  wild  duck. 
MalleacenB,  -I6-fi's€-e.    A  &m.  of  lamel- 

libranchlato  moUnsks,  of  which  the  gen. 


Malleus  is  the  type,  regarded  by  some  as 

a sub-fam.  of  tne  '    •    -- 

ters. 


be  Ayicullda)  or  pearl-oys- 


Malleation,  -lo-a'sbon.  The  act  of  beat- 
ing into  a  plate  or  leaf,  as  a  metal ;  exten* 
sion  by  beating. 

Mallet,  let    A  wooden  hammer. 

Mallophasa*  -of  a-ga.  An  ord.  of  mi- 
nute apterous  insects,  parasitic  on  bhrds: 
bh^-lice. 

Malxhaey,  m£m'zi.  A  kind  of  mpe ; 
nhio,  a  sweet  white  wine  made  in  Madeln 
of  grajpes  which  have  been  allowed  to 
shrivelupon  tho  vine 

Malt,  malt.  Grain,  usually  barley, 
bteeped  in  water  and  made  to  germinate, 
after  which  it  is  dried  In  a  kiln,  and  then 
used  in  the  brewing  of  porter,  ale  or  beer, 
and  in  whisky  distilling.  Liquor  ]>ro- 
duced  ttotn  malt ;  beer. 

Malta.  An  EneUsh  island  in  tho  Medi- 
terranean, which  with  Goio  adjacent 
covers  an  area  of  IIG  so.  m. :  pop.  abt 
170,000.  M.  is  the  chief  British  station  in 
S.  Europe,  and  is  both  naturally  and  arti- 
ficialiy  one  of  the  strongest  plaioea  in  the 
world.  It  is  noted  for  its  numerous 
sieges,  that  by  tho  Turks,  1566,  when 
held  by  the  Knights  of  St  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, costing  the  besiegers  the  Uves  of 
60,000  men. 

Malte-Bron,  Oonrad.  An  eminent 
geographer ;  b.  in  Jutland  1775.  d.  a  citi- 
zen of  France,  1826. 

Maltha,  mal'tha.  A  variety  of  bitumen, 
interme<Uate  between  liquid  petroleum 
and  solid  asphalt. 

Malthiis.  Thomas  Robert.  An 
English  clergyman  and  political  econo- 
mist ;  B.  1766, 1).  1884.  He  held  that  pop- 
ulation increased  fiister  than  the  necaesa- 
ries  of  life,  and  opposed  early  marriages. 

Malt-kiln,  malfkil.  A  heated  chambey 
in  which  malt  is  dried  to  chock  the  gcr 
mination  after  steeping. 

Maltose,  '5s.  Sugar  produced  fh>ui 
starch  paste  by  the  action  of  malt  o> 
d  a.stase,  having  the  same  composition  aa 
glucose. 

Malurin»,  mal-u-rl'nS.  A  sub-fkm.  of 
dentirostrol  Insessorial  birds,  of  which  the 
gen.  Malurus  is  the  type  ;  the  soft-tailed 
warblers. 

Mamelukes,  The.    Male  slaves  orig 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MAMMALIA 


«5 


MANCHOO 


Inally  brought  from  Circassia  by  Egyp- 
tian Sultans,  who  rose  in  1258,  assas- 
sinated  Turan  Shah,  the  Saltan,  and 
ruled  the  country  for  a  period  of  263 
years.  Their  power  was  broken  by  Selim 
I.  Mehemet  Ali  completely  destroyed 
their  power,  ISll,  by  treacherously 
fiktughterlng  470  of  their  leaders. 

Mammuilia,  inani-ma'li-a.  The  highest 
elass  in  the  animal  kingdom,  whoso  dis- 
tinctive characteristic  is  that  the  femalo 
suckles  her  young  on  a  secretion,  pecu- 
liar to  the  class,  furnished  by  the  mam- 
mary glands  of  the  mother,  and  known  as 
milk.    '. 

Mammeliere,  -mel-yfir.  In 
Anc.  Armor,  one  of  two  oir- 
cular  plates  fastened  to  the 
surcoat  right  above  the  breasts. 
To  these  the  helmet,  sword,  oi ' 
dagger  was  secured  by  a  chain,  i 

Manunifer,  'mi-fer.    An  an  I 
imal  whicli  has    Inreasts   for 
nourishing  its  young ;  a  mam-   il«iinmel- 
maL  iixes, 

Mamxnillary,  'mil-a^  In  Oeol. 
ground  studde<l  with  rounded  breast- 
shaped  projections. 

Manunon,  'mon.  The  Syrian  god  of 
riches,  mentioned  in  the  Now  Testament 
as  a  i>ersonification  of  worldliness. 

Maxmnoth,  'moth.  An  extinct  spe- 
cies of  elephant,  Elephas  prlmigenius.  It 
was  covered  with  hair  of  three  sorts,  one 
oftheso stiff  like  bristles,  afoot  in  length, 
another  coarse  and  flexible,  and  the  third 
a  kind  of  wool.  An  entire  carcass  which 
had  been  preserved  in  the  ice  was  discov- 
ered near  the  close  of  the  last  century  on 
the  banks  of  the  Lena,  Siberia,  in  such  a 

Serfect  state  that  its  flesh  was  eaten  by 
ogs,  wolves  and  bears.  It  was  9  feet 
high,  about  16  feet  in  length,  the  tusks 
were  9  feet  long.  This  is  the  only  in- 
stance of  a  fossil  animal  preserved  entire. 

SCammoth  Cave.  The  largest  natural 
excavation  known,  in  Edmonson  Co.,  Ky., 
130  ni.  8.  W.  of  Lexington.  It  has  been 
•xplored  for  a  distance  of  10  to  12  m. 

Man,  man.  An  individual  of  the  human 
race;  a  human  being.  Particularly,  a 
male  adult  of  the  human  race,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  woman  or  a  boy.  Blumen- 
bach  divides  mankind  Into  five  varieties : 
Caucasian,  skin  white;  Mongolian, olive; 
Ethiopian,  skin  and  eyes  black ;  American, 
skin  of  a  red  tint ;  Malay,  varying  from  a 
light  tawny  to  a  deep  brown.  Huxley  di- 
vides man  into  five  grrouns— Australioid, 
ITegroid,  Mongoloid  and  tne  Zantbochroio 


and  Melanochroic  (fair  and  dark  whites), 

butf  omits  several  races. 
Man,  Icle  of.    A  British  island  off  the 

W.  coast,  and  almost  directly  opposite  the 

boundary  between  Wales  and  Scotland ; 

area,  280  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.   150,000,  cap. 

Castletown.     It  is  governed  by  its  own 

legislature,  called  the  House  of  Keys. 
Manacle,  'a-kl.  An  instrument  of  iron  for 

fastening  the  hands ;  handcuffs ;  shackles. 
Manakin,  -kin.    Tii^  name  given  to  the 

dentirostral  insessorial  birds  forming  the 

sub-fam.  Piprinje.     They  are  generally 

small  and  oibrUUant  plumage. 
Man-ape,  'ap.    An  anthropoid  ape,  as 

the  gorilla,  chimpanzee,  orang-outang  and 

gibbon. 
Manatee, 

-a-te.      The  - 

sea-cow, 

gregar  i  o  n  s  ( 

aquatic* 

mammal,^ 

gen.    Mana-  ,,      ^ 

tus,  ord.  Si-  Manatee. 

renia,  allied  to  the  Cetacea. 
Manby's  Apparatus,  'biz  ap-pa-ra''- 

tus.    An  apparatus  by  which  a  shot,  with 

a  line  or  chain  attached  to  it,  is  thrown  by 

a  uiortar  over  a  stranded  vessel. 
Manche,  -sha'.    An  E.  Indian  boat  with 


Manch6. 
masts  raking  forward,  flat  bottom  and 

.light  draft. 

Manoheater.  One  of  the  nfost  impor- 
tant manufacturing  cities  of  England,  in 
Lancaster  Co.,  on  the  Irwell,  163  m.  K. 
W.  of  London  ;  pop.  842,680. 

Manchoo,  -cho'.  A  native  of  Manchoo- 
ria,  China ;  one  of  the  reigning  dynasty  in 
China.    The  court  language  of  China. 


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486 


MAKLIUS 


'  Xanco  Oapac.  The  first  Peru\ian  iiicat 
beHeved  to  have  lived  abt.  1,000.  He 
established  the  worship  of  the  sun.  A 
second  inca  of  same  name  was  cruelly  put 
to  death  by  Pizarro,  1644. 
Mandarin,  da-ren'.  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  any  Chinese  magistrate 
or  official,  civil  or  mfiitory.  The  Chinese 
equivalent  is  kwan,  which  means  literally 
public  servant.  M.  duck,  a  beautiful  spe- 
cies, native  of  China,  and  regarded  as  an 
emblem  of  conjugal  affection. 
ICandibulate,  -dib'u-lat.  One  of  a  sec. 
of  insects,  including  all  which  retain  the 
organs  of  mastication  in  their  last  or  per- 
fect stage  of  metamorphosis. 
Mandlestone,  dl-ston.  Amygdaloid ; 
stones  or  rocks  which  have  kernels  envel- 
oped in  a  matrix. 

ICiandoline,  'do-lin.  A  musical  instru 
ment  of  the  guitar  kind.  A  plectrum,  is 
used  in  the  right  hand,  the  fingers  of  the 
left  stopping  the  strings  on  the  fretted 
finger-board. 

Mandrel,  drel.  In  Mach.  a  straight  bar 
of  iron  on  which  an  article  having  a  hole 
through  it  is  fitted  lio  be  turned.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  any  straight  bar  upon 
which  a  tube  or  ring  is  welded,  and  to  a  plug 
around  which  metal  and  glass  are  cast. 
Mandrill,  dril.  A  species  of  monkey  ; 
the  great  blue-faced  or  rib-nosed  baboon, 
the  Cynocephalus  Maimon  or  Mormon, 
the  largest,  most  formidable,  ferocious 
and  hideous  of  baboons.  They  are  na 
tives  of  the  W.  coast  of  AfHca,  where  thev 
associate  in  large  troops,  and  plunder  vil- 
lages and  cultivated  fields  with  impunity. 
Manducus,  -du'kus.  In  Greek  and 
Bom.  Antiq.  a  ludicrous  masked  figure 
representing  a  person  chewing,  used  in 
processions,  and  in  comedies  to  create 
merriment. 

Manesre,  ma-nazh  V  A  school  for  train 
ing  horses  and  teaching  horsemanship; 
also  the  art  of  breaking,  training  and  rid- 
ing horses. 

Manes,  'ngz.  The  gods  of  the  lower 
world;  the  benevolent  infernal  deities: 
the  ghosts,  shades  or  souls  of  deceased 
persons ;  the  deified  shades  of  the  dead. 
Mangraby,  man  ga-bl  A  monkey  (Cer- 
copithecus  fiiliginosus),  with  naked  white 
eyelids,  bel6nging  to  the  group  of  guen 
ons  ;  the  white-eyed  monkey. 
Mansranese,  'gan-:ez.  A  metal  of  a 
dusky  white  or  whitish-gray  color,  very 
hard  and  difficult  to  fuse.  One  of  its  ores, 
black  wadd,  is  remarkable  for  spontaneous 
inflammation  when  mix^  with  oil. 


Mangranite,  -it.  One  of  the  ores  of  man* 
ganese,  the  hydrated  sesqnioxide.  used  in 
the  manufecture  of  glass. 
Manhattan  Island.  The  island  on 
which  New  York  City  is  principally  locat- 
ed, at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and  East 
Rivers  with  New  York  Bay,  and  cut  off 
fh>m  the  mainland  by  Hu*lem  Biver  and 
Rpuyten  DuyvU  Creek;  abt  8  m.  in 
length,  with  a  maximum  breadth  of  abt. 
2  m. 

Manichean,  -i-ke'an.  One  of  a  sect  in 
Persia,  founded  in  the  8d  century  by 
Manes  or  Manichaeus,  who  maintained 
that  there  are  two  supreme  principles,  the 
one  good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce 
all  the  happiness  and  calamities  of  Hitt 
world. 

Manichord,  'i-kord.  A  musical  instru- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  spinet,  whose 
strings,  like  those  of  the  clarichord,  are 
covered  with  cloth  to  soften  their  sounds; 
also  called  the  dumb  spinet. 
Manidss,  -dd.  A  family  of  edentate 
munmals,  including  only  the  scaly  ant- 
eaters  or  pangolins. 

Manikin,  'i-kin.  A  little  man  ;  a  dwarf. 
An  artificial  anatomical  preparation,  made 
with  pasteboard,  plaster,  &c.,  exhibiting 
all  parts  of  the  body,  upon  which  surgeons 
practice;  called  also  a  Phantom. 
Manilio,  ma-nil'i-o.  A  ring  or  bracelet 
worn  in  Africa  as  an  ornament  for  the  arm 
or  leg.  A  piece  of  copper  shaped  like  a 
horseshoe,  passing  as  money  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Ainca. 

Manilla.    Cap.  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
on  the  island  of  Luzon ;  pop.  116,8T0. 
Manin,  Daniele.  A  distinguished  Ital^ 
ian  patriot ;    b.  in  Venice,  1804 ;  d.  in  ex- 
ile at  Paris,  1859. 

Maniple,  man'i-pl.  In  Boman  Antiq.  a 
company  consisting  of  sixtv  common  sol- 
diers, two  centurions  and  a  standard- 
bearer.  In  the  B.  C,  and  some  other 
Episcopal  churches,  one  of  the  sacred 
vestments  assumed  by  the  bishop  after  the 
Confiteor  in  the  mass,  and  by  a  priest 
after  the  stole  and  before  the  chasuble. 
Maniton,  man'i-td.  Among  certain  of 
the  American  Indians,  a  name  given  to 
whatever  is  an  object  of  religious  awe  or 
reverence,  whether  a  good  or  evil  spirit  or 
a  fetish.  Two  manitous  or  spirits  are 
spoken  of  by  pre-eminence—the  one  the 
spirit  of  good,  the  other  the  spirit  of  evil. 
Manlius.  The  name  of  three  distin- 
guished Bomans.  Marcus  M.  GapitoUniis. 
consul  in  892  b.  o.,  sucoessftally  defended 
the  cit^  against  tbe  Qm\»  under  Brennna, 


Digitized  by 


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MAins 


48T 


MAEANATHA 


African  Manis. 


but  "was  afterward  charged  with  treason 
by  the  patricians  and  executed,  881.  Titus 
M.  Oapitolinus  Torquatus,  tribune  in  859, 
dictator  in  858  and  again  in  849  b.  o. 
While  consul,  840,  he  defeated  the  Latins, 
and  condemned  his  own  son  to  death  for 
disobedience  of  orders ;  d.  884.  Titus  M. 
Torquatus,  consul  285  b.  o.,  and  again  224; 
signally  defeated  the  Carthaginians  215, 
and  was  made  dictator  208 ;  d.  202. 
lCani8,ma'nis. 
A  gen.  of  eden- 
tate   TrMtpiTn^tJIs 

coYjBred      with 
triangular  u 
scales    with  v 
sharp  edges,  kji 
oyerlapping  *, 
each  other; 
also  called  Scaly 
Lizards,     Scaly 
Ant-eaters,    or 
Pangolins. 

Mann,  Horace.  An  eminent  American 
statesman  and  pUlanthropist :  b.  in  Mass., 
1796;  D.  1869.  • 

mranna.  In  Scrip,  a  substance  miracu- 
lously ftimished  as  food  for  the  Israelites 
In  their  journey  through  the  wilderness 
of  Arabia.  What  the  substance  was  Is 
unknown.  In  Phar.  the  sweet  concrete 
juice  obtained  from  a  species  of  aah, 
Fraxinus  Omus. 

Mannheim  Gold,  'him  gold.  A  brass 
containing  80  parts  copper  and  20  zinc, 
used^by  jewelers  to  imitate  gold. 

Mannite,  'it.  A  variety  of  sugar  ob- 
tained from  manna.  It  is  also  found  in 
the  iuices  of  several  species  of  cherry  and 
apple,  in  various  mushrooms,  in  some 
roots,  such  as  that  of  celery,  in  the  fer- 
mented juice  of  beet-root,  carrots,  onions, 

Vbc.,  and  in  some  sea-weeds. 

Manometer,  ma-nom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment to  measure  the  alterations  in  the 
rarity  or  density  of  the  air  or  of  any  gas. 

Manta,  man'ta.  A  flat  fish,  very  trouble- 
some to  pearl-fishers. 

Mantioor,  'ti-kor.  In  Her.  a  monster 
with  the  face  of  a  man,  the  body  of  a  Hon 
or  tiger,  long  spiral  horns  and  the  tail  of  a 
scorpion.    A  largo  monkey  or  baboon. 

Mantilla,  -tilla.  A  woman's  head-cov- 
ering, which  may  be  used  as  a  veil,  worn 
in  Spain  and  the  Spanish  colonies.  Alight 
cloak  or  covering  thrown  over  the  dress 
of  a  lady. 

Mantis-crab,  -krab.  A  name  given  to 
Crustacea,  gen.  Squilla. 

Manton.  'ton.    The  name  given  to  fowl- 


Praying-mantis. 


ing-pieces  made  by  the  late  Joseph  Mantoi 
of  London,  a  renowned  maker. 

M  antis, . 
'tis.  A^ 
gen.  of 
o  r  t  h  o  p- 
terous  in- 
sects, re- 
m  arkable 
for    their 

grotesque  forms.  M.  religiosa,  or  praying- 
mantis,  has  received  its  name  from  the 
{)ecnliar  position  of  the  anterior  pair  of 
egs,  resembling  that  of  a  person's  hands 
at  prayer. 

Mantra,  'tra.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  oharm, 
incantation,  prayer,  invocation. 

Mantua.  Gap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
N.  Italy,  strongly  fortified,  and  noted  as 
a  strat^c  center ;  pop.  abt.  80,000. 

Manumission,  -fi-ml'shon.  The  act  of 
liberating  a  slave  from  bondage ;  eman- 
cipation. 

Manumotor,  'u-mo-ter.  A  small  wheel- 
carriage  so  constructed  that  a  p^:«on  sit- 
ting in  it  may  move  it  in  any  direction  ;  a 
cairiage  for  exercise. 

Manx,  mangks.  The  native  language  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
belongs  to  the  Gradhelio  branch  of  the 
Celtic  tongues,  allied  to  the  Irish  and 
Gaelic. 

Maori,  ma'o-ri.  One  of  the  native  in- 
habitants  of  New  Zealand. 

Map,  map.  A  representation  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  or  any  part  of  it,  or  of 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  usually  drawn  on  paper  or  other 
material.  ' 

Map-mounter,  'mount-er.  A  work- 
man who  backs  maps  with  canvas,  var- 
nishes them,  fixes  them  on  rollers,  Ac. 

Mara,  m&'ra.  In  Norse  Myth,  a  demon 
who  torments  men  with  filghtftil  visions. 
A  Pategonian  rodent,  the  cavy. 

Marabou-stork,  -ra-bd'stork.  The 
name  given  to  two  species  of  storks,  the 
delicate  white  feathers  beneath  the  wing 
and  tail  of  which  form  the  marabou- 
feathers. 

Marabout,  -bdt'.  In  N.  Africa,  among 
the  Berbers,  one  of  a  body  of  saints  or 
sorcerers  held  in  high  estimation. 

Maracaibo.  A  seaport  of  Venezuela, 
800  m.  W.  of  Caracas ;  pop.  24,876. 

Marai,  ma-ra'.  A  sacred  indosure  or 
temple  among  the  islanders  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Maranatba,  mar-a-na'tha.    The  Lord 


Digitized  by 


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MABASOHINO 


488 


MARGRAVE 


oomesor  haaoome:  a  word  nsed  by  the 
apoBtle  Paul  in  expressing  a  oorse. 

Maraschino,  -asrke'nd.  A  delicate 
spirit  distilled  from  dierrles. 

Kaxat,  Jean  Paul.  A  notorious 
French deinag(^ne  and  Jacobin  leader; 
B.  t744,  assassinated  by  Charlotte  Ckinlay 
July,  1798. 

Marathon.  A  ^dllage  of  Greece  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Attica;  20  m.  N.  £.  of  Athens, 
famous  for  the  signal  victory  of  MilUades 
over  the  Persians  under  Xerxes,  490  n.  c. 

Marble,  mar'bl.  The  popular  name  for 
any  species  of  calcareous  stone  or  mine- 
ral, of  a  compact  texture,  and  of  a  beauti- 
tal  appearance,  susceptible  of  a  good  pol- 
ish. It  is  really  limestone,  or  a  stone 
which  may  be  calcined  to  lime,  a  carbon- 
ate of  lime;  but  limestone  is  a  more  gen- 
eral name,  comprehending  calcareous 
stones  of  an  inferior  texture.  Arun- 
del or  Arundelian  marbles,  a  collection  of 
ancient  sculptured  marbles,  purchased  by 
Sir  William  Petty  at  Smyrna  in  1624  for 
the  Earl  of  Arundel,  whose  grandson  pre- 
sented it  to  the  IlBiTersity  of  Oxford. 
The  most  curious  and  interesting  portion 
is  called  the  Parian  Ohronide,  from  having 
been  kept  in  the  islands  of  Pares.  In.  its 
perfect  state  the  Insi^ription  contained  a 
chronide  of  the  principal  events  in  Gre- 
cian history  fit)m  the  time  of  the  mythical 
or  semi-mythical  Cecrops  (1582  b.  o.)  to  the 
arohonship  of  Diognetus  (264  b.  c),  but 
part  of  it  is  lost,  and  what  remams  is 
much  corroded  and  defaced.  Elgin  mar- 
bles, a  splendid  collection  of  92  basso-ri- 
Hevos  and  fragments  of  statuary  brought 
from  the  Parthenon  at  Athens  to  Eng- 
land by  Lord  Elgin  in  1814,  afterward 
{>uroha8ed  bv  the  government,  and  now 
n  the  British  Museum. 

Marble-cutter,  -kut-er.  One  who 
works  in  marble ;  an  instrument  or  ma- 
chine for  cutting  marble. 

Marc,  mark.  The  refhse  matter  which 
remains  after  the  pressure  of  fiodt,  as  of 
grapes,  olives,  &«. 

Marcelliis,  Marcus  Claudius.  A 
distinguished  Roman ;  b.  257  b.  o.,  d. 
194.  Elected  Consul  222,  and  prsetor  216. 
He  checked  the  victorious  march  of  Hanni- 
bal, captured  Syracuse  212,  and  defeated 
Hannibal  at  Canusimn  209. 

Mazoh,  mfirch.  ThetUrd  month  of  the 
year.  Afrontier  or  boundary  of  a  terri- 
tory ;  a  border ;  especially  applied  to  the 
boundaries  between  England  and  Scot- 
land and  England  and  wales,  with  the 
country  adjacent. 


Marcher,  mirch'er.  The  lord  or  oflicer 
who  defended  the  marches  or  borders  of 
a  territory.  The  lords  marchers  of  Eng- 
land were  noblemen  who  lived  on  the 
marches  of  Wales  and  Scotland. 

Marchioness,  mar'shun-es.  The  wife 
or  widow  of  a  marquis  ;  a  female  having 
the  rank  and  dignity  of  a  marquis. 

Marcionite,  'shi-on-It.  A  follower  of 
Afarcion,  a  Gnostic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
adopted  the  Oriental  notion  of  the  two 
conflicting  principles  of  good  and  evil,  and 
imagined  that  between  ttiese  there  existed 
a  third  power,  neither  wholly  good  nor 
wholly  evil,  the  creator  of  the  world  and 
the  God  of  the  Jewish  dispensation. 

Marcobrunner,  -ko-brnn'er.  A  cele- 
brated Rhine  wine 

Maroosian,  'zi-an.  A  disciple  of  Mar- 
cus, an  Egyptian,  a  judaizing  Christian, 
about  the  2d  century. 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus.  One 
of  the  ablest  Roman  emperors ;  b.  121,  s. 
Antoninus  Pise,  161,  his  associate  being 
Lucius  Verus.  He  was  given  the  title 
*' Germanicus  "  for  his '  successes  over 
the  barbarians  beyond  the  Danube ;  d. 
180.  The  Christians  were  greatly  perse- 
cuted during  his  reign,  but  it  is  claimed 
that  he  was  not  responsible  for  this. 

Marcy,  William  Zt.  A  distinguished 
American  statesman  ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1786 ; 
D.  1857.  His  mature  life  was  spent  in 
New  York,  of  which  State  he  was  gov- 
ernor 8  times,  and  was  also  Secretary  of 
War  in  President  Polk's  Cabinet,  •1845, 
and  Secretary  of  State  in  President 
Pierce's  Cabinet,  185»-57. 

Mare,  mar.  The  female  of  the  horse  or 
of  other  species  of  the  gen.  Equus. 

Mareca,  mar'e-ka.  A  gen.  of  palmiped 
birds,  containing  the  widgeon.  , 

Marengro.  A  village  of  N.  Italy,  3  m. 
S.  E.  of  the  city  of  Alessandria,  noted  as 
the  scene  of  the  memorable  victory,  June 
14, 1800,  by  Napoleon  over  the  Ausirians 
under  General  Milas. 

Margarin,  mar'ga-rin.  A  peculiar  pearl- 
like substance  extracted  from  hog's  lard 
and  certain  vegetable  oils. 

Margraritacesd,  -ri-ta''se-e.  A  fam.  of 
lamellibranchiate  mollusca  containing 
many  genera  of  much  interest ;  the  pearl- 
uysters. 

Margay,  'ga.  A  Brazilian  animaZ  of  tho 
cat  kind,  the  Felis  M.  or  F.  tigrina. 

Margrave,  'grav.  Originally,  like  mar- 
quis, a  lord  or  keeper  of  the  marches  or 
borders ;  now  a  title  of  nobility  in  Ger 
many,  &c 


Digitized  by 


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l^tAli<5^RAYIlim 


4^ 


itAEQUtS 


Margravine,  'gra-vin.     The  wife  of  a 
margrave. 

Mariana.  Juan  da.       An    eminent 
Spanish  historian ;  b.  1586,  d.  1623. 
Marid,  mil'rid.    In  Mohammedan  Myth, 
an  evil    jinnee  or    demon  of  the  most 
powerftil  class. 
Marigraph,  mar'i-graf.     A  machine,  of 
French  Invention,   for    registering    the 
height  of  tides,  &c. 
Marikin,  -kin.     The  Jacchus  rosalia,  a 
small    8.  American  monkey,  with  fine 
silky  hair,  and  fhrnished  with  a  mane. 
Also  called  the  Silky  Tamarhi. 
Mario,     Gxiiseppe    (Marquis   of 
Oandia).    An  eminent  Italian  vocalist ; 
B.  1808,  D.  1882. 

Mariolatry,  ma-ri-ol'a-tri.  The  adora- 
tion of  the  Virgin  Mary. 
Marion,  Francis.  An  American  par- 
tisan general  in  the  Revolutionary  War ;  b. 
in  8.  C.,  1782,  d.  1795. 
Marionette,  mar'l-on-et".  A  pnppet 
moved  by  strings. 

Mariput,  -put.  The  zoriT,  an  animal  of 
the  gen.  Viverra,  a  species  of  civet. 
Mark,  St.  (Marcus).  One  of  the  four 
Evangelists,  son  of  Marv,  a  devout  Chris- 
tian woman  of  Jerusalem.  He  accom- 
panied Paul  and  Barnabas  on  their  mls- 
sionaiy  tour,  and  according  to  tradition 
visited  Egypt  and  W.  Africa,  suffering 
martyrdom  abt.  60  or  62. 
Markab,  mar'kab.  A  star  of  the  sec- 
ond magnitude  in  the  northern  constella- 
tionPegasus. 

Market-cross,  'ket-kros.  A  cross  set 
up  where  a  market  is  held.  Most  market 
towns  in  England  and  Scotland  had,  in 
early  times,  one  of  these,  sometimes  of 
elaborate  construction. 
Marlborougrli,  John  Churchill, 
Duke  of.  The  ablest  general  of  his  age; 
b.  in  England  1650,  d.  1722. 
MarL-stone,  mfirl'stdn.  Sandv,  calcare- 
ous and  ferruginous  strata  which  divide 
the  upper  from  the  lower  lias  clays. 
Marmora,  Sea  of.  A  small  body  of 
water  'between  Europe  and  Asia,  con- 
nected with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Bos- 
phorus,  and  with  the  Jilgean  Sea  by  the 
Dardanelles;  length  185  m.,  width 45m. 
Marmoratum,  mfir-mo-ra'tum.  A  ce- 
ment formed  of  pounded  marble  and  lime 
mortar,  used  by  the  ancients. 
Marmortinto,  'mor-tin-to.  A  process 
employed  to  decorate  walls,  ceilings,  &c., 
in  Imitation  of  marble. 


Marmot 


Marmose, 

mar'mSs.     A 

marsupial 

quadruped  re- 
sembling  the 

opossum,  but 

smaller,  being 

only  about  six 

inches     in 

length   exclu- 
sive of  the  tail.  Marmose. 
Marmoset,  'mo-zet.  #^  small  American 

monkey,  gen.  Jacchus. 
Marmot,  'mot. 

A  rodent  quad-^ 

ruped,    gen. 

Arctomy  8, 

classed  with  the  ^ 

Muridee  or  with  ^ 

the  Sciuridae,  A.  »■ 

monax    is    the 

groundhog     or 

woodchuck. 

Maronite,  ma'ron-It.  A  foliowe?  of 
Maron,  an  inhabitant  of  Lebanon  in  Syria. 
The  sect  originated  in  the  6th  century, 
and  held  at  first  the  opinions  of  the  Mo- 
nothelites,  though  they  now  deny  holding- 
them.  Since  the  12th  century  they  have 
several  times  submitted  to  the  pope  and 

joined  the  R.  C.  Church,  without,  how- 
ever, giving  up  their  peculiarities. 

Maroon,  marron,  A  name  given  to  fu- 
gitive slaves  in  the  W.  Indian  Isbmds 
and  Guiana.  A  bright  white  light  used 
for  signals  in  the  E.  Indies.  A  brownish- 
crimson  or  claret  color.  A  rocket  having 
the  case  bound  with  tarred  twine,  so  that 
it  explodes  with  a  great  noise. 

Marque,  mark.  A  license  or  commis- 
sion to  make  reprisals  on  the  belongings 
of  a  public  enemy,  usually  in  the  phrase 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.  European 
nations  agreea  to  abolish  them  in  1856, 
but  the  U.  S.  reflised  to  do  so.  Called 
also  Letters  of  Mark,  Letters  of  Mart. 

Marquee,  mar-ke.  An  officer^s  field  tent. 
Any  large  tent  or  wooden  structure 
erected  for  a  temporary  purpose. 

Marquis,      'kwis.  ^ 

Originally,  an  offioer 
whose  duty  was  to  a 
guard  the  marches  or « 
frontiers  of  the  king- 
dom ;  now  a  titie  of. 
dignity  in  Britain  next 
in  rank  to  that  of  duke,  ^  ,    *    „ 

the  second  of  the  five  Coronet  of  a  Mar- 
orders  of  nobility.  Coi^  qiilB. 
responding  titles  exist 
in  France,  Italy  and  Germany.    The  wlfb 


^  T'  ^l 


Digitized  by 


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4d0 


MAETlNt-ttEUEt  El^L£ 


of  a  marquis  is  styled  marchioness.    The 
coronet  of  a  marquis  consists  of  a  circle  of 
gold,  with  four  strawberry  leaves  and  four 
balls  or  pearls  on  its  edge ;  the  cap  crimson 
velyet,  with  a  gold  tassel  on   the   top, 
turned  up  with  ermine. 
ICarquetry,  'ket-ri.    Inlaid  work,  con- 
sisting of  thin  pieces  of  fine  woods  of  dif- 
ferent colors,  or  colored  marbles,  precious 
stones,  shells,  ivory,  dec,  arranged  so  as 
to  form  various  figures. 
Karquisate,  -aF    The  seigniory,  dig- 
nity or  lordship  of  a  marquis. 
IfaJTOW,  mar'o.    The  fat  contained  in 
the  osseous  tubes  and  cells  of  the  bones. 
M.  controversy,  a  &mous  controversy  in 
the  Church  of  Scotland  the  remote  cause 
of  the  formation  of  the  Secession  Church. 
It  was  BO  called  fh>m  a  book  called  "  The 
Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity,"  condemned 
by  the  General  Assembly  (1720)  as  being 
tainted  with  antinomianr  — 
Mars,  marz 
A  Latin  dei- 
ty, identified 
at    an    early 
period  by  the 
Latins  them- 
selves    with 
the      Greek 
Ares.  He  was 
the    god    of 
war,    and   as 
such  bore  the 
epithet  Gradi-. 
vus;  he  was 
also   the   pa- 
tron  of  agri-        Tv--^         'l^^:*  S' 
culture,  which         ^^        ""  ^^^ 
procured  him  Mars, 

the  title  of  Sil- 

vanus ;  and  as  the  patron  of  the  state  he 
was  called  Quirinus.  Mars  is  generally 
represented  as  of  youthful  but  powerful 
figure,  armed  with  the  helmet,  shield  and 
spear.  At  other  times  he  is  bearded  and 
heavily  armed.  The  planet  which  comes 
next  to  the  earth  in  order  of  distance  from 
the  sun. 

Marseilles.  A  8.  French  seaport,  the 
most  important  oommerci^  city  on  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  Gulfof  Lyons,  60  m. 
N.  W.  of  Toulon ;  pop.  825,780. 
Marseillaise,  mfir-sa-yaz.  The  national 
song  of  the  French  Republic,  written  in 
1792  by  Rouget  de  I'lsle,  an  officer  in  the 
garrison  at  Strasburg. 
Marshal,  'shal.  Originally,  an  officer 
who  had  the  care  of  horses ;  a  groom.  La 
ter,  the  chief  officer  of  arms,  whose  duty 
was  to  regulate  combats  in  the  lists.    One  . 


who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a  feast  or 
any  other  assembly,  directs  the  order  ot 
procession  and  the  like.  In  France,  the 
highest  military  officer.  In  other  coun- 
tries of  Europe  a  military  officer  of  high 
rank,  and  called  field-marshal.  In  the 
U.  8.  a  federal  civil  officer  in  each  judicial 
district,  answering  to  the  sheriff  of  a  coun- 
ty. Earl  M.  of  England,  the  eighth  officer 
of  state,  made  hereditary  by  Clmrles  II.  in 
the  firaiily  of  Howard,  duke  of  Norfolk. 
Provost  M.,  a  military  officer,  exercising 
dvil  authority. 

Marshall,  John.  An  eminent  Ameri 
can  jurist,  b.  in  Va.  1766,  n.  1886.  He 
was  for  84  years  Chief  Justice  of  the  U. 
8.  Supreme  Court. 

Marsh-harrier,     mfirsh'ha-ri-er.       A 
British  bird  of  prey,  gen.  Circus. 
Marsipobranchii,    mar-sip'd-brang^'- 
ki-i.    The  order  comprising  the  hag-fisnes 
and  sea-lampreys. 
Marsupialia,  -sii'- 
pi-a''li-a.     A  n*oup 
of  mammalia,  differ- 
ing from  all  others  In  ^ 
their      organization. 
The   kangaroo    and  s 
opossum  are  familiar  | 
examples. 

Marsupiiun,  -um.i 
The  pouch  in  which  ( 
marsupial  mammals 
and  the  pipe-fish  and 

sea-horses  carry  Virginian  Opossum, 
their  young. 

Maxtagron,  'ta-gon.  A  lily,  LiUum  Mar- 
tagon,  the  bulbs  of  which  are  eaten  by  the 
Cossacks. 

Martello  Tower,  -tel'16  tou-er.  A 
small  cfrcular-shaped  fort,  with  very  thick 
walls,  chiefly 

built    to  delrriL 

the  English  .^Mit - 
board.  TJii' 
armament  \%  u 
single  heiiivy^ 
traversing  giiij. 
MartexL,  tdu, 
A  digitigfttdo 

carnivorous  _ 

Fine-marten. 


ustela  or  Mar- 
tes,  fam.  Mustelidro,  the  ftir  of  which  is  in 
great  demand. 

Martini-Henry  Bifle,  -tfi'nfi-hen'rl 
rrfl.  A  breech-loading  rifle,  the  breech 
of  which  is  the  invention  of  Martini  and 
the  barrel  that  of  Alex.  Henry  of  Edin* 
burgh.    It  will  fire  36  shots  a  minute. 


Digitized  by 


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IfABTIN 


401 


MASTEB 


flCartixi.    The  name  of  5  popes. 

tfartin/tin.  A 
general  name  ap- 
plied to  various 
species  of  birds, 
gen.  Hirundo  or 
swallows. 

Martinet,  'ti- 
net     A  military 
or  naval  officer  who  is  an  excessively  strict 
disciplinarian. 

Martixmiaa.  'tin-mas.  The  feast  of  St. 
Martin,  the  llth  of  November. 

Mart3rr,'t6r.  One  who  suffers  persecution 
or  death  rather  than  renounce  his  opin- 
ions. 

ICartyrolOffy,  -ter-oFo-Ji.  A  history  or 
register  of  martyrs. 

Karat,  ma-rat.  In  Hind.  Myth,  a  god 
of  the  wind. 

Marver,  m&r'ver.  In  glass-making,  a 
plate  of  marble  or  oast-iron,  with  hollows 
in  it  for  shaping  work  when  blown. 

Karyland.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  one  of  the  original  18,  bounded  K. 
by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Delaware,  S.  by 
the  Atlantic,  District  of  Columbia  and 
Virginia,  W.  by  the  Virginias ;  area, 
11,124  sq.  m. ;  pop.  984,048.  Principal 
cities,  Annapolis,  cap.,  Baltimore,  f^ed- 
erick,  Havre-de-Grace.  Ghestertown,  Elk- 
ton  and  Easton.  Chief  rivers,  the  Susque- 
hanna, Patapso^  Patuzent,  Nantiooke, 
Ohoptank  and  Chester.  Mountains,  Al- 
leghanies  and  South  Mountain,  an  offshoot 
of  the  Blue  Bidge  range. 

Maaoled,  'kid.  Armor 
such  as  worn  by  the  Nor^ 
man  soldiers  represented 
in  Baveux  Tapestry,  com- 
posed of  small  lozenge- 
shaped  metallic  plates, 
fiwtened  on  a  leathern  or 
quilted  undercoat. 

Masoullne,  'kii-Un. 
Gram.,  the  mascaUne  or       Armor 
male  gender. 

TifaHhallah,  mash-al'la.  A  Turkish  and 
Persian  inteijtfctlon :  **  Praised  be  Allah ! 
or  God." 

ICaak,  mask.  A  visor ;  a  dis< 
guise;  a  masquerade;  a  dra- 
matic performance. 

Maslaoh,  mas'lak.  A  Turkish* 
stimulant  prepared  flrom  opium. 

ICason,  mfi'sn.  A  builder  in 
stone  or  brick.  A  member  of 
the  fraternity  of  Free  Masons. 

Kaaon-tiee,  -bd.     a  name  given  to  hy- 


Martin. 


~    Mask. 


menopterous  Insects,  genera  Osmia  and 
Chalcidoma,  which  construct  their  nesta 
with  sand  or  gravel. 

Mason-wasp,  -wosp.  A  name  given  to 
hymenopterous  insects,  gen.  Odynerus, 
fifom  their  ingenuity  in  excavating  their 
habitation  in  the  sand. 

Masoola-boat,  ma-sr>'lu-bOt.  A  large 
E.  Indian  boat  used  on  the  Coromandel 
coast  for  conveying  passengers  and  goods 
between  ships  and  th^  shore. 

Masora,  -so'ra.  A  Hebrew  work  <m  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures,  bv  several  rabbins, 
between  the  6th  and  9th  centuries.  It  sup- 
plies the  vowel  points,  besides  critlcu, 
grammatical  and  exegetical  remarks. 

Ma89,  mas.  A  service  whioh  forms  an 
essential  part  of  both  the  B.  C.  and 
Greek  Churches,  and  in  which  the  conse- 
cration of  the  sacramental  bread  and  wine 
and  communion  take  place. 

Massachusetts.  One  of  the  18  original 
States  of  the  American  Union,  bounded 
N.  by  Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Ver- 
mont, E.  by  the  Atlantio,  S.  bv  the 
AUantio,^  Connecticnt  and  Bhode 
Island,  W.  by  New  York;  area,  7,800 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,788,085.  Principal 
cities,  Boston,  cap.,  Lynn,  Lowell,  Wor- 
cester, Newbury  port,  Salem,  Beverly, 
New  Bedford  and  Fall  Biver.  Chief  rivers 
the  Connecticut,  Merrimack,  Housatonic, 
Taunton,  Nashua,  Charles,  Blaokstone, 
Chicopee,  Westfield  and  Deerfleld.  Moun- 
tains, the  Hoosac  and  Taconic  ranges.  M. 
inaugurated  the  movement  against  "  taxa. 
tion  without  representation,"  which  re. 
suited  in  the  independence  of  the  colonies. 
M.  Bay,  a  large  arm  of  the  Atlantic  extend 
ing  along  the  E.  coast  of  the  State,  betweeik 
Capes  Ann  and  Cod. 

Massena.  Andre.  (Prince  d*Essllng 
and  Due  de  Kivoli).  One  of  Napoleon^s 
most  successful  marshals,  b.  1758,  d.  1817. 
He  resigned  his  command  in  Portugal, 
after  the  sanguinary  but  indecisive  battle 
of  Fuentes  Onoro. 

Masseter,  'se-ter.  One  of  a  pair  of  mus- 
cles which  raises  the  under  Jaw. 

Massilia,  -sil'i-a.  A  small  planet  revolv- 
ing between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi. 
ter. 

Mast,  mast.  The  fruit  of  the  oak,  beech 
or  forest  trees  ;  nuts. 

Master,  'ter.  One  who  U  placed  in  au- 
thority ;  one  who  has  others  under  his  im- 
mediate control ;  correlative  to  slave,  ser- 
vant, Ac.  In  the  merchant  service,  the 
captain  of  a  ship.  In  the  navy,  the  officer 
who  navigatee  the  ship  under  the  direo* 


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402 


MAtJMLEti>Afi 


tion  of  the  captain.  He  ranks  with  lieu- 
tmiants.  The  head  of  or  a  teacher  in  a 
Bchool.  Formerly  a  respectfiil  title  of  ad- 
dress, but  now  applied  to  a  boy.  A  degree 
In  colleges  and  universities,  as  M.  of  Arts. 
The  titfe  of  the  head  of  some  societies  or 
corporations,  as  the  Grand  M.  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John ;  the  Master  of  a  lodge 
of  free  Masons,  Ac.  The  old  masters,  an- 
cient painters  of  eminence.  The  little 
masters,  certain  German  engravers  of  the 
16th  century,  so  called  fW)m  the  sniallness 
of  their  prints. 

Kaster-sinflrer,  -sing-er.  One  of  a  so- 
ciety of  ChBrman  poets  of  the  15th  and  16th 
centuries,  who  submitted  their  produc- 
tions to  Judges,  who  marked  the  raults  in 
them,  he  who  IumI  the  fewest  faults  rcceiy- 
ing  tiie  prize. 

Mastiff, 'tif. 
A  noble  va- 
riety of  dog 
of  a  very  old 
English, 
breed,  valu- 
able  as  » 
watch-dog. 

Mastiff, 
bat, -bat  A 
name  given  to  a  bat,  gen.  Molossus.  ft*om 
its  head  resembling  that  of  the  mastiff- 
dog. 

Mastodon,  'to-don.  A  gen.  of  extinct 
fossil  proboscidian  quadrupeds  resembling 
the  elephant,  but  larger,  round  associated 
with  those  of  the  mammoth.    One  sped- 


MLi.'iiti, 


Mastodon  restored. 

men,  nearly  perfect,  was  found  in  Missouri 
in  1840.  It  is  now  in  the  British  Museum  ; 
its  dimensions  are — extreme  length  20  ft. 
2  in.,  height  9  ft.  6J  in.,  tusks  7  ft.  2  in. 

Mastologry,  -toro-ii.  The  natural  his- 
tory of  animals  which  suckle  theu*  young. 

Mat,  mat.  In  copper-smelting,  the  alloy 
of  copper,  tin,  iron,  Ac.,  otherwise  called 
White-metal. 

Mataco,  'a-ko.  The  three-banded  arma- 
dillo ;  an  edentate  mammal,  gen.  Dasypus, 
reinurkable  for  its  power  of  rolHng  itself 
into  a  ball. 


Matador,  -d5r.  The  man  appointed  t« 
kill  the  bull  in  Spanish  bull-fights.  When 
the  bull  is  excited  to  fUry  by  the  attacks 
of  the  picadores  and  banderilleros,  the 
matador  steps  forward  and  plunges  his 
sword  into  the  animal  near  the  left 
shoulder-blade. 

Matamata,  ma-ta-m&'to.  A  curious  S. 
American  tortoise,  with  a  small  carapace 
and  exposed  head  and  feet;  the  Ohely^ 
fimbriata. 

Matamoras.  The  principal  Mexican 
city  on  the  Rio  Grande,  40  m.  from  its 
mouth  ;  pop.  abt.  52,000. 

Materialism,  ma-tS'ri-alizm.  Thedoc< 
trine  which  denies  the  existence  of  any 
spiritual  substance,  and  holds  that  the 
mind  is  mere  matter ;  opposed  to  spiritual- 
ism. 

Materia  Medica,  -a  med'i-ka.  The 
bmnch  of  medical  science  which  treats  of 
the  various  substances  employed  in  the 
pi-actice  of  medicine,  and  their  operation. 
A  general  term  for  all  the  substances  em- 
ployed in  medicine. 

Mathemegr,  math'e-meg.  A  fish  of  the 
eod  kind,  inhabiting  Hudson's  Bay. 

Mather,  Cotton.  An  eminent  American 
theologian  of  the  Puritan  school :  b.  in 
Mass.,  1663  ;  d.  1728. 

Matin,  mat'in.  Time  of  morning  ser- 
vice ;  the  first  canonical  hour  in  the  B.  0. 
Church. 

Ma>t1n-dog,  -dog.  A  large  dog,  allle<l  to 
the  Danish  dog,  but  now  scarcely  seen 
except  in  France. 

Matinee,  -in-a.  An  entertainment  or  re- 
ception held  early  in  the  day. 

Matricide,  'ri-sid.  The  killing  or  mur- 
der of  one's  mother. 

Matriculate,  ma-trik'u-lat.  One  who  is 
matriculated  or  enrolled  in  a  register,  and 
thus  admitted  to  membership  in  a  society. 

Matron,  ma'tron.  A  married  woman, 
especially  an  elderly  married  woman.  A 
head  nurse  in  a  hospital.  The  female  su- 
perintendent of  any  institution. 

Matthew,  St.  (Levi).  One  of  the  12 
Apostles,  son  of  Alpheus,  and  author  of 
the  first  gospel ;  he  was  a  revenue  officer 
at  Capernaum  when  called  by  Christ. 
Tradition  says  he  lived  at  Jerusalem  15 
years  after  the  ascension,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  in  Persia. 

Maty,  mat'!.  A  native  servant  of  all 
work  in  India. 

Maud,  mad.  A  gray  woolen  plaid  worn 
by  shepherds  in  Scotland. 

Mauniletdar,  mfim'Iet-dar.     In  the  £. 


Digitized  by 


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493 


MAZEPPA 


Indies,  a  person  who  snperintends  the 
collection  of  the  revenue,  the  police,  &c. 

Maund,  mand.  In  the  £.  Indies,  a 
measure  of  weight  varying  from  26  to  82 
lbs. 

Maiindy-Thiirsday.  The  Thursday 
in  Passion-week,  or  next  before  Good 
Friday,  on  which  the  sovereign  of  Eng- 
land distributes  alus  to  a  certain  number 
of  poor  persons  at  Whitehall. 

fICatiTioe  of  Nassau,  Prince.  Second 
son  of  William  "the  Silent,"  Prince  of 
Orange ;  b.  1567,  d.  1625.  He  s.  his  brother 
as  Pnnoe  of  Orange,  1621,  after  a  most 
successful  military  career,  which  ho  began 
at  the  age  of  20  as  Captain-General  of  the 
United  P^vinces. 

fCauritius  (Isle  of  France).  A  Brit- 
ish island  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Cap.  Port 
Louis ;  pop.  860,000. 

tf  aury,  Matthew  Fontaine.  An 
American  commotJore;  b.  in  Va.,  1806; 
D.  1878.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  hy- 
drographer  and  publicist.  His  war  record 
was  made  in  the  Confedt>Tate  service. 

Mausoleum,  ma-sd-le'mn.  A  magnifi- 
cent tomb  or  stately  sepulchral  monu- 
ment. A  sepulchral  edince  erected  for 
the  reception  of  a  monument,  or  to  con- 
tain tombs. 

Maut,  mat.  An  Egyptian  goddess,  the 
personifidfttion  of  Mother  Nature,  vlA  the 
second  person  of  the  Theban  trinity,  cor- 
responding to  the  Greek  Demeter. 

Mauve,  m§v.  A  beautiful  purple  dyd 
obtfdned  from  aniline,  the  sulphate  ot  a 
haae  called  maaveine;  also  the  color. 

M«Ti«,  ma'vlft 
Th*  TuMns  Diu- 
fiiyiifi^  thnjstle  Or  I 
a  nil  g- thrush  ot 
Europo,  Itiie^oTiig 
]»  sweet  aqd  ha^ 
nan  tAdftrnbl'o  rt>iu ' 
|riua ;  \i  can  be 
Umght  niii^i(.'',:Ll 
lurn,  and  rfiriiiy  Uj 
Hrtiuulate  wurUfl.  Mavis. 

Mawworm,  ma- 
werm.     The  Ascaiis  vermicularis,  which 
infests  the  rectum  of  mankind,  and  occa- 
sionally visits  the  maw  or  stomach. 

•yffl.'giTniHa.Ti^  maks-l-mll'i-an.  A  Bava- 
rian gold  coin  worth  about  $2.12. 

TWft.-g-iiTiillf^.p  The  name  of  two  Ger- 
man emperors.  M.  I.,  son  of  Frederick 
III.,  became  king  of  the  Netherlands  1477, 
through  his  marriage  with  Mary  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  emperor  14M ;  d.  1519.  Swit- 
7erland  aecurecf  her  independence  during 


his  reign.    M.  II.  s.  his  &ther  Ferdinand 
I.,  1564 ;  D.  1576.    He  relieved  Hungary 
from  Turkish  domination. 
Maximilian,  Ferdinand  Joseph. 


(Archduke  of  Austria.)  Younger  brother 
of  Emperov  Francis  Joseph,  b.  1882,  exe- 
cuted in  Mexico,  June  17,  1867,  having 
been  persuaded  by  Napoleon  III.  to  ac- 
cept the  sovereignly  of  that  country,  then 
occupied  by  the  French  troops.  These 
being  recalled  the  Mexicans  rose  under 
Juarez,  and  defeated  and  captured  M.,  who 
was  shot  with  two  of  his  generals.  His 
wife  Carlotta,  daughter  of  Leopold  I.,  king 
of  Belgium,  lost  her  reason  over  the  cruel 
fate  of  her  husband,  and  is  still  living  a 
hopeless  but  quiet  maniac. 

May,  ma.    The  fifth  month  of  the  year. 

Maya,  'a.  In  Hindu.  Myth,  the  will  or 
energy  of  the  supreme  being,  personified 
as  a  female,  by  whom  he  created  the  uni- 
verse. 

May-bird,  'benl.  The  name  given  in 
Jamaica  to  a  fine  song-bird,  the  Turdus 
mustelinus.  A  name  given  to  the  bobo- 
link or  rice-bird. 

May-day,  'dii.  The  first  day  of  May,  so 
called  in  England,  in  commomomtion  of 
the  festivities  which  from  a  very  early  pe- 
riod were  observed  on  tliat  day.  The  chief 
features  of  the  celebration  arc  the  gather- 
ing of  flowers,  crowning  the  May-queen, 
dancing  round  the  May-pole,  &c. 

Mayence  (Mentz).  An  important 
commercial  city  of  the  grand  duchy  of 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  S.  Germany,  strongly 
fortified ;  pop.  54,862. 

May-fly,  'fit.  The  popular  name  of  the 
Sialis  lutaria,  a  neuropterous  insect.  The 
nan.  ?  is  also  applied  to  various  insects  of 
tlic  gen.  Ephemera. 

Mayoi,  'er.  The  chief  officer  of  a  muni- 
cipal cor|)oration.  M.  of  the  palace,  in 
France,  originally  the  first  .officer  of  the 
royal  househcM,  then  the  first  officer  of 
state,  under  tho  Merovingian  kings.  Ul- 
timately, in  the  year  752,  Pepin  tho  Short, 
mayor  of  tho  pafaco  to  Chikleric  IV.,  pro- 
cured the  deposition  v>f  that  king,  and  him- 
self ascended  the  throue,  founding  the  Car- 
lovingian  dynasty. 

Mayoress,  -es.    The  wife  of  a  mayor. 

Mazarin,  Jules,  Cardinal.  A  French 
statesman,  b.  in  Italy  1G02,  i.  1661.  lie 
s.  Richelieu  as  Prime  minist^-r  cf  Anne  of 
Austria,  queen  regent,  and  is  believed  to 
have  been  privately  married  to  her. 
Mazeppa,  Ivan  Stepanovitch.  A 
Polish  adventurer,  b.  1644.  He  \*as  .ie- 
tected  in  an  amour  with  the  wife  of  a  Po* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MAZOLOGT 


494 


MEDINE 


lish  noble,  and  bound  to  the  back  of  a  wild 
horse  which  was  tarned  loose  and  carried 
him  to  the  country  of  the  CJossacks,  in 
which  he  rose  to  be  their  hetman  or  chief 
1687.  Discovered  in  a  plot  against  Russian 
rale,  he  fled  to  Turkey,  where  he  died  in 
obscurity,  1709. 

lCazol08T>  -zol'o-ji.  That  department 
of  zoology  which  treats  of  mammiferous 
Mtimals. 

Mazurka,  ma-znr^a.  A  Uvely  Polish 
round  dance  in  f  or  i  time. 

tKttaasini  ^  GuiflOPpe.  A  distinguished 
Italian  patriot  and  revolutionist,  B.at  Genoa 
1807,  D.  1872.  Most  of  his  mature  life  was 
spent  in^exile  in  England. 

Meade,  Gteorse  Gh>rdon.  An  Amer- 
ican general ;  b.  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1816,  d. 
in  Penn.  1872.  He  commanded  the  Fed- 
eral forces  at  the  important  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg, Penn.,  and  was  second  in  com- 
mand to  Gen.  Grant  in  the  Richmond 
campaign. 

Meaidow-lark,  mc'dd-lSrk.  A  song- 
bird, oriole  fam.;  8turneIIa  magna. 

Meaidow-ore,  -5r.  In  Hin.  conchoidal 
bog-iron  ore. 

Meat-olFerixifir,  met'of-er-ing.  In  Scrip, 
a  sacrifice  consisting  of  meat  or  food,  or 
more  strictly  of  flour  and  oil. 

Mecca.  The  holy  city  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans, in  Arabia,  270  m.  S.  £.  of  Medina, 
noted  for  the  famous  mosque  of  £1 
Haram,  860  ft.  long  by  800  ft.  wide,  con- 
taining the  venerated  Caaba.  M.  was  the 
birth-place  nf  Mohammed.  It  formerly 
contained  a  pop.  of  over  100,000,  but  now 
has  only  abt.  25,000. 

Meclianic,  me-kan'ik.  One  skilled  in 
shaping  and  uniting  materials,  as  wood, 
metal,  Ac,  into  any  kind  of  structure, 
machine  or  other  object;  one  who  fol- 
lows a  mechanical  occupation  for  a  living. 
Mechanics'  institute,  an  institution  for  the 
instruction  and  recreation  of  persons  of 
the  artisan  classes. 

Mechanics,  'Iks.  A  common  name  for 
the  science  which  treats  of  motion  and 
force.  Practical  mechanics,  the  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  mechanics  to 
practical  purposes,  as  the  construction  of 
machines,  buildings,  &c.  Rational  me- 
chanics, that  branch  which  treats  of  the 
theory  of  motion  ;  kinematics. 

MechanogTaphy,  mek-an-og'ra-fi. 
The  art  of  raultipljring  copies  of  a  writing 
or  any  work  of.  art  by  the  use  of  a  ma- 
chine. 

Mechitarist,  -It'ar-ist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
ArmeniaoB  acknowledging  the  authority 


of  the  pope,  but  retaining  thelp  own  rituaL 
They  have  printed  the  best  editions  of 
Armenian  classics. 

Mechlin,  'lin.    A  fine  lace  made  at  Meoh- 

-  lin  or  Malines  in  Belgium. 

Medal,  med'al.  A  coin,  a  piece  of  metal  in 
the  form  of  a  coin,  stamped  with  some 
figure  or  device  to  preserve  the  portrait  of 
some  distinguished  person,  or  the  memo- 
ry of  an  illustrious  action  or  event,  or  as  a 
reward  of  merit 

Medalet,  -et.    A  small  medal. 

Medallion,  mg-dal'yun.  A  large  an- 
tique Roman  medal  struck  to  commem- 
rate  persons  or  events.  In  Arch,  any  tab- 
let, bearing  on  it  objects  in  relief,  as  fig- 
ures, heads,  animals,  flowers,  &c. 

Medallurgy,  -er-ji.  The  art  of  making 
and  striking  medals  and  coins. 

Medea.  In  Myth,  the  wife  of  Jason, 
daughter  of  JEtes,  King  of  Colchis,  and 
niece  of  Ch-a,  noted  for  her  works  of 
magic.  She  assisted  Jason  in  his  search 
for-the  Golden  Fleece  and  accompanied 
him  to  Greece,  where,  being  deserted  by 
him,  she  killed  her  two  sons. 

Media.  An  ancient  division  of  W.  Asia 
N.  of  Persia,  whose  kings  for  abt  lOOyears 
were  sovereigns  of  the  known  world.  It 
was  conquered  by  Cyrus  660  b.  c,  and  in- 
corporated with  Persia. 

Medici.  A  noble  Florentine  ikmily, 
founded  by  Giovanni  de  M.  in  the  14th 
century,  and  became  extinct  in  the 
male  llnie,  1787.  Several  of  its  members 
were  distinguished  as  soldiers,  others  as 
statesmen  and  patrons  of  the  arts. 

Medicine,  med'sin.  Any  substance 
used  as  a  remedy  for  disease.  The  science 
and  art  of  preventing,  curing  or  alleviat- 
ing diseases  of  the  human  body.  M.  seal  or 
stamp,  small,  greenish,  square  stones 
found  near  old  Roman  towns  and  stations 
engraved  with  inscriptions  used  as  seals 
by  ancient  physicians. 

Medieval,  -i-C'val.  One  belonging  to 
the  middle  agos. 

Medievalist,  -ist.  One  versed  in  the 
history  of  the  middle  ages ;  one  who  83rm- 
pathizes  with  the  spirit  and  principles  of 
the  mid41e  ages. 

Medina.  A  city  of  Arabia,  the 
*•  Town  of  the  Prophet,"  in  the  H6iaz,  100 
m.  N.  E.  of  Yembo,  its  port  on  the  Red 
Sea,  ranking  after  Mecca  in  sacredness  to 
the  Mohammedans,  its  mosque  contain- 
ing Mohammed's  tomb  ;  pop.  17,860. 

Medine,  me-d€n'.  A  small  coin  and 
money  of  account  in  Egypt,  the  40th  part 
of  a  piastre. 


Digitized  by 


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MEDITEBBANEAN  SEA 


495 


MELBOUBNE 


Mediterranean  Sea.  The  large 
body  of  water  separatiiig  Europe 
from  Africa  and  W.  Asia;  length  2,dw 
m.,  maximum  breadth  1,200  m.  It  con- 
nects with  the  Atlantic  at  its  west  ex- 
tremity by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and  on 
the  E.  with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  by  the 
Dardanelles. 

Medjidie,  mej'i-di.  A  Tnrklsh  order  of 
knighthood,  instituted  in  1852,  and  con- 
ferred on  many  British  and  other  officers 
of  the  Crimean  War.  A  Turkish  gold  coin 
worth  about  $4.50. 

lEedrissa,  m^-dris'sa.  A  high  school  or 
gymnasium  in  Mohanmiedan  countries 
for  the  education  of  youth. 

Mednsa,  me-du'sa.  In  Myth,  one  of  the 
three  Oorgons,  who  is  represented  as 
originally  a  beautlflil  maiden,  but  as  hav- 
ing her  hair  changed  into  serpents  by 
Athene,  which  made  her  head  so  horrible 
that  all  who  looked  at  it  were  tamed  to 
stone. 

Medusldsd.  'sUV: 
The  jelly-fisbii^  ->t  m^sv- 
nettles;  an  orl.  ot  Uy- 
drozoa,  oo^xt,  n^Ud ' 
with  the  sub-<'lu?<iH  JJIb- 
cophora. 

Meereohanm,  mtV* 
sham.  A  hy^lrated 
silicate  of  mAg^i^i^iuro, 
consisting  of  >'hXD  uirtq 
silica,  26.1  magneslaui, 
and  12.0  water,  occur- 
ring as  a  fine  white  clay, 


Medusa. 
Found  on  the 


sea-shore  in  places  in  rounded  lumps,  it 
was  supposed  to  be  petrified  searfoam, 
hence  its  German  name.  It  is  manufSao- 
tured  into  tobacco-pipes. 

Mefiraoeros,  me-gas'e-ros.  An  extinct 
genus  of  deer,  whose  remains  occur  in 
the  bogs  of  Scotland  and  shell  marl  of 
Ireland  below  the  peat  or  bog  earth. 
Specimens  of  the  horns  have  been  found 
measuring  10  feet  4  inches,  and  from  10 
to  12  feet  between  the  tip?, 

MesacOBin,  meg'a^kozm.  The  grea^ 
world;  macrocosm. 

Megralanea,  -a^l&'n^-a.  A  gigantic  extinct 
land-lizard,  of  Australia.  Its  length 
was  about  20  feet 

Mesalesian,  -Ig'si-an.  In  Boman 
Antiq.  a  magnificent  festival,  with  games, 
celebrated  at  Borne  in  April,  lasting  six 
days.  In  honor  of  Cybele,  the  mother  of 
the  gods.  The  games  were  scenic  and 
not  drcensian. 

Meeralotis,  meg-a-15'tis.  A  gen .  of  A  fri- 
can   digitigrade    carnivorous  mammals, 


CanidaB  or  dog  fkmily,  characterized  by 
the  large  size  of  their  oars ;  the  fennecs. 

M  egralo- 

saiirus,  'a- 
16-8a"rus.  A  ' 

Senrof  fossil 
eino8aurian<; 
reptiles,    40; 
to   50  ft.  in  J 

length,  com-     Megalosaurus  Kestoreu. 
bining     the 
characters  of  the  monitors  and  crocodiles. 

Meffapodius,  -po'di-us.  A  gen .  of  raso- 
rial  birds,  the  most  remarkable  species 
being  the  Australian  jungle-fowl,  remark- 
able for  erecting  mounds  of  earth,  stones, 
leaves,  &c.,  15  ft.  high  and  150  in  circum- 
ference, in  which,  at  a  depth  of  2  or  8  ft., 
it  deposits  eggs,  leaving  them  to  be 
hatehed  by  the  heat  of  the  fermenting 
vegetable  mass. 

Megr&ptera,  me-gap'ter-a.  A  gen.  of 
whales,  fam.  Bakenidse,  including  the 
hump-backed  whales. 

KCegrarian,  -gS'ri-an.  A  school  of  phi- 
losophy founded  at  Megara,  in  Greece,  by 
Euclid,  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  It  was  r^ 
markable  for  tlie  subtiety  of  its  logic. 

Megratheriuxa,  meg-a-thS'ri-um.  A  fos- 
sil gen.  of  edentate  mammals,  allied  to  the 
sloths,  about  8  ft.  high,  and  12  to  18  fL 
long. 

Mehemet  All.  Pasha  of  Egypt,  b.  1769, 
D.  1849.  He  was  warlike  and  energetic, 
breaking  the  power  of  the  Mamelukes  by 
the  massacre  of  their  leaders,  and  con- 
quered Syria.  The  viceroyalty  was  made 
heredltaiy  in  his  family. 

Meissonier,  Jean  liOuiB  Ernest.  A 
distinguished  French  painter,  b.  1811. 

Mekong:,  (Cambodia).  A  large  river 
of  S.  E.  Asia,  emptying  into  the  China 
Sea ;  length  1,800  m. 

Melada,  me-la'da.  Crude  or  impure 
sugar  as  it  comes  from  the  pans ;  a  mix- 
ture of  sugar  and  molasses. 

Melanesian,  m^-la-nS'si-an.  A  fkmily 
of  languages  spoken  by  the  inhabitants  of 
numerous  islands  in  the  Pacific  and  Indian 
Oceans. 

Melanism,  meran-izm.  In  Physiol,  an 
undue  development  of  coloring  material 
in  the  skin  and  its  appendages ;  the  oppo- 
site of  albinism. 

Melbourne.  Cap.  of  Victoria,  Australia, 
on  Bay  of  Port  Philio,  the  most  important 
commercial  city  of  the  island  continent ; 
j»op.  225,480. 


Digitized  by 


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MELAITTAN 


49t 


MENELAITB 


Mdanian. 


Hfelanlan.  Oi" 
ofaftmUyofmoi- 
Insks  hATing  & 
tarret  or  s^e- 
■haped  ahefl. 
Xelanothon, 
FblUp.  (Re^ 
BttneP.Sohwar^- 
«rdL)  An  eml- 
]i«iit  Ckrman  tb^ 
ologian  and  k- 
former;  b.  1497, 
D.  1560.  He  waa 
the  contemporary,  friend  and  sucoesaor  of 
Luther  as  tne  head  of  the  Oerman  Refor- 
mation. 

Molchlaodician,  -kiz'e-di^'shan.  One 
of  a  sect  in  the  8d  centory  who  afl&rmed 
Melchiaedec  to  be  Christ,  or  the  Holy 
Ghost,  and  paid  him  divine  adoration. 
Melchite,  melklt  Oneofan  Eastern  sect 
of  Christians  who.  while  adhering^  to  the 
OreelL  Church,  acknowledge  the  authority 
of  the  pope.  The  name  is  also  given  to 
such  members  of  the  Greek  community 
asareBoman  Catholics. 
iCeleafiTTi- 
XiflB,  mel'-€-a- 
gri"n6.  A  sub- 
fam.  of  the 
Phasianids,or 
pheasant  ftm- 

fiy,    comprio- 

ing  the  tur-  ■^^9'IVBiiie-:  ^  ^ 
keys  and  gui-  "'^^^^jj^^.^.  .  .:^- 
nea-fowl. 

Meles,    mfi'.  Meleagrifl. 

les.  A  gen.  of  «**«. 

plantigrade  mammals,  the  badgers. 
MeliphaeridaB,  mel-i-faj'i-de.     A  fam. 

of  tenuirosiral  insessores,  the  honey-eaters 

or  honey -suckers. 
Mellwiglnaa,  -su'ji-ng.    A  sub-fam.  of 

tenuirostral,  passerine   birds,  fam.  Tro- 

chllidie,  the  straight-billed  humming-birds. 
Meliteea,-te'a.      A  gen.  of  butterflies, 

fam.  Nymphalidffi. 

Mellivora,  me-liv'd-ra.  A  gen.  of  the 
Melidie  or  badger  family. 

Melodeon,  lo'de-on.  A  wind-lnstrn- 
ment  ftirnished  with  metallic  free  ree<l8 
and  a  key-board  ;  a  variety  of  the  harmo- 
nium.   Called  also  Beed-organ. 

Meloo,  mel'6-5.  A  gen.  of  coleopterous 
insects,  fam.  Cantharidae ;  the  oil-beetles. 

Melolontha,  -d-1  m'tha.  A  gen.  of  la- 
mellioom  beetles,  of  which  the  common 
cock-chafer  is  an  example. 

l£elopiano,'-pl-a-nd.    An  invention  by 


which  sustained  sounds  can  be  prodooed 
on  a  pianoforte. 

Melotype,  -tip.    A  photographic  proceM 
in  which  the  dark  ohamber 
is  dispensed  with. 

Xelpomene,  -pom'S-nS. 
In  Chus.  Myth,  the  muse 
who  presides  over  tragedy, 
daughter  of  Zeus  and  Mne- 
mosyne.   She  is  generally  i 
represented   as   a  young 
woman,  with  vine  leaves 
surrounding  her  head,  and  I 
holding  a  tragic  mask.    A I 
small  planet  revolving  be- 
tween  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter. 

Melrose, 'r5z.    Honey  of  I      

ro8«8-  Melpomene. 

Memnon.  In  Heroic  Hist,  son  of  Tith- 
onos  and  Eos,  and  King  of  Egypt,  killed 
by  Achilles  at  the  siege  of  Troy.  Some 
writers  consider  M.  identical  with  Ameno- 
phis  II.  of  Egypt,  in  whose  honor  the 
colossal  statue  near  Thebes  was'erected, 
which  was  long  believed  to  emit  a  musi- 
cal sound  when  touched  by  the  first  beam 
of  the  rising  sun. 

Memphis  (Moph  of  Scrip.)  A  &- 
mous  city  of  ancient  Egypt,  on  W.  bank 
of  the  Nile,  10  m.  8.  of  modern  Cairo; 
now  in  ruins.  M.,  a  city  of  Shelby  Co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  Mississippi,  i09  m.  8. 
W.  of  Nashville ;  pop.  88,6912. 

Menagperie,  me-naj'er-i.  A  yard  or 
place  in  which  wild  animals  are  kept  A 
collection  of  wild  or  foreign  animids  kept 
for  exhibition. 

Menai  Straits.  A  channel  of  the  Irish 
Sea,  bet.  N.  Wales  and  the  Island  of 
Anglesea.  It  is  crossed  by  a  suspension 
bridge  and  by  the  Britannia  tubular  bridge; 
length  14  m. 

Mendelssohn,  Moses.  An  eminent 
German  philosopher  of  Jewish  descent:  b. 
1729,  D.  1786. 

Mendelssohn- Bartholdy,    Felix. 

A  distinguished  German  composer:  b 
1809,  D.  1847.  His  first  successful  opera 
was  written  when  he  was  but  18  years  ol 
ago. 

Mendicant,  men'di-kant.  A  b^gar ; 
especially,  a  member  of  a  begging  order 
or  fraternity ;  a  begging  friar. 

Mene,  mS'ne.  A  Chaldaic  word  signify- 
ing numeration. 

Menelans.  In  Heroic  Hist.  Kingof  Spar^ 
ta  and  husband  of  Helen,  whose  abduction 
by  Paris  led  to  the  Trojan  war.  After  the 
fall  of  Troy  the  pair  were  rewedded. 


Digitized  by 


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MENGRBTIAN 


497 


MERLANGXT8 


Men^rretian*  men  -grS'shi  -an .  One  of  a 
sect  in  the  Greek  Chnrch. 

Menhaden,  -harden.  A  salt-water  fish, 
&m.  Glupeidffi,  or  herrings. 

Meniscus.  A  moon-shaped 
body. 

Mennonite,  'non-lt.  One  of  a 
sect  of  Anabaptists  named  after 
Simon  Menno,  a  Friesland  priest 
of  the  17th  century,  vrho  did  not 
believe  in  original  sin,  and  ob- 
jected to  taking  oaths  or  making 
war. 

Menopome,  men'd-pom.  A 
tailed  amphibian  yertebrate,  ord. 
Urodela,  peculiar  to  the  firesh 
waters  or  N.  America,  which 
seems  to  form  a  connecting  link  between 
the  pennibranchiate  amphibians  and  the 
salamander.  It  is  yariously  called  hell- 
bender, mud-devil,  ground  pnppy,  yoang 
alligator  and  tweea. 

Menura,  me-nu'ra.  A  singuhir  gen.  of 
birds  forming  the  insessorial  &m.  Menu- 
rid».  The  only  species  known  is  the  lyre- 
bird. 

Mephitis,  -f f'tis.  A  gen  of  carnivorous 
animals,  remarkable  for  the  disagreeable 
odor  which  they  emit ;  the  skunk. 

Mexchant-bar,  mer'chant-bfir.  A  bar 
of  iron  in  a  ftnished  state  for  the  merchant; 
iron  after  the  puddled  bars  have  been  piled 
and  reheated  and  rolled. 

Merchant-captain,  -kap-tan.  The 
master  of  a  merchantman. 

Merohantman,  -man.  A  ship  employed 
in  the  transportation  of  goods,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  ship  of  war. 

Merchant-tailor,  -ta-ler.  A  tailor  who 
ftimishes  materials  for  the  garments 
which  he  makes. 

Mercary,'k6-ri.  In 
MyUi.  the  name  of  a 
Soman  divinity, 
identified  later  with 
the  Greek  Hermes. 
As  representing 
Hermes  he  was  re- 
garded as  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Maia, 
ana  was  looked  upon 
as  the  god  of  elo- 
quence, of  commerce 
and  of  robbers.  He 
was  also  the  messen- 
ger, herald  and  am- 
bassador of  Jupiter. 
As  a  Roman  divinlly 
h«  was  merely  the 


patron  of  oommeroe  and  gain. 


Mercury. 


Mercury.  Quicksilver,  a  metal  whos« 
specific  gravity  is  greater  than  that  of  any 
other,  except  the  platinum  metals,  gold 
and  tungsten,  being  18.56,  or  thirteen 
times  and  a  half  heavier  than  water.  It 
is  the  only  metal  which  is  liquid  at  com- 
mon temperatures.  Mercury  is  used  in 
barometers  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  thermometers  to  de- 
termine the  temperature  of  the  air.  In 
Astron.  the  planet  that  revolves  round  the 
sun  within  the  orbit  of  the  pUmet  Venus 
and  next  to  it. 

Mere.    A  pool  or  lake. 

MereffOUtte,  mfir-gut.  The  first  run- 
ning of  wine,  oil,  Ac.,  before  any  pressure 
has  been  used. 

Mergranser,  mer- 
gan'scr.    A  migra- 
tory arctic  water-  - 
fowl,  gen.  Fergus.  [ 

Meridian,  me-^ 
rid'i-an.  Mid-day;  i, 
noon.      In  Geog.  ~ 
an  imaginary  circfe  ~       xr— -«-«. 
on  the  surface  of  Merganser, 

the  earth  passing  through  both  iK>les,  and 
through  any  other  given  place,  the  plans 
of  it  thus  dividing  the  globe  into  two 
hemispheres.  Every  place  on  the  globe 
has  its  meridian,  and  when  the  sun  arrives 
above  this  circle  it  is  mid-day  or  noon. 
Longitude  is  measured  between  the  me- 
ridians. In  Astron.  a  similar  imaginary 
circle  of  the  celestial  sphere,  passing 
through  the  poles  of  the  heavens  and  the 
zenith  of  any  place.  Magnetic  Meridian, 
one  of  the  great  circles  whicli  pass  through 
the  assumed  magnetic  poles. 

Meridian-mark,  -m&rk.  A  mark 
placed  at  a  convenient  spot  several  miles 
from  an  observatory,  ana  due  south  of  the 
place  of  the  transit  instrument,  to  servfl 
as  a  means  of  marking  the  direction  of  tht 
true  south  point  of  the  horizon. 
Merino,  -re'nd.  A  dress  stuff,  twilled  oi 
both  sides,  manufactured  flrom  merin« 
wool. 

Meriones,  -ri-o' 
n6z.    A  gen.  of/ 
N.  American  ro-  / 
dent  mouse-like  ij 
mammals,    fhm. 
Dipodidffi.      M. 
hudsonicusisthe^ 
jumping-mouse. 
Blerlanerus, 
mer-lang''gus.  A 

gen.  of  fishes,  tarn.  Gadidae,  indwUng  th« 
whiting  and  pollack. 


Meriones. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MERLIN  498 


METAGENESIS 


Merlin,  'lin.  A 
hawk,  gen.  Faloo, 
about  l£e  size  of  a 
blackbird,  but  very 
bold. 

Merlin,  Ambro- 
sias. A  noted  An- 
glo-Saxon prophet 
and  Booth-aayer, 
whose  nam  e  a  p  - 
pears  frequently 
in  the  legendary  his- 
tory of  the  5th  cen- 
tury, associated  with 
that  of  King  Arthur. 

MerludLus,  -lu'shi-us.  A  gen.  of  teleos- 
tean  fishes,  cod  fiun. 

Mermaid,  'mad.  A  fkbled  marine  crea- 
ture, liaving  the  upper  part  like  that  of  a 
woman,  and  the  lower  like  a  fish. 

Merman,  'man.  The  male  correspond- 
ing to  mermaid :  a  man  of  the  sea,  with 
the  tail  of  a  fish  instead  of  legs. 

Meropidse,  md- 
rop'l-dfi.  Afamofin- 
sessoilal  birds,  of 
which  the  bee-eater 
(Merops)  is  the  type. 

Merostomata,  -ro- 
stomVta.  An  ord 
of  CrustacesB,  includ- 
ing forms  often  of  gi- 
gintio  size,  compiis- 
g  the  klng-orabs  or 
Limuli,  and  the  ex- 
tinct Ptorygoti  and 
Eurypteri. 

Merovinfirian,  -vin'ji-an.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  the  earliest  dynasty  of  Frankish 
kings  of  Gaul.  The  dynasty  gave  place  to 
the  Carlovinglans  in  762.     A   term  ap- 

Slied  to  the  written  characters  of  certain 
188.  in  French  libraries,  of  the  Merovin- 
gian period. 

Merry-thougrht,  mer'i-that  The  ftir- 
cula,  or  forked  bone  of  a  fowl's  breast, 
which  is  sportively  broken  by  two  unmar- 
ried persons,  one  pulling  at  each  end,  the 
longest  part  being  taken  as  an  omen  that 
the  one  who  gets  it  will  be  married  first; 
the  wish-bone. 

Mersey.  A  river  of  England,  which 
forms  a  broad  estuary  at  Runcorn,  12  m. 
above  Liverpool ;  It  is  navigable  to  Man- 
chester, 31  m.  from  Runcorn. 

Vierycotherium,  me'ri-ko-the"ri-um. 
A  gen.  of  huge  fossil  mammals,  akin  to 
the  Bactrian  camel,  occurring  in  the  drift 
of  Siberia. 

Mesartin,  mes-ar'tin.     The  well-known 


Merops. 


double  star  of  the  constellation  Aries,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  recognized  star  ol 
that  kind. 

Mesched.  An  important  oommercial 
city  of  Persia,  465  m.  N.  E.  of  Teheran, 
noted  for  containing  the  splendid  tomb  of 
the  Sultan  Haroun-al-Rasobld :  pop.  78, 
000. 

Mesmer,  Friedrich  Anton.  A  Ger- 
man physician  and  philosopher ;  b.  1718, 
D.  1815.  M.  was  the  author  of  the  systam 
of  Animal  Magnetism  or  Mesmerism. 

Mesmerism,  mez'mer-izm.  The  doc- 
trine that  one  person  can  exercise  in- 
fluence over  the  will  and  nervous  system 
of  another,  and  produce  certain  phenom- 
ena  by  virtue  oi^  a  supposed  emanation, 
called  Animal  Magnetism,  proceeding 
from  him,  or  simply  by  the  domination 
of  his  will  over  that  of  the  person  operated 


.,  mes-sali-an.  One  of  a  sect 
of  heretics  of  the  4th  century  who  pro- 
fessed to  adhere  to  the  strict  letter  of  the 
gospel,  specifically  refusing  to  work,  and 
quoting  tnis  passage :  *  *  lAbor  not  for  the 
rood  that  perisheth.'* 

Messiad,  -si'ad.  A  poem  with  the  Mes- 
siah for  its  hero ;  specifically,  a  modem 
German  epic  poem  written  by  Klopstook, 
relating  to  the  sufferings  and  triumphs  of 
the  Messiah. 

Messiah,  -sT'a.  Christ,  the  Anointed; 
the  Saviour  of  the  world. 

Messidor,  -si-dor.  The  10th  month  of 
the  year  in  the  calendar  of  the  first  French 
Republic,  conmiendng  June  19  and  ending 
July  18. 

Messieurs,  -yens.  Shrs;  gentlemen: 
used  in  English  as  the  plural  of  Mr.,  and 
generally  contracted  into  Messrs. 

Mestee,  mes-te.  The  offspring  of  a 
white  and  a  quadroon.  Written  also  Mus- 
tee. 

Mestizo,  -zo.  The  offspring  of  a  Spaniard 
or  Creole  and  an  American  Indian. 

Metabola,  me-tab'o-la.  In  Entom.  in- 
sects that  undergo  metamorphosis. 

Metacarpus,  met-a-kar'pus.  The  hand 
between  the  wrist  and  fingers. 

Metagrelatlne,  -jeFa-tin.  In  Photog. 
a  substance  used  as  a  preservative  in  the 
collodion  process. 

Metagrenesis,  -jen'e-sis.  In  Zool.  the 
changes  of  form  which  the  representa- 
tive of  a  species  undergoes  in  passing,  b^ 
a  series  of  successively  generated  indi- 
viduals, from  the  egg  to  the  perfect  statQ ; 
alternation  of  generation. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


M£TAL 


METEOPOLITAN 


ICetal,  'al.  An  elementary  opaqne  body 
or  substfuice,  haying  a  peculiar  Inster  con- 
nected with  its  opacity  called  metallic ; 
insoluble  in  water ;  solid  (except  mercury) 
at  ordinary  temperatures,  generally  ftisible 
bvheat;  a  good  conductor  of  heat  and 
electricity ;  capable,  when  in  the  B3ate  of 
an  oxide,  of  uniting  with  acids  and  form- 
ing salts :  and  having  the  property  when 
its  compounds  are  submitted  to  electroly- 
sis, of  Invariably  appearing  at  the  nega- 
tive pole  of  the  battery.  There  are  51  sub- 
stances classed  as  metids. 

Metallochroniy,  -lok'ro-mi.  The  art 
or  process  of  coloring  metals. 

Metallography,  -og'ra-fi.  An  account 
of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic  sub- 
stances ;  the  science  of  metals. 

Metalloid,  -oid.  In  Chem.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  all  the  non-metallic  elementary 
substances,  18  in  number :  oxygen,  hydro- 
gen, nitrogen,  carbon,  chlorine,  bromine, 
iodine,  fluorine,  sulphur,  selenium,  phos- 
phorus, boron  and  silicon. 

Metallurgy,  -er-ji.  The  art  of  working 
metals. 

Metaznorpliist,  -a-mor'flst.  One  of  a 
sect  of  sacramentarians  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, who  affirm  that  the  body  with  which 
Christ  rose  to  heaven  was  wholly  deified, 
having  lost  all  its  humanity. 

Metaphrast,  /a-frast.  A  person  who 
translates  from  one  language  into  another, 
word  for  word. 

Metastasio,  Pietro  Bonaventura. 
An  eminent  Italian  poet,  b.  1698,  d.  X782. 

Metazoa,  -a-zd'a.  One  of  the  two  great 
sections  into  which  Huxlev  divides  the 
animal  kingdom,  the  other  being  the  Pro- 
tozoa. 

Metempsychosis,  me-tem'si-ko^'sis 
Transmigration  ;  the  passing  of  the  soul 
of  a  man  after  death  into  some  other  ani- 
mal body,  a  doctrine  held  by  Pythagoras 
and  his  followers,  and  still  prevailing  in 
India. 

Metexnptosis,  m^-em-td'sis.  In  Chron. 
the  solar  equation  necessary  to  prevent 
the  new  moon  from  happening  a  day  too 
late,  or  the  suppression  of  the  bissextile 
once  in  184 !  years.  The  opposite  to  this 
is  the  proemptosis,  or  the  addition  of  a 
day  every  800  years  and  another  every 
2400  years. 

Meteor,  me'te-er.  A  transient  fiery  or 
luminous  body  seen  in  the  atmosphere  or 
'  in  a  more  elevated  region ;  an  aerolite;  a 
shooting-star. 

Meteorolite,  -ol-!t.  A  meteoric  stone: 
a  stone  or  solid  compound  of  earthy  ana 


metallic  matt^  which  falls  to  the  earth 
fl*om  space.    GaUed  also  aerolite. 

Meteorologist,  'o-jist.  A  person  who 
studies  the  phenomena  of  meteors  or 
keeps  a  register  of  them. 

Metheglin,  -thegain.  A  liquor  made  oi 
honey  and  water  boiled  and  fermented, 
often  enriched  with  spices. 

Methodist,  meth'od-ist.  One  of  a  sect 
of  Christians  founded  in  England  in  the 
18th  century  by  John  Wesley,  so  called 
from  the  fkct  that  the  name  was  applied 
to  Wesley  and  his  companions  by  their 
fellow-students  at  Oxford,  on  account  of 
the  exact  regularity  of  their  lives,  and  the 
strictness  of  their  observance  of  religious 
duties. 

Methuselah.  In  Scrip,  son  of  Enoch, 
who  lived  before  the  Deluge,  reaching  the 
age  of  969  years. 

Metic,  mS'tik.  In  ancient  Greece,  a  so* 
joumet ;  a  resident  stranger  in  a  Gredui 
city  or  place. 

Metif,  'tif.  A  half-breed  between  a  white 
and  a  quadroon. 

Metis,  'tis.  One  of  the  asteroids  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  i^piter. 

Metra,  meters.  An  ingenious  pocket  in- 
strument, combining  a  thermometer,  clin- 
ometer, goniometer,  level,  magnifying 
lens,  measure  for  wire  gauze,  plummet, 
platina  scales,  anemometer,  &c.,  bywhieh 
the  temperature,  direction  and  dip  of 
rocks,  the  angles  of  cleavage  and  crystidU- 
zation,  the  level  of  workings,  the  latitude, 
&c.,  can  be  determined. 

Meter,  mS'ter.  A  French  measure  of 
length,  equal  to  89.87  English  inches,  the 
standard  of  linear  measure,  being  the  ten 
millionth  part  of  the  distance  from  the 
equator  to  the  N.  pole,  as  ascertained  by 
actual  measurement  of  an  arc  of  the  me- 
ridian. 

Metrochroxue,  met'ro-krom.  An  in* 
strument  for  measuring  colors. 

Metrograph,  -graf.  An  apparatus  on  a 
railway  engine  which  measures  and 
records  the  rate  of  speed  at  any  moment, 
and  the  time  of  arrival  and  departure  at 
each  station. 

Metronome,  -nom.  An  instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  pendulum,  set  in  motion  by 
clockwork,  for  the  purpose  of  determin- 
ing, by  its  vibrations,  the  movement  of 
musical  compositions. 

Metronymic,  -ro-nim'ik.  A  name  de- 
rived fh)m  a  mother  or  other  female  an- 
cestor, as  opposed  to  patronymic. 

Metropolitan,  poFi-tan,  A  bishop  hay 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MKTTEENICH 


600 


MICEOPHOTOGEAPIl  Y 


ing  authority  oyer  the  other  bishops  of  a 
province ;  an  archbishop.  In  the  Greek 
Ch.  the  title  of  a  digrnitary  intermediate 
between  patriarchs  and  archbishops. 

Kettemich,  Clemens  Wenael, 
Prince  von.  An  eminent  Austrian 
statesman  and  diplomat ;  b.  1778,  d.  1860. 

Metz.  A  city  of  prov.  of  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, at  the  junction  of  the  Moselle  and 
Beille,  80  m.  S.  W.  of  Strasburg.  It  is 
strongly  fortified,  and  was  surrendered 
to  the  Germans,  1871,  by  Marshal  Ba- 
zaine ;  pop.  60,000. 

tfetun,  me'um.  Mine ;  that  which  is 
mine;  commonly  used  in  the  phrase 
*'  meum  and  teum,"  meaning  what  be- 
longs to  one^s  self  and  what  belongs  to 
any  one  else. 

fCexioo.  An  extensive  republic  (former 
empire)  of  N.  America,  bounded  N.  by 
the  U.  8.,  E  by  the  U.  8.  and  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  8.  by  Central  America,  and  W. 
by  the  Pacific ;  area  778,144  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
abt.  11,000,000.  Principal  cities,  Mexico, 
cap.,  Vera  Cruz,  Tamplco,  Matamoras, 
MAzatlan,  Acapulco,  Ban  Bias,  La  Puebla 
and  Jalapa ;  of  these  Vera  Cruz  and  Tam- 
plco are  considerable  seaports.  Chief 
rivers,  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  on  the 
E.  boundary ;  Colorado,  Bravo  del  Norte, 
Grande  de  Santiago  and  Conchas.  Lakes, 
Mexico,  Parras  and  Chapula.  Mountain 
ranges,  the  Cordilleras  and  Sierra  Madre. 
The  volcanic  mtn.  Popocatapetl  is  17,783 
ft.  above  sea  level.  M.,  the  cap.,  is  the 
oldest  city  of  America;  pop.  250,000. 

Slexico,  Ghilf  of.  A  large  body  of 
water  bet.  N.  and  8.  America,  connecting 
withthe  Atlantic  by  the  Florida  channel, 
and  with  the  Caribbean  8ea  by  the  chan- 
nel of  Yucatan ;  length  1,200  m.;  average 
width  650  m. 

Meyerbeer,  Giacomo.  (Jacob  Meyer 
Beer).  An  eminent  German  musician 
and  composer,  of  Jewish  extraction ;  b. 
1794,  D.  1863.  At  the  age  of  9  he  was 
one  of  the  first  pianists  of  Berlin. 

Mezzotinto,  met-zo-tin'to.  A  partic- 
ular manner  of  engraving  on  copoer  or 
steel  In  imitation  of  painting  In  Indian 
ink. 

Miako  (Meaco).  A  city  on  the  Island  of 
Nlphon,  Japan,  240  m.  w .  of  Jeddo,  the 
residence  of  the  Mikado ;  pop.  abt.  410,000. 

Mica,  mrka.  A  mineral  of  a  foliated  struc- 
ture, consisting  of  thin  fiexlble  laminaet  or 
scales  having  a  shining  and  almost  metal- 
lio  luster.  The  laminae  are  easily  separated, 
and  are  sometimes  not  more  than  the  800,- 
9pOth  partofanlnGhinthicknesB.    They 


are  employed  in  Bassia  for  window  panei^ 
and  in  coal-burning  stoves  as  reflectors. 

Micah..  In  Scrip,  a  canonized  book  of 
the  Old  Testament,  written  by  M.,  a  minor 
prophet  in  the  reigns  of  Jottuuu,  Ahax 
and  Hezekiah. 

HCichael.  In  Scrip,  the  archangel  men- 
tioned as  having  the  Hebrews  under  his 
special  guardlanshin.  A  name  borne  by 
8  emperors  of  the  East. 

Michael-An«elo  Bnonazotti.  Italy's 
greatest  and  most  versatile  artist,  exc«l- 
ing  as  an  architect,  painter  and  sculptor ; 
B.  in  Tuscany  1474,  d.  1668.  He  designed 
St  Peter's  at  Home  1605,  and  superintead- 
ed  its  completion  1646. 

Michaelmas,  mik'el-mas.  The  feast  of 
St.  Michael,  the  archangel,  Sept.  29. 

Michelet,  Jules.  A  distinguished 
French  historian;  b.  1798,  d.  1874. 

MioMgan.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1887,  bounded  N.  by 
Lake  Superior,  E.  by  Lakes  Huron  and  St. 
Clair,  Canada,  8.  by  Ohio  and  Indiana,  W. 
by  Lake  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ;  area, 
56,243  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,686,987.  Principal 
cities,  Lansing,  cap.,  Detroit,  chief  com- 
mercial metropolis,  Bay  City,  JNiles,  Mar- 
quette, Ann  Arbor,  Ypsilanti,  Kalamazoo, 
and  Grand  Haven.  Chief  rivers,  Au  Sa- 
ble, Huron,  Saginaw,  Baialn,  Kalamazoo, 
Grand,  Manistee,  Muskegon,  Menominee, 
and  St.  Joseph.  It  borders  on  Lakes 
Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  Michigan  and  Su- 
perior. The  Porcupine  Mountains  are  in 
the  extreme  N.  end  of  the  State.  M.  Lake, 
the  second  tn  size  of  the  great  chain  of  6 
inland  lakes  ;  length  860  m. ;  -width  from 
80  to  100  m.  It  is  600  ft.  above  sea  level. 

Microlestes,  ml'krd-les-tez.  A  gen.  of 
extinct  marsupials,  containing  the  earliest 
known  mammalian  inhabitant  of  our  plan- 
et. It  occurs  at  the  upper  purt  of  the  up- 
per trias,  and  appears  to  have  been  most 
nearly  related  to  the  banded  ant-eater  of 
New  South  Wales. 

Micropantogrrapli,  -pan'to-graf.  An 
Instrument  for  executing  extremely  mi- 
nute writing  and  engi-avlng.  Called  also 
Micrograph. 

Microphone,  -f5n.  An  instrument  to 
augment  small  sounds.  By  some  arrange- 
ments the  sounds  of  the  human  voice  con 
veyed  to  a  distance  by  the  telephone  can 
bo  made  audible  In  every  part  of  a  hall. 
Microphotoerraphy,  -f6-tog"ra-fi.  A 
photographic  process  by  which  an  object 
is  diminished  in  size,  and  yet  Its  exact  form 
retidned. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


Ml0lt08C0l»E 


601 


MiLLfilitNlUM 


Microscope. 


lEicroscope,  -skop. 
An  optical  luBtrument 
oonBistlng  of  a  lens  or 
oombination  of  lenses 
(in  some  cases  mir- 
rors also)  which  mag- 
nifies objects,  and 
thus  renders  visible 
minute  objects  that 
eannot  be  seen  by  the 
naked  eye. 

Microscopium, 
-sko'pi-ura.  The  Mi- 
croscope, a  southern 
constellation,  situated 
above  Grus  and  In- 
dus, at  tiie  junction  of  Capricornus  and 
Sagittarius.    It  contains  10  stars. 

^orosthene,  'kros-then.  A  member 
of  one  of  the  four  groups  into  which  Dana 
divides  mammals.  The  Mlcrosthenes  in- 
clude the  bats,  insectlvora,  rodents,  &o. 

Midas.  In  Myth,  a  Phrygian  King  who 
was  endowed  by  Bacchus  with  the  power 
of  cha^ng  anything  he  touched  into 
gold.  This  affecting  his  food,  on  appeal 
to  Bacchus  he  rid  himself  of  his  won- 
derful power  br  bathing  in  the  Paotolus, 
the  sands  of  which  were  turned  to  gold. 

Middle  Ages,  The  A  period  in  Eu- 
ropean history  generally  considered  as  be- 
ginning about  the  date  of  the  destruction 
of  the  Roman  empire  and  extending  to  the 
Reformation,  or  opening  with  the  Invasion 
of  France  by  Glovis,  48(5,  and  ending  with 
the  capture  of  Naples  by  Charles  VIII., 
1496--or  about  10  centuries.  The  first 
half  of  the  period  is  known  as  the  Dark 
Ages. 

Midgrard,  mlVgSr^.  xn  Scand.  Myth, 
the  abode  of  thenuman  race,  formed  out 
of  the  eyebrows  of  Ymir,  one  of  the  first 
giants,  and  joined  to  Asgard,  or  the  abode 
of  the  gods,  by  the  rainbow-bridge. 

Midfire,  m^.  The  ordinary  English  name 
given  to  numerous  minute  si>ecies  of 
Tipulidfie,  resembling  the  common  gnat. 

Midgret,  m^'et.  Canadian  name  for  the 
sand-fly. 

Midcnmuner,  mid'sum-er.  The  middle 
of  summer,  the  summer  solstice,  about 
the2l6tof  June.  M.  day  is  the  feast  of 
the  nativity  of  St.  John  the  Baptist ;  com- 
monly reckoned  June  24. 

Mid-wicket,  'wik-et.  In  cricket,  one  of 
the  fielders  standing  about  half-way  be- 
tween the  batsmen.  Mid-wicket  on  stands 
to  the  right  of  the  batsman  who  is  strik- 
ing, mid-wicket  off  to  his  left. 

Midwife,  'wif.    A  woman  that  assists 


other  women  in  childbirth;  a  female 
practitioner  of  the  obstetric  art. 

Mifflin,  Thomas.  An  American 
statesman  and  general;  b.  in  Penn.,  1744, 
D.  1800.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Contl« 
nental  Congress,  and  governor  of  his  na< 
tive  State  9  years. 

Mihrab,  meh'rab.  An  ornamented  re 
cess  in  the  exterior  wall  of  a  mosque,  hay 
ing  tiie  mimbar  or  pulpit  to  the  right 
The  people  pray  in  ft-ont  of  the  mihrab^ 
which  always  marks  the  direction  of  Mec- 
ca ;  and  in  it  a  copy  of  the  Koran  is  kent 
A  similar  praying  place  is  found  in  the 
Jewish  synagogue,  containing  a  copy  oi 
the  law,  and  pointing  out  the  direction  of 
Jerusalem. 

Mikado,  mi-kfi'do.  The  emperor  ot 
Japan,  the  spiritual  as  well  as  the  tempo 
ral  head  of  the  empire. 

Milan.  Cap.  of  prov.  of  same  name,  N. 
Italy,  formerly  cap.  of  Lombardy,  79  m. 
N.  E.  of  Turin;  pop.  abt.  200,000. 

Mile,  mO.  A  measure  of  distance.  The 
English  statute  mile  contains  8  fbrlongs, 
1760  yards,  or  6280  feet.  The  square  mile 
is  640  acres.  The  ancient  Scottish  mile  was 
1.127  English  miles;  the  Irish  mile, 
1.273  English  miles;  the  German  short 
mile  is  8.897  English  miles,  the  German 
long  mile  5.758.  Geographical  or  nautical 
mile,  tiie  60th  part  of  a  degree  of  latitude, 
or  6,079  feet  nearly. 

Milesian,  mi-13'zhi-an.  A  native  of  Ire 
land,  whose  inhabitants,  according  to 
Irish  tradition  or  legend,  are  descended 
from  Milesius,  a  King  of  Spain,  whose 
two  sons  conquered  the  island  1,800  years 
before  Christ,  establishing  a  new  nobility 

Mill,  mil.  A  money  of  account  of  the  U 
S.  of  the  value  of  a  tenth  of  a  cent 

Mill-bar,  'bar.  Bough  bar-iron  as  dis 
tinguished  fW)m  merchant-bar,  which  is 
finished  ready  for  sale. 

Mill-cake,  kak.  A  cake  of  gunpowder 
before  it  is  sublected  to  granulation. 

MiUefLore  Glass,  ae-fi-d''re  glas.  Or 
namental  glasswork  made  by  ftising  to 
gether  tubes  of  i^lass  enamel,  usually  im 
bedded  in  flint-glass. 

Millenarian,  le-na'ri-an.  One  who 
believes  in  the  millennium,  and  that 
Christ  will  reign  on  earth  with  his  saints  a 
thousand  years  before  the  end  of  the 
world ,  a  cnlliast. 

Millenniuni.,  len'i-um.  A  word  used  to 
denote  the  thousand  years  mentioned  in 
Rev.  XX.  1-5,  when  Satan  will  be  power- 
less, and  mlllenarians  believe,  Christ  will 
reign  on  earth  with  his  saints. 


Digitized  by 


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kJMSBAtOGtdt 


MlllejwTiFa. 


Milleped,  'le-ped.  A  nam«  common  to 
the  fam.  luUdae,  ord.  Myriapoda,  from  the 
number  of  theh>  feet.  The  most  common 
is  the  lolus  sabnlosns,  the  young  of  which 
when  hatched  have  only  three  pairs  of 
legs,  the  remainder  being  gradoaliy  ac- 
quired till  they  number  about  120  pairs. 

MiUepora,  -lep'o- 
ra.  A  gen.  and 
fomily  of  reef-build- 
ing branching  cor- 
als, so  named  from 
their  numerous 
minute  distinct 
cells  or  pores  per- 
pendicular to  the 
Burfoce. 

MiUer,  Hugrh 
An  eminent  Scottish  r^logist  and  author; 
B.  1802,  suicided  1856.  He  began  life  as  a 
stone  mason. 

MiUerite,  'er-It.  A  disciple  of  William 
Miller,  who  taught  that  the  end  of  the 
world  and  the  ooming  of  Christ's  reign 
on  earth  were  soon  to  take  place. 

MiU-fumace,  'fer-n&s.  In  iron-works, 
a  ftirnace  In  which  the  puddled  metal  is 
reheated  before  being  again  rolled. 

Milliard,  -U-ard.    A  thousand  millions. 

MilliffraUL,  i-gram.  In  French  weights 
and  moaitures,  the  thousandth  part  oi  a 
gram,  equal  to  a  cubic  millimeter  of  water, 
or  to  .0154  of  a  grain. 

Uilliliter,  -li  ter.  A  French  measure  of 
capacity  containing  the  thousandth  part 
of  a  liter,  equal  to  .06108  decimals  of  a  cu- 
bic inch. 

Millimeter,  -mS-ter.  A  French  lineal 
measure  containing  the  thousandth  part 
of  a  meter ;  equal  to  .08987  of  an  inch. 

Millizigr-tool,  'ing-tol  A  small  indent- 
ed roller  used  to  mill  or  nurl  the  edges  of 
the  heads  of  screws,  &c. 

Million, 'yon.  Thenumber  often  hun- 
dred thousand,  or  a  thousand  thousand, 
represented  by  the  figures  1,000,000. 

Millionaire,  -fir.  A  man  worth  a  mil- 
lion of  money ;  a  man  of  great  wealth. 

Mill,  James.  An  eminent  British  political 
economist  and  historian;  b.  1778,  d.  1886. 
M..  John  Stuart,  his  son,  was  also  an  origi- 
inal  thinker  and  prolific  writer  on  econom- 
iaand  social  subjects ;  b.  1806,  d.  1878. 

Mill  SprinffS.  A  locality  in  Wayne  Co., 
Ky.,  noted  for  the  defeat,  Jan.  19, 1862, 
of  the  Confederates  under  Gen  Critten- 
den, by  the  Federals  under  Gen.  G.  H. 
Thomas,  Gen.  ZoUicoflTer  of  the  Confeder- 
ate army  being  among  the  killed. 


Millstone, 'stdn.  A  stone  used  for  grind- 
ing grain.  The  stone  best  suited  for  this 
purpose  is  called  buhrstone,  or  burr-stone. 

Milne-Edwards,  Henri.  An  illus- 
tHous  French  naturalist;  b.  1800,  n.  1879. 

Miltiades.  The  distinguished  Athenian 
general  who  defeated  the  Persians  at 
Marathon,  and  saved  his  country  ;  later  he 
was  tried  for  misconducting  the  war,  con' 
victed  and  died  in  confinement ;  b.  abt 
560,  D.  489  B.  c. 

Milton,  Jolin.  An  eminent  EngUsb 
poet ;  B.  1608,  d.  1674. 

Milwaukee.  Cap.  of  co.  of  same  name, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  commercial 
metropolis  of  Wisconsin  ;  pop.  115,687. 

Mill-wriflrlit,  'rit.  A  mechanic  or  wrigbt 
whoso  occupation  it  is  to  construct  tho 
machinery  of  mills. 

Milreis,  'res.  A  Portuguese  coin  worth 
a  thousand  reis,  or  about  57  cents. 

Milvus,  'vus.  A  gen.  of  rapUirial  birds, 
fam.  Falconidse ;  the  kites. 

Minaret,  min'a-ret.  A 
slender  lofty  turret  ris- 
ing by  stories,  surround- 
ed by  balconies,  com- 
mon in  Mohammedan 
mosques,  used  by  the 
priests  for  summoning 
from  the  balconies  the 
people  to  prayers,  an- 
swering the  purpose  of  s 
belfHes  in  Christian  ^ 
churches. 

Mincio.  A  river  of  N.  \ 
Italy,  only  8o  :"  longr, 
emptying  into  the  Fc 
12  m.'  8.  E.  of  Mantua, '  "  j 
but  noted  for  the  nu-  }\ 
merous  battles  along  its  ^  J^ 
banks,  both  in  ancient  J;r^ 
and  modem  wars.  Bona-  m 
parte,  1796,  and  Charles 
Beauharnais,  1814,  de-  Minarets, 
feated  the  Austrians  on 
the  M.;  1S48,  Charies  Albert  Albert,  king 
of  Sardinia,  forced  Radetzky  to  crosi^  the 
M.,  and  in  the  Franko- Italian  war  against 
Austria,  1859,  it  was  the  principal  strateglo 
base  of  operations. 

Minden.  A  fortified  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, Prussia,  on  the  Weser,  noted  for  the 
defeat  In  its  vicinity,  Aug.  1, 1769,  of  the 
French  under  Marshal  Contad^s,  by  the 
allied  German -English  army  undv  Ffrince 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick ;  pop.  18,462. 

Mineralofirist,  -er-al'o-Jlst.  One  who  is 
versed  in  the  science  of  minerals,  or  who 
treats  of  the  properties  of  mineral  boditMU 


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Minerva,  mi-ner'va.  In  Eom.  Myth, 
one  ofthe  three  chief  divinities  to  whom 
a  common  temple  was  dedicated  on  the 
Capitoline  hill,  Jupiter  and  Juno  being 
the  other  two.  She  was  a  virgin,  daughter 
of  Jupiter,  and  was  identified  by  the  Bo- 
mms  with  the  Greek  goddess  Athene,  the 
goddess  of  wisdom,  of  war  and  ofthe  lib- 
eral arts,  and  was  represented,  like  her, 
with  a  grave  and  noble  countenance,  armed 
with  helmet,  shield  and  spear,  wearing 
long  ftill  drapery,  and  on  her  breast  the 
a  border  of  serpents,  and  the 


iH^ofi 


«gis,  with „,  „^,j,„ 

head  of  Medusa  in  the  center. 

Min«relian,  ming-gro'li-an.  One  of  a 
sect  of  Greek  Christians  inhabiting  Min- 
grelia,  who,  among  other  peculiarities, 
refrain  from  baptizing  theh-  children  till 
ttieir  eighth  year.  They  are  followers  of 
Oyrillus  and  Methodius. 

Uinie-ball.  A  rifle-bullet 
invented  by  Capt  Minie,  of 
France. 

Minim,  'Im.  One  of  a  re- 
formed order  of  Franciscans, 
founded  by  St.  Francis  of 
Paula  in  Calabria  in  1473.  The  —  «» 
smallest  liquid  measure,  about  Minie-ball. 
equal  to  one  drop.  The  fluid 
drachm  Is  divided  into  60  minims. 

lOniver,  'i-ver.  The  Siberian  squirrel, 
which  has  fine  white  fur ;  also  the  fur  it- 
self. 

Miiik  nalngk.  A  Bemi-aquatio  quadru- 
ped allied  to  the  polecat  and  weasel.  It 
exhales  a  strong  odor  of  musk,  and  its 
ftiris  In  considerable  request. 
Mixmesixifirer,  min'ne-slng-er.  One  of 
a  class  of  German  lyric  poets  and  singers 
of  the  12th  and  18th  centuries,  composed 
chiefly  of  knights,  nobles,  princes  and 
even  emperors.  They  often  engaged  in 
poetical  contests  for  the  gratification  of 
princes  and  kdies  of  the  court.  Theh- 
songs  are  mostiy  in  the  Swabian  dialect 
which  was  the  court  language.  They 
gave  way  to  the  mastersingers  ofthe  15th 
and  16th  centuries. 

Minnesota.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1867,  bounded  N.  by 
Manitoba,  E.  by  Lake  Superior  and  Wis- 
consin, S.  by  Iowa,  W.  by  Dakota  Ter- 
ritory; area,  88,581  sq.  m.,  pop.  780,778. 
Principal  cities,  St.  Paul,  cap.,  St 
Anthonv,  StiUwater,  Bed  Wing,  Minne- 
apoll8,Fort  Snelling  and  Mankato  Chief 
rivers,  the  Mississippi,  Minnesota,  Bed 
Eiver  of  the  North.  St.  Croix  Sd  St 
Louis.  Lakes,  Bed,  Cass,  Leech.  Mifle 
Laos,  Vermillion  and  Winibigosh. 


MittniwaJkan,  I-ake  (Devil  lAke). 

A  sheet  of  brackish  water  in  Dakota  Ter- 
ritory, without  visible  outiet :  area,  750 
sq.  m.  ' 

Minnow, -6  A  spe- 
cies of  cyprinoid  fish, 
the  Leuciscus  phox-^ 
inns,  the     smallest 
British  species.    In  •»** 

America  the  name  is  ^*"^"^ 

given  to  the  Phoxinus  hevis. 

]ffinos  In  Mvtii.  king  and  lawgiver  of 
Crete,  ^terwards  made  a  judge  in  Hades. 
AJso  a  King  of  Crete  who  compeUed  the 
Atoenians  to  send  him  yearly  9  boys  and 
7  girls  to  be  devoured  by  the  Mlnotour 

Minotaur,  min'6-tar.  In  Greek  Myth, 
a  monster  fabled  to  have  had  the  body  of 

*^®/w.®°  ^?™^  fl'^sh,  on  which  ao- 
J'S^i^!"***  ®^^*  ^™  "P  ^  tbe  Uibyrintii 
ofDfiBdalus  and  at  first  exposed  to  him 
criminals,  but.  afterwards  youths  and 
madens  yearly  sent  lirom  Atiiens  as  a  trib- 
ute.   He  was  slain  by  Theseus. 

Mint-mark,  mint'mfirk.  a  private 
mark  put  upon  coins  in  the  mint,  for  the 
purpose  of  identification. 

Minute-fiTun,  min'it-gun.  A  gun  dis- 
charged at  intervals  of  a  minute  fai  token 
of  mourning  or  as  a  signal  from  a  vessel 
in  distress. 

Minute-man, -man.  A  soldier  enlisted 
for  service  wherever  required,  and  readv 
to  start  at  a  minute's  notice. 

mocene,  mro-sfin.  In  Geol.  the  second 
of  the  four  subdivisions  of  the  tertiarv 
strata,  the  oldest  being  the  eocene 

^?M;^?^' "^^^P'PS?-  A  fossil  genus 
ofpachyderm8,Fam.EquldiB,  about  the 
size  of  a  sheep. 

Mir,  m6r.  A  communal  division  In  Eussia. 
Mira,  ml'ra.  A  singular  star  ofthe  third 
magnitude,  in  the  neck  of  Cetus.  It  ap- 
pears and  disappears  periodically  seven 
times  in  six  years.  ^ 

Mirage,  ml-rfizh'. 
The  name  given  to  &ii 
optical  illusion,  occa 
sioned  by  the  refrrto^ 
tion  of  %ht  throuijh 
contiguous  masses  <>f_ 
air  of  dlflferent  density .  J 
The   mirage   is  com-' 
monly   vertical,    that 
ia,  presenting  an  ap- 
pearance of  one  object 
over  another,  like   a 
flhlp  above  Its  shadow 
in  the  water.  Miraft, 


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664 


MOABl'Tfi 


lEizabean,  Honore  Gubriel  de 
RlquetU,  Comte  de.  A  distinguished 
Frendi  orator  and  stateftman  ;  b.  1749,  d. 
1791. 

Mizsa,  mer'za.  The  oommoii  title  of 
honor  in  Persia,  when  it  precedes  the  sur- 
name of  an  Individual.  When  appended 
to  the  anmame  it  signifies  prince. 

M  i  8  c  e  ar  e  nation,  mis'sc-je-na^shon . 
Mixture  or  amalgamation  of  races. 

Kiaerere,  mi-zu-ru're.  The  name  of  a 
psahn  in  the  R.  C.  Church  servioe.  A 
projecting  bracket  on  the  under  side'of  a 
ninged  seat  in  a  stall  of  a  church ;  the  seat 
and  bracket  together. 

M  i  8  e  r  i  oordia,  mlz'e-ri-kor^'di-a.  A 
narrow-bladed  dagger  used  by  a  knight  in 
the  middle  ages  against  a  wounded  a4yer- 
sary,  when  giving  him  the  meroy  or 
finishing  stroke. 

Iffiwhna,  mish'na.  A  collection  or  digest 
of  Jewish  traditions  and  expUmations  of 
Scripture,  divided  into  six.  parts. 

Kisogainist,  ml-sog'am-ist  A  hater  of 
marriage. 

MiaoflTSmlst,  'i-nist.    A  woman-hater. 

Klssal,  mis'al.    The  S.  C.  mass-book. 

Missionary  Rldfire.  An  elevation  bet. 
Lookout  Mountain  and  W.  Ohickamauga 
Greek,  Ga.,  noted  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg,  Nov.  25, 
1868,  by  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Grant. 

Mississippi.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1817;  seceded  1861; 
re-admltted  1869 ;  bounded  N.  by  Tennes- 
see, E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Louisiana  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  W.  by  Louisiana  and  Ar- 
kansas; area,  47,156  sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,181,- 
697.  Principal  cities,  Jackson,  cap., 
Vicksburg,  Natchez,  Columbus,  Port  Gib- 
son, Holly  Springs,  Bayou  Sara  and  Gren- 
ada. Chief  rivers,  the  Mississippi,  Ten- 
nessee, Tazoo,  Big  Black,  Pearl  and  Tom- 
bigbee.  M.  River  (Father  of  Waters),  a 
river  of  the  U.  S.,  abt.  midway  between 
the  Atlantic  and  Rocky  Mountains; 
second  to  the  Amazon,  the  largest  of  the 
world;  rising  in  N.  Minnesota  and  flowing 
through  or  between  10  states  to  the  Gulf ; 
length  4,400  m. 

Mister,  'ter.  Sir ;  master ;  the  common 
title  of  address  to  an  adult  male,  now 
always  written  in  the  abbreviated  form 
Mr. 

Missolonfirhi.  A  Greek  seaport  in 
^tolia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  24  ra.  W. 
of  Lepanto,  noted  for  its  long  siege  by  the 
Turks  daring  the  Greek  war  of  independ- 
ence, and  as  the  place  where  Lord  Byron 
died,  1824;  pop.  about  8^206. 


MifiUetoe. 


Missouri.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1822;  seceded  1861; 
readmitted  1868  :  bounded  N.  by  Iowa, 
E.  by  Illinois  ana  Kentucky,  S.  by  Ar- 
kansas, W.  by  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  In- 
dian Territory ;  area,  65,350  sq.  m  ;  pop. 
2,168,880.  Principal  cities,  Jefferson 
City,  cap.,  St.  Louis,  Springfield,  St  Jo- 
seph and  Kansas  C\ty.  Chief  rivers,  Mis- 
sissippi, Missouri,  Kansas,  Grand,  Charl- 
ton, Osage  and  (Salt.  Mountains,  the 
Ozark  range.  M.  Kivor,  the  most  im- 
portant feeder  of  the  Mississippi,  which  it 
Joins  bet.  Alton,  111.,  and  St  Louis; 
length,  8,180  m. 

Mistletoe,  miz1-to. 
The  Ylscum  album,  or-/ 
der  Loranthaoen,  a^ 
plant  growing  paraalti- 
cally  on  various  trees, 
celebrated  on  aooonnt 
of  tiie  religious  pur- 
poses to  which  it  was 
consecrated  bytiie  an- 
cient Celtic  nations  of 
Europe.  Traces  of  the 
superstitious  regard  for 
the  mistletoe  still  re- 
main in  Germany  and 
England,  as  kissing  im> 
der  it  at  Christmas. 

Mistral,  mis'tral.  A  'violeiit  cold  north- 
west wind  experienced  in  districts  bor- 
dering on  the  Mediterranean,  destroying 
crops,  fruit,  Ac,  and  a  terror  to  sailors. 

Mitchel,  Ormsby  MacKni^ht.  An 
eminent  American  astronomer  and  Gen- 
eral; B.  inKy.,  1810;  d.  while  in  com- 
mand oftheDept.  of  the  South,  in  the 
Federal  service,  1862. 

Mite,  mlt.  A  name  common  to  numer- 
ous small,  in  some  cases  microscopic,  an- 
imals, class  Arachnida,  division  Acarida, 
including  the  cheese,  fiour,  itch,  garden, 
wood,  spider  and  water  mites. 

Mithras,  mith'ras.  The  principal  deity 
of  the  ancient  Persians,  the  god  or  genius 
of  the  sun. 

Mithridates  the  Great.  King  of 
PontuB,  who  overrun  all  Asia  Ifinor,  but 
was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  suicided  ; 
reigned  from  120  to  68  b.  o. 

Mnemonics,  nS-mon'iks.  The  art  of 
improving  the  memory. 

Mnemosyne,  -mos'i-ne.  In  Greek  Myth, 
the  goddess  of  memory,  and  mother  of 
the  Muses  by  Jupiter. 

Moabite,  mo'ab-It.  One  of  a  tribe  o! 
pastoral  people  inhabiting  the  mountain- 
ous region  east  of  the  Dead  Sea,  whose 


Digitized  by 


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MOHUB 


worship  was  polluted  by  many  abomi- 
nable ntes,  inclading  that  of  human  Bacri- 
fice.  Their  name  is  extinct,  and  they  are 
not  now  distingroished  from  other  Arabs. 

Moaria,  md-a'ri-a.  The  hypothetical  8. 
Pacific  continent,  of  which  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  are  the  largest  Ihigments. 
Its  assumed  existence  is  used  to  account 
for  peculiarities  in  the  present  distribution 
of  man  and  other  animals  and  plants. 

Mobby,  mob'i.  The  juice  expressed  from 
apples  and  peaches,  and  distilled  to  make 
brandy. 

Mobeie,  mo-bd'.  A  fermented  liquor  in 
the  W.  Indies,  made  ftt>m  sugar,  ginger 
and  snake-root. 

Mobile.  Theprindpal  commercial  city 
of  Alabama,  cap.  of  county  of  same  name, 
on  M.  Bay,  an  arm  of  the  Oulf  of  Mexico, 
at  the  mouth  of  M.  River ;  pop.  29,182. 
M.  River,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Alabama  and  Tomblgbee,  oO  m.  N.  of  the 
city  of  M. 

Mobsman,  mobz'man.  A  member  of 
the  swell  mob ;  a  dressy  thief  or  swindler 
who  affects  the  airs  of  a  gentleman. 

Moccasin,  mokVsln.  A  shoe  made  of 
deer  skin  without  a  stiff  sole ;  the  custom- 
ary shoe  worn  by  the  N.  American  In- 
dians. A  very  venomous  N.  American 
serpent.    Called  also  Water-viper. 

Mocking-binl, 
inoL'ljy^-btir4.  An 
AiJierlcan  b3rfl,  tyja^ 

thruEili  fiiBiily  (Tur- . 
didjn  or  MerulldaO*  '^ 
It  tniitotcA  tlis  curie* 
or  uoten^  of  almost 
evury  6[>edes  af  ani- 

Ibrni  ft  beoutlfUl  ^d 
YflHeil  t^ train. 

Mbdallslr  BivKl^aJ- 
Ist.  One  who  regards 
the  three  persons  of  the  Trinity  as  different 
modes  of  being,  not  as  distinct  persons. 

Moderate,  moMer-at.  A  member  of  a 
party  in  the  Church  of  Scotland  which  arose 
earlv  in  the  18th  century,  and  claimed 
moderation  in  doctrine,  discipline  and 
church  government.  The  difference  of 
opinion  led  to  the  disruption.  May  18, 1848. 

Modiste,  -d^st.  A  female  who  deals  in 
articles  of  foshion,  particularly  in  ladies' 
apparel ;  a  milliner  or  dressmaker. 

Mceso-Gklth,  mfi'so-goth.  One  of  that 
section  of  the  Goths  who  settied  in  MoBsia 
on  the  lower  Danube,  and  devoted  them- 
Mlvee  to  agricnltoral  pursuits. 


Mocfciag^-liiri] , 


W^ 


ModilUon. 


Modillion, 

mo-diryon.  In 
Arch,  a  carved 
bracket  used  in 
the  cornice  of 
the  Corinthian. 
Composite  and 
Roman  Ionic 
orders. 

Moeso-Gothio, 'ik.  The  language  of  th« 
MoBSo-Goths.  In  it  we  have  the  earliest 
written  example  of  a  Teutonic  dialect, 
part  of  the  Scriptures  having  been  trans- 
lated by  Umias,  bishop  of  the  Moeso- 
€k>ths,  in  the  4th  century. 

Mogul,  mo-gur.  Lit  a  Mongolian.  The 
Oreat  M.,  the  popular  name  for  the  sover- 
eign of  the  empire  founded  in  Hindustan 
by  the  Mongols  under  Babir  in  the  16th 
century,  which  terminated  in  1806. 

Mohair,  'hfir.  The  hair  of  the  Angora 
goat.  Cloth  made  of  the  hair  of  the  same 
animal;  camlet.  A  wool  and  cotton 
cloth,  an  imitation  of  mohair. 

Mohamnied  (Mahomet).  The  Arab 
founder  of  Islamism ;  b.  at  Mecca,  669 ;  d. 
at  Medina,  682.  He  belonged  to  the 
Koreish  tribe,  and  was  40  years  old  when 
he  professed  to  have  received  a  divine 
command  to  introduce  a  reformed  religion, 
in  which  the  Unity  of  God  and  the  renun- 
ciation of  false  gods  were  the  frmdamental 
points.  The  name  was  also  borne  by  four 
Turkish  Sultans,  M.  II.  (the  Great)  being 
the  conqueror  of  Constantinople  and  a 
large  portion  of  Central  Europe. 

Mohammedan,  -ham'med-an.  A  fol* 
lower  of  Mohanmied,  the  founder  of  the 
Moslem  religion ;  one  who  professes  Mo- 
hammedanism. 

Mohawk.  A  river  of  Central  N.  T.. 
emptying  into  the  Hudson  10  m.  N.  of 
Albany ;  length,  186  m. 

Mohawks.  A  tribe  of  N.  American  In- 
dians, one  of  the  confederated  Iroquois, 
living  along  the  Mohawk  River,  in  New 
York.  They  now  live  In  W.  Canada  and 
are  fairly  civilized. 

Mohr,  mor.  A  W. 
African  species  of  an- 
telope, gen.  Gazella, 
much  prized  on  ac- 
count of  producing 
the  bezoar-stones  so 
highly  valued  in  East-  I 
em  medicine. 

Mohur,  mS'her.    Aj 
British   Indian    gold  * 
coin,    value     fifteen 
rupees.  Mohr. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


M0HEGAN8 


606 


MONACO 


p^mim  trii^ie  ul'  lljf  Al^rOLKjuin.'',  occupying 
W^Npw  linsJjiijrl 

Tork  at  tUo  timo 
of  tfa4?:|]:rilt  £tlm- 
pean  p-ettlonjciit 
Tb,ey  wi!ro  al- 
TDOst "  d«3t.n)y6d  ^ 
br  tliB  Iroquois, 
tfio    fimeilL   rein- 

tdentUled     wnh 

l£olLoli,  iibu-iiiV 

manoifs  "^^^m-  MohoU. 

mal,  lemur  fam.  and  gen.  Galago. 

Mohurruza,  mo-hur'rum.  The  first 
month  of  the  Mohammedan  year,  during 
which  a  festival  is  celebrated  in  memory 
of  Hosseln  and  Houssein,  sons  of  All,  and 
nephews  of  the  Prophet. 

Moidore,  moi'dor.  A  gold  coin  of  Por- 
tugal, valued  at  about  $6.50. 

Mokah,  mo'kfi.  The  tiUe  of  a  doctor  of 
laws  in  Turkey. 

Molar,  'ler.  A  grinding  tooth ;  a  double 
tooth. 

Molasses,  md-Ias'ez.  The  uncrystal- 
lized  syrup  produced  in  the  manufacture 
of  sugar. 

Mole,  m61.  A  small  insectivorous  ani- 
mal, gen.  Talpa,  fam.  Talpidse,  which 
forms  a  road  just  under  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  Cape  mole,  or  changeable 
mole,  is  remarkable  as  being  the  only 
mammal  that  exhibits  the  splendid  metal- 
lic reflection  which  is  thrown  from  the 
feathers  of  many  birds. 

Molecule,  mol'e-kfil.  The  smallest  quan- 
tity of  any  elementary  substance  or  com- 
pound which  is  capable  of  existing  in  a 
separate  form.  It  diflfers  from  atom,  which 
is  not  perceived,  but  conceived. 

Mole-rat,  mol'rat.  A  name  given  to  ro- 
dents, gen.  Spalax,  which  live  in  the  earth 
and  burrow  In  it  like  moles,  the  8.  typh- 
lus  has  only  the  traces  of  eyes. 

Moliere,  Jean  Baptiste  Poquelin. 
An  eminent  French  wit  and  dramatist :  b. 
1622,  D.  1678. 

MoliXie,  mS'Un.  The  crossed  iron  sunk 
In  the  center  of  the  upper  millstone,  for 
receiving  the  spindle  fixed  in  the  lower 
stone ;  a  mlll-rynd. 

Mollall,  mol'a.  An  honorary  title  ac- 
corded to  anyone  in  Turkey  who  has  ac- 
quired respect  firom  purity  of  life,  or  who 
ezerdsei  ronotions  relating  to  religion  or 


Mollnsks. 


the  sacred  or  canon  law.  It  is  not  con* 
ferred  by  authority,  but  from  public  re« 
spcct,  and  is  nearly  equivalent  to  master, 
excellency.    Ulemas  are  mollahs. 

Mollu8ca,-lug^ 
ka.  An  aniiual 
sub-kingdom, 
CO  m  p  rising 
those  soft-bodiea 
aniroalswhichare 
usually  provided^ 
with  an  exo- 
skeleton  or  sheU. 

Molluscoida,  -kol'da.  A  group  of  ani- 
mals comprising  the  Polyzoa,  Trtmicata, 
and  Brachiopoda. 

Molly  Mafiruire,  'li  ma-gwir".  The 
name  assumed  by  members  of  a  secret  il- 
legal association  in  Ireland,  reorganized  in 
America. 

Moloch,  mo'lok.  The  chief  god  of  the 
Phoenicians, firequently  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture as  the  god  of  the  Ammonites,  whose 
worship  consisted  chiefly  of  human  sacri- 
fices, ordeals  by  fire,  mutilation,  Ac.    A 


Moloch-lizard, 
gen.  of  Australian  lizards.    M.  horridus  is 
one  of  the  most  ferocious-looking,  though 
one  of  the  most  harmless,  of  reptiles.     • 

Molokan,  -lo'kan.  Milk-drinkers;  a 
Russian  sect  which  forbid  making  the 
sign  of  the  cross  or  the  use  of  images,  con- 
sider all  wars  unlawful,  and  observe  the 
laws  of  Moses  respecting  meat. 

Molossiis,  -los'us.  A  gen.  of  bats  ;  the 
bull-dog  or  mastiflFbat. 

Moluccas,  The.  (Spice  Islands.) 
A  group  belonging  to  Holland  in  the  Ma> 
lay  Archipelago. 

MozaotinsB,  'mot-in6.  The  motmots, 
asub-fam.  of  fissirostral  birds,  fam.  Cora- 
ciadae,  allied  to  the  jays  and  crows. 

Moxnus,  'mus.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  god 
of  raillery  and  ridicule. 

Mona,  'na.  A  monkey,  gen.  Ccroopithe- 
cus,  sometimes  called  the  variegated  mon- 
key, because  its  fur  is  varied  wjth  gray, 
red,  brown  and  green. 

Monaco.  A  principality  and  city  under 
French  protection  in  S.  ;^ance,  noted  for 
its  gambling  facilities,  the  Prince  obtain- 
ing his  revenue  fiK>m  the  Ucense  or  per- 
centage of  the  gaming  tables.  It  was 
founded  in  the  10th  century  by  the  family 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MONAD 


50T 


MONKET-WEENCH 


-^^ 


Monadelph. 


of  Grimaldi,  who  still  retain  the  sover- 
eigntj. 

Monad,  mox'ad.  An  ultimate  atom  or 
simple  substance  without  parts.  An  imag- 
inary entity  in  the  philosophy  of  Leib- 
nitz, according  to  whom  every  monad  is  a 
Bonl,  and  a  human  soul  is  only  a  monad  of 
elevated  rank. 

Monadelphia,  -a- 
deVfi-a.      The   16th    >, 
class    in     linnaBus' ''"^  ^ 
sexual     system     of 

Slants.  In  Zool.  that 
ivision  of  the  mam- 
malia in  which  the 
uterus  is  single.  It 
oomprises  aU  mam- 
mals with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  jnarsupi- 
als  and  monotremes. 

Monandria,    -an'- 
dri-a.    The  1st  class  in  LinnaBus'  sexual 
system  of  plants. 

Monarchian,  -ark'i-an.  One  of  a  sect 
of  early  heretics  who  held  that  the  Father, 
Son  and  Holy  Ghost  were  the  same  person; 
a  Patripassian.  They  assumed  this  name 
in  the  2d  century. 

Monastery, 'as-ter-i.  A  house  of  relig- 
ious retirement  or  of  seclusion  from  or- 
dinary temporal  concerns,  usually  applied 
to  houses  for  monks.  Among  Christians 
monasteries  for  men  were  founded  in  Up- 
per Egypt  about  the  year  805  by  St.  An- 
tony. About  the  middle  of  the  same  cen- 
tury female  monasteries  were  instituted. 
Monastic  vows  were  not,  however  Intro- 
duced tm  the  6th  century,  by  St.  Benedict. 
The  monastic  life  is  practiced  among  the 
Brahmans  and  Buddhists,  and  has  been  so 
from  pre-Christian  times. 

Monasticon,  'ti-kon.  A  book  giving  an 
account  of  monasteries,  convents  and  re- 
ligious houses. 

Monday,  mun'da.  The  second  day  of 
the  week. 

Mondjoaron,  mond-i5-r6'.  The  Indian 
shrew,  called  also  Sonneli  or  Indian  Musk- 
rat,  a  native  of  Hindustan.  It  emits  a 
powerftil  scent  of  musk. 

Monera,  mo-ne'ra.  A  name  proposed 
by  Haeckel  for  certain  minute  marine  or- 
fi^isms,  the  lowest  group  of  the  Ehizo- 
poda.  They  are  at  ue  very  base  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  or  form  a  kingdom, 
B^um  Protisticum,  between  animals 
and  vegetables. 

Mcmey,  mun'i.  Coin ;  stamped  metal 
that  may  be  given  in  exchange  for  com- 
modities.   Bank  notes,  notes  of  hand,  let 


ters  of  credit,  accepted  bills  on  mercantil* 
firms,  &c.,  all  representing  coin,  are  called 
money,  or  paper  money,  and  are  used  as 
a  substitute  for  it. 

Monere,  Ghaspard,  Ck>mte  de  Peluse. 

The  most  eminent  geometer  and  natural 
philosopher  of  modem  times;  b.  at 
Beaune,  France,  1746,  d.  1818. 
MonfiTOlia.  A  large  country  of  N.  E. 
China,  in  the  center  of  which  is  the  im- 
mense sand  desert  Ta-Gobi ;  1200  m.  bv 
600. 

Mongt>lid8d,  mon-goM-de.  One  of  the 
three  great  divisions  Into  which  Dr.  La- 
tham divides  the  family  of  man,  the  other 
two  being  the  AtlantidsB  and  JapetidaB.  It 
is  the  largest,  and  takes  its  name  from  the 
Mongols,  who  are  considered  the  type. 
Monitor,  'i-ter.  The  popular  name  for 
a  class  of  shallow,  semi-submeived,  heav 
ily-armed  Iron-clad  steam-vessels,  invent- 
0lL  by  Ericsson,  carrying  either  one  or 
two  revolving  turrets,  each  containing  one 
or  more  enormous  guns. 
MonitOridsa,  -i-tor'i-de.  The  monitors, 
a  tarn,  of  saurian  reptiles,  allied  to  th« 
true  lizards. 

Monk,  mungk.  One  of  a  community  of 
males  Inhabiting  a  monastery,  and  bound 
by  vows  to  celibacy  and  religious  exercises. 
Monk,  Gteorgre,  Duke  of  A  be- 
marie.  A  distinguished  English  general; 
B.  1608, ».  1670.  He  fought  on  both  sides 
in  the  war  with  Charles  L,  and  finally  re- 
stored the  crown  to  Charles  II. 
Monk-bat,  'bat.  Molossus  frimarlus,  a 
species  of  bat  in  Jamaica,  the  males  of 
which  are  often  found  in  great  numbers 
together. 
M  o  nkey, 
mung'ki.  A 
name  used  in 
its  wider  sens<' 
for  all  th<^ 
quadruma  n  a , 
except  the  le-£ 
murs  and  al-^ 
lies,  including  , 
monkeys  prop- 
er, apes  and 
baboons.  In 
its  more  re- 
stricted sense  It  designates  the  long-tailed 
members  of  the  order. 
Monkey-jacket,  -jak-et.  A  sailor's 
close-fitting-jacket,  generally  made  of  pi- 
lot cloth. 

Monkey-wrench,  -rensh.  In  Mech.  a 
screw-key  with  a  movable  law,  which  can 
be  adjusted  to  the  size  of  tue  nut 


^'S^l^k 


Diana  Monkey. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MONK-SEAL 


608 


MONBtEnB 


Monk-seal,  muogk'ssi.  A  species  of 
seal  in  the  Mediterranean,  type  of  the 
ren.  Pelagius  or  Monachus.  It  seems  to 
have  been  the  seal  best  known  to  the  an- 
cients. 

Hoxiinouth,  James  Fitzroy, 
Duke  of.  The  natural  son  of  Charles 
II.,  B.  1649.  He  claimed  the  throne  on 
the  death  of  his  fether,  but  was  defeated, 
made  prisoner  and  executed  by  order  of 
King  James  II.,  1685. 
Monocarp,  mon'o-karp.  A  plaat  that 
perishes  after  having  once  borne  fruil  ;  an 
annual  plant. 

tfonooeroa,  -os'e-ros.  A  one-homed 
creature ;  a  unicorn ;  a  sea-monster  with 
one  horn,  probably  the  sword-flsh.  The 
Unicorn,  a  constellation  containing  88 
stars. 

Monochroxne,  ^>-kr^m.  A  painting 
with  one  color,  relieved  by  light  and 
shade. 

MonocUm,  'd<don.  The  sea-unicorn  or 
narwhal,  &m.  Dclphinidie,  a  cetaceous 
mammal  which  lias  a  horn-like  task  pro- 
jecting from  its  head. 

Monogamist,  mo-nog'a-mist.  One  who 
upholds  monogamy  or  the  practice  of 
marrying  only  once.  One  who  has  a 
single  wife,  as  opposed  to  a  bigamist  or 
polygamist. 

Monogeny,  noiVnI.  The  doctrine  that 
the  human  race  nas  sprung  from  a  single 
species ;  the  essential  specific  unity  of  Uie 
human  species. 

Monogram,  mon'd-gnun.  A  character 
or  cipher  composed  of  one,  two,  or  more 
letters  interwoven,  being  an  abbreviation 
of  a  name. 

Monolith,  -llth.  A  pQlar  or  column 
formed  of  a  single  stone,  as  the  obelisks 
and  columns  of  Egypt. 

Monomania,  -o-ma'ni-a.  That  form  of 
mania  in  which  the  mind  of  the  patient  is 
absorbed  by  one  idea,  or  is  irrational  on 
one  subject  only. 

Monometallism, -met'al-izm.  The  fact 
of  having  only  one  metal  as  a  standard  In 
the  coinage  of  a  country ;  theory  or  belief 
in  the  advantages  of  a  single  metallic 
standard. 

Monomyaria,  -mi-a''ri-a.  A  group  of 
mollusca,  consisting  of  bivalves  whose 
shell  is  closed  by  a  single  adductor  muscle, 
as  the  oyster  and  pecten. 

Monongahela.  A riverof S.  W.  Penn., 
which  unites  with  the  Alleghany  at  Pitts- 
burgh and  forms  the  Ohio. 

Monophyodont,   -«-fro-dont     Mam. 


mals  In  which  only  a  single  set  of  teeth  to 
ever  developed.  The  sloths,  armadillos, 
orycteropus,  omithorhynchus,  and  the 
true  cetacea  are  examples.  All  other  mam- 
mals generate  two  sets,  the  first  deddnous, 
the  second  permanent. 

Monoph3nBite,  mo-nofi-slt  One  of  the 
adherents  of  Dioscorus,  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  was  condemned  for  the  same 
heresy  with  Entyches, 
A.  D.  451.  They  main- 
tained that  in  Jesus 
Christ  the  human  and 
divine  natures  were  so 
united  as  to  form  one 
nature  only. 

Monopteron,  mo- 
nop'ter-on.  In  Arch, 
a  temple  without  walls, 
composed  of  colunms 


Monopteron. 


arranged  in  a  chxile  and  supporting  a  con* 
ical  roof. 

Monosepaloos.    Having 

only  one  sepaL 
Monosperm,  mon'o-sperm.  \ 

A  plant  of  one  seed  only. 
Monostich,  -stik.    A  poem 

consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
Monosyllable,  -sll-a-bl.   A 

word  of  one  syllable. 
Monotessaron,  -d-tes'sa- 

ron.     A  Scriptural  narrative 

prepared  from  a  collation  of 

the  four  evangelists ;  a  luuv 

mony  of  the  four  evangels. 

Monotheism,  'd-th&-izm.  Monosep 
The  doctrine  of  the  existence     alous. 
efone  God  only. 

Monxx>e,  James.  The  fifth  President 
of  the  U.  8.;  b.  in  Va.,  1768 ;  d.  in  N.  Y., 
1881,  He  was  President  two  terms— 1817 
-26. 

Monroe-dootrine,  'ro-dok-trin.  The 
doctrine  first  propounded  by  President 
Monroe,  that  Ainenca  should  abstain  from 
intermeddling  with  the  broils  of  the  Old 
World,  while  it  would  not  suffer  the  latter 
to  interfere  with  the  affairs  of  the  New. 

Monseigneiir,  -sen-yer.  A  French  title 
of  honor  given  to  princes,  bishops  and 
other  high  dignitaries.  Before  the  Bevo' 
lution  the  Dauphin  of  !EVance  was  styled 
Monselgneur,  without  any  addition. 

Monsieur,  mu-see-yer.  A  title  given  to 
the  eldest  brother  of  the  Ktag  of  France. 
The  common  title  of  courtesy  in  France, 
answering  to  the  English  Bhr  and  Mr.; 
abbreviated  Mens.,  M.;  plural  Messrs,. 
MM, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MONSTKANCE 


609 


MOON 


Monstrance, 

mon'strans.  In  K. 
0.  Ghuroh  the 
glass- foced  shrine 
in  which  the  oon- 
seorated  host  is 
presented  for  the 
adoration  ot  the 
people. 

Montaiffn  e, 
Michel  Ey- 
ooem  de.  A  dis- 
tingoished  French 
•ssaylst;  b.  1588, 
D.  1602. 

Montana.  A  ter- 
ritory of  the  Amer- 
ican union,  bound- 
edN.  by  British  N, 
America,  E.  byDi 
kota,  8.  by  Wyo- 
ming, W.  bv  Idaho;  Monsimnce. 
area,  148,7T68q.  m.;  pop.,  89,159.  Princi- 
pal cities,  Virginia  City,  cap.,  Helena, 
Bannock  and  Benton  Oily.  Chief  rivers, 
the  Missouri  and  Yellowstone.  Moun- 
tains, N.  Rocky  range. 

Montanist,  'tan-lst.  A  follower  of  the 
heresiarch  Montanus,  a  Phrygian  of  the  2d 
century,  who  pretended  he  was  inspired 
by  the  Holy  Spirit  and  instructed  in  sev- 
eral points  not  revealed  to  the  apostles. 

Mont  Blanc.  A  peak  of  the  Savoy 
Alps,  the  highest  in  Europe,  16,77T  ft. 
above  sea  level. 

MoxLtc^n  de  St.  Veran,  lionis  Jo- 
sepn.  Marquis  de.  A  French  general; 
B.  1712;  killed,  simultaneously  with  his 
^lant  antagonist.  Gen.  Wolfe,  on  Quebec 

Mont  Oenis.  A  summit  of  the  Graian 
Alps,  celebrated  for  the  passage  of  Bona- 
parte's army,  1811,  and  more  reoentiy  for 
the  railway  tunnel  through  the  heart  of 
the  mountain,  8  m.  in  length. 

Mont-de-piete,  -de-p5-&-t&.  The  name 
given  to  a  class  of  establishments  for 
advancing  money  to  the  poor  at  a  rea- 
sonable rate  of  interest.  They  originated 
in  Italy  under  the  patronage  of  the  papal 
government  in  the  15th  century,  to  coun- 
tervaU  the  exorbitantiy  usurious  practices 
of  the  Jews.  They  have  spread  to  other 
countries,  as  France  and  Spain. 

Monte,  'ta.  A  Spanish  gambling  game 
played  with  dice  or  cards. 

Monte-bank,  -bangk.  A  gaming-table 
or  establishment  where  monte  is  played. 

Movtem,  'tem.  The  name  given  to  an 
ancient  English  custom,  till  18i7  prevalent 


among  the  scholars  of  Eton,  whiah  con- 
sisted in  their  proceeding  every  third  year 
on  Whit-Tuesday  to  a  tumulus  (L.  ad 
montam,  whence  the  name)  near  the  Bath 
road,  and  exacting  money  for  salt,  as  it 
was  called,  teom  all  persons  present,  or 
passers-by.  The  sum  was  given  to  the 
captain,  or  senior  scholar,  and  used  in  de- 
fraying his  expenses  at  the  university.  It 
has  been  known  to  approach  nearly  £1,000. 

Montenegro.  (Kara-Dagh,  the  '*  Black 
Mountains.")  One  of  Turkey's  semi-inde- 
pendent provinces,  bounded  N.  by  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina.  E.  by  Bosnia,  S.  by 
Albania,  W.  by  Dahnatia ;  area,  1,700  sq. 
m.;  pop.  abt.  280,000 ;  cap.  Cettigne. 

Mpntesqniea,  Charles  de  Seoond- 
at.  Baron  de.  A  distingniahed  French 
author;  b.  1689  ;d.  1756. 

Montevideo.  Cap.  of  Uruguay,  S.  Amer> 
ica,  on  the  estuary  of  the  La  Plata.  125  m. 
N.E.  of  Buenos  Ayres ;  pop.  144,726. 

Montezuma  H.  Emperor  of  Mexico, 
and  last  of  the  Aztec  dynasty ;  b.  1470, 
crowned  1502 ;  killed  while  a  prisoner  to 
Cortez,  1620. 

Montffomer,  -gol-fya.  A  balloon  filled 
with  atmospheric  air  dilated  by  heat.  M. 
ram,  a  hydraulic  ram  by  which  the  fall 
of  a  colunm  of  water  is  caused  to  elevate 
a  portion  of  itself  to  a  height  greater  than 
that  of  its  source. 

Monteromery,  Sichard.  An  Ameri- 
can general  of  the  Revolution,  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 1786 ;  killed  at  the  assault  on  Quebec, 
1776. 

Month,  munth.  One  of  the  twelve  parts 
of  the  calendar  vear;  a  period  of  tima 
nearly  oorresponoing  to  one  revolution  ol 
the  moon  round  the  earth ;  called  distinc- 
tively a  calendar  month.  The  period  be- 
tween change  and  change  of  the  moon, 
reekoned  as  twenty-eight  days ;  a  lunar 
month. 

Montmorenci.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
and  most  celebrated  fiunilies  of  France, 
the  head  of  which  was  long  known  as  the 
premier  baron  of  Christendom;  it  gave 
France  6  constables  and  11  marshals. 

Montreal.  A  city  of  Quebec,  Dominion 
of  Canada,  on  an  island  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence, 180  m.  8.  W.  of  Quebec ;  pop. 
188,264. 

Moodir,  mo'dSr.  The  Turkish  governor 
of  a  city  or  district. 

Moon,  mon.  The  orb  which  revolves 
round  the  earth;  a  secondary  planet  or 
satellite  of  the  earth,  whose  borrowed 
light  is  reflected  to  the  earth  and  serves 
to  dispel  the  darkness  of  night.    Its  i 


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MORIBUND 


distance  from  the  earth  is  about  287,000 
miles ;  its  diameter  is  2,160  miles  and  its 
magnitude  about  l-49th  of  that  of  the 
earth.  It  completes  its  revolution  round 
the  earth  in  a  mean  or  averaffe  period  of 
27  dajrs,  7  hours,  48  minutes,  ll.oseoonds, 
whidb  constitutes  the  sidereal  month. 
The  satellite  of  any  planet. 

Koon-blink,  'bUngk.  A  temporary 
evening  blindness  occasioned  by  sleeping 
in  the  moonshine  in  tropical  climates. 

Koonstone, 'ston.  A  variety  of  adularia 
worked  by  lapidaries.  By  reflected  light 
it  presents  a  pearly  play  of  color  not  un- 
like that  of  the  moon. 

Moon-year,  'v6r.  A  lunar  year;  the 
time  required  for  twelve  revolutions  of 
the  moon,  854  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes, 
87  seconds. 

Moor,  m5r.  A  native  of  the  coast  of 
Africa,  called  by  the  Bomans  Mauretania; 
theoountiy  of  dark-complexioned  people; 
Morocco,  Tunis,  Algiers,  Sec 

Moorcock,  'kok. 
The  male  of  the  red- 
grouse.  The  female 
is  called  the  moor- 
hen. 

Moorhen,  nien. 
The  gallinule  or 
water  hen;  the  fe 
male  of  the  reiil 
grouse. 

Mo  o  r  i  n  er-block, 
'tng-blok.     A  pecu* 
Uar  anchor  used  In 
some  ports  for  rl( 
ships  by. 

Moorish,  'ish.  A< 
style  of  architecture 
which  the  Moors  of 
Spain  and  other  Mo- 
hammedan nations 
have  employed  in 
mosques  and  other 
public  edifices. 
Called  also  Mor- 
esque, Saracenic  or 
Arabian  architecture. 
Many  interesting  ex- 
amples of  this  style  of  architecture  re- 
maiQ  at  various  places  in  Spain,  the  finest 
of  all  being  the  Alhambra  at  Oranada. 

Moore,  Thomas.  An  eminent  Irish 
poet,  the  "Bard  of  Erin;'*  b.  1779,  d. 
1862. 

More,  Thomas,  Sir.  An  eminent  En- 
glish statesman  and  philosopher,  b.  1480, 
beheaded  on  a  false  cnarge  of  treason  by 
order  of  Henry  VIII.,  1M5. 


Mboroodk. 


Moorhen. 


Mooring-block. 


Moreau,  Jean  Victor.  A  Fr«noh  gen- 
eral, B.  1788,  killed  in  the  battle  of  Dret 
den,  on  the  side  of  the  allied  foroee,  1818. 

Moose,  mos.    An 
animal,  gea,    Ger- 
vus,  G.  Alces,  the 
largest  of  the  deer 
kind,     growing 
sometimes  to  the  (J 
height  of  17  hands, 
and  weighing  1,200  ' 
lbs. ;  the  Europe- ' 
an      varie^      is  Moose, 

known  as  the  elk. 

Moostabid,  'ta-bid.  A  high-priest  or 
chief  mollah  in  Persia. 

Moot-court,  mdt'kdrt.  In  Law  sehools. 
a  meeting  or  court  held  for  the  purpose  ol 
discussing  points  of  law  or  arguing  and 
deciding  fictitious  oases. 

Moot-hill,  'hiL  A  hill  of  meeting  on 
which  the  ancient  Saxons  held  their  great 
courts. 

Moplah,  mop'lft.  A  Mohammedan  in- 
habitant of  Malabar,  descended  ih)m 
Arabs  or  Moors  and  native  women. 

Moravian,  md-r&M-an.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Moravia.  One  of  a  religious 
sect,  called  the  United  Brethren,  tracing 
its  origin  to  John  Huss.  Galled  in  Ger- 
many Herrnhuter,  ftt>m  Hermhut,  thehr 
first  settlement. 

Morelschiki,  -rel-ehik'i.  A  sect  of  Bus- 
sian  fimatics  whose  leading  idea  is  to  mor- 
tify the  flesh  for  the  sake  of  saving  the 
soul  and  have  recourse  to  self-mutilation, 
torture  and  death.  Galled  tn  English  Im- 
molators. 

Moresque,  mo-resk'.  A  style  of  orna- 
mentation for  flat  surfaces  named  after  the 
Moors,  but  really  developed  by  the  Byzan- 
tine Greeks.     Galled  also  Araoesque. 

Moreranatic,  mor-gan-at'ik.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  semi-matrimonial  alliance  be- 
tween a  monarch,  or  one  of  the  highest 
nobility,  and  a  lady  of  infnior  rank.  In 
Germany  such  unions  are  called  left-hand- 
ed marriages,  because  in  the  ceremony 
the  left  hand  is  given.  If  the  male  be  of 
sovereign  rank,  the  children  of  the  female 
do  not  inherit  the  iJither's  sovereignty, 
but  they  are  considered  legitimate  in  most 
other  respects. 

Moreray, 'g&.  The  small-spotted  dog-fish, 
or  bounce, «  species  of  shark. 

Mox^ne,  morg.  A  place  where  the  bodies 
of  persons  found  dead  are  exposed,  that 
they  may  be  claimed  by  4helr  fHends ;  a 
dead-house. 

Moribund,  mor'i-bund.  A  dying  person. 


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Morion. 


Morin's-appaxatus,  anz-ap-pa-rft^'tos. 
A  simple  apparatus  designed  to  illustrate 
the  laws  of  fJEilling  bodies.  It  shows  that 
the  velocity  increases  as  the  square  of  the 
time,  or  as  1,  4,  8, 16,  &c. 

Horion,  'i-on.  A  met- 
al helmet,  somewhat 
like  a  hat  in  shape,  of- 
ten with  a  crest  or 
oomb  over  the  top,  and 
without  beaver  or , 
visor. 

Mormon,  'mon.  A 
member  of  a  sect 
founded  in  the  U.  S. 
tn  1880  by  Joseph 
Smith.  The  distinguishing  peculiarities 
of  the  sect  are— the  belief  in  a  continual 
divine  revelation  through  the  inspired  me- 
dium of  the  prophet  at  the  head  of  their 
church,  the  practice  of  polvgamy,  and  a 
complete  hierarchical  organmtion.  They 
occupy  the  Territory  of  Utah,  with  Salt 
Lake  Citv  as  their  capital,  and  are  largely 
scattered  throughout  adjoining  Territories. 
Thev  call  themselves  the  Church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  Latter-Day  Saints.  The  govern- 
ment and  leading  statesmen  are  consider- 
ing ways  and  means  by  which  their  polyg- 
amous practices  may  be  suppressed. 

IComixiff-flrtar,  morn'ing-stdr.  The 
planet  Venus  when  it  rises  before  the  sun. 
In  Milit.  Antlq.  a  weapon  of  offense  used 
fiam  the  Conquest  till  the  time  of  Henry 
VII.  It  consisted  of  a  wooden  ball  con- 
taining iron  spikes  at  the  end  of  a  pole,  to 
which  it  was  sometimes  suspends  by  a 
chain.  It  was  also  termed  a  Holy-watw 
Sprinkler. 

Moroooo,  mo-rok'o.  A  fine  leather  made 
from  the  skins  of  goats,  tanned  with  su- 
mach, dyed  and  gr^ed,  the  last  process 
being  that  which  gives  it  its  well-known 
wrinkled  appearance.  The  art  of  prepar- 
ing it  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from 
the  Moors. 

Morocco.  An  empire  of  N.  Africa, 
bounded  N  by  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  ana 
the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  Algeria,  S.  by 
the  Desert  of  Sahara,  W.  by  ike  Atlantic ; 
area  219,890  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  9,000,000. 
It  has  three  capitals,  Fez,  Morocco  and 
Mequinez,  the  Sultan  residing  at  Fez; 
other  principal  cities,  Tangier  and  Moga- 
dor.  The  Sebu  is  the  only  considerable 
river,  and  the  Atlas  the  sole  mountain 
range. 

Morpheus.  mor'fQs.     In  Oreek  Myth, 
the  god  of  sleep  and  dreams. 
Morphia,  'fi-a.    The  narcotic  principle 
of  opiunx.  a  vegetable  alkaloid.    In  small 


doses  it  is  powerftilly  anodyne  ;  in  large 
doses  it  causes  death,  with  narcotic  8ymp< 
toms. 

Morphology,  -foKo-ji.  That  department 
of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws,  form 
and  arrangement  of  the  structures  of  plants 
and  animals. 

Morris,  'is.  A  dance  borrowed  from  the 
Moors,  usually  performed  with  castanets, 
by  a  single  person ;  a  morisco.  A  fuitas- 
tic  dance,  supposed  to  be  of  Moorish  ori- 
gin, and  for  long  an  important  element  of 
holiday  amusement  in  England. 

Morris.  A  curious  fish,  allied  to  the  eels, 
gen.  Leptocephalus.  Its  body  is  so  com* 
pressed  as  to  resemble  tape. 

Morris,  Gteorsre  P.  An  American  poet 
and  Journalist ;  b.  in  Penn.  1802,  d.  in  N. 
Y.  1864. 

Morse-alphabet,  mors'al-fi^bet  In 
Teleg.  a  system  of  symbols  used  in  mes- 
sages where  Morse's  self-recording  instru- 
ment, called  the  indicator,  is  employed. 

Mortar,  mor'- 
ter.  A  vessel  of 
metal,  stone  or 
glass,  In  which 
substances    are 

Sulverized,     or 
i  8  s  o  Ived    by  ^ -_.^._«^ 

beating  or  tritu  -  jhtiwiimiMiiimiiiiiii  ijmi— mauu.! jj 

ration  wilj  a  pes-  Mortar, 

tie,  much   used 

by  apothecaries  and  chemists.  A  short 
piece  of  ordnance,  thick  and  wide,  used 
for  throwing  bombs,  carcasses,  shells,  Ac. 
A  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water, 
used  as  a  cement  for  uniting  stones  and 
bricks  in  walls. 

Mortar-vessel,  -ves-el.  A  stronglv- 
built  gun-boat,  the  armament  of  -wblek  la 
usually  a  ^gle  mortar ;  a  bomb-yesael ;  a 
bomb-keUm. 

Mosaic,  md-z&'ik. 
A   kind   of   inkid 

-  work  formed  by  an  I 
assembUige  of  Uttie 
pieces   of  enamel, 
glass,  marble,  pre- 
cious stones,  ac.,  I 
of  various   colors.  I 
cut  and    disposed  I 
on  a  ground  of  oe-  [ 
ment    in    such    a  ^ 
manner  as  to  form  Vr-r:!-, 

designs,  and  to  im- 
itate the  colors  and  gradations  of  painting. 
M.  gold,  an  lUioy  of  copper  and  zinc,  called 
also  ormolu ;  ai&o  a  sulphide  of  tin,  the  au- 
rum  musivum  of  the  ancients.  M.  wool- 
work, ruga,  Ac,  made  of  variously  cot 


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MOUNTAIN 


•red  threads,  ammged  bo  that  the  ends 
show  a  xMittern. 

MosohlUB,  mos^us.     The  musk-deer,  a 

gen.  of  ruminating  animals,  allied  to  Uie 

antelopes.  The  M.  moschiferus  yields  the 

perfiime  called  mask. 

Moscow  (Moskwa).    Cap.ofaBussian 

government  of  same  name,  on  the  M. 

river,  400  m.  8.  E.  of  St.  Petersburg ; 

pop.  about  420,000.     It  was  the  ancient 

cap.  of  Muscovy  (Eussia). 

Moselle,  mo-zel'.    A  w  hite  French  wine. 

Moses.     In  Scrip,  the  Hebrew  hiw-giver 

and  leader  of  the  Israelites  fh)m  Egypt ; 

B.  in  Egypt  abt.  1568  b.  o.  ;  d.  on  Mount 

Pisgah,  at  the  age  of  120  years. 

Moskwa.     A  river  of  Moscow,  Eussia, 

emptying  into  the  Aka ;   length  200  m. 

The  bloody  battle  of  Borodino,  from  a 

village  in  the  vicinity,  was  fought  on  its 

banks,  1812,  bet.  the  French  and  EussIj 


banks,  l»i*i,  Dei.  ine  jrencnand  Eusslans, 
tn  which  the  total  loss  was  upward  of 
80,000  men  ;  the  Eussians  were  defeated. 
Moslem,  mozlem.  A  Mussulman ;  an 
orthodox  Mohammedan. 
MoSQue,  mosk.  A  Mohamniedan  temple 
or  place  of  religious  worship.  A  class  of 
mosques  are  set  apart  for  the  instruction 
of  young  men,  and  with  manv  there  are 
hospitals  and  public  kitchens  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  poor. 

Mosquito,  mos-k^'td.  A  name  applied 
to  several  species  of  the  gen.  Culex  and 
allied  genera  of  insects,  extremely  annoy- 
ing to  both  man  and  beast. 
Mosto,  't5.  Must ;  a  preparation  used  for 
"  doctoring  "  wines  of  inferior  qualities. 
Motazilite,  m5-taz'il-it.  One  of  a  nu- 
merous and  powerful  sect  of  Mohamme- 
dan heretics,  who  denied  predestination. 
They  appeared  a  few  generations  after 
Mohanmied. 

Motlx,  moth.  The  popular  name  of  a 
numerous  and  beautinil  division  of  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  the  best  known  species 
being  the  silkworm  moths  and  the  dothes- 
moths,  gen.  Tinea. 

Mother-of-pearL  The  hard  silvery 
brilliant  internal  or  nacreous  layer  of 
shells,  particularly  the  oyster  fkmily,  often 
variegated  with  changing  purple  and  azure 
colors,  extensively  used  in  the  arts  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  handles  for  knives, 
buttons,  toys,  snuflF-boxes,  Ac. 
Motley,  John  liOthrop.  An  eminent 
American  historian ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1814 ;  n. 
in  England,  1877.  He  was  Minister  to 
Austria,  1861-67,  and  to  Orettt  Britain, 
1869-71. 


Moaoharaby. 


Mot-Mot,    mot'mot      A  beautlftil    8. 

American  flssirostral  bird,  gen.  Momotus 

or  Prionites. 
Moton,  mo'ton.    A  small  phite  covering 

the  armpits  of  a  knight,  used  when  plate- 
armor  was  worn. 
Motor,  'ter.     A  source  or  originator  of 

roechaniod  power ;   a  moving  power,  a« 

water,  steam,  Ac. 
Moucharaby,    m5- 

shar-a-bi.    In  Arch,  a 

balcony  with  a  parapet . 

and     machicolations,  . 

projected  over  a  gateu 

originally   to    defend 

the  entrance. 
Moufflon,    mdflon. 

The  Ovis  or  Caprovla 

Musimon,  an  animal  . 

of  the  sheep  kind,  in-  . 

habiting  Corsica,  Sar-  . 

dinia  and  Oreece.     It 

is  about  the  size  of  a 

small  fallow-deer  and 

bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  ram. 
Moulin,  mo-Mn.    A  deep  round  hole  in  a 

glacier,  Into  which  the  water  accumulated 

in  the  rills  is  precipitated. 
Moultrie,  William.  An  American  gen- 
eral:  b.  in  8.  C.  1781 :  D.  1806.    He  was 

governor  of  his  native  State,  1786. 

MouAd,  mound.  In  Her.  a 

ball  or  globe,  part  of  the 

regalia  of  an  emperor   ot 

king,  and  the  sign  of  sov- 
ereign authorityj  enriched 
with  precious  stones,  audi 
surmounted  by  a  cross.        I 

Mount.  An  isolated  moun- ' 
tain,  or  one  of  unusual 
height;  abbreviated  Mt.  „— -^ 
Mt.  A(i>ncagua,  the  highest  Mound 
pejvv  .-'  +Vr.  \r\(\(^  P.  ATT^eT<<^.  28,910  ft 
Mt.  i;*..-.'.  ;■.■,.-■  ■■'•  •I-  a:,,.-.  Ijiimp^ 
IB  T7T  tl.  Ml.  Kiliujauidjjira,  btj^^bt^wt  tH 
tbt*  Uiyon,  AJHcii,  'iUODO  ft.  Mt,  Mjircy, 
hlt^bt^t  of  the  Adlmtidacka,  Ensex  to.,  H. 
T  Gt46T  ft.  Mt.  MitchiO,  hlphi^st  of  ttuj 
mmk.  N.  O.,  &jm  ft.  Mt.  Kafner,  hiffht^t 
of  the  tJascadt*,  Wiishinrtoii  T^iir.,  12,i»*ft 

Mt.  b*t.   EHiiA,  AiBftks,  n;o«)  ft.     Mt. 


Shasta.  Ra  taolated  ppak,  hi^bent  in  t  all- 
f ( fr ri  1  f^  n  Th hi  ft .  Mt.  Tvn dji! L  higheit  of 
til,     -  -iilrt,  OaUfomU,   14,200  ft, 

Mt.  W^^Llii-uii,  higheet  of  the  White,  In 
N.  H.,  6,226  ft. 

Mountain,  moun'tln.  Amass  of  earth 
and  rock  rising  above  the  common  level  or 
the  adjacent  land ;  an  elevated  mass  higher 
than  a  hill.  The  highest  peak  In  the  world 


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MULLAOATAWNT 


is  Mt  Eyerest,  in  the  BMalayas,  29,002 
ft.  above  sea  level.  The  M.,  the  extreme 
demooratlo  party  in  the  first  French  revo- 
lution. 

Xoiintain-barometer,  -ba-rom'-et-er. 
A  barometer  adapted  for  measuring  the 
height  of  mountams. 

Mountain-oat.    The  wild-eat. 

Mountain-oook.  The  male  of  the  cap- 
ercailzie. 

Mon ntaln-green,  -gr€n.  A  carbonate 
of  copper ;  malachite. 

Moiintain-floap,  -65p.  A  mineral  of  a 
pale  brown  color,  so  named  from  its  soapy 
feel.    It  is  used  in  crayon  painting. 

Mountebank,  'ti-banek.  Any  boastfhl 
and  fyiae  pretender ;  a  charlatan ;  a  quack. 

Mount  Vernon.  A  locality  in  Fairfkx 
Go.,  Ya.,  the  seat  of  Gen.  Washington's 
ancestral  home  and  where  his  remains  are 
entombed.  This  is  now  public  property, 
purchased  by  subscription  in  1868. 

Mouse,  mous«  A  small  rodent  quadru- 
ped, the  Mus  musculus ;  also  other  rodents 
of  the  same  gen. 

Mouzali,  mouz'a.  In  the  E.  Indies  a 
village  with  its  andent  township. 

Mowing-inachine,  md'ing-ma-sh€n. 
An  agricultural  machine,  resembling  in 
its  main  features  a  reaping-machine,  em- 
ployed to  cut  grass,  clovw,  dec. 

Moza,  moks'a.  A  soft  downy  substance 
prepared  in  China  and  Japan  fi*om  the 
young  leaves  of  certain  species  of  Artemi- 
sia, used  for  the  gout,  dMS.,  by  burning  it 
on  the  skin. 

MoBambiqiie.  A  territory  tn  8.  E.  Af- 
rica, belonging  to  Portugal :  area  888,600 
a.  m. ;  pop.  816,000.  Gap.  M.;  pop.  6,000. 
.  Ghannel,  a  wide  strut  in  tne  Indian 
Ocean,  bet.  the  Island  of  Madagascar  and 
Mozambique;  length  1,000  m.,  mean 
breadth,  460  m. 

Mosart,  Johann  Ohrsraostom 
Wolfffanflr  AmadeoB.  An  eminent 
German  composer,  b.  1T66,  d.  1791.  He 
gave  musical  exhibitions  before  the  courts 
of  Yienna  and  Munich  at  the  age  of  6. 

Mnoivoxa,  mu-siv'5-ra.  A  family  of 
dipterous  insects,  comprehending  those 
which  feed  on  the  Juices  of  plants. 

MuouB,  'kus.  A  vlsdd  fluid  secreted  bv 
the  mucous  membrane  of  animals,  whidi 
it  serves  to  moisten  and  defend.  It  covers 
the  lining  membranes  of  the  mouth,  nose, 
lungs,  intestinal  canal,  urinary  passages, 
Ac. 

Knd-bath,  muda>ath.  A  kind  of  bath 
connected  with  some  mineral   springs, 


consisting  of  mud,  transAised  with  saUne 
or  other  ingredients,  recommended  for 
rheumatism,  dMS. 

Mud-bnzTOwer,  'bu-r6-er.  The  popular 
name  for  crustaceans  of  the  gen.  CUUa- 
nassa,  from  their  burrowing  habits. 

Mud-e^  'SL  The  siren,  a  species  of  am- 
phibian, so  called  on  account  of  its  elon- 
gated form  and  mud-loving  habits. 

Mud-fish,  'fish.  A  fish,  ord.  Dipnoi,' 
gen.  Lepidosiren. 

Mad-hen,  'hen.  The  common  name  of 
the  American  coot,  and  also  of  the  Ylrgbi- 
lan  rail. 

Mud-sill,  'sll.  The  base  or  lowest  sill  of 
a  structure,  as  of  a  bridge,  Md  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  river,  dec. 

Mnd-tnrtle.  'ter-tl.  A  name  given  to 
the  soft  tortoises  and  terrapins. 

Mnd-valve.  'valv.  In  steam-enclnes, 
an  orifice  with  steam-tight  covering  m  the 
bottom  of  a  boHo*  through  which  uie  sed- 
iment is  removed. 

Mud-worm,  'werm.  An  invertebrate 
animal,  group  Umicobs,  ord.  OUgochffita, 
class  AjmeUoa. 

Mne^Ln^  mn-ed'zin.  A  Mohammedan 
crier  attached  to  a  mosque,  whose  duty  it 
is  to  proclaim  the  ezam  or  summons  to 
prayers  five  times  a  day— at  dawn,  at 
noon,  4  p.  X.,  sunset  and  nightfidl,  from 
the  balcony  of  a  minaret 

Muffle,  muf  1.  The  tumid  and  naked 
portion  of  the  upper  lip  and  nose  of  ru- 
minants and  rodents. 

Mufflon,  Ion.  The  wild  sheep  or  mus- 
mon.       • 

Mufti,  'ti.  The  high-priest  or  chief  of  the 
ecclesiastical  order  among  the  Mohamme- 
dans ;  a  doctor  of  Mohammedan  law. 

MuflTsrent,  mug'ent.  A  spedes  of  wild 
fresh-water  ducuc. 

Mufirffletonian,  -l-t6'nl-an.  One  of  an 
English  sect  that  arose  in  the  17th  century, 
the  founders  being  John  Beeve  and  Lu- 
dovic  Muggleton,  who  claimed  to  have  the 
spirit  of  prophecy. 

Muffilld8B,  m&-Jil'i-dS.  Fishes  of  the 
mullet  tribe,  ord.  Aoanthopterygli. 

Mulatto,  -hit'td.  The  offspring  of  pa- 
rents of  whom  one  is  white  and  ue  other 
a  negro. 

Muliebrity,  mii-li-e'bri-ti.  Woman- 
hood; the  state  of  puberty  in  a  female. 
Womanishness ;  effeminacy. 

Mulla,  mul'a.  In  Hindustan,  a  Moham- 
dan  learned  in  the  law ;  a  schoofanastei. 

Mullafiratawny, -ga-tft"ni.  AnE,  In* 
dian  curry-soup. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MULBERRY 


614 


MtJNGRR 


Mnlbeny. 


Knlberry,  -ber-re. 
Tiie  fruit  of  tho  \^^ 

rupM  Df  a  uiotiirrel 
bi^edii,  usqaJly  g^i-ow- 
tXeA  b^itwuiin  an  MS 

I  horfle  and  a  Bbiwiflfl. 
But,  tiL<^  hjituti  1^  npi- 
•  iiUtiil  to  any  iwLnjfll 
prodms;^!  by  &  mix- 
liir*2  of  Ulffiirnat  at)*!- 
des.  A  spinnuig 
machine. 

Mnller,  'er.  A  flat-bottomed  pestle, 
with  a  rounded  edge,  used  for  grinding 
pigments  and  other  substances  upon  a 
slab. 

Mnller,  Friedrioh  SCax.  A  distin- 
guished German  philologist :  b.  1828,  d. 
1881. 

Mullet,  'et;  A  name  common  to  two 
groups  of  acantiiopterygian  fishes,  viz.,  the 
ram.  Mugilidie  or  gray  mullets,  and  the 
fem.  Mullldffi  or  red  mullets.  In  Her.  a 
figure  resembling  the  rowel  of  a  spur, 
with  five  points  in  English  and  six  in 
French,  the  filial  distinction  of  a  third  son. 
Mullion,  'yon.  In 
Arch,  a  vertical  divi- 
sion between  the  lights 
of  windows,  screens, 
Ac.  One  of  thedivi- 
'  sions  between  the  pan 
els  in  wainscoting. 
Mulqiif,  'kuf.  A 
very  ancient  ventilat- 
ing device,  which  has 
been  in  use  in  Egypt 
8000  years. 

Mulse,  muls.     Wine 
boiled     and      thickly 
sweetened  with  honey. 
Multipede,  'ti-ped.    An  animal  that  has 
many  feet,  such  as  a  centipede. 
Multiplication,  -pli-ka^shon.    A  com- 
pendious method  of  performing  addition, 
called  simple  when  the  terms  are  abstract 
numbers,  and  compound  when  the  mul- 
tiplicand is  a  concrete  number.    M.  table 
a  table  containing  the  product  of  all  the' 
simple  digits,  and  onward  to  some  as- 
sumed limit,  as  to  12  times  12. 
Multiplyinguwheel,  -pli-lng-whSl.    A 
wheel  which    increases  the    number  of 
.  movements  in  machinery. 
Multoca,  -tdOca.    The  Turkish  code  of 
law,  consisting  of  precepts  ih)m  the  Ko- 


MulUon. 


ran,  traditional  injunctions  of  Mohammed, 
and  decisions  of  early  caliphs. 
Multum,  'turn.  In  brewing,  an  extract 
of  quassia  and  hoorice,  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  economizing  nialtand  hops. 
Multunerula,  -tung'gu-la.  The  divis- 
ion of  Perissodactyle  Ungulate  quadru- 
peds, in  which  each  foot  has  more  than  a 
single  hoof,  as  the  rhinoceros,  each  of 
whose  feet  has  three  toes,  each  in  a  8epa< 
rate  hoof. 

Mum,  mum.  A  species  of  German  malt 
liquor,  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  with 
the  addition  of  a  little  oat  and  bctm  meaL 
Muxubo-Jumbo,  a>6-Jum'bd.  A  god  of 
certain  negro  tribes  whose  image  is  clad 
in  fkntasticdotliing. 

Mummer,  'er.  One  who  mununs  m 
masks  himself  and  makes  diversion  in 
disguise ;  a  masker ;  a  masked  buffoon. 
Mummy,  'i.  A  dead  body  embalmed 
and  dried.  An  immense  number  have 
been  found  in  Egypt,  consisting  not  only 
of  human  bodies,  but  of  bulls,  ap^, 
ibises,  crocodiles,  fish,  Ac,  The  term  is 
likewise  given  to  human  bodies  preserved 
in  other  ways,  either  by  artificial  prepara- 
tion or  by  acddent. 

MumjnychofiTi  -chog.    A  small  fish  of 
the  carp  kind. 

Mummy-cloth,  -kloth.     The  cloth  in 
which  mummies  are  swathed. 
Mundil,  'dil.    A  turban  richly  embroid- 
ered with  gold  and  silver. 
MuxLfiTO,  mung'go.     Artifiolal  short-sta- 

Sle  wool,  formed  by  tearing  to  pieces  and 
isintegrating  old  woolen  fitbrics.  Shod- 
dy is  a  similar  material  obtained  from 
coarser  fabrics. 

Muneroose,  mun'gSs.  The  E.  Indian 
name  for  a  species  of  quadruped,  one  of 
theichneumons  kept  in  many  houses  to 
rid  them  of  reptiles,  rats,  mice,  &c. 
Munioll.  Cap.  of  Bavaria,  S.  Ger- 
many, on  the  Isar ;  pop.  214,600. 
Munster.  A  prov.  of  Ireland,  originally 
a  Milesian  kingdom,  contahiing  cos. 
Clare^Cork, Kerry,  Limerick,  Tipperary 
and  Waterford;  bounded  N.  by  Con- 
naught,  E.  by  Leinster,  8.  and  W.  by  the 
Atlantic. 

Muutin,  'tin.  The  central  vertical  piece 
that  divides  the  panels  of  a  door. 
Muutjac,  munt'iak.  A  small  spedes  of 
deer,  a  native  of  Java.  The  male  has 
short  horns,  the  female  none. 
Mung«r,  Thomas.  A  German  flmatio ; 
B.  1478,  executed  1526.  In  1525  he  Joined 
the  Anabaptists,  collected  a  body  of  40,000 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


rftTNTZ'S  METAL 


616 


MtTSCTJLITE 


fbllowers  and  committed  numerous 
.  excesses  before  beincr  defeated  and  cap- 
tured by  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse. 

Miintz'B  Metal,  iuunts'ez  met-al.  An 
alloy  of  60  parts  copper  and  40  parts  zinc, 
used  for  sheathing  ships  and  other  pur- 
poses. 

Mxmena,  mu-rS'na.  A  gen.  of  apodal, 
malacopterygious  fishes,  fam.  Munenidffi, 
resemloing  the  eeL 

Mural,  m&r'aL 
Pertaining  to  a 
walL  M.  circle, 
an  iQBtrument 
which  has  su- 
perseded the 
muralquadrant, 
susceptible  of 
much  more  ac- 
curate divisions 
and  less  liable  to 
derangement 
than  quadrants, 
the       principal  Mum] 

fixed  instrument  in  all  great  public  ob- 
servatories. Its  chief  use  is  to  measure 
aagular  distances  in  the 
moridian.  M.  crown,  a 
golden  crown,  bestowed 
among  lihe  ancient  Bomand  ___^ 
on  him  who  first  mounted  Mural  Crown 
the  wall  of  a  besieged  place 
and  lodged  a  standard.  M.  painting,  a 
painting  executed  in  distemper  colors. 

Mnrat,  Joachim.  A  marshal  of  France, 
and  for  four  years  Kine  of  Naples,  consid- 
ered by  Napoleon  I.,  his  brother-in-law, 
the  finest  cavalry  soldier  in  Europe  ;  il. 
1771,  shot  by  his  Neapolitan  subjects  after 
trial  by  court-martial,  1815. 

Muzohlflonla,  mer-chi-sd'nl-a.  A  genus 
of  fossil  gasteropodous  mollnsks,  fom. 
Pleurotomiariidffi. 

Murohison,  Boderiok  Impey,  Sir. 
An  eminent  British  geologist ;  b.  1792,  d. 
1872. 

Mnrex,  mu-rex.  A  genus  of  gasteropod 
mollusks  resembling  the  whelk.  They 
were  in  high  esteem  from  the  earliest  ages 
on  account  of  the  purple  dye  that  some  of 
them  yielded. 

Mnrfk'eesboro'.  Cap.  of  Rutherford  Co., 
Tenn.,  80  m.  8.  E.  of  Nashville,  noted  for 
the  sanguinary  battles  Dec.  81, 1862,  and 
Jan.  2,  1868,  between  the  Federals  under 
Cten.  Rosecrans  and  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Bragg:  the  latter  being  defeated, 
with  a  loss  of  11,000 ;  Federal  £>8S,  12,000. 

Muriate,  M-at.  The  old  name  for  chlo- 
ride. 


MuriOite,  -sit.  Fossil  remains  of  the 
Murex. 

Muridsa,  mu'-ri-do.  A  sub-order  of  ro- 
dents, including  the  different  species  of 
rats  and  mice,  the  Jerboas,  mole-rats, 
lemmings,  hamsters,  &c. 

Murina,  -ri'-na.  A  &m.  of  rodent  quad- 
rupeds, of  which  the  een.  Mus  is  the  type, 
sub-ord.  Muridie,  incuiding  the  hamsters, 
mice,  voles,  mole-rats,  &c.  7 

Murillo,  Bartoloxne  Esteban.  Au 
eminent  Spanish  painter ;  b.  1618,  d.  1682. 

Murk,  raerk.  Refiise  or  husks  of  fruit 
after  the  Juice  has  been  expressed ;  marc. 

Muroe.    A  bird ;  the  razor-bill. 

Murray,  James  Stuart,  Earl  of.  A 
natural  son  of  King  James  Y .  of  Scotland, 
B.  1588.  He  was  chief  Minister  of  his  half 
sister,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  became 
regent  on  her  deposition;  assassinated, 
1670. 

Murrhine,  In.  A  delicate  ware,  made  of 
fiuor-spar  or  fluoride  of  calcium,  brought 
fix>m  the  East.  Vases  of  this  ware  were 
used  in  Rome  as  wine-cups,  and  were  be- 
lieved to  have  the  quality  of  breaking  if 
poison  were  mixed  with  the  liquor  they 
contained. 

Murza,  mer'za.  The  hereditary  nobility 
among  the  Tartars. 

Mus,  mus.  A  gen.  of  rodents,  including 
rats  and  mice. 

M-osaph,  -af.  The  book  containing  the 
Turkish  laws. 

Musca,  'ka.  A  southern  constellation, 
situated  between  the  Southern  Cross  ana 
the  south  pole,  consisting  of  6  stars. 

Muscadel,  -del.  The  name  given  to  sev- 
eral kinds  of  sweet  and  strong  Italian  and 
French  wines.  The  erapes  which  produce 
these  wines.    Called  also  Muscat. 

Muscat.  The  principal  seaport  of  E. 
Arabia,  held  by  the  Portuguese  from  1607 
till  1648,  when  it  reverted  to  the  Arabs ; 
pop.  74,000. 

Muscoloflry,  -koro-Ji.  That  part  of  bot-' 
any  which  investigates  mosses ;  a  dis' 
course  or  treatise  on  mosses. 

Muscovado,  -k5-va'dd.  Unrefined 
sugar ;  the  raw  material  trom  which  loaf 
and  lump  sugar  are  procured  by  refining. 

Muscovite,  'ko-vit.  A  native  of  Mus- 
covy or  ancient  Russia. 

Muscovy-firlass,  -vi-glas.  Muscovite, 
a  variety  of  mica  brought  trom  eastern 
Russia. 

Musculite,  'kQ-lIt.  A  petrified  mussel 
or  shell. 


Digitized  by 


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MUSE 


616 


MUSTELIDJS 


Miue,  mOz.  In  Greek  Ifyth.  one  of  the 
daoghters  of  Zens  and  Mnemosjme,  the 
inspiiing  goddesses  of  song,  and  according 
to  later  ideas  divinities  presiding  over  Uie 
different  kinds  of  poetry,  the  sciences  and 
arts,  nieir  origina]  number  was  three, 
but  afterward  they  are  always  spoken  of 
as  nine  in  number :  Clio,  the  muse  of  his- 
tory ;  Euterpe,  of  lyric  poetry ;  Thalia,  of 
comedy,  and  of  merry  or  idyllic  poetry ; 
Melpomene,  of  tragedy ;  Terpsichore,  of 
chonU  dance  and  song ;  Erato,  of  erotic 
poetry  and  mimidV;  Poljrmnia  or  Poly- 
hymnia, of  the  sublime  hynm  ;  Urania,  of 
astronomy,  and  GalUope,  of  epic  poetry. 
Museumi,  mu-zd'um.  A  repository  of 
things  that  have  an  Immediate  relation 
to  literature,  art  or  science ;  a  cabinet  of 
curiosities;  a  collection  of  objects  in  nat- 
ural history. 

Muaio-box,  'zik-bokfl.  A  small  Instru- 
ment, having  a  toothed  barrel  operating 
on  vibrating  tongues,  which  plays  one  or 
more  tunes  on  being  wound  up. 
Muaio-recorder,  -rd-kord-er.  The  name 
given  to  several  devices  for  recording  mu- 
sic as  it  is  played  on  any  sort  of  keved  in- 
strument, as  the  organ  or  pianoforte ;  a 
phonograph  or  phonautograph. 
Muaic-smitli,  -smith.  A  workman  who 
makes  ti^e  metal  parts  of  piano-fortes,  &c. 
Musk,  musk.  A  substance  obtained  from 
a  cyst  or  bag  near  the  navel  of  a  musk- 
deer  (Moschus  moschiferus).  It  is  origi- 
nally a  viscid  fluid,  but  dries  Into  a  brown 
pulverulent  substance.  Its  chief  use  is  as 
a  perftime.  An  artiflcial  musk  is  obtained 
by  the  action  of  nitric  add  upon  the  oil  of 
amber. 

Moskalloiiffe,  muslcal-lonj.  A  large 
variety  of  pike. 

Musk-oavy, musk'k&-vi.  AW.  Indian 
rodent  mammal,  gen.  Gapromys,  fam. 
HuridflB ;  its  feet  emit  a  strong  smell  of 
musk. 

KuBk-deer, 
'd6».     The  malc'^ 
of  the  MoschuK 
moschiferus,    aii 
animal    that    in 
habits       CSentra! 
Asia,    and     pro 
duces    the   well 
known  perftime  l  ; 
It  is  about  threc^ 
feet    in    length. 
The  gland  or  bag 
which      contains 
the  musk  is  about 
the  size  of  a  hen^s  egg.    The  pigmy  musk- 
deer,  also  called  luuiohll  ana  ohevrotain, 


Musk-ox. 


Musk-deer. 


inhabits  some  of  the  Asiatic  islands,  and 
is  considerably  smaller. 
Musk-duck,  'duk.  A  spedes  of  duck, 
often  erroneously  called  the  MuMovy- 
duck  (Calrina  moschata).  It  has  a  musky 
smell. 

Musk-ox, 
'oks.  The 
Ovibos  mos-  i 
chatu's,  a  ru- 
minant mam- 
mal of  the  bo- 
vine tribe  of 
N.  America.  1 
The  flesh  is 
pleasant  t  o 
the  taste,  but 
smells  strong- 
ly of  musk,  the  od<nr  of  which  is  also  dif- 
fused ftt>m  the  living  animal. 
Musk-rat,  'rat  An  American  rodent 
quadruped  allied  to  the  beaver,  the  Fiber 
zibethicus,  the  only  known  spedes  of  the 
genus.  It  has  the  smell  of  musk  in  sum- 
mer, but  loses  it  in  winter*  The  fur  is 
used  by  hatters.  Its  popular  name  in 
America  is  musquash,  the  Indian  name ; 
called  also  musk-beaver.  An  aquatic  in- 
sectivorous animal,  secreting  a  substance 
of  a  strong  musky  smell,  found  in  S.  Bus< 
sia  and  the  IVrenees ;  the  desman.  Sorex 
murinus,  an  Indian  spedes  of  shrew  which 
secretes  a  powerftil  musky  odor. 
Musnud,  miis'nud.  In  Persia  and  India 
a  throne  or  cludr  of  state. 
Musophasridaa,  mQ-sd-fi^'i-de.  The 
plantain-eaters,  a  tbm.  of  insessorial  birds. 
MtUBpelheixii}  mns'pel-hbn.  In  Seand. 
Myth,  the  abode  of  Are,  whidi  at  the  be^ 

ginning  of   time   existed  tn  the  south, 
parks  were  collected  from  it  to  make  the 

stars. 
Musquaw,  mus'kwa.    ▲  name  for  the 

common  black  bear  o7  America. 
Mussel,  'eL     A  lamelUbranchiate  mol- 

lusk,  gen.  Mytilns,  fiun.  MytilidsB.    The 

name  is  idso  given  to  moUusks,  gen.  Idth- 

odomus,  date-shells  or  stone-borers. 
Musset,  liouis  Charles  Alfred  da 

An  eminent  French  poet;  b.  1810,  d.  1867. 
Mussulman,  'ul-man.  A  Mohammedan; 

a  true  believer  in  Mohammed ;  a  Mosl^u. 
MustaiLfir,  mns'tang^    The  wHd  horse  ol 

the  pampas  and  pndries  of  America,  a 

descendant  of  horses  of  Spanish  importa^ 

tioD. 
Mustelidsa,   mus-tS^-dS.     A  fiun.  oi 

quadrupeds,  comprehending  the  otters,  er. 

mines  or  stoats,  sables,  martens,  ferrets, 

minks,  skunks,  polecats  and  weasels. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MU8TAPHA 


W7 


MYBMEGOPHAOm^ 


Mostapha.  The  name  of  four  Turkish 
sultans;  M.  I.  s.  his  brother  Ahmed  I.,  1617; 
strangled  by*order  of  Amurath  lY.,  1689. 
M.  IL  s.  Achmet  II.,  1695 ;  deposed  and 
D.  1708.  M.  III.  8.  Osman  111.,  1767 ;  d. 
1774.  M.  IV.  s.  Belim  III.,  1807 :  deposed 
and  assassinated  bv  his  brother  Mahmoud, 
1808. 

Mutase,  mft'tj^.  A  process  for  checking 
the  fermentation  of  the  must  of  grapes. 

Mutohkin,  mnehldn.  A  liquid  measure 
in  Scotland,  the  fourth  part  of  a  Scotch 
pint. 

Muttra  (Mathnra).  A  city  of  Bengal, 
British  India,  on  the  Junma.  It  is  the 
reputed  bhthplaoe  of  the  god  Krishna; 
pop.  66,000. 

MuBarab,  mn'za-rab.  One  of  the  Chris- 
tians formerly  living  under  the  sway  of 
the  Moors  in  Spain. 

MyadsB,  mVa-dS.  A  fun.  of  lamellibran- 
chiate  moUusks,  including  the  genera 
Mya,  Gorbula,  Neiera,  Thetis,  Ac.,  many 
species  of  which  are  fossil  as  well  as  recent ; 
gaping  bivalves. 

Myoelium,  -sdli-um.  The  cellular  fila- 
mentous spawn  of  ftmgi,  the  equivalent  of 
the  root  of  flowering  pUnts. 

Myoetes,  'tSz.  A  gen.  of  platyrhine 
American  apes ;  the  howling  monkeys. 

l^yoology,  -koro-lt  That  department 
of  botany  which  myestigates  nmgi;  a 
treatise  on  the  Aingi. 

Myerale,  'ga-ld.  A  gen.  of  aquatic  in- 
sectivorous animals,  of  which  the  Bussian 
muskrat  is  the  best  known  species  ;  the 
desman.  A  gen.  of  hairy  spiders  of  which 
the  bh^-catching  spider  is  the  type. 

Mylabris,  ml-l&'bris.  A  een.  of  vesica- 
tcoy  beeties,  film.  Cantharidee. 

HylocUm,  '16-don.  An  extinct  edentate 
animal,  allied  to  the  megatheriunu    Its 


Skeleton  of  a  Mjlodtm. 
remains  haye  been  found  tn  the  upper 


tertiarles  of  8.  America.    It  was  a  dumsj 

animal  as  large  as  a  hippopotamus. 

Kyliobatidaa,  'U-d-baf'i-dS.  A  fam. 
of  cartilaginous  fishes,  ord.  Selachii,  in* 
eluding  the  ea^e-rays. 

tfylitta,  -Ut'a.  A  Babylonian  goddess, 
the  impersonation  of  procreation.  Her 
worship  spread  over  Assyria  and  Persia. 

Mynheer,  min-her'.  The  ordinary  titif 
of  address  among  Dutchmen,  correspond- 
ing to  our  sir,  Mr. 

Myodes,  ml'd-d&.  A  gen.  of  rodent 
mammals,  fun.  MuxidsB,  containing  the 
lemmings. 

D£yod3rnaznloxneter,  -di-n&'mi-om'^et- 
er.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
comparative  muscular  strength  of  man  or 
other  animals. 

Myopia,  -d'pi-a.  Short-sightedness;  near, 
sightedness. 

Myoxidaa,  -oks'i-dS.  I>ormice,  a  fiun. 
of  rodent  mammals. 

Myriafirram,  mhr'i-a-gram.  In  the 
French  system,  a  weight  of  10,000 
grams,  or  22.0486  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Myrialiter,  -fi-ter.  A  French  measure 
of  capacitv.  containing  10,000  liters,  or 
610,280  cuDlo  inches. 

Myrlametej;,  -md-ter.  A  French  meas- 
ure of  length,  equal  to  10  kilometers,  or 
6.2188267  English  miles. 

Myriapo- 
da,  -i-ap'o-* 
da.  The  low- 
est class  of 
articulate 
animals,  in- 
cluding cen- 
tipeds  and 
millipeds. 

Myriaroh,  Myriapoda. 

'i-ark.  A  Oreek  commander  ot  10,000 
men. 

Myxlare,  -fir.  A  French  land  measure  of 
10,000  ares,  or  1,000,000  square  meters, 
equal  to  247.1148  acres. 

Myrlologne,  -6-log.  In  modem  Greece, 
an  extemporaiy  Amend  song,  composed 
and  sung  Dy  females. 

Myriosoope,  -skSp.  An  ingenious  vari- 
ation of  the  kaleidoscope. 

Myrmecobixis,  mer-m6-k5n>i-us.  A 
gen.  of  Australian  marsupials.  M.  fiis- 
cialisls  the  banded  ant-eater,  having  64 
teeth. 

MyrmecophafiridaB, -faj'i-ds.  Thehafay 
or  true  ant-eater,  a  fum.  of  edentate 
mammals  confined  to  8.  America ;  they 
have  no  teetiu 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


MTBMID0N8 


518 


NAIAD 


KyrmidOXIS.  In  Greek  Myth,  a  people 
of  Phthiotis,  originally  ants,  but  trans- 
formed into  men  by  Jupiter  ;  Poleus  and 
Achilles  were  among  their  notable  kings. 

Myrrli.     The  gum-  ■■.■., f 

my  resinous  exuda- 
tion of  Balsamoden- 
dron  Myrrha,  ord. 
Amyrida^oeee,  a  heal- 
ing stimulant  A 
common  name  for  a 

Slant  of  the  genus 
[yrrhis. 
Mysis,  ml'sis.  The 
opossum-shrimps,  a 
gen.  of  crustaceans, 
ord.  Stomapoda. 

Mystaeroflry,    mis'- 

ta-go-ji.  The  princi- 
ples, practice,  or  doc- 
trines   of   a    mysta- 


Hyrrh. 


gogue ;  the  interpretation  of  mysteries. 


Mystery,  'ter-i.  Something  hidden  from 
human  knowledge  and  fitted  to  inspire  a 
sense  of  awe.  A  species  Of  dnunatio 
composition  much  in  vogue  In  the  middle 
ages,  the  characters  and  events  of  which 
were  drawn  from  sacred  history.  A  term 
applied  to  certain  rites  and  ceremonies  in 
ancient  Greek  and  Roman  religions,  only 
known  to  and  practiced  t)y  those  initiated 
by  certain  preparatory  ceremonies. 

MytholOfiry,  mith-ol'o-ji.  The  science 
which  investigates  myths  with  a  view  to 
their  interpretation  and  to  discover  the 
degree  of  relationship  existing  between 
the  different  myths  of  different  people ;  a 
treatise  on  mytiis.  A  system  in  which  is 
embodied  the  convictions  of  a  people  in 
regard  to  their  origin,  divinities,  heroes, 
founders,  &c. 

Myxine,  miks'in-e.  The  hags,  a  gen.  of 
cvclostomous  fishes,  remarkable  for  their 
slippery  integument 


N 


NI8  the  14th  letter  and  the  11th  conso- 
nant of  the  alphabet.  Its  ordinary 
sound  as  in  not,  sun,  is  formed  by  placing 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  palate  at 
or  close  behind  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth, 
an<^  sending  a  voiced  sound  through  the 
nose.  It  differs  from  m  in  the  fact  that  the 
tongue  and  roots  of  the  teeth  are  brought 
together  instead  of  the  lips,  that  is,  it  is  a 
dental  nasal  instead  of  being  a  labial  nasal. 
As  a  numeral  N  signifies  900,  and  with  a 
stroke  over  it,  9,000.  As  an  abbreviation, 
N«  stands  for  north ;  N.  B.  for  nota  bene, 
note  well;  N.  P.  for  notary  public,  &c. 

Nabob,  nS'bob.  The  title  of  the  governor 
of  a  province  or  commander  of  an  army  in 
India  under  the  Mogul  empire ;  a  subordi- 
nate provincial  governor,  who  acted  un- 
der the  soubahs  or  viceroys. 

Nacarat,  nak'a-rat.  A  pale  red  color 
witii  an  orange  cast  A  crape  or  fine  linen 
fabric  dyed  ftigitively  of  this  tint,  and  used 
bv  ladies  to  give  their  countenance  a  rose- 
ate hue. 

Nacodar,  na-kd-d£r'.  The  captain  of  an 
Arab  vessel. 

Nacre,  na'ker.    Mother-of-pearl. 

Nadab,  'dab.  The  high-priest  of  the 
Persians. 

Nadir,  Mer.  That  point  of  the  heavens 
directiy  opposite  to  the  zenith ;  the  point 
directiy  unaer  the  place  where  we  stand. 
The  zenith  and  namr  are  the  two  poles  of 
the  horlion. 


Nadir  Shah.  A  Turkish  chief,  b.  1688; 
given  command  of  the  Persian  army,  1729; 
he  defeated  the  Turks,  and  in  1789  usurped 
the  Persian  throne.  Overrunning  Aijg^han- 
istan  and  capturing  Delhi,  1788-9,  he  mas- 
sacred 120,000  of  the  Inhabitants  of  that 
city ;  assassinated,  1747. 

Nadvus.  nS'vus.  A  natural  mark,  spot, 
or  blemish  on  the  skin  of  a  person;  a 
birth-mark.  N.  maternus,  a  mother's 
mark  ;  a  mark  on  the  skin  of  a  child. 

Nafira,  na'ga.  An  ancient  race  who  ap- 
pear to  have  invaded  India  about  six  cen- 
turies before  the  Christian  era.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  number  of  tribes  living  on  the 
borders  of  As8am,Munnipoor  and  Burmah. 
A  class  of  mendicants  in  Hindustan  going 
naked  and  carrying  arms.  In  Hind.  Myth, 
a  deified  serpent 

Nagrasaki.  A  seaport  city  of  Japan,  on 
the  Island  of  Kiou-Slou,  600  m.  S.  W.  oi 
Yeddo ;  pop.  76,000. 

NafiTOr,  na'gor.  A  species  of  antelope, 
tiie  gazelle  of  Senegal. 

Nagrpoor.  Gap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
Hindustan ;  pop.  121,000. 

NahxLXO.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  12  minor 
prophets,  who  lived  about  718  b.  o.  The 
Dook  bearing  his  name  predicts  the  de* 
struction  of  Nineveh. 

Naiad,  na'yad.  In  Greek  and  Bom. 
Myth,  a  water  nymph;  a  female  deity 
that  presides  over  rivers  and  springs,  rep- 
resented as  baaatifal. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NAIDIDJS 


619 


NAPOLEON 


Naididaa,  -ld'i-d6.  The  fiunilj  or  group 
of  water-worms,  ord.  Oligochteta. 

Naik,  'ik.  In  India,  a  sepoy  oorpora], 
ranking  below  a  havildar  or  sergeant. 

Naja,  'Ja.  A  gen.  of  serpents,  ftm.  Elap- 
idsB,  Colubrine  section  of  the  Ophid», 
among  the  most  dangerous  of  all  the  ven- 
omous snakes.  The  best  known  examples 
are  the  cobra  de  eapello  of  India  and  the 
N.  YiB^e  of  Egypt,  which  is  identified  by 
many  writers  with  the  asp  employed  by 
Cleopatra  to  bring  about  her  death. 

ITamai.  na-maz'.  The  common  prayer 
of  a  Turk. 

Namnr.  Cap.  of  a  province  of  same 
name,  Belgium,  at  the  Junction  of  the 
Mouse  and  Sambre,  88  m.  8.  £.  of  Brus- 
sels. It  is  strongly  fortified,  but  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Frwich,  1692,  1701,  1746; 
pop.  26,000. 

Nandu,  nan'du.  The  S.  American  os- 
trich, gen.  Bhea. 

Nankin.  A  large  inhmd  city  of  China, 
formerly  cap.  of  the  empire,  on  the  Tang- 
tse-Kiang,  noted  for  the  fiunous  porcela&i 
tower,  built  1481,  and  costing  400,000 
taels  ($1,800,000)  ;  pop.  abt.  426,000. 

Nantes.  A  seaport  .of  W.  France,  on 
the  Lohre,  210  m.  B.  W.  of  Paris ;  it  has 
an  extensive  foreign  commerce,  and  is 
noted  as  the  place  m>Qi  which  Henry  lY., 
1698,  issued  the  "Edict  of  Nantes,"  grant- 
Inir  ftill  religious  rights  to  his  Protestant 
subjects.  The  edict  was  revoked,  1686,  by 
Louis  XIV.     Pop.  129,847. 

Nape-orest,  napncrest  A  gen.  of  W. 
African  birds,  allied  to  the  plantain-eaters. 

Napha-water,  na'fa-wa-ter.  A  fragrant 
pei^me  distilled  ih)m  orange  flowers. 

Naphtha,  nap'tha.  A  varietv  of  bitu- 
men, thin,  volatUe,  fluid  and  innammable, 
unctuHus  to  the  touch,  and  constantly 
emitting  a  strong  odor.  Springs  of  na- 
tive naphtha  (called  also  petroleum  or 
rock-oll)  exist  in  manv  parts  of  the  world, 
and  it  is  largely  employed  as  a  source  of 
artiflcial  light. 

pttT.'    iHjnK. 

*l«ed     by 

John      N^ 

piw^  for  t^ 

dillt.ititig^ 

Inrpi    f4i]i"^i- 

UttUniH       Id 

malt  IpUca- 

tion  or  dlvlB-    Napier^s  Bones  or  Bods. 


ion.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  rods  made 
of  bone  or  other  convenient  material,  the 
&oe  of  each  of  whldi  is  divided  into  nine 
equal  parts  in  the  form  of  little  squares, 
and  each  part,  with  the  exception  of  the 
top  comjpartment,  subdivided  by  a 
diagonal  line  into  two  triangles. 

Naples.  Cap.  of  province  of  same  name. 
6.  Italy,  formerly  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Two  Sicilies,  on  Bay  of  N.,  at  foot  of 
Mt.  Yesuvius,  118  m.  8.  £.  of  Kome ;  pop. 
428,600.  ^  ^ 

Napoleon,  -pdad-on.  A  Fr«nch  gold 
ooin,  worth  20  ftmics,  or  about  $8.76.  A 
game  played  with  cards. 

Napoleon.  The  name  of  three  French 
emperors,  only  two  of  whom  enjoyed 
royal  honors.  N.  I.  (Napoleon  Bonaparte) 
B.  in  AJaccio,  1769,  and  rose  from  a  lieu- 
tenant of  artillery,  1785,  to  brigadier-gen- 
eral, 1798;  to  command  of  the  army,  1796; 
created  first  Consul  for  10  years,  1799; 
assumed  the  title  of  emperor.  May  18, 
1802,  and  was  crowned  Kmg  of  Italy,  in 
Milan,  May  26, 1806.  Under  a  coalitifiai 
of  Eussia,  Prussia,  Austria  and  Great 
Britain,  he  was  forced  to  abdicate  April 
11, 1814,  retiring  to  the  Island  of  Elba; 
escaping  Feb.  26,  1816,  he  repaired  to 
Paris,  welcomed  by  the  people,  and  joined 
by  the  soldiers;  defeated  at  Waterloo, 
June  18,  he  abdicated  in  fever  of  his  son, 
N.  II.,  a  child  of  four  years  of  age,  and 
surrendered  to  the  English,  who  banished 
him  to  the  isolated  island  of  St.  Helena, 
where  he  d.  May  6, 1821,  his  remains  be- 
ing transferred  to  Paris,  1840.  N.  mar- 
ried Josephine,  widow  of  Alexandre  de 
Beauharnaifl,  1796,  but  divorced  her,  1809, 
because  she  bore  him  no  children,  and 
married  Marie-Louise,  Archduchess  of 
Austria,  1810 ;  she  bore  him  a  son,  Mardi 
19,  1811,  who  was  called  King  of  Borne. 
N.  II.  (Francois  Bonaparte)  son  of  the 
former,  never  reigned,  but  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  father,  returned  with  his  motiier 
to  the  court  of  his  grand&ther,  Francis, 
Emperor  of  Austria,  who  bestowed  upon 
him  the  title  of  Duke  of  Reichstadt;  d. 
1882.  N.  III.  (Charles  Louis  Napoleen 
Bonaparte),  8d  son  of  Louis  Bonaparte, 
brother  of  N.  I^  and  for  a  time  King  of 
Holland,  and  Hortense  de  Beauhamais, 
daughter  of  Josephine  by  her  first  hus- 
band ;  B.  1808.  Assuming  to  be  the  suc- 
cessor of  N.  II..  he  made  two  unsucoessfhl 
attempts  at  Inciting  a  popular  revolution, 
the  last,  1840,  being  punished  by  a  sen- 
tence of  life  imprisonment  in  the  fortress 
of  Ham  ;  esoapinff  1846,  under  the  repub- 
lican amnesty  of  1848  he  returned  to 
France,  and  was  elected  to  the  Assembly 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NAPU 


020 


NAVARRE 


and  BhorUy  after  Prefildent;  In  1861  he 
usurped  Bupreme  power  as  Dictator,  and 
by  a  plebiscite,  1862,  was  elected  emperor, 
assuming  the  title  N.  III.  Declaiinfir  war 
against  Germanv,  1870,  he  was  dented 
and  made  a  prisoner,  1871,  retiring  to 
England  on  Usrelease,  where  he  d.  Jan. 
9, 1878.  He  married  Eugtoie  Maria  de 
Guzman,  Comtesse  de  Teba,  a  Spanish 
lady,  1858,  and  left  an  only  child,  Mapo- 
leon  Eugene  Louis  Jean  Joseph,  b.  18o6  ; 
killed  in  8.  Africa,  where  he  was  serving 
as  a  British  officer,  1882. 

Napa,  na-po.  A  very  small,  but  elegant 
musk-deer,  inhabiting  Java  and  Sumatra, 
remarkable  for  having  the  smallest  blood- 
corpuades  of  any  animal  yet  known. 

Narakm  nSr'arka.  In  Hind,  Myth,  a 
name  correspo tilling  ta 
our  helL  In  tiuimblr*  uf 
twenty-eight  divtetonfl, 
each  inhabit! If]  by  a  ]yecM' 
Uar  class  of  AliiDt;!rf^t  ii^nd 
each  the  sccbe  al  a  dif- 
ferent kind  of  Usrtnrfl. 

Narcissus,  nar&lA'AUB. 
A  genus 
rooted  plant 

NargrhUe, 
kind  of  8m< 
tus  used  b; 
and  others, 

smoke  ispsAswi  through      Haidsaus, 
water. 

Narwh  a  1 , 
'whal.  The 
Monodon 
monoceros, 
a  cetaceous 
mammal  Narwhal, 

found  in  the  northern  seas,  averag- 
ing ftom  12  to  20  feet  in  length;  also 
eaUed  Searunicom,  Unicorn-fish,  or  Uni- 
corn-whale.   It  yields  valuable  oil. 

Nasalis,  na-za^lis.    A  gen.  of  monkeys, 

,  containing  the   curious    Bomean   long- 

'  nosed  kahau ;  called  also  Proboscis  Mon- 

'  key. 

Naseberry,  nfiznt)er-i.  ThefiruitofAchras 

i  Sapota,  ord.  Sapotaceee.  It  is  as  large  as 
a  quince,  and  one  of  the  richest  and  most 

'  agreeable  of  W.  Indian  fhiits. 

Nashville.  Cap.  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Cum- 
berland, 280  m.  N.  E.  of  Memphis ;  pop. 
48,850. 

Nasicomia,  na-zi-kor'ni-a.  Thefam.of 
perissodactvle  mammals  to  which  the 
rhinoceros  belongs. 

Nasna,  's&-a.  A  gen.  of  S.  American 
plantigrade  Mammalia,  ord.  Ursidn.    The 


coati  or  coatimondi  is  the  best-known 
species. 

Natantes,  -tan'tez.  A  fi^m.  of  Anme- 
idse  or  spiders,  which  live  entirely  upon 
or  beneath  the  water. 

Natation,  na-ta'shon.  The  art  or  act  of 
swimming. 

Natatores,  njirta-td'rSz.  An  order  of 
swimming  birds,  divided  into  four  fami- 
lies— BrevipennatflB,  including  the  pen- 
guins, acuU,  guillemots,  divers  and 
grebes;  LongipennatsB,  comprising  the 
gulls,  terns  ana  petrels  ;  Totipalmatae  or 
Steganopodes,  the  pelicans,  cormorants, 
gannets  frigate-birds,  darters,  and  others ; 
I^unellirostres,  the  ducks,  geese,  swans 
and  flamingoes. 

Natal.  An  English  colony  in  S.  E.  Af- 
rica ;  area  16,150  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt  350,000. 
Cap.  D' Urban ;  pop.  19,500. 

Nathan.  In  Scrip,  a  prophet  who  con- 
veyed the  divine  rebuke  to  King  David 
atber  his  adulterous  intrigue  with  Bath- 
sheba. 

Nattes,  naVtez.  A  name  given  to  an  or- 
nament used  in  the  decoration  of  sur&ces 
in  the  architecture  of  the  12th  century, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  interlaced 
withs  of  matting. 

Natore-printincr,  na'tur-print-inff.    A 

J  process  by  which  objects,  such  as  plants, 
iems,  lace,  &c.,  are  impressed  on  a  le&d 
plate  so  as  to  engrave  themselves,  copies 
or  casts  being  then  taken  for  printing. 

Nanplius-form,  na'pU-us-form.  In 
Physiol,  the  earliest  stf^o  in  the  develop- 
ment of  many  Crustacea. 

Nanropometer, -ro-pom'e-ter.  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  amount  of  a 
ship's  heel  or  inclination  at  sea. 

Nantch-sirl,  nach'gerl.  In  the  E.  In- 
dies, a  native  dancing-girl. 

Nautilid»,  na-til'i-dg.  A  fiunily  of 
cephalopodous  mollusks,  constituting 
with  the  Ammonitidte  or  anunonite  fbm. 
the  ord.  Tetrabranchiata. 

Navarch,  na'vark.  In  Greek  Antiq.  the 
commander  of  a  fleet. 

Navarino.  A  city  of  Greece,  on  the 
Ionian  Sea,  6  m.  N.  of  Modon,  in  the 
vicinity  of  which,  Oct.  20,  1827,  the 
Turco-Egyptian  fleet  of  70  sail,  under 
Ibrahim  Pacha,  was  defeated  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  combined  fleets  of  Russia, 
France  and  England,  under  Admiral  Cod- 
rington. 

Navarre.  Formerly  an  independent 
Kingdom  of  Spain,  now  one  of  the  Basque 
provinces,  bounded    N.   by  France,  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ffAKAitHiyn; 


6^1 


K110&ITO 


Pyrenees  oonstttating  the  line,  £.  hv  Ara- 
gon,  S.  by  Old  Castile,  W.  by  the  Atlantlo ; 
pop.  848,700.    Gap.  Pamplona. 

Naaarene,  naz-arren'.  An  inhabitant  of 
Nazareth.  A  nune  given  to  Christ,  and 
to  the  early  converts  to  Christianity,  in 
contempt. 

Naoazeth.  In  Anc.  Geo.  a  town  of  Gal- 
ilee, Palestine,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Mt.  Tabor, 
historioally  fiunous  as  the  birthplace  of 
Ohiist;  it  is  now  called  Nasirah;  pop. 
8,800. 

Naaarite,  'arrit.  A  Jew  who  by  certain 
vows  and  acts  devoted  himself  to  thepe- 
enUar  service  of  Jehovah  for  a  certain 
time  or  for  life. 

Keaffh,  Itcmgli.  The  largest  lake  in 
Ireland,  in  Ulster ;  area  150  sq.  m. 

Neander,  Johann  Auflrost  Wll- 
helm.  An  eminent  German  ecolesiasti- 
oal  historian  and  essayist ;  b.  1789,  d.  1860. 
He  was  of  Jewish  descent. 

If  eap-tide,  nSp'tld.    Low  tide. 

Nearotio,  nd-&rk'tik.  One  of  the  six  re- 
gions into  which  zodlogists  divide  the  swc 
face  of  the  earth,  based  on  their  charaoter- 
istio  fauna  or  collection  of  animal  life. 
The  Nearctic  region  extends  throughout 
America  down  to  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuan- 
tepec. 

Neat,  nSt.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  gen.,  as 
buUs,  oxen  and  cows.  N.*s-foot  oil,  an 
oil  obtained  from  the  feet  of  neat. 

Nebalia,  n&-b&1i-a.  A  gen.  of  entomoe- 
traoous  Crustacea,  ord.  Phyllopoda. 

Nebo,  Mt.  In  Scrip,  the  mountain  in 
Moab,  from  which  Moses  saw  the  Prom- 
ised Land,  and  where  he  died ;  identified 
as  Mt.  Attarus,  10  m.  N.  of  the  Amon. 

Nebraska.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1867,  bounded  N.  by 
Dakota  Ter.,  E.  by  Iowa  and  Missouri,  8. 
by  Kansas  and  Colorado,  W.  by  Wyo- 
ming; area  76,905  sq.  m.;  pop.  452,402. 
Principal  cities,  Lincoln,  cap.,  Omaha. 
Nebraska  Cl^,  Columbus  and  Grand 
Island.  Ohieirivers,  Missouri,  Nebraska 
(Platte),  Niobrara,  Bepublican  Fork  of 
Kansas,  Elkhom  and  Loup  Fork  of  Platte. 
Nebris,  neb'ris.  A  ilEiwn^s  skin  worn  by 
hunters  and  others.  In  works  of  art  it  is 
the  characteristic  covering  of  Bacchus, 
bacchanals,  &uns  and  satyrs. 

KebachadneBBar.  King  of  Babylon ; 
B.  abt.  026  B.  o.,  8.  his  fkther  Nabopolas- 

.  sar  609,  captured  Jesusalem  606  and  car- 
ried away  numy  captives,  including  the 
prophet  Daniel ;  afterward  took  Tyre  and 
reduced  Egypt ;  d.  662  b.  o. 

NecHer,  Jacques.   An  eminent  French 


financier  and  statesman;  b.  in  Switzer- 
Uind  1782.  j>.  1804.  He  was  flither  of  the 
celebrated  Madame  de  StaSl. 

Necrolosry,  nek-roVo-jl.  A  register  of 
persons  who  die  within  a  certain  time ;  an 
obituary  or  collection  of  obituary  notices. 

NeoTomancy,  'rd-man-si.  The  art  of 
revealing  fliture  events  by  means  of  a  pre- 
tended communication  with  the  dead. 
The  art  of  magic. 

Necrophaffa.  -rof a-ga.  A  group  of 
clavicom  beetles,  comprehending  those 
which  feed  on  dead  and  decomposing  ani- 
mal substances. 

NeoTOI^lilisin,  'il-izm.  An  unnatural 
and  revolting  love  or  appetite  for  the 
dead,  manifested  in  various  ways,  as  liv- 
ing beside  dead  bodies,  exhuming 
corpses  to  see  them,  kiss  them,  or  mutilate 
them ;  some  times  developing  into  canni- 
balism. 

Neoropbobia.  -ro-fS'bi-a.  A  horror  of 
dead  bodies.  Exaggerated  fear  of  death, 
a  symptom  occurring  in  persons  suffering 
from  certain  diseases. 

Neorophorus,  -rofo-rus.  A  gen.  of 
coleopterous  insects,  called  burying-bee- 
tles,  from  the  peculiar  instinct  which  they 
exhibit  of  burring  the  dead  bodies  of 
small  aniinals,  such  as  moles,  mice,  frogs, 
&c.,  as  a  receptacle  for  their  eggs  and 
larvsB. 

Necropolis,  -rop'o-lls.  Ancient  ceme- 
teries, which  in  the  neighborhood  of  some 
cities  are  very  extensive,  and  filled  with 
magnificent  remains.  The  name  has  also 
been  given  to  modem  cemeteries  in  or 
near  towns. 

Nectar, 'tfir.  In  Greet  Myth,  the  drink 
of  the  gods,  which  was  imagined  to  con* 
tribute  mtich  toward  their  eternal  exis- 
tence. Any  very  sweet  and  pleasant 
drink. 

NectarlniadSB,  'ta-rin-i''a-d8.  A  Aun. 
ofinsessorial  birds,  comprising  the  honey- 
suckers. 

Nee,  n&.  Bom:  a  term  sometimes 
placed  before  a  married  woman*s  maiden 
name  to  indicate  the  fiunily  to  which  she 
belongs. 

Needle-flrnxL,  nd'dl-gun.  A  breech-load- 
ing rifie  whose  cartridge  is  exploded  by 
the  stroke  of  a  needle  or  small  spike. 
This  fire-arm  is  now  superseded. 

Neffrito,  ne-gri'td.  A  name  given  by 
Spaniards  to  the  Alfourous.  dlminntive, 
negro-like  tribes,  inhabiting  the  Philippine 
Isles  and  contiguous  islands,  not  exceed- 
ing 4  feet  8  inches  in  height.  Negrito  in 
modern  ethnology  includes  all  peoples  re- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NEGBO  6! 

sembliiig  the  negro  more  fhan  the  Malayo- 
PolTiieslians. 

Negro,  ne'gro.  One  of  that  division  of 
mankind  clmracterized  by  their  black  skin, 
and  hair  of  a  woolly  or  crisp  nature,  na- 
tive of  a  limited  area  in  the  African  con- 
UneHt.  The  term  negro  is  loosely  applied 
to   other   colored   races   and   to   mixed 

-  breeds. 

Kegro-cachezy,  -ka-keks-l.  A  pro- 
pensity for  eating  dirt,  .peculiar  to  the  na- 
tives of  the  W.  Indies  and  Africa. 

Negrro-fly,  -fli.  The  Pslla  rosss,  a  dip- 
terous insect,  so  named  from  its  shining 
black  color ;  also  called  the  Carrot-fly. 

Negrus,  'gus.  A  liquor  made  of  wine, 
water,  sugar,  nutmeg  and  lemon-juice. 

Nehemiah..  In  Scrip,  a  patriotic  He- 
brew, B.  at  Babylon  during  the  captivity, 
but  gaining  the  fkvor  of  Artazerxes  Lon- 
gimanus.  King  of  Persia,  and  of  Esther 
his  queen,  obtained  the  privilege  abt.  444, 
B.  o.,  of  restoring  Jerusalem  to  its  condi- 
tion before  being  captured  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar. He  s.  Ezra  in  the  government  of 
Judea,  and  was  the  author  of  the  book 
called  after  him. 

Keith,  na'ith.  An  ancient  Egyptian  god- 
dess, worshipped  especially  at  SaSs,  and 
having  some  of  the  characteristios  of  the 
Greek  Athene. 

Nelson,  Horatio,  Viscount.  The 
most  fkmous  of  English  admirals,  b.  1758, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805,  in 
the  moment  of  victory  over  the  French. 

Nemat^mia,  nem-a-tel'mi-a.  The  divis- 
ion of  Scolecida  comprising  the  round- 
worms, thread-worms,  &c. 

Nematoda,  -t5'da.  ka  ord.  of  entozoa, 
comprising  the  parasitic  Asoaris  lumbrl- 
coides,  the  Oxyuris  and  the  trichina ;  the 
last  gives  rise  to  a  dangerous  disease 
known  as  trichiniasls.  The  non-parasitic 
comprise  200  known  species. 

Nemansa,  ne-ma'sa.  A  small  planet  be- 
tween the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Nemea,  ne'me-a.  An  ancient  city  in  Ar- 
golis,  Greece.  In  Myth,  the  Nemean  lion 
ravaged  Greece  till  slain  by  Hercules. 
Nemean  games  or  festivals,  the  same  in 
character  as  these  of  Olympia,  celebrated 
at  Nemea  every  second  year. 

Kemertida,  ne-mer'ti-da.  The  ribbon - 
worms,  a  division  of  the  ord.  Turbellaria, 
sub-kingdom  Annuloida,  some  of  the 
species  of  which  attain  a  length  of  80  or  40 
feet,  which  they  can  suddenly  contract  to 
8  or  4  feet. 

Nemesis,  nem'e-sis.    In  Myth,  a  female 


2  KEBEIB^ 

Greek  dlvinitv,  regarded  as  a  persozdfica* 
tion  of  the  righteous  anger  of  the  gods, 
inflexibly  severe  to  the  proud  and  insolent. 
According  to  Hesiod  she  was  the  daughter 
of  night.  . 

Nexnocera,  ng-mos^er-a.  A  group  of 
dipterous  insects,  comprising  the  gnats  or 
mosquitoes  and  crane-flfes. 

Nemoglossata,  'mo-glo-sa'^ta.  A  tribe 
of  hymenopterous  insects,  including  those 
which  have  a  long  filiform  tongue,  as  the 
bee  tribe. 

Neocomian,  -o-ko'ml-an.  In  Geol.  the 
lowest  of  the  cretaceous  deposits,  the  low- 
er green-sand  and  wealden. 

Neo^Iiatin,  '6-la-tin.  New  Latin,  a  term 
appUed  to  the  Bomance  languages  as  hav- 
ing grown  immediately  out  of  the  Latin. 
Latin  as  written  by  modern  autiiors. 

NeolOfirist,  -oFo-jist.  One  who  intro- 
duces new  words  or  phrases  into  a  lan- 
guage. An  innovator  in  any  doctrine  or 
system  of  belief,  especially  in  theology. 

Neophron,  '6-fron.  A  gen.  of  birds  of 
the  vulture  family,  known  as  the  Alpine 
or  Egyptian  vulture,  Pharaoh's  chicken 
and  white  crow. 

Neophyte,  -fit.  A  new  convert  or  pros- 
elyte. A  novice ;  one  newly  admitted  to 
the  order  of  priest.  A  tyro;  a  beginner 
in  learning. 

Neoplatonist,  -d-pla'ton-ist.  A  mysti- 
cal philosopher  of  the  school  of  Ammoni- 
us  Haccas  and  Plotinus  in  the  8d  to  5th 
centurv,  who  mixed  some  of  the  tenets  of 
ancient  Platonlsts  with  other  principles, 
drawn  from  various  sources,  particularly 
fit>m  the  theosophy  of  the  East. 

Neotropical,  -ti-op'ik-al.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  one  of  the  six  regions  into  which 
zodlogists  divide  the  earth,  based  on  their 
characteristic  Ikunaor  collection  of  animal 
life.  It  includes  0.  America  sout^  of  the 
isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  and  S.  America. 

Neph,  net.  In  Egypt.  Myth,  an  ancient 
divinity  worshiped  in  Ethiopia  and  the 
Thebais,  represented  as  havmg  a  ram's 
head  with  curved  horns.  Written  also 
Nouf. 

Nepid»,  nep^-de.  One  of  the  fiunilies 
into  which  HydrooorissB  are  divided ;  the 
water-scorpions. 

Nepotism,  n3'pot-izm.  Favoritism 
shown  to  nephews  and  other  relations; 
patronage  bestowed  in  consideration  of 
&mily  relationship  and  not  of  merit. 

NereddaB,  -rS'i-de.  A  fiun.  of  dorsibran- 
chiate  annelids  of  which  Nereis  is  the  type 
gen.;  the  sea-centipeds. 


Digitized  by 


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NEPTUNE 


NEW  BEUN8WI0K 


Neptune. 


JSleptane,  nep'tOn.  The  chief  marine 
divinity  of  the  Bo- 
mans,  henoe  iden- 
tified by  the  Bo- 
mans  themselves 
with  the  Greek  Po- 
seidon, whose  at- 
tributes they  trans- 
ferred to  their  own 
god.  In  works  of 
art  he  is  usually 
represent ed  as 
armed  with  a  tri- 
dent, and  the  horse 
and  the  dolphin  are 
bis  symbols.  A 
planet  beyond  the 
orbit  of  Uranus, 
and  the  remotest  from  the  sun  yet  known 
in  the  solar  system. 

Nereid,  ns'rs- 
id.  In  Myth,  a 
sea  nymph. 
They  are  repre- 
sented as  riding 
o  n  sea-horses, 
sometimes  with 
the  tail  of  a  fish. 
They  numbered 
60,     were     the  «      .^ 

daughters  of  Ne-  l^(rte\^ 

reus,  and  constantly  attended  Neptune. 

Nero,  Olaudlus  OsBsar  Dmsos 
GermaniOlUI.  An  inflftmous  emperor 
of  Bome  from  abt.  54  to  68.  He  was  the 
adopted  son  and  s.  of  the  Emperor  Claudi- 
us, and  amontr  his  crimes  was  the  murder 
of  his  wife  and  mother. 

Neroli,  ne-r5-ll.  The  essentia]  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  flowers  of  the  bitter  or- 
ange by  distillation. 

Nesoienoe,  ne'shi-ens.  The  state  of  not 
knowing;  want  of  knowledge ;  ignorance. 

Kesselrode,  Charles  Bobert,  Ck>iint 
von.  A  dUtinguishe<l  Kussiau  states- 
man, B.  in  Spain,  of  German  descent,  1780, 
D.  1862. 

Nestor,  nes'tor.  A  gen.  of  the  parrot 
fiunily,  connecting  the  parrots  and  cocka- 
toos. 

Nestor.    In  Heroic  Hist,  a  Greek  hero  of 

.  the  IVojan  war,  son  of  Neleus,  grandson 
of  Neptune,  and  king  of  Pylos  and  Mea- 
senia.  His  wise  and  able  reign  extended 
over  three  generations. 

Nestorian,  nes-td'ri-an.  An  adherent 
of  Nestorius,  patriarch  of  Ck)nstantinople 
in  the  6th  century,  who  was  deposed  and 
condemned  as  a  heretic  for  maintaining 
that  the  two  natures  in  Christ  were  not  so 


blended  and  united  as  to  be  undistinguish. 
able.  The  term  is  still  applied  to  ChrlS' 
tians  of  Persia  and  India,  the  remains  ol 
the  Nestorian  sect. 

Nethinixn,  neth^iu-im.  Among  the  Jews, 
servants  of  the  priests  and  Invites,  em- 
ployed in  the  meanest  ofllces  about  the 
temple. 

Nettapus,  net'a-pus.  A  gen.  of  web- 
footed  birds,  ^lied  to  the  barnacle-geese, 
of  small  size,  containing  the  pigmy  and 
the  Madagascar  goose. 

Nettle,  net'tl.  A 
stinging  plant  of  the 
gen.  Urtica. 

Neufchatel.  *A 
canton  of  Switzer- 
land, bounded  N. 
and  E.  by  Berne,  S. 
bv  Vaud  and  W.  by 
France ;  area  281  sq. 
m. ;  pop.  abt.  100,- 
000  The  name  is 
also  given  to  a  town ;  j 
(pop.  abt.  11,000) 
cap.  of  the  canton,  Nettle, 

and  to  a  lake  (Tver- 
dun)  surrounded  bv  the  cantons  of  N., 
Berne,  Fribourg  and  Vaud  ;  area,  90  sq.  m. 

Neurology,  nu-roro-ji.  That  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the  nerves. 

Neuroptera,  -rop'ter-a.  An  order  of 
rapacious  insects,  including  the  dragon- 
flies,  coddis-flies,  may-flies,  white  ants, 
ant-lion,  &c. 

Neuvaines,  'vilnz.     In  the  B.  G.  Ch. 

Srayers  offered    up  for  nine  successive 
ays  to  obtain  the  favor  of  Heaven. 

Neva.  A  Bussian  river,  40  m.  long,  con- 
stituting the  chief  means  of  communica- 
tion between  Gentral  Bussia  and  the  Gulf 
of  Finland. 

Nevada.  A  State  of  the  American  Union, 
admitted  1864  ;  bounded  N.  by  Oregon 
and  Idaho  Ter.,  E.  by  Utah,  8.  by  Ari- 
zona and  W.  by  California,  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains  being  the  line  ;  area, 
112,900  sq.  m. ;  pop.  62,266.  Principal 
cities,  Carson  City,  cap.,  Virginia  City, 
Humboldt  City,  Aurora  and  Lander  City. 
Chief  rivers,  Humboldt,  Truckee,  Walker 
and  Carson.  Mountains,  Sierra  Nevada,  . 
Augusta,  Mammoth  and  Humboldt 
ranges.  Lakas,  Tahoe,  Humboldt,  Walket 

-and  Pyramid. 

Newark.  Cap.  of  Essex  Co.,  N.  J.,  and 
one  of  its  chief  manu&cturing  cities,  on 
the  Passaic,  47  m.  N.  E.  of  Trenton ;  pop. 
136,508, 

New  Brunswick.    A  division  of  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NEW  CALEDONIA 


524 


NEW  YOEK 


Dominion  of  Canada ;  bounded  N.  by  the 

r»Tinoes  of  Bonaventure  and  Remouskl, 
by  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Prince 
Edward's  laland,  S.  by  Bay  of  Fundy,  W. 
by  Maine,  oonnected  with  Nova  Scotia  on 
the  S.  £.  by  an  isthmus ;  area,  27,0SO  sq. 
m. ;  pop.  821,288.  Principal  cities,  Fred- 
ericton,  cap.,  and  St.  John,  the  commer- 
cial emporium.  Chief  rivers,  Miramichi, 
BestlgouoheandSt  John.  Bays^haleur, 
Miramichi,  Chignecto  tad  Passama- 
quoddy. 

Kew  Caledonia.  A  French  island  and 
pefial  colony  in  Australia; -area,  6,054  sq. 
m. ;  pdp.  68,000.  Chief  cities.  Port 
Balade  and  Port  St.  Vincent. 

Kewoastle-iipon-Tyne.  A  thriving 
seaport  of  Co.  Northumberland,  England, 
on  the  Tyne,  64  m.  E.  of  Carlisle ;  pop. 
151,678. 

Newel,  'el.  In 
Arch,  the  up- 
right cylinder 
or  pillar  rourif] 
whlchinawin*]- 
ing  staircase  tlio 
steps  turn,  and 
are  supportc  ] 
from  the  bottom 
to  the  top. 

New  En* 
grland.  The 
N.  E.  section  of  i 
the  U.  S.,  com- 

Sri  sing  the  G 
tates  of  Maine, 
NewHampshire, 
Vermont,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 
Bhode  Island  and  Connecticut. 

Newfoundland.  A  British  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  separated  from 
Labrador  by  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle; 
area  40,200  sq.  m.*  pop.  178,856.  Cap. 
St.  John's.    Elvers,  Exploit  and  Humber. 

Newfoundland  Dogr.  A  well-known 
and  fine  variety  of  the  water  dog,  native  to 
Newfoundland,  where  they  are  employed  in 
drawing  sledges  and  little  carriages  laden 
with  wood,  fish,  &c.  It  is  remarkable  for 
sagacity,  patience  and  good  nature. 

New  Hampshire.  A  State  of  the 
American  Union,  one  of  the  original  18  ; 
bounded  N.  by  the  Dominion,  E.  by 
Maine,  S.  by  Massachusetts,  W.  by  Ver- 
mont, a  small  section  in  the  S.  E.  touch- 
ing the  Atlantic ;  area,  9,280  sq.  m. :  pop. 
846,991.  Chief  cities,  Concord,  cap., 
Portsmouth,  Manchester,  Bristol,  Nashua, 
Haverhill  and  Gorham.  Principal  rivers, 
Connecticut,  Merrimac  and  Androscoggin. 


Ancient  Stair  and 

Newel. 


Lakes,  Winnipiseogee,  Osslpee  and  Urn- 
bagog.  Mountains,  White,  with  ou^hring 
ranges  called  Grand  Monadnock,  Kear- 
sarge  and  Moosehillock. 

New  Haven.  Cap.  of  county  of  same 
name,  and  formerly  one  of  the  capitals  of 
the  State  of  Connecticut,  a  thriving  port, 
76  m.  N.  E.  of  N.  Y.  City ;  pop.  62,882. 

New  Hebrides.  A  group  of  7  islands 
in  Polynesia,  Pacific  Ocean ;  area,  2,500 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  200,000. 

New  Jersey.  One  of  the  original  18 
States  of  the  American  Union ;  bounded 
N.  by  New  York,  E.  by  the  Atianttc,  8. 
by  Delaware  Bay,  W.  by  Pennsylvania; 
area,  8,820  sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,  81,116.  Prin- 
cipal cities,  Trenton,  cap.,  Jersey  City, 
Newark,  Camden,  Paterson,  Elizabeth. 
New  Brunswick,  Burlington,  Orange  and 
Beverly,  witii  the  popular  seaside  resorts 
Long  Branch,  Cape  May  and  Atlantic 
City.  Chief  rivers,  Delaware,  Passaic, 
Hackensack,  Baritan,  Eahway,  Navesink, 
Great  and  Littie  Egg  Harbor.  Mountains, 
Klttatinny  and  Highland  ranges. 

Newi)ort.  A  city  and  watering-place  in 
Bhode  Island,  on  Narragansett  Bay,  28  m. 
S.  E.  of  Providence ;  also  a  semi-capital  of 
the  State;  its  harbor  is  well  fortified; 
pop.  15,698. 

News-letter,  nuz^let-er.  The  name 
given  to  small  printed  sheets,,  issued 
weekly  in  London  about  the  time  of 
Charles  II.,  the  news  for  which  was  col- 
lected from  coffee-house  gossip,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  "  London  Gazette," 
then  the  only  authorized  newspaper, 
which  contained  little  besides  proclama' 
tions  and  advertisements.  It  was  the 
predecessor  or  original  of  the  modem 
newspaper. 

New  South  Wales.  A  S.  E.  Colonv 
of  Australia,  formerly  a  British  penal  col- 
onv; area  828,487  sq.  m.;  pop.  764,620. 
Principal  cities,  Sydney,  cUp.,  and  Ade- 
laide. Chief  rivers,  Lachlan,  Macquarie, 
Peel,  Hunter,  Clarence  and  Murrum- 
bidgee.    Bays,  Botany  and  Moreton. 

Newton,.  Isaac,  Sir.  An  illustrious 
English  astronomer  and  philosopher ;  b. 
1642,  D.  1727. 

New  Tork.  One  of  the  original  18  ' 
States  of  the  American  Union,  bounded 
N.  by  Canada  and  Lake  Ontario,  E.  by 
Conn.,  Mass.  and  Yt.,  S.  by  the  Atlantic, 
N.  J.  and  Penn.,  W.  by  Lake  Erie  and 
Canada ;  area  47,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  6  082,871* 
Principal  cities,  Albany,  cap..  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  Buffalo,  Troy,  Rochester,  Utioa 
and  Syracuse,  Chief  rivers,  Hudson,  East, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KEWT 


inonTATioiS' 


Smooth  Newt. 


Mohftwk,  Niagura,  Delaware.  Basqnehan- 
na,  Geneeee  and  Obwcso.  Lakes,  Erie,  On- 
tario, Champlain,  on  the  borders,  Onrida, 
Ganandaigaa,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Chaatau- 
qna  and  George.  Monntains,  Adiron- 
daeks  and  Highlands  (Gatskills)  of  the 
Hudson,  and  N.  range  of  the  Alleghanies. 
K.  T.  City,  the  oommerdal  metropolis  of 
N.  America,  covering  the  island  of  Man- 
hattan, and  exten&ig  across  Harlom 
Btrer,  at  the  junction  of  fhe  Hudson  and 
East  rivers,  and  head  of  N.  Y.  Bay; 
pop.  1,216,899. 
Newt, 
nut.  One 
of  a  gen. , 
of  small 
tailed  bar 
trachians, 
ftm.  Sal- 
amandri  - 
dffi.  The 
warty 

newt  grows  to  the  length  of  6  Inches,  the 
sm  o  o  t  h 
newt  to  the 
length  of 
H  or  4. 
They  cast 
fhelr  skins 
very    fre- 

they  lose  one  of  their  members — a  leg, 
the  tail,  or  even  an  eye— anew  one  is  soon 
produced. 

New  Zealand.  A  group  of  8  British 
islands  in  the  S.  Padflo,  with  a  number  of 
islets  ;  area  106,260  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  800,- 
000.  Cap.  Wellington.  Principal  ports, 
Mongonui,  Wangarei,  Auckland,  Bay  Of 
Islands  and  Wellington. 
Ney,  Michel.  (Prince  de  la  Moskowa  and 
I)nc  de  ElcEingen.)  One  of  Napoleon's 
bravest  and  most  successful  genentls,  who 
fought  his  way  up  firom  the  ranks ;  b. 
1769,  shot  for  treason,  in  havingioined  the 
emperor  on  his  return  from  Elba,  1816. 
He  commanded  the  Old  Guard  at  Water- 
loo, and  had  three  horses  killed  under 
him. 

Niasrara.  A  river  dividing  W.  New 
York  and  Canada,  and  connecting  lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  a  section  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  12  m.  long,  celebrated  for  Its 
magnificent  falls,  164  feet  in  height 
Niare,  ni-ar^  The  native  name  of  the 
wild  ox  or  buiRdo  of  W.  Airica ;  the  Cape 
buffido. 

Nicsda.  (Anciently  Hellcore.)  A  city  of 
BithyniA,  Asia  Minor,  noted  as  the  seat  ot 


two  church  oounefls  (825-878),  at  tb« 
former  of  which  the  "  Nlcene  Creed"  was 
promulgated. 

Nicaraerna.  A  republic  of  C.  Amerioa* 
bounded  N.  by  Honduras,  E.  by  the  Ca- 
ribbean Sea,  8.  by  Costa  Rica,  W.  by  the 
Padfio ;  area  57,000  sq.  m.;  pop.  560,700. 
Principal  cities,  Managua,  cap.,  Greytown 
and  St.  Leon.  Chief  rivers,  San  Juan. 
Bluefields  and  Segovia.  Two  ranges  of 
the  Andes  extend  along  the  Padfio  coast 
line. 

Nice.  A  Mediterranean  seaport  of 
France,  formerly  belonging  to  Sardinia ; 
pop.  54,720. 

Aioephoms.  The  name  of  8  Byzantine 
emperors. 

Kic^e,  nich.  A  recess  in  a  wall  for  the 
reception  of  a  statue,  a  vase,  or  some 
other  ornament. 

Nicholas.  The  pontifical  name  assumed 
by  5  popes.  Also  the  name  of  the  em- 
peror of  Russia,  8d  son  of  Paul  I.,  b.  1796, 
s.  his  brother  Alexander  I.,  1825,  d.  1855, 
during  the  Crimean  war. 

Nick,  nik.  Originally,  a  goblin  or  spirit 
of  the  waters,  but  in  modem  usage  ap- 
plied only  to  the  Evil  One,  generally  with 
the  addition  of  Old. 

Nickel,  'el.  A  white  metal  of  great  hard- 
ness, dU&cult  to  be  purified,  always  mag- 
netic, and  when  pure  malleable  and  duc- 
tile. It  unites  in  alloys  with  gold,  cop- 
per, tin  and  arsenic,  which  it  renders  brit- 
tle. With  silver  and  iron  its  alloys  are 
ductile. 

Kickel-platiner,  -plating.  The surfeo- 
ingofmetals  with  nickel  by  means  of  a 
heated  solution  or  the  electro-bath,  for  the 
purpose  of  rendering  them  less  liable  to 
oxioation  by  heat  or  moisture. 

Kioked-ailver,  -sil-ver.  An  alloy  com- 
of  copper  60,  zinc  17i,  and  nickel 


Klcolaitan,  -O-la'l-tan.  One  of  a  sect  In 
the  early  Christian  Church,  so  named  iW>m 
Nicolas,  a  deacon  of  Jerusalem.  They  in- 
clined to  licentious  and  pagan  practices. 

NicoUana,  ni-ko'shi-a^na.  The  tobacco 
gen.  of  plants.  The  species  generally 
grown  as  tobacco  are  N.  tabacum  and  N. 
macrophylla.  N.  persica,  a  native  of  Per- 
sia, is  much  more  fragrant  and  agreeable 
than  the  common  tobacco. 

Nicotianin,  -a-nin.  A  concrete  oil  ex- 
tracted from  the  leaves  of  tobacco.  It  af- 
fords nicotine. 

Nictitation,  nik-ti-ta'shon.  The  act  of 
^irinking,  a  natural  and  instinctive  action 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NIELLO 


58« 


NINE 


for  the  purpose  of  moistening  and  clean- 
ing the  eyes. 

Niello,  nl-el'ld.  A  method  of  ornamenting 
metal  plates  practiced  in  the  middle  ages, 
which  gave  rise  to  copper-plate  engraving. 

Kiilheim,  ndfl'him.  In  Scand.  Myth. 
I^e  region  of  endless  cold  and  eyerlasting 
night,  ruled  over  by  Hela. 

Kiirer.  A  large  river  of  W.  Africa ;  length 
2,a00m. 

Nicger,  nig'er.  A  negro ;  in  deprecia- 
tion or  derision.  A  vulgar  term  often  ap- 
1)lied  to  other  colored  races,  more  partica- 
arly  to  the  natives  of  the  E.  Indies. 

Kifirht-grlstss,  nit'glas.  A  telescope  so 
constrncted  as  to  concentrate  light,  so  as 
to  enable  objects  to  be  seen  at  night. 

Kigrlit-liawk,  liak.  A  species  of  goat- 
sacker,  fam.  Caprimnlgidad. 

Kierht-heron,  'he-mn.  A  species  of 
Nyctioorax,  a  gen.  of  Grallatores  or  wad- 
ing birds,  fam.  ArdeidaB  (herons  and 
cranes). 

Nifirlitixifirale,  'in-g&l.    A  small  dentiros- 

tral       passerine  _^^ 

bird,  gen.   Lus-        ^r"-:--"3^^" 

cinia,  fam.  Lus-     |^'v:  -%il^r^-^ 

cinidfiB   or   Tur-     |        ^?*^    - 

didte.  and  nearly 

aUied     to      the 

water-ouzels; 

often   called    in 

poetry  Philomela 

or  Philomel.  The 

nightingale  sings 

at  night,  and  its  xr««K««„.oio 

fomed   Shant  is  Nightingale. 

the  love-song  of  the  male,  which  ceases 

when  the  female  has  hatched  her  brood. 

Kierhtsliade,  nit'shad 
The  English  name  of 
various  species  of  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  gen.  Sola- 
num,  a  berry -bearing 
poisonous  herb. 

Nihilist,  ni'hil-lst.  A 
member  of  a  Russian  se- 
cret society,  the  adher- 
ents of  which  mostlv 
acknowledge  material- 
Ism  as  their  philosophi- 
cal creed,  but  arechieflr 
characterized  by  their 
social  and  political  alms, 
idea  is  that  no  considerable  advance  can 
be  made  by  mankind  without  an  entire 
reconstruction  of  society,  the  cnief  features 
of  which  are  the  principle  of  common  prop- 
erty in  land,  and  of  communistic  principles 
generally.     They  hesitate  at  no  crime  to 


Nightshade. 
Their  leading 


ftirther  their  cause,  and  assassination  is 
one  of  their  approved  weapons. 

Nile.  A  large  and  celebrated  river  of 
Africa,  the  fSertllizer  of  Egjrpt;  length 
4,600  m. 

Niloxneter,  -lom'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  rise  of  water  in  the  Nile 
during  its  periodical  floods.  When  th« 
inundation  reaches  the  height  of  21  cnbitr 
it  is  considered  adequate,  at  24  cubits  it  is 
destructive. 

Niznbiis,  nim'bns.  A  term  applied  in 
art.  especially  in  sacred  art,  to  a  halo  or 
disk  surrounding  the  head  in  representa- 


The  Nimbus. 

tions  of  divine  or  sacred  personages ;  as 
also  to  a  disk  or  circle  sometimes  depicted 
round  the  heads  of  emperors  and  other 
great  men.  The  nimbus  of  God  the 
Father  is  represented  as  of  a  triangular 
form,  with  rays  diverging  from  it  all 
round ;  the  nimbus  of  Christ  contains  a 
cross  more  or  less  enriched  ;  that  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  consists  of  a  circlet  of  small 
stars,  and  that  of  angels  and  saints  is  a 
circle  of  small  rays.  When  the  nimbus 
is  depicted  of  a  square  form  it  indicates 
that  the  person  was  aUve  at  the  time  of 
delineation 

Nine,  nin.  One  more  than  eight  or  one 
less  than  ten.  The  nine  worthies,  famous 
persons  often  alluded  to  by  old  writers 
and  classed  together,  like  the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world,  &c.  They  included 
three  Gentiles  (Hector,  Alexander,  Jullua 
Caesar);  three  Jews  (Joshua,  David,  Judas 
MaccabflBus) ;  and  three  Christians  (Arthar 
of  Britain,  CJharlemagne,  Godfrey  of 
Bouillon.). 

Nine.  The  number  composed  of  eight 
and  one ;  or  the  number  less  by  a  unit 
than  ten;  three  Umes  three.     The  Nine, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SriNE-KILLER 


NOCTOGEAPH 


a  name  given  to  the  Muses  on  account  of 
their  number. 

Kino-killer,  nin'kil-er.  The  popular 
name  of  the  red-backed  shrike  or  butcher- 
bird of  Britain  and  the  northern  butcher- 
bird of  America,  from  the  belief  that  the 
bird  catches  and  impales  nbie  of  the  ani- 
mals on  which  it  feeds  before  it  begins  its 
meal. 

Nineteen,  'ten.  The  sum  of  nine  and 
ten,  or  one  less  than  twenty. 

Ninety, 'ti.    Mne  times  ten. 

NinfiTPO.  A  Chinese  seaport  at  Junction 
of  rivers  Yaon  and  Kin  ;  pop.  288,000. 

Niobe,  nl-d-b$.  In 
Greek  Mytii.  the 
daughter  of  Tantalus, 
and  one  of  the  Plei- 
ades, married  to  Am- 
phion,  King  of  The- 
Des.  Proud  of  her 
numerous  progeny, 
she  provoked  the  an- 
ger of  Apollo  and 
I)iana  by  boasting 
over  their  mother 
Leto,  who  had  no 
ehildren  but  those 
two.  She  was  pun*  j^ 
ished  by  having  all  ^ 
her  children  put  Niobe. 

to  death,  and  she  her- 
self was  metamorphosed  by  Jupiter  into 
a  stone  which  shea  tears  during  the  sum- 
mer. 

Niobite,  'o-bit.  One  of  a  sect  of  Mono- 
physite  heretics  founded  by  Stephanus, 
sumamed  Niobes,  an  Alexandrian  rhetori- 
dan  or  sophist. 

Nipter,  nip'ter.  The  ceremony  of  wash- 
ing the  feet  practiced  in  the  Greek  and 
some  other  churches  on  Good  Friday,  in 
imitation  of  the  act  of  our  Saviour.  In 
monasteries  the  abbot  and  twelve  monks 
took  part  in  the  ceremony. 

Nirvana,  nir-va'na.  According  to  the 
teaching  of  Buddhism,  the  condition  of 
one  who  has  attained  t»  the  highest  state 
to  which  a  sentient  being  can  reach.  One 
who  has  attained  this  condition  will  at 
death  pass  entirely  out  of  existence. 

Nisan,  nl'zan.  The  first  month  of  the 
sacred  and  seventh  of  the  Jewish  civil 
year,  answering  nearly  to  our  March.  It 
was  originally  called  Abib. 

Niter,  'ter.  A  salt,  called  also  saltpeter, 
and  in  the  nomenclature  of  chemistry  ni- 
trate of  potassium  or  potassic  nitrate.  It 
is  chiefly  employed  in  chemistry  as  an  ox- 
idizing agent  and  in  the  formation  of  ni- 


tric acid.  Its  chief  use  in  the  arts  is  in 
the  making  of  gunpowder. 

Nitrofiren,  'tro-len.  That  element  which 
is  the  basis  of  nitric  acid,  and  the  princi- 
pal ingredient  of  atmospheric  ahr,  consti- 
tuting about  four-fifths  of  common  air,  the 
rest  being  principaUy  oxygen.  It  is  nei< 
ther  combustible  nor  a  supporter  ef  com- 
bustion, neither  add  nor  alkaline,  and 
possesses  neither  taste  norsmeU. 

Nitro-grlncose,  -trd-glti'kds.  An  organ- 
ic substance  produced  by.  acting  upon 
finely  powdered  cane-sugar  with  nltro- 
sulphuric  acid. 

Nitro-Glyoerine,  -glis'er-in.  A  com- 
pound produced  by  the  action  of  nitric 
and  sulphuric  acids  on  glycerine.  It  is  a 
light  yellow,  oily  liquid,  and  a  most  pow- 
erful explosive  agent. 

Nivose,  ne-vdz.  Snow  month:  the 
name  given  in  the  French  revolutionary 
calendar  to  a  winter  month,  beginning 
December  21  and  ending  January  19. 

Nix,  niks.  In  Teut.  Myth,  the  common 
name  of  all  water-spirits  good  and  bad. 
The  Scotch  water-kelpie  is  a  wicked  nix. 

Nizam.  A  state  of  S.  India,  under  Brit- 
ish protectorate ;  area,  95,000  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
abt.  12,000,000.    Gap.  Hyderabad. 

Noah.  In  Scrip.a  patriarch,  9th  in  de- 
scent from  Adam,  b.  abt.  2950  b.  o.  He 
was  600  years  old  when  the  deluge  des- 
troyed all  the  race  except  his  family,  who 
were  saved  in  the  ark  by  following  the  di- 
vine dfrection  ;  d.  at  the  age  of  950. 

NoachidaB,  no-ak'l-de.  The  immediate 
families  or  tribes  descended  from  Noah, 
or  from  Shem,  Ham  or  Japheth. 

Noble,  no'bl.  A  person  of  rank  above  a 
commoner.  In  Numis.  an  English  go*  i 
coin,  value  6s.  8d.,  struck  in  thi  reign  of 
Edward  III.  The  noble  having  Increased 
in  value  to  10s.,  a  coin  of  the  former  value 
or  a  noble  was  issued  by  Henry  VI.  and 
Edward  IV.,  and  called  an  angel. 

Noctilionidse,  nok-tiPi-on''i-d€.  A  fam. 
of  insectivorous  cheiroptera  (bats),  desti- 
tute of  nasal  appendages. 

Noctiluca,  -ti-lii'ka.  A  minute  gen.  of 
phosphorescent  animals,  the  luminosity 
which  appears  at  the  surface  of  the  sea 
during  the  night  being  chiefly  due  to  them. 

Noctilucin.  'sin.  The  semi-fluid  sub- 
stance in  phosphorescent  animals  which 
causes  light. 

Noctograpll,  't5-graf.  A  writing  frame 
for  the  blind.  An  instrument  wnioh  re- 
cords the  presence  of  watchmen  on  theil 
beats. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


NOCTUART 


023 


NOENA 


Noctaary,  'tu-ft-rl.    An  acoonnt  of  what 
in  the  i^ht ;  the  conyerse  of  a 


pMsee  1 


Kootale,  't6L  The  largest  British  species 
ofbat 

Nootam,  'tern.  An  office  of  devotion, 
formerly  used  in  the  B.  C.  Ch.  at  mid- 
night. It  now  forms  part  of  the  matins, 
which  service  is  divided  into  three  noo- 
toms,  each  of  which  consists  of  three  (or 
more)  psalms  and  three  lessons.  . 
KoctamSB,  -ter'ne.  A  sec.  of  raptorial 
birds,  inclndiiig  but  one  fiunily,  the  Btrig- 
idffi  or  owls. 

Koctame,  'tern.  A  painting  exhibiting 
some  of  the  characteristic  effects  of  night 
light. 

NoetiaxL,  no-e'shi-an.  A  follower  of  No- 
otns  in  the  8d  century,  condemned  at  the 
Gonncfl  of  Ephesos  for  denying  the  dis- 
tinct persomUity  of  the  Father,  Son  and 
Holy  Ghost 

Kom,  non.  Name.  N.  de  guerre  (lit 
war-name),  a  flctitloas  name  assnmed  for 
a  time.  N.  de  plume  (lit.  pen-name),  a 
signature  assumed  by  an  author. 
Noxnad,  n5'mad.  One  of  a  race  or  tribe 
of  people  whose  chief  property  Is  In  thefr 
flocks,  and  who  have  no  fixed  place  of 
abode. 

Komarcli,  nom'firk.  The  governor  or 
chief  magistrate  of  a  nome  or  province,  as 
in  modem  Greece. 

Nome,  nom.  A  province  or  other  polit- 
ical division  of  modem  Greece  and  ahcient 
Egypt 

Nomen,  nd'men.  One  of  the  three  nunes 
generally  given  to  an  ancient  Boman.  It 
distingniwed  the  gens  or  clan. 
Nonagenarian,  non'a-jen-a"ri-an.  A 
person  bJtween  ninety  and  a  hundred 
years  old. 

Non  compos  mentis,  kom'pos  men'- 
tte.  Not  of  sound  mind  ;  not  having  the 
regular  use  of  reason. 

Nones,  ndnz.    In  the  Bom.  calendar,  the 
6th  day  of  the  months  January,  February, 
1  April,  June,  August,  September,  Novem- 
I  ber  and  December,  and  the  seventh  day 
'  of  March,  May,  July  and  October,  so  called 
as  falling  on  the  ninth  day  before  the  ides. 
The  office  for  the  ninth  hour ;    one  of  the 
breviary  offices  of  the  E.  C.  Ch. 
Nonillion,   no-ntrii-on.      The    number 
produced  by  involving  a  million  to  the 
ninth  power ;  a  unit  with  fifty-four  ciphers 
annexed ;  or  according  to  the  French  sys- 
tem of  numeration,   a  unit  with  thirty 
ciphero* 


Nonpareil,  -pa-rel'.  A  size  of  printing 
tv^K,  ii  ljtt]i:^  larger  than  ruby  and  smallef 
than  Til  into  f]  ;  the  l7i>e  in  which  this  book 
Ift  priutaii, 

NoolOET,  no-ol'o-JL  The  science  of  in- 
t'lli^riuii,]  fiiccs  or  phenomena. 

Koon^  iiora.  The  middle  of  the  day ;  the 
tnn.j  '^vbi^.^jt  t^e  sun  is  in  the  meridian; 

tw  ulVU  u  '€i(L>^^ 

Nootka-doff,  ndtOca-dog.  A  large  va- 
riety of  dog  domesticated  by  the  natives 
of  N ootka  Sound,  remarkable  for  its  wool- 
like hair,  which  holds  together  like  a 
fieece,  and  is  made  into  garments. 
Nopalry,  no'pal-ri.  A  plantation  of  no- 
pals for  rearing  cochineal  insects,  contain- 
ing 50,000  plants. 

Noragrhe,  -r&'gft.  One  of  a  class  of  an* 
cient  monuments,  probably  sepulchral, 
very  numerous  in  the  island  of  Sardinia. 
Noria,  M-a.  A  hydraulic  machine  used 
in  Spain,  Svria,  Palestine  and  other  coun- 
tries for  raising  water. 
Norimon,  nor'i-mon.  A  Japanese 
palanquin. 

Norma,  'ma,  A  square  for  measuring 
right  angles,  used  by  carpent^s,  masons 
and  other  artificers  to  make  their  w<»>k 
rectangular.  A  pattern;  a  gauge;  a 
templet ;  a  model.  The  Bute,  a  southern 
constellation,  containing  12  stars. 
Norman,  'man.  A  name  given  primarir 
ly  to  a  Scandinavian,  but  now  applied  to 
a  native  or  inhabitant  of  Normandy, 
which  takes  its  name  from  a  body  of 
Scandinavians  who  settied  here  in  the 
10th  centunr.  N.  architecture,  the  round- 
arched  style,  a  variety  of  the  Bomau' 
esques,  Introduced  at  the  Norman  Con- 
quest from  France  Into  Britain.  N. 
French,  the  language  spoken  by  the  Nor- 
mans at  the  Conquest,  the  language  of 
English  legal  precodure  till  the  reign  of 
Edward  III. 

Normandy.  An  ancient  province  of  N. 
France,  now  the  depts.  of  Manche,  Ome, 
Calvados.  Eure  and  Seine  Inf<&rieure.  In 
1066  William  I.,  Duke  of  N.,  Invaded  En- 
gland, and  established  a  Norman  dynasty, 
uniting  the  two  countries,  a  union  which 
was  finally  dissolved  by  Charles  VII.  of 
France,  wno  expelled  the  English  1460. 
Noma,  'na.  In  Scand.  Myth,  one  of  the 
three  Fates,  past,  present  and  fhtnre, 
whose  decrees  were  Irrevocable.  They 
were  represented  as  three  young  women, 
named  respectively  Urd,  Yerdaudi  ana 
Skuld.  There  were  numerous  inferior 
Norns,  each  individual  having  one  wh« 
determined  his  fitte. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WORBOT 


NOVA  SCOTIA 


Korroy,  'o!.*  The  tltie  of  the  third  of 
the  three  English  kings-at-arms,  whose 
Jurisdiction  lies  to  the  north  of  the  Trent 
None,  nors.    A  name  for  the  language 
of  Norway.    Old  N.,  the  andent  language 
of  Soandinavla,  represented  by  the  classi- 
cal Icelandic  and  still  with  wonderftd  pur- 
ity by  modem  Icehmdio. 
Norseman,  'man.    A  natire  of  ancient 
Scandinavia;  a  Northman. 
North,  north.  One  of  the  cardinal  points, 
being  that  point  of  the  horizon  Erectly 
c^piMite  to  the  sun  in  the  meridian,  at  the 
left  hand  when  one  &ces  the  east. 
North  Oarolina.    One  of  the  original 
States  of  the  American  Union,  bounded  N. 
by  Va.,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  8.  by  8.  C, 
W.  byTenn.;  area  60,704  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,- 
8W,T60.  Principal  cities.  Raleigh,  cap.,  Wil- 
mington, Newbem,  Edenton,  Beaufort, 
Charlotte  and  Elizabeth.      Chief  rivers, 
Neuse,  PamHoo,  Chowan,  Roanoke,  Tar, 
Cape  Fear,  Yadldn  and  Catawba.     Moun- 
tains, Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghanies. 
North  Pole,  north' pol.    That  point  of 
the  heavens  toward  the  north  which  is 
90  degrees  every  way  distant  from  the 
equinoctial,  or  the  upper   extremity  of 
the  imaginary  axis  on  which  the  celestial 
sphere  is  supposed    to  revolve.      The 
northern  extremity  of  the  earth's  axis. 
North  Sea  (Gennan  Ocean).  Ahu^ 
section  of  the  Atlantic,  N.  of  Continental 
Europe,  extending  from  the  Straits  of  Do- 
ver to  the  Shetland  Islands,  and  inclosed 
byNorwayJOenmark,  Germany,  Holland, 
Belgium,   France    and    Great    Britain; 
length,  700  m.,  maximum  width,  420  m. 
It  connects  with  the  Atlantic  by  the  En- 
glish Channel  and  Pentland  Frith,  and 
with  the  Baltic  by  the  Skager-rack. 
North-star,   'star.     The  north    polar 
star,  the  star  alpha  of  the  constellation  Ur- 
sa Minor.    It  is  close  to  the  true  pole, 
consequently  never  sets,  and  is  therefore 
of  great   importance  to   navigators    in 
the  northern  nemisphere. 
Northwest,  -west'.    The  point  in  the 
horizon  equally  distant  between  the  north 
and  west.    Northwest  passage,  a  north- 
em  passage  for  ships  m>m  tiie  Atlantic 
Ocean  into  the  Pacific,  discovered  in  1860-1 
by  Sfr  R.  M'Olure. 

Norway.  A  country  of  N.  Europe,  in 
the  W.  section  of  Scandinavia,  forming 
with  Sweden  a  kingdom ;  bounded  N.  by 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  Sweden,  S.  by  the 
N.  Sea  and  Skager-rack,  W.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic; area  121,779  sq.  m.;  pop.  2,814,000. 
Principal  cities,  ChnstUma,  osp-t  Bergen, 


Drontheim,  Drammen  and  Stavanger. 
Chief  rivers,  Glommen  and  Tana.  Moun- 
tains, Kiolen  (Great  Scandinavian)  chain, 
dividing  N.  from  Sweden. 
Nosolosry,  nO-sol'o-ji.  That  branch  of 
medical  science  which  treats  of  the  classi- 
fication of  diseases. 

Nostalfiria,  noR-tal'jl-a.  A  vehement  de- 
sire to  revisit  one's  native  country  ;  home- 
sickness. 
Notation,  ho-ta'shon.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  recording  anything  by  marks,  fig- 
ures, or  characters  A  system  of  signs  or 
diaracters  used  in  any  art  or  science  for 
expressing  briefly  facts  connected  with 
that  art  or  science,  as  in  arithmetic  and 
algebra,  for  expressing  numbers  and 
quantities. 

Notidanns,  -tid'a-nus.  A  gen.  of  sharks 
closely  akin  to  the  Lamnidee. 
Notobranchiata,  -to-brang'ki-&"ta.  A 
division  of  Annelida  which  carry  their  gills 
on  the  back.  A  division  of  gasteropoda, 
including  part  of  the  nudibranchs. 
NotodontidsB,  -don'ti-d€.  The  tooths 
backs,  a  fam.  of  moths  belonging  to  Lepi- 
doptera. 

Notonectidfld,  -nek'ti-dS.  A  fkm.  of  Hy- 
drocorisee  or  wateivbugs,  containing  the  . 
gen.    Notonecta,  which  swim    on  their 
backs,  and  from  their  peculiar  aspect  are 
called  boat-flies. 

Notomis.  -tor'nis.  A  gen.  of  grallatorial 
or  wading  birds,  nearly  allied  to  the  coots. 
Nototheriiun,   -thc'ri-um.    A  gigantic 
fossil  gen.  of  herbivorous  kangaroo-like 
marsupials   which    existed    during    the 
pliocene  period  in  Australia. 
Nottumo,    no-ter'no.    In  Music,  origi- 
nally a  svnonym  of  serenade ;   now  ap- 
plied to  a  piece  of  music  in  which  the 
emotions,  particularly  those  of  love  and 
tenderness,  are  developod. 
Noun,  noun.    In  Gram,  a  name ;  a  word 
that  denotes  any  object  whether  animate 
or  inanimate,  material  or  immaterial. 
Novacnlite,  no-vak'u-lit.    A  variety  of 
argillaceous  slate,  of  which   hones    are 
made  for  sharpening  edge-tools  ;   razor- 
stone;  Turkey -none. 

Novargent,  nov-Sr'jent.  A  substance 
used  for  re-silvering  plated  articles,  and 
prepared  by  moistening  chalk  with  a  solu- 
tion of  oxide  of  silver  in  a  solution  of 
cyanide  of  potassium. 

Nova  Scotia.  A  peninsular  division  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  bounded  N.  by 
Northumberland  Strait,  separating  it  from 
Prince  Edward's  Island,  and  E.  and  S.  by 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


-NOVATIAN 


680 


NUN 


the  Atlantie,  W.  by  New  Brunswick  and 
the  Bay  of  Fundy :  area,  18,670  sq.  m.; 
pop.  abt  600,000.  Principal  cities,  Hali- 
nut,  capy^  Liverpool,  Annapolis,  Sher- 
brooke,  Windsor  and  PIctou.  It  has  nu- 
merous small  rivers  and  fine  bays. 
Mcontalns,  North  and  Cobqnid  ranges. 
No^atiail,  nd-vu'shi-an.  In  Church 
Hist,  one  of  the  sect  founded  in  the  8d 
centTiry  by  Novatianus  of  Borne  and  No- 
yatus  of  Carthage^  who  held  that  the 
lapsed  might  not  be  received  again  into 
oommunioQ  with  the  church,  and  that 
second  marriages  are  nnlawftil. 
November,  -vem'ber.  The  eleventh 
month  of  the  year,  containing  80  days. 
No'wel,  nou'el.  In  founding,  the  inner 
portion  of  the  mold  for  castings  of  large 
hollow  articles,  answering  to  the  core  of 
smaller  castings. 

Koyade,  nwa-yad.    The  act  of  putting  to 
death  by  drowning ;   specifically,  a  mode 
of  executing  victims  during  the  reign  of 
terror  in  France,  pra«jtioed  by  Carrier  at 
Nantes  in  1789.    The  prisoners  were  em- 
barked in  a  vessel  with  a  movable  bottbm, 
which  was  suddenly  opened  when  the  ves- 
sel reached  the  middle  of  the  Loire,  precipi- 
tating the  condemned  into  the  water. 
Kuance,  nn-ans.    Each  of  the  different 
gradations  by  which  a  color  passes  trom 
its  lightest  to  its  darkest  shade ;  shade. 
A  deBcate  degree  of  diflference  perceived 
by  any  of  the  senses,  or  by  the  Intellect ; 
as,  nuances  of  sound,  of  expression,  Ac. 
Kubeoula,  nfi-bek'fi-la.    In  Astron.  one 
of  two  remarkable  clusters  of  nebnlse   In 
the  southern  hemisphere,  known  also  as 
the  Magellanic  clouds. 
Kubia.    A  country  of  N.  E.  Africa,  now 
aprovince  of  Egypt,  bounded  N.  by  Egypt, 
E.  by  the  Bed  Sea,  8.  by  Abyssinia  and 
Kordofim,   W.   by   the  Libyan   Desert: 
area  est.,  860,000 sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  500,000. 
Nucifra^a,  -slf  ra-ga.    A  gen.  of  Inses- 
sorlal  birds ;  the  nut-crackers. 
Kudibranchiata,  -dl-brang'kl-a"ta. 
An  ord.  of  mollusks,  class  Gkisteropoda, 
having  no  shell  in  their  adult  state. 
Null,  nul.     One  of  a  series  of  decorative 
beads  much  used  for  spindles  and  rolls  for 
articles  of  furniture. 

Nullah,  'la.  In  Hindustan,  a  bed  of  a 
rivulet,  or  the  rivulet  itself. 
Nllg^ret,  nug'et.  A  lump  ;  a  mass  ;  espe- 
cially a  large  lump  of  native  gold. 
Kxunberiiier-macliine,  numlwr-lng- 
ma-shen\  A  machine  for  impressing  con- 
secutive numbers  on  account-books,  cou- 
pons, railway  tickets,  bank-notes,  Ac        i 


Numbers,  'bera.  The  tJ€!e  of  the  4th 
book  of  the  Pentateuch ;  so  called  because 
it  begins  with  an  account  of  the  numbbr- 
Ing  of  the  Israelites. 

Numb-flsh,  'fish.  The  torpedo,  a  fish 
of  the  ray  family,  popularly  so  caUed  fi-om 
the  numbing  effects  of  its  electric  shocks. 

Numenius,  nQ-m6-ni-us.  The  gen.  to 
which  the  curlews  are  referred,  longiros- 
tral  fam. 

Numeral,  nii'mer-al.  A  figure  or  char- 
acter used  to  express  a  number ;  as,  the 
Arabic  numerals,  1,  2,  8,  <fcc.,  or  the  Eo- 
man  numerals,  I,  V,  X,  L,  C,  &c.  In 
Gram,  a  word  expressing  a  number,  aa 
one,  two,  three,  &e. 

Numero,  -6.  Number.  The  figure  or 
mark  by  which  any  number  of  things  la 
distinguished ;  abbreviated  to  No. 

Numida,  'mi-da.  A  gen.  of  gallinaceous 
birds,  Including  the  guinea-fowls. 

Numismatics,  -mis-mat'iks.  The 
science  of  coins  and  medals.  The  word 
coin  is  now  applied  to  pieces  of  metal 
struck  for  the  purpose  of  circulation  as 
money ;  while  medal  simlfles  pieces  of 
similar  metal  not  intended  for  circulation 
as  money,  but  struck  and  distributed  in 
commemoration  of  some  person  or  event. 
Ancient  coins,  however,  are  often  termed 
medals.  The  parts  of  a  coin  or  medal  we 
the  obverse  or  face,  containing  generally  a 
figure,  and  the  reverse,  containing  various 
figures  or  words.    The  words  around  the 

border  form   the   legend,  those   in  the 

middle  or  field  the  inscription ;  the  lower 

part  is  the  basis  or  exergue,  and  contains 

the  date,  Aio, 

Nummulite, 

num'u-lit.    A 

name  common  to 

m  e  m  b  e  rs  of  a 

class  of  fossil  i 

p  o  1  y  t  h  alamous  f 

loraminlfera,  hav- 1 

ing   extemallyi 

somewhat  the  ap-  • 

pearance  of  a  piece 

of  money.    They 

occur  so  abun- 
dantly   in    some 

parts  of  the  mio- 

cene  formation  that  the  name  of  nummu- 

litic  limestone  is  given  to  the  strata.    The 

pyramids  of  Egypt  are  constructed    of 

stone  composed  of  nummulites. 
Nun,  nun.    A  woman  devoted  to  a  relig- 
ious life,  and  who  lives  in  a  cloister  or 

nunnery,  secluded  fi-om  tiie  world,  under 

a  vow  of  perpetual  chaatity . 


NummuUte. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


KUNNEET 


681 


OBADUH 


Nannery,  'er-l.  A  honse  or  oloifiter  In 
which  females,  under  a  vow  of  chastity 
and  devoted  to  religion,  reside  during 
life. 

Nut-cracker,  nut'krak-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  cracking  hard-sheUed  nuts.  The 
name  of  an  insessorial  bird,  generally  re- 
ferred to  the  crow  family,  and  so  placed 
as  to  approximate  either  to  the  wooapeck- 
ers  or  starlings. 

Nut-hatch,  'hach.     The  common  name 

;  of  birds,  gen.  Sitta. 

KutmefiT,  'meg.  The 
kernel  of  the  fruit  of 
Myristica  mosohata  or 
firagrans. 

Nut-oil,  'oil.  An  oil 
obtained  from  walnuts, 
superior  to  the  best  lin- 
seed oil  for  delicate  pig- 
ments. 

Nutpe,  'p6.  An  Egyp- 
tian divinity,  sister  and 
wife  of  Seb,  and  mother 
of  Osiris  and  Isis,  and  as  such  called  the 
mother  of  the  gods.  She  corresponds  to 
the  Greek  Bhea. 

Nyassi  (Blaravi).  A  large  lake  in  S. 
Central  Africa,  discovered,  1861,  by  Dr. 
Livingstone,  and  since  traversed  by  Stan- 
ley ;  length  abt.  800  m. ;  width  from  20  to 
<K)m. 

Nyaya,  nya'ya.  A  system  of  Hindu 
philosophy,  which,  amidst  a  mass  of 
wholly  unintelligible  doctrines,  embodies 
that  of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  and 
which  makes  the  highest  attainable  good  of 
man  consist  in  the  emancipation  from  the 
destiny  of  being  born  again  after  death. 

Nycthemeron,  nik-them'€-ron.  The 
natural  day  of  24  hours. 


Nutmeg. 


Nycticebus,  -ti-sea>us.  The  knkang  or 
slow-paced  loris,  the  typical  animal  ol 
Nycticebidffi. 

Nyctipithecus,  'ti-pi-thfi'^kus.  A  gen. 
of  American  monkeys,  fam.  CebidsB,  of 
which  one  species  is  the  well-known 
dourouoouli.  They  represent  the  lemur 
tribe. 

NyctophiluB,  -tof il-us.  A  gen.  of  bats, 
fam.  VespertiUonidae,  sub-fam.  Bhinolo- 
phinsB. 

Nylsrau,  nil'ga.  The  Portax  picta  or 
tragocamelus,  a  large  species  of  Central 
Asiatic  antelope.  Spelled  also  Neelghau, 
Nilghau. 

N3niLph,  nimf.  In  Myth,  one  of  a  nu- 
merous class  of  inferior  divinities,  imag- 
ined as  beautiftil  maidens,  not  immortal, 
but  always  young,  considered  as  tutelary 
spirits  of  localities,  and  also  of  races  and 
families.  Those  who  presided  over  rivers, 
brooks  and  springs  were  called  Naiads ; 
those  over  mountains.  Oreads ;  those 
over  woods  and  trees.  Dryads  and  Hama- 
dryads ;  those  over  the  sea,  Nereids. 

Nyxnpha,  nim'fa.  The  pupa,  chrysalis, 
or  aurelia  of  an  insect ;  the  second  state  of 
an  insect  passing  to  its  perfect  form. 

NyxnphalicUe,  -fal'i-de.  A  fam.  of  but- 
ter-flies, among  which  are  included  those 
bearing  the  English  names  of  the  peacock, 
painted  lady,  Oamberwell  beauty,  red  ad- 
miral, Sue. 

Nyxnphomany,  -f5-ma-ni.  Morbid  and 
uncontrollable  sexual  desire  in  females. 

Nyxnphotomy,  -fot'o-mi.  In  Surg,  the 
excision  of  the  nymphss ;  the  circumcision 
of  the  female. 

Nyroca,  ni-rd'ka.  A  gen.  of  ducks,  con- 
taining the  pochard. 


o 


OIS  the  15th  letter  and  the  4th  vowel  in 
the  alphabet.  The  sound  originally 
represented  by  this  letter  was  no  doubt 
a  pure  vowel  sound,  such  as  that  in  mor- 
tal, but  in  English  it  has  seven  distinct 
sounds  and  shades  of  sound,  as  in  note, 
tobacco,  not,  mortal,  move,  wolf,  comfort, 
and  the  several  words  in  which  the  O  is 
soimded  as  in  these.  O  is  the  usual  char- 
acter for  a  cipher  or  nought ;  it  was  also 
sometimes  used  by  the  ancients  for  11, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it  for  11,000.  In  Old 
Music,  O  was  a  mark  of  triple  time  from 
the  notion  that  the  tenary,  or  number  8, 
Is  the  most  perfect  of  numbers,  and  prop- 
erly expressed  by  a  circle,  the  most  per- 
fect figure. 


O.  An  exclamation  used  in  earnest  or  sol- 
emn address,  appeal  or  invocation,  and 
prefixed  to  the  noun  of  address. 

O.  A  common  prefix  in  Irish  surnames, 
and  equivalent  to  Mac,  son  of,  in  Gaelio 
and  many  Irish  names. 

Oannes,  o-an'ez.  The  Chaldean  sea-god, 
described  as  having  the  head  and  body  of  a 
fish,  and  also  a  human  head  and  feet.  In  the 
daytime  he  lived  with  men  to  instruct 
them  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  but  at  night 
retired  to  the  ocean. 

Oast,  ost.    A  kiln  to  dry  hops  or  malt. 

Obadiah.  In  Scrip,  a  book  of  a  single 
chapter  of  21  verses,  credited  to  the  prophel 

_0.,  of  whom,  however,  nothing  is  known. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OBAN  fi 

Oban,  o'ban.  The  principal  gold  ooin  of 
Japan,  worth  a  little  more  than  $20. 
Obeah.  o-bc'a.  A  species  of  ma^oal  art 
or  witcncrafb  practiced  among  the  African 
negroes,  llie  practicer  is  called  an  obeah- 
man  or  obeah-woman.  Written  also  Obi. 
Obelisk,  ob'&>lisk.  A  column  of  a  rec- 
tangular form,  diminishing  toward  the 
top,  generally  finishing  with  a  low  pyra- 
mid. The  proportion  of  the  thickness  to 
the  height  18  nearly  the  same  in  all  obe- 
lisks, that  is,  between  one-ninth  and  one- 
tenth;  and  the  thickness  at  the  top  is 
never  less  than  half,  nor  greater  than 
three-fourths  of  the  thickness  at  the  bot- 
tom. Egypt  abounded  with  obelisks, 
which  were  of  a  single  block  of  stone ;  and 
many  have  been  removed  thence  to  Bome, 
Paris,  London  and  one  to  Central  Park, 
N.  Y.  City.  They  seem  to  have  been 
erected  to  record  t^e  honors  or  triumphs 
ofmonarchs. 

Oberon,  'er>on.  In  medinval  mvth.  the 
king  of  the  fairies.  The  name  is  identical 
with  Auberon  or  Alberon,  the  first  syllable 
of  whidi  is  the  old  German  word  alb,  Iccl. 
^fr,  elforfidry.  His  consort  was  Titania 
or  Mab.  A  satellite  of  Uranus. 
Obi  (Oby).  A  river  of  Siberia,  emptying 
into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  length,  2,700  m. 
Obit,  'it  Funeral  solemnities.  The  an- 
niversary of  a  person's  death,  or  a  service 
or  observance  neld  on  the  anniversary  of 
his  death. 

Obitaary,  'o-bit'&-arri.  A  list  of  the 
dead,  or  a  register  of  obitual  anniversary 
days,  when  service  is  performed  for  the 
dead.  An  account  of  persons  deceased, 
often  accompanied  with  a  brief  biograph- 
ical sketdi. 

Object-erlass,  ob'jekt-glas.  In  a  tele- 
scope or  microscope,  the  lens  which  first 
receives  the  rays  of  light  coming  directly 
fi-om  the  object,  and  collects  them  into  a 
focus,  where  they  form  an  image  which  is 
viewed  through  the  eye-piece. 
Oblate,  'lat.  Eocles.  A  secular  person, 
who,  in  the  middle  ages,  devoted  himself, 
his  dependants  and  estates,  to  some  mon- 
astery, into  which  he  was  admitted  as  a 
lav  brother.  A  member  of  a  congregation 
of  secular  priests  who  live  in  community, 
devoting  themselves  to  the  cure  of  souls 
under  a  bishop.  Oblates  were  first  intro- 
duced into  the  diocese  of  Milan  by  St. 
Charles  Borromeo  in  the  16th  century, 
and  the  congregation,  as  thus  instituted, 
was  introduced  into  Enghmd  by  Arch- 
bishop Manning. 
Oblation,  -la'shon.    Anything  offered  or 


3      .  OCEAN 

presented  in  worship  or  sacred  service ;  ao 

ofi^pring ;  a  sacrifice. 
Oboist,  ob'd-ist    A  player  on  the  oboe ; 

a  hautboyist. 
Obolu  s, 

ob'o-lus.  A 

small    coin  I 

of    ancient  i 

Greec  e,» 

latterly    of " 

silver,    the  

sixth  part  of  Braas  Obohis  of  Metapontnm* 

an       Attic 

drachma,  equal  to  2^  cents :  multiples  of 


this  coin  were  also  used.  Including 

of  the  value  of  6, 4.  8, 2,  U  oboli,  an 

i  of  an  obolus     A  small  ancient  weigk^ 


pieces 


the  sixth  part  of  an  Attic  drachm. 
Obseqny,  sS-kwi.   A  ftaneral  rite,  cere^ 
mony,  or  solemnity. 

Obsidian,  -sid'i-an.  Vitreous  lava,  i>r 
volcanic  glass,  a  glassy  mineral,  either 
impure  orthodase  or  lava  which  has  be- 
come glassy  by  rapid  cooling ;  generally 
placedamong the  felspars.  Obsidian  con- 
sists of  silicate  of  alumina  with  iron,  and 
lime  or  potash  or  soda  according  to  the 
species  of  felspar  involved.  In  Mexico 
and  Peru  cutting  weapons  and  rings  were 
manulbctured  out  of  it. 
Obstetrician,  -stet-ri'shan.  One  skilled 
in  obstetrics  :  an  accoucheur ;  a  mid-wife. 
Obverse,  ob'vers.  In  Numis.  that  side 
of  a  coin  or  medal  which  has  the  fiice  or 
head  on  it,  as  distinguished  flx>m  the  other 
side,  called  the  reverse. 
Oc,  ok«  An  arrow  used  by  the  Turks. 
Occident, 'si-dent.  The  western  quarter 
of  the  hemisphere,  so  called  firom  the  de- 
cline or  setting  of  the  sun ;  the  west ; 
used  in  contradistinction  to  orient 
Occiput,  -put.  The  hinder  part  of  the 
head,  or  that  part  of  the  skull  which  forms 
the  hind  part  of  the  head. 
Occultation,  -kul-ta'shon.  In  Astron. 
the  hiding  of  a  Btu*  or  planet  from  sight, 
by  passing  behind  some  other  heavenly 
body ;  applied  to  th  eclipse  of  a  fixed  star 
by  the  moon.  The  time  of  a  planet  or  star 
being  so  hidden.  Circle  of  perpetual  oc- 
cultation, a  small  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere  parallel  to  the  equator,  as  &r  dis- 
tant from  the  depressed  pole  as  the  ele> 
vated  pole  is  fi^m  the  horizon,  containing 
stu's  which  never  appear  in  our  hemi' 
sphere.  It  is  opposed  to  the  drcle  of  per- 
petual apparition. 

Ocean,  o'shan.  The  vast  body  of  salt 
water  which  covers  more  than  three-fifths 
of  the  surfiioe  of  the  globe ;  the  sea.    It  ia 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OGSAtfttCA 


ODDFELLOW 


divided  into  fire  great  basins,  the  Pacific, 
Atlantic,  Indian,  Arctic  and  Antarctic 
Oceans. 

Ooeaxiica.  The  fifth  division  of  the 
fiobo,  eomprising  Australasia,  Polynesia 
and  the  Malay  Archipelago  ;  the  island 
continent 

Ooeanides,  5-s€-an'i-dgz.  In  Greek 
Myth,  nymphs  of  the  ocean,  daughters  of 
Oceanus  and  Tethys. 

Ooeanus,  'an-us.  In  Greek  and  Boman 
Myth,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  that  is,  of  the 
rivers  surrounding  the  earth,  the  source  of 
all  the  rivers  and  other  waters  of  the 
world.  He  is  represented  as  a  mightr 
god,  who  yielded  to  none  save  Zeus  (Ju- 

j)iter). 

,,,,««,«„^^ 


doelot,  6'a6-  \ 
lot.  Adigitl-J 
grade  carniv- 
(Mrous  mam 
mal  of  the 
oat  kind,  the 
Fells  partialis. 
The  name  is 
also  given  to 
several  other 
nearly  allied  species  of  Felis, 

Ocdilocraoy,  ok-lok'ra-si.  The  rule  or 
ascendency  of  the  multitude  or  common 
people  ;  a  mobocracy. 

CPOonnell,  Daniel.  An  eminent  Irish 
orator  and  patriot ;  b.  1775;  d.  1847. 

Ootachord,  'ta-kord.  A  musical  in- 
strument having  eight  strings.  A  system 
of  eight  sounds. 

Ootaeteris,  -e-t^Ms.  In  the  ancient 
Greek  calendar,  a  cycle  or  period  of  eight 
years,  during  which  three  months,  of 
thirty  days  each,  were  intercalated,  mak- 
ing the  average  length  of  the  year  86i^  days. 

Oebaeron,  -gon.     In  Geom.  a    >     '^ 
figure  of  eight  sides  and  eightf^    .    X 
•         '  .aJ  1 


Ocelot 


angles.    When  these  are  equal! 


Hav-^-^ 
Octagon. 


it  is  a  regular  octagon. 
Ootaliedral,  ta-he'dral. 

ing  eight  equal  surfhces. 
Octaliedron,   dron. 

In  Geom.  a  solid  con> 

tained  by  eight  equal 

and     equilateral   tri- 
angles.   It  is  one  of 

the     five    regular 

Octans,  'tans.  In  Astron.  Octans  Had- 
leianus,  a  constellation  situated  at  the 
south  pole,  which  it  indicates. 

Octapla,  'ta-pla.  A  polyglot  Bible  in 
eight  languages. 

Octavo,  -ta'vo.    The  size  of  one  leaf  of  a 


Octahedron. 


sheet  of  paper  folded  so  as  to  make  the 
eight  leaves :  usually  written  8vo ;  hence, 
a  book  having  eight  leaves  to  the  sheet 
There  are  different  sizes  of  octavo. 

Octillion,  -tilVon.  The  number  pro* 
duced  by  involving  a  million  to  the  eighUi 
power ;  1  followed  by  48  ciphers.  Ac- 
cording to  foreign  usage  what  is  called  an 
octillion  is  represented  by  1  followed  by 
27  ciphers. 

Octo-bass,  'td-bas.  A  musical  instru- 
ment, the  low  octave  of  the  violoncello. 

October,  -td'ber.  The  tenth  month  of  the 
year. 

OctodeoimaL  -de'si-mal.  A  crystal  whose 
prism,  or  middle  part,  has  eight  faces  and 
the  two  summits  together  ten  faces. 

Octodecimo,  -md.  The  size  of  one  leaf 
of  a  sheet  of  paper  folded  so  as  to  make 
eighteen  leaves.  A  book  in  which  each 
sheet  is  folded  into  eighteen  leaves ;  usual- 
ly written  18mo. 

Octogenarian,  't5-je-na''ri-an.  A  per- 
son eighty  years  of  age ;  one  whose  age  is 
between  eighty  and  ninety. 

Octopede,  -pcd.  Ah  eight-footed  animal. 

Octopus,    -pus. 
A  gen.  of  dibran- 
chiate    Oephalo-  J 
poda,  the  type  of  * 
Octopoda,    andf 
fluniliarly  known 
as     cuttle-fishes 
and    noulpes. 
They  have  eight  < 
arms. 

Ocuba-waz,  o- 
ku'ba-waks.  A 
vegetable  wax 
obtained  from  the 
fruit  of  Myristlca 
ocuba,  oflldnalis  or  sebifera,  used  exten- 
sivelv  in  Brazil  for  the  manufJActure  of 
candles. 

Ocular,  ok'u-ler.  The  eyepiece  of  any 
optical  instrument.  O.  cone,  the  cone 
formed  >vithin  the  eye  by  a  pencil  of  ravs 
proceeding  itom  an  object,  the  base  of  the 
cone  being  on  the  cornea,  the  apex  on  the 
retina. 

OcypodidaB,  o-si-pod'i-de.  A  liun.  of 
brachyurous  crustaceans,  of  which  the 
gen.  Ocypoda  is  the  type;  sand-crabs; 
racing  crabs. 

Odalisk,  da-Iisk.  A  female  slave  or  con- 
cubine in  a  Turkish  harem. 

Oddfellow,  od'fel-ld.  A  member  of  an 
extensively  ramified  fHendly  society,  orig- 
inally an  association  of  a  convivial  kind. 


Cumiuuti  Cuttk^, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ODEOK 


tS64 


OGYOIAU 


modeled  on  Freemasoniy.  and  still  retain- 
ing binding  oaths,  waton  words,  secret 
signs,  &o.  It  assumed  its  present  form 
in  1812. 

Odeon,  5-d8'on.  A  kind  of  theater  in 
Greece  in  which  poets  and  musicians  sub- 
mitted their  works  to  the  approval  of  the 
public,  and  contended  for  prizes.  The 
name  is  now  sometimes  ttpplied  to  a  hall 
for  musical  or  dramatic  performances. 

Odessa.  A  fortified  seaport  of  8.  Russia, 
on  the  Black  Sea ;  pop.  188,700. 

Odin,  6'din.  The  chief  god  of  Northern 
Myth.,  the  omniscient  ruler  of  heaven  and 
earth,  having  his  seat  in  Valaskjalf,  where 
he  reeeives,tbrongh  his  two  ravens,  tidings 
of  all  that  takes  place  in  the  world.  As 
warded  he  holds  his  court  in  Valhalla, 
where  all  brave  warriors  arrive  after 
death,  and  enioy  the  tumultuous  plea- 
sures they  delighted  in  while  on  earth. 
The  fourth  day  of  the  week,  Wednesday, 
derived  its  name  fh>m  this  deity. 

Odillon  Barrot,  Oamllle  Hya- 
ointhe.  A  distinguished  French  lawyer 
and  statesmen;  b.  1791,  d.  1874. 

O'Bonnell,  Leopoldo  (Ck>iint  of 
Luoena  and  Dake  of  Tetoan).  An 
eminent  Spanish  general  and  statesman,  of 
Irish  descent;  b.  ]309,  d.  in  exile,  1867. 

Odontalgia,  o-don-tal'Ji-a.  Pain  in  the 
teeth;  toothache. 

OdontiasiB,  -tra-sis.  The  cutting  of 
the  teeth;  dentition. 

Odonto,  d-don't5.  A  powder  used  for 
cleansing  the  teeth ;  a  dentifHce. 

Odontooeti,  -sS-tl.  The  toothed  whales, 
in  opposition  to  the  whalebone  whales. 
The  group  consists  of  four  jbmllies — the 
dolphins  and  porpoises,  the  sperm-whales, 
the  ziphioid  whales,  and  the  Zeuglodonti- 
dae. 

OdontOffraph,  -graf.  A  scale  used  in 
layln    off  the  teeth  of  gearing  wheels. 

Odontolosry,  -tol'o-gl.  That  branch  of 
anatomical  science  which  treats  of  the 
teeth. 

OdontophorinsB,  'td-f5-ri''n€.  A  sub- 
fkm.  of  gallinaceous  birds,  fam.  Tetraoni- 
dae,  embracing  the  partridges  or  quails. 

Odynenu,  od-i-nS'ms.  A  gen.  of  hy- 
menopterous  insects,  fkm.  Eumenidee;  the 
burrowing  wasps. 

Odyssey,  o'di-s6.  An  epic  poem  attrib- 
uted to  Homer,  in  which  the  adventures 
of  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  are  celebrated. 

(Bdicnemns,  e-dik-ne'mus.  A  gen.  of 
grallatorial  birds,  intermediate  between 
the  bustards  and' plovers ;  thlok-knees. 


(Bdipns.  In  Heroic  Hist.,  King  oi 
Thebes,  son  ^f  Lalus  and  Jacasta;  he 
killed  his  father,  and  married  his  own 
mother,  in  ignorance  of  the  relationship. 
When  this  was  discovered,  9acasta  com* 
mitted  suicide,  and  CB.  put  out  his  eyes 
and  disappeared. 

CEnolosry.  e-nol'o-Ji.  That  branch  of 
knowledge  which  investigates  the  nature, 
qualities  and  varieties  of  vrine. 

CBnometer,  nom'et-er.  A  hydrometer 
specially  adapted  for  determining  the 
alcoholic  strength  of  wines. 

Off-<K>lor,  of^ul-er.  A  defective  color : 
used  especially  in  regard  to  diamonds  or 
other  gems. 

Offenbach,  Isaac.  A  popular  German 
composer  of  opera  bouffe ;  b.  at  Cologne, 
1822. 

Offertory, 'fer-to-rl.  Eccles.  IntheB.  0. 
Gh.,  that  part  of  the  mass  in  which  the 
priest  prepares  the  elements  for  consecra- 
tion. The  sentences  in  the  communion 
service  of  the  Church  of  England  read 
while  the  alms  are  being  collected.  -  The 
alms  collected.  The  music  appropriated 
to  the  service  above  designated. 

Officinal,  -fis'in-al.  A  drug  or  medicine 
sold  in  an  apothecary's  shop. 

Offlcina  Scnlptorls,  -fi-si'na  skulp-t5''- 
ris.  The  Sculptor's  Shop,  a  southern  con< 
stellatlon  consisting  of  12  stars,  south  of 
Cetus. 

Oerdoad,  og'dd-ad.  A  thing  made  up  of 
eight  parts,  as  a  poem  of  eight  lines,  « 
body  of  eight  persons,  and  the  tike. 

Ofiree,  o-je^  In  Arch,  a  molding  consist- 
ing of  two  members,  the  one  concave,  the 
other  convex,  or  of  a  round  and  a  hollow ; 

raa.  An  ornamental  molding  in  the 
pe  of  an  S,  used  on  guns,  mortars  and 
howitzers. 

Offlia,ni,  ogOiam.  A  particular  kind  of 
writing  practiced  by  the  ancient  Irish  aud 
some  other  Celtic  nations.  Its  characters 
(also  called  oghams}  consist  principally 
of  lines  or  grflbps  of  Unes  deriving  their 
significance  from  their  position  on  a  single 
stem  or  chief  line,  under,  over,  or  through 
which  they  are  drawn  either  perpendicu* 
lar  or  oblique ;  curves  rarely  occur. 

Ogre,  6  ger.  An  Imaginaxy  monster  or 
hideous  malignant  giant  of  popular  le- 
gends, who  lived  on  human  flesh. 

Ogress,  'gres.    A  female  ogre. 

Ogyerian,  -Jij'i-an.  Pertaining  to  Ogyges, 
a  legendary  monarch  In  Greece,  about 
whom  little  is  certainly  known  ;  and  to  a 
great  deluge  in  Attica,  said  t<»  have  taken 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ottio 


5d5 


OUAU 


8 lace  In  his  reign.     Of  great  and  dark  an- 
qulty. 

^^?:.  A^ilt^  ^^  ^^  American  Union, 
admitted  1802 ;  bounded  N.  by  Michigan 
^^^.J:i®,*^'JV^-^  Pennsylvania  and 
W.  Vli^ia,  8.  by  W.  Vfa^nla  and  Ken- 
tucky, W.  bv  Indiana;  area,  89,962  sq. 
m.;  pop.  8,198,062.  Principal  citieJ, 
Columbus,  cab.,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland 
Springfield,  Tole*lo,  Chillicothe,  Dayton 
Akron,  Zanesville,  Steubenville  and  Mari- 
etta. Chief  rivers,  Ohio,  Huron,  Sandusky 
Maumee  and  Cuyahoga.  O.  Kiver,  a  large 
stream  formed  by  the  junction  at  Pitte- 
burghof  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela, 
Mid  emptying  into  the  Mississippi  at 
Cairo ;  length  960  m. 

Ohm,  6m.  In  Elect,  a  technical  name  for 
a  certain  amount  of  electric  resistance. 
Ihus,  electricians  talk  of  a  piece  of  cable 
having  10  ohmads,  or  more  frequently  10 
ohms,  of  resistance,  meaning  thereby  that 
its  resistance  is  equal  to  that  of  10  British 
Association  units. 

Ohm's  Law,  omz  la.     In  Elect,  an  im- 
portant law  propounded  by  Ohm,  referring 
to  the  causes  that  tend  to  impede  the 
action  of  a  voltaic  battery. 
Oil-bagr,  oil'bag.     a  bag,  cyst,  or  gland 
in  animals  containing  oil. 
Oil-beetle,  'be-tl.     The  name  given  to 
coleopterous  insects,  gen.    Meloe,    fam 
Cantharidae,  from    the   oily-like    matter 
which  they  exude. 

Oil-coal,  'kol.  A  coal  or  shale  which 
yields  a  high  proportion  ofoU  in  distilU- 
tion.  They  yield  from  25  up  to  100  gal- 
lons of  oil  per  ton. 

Oil-^lor,  'kul-er.  A  pigment  made  by 
grinding  a  coloring  substance  in  oil. 
Oil-stone,  •  ston.  A  slab  of  fine-grained 
stone  used  for  imparting  a  keen  edge  to 
tools,  oil  being  used  for  lubricating  its 
rubbing  surface. 

Oil-well,  'wel.  A  weU  sunk  into  an  oU- 
bearmg  mineral  bed  for  the  reception  of 

Setroleum  or  mineral  oil  which  flows  or 
Iters  into  it.  « 

Oke,  ok.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish 
weight,  equal  to  about  2J  lbs.  In  Hun- 
gary and  Walachia,  a  measure  of  about  2i 
pints.  ' 

Olaf  (Olave).  The  name  of  several  Scan 
dinavian  kings,  the  most  distinguished 
^^  ^J^'  (**^^  S»*nt) ;  B-  »86,  became 
King  of  Norway,  1018;  d.  1030. 

Oleograph,  6'le-6-graf.  A  picture  pro- 
duced in  oils  by  a  process  analogous  to 
that  of  lithograpnie  -printing. 

Oleomargarine,  mar^ga-rin.  A  substi- 


tute for  butter  prepared  by  chopping  clean 
animal  &t  fine  and  boiling  it;  when  cooJ 
it  is  churned  with  pure  fresh  milk,  washed, 
worked  over  and  salted. 
Oleometer,  -is-om'et-er.  An  instrument 
to  ascertain  the  weight  and  purity  of  oil ; 
an  eheometer. 

Olfira,  St.  A  Russian  lady,  wife  of  Igor, 
son  of  Prince  Burik,  who  became  regent, 
908,  on  the  death  of  her  husband.  She 
embraced  Christianity  and  was  canonized 
by  the  Greek  Ch. 

Oligarchy,  ol'i-gfir-ki.  A  form  of  gov^- 
ernment  in  which  the  supreme  power  is 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a  small  exclusive 
class ;  members  of  such  a  class  or  body. 

Oligrodon,  -Ug'o-don.     A  gen.  of  small 

serpents,  fkm.  Oolabride;    the  spottad 

adder. 

O  1  i  V  e-oU, 

olMv-<4J.    A 

fixed  ofj    ol^- 

tained  by  fa:- 

pressioii  'fr.nn 

the  ripi'  iniit 

or  peri«-Mi  jit  ii.f 

the  oli\i  . 
Oliver, 

Mount  of. 

A  ridge  on  hi 

side  of  rli+fu- 

salem,     rrotii 

which    it    la 

separated   by 

the    bjiitow 

valley  *>(  Jo^ 

ho  sapUiit , 

On  the  Central 

peak    stands  Olive. 

the  Church  of  the  Ascension. 
Olivetan,  o-llv'e-tan.     A  member  of  & 

religious  order  of  the  R.  0.  Ch.,  an  off- 
shoot of  the  Benedictines,  founded  in  1818 

by  Tolomei  of  Siena.     Called  also  Monks 

of  the  Order  of  Mount  Olivet. 
Olla,  ol'la.     A  palm  leaf  prepared  for 

writing  on  in  the  E.  Indies.    The  pen  is  a 

sharpened  piece  of  wood  or  metal. 
Olympiad,  6-lim'pi-ad.    A  period  of  four 

years  reckoned  fix)m  one  celebration  of  the 

Olympic  games  to  another,  by  which  the 

Greeks  computed  the  time  from  776  b.  c, 

the  first  year  of  the  first  Olympiad,  till 

894  A.  D.,  the  second  year  of  the  298d 

Olympiad. 
Olympus,  Mt.    The  sacred  mountain  of 

the  Greeks  in  Thessaly,  9,745  ft.  above  sea 

level. 
Omar.     Second  caliph   of  the  Arabiaa 

dynasty,  s.  Aboo-Bekr,  634.      He  o^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OMASUM  C 

tared  Damasous  and  Jenisalem  and  built 
the  splendid  mosque  oooupyin^  the  site  of 
the  ancient  temple,  defeated  the  Greeks, 
and  conquered  Persia,  Syria  and  Egypt, 
destroying  the  famous  Alexandrian  library; 
assassinated  at  Medina,  644. 

Omasum,  o-ma'sum.  The  third  stomach 
of  ruminating  animals ;  the  manyplies. 
Called  also  Psalterium. 

Ombrometer,  om-brom^et-er.  A  ma- 
chine or  instrument  to  measure  the  quan- 
tity of  rain  that  foils ;  a  rain  gauge. 

Omeflra.  6-me-ga.  The  name  of  the  last 
letter  of  tiie  Greek  alphabet,  as  Alpha,  A, 
is  the  first.  Hence  in  Scrip.  Alpha  and  O. 
denotes  the  first  and  the  last,  the  begin- 
ning and  the  ending. 

Omer,  5^mer.  A  Hebrew  measure,  the 
lOthofanephah. 

Omer,  Paalia  (Michael  Lattas).  A 
Turkish  general ;  b.  in  Croatia,  1805,  be- 
came a  Turkish  lubject  1828,  defeated 
the  Russians  in  several  battles,  command- 
ed the  Turkish  army  in  the  Crimean  cam- 
paign, and  suppressed  the  Cretan  insur- 
rection, 1868 ;  D.  1871. 

Omneity,  om-ne'i-ti.  That  which  com- 
prehends all ;  the  Deity. 

OmnibtiB,  'ni-bus.  A  four-wheeled  ve- 
hicle for  carrying  passengers.  In  glass- 
making,  a  sheet-iron  cover  for  articles  in  an 
annealing  arch,  to  protect  them  fi*om  air. 

Omnipotence,  -nip'o-tens.  The  state  of 
being  omnipotent;  unlimited  or  Infinite 
power ;  an  attribute  of  God. 

Omnipresence,  -ni-prez'ens.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  omnipresent;  presence  in 
every  place  at  the  same  time ;  ubiquity ; 
an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Omniscience,  'shi-ens.  The  quality  of 
being  omniscient ;  knowledge  unbounded 
or  infinite ;  an  attribute  peculiar  to  God. 

Omnivorous,  -niv'o-rus.  All-devouring; 
eating  food  of  every  kind  indiscriminately. 

Omphale.  In  Mvth.  Queen  of  Lydia, 
whom  Hercules  fell  in  love  with,  and  for 

'  whose  sake  he  dressed  in  woman's  garb. 

Onager,  on'a-jer.  The  wild  ass  of  Cen- 
tral Asia.  An  ancient  war-engine  used 
for  throwing  stones. 

Onanism,  5'nan-izm.  The  crime  of  self- 
pollution  ;  masturbation. 

One,  wun.  The  first  whole  number,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  unit.  The  symbol  rep- 
resenting one,  i  or  1. 

Oneirocritics,  o-n!'ro-krit''iks.  The 
art  of  interpreting  dreams 

Oneirodynia, -din''i-a.  Disturbed  im- 
agination during  sleep ;  nightmara 


t6  OPAH 

Oneirology,  -rol'o-li.  The  branch  of 
science  whidi  treats  of  dreams ;  a  discourse 

or  treatise  on  dreams. 

Onioolo,  -nik'd-ld.    A  variety  of  onyx 

having  a  ground  of  deep  brown ,  in  whioh  is 

a  band    of  bluish-white.    It  is  used  for 

cameos,  anddifi'ers  fix>m  the  ordinary  onyx 

in  a  oar tiin  blending  of  the  two  colors. 

Onooentaiir.  d'no-sen-tsr.  A  fabulous 
being,  with  a  body  part  human  and  part 
asinine,  depicted  on  ancient  sculpture. 

Onomatopoeia.  on'o-ma-to-p€'^a.  The 
formation  of  words  by  Imitation  of  sounds. 
Some  philologists  hold  that  all  language 
had  its  orighi  in  this  principle ;  but  though 
some  words  are  directiy  and  oonsdously 
onomatopoetic,  such  as  ding-dong,  bow- 
wow, quMck-quaok,  it  is  impossible  to 
prove  that  a  great  m^orily  are  of  this 
character. 

Ontario,  Lake.  The  easterly  and 
smallest  of  the  neat  K.  American  chain 
of  6  lakes ;  area,  5,400  so.  m.;  length,  1T2 
m.,  miaximum  breadth,  o6  m.  It  receives 
the  wat^  of  Li^e  Erie  by  the  Niagara 
Biver,  and  its  outlet  is  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Ontogenesis,  -to-len'e-sis.  In  Biol,  the 
history  of  the  individual  development  of 
an  organized  being,  as  distinguished 
trom  phvlogenesis,  the  history  of  genea- 
logical devdopment,  andlh>m  Diogenesis, 
life  development  generally. 

Onyx.  A  semi-peiludd  gem  with  vari- 
ouslv-oolored  zones  or  veins.  Any  stone 
exhibiting  layers  of  two  or  more  colors 
strongly  contrasted  is  called  an  onyx,  as 
banded  Jasper,  chalcedony,  Am.  O.  mar- 
ble, a  bieautiAil  transluoent  limestone, 
from  Oran,  Algeria,  used  for  the  manu- 

.  Ikcture  of  ornamental  articles. 

Oolithe,  o'o-Uth.  The  fossil  egg  of  any 
oviparous  animal,  as  a  bird,  reptile,  Ac. 

Oology,  5-oro-Ji.  The  branch  of  knowl- 
edge that  deals  with  bhrds*  eggs,  enabling 
the  various  kinds  to  be  discriminated. 

Oolong,  5'long.  A  variety  of  black  tea 
with  the  a&YOTof  green  tea. 

Oomiac,  'mi-aiL  A  hurge  boat  used  by 
the  Esquimaux. 

Oopak,  'pak.    A  variety  of  black  tea. 

Ootheca,  5-o-thd'ka.  An  egg-oase,  as 
that  of  the  cookroMh,  containuig  eggs, 
like  peas  in  a  pod. 

Ooticoid,  -ot'i-kotd.  A  mammal  of  the 
lowest  group,  including  the  marsupials, 
&c. 

Opah,  5'pa.  A  large  and  beantifiil  sea* 
fish  of  the  dory  tun.    It  is  4  to  5  ft.  long, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OPAL 


esT 


OPOSSUM 


and  weighs  140  to  160  lbs.  The  flesh  is 
much  esteemed. 

Opal,  'paL  A  jHredons  stone  of  varioas 
colors,  which  oomes  under  the  class  of 
pelladd  gems.  It  consists  of  silica  with 
about  10  per  cent  of  water,  is  very  brittle, 
and  characterized  by  its  iridescent  reflec- 
tion of  Ufl^t 

X>X>aline,  -in.  A  semi-translucent  glass, 
whitened  by  the  addition  of  phosphate  of 
lime,  peronde  of  tin  or  other  ingredients ; 
called  also  milk-glass. 

Dpaaueness,  o-pftk'nes.  The  quality  of 
being  opaque  or  impervious  to  light; 
opadty. 

Opera,  op  Vra.  A  dramatic  composition 
set  to  music  and  sung  on  the  stage,  ac- 
companied with  musical  instruments  and 
enriched  by  the  accessories  of  costumes, 
sceneiy,  dancing,  Ax.  O.  glass,  a  short 
telescope  used  at  operas  and  places  of 
public  amusement  to  behold  objects  dis- 
tinctly. 

Operameter,  -e-ram'et-er.  An  apparatus 
attached  to  a  machine  to  indicate  the  rev- 
olutions of  a  shaft,  ude  or  wheel,  the 
strokes  of  a  piston,  the  copies  from  a 
printing-press.  Ax. 

Ophioleide,  ofi-kHd.  A  brass 
wind  instrument  invented  to  su- 
persede the  serpent  It  consists 
of  a  wide  coni<»l  tube,  terminat- 
ing in  a  bell  like  that  of  a  horn, 
with  a  mouthpiece  similar  to  that 
of  the  serpent,  and  ten  holes  or 
ventages  which  are  stopped  by 
keys.  Ophideides  are  of  two 
kinds,  the  bass  and  the  alto. 

Ophidia,  o-<ld'i-a.  An  ord.  of 
reptiles,  comprising  snakes  and 
serpents,  covered  with  hgrny 
Males.  Gray  divides  them  Into 
two  sub-orders,  Yiperina  and  Ck>lnbrina, 
the  former  having  only  two  poison  fangs 
in  the  upper  Jaw,  Uie  latter  having  soUd 
teeth,  besides  grooved  flings. 

Ophidiam,  o-fid'i-um.  A  gen.  of  mala- 
copterygious  flshes  allied  to  the  cod  fiuai- 
ily. 

OphiooephaltiB,  ofi-o-sef'al-us.  A 
gen.  of  acanthoptcoygious  flshes,  allied  to 
the  Anabasidee,  or  climbing  perches,  able 
to  live  a  long  time  out  of  water,  often 
traveling  ftom  one  pool  to  another. 

Ophiolatry,  -i-ol'a-tri.  Serpent- worship. 

Ophiology,  'o-Ji.  That  branch  of  zodl- 
ogy  which  treats  of  serpents. 

Ophiosatiras,  -o-sd'^ois.  A  gen.  of  rep- 
tiles occurring  in  the  8.  States  ;  the  glass- 
"        So  fragile  is  thia  reptile  that  a 


slight  blow  will  cause  the  body  to  separate 
into  several  parts. 

Ophite,  ^t  A  member  of  a  Gnostic  sect 
of  the  2d  century ;  so  called  because  they 
held  that  the  serpent  by  which  £ve  was 
tempted  was  Christ,  and  hence  regarded 
the  serpent  as  sacred. 

OphiuridSB,  -i-uM-dS.  A  fam.  of  echin- 
oderms  knoMm  as  the  lizard-taUed  star- 
fishes, having  five  arms.  If  they  lose 
their  arms  they  renew  them  In  a  few  days. 

Ophthalmology,  -thal-moFo-Ji.  That 
branch  of  sdence  which  deals  with  the 
eye. 

Ophthalmofloope,  'mo-skop.  An  in- 
strument for  viewing  the  interior  of  the 
eye. 

Opinions,  o-pi'ni-kus.  A  beast  of  herald- 
ic creation,  having  the  bodvof  a  lion,  head 
and  wings  of  an  eagle,  and  a  tail  resem- 
bling that  of  the  camel.  *  It  is  sometimes 
borne  vrithout  wings. 


Opinionist,  -phi^yun-ist  Eodes.  Hist., 
one  of  a  sect  who  practiced  poverty,  and 
held  that  there  could  be  no  vicar  of  Christ 


on  earth  who  did  not  act  likewise. 

Opinm,  o'pi-um.  The  inspissated  Juice 
of  the  wMte  poppy  which  flows  troia  in- 
cisions made  in  the  heads  of  the  plant  It 
is  one  of  the  most  energetic  of  narcotics, 
and  extensively  employed  as  a  medicine, but 
its  habitnd  use  is  attended  with  similar 
if  not  worse  efTects  than  the  intemperate 
use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  it  is  fatally  poi- 
sonous in  large  doses.  The  chief  active 
prindple  of  opium  is  morphia,  in  combi- 
nation with  meconlc  acid,  but  it  also  con- 
tains narcotine,  narceine,  codeine,  gum- 
resin,  extractive  matter  and  small  por- 
tions of  other  proximate  principles. 

Opodeldoc,  op-d-delMok.  A  solution  of 
soap  in  alcohol,  with  the  addition  of  cam- 
phor and  essential  oils. 

Oporto.  A  Portuguese  seaport  on  the 
Douro,  174  m.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon,  noted  for 
its  trade  In  port  wine ;  pop.  92,740. 

Opossnm,     6-  .  .'■■'^. 

pos'sum.      The  -v  .   .   ,l  ***  i*a.^-^fl 

popular  name  of 
several  spedes . 
of  Didelphys,  a< 
gen.  of  marsupi- 
al onmivorous 
mammals.  The 
best  known  spe- 
cies is  the  Didel- 
phys virginiana. 
The  flesh  is  nutritious  and  pleasant  to  the 
taste,  and  the  ftir  is  employed  in  the  man- 
uflMture  of  various  articles.    The  fenfalea 


A'irkiuift  Opo^Hum, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OPOSSUM-SHRIMP 


5S8 


ORBICULA 


of  some  species  have  an  abdominal  poach 
in  which  thev  cany  their  young.  When 
caught  or  threatened  with  d^ger  the 
opossum  simulates  death. 

OixMNBTunHshrimp,  -shrimp.  The  pop- 
ular name  of  several  species  of  Mvsls,  a 
gen.  of  stomapod  crustaceans.  They  re- 
ceive their  name  ih>m  the  females  carry- 
ing their  eggs  and  young  in  a  pouch  l>e- 
tween  the  thoracic  legs. 

Ops,  ops.  In  Class.  Myth,  the  Roman 
female  divinitv  of  plenty  and  fertility. 
She  was  the  wife  of  Satumus,  and  the  pro- 
tectress of  everything  connected  wltii 
agriculture. 

Opflomania,  op-so-ma'ni-a.  The  mor- 
bid love  of  some  particular  aliment. 

Optic,  'tik.    An  organ  of  sight ;  an  eye. 

Optician,  op-ti'shan.  A  person  skilled 
in  the  science  of  optics.  One  who  makes, 
or  sells  optical  instruments. 

Optics,  'tiks.  The  branch  of  physical 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 
properties  of  light,  of  the  structure  of  the 
eye,  the  laws  of  vision,  and  of  the  con- 
struction of  those  instruments  in  which 
light  is  the  chief  agent,  as  telescopes,  mi- 
croscopes, Ac. 

Optigrapll,  'ti-graf.  A  telescope  con- 
structed for  the  purpose  of  copying  land- 
scapes, &c. 

Optiniates,  -ti-ma't^z.  The  Roman  aris- 
tocracy ;  aristocracy  or  nobility  in  general. 

Optimism,  -mizm.  The  opinion  or  doc- 
trine that  everything  in  nature  is  ordered 
for  the  best.  The  tendency  to  take  the 
most  hopeftil  view  of  matters  social  or 
political ;  belief  in  the  world's  improve- 
ment. 

Option,  'shon.  The  power  or  liberty  of 
choosing.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  right 
to  effect  a  certain  dealing  or  not  at  a  cer- 
tain date,  at  the  option  of  the  person  bar- 
gaining, who  pays  a  premium  for  the 
right.  Local  option,  the  principle  by 
which  the  voters  or  the  inhabitants  of  a 
certain  locality  may  decide  as  to  whether 
places  for  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors 
shall  exist  in  the  locality. 

Optometer,  -tom'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  limit  of  distinct  vision, 
determining  the  focal  lengths  of  lenses 
necessary  to  correct  imperfections  of  the 
eye. 

Opus,  o'pus.  A  musical  composition, 
often  abbreviated  to  Op.  O.  Alexandrin- 
um,  a  mosaic  pavement  consisting  of 
geometric  figures,  in  black  and  red  tessera 
on  a  white  ground.  O.  Inoertum,  mason- 
ry formed  of  small  stones,  occasionally 


It  is  expressed  by 


traversed  by  bricks  or  tiles.  O.  operatum, 
in  Theol.  the  mere  outward  administratioii 
of  a  sacrament  or  rite,  which  is  supposed 
to  be  attended  with  a  spiritual  effect.  O. 
recticulatum,  a  net-work  arrangement  oJ 
stones  or  bricks. 

Or,  or.    In  Her.  gold, 
small  points  or  dots. 

Ora,  d'ra.  A  money  of  account  among 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  valued  in  Doomsday 
Bookat20d. 

Oracle,  or'a-kl.  In  Class.  Antiq.  th« 
answer  of  a  god,  or  the  priest  or  priestest 
of  a  god,  to  an  inquiiy  made  respecting 
some  ftature  event.  The  deity  wno  wai 
supposed  to  give  answers  to  inquiries. 
The  sacred  spot  whence  supematimd  re- 
sponses proceeded.  The  Oreeks  surpassed 
all  nations  in  the  number  and  celebrity  of 
their  oracles,  but  those  of  Jupiter  at  Do- 
dona,  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  andof  Trophor 
ins  near  Lebadeia,  enjoyed  the  highest' 
reputation.  The  communications,  revela- 
tions or  messages  delivered  by  God  to 
prophets.  The  sanctuary  or  most  holy 
place  in  the  Jewish  temple.  One  who 
communicates  a  divine  command.  Any 
person  whose  determinatioas  are  not  dis- 
puted or  whose  opinions  are  of  great 
authority. 

Oransre-blossom,  'anj-blos-som.  The 
flower  of  the  orange-tree,  a  wreath  o! 
which  is  generally  worn  by  a  bride  at  her 
marriage  as  an  emblem  of  purity. 

Orangreman,  -man.  A  member  of  a 
secret  society  instituted  in  Ireland  in  1795 
to  uphold  the  Protestant  religion  and 
ascendency  and  to  oppose  the  Catholic 
religion  and  influence ;  named  from  Wil- 
liam III.,  Prince  of  Orange. 

Oran^e-pekoe,  pe-ko.  A  black  tea  of 
which  there  is  a  scented  \ariety, 

Oranff-Outansr,  o- 
rang'6-tang.  A  quadrn- 
manous  mammal,  the 
Pithecus  satyrus  or  81m-  | 
ia  satyrus,  which  ap- 
proaches most  nearly  to 
man,  being  in  this  respect 
only  inferior  to  the  chim-  ^ 
panzee  and  gorilla.  ^ 

Oratorio,  or-a-to'ri-o.  j 
A  sacred  musical  compo-  ^  ' 
sition,  consisting  of  a&s,  ^^ 
recitatives,  duets,  trios,  "^ 
choruses,  &c.,  the  sub-  ,  -..^-^ 
iect  of  which  is  t^en  -i'*^  "7^!^'  "^ 
from  Scripture;  a  small  <5''^^^ff'*^^^**°^' 
place  of  worship :  a  chapeL 

Orbicula,  bik'u-hi.    A  gen .  of  braohiopod 


^V 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OEBTT 


S89 


OBOANOOUPLBB 


shells,  found  in  large  masses  on  the  ooasts 
of  Peru  and  Chili,  and  also  in  the  northern 
seas. 

Orbit,  'bit  In  Astron.  the  path  of  a 
planet  or  comet ;  the  curye-line  which  a 
planet  describes  inlts periodical  revolu- 
tion round  its  central  body  or  sun. 
Orohesoaraphy, -ke-sog'ra-fl.  A  treat- 
ise  upon  dancing. 

Oxohestra,  Otes-tra.  The  part  of  a 
theater  or  other  public  place  appropriated 
to  the  m  usiclans.  The  instrumental  band 
in  concert-halls,  theaters,  Ac. 
Oxohestrion,  kes'tri-on.  A  mechanical 
musical  instrument  resembling  a  portable 
organ. 

Orchis.    A  plant  having 
the  stamens  and  pistils 
united  in  a  single  col- 
umn, around  which  the 
petals  are  arranged. 
Ordeal,  'ds-al.    An 
ancient  form  of  trial  to 
determine  guilt  or  inno- 
cence, still  practiced  In 
the  East  and  by  various 
savage  tribes.     In  En- 
gland   there  were   two 
principal  kinds  of  ordeal, 
flre-oraeal    and    water- 
ordeal  ;  the  former  being 
confined  to  persons  of  higher  rank,  the 
latter  to  the  common  people.  Both  might 
be  performed  bv  deputy,  but  the  principal 
was  to  answer  for  the  success  ef  tne  trial. 
Order,  'der. 
Abodyofmen 
of   the   same 
rank  or    pro- 
fession consti- 
tuting a  sepa- 
rate   class  in 
the     commn- 
nll^;  often  a 
religious    fjra- 
ternlty.    A 
body  of  men 
associated   to- 
gether by  hav- 
ing had  a  com- 
mon honorary 
distinction 
conferred    on 
them  by  asov-  Insigniaof  theOrderof  St. 
erelgn    prince   Michael  and  St.  George, 
or  other  source 

of  honor.  The  various  orders  of  knight- 
hood have  their  appropriate  insignia.  A 
division  of  natural  objects,  as  plants  or 
animals,  intermediate  between  class  or 
sub-class  and  genus.    Eodes.  a  book  con- 


Orchis. 


tainlng  a  collection  of  oertain  forms,  or  a 
certain  service  to  be  followed  on  certain 
occasions.  In  Class.  Arch,  a  column  en- 
tire (including  base,  shaft  and  capital), 
with  a  superincumbent  entablature, 
viewed  as  forming  an  architectural  whole. 
There  are  five  kinds  of  orders,  viz,,  Doric, 
Ionic,  Tuscan,  Corinthian  and  Composite. 

Order-book,  -buk.  In  Com.  a  book  in 
which  orders  are  entered.  In  the  House 
of  Commons,  a  book  in  which  a  member 
must  enter  any  motion  he  Intends  to  pro- 
pose previous  to  moving  it. 

Ordinal,  'din-al.  A  number  denoting 
order.  A  book  containing  forms  for  or- 
daining and  consecrating  bishops,  priests 
and  deacons. 

Ordnance,  ord'nans.  Cannon  or  great 
guns,  mortars  and  howitzers ;  artillery. 

Ore,  dr.  The  compound  of  a  metal  and 
some  other  substance,  as  oxygen,  sul- 
phur, or  carbon,  by  which  its  properties 
are  disguised  or  lost.  Metals  found  fi>ee 
from  such  combination  are  called  native 
metals. 

Oread,  o're-ad.    A  mountain  nymph. 
Oreas,  o-rg'as.    The  eland,  or  Cape  elk  of 
8.  Africa. 

Orefiron.  A  State  of  the  American  Union, 
admitted  1850 ;  bounded  N.  by  Washing- 
ton Ter.,  E.  by  Idaho,  8.  by  California 
and  Nevada,  W.  by  the  Pacific;  area, 
95,274  sq.  m.;  pop.  174,768.  Principal 
cities,  Salem,  Cap..  Portiand,  Oregon 
City,  Astoria,  Boseburg,  Corvallis  and 
Umatilla.  Chief  rivers,  Oregon  (Colum- 
bia), Willamette,  Umatilla,  Owyhee  and 
Bogue.  Mountains,  Cascade  and  Blue 
Mountain  ranges.  O.  (Columbia)  Biver, 
the  largest  N.  American  river  emptying 
into  the  Pacific,  navigable  abt  100  m. 
from  its  mouth,  which  is  6  m.  wide. 
Oreillet,  o'ra-yet.  An  ear-piece ;  one  of 
two  pieces  fixed  on  the  side  of  an  open 
Gourmng  or  tilting  helmet,  with  a  hinge 
to  admit  of  being  lifted  up. 
OreOffraphy,  o-r6-og'ra-fi.  The  sclenoa 
of  mountains. 

Orsran,  or'gan.  The  largest  and  most  har. 
monious  of  wind  Instruments  of  music,  con. 
sisting  of  a  great  number  of  pipes  of  <Uffer 
ent  sizes,  of  wood  and  metal,  some  of  whick 
are  flute  or  mouth  pipes,  and  other  reed< 
pipes,  all  being  made  to  sound  by  meani 
of  compressed  air  applied  by  bellows. 
Orgran-coupler,  -kup-ler.  A  device  tot 
connecting  two  sets  of  keys  In  an  organ, 
so  that  by  operating  a  lever  or  pedal  each 
key  when  struck  sounds  the  octaves  as 
well  as  its  own  npte. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ORGAK-HARMOKIUM 


540 


ORinTHOLOGT 


OrffanpharmoniTim,  -har-md-ni-ttm. 
A  harmonium  of  great  compass  and 
power,  used  as  a  substitute  for  an  organ. 

Or^anista,  -gan-is'ta.  The  common 
name  of  a  number  of  small  birds  allied  to 
the  wrens,  remarkable  for  the  sweetness 
of  their  song. 

Ol^ranOffOn,  'o-Jen.  In  Chem.  a  term 
applied  to  four  substances,  hydrogen, 
oxygen,  nitrogen  and  carbon. 

Orgranoloflry,  -oro-ji.  A  branch  of 
physiology  which  treats  of  the  organs  of 
animals,  especially  of  the  human  species ; 
anatomy.  The  doctrine  that  particular 
parts  of  the  brain  are  fitted  to  serve  as 
uistmments  for  particular  foculties  of  the 
mind  ;  phrenology. 

Orgeat,  'zhat.  A  preparation  extracted 
from  barley  and  almonds,  used  as  a  sirup 
in  certain  <mnks,  or  medicinally  as  a  mild 
demulcent. 

Orgry,  'ji.  Secret  rites  or  ceremonies 
connected  with  the  worship  of  some  of  the 
pagan  deities,  as  the  worship  of  Ceres ; 
but  particularly  applied  to  the  revels  at 
the  feast  in  honor  of  Dionysius  or  Bacchus, 
or  the  feast  itself.  Any  wild  or  frantic 
revel ;  a  drunken  revelry. 

OribatidflB,  -i-bat'i-de.  The  wood- 
mites,  a  family  of  Acarida. 

Orichalc,  'i-kalk.  Mountain  brass,  a 
metallic  substance  resembling  gold ;  the 
brass  of  the  ancients. 

Oriel,  5'ri-el.  A  large 
bay  or  recessed  win- 
dow, often  called  oriel 
or  bay  window.  It  pro- 
jects from  the  outer 
face  of  the  wall. 

Orient,  ent.  The 
East;  the  part  of  the 
horizon  where  the  sun 
first  appears  in  the 
morning. 

Oriental,    -ri-en'tal.      ^  .  ,  „.  , 
A  native  or  inhabitant     Oriel  Window, 
of  some  eastern  part  of  the  world;  an 
Adatic. 

Orientalism, -izm.  An  eastern  mode  of 
thought,  expression,  or  speech ;  doctrines 
or  idioms  of  the  Asiatic  nations.  Knowl- 
edge of  Oriental  languages  or  literature. 

Oriflanune,  i-flam.  An  ancient  royal 
standard  of  France,  originally  tl>e  banner  of 
the  abbey  of  8t.  Denis.  It  was  a  piece  of 
red  silk  fixed  on  a  gilt  spear,  with  the  an- 
terior edge  cut  into  points. 

Origen.  An  eminent  Father  of  the  Church ; 
B.  in  Egypt,  186 ;  d.  at  Tyre,  268.     Some 


Oriole. 


of  his  Arian  teachings  were  condemned  by 
the  Council  of  Constantinople,  568. 

Orinoco.  A  hirge  river  of  ^.  America, 
emptying  into  the  Atlantic;  length  1960  m. 

Oriole,  j'ri-ol 
The  popular  name 
of  insessorial 
birds,  gen.  Orio- 
lus,  fam.Corvidee.  ^ 
In  old  systems  I 
many  American  4 
species  were  in- 
cluded  in  this 
gen.,  but  as  they 
have  little  in  common  with  the  true  orioles 
except  color,  and  have  a  real  affinity  to  the 
starUngs,  they  are  now  induded  in  the 
starling  fomily  under  the  gen.  Icterus. 

Orion,  d-ri'on.  A  constellation  situated 
in  the  southern  hemisph^e  with  respect  to 
the  ecliptic,  but  the  equinoctial  passes 
nearly  across  its  middle.  Orion  contains 
a  remarkable  nebula,  and  80  stars,  accord- 
ing to  the  British  catalogue,  but  there  are 
thousands  of  others  visible  through  pow- 
erftil  telescopes. 

Orleans.  The  titular  ducal  name  of  two 
branches  of  the  French  royal  family.  The 
first  began  veith  Louis,  2d  son  of  Charles 
v.,  B.  1871,  assassinated  1407.  The  second 
began  with  Philippe  I.,  2d  son  of  Louis 
Xfll.,  B.  1660,D.  1701.  It  ended  with 
Louis  PhiUppe  I.,  crowned  1880 ;  abdi- 
cated, 1848 ;  D.  1860. 

Orloff.  The  patronymic  of  an  ancient  and 
noble  Russian  house,  several  members  of 
which  have  figured  with  distinction  in 
war  and  diplomacy; 

Ormolu,  or'md-lQ.  A  variety  of  brass 
which  contains  26  per  cent,  ztnc,  76  per 
cent,  copper,  a  close  imitation  of  gold, 
used  in  cheap  jewelry,  time-pieces,  lamps, 
girandoles,  &c.    Called  also  Mosaic  Gold. 

Ormnzd,  'muzd.  The  cheif  deity  of  the 
ancient  Persians,  or  followers  of  Zoroaster, 
now  represented  by  the  Parsees.  He  is 
the  creator  of  all  things,  lord  of  the  uni- 
verse, the  light,  and  source  of  light,  wis- 
dom and  the  rewarder  and  punisher  of  all 
men  ;  opposed  to  Ahriman,  the  spirit  or 
prince  of  evil. 

Omithichnoloiry,  -nith'ik-nol"o-ji. 
That  branch  of  geology  which  treats  of  or- 
nithichnites  or  the  footmarks  of  extinct 
birds. 

Omitholite,  'o-lit.  The  general  name 
for  the  remains  of  birds  occurring  in  a  fos- 
sil state. 

I  Ornithology,  -ni-thoPojl.    That  branch 

I   ofzoology  which  treats  of  birds. 


Digitized  by 


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OBlSnTHORHYNCHUS 


541 


OSStAK 


Omithorhynchus,  -th6-ring"ku8.  A 
burrowing  monotrematous  mammal,  pe- 
culiar to  the  fresh  waters  of  Australia,  and 
known  as  the  dnckrbill  or  duck-billed 
platypus,  duck-mole  and  water-mole. 

Omithosaur,  -nith'5-sar.  A  fossil  rep- 
tile with  bird-like  characters. 

Orofirraphy,  -o-rog'ra^fi.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  mountains  and  moun- 
tain systems;  orology. 

OrohipuB,  or-5-hipJj;>U8.  A  fossil  gen.  of 
pachyderms,  fiuu.  EquidflB,  about  the  size 
of  a  fox. 

Oroide,  5'roid.  An  alloy  resembling 
gold,  used  in  the  manufiacture  of  cheap 
watch-cases,  jewelry,  &c.  One  formula  is 
copper,  100  parts  ;  zinc  or  tin,  17  ;  magne- 
sia, 6  ;  sal-ammonia,  8.6 ;  quicklime,  .12 ; 
tartar  of  commerce,  9. 

Orphrey,  or'fra.  In  Anc. 
Costume,  gold  embroid- 
ered work ;  cloth  of  gold. 

Orrery,  'e-ri.  A  machine 
BO  constructed  as  to  rep- 
resent, by  the  movements 
of  its  parts,  the  motions 
and  phases  of  the  planets 
in  theh-  orbita.  Simihur 
machines  are  called  also 
Planetariums. 

Orris,  'is.  A  particular 
pattern  in  which  gold  and 
sflver  lace  is  worked. 

Orthoepy,  'tho-e-pi.  The 
art  of  uttering  words  with 
propriety  ;  a  correct  pro- 
nunciation. 

Orthofirrapher,   -thog'- _    ,   .      .     . 
ra-fer.    One  skilled  in  or-  E;pchetenabrol- 
thography  ;      one      that  dered  with  Or- 
spefis   correctly,   accord-        phreys. 
ing  to  common  usage. 

Orthopsedia, -thd-pSMl-a.  The  act  of 
curing  or  remedying  deformities  In  the 
human  body. 

Orthoptera,  -thop'ter-a.  An  ord.  of  in- 
sects, sub-class  Hemimetabola,  or  insects 
in  which  the  metamorphosis  is  incom- 
plete, including  the  locusts,  crickets, 
grasshoppers,  cockroaches,  Mantidae,  Ac. 

Orthorhynchiis,-th6-ring'kus.  A  gen. 
of  bhrds  belonging  to  Trochilidae ;  the  giant 
humming-bird. 

Ortolan,  'td-lan.  A  species  of  bird,  fam. 
FringillidsB,  the  Emberizahortulana,  much 
esteemed  by  epicures.  The  name  given 
in  the  W.  Indies  to  the  rice-bird,  and  in 
America  to  the  rail. 

Ortyx,  'tiks.     A  gen.    of   gallinaceouB 


birds,  the  partridges  and  quails  of  Am«ir« 
ica,  but  differing  from  those  of  the  eastern 
hemisphere. 
Orsrcter- 
opus,  o- 
rik-ter'o-  ^ 
pus.      A 
gen.      of  \-.  'il 
edenta  t  e  V^l 

insectiv-  'I^L^-r»^^«^,«^,5^, 
orous  ani-  Ji^^^^^^EsiMaSBHtSSAM^ 
mals,  re-  , 

K.th'"t°h!  Earih-hog. 

ant-eater  and  the  armadillo.  The  O.  ca- 
pensis  has  received  the  name  of  the  aard- 
vark,  or  earth-hog,  firom  the  Butch  colon- 
ists at  the  Cape  of  CKmkL  Hope. 

OsbomeHBeries,  osn)om-s&-rgz.  In 
Geol.  a  series  of  strata  of  the  middle  eocene 
period,  occurring  near  Osborne  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight 

Osoan,  'kan.  An  ancient  Italian  lan- 
guage, of  which  a  few  firagments  remain, 
spoken  by  the  Saomites,  who  lived  on  the 
south  of  Rome.  It  had  not  entirely  dis- 
appeared as  a  spoken  tongue  in  the  time  of 
the  earlier  emperors. 

Osiris,  6-si'ris.  The  great  Egyptian 
deity,  eldest  son  of  Seb  or  Saturn  and  Nut 
or  Khea,  and  husband  of  Isis.  He  was 
the  personation  of  all  physical  and  moral 
good,  and  was  styled  Manifestor  of  Good, 
Lord  of  Lords,  King  of  the  Oods,  &c.  He 
fell  a  prey  to  the  intrigues  of  his  brother 
Bet,  the  Typhon  of  the  Greeks,  who  rep- 
resented uie  sum  of  evil  agencies,  and 
then  became  judge  of  the  dead.  His  soul 
was  supposed  to  animate  a  sacred  bull 
called  Apis.  The  worship  of  Osiris  ex- 
tended over  Asia  Minor,  Greece  and 
Borne,  but  l^e  rise  of  Christianity  over- 
threw it. 

Osmanli,  os'man-li.  In  Turkey,  an 
official  ftmctionary;  a  placeman.  The 
term  osmanlis  is  often,  but  erroneously, 
applied  to  all  Turks. 

Osprey,  'prfi.  A 
rapacious  bird,  of  . 
which  only  out? 
species  is  knowriT 
Fandlon  Haliaetiis, 
called  also  the  Fi--]!' 
ing  Hawk  or  Flail- 
ing Eagle,  tud 
sometimes  the  B^iUl 
Buzzard,  from  the 
white  upon  its 
head.  i 

Ossian.     A  semi- 
mythical  Gaelic  hero 


Ospny* 


Digitized  by 


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08TEN8OEY 


Md 


OtTTCEOP 


and  bard  of  the  8d  century,  reputed  con  of 

Ung^,  King  of  Moryen. 
Ostensory,  'so-rl.     In  the  B.  0.  Ch.  a 

monstrance  or  transparent  shriae  for  the 

exposition  of  the  host 
Osteologist,  -tS-oro-list    One  versed  in 

osteology ;  one  who  desciibes  the  bones 

of  animals. 
Ostracioxi      ^ . .  ^ 

-tra'shi-on.      ''^=— 

A  gen.    of 

teleostean^'l 

fishes,  sub-   ", 

ord.  Pleo-,;^;^ 

tognathi,  in '    ^^^^^^= 

which    the 

body  is  in- 
dosed  in  I^rge  ganoid  plates ;  trunk  fishes. 
Ostridi,  'trich.     A  large  cursorial  bird, 

gen.    Btrathio,  fam.    Struthionidee,   the 

largest  of  all  existing  birds,  attaining  a 

he%ht  of  flrom  6  to  8  feet     The  white 


'Trunk-fish. 


AiUcan  Ostrich. 


quill-feathers  of  the  wings  and  tail  are 
highly  esteemed  as  articles  of  dress  and 
decoration.  It  is  Incapable  of  fiight,  but 
runs  with  great  speed. 

Ostrogrotll,  'tro-goth.  One  of  the  eastern 
Goths,  as  distinguished  ft>om  the  Visi- 
goths or  western  Goths. 

Otaooustic,  o-ta-kous'tik.  An  Instru- 
ment to  facilitate  hearing ;  an  ear-trum- 
pet 

Otaria,  -t&'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  seals,  includ- 
ing O.  Jubata,  or  the  sea-lion.  The  seal- 
skin of^commerce  is  obtained  firom  mem- 
bers of  this  genus. 

Othxnan  I.  (Osman).  Founder  of  the 
Ottoman  empire ;  b.  in  Asia  Minor,  1240, 
son  of  Ortogrul,  a  Turcoman  chief. 
He  became  chief,  1280,  and  conquered 
Greece  and  Bithynia,  1299 :  d.  1326.  Two 
other  Sultans  have  borne  the  name. 


Otho.  A  name  borne  by  one  emperor  of 
Borne  (Marcus  Sdvius)  ;  b.  32 ;  assassin' 
ated  Nero  and  usurped  the  throne,  68; 
suicided,  69.  Also  by  4  emperors  of  Ger- 
many. 

OtidSB,  'ti-de.  A  fam.  of  graUatorial 
birds ;  the  bustards.  With  the  plovers, 
lapwings,  A«.,  they  constitute  the  sec. 
Pressirostres,  ord.  Grallatores. 

Otooyon,  -td'si-on.  A  pretty  little  species 
of  fox  tn  8.  Africa,  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  ears. 

OtOfirraphy,  -tog'ra-fi.  That  branch  of 
anatomy  which  describes  tiie  ear. 

Otoscope,  ot'5-skdp.  An  instrument 
for  examining  the  interior  of  the  ear. 

Otozoum,  5t-d-zd'um.  The  name  given 
to  gigantic  footsteps  of  an  unknown  ani- 
mal, probably  batraohian,  in  the  new  red 
sandstone  of  Oonnectieut 

Ottawa  (Grand).  A  large  river  of 
Canada,  emptying  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
near  Montreal ;  length,  800  m.  Cap.  of 
the  Dominion  of  Ganada,  in  Ontario,  on 
the  O.  Bivv3r,  95  m.  N.  £.  of  Kingston ; 
pop.  88,644. 

Otter,  ot'er.  A  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammal,  gen.  Lutra,  of  which  there  are 
several  species ;  the  rar  is  highly  prized. 

Ottoman,  'td-man.  A  Turk.  A  kind  of 
couch  or  sofSft  introduced  fix>m  Turkey. 

Oubliette,  5-bli-et  An  ancient  dungeon 
with  an  opening  only  at  the  top,  for  per- 
sons conaemned  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment or  to  perish  secretly. 

Oudinot,  Nicolas  Ohaxles  (Due  de 
Be^Sio).  A  French  marshal  who  com- 
manded the  army  which  overran  Spain 
and  captured  Madrid,  1823 ;  b.  1767,  d. 
1847. 

Ounce,  ouns.  A 
weight,  the  12th 
part  of  a  pound 
troy,    and    the  ^ 
16th  of  a  pound 
avoirdupois.    A  V 
money    of    ac- 1 
count  in  Moroc- 
co, worth  about  Ounce. 
7i  cents.       An 

animal  of  the  gen.  Felis  (F.  uncia).  It  is 
spotted  like  the  panther,  to  which  it  bears 
resemblance,  but  is  less  in  size  and  not  sw 
fierce,  in  parts  of  Asia  being  trained  for 
hunting.  The  same  name  has  been  given 
to  ttie  American  jaguar. 

Ourebi,  ou're-bl.  A  pretty  S.  African 
antelope  about  2  feet  h^h. 

Outcrop,  out'krop.  In  Geol.  the  expo- 
sure of  an  incUned  stratum  at  the  s(ufktD» 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OVEB 


Ml 


OTSTEE 


•f  the  ground;   bassetiag.     The  part  so 
exposed ;  the  basset-edge ;  the  crop. 
Over,  5'ver.    In  cricket,  a  certain  number 
of  bowls  pitched  from  one  end  in  suooes- 
■ion,  at  the  end  of  which  the  fielders  pass 
over  to  different  sides. 
OTerlian<L  -band.     In  cricket  or  base- 
ball, with  the  hand  above  the  elbow  or 
over  the  ball ;  lound-arm. 
Overshot,  -shot'.     A 
wheel  that  receives  the 
water  shot  over  the  top 
on  the  descent     The 
buckets   are   so  fash- 
ioned and  disposed  as 
to  retain  the  water  un- 
til they  reach  the  lowest 
point.    The  water  acts 
principally  by  its  grav- 
ity- Ovitfihot 

Orlbos,  6'vl-bo8.  A 
gen.  of  ruminants,  classed  both  with  the 
ox  tribe  and  sheep.  The  only  known 
species  is  the  musk-ox. 

OvidSB,  -de.  A  sub-fkm^  of  cavicom  ru- 
minants comprising  the  sheep  and  goats. 

Ovid,  PabliuB  OvldiuB  Naso.  An 
eminent  Soman  poet  and  statesman  ;  b. 
48  B.  c. ;  D.  in  banishment,  18  a.  d. 

Ovlpara,  -vip'a-ra.  That  division  of  ani- 
mals which  bring  forth  eggs ;  opposed  to 
Vivipara,  or  animals  which  proauoe  their 
young  alive. 

Ovolo,  'vd-lo.  In  Arch,  a  round  molding, 
the  quarter  of  a  circle ;  called  also  the 
Quarter  Round. 

Ovo viviparous,  -vi-vlp"a-ru8.  A 
term  applied  to  an  animal  in  which  the 
eggs  are  hatched  within  the  body,  as 
sharks  and  vipers. 

Ovulite,  -v&-llt.    A  fossil  egg. 

Owen,  Biohard.  A  distinguished  En- 
glish palsBontologist  and  comparative  an- 
atomist ;  B.  1804,  D.  1877. 

Ox,  oks.  The  general  name  for  the  differ- 
ent species  of  animals  of  the  gen.  Bos. 
The  common  ox  (which  includes  the  fe- 
male) is  the  most  valuable  of  domestic 
animals.  The  name  is  used  in  a  more 
restricted  sense  to  signify  the  male  of  the 
bovine  genus  castrated,  and  ftdl-grown, 
the  young  being  called  a  steer.  The 
same  animal  not  castrated  is  called  a 
bull.  Besides  the  common  oz  tiiere  are 
several  other  varieties,  as  the  Indian  or 
zebu,  with  a  hump  on  Its  back,  the  Abys- 
sinian»  Madagascar  and  8.  African. 

Oxford.  One  of  England's  oldest  cities, 
Ikmed  as  the  seat  of  O.  University, 
fi>anded    by  Alfred   the  Great,  872 ;  at 


Bam-ewL 


the  confluence  of  the  Isis  and  GherwelL 
62  m.  N.  W.  of  London  ;  pop.  86,690. 
Owen,  Bobert.  A  distinguished  Welsh 
philanthroDistand  social  theorist;  b.  1771, 
D.  1868.  He  founded  a  socialistic  com- 
munity called  New  Harmony,  in  Indiana 
1828.  Bobert  Dale,  his  eldest  son,  b! 
1804.  D.  1877,  was  a  well-known  statesman 
and  ant  hor. 
D&U4  ItkC.'J.E^ 

2d  fioTl,  JS.  I '91131. 

wa-.  11  brave  jintl  ' 

SUC^!«Hl*ftll  vol- 
untter  Itigir  % 
dler-jfeflt^rsil  In  J 
thir  Fedi*tmll 
army  during  I 
the  ri'bi.^lJIod, 

Owl,  (Jill.    i>iie'^ 
of  a  gro^p   of 
birds    forming 
the  fom.  Strig^ 
dsB,  representing  the  nootnraai  sec.  of  the 
ord.  Baptores  or  birds  of  prey. 

Ox-flrall,  oks'gjU.  The  bitter  fluid  se- 
creted by  the  llyer  of  the  ox,  much  used 
in  the  arts. 

Oxide,  'id.  In  Ghem.  a  compound  of 
oxygen  with  a  more  electro-positive  ele- 
ment. The  first,  second,  third,  Ac.,  ox- 
ides of  one  element  are  designated  by  the 
terms  protoxide,  dioxide,  trioxide,  Ac; 
the  highest  oxide  is  termed  a  peroxide. 

Oxygren,  'i-jen.  In  Chem.  a  gaseous  ele- 
ment constituting  about  one-fifth  of  the 
total  volume  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the 
supporter  of  ordinary  combustion.  O. 
gas  is  necessary  to  respiration,  and  no 
animal  can  live  in  an  atmosphere  which 
does  not  contain  a  certain  portion  of  un- 
oomblned  oxygen. 

Oxyson,  -gon.  In  Gleom.  a  triangle  hav- 
ing three  acute  angles. 

OxyrhyncliiUB,  -ringk'us.  A  celebrated 
Egyptian  fish,  said  to  liave  been  saored  to 
the  goddess  Atiior.  It  is  represented  both 
in  sculptures  and  on  coins,  and  was  an- 
ciently embalmed. 

Oxyoris,  -fl'ris.  A  gen.  of  internal  par- 
asitic worms  allied  to  the  common  Asoaris. 

Oyez,  5'yes.  The  introduction  to  any 
proclamation  made  by  the  officer  of  a  law 
court,  or  other  public  crier,  In  order  to  se- 
cure silence  ana  attention. 

Oyster,  ols'ter.  A  well-known  edible 
mollosk  belon^g  to  thelamellibranchiate 
gen.  Ostrea,  num.  Ostreidae.  The  name 
has  also  been  popularly  given  to  mol- 
lusks  not  of  the  ftm.  Ostreid»,  as  the 
pearl<oy>t«r,  ten.  At1giiM». 


Digitized  by 


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OYSTEfi-CATCHEE 


544 


PJBDOTEOPHY 


Oyster^iatolier,  kaoh-er.  The  popular 
name  of  birds,  gen.  Heematopus,  ord. 
Orallatores,  which  feed  on  marine  animals. 
H.  ostralegus,  the  common  oyster-catcher 
or  searpie,  is  the  best  known. 

Oyster-dredflre,  -drej.  A  small  drag- 
net for  bringing  np  oysters  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea. 

Oaone,  'zon.  An  allotropic  modification 
of  oxygen,  existing  in  the  atmosphere, 
produced  when  an  electric  maohme  is 
worked,  when   a  stick  of  phosphorus  is 


allowed  to  oxidize  slowly,  and  in  yarioui 
othtf  ways.  It  has  great  power  In  d»- 
stroying  olTensiye  odors,  is  a  powerfti] 
bleacher,  and  an  intense  oxidizer. 

Oaooerite,  •co-sd'rit  A  fossQ  redn  exist- 
ing in  the  bituminous  sandstones  of  the 
ooal-measnres.  of  a  pleasantly  aromatk 
odor.  In  Moldavia  it  occurs  in  sufBdent 
quantities  to  be  made  into  oandles. 

Ozonometer,  -i5n-om'et-er.  An  appa- 
ratus for  ascertaining  the  presence  and 
amount  of  ozone  in  the  atmosphere. 


PIS  the  16th  letter  of  the  alphabet,  the 
surd  mute  to  which  the  sonant  b  corre- 
sponds. It  always  has  the  same  sound, 
unless  when  it  forms  with  h  the  digraph 

8h,  which  has  the  sound  of  f.  It  Is  some- 
mes  silent  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  and 
often  when  it  is  initial  and  followed  by  n, 
s  or  t,  as  in  pneumatics,  psalm,  pteropod. 
In  abbreyiations  P.  M.  stands  for  post 
meridiem  (afternoon);  P.  S.  for  postscript; 
J.  P.,  justice  of  the  peace ;  p  in  nmsic, 
piano,  softly ;  pp,  plii  piano,  more  softly. 

Paas,  pas.    The  Easter  festival. 

Paoa,  pfi'ka.  A  gen.  of  rodents  (CkBloge- 
nys)  alned  to  the  agoutis,  cavies  and  capy- 
bara.  The  common  paca  is  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  rodents,  being  about  2  feet 
long  and  about  1  foot  in  height. 

PacSiacamac,  pach'a-kam-ak.  The  name 

.  given  by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  the  be- 
ing whom  they  worshiped  as  the  creator 
of  the  universe,  and  who  was  held  by 
them  in  the  highest  veneration. 

Pachoxneter,  pa-kom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the 
glass  of  mirrors. 

Pachydactyl,  pak-i-dak'til.  A  bird  or 
other  animaj  having  thick  toes. 

Pachyderm,  ^i-derm.  A  non-ruminant 
hoofed  animal ;  a  member  of  the  ord.'Pa- 
chydermata. 

Pacliyffl0888d,  -i-glos's€.  A  sec.  of  sau- 
rian reptiles,  formerly  embracing  the  fom- 
Uies  of  the  chameleons,  geckos,  isruanas 
and  agamas,  but  now  restricted  to  the  two 
latter. 

Paciflo  Ocean.  The  largest  en>anse.of 
water  on  the  globe,  extending  between 
Asia,  America  and  Australia,  and  from 
the  Arotio  to  the  Antarctic  circle ;  maxi- 
mum breadth,  10,000  Lu. 

PackfonflT,  pak'fong.  A  Chinese  alloy, 
known  as  white  copper;  co^mer  40.4, 
zinc  25.4,  nickel  81.6  and  iron  8.6. 


floating  pieces  of  ice  of  great  magnitud 
A  pack  is  said  to  be  open  when  the  pieces 
oficedonotgenwallv  touch;  and  close, 
when  tiiey  are  in  contact 

PaoWng^pre— ,  'ing-pres.  A  powerfiil 
press,  generally  hydranUo,  employed  to 
compress  cotton,  linen,  hay,  straw,  A«., 
into  small  bulk  for  oonvenienoe  of  trans- 
port 

Paoking-eheet,  -shst  A  large  sheet 
for  packing  or  covering  goods.  In  hydre- 
pathy,  a  wet  sheet  used  for  packing  pa- 
tients at  water-cure  establishments. 

Padalon,  pad^a-lon.  In  Hind.  Myth, 
the  abode  of  departed  spirits. 

Paddle-beam,  '1-bSm.  One  of  the  two 
large  beams  projecting  over  the  sides  of  a 
steamer,  between  whidi  the  paddle-wheela 
revolve. 

Paddle-wheel,  -whSl.  One  of  the 
wheels  provided  with  floats  on  their  cir- 
cumferences, and  driven  by  steam,  for  the 
purpose  of  propelling  steam-ships. 

Padishah,  pd'di-shfi.  The  title  of  the 
Turkish  sultan  and  Persian  shah. 

Padra,  'dra.    A  superior  black  tea. 

Padua.  An  ancient  N.  Italian  dty,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Brenta  and  Baoohig- 
lione  rivers,  24  m.  W.  of  Venice,  noted 
for  its  university  founded  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury ;  pop.  66,7*03. 

Psean,  p^'an.  A  Greek  hynm  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  also  called  Pnan.  Also,  a  war 
song  before  or  after  a  battle ;  in  the  first 
case,  in  honor  of  Mars ;  in  the  second  as  a 
thanksgiving  to  Apollo.  Hence,  a  song 
of  triumph  generally. 

PeBdobaptist,  -do-bap'tist  One  who 
holds  to  infont  baptism. 

PeBdotrophy,  -dot'ro-fi.  That  branch  of 
hygiene  which  treats  of  th«  nourishment 
of  infimts  and  children. 


Digitized  by 


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645 


PALEEMO 


Pa«aok,  pa-gak'.    A  Eussian  wine  meas- 
ure containing  10  gallons. 
Paffah,  'ga.    In  India,  a  body-guard ;  the 

611to  of  a  native  army. 
Pa^an,  pi'gan.    One  who  is  neither  a 

Chrlstiaii,  ft  Jew,  nor  a  Mohammedan ;  a 

heatbea ;  an  idolator. 
Paeaaint    Nicolo.      A    phenomenal 
ItSSVlSinist;  b.  1784,  d.  1840.    He 
was  extremely  profligate. 

PageUuB,  pa-jel'lus.  A  gen.  of  acan- 
thopterygian  fishes,  fam.  Sparidae,  in- 
cluding the  Spanish  bream  and  sea- 
bream. 

Paffoda,  -go'dft.  A  Hindu  temple,  gene- 
raUy  of  three  subdivisioiis,  an  apartment 
open  to  all  persons,  ft  second  forbidden  to 
aa  but  Brahmins,  and  the  cell  of  the  deity 
or  Idol  inclosed  with  a  massive  gate. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  Buddhist  tem- 
ples in  Siam,  Bumah  and  China. 

PaflTTUS,  nag'rus.  A  gen.  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  sparoid  or  bream  fam., 
containing  the  braise  or  becker  and 
Couch's  sea-bream. 

Paffoma,  pa-gfi'ma.  A  name  of  several 
mammals,  gen.  Pawdoxurus,  fiun.  Vlver- 
ridffi  (dvets  and  genets). 

PafiToras,  'ruB 
A  gen.  of  ano- 
murous  crusta- 
ceans, known 
by  the  name  of 
soldier  and  her- 
mit-crabs. 

Pah,  pfi.  In 
Kew  Zealand,  a 
fortified  native 
camp. 

Painter,  p&nt'- 
er.  A  Moused 

S't^'JmSJ   D^og™e.II>^^.i^«.b. 
object    The  popular  name  of  the  cougar 
or  panther. 

Paizhaa  Gxm,  pSks'lian  gun.  A  how 
itzer  for  the  hortoontal  flr&g  of  heavy 
shells,  invented  bv  the  French  general 
Paixhan  about  1880. 

Paladin,  paFa^la.  A  knlghirerrant; 
a  heroic  champion ;  an  eminent  hero. 

PalfiBarctic,  pft-13-ar'tik.  One  of  the 
six  regions  into  which  zoologists  divide 
the  surfiice  of  the  earth,  based  on  their 
characteristic  founaor  collection  of  anim^ 
Ufe,  embracing  Europe,  N.  Asia  and  Af- 
rica. 

Paleeoethnology,  le-o-eth-noi"-  si 
The  ethnology  of  the  earliest  times. 


Palasofirraphy,  -le-og'ra-fl.  An  ancient 
manner  of  vrriting ;  ancient  writings  col- 
lectively. The  science  or  art  of  decipher- 
ing andent  documents  or  inscriptions. 

Palaeontology,  'le-on-tol"o-ii.  The 
science  of  the  ancient  life  of  the  earth ; 
tbatbrandiof  biology  which  treats  of  fos- 
sil organic  remains. 

Palseomifl,  -IS-or'nls.  An  extensive 
gen.  of  parrakeets. 

Paleaotheri- 
um,  le-o-th©"- 
ri-um.    A  gen.  i 
of  extinct  paohr 

Sderms  foundin  ^ 
le  eocene  strata  I 
of  Europe   and  i 

^^e^"^  VfthBoth^um  Bestored. 
the  rhinoceros,  the  bono  and  the  toplr. 
Palamedei-^^^       , 
dad,  pal'a-mS-      I^m      >  ^V  ^  -^ 
dS'^i-dfi.    The 
screamers,     a 
fam.  of  which 
the  gen.   Pal- 
amedea  is  the 
type. 

Palanquin,. 
-an-kSn .  A  ^ 
covered     con- 

SfiZ'i^r  «<»»«' *"*»«• 

by  poles  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  in 


Palanquin. 


which  a  single  person  is  carried  ftrom 
place  to  phice. 

Palatine,  'a-15n.  One  invested  with  roy- 
al privileges  and  rights ;  a  count  palatine. 
In  medlffival  France  and  Germany  pala- 
tines attached  to  the  court  were  for  tiie 
aurpose  of  assisting  the  sovereign  in  his 
fudidal  duties.  Later  they  were  detached 
from  the  court  and  placed  in  charge  of 
provinces,  where  they  maintained  a  court 
and  palace  in  the  sovereign's  name. 

Palermo.  Cap.  of  the  ishmd  of  Sidly, 
Italy,  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  religious 


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PALESTmS 


54« 


PALM-SITNDAY 


e  known  as  "the  Sicfllan  Vespers," 
1282;  pop.  178,526. 

PalestixiB.  (The  Holy  Land.)  A 
ooontiy  of  Syrik,  AsUt,  the  home  of  the 
Hebrews  after  thefa*  deliverance  from 
Egyptian  slavery ;  also  known  as  Canaan 
and  Judea,  now  under  Turkish  dominion, 
bounded  8.  by  the  Arabian  desert  and  W. 
by  the  Mediterranean ;  area  11,000  sq.  m. 
oeruaaiemt  cap.,  is  the  only  city  of  import- 
ance. The  Lake  of  Tiberias,  Dead  Sea 
and  River  Jordan  are  its  chief  waters,  and 
it  is  intarsected  by  the  Lebanon  Moun- 
tains. 

Palestra,  pa-ka^tra.  In  ancient  Greece 
a  phMse  appropriated  to  wrestling  or  other 
athletic  exerdses.    A  wrestling  contest 

Paletot,  pal'e-td.  A  loose  sort  of  man's 
eoat  or  woman's  long  Jacket;  an  over- 
coat. 

Palette,  'et.  A  thin  oval  board  or  tablet 
with  a  tnumb-hole  on  which  a  painter  lays 
the  pigments  with  which  he  paints;  a 
pallet.  In  MiUt.  Antia.  one  of  the  pro- 
tective plates  for  covering  the  junction  of 
the  armor  at  the  armpits,  the  bend  of  the 
shoulder  and  elbows. 

Palfrey,  pal'fri.  An  ordinary  riding- 
h(nrse,  or  a  horse  used  by  noblemen  and 
othtt^  for  state,  disting^shed  from  a  war- 
horse.  '  A  small  gentie  riding-horse  fit  for 
hidies. 

Pali,  p&li.  The  sacred  language  of  the 
Buddhists,  not  now  spoken,  but  used  only 
in  religious  works.  It  is  one  of  the  Prakrit 
dialects. 

Palimpeest,  limp-sest.  Parchment  or 
other  writing  material,  from  which  writ- 
ing had  been  removed  for  the  purpose  of 
the  page  being  written  upon  a  second  time. 
A  monnmental  brass  which  has  been  en- 
graved on  the  reverse  side. 

Palissy-ware,  pal'is-i-war.  A  peculiar 
pottery,     remarkable    for   its    beautifVil 

glaze,  uie  ornamentation  being  in  very 
igh  relief,  and  consisting  frequentiy  of 
models  of  fish,  reptiles,  shells,  or  leaves. 
Bernard  Palissy,  a  French  potter  of  the 
15th  century,  was  the  designer,  and  the 
art  ofmanufacturing  it  died  with  him,  all 
attempts  to  imitate  it  having  failed. 

Palla,  ^.  A  large  upper  robe  worn  by 
Soman  ladies. 

Palladiiun,  -Wdi-um.  A  statue  or 
image  of  ^e  goddess  Pallas,  on  thepreser- 
Tation  of  whi(^  was  said  to  have  depended 
the  safety  of  Troy.  Hence,  something 
that  affords  effectual  defense  and  safety. 

Palm-oat,  pam'kat.  An  animal  of  the 
gen.  Paradozurus,  the  common  paradox- 


ure,  fiun.  Yivenidtt  (civets  and  gee^te^ 
It  can  curl  its  tail  into  a  tight  spiral. 

Pallas,  las.  The 
goddess  of  wisdom  , 
among  the  Greeks,  r 
subsequentiy  iden- 
tified with  the 
Soman  Minerva. 
One  of  four  small 
pkmets  revolving 
between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter. 

Pallium,  li-um. 
A  large  square 
woolen  cloak  worn 
by  the  Greeks,  en- 
velopi  n  g  the 
whole  person,  cor- 
responding to  the 
toga  of  the  Bom-  P&i\a&. 

ans.    An  ecclesiastical  paU. 

Palmer,  'er.  A  pilgrim  who  carried  a 
staff  of  palm-tree,  or  one  that  returned 
firom  the  Holy  Land  bearing  branches  ot 
palm  ;  a  erusader.  Distinguished  ttom 
other  pilgrims  by  being  a  constant  traveler 
to  holy  places,  and  living  on  alms  under  a 
vow  of  poverty. 

Palmerston,  BEenry  John  Temple, 
Viscount.  A  distinguished  English 
statesman  ;  b.  1784,  d.  1866. 

Palmetto  Banoh.  A  locality  near  Palo 
Alto,  Cameron  Co.,  Texas,  historically 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  last  conflict  in 
the  civil  war.  May  18, 1865,  in  which  the 
Federals,  459  strong,  under  Col.  Barrett, 
were  defeated  by  the  Confederates,  60<i 
strong,  under  B&n.  Slaughtw. 

Palmiped,  pal'mi-ped.  A  bird  that  has 
webbed  feet.  The  goose  and  duek  are  fk- 
miliar  examples. 

Palmistry,  'mis-tri.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  telling  fortunes  by  the  lines  and 
marks  in  the  palm  of  the  hand ;  a  spedes 
of  imposition  practiced  by  gypsies.  Also, 
the  art  of  judging  character  ft^m  tht 
shape  of  the  hand. 

Palm-oil,  p&m'oil.  A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  several  specimens  of  palms, 
but  chiefly  firom  the  fruit  of  the  oUPpalm. 
In  cold  countries  it  acquires  the  consis- 
tence of  butter.  It  is  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  soap  and  candles,  and  for 
lubricating  purposes.  The  natives  of  the 
Gold  Coast  use  it  for  butter ;  and  when 
eaten  fresh,  it  is  wholesome  and  delicate. 
Called  also  Palm-butter. 

Palm-SundiAy,  'son-dL,  Tl)^  Sunday 
next  before  Easter  {  so  oalw4  in   ommem* 


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PALMTEA 


64Y 


PAKBfiBSSS 


oration  ot  our  Saviour's  triumphal  entry 
into  Jerusalem,  when  the  multitude 
strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

Palmsrra  (Tadmor).  In  Anc.  Geog. 
a  magnificent  Asiatic  city  on  a  fertile 
oasis  in  the  Syrian  desert,  which  attained 
its  highest  powor  in  the  8d  century  under 
the  celebrated  Queen  Zenobia ;  destroyed 
by  Aurelian,  274,  and  restored  by  Justin- 
ian I.  627,  it  is  now  in  ruins,  those  of  the 
temple  of  Baal  being  magnificent 

Palo  Alto.  A  locality  of  Cameron  Co., 
W.  Texas,  bet.  Brownsville  and  Point 
Isabel,  famous  for  the  crushing  defeat, 
May  8, 1846,  of  the  Mexican  army,  6,000 
strong,  under  Santa  Anna,  by  the  Amer- 
icans, 2,100  strong,  under  Gen.  Z.  Taylor. 

Palsgrrave,  palz'gr&v.  A  count  pala- 
tine ;  a  count  of  earl  who  has  the  super- 
intendence of  the  king's  palace. 

Palsflrravine,  'gra-vin.  The  consort  or 
widow  of  a  palsgrave. 

Paludameiitaxii,  pa-lu'da-men^'tum. 
Th*  doak  worn  by  an  ancient  Roman 
general  commanding  an  army,  his  princi- 
pal officers  and  personal  attendants,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  sagum  of  the 
common  soldier,  and  the  toga  or  garb  of 
peace.  It  was  open  in  firont,  reached  to 
the  knees,  and  was  fastened  across  the 
chest  with  a  clasp. 

Paludinidae,  pal-u-din'i-d6.  The  riverr 
snails,  a  fam.  of  nresh-water  gasteropodous 
mollasks,  ord.  Prosobranohlata. 

Pampas,  pam'pas.  Immense  plains  in 
the  southern  portion  of  S.  America  east 
of  the  Andes,  and  mainly  in  the  Argen- 
tine Confederation. 

Pampas-cat,  -kat.  A  species  of  leopard 
found  on  the  pampas.  It  might  easilv  be 
mistaken  for  a  large  domestic  cat  which 
has  ran  wild. 

Pampero,  -per'5.  A  violent  wind  firom 
west  or  soutnwest  which  sweeps  over  the 
pampas  and  is  often  felt  far  out  at 

Pan,  pan.  In 
Greek  Mytk  the 
chief  god  of  pas- 
tares,  forests  and 
flocks,  represented 
with  the  head  and 
breast  of  an  elder- 
ly man,  while  hif^ 

lower  parts  were    jrf5^^wi;,sj.     ,  / ,'    % 
Uke  the  hind  quar-  ,/^if^^&'  -jTi    -?c 
t«rs    of^a    go^-^^mM;^ 
whose    horns    hf'f:^-^^^ 
likewise  bore.    Ht 
is  represented  as 
fond  of  music,  and  Fan. 


of  dancing  with  the  forest  nvmphs,  and  as 
the  inventor  of  the  syrinx  or  shepherd's 
fiute,  hence  termed  Pan's-pipee  or  Pan- 
dean pipes.  The  Romans  identified  Pan 
with  their  god  Inuus,  and  sometimes  with 
Faunus. 

Pan.  The  Indian  name  of  the  famous 
eastern  narcotic  masticatory,  consisting 
of  areca-nut  sliced  and  wrapped  up  in 
leaves  of  the  betel-pepper  vine,  along  with 
a  small  quantity  of  quicklime.  It  is 
chewed  by  all  classes  in  many  Asiatic 
countries,  taking  the  place  of  opium  aad 
tobacco. 

Panama.  A  seaport  of  Colombia,  C. 
Arnica,  on  the  Pacific,  87  m.  8.  E.  of 
Chagres;  pop.  abt.  10,000.  Isthmus  of 
P.,  a  narrow  neck  of  land  connecting  N. 
and  S.  America,  a  prov.  of  New  Grenada. 

Panathenaaa,  'ath-e-ne''a.  The  most 
celebrated  festival  of  ancient  Athens,  in 
honor  of  Athene,  the  patroness  of  the  city, 
and  designed  to  remind  the  people  of 
Attica  of  their  union  into  one  people  by 
Theseus.  Gymnastic  games  and  musiciu 
competitions,  &o,.  took  place.  These 
festivals  were  held  annnuly,  but  every 
fourth  year  they  were  of  greater  solemnity 
and  magnificence. 

Pancratium,  -kra^shi-um.  One  of  the 
games  or  gynmastio  contests  exhibited  in 
all      the  .    ^.^:  .   ^, 

great  festi-  r  .J^fc  K^j*  ^J.  -i^' 
vals  of  an-  (^;J^^:>^^* 
c   i  e  n  t  "'i"^  J 
Gr  e  e  c  e ,  'i'^'.ij 
consisting^"  " 
of    boxing^.  ' 
and  wrest-  '•■ 
ling.  A 

Pa  n  d  a , 
'da.  An 
ursine 
quadruped, 
gen.  Ailurus.  the  A.  ftilgens.  It  is  about 
the  size  of  a  large  oat 

Pandect,  Mekt.  A  treatise  which  con- 
tains the  whole  of  any  science.  The  digest 
or  collection  of  Roman  civil  law,  made  by 
order  of  the  emperor  Justinian,  consisting 
of  fifty  books. 

Pandemonium,  -de-md'ni-um.  The 
place  of  abode  of  demons  or  evil  spirits ; 
hell.     Any  lawless,  disorderly  place  or 


Panda 


Pander,  'der.  A  pimp  ;  a  procurer ;  a 
male  bawd.  One  who  ministers  to  the 
gratification  of  any  of  the  baser  passions. 

Panderess,  -es.  A  fem^e  pander ;  a 
proooress. 


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548 


PAPACY 


pandora,  dO'ra.  In  CIuas.  Myth,  the 
name  of  the  first  woman  on  earth,  on 
whom  all  the  godt  and  goddesMS  bestowed 
gifts.  Pandora's  box,  a  box  which  she 
brought  firom  heaven,  containing  all  hu 
man  ills,  which  escaped  and  spread  over 
the  earth,  hope  alone  remaining.  At  a 
later  period  the  box  is  said  to  have  con 
tained  all  the  blessings  of  the  gods,  which 
would  have  been  preserved  for  the  human 
race  had  not  Pandora  opened  it,  so  that 
the  blessings,  with  the  exception  of  hope, 
escaped. 

Pandora,  MQ-ra.  A  Neapolitan  musical 
Instrument,  larger  than  the  mandoline, 
strung  with  eight  metal  wires  and  playe<l 
with  a  quill. 

Pandy,  'di.    A  Hindu ;  a  sepoy. 

Pan^ryrist,  pa-ne-ji'rlst.  One  who  be- 
stows praise  ;  a  eulogist ;  an  encomiast 
cither  by  writing  or  speaking. 

PanfiTolin.  An 
animal  covered 
with  hard  scales, 
inhabiting  Asia 
and  Africa. 

PanlielleniBm, 
h  e  1 '  len-izm.  A  j 
scheme  to  unite 
the  Greeks  into 
one  political  body. 

Panhelleniuni, 
-lo'ni-um.     The  nation^  council  or  con- 
gress of  Greece. 

Paxinonia.  The  ancient  name  of  Hun 
gary,  originally  peopled  by  a  Celtic  race. 

Panorama,  d-rfi'ma.  A  complete  or 
entire  view.  A  picture  in  which  the  ob- 
jects of  nature  visible  from  a  single  point 
are  represented  on  the  interior  surface  of 
a  cylindrical  wall,  the  point  of  view  being 
in  the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 

PanorpidsB,  pa-nor'pi-du.  A  fam.  of 
neuropterous  insects,  tne  type  of  which  is 
the  scorpion-fly. 

Pan-presbyterian,  pan'pres-bi-te^'ri- 
an.  Relating  to  an  assembly  of  represen- 
tatives of  those  who  hold  Presbyterian 
views  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Panslavism,  slu'vizm.  A  scheme  or 
movement  for  the  amalgamation  of  all  the 
Slavic  races  into  one  confederacy. 

Panspermy,  'sper-mi.  The  doctrine  that 
living  organisms  can  spring  only  from  liv- 
ing parents;  biogenesis. 

Pantagramy,  -tag'a-mi.  That  peculiar 
domestic  relation  existing  between  the 
sexes  in  certain  quasi-religious  and  social- 
ist communities,  by  which  every  man  is 
at  once  the  husband  and  brother  of  every 


Pantolln. 


woman,  and  every  woman  the  wife  and 
sister  of  every  man.  Called  also  Complex 
Marriage. 

Pantamorph,  'ta-morf.  That  which 
assumes  or  exists  In  all  shapes. 

PantlieiBm,  'the-izm.  The  doctrine  or 
svstem  of  theology  which  maintains  that 
the  universe,  man  included,  is  God,  or 
modes  or  manifestations  of  God. 

Pantlieoloffy,  -the-ol'o-Ji.  A  system  of 
theology  comprehending  all  religions  and 
a  knowledge  of  all  deities ;  a  complete 
system  of  divinity. 

Pantheon,  'on.  A  magnificent  edifice 
dedicated  to  all  the  gods,  especially  the 
building  so  called  at  Kome.  It  is  now  a 
church,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary  and 
martyrs.  It  is  of  cylindrical  form,  188  ft. 
in  diameter.  A  work  treating  of  the 
whole  body  of  divinities  of  a  people. 

Pantl^er,  'ther.   A 
ferocious  digitigrade 
carnivore,  native  of 
Asia  and  Africa,  the  ^ 
Felis  pardus,    sup-|^ 
posed  to  be  identical  ? 
with  or  a varietyof 
the  leopard.     The 
name  is  given  to  the 
puma  in  America. 

Pantisocraoy,  -ti-sok'ra-si.  A  Utopian 
community  in  which  all  the  members  are 
equal  in  rank  and  social  position. 

Pantochronometer,  'td-kro-nom''et- 
er.  An  instrument,  a  combination  of  the 
compass,  sun-dial  and  universal  time-dial. 


Faather. 


ik"^^ 


which  performs  the  offices  of  all. 

Pantofirraph,  -graf. 
A  jointed  instrument 
so  constructed  that 
drawings,  maps,  plans, 
Ac.,  can  be  copied  me- 
chanically on  the  orig' 
inal  scale,  or  on  one  re- 
duced or  enlarged. 
Spelled  also  Panta- 
graph,  Pentegraph. 

PantolofiT)   -tol'o-ji.     „    ^ 
Universal  knowledge.        Pantograph. 

Pantometer,  -tom'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  elevations,  angles  and  dis- 
tances. 

Pantophagrist,  -tofa-Jlst.  An  animal 
or  person  that  eats  all  kinds  of  food. 

Papa,  pa-pS'.  Father ;  a  word  used  by 
children.    A  Greek  parish  priest  or  pope. 

Papacy,  pa-pa-si.  The  office  and  dignity 
of  the  pope  or  bishop  of  Borne.  The  suo* 
cession  of  popes ;  the  popes  collectively. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PAPAPHOBIA 


PAEAMOtJE 


Papaphobia,  -pa-f5'bi-a.  Dread  or 
hatred  of  the  pope  or  of  popery. 

Papexw!Oal,  'per-kol.  A  variety  of  ter- 
tiary lignite,  so  named  from  its  splitting 
into  films  or  leaves  not  thicker  than  paper. 
When  burning  It  emits  an  offensive  odor. 

Papeterie,  pa-pa-tre.  An  ornamented 
case  or  box  containing  paper  and  other 
materials  for  writing. 

Papier  mache,  pap-ya-ma-sha.  A  ma- 
terial prepared  by  pnlping  paper  into  a 
mass  of  a  doughy  consistence,  which  may 
be  molded  into  various  forms. 

Papion,  pap'i-on.  Gynocephalus  Sphinx, 
a  species  of  the  dog-headed  baboons,  akin 

-  to  the  mandrill,  to  which  great  reverence 
was  paid  in  ancient  Egypt.  Many  mum- 
mied forms  have  been  found  In  the  temple 
caves  in  Egypt. 

Papin,  Benis.  An  eminent  French 
physicist;  B.  1647,  d.  1714.  He  was  the 
first  to  make  a  practical  application  of 
steam  power  as  a  motor,  and  invented  the 
safety  valve. 

Papist,  pa^pist.  A  Soman  Catholic ;  one 
that  adheres  to  the  Church  of.  Some  and 
the  authority  of  the  pope. 

Papoose,  pa-pos'.  Among  the  native  In- 
dians ofN.  America  a  babe  or  young  child. 

Papua  (New  Gxiinea).  An  island  in 
Auitralaila,  second  in  size 
to  Australia;  area,  250,000 
sq.  m.  It  belongs  to  Great 
Britain,  but  has  never  been 
extensively  colonized. 

Parabola,  -rab'd-la.  A 
conic  section  arising  from 
cutting  a  cone  by  a  plane 
parallel  to  one  of  its  sides. 
It  is  the  curve  in  which  any 
projectile  would  move,  were  Parabola, 
it  not  for  the  resistance  of  the  air. 

Paracelsus.  A  notorious  Swiss  empiric 
and  pretended  alchemist ;  b.  1493,  d.  1541. 

Parachute,  par'a-sh6t.  In  ballooning, 
an  appara- 
tus to  pre- 
vent rapid- 
ity of  de- 
scent, usu- 
ally of  an 
umbrella 
shape,  and 
is  attached 
to  a  balloon 
for  the  pur- 
pose of  en- 
abling an 
aSronaut, 
in  case  of 
danger,  to  Parachute 


(h-up  from  his  balloon  to  the  ground  with' 
out  sustaining  injury.  While  the  balloon 
is  ascending  the  parachute  is  like  a  closed 
umbrella. 

Paraclete,  -klct.  An  advocate ;  one  called 
to  aid  or  support ;  hence,  the  Consoler, 
Comforter  or  Intercessor,  a  term  applied 
to  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Paradise,  pa'ra-dls.  In  Scrip,  the  gar- 
den of  Eden,  in  which  Adam  and  Eve  were 
placed  immediately  after  their  creation. 
A  region  of  supreme  felicity  or  delight. 
Heaven,  or  the  olissAil  seat  of  sanctified 
souls  after  death. 

Paraffine,  par'a-fin.  A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  the  dry  distillation  of  wood, 
peat,  bituminous  coal,  wax,  &c.,  largely 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  candles. 

Paragruay  Tea,  -gwa  te.  The  leaves  oi 
the  Hex  paraguayensis,  used  in  S.  Amerfea 
as  a  substitute  for  tea.     Called  also  Mate. 

Paragruay.  A  S.  American  republic, 
bounded  N.  by  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  E.  by 
Brazil,  S.  by  th*Argentine  Confederation, 
W.  by  the  latter  and  Bolivia ;  area  82,000 
sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  850,000.  Cap.  and  prin- 
cipal city,  Asuncion.  Chief  rivers,  Para 
guay,  Pilcomayo  and  Rio  Vermeio.  Moun 
tains.  Sierra  Amambohyand  Maracayou 
ranges. 

Paralipoxuena,  -li-pom"e-na.  Things 
omitted.  A  supplement  containing  things 
omitted  in  the  preceding  work.  The  books 
of  Chronicles  are  so  called. 

Parallel,  pa'ra-lel.  A  line  which  through- 
out its  whole  extent  is  equidistant  from 
another  line.  In  Geog.  a  line  on  the  globe 
or  on  a  map  marking  the  latitude  ;  a  circle 
or  part  of  a  circle  parallel  to  the  equator. 

Paralleloerrazn,rra-Iel'o-  _ 
gram.    In  Geom.  a  four-  T  '       i 

sided  figure  composed  of  \  I 

straight  lines,  and  having  I  \ 

its  opposite  sides  parallel   I \ 

and  equal.  A  quadrilateral        '  4 

figure  ofmore  length  than  Parallelogram, 
breadth. 

Parallelepiped,  -pim- 
ped. In  Geom.  a  regular 
solid  comprehended  under 
six  parallelograms,  the  op- 
posite ones  of  which  aro 
similar,  parallel  and  equal  Parallelopiped. 
to  each  other ;  or  a  prism 
whoso  base  is  a  parallelogram.  A  brick 
is  a  familiar  example  of  this  figure. 

Paramaribo.  A  seaport,  cap.  of  Dutch 
Guiana,  S.  America ;  pop.  28,600. 

Paramour,  par'a-mor,   One  who  t^kes 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PARANA 


960 


PABBAKBET 


the  place  of  a  husband  or  wife  without 

possessing  the  rights. 
Parana.    A  large  river  of  S.   America, 

which  with  the  Uruguay  forms  Ihe  Rio 

de  la  Plata ;  length  2,400  m. 
Paraphrast,  'a-fraat.     One  who  para- 

Ehrases;  one  who  explains  or  translates 
1  words  more  ample  and  clear  than  the 
author. 
Paracene,  -a-sen^    In  Rom.  Antiq.  the 

Slace  beyond  the  stage  of  a  theater,  used 
y  the  actors  as  a  dressing-room 

Paraselene,  'a-se-le''nu.  A  mock  moon; 
aluminous  ring  or  circle  encompassing 
the  moon  in  Polar  regions  in  which  some- 
times are  other  bright  spots  bearing  re- 
semblance to  the  moon.  They  are  analo- 
gous to  the  parhelia  or  mock  suns,  and 
are  supposed  to  depend  upon  the  presence 
of  innumerable  minute  crystals  of  ice. 

Parasite,  -sit.  One  that  frequents  the 
tables  of  the  rich  and  earns  his  welcome 
by  flattery ;  a  trencher  friend ;  a  sycophant! 
An  animal  that  lives  unpn  or  'in,  and  at 
the  expenss  of  other  annnals.  A  plant 
which  grows  upon  another,  and  feeds  upon 
its  juices. 

Parchment,  parch'ment.  The  skin  of  a 
young  calf,  sheep  or  goat,  prepared  for 
writing  on. 

Pargretingr,  par'jet-ing.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental plaster,  much  used  in  the  interior 
and  often  in  the  exterior  of  English  houses 
of  the  Tudor  period. 

Parhelion,  -he'li-on.  A  mock  sun  seen 
in  Polar  regions  by  the  side  of  that  lumin- 
ary. They  sometimes  number  two  or 
more,  and  are  always  connected  by  a  white 
horizontal  circle  or  halo.  They  are  the  re- 
sult of  modifications  which  light  nnder- 
Soes  when  it  falls  on  crystals  of  ice,  raln- 
rops,  &c. 

Pariah,  paM-a.  A  name  loosely  applied 
to  the  lowest  class  of  Hindus,  who  have, 

Sroperly  speaking,  no  caate ;  hence,  one 
espised  and  contemned  by  societv ;  an 
outcast.  Properly,  however,  Pariah  (a 
Tamil  name)  is  applied  to  members  of  a 
widejv  spread  race  in  8.  India,  generally  of 
the  Hlnau  religion,  and  superior  to  some 
ten  other  castes  in  their  own  country. 

Parian,  -an.  A  fine  variety  of  porcelain 
clay,  of  which  statuettes,  See.,  are  made; 
so  named  firom  its  resemblance  to  P.  mar- 
ble. P.  marble,  a  mellow-tinted  marble, 
highly  valued  by  the  ancients,  and  chosen 
for  their  choicest  works. 

Paridae,  -de.  The  titmice,  a  fam.  of 
dentirostral  passerine  birds. 

Paris.    In  Heroic  Hist,  son  of  Priam, 


King  or  Trov,  who  abducted  Helen,  and 
caused  the  Trojan  war,  in  which  he  kiU«d 
Achilles,  and  was  himself  mortally  wonnd- 
ed  by  an  arrow  shot  by  Philootetes. 

Paris.  Gap.  of  France,  on  both  sides  the 
Seine,  and  the  most  beautifbl  city  of  Eu- 
rope ;  pop.  abt.  2,260,000. 

Park,  Mungro.  A  distinguished  Scot- 
tish African  explorer  ;  B.  1771,  perished 
while  on  his  second  expedition  in  the  Af- 
rican wilds,  1805. 

Parker,  Theodore.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican theologian ;  b.  In  Mass.  1810,  d.  at 
Rome  1860. 

Parkman,  Francis.  An  American 
historian ;  b.  In  Mass.  1828,  d.  1883. 

Parliament,  'li-ment  A  meeting  or 
assembly  of  persons  for  conference  or  de- 
liberation ;  an  assembly  of  the  people  or 
their  representatives  to  deliberate  or  legis- 
late on  national  affairs;  a  supreme  na- 
tional or  general  cooncil.  The  grand  as- 
sembly or  the  three  estates  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
the  lords  spiritual,  the  lords  temporal  (the 
two  forming  one  house),  and  the  com- 
mons; the  general  conndl  of  the  nation 
constituting  the  legislature,  summoned 
by  the  sovereign's  authority  to  consult  on 
the  affairs  of  the  nation,  and  to  enact  and 
repeal  laws.  The  authority  of  parliament 
extends  over  the  United  Kingdom  and  all 
Its  colonies  and  foreign  possessions.  It 
must  meet  at  least  once  a  year  for  the  dis- 
patch of  business.  The  word  parliament 
VV^as  introduced  into  England  under  the 
Norman  kings.  The  supreme  council  of 
the  nation  was  called  under  the  Saxon 
kings  witenagemot,  the  meeting  of  wise 
men  or  sages. 

Parliamentarian,  -men-ta''ri-an.  One 
of  those  who  adhered  to  the  parliament  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I. 

Parnassus.  A  sacred  Greek  mountain 
in  Phocis,  Delphi,  famous  for  its  oracle, 
being  situated  on  its  W.  slope.  Its  high- 
est summit  was  dedicated  to  Bacchus,  and 
the  two  others  to  Apollo  and  tbe  Muses. 

Parquetry, 
'ket-ri.  A  spe- 
cies of  inlaid 
wood-work  in 
geometric  or 
oth  e  r  p  a  t  - 
terns,  ana  gen- 
erally of  dif- 
ferent colors. 

Parrakeet, 
par'arket.  The 
name  given,  to 
various  generfk  Piirquctry. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PARRICIDE 


561 


PASSIONAL 


Parrot. 


of  soansorial  birds  grouped  into  a  sub-fam. 
(Pezophorinee)  of  the  Prittacidce  or  par- 
rots. Among  tlie  most  familiar  are 
the  rose-ringed  parrakeet,  the  Alexan- 
drine or  ring  parrakeet,  the  ground  para- 
keet, and  the  warbling  parrakeet.  Writ- 
ten also  Parakeet,  Parroquet,  Perroquet. 
Parricide,  'ri-sid.  A  person  who  murders 
his  mother  or  fether.  The  murder  of  a 
parent  or  of  one  to  whom  reyerence  is  due. 
Parrot,  'ot  A  name  ~ 
common  to  birds  fam. 
Psittacidse,  ord.  Scan- 
sores  or  climbers.  Sev- 
eral species  can  not 
only  imitate  the  vari- 
ous tones  of  the  human 
voice,  but  also  exer- 
cise in  some  cases  ac- 
tual conversational 
powers.  Among  par- 
rots In  the  widest 
sense  of  the  word  are 
induded  the  parra- 
keets,  macaws,  lories, 
cockatoos,  A;c.  Some  live  to  the  age  of 
70  and  even  90  years. 

Parrot-fish.  -fish.  A  fish,  gen.  Soarus, 
fam.  Labridae. 

Parry,  WiUiam  Edward,  Sir.  A 
distinguished  English  Arctic  explorer ;  b. 
1790,  D.  1865. 

Parsee,  pfir'sS.  One  of  the  adherents  of 
the  Zoroastrian  or  andent  Persian  religion, 
descendedfirom  the  refugees  driven  from 
Persia  into  India  by  Mohammedan  perse- 
cution about  the  middle  of  the  7tn  cen- 
tury. 

Partheniad,  -thS'ni-ad.  A  poem  in 
honor  of  a  virgin. 

Parthenon,  'the-non.  A  celebrated 
Orecian  temple  of  Athena  Parthenos,  on 
the  Acropolis  of  Athens,  of  marble,  a  per- 
ipteral octostyle,  with  17  columns  on  the 
sides ;  its  lengUi  228  feet,  breadth  102. 
Parthenope,  -then'6-pe.  One  of  the 
small  planets  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter. 
Partridge,  'tr». 
A  rasorial  bird, 
gen.  Perdix, 
grouse  &m.  (Te- 
traonidflB).  The 
name  is  applied  in 
the  U.  S.  to  several 
species  of  tiiegen. 
Ortyx  or  quails. 

Pai^hirition,  -tu-ri'shon.  The  act  of 
bringing  forth  or  bdhg  delivered  of 
young. 


Party-erold,  'ti-gold.  Beaten  or  leaf  sil- 
ver with  a  coating  of  gold  on  one  side. 

Parvenu,  've-nti.  An  upstart,  or  one 
newly  risen  into  notice. 

Pascal,  Blaise.  An  eminent  French 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  b.  1628. 
D.  1662. 

Pasch,  pask.  The  passover ;  the  feast  of 
Easter.  Paschal  cycle,  the  cycle  which 
serves  to  ascertain  when  Easter  occurs, 
formed  bv  multiplying  together  the  cycle 
ofthe  sun  (twenty-eight  years)  and  that 
of  the  moon  (nineteen  years). 

Paschal.  The  name  of  three  popes,  the 
last  P.  III.  (Guide  de  Crema),  elected 
1165,  in  opposition  to  Alexander  III.,  was 
declared  an  usurper,  although  supported 
by  Emperor  Frederick  I.;  n.  1168. 

Pasha,  pa-shS'.  In  Turkey,  an  honorary 
title  originally  bestowed  on  princes  ofthe 
blood,  but  now  conferred  upon  military 
commanders  of  high  rank  and  the  govern- 
ors of  provinces.  There  are  three  grades, 
distinguished  by  a  number  of  horse-tails 
attached  to  a  lance.  Three  horse-tails  are 
allotted  to  the  highest  dignitaries,  who 
have  also  the  title  of  vizier.  Spelled  also 
Pacha. 

Pasht,  pasht.  In  Egypt.  M^h.  a  god 
dess  chiefly  worship©!  in  Bubastus,  in 
Lower  Egypt,  whence  her  alternative 
name  of  Bubastes.  She  was  the  daughter 
ofthe  great  goddess  Isis,  and  was  repre- 
sented with  the  head  of  a  cat,  the  animal 
sacred  to  her. 

Pasifirraphy,  pa-sig'ra-fl.  An  imaginary 
system  of  writing  that  may  be  understood 
and  used  by  all  nations ;  a  universal  hin- 
guage. 

Passant,  'ant.  In  Her.  applied  to  a  lion 
or  other  animal  which  appears  to  walk. 

Passe-fiT&rde,  -gard.  In  armor,  a  pro' 
jecting  piece  on  the  pauldrons  or  shoulder- 
pieces,  to  ward  off  the  blow  of  the  lance. 

Passengrer-      ^ 

pigreon,  'en-ier-  t  >. 
pij-on.    A  bird  of  \^ 
the  pigeon   fam.,  ;r 
the  Ect«^pistes  mi-  ^'^ 
gratorius. 
Passional,  pa'- 
shon-al.     A   MS.  ^ 
of  the  four  Gos- 
pels, upon  which  ^ 
the  kings  of  Eng-' 
land,  from  Henry      ^ 
I.  to  Edward  VI.,  flj' 
took  the  eorona*  '^  — 

tlon  oath.  FasBenger-pigeoiu 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PASSIONARY 


PATRIAECH 


Passionary,  -a-rl.  A  book  In  which  are 
described  the  sufferings  of  saints  and 
martyrs. 

Passionist,  -ist.  A  member  of  a  relig- 
ious order  in  the  Church  of  Rome,  founa- 
e4  in  178T  by  Paolo  Francisco  de  Dane!, 
who  afterwards  assumed  the  name  of 
*' Delia  Croce."  It  is  also  known  as  the 
Order  of  the  Holy  Cross  and  the  Passion 
of  Christ. 

Passion-play,  -pla.  A  mystery  or  mi- 
racle-play representing  the  different  scenes 
in  the  passion  of  Ctirist.  One  is  periodi- 
cally represented  at  Oberammergau,  in 
the  Bavarian  highlands,  the  only  miracle- 
play  which  has  surviyed  to  the  present 
day. 

Passion-tide,  -tid.  The  season  at  which 
the  Church  commemorates  the  sufferings 
and  death  of  Christ. 

Passover,  pas'd-ver.  The  principal  feast 
of  the  Jews,lnstituted  to  commemorate  the 
escape  of  the  Hebrews  in  Egypt,  when 
God,  smiting  the  first-bom  of  the  Egyp- 
tians passed  over  the  houses  of  the  Israel- 
ites, which  were  marked  with  the  blood 
of  the  paschal  lamb ;  celebrated  on  the  first 
full  moon  of  the  spring,  from  the  14th  to  the 
21st  of  Nisan,  the  first  month  of  the  sacred 
year.  During  the  eight  days  of  the  feast 
the  Israelites  were  permitted  to  eat  only 
unleavened  bread,  hence  the  passover  was 
also  called  the  feast  of  unleavened  bread. 
Pastil,  'til.  A  roll  of  aromatic  paste, 
composed  of  gum  benzoin,  sandal-wood, 
spices,  charcoal  powder,  Ac,  for  burning 
as  a  ftimigator  or  disinfectant.  An  aro- 
matic confection. 

Patala,  pat'a-la.  In  Hind.  Myth,  one  of 
the  inferior  regions,  consisting  of  seven  or 
eight  divisions,  each  10,000  miles  deep.  It  is 

iniily  [iloiLr,- 
ant  plci€L% 
IrtlinH  tad 
by  saHke  or 
u  fi  r  p  c^  n  t 
gCMJa,    znnl« 

with      bril 
liant  jewdfr. 

leikit  eii  i\o- 

Bndfl  and  j.-^b... -—-^ 
e  h  0  I  a  «  r^-ii-f:^^:^ 
wines.  Patamar  of  Malabar. 

Patamar, 

-mar.  A  peculiar  vessel  employed  In  the 
coasting  trade  of  Bombay  and  Ceylon. 


Grecian  Patera. 


Pastor,  'tor.  A  minister  of  the  gospel 
having  the  charge  of  a  church  and  congre- 
gation. A  beautiful  bird  (Pastor  roseus) 
with  a  tufted  head,  allied  to  the  starling. 
Pastoral-Staff,  -al-staf.  The  official 
staff  of  a  bishop  or  abbot,  having  the  head 
curved  in  the  form  of  a  shepherd's  crook 
as  a  symbol  of  the  pastoral  office. 
Patasronia.  The  southerly  portion  of  S. 
America,  bounded  N.  by  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  W.  by 
the  Pacific,  S.  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan. 
It  has  never  been  ftilly  explored. 
Patent,  pit'ent.  A  privilege  from  the 
government  conveying  the  sole  right 
to  make,  use  or  dispose  of  some  new  in- 
vention er  discovery  for  a  certain  period. 
Patent-riffht,  -rit.  The  exclusive  priv- 
ilege granted  to  the  first  inventor  of  a  new 
manufacture  of  making  articles  according 
to  his  invention. 

Patera, 
pat'e-ra.  A 
shallow,  cir- 
cular, sau- 
cer-like ves- 
sel used  by 
the  Greeks 
and  Romans 
in  their  sac- 
rifices and  libations.  In  Arch,  the  repre- 
sentation of  a  flat  round  dish  in  bas-reUef, 
used  as  an  ornament  in  friezes,  «!kc. 
Paterfamilias,  pa'ter-&-mil''i-as.  The 
father  or  head  of  a  family. 
Paternoster,  pa'ter-nos-ter.  Tlie  Lord's 
prayer.  Every  tenth  large  bead  in  the 
R.  C.  Rosary.  At  this  they  repeat  the 
Lord's  prayer,  and  at  the  intervening 
small  ones  an  Ave  Maria.  The  rosary 
itself.  In  Arch.,  a  species  of  ornament  in 
the  shape  of  beads  used  in  baguettes, 
astragals,  &c. 

Patholoffy,  -thol'o-ji.  That  part  of 
medicine  which  explains  the  nature,  causes 
and  symptoms  of  diseases,  comprehending 
nosologj',  etiology  and  symptomatologv. 
Patina,  -te'na.  The  fine  green  rust  with 
which  ancient  bronzes  and  copper  coins 
and  medals  become  covered  by  lying  in 
particular  soils,  which,  like  varnish,  is  at 
once  preservative  and  ornamental,  con- 
sisting of  carbonatQ  or  oxide  of  copp«9r. 
Patmos.  The  small  is.and  of  the  l^reek 
Archipelago  on  which  St.  John  wro'«  his 
Revelation ;  it  is  20  m.  S.  of  Samos 
Patriarch,  pa'tri-ark.  The  fkther  and 
rulerofafomuy.  It  is  usufdly  applied  to 
the  progenitors  of  the  Israelites,  Abra* 
ham,  Isaac,  Jacob  aod.the  sons  o/  Jacob. 


Digitized  by 


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1»ATE1A&CHI8M 


PEA  BIDOE 


In  the  Greek  and  Latin  Charches,  a  dig- 
nitary superior  u>  the  order  of  archbish 
ops ;  as  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
Any  venerable  old  man. 

PatoiaxchiBm,  -izm.  Government  by 
a  patriarch  or  the  head  of  a  fomily,  who 
was  botli  ruler  and  priest,  as  Noah.  Abra- 
ham and  Jacob. 

Patrician,  pa-trish'an.  A  person  of  no- 
ble birth;  a  nobleman.  In  the  Roman 
state,  the  patricians  were  the  descendants 
of  the  first  Roman  senators. 

Patricide,  pat'ri-sld.  The  murder  or 
murderer  of  a  father :  parricide. 

Patrick,  St.,  Order  of.  An  Irish  order 
of  knighthood,  instituted  1788  by  King 
George  III. 

Patrick,  St.  The  patron  saint  of  Ireland, 
B.  in  Scotland  372.  March  17  is  celebrated 
in  his  honor. 

Patrico,  pat'ri-kd.    A  gypsy  priest 

Patriot,  pa'trist.  One  versed  in  the  liyes 
or  works  of  the  fitthers  of  the  OhristiaD 
church. 

Patronymic,  pat-rd-nim'ik.  A  name 
derived  from  parents  or  ancestors. 
A  fiunily  name ;  a  surname ;  a  name  add> 
ed  to  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name. 

Patroon,  pa-tron- .  One  who  received  a 
grant  of  a  certain  tract  of  land  and  mano- 
rial privileges,  with  the  right  to  entail, 
under  the  old  Dutch  governments  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey. 

Patten,  pat'en.  In  Masonry,  the  base  of 
a  column  or  sole  for  the  foundation  of  a 
wall.    A  wooden  shoe  or  sole. 

Paul.  The  name  of  five  popes,  also  of 
a  Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Peter  III.  and 
Catherine  II.;  b.  1754,  crowned  1796, 
forced  to  abdicate  and  murdered  1801. 
P.  St.  (Saul),  was  the  most  eminent  of  the 
apostles :  B.  at  Tarsus  abt.  I  a.  d.,  mar 
tyred  in  Rome  67.  P.  St.  Vincent  de,  a 
celebrated  French  philanthropist,  founder 
of  the  order  of  Sisters  of  Charity  ;  b.  1576, 
D.  1660,  canonized  1737. 

Pauldron,  pal'droii. 
In  Armor,  a  slToulder- 
plate  of  one  piece. 

Paulian,  'i-an.  A  fol- 
lower of  Paul  of  Samot^ 
ata,  a  heretic  of  the  S^l 
century. 

Paulician,  -i'shan. 
One  of  a  sect  named 
from  Paulus,  an  Arme- 
nian. They  rejected  tb  i » 
worship  of  the  Vlrgli], 
the     saints      and.   the       Pauldron. 


cross  ;  and  asserted  a  right  freely  to  search 
the  Scriptures.  Theh-  history  is  inter- 
woven with  that  of  the  Greek  Church  ot 
the  9th  and  10th  centuries. 

Paunch,  pansh.  The  belly  and  its  con- 
tents. The  first  and  largest  stomach  in 
ruminating  quadru|>eds. 

Pavia.  Cap.  of  province  of  same  name, 
N.  Italy,  fkmous  for  its  university,  said  to 
have  been  founded  bv  Charlemagne  774  ; 
on  theTicino,  19  m.  S.  of  Milan  ;  pop.  abt. 
30,000. 

Pavise.  pav'is.  A  large  shield  covering 
the  whole  body,  managed  by  a  pavisor  fur 
his  own  and  the  protection  of  the  archer 
before  whom  he  stationed  himself. 

Pavo,  pa'vo.  A  constellation  in  the  south- 
ern  hemisphere. 

Pavonid£B,  pa-von'l-de.  The  peacock 
family,  which  include  the  peacock,  argus- 
pheasant,  and  the  peacock-pheasant. 

Pawn,  pan.  A  piece  of  the  lowest  rank 
at  chess. 

Pawnbroker,  'brok-er.  One  licensed 
to  lend  money  on  pledge  or  the  deposit  of 
goods, 

Paz,  paks.  An  ecclesiastical  utensil  In 
the  R.  C.  Ch.  which  is  kissed  by  the 
priests  during  the  Agnus  Dei  of  the  high 
mass.  The  decorations  are  frequency 
rich. 

Payne,  John  Howard.  An  American 
author  and  poet,  composer  of  *'  Home, 
Sweet  Home" ;  b.  In  N.  Y.  1792,  d.  at 
Tunis,  while  U.  S.  Consul,  1852. 

Pasend,  pfi'zend.  The  religions  dialect 
of  the  Parsees  of  India,  belonging  to  the 
Iranian  family  of  Aryan  tongues. 

Peabody,  Georgre.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican merchant,  banker  and  philanthropist; 
B.  in  Mass.  1795.  d.  in  London  1869. 

Peacock,  k  o  k.  A 
large  and  beautiful  gal- 
linaceous bird,  gen. 
Pavo,  the  male  of  the 
species,  the  female  be  ^ 
ing  called  a  peahen.- 
The  peacock  Is  said  to  , 
have  been  introduced'^ 
into  Europe  from  Asia 
by  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Pear-firause,  pilr'g^j 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  degree 
of  exhaustion  of  an  afr-pump  receiver. 

PeaRidflre.  A  village  of  Benton  Co., 
Ark.,  noted  for  a  series  of  battles,  March 
6^,  1862,  between  the  Federals,  11,000 
strong,  under  Gen.  Curtis,  and  the  Con* 


rv-uLiiUFi'-. 


Digitized  by 


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I'ttAttt 


554 


PEbOMOtOK 


Ibderates,  20,000  strong,  under  G«n.  Yan 
Dorn;  Uie  latter  were  defeated. 

^earl,  perL  A  Bilvery  or  binish- white, 
bard,  smooth,  lustroas  sa>>stance,  i>ro- 
daced  by  certain  mollasks  as  the  resnlt  of 
some  abnormal  seeretory  prooess.  Scien- 
tificidlv  speaking,  pearl  consists  of  carbon 
ate  of  lime  interstratified  with  animal 
membrane. 

Pearlash,  ''ash.    Carbonate  of  potash. 

Pearl-barley,  'bfirll.  The  seed  of  com- 
mon barley  ground  into  small  round 
grains  like  pearls. 

Pearl-diver,  'div-er.  One  who  dives 
for  pearl  oysters. 

Pearl-edfire,  ej.  A  narrow  thread  edg- 
ing to  be  sewed  on  lace  ;  a  narrow  border 
on  the  side  of  some  qualities  of  ribbon. 

Pearl-eye,  1.  A  white  speck  or  film  on 
the  eye ;  cataract 

Pearl-fishery,  flsh-er-i.  A  place  where 
pearl-oysters  are  caught. 

Pearl-powder,  pou-der.  An  oxychlo- 
ride  of  bismuth,  used  as  a  cosmetic,  and 
also  as  a  flux  for  certain  enamels  ;  pearl- 
white. 

Peasant,  pez'ont.  A  countryman  ;  one 
occupied  in  rural  labor. 

Peat,  pet.  A  kind  of  turf  used  as  fhel  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland.  It  contains  tannin, 
which  preserves  animal  and  vegetable 
matter  n>om  decomposition. 

Peat-boff,  'bog.    A  bog  or  marsh  con- 
taining  peat;   a  peat- 
moss. 

Peba.  A  kind  of  arma-^ 
dillo  found  in  South 
America. 

Peooary,  pek'a-ri.  The 
popular  name  of  a  pa- 
chydermatous     mam- 

nearly  re- 
lated to  the 
hog. 

Peck.  The 

fourth  of  a   ,     . 
bushel;    Ar^y^f.*!. 
dry     mea- 
sure of   8 
quarts.  CJoUirtKi  Peooury. 

Peotlxiibranohlata,  -tin'i-brang-ki- 
a"ta.  Those  gasteropods  having  pectin- 
ated branchife  or  gUls. 

Pectoral,  't6-ral.  A  covering  or  protec- 
tion for  the  breast ;  the  extra  defense  for 
the  throat  and  chest  placed  over  the  cuir- 
ass.   Eccles.  a  sacerdotal  vestment  worn 


Peba. 


by  the  Jewish  high-priest.  In  B.  C.  Ch. 
the  dasp  or  fastening  of  a  cope.  The 
front  orphrey  of  a  chasuble.  The  apparel 
on  the  breast  of  some  albs  and  tunics.  A 
medicine  ibr  uompUiints  of  the  breast  and 
lungs. 

Pecten,   t.^n. 

gen.      of      iJirm 

bi  valves,      in  i 

Ostreidie,       lin 

monly    (  ;k  i  h 

clams.      P,    i.H 

l»8eusisthe   ■■■j'l 

shell    whi- 

grims  wer 

tomedtov   .l; 

front  of  their  iiAis.  Pecten. 

Pedagogue,  ped'a-gog.  A  teacher  of 
children ;  a  school-master. 

Pedal,  'al.  Any  projecting  piece  of  met- 
al or  wood  which  is  to  be  pressed  down 
by  the  foot ;  a  treadle. 

Pedate,  '&t.  Having  divisions  like  the 
toes ;  footed. 

Pedestal,  'es-tal.  In  Arch, 
an  insulated  basement  or 
support  for  a  column,  a 
statue  or  a  vase. 

Pedestrian,  pS-des'tri-an. 
One  who  journeys  on  foot,  i 
One  that  walks  for  a  wager.  J 

Pedetes,  pe-de'tez.  A  gen.' 
ofrodents,  fam.  Muridse.  al-     Pedestal, 
lied  to  the  jerboas. 

Pedimane,  ped'i-m&n.  One  of  a  family 
of  marsupials,  having  a  thumb  on  the 
hind  feet.    The  opossum  is  an  example. 

Pediment,  -ment.  The 
low  triangular  mass  re- 
sembling a  gable  at  the  i 
end  of  buildings  in  the 
Greek  style,  and  espe- 
cially over  porticoes  eui'- 
rounded  witii  a  cornice.  pediment. 
Also  a  similar  triangular 
finishing  over  doors  and  windows. 

Pedipfdp,  -palp.  One  of  an  order  of 
arachnidims  whose  feelers  are  armed  with 
a  forceps  and  are  extended  before  the 
head. 

Pedireme,  -rem.  A  cmstaoeous  animal, 
whose  feet  serve  the  purpose  of  oars. 

Pedometer,  pe-dom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment by  whicn  paces  are  numbered  as 
a  person  walks,  and  the  distance  from 
place  to  place  ascertained.  They  are  very 
much  like  a  watch  and  worn  in  the  pocket. 

Pedomotor,  ped'o-md-ter  A  relod- 
pede. 


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i?mjf 


PedzD  I.,  Bom  (Antonio  Joze  d' 
Alcantara).  First  emperor  of  Brazil ; 
son  of  King  John  VI.  of  Portugal;  b. 
1798:  forced  to  leave  his  native  country  by 
the  French,  he  went  to  Brazil  1807,  was 
made  r^ent  1821  and  Emperor  1822 ;  s.  to 
the  Portuguese  crown  on  the  death  of  his 
father  1826,  he  shortly  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  daughter,  Maria  de  Gloria;  sur- 
rendered tihe  Bnudlian  throne  to  his  son 
1881 ;  he  returned  to  Portugal;  "d.  1884. 
D.  P  II.,  the  reigning  monarch  of  Brazil ; 
B.  1825  \  became  emperor  when  6  years  of 
age  by  the  abdication  of  his  father  1831 ; 
assumed  full  sovereignty  1840.  Four 
kings  of  Aragon  bore  this  name ; 
king  of  Castile  and  Leon. 

Pednnole,  p€-dung^kl.  In 
Bot.  the  stem  or  stalk  that  sup-  J 
ports  the  flower  and  the  fruit. 
In  Zool.  the  muscular  process 
by  which  certain  brachiopods 
are  attached,  and  the  stem 
which  bears  the  body  (capitu- 
lum)  in  barnacles. 

Peel,  pel.    A  fortified  tower ;  a  . 
stronghold.    Originallv  a  struc-    Pedun- 
tureof  earth  strengthened  by       cle. 
paUsades,    but   later    a    small 
square  tower,  the  lower  part  forming  a 
lodging  for  cattle.    Such  strongholds  are 
frequent  on  <tiie  Scottish  borders. 

Peel,  Bol)ert,  Sir.  A  distinguished 
English  statesman ;  b.  1788,  d.  1850. 

Peel.  A  wooden  shovel  used  by  bakers 
to  put  bread  in  and  take  it  out  of  the  oven. 
In  Printing,  a  thin  piece  of  wood  with  a 
long  handle  affixed  to  it  in  the  shape  of 
the  letter  T,  used  for  hanging  up  sneets 
to  dry  and  taking  them  down. 

Peeler,  pgl'er.  A  policeman ;  so  called 
ftH>m  Sir  Robert  Peel,  who  reformed  the 
British  police  force,  and  who  was  the  first 
to  introauce  a  police  costume. 

Peop-o'-day-boy,  pepo-da'bol.  A 
member  ofa  band  of  insurgents  who  ap- 
peared in  Ireland  in  1784.  They  were  so 
named  from  their  visiting  the  houses  of 
their  antagonists,  called  defenders,  at 
break  of  day  In  search  of  arms. 

Peepul-tree,  pS'pul-trS.  A  large  spe- 
cies of  E.  Indian  fig.  The  Hindus  revere 
it  because  Vishnu  is  said  to  have  been 
born  under  its  branches. 

Peer,  p&r.  One  of  the  same  rank,  quali- 
ties, endowments  or  character ;  an  equal. 
A  membet  of  one  of  the  five  degrees  of 
nobility  (duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount, 
baron).  House  of  P«ers,  the  British  House 
of  Lords. 


Peerage,  'g.  The  rank  or  dignity  ofa 
peer  or  nobleman.    The  body  of  peers. 

Peeress,  'es.  The  consort  of  a  peer ;  a 
woman  ennobled  by  descent,  by  creation 
or  by  marriage. 

Peerasus,  peg'a-sus.  in  Class.  Myth, 
the  winged  horse  of  the  Muses,  sprung 
trom  the  bloodof  Medusa  when  slain  by 
Perseus.  With  a  stroke  of  his  hoof  he 
caused  to  well  forth  the  poetically  Inspir 
ing  fountain  Hippocrene.  He  was  ulti- 
mately changed  into  a  constellation.  In 
Astron.  one  of  the  old  constellations  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  figured  in  the  form 
o<'a  flying  horse.  A  gen.  of  acanthopter< 
ous  flshes  allied  to  the  gurnets. 

Pehlevi,  pa'le-ve.  A  later  dialect  o! 
Zend,  into  which  the  Avesta  or  ancient 
sacred  books  of  the  Parsees  were  trans- 
lated for  the  use  of  priests.  It  was  a 
learned  language  which  cUsappeared  after 
the  Mohammedan  conquest. 

Peishwali,  plsh'wa.  The  title  of  the 
prime  minister  of  the  king  of  the  Mahrat- 
tas. 

Pekan,  pfi'kan.  A  species  of  marten 
nearly  allied  to  the  sable,  also  called  the 
Fisher,  valued  for  its  ftir. 

Pekin.  Cap.  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  on  a 
plain,  100  m.  N.  W.  of  the  Yellow  Sea, 
bet.  the  Hoang-ho  and  Pei-ho  rivers ;  pop. 
estimated  at  2,200,000. 

Pekoe,  pg'ko.    A  fine  black  tea. 

Pelafirian,  pe-ia'jlan.  A  follower  v)f Pe- 
lagius,  a  Welsh  monk  of  the  4th  century, 
who  denied  original  sin,  asserted  the  doc- 
trine of  free-will  and  the  merit  of  good 
works. 

Pelafirins.  The  name  of  two  popes ;  also 
of  the  founder  of  the  Pelagians. 

Pelasgrians,  -las'ji  anz.  A  race  widely 
spread  over  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Italy  and 
the  coasts  and  islands  of  the  u£gean  Sea 
in  prehistoric  times. 

Pelerine,  pel'er-in.  A  lady's  long  cape 
or  fur  tippet,  with  ends  coming  down  to  a 
point. 

Pelican,  'i-kan.  A 
palmiped  bird,  gen. 
Pelecanus. 

Pelisse,  pe-les'.  A 
cloak  or  robe  worn  by 
ladies. 

Pelissier,    Aima-  Pelican, 

b  1  e        Jean 
Jacques   (Due  de  Malakoff).     A 

marshal  of  France ;  b.  1794,  d.  1864. 
Pelt,  pelt.    The  skhi  of  a  beast  with  th« 
hair  on  it ;  a  raw  hide. 


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PENNBYLVANU 


Pexnxnican,  pem'i-kan.  Originally  a  N. 
Aiaericaa  Indian  preparation  consisting 
of  the  lean  portions  of  venison  dried  in  the 
Ban,  poanded  into  a  paste  and  tightly 
pressed  into  cakes ;  sometimes  a  few  ser- 
vice-berries being  added  to  improve  the 
flavor.  Pemmican  made  chiefly  of  beef  is 
fUmished  arctic  expeditions  as  an  easily 

S reserved  food,  which  will  keep  for  a  l<»n<,' 
me,  containing  the  largest  amount  of  nu- 
triment in  the  smallest  space. 

Penance,  pen'ans.  An  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure or  punishment  imposed  for  the  pur- 
gation or  correction  of  the  soul  of  an 
offendei  ;  or  the  suffering  voluntarily  en- 
dured as  an  expression  of  penitence,  such 
as&sting,  flagellation,  weaiing  hair  shirts, 
&c.  In  tile  K.  C.  Ch.  penance  is  one  of 
the  sacraments,  and  implies  contrition, 
confession  and  satisfaction,  and  is  followed 
by  absolution. 

Penates,  pe-na'tez.  The  household  gods 
of  the  ancient  Romans,  who  presided  over 
fomilies,  and  were  worshiped  in  the  in 
terior  of  each  dwelling.  They  included 
the  lares. 

Pendrasron,  pen-dra'gon.  A  chief  lead- 
er ;  a  generalissimo  ;  a  chief  king.  A  title 
ancientiv  conferred  on  British  chiefb  in 
times  of  danger,  when  invested  with  dic- 
tatorial power. 

Pendulum,  Mu-Ium.  A  body  so  sus- 
pended from  a  fixed  point  as  to  move  to 
and  fro  by  the  alternate  action  of  gravity 
and  momentum.  The  time  occupied  by 
each  oscillation  or  swing  is  counted  from 
the  time  of  the  descent  of  the  pendulum 
from  the  highest  i)oint  on  one  side  till  it 
attains  the  highest  point  on  the  opposite 
side.  Pendulums  receive  different  de* 
nominations,  according  to  the  materials  of 
which  they  are  composed,  or  the  purposes 
they  are  intended  to  answer.  The  grid- 
Iron  pendulum  is  composed  of  any  odd 
number  of  rods,  so  connected  that  the  ex- 
pansion or  contraction  of  one  set  is  coun- 
teracted by  that  of  the  other.  The  mer- 
curial pendulum  consists  of  one  rod  with 
a  vessel  containing  mercury  at  the  lower 
end.  The  pendulum  Is  of  great  impor- 
tance as  the  regulating  power  ^f  clocks, 
clocks  being  nothing  more  than  pendu- 
lums, with  wheelwork  and  a  weight  or 
spring  to  counteract  retarding  effects  of 
friction  and  the  resistance  of  the  air. 

Penelope,  pe-nel'6-pe.  A  gen.  of  galli- 
naceous birds,  resembling  the  curassows 
both  in  appearance  and  habits. 

Penelope.  In  Hero.  Hist,  wife  of  Ulys- 
ses and  daughter  of  Icarius,  who  remained 
faithful  to  her  spouse  during  his  long  ab- 
sence in  the  Trojan  war. 


Pengruin,  'gwin.     A  mom^ 
mon  name  for  natatr^iiLj  or 
swimming  birds,  g<:i.   A\*- 
tenodytes,  fam.  Apf'H'-dy- 
tldiL>  or  Spheniscidft^,  :i|tiod  to 
the  auks  and  guillem<  ir-.     A  i 
species  of  W.  Indiaii   ii  laitT 
whose  sharp  acid    jnnn.-  i^J 
soinotimes   used   in  pnndil 
and  also  converted  into  wLtie.  I 

Penitent,  'i-tent  A  n  niv  i 
pellation  given  to  ccrtai  n  [rjt.-  j__ 
cernities  in  Catholic  coon-  Ihutimii, 
tries,  distinguished  by  their 
habits  and  employed  in  charitable  acta 
Order  of  Penitents,  established  by  Bernard 
of  Marseilles,  about  the  year  1272,  for  tha 
reception  of  reformed  courtesans.  -The 
Congregation  of  Penitents  at  Paris  was 
founded  with  a  similar  view. 

Penitentiary,  -i-ten'sha-ri.  At  the 
Court  of  Rome,  an  oflSce  in  which  are  ex- 
amined and  dispatched  the  secret  bulls, 
graces  or  dispensations  relating  to  oases 
of  conscience,  confession,  Ac.  An  oflficor 
in  some  R.  C.  cathedrals,  vested  with 
power  from  the  bishop  to  absolve  in  oases 
reserved  to  him.  The  pope  has  a  grand 
penitentiary,  who  is  a  cardinal  and  is  chief 
of  the  other  penitentiaries.  In  monastic 
establishments,  a  small  building  in  which 
a  penitent  confined  himself;  also  that 
part  of  a  church  to  which  penitents  were 
admitted  during  divine  service.  An  In- 
stitution for  the  reformation  of  prostitutes. 
A  modem  house  of  correction  in  which 
offenders  are  confined  for  punishment  and 
reformation  and  compellea  to  labor. 

Penn,  William.  An  eminent  member 
of  the  Society  of  Friends,  who  received  a 
grant  of  Pennsylvania  from  the  English 
Cro¥ai  in  payment  of  a  debt  owing  his 
father,  and  led  the  colony  which  founded 
Philadelphia ;  b.  1644,  d.  in  England,  1718. 

Pennon,  'on.  A  small  pointed  flag  or 
streamer  formerly  carried  by  knights  at- 
tached to  their  spear  or  lance,  and  gener- 
ally bearing  a  badge  or  device ;  a  pennant. 

Pennsylvania.  One  of  the  original  18 
States  of  the  American  Union,  bounded 
N.  by  New  York,  E.  by  New  Jersey,  W. 
by  Ohio,  8.  by  Delaware, Maryland  and  W 
Virginia;  area,  46,010  sq.  m.*;  pop.  4,2^,- 
892.  Chief  cities,  Harrisburg,  cap.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pittsburgh,  Reading,  Wllkes- 
barre,  Easton,  Lancaster,  Erie,  PottsvUle, 
Scran  ton  and  Bradford.  Principal  rivers, 
Susquehanna,  Delaware,  Schuylkill,  Juni- 
ata, Monongahela,  Alleghany,  Lehigh  and 
Cumberland.  Mounta&s,  parallel  nogOi 
of  the  AUeghanles  (Appalauu&ns). 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PENNY 


657 


PERCH 


Penny,  'ni.  A  bronze  co!n  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, of  which  there  are  12  in  the  shilling 
and  240  in  the  pound  sterling.  It  is  the 
radical  denomination  from  which  coins 
are  numbered,  the  halfpenny  and  farthing 
being  fractions  of  a  penny.  A  oent  in  u. 
8.  currency.  In  the  phrases  sixpenny, 
eight-penny,  ten-penny  nails,  nails  of  such 
sizos  that  a  thousand  will  weigh  six,  eight 
or  ten  pounds,  penny  retaJ&s  Its  old 
meaning  of  pound  weight. 

Penny-dofiT,  -dog.  A  shark  common  on 
the  south  coast  of  Britain ;  the  t)pe. 

Pennyweifirlit,  -wat.  A  troy  weight 
containing  24  grains,  anciently  the  weight 
of  a  silyer  penny,  whence  the  name. 
Twenty  pennyweights  make  an  ounce 
troy. 

PenolOffy,  pe-noPo-1i.  The  science  which 
treats  of  public  punishments,  as  they  re 
spect  the  public  and  the  sufferer. 

Pensionary,  pen'shon-a-ri,  A  person 
who  receives  a  pension  from  government 
for  past  services,  or  a  yearly  allowance 
from  any  source ;  a  pensioner.  One  of  the 
chief  magistrates  of  towns  in  Holland. 

Pensioner,  -er.  One  In  receipt  of  a 
pension ;  one  to  whom  an  annual  sum  of 
money  is  paid  by  government  in  consider 
ation  of  past  services.  One  of  an  honor 
able  band  of  gentlemen  who  attend  on  the 
sovereign  of  England  on  state  occasions 
and  receive  an  annual  allowance  of  £150 
and  two  horses.  This  band  was  instituted 
by  Henry  VII.,  and  is  now  called  the 
Honorable  Body  of  Gentlemen-at-arms. 

Pen-slides,  'sHdz.  An  Instrument  used 
by  surveyors,  &c.,  for  drawing  maps  and 
plans. 

Penstock,  'stok.  A  trough,  tube  or 
conduit  for  conducting  water,  furnished 
with  a  flood-gate.  The  sluice  by  which 
the  water  supplying  a  water  wheel  is 
regulated.  The  barrel  of  a  pump  in  which 
the  piston  plays. 

Pentacle,  kl.  A  figure  consisting  of 
two  equilateral  triangles  so  anangcd  as 
to  form  a  six-pointed  star. 

Pentaerlot, -glot.  A  work  in  five  lan- 
guages. 

Penta8ron,-gon.  InGeom. 
a  figure  of  five  sides  and  five 
angles 

Pentarchy,  'tar-ki. 

Sovemment  in  the  hands 
ve  persons.  ____-^ 

Pentateuch,  'ta-tuk.    The  Pentagon 
first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testament. 
Pentecost,  'te-kost,     A  solemn  festival 


of  the  Jews,  so  called  because  celebrated 
on  the  fiftieth  day  after  the  16th  of  Nisan, 
which  was  the  second  day  of  the  passover. 
It  was  called  the  feast  of  weeks,  because 
celebrated  seven  weeks  after  the  passovOT, 
Whitsuntide,  a  solemn  feast  of  the  English 
Church,  fifty  days  lh)m  Easter,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  descent  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  on  the  apostles. 

Pentelic,  -tel'ik.  A  variety  of  marble 
resembling  Parian,  but  denser  and  finer 
grained.  The  Parthenon,  Propyteum, 
Hippodrome  and  other  Athenian  monu- 
ments were  built  of  it. 

Pent-roof,  pent'rot.  In  Arch,  a  roof,  the 
slope  of  which  is  all  on  one  side  ;  a  shed- 
r»of. 

Penult,  pe'nult.  The  last  syllable  of  a 
word  except  one. 

Penumbra,  num'bra.    Thci 
partial  shadow  between  the  fUll  i 
light    and   the    total  shadow  ' 
caused  by  an  opaque  body  in- 
tercepting   the   light   from  a 
luminous  body.      All    points 
within  the  penumbra  are  ex- 
cluded from  the  view  of  some 
portion  of  the  luminous  body, 
and  are  thus  partially  shaded  , 
by  the  opaque  body ;  while  all  ' 
points  within  the  umbra,  or  to- 
tal shadow,  are  completely  ex- 
cluded from  view  cf  the  lumin- 
ous body.     In  painting,  the  boundary  of 
shade  and  light. 

Pepin.  The  name  of  several  distinguished 
members  of  the  Carlovingian  family,  of 
whom  P.  1ft  Bref,  son  of  Charles  Martel, 
was  the  first  king ;  b.  702,  crowned  752. 
D.  768. 

Pepsin,  pep'sin.  The  active  principle  or 
digestive  ferment  of  gtistric  juice.  A  prep- 
aration has  become  an  article  of  pharmacy 
under  the  name  of  pepsin,  obtained  by 
drying  the  glandular  layer  of  a  pig's  or 
calf  s  stomach  at  low  temperatures. 

Perambulator,  per-am'bu-la-ter.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  distances  trav- 
eled ;  an  odometer.  A.  small  carriage  for 
a  child,  propelled  from  behind. 

PerameUdSB,  -a-meri-do.  The  bandi- 
coots, a  fam.  of  Australian  marsupials, 
which  appear  to  fill  the  place  of  the  hedge- 
hogs, shrew-mice  and  other  small  insec- 
tivora  of  the  Eastern  Continent. 

Perch,  perch.  The 
popular  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  acan- 
thoptervgious  fishes,  ( 
gen.  Perca,  fam.  Per- 
ddae.     A  roost  for  Perch. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PERCH  ANT 


566 


FEBIPHEBY 


birds ;  also,  anything  on  which  they  Ughi. 
A  measure  of  length  containing  5^  yards  ; 
a  pole  or  rod. 

Pexx^hant,  perch'ant.  Among  sportmen, 
a  bird  tied  by  the  foot  for  the  purpose  of 
decoying  other  bhtls  by  its  fluttering. 

Percnopteris,  perk-nop'ter-ls.  The  Al- 
pine or  Egyptian  vulture;  Pharaoh's 
chicken. 

FerocuuBion-bxillet,  per-kush'on-bnl- 
let.  A  bullet  containing  an  explosive  sub- 
stance. 

Percussion-cap,  -kap.  A  small  copper 
cup  containing  f^liminating  powder,  used 
in  a  percussion-lock  to  explode  gun-pow- 
der. 

Percussion-fiise,  -f&z.  A  fuse  in  a  pro- 
jectile set  In  action  bv  concussion  when 
the  projectile  strikes  the  object. 
Percussion-lock,  -lok.  A  lock  for  a 
gun,  in  which  a  hammer  strikes  upon  a 
percussion-cap  placed  over  the  nipple,  and 
ignites  the  charge. 

Percussion-powder,  -pou'der.    Deto- 
nating or  fulminating  powder. 
PercussiouHErt^p,  -stop.    A  stop  to  the 
harmonium,  which  renders  the  touch  like 
that  of  the  piano-forte. 
Perdicidao,  -dl'sl-de.     The  name  of  a 
sub-fam.  of  Tetraonidee,  including  the  par- 
tridges, francoUns  and  quails. 
Perdix,  "diks.    The  generic  name  of  the 
true  partridges.    The  common  partridge 
is  P.  cinereus. 

Perennial,  per-enM-al.  A  plant  whose 
root  remains  alive  more  years  than  two, 
but  whose  stems  flower  and  perish  annu- 
ally. 

Perfectionist,  per-fek'shon-ist.  One 
of  a  small  sect  of  Christians  founded  by 
John  Humpnrey  Noyes  in  America  about 
the  middle  of  the  present  century  on  so- 
cialist principles.  The  principal  commu- 
nity was  established  on  a  farm  at  Oneida 
Creek,  New  York.  The  name  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  Methodists  and  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  from  their  doctrine  that 
man  can  attain  to  perfection  in  this  life. 
Pergrunnah,  per-guna.  In  Hindustan, 
a  circle  or  territory  comprising  a  limited 
number  of  villages. 

Peri,  pe'ri.  In  Per.  Mvth.  an  imaginary 
being,  a  descendant  of  fallen  angels,  ex- 
cluded from  Paradise  till  their  penance  is 
accomplished.  Peris  may  bo  either  male 
or  female. 

Pericardium,     per-I-kfir'di-um.      The 
membranous  sac  that  Incloses  the  heart. 
Perigree,   per'l-je.     That  point  of  the 


Pericarps. 
B.  abt.  500  B. 


moon's  orbit  Which  is  nearest  the  earth, 
and  when  the  moon  has  arrived  at  thU 
point  she  is  said  to  be  in  her  perigee. 
Formerly  applied  also  to  Uiis  point  in  the 
orbit  of  any  heavenly  body. 

Pericarp,  '  i  - 
karp.  The  seed- 
vessel  of  a  plant, 
or  the  shell  of  the  ' 
seed-vessel.  When 
the  pericarp  sepa- 
rates into  distinct 
layers,  as  in  the 
plum,  the  skin  is 
called  the  epicarp, 
the  pulp  the  saroo- 
carp  and  the  stone 
theendocarp.  The 
principal  sorts  of 
pericarps  are  the 
capsule,  silique, 
legume,  drupe, 
pome,  berry,  fol- 
licle, nut  and  stro- 
bilus  or  cone. 

Pericles.    An 
eminent  statesman 
and  orator  of  Athens ; 
429. 

Perilielion,  -he'li-on.  That  part  of  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  com  Jt  in  which  it  is  at 
its  least  distance  from  the  sun ;  opposed 
to  aphelion. 

Perimeter,  -im'et-er.  In  Geom.  the 
boundary  of  a  body  or  figure,  or  the  sum 
ofall  the  sides  ;  generally  applied  to  flg* 
ures  bounded  by  straight  lines. 

Periodical,  p6-ri-od'ik-al.  Any  publi- 
cation which  appears  at  regular  intervals  ; 
newspapers,  reviews,  magazines,  &c. 

Periceci.  per-i-6'sl.  The  name  given  to  the 
original  Achaian  Inhabitants  of  Laconia  bv 
their  Dorian  conquerors^  In  Geog.  such 
inhabitants  ofthe  earth  as  have  the  same 
latitudes,  but  whoso  longitudes  differ  by 
180<*,  so  that  when  it  is  noon  with  one  it 
is  midnight  with  the  other. 
Periostracum,  -os'tra-kum.  The  mem- 
brane^  which  covers  the  shells  of  most 
mollusks. 

Peripatetic,  'i-pa-tet"ik.  A  follower  of 
Aristotle,  so  called  because  Aristotle 
taught  his  system  of  philosophy  walking 
in  the  Lyceum  at  Athens.  One  that 
walks  about,  or  one  who  is  obliged  to 
walk.  Ironically,  an  itinerant  teacher  or 
preacher. 

Periphery,  pe-rifer-l.  The  outside  or 
superficial  portions  of  a  body ;  thesurftoe 
generally.     In  Geom.  the  boundary  line 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PEBIPTEBT 


660 


PETARD 


of  a  dosed  figure;  the  perimeter;  in  a 
circle,  the  droomference. 

Feriptery,  -rip'ter-i.  In  Greek  Aroh. 
the  range  of  insalatedoolumnB  round  the 
.   cellaofatemple. 

Periflcii,  -rish'i-I.  A  name  given  to  the 
inhabitaots  of  the  polar  circlea,  whose 
shadows  moveround,  and  at  certain  times 
of  the  year  deseribe,  in  the  course  of  the 
day,  an  entire  drcle. 

Perissodactyla,  -ris'5-dak' 'til-a.  A 
section  of  the  Ungulataor  hoofed  animals, 
including  the  rmnoceros,  the  tapirs,  the 
horse  and  its  allies,  and  some  extinct 
forms. 

Periwinkle,  per-i-wing'kl.  A  gaster- 
opodous  mollusk,  gen.  Littorina.  The 
common  periwinkle  is  largely  used  for 
fo9d. 

Permian,  per'mi-an.  In  €^1.  a  term 
applied  to  a  system  of  rocks  lying  beneath 
the  triassic  rocks,  and  immediately  above 
the  carboniferous  system. 

Perry,  per'i.  A  fermented  liquor  made 
from  the  juice  of  pears.  It  is  analogous 
to  cider. 

Perry,  Oliver  BEazard.  An  American 
commodore ;  b.  in  Rhode  Island,  1786 ;  d. 
1819.  He  commanded  the  fleet  which  de- 
feated the  British  in  the  batUe  of  Lake 
Erie,  1818. 

Perryville.  A  village  of  Bovle  Co., 
Ky.,  100  m.  N.  W.  of  NashvlUe,  near 
which,  Oct.  8,  1862,  Gen.  Buell,  in  com- 
mand of  100,000  Federal  troops,  defeated 
Gen.  Bragg  with  66,000  Confederates. 

Peraeides,  per-sSM-d6z.  A  name  given 
to  the  August  meteors,  because  they  seem 
to  radiate  from  the  constellation  Perseus. 

Persena,  'sfis.  In  Greek  Myth,  the  cele- 
brated legendary  hero,  son  of  Zens  and 
DanaS,  who  slew  the  Gorgon  Medusa.  In 
Astron.  one  of  the  forty-eight  constella- 
tionSf  containing  69  stars. 

Persia  (Iran).  An  important  kingdom 
of  W.  Asia,  bounded  N.  by  Asiatic  Russia, 
Turkestan  and  the  Caspian  Sea,  £.  by 
Beloochistan  and  Afjirhanistan,  W.  by  Tur- 
key, 8.  by  the  Persian  Gulf;  area,  648,000 
sq.  m.;  pop.  estimated,  11,000,000.  Prin- 
c^Mtl  ciues,  Teheran,  cap.,  and  Tabreez, 
the  commercial  emporium.  Chief  rivers, 
Aras  and  Eerkhas.  Mountains,  Elborz 
and  several  isolated  ranges. 

Persian  Gxilf  .  An  arm  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  Persia  and  Arabia ;  length 
570  m. ;  mean  breadth,  160  m. 

Persic,  'sik.  The  Persian  language ;  a 
member  of  the  Lranian  group  of  the  Aryan 

'  i/amily  of  tongues. 


Perspective,  per-spek- 
tiv.  A  view  taken  by 
optioal  rules;  a  rlass 
through  which  objects 
are  viewed. 

Pern.     A  republic  of  j 
Western  S.  America, 
bounded  N.  by  Ecuador 
and  Brazil,  E.  by  Bolivia, 


Perspecave. 


W.  by  the  Padflc,  8.  by  ChUi ;  area,  610,- 
107  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  8,000,000.  Princi- 
pal dties,  Lima,  cap.,  Callao,  Arica, 
Iquique,  Islay,  Pisco  and  Payta.  Chief 
rivers,  dcayale,  Purus,  Tunguragua, 
Apnrimao,  and  PUcomayo,  all  tributaries 
of  the  Amazon. 

Peru«ino  (Pietro  Yaanooi).  An 
eminent  Italian  painter,  instructor  of 
Raphael;  b.  1446,  d.  1624. 

Peroke,  pe-ruk'.  An  artificial  cap  of 
hab;  a  periwig. 

Peschito,  pe8h'i-t6.  Lit.  single  or  true. 
A  term  applied  to  a  Syrian  translation  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  supposed 
to  have  been  made  in  the  2d  century,  pos- 
sessing high  authority,  especially  in  regard 
to  the  New  Testament,  of  which  it  was 
probably  the  first  translation.  Four  of 
the  epistles  and  the  Revelation  are  want- 
ing. 

Peso,  p&'so.  A  dolkr ;  a  term  used  in 
Spanisn  S.  America. 

Pessimism,  pes'im-lzm.  The  opinion 
that  maintains  the  most  unfavorable  view 
of  everything  in  nature,  and  that  the 
present  state  of  things  only  tends  to  evil ; 
opposed  to  optimism. 

Pesth.  Cap.  of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube, 
opposite  and  connected  by  a  bridge  witii 
Buda ;  pop.  224,864. 

Pestle,  '1.  An  instrument  for  pulverizing 
substances  in  a  mortar. 

Pet,  pet.  A  Iamb  brought  up  by  hand. 
A  fondling ;  any  animal  fondled  and  in- 
dulged. A  darung ;  a  favorite  child ;  one 
treated  with  excessive  kindness. 

Petal,  'al.  A  flower 
leaf;  one  of  the  sepa-^ 
rate  parts  of  a  corolla  # 

Petalism,  -izm.     aV 
form  of  sentence,  the  i 
name  being  written  on  f 
a  leaf,  among  the  an- 
cient Byracusans,  by 
which    persons    con-  Petals, 

sidered  dangerous  to 
the  State  were  condemned  to  banishment 
for  five  years.    Petalism  in  Sjrracuse  an- 
swered to  ostradsm  in  Athens. 

Petard,  pe-tfird'.    An  andent  engine  of 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PETEK  I. 


tMO 


PHACOCHEEB 


war,  made  of  metal,  loaded  with  powder 
and  fixed  on  a  madrier  or  plank,  and  used 
to  force  gates,  barricades,  &c.,  by  explo 
Bion. 

Peter  I.  (The  Ghreat).  Gzar  of  Russia : 
B.  1672,  s.  ills  brother  Feodor,  1682,  to  the 
exclusion  of  Ivan,  an  older  brother ;,  as- 
sumed Aill  sovereignly  1695,  D.  1726.  Two 
other  czars  have  borne  the  name.  P. ,  St. , 
one  of  the  first  called  and  most  distin- 
guished of  Ghrist*s  twelve  aposties,  orig- 
inally called  Simon,  son  of  Jona,  b.  at 
Bethsaida .  crucified,  head  downward,  abt. 
66.  P.,  the  Hermit,  the  originator  of  the 
First  Crusade,  a  French  monk,  B.  abt. 
1060,  D.  1116. 

iPeter-penoe,  pS'ter-pens.  A  tribute  orig- 
inally collected  in  several  kingdoms  of 
Europe  for  the  popes,  who  are  considered 
by  the  Boman  Catholics  as  the  successors 
oi  St.  Peter.  A  voluntary  annual  offering 
made  by  R.  C.  in  all  countries  for  the 
pope.    Called  also  Petar's-Pence. 

Petersburg'.  A  city  of  Dinwiddle 
Co.,  Ya.,  22  m.  S.  ofBichmond,  in  the 
vicinity  of  which  were  fought  several  of 
the  most  Important  battles  of  the  dvil 
war ;  pop.  21,666. 

Petersburg',  St.  Cap.  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  on  the  Neva,  near  the  Oulf  of 
Finland  ;  pop.  715,660.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment was  transferred  lirom  Moscow, 
1712. 

Peter's-flsh,  pe'terz-fish.  A  name  given 
to  the  haddock,  flrom  the  spots  on  either 
side  being  supposed  to  be  the  marks  of 
St.  Peter's  nngers  when  he  caught  that 
fish  for  the  tribute.  It  is  also  sometimes 
given  to  the  sea-bream  and  the  John  Dory, 
both  having  similar  marks. 

Petersham,  ^ter-sham.  The  name  of  an 
English  overcoat,  formerly,  fashionable. 
The  heavy,  rough-napped  woolen  cloth  of 
which  BVLch  coats  were  made. 

Petrarch  (Francesco  Petrarca).  An 
eminent  Italian  poet  and  diplomat:  b.  1304, 
D.  1874. 

Petrel,  pet'rel.  The 
common  name  of 
web-footed  oceanic 
birdSj  tarn.  Procel- 
laridse,  closely  re- 
sembling the  gulls. 

Petrine,  pe'trin. 
Belatingto  St.  Peter; 
as,  the  P.  epistles.  P. 
liturgy,  the  liturgy 
used  at  Borne,  which  tradition  says  was 
drawn  up  by  St.  Peter. 

Petrobrosian,  pet-ro-brn'zi-an.    A  fol- 


Petrel. 


lower  of  Pierre  de  Bruys,  a  Provencal,  who 
in  the  12th  century  preached  against  the 
doctrine  of  baptismal  regeneration,  the 
use  of  churches,  relics,  Ae.^  prayers  for 
the  dead,  and  the  doctrine  of  the  real 
presence. 

Petroleum,  pctrdlo-um.  A  variety  of 
naphtha,  called  also  rock  or  mineral  oil, 
a  liquid  inflammable  substance,  exuding 
from  the  earth,  chiefly  flrom  beds  associ- 
ated with  coal  strata.  It  is  extensively 
emploved  for  illuminating  purposes,  is 
sometimes  used  in  medicine  and  as  a 
lubricant. 

Petrologist,  trol'o-jist  A  student  of 
petrology,  or  one  versed  in  the  mineral- 
ogical  constitution  of  rocks. 
Jpettah,  pet'tfi.  In  E.  Indies,  the  sub- 
urb of  a  fortified  town  ;  the  town  outside 
a  fort 

Pettifogger,  -tl^fog^er.  An  attorney  or 
lawyer. 

Petuntse,  pe-tnn'tse.  The  Chinese 
name  for  what  is  thought  by  geol- 
ogists to  be  a  partially  decomposed  gran- 
ite used  in  the  manufacture  of  porceutin. 

Peutingerlan,  pn-tin-ge'ri-an.  A  term 
applied  to  a  table  of  the  roads  of  the  an- 
cient Boman  world,  written  on  parch- 
ment, it  is  supposed  about  226,  and  found 
in  a  library  at  Spever  in  the  16th  century. 
It  was  so  named  from  Conrad  Peutinger, 
a  native  of  Augsburg,  who  was  the  first  to 
make  it  known. 

Pewit,  peewit.  The  laughing  gull  or 
mire-crow.    The  lapwing. 

Pewter,  pu'ter.  An  alloy  of  tin  and  lead, 
or  of  tin  with  such  proportions  of  lead, 
zinc,  bismuth,  antimony,  or  copper  as  ex- 
perience has  shown  to  be  most  conducive 
to  the  improvement  of  its  hardness  and 
Color.  Britannia  metal  is  said  to  be  an 
alloy  of  equal  parts  of  tin,  brass,  antimony 
and  bismuth. 

Peyer's  Glands,  pi'erz  glandz.  In 
Anat.  the  clustered  glands  of  the  Intes- 
tines, first  discovered  by  Peyer,  a  Swiss 
anatomist. 

PezoporinaB,  pez'r>-p6  ri"ne.  The 
ground  parrakeets,  a  sub-fom.  of  the  Pidt- 
tacidse. 

Pfennig:,  pfen'ig.  A  small  copper  coin 
of  vwious  values,  current  in  various  states 
of  Germany.  Ten  pfennige  of  the  present 
German  currency  are  worth  a  little  more 
than  2  cents. 

Phacoche.re,  fkk'o-ker.  The  wart-hog 
of  Aft1ca,*a  pachydermatous  mammal, 
gen.  FhacochoBrus.  akin  lo  the  swine, 
characterized  by  a  large  wart-like  ezores' 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PHAETON 


661 


PHIDIAS 


c«nce  on  each  side  of  the  feoe.  They  are 
formidable  animals,  the  tusks  of  the  male 
protruding  §|^10  inches  and  forming  ter- 
rible weai 


ing  a^lO  J 
tn,  llWton 


Phaeton,  JlWlon.  An  open,  four-wheel- 
ed carriage,  usually  drawn  by  two  horses. 
A  gen.  of  oceanic  birds  ;  the  tropic  bird. 

PhalaTiger,  fa-kn'jer.  A  gen.  of  mar- 
supial quadrupeds  inhabiting  Australasia, 
also  called  phalangists.  The  hinder  feet  have 
« large  opposable  thumb,  which  Is  nailless, 


Yulpine  Phslanger. 

with  four  toes  crmed  with  claws,  and  the 
two  innermost  of  the  toes  are  joined  to- 
getiier  almost  to  the  end. 

Phalanfrtery,  faVan-ste-ri.  A  commu- 
nity of  phidansterians  living  together  ac- 
cording to  the  system  proposed  by  Fouri- 
er. The  edifice  occupied  as  a  dwelling  by 
a  Fourierite  community. 

Phallus,  Ins.  The  emblem  of  the  gen- 
erative power  in  nature,  carried  in  solemn 
procession  in  the  Bacchic  orgies  of  ancient 
Greece,  and  also  an  obiect  of  veneration 
among  various  Oriental  nations.  In  Bot. 
a  gen.  of  fungi,  division  Gasteromycetes. 

Phantamnagoria,  fon-tas'ma-gd'M-a. 
Any  exhibition  of  images  by  means  of 
shadows,  as  by  the  magic  lantern ;  espe- 
cially such  as  IS  produced  by  a  combina- 
tion of  two  lanterns.  Any  mixed  gather- 
ing of  figures ;  illusive  images.  The  ap- 
paratus by  means  of  which^uch  an  exhibi- 
tion is  produced ;  a  magic  lantern. 

Pharaoh,  f&'ro.  A  name  given  bv  the 
Hebrews  to  the  ancient  monarchs  of 
E^pt.  Pharaoh^s  chicken,  the  Egyptian 
vulture.    Pharaoh's  rat,  the  ichneumon. 

Pharisee,  far'i-sS.  One  of  a  sect  among 
the  Jews,  distinguished  by  their  st^ct  ob- 
servance of  rites  and  ceremonies  and  of 
the  traditions  of  the  elders,  who  consider- 
ed themselves  more  righteous  than  other 
Jews.  Hence,  a  strict  observer  of  the 
outward  forms  in  religion,  without  the 
spirit  of  it;  a  hypocrite. 

Pharmaceutist,  far-ma-su'tist.  One 
who  prepares  medicines ;  one  who  prac- 
tices phurmacy :  an  apothecary. 

Pbftnaaoo-dynaiiiics,     -'ma-k  5  -  d  i  - 


nam"iks.  That  branch  of  pharmacology 
which  treats  of  the  power  or  eflfeots  of 
medicine. 

Pharmacoernosia,  -kog-no'^sl-a.  That 
branch  of  pharmacologv  which  treats  of 
the  natural  and  chemical  historv  of  unpre- 
pared medicines,  or  simples ;  also  termed 
Pharmacography  and  Pharmacomathy. 

PharzuacopGBia,  -kd-pe'^a.  A  dispen- 
satory, or  book  of  directions  for  the  prep- 
motion,  &c.,  of  medicines. 

niaroloer7)  fa-rol'o-ii.  The  science  of 
exhibiting  light-signals  to  ships  for  their 
guidance. 

Pharos,  fa'ros.  A  light^houso  or  tower 
which  anciently  stood  on  the  isle  of  Pha- 
ros, at  the  entrance  to  the  port  of  Alexan- 
dria. Hence,  any  light  house  for  the  direc- 
tion of  seamen. 

Pharynx,  far'ingks.  The  muscular  sac 
which  intervenes  between  the  cavity  of 
the  mouth  and  the  narrow  oesophagus.  Its 
contraction  transmits  the  fooa  vom  the 
mouth  to  theoBSophagos. 

Phasoo- 

larctos,fas- 
kd-lftrk'tos.  ^ 
An    Austrfr*  ^ 
lian  marsupi- 1 
al  animal. 

Phasiani- 
dad,  fl-zl- 
anM  de.  A 
family  of  r»- 
sorialor  gal- 
linaceous ^  ,  .  ^ 
birds,  of  PhascolarotoB  Cinerens. 
which     the 

gen.  Phasianus,  which  includes  the  pheas- 
ants proper,  is  the  type.  It  also  includes 
the  domestic  fowl,  turkey,  guinea-fowl 
and  peacock. 

PhasmidSB,  fas'mi-de.  Specter  insects 
or  walking-sticks,  a  fam.  of  orthopterous 
insects  allied  to  the  Mantidae,  remarkable 
for  their  very  close  resemblance  to  the  ob- 
jects in  the  midst  of  which  they  live. 

Pheasant, fez'ant.  The  name  given  to 
several  beautiful  birds,  gen.  Phasianus, 
fam.  Phaslanidne,  ord.  Rasores  or  Gallinee. 
The  golden  and  silver  pheasants  are  na- 
tives of  China. 

Pheon,  fe'on.  In  Her.  the  barbed  iron 
head  of  a  dart,  arrow  or  other  weapon.  A 
barbed  javelin  formerly  carried  by  the  ser- 
geant-at-arms  before  royalty.  Itis  still  used 
as  a  British  royal  mark,  and  oalled  *'  the 
broad  arrow." 

Phidias.      A    distinguished     Athenian 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PHIGALIATT 


5<t2 


PHCENTX 


MHlptor  ;  B.   in  the  4th  century  b.  n..  d. 
abt.  482. 

Fhiffalian,  fi-ga'li-an.  The  name  given 
to  a  series  of  23  sculptured  marbles  in  alto- 
rillevo,  from  PhlgaUa,  an  ancient  town  of 
Peloponnesus,  now  deposited  in  the  Brit- 
tish  Museum,  where  they  form  part  of  the 
collection  known  by  the  name  of  the  El- 
gin marbles.  They  represent  the  combat 
of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithie,  and  that  of 
the  Greeks  and  Amazons. 

Philadelphia.  The  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware 
and  Schuylkill  rivers,  6  m.  above  their 
junction  and  87  m.  8.  W.  of  New  York : 
pop.  847,170. 

Philadelphia]!,  fil-a-derfi-an.  One  of 
an  English  sect  of  the  17th  century 
founded  by  Jane  Leadby,  and  called  also 
the  Family  of  Love. 

Philanthropinisxa,  -an-throp'ln-izm. 
A  system  of  education  on  8o-called  natural 
prindples,  Dromoted  by  Basedow  and  his 
mends  in  Germany  in  the  last  century. 

Philatory,  'a-to-ri.  in  R.  C.  Ch.  a 
transparent  reliquary  placed  horizontally, 
with  an  ornamented  top. 

Philhellenist,  fil-hel'len-ist.  A  friend 
of  Greece ;  one  who  supports  the  cause 
and  interests  of  the  Greeks  (Hellenes). 

Philip.  The  name  of  two  noted  dukes 
of  Burgundv,  four  kings  of  France,  an 
emperor  of  Germany,  five  kings  of  Macedo- 
nia and  five  kings  of  Spain.  P.,  St.,  one 
of  the  twelve  Apostles ;  b.  at  Bethlehem ; 
martyred  at  Hierapolis,  abt.  80. 

t*hilippi.  An  ancient  city  of  E.  Mace- 
donia, noted  for  its  proximity  to  the 
battlefield  on  which  Brutus  and  Cassius 
yere  defeated  by  Octavlus  and  Antony. 
tt  was  the  place  where  St.  Paul  first 
5  ireached  in  Europe,  and  its  people  were 
-he  subject  of  one  of  his  latest  epistles. 

Philippic,  fi-lip'pik.  One  of  a  series  of 
orations  deUvered  by  Demostheno  against 
Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  fiither  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  in  which  the  orator  in- 
veighs against  the  indolence  of  the  Athen- 
ians, thehr  jealousy  of  their  allies,  &c. 
Hence,  any  discourse  or  declamation  fiill 
of  acrimonious  invective.  The  fourteen 
orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark  Antony 
are  called  Philippics. 

Philister,  -lis'ter.  A  cant  name  given 
to  townsmen  by  the  students  in  German 
universities;  a  commonplace  person  of 
limited  culture  and  ideas ;  a  philistine. 

Philistine,  'tin.  An  Inhabitant  of  Phil 
istla,  now  a  portion  of  Syria ;  ancient 
enemies  of  the  Hebrews.     The  Engll^  I 


form  of  Philister,  a  term  applied  by  Ger- 
man students  to  any  one  who  has  not 
been  trained  in  a  univers^^ 
Philoersmy, -loj'i-ni.  TiSfii  i  ss  for  w» 
men ;  uxoriousness.  ~ 
PhilolofiT.  -loro-ji.  In  the  anoient 
Greek  sense,  the  love  of  learning  and 
literature  ;  also  the  study  of  language  and 
literature.  The  science  of  language ;  Jin- 
guistics. 

Philomela,  fil-O-me'la.  A  gen.  of  birds 
including  the  nightingale. 
Philosophy,  fl-los'o-fl.  Lit  the  love 
of  wisdom,  or  search  after  wisdom.  In 
modern  acceptation  the  universal  science 
which  ^ms  at  an  explanation  ot  ail  the 
phenomena  of  the  universe  by  ultimate 
causes ;  the  knowledge  of  phenomena  as 
expl^ned  by,  and  resolved  into,  causes 
and  reasons,  powers  and  laws. 
Philter,  filter.  A  potion  supposed  by 
the  ancients,  and  even  by  the  ignorant  of 
the  present  day,  to  have  the  power  of 
exciting  love. 

PhlebolOffy,  fle-boPo-ji.  That  branch 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  veins ;  a 
treatise  on  the  veins. 

Phlogiston,  floj'is-ton.  According  to 
an  obsolete  theory,  the  principle  of  inflam- 
mability; the  matter  offire  in  composition 
with  other  bodies. 

Phobanthropy,  fo-ban'thro-pi.  A 
dread  of  mankind. 

Ph0C89na,  se'na.  A  gen.  of  Cetacea, 
fom.  Delphinidffi,  comprising  the  por- 
poises. 

PhocidSB,  '»i-d6.  A  family  of  cetaceans, 
of  which  the  seal  (Phoca)  is  the  type.  It 
includes  only  those  seals  which  have  no 
external  ears. 

Phoebus,  fo'bus.  A  name  of  Apollo, 
often  used  in  the  same  sense  as  Sol,  the 
sun. 

Phoenicoptems,  fe-nl-kop'ter-us.  A 
gen.  of  palmipede  or  natatorial  birds,  the 
flamingoes,  ord.  Lamellirostr^,  fam. 
Phoenicopteridae. 

PhCBniz,  fe'niks.  According  to  the 
ancient  Greek  legend  a  wonderful  female 
bird  of  great  beauty  which  lived  600  or  600 
years  in  the  wilderness,  when  she  built 
for  herself  a  frmeral  pile  of  wood  and  aro- 
matic gums,  lighted  it  with  the  fanning  of 
her  wings  and  then  consumed  herself  4 
bat  from  her  ashes  she  revived  again  in 
the  freshness  of  youth.  Hence,  the  phoe- 
nix often  serves  as  an  emblem  of  immor- 
talitv.  The  phoenix  is*  always  drawn  by 
the  heralds  in  flames.  A  paragon  ;  a  per- 
e«a  at  singular  distinctton  or  beauty.    A. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PHOLADIBiB 


608 


PHOTOSPHERE 


MDBtellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 
A  gen.  of  palms,  including  the  date-palm. 

PholadidsB,  fo-Iad'i-do.  A  faml  of 
lamellibranchiate  biyalye  mollusks,  sab 
dlyidon  Sinu-palliata,  sec.  Siphonida, 
Domprising  the  genen  Pholas,  Xylophaga 
and  Teredo. 

Pholas,  las.  A  gen.  ot  marine  lamelli- 
branchiate bivalves,  fom.  Fholadldse,  pop- 
ularly known  as  piddocks.  They  pierce 
wood,  rocks,  indurated  clay,  Ac,  by  rasp- 
ing with  their  shell.  They  are  remarkably 
phosphorescent 

^onaaoetios,  funas-set'lks.  Bystem- 
atio  practice  for  strengthening  the  voice ; 
treatment  for  improving  or  restoring  the 
voice. 

Phonetics,  -net'iks.  The  doctrine  of 
sonnds.  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
sounds  of  the  human  voice,  and  the  art  of 
representing  their  combinations  by  writ- 
ing. 

Phonograph,  'nd-graf.  A  type  or  char- 
acter for  expressing  a  sound ;  a  character 
used  in  phonography.  An  instrument  by 
means  of  which  sounds  can  be  permanent- 
ly registered,  and  afterwards  reproduced 
from  the  register. 

Phonoflrraphy,  •nog'ra-fi.  The  descrip- 
tion of  the  sounds  uttered  by  the  organs 
of  speech.  The  representation  of  sounds 
by  characters,  eacn  of  which  represents 
on&  sound  and  always  the  same  sound ; 
especially,  a  method  of  writing  or  graphio- 
ally  representing  language,  invented  by 
Mr.  Pitman,  of  Bath,  £ngland. 

Phosphor,  fos'for.  The  morning  star  or 
Ludfer;  Venus,  when  it  precedes  the  sun 
and  shines  in  the  morning  ;  phosphorus. 

Phosphorus,  -us.  A  solid  non-metal- 
lio  combustible  substance,  hitherto  unde- 
oomposed,  occurring  chiefly  in  combina- 
tion with  oxygen,  calcium  and  magnesi- 
um, in  volcanic  and  other  rocks.  It  ex- 
ists also  in  the  plants  used  by  man  as  food, 
and  is  a  never-railing  and  important  con- 
stituent in  animal  structures.  It  was 
originally  obtained  from  urine,  but  it  is 
now  manufoctured  from  bones,  which  con- 
sist in  part  of  phosphate  of  lime.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly inflammable.  Exposed  to  the 
air  it  undergoes  slow  combustion,  emits  a 
white  vapor  of  a  peculiar  alliaceous  odor, 
and  appears  luminous  in  the  dark.  On 
this  account  it  is  kept  under  water.  Phos- 
phorus win  combine  with  most  metals, 
forming  phosphides;  when  dissolved  in 
fkt  oils  it  forms  a  luminous  solution  which 
is  chiefly  used  in  the  preparation  of  lucifer 
matches  and  phosphoric  acid.  It  is  of  all 
stimulants  the  most  powerfril  and  dilfasi- 


ble,  but  highly  dangerous,  and  can  b«sall». 
ly  administered  only  with  the  utmost  can. 
tion. 

Photios,  fo'tiks.  That  department  of 
science  which  treats  of  light. 

Photius.  A  Greek  who  was  made  pa' 
triarch  of  Constantinople  on  the  deposi- 
tion of  Ignatius,  867.  Pope  Nicholas  es- 
poused the  cause  of  I.,  and  pronounced 
anathema  against  P.  The  latter  assem- 
bled a  council  which  excommunicated  the 
Pope,  and  was  the  origin  of  the  schism 
which  divided  the  Eastern  and  Western 
(Greek  and  Latin)  churches  ;  d.  in  exile. 

Photo-electrotype,  'td-e-Iek-tr5-tip.  A 
process  in  which  a  photographic  picture  is 
produced  in  relief  so  as  to  afford,  by  elec- 
tro-deposition, a  matrix  for  a  cast,  ftom 
whichlmpressions  in  ink  may  be  obtained. 

Photo-engraving,  -en-gr&v-ing.  A 
process  in  which  the  action  of  light  on  a 
sensitized  surface  is  made  to  change  the 
nature  and  condition  of  the  plate  or  it^ 
tx>ating,  so  that  it  may  afford  a  printing 
surfhce. 

Photo-firalvanography,  -gal-va-nog- 
ra-fi.  The  art  or  process  of  obtaining  fh>m 
a  photographic  negative  on  glass,  by 
means  of  a  gutta-percha  impression,  an 
electrotype  plate. 

Photofirlyphy,  -tog^i-fi.  The  art  of  en- 
graving  by  the  action  of  light  and  certain 
chemicals:  a  method  by  which  photo- 
graphs ana  other  transparent  designs  ean 
be  etched  into  steel,  copper  or  zinc  plates. 

Photography,  'ra-fi.  The  science  of 
the  action  of  light  on  bodies ;  the  prind^ 
pies  of  physics  and  chemistry  which  relate 
to  the  production  of  pictures  by  the  action 
of  light.  The  art  of  delineating  objects  by 
the  action  of  light. 

Photo-heliograph,  -tO-he'li-u-graf.  An 
instrument  for  observing  transits  of  Ve- 
nus and  other  solar  phenomena. 

Photo-lithography,  -li-thog'ra-fl.  The 
art  of  engraving  on  stone  by  means  of  the 
action  of  light  and  of  certain  chemicals, 
analogous  tothatof  produdng  such  copies 
on  metal  by  photoglyphy. 

Photology,  -tol'o-Ji.  The  doctrine  or 
science  of  light. 

Photometer,  -tom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment intended  to  indicate  the  different 
quantities  of  light,  as  in  a  cloudy  or  bright 
day,  or  between  bodies  Ulnminated  in  dif- 
ferent degrees. 

Photosphere,  'td-sfgr.  The  luminous 
envelope,  supposed  to  consist  of  incandea' 
cent  matter,  surrounding  the  sun. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PHEKNOLOGT 


664 


PHTTOGEOGRAPHT 


Phrenology,  fre-noFo-jl.  The  science 
of  the  human  mind.  The  term  is  now  re- 
stricted, however,  to  a  doctrine  founded  on 
a  presumed  knowled^of  the  ftmctions  of 
different  portions  of  the  brain  obtained  by 
comparing  theh:  relative  forms  and  mag- 
nitudes in  different  individuals  with  the 
propensities  and  intelltetual  powers  of 
these  individuals. 

Fhrsrsrian,  fr^'i-an.  A  native  or  inhab- 
itant of  Phiygia.  Eocles.,  one  of  an  early 
Christian  sect  in  Phrygia,  who  regarded 
Montanus  as  their  prophet,  and  laidf  claim 
to  the  spirit  of  prophecy.  P.  cap,  the  red 
cap  of  liberty  worn  by  the  French  revolu- 
tonists. 

^thisis,  thesis.  A  disease  commonly 
Known  by  the  name  of  consumption ;  pul- 
monary consumption. 
fhylactexy,  fl  i.ik  r^r^i 
Any  charm,  speJl  ttr  atit- 
nlet  worn  asai  ■  --vi. 
tive  from  dang 
ease.    In  Jewis 

a  strip  of  parch ^  iii- 

scribedw<tn cert  JIM  t*'Xi 
from  the  Old  T(^r!iiiktnt,| 
and  inclosed  ^vUlifpi 
small  leather  ca^e,  u  Si.li 
was  fastened  wirii  ^i  r'i|.K 
on  the  forehi ml  jui-i 
above  and  beti^i  ■n'riiL* 
eyes, and  on  the  lv(l  jutii 
near  the  region  ol  the 
heart.  Among  the  primi- 
tive Christians,  a  case  in 
which  they  Inclosed  the  relics  of  the  dead. 

Phylarch,  ti'lark.  In  ancient  Athens, 
the  chief  or  governor  of  a  tribe  or  phyle. 

Phyle,  'le.  One  of  the  tribes  into  which 
the  ancient  Athenians  were  divided,  orig- 
inally four,  afterward  ten. 

Phylliuxn,  fil'i-nm.  A  gen.  of  orthop- 
terous  insects,  &m.  Phasmidaa,  populm'iy 
known  as  leaf-insects  or  walking-leaves. 

Phyllostom- 
ids9,  fil-o- 
stom'i-de.  The 
specter-bats,  a 
family  of  insec- 
tivorous Cheir- 
optera, which 
have  a  singular 
appendage  to 
the  nose  and  a 
forefinger  of 
two  joints. 
The  fiimily 
comprises  the  vampires  or  blood-sucking 


Phylactery. 


Head  of  Yampire-bat. 


Phylloxera,  -ok-se'ra.  A  gen.  of  in> 
sects  which  infest  the  leaves  and  roots  of 
the  oak,  vine,  &c.,  forming  leaf-galls,  and 
oausing  much  damage  in  wine-produdng 
countries. 

FhylOffenesiS,  ft-Io-|en'e-sis.  The  his- 
tory of  the  genealogical  development  of  an 
organized  being ;  the  race  history  of  an 
animal  or  vegetable  tyne,  as  distinguished 
fh)m  ontogenesis,  the  nistory  of  Individ, 
ual  development,  and  flrom  biogenesis,  or 
life-development  generally. 

Physalia,  -sa'll-a.  A  gen.  of  hydrozoa, 
sub-class  Siphonophora,  ord.  Physophori- 
dse,  remarkable  for  its  size,  the  brilliancy 
of  its  hues,  and  the  severe  burning  pain 
produced  by  its  contact.  The  P.  atlantica 
is  known  as  the  Portuguese  man-of-war. 

Physicalist,  flz'lk-al-ist.  One  who 
maintains  that  man^s  Intellectual  and  mor- 
al nature  depends  on  and  results  from  hia 
physical  constitution. 

Physiciat,  'i-slst  One  skilled  in  physics; 
a  natural  philosopher. 

Physico-philosophy,  -k5-fi-los"o-fi- 
The  philosophy  of  nature. 

Ph3r8ico-theolofiy,  'ik-6-the-ol"o-Jl. 
Theology  or  divinity  illustrated  or  en- 
forced by  physics  or  natural  philosophy. 

Physios,  'iks.  In  the  widest  sense,  that 
branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws 
and  properties  of  matter ;  the  science  of 
nature ;  but  the  term  is  now  universally 
used  in  a  narrower  sense,  and  as  equivalent 
to  natural  philosophy.  It  includes  dy- 
namics and  the  branches  of  science  that  d^ 
with  light,  heat,  electricity  and  magnetism. 

Ph3rsi09nomist,  -1-og'no-mist.  One 
skilled  in  physiognomy  ;  oneabld  to  judge 
of  the  particular  temper  or  other  qualities 
of  the  mind  by  sijrns  in  the  countenance. 

Physiogrnotype,  -tip.  An  instrument 
for  taking  an  exact  imprint  or  cast  of  the 
countenance. 

Physiography,  'ra-fl.  That  science 
which  treats  of  the  earth's  physical  feat- 
ures. 

Ph3r8iolofiy,  -ol'o-ji.  That  science  which 
has  for  its  aim  the  study  and  elucidation 
of  the  actions  and  processes  incidental  to 
and  characteristic  of  the  living  state, 
whether  in  animals  or  plants. 

Ph3r8i4lLe,  fe-zek'.  The  physical  struc- 
ture or  organization  of  an  individual. 

P  h  y  t  o  -  chemistry,  fi-td-kem'ist-ri. 
Vegetable  chemistry. 

Phytogreography,  fi't6-ie-og"ra-fl. 
The  geoffraphy  or  geog^phioal  distriba* 
tion  of  plants. 


Digitized  by 


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Piltk 


^liytOfflypliy,  fi-to^-a.  The  art  of 
printing  from  nature  by  taking  impres- 
sions from  plants  on  soft  metal,  from 
which  copies  can  be  taken.  Called  also 
Nature-printing. 

Phytosraphy,  'ra-fi.  A  description  of 
plants;  that  branch  of  botany  which 
concerns  itself  with  the  roles  to  be  ob- 
served in  describing  and  naming  plants. 

Phytonomy,  ton'o-mi.  The  science  of 
the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 

Piano-forte,  pi-an'd-for-ta.  A  metal- 
stringed  mu^cfu  instrnment.  of  the  keyed 
species. 

Piarist,  pi'ar-ist.  One  of  a  religions 
order  who  devote  themselves  to  the  gra- 
tuitous instruction  of  youth  ;  instituted 
at  Rome  by  Joseph  Oasalanza  in  the  ITth 
century. 

Piaster,  pi-as'ter.  A  denomination  of 
money  of  various  values.  The  old  Italian 
piaster  was  equivalent  to  about  85  cents ; 
the  Spanish  piaster  about  $1 ;  while  the 
Turkish  piaster -Is  scarcely  one-twentieth 
the  value  of  the  foregoing. 

Pibroch,  pfi'broch.  A  wild  irregular 
8i»ecies  of  music  peculiar  to  the  Highlands 
of  Scotliuid,  periormed  on  a  bagpipe,  in 
imitation  of  the  different  phases  of  a  battle 
— the  march,  the  conflict,  the  flight,  the 
pursuit  and  the  lament  for  the  fallen. 

Picador,  plk-a-dor'.  In  bull-fighting, 
one  of  the  horsemen  armed  Mith  a  lance 
who  madden  the  bull  by  pricking  with 
their  weapons,  but  without  the  intention 
of  disabling  him. 

Picard,  'ard.  Eccles.,  one  of  a  sect  of 
Vaudois,  who  in  the  16ih  century  attempt- 
ed to  renew  the  practices  of  the  Adamites, 
going  stark  naked  and  believing  in  the 
community  of  women  i  so  called  from 
Picard,  the  reviver  of  the  heresy. 

Picayune  -a-yiin'.  The  name  for  the 
Spanish  half-real  in  Florida,  Louisiana, 
AC.  It  was  of  the  value  of  6i  cents.  Now 
applied  to  the  half-dime — 5  cents. 

Piccolo,  'ko-lo.  A  small  flute,  the  tones 
of  which  range  an  octave  higher  than  those 
of  the  ordinarv  flute.  An  organ  stop,  the 
pipes  being  of  wood  and  having  a  brilliant 
piercmg  tone.    A  small  upright  piano. 

PicidSB,  pi'sl-dS.  The  woodpeckers  and 
wry -necks,  a  fam.  of  scansorial  or  climbing 
birds. 

Pickaninny,  pik'a-nin-i.  A  negro  or 
mulatto  infknt. 

Pickerel,  'er-el.  A  small  pike,  a  fish, 
gen.  Esox. 

Pict,  pikt.  One  of  a  race  of  people  of 
disputed  origin,  who  anciently  inhabited 


the  northeast  of  Scotland,  by  some  con 
sidered  Teutonic,  by  others  a  branch  o^ 
the  Owmric  Celts. 

Pictor,  pik'tor.  A  southern  constellation. 

Picul,  pl-kuV.  In  China,  a  weight  of  la;^ 
lbs.  It  is  divided  into  100  catties  or  1 ,60U 
taels.    The  Chinese  call  it  also  tan. ' 

Piedmont.  A  division  of  N  W.  Italy  . 
bounded  K.  and  W.  by  the  Alps,  K.  h\ 
Lombardy  and  Parma,  8.  by  Ligiiriu*. 
area,  11,867  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  8,000,0(M). 

Piedouche,  pya-dush.  In  Arch,  a  brack 
et,  pedestal  or  socle,  serving  to  support  a 
bust,  candelabrum  or  other  ornament. 

Piedroit,  -drwfi.  In  Arch,  a  square 
pillar,  partly  hid  within  a  wall.  It  Offers 
from  a  pilaster  in  having  neither  base  nor 
capital. 

Piend,  pend.  The  sharp  point  or  edge 
of  a  mason^s  hammer.  Written  also  Peen 
and  Pane. 

Pierce,  Pranklin.  Fourteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  8. ;  b.  in  N.  H.  1304, 
elected  1852,  d.  1869. 

Pierides,  pl-er'i-doz.  A  name  of  the 
nine  Muses,  who  were  so  called  from 
Pieria,  near  Mount  Olympus,  where  tliey 
were  first  worshiped  among  the  Thra- 
cians. 

Pietist,  pi'et-ist.  A  designation  given 
since  the  end  of  the  17th  century  to  a  re- 
ligious party  in  Germany  who  proposed 
to  revive  declining  piety  in  the  lieformed 
churches ;  the  equivalent  of  Methodist. 

Pietra-dura,  pi-et'ra-dd-ra.  A  name 
given  to  the  finest  Florentine  mosaic- 
work  executed  in  colored  stones,  as  jasper, 
oarnelian,  amethyst,  Ac 

Pifireon,  p^'on.     One 
of  the  birds  that  form 
the    fam.  ColumbidsB,  j 
Bub.-ord.   Columbaoei.  < 
genera  Columba,  Ecto  j 

Sistes,  Turtur.  <fcc. ;  o. 
ove  ;  the  migratory  oi* 
wild  pigeon  of  America  ^ 
The  varieties  are  dis- 
tinguished as  the  car- 
rier, powter,  shaker, 
tumbler,  Ac.  P.  English,  a  conglomera- 
tion of  English  and  Portuguese  wonU 
used  by  English  and  American  resident  i 
in  China  in  their  intercourse  with  the 
natives. 

Pigrment,  plg'ment.  Paint;  any  sub- 
stance used  by  painters,  dyers,  &c.,  to 
impart  colors  to  bodies.  In  Physiol,  the 
coloring  matter  found  in  animal  and  plant 
bodies. 

Pika,  pi'ka.     The  calling-hare,  nearly  al* 


Pigeon. 


'    Digitized  by 


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PIKB 


t66 


t^OTNACXiB 


Pilaster. 


Ued  to  the  hares,  and  forming  the  fam* 
Lagomydae.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  man 
ner  in  which  it  stores  up  its  winter  pro* 
vision,  and  also  for  its  voice,  the  tone  of 
which  resembles  that  of  a  quail. 
Pike,  pik.  An  ancient  military  weapon  ; 
a  long  wooden  shaft  with  a  fiat  steel  nead 
pointed,  displdced  by  the  bayonet  A 
central  spike  in  targets.  A  fish,  gen.  Esoz. 
Pilaster,  pi-las'ter.  A  de- 
based pillar :  a  square  pillar 
projecting  from  a  pier,  or 
nrom  a  wall,  one-quarter  to 
one-third  its  bi'eadth. 
Pile-driver,  pa'driv-er.  A 
machine  worked  by  steam 
for  driving  piles.  In  the 
most  improved  the  wei£:ht  is 
raised  by  steam,  and  auto- 
matically detached  on  reach- 
ing the  top. 

Pilentom,  pi-len'tum.  An  easy  chariot 
used  by  the  Koman  ladies. 
Pillory,  pil'lo-ri. 
A  frame  of  wood 
erected  on  a  post 
or  pole,  with  holes 
through  which 
i^ereputthe  head 
and  hands  of  an 
offender,  by  way 
o  f  punishment ; 
abolished  in  6t. 
Britain,  1S87. 

Pillwo  r  m, 
'werm.    The  pop-  tnii^-,r 

ular  name  of  the  T^ory. 

millipede,  which  can  roll  itself  into  a  ball. 

Pilosity,  pMos'i-ti.    Hah^ess. 

Pilot,  pMot.  One  of  a  ship's  crew  or 
company  ha^g  charge  of  the  helm  and 
the  [mlp^s  route  ;  a  steersman.  A  person 
qualified  and  appointed  by  proper  author- 
ity to  conduct  shipfi  into  and  out  of  par- 
ticular harbors,  or  along  certain  coasts. 
The  cow-catcher  of  a  locomotive.  Pilot's 
fidrway.  any  channel  in  which  a  pilot  must 
be  employed.  Pilot's  water,  any  water 
in  which  the  services  of  a  pilot  must  be  ob- 
tained. 

Pilot-engrine,  -en-jin.  -  A  locomotive 
sent  on  before  a  railway  train  to  dear  the 
way. 

Pilot-fish,  -fish.  A  fish,  fam.  Scomber- 
idse,  gen.  Naucrates,  called  also  Rudder- 
fish  ;  so  named  because  it  frequently  ac- 
companies ships. 

Pimielodus,  -mel-o'dus.  A  gen.  of 
malacopterygian  abdominal  fishes,  sepa- 
rated from  the  gen.  Silurus  of  Linneeus. 


One  species  (P.  <7olopum),  6  inches  long, 
is  sometimes  ejected  in  thousands  from  the 
craters  of  volcanoes.  They  are  supposed 
to  abound  in  subterranean  lakes. 
Pin.  pin.  In  China,  a  petition  or  address 
of  foreigners  to  the  emperor  or  any  of  his 
deputies. 

Pina-cloth,  prna-kloth.  A  delicate, 
soft,  transparent  cloth  made  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  from  the  fibers  of  the  pine- 
apple leaf,  and  made  into  shawls,  scarfb. 
handkerchiefs  and  the  like. 
Pinchbeck,  pinsh'bek.  An  alloy  con- 
sisting of  80  parts  copper  to  20  parts  zinc, 
somewhat  like  gold  in  color,  and  formerly 
much  used  for  cheap  jeweliy.  Hence,  ft 
haa  frequentiy  the  meaning  of  sham  ;  not 
genuine. 

Pindar.  An  eminent  Greek  poet;  b.  020, 
D.  441  B.  o. 

Pinion,    pin'yon.     The 
joint  of  a  fowrs  wing  re- 
motest teom  the  body.    A 
feather ;  a  quill :  a  wing.  5 
A  small  wheel  which  plays  1 
in  the  teeth  of  a  larger.       ' 
Pin-money,  'mun-i.  An 
allowance  made  by  a  hus- 
band to  his  wife  for  her 
separate  use. 

Pinna,  'a.  A  gen.  of 
marine  bivalves,  ram.  Avicullde,  com- 
monly called  wing-shells,  remarkable  for 
the  size  of  the  bysifus  by  which  they  adhere 
to  rocks.  It  is  long,  delicate,  very  strong, 
has  a  silkv  luster,  and  la  woven  into  ex- 
pensive cloth. 
This  manu- 
facture was 
known  to  the 
ancients,  and 
is  now  prac- 
ticed in  Italy. 
Pinnace, 'as.  J 
A  small  ves-f 
sel  propelled  I 
by  oars  and  1 
sails,  having  ] 
two  masts  I 
rigged  like  I 
those  of  a  I 
schooner.  A  [ 
boat  usuallv  I 
rowed  with  | 
eight  oars. 
Pinnacle, 
kl.    In  Arch.  1 

^  J^^fif*  Pinnacles, 

structure  that 

rises  above  the  roof  of  a  building,  or  that 
caps  and  tenBinates  the  higher  parts  oi 


Spur-wheel 
and  Pinion. 


Digitized  by 


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pijsm 


m 


PiSCiCULTUteE 


other  buildings  or  of  buttresses,  now  gen- 
erally limited  to  an  ornamental  spire. 

Pine,  pin.  The  popular  name  of  trees, 
gen.  Pinus,  ord.  Coniferae,  consisting  of 
lofty  evergreens.  About  TO  species  are 
known,  most  of  which  are  of  tne  highest 
value  for  their  timber,  as  well  as  for  other 
products,  as  turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  resin, 
&c. 

Pine-apple, 'ap-1.  The  fruit  of  Ananassa 
sativa,  ord.  Bromeliacese,  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  cone  of  the  pine- 
tree.  Its  flavor  is  delicious,  and  it  grows 
to  a  large  size,  weighing  from  6  to  12  lbs. 
Cloth  is  mannfiictured  from  the  fibers  of 
the  leaves  of  the  plant. 

Pinnigrrada,  'i-gra-da.  A  «ection  of  the 
carnivorous  order  of  mammals,  compris- 
ing seals  and  walruses.  Called  also  Pin- 
nipedia. 

Pinniped,  -ped.  A  fin-footed  animal ; 
an  animal  with  swimming  feet;  one  of 
the  Pinnigrada. 

Pint,  pint     A  measure  of  capacity,  the 
eighth  of  a 
gal  Ion,  or 
84.66926  cu-  — ^! 
bic  inches. 

Pipa,  pi'pa. 
A  gen.  of 
batrachians, 
the  best- 
known  spe- 
cies of  which 
is  the  Suri- 
nam toad. 

Pipe,  pip. 

A  tube  of 

clay  or  wood 

with  a  bowl 

at  one    end 

used   .in 

smoking  to- 
bacco. 
P  i  pe-olay, 

pTp'kla.  The 

purest  pot- 
ter's clay,  so 

called    from 

its  being  manu&ctured  Into  tobacco-pipes. 

It  is  also  made  into  fine  earthenware  and 

used  by  military  for  cleaning  purposes. 
Pipe-flsli, 

'fish.    The 

common 

na m  e  of 

fishes,  gen. 

Byngn  a- 

thns,    ord. 

L  o  p  h  o  -  Great  Pipe-fish. 


Tobacco  Pipe. 


branchii,  fiun.  SyngnathidsB,  so  called  fh>m 
the  length  and  slenderness  of  the  body. 

Pipra,  pi'pra.  A  gen.  of  passerine  birds, 
the  manakins. 

Piquet,  pik'et.  A  game  at  cards  played 
between  two  persons,  with  thirty-twe 
cards  ;  the  deuces,  threes,  fours,  fives  ana 
sixes  being  set  aside,  the  as  de  pique,  or 
ace  of  spades,  being  the  highest  card. 

Pique-work,  pe'ka-work.  A  minute 
kind  of  buhl -work,  employed  to  ornament 
snuff-boxes,  card-cases  and  the  like. 

Pirameter,  pl-ram'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  power  required 
to  draw  carriages  over  roads. 

Pirogrue.  A  kind  of  canoe,  made  from  a 
single  trunk  of  a  tree,  generally  small,  and 


Pirogue  of  Fiji  Islands. 

worked  bv  paddles ;  but  sometimes  large, 
decked,  rigged  with  sails  and  flumished 
with  outriggers. 

Pisa.  Cap  of  province  of  same  name,  C. 
Italy,  noted  for  the  remarkable  campanile 
of  its  cathedral,  called  the  "  Leaning 
Tower,"  which  inclines  18  ft.  from  the  per- 
pendicular ;  pop.  abt.  85,000. 

Pisces,  pis'sSz. 
In  Astron.  the 
Fishes,  the  12th 
sign  or  constella- 
tion in  the  zodiac, 
next  to  Aries,  rep- 
resented by  two 
fishes  tied  to- 
gether by  the^ 
tails.      According  Pisces, 

to  Egyptian  Myth- 
ology the  Pisces  were  hieroglyphic  of  the 
spnng  season,  when  fishing  commences. 
The  name  of  the  first  great  subdivision  of 
vertebrate  animals,  or  the  class  fishes. 

Pisciculture,  -i-kul'tur.  The  breeding, 
rearing,  preservation,  feeding  and  fotten- 
ing  offish  by  artificial  means ;  fish-oulturei 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


^tsMt&^ 


ttATA,  btO  X>t  LA 


Pismire,  'mir.    The  ant  or  emmet. 

Pistil,  'tU.  In  Bot.  the  seed-bearing 
organ  of  a  flower. 

Piston,  'ton.  A  short  cylinder 
which  fits  the  cavity  of  a  pump, 
and  acts  as  a  syringe. 

Pitch-chain,  pich'chun.  A 
chain  of  metallic  plates  bolted 
or  riveted  together,  to  work  in 
the  teeth  of  wheels. 

Pitch-circle,  'ser-kl.     In 
toothed     wheels,    the     circle 
which  would    bisect  all    the    I'liiliii. 
teeth.    When  two  wheels  are 

.  in  gear  they  are  so  arranged  that  their 
pitch-circles  touch  one  another.  Called 
also  Pitch-line. 

Pith,  pith.  A  column  of  cellular  tissue  in 
the  stem  of  an  exogenous  plant.  In  endo- 
gens  there  is  no  pith. 

PithecilS,  pi-the'kns.  A  restricted  gen. 
of  apes,  including  the  orang,  the  great 
pongo  of  Borneo,  and  the  P.  Morio.  The 
gen.  is  known  also  as  Simla. 

Pitt,  William.  An  eminent  English 
statesman  and  orator;  b.  1759,  d.  1806. 

Pittshnrgrh.  An  important  manufac- 
turing city  of  W.  Pennsylvania,  at  the 
head  of  the  Ohio  Blver :  pop.  156,889. 

Pius.    The  name  of  nine  B.  C.  pontiffs. 

Piwarrie,  pT-war'ri.  A  disagreeable  in- 
toxicating beverage  prepared  by  natives 
of  S.  America  from  cassava. 

Pixy,  pik'si.    A  sort  of  fairy. 

Pizarro,  Francisco.  A  Spanish  navi- 
gator and  soldier,  the  discoverer  of  the 
Pacific  and  conqueror  of  Pern  ;  b.  1475, 
assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru,  1541. 

Placebo,  pla-se'bo.  An  epithet  given  to 
any  medicine  adapted  rather  to  pleiise 
than  to  benefit  the  patient.  In  R.  C.  Ch. 
the  vesper  hymn  for  the  dead,  beginning 
*'  Placebo  Domino." 

Placenta,  -sen'ta.  The  after-birth;  a 
temporary  organ  developed  within  the 
uterus  of  the  human  female  and  of  certain 
animals  during  pregnancy,  and  expelled 
shortly  after  the  birth  of  the  child  or  young 
animal. 

Placer,  pla-ser'.  A  gravelly  place  where 
gold  occurs ;  a  spot  where  gold  dust  is 
found  in  the  soil. 

Plaeriarist,  pla'ji-a-rist.  One  that  pur- 
loins the  ideas  or  language  of  another  and 
publishes  them  as  his  own ;  a  plagiary. 
Plaid,  plad.  A  garment  of  tartan  or 
checked  woolen  cloth  of  several  colors 
worn  in  Scotland,  and  forming  a  prom- 
inent part  of  the  national  costume. 


Plane. 


Planchet,  plansh'et.  A  flat  piece  ol 
metal  intended  for  a  coin,  with  a  smooth 
sur&ce  for  receiving  the  die  impression. 
Planchette,  plan-shet'.  A  name  giv«n 
to  a  heart-shaped  piece  of  board  mounted 
on  supports,  two  of  which  are  casters,  and 
one  a  pencil  which  makes  marks  as  the 
board  moves  under  the  hands  of  those 
whose  fingers  rest  upon  it.  A  circumfer 
en  tor. 

Plane,  plan.  An  in- 
strument used  i  n  [ 
smoothing  boards ;  to 
make  smooth. 
Planet,  plan'et.  A  celestial  body  which 
revolves  about  the  sun  or  other  center. 
Those  which  revolve  about  the  sun  ar« 
called  primary  planets ;  those  which  re- 
volve about  other  planets,  and  with  them 
revolve  about  the  6UU,  are  called  second- 
ary planets,  satellites  or  moons. 
Plane-table,  plan'ta-bL  An  instrument 
employed  in  land-surveving,  by  -which  a 
plan  may  be  made  on  the  spot  without 
the  measurement  of  angles. 
Planetarium,  plan-et-a'ri-um.  An  as- 
tronomical machine  which  represents  the 
motions  and  orbits  of  the  planets. 
Planetoid, 'et-oid.  One  of  a  numerous 
group  of  very  small  planets  revolving 
round  the  sun  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter.  Upwards  of  200  have  been 
discovered,  and  the  number  is  being  con- 
stantly Increased.  Called  also  Asteroids. 
Planimetry,  pla-nlm'et-ri.  The  art 
of  ascertaining  the  area  or  superficial  con- 
tents of  any  surface. 

Planing'-maciiine,  plan'ing-ma-shen*. 
A  machine  for  planing  wood.  A  machine- 
tool  for  planing  metals. 
Planisher,  plan'ish-«r.  A  thin  flat-end- 
ed tool  used  Dy  tinners  and  braziers  for 
smoothing  tin-plate  and  brass-work.  A 
workman  who  smooths  or  planes. 
Planisphere,  'i-sfgr.  A  sphere  project* 
ed  on  a  plane ;  a  map  exhibiting  the  cir- 
cles of  tne  sphere.  A  name  given  to  anv 
contrivance  in  which  plane  snrflaces  AilfiU 
any  of  the  nses  of  a  celestial  globe. 
Plant,  plant.  One  of  the  organs  which 
form  the  vegetable  kingdom  ;  a  vegetable. 
Some  plants  seem  so  nearly  allied  to  some 
of  the  least  highly  developed  animals  that 
it  is  difficult  to  say  precisely  where 
the  series  ofplants  ends  and  that  of  ani- 
mals begins. 

Plata,  Bio  de  la  (Biver  Plate).  A 
lai^e  stream  of  S.  America,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Uruguay,  Paraguay  and 
Parana.    It  is  126  m.  wide  at  its  moutk 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PLANTAIN 


669 


PLENIPOTENTIAEY 


The  important  commeroial  cities  of  Bnenos 
Ayres  and  Monteyideo  are  situated  on  its 
banks. 

flan  torn,  iiliin'tiiri*  A 
imuii^  £i(ipl1i&l  to  Miiaa 

fip^wtbiiuiji,  cf  il  t(  FH  trd 
n  &U  IrDpitMil  rUinalm 
for  tta  frnir,  whieh  ro^ 
temhfi»  lb@  btmnna.  It 
in  one  of  tha  uiuat  um- 
fuJ  frtiEtaifithiQTi^jfttdr 
ble  klTijfdum^  forrnlD^ 
thB  entire  mUt'nanvG  ot 
iiany  of  (Lo  {nhjitilunt^i 
of  tmpicu,!  cNjiiflioa, 

Plan tage nets.  The 
A  lino  of  Kii^r[i^jj  uioti' 
archs  founded  1164  by        Plantain. 
Henry  II.,  son  of  Geof- 
froi,  v.,  Duke  of  Anjou,  and   Matilda, 
daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England  ;  It  be- 
came extinct  with  Eichard  III.,  1486. 

Plantdfirrada.  plan'ti-gra-da.  A  section 
of  carnivorous  animals  in  which  the  whole, 
or  nearly  the  whole,  of  the  sole  of  the  foot 
is  applied  to  the  ground  in  walking.  It 
includes  the  bears,  raccoons,  badgers,  &c. 

Plaque,  plak.  An  ornamental  plate;  a 
brooch ;  the  plate  of  a  clasp.  In  the  fine 
arts,  a  plate  of  metal  upov  wh^cl^  enamels 
are  painted. 

Plastron,  plas'tmn.  A  piece  of  leather 
stuffed,  used  by  fencers  to  defend  the 
breast.  In  2io61.  the  loww  or  ventral  por- 
tion of  the  bony  case  of  tortoises  and  tur- 
tles. 

Platalea,  pla-t4'le-a.  The  spoonbills,  a 
gen.  ofgrallatorial  birds  closely  resembling 
the  storks. 

Platanista,  -ta-nis'ta.  A  gen.  of  fresh- 
water cetaceans,  fkm.  Delphinidte. 

Plateau,  plfi-to.  A  broad,  flat  area  of 
land  in  an  elevated  position ;  a  table-hmd; 
an  elevated  plain. 

PlatizLTun,  plat'i-num.  A  white  metal 
resembling  silver,  but  of  inferior  luster, 
the  heaviest  of  known  metals.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly ductile,  malleable,  tenacious  and 
difficult  of  ftision,  and  undergoes  no 
change  from  the  combined  agency  of  air 
and  moisture. 

Plato.  An  eminent  Greek  philosopher; 
B.  at  Athens,  abt.  480  b.  c,  d.  847. 

Platonic,  pla-ton'ik.  Pertaining  to 
Plato,  to  his  philosophy  or  his  school.  P. 
bodies,  the  five  regular  geometrical  solids, 
the  telrahedron,  ti&e  hexahedron  or  cube, 
the  octahedron,  dodecahedron  and 
ioosahedron.  P.  love,  a  pure,  spiritual 
ttffoiotioii  BubsiBting  between  the  sexes, 


unmixed  with  carnal  desires,  a  spccips  oi 
love  for  which  Plato  was  a  warm  advocate. 
P.  year,  the  great  year,  or  the  space  ol 
time  in  which  the  stars  and  constellations 
return  to  their  former  places  in 
respect  to  the  equinoxes.  This  revolution, 
which  is  calculated  by  the  precession  ol 
the  equinoxes,  covers  about  26,000  years. 

Platte  (Kebraska).  The  principal 
branch  of  the  Missouri  Kiver;  length, 
1,200  m. 

Platyodon,  -tl'o-don.  A  broad-toothed 
animal. 

Platsnpod,  plat'i-pod.  A  broad-footed 
animal. 

Pleasant  Grove  and  Hill.  A  locality 
in  Louisiana,  60  m.  8.  of  Shreveport, 
noted  for  a  series  of  stubbornly  fought 
batUes,  April  7-9,  1864,  in  which  the  Fed- 
erals under  Gen.  Banks  defeated  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Kirby  Smith. 

Plebeian,  plo-be'an.  One  of  the  com- 
mon people  or  lower  ranks  of  men  ;  orig- 
inally applied  to  those  free  citizens  of 
Borne  who  did  not  come  under  the  class 
of  the  patricians. 

Plebiscite,  pleb'i-sit.  A  vote  of  a  whole 
people  or  community ;  a  decree  of  a  coun- 
try obtained  by  an  appeal  to  universal 
sufirage,  a  plcbiscitum 

Pleiad,  pll'ad.  One  of  the  Pleiwles,  a 
cluster  of  7  stars  in  the  neck  of  the  con- 
stellation Taurus,  only  6  being  visible  U 
the  naked  eye.  They  are  regarded  as  tit  • 
central  group  of  the  Milky  Way.  Ancienl. 
Greek  legends  derive  their  name  from  the 
seven  daughters  of  Atlas  and  the  nymph 
Pleione,  who  made  away  with  themselves 
from  grief  at  the  death  of  their  sisters,  the 
Hyades,  or  at  the  fate  of  their  fother 
Atlas,  and  to  have  been  afterward  placed 
as  stars  in  the  sky. 

Plesiosaurus,  pl6'si-o-sa"rus.  The 
name  of  a  gen.  of  extinct  marine  saurians. 


Plesiosaurus,  partially  Bestored. 

chiefly  remarkable  for    their    length  of 
neck,  nearly  allied  to  the  Ichthyosaurus. 
Plenipotentiary,   plen'i-pd-ten''shi-a- 
ri.    A  person  invested  with  ftiU  power  to 
transact  any  business ;  an  ambassador  or 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PLINY 


670 


POACHAED 


envoy  to  a  foreign  court,  having  power  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  or  transact  other  busi- 
ness. A  plenipotentiary  is  not  necessarily 
accredited  to  any  specific  foreign  court. 
More  frequently  meetings  of  plenipoten- 
tiaries are  held  in  some  neutral  place,  so 
that  they  may  conduct  their  negotiations 
uninfluenced  by  any  special  power. 

Pliny  (Oaius  Plinius  Seoundus, 
The  Mder).  A  distinguished  Eoman 
jurist  and  naturalist ;  b.  28 ;  perished  in 
the  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius  which 
overwhelmed  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum, 
79.  P.,  the  Younger  (Caius  Plinius  Cse- 
cilius  Secundus),  adopted  son  of  the  for- 
mer, an  eminent  Jurist  and  historian ;  b. 
61,  D.  122. 

Pliocene,  pirs-sen.  A  geological  term 
applied  to  tne  most  modern  of  the  divis- 
ions of  the  tertiary  epoch,  the  Eocene, 
the  Miocene,  the  Older  Pliocene  and  the 
Newer  Pliocene  or  Pleistocene. 

Pliohippus,  -o-hip'pus.  A  fossil  gen.  of 
pachyderms,  fem.  Equidee,  about  the  size 
of  an  ass. 

Plitt,  plit.  An  instrument  of  punish- 
ment used  in  Russia,  resembling  the 
knout. 

Ploceinee,  pld-se-!'ne.  The  weaver-birds, 
a  sub-fam.  of  Fringillidee. 

Plotinist,  plo-ti'nist.  A  disciple  of  Plo- 
tlnus,  a  celebrated  Platonic  pnilosopher 
of  the  3d  century  a.  d.,  who  taught  that 
the  human  soul  emanates  from  the  Divine 
Being,  to  whom  it  is  reunited,  if  good  and 

Sure,  at  death.  If  not  sufficiently  purified 
uring  life,  it  entered  into  such  animals, 
and  even  plants,  as  it  had  a  liking  to. 

Plover,  pluv'er.  The  common  name  of 
several  species  of  grallatorial  birds,  gen. 
Charadrius,  fam.  Charadriadae,  sec.  Ftes- 
sirostres. 

Plum,  plum.  The  fruit  of  a  tree,  gen. 
Prunus,  ord.  Rosaceie  ;  also  the  tree  itself. 

Plumb.  A  weight  attached  to  a  line,  and 
used  to  ascertain  when  walls,  «fcc.,  are 
perpendicular;  a  plummet. 

Plumb-rule,  'rol.  A  narrow  board  with 
parallel  edges  having  a  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  middle,  and  a  string  canring 
a  weight  attached  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
line,  used  by  masons,  carpenters,  dec,  for 
determining  a  perpendicular. 

Plumiped,  plu'mi-ped.  A  bird  that  has 
feathers  on  its  feet. 

Plural,  plo'ral.  A  form  of  word  express- 
ing more  thui  one ;  the  plural  number. 

Plutarch.  An  eminent  biographer ;  b. 
in  BiBotia  abt.  50,  d.  118. 


Pluto  and  Proserpine. 


Pluto,  'to.  In  1 
Class  Myth,  the 
lord  of  the  in-  j 
fernal  regions, 
son  of  Chronos 
and  Rhea, 
brother  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Nep- 
tune. He  is  re- 
presented as  an 
old  man,  digni- 
fied but  severe, 
bearing  a  two- 
pronged  fork. 
He  was  gener- 
ally call^  by 
the  Greeks 
Hades  and  by 
the  Romans  Orcus,  Tartarus  and  Dis. 
His  wife  was  Proserpine,  daughter  of  Zeus 
and  Ceres,  whom  Pluto  seized  in  the  island 
of  Sicily  and  carried  to  the  lower  world. 

Plutocracy,  -tok'ra-si.  The  power  or 
rule  of  wealth. 

Plutus,  plo'tus.  In  Greek  Myth,  the 
personification  of  wealth,  son  of  lasion 
and  Demeter.  Zeus  is  said  to  have  blinded 
him,  in  order  that  he  might  not  bestow 
his  favors  exclusively  on  good  men,  but 
distribute  his  gifts  without  any  r^anl  to 
merit. 

Pluvial,  M-al.  A  priest's  cope  or  cloak 
for  protection  against  rain. 

Pluviose,  -OS.  The  fifth  month  of  the 
French  revolutionary  calendar,  including 
Jan.  20-Feb.  18  or  19. 

Plsrmouth.  A  seaport  and  naval  depot 
of  Co.  Devon,  England,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Tamar  and  Plym  rivers  with  the 
Atlantic;  pop.  71,400.  P.,  cap.  of  P. 
County,  Miiss.,  the  oldest  town  in  New 
England,  noted  as  the  landing-place  of  the 
Pilgrims,  Dec.  22,  1620  ;  pop.  7,098. 

Pljrmouth  Brethren.  A  sect  of  Chris- 
tians who  first  appeared  at  Plymoutii, 
England,  in  1880,  but  have  since  consider- 
ably'extended.  They  object  to  national 
churches  as  being  too  lax,  and  to  dissent- 
ing churches  as  too  sectarian,  recognizing 
all  as  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ  and 
the  Holy  Spirit. 

Pneumatics,  nu'mat'iks.  That  branch 
of  physics  which  treats  of  the  mechanical 
properties  of  elastic  fluids,  and  particu- 
larly of  atmospheric  air. 

Pneumootoka,  -mo-ot'o-ka.  Animals 
that  breathe  air  and  lay  eggs,  that  is,  birds 
and  most  reptiles. 

Poe^lhard,  poch'ard.  A  gen.  of  oceanic 
ducks  (Fuligula),  consisting  of  numeroof 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


POCAHONTAS 


571 


POLTAUTOGRAPHT 


BpedeHy  natives  of  the  Arctio  Seas,  in 
cinding  the  canyas-back. 

Fooahontas.  Daughter  of  a  Virginia 
Indian  chiefs  Pewhatan,  who  saved  the 
life  of  Capt.  John  Smith,  and  married 
John  Rolfe,  who  took  her  to  England, 
where  she  died ;  b.  1594,  d.  1617. 

PodolOffy,  po-dol'o-Ji.  A  treatise  on  the 
loot 

Foe-bird,  pO'e-berd.  The  Prosthemade- 
ra  dndnnata,  a  New  Zealand  bird,  fom. 
honey-eaters.  It  is  a  fovorite  cage-bird, 
item  the  fineness  of  its  notes  and  its 
capability  of  speaking  and  mimicking. 

Foephaffa,  -ef  a-ga.  A  groap  of  mar- 
supials, so  named  from  their  herbivorous 
habits,  including  the  kangaroos  and  the 
kangaroo-rats  or  potoroos. 

Pointer. 

pnidt'er.     A 

TBsitil^-  orHpan 

iah  dog  nearly 

mod    to    the 

ttue     Uoqnrla,  ^JS^pg^jj^^^^g-'i 

rom9Lfkab!«  for  JIMfiBife'aJ^-V  *^  =fc 

i  t  i    habit    of^^fSSftGct  K 

p  o  1  n  ting    at 

game.    In  As-  Pointer. 

tron.  a    name 

given  to  the  two  hindermost   stars    of 

Ursa  Major,  or  Great  Bear,  from  theh- 

guiding  the  eye  to  the  pole-star  in  Ursa 

Poitiers.  Cap.  of  Dept.  of  Vienne, 
France,  on  the  CUir,58  m.  8.E.  of  Tours, 
celebrated  for  the  decisive  victory  (1856) 
of  the  EngUsh,  under  Edward  (the  Black 
Prince)  over  the  French  and  John  I.; 
pop.  80,724. 

Foitrine,  poi'trgn.  The  breast-plate  of  a 
knight ;  also  the  overlapping  metal  scales 
which  covered  the  breast  of  a  war-horse. 

Folacca,  po'lak'a.  A  vessel  with  three 
masts  used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Folan,  ^n.  A  piece  of  armor  for  the 
knee. 

Poland.  Anciently,  a  large  kingdom  of 
C.  Europe ;  bounded  N.  by  the  Baltic,  E. 
bv  Russia,  S.  by  Hungary  and  the  Dann- 
blan  provinces,  W.  by  Germany ;  but 
later  divided  among  its  three  great  neigh- 
bors—Bussia,  Austria  and  Prussia.  The 
larger  section  is  a  Russian  vice-royalty, 
governed  by  a  prince  of  the  Russian  im- 
perial fhmily ;  area,  49,290  sq.  m. :  pop. 
abt.  4,000,000. 

Polaris,  -la'ris.    The  pole-star. 

Polarisoope,  -lar'i-skop.  An  optical  in- 
strument for  exhibiting  the  polarization  of 


Pole.  One  of  the  two  points  in  which  the 
axis  of  the  earth  is  supposed  to  meet  the 
sphere  of  the  heavens;  the  fixed  point 
about  which  the  stars  appear  to  revolve. 
These  are  called  the  poles  of  the  world,  or 
the  celestial  poles.  One  of  the  extremities 
ofthe  earth's  axis,  9(y*  distant  from  the 
equator. 

Polemaroh,  pore-mark.  A  titie  in  an- 
cient Greek  States,  especially,  at  Athens, 
the  third  archon,  a  magistrate  who  had 
imder  his  care  all  straneers  and  sojourn- 
ers, and  all  children  of  parents  who  had 
lost  their  lives  in  the  service  of  their  coun- 
try. 

Polemics,  pfi-lem'iks.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  disputation;  controversy;  controver- 
sial writings,  particularly  those  on  mat- 
ters of  divinity. 

Polemoscope.  'o-skop.  A  perspective 
glass  fitted  with  a  mirror  at  an  angle  of 
45<*,  designed  for  seeing  objects  that  do 
not  lie  direotiy  before  the  eye. 

Pole-star,  pdl'st&r.  A  star  of  the  second 
magnitude,  the  last  in  the  tail  of  Ursa  Mi- 
nor. It  is  the  nearest  star  to  the  north  ce- 
lestial pole,  round  which  it  describes  a 
small  circle;  it  is  of  great  use  to  naviga- 
tors in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Polk,  James  Knox.  Eleventh  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  8.  :  b.  in  N.  C,  1795 ;  elect- 
ed from  Tenn.,  1844,  d.  1849.  The  an- 
nexation of  Texas,  war  with  Mexico  and 
acquisition  of  California  and  N.  Mexico 
occurred  during  his  administration. 

Pollard,  pol'ard.  A  tree  with  the  head  cut 
off  for  the  purpose  of  inducing  It  to  throw 
out  branches.  The  chub  fish.  A  stag 
that  has  cast  his  horns ;  also  a  hornless 
ox. 

Pollen,  'en.  The  male  element  In  flower- 
ing  plants ;  the  fine  dust  or  powder  which 
by  contact  with  the  stigma  effects  the  fc 
cundation  of  the  seeds. 

Pollux,  'luks.  A  fixed  star  of  the  second 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Gemini,  or 
the  twins.  A  mineral  of  the  felspar  fami- 
ly, closely  allied  to  castor. 

Polo,  pd'16.  A  game  at  ball  resembling 
hockey,  played  on  horseback. 

Polo,  Marco.  A  distinguished  Italian 
traveler  and  writer,  the  first  European  to 
penetrate  China;  b.  1252,  d.  1828. 

Poliracoustics,  pori-a-kous''tiks.  The 
art  of  multiplying  sounds. 

Polyarchy,  'li-fir-kl.  The  government 
of  many,  whether  a  privU^red  oUiss  (aris- 
tocracy) or  the  people  at  lai^e  (democra- 
cy). 

Polyautoflrrapliy,    -a-tog''ra-fl.     Tht 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


POLTADELPH 


572 


POMPEII 


Polyadelph. 


act  or  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of 
manascripts,  by  printing  from  stone;  a 
species  of  lithography. 

Poiyadelph,  -delf '.  A 
plant  having  its  stamens 
united  in  three  or  more 
bundles  by  the  filaments. 

Polyandry,  -an'dri. 
The  practice  of  females 
aying  more  husbands 
than  one  at  the  same 
time ;  plurality  of  hus- 
bands. It  prevails  now 
chiefly  among  the  Buddh- 
ists of  Central  Asia  and 
of  Ceylon,  and  is  in  the 
former  strictly  limited  to  the  marriage  of 
the  women  to  two  or  more  brothers.  The 
surplus  unmarried  women  are  provided 
for  in  Lama  nunneries. 

Polyoarp,  St.  One  of  the  earliest  Chris- 
tian fathers,  ordained  bishop  of  Smyrna 
by  the  apostles ;  martyred,  166. 

Pol3rdactyllsxxi,  -I-dak'til-izm.  The 
condition  of  having  several  fingers. 

Polyeramy,  -lig'a-mi.  A  plurality  of 
wives  or  husbands.  In  Christian  coun- 
tries polygamy  is  punishable,  but  it  is  al- 
loweainsome  countries  in  the  form  of 
polygamy,  or  a  plurality  of  wives,  espe- 
daJily  among  Mohammedans,  and  is  held 
a  matter  of  faith  and  duty  by  the  Mormons. 
In  the  form  of  polyandry  it  exists  among 
the  Buddhists  of  Central  Asia  and  Ceylon. 

Polyereny,  -ly'e-ni.  The  doctrine  that 
mankind  do  not  form  one  but  many  dis- 
tinct species,  sprung  from  stocks  spedflc- 
ally  distinct. 

Polyglot,  'i-glot.  A  book  containing 
many  languages,  particularly  the  Bible,  in 
several  languages. 

Polygon,  pol'e-gon. 
A  figure  of  many  an- 
gles. 

Polygrsmy,   po-iy'i- 

ni.  The  practice  ol( 
having  more  wives 
than  one  at  the  same 
time. 

Polyhymnia,  pol-i- 
him'ni-a.  Among  the  Greeks,  the  Muse 
of  the  sublime  hymn,  inventress  of  the 
lyre,  and  of  mimes  and  pantomimes.  In 
art  she  is  usually  represented  as  covered 
with  a  white  mantle,  in  a  meditative  atti- 
tude. 

Polynesia.  The  name  given  to  several 
groups  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  E.  of  Aus- 
tralia, the  principal  being  the  Sandwich, 
Pelew,  Ladrone,  Caroline,  Gilbert,  Mar- 


Polygons. 


Polype. 


quesas.  Friendly,  Feejee,  Navigator's  and 
Society  ;  pop.  estimated  8,500,000. 

Polype,  pol'ip.  An 
aquatic  animal  of  the  ra- 
diate kind. 

Polysyllable,  'i-sU-la- 
bl.  A  word  of  four  or 
more  syllables,  words  oii^ 
from  one  to  three  being 
called  monosyllables,  dis- 
syllables and  trisyllables. 

Polytechnics,  -tek'- 
niks.  The  science  of 
the  mechanical  arts. 

Polytheism,  'i-the-izm.  The  doctrine 
of  a  plurality  of  gods,  having  an  agency  !■ 
the  government  of  the  world. 

Polytypagre,  -tip-aj.  A  peculiar  mode  ol 
stereotvping  by  which  fkc-similes  of  wood- 
engravings,  &c.,  are  produced. 

Pomace,  pom'as.    The  substance  of  ap- 

}>les  or  of  similar  fruit  crushed  by  ^dnd- 

Pomatum,  po-ma'tum.  A  perfumed 
unguent  used  in  dressing  the  hair ;  pom- 
ade. It  is  also  used  in  medicine  as  an  ex- 
ternal application. 

Pomhal^Sehastiao  Jose  de  Car- 
valho,  Marquis  de.  An  eminent  Por- 
tuguese statesman  ;  b.  1699,  d.  1782.  As 
prime  minister  he  abolished  the  Inquisi- 
tion, expelled  the  Jesuits  and  gave  liberal 
encouragement  to  commerce  and  manu- 
fiuitures. 

Pome,  pom.  In  Bot.  a  fleshy  or  pulpy 
pericarp  without  valves,  containing  a  cap- 
sule or  capsules,  as  the  apple,  pear,  &c. 
In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  ball  of  precious  metal 
filled  with  hot  water,  and  placed  on  the 
altar  during  the  winter  season,  to  prevent 
accidents  with  the  chalice  from  the  hands 
of  the  priests  becoming  numb. 

Pomegranate,  pom'gran-at.  The  fruit 
of  Punicagranatum,  as  large  as  an  orange, 
having  a  pleasant  sub-acid  taste.  The 
tree  that  produces  pomegranates.  An 
ornament  resembling  a  pomegranate  on 
the  robe  and  ephod  of  the  Jewish  high- 
priest. 

Pomologist,  po-mol'o-jist.  One  who 
is  versed  in  pomology;  a  cultivator  of 
fruit-trees. 

Pomona,  -md'na.  The  Roman  goddess 
who  presided  over  fruit-trees.     A  smfdl 

Slanet  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
uplter. 
Pompeii.  An  ancient  city  of  Italy,  12 
m.  S.  E.  of  Naples,  at  the  foot  of  Vesu- 
vius ;  totally  overwhelmed,  with  Hercu' 
laneum,  by  an  eruption,  78.    Its  site  vn» 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


POMMJY 


srs 


foEctjpiiira: 


unknown  for  centuries ;  but  ezoavationB, 
which  are  still  carried  on,  wore  begun  1750, 
and  considerable  sections  of  both  cities 
have  been  exhumed. 

Pompey  (Oneius  Pompetus  Maer- 
nus).  An  illustrious  Eoman  general  and 
triumvir,  surnamed  "  The  Great ; "  b.  106 
B.C.;  assassinated  in  Egypt,  after  his  defeat 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  Dy  Caesar,  48  b.  c. 

Pompon,  pon-pon.  An  ornament,  as  a 
feather,  artificial  flower,  Ac.,  for  a  bonnet 
or  hat ;  specifically,  the  ball-tuft  of  colored 
wool  worn  bv  infantry  in  front  of  the  sha- 
ko instead  of  a  feather. 

Poncho,  pon'cho.  A  sort  of  cloak  worn 
by  S.  American  Indians,  and  also  by  many 
of  the  Spanish  inhabitants  of  Soutib  Amer- 
ica. A  trade  name  for  camlet  or  strong 
worsted. 

Pondioherry.  A  French  seaport,  coast 
of  Coromandel,  88  m.  S.  W.  of  Madras ; 
pop.  60,146. 

Ponirhee,  'gS.  A  Burman  priest  of  the 
higher  order. 

Pontchartrain,  Lake.  In  Louisiana, 
6  m.  N.  of  New  Orleans  ;  area,  950  sq.  m. 
It  connects  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Mississippi  Eiver. 

Pontifex,  'ti-feks.  The  name  by  which 
the  Eomans  designated  the  most  illus- 
trious members  of  their  great  colleges  of 
priests.  The  chief  of  these  was  termed 
Pontifex  Maximus. 

Pontiff,  'tif.  A  high-priest :  a  Eoman 
pontifex.  The  high-priest  of  the  Jews. 
The  pope. 

Pontifloal,-tifik-a].  A  book  containing 
rites  and  ceremonies  ecclesiastical.  The 
dress  and  ornaments  of  a  pope,  priest  or 
bishop. 

Pontine  Marshes.  A  low,  malarial 
section  of  the  Gampagna  di  Boma,  S. 
Italy,  extending  from  Cistema  to  Terra- 
dna,  80  m. 

Pontoon,  -ton.  In  Milit.  Engin.  any  light 
framework  or  floating  body  used  in  the 
construction  of  a  temporary  bridge  over  a 
river. 

Pood,  pod.  A  Eusslan  weight,  equal  to 
40  Eussian  or  86  English  lbs.  avoiraupois. 

Pope,  pop.  The  Bishop  of  Eome,  the 
head  of  the  E.  C.  Church.  The  appella- 
tion of  pope  was  in  early  times  given  to 
all  Christian  bishops ;  but  about  the  close 
of  the  11th  century,  tn  the  pontificate  of 
Gregory  VII.,  it  was  restricted  to  the 
Bishop  of  Eome,  whose  peculiar  title  it 
has  ever  since  continued  to  be.  In  the 
Greek  Church,  a  parish  priest ;  a  chaplain 
in  a  regiment,  ship,  dM. 


Poppy-heads. 


Pope,  Alexander.  A  distinguished 
English  poet  and  wit ;  b.  1688,  d.  1744. 
Pope,  John.  An  American  general,  b; 
in  111.,  1828.  He  commanded  the  Army 
of  Virginia  from  June  till  Sept.,  1862,  being 
defeated  by  Gen.  Stonewall  Jackson,  Aug. 
29-80,  in  the  2d  battle  of  Bull  Eun. 
Popocatepetl.  A  volcanic  peak  in  Mexi 
CO,  86  m.  8.  W.  of  Puebla,  17,T20  ft.  high. 
Poppy-head,  pop'pi-hed.  A  generic 
term  applied 
to  the  groups 
of  foUage  or 
other  orna- 
mentsplaced 
on  the  sum- 
mi  ts  of 
bench  ends, 
desks  and  j 
other  wood- 
work in  ec- 
c  1  e  siastical 

buildings  of  the  middle  ages. 
Poi  py-oil.  ^jII     a 
bliU'S,  (ii'vfriij  oil   obH'(j 
tat  rj  Mil  froui  l\\ii  flct?{id  f 
of  tln^  piipjiy-      It  Ih 
one  of  Hitt  iliri^ii  ilxwl  ^ 
oUh  nM^\  in  [triiuliu;;. 

Pore  elain,  \ti*v'm'  | 
laii.  Thtt  fliiefit  |iot- 
tery  wary^  orifirlnitnyj 
miUHLriitstiin^  In  Chltitk 
anil  Jripan.  biit  pow 
mudi  lii  Kurofio  and 
America.  -  p^^^ 

Porch,  porch.    In  *'^"' 

Arch,  an  exterior  appendage  to  a  building 
forming  a  covered  approach  or  vestibule 
to  a  doorway.  The  P. ,  a  public  portico  in 
Athens,  where  Zeno,  the  philosopher, 
taught  his  disciples. 

Porcupine,  por'ku-nln.  A  quadruped 
of  the  fam.  Hystriclrtsp,  ord.  Eodentia, 
distinguished  from  other  rodents  by  hav- 


ing  the  body  covered  with  long  spines 
mixed  with  bristly  hairs.  The  crested  or 
common  poroapine  inhabits  Italy  and 
Africa. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PO&t^ttfftY 


674 


POST-PLEtOCKNfi 


Porphyry,  'fi-ri.  A  very  hard  stone  of 
the  nature  of  granite,  but  of  variegated 
colors,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish  and 
Dokuoh  used  for  sculpture.  In  the  fine 
arts  it  is  known  as  Kosso  Antique  and  by 
geologists  as  Red  Syenitic  Porpnyry.  The 
art  of  cutting  porphyry  as  practiced  by 
the  andents  appears  to  be  now  q  uite  lost 
In  Oeol.  any  igneous  rock  containing  de- 
tached crystals  of  felspar  or  other  mineral. 
The  varieties  of  porphyry  are  known  as 
felspar,  daystone,  porphyritic  granite  and 
porphyritic  green-stone. 

Irorpoise,  'pois.  A  cetaceous  mammal, 
gen.  PhocsBna,  of  which  five  species  are 
known.  The  common  porpoise  is  the 
smallest  of  the  Cetacea. 

Portculli»,     T^. — ^     — r— i™l 
ii^rt-  k  II I  '  1  a .  C^"~-~S — r'V"'^  ■'■■  • 
In      Fort .         -p^l^-^r^-!-^^ — ^  T : ^ 
strong:  grating: 
af   tlniber 
Iron,     reseui- 
bllnga  hniTow,— Tj  SI 
riiiMl«  to    sHd^"^"!^^ 
in    vert  J  eal 
«wivf«in  tho 
Jinnlprt    wf    thr- 
f^itTEiioe    ^r . 
of  a    forsLM.  ^ 
pk&e,   to  ipry- 
t&ut    tli&   gate 
in  esse    tfcf  HA- 
i  *  11  1  t       F. 

money,      coin  Portcullis, 

struck    in  Queen  Elizabeth^s  reign   for 
the  use  of  the  E.  India  Company. 

Porte.  The  Ottoman  Court;  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Porter,  David  D.  An  American  ad- 
miral ;  B.  in  Penn.  1818.  He  command- 
ed the  flotilla,  1862,  which  reduced  Ports 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi below  New  Orleans. 

Port  Hudson.  A  village  of  E.  Feliciana 
parish.  La.,  26  m.  N.  W.  of  Baton 
Kouge,  on  the  Mississippi,  noted  for  its 
siege  by  the  Federals  in  the  civil  war ; 
surrendered  after  Vlcksburg,  July  T, 
1862. 

Portland,  land.  In  Geol.  beds  of  hard 
oolitic  limestone  and  freestone  interstrati- 
fied  with  clays,  named  from  the  rocks  of 
the  group  forming  the  Isle  of  Portland  in 
Dorsetshire,  England.  P.  cement,  made 
A'om  common  mnestone,  mixed  with  the 
muddy  deposits  of  rivers  running  over 
clay  and  chalk.  P.  vase,  a  celebrated  cin- 
erary urn  or  vase,  found  in  the  tomb  of 
the  Emperor  Alexander  Severus.  It  is  of 
transparent  oark-blue  glass,  coated  with 


opaque  white  glass,  which  has  been  cut 
down  in  the  manner  of  a  cameo  so  as  to 
give  on  each  side  groups  of  figures  deli- 
cately executed  in  relief,  representing  the 
marriage  of  Peleus  and  Thetis.  In  1810 
the  Duke  of  Portland,  Its  owner,  placed 
ii  in  the  British  Museum,  but  in  1845  it 
was  maliciously  broken.  The  pieces  were 
very  successfully  reunited,  and  it  still 
remains  in  the  Museum,  but  is  not  shown 
to  the  public. 

Portland.  Cap.  of  Cumberhind  Co.  and 
chief  commercial  city  of  Maine,  on  Casco 
Bay ;  pop.  88,810. 

Porto  Bico.  A  Spanish  W.  India 
Ishuid  ;  area  8,750  sq.  m.:  cap.  San  Juan 
de  Porto  Kico ;  pop.  800,657. 

Port-side,  'sid.  The  left  side  of  a  ship 
looking  toward  the  bow. 

Portugal.  The  most  westerly  kingdom 
of  Eurqpej  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Spain, 
S.  and  W.  by  the  Atiantic;  area,  84,502 
sq.  m.;  pop.  5,182,400;  with  its  colonies, 
abt.  10,000.000.  Chief  cities,  Lisbon,  cap., 
Oporto,  Braga,  Coimbra,  Setubal,  Evora 
and  Elvas.  Principal  rivers,  Tagus, 
Douro,  Mlnho,  Guadiana  and  Mondego. 
Mountains,  the  Serrado  Monchique  and 
Serro  de  Estrella  ranges. 

Port-wine,  -win.  A  dark-purple  astrin- 
gent wine  made  in  Portugal,  so  called 
from  Oporto,  whence  it  is  shipped. 

Poseidon,  po-s!'don.  In  Myth,  the 
Greek  god  of  the  sea,  equivalent  to  the 
Latin  Neptune. 

Posse,  pos'sg.  A  possibility.  A  thing  is 
said  to  be  in  posse,  when  it  may  possibly 
be ;  in  esse,  when  it  actually  is.  A  num- 
ber or  crowd  of  people.  Posse  comitatus, 
in  law,  the  bodv  of  men  which  the  sheriff 
is  empowered  to  raise  in  case  of  riot,  or 
forcible  opposition  to  the  execution  of  Jus- 
tice. 

Post,  post.  A  Latin  preposition  signifV- 
ing  after,  subsequent,  &c.,  and  used  in 
this  sense  in  a  number  of  English  words. 

Postdiluvian,  -di-lu'vi-an.  A  person 
who  lived  after  the  Flood,  or  who  has  lived 
since  that  event. 

Posthetomy,  pos-thetVml.  Circum- 
dsion. 

Post-meridian,  post-me-rid'i-an.  The 
afternoon  ;  contracted  p.  h. 

Post-mortem,  'mor-tem.  After  death. 
P.  examination,  examination  of  a  body  af- 
ter death. 

Post-natal, 'na-tal.  Subsequent  to  birth. 

Post-pleiocene,  -pU'd-sSn.  In  GeoL 
the  common  term  for  all  deposits  of  later 
age  than  the  Norwich  crag,  and  older 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


1»0ST-PBAM>IAL 


6T6 


PBAlRlE-SQtJIBBEL 


than  the  peat-mesBes  and  river  gravels 
whloh  contain  neolithic  remains. 
Post-prandial,    'pran-di-al.     Happen- 
ing after  dinner. 

Postsceniuxn,  -Be'ni-um.  The  part  of  a 
theater  behind  the  scenes. 
Post-tertiary,  -ter'shl-a-rl.  In  Cleol. 
the  Lyelllan  term  for  all  deposits  and 
Dhenomena  of  more  recent  date  than  the 
Norwich  or  mammallferous  crag,  divided 
Into  three  sections— historic,  pre- historic 
and  post-glacial. 

Potsimoerrapliy,  po-ta-mog'ra-fi.  A 
description  of  rivers. 

Potaedl,  pot'ash.  The  popular  name  ot 
vegetable  fixed  alkali  in  an  impure  state, 
procured  from  the  ashes  of  plants  by  lix- 
iviation  and  evaporation.  Refined  potash 
Is  called  pearlash.  It  is  largely  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  flint-glass  ana  soap, 
the  rectification  of  spirits,  in  medicine, 
bleaching,  making  alum,  scouring  wool, 
Ac.  Pure  potash  is  the  protoxide  of  po- 
tassium. 

Potassium,  p5-tas'si-um  The  metaUic 
basis  of  potash.  Next  to  lithium,  the 
lightest  metallic  substance  known. 
Potomac.  A  river  of  the  U.  8. ,  rising  In 
the  Alleghanies  and  emptying  Into  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  forming  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Maryland  and  Vfa-glnia;  length, 
400  m.  6,6, 

Potsdam.  A  Prussian  city  on  the  Havel, 
17  m.  8  W.  of  Berlin  ;  It  contains  a  mag- 
aificent  royal  palace. 

Poulp,  polp.  An  eigh^footed  dibranchi- 
ate  cephalopod,  the  OctoDus,  allied  to  the 
Sepia,  or  common  cutUe-nsh. 

Pouter,  poufer. 
A  variety  ef 
pigeon,  so  called 
from  its  inflated 
breast. 

Powers,    Hi-    ,^ 
ram.     An  emi-  ^-;  .^ 
nent      American  ^^'' 
sculptor  ;    b.    in  tl! 
Vt.,1806.,D.1879.S;^ 

Po'W-'wow,  pou'-  ^^^ 

wou.   Among  the  Jr^T^lfT'-^ 
N.  American  Jn-JB^'/'.   -' 
dians,  a  priest ;  a       PqcUt  Pigeon, 
conjuror.    Hence, 

coiguration  performed  for  the  cure  of  dis- 
eases and  other  purposes.  The  feasts, 
dances,  and  other  public  doings  of  the  In- 
dians jprelimininary  to  a  grand  hunt,  a 
ooundl,  a  war  expedition  or  the  like. 
Hence  the  term  is  often  applied  to  any 
uproarious  meeting. 


Pound,  pound.  A  standard  weight  con- 
sisting of  12  ounces  troy,  or  16  ounces 
avoirdupois.  The  troy  and  the  avoirdu- 
pois pound  are  not,  however,  the  same. 
The  pound  avoirdupois  weighs  7,000 
grains  troy,  and  the  pound  troy,  5,760 
grains.  A  British  money  of  account  con- 
sisting of  20  shillings,  or  240  pence,  origi- 
nally equivalent  to  a  pound  weight  of  silver. 
An  inclosure  in  which  cattle  or  other 
beasts  are  confined  when  found  at  large  in 
violation  of  law. 

Ppussin,  Nicolas.  The  greatest  of 
French  historical  painters:  b.  1594.  d 
1666.  ' 

Pozzolana,  pt-zo-la'na.  A  volcanic 
product  occurring  In  the  neighborhood  of 
extinct  volcanoes,  largely  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  Boman  or  hydraulic  ce- 
ment. 

Praanomen,  prS-nS'men.  Among  the 
ancient  Bomans,  a  name  prefixed  to  the 
femlly  name,  answering  to  our  Christian 
name. 

PrsBtor,  'tor.  A  title  which  originally 
designated  the  Boman  consuls  as  the  lead- 
ers of  the  armies.  Later  two  pnetors  were 
appointed,  one  of  whom  tried  causes  be- 
tween citizens,  and  the  other  causes  be- 
tween strangers,  or  between  strangers  and 
citizens.  Evehtually  the  number  was 
raised  to  eighteen. 

Prague.  Cap.  of  Bohemia,  Austria,  on 
the  Moldau,  76  m.  8.  E.  of  JDresden,  the 
seat  of  the  oldest  German  University ; 
pop.  168,709.  ^  ' 

Prairial,  pr&-ri-al.  The  nin  th  month  in 
the  French  revolutionary  calendar.  It 
commenced  May  20  and  ended  June  18. 

Prairie-dOfir,  'ri-dog.  A  small  rodent, 
the  wistonwi^,  allied  to  the  marmot  as 
well  as  to  the  squirrel,  and  found  on  the 
prairies  west  of  the  Mississippi.  They  live 
gregariously  in  burrows,  and  are  charac- 
terized by  a  sharp  bark,  like  that  of  a 
small  dog. 

Prairie  Ghx>ve.  A  locality  in  Arkansas, 
near  Boston  Mountain,  noted  for  the  de- 
feat, Dec.  12,  1862,  of  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Hindman,  by  the  Federals 
under  Gen.  Blunt. 

Prairie-hen,  -hen.  The  p^ular  name 
of  the  pinnated  grouse  of  the  U.  8. 

Prairie-squirrel, -skwlr-rel.  A  name 
given  to  the  quadrupeds  of  the  gen.  8per- 
mophilus,  inhabiting  the  prairies  of  Amer- 
ica ;  also  called  Gopher.  They  have  a  re« 
semblance  to  the  prairie-dogs,  living  like 
them  in  burrows,  and  generally  assodat* 
ing  in  ooAsidmrabie  numberi. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


FBAIBm-WOLF 


6T« 


^EE8T£& 


Prairie-wolf,  -wolf.  A  small  wolf;  the 
coyote. 

Prakrit,  pra'krit.  The  collective  name 
of  those  Ilindu  languages  or  difdects  whioh 
acquired  greater  prominence  as  the  older 
Sanskrit  passed  gradually  out  of  use. 

Prawn,  pran.  A  small  crustacean,  gen. 
Palffimon,  "fom.  PalaBmonidse,  highly 
prized  as  a  delicate  shell- fish. 

Praxiteles.  An  eminent  Greek  sculptor, 
who  lived  abt.  860  b.  o. 

Preadamite,  pre-ad'am-lt.  One  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  earth  presumed  by 
some  writers  to  have  lived  before  the  time 
of  Adam.  One  who  holds  that  there  were 
persons  existing  before  Adam. 

Preceptory,  'sep-to-ri.  A  subordinate 
religious  house  where  instruction  was 
given.  They  were  establishments  of  the 
Knights  Templars,  the  superiors  being 
called  knights  preceptor.  All  the  preoep- 
tories  of  a  province  were  subject  to  a  pro- 
ylncial  superior,  thre«  of  whom  held  rank 
above  the  rest,  viz.,  those  of  Jerusalem, 
Tripolis,  and  Antioch. 

Precession,  pre-se'shon.  The  act  of 
going  before,  or  forward.  P.  of  the 
equinoxes,  a  slow  motion  of  the  equinoc- 
tial points  from  east  to  west,  or  contrary 
to  the  order  of  the  signs.  The  movement 
is  at  the  rate  of  about  60J"  in  a  year,  or  a 
degree  in  71.642  years.  The  precession  of 
the  equinoxes  was  discovered  by  Hip- 
parchus  a  century  and  a  half  before  the 
Christian  era,  though  it  is  alleged  that  the 
astronomers  of  India  had  discovered  it 
long  before.  At  that  time  the  point  of 
the  autumnal  equinox  was  about  6°  to  the 
eastward  of  the  star  called  Spica  Yirginis. 
In  1750,  about  1900  years  after,  this  point 
was  observed  to  bo  about  26°  21'  west- 
ward of  that  star.  Hence  it  appears  that 
the  equinoctial  points  will  make  an  entire 
revolution  in  about  25,745  years. 

Predacean,  -d&'shon.  A  carnivorous 
animal. 

Predestination,  -des'ti-na'^shon.  In 
Thool.  the  decree  or  purpose  of  God  by 
which  (according  to  many  theologians)  he 
has  from  eternity  unchangeably  appointed 
or  determined  whatever  comes  to  pass  ; 
particularly,  the  preordination  of  men  to 
everlasting  happiness  or  misery. 

Prefect,  'fekt.  A  name  common  to  sev- 
eral officers,  military  and  civil,  in  ancient 
Borne,  who  held  particular  commands  or 
had  charge  of  certain  departments.  An 
important  functionary  in  France;  who 
presides  over  the  departments,  having  ac- 
tual direction  of  the  police  and  extensive 
powers  of  municipal  regulaUoA ;  a  pr6fet. 


Preffnanoy,  pr^nan-sl.  The  state  of 
being  pregnant ;  the  state  of  a  female  wha 
has  conceived  or  is  Mith  child. 
Prelate,  prel'at.  An  eodesiastio  of  the 
higher  order,  having  authority  oyer  the 
lower  clergy,  as  an  archbishop,  bishop,  or 
patriarch;  a  dignitary  of  the  church. 
Prelector,  pr^lek'tor.  A  reader  of  dla- 
courses;  a  lecturer. 

Premier,  'mi-er.  The  first  or  chief  min- 
ister of  state ;  the  prime  minister. 
Pre-BaphaelitLBun,  -rafa-el-it-izm. 
The  system  or  style  of  painting  practiced 
by  the  early  painters  before  the  time  of 
Raphael;  the  modem  revival  of  their 
style  or  system. 

Presbyterian,  pres-bi-ts'ri-an.  One 
that  maintains  the  validity  of  ordination 
and  government  by  presbyters.  A  mem- 
ber of  that  section  of  the  Christian  church 
who  hold  that  there  is  no  order  in  the 
church  superior  to  that  of  presbyters,  and 
who  vest  church  government  in  associa- 
tions of  ministers  and  elders,  without  any 
superiority  among  them  either  in  office  or 
in  order. 

Presbytery,  pres-bi-te-ri.  A  body  of 
elders  in  the  Christian  church,  whether 
priests  or  laymen.  A  judicatonr,  consist- 
ing of  the  pastors  of  all  the  cnurchesof 
any  particular  Presbyterian  denomination 
within  a  given  district,  along  with  their 
ruling  (i.  e.,  presiding)  elden. 
Prescott,  William  H.  An  eminent 
American  historian  ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1796,  d. 
1859. 

President,  pres'1-dent.  The  chief  officer 
of  a  corporation,  companv,  society,  col- 
lege or  the  Uke ;  the  nighest  officer  of 
state  in  a  repubUc.  Vice-president,  one 
second  in  authority  to  a  president. 
Pressiros- 
tres,  -i-ros'-  ( 
trSz.  A  section  \ 
of  wading 
birds,  ord. 
Grallatores, 
divided  into 
two  families, 
the  charadria- 
die  or  plovers, 
and  the  Otidee 
or  bustards. 
Prester,   'ter. 

us^^'lr'^  BlUsofPre^Iroatrea. 
writers  as  the  titie  of  a  supposed  Chris* 
tian  king  and  priest  (Prester  John)  ol 
a  mediaBval  kingdom  in  the  interior  of  Asia, 
the  locality  of  which  was  vagae  and  imde* 
fined. 


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Preas,  pros.  An  instrumeiit  or  machine 
by  which  any  body  is  squeezed,  crushed 
or  forced  into  a  more  compact  form.  A 
machine  for  printing;  a  printing-press. 
The  publications  of  a  country ;  often  re- 
stricted to  newspapers. 

Prestidieritatdon,  'ti-di1'it-a''shon.  SkiU 
in  legerdemain  ;  sleight  or  hand  ;  juggling. 

Pretender,  prS-tend'er.  In  Hist,  a  name 
given  to  certain  claimants  to  the  British 
crown,  particularly  to  the  son  and  grand- 
son of  James  II.,  heirs  to  the  house  of 
Stuart,  who  had  been  excluded  by  enact- 
ment of  Parliament. 

Preter,  'ter.  A  Latin  preposition  and  ad- 
verb used  in  some  English  words  as  a  pre- 
fix. It  signifies  beyond,  beside,  by,  be- 
yond in  time,  more  than. 

Preterist,  -ist.  In  Theol.  one  who  be- 
lieves that  the  prophecies  of  the  Apoca- 
lypse have  already  oeen  ftilfilled. 

Priam.  In  Heroic  Hist,  son  of  Laome- 
don,  and  last  king  of  Troy ;  killed  during 
the  sacking  of  that  city  by  Neoptolemus, 
son  of  Achilles ;  he  is  said  to  have  had  60 
sons. 

PriapuB,  pri-a'pus.  In  Greek  and  Rom. 
Mytii.  the  god  of  procreation,  and  hence 
of  gardens  and  vineyards,  where  his  statue 
was  placed.  He  was  the  son  of  Dionysius 
and  Aphrodite. 

Prichard,  James  Oowles.  An  em- 
inent English  scientist  and  author ;  b.  1T85, 
D.  1848. 

Prickly-pear,  prik'- 
li-par.  A  gen.  of 
plants,  ord.  'OactaoeiB, 
much  used  for  hedges. 

Prie-dieu,  pre-de-u. 
A  kneelingdesk  for 
prayers. 

Priessnitz,  Vin- 
cenz.  A  distinguished 
Austrian  physician, 
founder  of  the  hydro- 
pathic system  of  treat- 
ment ;  B.  1T99,  D.  1851. 

Priestley,  Joseph. 
An  eminent  Englfsh 
natural  philosopher;  b. 
1788;  D.  In  U.  8., 
1804.  He  discovered 
oxygen,  nitrous  and 
muriatic  gases.  Prickly-pear. 

Prim  jJuan  (Oonde  de  Beuss  and 
Marques  de  los  Oastilleijos).  A  dis- 
tinguished Spanish  general  and  states- 
man ;  B.  1814,  assassinated  1871. 
Prima  Donna,  'ma  dou'na,  Tbe  chief 
female  singer  in  an  opera. 


Primate,  pri'm&t.    The  chief  ecclesiastio 

in  certain  churches,  as  the  Anglican ;  an 

archbishop.  The  Archbishop  of  York  is 
primate  of  England;  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  primate  of  all  England. 

Primates,  -m&'tSz.  The  name  given  by 
linnseus  to  his  first  order  of  mammalia, 
including  four  genera,  viz..  Homo,  man  ; 
Simla,  the  ape,  monkey,  &c.;  Lemur,  the 
lemurs,  and  Yespertilio,  the  bat. 

Prime-minister,  prim-min'is-ter.  In 
Great  Britain,  the  first  minister  of  state ; 
the  premier. 

Primogeniture,  pri-mo-jen'it-ur.  The 
state  of  being  born  first  of  the  same  par- 
ents. The  right,  principle  or  rule  under 
which  the  eldest  son  of  a  family  succeeds 
to  the  father's  real  estate  in  absolute  ex- 
clusion of  the  younger  sons  and  daughters. 

Primordial,  -mor'di-al.  A  first  princi- 
ple or  element. 

Primus,  'mus.  The  first  In  dignity 
among  the  bishops  of  the  Scottish  episco- 
pal Church,  chosen  by  the  other  bishops. 

Prince,  prins.  One  holding  the  first  or 
highest  rank ;  a  sovereign  ;  the  independ- 
ent ruler  of  a  nation  or  state.  A  sovereign 
who  holds  of  a  superior  to  whom  he  owes 
certain  services.  The  son  of  a  sovereign. 
On  the  continent  the  title  is  borne  by  some 
fomilies  of  eminent  rank  not  connected 
witti  any  reigning  house.  The  only  case 
in  which  the  title  is  a  territ«riai  one  is 
that  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Prince  Edward  .Island.  A  British 
island  in  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  sep- 
arated fi:om  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick on  the  S.  by  Northumberland  Strait ; 
area,  2,178  sq.  m.  ;  pop.  107,882,  cap. 
Charlotte  Town. 

I^noess,  prin'ses.  A  female  sovereign ; 
a  female  having  the  rank  of  a  prince.  The 
daughter  of  a  sovereign.  The  consort  of 
a  prince. 

Princess-royal,  -roi'al.  The  eldest 
daughter  of  a  sovereign. 

Princeton.  A  borough  of  Mercer  Co., 
N.  J,,  containing  P.  College,  one  of  the 
first  educational  institutions  of  the  U.  S. ; 
pop.  4,162. 

Prior,  pri'or.  The  superior  of  a  priory 
or  a  monastery  of  a  lower  than  abbatial 
rank ;  a  monk  next  in  dignity  to  an  abbot. 
Grand  prior,  a  title  given  to  the  comman- 
dants of  the  priories  of  the  military  orders 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  of  Malta,  and  of 
the  Templars. 

Prioress,  -es.  The  female  head  in  a 
convent  of  nuns,  next  in  rank  to  an  abbess. 
Priory,  'o-ri,    A  religious  house  of  which 


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PEOPHKT 


a  prior  or  prioress  is  the  superior ;  in  dig- 
nity below  ftn  sbbey. 

Friflcillianist,  pris-sll'yan-ist  One  of 
a  sect  so  denominated  from  PrlsciUian,  a 
Spaniacd,  bishop  of  Avila,  who  was  put  to 
death  for  heresy  in  886.  His  doctrine  was 
substantially  that  of  the  Manichseans. 
Pxlnn,  prizm.  In  Geom.     ^^  a 

a  soUd  whose  bases  or^H^    ^^ 
ends    are    any   simiUir,  ^^^ 

equal  and  parallel  plane  *  y 

figures,  and  whose  niirriM  1 

are  parallelograma.    An        Prisms, 
optical  appliance  consist- 
ing of  a  transparent  medium  so  arranged 
that  the  snrfiices  which  receive  and  trans- 
mit light  form  an  angle  with  each  other. 

Pvoa.  prd'a. 
A  Malay  vessel 
remarkable  for 
swiftness,  and 
much  used  by 
tAntM  in  the 
Eastern  Arohi- 
peUgo. 

ProboMidea 
-bos-sid'S-a. 
An  order  of 
mammals,  in- 
cluding those 
which  have  the 
nose  prolonged 
into  a  prehen- 
sile trunk,  in- 
clnding  the 
elephant  and  the  extinct  mastodon  and 
dinotherium.  ' 

ProbosoiB,  -bos'sis.  The  snout  or  trunk 
of  an  elephant  and  other  animals,  particu- 
larly insects. 

Frooida,  Giovanni  da.  An  Italian 
patriot:  B.  in  Sicily  1226,  d.  1804.  He  is 
credited  with  inciting  the  massacre  of  the 
French,  1282,  known  as  "  The  Sicilian 
Vespers." 

Proconsul,  -kon'sul.  In  ancient  Borne, 
an  officer  who  discharged  the  duties  of  a 
consul  without  being  himself  consul. 

Prooreator,  'kro-a-ter.  One  that  begets ; 
a  fother  or  sire. 

Procyon,  'sl-on.  A  fixed  star  of  the 
second  ma^piitude  in  the  constellation 
Oanis  Minor.  A  gen.  of  plantigrade  car- 
nivorous mammflds,  of  which  the  raccoon 
is  the  most  remarkable  species. 

Pro^ny,  proj'e-ni.  Oflfepring;  chil- 
dren. 

Proirressionist,  pr6-gre'shon-i8t.  One 
who  maintains  that  society  is  in  a  state  of 
progress    toward  perfection ;   one  who 


Proo. 


holds  that  the  existing  species  of  animali 
and  plants  were  gradualhr  developed  flmn 
one  simple  form. 


Prognathic, 


prog-nath'ik.  In 
Ef 


ithn.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  skull 
of  certain  classes 
and  individuals 
in  whom  the  jaw 
slants  forward; 
pr  o  g  n  a  thous. 
The  cuts  show 
the  characteristic 


Profiles  of  Negro  and 
European. 


appearance  of  a  prognathic  and  an  orthog 
nathic  head. 

Proletarian, -le-tft'ri-an.  A  member  oi 
the  poorest  class  of  a  oonmiunity;  one  of 
the  rabble ;  one  whose  only  capital  is  his 
labor. 

Prolicide,  Oi-sid.  The  crime  of  destroy- 
ing one's  ofibpring  either  in  the  womb  or 
after  birth. 

Promerops,  -mS'rops.  A 
gen.  of  insessorial  Dirds, 
many  of  which  are  remark- 
able for  the  beauty  of  theirL 
plumage  and  its  singularl 
arrangement. 

Prometheus.  In  Myth.L 
the  Titan  son  of  Tapetus,! 
who  made  an  image  in  thej 

form  of  man  and  animated^ 

it  with  fire    stolen    from   Promorops. 
heaven.    For  his  partlalitv 
to  mortals  he  was  chained  to  a  rock  in  the 
Caucasus  and  tortured  by  a  vulture  but 
was  delivered  by  Hercules. 
Propafiranda,  prop-a-gan'da.    A  name 
given  to  those  institutions  by  which  Chris- 
tianltyis  propagated  in  heathen  countries, 
more  particulariy  to  the  Congregation  de 
Propaganda  Fide,  established  at  Rome  by 
Gregory  XV.  in  ie22,  now  charged  with 
the  management  of  the  R.  C.  missions. 
Propeller,  pr6-pel'er.    A  , 
screw    for     propelling    a  j 
steam-vessel,  revolving  be- 
neath the  surface  of    the 
water  at  the  stem  of  the 
ship.    Applied  to  a  vessel 
thus  propelled. 
Prophet,  profet.    Onei 
that  foretells  rature  events, 
especially  a  person  illumi- 
nated, inspired  or  instructed  by  God  to 
announce  mture  events.     The  Prophets, 
that  division  of  the  sacred  writings  which 
includes  Joshua,  Judges,  Samuel,  Kings, 
Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  Ezekiel,  and  the  twelve 
minor  prophets.     School  of  the  prophets, 


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PEOTOPOPB 


among  the  ancient  Jews,  a  school  or  col- 
lege in  which  young  men  were  educated 
and  qualified  for  public  teachers.  The 
students  were  called  sons  of  the  prophets. 

Prophetess,  -es.  A  female  prophet ;  a 
woman  who  foretells  fiiture  events. 

Propitiatonr,  prO-pi'shl-i-td-ri.  In 
Jewish  Antiq.  the  mercy-seat ;  the  lid  or 
cover  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant,  lined 
within  and  without  with  plates  of  gold. 

ProsoeuiuxiL,  -sS-ni-nm.  The  part  in  a 
theatre  from  the  curtain  to  the  orchestra ; 
also  applied  to  the  curtain  and  the  frame- 
work from  which  it  hangs. 

Proselyte,  pros'd-Ut.  A  new  convert  to 
some  rdigioQs  sect,  or  to  some  particular 
opinion,  system  or  party. 

Proserpixie/er-pln.  In  GUum.  Myth,  the 
queen  of  the  lufSarnal  regions.  In  Astron. 
a  planetoid  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter. 

Protectionist,  pr6-tek'shon-ist  One 
who  fovors  the  protection  of  some  branch 
oflndustrv  by  legal  enactments;  one  op- 
posed to  free  trade. 

Protector.  A  title  assumed  bv  three 
usurpers  of  the  English  throne  :  Blchard, 
Duke  of  York,  1468 ;  Duke  of  Somerset, 
IMS,  and  CromweU,  165S. 

Protefire,  -tfi-zhft.  One  under  the  care 
and  protection  of  another. 

Protegee.    A  female  who  is  protected. 

Protein*  'tg-in.  The  essential  principle 
of  food,  obtained  from  animal  or  vegetable 
albumen,  fibrin  or  casein ;  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen  and  oxygen. 

Proteles.  A  gen.  of  animals  consisting 
of  a  single  spMiee,  the  aardwolf  (earth- 


Aardwolf. 

wolf)  of  the  Gape  of  Oood  Hope.  It  forms 

the  connecting  link  between  the  hyenas 

and  civets. 
Pro  tempore,  -tem'p6-r6.    For  the  time 

being ;  temporary.  Abbreviated  pro  tern. 
Proteiltant,  prot'es-tant.      The   name 

applied  generally  to  those  Christian  de- 


nominations that  differ  trom  the  Church 
of  Rome  and  that  sprang  from  the  Befor- 
mation. 

Protestant  Episcopal.  The  name  in 
the  U.  S.  of  the  religious  denomination 
which  adheres  to  the  doctrines  and  usages 
oftheCh.  of  England. 

Proteus,  prd'td-us.  In  Class  Myth,  a 
marine  deitv,  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
whose  dlstuiguishing  characteristic  was 
the  fEtcuIty  of  assuming  different  shapes  ; 
hence,  one  who  easilv  changes  his  form  or 
principles.  In  Zool.  a  gen.  of  i>ereuui- 
branchiate  batrachians.  One  species  only 
has  been  hitherto  discovered,  the  P.  or 
Hypochthon  anruinus,  a  saurian  found  in 
suDterranean  l^es  and  caves.  Its  eyes 
are  rudimentary  and  covered  by  the  skin. 

Prothonotariat,  -thon'o-t&  'ri-at.  The 
college  constituted  by  the  twelve  apostoU- 
cal  prothonotaries  in  Some. 

Prothonotary,  -ta-ri.  A  chief  notary 
or  derk.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  one  of  12  ofli- 
cers  constituting  a  college,  who  receive  the 
last  win  of  cardinals,  make  informations 
and  proceedings  necessary  for  the  canon- 
ization of  samts,  &c.  In  the  Eastern 
Church,  the  chief  secretary  of  the  Patri- 
arch of  Constantinople.  A  chief  clerk  of 
court  in  some  of  the  American  States. 

Protista,  -tis'ta.  A  term  designed  to 
express  those  organisms— protophytes 
and  protozoans — which^  occupy  a  position 
between  vegetables  and  animals. 

Protofirenic,  -t6-jen'ik.       In  Oeol.  ap- 

Elied  to  crystalline  or  fire-formed  rocks, 
I'  contradistinction  to  deuterogenic,  or 
those  formed  by  mechanical  action. 

Protomartyr,  'to-m&r-ter.  The  first 
martvr :  a  term  applied  to  St.  Stephen, 
the  first  Christian  martyr.  The  first  who 
suffers  or  is  sacrificed  in  any  cause. 

Protopapas,  -td-pap'as.  In  theOreek 
Ch.  a  chief  priest ;  a  priest  of  superior 
rank. 

Protophyte,  't6-f  it.  A  name  given  to 
the  lowest  organisms  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  corresponding  to  the  Protozoa 
of  the  animal  kingdom. 

Protophytolosry,  -fi-tol"o-ji.  The 
science  of  fossil  botany. 

Protoplasm,  -plazm.  A  substance 
consisting  of  carbon,  oxygen,  nitrogen 
and  hydrogen,  nearly  identical  with  the 
white  of  an  egg^  and  constituting  the  ba- 
sis of  life  in  animal  and  plant  structures. 

Protoplast,  -plast  The  original;  the 
first  individual  pair  of  a  species. 

Protopope,  -p5p.  InBus8ia,apriestol 
superior  rank ;  a  protopapas. 


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Pzotomls,  -tor'nis.  The  name  given  to 
the  earliest  fossil  passerine  bird  yet  known. 
In  size  and  stracture  it  approaches  the 
lark,  and  it  occurs  in  the  eocene  strata  of 
Olaris. 

Prototype,  'td-tip.  An  original  model 
after  which  anything  is  formed;  exem- 
plar ;  archetype. 

Protozoa,  -t6-z5'a.  A  sab-kingdom  in- 
cluding the  most  lowly  organized  mem- 
bers of  the  animal  kingdom. 

Protr  actor.  A 
mathematical  in> 
strument  for  measur- 
ing angles  on  paper. 

Provencal,  pro-yon- 
sftL  The  Romance 
language  forme  r  1  y 
spoken  in  provinces  of  France.  It  is  the 
Langue  d*oc,  and  was  the  tongue  used  by 
the  Troubadours. 

Proyidence.  Semi-cap.  of  B.  I.,  at  the 
head  of  tide- water  in  IVovidence  Eiver, 
Narragansett  Bay,  48  m.  S.  W.  of  Boston; 
pop.  104,857. 

Proximo,  prok'8i-m5.  The  month  fol- 
lowing the  present;  next  month.  Con- 
tracted Prox. 

Pradlionixne,  pru-dom.  Lit.  a  pru- 
dent or  discreet  man.  Specifically,  in 
France,  a  member  of  a  tribunal  composed 
of  masters  and  workmen  whose  principal 
office  is  to  arbitrate  in  trade  aisputes. 
Councils  of  prud'hommes  existed  in  the 
16th  century.  They  were  revived  by  Na- 
poleon I.,  1806. 

Prussia.  A  kingdom  of  C.  Europe,  and 
the  principal  state  of  the  German  Empire, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Baltic  and  Denmark, 
y  *'-^— »a,  8,_by  Aufltrlnnn*!  th^^tates 

ly,  W,   hy^  ]■>..-  '     \> um 

litJ'l  ll'Hi-Ml'J  ;  ftK'4it,    li>T,l>'i    .■^>].     iir.;  I'ljp. 

jibt.  yt*.iHM>,iKM).    PHucluil  cltk'&,    lierlEn, 

Stg,  StrusbTir^,  Triinkfo]  i-tiij-tht-MalD, 
Frankfort -ou-tluM^ilor  Eind  Miviite,  Chief 
Jlv^^r?^  NF*^iin'n^  rji'tril,  Vl&tuta^  Oder, 
I'!'-  .  ^•'■''  ■  r.  nblJifSiNcl  t-H!tnitJiri<^^,  Brtrs, 
E:wIia<.mui,JL\  LiiW-ttlt,  GiiEf  af  Diiiir/.ig. 
Mountidns,  Hartz,  Brockcn  and  Riesenge- 
bii^e  ranges. 

Prussian,  pm'shan.  The  ancient  lan- 
guage of  Prussia  proper,  belonging  to  the 
Sclavonic  family  of  the  Aryan  tongues  ;  it 
has  been  extinct  for  200  years,  Low-Ger- 
man having  supplanted  it. 

Prsrtaneum,  prT-ta-n6'um.  A  public 
ball  in  ancient  Greek  states  and  cities 
serving  as  the  common  home  of  the  com- 
munity. That  of  Athens  was  the  most 
Ikmous. 


At>traotor. 


Pruth.  A  tributaiy  of  the  Siyet 
Danube,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Russia  and  Moldavia,  emptying  into  tbt 
D.  m.  12  below  Gaktz:  length  600  m.  The 
crossing  of  the  P.  by  the  Prussians,  1868, 
opened  the  Crimean  war. 
Psalm,  s&m.  A  song  or  hymn  in  praise 
of  God.  One  of  the  hymns  composed  by 
King  David  and  others,  a  collection  of 
150  of  which  constitute  the  Book  of 
Psalms.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  yer- 
siflcations  of  the  scriptural  psalms. 

Psalter,  sal'ter.  The  version  of  the  Psalms 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  In  the 
R.  C.  Ch.  a  series  of  devout  sentences  or 
aspirations,  160  in  number,  in  honor  of 
certain  mysteries,  as  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  A  large  chaplet  or  rosaiy,  oon- 
sistingof  160  beads,  in  aooordanoe  Tflth 
the  number  of  the  Psalma. 

Psaltery,  4.    An  \n- 
strum<]it    4>r     muble. 
used  b^  \\->-^  ^it<hrewi, 
the  for  ri  I  v(  vvhicli  is 
not     IvNowii,      That 
now  until  ift  El  (Itit  In- 
strum<'tjt.  3n  Ib-s  form 
of  a  triJiLt'L^  wiOi  IB  ^ 
chords     of     w I r e ,  "l 
which  oTo  atrflok  lyltli  K 
a  plectrum  i^r crooks 
stick. 

Pselliamua,  sel-tz'- 
mus.    A  i\  u'f^et  in  ett  uj]  ciAtiou ,  Buoh  as  Ua|i* 
ing,  statu  tlK'IiT^^^,^, ;  qLso  a  d^'fcctlvo  tmvtn* 
elation  liiifitn  n  hart -lip,  or  cl«'f&C!t  of  lift. 

PseudtiQ&thesm^  t^fi-des  tbf 'bj  a.  1tu~ 
aginar}-  i>rl'alti>  R-*:\l\r»i :  IcMiigfnaiy  ^131140 
of  touch  in  orpiuis  tiiut  Imvo  ht^u.  re- 
moved. 

Pseudepi^raphy,  -de-plg'ra-fl.  Hie 
ascription  of  fiftlse  names  of  authors  to 
works. 

Pseudisodo- 
mon,  -dl-sod'd> 
mon.  A  mode 
of  building  tn.^S 
Greece  in  which 
the  courses  dif- 
fered as  to  the 
size  of  the  stones :  opposed  to  isodomon. 

Pseudo.  A  prefix  signiiying  fidse,  coun- 
terfeit, or  spurious. 

Pseudonym,  su'd5-nim.  A  fiOse  or 
feigned  name :  in  French  nom  de  plume. 

Pseudoscope,  siiM6-sk5p.  An  optical 
instrument  somewhat  on  the  principle  <^ 
the  stereoscope,  but  reversing  the  reUefe 
so  that  what  is  nearest  appears  /krthest, 
and  a  picture  on  a  wall  as  if  sunk  into  s 
deep  reoesa. 


Pealtety  of  the 
ISlh  oentuiy. 


Psendisodomon. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


P8ILAWTHR0PIST 


581 


PULCHERIA 


Psilanthropist,  sMan'throp-lst.  One 
who  believes  that  Christ  was  a  mere  man ; 
a  humanitarian. 

PsittacidsB,    si^tas'i-dg.     The    parrot 
tribe,  a  fam.  of  scansorial  birds,  compris- 
ing over  800  species,  of  which  the  gen. 
Psittacus  is  the  type. 
Psyche,  si 'kg.     The 
soul;  the  mind.      In 
Myth,  an  allegorical  per- 
sonification of  the  human 
soul,  a  maiden,  so  beauti- 
f\il  as  to  be  taken  for  Ve- 
nus  herself.      This  god- 
dess, becoming  jealous  of 
her  rival  charms,  ordered 
Cupid  to  insphre  her  with 
love  for  some  contempti- 
ble wretch.    But    Cupid 
fell  in  love  with  her  him- 
self, Psyche,  by  Jupiter's 
command,    became    im- 
mortal, and  was  forever      ^i     ,,      , 
united  with  her  beloved.      Cupid  and 
A  small  planet  revolving        -rsycne. 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 
Psycholoery,   -kol'o-H.    That  branch  of 
knowledge  which  deals  Avith  the   human 
soul. 

PtarxMiffan,  turVni- 
gan.  A  gallinaoi'oi].^ 
bird,  gen.  Laf:j^;nih, 
fam.  Tetraonid.i^ ,  ir 
grouse.    ThewiK-H^v 

f Ptarmigan     abi>ii]L<lH 
n  the  Arctic  rt^l.^u-i 

Pteridolo87,  i^r  i 

dol'o-Ji.    The8(;i<9QiM) 

of  ferns ;  a  treatise  on 

ferns. 
Pterodac- 

tylus,     -6- 

dak'tl-lus.  A 

gen.    of    ex- 
tinct     flying 

reptiles  (pter- 

odactyls),ord. 

Pterosauria. 

Several    spe- 

cies     have  ^ 

been    discov-      ^    '    '     , « ' .      „ 

ered.  Pterodactyl  Restored. 

Pteromys,  'o-mis.  A  gen.  of  rodents,  &m. 
Sduridie  (squirrels)  ;  the  flying  squirrels. 

Pteryloffraphy,  -l-log'ra-fl.  A  descrip- 
tion of  the  feathers  of  burds. 

Ptibiah,  tha.  An  ancient  Egyptian  divin- 
ity, the  creator  of  all  things  and  source 
of  nfe,  and  as  such  fkther  and  sovereign  of 
the  gods.  Pthah  is  really  a  special  energy 
ofthegodN^h, 


LU'LlllKLLli. 


Ptolemy.  The  dynastic  name  of  ai 
Egyptian  royal  house,  of  whom  18  kings 
reigned  from  828  to  48  b.  c.  P.  Claudius, 
an  eminent  Greek  astronomer  and  geogra- 
pher; B.  in  Alexandria  126,  d.  160. 

Publicist,  pub'li-sist.  A  writer  on  the 
laws  of  nature  and  nations ;  one  who  treats 
of  the  rights  of  nations.  A  writer  on  cur- 
rent political  topics. 

Publicola  (Valerius  Publius).  An 
eminent  Roman  jurist,  pro-consul  with 
Brutus,  509-7  b.  c.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  laws  which  protected  the  liberties  of 
the  masses,  and  gained  for  him  his  sur- 
name P.,  "  The  People's  Friend." 

Puchapat,  pO'cha-pat.  The  leaf  of  Po- 
gostemon  patchouli,  of  India,  mixed  with 
tobacco  for  smoking,  and  used  for  scent- 
ing women's  hair.  The  essential  oil  (pat- 
chouli) is  emi)loyed  to  scent  clothes. 

Puddle-ball,  pud'1-bal.  In  iron  manu- 
facture, the  lump  of  fed-hot  iron  taken 
firom  the  puddling  furnace  in  a  pasty  stat« 
to  be  hammered  or  rolled. 

Puddler,  'ler.  One  employed  at  the  pro- 
cess of  turning  cast-iron  into  wronght- 
iron. 

Puebla,  1a.  Cap.  of  a  Mexican  state  of 
same  name,  76  m.  8.  E.  of  City  of  Mexico; 
pop.  abt.  80,000. 

Pueblos.  A  name  given  to  several  small 
semi-civilized  Indian  tribes  of  New  Mexi- 
co, whose  customs  antedate  the  Spanish 
occupation.  They  number  abt.  20,000. 
Zuni  is  the  principal  village. 

Puf&n,  iMifin 
The  coiiiiHM. 
name  forth  ■  Mr 
ing  birds,  j.  ■  i 
Fratercula,  ni! 
family. 

Pugreri,  j,ij-  i 

In  India,  a  (1  <  I  >  ^  r 

ive  who  flir..,., 

up  the    piiL- 

footmark;    '►ji    „ 

whose  busiiicuoia™     „  '  «  «. 

to  trace  thieves,       Common  Puflln. 

Ac,  by  their  footsteps. 

Puisne,  pu'ne.  A  junior;  an  inferior. 
In  law,  a  judge  of  inferior  rank. 

Pulaski,  Casimir,  Count.  A  PoUsh 
patriot,  B.  1747.  He  won  distinction  in 
the  revolution  against  Russia  and  after- 
ward came  to  America,  1777,  when  he 
was  appointed  brigadier-general;  killed  at 
the  siege  of  Savannah,  1779. 

Pulcheria,  St.  Daughter  of  the  em- 
peror Arcadius  ;  b.  899,  d.  468.  Shegov- 
erned  the  Eastern  emphre  86  y«(ir8,41^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PtTLEX 


582 


PTLOBUB 


480,  In  the  name  of  her  brother  Theodo- 
Bius,  and  8  years  in  her  own  name.  She 
was  as  eminent  for  piety  as  for  ability. 

Pulex,  'leks.  A  gen.  of  apterous  insects, 
consisting  of  the  various  species  of  fleas. 

JPolklia,  pul'ka.  A  Lapluider^s  traveling 
sladge. 


Laplander  in  bis  Pnlkha. 

Pillley,  Pnlll-  A  small 
wheel  movable  aboutanaxle 
and  having  a  groove  in  its 
circumference  over  which 
a  cord  passes ;  it  is  one  of 


Pulleys. 


the  six  simple  machines  or . 
mechanical  powers,  and  is 
used  for  raising  weights. 

Pulpit,  'pit.  An  elevated 
place  or  inclosed  stage  in  a 
church,  in  which  tue 
preacher  stands ;  in  ancient  times  often 
made  of  stone  and  richly  carved.  The 
pulpit,  preachers  generally ;  the  public 
teaching  in  churches. 

Pulque,  'ka.  A  vinous  Mexican  bever- 
age obtained  by  fermenting  the  juice  of 
the  various  species  of  the  agave.  It  re- 
sembles cider,  but  has  an  odor  similar  to 
puti^d  meat. 

Pumper-nickel,  pnm'per-nik-el.  A 
species  of  coarse  bread  made  from  unbolted 
rye. 

Pumpkin,  pump'kin.    A  climbing  plant 

.  and  its  fruit,  of  the  gen.  Gucurbita,  the  G. 
Pepo,  ord.  Cucurbitace». 

Pandit,  pun'dit.  A  learned  Brahman  ; 
one  versea  in  the  Sanskrit  language  and 
in  the  science,  laws  and  religion  of  India. 

Punic,  pu'nik.  The  language  of  the 
Garthaginians,  which  belongs  to  the 
Ganaanitish  branch  of  the  Semitic  tongues 
and  is  allied  to  Hebrew. 

Punjaub,  The.  That  section  of  British 
India  embraced  within  the  Indus  on  theW. 
and  the  Sutlej  on  the  E. ;  pop.  about 
19,000,000. 

Purana,  pu-ra'na.  One  of  a  class  of 
Mcred  poetical  writings  in  the  Sanskrit 


tongue,  which  treat  of  the  creation,  de- 
struction and  renovation  of  worlds,  the 
genealogy  and  deeds  of  ffods,  heroes  and 
princes,  the  reigns  of  the  Manas,  &e.  The 
number  is  stated  to  be  eighteen,  and,  to- 
gether with  the  Tantras,  they  form  the 
foundation  of  the  popular  ereed  of  the 
Brahminioal  Hindus. 

Purim,  'rim.  An  annual  festival  among 
the  Jews  instituted  to  commemorate  their 
preservation  from  the  massacre  with  which 
thev  were  threatened  by  the  machinations 
of  Haman. 

Puritan,  'ri-tan.  The  name  by  wWch 
the  dissenters  from  the  Ghuroh  of  England 
were  generally  known  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth  and  the  first  two  Stuarts  ;  the 
original  settlers  of  New  England. 

Puroon,  per'kon.  The  native  name  for 
a  priest  of  the  Oriental  fire- worshipers. 

Purgratory,  'ga-to-ri.  According  to  the 
belief  of  Roman  and  Oreek  Gatholies, 
and  others,  a  place  in  which  souls  after 
death  are  purified  fix>m  venial  sins  or  un- 
dergo the  temporal  punishment  which, 
after  the  guilt  of  mortal  sin  has  been  re- 
mitted, still  remains  to  be  endured  by  the 
sinner. 

Purple,  'pi.  A  secondary  eolor  com- 
pounded by  the  union  of  the  primaries 
blue  and  red. 

Pusane,  p&'sfin.  In  anoient  armor,  the 
gorget  or  a  substitute  for  it. 

Posey;  Edward  Bouverie.  An  em- 
inent English  theologian  ;  b.  1800,  d.  1882. 

Pushto,  pnsh'td.  The  language  of  the 
Afghans. 

Putnam,  liurael.  An  American  general; 
B.  in  Mass.  1718,  d.  1790. 

Pyaemia,  pl-S'mi-a.  In  Pathol,  blood 
poisoning,  a  dangerous  disease  resulting 
from  the.  introduction  of  decaying  animal 
matter,  pus,  or  other  unhealthy  secretion 
into  the  system. 

Pygrmy,  pig'mi.  A  fabulous  race  of 
dwarfs,  first  mentioned  by  Homer  as 
dweUing  on  the  shores  of  Ocean,  and  who 
had  to  sustain  a  war  against  the  cranes 
every  spring.  A  little  or  dwarfish  person ; 
a  dwarf.  A  si)ecies  of  ape  ;  the  chimpan- 
zee. 

PylaflTOras,  pl-Iag'nr-as.  In  Ancient 
Greece  a  delegate  or  representative  of  a 
city,  sent  to  the  Amphictyonic  ooundl. 

Pylon,  'Ion.  In  Arch,  the  mass  of  bufid- 
ing  on  either  side  of  the  entrance  to  an 
Egyptian  temple. 

Pylorus,  pi-16'ru8.  The  lower  and  right 
orifice  of  the  stomach,  through  which  the 
food  passes  on  to  the  intestine. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


PTEAMID 


Q 


Pyramid,  plr'n- 
mid.  A  struct  II!  li 
of  a  well-kno^^  u 
shape,  erected  in 
different  parts  >A 
the  world,  themci^i't 
noted  being  thob<e 
of  ESTPt  and  tJLt^i- 
00.  The  pyramldi 
of  Egypt  commence 
immeoiatelj  south  of  Cairo,  continuing 
Boathwards  at  varying  intervals  for  nearly 
70  miles.  The  four  largest  are  near 
Ohizeh,  a  village  about  four  miles  south- 
west of  Cairo.  The  base  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  or  Pyramid  of  Cheops,  is  746 
feet  square,  occupying  18  acres,  and  it  is 
bidlt  in  platforms ;  that  at  the  top  contains 
only  1067  square  feet.  The  height  was 
originally  480  feet  9  inches,  present  height 
460  feet,  and  the  series  of  platforms  pre- 
sents a  succession  of  208  steps.  The  in- 
terior oontidns  numerous  chambers.  It  is 
unquestionably  the  most  stupendous  stone 
building  ever  erected,  and  is  said  by 
Herodotus  to  have  employed  100,000  men 
for  20  years. 

Pyrenees,  The.  A  mountain  chain  in 
B.  W.  Europe,  forming  the  boundary  bet. 
IVance  and  Spain,  270  m. ;  Mt  Perdu  is 
10,994  feet  high. 

P  y  r  h.  eliometer,  per-h6'li-om"et-er. 
Ajq  instrument  for  measuring  the  inten- 
sity of  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Pjrroohroa,  pir-o-kro'a.  A  gen.  of  cole- 
opterous insects,  distinguished  by  its  pure 
red  color;  cardinal  beetle. 

P  y  r  o  -  electricity,  '6-«-lek-tri8"i-tl. 
Electricity  produced  by  heat ;  the  science 
which  tre&tk  of  electricity  so  produced  ; 
thermo-electricity. 

Pyrolatry,  pi-rol'a-tri.  The  worship  of 
fire. 

Pyroleter,  'e-ter.  An  apparatus  for  the 
extinction  of  fire  by  carbonic  add ;  a  fire- 
extinguisher. 

Psnrology,  'o-ji.  The  science  of  heat, 
latent  and  sensible. 

Pyrometer,  -rom'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  g^radations  of  temperature 
above  those  indicated  by  the  mercurial 
ttiermometer. 


Pyrophone,  pir'o-fon.  A  musical  in- 
strument, in  which  the  various  notes  are 
produced  by  the  burning  of  hydrogen  gas 
within  glass  tubes  of  various  sizes  and 


Psrrotechnics,  -O-tek'nlks.  The  art  of 
making  and  using  fireworks. 

Psrrozyline,  pi-rok'sil-in.  A  term  em. 
bracing  all  explosive  substances  obtained 
by  immersing  vegetable  fiber  in  nitric  or 
mtro-sulphuric  acid. 

Psrrrhic,  pir'ik.  An  ancient  Gredan 
warlike  dance. 

Psnrrho.  A  distinguished  Greek  phil- 
osoplKr,  founder  of  the  Skeptic  school ;  b. 
abt.  8S0,  D.  290  b.  o. 

Pythagoras.  An  illustrious  Greek 
philosopher ;  b.  in  Samos  abt.  600  b.  o. ; 
date  and  place  of  death  unknown.  He 
taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  or 
the  transmigration  of  souls  through  dif- 
ferent orders  of  animal  existence. 

Psrthon,  pi'thon.  A  gen.  of  large  ser- 
pents, fom.  Boid»,  allied  to  the  boa,  which 
attain  a  length  of  80  feet.  Thev  are  not 
venomous,  but  kill  their  prey  by  com- 
pression. 

Pythoness,  -es.    The  priestess  of  Apollo 

at  his  temple  at  Delphi,  who  gave  oracular 

answers  ;  hence,  any  woman  supposed  to 

have  a  spirit  of  divination ;  a  witch. 
Pyx,  piks.  In  the 

R.  C.  Ch.  a  cov- 
ered vessel  used 

for    holding    the 

consecrated  host. 

A  box   in  which 

specimen  coins 

are  deposited    at 

the  Mint.      Trial 

of   the   pyx,  the 

final    trial     by 

weight  and  assay 

of  gold  and  silver 

coins     of     Great  i 

Britain     prior    to  ^ 

their   issue    fW)m 

the  Mint.  Pyx. 

Pyxis,  pik'sis.    A  box ;  a  p3rx.    P.  Nau- 

tica,  the  Mariner's  Compass,  a  southern 

constellatton 


Q 


QIS  the  17th  letter  of  tiie  alphabet,  a  con- 
sonant having  the  same  sound  as  k  or 
hard  c.  It  is  a  superfluous  letter,  as  the 
combination  qu,  in  which  it  always  occurs, 
could  be  equally  well  expressed  oy  kw,  or 


k  alone  when  the  u  is  silent  It  is  most 
common  as  an  initial  letter;  it  never 
stands  alone  as  a  final  though  in  such 
words  as  pique,  oblique  it  is  really  final, 
the  following  newels  being  silent.    The 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


QUACK 


584 


QUABTEB-MASTEB 


name  of  the  letter  is  said  to  be  from  the 
Fr.  queue,  a  tail,  fVom  its  form.  As  an 
abbreyiation,  among  mathematicians,  Q. 
E.  D.  stands  for  quod  erat  demonstrand- 
um, which  was  to  be  demonstrated ;  Q. 
£.  F.,  quod  erat  faciendum,  which  was  to 
be  done ;  in  Bom.  literature  and  inscrip- 
tions, Q  stands  for  Quiutus. 

(iliadk,  kwak.  One  who  pretends  to  skill 
or  knowledge  which  he  does  not  possess ; 
a  charlatan. 

Quadraflrene,  kwod'ra-Jdn.  A  papal  in- 
dulgence for  40  days ;  a  remission  of  the 
temporal  punishment  due  to  sin,  corre- 
sponding to  the  40  days  of  the  ancient  can- 
onical penance. 

Quadraflresixna,  -ra-Jea'i-ma.  Lent ;  so 
calle<l  because  it  consists  of  40  days.  Q. 
Sunday,  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent,  and  about 
the  40th  day  before  Easter. 

Quadrant,  -rant    A  fourth 
part ;    an    instrument  with  /  ^ 
whien  latitudes  are  taken. 

Quadrat,  'rat.  In  Printing, 
a  piece  of  type-metal  cast 
lower  than  a  type,  used  for 
filling  eut  blank  spaces.  a,  a,  Quad- 

Quadrigra,  -ri'ga.     An  an-       rants, 
cient     two-wheeled    chariot 
drawn  by  four  horses,  harnessed  abreast. 
It  was  used  in  racing  in  the  Greek  Olym- 
pian games,  and  in  the  Circenslan  games 
of  the  Bomans. 

Uuadrigrenarious,  'ri-je-nft"ri-us.  Con- 
sisting of  400. 

Quadrilateral,     -ri- 
lat'er-al.   A  figure  hav- 
ing four  sides  and  con- 
sequently four  angles ; 
a  quadrangular  figure. 
The  Q.'  famous  in  Aus-     ^      ,    . 
tro-Italian   history,    is     Quadrilateral. 
formed    by    the    four 
fortified  points,  Peschiera  and  Mantua  on 
the  Mincio,  and  Verona  and  Legnago  on 
the  Adige. 

Quadrille,  ka-dril'.  A  game  played  by 
four  persons  with  40  cards,  the  tens,  nines 
and  eights  being  discard^.  A  dance  of 
five  figures  or  movements  executed  by 
four  couples  forming  a  square. 

Quadrillion,  kwod-ririi-on.  The  fourth 
power  of  a  million,  or  the  number'  repre- 
sented by  a  unit  with  24  ciphers  annexed ; 
iiccording  to  the  French,  a  unit  with  15 
ciphers  annexed. 

Quadripennate,  -ri-pen'&t.  One  of  a 
section  of  insects  destitute  of  elytra  and 
having  four  wings. 

Qua<lri8acranLentalist,-flak-ra-men''- 


I :L — —J 


tal-ist.  A  disciple  of  Melanchthon,  who 
allowed  the  four  sacraments  of  baptism, 
the  eucharist,  penance  and  holy  order. 

Quadroon,  -ron'.  The  offspring  of  a 
mulatto  and  white;  a  person  quarter- 
blooded. 

Quadrumana,  >rd'ma-na.  An  order  of 
mammals  comprising  apes,  monkeys,  ba- 
boons, lemurs,  &c. 

Quadruped,  'ro-ped.  An  animal  having 
four  legs  and  feet,  usually  restricted  to 
mammals,  though  many  reptiles  have  four 
legs. 

Quadruple,  -pi.    Four  times  the  sum  or 
number. 
Q  uafiTfira, 

kwag'a.      An 

animal  of  the 

gen.      Equus, 

allied   to    the 

zebra,     found 

in   8.    Africa.  S 

It    has    been 

bred  with  the 

horse. 
QuahaufiT, 

kwa'hog.     In 

N.  ~  England, 

the  popular  name  of 

a    large    species   of 

clams. 
Quail,     kwal.      A 

common    name     of 

birds,  gen.  Coturnix, 

nearly  allied  to  the 

partridges.       There 

are  several  species, 

all  favorite  table  birds. 
Quaker,  kwak'er.    One  of  the  religious 

sect  called  the  Society  of  Friends.    The 

name  was  given    in   reproach,  and  was 

adopted  by  the  Society. 
Quaker-grun,  -gun.    A  wooden  imita- 
tion of  a  cannon  used  for  the  purpose  of 

deceiving  the  enemy. 

Quart,  kwart.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gal- 
lon ;  two  pints ;    equal  to   o9.8185  cubic 

inches. 
Quarte,  kart.    One  of  the  four  guards  in 

fencing ;  a  corresponding  position  of  the. 

body. 

Quarter-foil.  An  or- 
namental figure  repre- 
senting an  expanded 

flower  of  four  petals. 
Quarter  -  maste  r ,      /x„ . --   -^^ir 

Milit   an  officer  who       Q^w^-'olls. 

superintends     the    quarters,     barracks, 

tents,  Aic,  of  a  regiment,  and  keeps  the 


Quail. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


QtJAfetiS 


086 


QtJlNiNil 


r^mental  stores.  Kaut.  a  petty  officer, 
who  has  charge  of  the  stowage  of  ballast 
and  provisions,  coiling  of  ropes,  Ac.,  and 
attends  to  the  steering  of  the  ship. 
(Quarts,  kwarts.  A  name  given  to  namer- 
ons  varieties  of  the  native  oxide  of  silicon, 
called  also  silicic  acid.  When  pure  and 
crystalline,  it  is  known  as  rock-orystal. 
Homstone,  amethyst,  slderlte,  agate, 
avaatnrine,  flint,  opal,  chalcedony,  onyx, 
.  Mrdooyx  and  jasper  are  varieties  of  this 
mineral.  Quartz  veins  are  often  found  in 
metamorphlo  rocks,  and  frequently  con- 
tain rich  deposits  of  gold. 
Quass,  kwas.  A  thin,  sour,  fermented 
liquor,  made  by  pouring  warm  water  on 
rye  or  barley  meal,  drank  by  the  peas- 
antry of  Russia. 

Quaternary,  kwa-ter'narri.  The  num- 
ber four.  In  Geol.  the  strata  above  the 
tCTtlary.  Called  also  post-tertiary.  In 
Ghem.  compounds  which  contain  four 
elements,  as  gum,  fibrin,  &c. 

Oclktre  Bras.  A  village  of  Brabant, 
Belgium,  8  m.  8.  E.  of  Gemappe,  where, 
June  IT,  1815,  was  fought  the  indecisive 
battle  between  the  English  and  French 
which  preceded  the  bottle  of  Waterloo, 
next  day. 

duebeo.  Cap.  of  E.  Canada,  or  Quebec, 
on  a  high  bluff  bet  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
St.  Charles  rivers,  the  chief  commercial 
city  of  the  Dominion ;  pop.  94,824. 

Queen,  kwen.  A  female  sovereign.  Q. 
consort,  the  wife  of  a  king.  Q.  dowager, 
widow  of  a  deceased  king.  Q.  mother,  a 
queen  dowager  who  is  also  mother  of  the 
reigning  sovereign. 

dueen-post. 

One  of  two  sua- 
pendingpostsina 
truBsedroof. 
Queen, -reerent. 
A  queen  who 
holds  the  crown  in 
her  own  right ;  a 
queen-regnant. 
Queen's-metal, 
kwenz'met-al.  An 
alloy  of  9  parts  ot 
tin,  1  bismuth,  1 
antimony  and  1 
lead,    used      for 


a,  a,  queen  -  posts; 
b,  tiebeam;  c,  c, 
struts  or  braces ; 
d,  d,  pinlins;  e, 
straining  beam ;   f, 

f,  common  rafters ; 

g,  g,  wall  plates ;  h, 
.«-«,     «o,^       ,v.        ridge-plece. 
maUng  tea-pots,  spoons,  &e. 

Queen-bee.  'be.  The  sovereign  of  a 
swarm  of  bees,  the  only  AiUy -developed 
and  prolific  insect  in  the  hive,  all  the 
ethers  being  either  males  or  drones  and 
nentors.  Her  sole  occupation  eonsists  in 
layiag  the  eggs  for  the  increase  of  the  pop- 


ulation of  the  hive,  from  800 1«  2,000  eggs 
being  deposited  daily. 

Queenstown  (Goto).  A  port  on  Cork 
harbor  10  m.  8.  of  Cork,  a  mail  station  for 
trans-Atlantic  steamers ;  pop.  16,457. 

Queretaro.  Cap.  of  province  of  same 
name,  110  m.  N,  W.  of  City  of  Mexico, 
noted  as  the  place  where  the  treaty  of 
peace  between  the  U.  S.  and  Mexico  was 
ratified,  1848,  also  for  the  execution  of  the 
Emperor  Maximilian,    1867;    pop.    abt 

Quern,  kwem.  A  stone  hand-mill  Ibr 
grinding  grain. 

Questor,  kwes'tor.  A  certain  magistrate 
of  ancient  Rome  whose  chief  office  was 
the  management  of  the  public  treasury  ; 
receiver  of  taxes,  tribute,  Ac  Also 
written  Quiestor. 

Quick-march,  kwik'mSrch.  A  march 
at  the  rate  of  8i  miles  an  hour.  110  paces 
(275  ft.)  a  minute.  CaUed  also  Quick-step. 
Quicksilver,  'silver.  Mercury,  a  met- 
al which  is  liquid  at  ordinary  tempera- 
tures, only  becoming  solid  at  about  40« 
below  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit. 
Quietist,  kwret-ist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
mystics,  originated  by  Molinos,  a  Spanish 
priest;  in  the  17th  century.  Other  sects 
of  quietists  have  appeared  in  different 
ages,  such  as  the  Messalians  or  Euchitea 
in  tiie  4th  century,  the  Bogomili  in  the 
11th  century,  the  Beghardi,  Beguinee 
and  Hesychasts  in  the  18th  century,  the 
Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit  in  the  14th 
century,  and  otners  of  less  note. 
Quince,  kwins.  The  flruit  of  the  Cydonia 
vulgaris,  ord.  Rosacee. 
Quince-seed,  'sM.  The  seeds  of  the 
quince,  used  for  making  a  gunany  sub- 
stance for  imparting  stimiess  and  gloss  to 
the  hair,  as  also  a  mudhtge  for  diapped 
lips. 

Quincy,  Josiah.  An  American  lawyer, 
orator  and  essayist ;  b.  in  Mass.  1744,  d. 
1776.  His  son  Josiah,  b.  1772,  d.  1864, 
was  also  distinguished  as  an  orator.  While 
a  member  of  Congress  he  opposed  the  ad- 
mission of  Louisiana,  also  tne  war,  1812, 
with  Great  Britain. 

QuindecafiTon,  kwin-dek'a-gon.  In 
Geom.  a  plane  figure  with  15  sides  and  15 
angles. 

Qulndeoemvlr,  -d(S  sem'ver.  In  Rom. 
Antiq.  one  of  a  bodv  of  15  magistrates  who 
had  cnargeof  the  Sibylline  books. 

Quinine,  In.  A  vegetable  alkali,  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  several  trees  of  the  gen. 
dnchona.    With  acids  it  forms  erystalUr 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


QtrmQUAGCSIMA 


8M 


EAOir 


•ble  salts,  the  most  important  of  which  Is 
the  sulphate,  largely  used  in  medidne. 

CMxiaaaseaiinA, -kwa-les'i-ma.  FifU- 
etfa.  Q.  Bonday,  so  called  as  being  aboat 
the  fiftieth  day  before  Easter;  Shrove 
Sunday. 

dulnqtieimiad,  -kwen'i-ad.  A  period 
of  5  years. 

duixiQUevlr,  Icwfi-yer.  In  Bora.  Antlq. 
one  of  6  special  oommisBioners  lk*eqiiently 
appointed  mider  the  republic  to  carry  any 
measure  Into  effect. 

ftnlntaln,  'tan.  A  figure  or  object  to 
be  tilted  at,  constructed  in  various  ways. 

Quintal, 'tal.  A  weight  of  100  lbs.  The 
French  quintal  is  100  kilograms,  or  220 
lbs.  avoiMupols. 

dalntile,  'tn.  The  aspect  of  planets 
when  distant  flrom  each  other  the  fifth 
part  of  the  SEodiao  or  72  degrees. 

ftnlnliUftn,  -tll'i-an.  One  of  a  sect  of 
heretlos  in  ike  second  century,  disciples 
ofMontanns,  who  took  their  name  ft-om 
QointUia,  a  udy  whom  he  had  deceived 
by  his  pretended  sanctity.  They  made 
the  eucluulst  of  bread  and  cheese,  allowed 
women  to  be  priests  and  bishops,  and  de- 
cried baptism  as  useless. 

duinUlian,  Maroos  Fabiiu  Quin- 
tlHanw.  An  eminent  Roman  rhetor- 
ician ;  B.  abt.  48,  d.  118. 

duintillion,  '11-on.  A  number  produced 
by  involving  a  million  to  the  flfUi  power, 


or  a  unit  followed  by  80  dphws ;  in  French 
and  ItaUan  notations,  a  unit  followed  by 
18  ciphers. 

Quintroon,  -trOn.  In  the  W.  Indies, 
the  child  of  a  white  man  by  a  woman  who 
has  one-sixteenth  part  of  negro  blood. 

dtdpo,  kwlp'o.  A  cord  spun  iVom  vari 
ously  colored  threads,  to  which  smaller 
threads  were  attached  as  a  firinge ;  used 
among  the  ancient  Peruvians  and  Mexi- 
cans (or  recording  events,  Ac  The  colors 
denoted  sensible  objects,  as  white  for  sil- 
ver,  yellow  for  gold,  and  the  like ;  also  ab- 
stract ideas,  as  white  for  peace,  red  for 
war. 

Quiriniui,  kwi-ri'nus.  An  Italian  war- 
like divinity,  supposed  to  be  the  same  aa 
Mars. 

duirites,  'tez.  A  designation  of  the  citi- 
zens of  ancient  Rome  in  their  dvil  capac- 
ity; that  of  Romani  applying  to  tnelr 
political  and  military  capadfy. 

^tdto.  Cap.  of  republic  of  Ecnador,*S. 
America,  on  a  plain  bet.  two  ranges  of  the 
Andes ;  pop.  abt.  80,000. 

(iuoit,  kolt.  A  fiat  ring  of  iron,  convex 
on  the  upper  and  concave  on  the  under 
side,  so  that  the  outer  edge  curves  down- 
ward, used  in  playing  (or  pitching)  in  a 
game  called  quoits. 

Oiuotidian,  kwd-tid'i-an.  Anything  that 
returns  every  dav.  A  fever  whose  parox- 
ysms  return  daily. 


R 


RIS  the  18th  letter  of  the  alphabet, 
classed  as  a  liquid  and  semi- vowel,  and 
generally  represents  two  slightly  difl^erent 
sounds.  Among  the  Romans  r  was 
called  the  "dog's  letter'' (11  tera  canina), 
flrom  its  sound  being  compared  to  the 
snarling  of  a  dog.  It  has  close  affinities 
with  1,  and  its  Interchange  with  that  con- 
sonant is  common.  It  Is  also  closely  al- 
lied to  s  (with  the  z-sound).  In  words  from 
the  Oreelc  the  Latins  wrote  h  afl:err,aaa 
representative  of  the  aspirated  sound  with 
which  this  letter  was  pronounced  by  the 
Greeks,  but  in  English  h  is  superfluous, 
rhapsody,  rheum,  rhetoric  being  pro- 
nounced as  if  written  rapsody,  reum,  ret- 
orlc.  As  an  abbreviation  B  stands  for  rex, 
king ;  or  regina,  queen ;  also  for  royal ;  as 
R.  N.,  Royal  Navy ;  R.  A.,  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Among  physicians  R  stands  for 
receipt,  take. 

Babbi,  raba>l.  A  title  of  respect  given  to 
Jewish  doctors  or  expounders  of  the  Uw. 
The  rabbi  of  the  present  day  teaches  the 


young,  delivers  sermons,  assists  at  mar- 
riages and  divorces,  and  deddes  s(Hne 
questions  of  ritual. 

Babblnist,  'bin-ist.  Among  the  Jews, 
one  who  adhered  to  the  Talmud  and  the 
traditions  of  the  rabbins,  in  opposition  to 
the  Cardites,  who  rejected  traditions. 

Babble,  '1.  The  tool  used  in  the  process 
of  puddling  to  sdr  the  melted  iron  and 
skim  off  the  slag ;  the  puddling-tool. 

Babelais,  Francois.  A  distinguished 
French  humorist ;  b.  1496,  d.  1668,  as  cu* 
rate  of  Meudon. 

Babi,  '6.  The  name  given  to  the  great 
grain  crop  of  Hindustan,  consisting  of 
wheat,  barley,  oats  and^  millets.  It  is  the 
last  of  the  three  crops,  and  ftimlshes 
about  five-sixteenths  of  the  food  supply. 

Baoine,  Jean.  An  eminent  French 
poet  and  dramatist ;  b.  1689 ;  j>,  1099. 

Back,  rak.  An  andent  instrument  for  the 
judidal  torture  of  criminals  and  suspected 
persons.    It  was  a  wooden  flrame  within 


Digitized  by_ 


Googk 


kACCOdN 


68t 


feAKA 


which  th«  prisoner  was  laid  on  Ms  back 
upon  the  floor,  with  his  wrists  and  ankles 
attached  by  cords  to  rollers,  which  were 
moved  in  opposite  directions  till  the  body 
rose  to  a  level  with  the  frame. 
Baoooon,  rak-kon.  An  American  plan- 
tigrade carnivorous  mammal,  the  com- 
mon raccoon  being  the  Procyon  lotor.  Its 
tar  is  valuable. 

Baoket-oourt,  'et-kdrt.  An  area  or 
court  in  which  the  game  of  rackets  is 
played;  a  tennis-court. 
Baclurent, 'rent.  A  rent  raised  to  the 
uttermost;  a  rent  greater  than  any  ten- 
ant can  reasonably  pay. 
Baoovian,  ra-k5'vi-an.  A  member  of  a 
polish  sect  of  Unitarians :  so  called  from 
Bacow,  where  they  have  a  seminary. 
BadetBky,  Joseph  Wenael,  Prince, 
▲n  Austrian  general,  who  won  distinction 
in  wars  with  the  Turks,  French  and  Ital- 
ians ;  B.  1766,  D.  1868. 
Badiant,  ra'di-ant.  In  optics,  the  lumi- 
nous point  or  object  from  which  light  em- 
anates, that  falls  on  a  mirror  or  lens.  In 
Astron.  the  point  in  the  heavens  from 
which  a  star-shower  seems  to  proceed ; 
thus,  Andromeda  in  the  constellatton  Leo 
is  the  radiant  of  the  November  star- 
showers,  known  as  Leonides. 

Badiua,  ra'-de-us.  The     ^^^'"T'^Nv 
semi-diameter  of  a  cir-  ^      I        >. 
de. 

Baffaelle-ware,  raf 
fS-erie-wSr.  A  fine 
Mi^olica  ware,  so  called 
from  the  supposition 
that  the  designs  were 
painted  by  Raftoelle.  Badius. 

BafHesia,  raf-le'sl-a. 
A  gen.  of  parasitical  plants,  type  of  the 
ord.  of  RamesiacefB,  natives  of  Sumatra 
and  Java,  having  scales  in  place  of  leaves. 
E.  Arnold!  produces  a  flower  measuring  3 
feet  in  dimeter.  It  is  used  in  Java  as  a 
powertVil  astringent  and  styptic. 

BaerhuT-ansa,  rag-hn-van'sa.  The  title 
of  one  of  the  most  celebcated  Sanskrit 
poems,  the  legendary  history  of  the  kings 
descended  from  the  sun. 

Baerlan,  James  Henry  Fitzroy 
Somerset,  Lord.  An  EngUsh  general, 
a  descendant  of  the  Plantagenets ;  b.  1788, 
j>.  in  the  Crimea  while  Gommander-ln- 
Ghief  of  the  British  Army,  1866. 

Bafirnarok,  rag'nfi-rek.  In  Scand.  Myth, 
the  day  of  doom,  when  the  present  world 
will  be  annihilated,  to  be  reconstructed  on 
an  imperishable  basis. 


VJ 


Bahu,  raOin-  In  Indian  Myth,  the  demoa 
who  is  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  tii« 
eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon. 
Bajah,  ra'ja.  Id  India,  a  title  which  be- 
longed to  the  princes  of  the  Hindu  race, 
but  now  applied  to  Hindus  of  rank  and 
to  large  land-holders,  irrespective  of  their 
caste. 

Bajput,  rai'pHt.  A  member  of  various 
tribes  of  India  of  Aryan  origin,  descended 
from  the  royal  races  of  the  Hindup  or  from 
the  Kshatrlya  or  mlhtary  caste.  At  pres- 
ent they  chiefly  occupy  the  province  of 
Bajpntana,  but  all  over  India  there  are 
femllies  who  claim  the  title. 
Bakee,  ra-kS',  A  coarse  spirit  made 
chiefly  in  Russia  from  grain ;  common 
Russian  brandy. 

Bakshasa,  rak'shas-a.    In  Hind.  Myth, 
one  of  a  class  of  evil  spirits  or  genii.  They 
are    cruel  monsters,  frequenting    ceme- 
teries, devouring  human  beings  and  as- 
suming anv  shape  at  pleasure.     They  are 
generally  hideous,  but  some,  especially 
the  females,  allure  by  their  beauty. 
Balei8rh,Walter,  Sir.  A  distinguished 
English  politician,  wit,  historian,  soldier, 
navigator  and  poet ;  b.  1652 ;  executed  for 
high  treason,  by  order  of  James  I.,  1618. 
Baleiffh.     Cap.  of  N.  Carolina,  148  m. 
N.  W.  of  Wilmington  ;  pop.  9,265. 
Ballus,  ral'lus.   The  raUs,  a  gen.  of  birds, 
fam.  RallidiB. 

Bama,  rdi'ma.  In  Hind.  Myth,  the  name 
common  to  three  incarnations  of  Vishnu. 
They  are  all  of  surpassing  beauty.  One 
corresponds  somewhat  to  the  classical 
Bacchus,  another  to  Mors,  and  the  third 
is  Vishnu  in  his  6th  incarnation. 
Bamadan,  -dan.  The  9th  month  of  the 
Mohammedan  year.  As  the  Mohammed- 
ans reckon  by  lunar  time,  it  begins  each 
year  eleven  days  earlier  than  in  the  preced- 
ing year,  so  that  in  thirty -three  years  it 
occurs  successively  in  all  the  seasons.  T^ie 
great  annual  Mohammedan  fast,  kept 
throughout  the  entire  month,  from  sunrise 
to  sunset.  Written  also  Rhamazan  and 
Ramadzan. 

Bamphastos,  ram-fks'tos.  The  true 
toucans,  a  pen.  of  scansorial  birds,  type 
ofthefani.  Kamphostida'. 
Bam.say,  David.  An  American  states- 
man and  historian  ;  b.  in  Penn.,  1749,  D. 
1816. 

Bamus,  Pierre  la  Bamee.    A  dis^ 
tingnished  Freaoh  philosopher  and  philol- 
ogist: B.  1620,  killed  on  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  1572. 
Ba^ia,  r&'na.    A  gen.  of  amphibian  ve^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


RANANITE 


BEAI> 


tebrates,  incladlng  the  various  species  of 
frogs,  as  distinguished  from  the  toads 
(gen.  Bufo). 

Hananite,  'nan-lt.    A  sect  of  Jews  who 
honored  frogs  because  they  were  one  of 
the  instruments  in  plaguing  Pharaoh. 
Hanch,  ranch.    In  Southwestern  U.  S. 
a  rancho  ;  a  stock  farm. 
lEancllO,  rfin'chO.    In  Mexico,  a  forming 
establishment  for  rearing  cattle  and  horses, 
distinguished  from  a  hacienda,  which  is  u 
cultivated  farm  or  plantation. 
Handolph,  John.    (Of  Roanoke.)    An 
eminent  American  statesman  and  orator  ; 
B.  in  Va.,  1773,  d.  1833.    He  claimed  de- 
scent from  Pocahontas.    He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  both  houses  of  Congress  and  minis- 
ter to  Bussia. 

Raxinee,  ran-ne'.    The  wife  of  a  Hindu 
rajah  ;  a  queen  or  princess. 
Bane^>on.    A  fortified  seaport  of  Fur- 
ther India,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  80  m.  from 
the  Indian  Oc«an  ;  pop.  80,000. 
Banke,  Leopold.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man historian  ;  b.  1795,  d.  1878. 
Hanter,  rant'er.    A  name  given  by  way 
of  reproach  to  one  of  a  denomination  of 
English  Christians  which  sprang  up  in 
1646.     They  called  themselves  Seekers, 
their  members  malntelning  that  they  were 
seeking  tor  the  true  church.    The  name  is 
also  vulgarly   applied   to   the  primitive 
Methodists. 

Baphael  (Bafaelle  and  Baifaelle). 
The  most  eminent  of  modern  painters ;  b. 
at  Urbino,  Italy,  1488  ;  d.  at  Eome,  1520. 
Rappahannock.  A  river  of  Ya., 
125  m.  long,  emptying  into  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Its  banks  were  the  scene  of  many 
important  movements  and  batties  in  the 
Cnvil  War. 

^ptores,  rap-to('rez.  Birds  of  prey.  The 
eagles,  vultures  and  falcons  are  examples. 
flara  avis,  ra'ra  aMs.  A  rare  bird  ;  a 
prodigy  ;  an  unusual  person  ;  an  uncom- 
mon obiect. 

Baskolnik,  ras-koFnlk.  The  name 
given  to  a  dissenter  from  the  Greek  Ch 
in  Bussia. 

Kasores,  ra-so'rfz.  GuUinaceous  birds 
or  scratchers,  comprising  the  sub-orders 
G«llinacei  and  Columbacei.  The  domes- 
tic fowl  may  be  regarded  as  the  type. 
nationalist,  rash'on-al-ist.  In  Theol. 
one  who  considers  the  supernatural  events 
recorded  in  the  Scriptures  as  events  hap- 
pening ta  the  ordinary  course  of  nature, 
and  considers  the  morality  of  the  Scrip- 
tures subjeet  to  the  test  of  human  reason. 


Ratafia,  rat-a-fe'a.    A  splritaouB  HquM. 
flavored  with  the  ker- 
nels of  cherries,  apri- 
cots and  peaches. 

Ratchet,  rach-et.  In 
a  watch,  a  small  tooth 
at  the  bottom  of  the' 
fusee  or  barrel,  which 
stops  It  in  winding  up. 

Ratel,  rat-el.  A  car- 
nivorous quadruped, 
gen.  Melllvora,  of  the 
badger  family  Melidffi. 


Batchet-wheel. 
The  honey-catel 


Honey-ratel. 

is  celebrated  for  the  destruction  it  makea 
among  the  nests  of  the  wild  bee. 

Rath,  rath.  A  prehistoric  fortification  in 
Ireland,  consisting  of  a  circular  rampart 
of  earth  with  a  mound  In  the  center. 

Ratitee,  ra-ti't6.  Huxley's  second  divis- 
ion of  the  class  Aves,  the  other  two  being 
the  SaururfiB  and  Carinatae,  comprising  all 
birds  that  cannot  fly,  such  as  the  ostriches, 
emus  and  cassowaries. 

Rattazzi,  IXrljano.  An  eminent  Ital- 
ian statesman  ;  b.  1810,  p.  1878.  He  was 
prime  minister  three  times. 

Rattlesnake,    rat'l- 
snak.     A    venomous  • 
snake  of  the  gen.  Cro- 
talus,      distinguished 
from  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  family  by 
the  tall  terminating  in\ 
a  series  of  articulated  v 
homy    pieces,    which  * 
the  animal  vibrates  in 
such  a  manner  as  to 
make  a  rattling  sound. 

Ravenna.  Cap.  of  province  of  same 
name,  C.  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  new;  the 
mouth  of  the  Montone.  48  m.  8.  K  ol 
Bologna,  at  one  time  cap.  of  the  W.  Em- 
pire ;  pop.  abt  21,000. 

Re.  A  prefix  from  the  Latin  denoting 
iteration,  return,  repetition,  retrogression, 
&c.  The  form  red  also  occurs  in  words 
beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  redolent,  re- 
deem. 
Read.  Nathan.    An  American  mechao' 


lljLLN'^rjukv. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


RAT 


589 


REDBREAST 


idan  ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1760,  B.  1849.    He  in- 
TentM  the  machine  -wMch  makefl  headed 
nails  at  a  single  operation. 
Bay,  r&.     RaIa,  n 

clndlpg  the  nting- 
f»y,  Bhurry  rayt 
spotted       torpssdo, 

fiayrxLO^d.  Hen- 
ry' ^TftiTrls.  Aji 
Apiorit^u  Htffltfin- 
dujin  and  JonrnaiLBt ; 

ti^naiit'Gavenior  of 

the  gt&i««,  1^td4,  artd 

foiinderoftlie N,  Y,  *+Trr'-  H-^" 

Times. 

Bead,    Thomas    Buchanan.     An 

American  artist  and  poet;  b.  in  Penn., 

1822,  D.  1872. 

Beade,  Oharles.    A  popular  English 

novelist ;  b.  1824,  d.  1884. 
BeafiTfiTavation,  re-ag^gra-ya^'shon.  In 

R.  C.  eodes.  law,  the  last  monitory,  pub- 
lished after  three  admonitions  and  before 

the  last  excommunication. 
Beal,  rJL'al.    A  Spanish  silver  coin  worth 

about  5  cents,  100  reals  being  rated  at  $5. 
Bealm,   elm.    A  royal  jurisdiction  or  ex- 
tent of  government ;  a  kingdom. 
Beata,  re-fi'ta.    A  rawhide  rope,  used  for 

lassooing  horses  or  mules. 
Bebec,  rea>ek.    A  string^ 

instrument  similar  1<>  tbo 

violin,  having  three  stdnffi 

and  played  with  a  bov  .     It 

was     introduced     hy    thti 

Moors  into  Spain. 
Beohahite,'ka-bIt.  i^mang 

the  ancient  Jews,  om   of  u 

fkmily  or  tribe  of  KmstLM 

whom  Jonadab  the  Knn  of 

Rechab  bound  to  th(^  con- 
tinuance of  the  nomad  ii:<  l[f4>, 

and   with   this    view    [■>n'>- 

scribed   several    rule-.  i(j(* 

chief  of  which  were—  t  *  *  u  h- 

stain  from  wine,  from  1 1  u  1 1  d  - 

ing    houses,  from    tnwiu^ 

seed  and  planting  vlni  ■•■-.    A 

member  of  a  secret  l"  rjtiflt 

sodely  composed  of    )o[jd 

abstainers  from  intoxJcHliug 

drinks,  called  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Rechabites. 
Becipe,  res'i-p*.     The  first  word  of  a 

phjsifiiaa's  presoriptSoD ;  hence,  the  pre- 


Rebeo. 


scription  itself.  Its  abbreviation  is  R,  a 
relic  of  the  astrological  symbol  of  Jupiter. 
The  word  is  now  applieti  to  a  receipt  for 
making  ahnost  any  mixture  or  prepara- 
tion. 

Reaumur,  Bene  Antoine  Fer- 
chault  de.  An  eminent  French  physi- 
cist and  inventor;  b.  1683,  d.  1767.  He 
invented  the  thermometer  and  made 
many  experiments  in  the  manufacture  of 
steel,  tin-plates,  &c. 


Koc  tangle 


Bectangrle,  rekt' 
ang-gl.  A  right- 
angled  parallelogram. 

B^stor,  rek'ter.  In 
the  EngUsh  Ch.  a 
clergyman  who  hafii- 
the  charge  and  cnre 
of  a  parish,  and  has 
the  parsonage  and  titnes  ;  or  the  parson 
of  a  parish  where  the  tithes  are  not  im- 
propriate :  in  the  contrary  case,  the  par' 
son  is  a  vicar.  The  chief  elective  ofticer 
of  some  universities,  as  in  Fmnce  and 
Scotland.  The  superior  officer  of  aeon- 
vent  or  religious  house;  among  Jesuits, 
the  superior  of  a  seminary  or  college. 

Bectory,  'to-ri.  A  parish  church,  parson- 
age, or  spiritual  living,  with  all  its  rights, 
tithes  and  glebes.  A  rector's  mansion  or 
parsonage-house. 

Bed,  red.  A  color  resembling  that  of 
arteria^i  blood  ;  the  color  of  that  part  of 
the  spectrum  which  is  farthest  from  vio- 
let ;  one  of  the  primary  colors  of  rays  of 
light. 

B  e  d  a  n,  re-dan'.  In 
field  fort,  the  simplest 
work  employ ed,consl8t- 
ing  of  two  parapets  of 
earth  raised  so  as  to  form  Redans, 
a  salient  angle,  with  the 
apex  toward  the  enemy  and  unprotected 
in  the  rear.  Several  redans  connected  by 
curtains  form  lines  of  intrencbnient. 

Bed-bird,  rcd'bord.  The  popular  name 
of  several  birds,  as  the  Tana^'ra  cpstlva  or 
summer  red-bird,  the  Tanagra  rubra  and 
the  Baltimore  oriole  or  hang-nest 

B^-book,  'buk.  A  book  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  persons  in  the  service  of 
the  State.  Red -book  of  the  Exchequer, 
an  ancient  English  record  in  which  are 
registered  the  names  of  all  that  held  lands 
per  baroniam  in  the  time  of  Henry  II. 

Bedbreast,  'brest.  A  bird  so  called 
from  the  color  of  its  chest  feathers,  the 
Erythacus  rubecnla,  fam.  Bylviadse,  ord. 
Dentirostres.  It  is  also  known  as  the 
Robin-redbreast,  or  simply  as  the  Robia. 


;^V 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


REDEMPTI0NI8T 


690 


BEHOBOAM 


An  Amerloan  name  for  a  singing  bird,  gen. 
Tardus,  whose  breast  is  a  dingy  orange- 
red  ;  the  migratory  thrash. 
ttedemptionist,  r6-dem'shon-lst.  A 
member  of  an  oi^der  of  monks  vrho  de- 
voted themselves  to  the  redemption  of 
Christian  captives  from  slavery.  More 
frequently  called  Trinitarians. 
Sedemptorist,  'tor-ist.  One  of  a  relig- 
I  ious  congregation  founded  in  Naples  by 
liguori  in  1732,  and  revived  in  Austria  in 
185*0.  They  devote  themselves  to  the 
education  of  youth  and  the  spread  of 
Catholicism.        They    style    themselves 


members  of  the  congregation  of  the  Hoi; 

Beteeme 

guorians. 


Belleemer.     Called  also  Liguorlsts, 


Holy 


Bed-flxe,  red'f  ir.  A  pyrotechnical  mix- 
ture, consisting  of  nitrate  of  strontia,  sul- 
Fhnr,  antimony  and  chlorate  of  potash, 
t  burns  with  a  red  flame. 

Bedowa,  '6-a.  A  Bohemian  dance,  a 
sort  of  polka. 

Bed  Biver.  A  large  affluent  of  the  Miss- 
issippi, rising  in  N.  W.  Texas,  skirts  the 
Indian  Ter.,  and  flows  through  Arkansas 
and  [jouisiana ;  length  1,200  m.  R.  R.  of 
the  North,  a  stream  which  rises  in  Minne- 
sota and  empties  into  Lake  Winnipeg, 
British  North  America ;  length,  700  m. 

Bed  Sea  (Arabian  Ghilf ).  A  long 
and  narrow  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  bet. 
N,  E.  Africa  and  Arabia;  length,  1,400 
m. ;  maximum  breadth,  230  m. 

Bedshank,  'shangk.  A  bird,  gen.  To- 
tanus,  the  T.  calidris,  so  called  from  its 
red  legs.  A  terra  applied  to  a  Highlander 
in  derision  of  his  bare  legs. 

Bedstart,  'start.  A  bird  (Buticilla 
phoenlcura),  fam.  8ylviad»,  nearly  allied 
to  the  redbreast.  The  American  redstart 
Is  a  small  bird,  fam.  MuscicapidsB  or  fly- 
catchers. 

Bed-tapiszn,  tap'izm.     The  system  of 

J  red  tape    or  excessive   official   routine ; ' 

I  strict  adherence  to  official  formalities. 

Beebok,  re'bok.  A  species  of  8.  African 
antelope,  the  Pelea  capreola  or  Antilope 
capreolus.  The  horns  are  smooth,  long, 
straight  and  slender,  and  so  sharp  that  *he 
Hottentots  and  Bushmen  use  them  for 
needles  and  bodkins. 

Beed-bird,  red'berd.  Same  as  Bice- 
bh-d. 

Beed-pipe,  ^pip.  A  musical  pipe  made 
of  reed.  A  pipe  in  an  organ  in  which  the 
vibration  is  produced  by  means  of  a  reed. 

Beef,  ref.  A  chain,  mass  or  range  of 
rocks  in  the  ocean,  lying  at  or  near  the 
•orface  of  the  water.    A  portion  of  a  sail 


folded  or  rolled  ap  to  contract  it  in  pro* 

portion  to  the  increase  of  the  wind. 
Beem,  r^m.     The  Hebrew  name  of  an 

animal  mentioned  in  Job.  xxxix.  9,  and 

vranslated  unicorn.    The  common  belief 

is  that  the  reem  was  the  auroohs  or  unu. 
Beformation.    The  name  given  to  the 

religious  revolution  begrun  bv  Luther  and 

others  about  1517,  and  which  divided  the 

Western  Church  into  the  two    sections 

known  as  Pmt- 

estantand  Bajjknn 

CathoUo. 
Befractomet^r^ 

re-frak-tom'el  *  r. 

An  instrumeiLi  r.ir 

exhibiting  nud 

measuring  tin'  r*'- 

fraction  of  lif  ht. 
Befrigrerator.  A 

box   for     ke^i^Juij:  :_.^ 

articles  in  iio  ta  - 

weather  by  inuaJOA 

«**^®-  liefritfdHito.-. 

Befiral,  'gal.  An  old  musical  instrument ; 
a  small  portable  organ  played  with  the 
flngers  of  the  right  hand,  the  left  working 
the  bfcllows. 

Begratta,  -gat'ta.  Originally  a  gondola 
race  in  Venice  ;  now  any  important  saiUng 
or  rowing  race  in  which  a  number  oi 
yachts  or  boats  contend  for  prizes. 

Befirel.  'gel.  A  fixed  star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  Orion's  left  foot 

Begrent,  'gent.  A  governor;  a  roler. 
One  invested  with  vicarious  authority ; 
one  who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  mi- 
nority, absence  or  disability  of  the  king. 

Begrent-bird,  -herd.  The  Sericolus 
chrysocephalus  of  Australia,  belonging  to 
the  fam.  M eliphagidee  or  honey-eaters,  and 
to  the  tenuirostral  group  of  the  Insessores 
or  perchers. 

Begricide,  rej'i-sld.  A  king-killer;  one 
who  murders  a  king. 

Begrolas,  Marcus  AttHius.  A  Bo- 
man  patriot,  captured  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians in  the  first  Punic  war  and  sent  home 
to  urge  his  people  to  make  peace,  under  a 
promise  to  return  if  this  was  reftised.  He 
eloquently  urged  the  more  energetic  pros- 
ecution of  the  war,  whidh  was  decided 
upon,  and  on  returning  to  Carthage  was 
executed  with  great  cmelty ;   b.  abt.  800, 

D.  250  B.  0. 

Begrur,  re'ger.  The  native  name  for  the 
cotton  soil  of  India,  covering  at  least  one* 
third  of  8.  India. 

Behoboam..     In  Scrip,  son  of  Solomon 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEICnaRATH 


591 


KEQUA-BATTERT 


and  Nuunah,  s.  his  fiither;  b.  1016; 
crowned,  975 ;  d.  958  b.  o. 

Beiohflrath.  riohs'rat.  The  imperial 
Parliament  of  Austria. 

beiohstadt,  rioh'st&t.  The  designation 
given  to  the  free  cities  which,  under  the 
old  German  oonstitatlon,  held  immediate- 
ly of  the  empire. 

BeiohstaflT,  rfohs'tfig.  The  imperial 
Parliament  of  Oermany  which  assembles 
at  Berlin ;  the  German  Diet. 

Beid,  liCayne.  An  American  novelist; 
B.  in  Ireland,  1818.  He  served  as  captain 
in  the  U.  S.  army  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Seindeer,  r&n'dSr.  A  species  of  deer 
fonnd  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  the  Oervns  tarandns,  or  Tarandus 
rangifer.  It  is  keen  of  fright  and  swift, 
being  capable  of  maintaining  a  speed  of  9 
or  10  miles  an  hour  for  a  long  time. 
Among  the  Laplanders  the  reindeer  is  a 


Beindeer. 
snbstltnte  for  the  horse,  the  cow  and  the 
sheep,  as  he  ftimishes  food,  clothing  and 
the  means  of  conveyance.  The  caribou  of 
N.  America^  if  not  absolutely  identical 
with  the  reindeer,  would  seem  to  be  a 
well-marked  variety  of  it. 

Beindeer-moss,  -mos.  A  lichen  (Gen- 
omyce  rant^ferina)  which  constitutes  al- 
most the  sole  winter  food  for  reindeer,  <Scc., 
in  high  northern  latitudes. 

SeiB,  r6s.  Ahead;  a  chief;  a  captain. 
R.  effendi,  one  of  the  chief  Turkish  officers 
of  state,  dhancellor  of  the  empire  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

Beisner-work,  ris-ner-werk.  A  kind 
of  inlaid  cabinet-work  in  which  woods  of 
contrasted  colors  are  employed. 

Bembrandt,  Paul  (Van  Byn  or 
GerritB).  An  eminent  painter ;  b.  in 
Holland,  1606;  D.1M9. 

Bemlped,  rem'i-ped.  An  aquatic  ani- 
mal whose  feet  serve  as  oars;  applied 
specially  to  a  gen.  of  cnutaoeans,  fiun. 


Hippidee,  and  to  one  of  an  order  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  including  those  which  have 
tarsi  adanted  for  swimming. 

Bexnora,  'o-ra.  The  sucking-flsh,  a  spe- 
cies of  tcjeostean  fishes  hai^g  an  oviJ, 
adhesive  disk  o.  the  head  by  which  it  at- 
taches itself  to  other  fishes  or  to  the  bot- 
toms of  vessels. 

Bexnphan,  'fan.  In  Scrip,  an  idol  wor- 
shiped bv  the  Israelites  while  tixey  were 
in  the  wudemess. 

Benaissance,  re-nSs'sftns.  The  revival 
of  anything  which  has  long  been  in  decay 
or  extinct ;  a  term  generally  applied  to 
the  transitional  movement  in  Europe 
from  the  middle  ages  to  the  modern 
world ;  but  specially  applied  to  the  revival 
of  letters  and  arts  in  the  15th  century.  B. 
architecture,  a  style  which  originated  in 
Italy  in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century ; 
a  revival  of  Roman  and  Grecian  art. 

Benan,  Ernest.  A  French  Orientalist 
and  skeptical  author ;  b.  1828. 

Bente,  r&nt.  A  public  fund  or  stock 
bearing  interest;  French  government 
stock. 

Bep,  rep.  A  dress  &bric  having  a  corded 
or  ribbed  appearance. 

Bepousse,  re-pds-s&.  A  term  applied  to 
a  stvle  of  ornamentation  in  metal,  espe- 
cially silver,  resembling  embossing. 

Bepresentative,  rep-r&-zent'a-tiv.  One 
who  or  that  which  represents  or  exhibits 
the  likeness  of  another;  that  by  which 
anything  is  represented  or  exhibited. 
House  of  Representatives,  the  populiur 
branch  of  the  supreme  legislative  body  in 
the  United  States :  the  lower  house  of  the 
national  congress.  It  consists  of  members 
chosen  biennially  by  the  people  of  the 
several  states  in  numbers  proportioned  to 
their  population. 

Beptile,  rep'tn.  In  a  general  sense,  an 
animal  that  moves  on  its  belly,  or  by 
means  of  small  short  legs,  as  snakes,  liz- 
ards, caterpiUars,  A«.;  a  crawling  creature  ; 
specifically,  in  Zool.  an  animal  belonging 
to  the  class  Reptilia. 

Beptilia,  rep-tl'li-a.  A  class  of  verte- 
brate animals,  constituting  with  the  birds, 
to  which  theV  are  most  closely  allied, 
Huxley's  2d  division  of  vertebrates,  Sau- 
ropsida.  The  reptiles  lie  between  am- 
phibia and  birds. 

Beputolioan  Fork.  The  main  branch 
of  the  Kansas  River,  rising  in  Colorado 
and  flowing  through  Nebraska,  emptying 
into  the  K.  in  Riley  Ck>.,  Kansas ;  length, 
500  m. 

Bequa-battery,    rS'kwa-bat-er-i.       A 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEQTTTSIC 


OM 


BETTTRlf-lCATOH 


Uad  of  mitnUleoM,  ooiuistliff  of  a  nam- 
iMr  of  rifled  breech-loading  barrda  ar- 
ranged upon  a  horizontal  plane  on  a  llffht 
fleM  carruffe,  naad  in  the  American  dyil 
war. 

Baqniem,  ^wl-em.  A  ftmeral  hymn  or 
dirge  song  for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of 
a  dead  person  ;  a  servioe  or  mass  contain- 
ing a  hvom  beginning  **  Requiem  nter- 
£n,"  Ac  A  grand  musical  composition 
pHbrmed  in  honor  of  some  deceased  per- 
son. 

Bere-braoe,  rCrOnls.  Armor  for  the 
arm  aboYC  the  elbow,  forming  the  conneo- 
tion  between  the  pauldron  and  the  yam- 
brace. 

Beredos,  'dos.  In  Arch,  the  back  of  a 
fireplace:  the  open  fire-hearth.  The 
decorated  portion  of  the  wall  behind  the 
altar  in  a  cnnroh ;  the  wall  or  screen  at  the 
bade  of  a  seat ;  a  partition  wall  separating 
the  chancel  from  the  body  of  the  dinroh. 

Beaaoa.  A  Tillaffe  of  Gordon  Ck>.,  Oa., 
84  m.  N.  W.  ot  Atlanta,  noted  for  a  seyere 
batUe,  May  15, 1864,  between  the  Federals 
Ander  Qea.  Sherman  and  the  Cenfed- 
«ratea  under  Gen.  J.  8.  Johnston,  the 
latter  being  defeated. 

Beaaoa  do  la  Palma.  A  locality  in 
Cameron  Co.,  Tex.,  10  m.  N.  E.  of 
BrownsyOle,  where  (May  9,  184«)  Gen. 
Taylor,  with  8.000  Americans,  defeated 
Gen.  Arista  with  6,000  Mexicans. 

Tlaain,  regain.  An  inflammable  substance 
ibund  in  most  yegetables,  and  in  almost 
eyery  part  of  them.  It  is  diyisible  into 
liard  resins  and  soft  resins,  the  latter  being 
generally  called  balsams. 

Besorrectionist, -er-rek'shon-ist  One 
whose  business  it  is  to  steal  bodies  from 
the  graye  for  dissection. 

Betepora,  r^-tS'po-ra.  A  gen.  of  zoo- 
phytes, class  Polyzoa.  The  typical  species 
?B.  cellulosa)  is  known  by  tne  name  of 
Keptane*s  ruffles. 

BetiariaB,  -ti-SM-S.  The  name  given  to 
the  spiders  which  spin  a  web  to  entrap 
their  prey. 

Beticulate,  re-tik'u-l&t. 
^Netted;  resembling  net- 
work ;  baying  distinct 
lines  crossing  each  other 
like  net-work ;  applied  to 
leaves  and  also  to  min- 
erals, B.  gUws,  an  orna- 
mental ware  tn  which  a 
net-work  of  afr-bubbles  is 
indosed  in  the  glass  and 
arranged  in  regular  inter- 
ladng  series.  S.  molding, 


a  member  composed  of  a  fillet  Interlaoed 
in  various  ways.  B.  work,  that  variety  of 
maaoory  whereto  the  stones  are  square 


mm 

J^^-^^ 

feE=n^^ 

^^W 

m- 

Betloulated  Work— Boman. 

and  liUd  lozenge-wise,  resembling  the 
meshes  of  a  net,  very  oonunon  among  the 
andents. 

Retiariiis,  -ns.  In  Bom.  Antiq.  a  ffkdi- 
ator  who  wore  only  a  short  tunic  and  car- 
ried a  trident  and  net,  vrith  which  he  en- 
deavored to  entangle  and.  dispatch  his 
adversary,  armed  with  helmet,  snidd  and 
sword. 

Betina,  ret'i-na.  In  Anat  one  of  the 
coats  of  the  eye,  being  a  reticular  expan- 
sion of  the  optic  nerve,  which  reodvea  the 
impressions  resulting  in  the  sense  of 
vision. 

Betort,  rd'tort    In 
Ghem.  and  the  arts,  . 
a    vessel    of  glass,  ( 
earthenware,  metal,  > 
Ac.,   employed    for 
the  purpose  of  dis- 
tiUing    or    effecting 
decomposition  by  the  aid  of  heat. 

Betriever,  -trSv'er.  A  dog  trained  to 
go  in  quest  ef  game  which  a  sportsman 
has  shot,  generally  cross-bred,  a  large 
kiad  being  uie  progeny  of  the  Newfonna- 
hmd  and  setter ;  a  smaller  kind,  a  eroos 
between  the  spaniel  and  terrier. 

Betro,  re'trd.  A  prefix  in  words  from 
tho  Latin,  signifying  backward  or  back. 

Betum-ball,  -tem'bia.  A  ball  used 
as  a  plaything,  which  is  hdd  by  an  elastic 
string  BO  as  to  make  it  return  to  the  hand 
firom  which  it  is  thrown. 

Beturn- match,  'madi.  A  second 
match  or  trial  played  by  the  same  sets  of 
players  to  givf  the  defSMted  psrty  thdr 
revenge. 


Betort  and  Be* 
odver. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


REVEILLE 


EHIZOPHOEACEiB 


Reveille,  -y&l'yi.  Milit.,  the  beat  of 
drum,  bugle  sound,  or  other  signal  given 
about  break  of  day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is 
time  for  the  soldiers  to  rise  and  for  the 
sentinels  to  forbear  challenging. 

Bevolutionary  Tribunal,  The.  A 
name  given  the  infamous  "Ck)uncil  of 
Safety,"  instituted  by  the  French  Conven- 
tion, 1798,  under  the  direction  of  which 
the  "Eeignof  Terror"  was  inaugurated, 
the  notorious  Fouquler-Tinville  being 
public  accuser,  and  the  court  itself  sim- 
ply giving  force  to  Bobespierre's  com- 
mands. Bobespierre  and  his  accomplices 
were  its  last  victims,  perishing  on  the 
guillotine,  July  28^80, 1794. 

Sevolver,  -volv'er.  A  fire-arm  having  a 
revolving  barrel  or  breech  cylinder  so  con- 
structed as  to  discharge  several  Bhots  in 
quick  succession  without  being  reloaded. 

Reynolds,  Joshua,  Sir.  An  eminent 
English  portrait  iMiinter;  b.  1728,  n.  1792. 

B  h  8B  t  o  -  Bomanic,  re'to-ro-man''ik. 
That  member  of  theBoraance  family  of 
tongues  spoken  in  8.  Switzerland  and  in 
districts  north  of  the  Adriatic. 

SJiapsodist,  rap'sod-ist.  Originally, 
among  the  ancient  Greeks,  one  who  com- 
posed, recited  or  sang  rhapsodies ;  espe- 
dallv  one  whose  profession  was  to  recite 
or  smg  the  verses  of  Homer  and  other 
poets. 

Bhe,  t6.  The  Egyptian  name  for  the 
sun  regarded  as  a  divinity.  Written  also 
BeandBi. 

Bhea,  'a.  In  Myth,  the  daughter  of 
Uranos  and  Ge,  wife  and  sister  of  Cronos, 
ftnd  mother  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  HeS^la 
rVesta),  Demeter  (Ceres),  Here  (Juno), 
Hades  (Pluto),  Ac.  A  gen.  of  birds,  of 
whidi  the  three-toed  ostriches  of  8.  Amer- 
ica are  the  representatives. 

Bhenish  Prussia.  A  W.  province  of 
Prussia,  on  the  Bhine,  separated  from 
the  main  portion  of  the  Kingdom  by 
several  German  States;  bounded  W.  by 
Holland  and  Belgium ;  area,  10,230  sq.  m.; 
pop.  abt.  4,000,000. 

Bheochord,  'o-kord.  A  metallic  wire 
used  in  measuring  the  resistance,  or  vary- 
ing the  strength  of  an  electric  current. 

Bheomotor,  -md-ter.  Any  apparatus  by 
which  an  electric  or  galvanfo  current  is 
originated. 

Bheoscope,  -skdp.  An  instrument  by 
which  the  resistance  of  an  electric,  gal- 
vanic or  magnetic  current  may  be  ascer- 
tained. 

Bheostat,  -stat.  In  electro-magnetism, 
an  inetmmenl  for  adjusting  a  circutt  so 


that  any  required  degree  of  force  may  be 
maintained. 

Bhesus,  'sus.  The  name  of  a  gen.  of 
monkeys,  including  the  bruh  or  pig-tailed 
monkey  (B.  nemestrinus),  which  is  often 
domesticated.  The  name  is  also  given  to 
the  Macacus  Bhesus,  a  species  of  E.  In- 
dian monkey,  held  in  great  veneration  by 
the  natives,  and  of  which  large  numbers 
swarm  about  the  temples. 

Bhlgrolene,  rig'o-len.  A  light  coal-oil 
used  in  surgical  operations  to  render  the 
skin  insensible  to  pain. 

Bhine,  The.  The  principal  river  of  C. 
Europe,  rising  in  Switzerland,  and  flowing 
N.,  empties  into  the  North  Sea  by  a  delta 
110  m.  in  width.  It  forms  the  boundary 
between  Baden  and  Alsace-Lorraine  and 
passes  through  Prussia  and  HoUand. 

Bhine  Wine,  rln  win.  A  general  term 
for  wines  produced  on  the  Bhine,  but 
more  specifically  for  those  of  the  Bhein- 
gau,  in  the  southwest  of  Nassau.  Among 
the  best  white  Bhine  wines  are  Johannis- 
berg,  Hochheimer,  Budesheimer,  Stein- 
berger,  Bothenberger  and  Markobrunner. 
Of  the  red  wines  Asmannhauser  is  the 
most  celebrated. 

Bhinobatidas,  ri-no-bat'i-de.  The 
shark-rays  or  beaked  rays,  a  fam.  of  plagi- 
ostomous  elasmobranchiate  fishes,  unit- 
ing the  character  of  the  sharks  and  the 
rays.  The  saw-flsh  is  the  most  remark- 
able member  of  the  femily. 

Bhinoceros,  -nos'e-ros.  A  gen.  of  per- 
issodactylate  ungulates  or  hoofed  mAm- 


Indian  Bhinoceros. 


mals,  co-extensive  with  the  fani. 
Bhinocerotidffi,  and  nearly  allied  to  the  ele- 
phant, hippopotamus,  tapu:,  &c. 

Bhinoscope,  'no-sk5p.  A  small  mirror 
for  inspecting  the  passages  of  the  nose. 

Bhizodont,  'zo-dont.  A  reptile  whose 
teeth,  like  those  of  the  crocodile,  are 
planted  in  sockets. 

Bhizophoraceas,  -zof6-ra"se-6.  The 
maneroves ;  a  natural  order  of  trees  ol 
whi(m  the  gen.  Bhizophora  is  the  lype. 


Digitized  by 


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RHIZOSTOMIDJB 


604 


BICHABDSON 


ShiaoatomidflB,  -zd-fltom'i-dd.  A  fam. 
of  Hydrozoa,  ord.  Lucernarida,  in  which 
reproductive  elements  are  developed  in 
freezooids,  produced  by  fission. 

Bhode  Island.  One  of  the  original  18 
States  of  the  American  Union,  liHoanded 
N.  and  £.  by  Massachusetts,  S.  by  the 
Atlantic,  W.  by  Connecticut ;  area,  1,055 
sq.  m.;  pop.  276,581.  Principal  cities, 
Ftovidence  and  Newport,  caps.,  Bristol, 
Warren,  Scituate,  Smithfield,  Pawtucket 
and  Natick.  Rivers,  Pawtuxet,  Provi- 
dence, Blackstone  and  Pawcatuck.  New- 
port is  the  Ikshionable  seaside  resort  of 
New  England. 

Bhodes.  A  Turkish  island,  off  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  area  440  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt. 
88,000.  R.,  its  cap.,  ancientlv  held  the 
naval  sovereignty  of  the  world,  but  was 
successively  neld  bv  the  Romans,  Per- 
sians, Saracens,  Knights  Hospitallers  and 
Turks ;  pop.  20,000. 

Rhodian,  rd'di-an.  Pertaining  to 
Rhodes,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean. 
R.  laws,  the  earliest  system  of  marine  law 
known  to  history,  said  to  have  been  com- 
piled by  the  Rhodians  after  they  had  ob- 
tained the  sovereignty  of  the  pea,  about  900 
B.  c. 

Rhoxnl} ,  romb.  An  oblique-T^f 
angled  equilateral  parallelo- \  ] 
gram.  \  ;     , 

Bhomboid,  -boyd.    A  fig-    \:  -''       ' 
ure  approaching  to  a  rhomb. 

Bhone.      A  river    which 
rises  in  Switzerland,  near    /  'y 

the  source  of  the  Rhine,  and  /  / 

flows  8.  through    France,  /  ' 

emptying  into  the  Gulf  of    Rhomboid. 
Lyon  ;  length,  660  m. 

Shubarb.  roHbarb.  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  gen.  Rheum,  which  yield 
the  leaf-stalks  used  for  making  tarts,  &c. 

Bhynchoceti,  rin-ko-se'ta.  A  fam.  of 
cetaceans  allied  to  the  cachalots  or  sperm- 
whales. 

Rhynchophora,  kof  6-ra.  The  curculios 
or  weevils  ;  a  sub-sec.  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, characterized  by  having  the  head 
prolonged  in  the  form  of  a  snout  or  pro- 
Doscis. 

Bhysimeter,  ri-sim'i-ter.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  velocity  of  fluids 
or  the  speed  of  ships. 

Bialto,  rO-al'to.  A  bridge  over  the  Grand 
Canal  in  Venice. 

Hibadoquin,  ri-bad'o-kwin.  A  mediseval 
engine  of  war,  consisting  of  chariot  forti- 
fied >vith  iron  spikes.     In  the  14tll  oen- 


Rhomb. 


tury  th^  were  Airnished  with  small  can- 
nons.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  pow- 
erful cross-bow  for  throwing  long  darts. 
BibbonisUL,  rib'on-lzm.  The  principloa 
of  a  secret  association  of  Irishmen,  which 
hadits  origin  about  1808.  The  primary 
object  was  antagonism  to  the  Orange  or- 
ganization, to  which  was  added  the  retail 
iation  of  agrarian  oppression,  by  the  as- 
sassination of  landlords,  land-agents,  &o. 
The  members  were  bound  to  each  other 
bv  an  oath,  and  had  pass-words,  signs,  &c. 
They  had  their  name  from  a  piece  of  rib- 
bon they  wore  as  a  badge. 
Rice,  ris.  A  plant  of  the 
gen.  Oryza  aii*!  il  ^  f^i'ed.  f 
There  is  only  on-  iitiporliint  1 
species,  O.  sativit,  Llie  gnxlul 
of  which  forms  ii  lurj?"  ii^r  f 
tion  of  the  food  of  tlnj  iuhalj-J 
itantsofthe  warmer  porttoTtl 
of  the  world.  <  ■aiiada  ^l^:w^  f 
or  the  wild  rice  o  f  K^  A  m  iirlcia, 
is  the  Zizania  aiiUiiil^m,  quite  ^ 
different  from  i\w.  truo  rin&, 
The  seeds  are  rariniMiecms, 
and  much  used  for  ftwd  by 
the  Indians. 
Rice-bird,  'herd.  A  bird  of  the  U.  8., 
the  £mberiza  oryzivora,  or  Dolichonyx 
oryzivorus,  so  named  from  its  feeding  on 
rice ;  the  reed-bird.  In  N.  England  it  is 
call^  bobolink  or  bob-lincoln.  One  of 
the  names  of  the  paddy-bird  or  Java  spar- 
row. 

Rice-wine,  'win.  A  highly  intoxicating 
liquor  made  by  the  Chinese  from  rice. 
Richard.  The  name  of  three  kings  of 
England.  R.  I.  (Coeur  de  Lion);  b.  1157, 
2d  son  of  Henry  II.,  s.  his  father  1189.  He 
led  the  English  contingent  in  the  first 
Crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  while  on 
his  return,  1192,  was  imprisoned  by  the 
Emperor  of  Germany,  being  ransomed 
after  two  years ;  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Limoges,  1199.  R.  II.,  son  of  the  Black 
Prince ;  b.  at  Bordeaux,  1366,  s.  his 
grandfather,  Edward  III.,  1377  ;  deposed 
in  favor  of  Henry  IV.;  he  is  believed  td 
have  D.  in  prison  abt.  1400.  R.  IlL,  son 
of  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  b,  1452,  was 
the  last  of  the  Plantagenet  line.  He 
usurped  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  Edward  IV.,  1488,  imprisoning, 
and  it  is  believed  ordering  the  murder  of 
his  two  young  nephews.  Defeated  by 
Henry,  Earl  of  Ridimond,  at  Boswor^, 
R.  was  killed  on  the  field  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  victor,  as  Henry  VII. 
Richardson,  Samuel.  A  popular 
Enjliah  noveUst ;  b.  1689»  d.  1761. 


Digitized  by 


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BICHELIEU 


505 


ROANOKE 


Richelieu,     Armand     Jean    du 

Flessis,  Cardinal  de.  An  illustrious 
French  statesman,  prime  minister  under 

Louis  Xlil.;  B.  1585,  d.  1642. 

Riolunond.  Cap.  of  Ya.,  on  the  James 
Biyer,  150  m.  from  its  mouth.  During 
the  OiYil  War  it  was  the  cap.  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  and  the  objective  point  of 
attack  of  the  Union  armies ;  surrendered 
Aprils,  1866;  pop.  68,600. 

Bichter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich.  A 
dlsttngnished  German  author ;  b.  1768, 
D.  at  Bayreuth,  1825. 

Hicinus,  ris'i-nus.  A  gen.  of  apetalous 
plants,  ord.  Euphorbiacesa.  Tne  best 
Known  species  is  the  B.  communis  or 
palma  Christi,  which  produces  castor-oil. 

Riding,  rid'ing.  One  of  the  three  dis- 
tricts—N.,  E.  and  W.  Bidings— into 
which  the  conntv  of  York,  in  England,  is 
divided,  anciently  under  the  govemment 
of  a  reeve. 

Riffle,  rifL  A  trough  used  in  gold  wash- 
ing. 

Riffler,  'ler.  A  file  with  a  curved  ex- 
tremity, for  working  in  depressions. 

Riga.  Cap.  of  Livonia,  Bussia,  on  the 
Dwlna,  9  m.  firom  Oulf  of  B.;  pop.  118,- 
000 ;  Gulf  of  B.,  an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  100 
m.  long  by  70  wide,  connecting  on  the 
N.  with  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  and  on  the 
8.  W.  with  the  Baltic. 

Rigel,  ri'Jel.  A  bright  fixed  star  of  the 
Isl  magnitude  in  the  left  foot  of  Orion. 

Rig-Veda,  rig-ve'da.  The  first  and 
principal  of  the  Yedas  or  sacred  hymns 
of  the  Hindus.  It  is  probably  the  oldest 
literary  document  extant,  supposed  to  be 
upward  of  8,000  years  old. 

Rime,  rim.  White  or  hoar  frost ;  con- 
gealed dew  or  vapor. 

Rixnmon,  'mon.  A  Syrian  god,  whose 
seat  was  Damascus. 

Ring-finger,  ring'flng-ger.     The  third 

I  finger  of  the  left  hand,  on  which  the  ring 

/  is  placed  in  marriage. 

Ring-gauge,  'g&j.  A  gauge  for  measur- 
ing road-metal;  also,  a  similar  instru- 
ment for  measuring  shot  and  shell.  A 
conical  piece  of  wood,  or  metallic  slip  with 
a  graduated  scale,  used  by  jewelers  for 
measuring  finger-rings. 

Ringgold.  Cap.  of  Catoosa  Co.,  Ga., 
387  m.  N.  W.  of  Augusta,  noted  for  a  san- 
guinary battle  Nov.  27, 1868,  between  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Hooker,  and  the 
rear  guard  of  Gen.  Bragg's  retreating 
army  under  Gen.         *  -     »  - 

were  defeated. 


Ring-money,  'mun-i.  A  kind  of  mon< 
ey  consisting  of  rings,  in  use  before  the 
invention  of  coining,  by  the  ancient 
Egyptians  and  generally  in  the  East, 
whence  it  spread  into  Europe,  the  Scandi- 
navians using  it  as  late  as  the  12th  oen- 
tary.  It  is  still  in  use  in  Aflica,  being 
regularly  manufitctured  at  Bfarmingham 
for  traders,  under  the  name  of  ManilTos. 

Rio  Branca  (Farima  or  White 
River).  A  Brazilian  river,  emptying  into 
the  Bio  Negro  near  Mour  ;  length,  700  m. 

Rio  Grande.  (B.  G.  del  Norte.  B. 
Bravo  del  Norte,  K.  del  Norte.)  A  large 
rivnr.  rifling  in  Colorado  and  emptying 
iuUi  the  rtnlf  c-f  Mexico,  forming  tiie 
btj  El  Hilary  hutws^rn  Texas  and  Mexico; 
leisuth,  f,Hl>l  iti.  B.  G.  do  Norte,  a  Brar 
zllSrtii  riTer,  f>mpt>inginto  the  Parnahyba ; 
1<  M t'Eh ,  «no  1  n .  K  G.  do  Sul. , a  river  of  8. 
Er?L/tl.  I  rrj[>ivln^r  jnto  the  Sao  Francisco ; 
h-itv''lii.  ".'"ijik. 

Rio  Negro  ^  Black  River  or 
Sauces  L  \  riv,  r  of  8.  America,  rising 
in  ihii  Aii  Ji;i  und  forming  the  boundary 
bet.  the  Argentine  provinces  and  Patago- 
nia, emptying  into  the  Atlantic  ;  len^, 
700  m. 

Ripple,  rip'L  A  large  comb  or  hatohel 
for  separating  the  seeds  or  capsules  lh>m 
flax  and  broom-corn. 

Rishi,  rish'i.  In  Skr.  Myth,  the  name 
given  to  the  seven  sages  inhabiting  the 
seven  stars  constituting  the  oonsteUation 
of  Ursa  M^jor.  The  name  was  given  also 
to  the  inspired  authors  of  uie  Vedio 
hymns,  and  later  to  renowned,  though 
not  inspired,  poets. 

Ritual,  rit'a-al.  A  book  containing  the 
rites  or  ordinances  of  a  church  or  secret 
order.  The  manner  of  performing  divine 
service,  or  the  work  of  a  lodge. 

Rix^ollar,  riks'dol-ler.  A  silver  ooin 
of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
&c.  Its  value  varies  from  60  cents  to 
$1.12. 

Roach.,  roch.  A  fish,  gen.  Cyprinus  or 
carps,  the  C.  rutilus. 

Road-steamer,  rM-stSm'er.  A  loco- 
motive with  broad  wheels,  for  running  on 
common  roads. 

Roanoke.  A  river  which  rises  in  8.  Ya., 
and  flowing  through  N.  C,  empties  into 
Albemarle  Sound;  length  450  m.  B. 
Island,  a  small  island  in  A.  sound  which 


was  strongly  fortifled  by  the  Confederates 

in  the  Civil  War,  but  captured,  Feb.  11, 

1862,  bv  a  fleet  of  100  vessels  and  aland 

Cleburae ;  the  lattor  I    force  of  16,000  troops  under  Gen.  Bum* 

I   side. 


Digitized  by 


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ROBERT 


tm 


R0£BLINO 


Bobert.  The  name  of  seyeral  princes 
and  sovereigns  of  Europe,  the  following 
beinff  the  most  noted  :  R.  I.,  of  France, 
proclaimed  by  the  revolted  nobles  In 
place  of  Charles  the  Simple,  922  ;  killed  in 
a  battle  which  he  won  firom  C. ,  928.  R.  of 
Ai\ioa,  s.  his  father,  Charles  II.,  as  King 
of  Naples,  1809 ;  d.  1848.  R.  I.  (Robert 
Bruce),  of  BooUand.  R.  II.,  first  of  the 
race  of  Btuart;  b.  1816,  waged  ansae- 
cessAil  war  against  England  ;  d.  1890.  R. 
III.,  son  and  s.  of  the  former ;  b.  1840, 
crowned  1890,  d.  1406 ;  he  also  carried  on 
a  disastrous  warfare  with  England.  R.  I. 
(The  Devil),  Duke  of  Normandy,  s.  his 
brother  Richard  III.,  1027,  d.  1085,  after  a 
pilgrimage  to  Palestine.  He  was  s.  by 
his  son  William  the  "  Conqueror'*  of  En- 
gland. 

Bobertln,  rob'er-tin.  One  of  an  order 
of  monks,  so  called  from  Robert  Flower, 
the  founder,  1187. 

Bobert.  Ijoals  Leopold.  An  eminent 
French  painter ;  b.  1794,  p.  by  suicide  in 
Venice,  1886. 

Bobespierre,  Uazimilien  lULaxie 
Isidore.  A  notorious  French  revolu- 
tionist ;  B.  1758,  D.  on  the  guillotine,  to 
which  he  had  assigned  thousands  of  inno- 
cent men  and  women  as  President  of  the 
*' Committee  of  Public  Safety,"  in  a.sso- 
ciation  with  Couthon  and  St.  Just,  July, 
28, 1794. 

Bobin-GkxMlfellow,  -In-gnd'feMd.  A 
domestic  spirit  or  fairy,  the  offspring  of  a 

?roang  woman  and  Oberon,  king  of  Fairy- 
and,  analogous  to  the  Brownie  of  Scot- 
land. 

Bobinaon,  Edward.  A  distinguished 
American  author  and  biblical  exponent ;  b. 
in  Conn.  1794,  d.  1868. 

Bobiir  Oaroli,  ro'ber  kar'5-ll.  The 
Royal  Oak,  a  southern  constellation  of  12 
stars. 

Boo,  rok.  The  well-known  monstrous 
bird  of  Arabian  mythology,  of  the  same 
fabulous  species  with  t£e  simurg  of  the 
Persians. 

Boooella,  -seria.  A  gen.  of  lichens,  one 
spocies  of  which  (R.  tinctoria)  yields  the 
dye  so  largely  used  in  dyeing  under  the 
name  of  orchal  or  archil. 

Boohambeau,  Jean  Baptiste  Don- 
atien  de  Vixneur.  A  marshal  of 
France ;  b.  1725,  d.  1807.  He  command- 
ed the  French  allies  in  the  American  rev- 
olution. 

Bochester.  Cap.  of  Monroe  Co.,  N.  Y., 
at  the  head  of  the  falls  of  the  Genesee 
River,  7  m.  from  its  mouth,  94  m.  E.  of 
Sufiklo ;  pop.  89,86<). 


Boc^et,  roch'et  A  short  surplice,  with 
tight  sleeves,  open  at  the  sides,  formerly 
worn  by  priests  and  acolytes,  but  now  by 
bishops  and  privileged  canons.  A  mante- 
let worn  during  ceremonies  by  the  peers 
of  England. 

Bookaway,  rok'arw&.  A  low  foni^ 
wheeled  caniage,  with  tall  standing  top. 

Book-drill,  'driL  A  tool  for  boring 
rock  by  a  chisel  or  rotary  motion. 

Booky  ICoantains.  A  range  of  N. 
AmOTica,  divided  into  two  chains,  of 
which  the  E.  extends  from  the  Mexican 
fl*ontier  to  the  Arctic,  and  the  W.  skirts 
the  Pacific  to  Prince  William's  Soond; 
the  highest  peak  is  Mt.  St.  Ellas,  in  Alas- 
ka, 17,900  ft.  above  sea  level. 

Bodentia,  r5-den'shi-a.  An  ord.  of 
mammals  containing  many  genera,  in- 
cluding the  squirrel,  rot,  mouse,  hare, 
rabbit,  beaver,  Am.  They  nibble  and 
gnaw  their  food  (hence  the  name). 

Bod^rs,  John,  An  American  com- 
modore ;  B.  in  Md.  1771,  d.  1888.  He 
won  distinction  in  operations  against 
France,  Tripoli  and  England.  R.,  John, 
son  of  the  preceding,  also  a  naval  officer ; 
B.  in  Md.  1809,  served  with  credit  during 
the  CivU  War,  and  appointed  rear  admiral, 
1870. 

Bodiya,  rod'i-ya.  One  of  a  degraded 
race  in  Ceylon,  living  in  a  more  abject 
state  than  the  Pariahs  of  India,  being  ooii> 
sidered  disqualified  even  for  labor.  Un- 
der British  rule  their  condition  has  been 
improved. 

Bodney,  Oeorgre  Bryd^es.  A  dis- 
tinguished English  admiral ;  b.  1718,  d. 

Bodolph  (Budolph).  Founder  of  the 
Austrian  monarchy,  son  of  Albert  IV., 
Count  of  Hapsbnrg,  Switzerland ;  b.  1218, 
elected  Emperor  of  Gcrnmny  1278,  d. 
1291. 

Boe,  ro.  The  sperm  or  spawn  of  fishes. 
The  roe  of  the  male  i»  called  soft  roe  or 
milt;  thai  of  the  female  hard  roe  or 
spawn.  A  mottled  ap[>earance  in  wood, 
especially  in  mahogany. 

Boeblingr,  John  A.  An  eminent 
American  civil  engineer  ;  b.  in  Prussia 
1806,  emigrated  to  U.  S.  1831,  d.  1870. 
He  constructed  the  canal  aqueduct  across 
the  Alleghany  River  at  Pittsburgh,  sus- 
pension bridges  at  Pittsburgh  and  Niag- 
ara Falls,  bridge  across  the  Ohio  at  Oln- 
dnnati,  and  planned  the  great  Brooklyn 
bridge  over  the  East  River  which  wa» 
completed,  1888,  under  the  direction  o4 
his  son,  Washington  A.  fioebling. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BOEBUOft 


607 


BOOI* 


&  a  e 

buck  , 
'huk.    A 

Cu  p  r  uj  a  , 
oou  of  thi' 

BlDttUtmt  iif 

of  elegant  shape  and  remarkably  nimble. 
It  is  aboat  2  feet  8  inches  high  at  the 
shoalder,  and  weighs  50  or  60  lbs. 

Boland.  A  ftunous  French  hero,  the 
supposed  nephew  of  Charlemagne,  and 
the  sabjeet  of  numerous  mediseval  ro- 
mances :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bonoee- 
valles,  778. 

Boller-flkate,  rol'er-sk&t  A  skate 
mounted  on  small  wheels  or  rollers,  and 
used  for  skating  upon  asphalt  or  other 
smooth  flooring. 

RoUin,  Charles.  An  eminent  French 
historian;  B.  1661,  d.  1741. 

Sollinff-xnill,  'ing-mil.  A  combination 
of  machinery  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
malleable  iron  and  other  metals  of  the 
same  nature.  It  consists  of  sets  of  rollers, 
whose  surfaces  revolve  nearly  in  contact 
while  the  heated  metal  is  passed  between 
them,  and  thereby  subjected  to  a  strong 
pressure,  the  oblect  being  to  expel  the 
scoriffi  and  other  Impurities,  and  to  shape 
the  mass  into  a  plate,  bolt,  or  bar,  accord- 
ing to  the  form  given  to  the  surfaces  of  the 
rollers. 

Bollo.  Founder  of  the  ducal  family  of 
llormandy,  and  ancestor  of  William  the 
Conqueror  ;  b.  in  Norway,  abt.  860 ;  be- 
came a  sea  rover  and  occupied  Normandy, 
which  was  ceded  him  by  Charles  the  Sim- 
ple, 911.  He  embraced  Christianity,  and 
married  the  daughter  of  the  French  king; 
D.  925. 

Somaio,  r5-ma'ik.  The  vernacular  lan- 
guage of  modem  Greece,  that  is,  of  the 
uneducated  or  the  peasantry,  a  corrupted 
form  of  the  language  of  ancient  Greece. 
The  cultivated  language  of  modern  Greece 
is  eaUed  the  Hellenic. 

HomaneSQUd,  -man-esk'.  The  debased 
style  of  architecture  and  ornament  that 
prevailed  in  the  later  Roman  empire,  and 
the  styles  that  proceeded  from  it,  known 
as  Byzantine,  I^ombard,  «Scc.  The  common 
dialect  of  Languedoo  and  some  other  dis- 
tricts in  the  south  of  France. 

^^^iOTft-M4aTn  -izm.  The  tenets  of  the 
Church  of  Kome;  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion. 


Bomanoff  (Bomanov  or  Boman- 

OW).  The  surname  of  the  dynostv  ol 
Russia  founded  by  Michael  Feoaoro< 
vitch,  son  of  the  Metropolitan  of  Rostov, 
elected  Czar  1618,  d.  1645.  The  direct 
line  became  extinct,  1732,  the  empress 
Elizabeth  being  s.  by  her  nephew,  Peter 
III.,  founder  of  the  Romanoff-Oldeo' 
burg  or  Bomanoff-Uolstein-Gottorp  dy- 
nasty. ( 

Boman8(Bpifltl6toThe).  In  Scrip,  a 
New  Testament  book,  written  by  St 
Paul  abt.  58,  and  addressed  to  the  Ch.  at 
Rome. 

Boxnaay,  'an-i.  A  gypsy.  The  lan- 
guage spoken  by  the  gypsies,  a  dial^jt 
Drought  from  Hindustan  and  allied  to  the 
Hindustani. 

BoTnaTnm.  The  name  of  several  By- 
zantine emperors.  Also  of  a  pope,  s.  to 
Stephen  Vf.,  898,  d.  899. 

Boxnanzieri,  rO-man'tse-ti-r€.  A 
school  of  Italian  poets  who  took  for  their 
subjects  the  romances  of  France  and 
Spain,  especially  those  relating  to  Charle- 
magne and  his  paladins.  Ariosto  carried 
this  poetry  to  its  highest  perfection. 

Borne  (Boxna).  The  cap.  of  the  most 
extensive  and  greatest  empire  of  antiquity; 
later  the  metropolis  of  Christendom,  the 
seat  of  the  heaaor  pope  of  the  R.  C.  Ch., 
and  present  cap.  or  Italy,  on  both  sides 
the  Tiber,  115  m.  N.  E.  of  Naples.  It  wa* 
founded  758  years  b.  c.  ;  pop,  227,384. 

Boxnulus.  The  traditionary  founder  of 
Rome,  twin  brother  of  Remus,  sous  of 
Rhea  Svlvia,  by  the  God  Mars.  Mother 
and  children  being  cast  into  the  Tiber,  the 
boys  were  rescued  and  nurtured  by  a  she 
wolf.  Remus  was  killed  in  a  dispute  over 
the  building  of  the  wall.  The  citv  was  peo- 
pled by  outlaws,  who  obtained  wives  by 
the  **Rape  of  the  Sabines'*.  R.  was  a 
bold  and  suecessftil  warrior,  and  was  trans- 
hited  to  heaven  and  made  a  god  under  the 
name  of  Quirinus. 

Boof,  rof.  The  cover  of  any  house  or 
building.    Roofb  are  distinguished,  by  the 

mmci 

Curb  Roof.     Gable  Roof.      Ogee  Roof. 


M.  Roof.       Hip  Boof.      Shed  Roof 
materials   of  which   they    are     mainly 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ROOK 


608 


K08ETTA  STOITB 


Kook. 


formed,  by  their 
form  and  mode  of 
ooDstruotlon,  of 
which  there  are  a 
great  variety. 
Book,  ruk.  A  bird, 
geD.  Corvus  (0.  fru- 
gilegus),  resembling 
the  crow,  but  dif- 
fering from  it  in 
not  feeding  on  car- 
rion. 

Rood,  rdd.  A  square  measure,  the  fourth 
of  a  statute  acre,  equal  to'  40  square 
perches  or  poles,  or  1210  square  yards.  A 
measure  of  6^  yards  in  length :  a  rod,  pole 
or  perch  ;  also  a  square  pole,  ©r  272i 
square  feet,  used  in  estimating  mason 
work.  A  large  crucifix  placed  at  the  en- 
trance tt>  the  chancel  in  medieval  churches. 
Bometimes  images  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and 
8t.  John  ^ere  placed  on  either  side  of  the 
image  of  Christ,  in  allusion  to  John  xix. 
26. 

Boomal,  ro'mal.  T\i(* 
slip-knot  handkerchie'f 
employed  by  the  Thup-n 
or  hereditary  Strang - 
lers  of  India  in  their 
murderous  operations. 
Booster,  rost'er.  Tlit' 
male  of  the  domestic 
fowl;  a  cock. 
Boquelaure,  rd^ki^- 
Idr.  A  short  cloak 
much  used  in  the  ear- 
lier portion  of  tiie  18iii 
centmy. 

Borqual,  rorHcwal.  a^ 
cetaceous  mammal  ge  1 1 . 
Balsenoptera,  closely  aj 
lied  to  the  common 
whales.  The  northern  rorqual  attains  a 
great   size,  being  found  flrom  80  to  over 


ifliLur*.'. 


j^^SP'-jHlk^ 


Rorqual. 

100  feet  in  length.      They  are  ferocious 

and  yield  little  oil. 
Bosa,  Salvator.  A  distinguished  Italian 

painter ;  b.  1615,  d.  1678. 
Bosaoe,  roz-fis'.    An  ornamental  piece  of 

plaster-work  in  the  center  of  a  ceiling,  in 

which  a  luster  or  chandelier  is  placed. 


Bosario.  Gap.  of  the  Argentine  Gonfed* 
eration,  8.  Amerioa,  on  the  Parana,  liK)m. 
N.  W.  of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  pop.  15,600. 

Bosary,  rO'za-ri.  A  ohaplet;  a  gar- 
land. A  strlhg  of  beads  used  by  Roman 
Catholics  for  counting  their  prayers.  There 
are  five  or  fifteen  divisions,  each  contain- 
ing ten  small  and  one  large  bead;  for  each 
of  the  small  beads  an  Ave  Maria,  and  for 
each  of  the  lai^er  a  Paternoster  is  repeated. 

BoMorans,  William  Stark.  An  Am- 
erican geaeral,  b.  in  O.,  1819  ;  at  present 
Member  of  Congress  for  California. 

Bose^out,  rOz'kut.  A  term  applied  to  a 
gem  the  back  of  which  is  left  flat,  and  the 
face  cut  into  a  series  of  inclined  triangular 
facets  arranged  around  a  central  hexagon. 

Bose-diamond,  'dl-a-mond.  A  dia- 
mond nearly  hemispherioal,  cut  into  24  tri- 
angular planes  arranged  around  a  hex- 
agonal center. 

Bose<«nflrine, 'en-jin.  An  appendage  to 
the  turning-latiie,  by  which  a  Bur&oeot 
wood  or  metal,  as  a  watch-case,  is  en- 
graved with  a  variety  of  curved  lines. 

Bose-festiTal,  'fes-ti-val.  A  festival 
celebrated  June  8,  which  had  its  origin 
in  Salency  in  France.  A  girl  is  selected 
from  three  most  distinguisned  for  female 
virtues,  her  name  being  announced  fi^m 
the  pulpit  to  give  an  opportunity  for  ob- 
jections. S^e  is  then  conducted  to 
church,  where  she  hears  service  in  a 
place  of  honor,  after  which  she  formerly 
used  to  open  a  ball  with  the  seigneur. 
She  is  called  La  Rosidre,  because  she  is 
adorned  by  roses  held  together  by  a  silver 
clasp  presented  by  Louis  YIII.  The  fes- 
tival has  been  imitated  at  other  places. 

Bose-noble,  'no-bl.  An  ancient  En- 
gUsh  gold  coin,  stamped  with  the  figure  oi 
a  rose,  first  struck  in  the  reign  of  Inward 
III.,  and  current  at  6s.  8d.  Rose-noblee 
were  also  coined  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
IV.  of  the  value  of  8s.  4d. 

Bose-rial,  'ri-al.  A  name  for  British 
gold  coins  of  various  reigns  and  various 
values.  The  noble  of  Edward  IV.  was  so 
callc<l  from  the  figure  of  a  rose  which  was 
added  to  the  reverse  There  were  rose- 
rials  of  James  I.  of  thi  /alne  of  80s. 

Bosetta  Stone.  rO'zet'a  stdn.  The 
name  given  to  a  stone  in  the  British 
Museum,  originally  found  by  the  French 
near  the  Rosetta  mouth  of  the  Nile.  It 
is  a  piece  of  black,  basalt,  and  contains 
part  of  three  distinct  inscriptions,  the 
first  or  highest  in  hieroglyphics,  the 
second  in  enchorial  characters,  and  the 
third  in  Oreek.    Aooording  to  the  Greek 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ftOSfi-WlKBOW 


6M 


ItOUND-TOWKB 


inscription  the  stone  was  erected  in  the 
reigxk  of  Ptolemy-  Epiphanes,  about  198 
B.  o. 

Bose-window,  roz'win-dfi.  In  Arch,  a 
drcular  window  divided  into  compart- 
ments by  moUions  or  tracery  radiating  or 
branching*  from  a  center.  Called  also 
Catherine-wheel  and  Marigold  Window. 

Boflicnioian,Toz'i-kro'8bi-an.  One  of  a 
secret  sect  or^odety  some  account  of 
which  was  given  in  works  published  in 
Germany  in  the  17th  century,  and  which 
was  said  to  have  originated  two  or  three 
centuries  previous.  Whether  such  an  or- 
ganized society  ever  did  really  exist  or  not 
is  an  open  question.  Its  members  are  said 
to  have  made  great  pretensions  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  secrets  of  nature,  and  espc^ 
dally  as  to  the  transmutation  of  metals, 
the  prolongation  of  life,  and  acanaintance 
with  what  was  occurring  in  mstant  re- 
gions, &c.  The  sodety  was  often  known 
as  Brothers  of  the  Rosy  Cross. 

Bosin,  roz'in.  The  name  given  to  resin 
when  employed  in  a  solid  state  for  ordi- 
nary purposes. 

Boss,  John,  Sir  An  English  Arctic  ex- 
plorer; B.  1777,  D.  1856.  His  nephew. 
Sir  James  Clark  Koss,  b.  1800,  also  at- 
tained distinction  as  an  Arctic  explorer  : 
D.  1862. 

Bowwlnl,  Gloaochimo.  The  most 
eminent  of  Italian  composers ;  b.  1792,  d. 
at  Paris,  1870. 

Bota,  ro'ta.  An  ecclesiastical  court  at 
Borne,  composed  of  prelates.  In  Eng. 
Hist,  a  political  club  founded  by  Harring- 
ton, 1659,  who  advocated  the  election  of 
officers  of  state  by  ballot,  and  the  retire- 
ment of  a  certain  number  of  members  of 
Parliament  annually  by  rotation. 

gotacism,  rd'ta-sizm.  Faulty  pronun- 
dation  of  the  letter  B,  a  spedes  of  psel- 
lismus  ;  burr. 

Italia,  rd-tS'li-a.  A  gen.  of  the  For- 
aminifera,  so  called  fr^m  their  nautiloid 
wheel-like  contour.  They  are  extremely 
minute. 

Bote,  r5t.  An  old  stringed  musical  in- 
strument, a  kind  of  harp,  lute,  guitar,  or 
viol. 

ftothesay.  Cap.  of  Co.  Bute,  a  Scottish 
seaport,  80  m.  S.  W.  of  Glasgow ;  it 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  male  heir  to 
the  British  throne ;  pop.  9,100. 
Bothsohild.  The  name  of  the  heaviest 
firm  of  capitalists  in  the  commercial 
world,  of  Jewish  blood;  founded  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main  by  Anselra  Meyer 
B.;  B.  1748|  D.  1812,  leaving  an  Immense 


fortune  to  his  five  sons,  each  of  wh«m 
opened  and  conducted  a  banking-house  in 


ate   wealth  is   estbnated   at  near! 


Sy 


thelai^er  European  capitals.    Thdr 

gregate   wealtl 

i5,000,p00,000. 

Botifera,  rd-tif  er-a.  A  class  of  animal- 
cules, distinguished  by  their  circles  of  dUa, 
which,  through  the  microscope,  appear 
like  revolving  wheels.  They  can  be  de- 
siccated and  Kept  for  months  and  still  be 
revived  on  the  application  of  moisture. 

Botterdaxn.  An  important  commerdal 
city  of  Holland,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Meuse  and  Rotte,  85  m.  S.  W.  of  Am- 
sterdam ;  pop.  127,600. 

Bottolo,  rot'o-lo.  A  weight  used  in 
parts  of  the  Mediterranean,  varying  from 
U  to  5  lbs. 

Bouble,  rd'bl.  The  unit  of  the  Bussian 
money  system.  The  silver  rouble  is  equal 
to  about  60  cents ;  iti§  divided  into  100  co- 
pecks. 

Bouen.  Cap.  of  Dep.  Seine-Inf^rieure 
and  ancient  metropolis  of  Normandy, 
France,  on  the  Seine,  67  m.  N.  W.  of 
Paris ;  pop.  109,450. 

Bou£re-et-noir,  r5zh-e-nwar.  A  game 
of  cards  played  between  a  banker  and  an 
unlimited  number  of  persons  at  a  table 
marked  with  four  spots  of  a  diamond 
shupe,  two  colored  black  and  two  red.  A 
player  may  stake  his  money  upon  rouge 
or  nofr  by  placing  it  on  the  red  or  black 
spots,  or  ne  may  stake  it  on  two  other 
chances,  couleur  or  inverse. 

Boulette,  r5-Iet'.  A  game  of  chance 
played  at  a  table,  in  the  center  of  which  Is 
a  cavity  surrounded  by  a  revolving  disk, 
the  circumference  of  which  is  divided  into 
compartments  colored  black  and  red  al- 
ternately, and  numbered  with  a  zero  and 
double  zero.  A  bail  is  rolled  in  an  oppo- 
site direction  to  the  revolving  disk,  and 
the  wager  is  laid  upon  the  color  of  the 
compartment  in  which  it  finally  stops. 

Boundhead,     round'hed.      A     name 

given  by  the  Cavaliers  or  adherents  of 
harles  I.,  during  the  English  civil  war,  to 
members  of  the  Puritan  or  parliament- 
ary party,  who  wore  their  hair  closely 
cut,  the  Cavaliers  wearing  theirs  in  long 
ringlets. 

Bound-robin,  'rob-in.  A  written  peti- 
tion, memorial  or  remonstrance  signed  by 
names  in  a  ring  or  circle,  so  that  it  is  im« 
possible  to  ascertain  who  heads  the  list. 

Bound-tower,  'tou-er.  A  tall,  slender 
tower,  common  in  Ireland,  and  in  two 
places  in  Scotland,  from  SO  to  180  ft.  in 
height,  and  from  20  to  80  ft.  in  diameter. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


E0US8EAIT 


eoo 


fetrstt 


Antiquaries  generally  nkni.-e  that  th*,?  iliiliJ 
from  the  9th  to  the  l-'ilt  ct^dttiry,  i^nd  m 
considering  them  aa  si  rut jj^hold a. 

Housseau,  Jean  Jooquea.  A  diitfu- 
guishcd  French  author ;  h,  at  tioiievst, 
1712 ;  D.  1778. 

Housseau,  Ix>vell  H.  An  A  mcTicua 
general;  b.  in  Ky.,  IbJW  ;  p,  18titf. 

Koutier,  ro'ti-ft.  Om?  flf  m  dti&s  uf  ujiH- 
tary  adventurers  of  the  Hth  tx^ifcrnrj,  wlio 
hired  themselves  out  to  whutfvffr  wonltl 
pay  them  best :  so  nuuitid  fmiitii  licicij^;  al- 
ways on  the  route  or  iiHtv«, 

Soyalist,  roi'al-ist.  A  a  mlburt-at  ton 
king,  or  one  attached  I^j  a  kindly  iroverii- 
ment.  Specifically  appllini  In  Wstttrv  if*  m 
partisan  of  Charles  I.  uad  iMiiitUi»  tb<=J  II. 
of  England,  and  to  uii  ui^huriiut  of  Uip 
Bourbons  after  the  tir^L  FrLUicb  revolu- 
tion. 

BubexLS,  Peter  PauL  TUe  it^^diuir 
painter  of  the  Flemfeb  ai^lwMji ;  b.  at  Sle- 
gen,  1677 ;  d.  1640. 

BubezaM,  'be-tsSl  Numbor  Nip,  a 
famous  mountain  e|iirit  v(  G^niiitny, 
sometimes  friendly,  fiiuf.'tluips  mlicLlov- 
ous  ;  said  to  be  favoruhlt?  lo  iLo  poor  juid 
oppressed,  but  wagin  tj  ^vur  un  tha  jn^iid 
and  wicked. 

Rubicon,  r5'bikon=  A  stiia]]  rivt-r 
which  separated  Iljih'  fioui  <L'l*talijirje 
Gaul,  the  province  alhiUtwl  U  Juliuii 
Caesar.  The  crossluir  Mfibfl  R.  bv  i:^wiT 
was  the  first  step  In  tUi-  'Jvl]  war  Di>twt;«n 
him  and  Pompey,  aqiii^'^lt-'ut  t<t  n  d<?tlniji- 
tlon  of  war. 

Buby.  A  crystalliz" -1  j.m+iij  m  xt  Id  Ibe 
diamond  in  hardness  lhhI  vuliits  ol'  vur]t>itfl 
shades  of  red,  th«  iiiu^t  ijJirlily  ijriieil 
being  crimson  and  caniiiin.*  r*:-*!.  Jt  rnii- 
sists  of  nearly  pure  ulnininn^  wilb  iuitiU 
quantities  of  magnesl.t  &n\. 

Budolpbine,  -dor  fin.  A  5i?t  of  afirrtj- 
nomical  tables  conif  ^'^^t^d  by  Kf'pl'i^i 
founded  on  the  obs-  r^ullnn:*  at  Tjebo 
Brah6,  named  in  hojitaf  iCudolph  IL, 
emperor  of  Bohemia. 

Buff,  ruf.  A  bird 
allied  to  the  wood- 
cock, and  found  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Bujn,  rum.  Spirit 
distilled  from  cane 
juice,  from  the 
treacle  or  molasses 
which  drains  from 
sugar,  or  from  dun- 
der,  the  lees  of  former 
distillations. 

Biuninant,  ro'mi-  r.uJT. 


nant   A  member  of  the  ord.  Buminantia ; 

an  animal  that  chews  the  cud,  as  the  cam- 
el, deer,  goat  and  bovine  kind. 
Bumswizale,    rum'swiz-L      A    frieze 

cloth  made  in  Ireland  from  undyed  foreign 

wool  which  resists  wet. 
Bune,  ron.    A lettir  nf 

the  alphabet  pecullm-  to 

the  ancient  northerii  iw- 

tions  of  Europe.    TNtT« 

were      three      leadiijpf 

classes    of    runes—  the 

Scandinavian,  the  tter- 

man     and    the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  agreeing  in  eome 

respects.     '"'    ' 


m 
IP 

Of  these  tho  I  ^ 


Bune. 


first  consisted  of  10  Ic-t-  jj, 
ters,  while  the  AihirEo-W'^' 
Saxon  consisted  o\  40. 
Runic  monuments  oc- 
cur  in  Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden,  Ger- 
many, Britain  and  some  parts  of  France 
and  Spain.  The  earliest  mention  niade  ol 
the  runes  was  in  the  6th  century. 
Bupee,  ro-pfi'.  A  silver  coin  current  in 
India  and  islands  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, equivalent  to  50  cents. 
Bupert's  Drop  'perts  drop.  A  drop 
of  glass  thi-own  while  in  a  state  of  fusion 
into  water,  and  thus  suddenly  consoli- 
dated. The  thick  end  may  be  subjected 
to  the  blow  of  a  hammer  without  breaking, 
but  should  the  smallest  part  of  the  tail  be 
nipped  oflF  or  the  surfiice  scratched  with  a 
diamond,  the  whole  flies  into  fine  dust 
with  considerable  force.  This  is  due  to 
the  strain  in  the  interior,  caused  by  the 
consolidation  of  the  crust  while  the  to- 
temal  ma^^s 
is  liquid.  1f>  13 
philosophic  ul 
toy  receivtys 
its  n  a  m  e^ 
flrom  briingl 
brought  timt 
into  notice 
by  Prill ct* 
B  u  pe  r  t  . 
nephew  of 
Charles  I 
Bupicola, 
-pik'o-la.  A 
gen.  of  inses- 
sorial  birds  termed  rock  muiakins  or  cocks 
of  the  rock  ;  they  are  crested  and  of  beau- 
tiful plumage. 

Bush.,  BeXljamln.    An  eminent  Amer- 
ican philanthropist  and    statesman  ;   b. 
In  Penn.,  1745;    d.  1818.     Blchard,  his 
son,  B.  1780,  D.  lS5d,  was  prominent  as  a 
[   statesman,    acting   a^  Attorney-General 


Orangu  Eoek  Dsok^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


RUSKIN 


BABBATH 


and  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  U.  S., 
also  as  Minister  to  England  and  France. 

Bnakin,  John.  A  distinguished  En- 
glish author  and  art  critic ;  b.  1819. 

Boflsell,  John,  Earl.  An  eminent  En- 
glish statesman,  8d  son  of  the  Duke  of 
Bedford ;  b.  1792,  d.  1878.  He  was  Prime 
Minister  in  1846  and  1865. 

StUMia.  An  empire  extending  oyer  a 
large  portion  of  N.  Europe  and  almost  the 
whole  of  N.  Asia,  covering  nearly  one- 
seventh  of  the  surface  of  the  globe ;  total 
area,  8,082,970  sq.  m. ;  total  pop.  about 
90,000,000,  of  which  nearly  80,000,000  are 
inhabitants  of  European  R.  Principal 
cities,  St.  Petersburg,  cap.,  Moscow,'War- 
saw.  Riga,  Odessa,  Kishinev,  Buratov, 
Wilna,  Kazan,  Kiev,  Nikolaieff  and  Khar- 
'  koff,  in  Europe ;  Tobolsk,  Omsk,  Yenise- 
isk, Irkoutsk,  Yakoutsk  and  Petropaul- 
ovski,  in  Asia.  Chief  rivers,  theDneiper, 
Don,  Volga,  Dneister,  Bug,  Dwina  and 
Niemen,  in  Europe;  theAmoor,  Lena, 
Obi  and  Yenesel,  in  Asia.  Lakes,  Ladoga, 
Peipus,  Onega  and  Baikal.  Mountains, 
UriU,  Caucasus,  Great  and  Little  Altai 
chains. 


Bnaaniak,  rus'ni-ak.  A  member  of  a 
branch  of  the  Slavic  race,  inhabiting 
Gkdicia,  Hungary,  Podolia,  Yolhynia  and 
Lithuania,  distinguished  fh>m  Russians 
proper,  or  Muscovites,  by  their  language 
and  mode  of  life.  They  are  unoult^ated 
and  devoted  almost  entirely  to  agricul- 
ture. 

Bussud,  'ud.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  pro- 
gressively increasing  land-tax.  | 

Buth.  A  book  of  the  Old  Testament,  the 
heroine  being  R.,  the  Moabitio  widow  of 
a  Hebrew,  son  of  Naomi,  who  became  the 
wife  of  Boaz  and  the  ancestress  of  David. 

Butha,  rut'a.  In  the  E.  Indies,  a  car- 
riage on  two  low  wheels. 

Buysdael,  Jacob.  A  distinguished 
Dutch  landscape  painter ;  b.  1680,  d.  1681. 

Bnyter,  Michael  A.  An  eminent 
Dutch  admiral ;  b.  1607  ;  killed  in  battle 
with  the  French,  1676. 

B3rde.  A  popular  seashore  Iresort  on  the 
Isle  of  Wight ;  pop.  27,862. 

Byot,  ri-ot.  A  Hindu  peasant  who  holds 
land  under  the  mode  of  assessment  termed 
ryotwar. 


s 


SIS  the  19th  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, and  is  both  a  lingual  and  a  dental. 
More  descriptively  it  is  classed  as  a  Sib- 
ilant,  from  its  hissing  sound.  It  has  two 
sounds,  the  one  surd,  or  uttered  with 
breath  merely,  as  in  sack,  sin,  this ;  the 
other  sonant,  or  uttered  with  voice,  as  in 
muse,  wise.  In  a  few  words  it  is  silent, 
as  in  isle  and  viscount.  S  is  a  very  com- 
mon letter  in  English  words,  both  initially 
and  Anally,  singly  or  in  conjunction  with 
other  consonants.  The  principal  reason 
for  its  being  so  common  is  that  it  is  the 
characteristic  of  the  plural  and  other  in- 
flections. In  abbreviations  8  stands  for 
South,  S.  E.,  Southeast,  S.  W.,  South- 
west ;  F.  R.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety ;  S.  T.  P.,  SanctBB  Theologi®  Pro- 
fessor, Professor  of  Sacred  Theology.  In 
Chem.  S  is  the  symbol  for  sulphur. 

Saadh,  sa'ad.  One  of  an  Indian  sect  of 
pure  deists,  whose  mode  of  life  in  many 
respects  resembles  that  of  the  Quakers. 

Saadl,  Muslih-ed-Deen.  A  celebrated 
Persian  poet ;  b.  1184,  d.  1291,  living  to 
the  great  age  of  107. 

Sabbathian,  sa-ba'thi-an.  A  member 
of  a  reUgious  sect  of  the  17th  century,  fol- 
lowers of  Sabbathius  Zwi,  of  Smyrna,  who 
declared  himself  the  Messiah,  sent  to 
shake  off  the  thralldora  wf  Christianity  and 


Mohammedanism  and  to  convert  all  hu- 
manity. Remnants  of  the  sect  still  exist 
in  Poland  and  Turkey. 

Sabbatarian,  sab-ba-ta'ri-an.  One  who 
observes  the  seventh  day  of  the  week  as 
the  Sabbath  instead  of  the  first.  A  sect 
of  Baptists ;  called  also  Seventh-day  Bap- 
tists, oecause  they  maintain  that  the  Jew- 
ish Sabbath  has  not  been  abrogated.  One 
who  observes  the  Sabbath  with  extraor- 
dinary rigor. 

Sabbath,  'bath.  The  day  which  God 
appointed  to  be  observed  as  a  day  of  rest 
from  all  secular  labor,  and  to  be  kept  holy 
and  consecrated  to  his  service  and  worship. 
This  was  originally  the  seventh  day  of  the 
week,  and  this  day  is  still  observed  by  the 
Jews  and  some  Christians.  But  the  Chris- 
tian church  very  early  began  to  observe  the 
first  day  of  the  week  in  commemoration 
of  the  resurrection  of  Christen  that  day. 
Hence  it  is  often  called  the  Lord's-day. 
The  heathen  nations  in  the  north  of  Europe 
dedicated  the  first  day  of  the  week  to  tne 
sun,  and  hence  their  Christian  descendants 
continue  to  call  the  day  Sunday.  Sabbath 
is  not  strictly  synonymous  with  Sunday. 
Sunday  is  the  name  of  the  day;  Sabbath, 
the  name  of  the  institution.  Sunday  is 
the  Sabbath  of  Christians ;  Saturday  is  the 
Babbathof  the  Jews. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


8ABELLIAN 


602 


SAOBABIUM 


Sabellian,  sa-bel'i-an.  A  follower  of 
Babelllus,  a  philosopher  of  Egypt  in  the 
8d  century,  who  taught  that  there  is  one 
person  only  in  the  Godhead,  and  that 
the  Word  and  Holy  Bphrlt  are  only  vir- 
tues, emanations  or  functions  of  Deity. 

Sabian,  s&'bi-an.  A  worshiper  of  the 
sun  and  other  heavenly  bodies.  One  of 
an  obscure  sect,  who  mingled  Christianity, 
Judaism,  Mohammedanism  and  heathen- 
ish superstition  together,  known  as  Chris- 
tians of  St.  John,  and  still  scattered  in 
small  numbers  about  the  Lower  Euphrates 
and  Tigris  and  other  places.  One  of  a 
sect  that  arose  in  the  9th  century,  called 
also  Pseudo-Sabians  or  Syrian  Sabians. 
Their  religion  is  described  as  the  heathen- 
ism of  the  ancient  Syrians,  modified  by 
Hellenic  influences. 

Sabine,  s&'bin.  One  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
an  ancient  people  firom  whom  the  found- 
ers of  Rom^took  their  daughters  by  force, 
haying  invited  them  to  somepublic  sports 
or  shows  with  this  object,  w  hen  the  8a- 
bines  came  to  revenge  the  act,  the  women 
acted  as  mediators  and  succeeded  in  es- 
tablishing a  lasting  peace  between  them. 
The  deed  is  known  as  the  "  rape  of  the 
Sabine  women." 

Sabine  Oross-Boads.  A  locally  in 
W.  Louisiana,  4  miles  firom  Mansfield, 
noted  for  the  defeat  (April  8, 1864)  of  the 
Federals,  under  Gen.  Banks,  by  the  Con- 
federates, under  Gen.  Taylor. 

Sable,  'hi 
A  digith 
grade  car 
nivoroc?- 
mammal^ 
nearly  a  1 
Ued  to  til  ^ 
comm  o  11- 
marten  and 
pine  mar- 
ten, the  Mustela  zibellina. 

Sabot,  sS-bo.  A  wooden  shoe,  made  of 
one  piece,  worn  by 
peasants  in  France, 
Belgium,  &c.  A 
wooden  disk  attached 
to  a  projectile  to  main- 
tain it  in  its  proper 
position  in  the  bore  of 
a  gun ;  also  a  metallic 
cup  or  disk  fixed  to  a' 
projectile  to  fill  the 
bore  and  take  the  ri- 
fling when  the  gun  is 
discharged. 

SaboUere,   -bo-ts-ar. 
malting  ices. 


Sable. 


Sabot. 
A   machine    for 


Saber,  sa'ber.  A  sword  witji  a  broad, 
heavy  bUule,  thick  at  the  back,  and  curved 
towards  the  point,  specially  adapted  fof 
cutting ;  a  cavalry  sword. 

Scuwharometer,  sak-ka-rom'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  quantity 
of  saccharine  matter  in  any  solution. 

SaccomydaB,  -kd-mi'dd.  A  fkmily  of 
mammals  comprising  the  pouched  rats 
and  gophers,  which  are  furnished  with 
external  cheek-pouches. 

Sacbem,  sa'ohem.  A  chief  among  some 
of  the  native  Indian  tribes ;  a  sagamore. 

Sacbet,  sa-sh!i.  A  small  bag  for  contain- 
ing odorous  substances ;  a  scent-bag ;  a 
perf\ime  cushion. 

Sackbut,  sak^-but.  A  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  trumpet  kind,  which  can  be- 
lengthened  or  shortened  according  to  the 
tone  required.  In  Scrip,  a  musical 
stringed  instrument  mentioned  in  Ban. 
iU.,  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the 
sambyka  of  the  Greeks,  perhaps  a  kind  of 
guitar. 

Sacque,  sak.  A  kind  of  loose  gown  or 
upper  robe  worn  by  ladies  in  the  I7th  and 
18th  centuries,  introduced  from  France. 
A  modern  article  of  female  dress,  fitted  to 
the  waist,  but  hanging  loose  over  the  hips, 
with  close  sleeves. 

Sacrament,  sak'ra-ment  In  Theol.  an 
outward  and  visible  si^  of  inward  and 
spiritual  grace.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  and  the 
Greek  Ch.  it  is  held  that  there  are  seven 
sacraments,  viz.,  baptism,  confirmation, 
the  eucharist,  penance,  extreme  unction, 
holy  orders,  and  matrimony.  Protestants 
in  general  acknowledge  but  two  sacra- 
ments, baptism  and  the  Lord^s  supper. 
When  used  without  any  qualifying  word, 
sacrament  means  the  eucharist  or  I^ord's 
supper. 

Sacramentarian,  'men-t&'M-an.  One 
that  differs  from  the  K.  C.  Church  and 
the  Lutherans  in  regard  to  the  sacra- 
ments ;  a  word  applied  by  Roman  Cath- 
olics to  Protestants,  and  by  the  followers 
of  Luther  in  the  16th  century  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  Zwingle. 

Sacramento.  A  river  of  Central  Cali- 
fornia, rising  in  the  Bocky  Mountains 
and  emptying  into  San  Francisco  Bay ; 
length  480  m.  A  city  (cap.)  of  California, 
on  the  S.  river,  75  m.  N.  E.-  of  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  pop.  21,420. 

Sacrariiun,  sa-kraM-um.  A  family 
chapel  in  the  houses  of  the  Romans,  de- 
voted to  some  particular  divinity.  The 
adytum  of  a  temple.  That  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  situated. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SACRISTAN 


SAINT  JtjST^ 


Saoristan,  sak'ris-tan.  An  officer  of  the 
chnroh  who  has  churge  of  the  sacristy. 

SacriBty,  -ti.  An  apartment  in  a  church 
where  the  sacred  ntensils  and  the  vest- 
ments in  which  the  clergyman  officiates 
are  deposited ;  the  vestry. 

Sacti,  'ti.  In  Hindn  Myth,  the  female 
power  of  the  universe,  spouse  of  Siva. 

Sadda,  sad'da.  A  work  in  the  modem 
Persian  tongue,  being  a  summary  of  the 
Zendavesta  or  sacred  books. 

Sadduoee,  'dfi-sS.  One  of  a  sect  among 
the  andent  Jews,  who  denied  the  exist- 
ence of  any  spiritual  beings  except  God, 
and  believea  that  the  soul  died  with  the 
body,  and  that  there  was  no  resurrection. 
They  rejected  the  oral  law  which  was  up- 
held by  the  Pharisees,  and  adhered  to  the 
text  of  the  Mosaic  law. 

Sadoo.  A  Hebrew  philosopher  who  lived 
abt.  280B.O.;  founder  of  tne  sect  called 
Sadducees. 

Sadowa.  A  village  of  Bohemia,  Austria, 
near  Kdnigsgratz,  noted  for  the  victory, 
July  8, 1866,  of  the  Prussians,  220,000, 
commanded  by  King  William,  over  the 
Austrians,  190,000,  under  Marshal  Bene- 
dek.  The  latter  lost  160  cannon  and  15,000 
prisoners. 

Safety-valve,  sftftl-valv.  A  contriv- 
ance for  obviating  or  diminishing  the  risk 
of  explosions  in  steam-boilers,  by  opening 
at  a  certain  pressure. 

Sa^a,  sa'ga.  An  ancient  Scandinavian 
legend  or  tradition,  relating  either  myth- 
ical or  historical  events ;  a  tale ;  a  history. 

Ektfirainore,  sag'a-mor.  Among  some 
tribes  of  American  Indians,  a  king  or 
chief;  a  sachem. 

Sa^itta,  saj'i-ta.  The  Arrow,  a  constel- 
lation  of  the  northern  hemisphere. .  It 
contains  no  stars  higher  than  the  fourth 
magnitude.  In  Zo51.  a  gen.  of  annelids 
forming  Huxley's  ord.  Ghsstognatha. 

Sahara,  Desert  of.  (Great  Desert).  A 
vast  section  of  N.  Africa,  bounded  N.  by 
the  Barbary  Stotes,  E.  by  Egypt,  S.  by 
Uie  Soudan,  W.  by  the  Atlantic,  princi- 
pally consisting  of  plains  of  sand,  desti- 
tute of  water  or  vegetation,  but  diversified 
with  small  fertile  tracts  called  oases  ;  area, 
abt.  2,500  sq.  m. 

Saldb,  s&'ib.  A  term  used  by  the  natives 
of  India  or  Persia  in  addressing  or  speak- 
ing of  Europeans.  Sahibah  is  the  corre- 
sponding femintne  form.  Lit.,  master, 
mistress. 

Sale,  B&'ik.  A  Turkish  or  Grecian  vessel, 
common  in  the  Levant. 

Said,  Port.    A  dty  of  Egypt,  at   the 


Mediterranean  entrance  to  the  Suez  Canal; 

pop,  12,600. 
Safirittariue. 

-ta'ri-us.   Oneil 

the  zodiacal  cobi 

stellatlonswhicL 

the   sun    ente^-i^ 

Nov.  22.      Rey- 

resented  by  tin 

figure  of  a  cen 

taur  shooting  nil 

arrow  from   his 

bow. 
Sa^o,  sa'g5.     A 

kind   of   starch, 

produced 

from    the 

stem  or 

eel  1  u  1  a  r 

substance 

of  several 

palms  and 

palm-lik  e 

vege  ta  - 

bles. 
Saaram. 

'gum.  The 

mill  tary 

cloak 

worn  by 

Roman 

soldiers 

and  inferi- 
or officers, 

in  contradistinction  to  the  poludamentum 

of  the  superior  officers.    It  was  the  garb 

of  war,  as  the  toga  was  the  garb  of  peace. 
Saifiron.    Gap.  of  the  French  possessions 

in  Cochin  China,  on  a  river  of  same  name, 

85  m.  from  the  China  Sea ;  pop.  48,500. 
Saint  Olair,  Arthur.     An  American 

general,  b.  in  Scotland.  1785,  d.  1818.    He 

served  with  credit  in  the  Revolution,  was 

elected  to  Congress,  1T85,  and  Governor 

of  Ohio.  1789  ;  in  1791  was  disastrously  de- 
feated by  the  Miami  Indians. 
Saint  Olair.     A  small  lake    between 

Lakes  Erie  and  Huron  ^  area  860  sq.  m. 
Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Aufirustin 

de.     An    eminent   French  author   and 

critic ;  B.  1804,  d.  1869. 
Saint  John.    Cap.  of  New  Brunswick, 

at  the  mouth  of  St.  J.  River,  185  m.  N.  W. 

of  Halifax ;  pop.  82,650. 
Saint  John's.    Cap.  of  Newfoundland  ; 

pop.  29,426. 

Saint  Just,  Antoine.    A  Freneh  rev- 
olutionist ;  B.  1768,  guillotined  1794.    He 

was  one  of  Robespierre's  most  violent 

abettors,  and  punished  with  his  chief. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SAINT  LOUIS 


604 


8AMOYED 


Saint  Louis.  The  commercial  metrop- 
olis of  MlAsonri,  on  the  Mississippi,  18  m. 
below  its  Jonotioii  with  th«  Missomi  and 
196  aboTe  the  month  of  the  Ohio ;  pop. 
850,518. 

Saint  Paul.  Cap.  of  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi,  9  m.  below  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony ;  pop.  41,478. 

Saint-Pierre,  Jacques  Henri,  Ber- 
nardin  de.  A  distin^aished  French 
author,  b.  1787,  d.  1S14. 

Saint-Simon,  Claude  Henri, 
Oomte  de.  A  versatile  French  philan- 
thropist, political  economist,  philosopher 
and  author ;  b.  1750,  d.  1825.  He  served 
in  the  American  arm/  in  the  Kevolution ; 
returning  to  Fijince  he  spent  a  fortune  in 
endeavoring  to  establish  an  ideal  society ; 
he  was  also  the  founder  of  the  philosoph- 
ical sect  of  which  Thierry,  Comte  and 
Chevalier  were  the  principal  apostles. 

Saint-SimoxUan,  s&nt-si-mo'ni-an.  A 
partisan  ofthe  Comte  de  St.  Simon,  who 
maintained  that  the  principle  of  joint- 
stook  property  and  Just  division  of  the 
fruits  of  common  labor  among  all  mem- 
bers of  society  is  the  true  remedy  for  the 
evils  of  society. 

Saiva,  si'va.  A  votiry  of  Siva.  The 
Saivas  are  one  of  the  three  great  sects  of 
Hindustan.  Its  members  belong  chiefly 
to  the  learned  and  speculative  classes. 

Sa^khrat,  sak'rat  In  Mohammedan 
Myth,  the  name  for  a  sacred  stone,  one 
grain  of  which  confers  miraculous  powers. 
It  is  of  an  emerald  color,  and  the  blue  tint 
of  the  sky  is  due  to  its  reflection. 

Saki.  sa'kl,  Ti\G 
American  n:V[iie 
of  those  pLity- 
rhine  monei^^j'a 
which  conntitiitn 
-  thegen.  PitlKM^tu. 
Fox-tailed  mon- 
keys. 

Sakta,sak  ta.  A 
member  of  oTK'iif 
the  great  IJWiilit^ 
sects,  theSjik(flj^, 
comprising  Iht.^ 
worshipers  of 
the  female  princi- 
ple according  to 
the  ritual  of  the  Tantra.  They  are  di- 
vided into  the  followers  of  the  right-hand 
and  left-hand  ritual.  The  latter  practice 
the  grossest  impurities. 

Saladin  (Malek-Nasir-Toussouf). 
An  eminent  Saracen  Sultan ;  b.  1187,  be- 
came vizier,  1168,  and  sovereign  of  Egypt, 


Saki  Cuxlfl, 


1178.  He  captured  Jerusalem  but  was  de* 
feated  and  besieged  in  Acre,  by  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion  and  Philip  Augustus  of 
France,  1189,  surrendering  under  a  three 
years  truce,  1191,  retaining  Jenualem  ;  n. 
1198.  He  was  of  a  chivalrio  and  noble 
character. 

Salaam,  sa-Iam'.  A  ceremonious  salu- 
tation or  obeisance  among  orientals. 

Salamandri- 
dte,  sal-a-  man'- 
dri-d6.    A  fam.  i 
of  amphibians,  , 
comprehending  _ 
the  salamander.^ 

Salic,  sai'ik.  A  * 
term  applied  to 
a  code  of  laws 
belonging  to    Common  Salamander, 
tho  Bali  an 

Franks.  One  of  these  exduded  women 
from  inheriting  certain  lands,  probably  be- 
cause military  duties  were  connected  with 
the  holding  of  those  lands.  In  the  14th 
century  females  were  exdaded  from  the 
throne  of  France  by  the  application  of  this 
law,  and  it  is  in  thus  sense  that  the  term 
Salic  law  is  commonly  used. 

Sallust,  Caius  Crispus.  An  eminent 
Roman  historian  of  the  1st  century  b.  e. 

Salmonid  89 , 
-mon'i-de.  The^ 
salmon  tribe, 
fam.  of   fishes  ^  .      — 
belonging  to  Salmon, 

the  M^acoptervgii  abdominales,  of  which 
the  salmon  is  the  type. 

Salonica.  A  Turkish  seaport  in  Roume- 
Ha,  185  m.  N.  W.  of  Athens ;  pop.  74,800. 

Salt,  salt.  Chloride  of  sodium,  formerlr 
termecT  muriate  of  soda,  a  substance  which 
has  been  known,  and  in  common  use,  as 
a  seasoner  and  preserver  of  food  from  the 
earliest  ages.  It  is  formed  when  chlorine 
and  sodium  or  hydrochloric  add  and  soda 
come  together. 

Salt  Ijake  City.  Cap.  of  co.  of  same 
name,  and  seat  of  the  territorial  govern- 
ment of  Utah ;  pop.  20,768. 

Samaveda.  sS'ma-ve  da.  The  name  of 
one  ofthe  four  Vedas,  or  sacred  hymns  of 
Hindustan.  The  Samaveda  means  the 
Veda  containing  samans  or  hymns  for 
chanting. 

Sambo,  sam'ba.  The  offspring  of  a 
black  person  and  a  mulatto;  a  zambo. 
Often  applied  to  negroes  in  general. 

Samoyed,  sa-mo'yed.  A  member  of  a 
race  of  people  inhabiting  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean  from  about  the  Hver  Mescn 


Digitized  by 


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SAMPAK 


605 


SAN  SALVADOR 


on  the  European  side  to  the  Lena  on  the 
Asiatic.  Their  langjuige  is  Turanian. 
Sampan,  sam'pan.  A  name  applied  to 
boats  of  various  builds  on  the  Chinese 
rivers,  at  Singapore,  <Scc.  On  the  Canton 
river  sampans  are  often  used  as  habitations. 
Samahoo,  'shd.  A  Chinese  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  rice. 

Samson.  In  Scrip.,  a  Judge  of  Israel, 
son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of  Dan;  b. 
"  1156  B.  o.  He  possessed  extraordinary 
strength,  and  while  a  prisoner  to  the 
Philistines  was  deprived  of  his  sight  and 
destroyed  hiinself  with  a  largo  number  of 
his  enemies  by  pulling  down  the  temple 
in  which  they  were  assembled. 
Samuel,  Sam'u-el.  The  name  of  two  ca- 
nonical books  of  ike  Old  Testament,  cover- 
ing three  principal  periods,  the  restoration 
of  the  th«H)cracy  oiwhich  Samuel  was  the 
leader;  the  history  of  Saul;  David's  reign. 
Gktmuel.  In  Scrip.,  a  prophet  and  last 
Judge  of  Israel,  of  the  tribe  of  Levi; 
B.  1162,  D.  1072  B.  c.  He  consecrated 
Saul  the  first  king,  and  annointed  David, 
his  successor.  The  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament  bearing  his  name  are  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  S. 
San-benito,  san-be-ne'to.  A  loose  up- 
per garment  painted  with  flames,  figures 
of  devils,  the  person's  own  portrait,  &c., 
worn  by  persons  condemned  to  death  bv 
the  Inquisition  when  going  to  the  auto  de 
fe.  Those  who  expressed  repentance 
wore  a  garment  of  Uie  same  kind  with 
flames  directed  downward ;  that  worn  by 
Jews,  sorcerers,  renegades,  bore  a  St. 
Andrew's  cross  in  red  before  and  behind. 


'dal. 
A  kind  of  shoe, 
consisting  of  a 
solefSastenedto 
the  foot,  gene- 
rally by  means 
of  straps,  cross- 
ed over  and 
wound  round 
the  an  k  1  e  . 
Ori  g  i  n  a  1 1  y 
made  of  leather, 
they  were  after- 
ward made  of  gold,  silver  and  other  pre- 
cious material.  The  official  shoe  of  a  bish- 
op or  abbot,  commonly  made  of  red 
leather,  and  sometimes  of  silk  or  velvet. 
A  tie  or  strap  for  fastening  a  shoe. 
Sand-blast,  sand-blast.  A  method  of 
engraving  and  witting  glass  and  other 
hard  materials  by  the  percussive  force  of 
iiarticles  of  sand  driven  by  a  steam  er  air 
blast.    Called  also  sand- jet. 


Grecian  and  Roman 

Sandals. 


M^ 


Sand  Piper.  A 

bird  of  the  snipe  . 
family,   inhabit- 
ing    the    sea  - 
shore. 

Sand,  Geor^re. 
The  pseudonym 
of  a   celebrated  «     ,^ 

French  novelist,  ^and  Piper. 

Amantine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin  de 
Franceuil  (Madame  Dudevant),  a  gre.it 
granddaughter  of  Marshal  Saxe;  b.  1804, 
D.  1876. 

Sandusky.  Cap.  of  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  on 
Lake  Erie ;  pop.  15,888. 

Sandwich  Islands.  A  chain  of  18 
islands  in  the  N.  Pacific,  forming  the 
kingdom  of  Hawaii ;  area,  6,000  sq.  m.; 
pop.  abt.  80,000.    Cap.  Honolulu. 

San  Francisco.  The  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  the  American  Pacific  coast,  on 
the  bay  of  the  same  name,  CiUifornia ; 
pop.  238,959. 

Sansreal,  sang-ra'al.  TJie  holy  vessel 
from  which  our  Lord  ate  the  paschal 
lamb,  or  from  which  he  dispensed  the 
wine,  at  the  last  supper. 

Sangu,  sang'gn.  The  native  name  of  the 
Abyssinian  ox,  characterized  by  the  great 
size  of  its  horns. 

San^uisufira,  sang'gwi-su  ga.  A  gen. 
of  abranchiate  annelidans,  of  which  the 
medicinal  leach  is  the  type. 

Sanhedrim,  san'he-drim.  The  great 
council  among  the  Jews,  whose  jurisdic- 
tion extended  to  all  important  aftairs.  It 
had  power  of  life  and  death.  The  presi- 
dent was  generally  the  high  priest,  and 
the  other   members  consisted  of   chlef- 

{>riests,  elders  and  solbes,  in  all  amuunt- 
ng  to  seventy-one  or  seventy-two. 

Sanhitft, 'hi-ta.  The  name  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  Vedas,  or  sacred  writings  of 
the  Brahmans,  which  contains  the  mantra 
or  hymns. 

Saxijak,  'Jak.  A  subdivision  of  an  eyalet 
or  minor  province  of  Turkey,  so  called 
because  the  governor  of  such  district, 
called  sanjak-beg.  is  entitled  to  carry  in 
war  a  standard  of  one  horse-tail. 

Sankhya,  sang'khyfi.  The  name  of  one 
of  the  three  great  systems  of  Hindu  phil- 
osophy. It  teaches  how  eternal  happi- 
ness, or  complete  exemption  from  ill,  can 
be  obtained. 

San  Marino.  A  republic  of  C.  Italy, 
area,  22  sq.  m.,  pop.  abt.  9,500.  Cap.  San 
larino ;  pop.  7.436. 

San  Salvador.  A  C  American  re- 
public, bounded  N.  by  Honduras,  E.  by 


Digitized  by 


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BANS-OtJLOTTE 


SABDomrx 


Honduras  and  Nicaragua,  S.  and  W.  by 
the  Padflc :  ar^  7,280  sq.  m.,  pop.  802,- 
000.  Chief  dty,  San  Salvador,  cap.,  5  m. 
from  its  port,  La  Libertad ;  pop.  28,870. 

Bana-oolotte,  sanz-kn-lot'.  The  name 
ffiven  in  derision  to  the  popular  iMUiy  by 
uxe  aristoorats  in  the  French  revolution  of 
1789,  and  afterward  assumed  bv  the  patri- 
ots as  a  title  of  honor.  Ut,  a  fellow  with- 
out breeches. 

Sanskrit,  san'skrit.  The  ancient  lan- 
guage of  the  Hindus,  being  that  in  which 
most  of  their  vast  literature  is  Written, 
from  the  oldest  portion  of  the  Yedas  (sup- 
posed to  date  from  about  1500  b.  o.) 
downward,  though  it  has  long  ceased  to 
bo  a  spoken  language.  It  is  one  of  the 
Aryan  or  Indo-European  fiunily  of 
tongues,  and  stands  in  the  same  reution 
to  the  modem  Aryan  Unguages  of  India  as 
Latin  stands  to  the  Bomance. 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lopea  da. 
A  Mexican  geno^  /md  statesman ;  b. 
1798,  D.  1877.  He  was  elected  President, 
1888.  and  be&me  Dictator  1880.  Texas 
revolted  1886,  and  S.  A.  was  defeated  and 
captured  at  San  Jacinto.  Restored  to 
power  1841,  he  was  expelled  the  country 
1845,  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war 
with  then.  S.,  1846,  he  returned,  and  was 
made  Commander-in-Chief.  With  the  vic- 
tory of  the  U.  S.  he  left  the  country,  but 
made  several  unsucoessAil  attempts  to 
regain  the  supreme  power. 

Santia«ro  de  Chili.  Cap.  of  the  repub- 
lic of  Chill,  S.  America,  at  the  W.  base  of 
the  Andes;  pop.  121,600. 

Santiago  de  Cuba.  Ancient  cap.  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  on  its  S.  £.  coast ;  pop. 
abt.  100.000. 

Santiago  de  la  Veffa  (Spaniah 
Town).  Cap.  of  the  island  of  Jamaica ; 
pop.  8,400. 

Santon,  san'ton.  An  Eastern  priest,  a 
kind  of  dervis,  regarded  by  the  people  as 
a  saint. 

Sao  Francisco.  A  Lu^e  river  of  Brar 
zil,  emptying  into  the  Atlantic,  noted  for 
its  falls,  160  m.  above  the  mouth,  rivaling 
Niagara ;  length  1,200  m. 

Saone.  A  river  of  France,  uniting  with 
the  Bhone  at  Lyon ;  length  225  m. 

Sapajou,  sap'a-jd.  A  name  generally 
given  to  a  group  of  8.  American  platy- 
rhine,  prehensile-tailed  monkeys,  includ- 
ing fifteen  or  sixteen  species. 

Sapphire,  saTfir.  A  precious  stone, 
next  in  hardness  and  value  to  the  dia- 
mond, belonging  to  the  corundum  class, 
which  embraces  the    ruby,  the  oriental 


amethyst,  the  oriental  topaz  and  the  emoi 
raid,  and  composed  essentiallv  of  crystal' 
lized  alumina. 

Saprophagan,  sa-profa-gan.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  tribe  of  coleopterous  insects,  com* 
prisinff  such  as  feed  on  animal  and  vegeta* 
Die  substances  in  a  state  of  decomposition. 

Saracen,  sar'a-sen.  An  Arabian  or  other 
Mussulman  of  the  early  and  proselvtizing 
period;  a  propagator  of  Mohammedanism 
m  countries  west  of  Arabia. 

fikurairossa.  Cap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
in  Spain,  the  ancient  cap.  of  Aracon,  on 
the  Ebro,  176  m.  IS.  £.  of  Madrid;  pop. 
69,726. 

Saratoga  Sprin^rs.  A  village  and 
popular  watering-place,  cap.  of  S.  Co., 
N.  T.,  88  m.  N.W.  of  Albany ;  pop.  8,421, 
In  the  vicinity,  Oen.  Burgoyne  surren- 
dered to  Gen.  Gates,  Oct.  18, 1777. 

Saraswati,  -swarte.  In  Hindu  Mvfh. 
the  name  of  tho  female  energy  or  wife  of 
Brahman,  the  first  of  the  Hindu  triad. 
She  is  the  goddess  of  speech,  music,  arts 
and  letters. 

SaroophafiTOS,  sar-kof  a-gus.  A  spedea 
of  stone  used  among  the  Greeks  for  mak- 
ing cofllns,  which  was  so  called  because  it 
was  believed  to  have  the  property  of  con- 
suming the  fiesh  of  bodies  deposited  in  it 
within  a  few  weeks.  It  was  otherwise 
called  Lapis  Assius,  from  being  found  at 
Assos,  a  city  of  Lycia.  Hence,  oot&n  or 
tomb  of  stone.  The  oldest  known  sar- 
cophagi are  Egyptian,  and  are  found  in 
certain  of  the  pyramids.  Sarcophagi  were 
also  used  by  the  Phoenicians,  Persians 
and  Romans ;  and  in  modern  times  stone 

.  coffins  have  not  been  uncommon  for  roy- 
alty and  persons  of  high  rank. 

Sarcophile, 'ko-fU.  OneoftheSarcoph- 
aga,  or  carnivorous  MarsupiaUa;  also 
used  generally  for  any  flesh-eating  animal. 

Sardine,  'deen.  A  small  fish  (Clupea 
Sardina)  of  the  same  gen.  as  the  herring 
and  pilchard.  It  is  much  esteemed  for  its 
flavor,  lai^e  quantities  being  preserved  in 
oil. 

Sardinia.  An  Italian  island,  separated 
from  Corsica  by  the  Strait  of  Bonifiusio ; 
area,  9,240  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  600,000;  cap. 
Cagliari. 

Sardius,  'di-us.  A  predous  stone,  prob- 
ably a  sard  or  cameUan,  ono  of  which 
was  in  Aaron's  breastplate.  Ex.  xxviii., 
17.    Called  also  Sardel  and  Sardine. 

Sardonyx,  M5-niks.  A  precious  stone, 
a  rare  variety  of  onyx,  consisting  of  alter- 
nate layers  of  sard  and  white  chalcedony, 
formerly  much  employed  for  the  sculp- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BABOASSO  SEA 


SAWFISH 


Aiitiilo|)©. 


aire  of  l'jidh.u:..     i ..,.  u.u..-  .,...-1  hiniii-tiniiis 

been  ap|jlied   to  a  vnriuty  uH  (itiulc^^Hloulfi: 

quartz  rftst^mbdng'  noptielW ,  imd  a]A>   t'O 

cameliaii!^   wljf>6e  oolura  uru  In  ull^mata 

bands  of  rtnl  nnd  white. 
SarffasBQ  Sea.    'The  name  glvra  to  a 

Uuve «x  ['ftnii'?  uf  Hmter  La  tha  «^«^te^  of  tho 

Atlantl-',  W.  (if  the  OiHiary  mid  V^w  tlw 

Verdel-^htJHlw;  it  la^ury  lookri  mH  in.tYv<n^ 

with  seii  M 1  rd,  nhe^noo  iu  Aftme. 
Sarto,  Andrea  del.    An  t-mliieiit  lial- 

ian  pall  I  Lin  ;  h.  1  itS^j  d,  1530, 
Sasin,  au'i^iji. 

The  cotnnioQ  In- 

dian    aui^lope 

(Antilopo   owvi- 

eapra\     riivin&rk- 

able  for  Itji  nwlft- 

neasana  iM^riii'. 

Itiaabundru 

the     oi»/ii 

plains  of  Indii, 

mflockfiuf  iTum 

ten  to  sixty  fo- 

males  to  ik  single 

male. 
S  a  s  k  a  t  oJie* 

wan.      A    lurira 

river  of   Urimh 

JS.  Amoriai,  rJu- 

Ing  in  tUo  Fiopky  Mnuutaims  and  oraptjing' 

IntoLaki)  Wluulp^jg;  L^tii^tk,  l.tiMDoiii. 

SttMenaob ,  m^  ^en-aoh ,  A  gtm  cnii  tianm 
applied  hy  tlio  Ct^lts  itflhe  UiriU^h  Islw  to 
those  of  biucon  nuca  5  *  ttmcori ;  sm  Eiiglbli- 
man. 

Satan,  sa'tim.  Tbc*  irraml  ndvPTanry  of 
man ;  ik^ davil  or  jHn'of  uldarknoi^i) ;  the 
arch  nead. 

Satellite,  ufDMit.  Ab  obN^iiulaua  de- 
pendant; fl  Aubaervlc'iit  foUowri',  A  sec- 
ondary planet  i^vr  oj'OoiL ;  u  ^mufl  pliuii^t 
reyolvtupc  round  a  larfft^r  oiii% 

Satin-Btone,  'in-aion.  A  Ubron*  ijyp- 
aiim  UfliH,i  by  ls[>id(»rti^B  ;  ftntHH  »imr. 

Saturday,  '^^r-dft.  Tho  tth  ur  kst  day 
of  the  ^  ci'k  :  tha  a  ewlsih  iiflb1ifi.ilii. 

Saturn,  ^«rTL  ilnmrdcut  ItaMai]  ddty, 
popularly  ViUei^dd  to  bjive  injidti  [jSh  flirflt 
appear&n  ci  in  the  neigm  of  J  tm  u  [*,■  f  n  strw  ut- 
Ing  the  1 '**!*]  3  in  agTleuItiiTL'',  Kinliinirisr, 
Ac.,  th  IS  I  ti>vuttiiE  thi'iu  from  burbiirlara 
to  social  01  df-r  acd  dvllisution.  Ho  was 
conseqiK'iJt  W  i-iwtefl  t<j  iluaro  thu  jEovcrn- 
ment  viih  J  mi  it  b,  and  thu  conn  try  wna 
called  S^C I]  ru ill  iifLer  hlij I .  JT lii  iciigTi  yjmi e 
afterwajih  to  bi^  ftutiK  by  tht)  pfi^U  (is 
* '  the  g"^  I '  1  ■  rj  iyf  e.  ^ "  Jl u  wji*  o  ftiiii  idpntl- 
fled  wit  J I  ttifj  Kicjnoft  nT  the  Grt'i?k&.  His 
temple  wtis  thij  btiiUi  trm»iiry.  <>pa  was 
his  wife,     Uls  ft'BtlVftls.  S-attirtiatls,  ctJire- 


sponded  to  the  Greek  Kronia.  One  of  the 
planets  of  the  solar  system,  lees  in  magni- 
tude than  Jupiter  and  more  remote  from 
the  sun,  its  distance  being  somewhat 
more  than  872,000,000  miles. 

Satyr,  'er.  In  Glass.  Myth,  a  srlvan  deity 
or  demi-god,  half  man  and  half  goat,  hav- 
ing horns  on  his  head,  a  hairy  body,  with 
the  feet  and  tail  of  a  goat  Satyrs  were 
common  attendants  on  Bacchus,  and  were 
distinguished  for  lasciviousness  and  riot. 

Saul.  In  Scrip,  the  first  King  of  Israel, 
son  of  Kish,  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
anointed  by  Samuel  1091  b.c;  slain  with 
his  sons  on  Mt.  Gilboa,  951  b.  0. 

Saurian,  s§M-an.  One  of  the  order 
Sauria ;  a  lizard  or  lizard-like  animal. 

Sauteme,  so-tem.  A  species  of  white 
Bordeaux  wine,  made  from  grapes  grown 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Sautemes,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde. 

Savannah.  The  commercial  metropolis 
of  Georgia,  on  the  S.  river;  pop.  80,709. 

Savary,  Anne  Jean  Marie  Bene 
(Duo  de  Boviffo).  A  distinguished 
French  general  and  statesman ;  b.  1774, 
D.  1888. 

Ektve.  A  river  of  Austria,  emptying  into 
the  Danube  at  Belgrade ;  lengtn,  590  m. 

Saviour,  sfiv'yer.  Jesus  Christ,  the  Re- 
deemer, who  has  opened  the  way  to  ever- 
lasting salvation  by  his  obedience  and 
death,  and  who  is  therefore  called  the 
Saviour  by  way  of  distinction. 

Savonarola,  Qirolamo.  A  distin- 
guished Italian  orator  and  religious  re- 
former; B.  1452,  martyred  1497. 

Savoy.  An  ancient  duchv,  and  later  a 
division  of  the  Kingdom  of  Sardinia;  ceded 
to  France,  1860;  bounded  N.  by  Switzer- 
land, £.  and  S.  by  Italy.  House  of  8.,  a 
dsmastic  race,  founded  by  Berthold,  a 
German  count,  whose  descendants  took 
the  tiUe  of  counts,  1111:  in  1720  the  title 
of  King  of  Sardinia,  and  in  1861  Victor 
Emmanuel  II.  became  King  of  Italy. 

Saw-fisli,  8§'fish.    An  elasmobranchiate 


Tentiided  Saw-flah. 


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8GHAMTL 


flih,  gen.  PristiB,  nearly  related  to  both  the 
sharks  and  the  rays.  It  attains  a  length 
of  15  to  18  feet 

Saxe,  Hermann  Manrioe,  Oount 
de.  A  dlstingaished  marshal  of  France, 
son  of  Augustus  (The  Strong),  Elector  of 
Saxony  and  King  of  Poland;  b.  1600,  d. 
1750.  He  gained  the  great  yictories  of 
Fontenoy  and  Laufeld,  &  Flanders. 

Saxe,  John  Godfrey.  An  American 
poet  and  wit ;  b.  in  Vt.  1816. 

Sax-horn,  saksOiorn.  One  of  several 
brass  wind-instruments  with  a  wide 
mouthpiece  and  three,  four  or  five  cylin- 
ders, comprising  the  high  small  sax-horn, 
the  soprano,  the  alto,  the  tenor,  baritone, 
bass,  and  double  bass. 

GUlxon,  sak'son.  One  of  the  people  who 
formerly  dwelt  in  N.  Germany,  and  who 
invaded  and  conquered  England  in  the  5th 
and  6th  centuries ;  one  of  their  descend- 
ants ;  an  Anglo-Saxon ;  one  of  EngUi^ 
raee.  The  language  of  the  Saxons,  Anglo- 
Baxon.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  modem 
Baxony.  S.  architecture,  the  earliest  stage 
of  native  English  architecture,  its  period 
being  from  the  conversion  of  England  till 
about  the  Conquest,  when  Norman  archi- 
tecture began  to  prevail. 

Saxony.  A  kingdom  of  N.  E.  Germany; 
area,  1718  German  sq.  m.,  pop.  2,587,819. 
Chief  cities,  Dresden,  cap.,  Leipzig,  Chem- 
nitz, Zwickau  and  Freiberg.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Elbe,  Pleisse  and  Saale. 

Saxophone,  sak'so-fon.  One  of  a  flun- 
ilv  of  brass  wind  instruments  invented  by 
M.  Sax,  six  in  number :  the  high,  the  so- 
prano, the  alto,  the  tenor,  the  baritone 
and  the  bass. 

Saxotromba,  -trom-ba.  One  of  a  class 
of  brass  instruments  with  three  or  four 
cylinders ;  the  set  includes  the  high,  so- 
prano, alto,  tenor,  baritone  and  bass. 

Sax-tuba,  saks'tu-ba.  A  brass  Instru- 
ment with  wide  mouthpiece  and  three 
cylinders. 

Soa^liola,  skal-}i-o'hi.  In  Arch,  a  com- 
position, imitative  of  marble,  composed 
of  gypsum,  or  sulphate  of  lime,  calcined 
and  with  the  addition  of  water  made  into 
a  fine  paste.  While  soft  it  Is  bestudded 
with  splinters  of  spar,  marble,  granite, 
bits  of  concrete,  colored  gypsum,  <kc.« 
colored  with  ochers,  boles,  <bc.,  smoothed 
and  polished. 

Scald,  sk^ld.  An  ancient  Scandinavian 
poet ;  one  whose  occupation  was  to  com- 
pose poems  in  honor  of  distinguished  men 
and  their  achigvements,  and  to  recite  and 
sing  them  on  public  occasions. 


Soaliffer,  Joseph  Jostos.    The  moat 

eminent  philologer  of  his  age ;  b.  at  Ageo, 

France,  of  Italian  parentage,  1549,  d.  1608. 
Scallop,   skal'lop. 

A  marine   lamelli- 

branohiate  mellusk, 

sec.       Asiphonida, 

fam.  OstreidsB,  gen.  t 

Pecten. 
Scansores,   skan- 

so'rez.    An  ord.  of 

birds,    popularly 

known  as  climbing  — ,  ^     -  . 

birds.  toallop  iilittll. 

Scape-wheel,  sk&p'whfiL  The  wheel 
which  drives  the  pendulum  of  a  dock. 

Scapular,  skap'a-ler.  A  portion  of  dress 
consisting  of  two  bands— one  going  down 
the  breast  and  the  oth&r  on  tiie  back— worn 
bv  a  reUgienx.  Tongue  scapular,  a  soap- 
ular  on  which  twelve  tongues  of  red  doth 
were  sewn,  put  on  a  monk  who  had 
offended  with  his  tongue.  In  Surg,  a 
bandage  for  the  shoulder-blada 

Scarab8Bid8B,  skar-a-bS'i-dS.  A  group 
of  beetles^  forming  the  chief  part  of  the 
section  llamellioomes,  and  naving  the 
gen.  Scarabffius  as  its  lype.  The  8.  saoer, 
or  sacred  beetle  of  the  Egyptians,  was  re* 
garded  with  great  veneration  ;  and  fignrea 
of  it,  plain  or  inscribed  with  characters, 
were  habitu^y  worn  by  the  andent  Egyp* 
tians  as  an  amulet 

Scauper,  8k§p'er.  A  tool  having  a  semi- 
droular  face,  used  by  engravers  to  clear 
away  the  spaces  between  the  Unes  of  an 
engraving. 

Sceptic,  skep'tik.  One  who  doubts  the 
truth  and  reality  of  any  prindple  or  sys- 
tem of  prindples  or  doctrines.  In  Philos. 
a  follower  of  JPyrrho,  founder  of  a  sect  of 
philosophers  who  maintained  that  no  cer- 
tain inferences  can  be  drawn  lh>m  the  re- 
Sorts  of  the  senses,  and  who  therefore 
oubted  of  everything.  A  person  who 
doubts  the  existence  and  perfections  of 
€k>d  or  the  truth  of  revelation  ;  one  who 
disbelieves  in  the  divine  origin  of  the 
Christian  religion. 

Schaffhausen.  A  IS.  canton  of  Switzer- 
land, also  a  city,  cap.  of  canton,  remark- 
able for  its  wooden  bridge  across  the 
Ehine ;  three  miles  firom  the  Falls  of  S., 
100  ft.  high  ;  pop.  10,878. 

Schamyl.  A  noted  Circassian  chief ;  b. 
1797,  D.  1878.  Elected  imaum  or  king, 
1834,  he  successfully  defended  his  country 
against  Bussia  for  80  years,  but  was  forced 
to  surrender,  1859,  and  afterward  resided 
in  Kalouga,  Bosdft.  maintftintng  the  state 
of  a  prince* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


8CHEELE 


BCXyrLAND 


Soheele,  Oarl  Wilhelxo.  A  distin- 
ffuiflhed  Swedish  ohemiAt ;  b.  1742,  d.  1786. 
He  made  many  important  disooveries. 

Sohene,  skSn.  An  Egyptian  measure  of 
length  equal  to  60  stadia  or  about  7i  miles. 

Sohelfer,  Ary.  An  eminent  French 
painter;  b.  1795,  d.  1858. 

Sohelllnff,  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Joaeph  VOZL  One  of  the  most  eminent 
of  C^erman  metaphysioal  philosophers, 
ranking  with  Kant,  Hegel  and  Fichte;  b. 
1775,  D.  1864. 

SohJIler,  Johann  Ohristoph  Fried- 
rich  TOn.  An  eminent  German  poet 
and  historian  ;  b.  1750,  d.  1805. 

SoMesrel,  Aufirust  Wilhelm  von. 
A  distinguished  German  poet  and  critic, 
b.  1766,  D.  1845. 

Sohofleld,  John  McAllister.  An 
American  general ;  b.  in  N.  T.,  1881.  He 
served  witti  distinction  during  the  dvil 
war. 

Schoolcraft,  Henry  Bowe.  An 
American  ethnologist  and  author  ;  b.  in 
N.  Y.  1798,  D.  1864. 

Schoolman,  skol'man.  A  man  yersed 
in  the  niceties  of  academical  disputation, 
or  of  school  divinity;  spedflcally,  philos- 
ophers and  divines  of  the  middle  ages  who 
adopted  the  principles  of  Aristotle,  and 
spent  much  time  in  abstract  speculation. 
They  were  so  called  because  tney  taught 
originally  in  the  schools  of  divinity  es- 
tablished by  Charlemagne 

Schoonr^r     ' 
A    vessi  L    with    tviii 
masts. 

Schubert,  Froj^, 
Anemiifrjit  An^trliiii 
musical  ^"nN.EriiM<r;  u* 
1797,  D.  I9i¥. 

Schwartz,    Bcirth 

old.  A       Ik'nilfttl' 

monk      iFrf*iLsran^  tkiLooot^, 

whe    lnvciit*:J     g^uii- 

powder ;  b.  abt.  1800,  d.  1B69. 

Schwarzenbersr,  Karl  Fhilipp, 
Frince  von.  An  Austrian  general ;  b. 
1771,  D.  1820.  He  negotiated  t£e  marriage 
of  Napoleon  I.  and  the  Austrian  princess, 
and  commanded  the  allies  at  the  victory 
of  Leipzig,  1818. 

ScJeenidaa,  sl-^'ni-dd.  A  fomily  of  acan- 
thopterous  fishes,  the  type  of  which  is  the 
genus  Scieena.  Some  members  of  the 
Bunily  possess  a  remarkable  power  of 
emitting  sounds,  as  the  maigre  and  drum- 
fish. 

SciUy  Islands.    A  group  of  150  at  the 


W.  extremity  of  the  English  Channel,  but 
few  of  which  are  inhabitable. 

Scimitar,  slm'i-ter.  An  oriental  sword, 
the  blade  of  which  is  single-odged,  short, 
curved  and  broadest  at  the  x>oint-end. 
Also  written  Cimeter. 

Sciopticon,  si-op'ti-kon.  A  form  of 
magio-l&ntem  adapted  for  the  exhibition 
of  photographed  objects. 

Sdpio,  Fublius  Ck>melius  Afiri- 
canus.  A  distinguished  Roman  gen- 
eral and  statesman,  the  conqueror  of 
Hannibal ;  b.  241,  d.  179  b.  c.  ^miUanus 
Afkricanus,  adopted  son  of  the  above,  was 
also  greatly  distinguished  as  a  general, 
capturing  Carthage  and  Numantia,  Spain : 
b.  181,  killedlld2  b.  o.  in  a  politicai 
emeute  at  Rome.  The  name  was  also 
borne  by  other  distinguished  Romans. 

Scisflor-tail,  siz'er-t&l.  The  Milvulus 
forficatns  or  tyrannus,  belonging  to  the 
fly-catchers.  It  has  a  forked  tail,  termi- 
nated by  two  long  feathers,  which  open 
and  shut  like  a  pair  of  scissors. 

Sciuridae,  sl-ii'ri-de.  A  fhroily  of  rodents, 
comprising  the  true  squirrels,  the  flying- 
squirrels  and  the  marmots. 

Sderometer,  skls-rom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  accurately  determining  the  de- 
gree of  hardness  of  a  mineral. 

^jolopacidae,  skol-o-pas'i-de.  Afiunily 
of  longirostral  wading-oirds,  of  which  the 
gen.  Soolopax  is  the  type ;  the  snipe  and 
wood-cock  fiunily. 

ScomberidflB,  skom-ber'i-de.  A  fiunily 
of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  of  which  the 
common  mackerel  may  be  r^rard^  as  * 
tjrpe.  The  tunny,  sword-fish,  dory  and 
boar-fish  belong  to  this  group. 

Scorpion,       ^».*vco<SS 
skor'pi-on.        ^^^^^^ 
The  name  of  ,,>^r^« 
any  species  of  ,y^"*^  i 
Scorpio,  a  gen.  (%^  Jw 
of  pulmonary  A  >||^ 
a  r  a  c  h  n  ids,  '<|*m  „^/v,,\ 
ord.     Arthro-  --. 

gastra  or  Pe-  Scorpion, 

dipalpi.  Their 

stmg  gives  rise  to  excruciating  pain,  but 
is  rar^y  attended  either  with  redness  or 
swelling,  and  is  very  seldom,  if  ever,  &tal 
to  man.  In  Astron.  the  8th  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  Oct 
23. 

Scotland.  One  of  the  principal  division  s 
of  the  kingdom  of  Gt.  Britain  and  Ireland, 
occupying  the  north  portion  of  the  Island 
Gt.  Britain  ;  bounded  N.  and  W.  by  the 
Atlantic,  £.  by  the  German  Ocean,  8.  by 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BcxyroGRAPH  «id 

England;  area  80,828 sq.m.,  pop.  8,871,- 
418.     Chief  cities,  Edinburgh,  cap.,  Glaa- 

?[>w,  Dandee,  Aberdeen,  Inverness,  Leith, 
erth,  Montrose,  DamfHes,  Stirling,  Kil- 
marnock and  Greenock.  Principal  rivers, 
Clyde,  Forth,  Tay,  Dee,  Don,  Ness,  Nith, 
Ayr  and  Tweed.  Lakes.  Loch  Lomond, 
Ness,  Tay,  Awe,  Maree,  Shiel,  Lochy  and 
Katrine.  Friths,  Solway,  Clyde,  Dornoch, 
Murray,  Tay  and  Forth.  The  N.  part 
is  mountainons  and  known  as  the  High- 
lands, the  ranges  being  the  Grampians, 
Ben  More,  Sidlaws  and  Oohils;  in  the  Low- 
lands, the  Cheviots,  Lammermoors,  Low- 
thers  and  Pentlands. 

SootOflrraph,  skot'6-graf.  An  instru- 
ment by  which  one  may  write  in  the  dark, 
or  for  enabling  the  blind  to  write. 

Scott,  Walter,  Sir,  Bart.  An  eminent 
Scottish  poet,  novelist  and  historian  ;  b. 
17T1,  D.  1882. 

Soott,  Winfleld.  An  American  general; 
B.  in  Va.,  1786,  d.  1866.  He  was  com- 
mander-in-chief from  1841  till  1861,  and  in 
1852  was  an  unsuocessAii  candidate  for  the 
Presidency. 

Soratcli-race,  skrach'rfts.  A  race  in 
which  the  competitors  are  either  drawn  by 
lot  or  taken  without  regard  to  qualifica- 
tions ;  a  race  without  restrictions. 

Soray,  skra.  Sterna  Hirundo,  the  sea- 
swallow  ;  the  tern. 

Sorew-jack.  A 
contrivance  for  lift- 
ing heavy  weights 
by  means  of  a  screw- 
lever  or  handle. 

Scribe,  skrlb.     One 
who  writes;   a  pen- 
man.    An  official  or 
public  writer ;  asec- 
retfuy;   an    amanu- 
ensis.      In    Jewish 
and     Sacred     Hist, 
originally  a  military 
officer  whose  duties 
included  the  recruit- 
ing and  organizing  of  troops,  the  levying 
of  war-taxes  and  the  like.     At  a  later 
period,  a  writer  and  a  doctor  of  the  law  ; 
one  who  read  and  explained  the  law  to  the 
people.    In  carpentry  and  bricklaying,  a 
pointed  marking  tool. 

Ekribe,  Augiuitin  Eug-ene.  A  pop- 
ular French  poet  and  dramatist ;  b.  1791, 
D.  1861. 

Ekriptoriuxn,  skrip-to'rl-um.  In  a 
monastery  or  abbey,  the  room  set  apart 
for  the  writing  or  copying  of  manuscripts. 

Scripture,  skrip'tOr.    The  books  of  the 


Btei-flw-jiKsk. 


SEA-COW 


Old  and  New  Testaments;  the  Bible.  Any 
portion  of  the  sacred  writings. 

Scroll-head,  skrol'hed.  An  ornamental 
timber  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel,  finished  ofl 
with  carved  work  in  the  form  of  a  volute 
or  scroll ;  the  bille^head. 

Scrapie,  skrd'pL    A  weight  of  20  grains. 

Eknido,  sko'do.  An  Italian  silver  coin  of 
difTerent  value  in  the  difTerent  states.  The 
Genoese  scudo  is  equivalent  to  about 
$1.80  ;  the  Roman,  $108;  the  Sardinian  \ 
and  Milanese,  94  cents.  The  old  Soman 
gold  scudo  was  worth  10  silver  scudi. 

S  c  u  p  p  emonfir,  skup'er-nong.  The 
name  for  a  species  of  gnpe,  supposed  to 
be  a  variety  of  Yitis  vulpina,  found  wild 
and  cultivated  in  the  Sonthem  States.  Iv 
is  said  to  have  come  from  Greece. 

Eknitari.  A  city  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  op- 
posite Constantinople,  on  the  Bosphorus ; 
pop.  80,000.  The  Sultan  has  a  palace  here 
wmch  he  frequentiy  occupies. 

Soutibranchiata,  8k<i'ti-brang-ki-u''ta. 
The  name  given  to  an  order  of  hermaphro- 
dite gasteropodus  mollusks,  having  the 
gills  covered  with  a  shell  in  the  form  of  a 
shield,  as  the  Haliotis  or  ear-ahelL 

Scutum,  'tum.  The  ^ 
shield  of  the  heavy- 
armed  Roman  l^on-£ 
aries.    It  was  madeV 
of  wood  or  wicker- « 
work,  covered  with 
leather  and  plates  of 
iron.    In  Anat  the 
patella  or  knee-pan, 
in  Zool.  any  shield- 
like plate,  especially  i 
such  as  is  developed 
in  the  int^ument  of 
many  reptiles. 

Sea,  sS.  The  general 
name  for  the  continu- 
ous mass  of  salt 
water  which  covers  the  greater  part  of  the 
earth's  surbce;  the  ocean.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  an  off-shoot  of  the  main  sea  oi 
ocean  which,  from  its  position  or  configu- 
ration, is  considered  deserving  of  a  speda] 
name.  Some  lakes  are  also  called  seas,  a^ 
the  Caspian,  the  Aral  and  Sea  of  Galilee. 

Sea-anemone,  'a-nem-o-nie.  The  pop. 
ular  name  given  to  the  actinias,  a  coelenter^ 
ate  gen.  (class  Actinozoa)  of  animals,  hav 
ing  somewhat  the  apx>earance  of  flowers. 

Sea-calf,  'k&f.  The  common  seal,  a  spe- 
cies of  Phoca. 

Sea-cow,  'kou.  A  name  given  to  th^ 
dugong  or  halicore,  to  the  manatee ;  also 
to  the  walrus  or  sea-horse. 


Yarious  forms  of 
Scutum. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SfiA-ELiiPflAirr 


611 


SEA-SfiftPEm' 


Sea-elephant,  'd-d-fimt   A  species  of 


Sea-Elephant 

teal,  the  Macrorhinus  probosddeus  or 
Moranga  proboscidea ;  the  elephant-seal. 

Sea-fifl^.  'fish.  Any  marine  fish ;  any 
fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  water. 

Sea-fowl,  'foul.  A  marine  fowl ;  any 
bird  that  Uyes  by  the  sea  and  procures  its 
food  firom  salt  water. 

Sea-fox,  'foks.  A  fish  of  the  shark  fiun. , 
Alopias  or  Akpecias  vulpes,  called  also 
Fox-shark  or  Thresher.  It  is  called  sea- 
fox,  from  the  length  and  size  of  its  tail, 
and  thresher  fW>m  its  habit  of  using  it  as  a 
weapon. 

Sea-horse, 
'hors.  The 
morse  or  wal- 
rus. A  febu- 
lous  animal 
depicted  with 
fore  parts  like 
those  of  a 
horse,  and 
with  hinder 
parts  like  those  of  a  fish.  The  Nereids 
used  sea-horses  as  riding  steeds,  and  Nep- 
tune employed  them  for  drawing  his  char- 
iot. In  the  sea-horse  of  heraldry  a  scal- 
loped fin  nms  down  the  back. 

Sea-kinflT,  'king.  A  king  of  the  sea ; 
specifically,  one  of  the  piratical  Northmen, 
who  infested  the  coasts  of  W.  Europe  in 
the  8th,  9th  and  10th  centuries ;  a  yinng. 

Seal,  sel.  The  name  given  generally  to 
mammals  of  certain  genera,  ord.  Camivo- 


Sea-horse. ' 


Crested  Seal, 
ra,  sec  Pinnigrada.   The  seals  are  divided 


latia-Moii. 


into  two  families :  the  Phocidae  or  cx)m 
mon  seals,  which  have  no  external  ear ; 
and  the  Otaridse,  or  eared  seals,  which  in- 
clude the  sea-bear,  sea-lion,  Ac. 

€tea-letter,  sS'let-er.  A  document  firom 
the  custom-house,  expected  to  be  found 
on  board  of  every  neutral  ship  on  a  foreign 
voyage.  It  specifies  the  nature  and  quan- 
tity  of  the  cargo,  the  place  whence  it 
comes  and  its  destination.  Called  also 
Sea-brief. 

Sea-lion, 
'n-on.  A 
name 
com  mon  .- 
to  several  A 
large  = 
members* 
of  the  seal  < 
family' 
(Otaridffl),  • 
the  best 
known  of 
which  is 
the  Otaria  Jubata  or  O.  Btelleri.  The  male 
has  a  mane  on  the  neck  reaching  to  the 
shoulders.  In  Her.  a  monster  consisting 
of  the  upper  part  of  a  lion  combined  with 
the  tail  of  a  fish. 

Seal-skin,  sel'skin.  The  skin  of  the  seal, 
which,  when  dressed  with  the  ftir  on,  is 
made  into  articles  of  clothing,  or,  when 
tanned,  into  boots,  &c.  The  skin  of  some 
species,  when  the  coarser  long  outer  hair 
is  removed,  leaving  the  soft  under  fiir,  is 
the  expensive  seal-skin  of  which  ladies' 
jackets,  &c.,  are  made. 

Sea-mile,  se'mll.  A  nautical  or  geograph- 
ical mile ;  the  60th  part  of  a  degree  of 
latitude  or  of  a  great  circle  of  the  globe. 

Seannaohie,  sen'a-chS.  A  Highland 
genealogist,  chronicler  or  bard. 

Sea-nymph,  se'nimf.  A  nymph  or  god- 
dess of  the  sea ;  one  of  the  inferior  Olym- 
pian divinities  called  Oceanides. 

Sea-otter,  'ot-er.  A  marine  mammal, 
gen.  Enhvdra,  fam.  Mustelidee,  and  closely 
allied  to  the  common  otter.  The  skin  is 
of  great  value. 

Sea-serpent,  'ser-penf.  A  name  com- 
mon to  a  family  of  snakes,  Hydridie,  of 
several  genera,  as  Hydrus,  Pelamis,  Cher- 
sydrus,  Ac,  exceedingrly  venemous.  The 
Hydrus  Stokesii  inhabits  the  Australian 
seas  and  is  as  thick  as  a  man's  thigh.  An 
enormous  animal  of  serpentine  form,  said 
to  have  been  repeatedly  seen  at  sea,  some- 
.times  represented  to  be  as  much  as  700  or 
800  feet  long,  and  its  folds  appearing  like 
a  number  of  hogsheads  floating  in  a  line  at 
a  considerable  distance  fi*om  each  other. 


Digitized  by 


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BEB 


61S 


8EDBAT 


t^fcstnt. 


8eb,  seb.  One  of  the  groat  Egyptiiui  di- 
vinities represented  as  the  father  of  the 
gods,  a  character  ascribed  to  other  gods, 
as  Neph,  Pthah,  Ac.  He  married  his 
sister  Natpe,  and  was  father  of  Osiris 
aad  Isis.  He  corresponds  to  the  Qreek 
Kronos. 
flebastopol.  A  strongly  fortified  sea- 
port of  the  Crimea,  Kassia,  on  a  bay  of 
same  name,  noted  for  its  siege  and 
capture  by  the  allied  French,  EngUsh  and 
Turkish  armies,  the  investment  lasting 
from  Oct.  9, 1854,  tiU  Sept.  8,  1855 ;  pop. 
abt  84,000. 

Sebnndy,  s^-bnn'dl.    In  the  £.  Indies, 
an   irregolar   or  native  soldier  or  local 
militia-man,  generally  emploved  in  the 
service  of  the  revenue  and  police. 
Secant,     sd'kant.  «^ 
In  Geom.    a    line^ 
that   cats   another 
or  divides  it   into 
parts ;    a    straight 
fine  catting  a  curve 
in     two    or   more 
points;   in   trigon. . 

b  straight  lino' 
drawn  from  the 
center  of  a  circle,  which,  catting  the  cir- 
cumference, proceeds  till  it  meets  with  a 
tangent  to  the  same  circle. 
Seceder,  -sed'er.  In  Scottish  Eccles. 
Hist,  one  of  a  numerous  body  of  Presby- 
terians who  seceded  from  the  established 
Church,  1788. 

Secessionist,  -se'shon-ist.  One  who 
maintains  the  principle  of  secession; 
specifically,  in  the  U.  8.,  one  who  took  part 
or  sympathized  \vith  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Southern    States  in    their  stm^le, 

1861-66,  to  dissolve  the  Federal  Union. 
Second-cousin,    sck'und-kuz-n.     The 

son  or  daughter  of  a  cousin-german. 
£(econd-Bifirlit,  -sit.    The  power  of  see- 
ing things  future  or  distant;    prophetic 

vision — a  well-known  Highland  supersti- 

tioa. 

Secretary- 
bird,  're-ta- 

ri-berd.     An 

African   bird 

of  prey  (ord. 

Raptor  e  8), 

gen.     Gjrpo- 

geranus,  the 

G.     8eiT)ent- 

arius,    called 

also      the 

Snake-eater 

or     Serpent* 

eater.  Secretary-bird. 


Sectary,  'ta-ri.  A  person  who  separates 
from  an  estabUahed  church,  or  from  the 
prevailing  denominatioii  of  Christians ; 
one  that  Belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  sohismatie ; 
a  sectarian. 

Sector,     -tor.       That 
which  when  am>lied  to 
a  circle,  cuts  off  a  part 
of  it;    a  mathematical/ 
instrument 

Secularist,  'u-ler-istl 
One  who  tiieoretically^ 
reiects  every  form  oi^ 
religious  ftim  and  every 
kind  of  religious  wor- 
ship; one  who  reftises 
to  believe,  on  the  authority  of  revelation, 
in  anything  external  to  man's  present 
state  of  exist^ioe.  One  who  believes  that 
education  and  otho:  matters  of  dvil  policy 
should  be  conducted  without  the  intro- 
duction of  a  religious  dement. 

Sedan, 
se-  d  a  n ' . 
A  covered 
cliair  or 
vehicle  for 
carrying  ^ 
one  per-  ^ 
son,  borne 
on  poles 
by  two  ^^^ 
men,  used  JP^^^ 
in  Eng-  ^'^■'r 
land  in  the 
reigns  of 
Anne  and  the  first  Georges,  that  is,  in  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries. 
Sedan.  A  fortified  city  of  France, 
on  the  Mense,  noted  for  the  victory,  Sept. 
1-2,  1870,  bV  the  German  army,  com- 
manded by  King  William  I.  and  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Prussia,  over  the  French, 
commanded  by  Napoleon  III.  The  hitter 
became  a  prisoner,  with  100.000  of  his  sol- 
diers; pop.  16,200. 
Sedilia,  -dil'i-a.  Stone  seats  for  the  priests 


LHlaJi-chflir. 


in  the  south  wall  of  the  chancel  of  many 
churches,  usually  three  in  number,  for  tho 
use  of  the  priest,  the  deacon  and  subdea- 
con  during  part  of  the  service  of  high 
mass. 

Sedrat,  sed'rftt.  In  Mohammedan  Myth, 
the  lotus-tree  which  stands  on  the  right 
side  of  the  invisible  throne  of  Allah. 
Each  seed  of  its  fruit  contains  a  houri, 
and  two  rivers  issue  fW)m  its  roots.  In- 
numerable birds  carol  in  its  branches, 
which  exceed  in  width  the  distance  be- 
tween heaven  and  earth,  and-  numberless 
angels  rest  in  their  shade. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEB 


618 


SEMI-FELAGIAN 


See,  b9.  The  8«at  of  eplsoopal  power ; 
the  diooese  or  lartediotion  of  a  bishop  or 
archbishop.    Tne  authority  of  the  pope; 


peculiar  views  with  re-        Begment. 
gard  to  the  essential  at-   a,  b,  chord;  o, 
tributes  of  Ood.    They       s^^nent. 
are  opposed  to  the  MotazUites. 

Seine.  A  river  of  Central  France,  which 
flows  through  Paris  and  empties  into  the 
English  Channel  at  Havre-de-6raoe ; 
length,  414 m.  A  N.  dept.  of  France; 
area,  181  sq.m.;  cap.  Paris. 

Selachii,  -U'shi-I.  A  section  of  elasmo- 
branchiate  fishes,  which  includes  the 
sharl^s  and  dog-fishes. 

Selenography,  sel-e-nog'ra-fl.  A  de- 
scription of  the  iroon  and  its  phenomena ; 
the  art  of  picturing  the  face  of  the  moon. 

Selenoloflry,  -noKo-ji.  That  branch  of 
astronomicid  science  which  treats  of  the 
moon. 

Seid,  sed.  One  of  the  descendants  of 
Mohammed  through  his  daughter  Fatima 
and  his  nephew  Ali. 

Seidlltas-water.  sid'lits-wa-ter.  The 
mineral  water  of  Seidlitz,  a  viUaee  of 
Bohemia.  Sulphate  of  mi^esia,  sulphate 
of  soda  and  carbonic  acid  are  its  acUvo  in- 
gredients. 8.  powder  is  a  well-known  ef- 
fervescing chemical  preparation,  having 
properties  similar  to  this  water. 

Seismology,  sTs-moFo-Ji.  The  science 
of  earthquakes ;  that  department  of  science 
which  treats  of  volcanoes  and  earth- 
quakes. 

Seismonieter,  -mom'et-er.  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  direclion  and 
force  of  earthquakes  and  similar  concus- 
sions. 

Seisnra,  se-zhu'ra.  A  gen.  of  Australian 
birds,  fam.  Musdcapidce  or  fiy-catchers. 
The  8.  volitans  is  the  dish-washer  of  New 
8.  Wales. 

Selim.  The  name  of  three  Turkish  sul- 
tans. 8.  I.  s.  his  father  Baiazet  II., 
1512 ;  D.  1520.  8.  II.  s.  his  father  Solyman 
the  Magnificent,  1566.  He  took  Cyprus 
from  the  Venetians,  but  was  disastrously 
defeated  In  fhe  naval  battle  of  Lepanto, 
1761 ;  D.  1BI4.  8.  III.  s.  his  Ikther  Mus- 
tapha  III..  1T89,    He  instituted  great  re- 


forms, but  was  deposed  and  murdered  by 
the  Janissaries,  IHOS. 

Selters-water,  selt'erz-wa-ter.  A  highly 
prized  medicinal  mineral  water  found  at 
Nieder-Belters  in  the  valley  of  the  Lahn, 
Nassau,  Germany.  It  contedns  chloride 
of  sodium,  carbonates  of  magnesium, 
sodiam,  and  calcium  and  a  large  quantity 
of  free  carbonic  acid.  Called  less  correctly 
.  8eltzer-water. 

Semaphore,  sem'a-for.  A  kind  of  tele< 
graph  or  apparatus  for  oonve>ing  informs' 
tion  by  signals  visible  at  a  distance,  such 
as  oscillating  arms  or  fiags  by  day  andlan^ 
terns  at  night.  Many  kinds  were  in  use 
before  the  invention  of  the  electric 
telegraph,  and  some  are  still  employed 
on  railways. 

Semele.  In  Mvth.  daughter  of  Cadmus» 
and  mother  of  Bacchus  by  Jupiter.  Juno 
in  disguise  persuadctl  her  to  invite  Ju- 
piter to  visit  her  in  his  Olympian  splendor, 
and  she  was  burned  to  death  by  the  light- 
ning. 

Semen,  seamen.  The  seed  or  prolific 
fluid  of  male  animals ;  the  secretion  of  a 
tettticle;  sperm.  The  seed  of  plants,  or 
tho  matured  ovule. 

Semi,  scm'i.  A  prefix  signifying  half;  in 
part;  partially. 

Semi-Arian,  -i-a'ri-an.  A  branch  of  the 
Arians  who  professed  to  condemn  the 
errors  of  Arius  but  acquiesced  in  some  of 
them.  Thev  did  not  acknowledge  the  Son 
to  be  consnbstantial  with  tho  Father,  but 
admitted  him  to  be  of  a  like  substance,  not 
by  nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege. 

Semi-bull,  'i-bnl.  A  bull  issued  by  s 
Pope  between  the  time  of  his  election  and 
that  of  his  coronation,  having  only  an 
impression  on  one  side  of  tho  seal.  After 
consecration  the  name  of  the  pope  and  date 
are  stamped  on  the  reverse,  thus  consti- 
tuting a  double-bull. 

Seminole,  -nol.  A  tribe  of  Indians, 
originally  a  vagrant  offshoot  from  th« 
Creeks.  They  gave  great  trouble  to  the 
settlers  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  after 
a  tedious  war  the  remains  of  the  tribo 
were  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory. 

Semi-Pelagrian,  -pd-la^ji-an.  A  fol- 
lower of  John  Cassianus,  a  monk  who, 
about  the  year  430,  modified  the  doctrinet 
of  Pelagius,  by  maintaining  that  grace  wa^ 
necessary  to  salvation,  but  that  our  natural 
faculties  were  sufficient  for  the  commence, 
ment  of  repentance  and  amendment ;  thai 
Christ  died  for  all  men  ;  that  his  grace  wa< 
equally  offered  to  all  men ;  that  man  wa« 
bom  free,  and  therefore  capable  of  reoeiy> 
ing  its  influences  or  resisting  them. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEMIRAMI8 


614 


8EFTUA0£lblMA 


Aemiramis.  In  SyrlAn  traditioo, 
daughter  of  the  goddess  Derceto,  who  was 
abandoned  and  miraculouslv  nursed  by 
doves,  and  became  wife  of  Nmus,  founder 
of  Nineveh,  whom  she  succeeded.  The 
legends  of  her  warlike  ability,  gross  vo- 
luptuousness, and  final  disappearance  in 
the  form  of  a  dove  are  numerous  and 
familiar. 

Bemitio,  se-mit'ik.  Relating  to  Shem  or 
his  reputed  descendants;  pertaining  to  the 
Hebrew  race  or  any  of  those  kindred  to  it, 
as  the  Arabians,  the  ancient  PhcBnioians, 
and  the  Assyrians.  8.  or  Shemitic  lan- 
guages, g^up  or  family  of  languages  dis- 
tinguisned  by  triliteral  verbal  roots  and 
vowel  inflecuon.  it  comprises  three 
branches — Northern.  Aramsean,  Aramaic 
or  Chaldean;  Central  or  Oanaanitish;  and 
Southern  or  Arabic. 

Semmes,  Baphael.  An  American 
naval  officer;  b.  in  Md.  1810,  d.  1877.  He 
resf  jned  his  commission  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  and  became  the 
most  daring  and  successful  commander  in 
the  Confederate  service.  His  vessel,  the 
Alabama,  was  sunk  by  the  U.  8.  steamer 
Kearsarge,  Capt.  Winslow,  off  Cherbourg, 
France,  June  19, 1864,  but  S.  and  most  of 
his  crew  escaped  on  the  British  yackt 
Dcerhound. 

Semnopithecus,  sem'nd-pi-thS'^kus.  A 
gen.  of  catorhine  or  Old  World  apes.  One 
of  the  most  familiar  species  is  8.  Entellus, 
the  sacred  monkey  of  the  Hindus. 

Senate,  sen'at.  In  ancient  Rome,  a  body 
of  elderly  citizens  appointed  or  elected 
fh>m  among  the  nobles  of  the  state,  and 
having  supreme  legislative  power.  The 
number  during  the  best  period  of  the 
Roman  republic  was  800.  The  upper  or 
less  numerous  branch  of  a  legislature  in 
various  countries,  as  in  the  U.  8.,  in  the 
separate  States,  in  France,  and  in  some 
Swiss  cantons. 

SenatUB,  se-na'tus.  A  senate  ;  a  govern- 
ing body  in  certain  universities. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annsdus.  An  emi- 
nent Roman  philosopher,  tutor  of  the 
Emperor  Nero,  by  whose  orders  he  was 
murdered,  66. 

Senegral.  A  large  river  of  W.  Africa, 
emptying  into  the  Atlantic ;  length,  1,000 
m. 

Senegrambia.  A  section  of  W.  Africa, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  E. 
by  the  Soudan,  S.  by  Upper  Guinea  and 
Siberia,  W.  by  the  Atlantic ;  area,  400,000 
sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  8,600,000. 
Sennacherib.  In  Serip.  an  Assyrian 
^in^,  702-680  b.  c,  whow*  army  of  1«J,000 


were  slain  by  the  ang^I  of  the  Lord  as  he 
was  about  to  invade  Judea.  He  was  mur 
dered  by  his  own  sons  while  worshiping 
his  gods. 

Senor,  sen-ydr'.  A  Spanish  title  or  form 
of  address,  correspon<ung  to  the  English 
Mr.  or  Sir ;  a  gentleman. 

Senora,  -y5'ra.  The  feminine  of  Sefior ; 
Madame  or  Mrs.;  a  lady. 

SeuBitive-plant,  sens'i-tiv-phmt  A 
name  given  to  several  plants  which  display 
movements  ef  their  leaves  in  a  remarkabfe 
degree,  not  only  under  the  influence  of 
light  and  darkness,  but  also  under  me- 
chanical and  other  stimuli.  The  common 
sensitive-plant  is  a  tropical  American 
leguminous  annual,  gen.  Mimosa. 

Sepal,  B^'pal.  In  bot. 
one   of  the   separate 
divisions   of  a   calyx 
when   that    organ  is^ 
made  up  of  various^ 
leaves. 

Sepoy,  86'poi.  Na- 
tive £.  Indian  soldiers 
in  the  British  service. 
In  Bombay,  a  foot 
messenger.  »    »  o«?piMD. 

Sept,  sept.  A  clan,  a  braneh  of  a  race  or 
family,  used  particularly  of  the  races  or 
families  in  Ireland. 

September,  sep-tem'ber.  The  9th 
month  of  the  year,  so  called  from  being 
the  7th  month  from  March,  formerly  the 
1st  month  of  the  year. 

Septennate,  -ten'St.  A  period  of  seven 
years. 

Septennium,  'ni-um .  A  period  of  seven 
years. 

Septentrio,  'tri-o.  In  Astron.  the  con- 
stellation Ursa  Major  or  Great  Bear. 

Septentrion,  -on.  The  north  or  northern 
regions. 

Sept-foil,  sept'foil.  A  British  plant,  the 
PotentiUa  TormentiUa.  A  figure  of  7  equal 
segments  of  a  circle  used  In  the  R.  C. 
Church  as  a  symbol  of  the  7  sacraments,  7 
gifts  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  &c. 

SeptiUion,  sep-til'li-on.  In  Eng.  nota- 
tion, a  million  raised  to  the  seventh  power; 
a  number  consisting  of  a  unit  followed 
by  42  ciphers.  In  French  and  Italian  no- 
tation, a  unit  followed  by  24  ciphers. 

Septuagenarian,  sep't&-a-Je-na"ri-an. 
A  person  70  years  of  age ;  a  person  be- 
tween 70  and  oO  years  of  age. 
Septuasresima,  -Jes''l-ma.  The  third 
Sunday  before  Lent  or  before  Quadragesi- 
ma Sunday,  so  called  because  it  is  about 
70  days  before  East^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BEPTUAGINT 


615 


BBTTEE 


Septoaffint,  -JiDt.  A  Greek  version  of 
the  Old  Testament,  so  called  either  be- 
eaase  it  was  approved  and  sanctioned  by 
the  sanhedrim,  or  supreme  council  of  the 
Jewish  nation,  which  consisted  of  about  70 
members,  or  because,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, about  70  men  were  employed  on  the 
translation.  It  is  reported  by  Josephus 
to  have  been  made  in  the  reign  and  by  the 
order  of  Ptolemv  Bhiladelj^us,  King  of 
Egypt,  about  270  or  280  years  before  the 
birth  of  Christ  It  is  supposed,  however, 
by  modem  critics,  that  It  was  the  work, 
not  only  of  different  hands  but  of  separate 
times.  The  S.  was  in  use  at  the  time  of 
our  Saviour,  and  is  that  out  of  which  most 
of  the  dtationsin  the  New  Testament  from 
the  Old  are  taken. 

Septam,  sep'tum.  In 
Bot.  the  partition  of  an 
ovary  or  fruit  produced  bv 
the  sides  of  the  carpels , 
brought  together  and  con- 
solidated. 

Sequin,  sA^kwin.  A  gold 
coin  first  struck  at  Venice 
about  the  end  of  the  18th 
century,  equivalent  to  a,  a,  Septa, 
about  12.82.  Coins  of  the 
same  name  but  varying  in  value  were 
issued  by  other  states. 

Seraflrlio,  se-ral'yd.  The  palace  of  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey  at  Constantinople.  It  is 
of  inmiense  size,  and  contains  government 
buildings,  mosques,  Ao.j  as  well  as  the 
sultan's  harem.  Hence,  harem ;  a  place 
for  keeping  wives  or  concubines ;  place  of 
licentious  pleasure. 

Serai,  -r&^  In  East^ n  countries,  a  place 
for  the  accommodation  of  travelers;  a 
caravansary ;  a  khan. 

Seralbiixneji,  sd'ral-b&-men.  Albumen 
of  the  blood :  so  called  to  distinguish  it 
from  ovalbumen,  or  the  albumen  of  the 
white  of  an  egg,  from  which  it  differs  in 
chemical  reaction. 

Seraph,  ser'af.  An  angel  of  the  highest 
•rdw. 

Serapis,  se-r&'pis.  The  Greek  name  of  a 
deity  whose  worship  was  introduced  into 
Egypt  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  I.  He  was 
considered  as  a  combination  of  Osbis  and 
Apis.  His  worship  extended  into  Asia 
Minor,  Greece  and  Kome. 

Seraskier,  -ras'ker.  A  Turkish  title 
given  to  every  general  having  command 
of  a  separate  army,  but  especially  to  the 
commander-in-chief. 

Serein,  -ran.  a  mist  or  fine  rain  which 
fiills  fit>m  a  cloudless  sky,  a  phenomenon 
frequent  in  tropical  climates. 


Serf,  serf.  A  villein;  one  of  those  who  in 
the  middle  ages  were  incapable  of  holding 
properly,  were  attached  to  the  land  and 
transferred  with  It,  and  liable  to  feudal 
services  of  the  lowest  description;  a  forced 
hkborer  attached  to  an  estate,  as  formerly 
in  Bussia. 

Serge,  seij.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  the  wax 
candles,  sometimes  weighing  several 
pounds,  burned  before  the  altar. 

Sergrius.    The  name  of  four  Popes. 

Serial,  sd'rl-al.  A  tale  or  other  composi- 
tion oonmienced  in  one  number  of  a  pert 
odical  work  and  continued  in  successive 
numbers.  A  work  or  publication  issued 
in  successive  numbers ;  a  periodical. 

Seriform,  ser'i-form.  Applied  to  a  sec' 
tion  of  the  Altaic  fomily  of  languages, 
comprising  the  Chinese,  Siamese,  Bur- 
mese, &c. 

Seringrapatam.  (City  of  Vishnu.)  A  city 
of  Madras,  Brit.  India,  on  theCavery,  260 
m.  S.  W.  of  Madras ;  pop.  about  14,000. 
Tippoo  Saib,  the  celebrated  Bi^ah  of  My- 
sore, was  killed  when  the  British  took  S., 
1799. 

Serpent,  'pent.  An  ophidian  reptile 
without  feet;  a  snake. 

Serpentarius,  -pen-ta'ri-us.  A  constel- 
lation in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Called 
also  Ophiuchus. 

Serpida,  ser'pil-Ia.  A  gen.  of  eephalo- 
branchiate  annelidans,  ord.  Tubieola,  in- 
habiting cylindrical  and  tortuous  calcare- 
ous tubes  attached  to  rooks,  shells,  i&c., 
in  the  sea.  The  shells  are  in  general  ex- 
quisitely colored. 

Sesha,  sesh'a.  In  Hindu  Myth,  the  king 
of  the  serpents,  with  a  thousand  heads,  on 
one  of  which  the  world  rests.  Vishnu  re- 
clines on  him  in  the  primeval  waters. 
When  depicted  coDed  he  is  the  symbol  of 
eternity. 

Settee, 
set-te'.  A 
long  seat 
with  a 
back  to  it; 
a  large 
s  o  f  a  - 
shaped 
seat  for 
several 
per  sons. 
A  vessel  fi-^ 
carrying  "^-=3 
two     or 

three  „  ^^ 

masts  Settee, 

with      la- 
teen sails,  common  In  the  Mediterranean. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BESTEBCB 


6K 


SHAMANISM 


Besteroe,  ses'ten.  A  Soman  •oin  or  de- 
nomUiatlon  of  money,  in  valae  the  fourth 
part  of  a  denarina,  and  originally  contain- 
big  two  asaea  and  a  half,  about  4  centa. 
The  Romans  generallv-  reckoned  aams  of 
money  in  sestertii,  altnough  the  coin  used 
in  making  oayments  was  commonly  the 
denarius.  Large  sums  they  reckoned  by 
sestertia,  that  is,  sums  of  a  thousand  sea* 
tertil. 

Beven,  sey'n.  The  number  greater  by 
one  than  six ;  a  group  of  things  amount- 
ing to  this  number.  The  symbol  repre- 
senting this  number,  as  7  or  vii. 

SeTeateen,  -ten.  The  number  greater 
by  one  than  sixteen ;  the  sum  of  ten  and 
seven.  A  symbol  representing  this  num- 
ber, as  17  or  xvii. 

Seventh-day,  'nth-dft.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  seventh. day  of  the  week  or 
the  Sabbath  of  the  Jews.  Seventh-day 
Baptists,  a  religious  sect  holding  generally 
the  same  doctrinal  views  as  the  Baptists, 
but  differing  from  them  in  observing  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week  instead  of  the 
first  as  the  Sabbath  ;  Sabbatarians. 

Serenty,  'n-ti.  The  number  made  up 
of  seven  times  ten.  A  symbol  represent- 
ing this  number,  as  70  or  Ixx.  The  S.,  a 
name  given  to  the  Jewish  sanhedrim. 

Sevems.  The  name  of  three  Boman 
emperors,  of  whom  the  most  distinguished 
was  S.  Lucius  Septlmius,*  198-211,  who  d. 
at  York,  in  Britain. 

Seville.  Cap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
Spain,  on  the  Guadalquivir,  62  m.  N.  E. 
of  Cadiz;  pop.  86,400. 

Sevres  Ware,  s&-vr  war.  A  kind  of 
porcelaiB  ware,  of  artistic  design  and  brill- 
iancy of  coloring,  manufactured  at  Sevres, 
France. 

Seward,  William  Henry.  A  distin- 
guished American  statesman,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
1811 ,  D.  1872.  He  was  Governor  of  his  na- 
tive State,  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  Senate 
and  Secretary  of  Stato  in  President  Lin- 
coln's Cabinet. 

Sexagenarian,  seks'a-Je-na'M-an.  A 
person  aged  60  or  between  60  and  70. 

Sexafiresima,  -Jes'i-ma.  The  second 
Sunday  before  Lent,  so  called  as  being 
about  the  60th  day  before  Easter. 

Sexdigritiflt,  -d^M-tist.  One  who  has 
six  fingers  on  one  hand  or  six  toes  on  one 
foot. 

Sextant,  'tant.  In  Math,  the  sixth  part 
of  a  circle.  An  improved  form  of  quad- 
rant, capable  of  measuring  angles  of  120°. 

Seztillion,  -til'li-on.  According  to  En- 
glish notation,  a  million  raised  to  the 


Shad. 


sixth  power ;  a  number  represented  by  a 
unit  with  86  ciphers  annexed  ;  according 
to  French  notation,  by  a  unit  with  21  ci- 
phers annexed. 

Sexnaliot,  'u-al-ist.  One  who  believes 
and  maintaina  the  doctrine  of  sexes  in 
plants;  or  one  who  classifies  plants  by 
the  sexual  system. 

Seynunir,  Horatio.  An  eminent 
American  stete^knan,  b.  in  N.  Y^  1811 
He  was  twice  Governor  of  hi«  native  State, 
and  in  1868  an  nnsuocessfiil  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  against  Gen.  Grant. 

Sforza.    The  flunily  name  of  the  dukes 
of  Milan,  Italy, 
1450  m 


from 
1585. 

Shad,  shad.  A^ 
teleostean  fish, 
gen.      Alosa, 
fam.  ClnpeidflB. 

Shadoof,  sha-dqr.  A  contrivance  em- 
ployed in  Egypt  for  raising  water  from 
the  Nile  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation.  It 
consists  of  a  long  pole  suspended  on  a 
frame,  the  short  end  being  weighted  so 
as  to  lift  a  bucket  when  filled. 

Shaflites,  shaTi-fts.  One  of  the  four 
sects  of  the  Sunnites  or  orthodox  Moham- 
medans. 

Shah,  sh&.  A  title  given  by  European 
writers  to  the  monarch  of  Persia;  an 
abbreviation  of  Padishah.  S.  Nameh 
[Per.,  the  Book  of  Kings],  the  title  of  sev- 
eral Eastern  works,  the  most  ancient  and 
celebrated  of  which  is  the  poem  by  Fir- 
dousi,  containing  the  history  of  andent 
Persian  kings. 

Shakee,  sha-ke'.  An  ^.  Indian  coin  of 
the  value  of  about  6  cents. 

Shaker,  shakier.  A  member  of  a  relig- 
ions sect  founded  in  Manchester,  England, 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century;  so 
called  popularly  from  the  agitations  or 
movements  in  dancing  which  form  part 
of  theh*  ceremonial.  They  call  themsetves 
the  United  Society  of  Believers  in  Christ^s 
Second  Appearing.  Thev  teach  a  system 
of  doctrine  founded  partly  on  the  Bible 
and  partly  on  the  supposed  revelations  of 
Mother  Ann  Lee,  their  first  inspired  lead- 
er, and  her  successors.  They  lead  a  celi- 
bate life  and  hold  their  property  in  com- 
mon. They  are  now  mostly  confined  to 
the  U.  8. 

Shakespeare,  William.  England's 
greatest  dramatic  poet ;  b.  1564,  d.  1616. 

Shamanism,  sham'an-inn.  A  general 
name  applied  to  the  idolatrous  religions 
of  a  number  of  barbaroui  Mttons,  oompre- 


Digitized  by 


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SfiAKGfiAS 


«1T 


SHEBSEF 


hendiBg  those  of  the  Finnish  race,  as  the 
Ostiaks,  Samoyedea,  and  other  inhabi- 
tants of  Siberia,  as  fisir  as  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
They  believe  in  a  Supreme  Being,  but 
also  that  the  goyernnient  of  the  world  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  number  of  secondary  gods, 
both  benevolent  and  malevolent  towards 
man,  and  that  it  is  absolutelv  necessary  to 
avert  their  malign  influence  by  magic  rites 
and  spells.  Their  belief  respecting  another 
life  is  that  the  condition  of  man  will  be 
more  wretched  than  the  present ;  hence 
death  is  greatly  dreaded. 

Shanghae  (ShaTigha.1).  A  Chinese 
city  on  the  Woo-sung,  160  m.  S.  E.  of 
Nankin  ;  pop.  abt.  155,000. 

Sliark,  shark.  One  of  a  group  of  elasmo- 
branchiate  fishes,  celebrated  for  the  size 
and  voracity  of  many  of  the  species,  some 
species  of  which  are  known  as  *'  man-eat- 
ers." 

Shannon.  The  principal  river  of  Ire- 
land ;  length,  220  m. 

Shastra,  shas'tra.  A  law  or  book  of 
laws  among  the  Hindus,  particularly  a 
book  containing  the  authorized  institutes 
of  their  religion,  and  considered  of  divine 
origin.  The  term  is  applied,  in  a  wider 
sense,  to  treatises  contdnlng  the  laws  or 
institutes  of  the  various  arts  and  sciences, 
as  rhetoric. 

Shays,  Daniel.  An  American  captain 
in  the  Bevolutiou  ;  b.  in  Mass,  1740  ;  n. 
in  N.  Y.,  1825.  He  became  notorious  as 
leader  of  an  abortive  rebellion  against  the 
State  laws  of  Mass.,  1786. 

Shear-water,  shSr'wg-ter.  The  name 
of  several  marine  birds,  gen.  Puffinus,  be- 
longing to  the  petrel  family. 

Shecldnah,  sh^ki'na.  The  Jewish 
name  for  the  symbol  of  the  divine  pres- 
ence, which  rested  in  the  shape  of  a  cloud 
or  visible  light  over  the  raercy-seat. 
Written  also  Sheklnah. 

Sheep,  shep.  A  ru- 
minant animal,  gen. 
Ovis,  fam.  Capridse, 
nearly  allied  to  the 
goat.  , 

Shei&eld.  A  borough  ^^ 
of  Enghmd,  W.  Elding 
Oo.  York,  at  Junction    __ 
of  the  Don  and  Sheaf,  Kot^ky  MouctLilii 
noted  for  its  cutlery,  llhf^ep. 

steel  and  plated-wace 
mannflictares ;  pop.  254,671. 

Sheik,  shek.  A  title  of  dignity 
belonging  to  Arab  chiefs.  The  "heads  of 
monasteries  are  sometimes  called  sheiks 
•mnyw  the  MohftHUBedAOS)  and  it  is  also 


the  title  of  the  higher  order  of  religioui 
persons  who  preach  in  the  mosques.  The 
Sheik-ul-Islam  is  the  chief  mufti  at  Gon- 
stantinople.  The  name  is  widely  used 
among  Moslems  as  a  title  of  respeot  or 
reverence. 

Shell,  Richard  Lalor.  An  eminent 
Irish  orator;  b.  1798,  d.  1851,  while  Brit- 
ish Minister  at  Florence. 

Shekel,  shek'el.  An  ancient  coin  among 
the  Jews  and  other  nations  of  the  same 
stock.  Dr.  Ai-buthnot  makes  the  weight 
to  have  been  equal  to  9  dwts.  2^  grs.  troy 
weight,  and  the  value  about  57  cents; 
others  make  its  value  about  63  cents.  The 
golden  shekel  was  worth  about  $7.18.  The 
shekel  of  the  sanctuary  was  used  In  calcu- 
lating ihe  offerings  of  the  temple  and  all 
sums  connected  Mith  the  sacred  law.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  been  double  the  value 
of  the  common  shekel. 

Shelbume,  William  Petty,  Earl 
of  (first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne). 
An  eminent  British  statesman ;  b.  1787, 
D.  1805.  He  approved  the  pollcv  which 
resulted  in  the  American  Revolution,  and 
as  Prime  Minister,  1782,  negotiated  the 
treaty  which  recognized  the  Independence 
of  the  U.  S. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe.  A  distin- 
guished English  poet ;  b.  1792,  drowned 
by  the  capsizing  of  his  boat  in  the  Oulf  of 
Leghorn,  1822. 

Shell-fish,  shellfish.  A  mollusk,  whos€. 
external  covering  consists  of  a  shell,  as 
oysters,  clams,  &c.;  an  animal  whose 
outer  covering  Is  a  crustaceous  shell,  as 
the  lobster. 

Shem.  The  oldest  of  Noah's  three  sons 
and  founder  of  the  Shemitlc  (Semitic) 
races.    He  lived  to  the  age  of  600. 

Shenandoah.  A  river  of  Ya. ,  emptying 
into  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry; 
length,  170  m. 

Sheol,  she'ol.  A  Hebrew  word  of  fre^ 
quent  occurrence  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  translated  grave,  hell  or  pit.  The 
word  appears  to  represent  a  aubterranean 
place  of  vast  dimensions  in  which  the 
spirits  of  tiie  dead  rest.  Sometimes  the 
idea  of  retribution  or  punishment  is  con- 
nected with  it,  but  never  tiiat  of  future 
happiness. 

Shepherd  Kings,  The  (Hyksos). 
A  foreign  dynasty  which  ruled  in  Egypt 
511  years,  beginning  2100  b.  c.  Specula- 
tions differ  as  to  their  origin  and  &te. 

Shereef  ,  she-rfif .  A  descendant  of  Mo- 
hammed through  his  daughter  Fatima  and 
Hassan  IbnAll.    Written  Scbertf,  Sher- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BttfiBIDAll 


^d 


BttBEW-MOttS^ 


ttf^  Ch«rif.  A  prfnoe  or  ruler ;  the  chief 
nujgistnte  of  Meocft. 

Shaldan,  Philip  Henxy.  An  Amer- 
iean  general ;  b.  in  O.,  1881 ;  made  Uea- 
tenant-general,  18<I9.  and  reneral^  on  Gen. 
Sherman's  retirement,  IS^. 

Sheridan,  Biohard  Brinaley.  A 
diatinffiilshed  Iriah  orator  and  dramatist ; 
B.  17M,  D.  1816. 

Bharman,  Boser.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican atatesman  ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1721 ;  d. 
1798. 

Sherman,  William  Tecnmaeh.  An 
American  general;  b.  in  O.,  1820.  His 
celebrated  march  to  the  sea  from  Atlanta, 
6a,,  1864-6,  broke  the  backbone  of  the  re- 
bellion. Made  lieutenant-general,  1866, 
he  s.  Oen.  Grant  as  general,  1869,  retiring 
on  account  of  age,  1SS4. 

Sherry,  sher'ri.  A  species  of  wine,  so 
called  from  Xeres  in  Spain,  where  it  is 
made, 

Sheytan,  sh&'tan.  An  Oriental  name  for 
the  devil. 

Shield,  sheld.  A  piece  of  defensiye  ar- 
mor carried  on  the  arm  ;  a  buckler. 

Shiite,  shilt.  A  member  of  one  of  the 
two  great  sects  into  which  Mohammedans 
are  divided,  the  other  being  the  Bunnites 
orSunnis.  The  Bhiites  consider  A  li  as 
being  the  o^  rightfhl  successor  of  Mo- 
hammed. They  do  not  acknowledge  the 
Snnna  or  body  of  traditions  respecting 
Mohammed  as  any  part  of  the  law,  and 
are  treated  as  heretics  by  the  Sunnites. 
The  Shiahs  represent  nearly  the  whole 
Persian  nation,  while  the  Sunnites  are 
represented  by  the  Ottoman  Turks. 

Shillelah,  shil-lel'a.  An  Irish  name  for 
an  oaken  a^pling  or  other  stick  used  as  a 
cudgel. 

ShiUinff ,  thiring.  A  British  coin  of  cur- 
rency and  account,  equal  in  value  to  twelve 
pennies,  or  to  one-twentieth  of  a  pound 
sterling. 

Shiloh.  A  locality  in  Hardin  Co.,  Tenn., 
2  m.  "W.  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  on  the 
Tennessee,  and  12  m.  8.  W.  of  Savannah, 
noted  for  the  two  days'  severe  battle 
(April  6-7, 1862)  between  the  Federals, 
under  Gen.  Grant,  and  the  Confederates, 
under  Gens.  A.  S.  Johnston  and  Beaure- 
gard, Johnston  being  killed.  The  latter 
wore  defeated. 

Shintoism,  shin'to-izm.  One  of  the  two 
great  religions  of  Japan,  originally  a  form 
of  nature  worship,  the  forces  of  nature 
being  regarded  as  gods,  the  sun  being  the 
supreme  god.  The  soul  of  the  sun-god 
founded  tbe  reigning  house  in  Japan,  and 


Shittah-tree. 


hence  the  emperor  is  worshiped  as  of 
divine  origin.  Worship  is  also  paid  to  the 
souls  of  distingnished  persons.  The  es- 
sence of  the  religion  is  now  aaeeatral  wor- 
ship and  sacrifice  to  departed  heroes. 
Written  also  Sinto,  SiDtaism. 

Shittim-wood,  ahif  tim-wdd.     A  sort 
of  precious  < 
wood  of 
which    the 
tables,     al-  ^\^ 
tars    and      '^ 
boards  of 
the  Jewish 
t  a  bemacle 
were  made. 
It  was  pro- 
duced    by 
tbe  shtttah-  ' 
tree  (prob- 
a  b  1  y    the 
Acacia 
vera  or  A. 
Seyal). 

Shognn, 
shfi'gnn.  The  proper  name  of  the  major- 
domos  of  the  imperial  palace  and  general- 
issimos of  Japan,  who  formerly  usurped 
the  governing  power.   Also  called  Tycoon . 

Shorf-hom,  shorfhom.  One  of  a  breed 
of  cattle  having  the  horns  shorter  tlum  in 
almost  any  other  variety.  The  breed 
originated  in  the  beginning  of  this  century 
in  the  valley  of  the  Tees,  England.  The 
cattle  are  easily  Ihttened.  and  the  flesh  is  of 
excellent  quality,  but  for  dairying  purposes 
they  are  inferior  to  some  other  breeds. 

Shot-firausre,  shot'g^.  An  instrument 
for  testing  cannon  projectiles. 

Shot-metal,  'met-al.  An  alloy  of  lead 
56  parts,  and  arsenic  1,  used  for  making 
small  shot. 

Shot-silk,  'silk.  A  silk  stuff  whose 
warp  and  weft  threads  are  of  different 
colors  so  as  to  exhibit  changeable  tints. 

Shrapnel-shell,  shrap'nel-shel.  A 
shell,  invented  by  Gen.  Shrapnel,  filled 
with  bullets  and  a  bursting  charge  suffi- 
cient to  split  the  shell  open  ana  release 
the  bullets  at  any  given  point,  generally 
abont  80  yards  before  reaching  the  obleet 
aimed  at.    Called  also  Sphericu  Case-shot. 

Shr  e  w  - 
mou  s  e , 
shro'mous.  A 
harmless  lit- 
tle     animal,  . 

resembling  a  Shrew, 

mouse,    gen. 

Sorex,  ord.  Insectivora.  while  the  mice 
proper  belong  to  the  Bodentia. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


^UBIKE 


619 


6lDER08tAT 


Shrimp. 


Shrike,  shrik.  A  general  name  applied 
to  the  members  of  a  Ikmlly  (Laniidse)  of  in- 
eessorial  birds  belonging  to  the  dentirostrol 
division  of  the  order.  The  family  is  di- 
Tided  into  two  groups,  the  Laniidie,  or 
true  shrikes,  and  ThamnophiUnne,  or  bush- 
shrikes. 

Shrimp,  shrimp. 
A  small  crusta- 
cean ,  gen. 
Crangon,  ord.  De- 
capoda,  sub-ord. 
Macronra,  allied  tc 
the  lobster,  cray- 
fish and  prawn. 

ShrofRBbgre,  shror&J.  The  examination  of 
coins,  and  the  separation  of  the  good  iVoiii 
the  debased. 

Shrove-Tuesday,  shrov'tuz-da.  Con- 
fession Tuesday;  the  Tuesday  after 
Quinquagesima  Sunday,  or  the  day  pre- 
ceding the  first  of  Lent,  or  Ash-Wednes- 
day, on  which  day  all  the  people  of  Eng- 
land, when  Roman  Cntholics,  confessed 
their  sins  to  the  priests,  after  which  they 
passed  the  day  in  sports  and  m^ry-mak- 
mgy  and  dined  on  pancakes  and  fritters. 
The  latter  practice  still  continues,  and  it  has 
given  this  day  the  appellation  of  Pancake 
Tuesday.  The  Monday  preceding  was 
called  CoUop  Monday,  from  the  primitive 
custom  of  eating  eggs  on  collops  or  slices 
of  bread.  ~' 

Shroud,  shi-v.J. 
A  winding-shei  t  ;  a 
set  of  ropes  rear  i  1 1  nt" 
flrom  the  mast-tiHiMl 
to  the  sides  of  a  vtn- 
sel ;  to  dress  for  ttai? 
grave. 

Shtshob,  shtihob. 
A  machine  nseil  tn 
Russia  for  maMng. 
calculations,  .suuiu- 
thing  similar  tu  the 
abacus.  Shrouds. 

Shwanpan,  shwan'pan.  A  calculating 
instrument  of  the  Chinese,  similar  in 
shape  and  construction  to  the  Roman 
abacus,  and  used  in  the  same  manner. 

Siam.  A  large  kingdom  of  Further  In- 
dia, 8.  E.  Asia,  bounded  N.  by  Laos  and 
the  Shan  country,  E.  by  Annam.  S.  by 
Gulf  of  Siam,  W.  by  Burin  ah  ;  area  250,- 
000  sq.  m.;  pop.  abt.  7,000,000.  Chief 
cities,. Bangkok,  cap.,  Meeklong,  Paknam 
and  Paklat.  Principal  rivers,  the  Menam, 
with  several  tributaries.  Gulf  of  S.,  an 
arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  600  m.  long  by 
SOO  wide,  bet.  Lower  Siam  and  Cambodia. 
Siberia.      Russian     Asia,     compHsing 


Sibyl  of  Delphi. 


nearly  one-fourth  of  the  continent,  and 
the  entire  N.  section,  covering  8,500,  m. 
E.  and  W.  and  1,200  N.  and  S.,  bounded 
N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  the  Pacific 
and  Sea  of  Kamtohatka,  S.  by  C-hina  and 
Independent  Tartary,  W.  by  European 
Russia;  pop.  abt.  10,000.000.  (St-e  de- 
tails under  Russia.) 

Sibyl,  Ml.  A 
name  common  to 
certain  women 
menti o  n  e d  by 
Greek  and  Roman 
writers,  said  to  be 
endowed  with  a 
prophetic  spirit. 
Their  number  is 
variously  stated, 
but  is  generally 
given  as  ten. 

Sic,  sik.  Thus,  or 
it  is  so :  a  word  of-  / 
ten  used  in  quot- 
ing within  brack- 
ets in  order  to  call  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  quotation  is  literally  given.  It  is 
generally  used  to  suggest  that  there  is  or 
seems  something  wrong  in  the  quotation, 
to  indicate  a  difference  of  opinion,  or  to 
express  contempt. 

Sicilian  Vespers.  A  massacre  of  the 
French,  who,  under  Charles  of  Anjou,  had 
seized  Sicily  by  virtue  of  a  grant  ft*om 
Pope  Alexander  IV.,  and  against  whose 
rule  the  natives  rebolk'd  the  day  after 
Easter,  March  80,  1282,  rose  simultane- 
ously and  destroyed  the  garrisons  at  Pa- 
lermo, Messina  and  other  places. 

Sicily.  An  Italian  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, separated  from  the  mainland 
by  the  Strait  of  Messina ;  area,  10,425  sq. 
m.;  pop.  2,846,319.  Chief  cities,  Palermo, 
cap.,  Messina,  Catania,  Syracuse,  Alicata, 
Caltanisetta,  Marsala  and  Girgenti.  A 
mountain  range,  of  which  Mt.  Etna,  a 
volcanic  peak  10,900  ft.  above  sea  level,  is 
the  highest  point,  intersects  the  N.  por- 
tion fi-om  E.  to  W. 

Siddons,  Sarah.  The  most  distin- 
guished of  English  tragediennes :  b. 
1755,  D.  1&81.  She  belonged  to  the  Kem- 
ble  family,  noted  as  actors. 

Siderography,  sld-er-og'ra-fl.  The  art 
or  practice  of  engraving  on  steel :  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  transfer  process. 

Siderolite,  'er-o-lit.  A  meteoric  stone, 
chiefly  consisting  of  Iron.  A  nummulite, 
a  fossil  many-chambered  organism  having 
a  stellated  appearance. 

Siderostat,  -stat  An  apparatus  for  ob 
serving  the  light  of  the  stars. 


Digitized  by 


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fttDEROTYl>fi 


m 


BIMOKIAH 


^(Xerotype,  -Up.  A  method  of  produc- 
ing sun-pictures  by  means  of  ammonio- 
ferrio  citrate.  Paper  Impregnated  with 
this  salt  is  exposed  to  light  in  t)ie  camera, 
and  the  picture  is  developed  with  a  neu- 
tral solution  of  gold  or  silver. 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip.  An  English  sol- 
dier and  |M>et,  nephew  of  the  fomous 
Kobert  Dudley,  Earl  of  Lt^icoster ;  b. 
1554,  Icilled  in  the  battle  of  Zutphen  15S6. 
He  is  called  the  '*  Bayard"  of  his  age  and 
countiy. 

Sierra,  sG-er'a.  A  chain  of  hills  or  mass 
of  raointains  with  jagged  or  saw-like 
ridges. 

Sierra  Ijeone.  An  English  colony  on 
W.  coast  of  AfHca,  used  as  a  residence  for 
liberated  slaves ;  area,  46S  sq.  m.  Cap. 
Freetown ;  pop.  44,8(H). 

Sierra  Nevada.  A  mountain  range  in 
Spain  ;  also  a  range  in  California. 

Siesto,  -es'ta.  The  practice  indulged  in  by 
Inhabitants  of  hot  countries  generally,  of 
resting  for  a  short  time  in  the  hot  part  of 
the  day,  or  after  dinner. 

Siflrel,  Franz.  An  American  general; 
B.  in  Baden,  Germany,  1824. 

Sigrismtind.  Son  of  Emperor  Charles 
IV.;  B.  13GS,  became  King  of  Hungary 
1387,  and  Emperor  of  Germany  1410,  d. 
1437.  He  made  himself  notorious  by.  be- 
traying John  Huss,  the  mar^.  The 
name  was  also  borne  by  three  Kings  of 
Poland. 

Siffla,  sig^a.  The  signs,  characters,  ab- 
breviations, or  letters  used  for  words  in 
ancient  manuscripts,  printing,  coins, 
medals,  and  the  like. 

Sifimal-lamp,  'nal-hunp.  A  railway 
lamp,  with  a  bull's-eye  in  it,  made  to  give 
out  light  of  different  colors  as  signals. 

Sifirnor,  sun  'y or.  A  n  English  form  of  the 
Italian  Signoro,  Spanish  Senor.  a  title  of 
respect  equivalent  to  the  English  Shr  or 
Mr.,  the  French  Monsieur,  and  the  Ger- 
man Herr.    Written  also  Seignior. 

Sifirnora,  -yd'ra.  An  Italian  title  of  ad- 
dress or  respect,  equivalent  to  Madam, 
Mrs. 

Si^norina,  -re'na.  An  Italian  title  of 
respect,  equivalent  to  the  English  Miss 
and  the  French  Mademoiselle. 

Sikh,  sek.  One  of  an  Indian  community, 
half  religious,  half  military,  founded 
about  15^,  which  professes  the  purest 
Deism,  and  is  ehieflv  distinguished  fl'om 
the  Hindus  by  worshiping  one  onlv  invis- 
ible God.  Thev  founded  a  state  In  the  Pun- 
jaub  in  the  18th  century,  which  was  annex- 
ed to  the  British  Empire  ia  Indift  1849. 


Silhouette. 


Silk-worm. 


Silenus,  sMG'nns.  A  Grecian  divinity, 
the  foster-fiftther  and  attendant  of  Bacchus, 
and  likewise  leader  of  the  satyrs.  H« 
was  represented  as  a  robust  old  man,  gen- 
erally in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  riding 
on  an  ass  carrying  a  cantharus  or  bottie. 

Silhouette,  siro-et 
name  given  to  the  n  i 
resontation  of  an  oli>  - 
filltHl  in  of  a  black  ot'ln 
the  inner  parts  being  in 
dicated    bv   lines   of   a. 
lighter  color,  and  slizul- 
ows  or  extreme  de]itlaH 
by  the  aid  of  a  shirt  lu^^ 
medium. 

Silk,  silk.  The  fine, 
soft  thread  produced  by 
the  larvsB  of 
num  eroui 
species  be- 
longing to 
the  gen. 
Bombyx  and  . 
other  genera  J 
of  the  fam.  f 
Borabycidse, 
1  e  p  idopter- 
ous  insects  of  tiie  section  popularly  known 
by  the  name  moth,  the  most  important  of 
which  is  the  Bombyx  morl,  or  oommoo 
silkworm. 

Silvanus,  sil-ya'nns.  A  Soman  rural 
deity,  so  called  flrom  L.  silys,  a  wood.  He 
is  usually  represented  with  a  sickle  in  his 
right  hand  and  a  bough  in  his  left  He 
was  the  protector  of  herds  and  trees  from 
wolves  and  lightning,  the  god  of  agricul- 
ture, or  the  defender  of  boundaries. 

Simeon.  In  Scrip,  second  son  ^of  Jacob 
and  Sarah,  and  progenitor  of  one  of  th« 
twelve  tribes.  8.  Slylites,  a  religious  dev- 
otee ;  B.  in  Asia,  890,  d.  460.  His  sur- 
name came  from  his  having  lived  for  near- 
ly 50  years  upon  the  summits  of  pillars 
from  which  he  preached. 

SimiadsB,  sim'i-a-d€.  A  quadrumanouB 
family  of  mammals  now  limited  to  include 
the  higher  apes,  such  as  ttte  orangs,  go- 
rilla and  chimpanzee. 

Sixnxns,  WilliaxnQillinore.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist ;  B.  in  S.  C,  1806,  d.  1870. 

Simon,  St.  In  Scrip,  one  of  the  twelve 
apostles,  called  the  Canaanite  or  Zelote. 
He  suffered  martyrdom  abt.  43  in  Persia. 

Simon,  Jules.  A  French  statesman 
and  philosopher ;  b.  1814. 

Simonian,  sl-md'ni-an.  A  follower  c* 
Simon  Magus,  whose  system  was  a  spe* 
deeofgaostidsm. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SIMONY 


621 


SIVA 


Sine. 


Simony,  sim'o-ni.  The  act  or  practice 
of  trafficking  in  sacred  things ;  particularly 
the  buying  or  selling  of  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment, or  the  corrupt  presentation  of 
any  one  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for 
money  or  reward. 

Simoom,  si-mom'.  A  hot  suffocating 
wind  that  blows  occasionally  in  Africa  and 
Arabia,  generated  by  the  extreme  heat  of 
the  parched  deserts  or  tundy  plains.  It 
is  called  Sirocco  in  8.  Italy,  Samiel  in  Tur- 
key, Solano  in  Spain,  Kamsin  in  Egypt 
and  Syria,  and  Harmattan  in  Guinea  and 
Senegambia. 

Sim.plo]l,  The.  A  peak  of  the  Italian 
Alps,  11,541  ft.  above  sea  level. 

Sinai.  In  Scrip.,  the  mountain  upon 
which  Moses  received  the  tables  of  the 
law,  believed  to  be  Mt.  Serbal,  bet.  the 
Gulf  of  Suez  and  Akabah,  7,000  ft.  high. 

Sine,  sine.  A  geomet- 
rical line  drawn  from 
the  end  of  an  arc. 

SinernltuB,  sin-gul'. 
tus.  In  Med.  the  hie 
cough ;  a  convulsive 
motion  of  the  dia- 
phragm and  parts  ad- 
jacent. 

Sinolograe,  sin'o-log. 
A  student  of  the  Chi- 
nese language,  literature,  history,  &c.;  one 
versed  in  Chinese. 

Sioux.  A  powerftil  N.  American  Indian 
tribe,  now  located  about  the  head-waters 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers. 

Siphon,  si'fon.  A 
bent  pipe  whose 
legs  are  of  unequal 
length,  used  for 
drawing  liquid  out  air»i,rt«a 

ofavesselVcaus-  Siphons. 

Ing  it  to  rise  in  the  tube  over  the  rim  or 
top.  For  this  purpose  the  shorter  leg  is 
Inserted  in  the  liquid,  and  the  air  is  ex- 
hausted by  being  drawn  ttirough  the 
longer  leg. 

^iphon-reoorder, -rg-kord-er.  An  in- 
strument invented  by  Sir  W.  Thomson 
for  recording  messages  sent  through  long 
telegraphic  lines,  as  the  Atlantic  cables. 

Sirenia, -r6'ni-a.  An  ord.  of  marine  her- 
bivorous mammals  allied  to  the  whales, 
comprising  the  manatee  and  dugong.  Be- 
sides the  living  members  the  Sirenia  were 
represented  by  a  gigantic  species  25  feet 
long  and  20  in  circumference,  now  ex- 
tinct, no  specimen  having  be«n  seen  for 
200  years. 

Sirius,  Bir'i-UB.     The  large  bright  star 


ma  Missouri  nvers. 


Sh-en. 


called  the  Dog-star,  in  the  mouth  of  th« 
constellation  Canis  Major. 

Siren,  'ren.  In 
Greek  Myth,  one 
of  several  (ac- 
cording to  some 
writers,  three) 
sea  -nymphs, 
who  by  their 
singing  fascin- 
ated those  that  . 
sailed  by  their ^ 
island,  and  then 
destroyed  them. 
In  works  of  art 
they  are  often 
represented  as  having  partly  the  form  ol 
birds,  sometimes  only  the  feet  of  a  bird. 

Sirocco,  si-rok'ko.  An  oppressive  relax- 
ing wind  coming  from  N.  Africa,  over  the 
Mediterranean,  to  Italy,  Sicily,  &c.  Writ- 
ten rflso  Scirocco. 

Sirvente,  servant.  In  the  literature  ol 
the  middle  ages,  a  species  of  poem  in  com- 
mon use  among  the  Troubadours  and  Trou- 
veres,  usuallv  satirical,  though  sometimes 
devoted  to  love  or  praises,  !uid  divided 
into  strophes  of  a  peculiar  construction. 

Sittinae,  sit-tl'nu.  The  nut-hatches,  a 
sub-family  of  insessorial  birds,  named 
from  the  gen.  Sitta. 

Sivatherium,  -va-the'ri-um.  An  ex- 
tinct gen.  of  Buminantia,  found  fossil  in 
the  t^tiaiy  strata  of  the  Sivalik  Sub-Him- 


Sivatherium  Restored. 

alayan  range.  It  surpassed  all  known 
ruminants  in  size.  It  had  four  horns  and 
a  protruding  upper  lip,  and  must  have  re- 
sembled an  immense  antelope  or  gnu. 

Siva,  sl'va.  In  Hindu  Myth,  the  name 
of  the  third  god  of  the  Hindu  triad,  in 
which  he  represents  the  principle  of  de- 
struction.    His  emblem  is  the  lingam  or 

•phallus,  symbolical  of  creation  which  fol- 
lows destruction ;  and  he  is  represented 
with  every  horrible  sign  of  human  bloo^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


81VAN 


SLITTING-MILL 


shed,  and  frequently  accompanied  hy  a 
white  bull.  The  worshipers  of  Siva  as- 
sign to  him  the  first  place  in  the  triad, 
and  to  them  he  is  not  only  the  chief  deity, 
bat  the  deity  which  comprises  in  itself  all 
other  deities. 

Sivan,  'van.  The  third  month  of  the 
Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  answering  to 
part  of  May  and  June. 

Six,  siks.  The  number  of  six  or  twice 
three.  A  svmbol  representing  this  num- 
ber, as  6,  VI. 

Sixtus.    The  name  of  five  popes. 

Skaerer-rack,  The.  An  arm  of  the  N. 
Sea,  bet.  Denmark  and  Norway,  connect- 
ing the  German  Ocean  and  the  Gattegat ; 
length,  IfiO  m. ;  breadth,  80  m. 

Skate,  skat  A  name  popularly  applied 
to  several  species  of  the  gen.  Kaia,  with 


Gray  Skate. 


cartilaginous  skeletons,  having  the  body 
much  depressed,  and  approaching  to  a 
rhomboidal  form. 

Skean-dhu,  skcn'du.  A  knife  which, 
when  the  Highland  costume  is  worn,  is 
stuck  in  the  stocking. . 

Skink,  skingk.  The  common  name  of 
lizards,  gen.  Scincus. 

Skippet,  skip'ot.  In  Archeeol.  a  small 
cylindrical  turned  box  with  a  lid  or  cover 
for  keeping  records. 

Skittles,  sklt'lz.  A  game  played  with 
nine  pins  set  upright  at  one  end  of  a  skit- 
tle-alley, the  object  of  the  player,  stationed 
at  the  other  end,  being  to  knock  over  the 
set  of  pins  with  as  few  throws  as  possible 
of  a  flattish-shaped  ball. 

Skunk,  skungk  A  digitigrade  carnivo- 
rous quadruped,  gen.  Mephitis,  fam.  Mus- 
telidte,  approaching  in  form  and  general 
appearance  the  badger  and  glutton.  It 
emits  a  fetid  scent. 

Slav,  Slav.  One  of  a  race  widely  spread 
over  E.  Europe  ;  a  Slavonian  or  Sclavoni- 
an.    The  original  names  of  the  tribes  ap- 

Sear  to  have  been  Wends  or  Winds  and* 
erbs.    The  group  is  divided  into  eastern 
find  western.    The  former  comprises  the 


Russians,  Bulgarians,  lUyrians  (Serbs, 
Croats,  Winds);  the  latter  the  Poles,  Sile- 
sians  and  Pomeranians,  the  Bohemians  or 
Czechs  (including  the  Moravians),  and  the 
Polabians,  comprehending  the  Slavic 
tribes  of  N.  Germany.  The  ancient  Scjrth- 
ians  and  Sarmatians  seem  to  have  beea 
Slavs.  Written  also  Sclav,  Sdave,  Slave, 
Slovak. 

Slave-coffle,slftv'kof-l.  A  band  of  slaves 

for  sale;  aoome. 
Slave- 

f  ork, 

'fork.     A 
forked 
branch  of  ■ 
a  tree  em- 
ployed  to  1 1 
inclose  the  V' 
necks     of  ,i 
slaves  l\ 
when    oi 
t  h  e  i 
marc  h,*! 
from    the  :f'y 
interior  of  - 
Africa    to 

to  prTv^n^t  S^^«»  ^^P^«^  ^y  Slave-forks. 
their  running  away. 

Slavic,  sbiv'ik.  Same  as  Slavonic.  Church 
Slavic,  an  ancient  dialect  of  Bulgarian  still 
used  as  the  sacred  language  of  the  Greek 
Church.    Called  also  Old  Bulgarian. 

Slavonic,  sla-von'ik.  The  hmguage  of 
the  Slavs  ;  a  name  given  to  a  fomily  of  Ar- 
yan tongues  spoken  by  the  Slaves  or 
Siavs  ;  it  is  divided  Into  two  branches,  the 
eastern  and  western— the  eastern  oompre- 
hending  Russian,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Ser- 
>ian,  Bulgarian ;  the  western,  Lithuanian, 
Lettish,  and  the  extinct  Old  Prussian. 

SledfiPB,  slej.  A  vehicle  moving  on  run- 
ners for  the  conveyance  of  loads  over 
frozen  snow  or  ice ;  a  sled.  A  kind  of 
traveling  winter  carriage  mounted  on  run- 
ners; a  sleigh.  The  hurdle  on  which 
traitors  were  formerly  drawn  to  execution. 

Sleigrh,  sia.  A  vehicle  mounted  on  run- 
ners for  transporting  persons  on  the  sno^ 
or  ice.  It  is  of  a  more  elegant  or  orna 
mental  foi-m  than  the  sledge  or  aled  used 
for  heavy  traffic. 

Slibowitz,  slib'o-vlts.  An  ardent  spirit, 
distilled  in  Bohemia  ft^m  the  fenn^ited 
juice  of  plums. 

Sllttingr-mill,  sHt'ing-mil.  A  mill  where 
iron  bars  or  plates  are  split  into  nail  rods, 
Ac.  A  machine  used  by  lapidaries  for 
slitting  or  cutting  gems,  stones.  4cc.,  pre* 
vlous  to  grinding  and  p^aWn^. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SLOGAN 


SNOW-LmE 


Sloop. 


Sloflran,  Blo'gan.  The  war-cry  or  gather- 
ing ^ord  or  phrase  of  one  of  the  old  High- 
land clans ;  any  exciting  call  to  war. 

Sloop,  slop.  A  vessel 
with  one  mast,  and 
often  with  nothing 
but  fore-and-aft  sails. 

Sloth,  sloth.  The 
popular  name  of  cer- 
tain edentate  mam- 
mals, of  which  only 
two  species  are 
known,  the  Brady- 
pus  tridactylus  or  ai. 
of  S.America,  about 
the  size  of  a  common 
cat,  and  Bradvpus  or 
Gholoepus  didactylus 
or  unau,  of  the  W.  Indies,  about  half  the 
size  of  the  former. 

Slowfle- 
mur,  slo'Ie- 
mer.  A  spe- 
cies of  lemur,  (\ 
scarcely  so  ' 
large  as  acat,  | 
so  n  am  e  d| 
ftt>m  the  slow- 
ness of  its 
gait. 

S  1  o  w  - 
m  a  toh  , 
'  m  a  ch.  A 
match  which 
burns  slowly 
and  steadily,  used  for  igniting  a  blast  of 
gunpowder  and  other  purposes  where  the 
operator  requires  time  to  reth*e  to  a  place 
of  safety. 

Bmalkaldic,  smal-kal'dik.  Pertaining 
to  Smalkalden  in  Central  Germany.  S. 
League,  a  league  entered  into,  1531,  by  nine 
Protestant  princes  and  eleven  free  cities 
for  the  mutual  defense  of  their  faith  and 
political  independence  against  the  Empe- 
ror Charles  V.  8.  Articles,  the  articles 
drawn  by  Luther  and  signed  by  the  theo> 
logians  present  at  Smalkalden,  1537,  the 
prindpu  object  of  which  was  to  serve  as  a 
representation  of  the  PK>testant  faith  to 
the  Council  at  Mantua. 

Sxneir,  sm€r.  A  kind  of  half-glaze  on 
pottery,  made  by  adding  common  salt  to 
the  ordinary  glazes. 

Smelt,  smelt. 
A  small  but  de- 
licious teleos- 
tean  fish,  gen. 

Osmerus,     the  Smelt. 

O.  eperlanns,  allied  to  the  salmon,  inhab- 
iting the  bait  water  about  the  mouths  of 


Slow-lemur. 


rivers.  When  first  taken  out  of  the  watef 
smelte  have  a  strong  smell  of  cucumber. 

SmeltinfiT,  'ing.  The  process  of  obtain* 
ing  metals,  as  iron,  copper,  lead,  A;c.. 
from  their  ores  by  the  combined  action  ol 
heat,  air  and  fluxes. 

Smithsonian  Institute,  The.  A 
public  scientific  institution  established  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  by  act  of  Congress, 
1846,  named  from  James  S'mithson,  an 
English  natural  philosopher,  who,  in  his 
will,  gave  over  $500,000  to  the  American 
Nation  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge. 

Smollett,  Tobias  Gheorgre.  An  emi- 
nent Scottish  historian  and  novelist ;  b. 
1721,  D.17T1. 

Smyrna.  A  Turkish  city  and  seaport  in 
Asia  Minor,  210  m.  S.  W.  of  Constanti- 
nople ;  pop.  162,700. 

Snail,  snal.  A  sHmy,  slow-creeping,  ahr- 
breathing,  gasteropod  moUusk,  gen.  He- 
lix, fam.  Helicidse,  differing  from  the 
slugs  chiefly  in  being  covered  with  a  de- 
pressed spural  shell. 

Snake,  snak.  A  name  commonly  given 
to  any  serpent,  but  more  particularly 
used  to  designate  the  Natrix  torquata, 
fam.  Colubridffi.  It  is  destitute  of  poison- 
fkngs. 

Snipe,  snip.  The  English  name  for  those 
grallatorial  birds  which  form  the  ger, 
Scolopacidse. 

Sno'W,  sno.  Fro 
zen  vapor;  watery 
particles  congeal- " 
ed      into    whitd 
crystals  in  the  air 
and  falling  to  the 
earth.     Snow  is  , 
formed  in  the  air 
when    the   tem- 
perature  of  the  « 
atmosphere 
sinks   below  the 
freezing-point. 

Snow-eyes,  'iz. 
A       contrivance 

used  by  the  Es-       r"«„a+„ia  «*  fl„«„ 
quimaux    as     a       Crystals  of  Snow. 

preventive  of  snow-blindness,  made  f>/ 
ught  wood  with  a  bridge  resting  oii  t'ie 
nose  like  spectacles,  and  a  narrow  slit  foi' 
the  passage  of  the  light. 

Snow-eroose,  'gos.  A  web-footed  bird 
the  Anser  hyperboreus,  inhabiting  the 
arctic  regions. 

Snow-line,  'lln.  The  limit  of  perpetupJ 
snow,  or  the  line  above  which  monntaina 
are  covered  with  perjpetuftl  saow. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SNOW-PLOW 


024 


Snow-plow,  'plou.  An  implement  for 
elearinff  away  the  snow  from  roads  rail- 
ways, dec. 

Snow-shoe,  'sho.  A  kind  of  flat  shoe  or 
ra<Aet,  made  of  wood,  or  consisting  of  a 
light  frame  crossed  and  recrossed  by 
thongs,  the  broad  surface  of  which  pre- 
vents the  wearer  from  sinking  in  the 
snow.  They  are  much  used  in  the  N. 
parts  of  America. 

Bnow-a^te,  'skat.  A  thin,  nifrrow, 
elastic  piece  of  wood,  about  6  feet  long, 
used  by  the  Lapps  for  skating  on  snow, 
and  to  some  extent  by  the  Swedes  and 
Norwegians. 

Snuir,  snuf.  A  powdered  preparation  of 
tobacco,  made  by  grinding  the  chopped 
leaves  and  stalks  of  tobacco  in  which  fer- 
mentation has  been  induced  by  moisture 
and  warmth. 

8oap-«tone,  sop'stSn.  A  species  of 
steatite. 

Sobieaki.  The  family  name  of  John  III.  of 
Poland,  who  checked  the  Saracen  advance, 
drove  them  out  of  Poland,  and,  with  the 
aid  of  French  ard  German  allies,  raised  the 
siege  of  Vienna  1668;  b.  1648,  created  het- 
man  and  grand  marshal,  1665;  elected 
king  1674,  D.  16»6.  * 

Socialism,  so'shal-izm.    The  name  ap- 

Slied  to  various  theories  of  social  organiza- 
on  having  for  their  common  aim  the  abo- 
lition of  that  individual  action  on  which 
modem  society  depends,  and  the  substitu- 
tion of  theregtilated  system  of  co-opera- 
Hve  action.  The  Urm  originated  among 
English  communists,  and  was  assumed  by 
them  to  designate  their  own  doctrine,  but 
IS  now  employed  In  a  larger  sense,  not  nec- 
essarily implying  communism,  or  the  en- 
«^®  abolition  of  private  property,  but  ap- 
plied t»  any  system  which  requires  that 
5®  ^  *°^  *^®  instruments  of  production 
Bhould  be  the  property  of  communities  or 
associations,  or  of  the  government. 

^!^®^??^^-  ^cluster of  18 Islands 
in  the  8.  Pacific,  under  the  protection  of 
France.    Tahiti  is  the. chief;  pop.  about 

Society  of  Jesus  (Jesuits).  A  reliijious 
order  in  the  R.  C.  Ch.,  founded  by  Itrniitius 
Loyola,  a  Spaniard,  1540. 
Socinianisxu,  -sin'i-an-lzm.  The  teach- 
ing or  doctrines  of  LsbUus  and  Faustus 
Socinus  (16th  century),  who  denied  the 
doetrlne  of  the  Trinity,  the  deity  of 
Christ,  the  personality  of  the  devil, 
the  native  and  total  depravity  of  man, 
the  vicarious  atonement  and  the  eternity 
of  Punishment.  Their  theory  was  that 
Christ  was    a    man    divinely    commit-  I 


S0LD£B 


sloned,  who  had  no  existence  before  he 
was  miraculously  and  slnlessly  conceived 
by  the  Virgin  Mary;  that  human  sin  was 
the  imitation  of  Adam's  sin,  and   that 
human  salvation  was  the  imitation  and 
adoption  of  Christ's  virtue ;  that  the  Bible 
^•f  to  be  interpreted  by  human  reason, 
and  that  its  metaphors  were  not  to  be 
taken  literally.    The  Soclnians  are  now 
represented  by  the  Unitarians. 
Sociolofiry,  -shi-ol'o-jl.  The  science  which 
investigates  the  laws  or  forces  which  reg- 
ulate human  society,  existing  and  histori- 
cal, savage   and   civilized ;    the   science 
which  treats  of  the  general  structure  of 
society,  the  laws  of  its  development,  and 
the  progress  of  actual  civilization. 
Soda,  'da.    The  protoxide  of  metal  sodi- 
um ,  formeriy  called  min eral  alkali.    It  has 
likewise  been  called  a  fixed  alkali,  in  con- 
tradistinction from  ammonia,  which  is  a 
volatile  alkali.    It  is  formed  when  sodium 
is  burned  in  dry  air  or  oxygen. 
Soda-water, -water.   A  relishing  sum- 
mer drink,  consisting  of  ordinary  water 
into  which  carbonic  acid  has  been  forced 
under  pressure.    On  exposure  to  the  ordi- 
nary atmospheric  pressure  the  excess  of 
carbonic  acid  escapes,  thus  causing  effer- 
vescence.   It  rarely  contains  soda  in  any 
form,  but  is  flavored  with  various  syrups. 
Sodomy,  sod'om-l.  The  crime  of  Sodom: 
a  carnal  copulation  against  nature. 
Sofala.    A  Portuguese  colony  on  the  Mo- 
zambique coast,  S. E.  Africa;  area,  10,000 
sq.  m. ;  cap.,  Sofala;  total  pop.  abt  820,000. 
Sofi,  Bo'fl.    One  of  a  religious  order  in 
Persia,  otherwise  termed  dervishes. 
Soflsm,  'flzra.    The  mystical  doctrines  of 
the   Mohammedan   softs.     Written   also 
Suflsm. 

Softa,  softa.  In  Turkey,  a  pupil  of  a 
medrissa  or  secondary  school  engaged  in 
professional  studies  for  oflices  in  the 
cliurch,  the  law,  the  army  or  the  state: 
often  restricted  to  students  of  the  Koran 
Written  also  Sophta. 

Soissons.  An  ancient  city  of  France, 
on  the  Alsne,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Laon,  noted 
as  the  scene  of  the  overthrow  of  Soman 

rwer  in  Gaul  by  Clovis,  486,  who  made 
his  cap.;  pop.  10,964. 
Sol,  sol.  The  sun.  In  Her.  a  term  Imply- 
ing or,  or  gold,  in  blazoning  the  arms  of 
emperors,  kings  and  princes  by  planets. 
Instead  of  metal  and  color.  The  name 
given  to  gold  by  the  old  chemists  and  al- 
chemists, luna  being  used  to  denote 
silver. 

Solder,  'der.    Metallic  cement;  a  metal 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SOLDO 


80BB0NNE 


or  metalllo  oomposltion  used  in  uniting 
other  metallic  substances  by  being  fUsed 
between  them. 

Soldo,  Mo.  A  small  Italian  coin,  the 
twentieth  part  of  a  lira. 

8  o  1  e  a, 
8d'le-a.Tha 
under  sur- 
Ihce  of  the 
foot  or  hoof 
or  an  ani- 
mal;  the 
sole.      The  Sole, 

sole;  a  gen. 

of  malacoptetygious  fishes  of  the  Pleuro- 
nectidsB  or  flat-fish  fiunily.*  8.  yulgaris  is 
the  common  sole. 

Solferino.  A  viUage  of  Brescia.  N. 
Italy,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Mantua,  noted  for 
the  victory,  June  24, 1850,  of  the  lUlians 
and  French,  commanded  by  their  respec- 
tive  sovereigns,  over  the  Anstrians  under 
their  emperor;  the  dedsivo  battle  of  the 
war. 

Bolidiuflrala,  sol-id-nng'gii-la.  The 
Ikmily  of  hoofed  quadrupeds,  comprising 
the  horses,  asses  and  zebras.  Called  also 
EquidsB. 

SolomoxL  In  Scrip,  third  king  of  Israel, 
youngest  son  and  s.  of  David,  and 
the  most  celebrated  of  the  Hebrew  royal 
line;  b.  1085,  o.  1016,  d.  976  b.  o.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  book  of  Ecclesiastes, 
Song  of  Solomon,  Proverbs,  and  part  of 
the  Psalms. 

Solfltioe,  'stis.  In  Astron.  the  point  in 
the  ecliptic  at  the  greatest  distance  fit)m 
the  equator,  at  which  the  sun  appears  to 
stop  or  cease  to  recede  trom  the  equator, 
either  north  in  summer  or  south  in  winter; 
a  tropic  or  tropical  point.  There  are  two 
solstices— the  summer  solstice,  the  first 
degree  of  Cancer,  which  the  sun  enters 
about  the  21st  of  June;  and  the  winter 
solstice,  the  first  degree  of  Capricorn, 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  22d  of 
December. 

Solon.  The  first  Athenian  constitutional 
lawgiver,  and  one  of  the  Seven  Wise  Men 
of  Greece;  he  fiourished  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  o. 

Solway,  Frith  of.  An  arm  of  the  Irish 
Sea,  dividing  Scotland  and  England; 
length,  40  m.;  breadth,  24  m. 
Solyman  (Suleiznan).  The  name  of 
three  Turkish  Sultans,  the  most  noted 
being  S.  the  Magnificent,  b.  1496,  s.  his 
Ikther  Selim  I.,  1620.  He  overran  nearly 
the  whole  of  central  Europe,  Arabia  and 
Persia,  but  was  repulsed  at  the  siege  of 
Malta,  1666  ;d.  1666. 


Soma,  sd'ma.  A  plant,  ord.  Asclepiad* 
aoesB,  the  Asclepias  acida;  also  an  intoxi- 
eating  drink  obtained  lh>m  it,  which  played 
an  important  part  in  the  great  Yedic  sacri- 
fices of  the  ancient  Hindus. 

Somaj,  -ma)'.  A  Hindu  sect  which  pro- 
fesses a  par«4heiBm,and  exerdses  a  system 
of  eclecticism  in  regard  to  Christianity 
and  other  systems  of  religion.  Brahmo 
is  generally  prefixed  to  indicate  its  mono, 
theistio  character. 

Somatist,  'mat-ist.  One  who  admits  the 
existence  of  corporeal  6r  material  l)einga 
only;  one  who  denies  the  existence  oi 
spiritual  substances;  a  materialist. 

Somerset,  Edward  Seymour, 
Duke  of.  (Lord  Protector  of  England.) 
Uncle  to  Edward  YI.,  and  regent  during 
the  latter's  minority;  b.  1496,  beheaded 
for  treason  1562. 

Somnambuliam,  som-nam'bQ-lizm.  A 
peculiar  perversion  of  the  mental  Ainctions 
during  sleep,  in  which  the  subject  acts 
autDmattcalfy;  sleep-walking. 

SomniloQuy,  -nil'd-k^i.  A  talking  in 
sleep;  the  talking  of  one  in  a  state  of 
somnipathy. 

Somnus,  'nus.  In  Class.  Myth,  the  per- 
sonification and  god  of  sleep,  described  as 
a  brother  of  Death  (Mors). 

Soodra,  so'dra.  The  fourth  or  lowest 
caste  into  which  the  Hindus  are  divided, 
comprehending  artisans  and  laborers. 

Sophist,  sof  ist.  In  Greek  Hist,  one  of  a 
class  of  leading  public  teachers  during  the 
5th  and  4th  centuries  b.  c,  including  Soc- 
rates, Plato.  Aristotle,  and  their  disciples 
and  followers.  As  the  professional  teachers, 
however,  taught  for  pay,  and  their  ranks 
became  swelled  by  shallow  associates, 
the  title  sophist  gradually  acquired  a  bad 
sense,  coming  to  mean,  in  the  langrnage  of 
Aristotle,  "  a  pretender  to  knowledge,  a 
man  who  employs  what  he  knows  to  be 
fallacy,  foir  the  purpose  of  deceit  and  of 
getting  money."  A  captious  or  fallacious 
reasoner. 

Sophocles.  Ao  ancient  Athenian  tragic 
poet ;  b.  496,  d.  406  b.  c. 

Sophomore, 'd-raor.  In  American  col- 
leges, one  belonging  to  the  second  of  the 
four  classes ;  one  next  above  a  fi-eshman. 
Soprano,  sS-pra'no.  In  music,  the 
highest  species  of  female  voice.  A  singer 
having  such  a  voice.  In  both  senses 
equivalent  to  Treble,  the  English  term. 
Sorbonne,  sor-bon'.  A  celebrated  insti- 
tution founded  in  connection  with  the 
TTniversity  of  Paris  in  1262,  by  Eobert  do 
Sorbon,  chaplain  and  confessor  of  Louia 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


80B0BIGIDE 


626 


SOT 


IX.  The  college  of  the  Sorbonne  was  one 
of  the  four  oonstltaeiit  parts  of  the  faculty 
of  theology  in  the  University  of  Paris.  It 
iras  sappressed  during  the  revolution  and 
deprivea  of  its  endowments.  At  the  re- 
eonstruetion  of  the  university,  in  1803,  the 
boilding  erected  for  it  by  Bichelieu,  and 
still  oaUed  the  Sorbonne,  was  given  to  the 
theological  faculty  in  connection  with  the 
flujulties  of  science  and  belles-lettres. 

Sororicide,  so-roM-sid.  The  murder  of 
a  sister.    The  murderer  of  a  sister. 

Sothiao,  soth'i-fik.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  dog-star  Bothls.  Sothic  year,  the 
ancient  Egyptian  year  of  865  days  without 
any  intercalation.  It  was  divided  into 
twelve  months  of  thirty  days  each,  with 
five  days  added  at  the  end.  The  period 
of  14«)  Julian  years  was  the  Sothiac 
period. 

Sotnia,  sot'ni-a.  A  company  or  squadron 
in  a  Cossack  regiment. 

Sou,  so.  An  old  French  copper  coin,  24 
of  which  made  alivre  or  shilling.  The 
present  five-centime  pieces,  20  of  which 
make  a  franc,  are  still  popularly  called 
sons ;  but  all  regular  money  accounts  in 
Pranoeare  made  out  in  francs  and  cen- 
timea. 

Soubah,  sd'ba.  In  India,  a  grand  divis- 
ion of  the  country ;  a  province,  as  Ben- 
gal. 

Soubahdar,  -dar.  In  India,  the  gov- 
ernor of  t»  large  province.  A  native  sepoy 
officer  with  the  same  rank  as  a  captain. 

Soudan,  The  (Niarritis).  A  large 
section  of  N.  Central  AfHca ;  bounded  N. 
by  Sahara,  E.  by  Darfour  and  Kordolkn, 
8.  by  Ethiopia,  W.  by  Senegambia: 
area,  abt.  2,500,000  sq.  m. ;    estimated 

E.  87,000,000.  The  Niger  is  the  princi- 
river,  and  the  Kong  is  the  only  moun- 
range. 

Soul,  sol.  The  spiritual,  rational  and 
immortal  part  in  man  which  distinguishes 
him  from  the  brutes. 

Soulouque,  Faustin.  A  negro  slave ; 
B.  in  Hayti,  1785 ;  d.  in  France,  1867.  He 
was  manumitted  when  a  child,  joined  the 
army,  rose  to  be  general,  was  elected 
President  and  declared  himself  Emperor, 
under  the  title  of  Faustin  I.,  1849.  He 
proved  a  brutal  tyrtnt,  and  was  driven 
from  his  throne  and  the  island,  1850. 

Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu  (Duo 
de  Dalmatia).  A  distinguished  mar- 
shal of  France ;  b.  1769,  d.  1851. 

Sound-bow,  sound'bS.  The  part  of  a 
»  bell  on  which  the  clapper  strikes.  It 'is 
the  point  of  greatest  tnickness,  and  is  con- 1 


Sldered  as  unity  in  stating  the  proportions 
of  the  bell. 

Soutane,  so-t&n'.  A  white  woolen  cas- 
sock worn  by  the  B.  O.  clergy  beneath  the 
rochet." 

Soutb,  south.  One  of  the  four  cardinal 
points  of  the  compass,  directly  opposite 
the  north. 

Southampton.  An  English  seaport,  71 
m.  8.  W.  of  London;  pop.  68,426. 
South  Carolina.  One  of  the  original 
thirteen  States  of  the  American  Union  ; 
bounded  N.  by  N.  Carolina,  E.  by  the  At- 
lantic, S.  and  W.  by  Georgia ;  area,  80,- 
218  sq.  m. ;  pop.  996,577.  Principal  cities, 
Columbia,  cap.,  Charleston,  Beaufort,  Ai- 
ken, Camden,  Spartanburg,  Georgetown 
and  Winnsborough.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Great  and  Little  Pedee,  Congaree,  Wat- 
eree,  Santee,  Coombahee  and  8.  Edisto. 
Mountains,  the  Blue  Bidge  range.  S.  C. 
was  the  first  State  to  secede,  1861,  and 
was  re-admitted  1870. 

Soiithoottian,  -kot'i-an.  One  of  the 
followers  of  Joanna  Southoott,  a  religious 
fanatic,  b.  in  Devonshire,  Eng.,  1750.  She 
first  pretended  to  a  divine  mission  and 
held  nerself  out  as  the  woman  spoken  of 
in  the  book  nf  Bevelation.  In  1814  she 
announced  herself  as  the  mother  of  the 
promised  Shiloh,  whose  speedy  advent  she 
predicted.  Her  death,  in  December  of 
that  year,  did  not  undeceive  her  disciples, 
and  the  sect  continued  to  exist  for  many 
years. 

Southern  Gross,  suth'em  kros.  In 
Astron.  a  small  bright  constellation 
(Crux),  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  the 
principal  stars  of  which  are  arranged  in  the 
form  of  across. 

Southey,  Bobert.  An  English  poet  and 
author ;  b.  1774,  n.  1843. 

South  Mountain.  A  point  nearMid- 
dletown,  Frederick  Co.,  Md.,  noted  for 
the  defeat  (Sept.  14, 1862)  of  the  Confed- 
erates, under  Gens.  Hill  and  Longstreet, 
by  the  Federals,  under  Gens.  Hooker  and 
Beno,  the  latter  being  killed. 

Sovereiflrn,  sov'er-in.  One  who  exer- 
cises supreme  control ;  a  supreme  ruler ; 
a  king,  queen,  emperor,  Ae. ;  a  monarch. 
An  Engush  gold  coin,  current  at  22s.  6d. 
from  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  that  of 
James  I.  A  gold  coin  of  the  value  of  208. , 
the  standard  of  the  English  coinage  of  the 
present  day. 

Soy,  sol.  A  sauce  prepared  in  China  and 
Japan  ih>m  a  small  bean,  the  fruit  of  the 
Soja  hispida,  eaten  with  fish,  cold  meat^ 
&c. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SPA 


627 


SPERMACETI 


8pa,  spa.  A  general  name  for  a  mineral 
spring,  "or  the  locality  in  which  such 
springs  exist ;  from  Spa,  a  celebrated 
watenng-place  in  Belgium. 

Spahi,  spa'h§.  One  of  the  Turkish  cay- 
idry.  Tne  Spahis  were  disbanded  along 
with  the  Janissaries,  in  1826.  A  native 
Algerian  cavalry  soldier  in  the  French 
army. 

Spain.  A  kingdom  of  S.  W.  Europe; 
bounded  N.  by  France,  E.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, S.  by  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  W. 
by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic ;  area,  195,- 
60T  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  19,000,006.  Princi- 
pal cities,  Madrid,  cap.,  Barcelona,  Mala- 
ga,  Valencia,  Seville,  Granada,  Cadiz, 
aragossa,  Yidladolid,  Xeres,  Cordova  and 
Palma,  on  the  island  of  Majolica.  Chief 
rivers,  Ebro,  Douro,  Mlnho,  Tagus,  Guad- 
iana  and  Guadalquivir.  Mountains,  the 
Pyrenees,  Cantabrian,  Montes  do  Castile 
and  de  Toledo, 
Sierra  Morena 
and  Sierra  Ne- 
vada ranges. 

Spandrel.  The 
space  between 
tne  outer  mold- 
ings of  two  con 
tiguous  arches. 

Spaniel,  span 
yel.  The  nam 
ffiven  to  severe 
cuBtinot  breeds  of 
the  canine  race, 
all  more  or  less 
el^ant. 

Spanish-fly, 
'ish-fli.  A  coleop- 
terous insect,  the 
Cantharis  vesica 
toria,  used  in  vesicatories  or  compositions 
for  raising  blisters. 

Sparks,  Jared.  An  American  author ; 
B.  in  Conn.,  1789  ;  d.  1866. 

Sparrow,  spa'- 
ro.  A  small  in- 
sessorial  bird, 
gen.  Pyrgita, 
fam.  Fringilll- 
d  8B  ,  Bub-ord. 
Conirostres. 

Spa  rrow 
hawk.  Th 
common  name 
of  a  small  hawk, 
very  destructive  to  pigeons  and  small 
birds.  The  American  sparrow-hawk  is 
Falco  sparverius. 

Sparta  (Ijaoedsemon).  In  Anc.  Geog. 
the  cap.  of  Laconia,  chief  city  of  the  Pelo- 


Spaniel  (King 
Charles). 


Sparrow. 


ponnesus,  and  rival  of  Athens,  on  tho 
right  bank  of  the  Eurouis,  20  m.  from  the 
sea.  Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  town 
of  New  Sparta  and  the  villages  of  Magula 
and  Psycmko. 

Spatterdash,  spat'ter-dash.  A  covering 
of  cloth  or  leather  for  the  leg,  fitting  upon 
the  shoe ;  a  gaiter ;  a  le^^g. 

Spatularia,  -&-Ia'ri-a.  A  gen.  of  fishes 
belonging  to  the  sturgeon  tribe ;  remark- 
able for  the  form  of  their  snouts,  which 


Spatularia. 

are  enormously  long  and  leaf-like  in  form. 
The  type  of  the  gen.  is  the  paddle-flish  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Spawn,  span.  The  eggs  or  ova  of  fishes, 
frogs,  &c.,  from  which,  when  fertilized  by 
the  males,  a  new  progeny  arises  thai  con- 
tinues the  species. 

Spear,  sper.  A  long  pointed  weapon  used 
in  war  and  hunting,  by  thrusting  or  throw- 
ing ;  a  lance. 

Spectacle,   spek'ta-kl.  j^^rk  rr*k 
A  show ;  a  pageant ;  a  jC^r    Hiia^ 

mainly  attractive  to  the  eye.  A  well- 
known  optical  instrument  used  to  assist 
or  correct  some  defect  in  the  organs  of 
vision. 

Spectroscope,  'trd-skop.  The  instru- 
ment employed  in  spectrum  analysis,  con- 
sisting of  a  tube  with  a  slit  at  one  end,  and 
a  convex  lens  at  the  other,  a  prism,  or 
train  of  prisms,  and  a  telescope. 

Spectrum,  'trum.  An  image  of  some 
thing  seen,  continuing  after  the  eyes  are 
closed,  covered,  or  turned  away;  also 
termed  ocular  spectra.  The  oblong  figure 
or  stripe  formed  on  a  wall  or  screen  by  a 
beam  of  light  received  through  a  small  hole 
or  slit  and  refracted  by  being  passed 
through  a  prism. 

Speke,  John  Hanning.  An  English 
African  explorer ;  b.  1827,  d.  1864.  He 
discovered  Lake  N'yanza,  1858,  and 
claimed  to  have  traveled  the  Nile  to  its 
source,  1862. 

Spenser,  Edmund.  An  eminent  En- 
glish poet ;  B  1568,  d.  IMS. 

Spermaceti.  %per-ma-sc'ti.  A  fatty  ma- 
terial obtainef'  from  cavities  in  the  skull 
of  the  Physetwr  or  Catodon-raacrocepha- 
1ns,  a  species  '^f  whale.  It  is  also  found 
diffused  thron(ittk  the  blubber.  During  the 
life  of  the  anillMl  the  spermaceti  is  tn  a 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


8PESMAT02SOON 


«28 


SPIlfKING^EinrT 


inld  sUte,  but  on  exponare  to  the  air  it 
eoncretes  and  defioftitA  from  the  oil. 
Bpermatosoon, -to-z6"on.     One  of  the 
microflooplc  aniinalcolar-like  bodies  devel- 
oped in   the  oenien  of  animalB.  and  es- 
•ential  to  impregnation. 
Bpermolosy,  -moFr>-Ji.    That  branch  of 
science  which  investigates  sperm  or  seeds; 
a  treatise  on  sperm  or  seeds. 
Sphenoffraphy,  sf6-nog'ra-fi.    The  art 
of  writing  in  wedge-shaped  and  arrow- 
headed  characters ;  the  art  of  deciphering 
eoneiform  writings ;  that  branch  of  philo- 
logical science  which  concerns  itself  with 
such  writings. 
Sphere,   sfer.    An  orb 
or  globe  of  the  raundanei 
system.       Armillary 
sphere,  an  artiflcial  rep- 
resentation of  the  circles 
of  the  sphere,  by  means 
of  rings. 

Sphericity,  sfe-ris^-ti. 
The  state  or  quality  of 
being  spherical  or  or- 
bioalar;  globularlty ; 
roundness.  Armillary  Sphere. 

Spheroffraph,  sfo'rd- 
graf.  A  nautical  instrument  consisting  of 
a  storcographic  projection  of  the  sphere 
upon  a  disic  or  pasteboard,  in  which  the 
meridians  aad  parallels  of  latitude  are  laid 
down  to  single  degrees.  By  the  aid  of 
this  projection,  and  a  ruler  and  index,  the 
angular  position  of  a  ship  at  any  place, 
and  the  distance  sailed,  may  be  aeter 
mined. 

Spheroid,  sfo'royd.  A 
llguro  approaching  to  a 
sphere;  but  not  perfectly 
spherical. 

Spherometer,  sfc-rom' 
et-er.     An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  thickness 
of  small  bodies  when  great 
accuracy  is  roouired,  as 
the  curvature  of  optical  glasses,  Ac. 
Sphinx,  sflngks.  In 
Greek  Myth,   a  sho- 
nionstcr,  said  to  have 
propo8cd  a  riddle  to 
the  Thebans  and  to 
have   killed  all  who 
were  not  able  to  guess 
it.      It   was   at   last 
solved    by    (Edipus, 
whereupon      the 
sphinx   slew*  herself. 
In  art  this  monster  is 
often  represented  as  a 
winged  lioo  with  tha  breasts  and  head  of 


p  ac  any  place 
,  may  be  deter 

Spheroid. 


Egyptian  Sphinx. 


Greek  Sphinx. 


a  woman. 

In    Egyp- 
tian Antiq. 

a  figure  of 

s  omewhat 

B  i  m  i lar 

shape 

liavlng  the 

body  of  a 

lion  and  a 

human 

(male     or 

female)  or 

animal 
head.  The 

human-headed  figares  have  been  called 
androsphinxes ;  those  with  the  head  of  a 
ram  criosphinxes,  and  those  with  the  h«id 
of  a  liawk  hieracospliinxes.  The  Egyp- 
tian sphinx  was  probably  a  purely  symb<M- 
ical  figure,  and  the  Greeks  may  have  ap- 
plied the  term  sphinx  to  the  Egyptian 
statues  on  account  of  an  external  resem- 
blance between  them  and  their  own  fig' 
ures  of  Uie  spliinx.  A  gen.  of  lepidopter- 
ons  Insects,  sec.  Crepnscnlaria ;  the  hawk- 
moths.  The  cynocephalos  passio,  or 
Guinea  baboon. 

Sphra^ietics,  sfra-jis'tiks.    The  science 
of  seals,  the  chief  object  of  wliich  is  to  as- 
certain the  age  and  genuineness  of  the 
documents  to  which  seals  are  aflixed. 
Sphygrxnometer,  sfig-mom'et-er.     An 
instrument  for  counting  the  arterial  pul- 
sations :  a  sphygmograph. 
Spice,  spis.    A  vegetable  production,  fra- 
grant or  aromatic  to  the  smell  and  pon- 
gent  to  the  taste,  as  i>epi)er,  natmeg,  gtu" 
ger,  cinnamo'i  and  cloves. 
Spider,  spi'der.     The  common  name  of 
animals  of  the  Linnaean  gen.  Aranea,  now 
divided  not  only  into  many  genera,  bnt 
into  many  families,  constituting  a  section 

iAraneida)  of  the  class  Arachnida,  ord. 
'nhnonaria. 

Spider-monkey,  mung-ki.  A  name 
given  to  many  species  of  platyrhine  <h* 
New  World  monkeys,  but  more  especially 
to  members  of  the  gen.  Ateles,  distin- 
guished by  the  groat  relative  length,  slen- 
dcrness  and  flexibility  of  their  limbs  and 
by  the  prehensile  power  of  their  tails. 

Spinet,  spin'et.  A  stringed  musical  in- 
strument, which  difl'ered  from  the  virginal 
only  in  being  of  a  triangular  form, 

Spinningr-jenny,  'ing-jen'ni.  The 
name  given  to  the  first  spinning-machine 
by  means  of  which  a  number  of  threads 
could  be  spun  at  once.  It  coP«it»ted  of  a 
number  of  spindles  turned  by  *  wheel  «c 
spindle  worked  by  hand. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


S^moU 


StRtltd 


Spinosa,  Baruch.  A  distinguished 
Dutch  philosopher,  of  Jewish  descent,  of 
the  Pantheistic  school ;  b.  1682,  d.  1677. 

SpinCNBisxn,  spi'nd-zlzm.  The  system 
of  philosophy  of  Spinoza,  based  on  the 
idea  of  an  original  substance  embracing 
all  existence,  substance  in  this  sense  mean- 
ing something  very  different  from  what  is 
usually  understood  by  the  word.  This 
original  substance,  in  which  all  antagonism 
between  mind  and  matter,  liberty  and 
necessity,  Ac.,  ceases,  all  subjects  of  finite 
consciousness  disappear,  he  called  God ; 
by  which  he  understood  that  which  has 
an  independent  existence  -Yi»*'>gU»|. 
and  the  understanding  of^P^^  f^V 
which  does  not  require  thej^^^jr^' 
idea  of  anything  else.  This 
substance  is  infinite  and 
naught  else  Prists  Spin^whoel, 

Spin-wheel.      A  small   "^^ 
wheel  haying  cogs  on  its  outer  edge. 

Spiral,  spi'ral.    Wind-  ^ 

ing  like  a  screw;  a 
wheel  haying  its  teeth 
cut  at  an  angle  with  its 
axis. 

Spirit,  spir'it.  Imma- 
terial intelligence ;  an 
intelligence  conceiyed  of 
apiurt  from  any  physical 
oivanization.  The  in- 
teUigent,  immaterial  Spiral  Wheel, 
and  immortal  part  of 
man  ;  the  soul,  as  distinguished  from  the 
body  which  it  occupies. 

Spiritualism,  -u-al-izm.  In  Philos.  the 
doctrine  of  the  existence  of  spirits  as  dis- 
tinct from  matter.  Spiritualism,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  materialism,  maintains 
the  existence  of  spirit,  which  materialism 
denies  or  ignores,  but  it  does  not  neces- 
sarily deny  the  existence  of  matter.  As  a 
system  spiritualism  originated  in  the 
tr.  S.,  1848. 

Spitzbergren.  A  group  of  islands,  con- 
stituting the  most  northerly  land  yet  dis- 
coyered,  200  m.  N.-of  Norway ;  taey  are 
claimed  by  Bussia. 

Splimt-armor, 
splint'ar-mer.  A 
name  giyen  to  ar- 
mor made  of  oyer- 
lapping  plates.  It 
neyer  came  into 
yery  general  use, 
because  the  con- 
vexity  of  the 
breast-plate  would  not  allow  the  body  to 
bend  unless  the  plates  were  made  to  over- 
lap upwards,  and  this  rendered    them 


SpJint-armor. 


Spoon-bill. 


liable  to  be  drawn  off  by  the  martel-de-fer 
of  an  antagonist. 

Spolir,  liUdwiff.  A  German  composerj 
B.  1784,  D.  1859. 

Spoliary,  sp6'li-a-ri.  The  place  in  the 
Roman  amphitheaters  where  the  slaugh- 
tered gladiators  were  dragged  and  where 
the  dotlies  were  stripped  from  th<jir 
bodies. 

Spoon-bill,  8pon1>iI. 
The  popular  name  if 
the  birds,  gen.  Plairt- 
lea,  heron  family  (A  r 
deidffi),  ord.  Gralln- 
tores,  from  the  shapi  ■  Mil 
the  bill. 

Spoon-drift,    'driii.  1 
Naut.     a     fine    spray  fl 
swept  from  the  topw  ulj 
the  wayes  by  the  viu-;^ 
lence  of  the  vrind  Isi  u  'S 
tempest,  coyering  tlit^ 
surface    of    the    ae*. 
Written       sometimes 
Spindrift. 

Sporades,  The.  A  group  of  Mediter- 
ranean islands  surrounding  the  Cyclades, 
of  which  Sclo,  Rhodes,  Mltylene  and  Lem- 
nos  belong  to  Turkey,  and  Skyros,  Hydra, 
Andros,  and  others  of  less  note,  to 
Greece. 

Spore,  spor.  In  Bot.  the  reproductiye 
body  of  a  cryptogram.  As  it  does  not 
contain  an  embryo,  but  consists  merely  of 
one  or  more  cells  yariously  combined  to- 
gether, It  is  called  a  spore  to  distinguish  it 
from  a  true  seed. 

Sporogren,  spo'r6-j6n.     In  Bot.  a  phint 
producing  spores  instead  of  seed. 
Sporran,  spor'- 
an.     The  pouch 
or    large    purse 
worn    by  High- 
landers   in    rail 
dress,       usually 
made  of  the  skin 
of  some  animal 
with  the  hair  on 
and  often  richly 
ornamented. 
Spring:,  spring. 


Sporrans. 


Bi«.,,B.     An  elastic  body,  made 

of  steeii  india-rubber,  &c.,  which,  when 
bent  or  forced  from  its  natural  state,  hiis 
the  power  of  recovering  it  again  in  virtu« 
of  its  elasticity.  One  of  the  four  seasons 
of  the  year ;  the  season  in  which  plants 
begin  to  vegetate.  For  the  northern 
hemisphere  spring  commences  when  the 
sun  enters  Aries,  or  about  the  2l8t  oJ 
March,  and  ends  at  the  time  of  the  sum- 
mer solsUce,  about  the  22d  of  June.     In 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SPfilKG-BOK 


STAfiL-HOLSTfim 


Spring-bok. 


oommon    langoage.    sprint    commences 
with  March  and  ends  ^ath  Maj, 
Sprinar-bok, 

'bok.  Antilope 
enchore,  a  species 
nearly  allied  to 
the  gazelle,  very 
abundant  in  S. 
Africa.  . 

SprinfffLeld.'^ 
Cap.    of  Illinois, 
on  the  Sangamon  ''' 
river,  97  m.  N.  K. 
of  St.  Louis  :  pop. 
19,748. 

Spur,  sper.  An 
instmment  having  a  rowel  or  wheel  with 
sharp  points,  worn  on  horsemen's  heels  to 
prick  the  horses  and  hasten  their  pace. 

Spur-wheel,  sper'whcl.  A  wheel  in 
which  the  teeth  are  perpendicular  to  the 
axis  and  in  the  direction  of  radii.  A  train 
of  such  wheels  working  into  each  other  is 
called  spur-gear. 

Spiuraheixn,  Johann  Xaspar.  A 
Oerman  physician  and  phrenologist ;  b. 
1776,  D.  at  Boston,  1832. 

Square,  skwar.  Having 
four  eoual  sides ;  parallel.  A 
figure  naving  four  equal  sides 
and  four  right  angles :  an 
area  of  four  sides  ;  a  mathe- 
matical instrument. 

Square-oouplinflT,  'ku-pl-    Square, 
ing.    In  mill-work,  a  perman- 
ent coupling,  of  which  the  coupling-box  is 
made  in  halves  and  square,  corresponding 
to  the  form  of  the  two  connected  ends  of 
the  shafts. 

Squaw,  skwa.  Among  N.  American  In- 
dians, a  female  or  wife. 

Squire,  skwTr.  The  title  of  on  English 
gentleman  next  in  raak  to  a  knight.  An 
attendant  on  a  knight ;  the  knight's  ar- 
mor-bearer. A  title  popularly  given  to  a 
country  gentleman.  In  the  U.  8.,  n  title 
of  magistrates  and  lawyers,  especially  of 
justices  of  the  peace. 

Squirrel,  skwir'- 
rel.  A  small  ro- 
d  e  n  t  mamma], 
fam.  Sciuridae.  the 
type  of  whicn  is 
the  gen.  Sciurus,  ^^ 
or  tnie  squirrels.  n|_^ 
This  family  com- 
prehends three 
groups — the  true 
squiirels  (Sciurus), 
the  ground-squhrrels  (Tamias),  and  the 


Squirrel, 


fl3ring-fiqnlrrels  (Pt^vmys  and  Sciarop< 
terus). 

Squirrel-monkey,  -mung-ki.  A  pl» 
tyrhine  monkey,  gen.  CalUthrix,  inhabit* 
taig  Brazil,  resembfing  the  squirrel. 
Squirting'-oucuinber,  skwert'ing-ku- 
knm-ber.  One  of  the  popular  names  ol 
the  fruit  of  Ecballium  agreste,  which, 
when  nearly  ripe,  separates  suddenly  from 
its  peduncle,  at  the  same  time  ejecting  its 
Juices  and  seeds. 

Sradlia,  srad'ha.  A  funeral  ceremony 
paid  by  the  Hindus  to  the  manes  of  de- 
ceased ancestors,  to  effect,  by  means  of 
oblations,  the  re-embodying  of  the  soul  of 
the  deceased,  after  burning  his  corpse,  and 
to  raise  his  shade  from  this  workl  up  to 
heaven  among  the  manes  of  departed  an- 
cestors. 

Sravaka,  sraVa-ka.  A  name  given  to 
those  disciples  of  Buddha  who,  through 
the  practice  of  the  four  great  truths,  attain 
the  dignity  of  saints. 

Stabat  Mater,  sta'bat  ma'ter.  The 
first  words  ('*The  mother  stood  *'),  and 
hence  the  name,  of  a  mediaeval  hynin  still 
sung  in  the  ecclesiastical  services  of  tiie 
R.  C.  Ch.  during  Holy  Week.  It  has  been 
set  to  music  by  Pergolesi,  Bossini  and 
other  famous  composers. 

Stadium,  Mi-um.  A  Greek  measure  of 
125  geometrical  paces  or  625  Roman  feet, 
equal  to  606  feet  9  inches  English.  The 
course  for  foot  races  at  Olympia,  which 
was  exactly  a  stadium  in  length.  The 
name  was  also  given  to  all  other  plac^es 
throughout  Greece  where  games  were 
celebrated. 

Stadtholder,  stat^old-er.  Formerly 
the  chief  magistrate  oi  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  Holmnd,  or  the  pnTcmnr  nr  llpn- 
tenant-goveriiiT  iif  ;l  [n-ovins^'* 

Staffa.    One-  >  f  ttn-  Hobrlde*,  oir  ^he  8. 
W.  coast    OS'   Scot- 
land, noted   far  its 
caves  and  pill&rs  of 
basalt. 

Staff,  stag.    The' 
male  red-de<  r'  ur  ajj 
generic  nam('  i if  ttio  f 
red  -deer  (t  t^rviisl 
elaphus) ;  th^'  niiiiti ' 
of  the  hind  ;  ;i  liart ; 
sometimes     'ij-iiikM^ 
particularly     to     ^ 
hart     in     \X>     fitb 
year.  stag. 

Stael-Holstein,  Anne  Louise  Qer^' 
maine  Necker,  Baronne  de 
(Mme.   de     Stael).       An     enanent 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


&tAG-BfiETLE 


edi 


StAROStY 


French  authoress,  dsiighter  of  M.  Keeker 
and  wife  of  fiaron  de  Staol,  a  Swedish  dip- 
lomat; B.  1766,  D.  1817. 
Stag'-l3©e* 


Btuf-lKicUe, 


St  ahl  , 
Qteorg  Ernst.     An  eminent  German 
chemist  and  physician  ;.b.  1660,  i>.  1784. 

Stair,  James  Dalrymple  (First 
Visooiint).  A  distinguished  Scotch 
jurist  and  statesman  ;  b.  1619,  d.  1695. 

Stalactite,  sta-lak'tit.  A  mass  of  cal- 
careous matter,  usually  In  a  conical  or  cy- 
lindrical form,  pendent  fl*om  the  roofs  of 
cayems,  produced  by  the  filtration  of  wa- 
ter containing  particles  of  carbonate  of 
lime  through  fissures  and  pores  of  rocks. 
Assomeofthe  water  often  drops  to  the 
floor  also,  a  mass  of  the  same  kind  is 
formed  below,  called  a  stalagmite. 

Stalaermite,  -hig^mlt.  A  deposit  of  sta- 
lactitic  matter  on  the  floor  of  a  cavern. 
This  sometimes  forms  sheets  over  the 
surfiice,  and  sometimes  rises  into  columns, 
which  meet  and  blend  veith  the  stalactites 
above. 

Stallion,  stal'yun.  A  horse  not  castrat- 
ed ;  an  entire  horse ;  a  horse  kept  for 
breeding  purposes. 

Stamp-act,  stamp'akt.  An  act  for  regu- 
lating the  imposition  of  stamp-duties ;  es- 
pecially, an  act  passed  by  the  British  Par- 
liament, 1765,  imposing  a  duty  on  all  pa- 
per, vellum  and  parchment  used  in  the 
American  colonies,  and  declaring  all  A^Tit- 
ings  on  unstamped  materials  to  be  null 
and  void.  This  act  roused  a  general  op- 
position in  the  colonies,  and  was  one  cause 
of  the  Revolution. 

Stanhope,  Charles.  An  English  states- 
man; B.  1758,  D.  1S16.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  William  Pitt,  and  in  Parlia- 
ment opposed  the  American  war.  His 
daughter,  Lady  Hester  Stanhope,  b.  1766, 
w?s  confidential  secretary  of  her  uncle, 
William  Pitt,  and  on  his  ueaih  took  up 
her  residence  in  Sjr^a.  where  she  was 
considered  a  queen  by  the  Arabs ;  d.  at 
her  castle  on  Mt.  Lebanon,  1889. 

Staaton,  Edwin  M.  A  distinguished 
American  Jurist  and  statesman  ;  b.  in  O., 


1818,  D.  Boon  after  being  appointed  to  the 
Supreme  Court  bench,  1869. 

Stapelia,  sta-pe'li-a.  An  extensivo  and 
curious  gen.  of  plants,  ord.  Asclepiadacee, 
or  milk-weeds.  Most  of  the  species  are 
natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They 
are  succulent  plants,  without  leaves,  fre- 
quently covered  with  dark  tubercles,  giv- 
ing them  a  very  grotesque  appearance.  In 
most  instances  the  flowers  give  ofl'  a  very 
unpleasant  odor,  lik£  that  of  rotten  flesh, 
ana  the  name  of  cprrlon-flower  has  been 
g^iven  some  of  them. 

Star,  star.  In  a  popular  sense,  any  celes- 
tial body  whatever  except  the  sun  and 
moon  ;  but  in  Astron.  the  term  is  usually 
restricted  to  one  of  those  self-shining 
bodies,  constituted  like  the  sun,  situated 
at  immense  distances  tcom  us,  and  doubt- 
less, like  our  sun,  the  centers  of  systems 
similar  to  our  own.  Stars  are  distinguished 
from  planets  by  remaining  apparently  im- 
movaSle  with  respect  to  one  another,  and 
hence  they  have  been  called  fixed  stars, 
although  their  fixity  has  been  disproved 
in  numerous  cases,  and  is  no  longer  be- 
lieved in  regard  to  any.  An  ancient  name 
for  all  deeds,  releases  or  obligations  of  the 
Jews,  and  also  for  a  schedule  or  inventory. 

Starboard, 'bord.  The  right-ha'^d  side 
of  a  ship  or  boat  when  a  spectiitor  stands 
with  his  face  toward  the  stem  or  prow » 
opposed  to  port  or  larboard. 

Star-fish,  'fish.    A 
term    in   its  Avidest 
application    embrac-  »-b>-;i 
ing  all   the   echino-    >^.  * 
derms  comprised  in  ^^. 
the  orders  Ophluroi- ^*^-^ 
dea  and  Asteroidea, 
but  more  commonly 
restricted     to      the 
members  of  the  lat- 
ter order,  of  which 
the  common  gen.  As- 
terias  may  be  taken  as  the  type. 

Starling, 
An     insi  •  lI 

bird,     ord 
seres,   goi      -  1 1 
nus    and     i.iH.iiv 
Sturnldflp.      TliL-y 
are  often  kf'ii(-  in 
cages,  and  runy  he 
taught  to  ^v^t^tk- 
some   tuni'^,    imtll 
even  to  praJiotincia 
words     aiid    sen- 
tences. Starling. 

Starosty,  star'os- 
ti.    In  Poland,  a  name  given  to  castlea 


Sun  Star-fish. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


StAR-S^rONfe 


dtfiirtoft 


and  domains  conferred  on  noblemen  for 
life  by  the  crowa. 

Stax-stone,  star'ston.  A  rare  variety 
of  sapphire.  When  out,  and  viewed  in  a 
direction  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  it  pre- 
sents a  peculiar  reflection  of  light  in  the 
fbrm  of  a  star. 

Staten  Island.  An  island  in  the  Bay 
of  N.  Y.,  6  m.  a.  of  the  city,  14  m.  long 
by  8  vride,  forming  the  oo.  of  Richmond; 
pop.  88,991. 

Statiatician,  8tat'is-tish''an.  One  versed 
in  statistics,  one  who  collects,  classifies, 
or  arranges  lUcts,  especially  numerical 
Acts,  relating  to  the  condition  of  a  com- 
munity or  state. 

Statoblast,  'o-blast.  An  Internal  bud, 
developed  in  some  of  the  molluscoid  Toly- 
zoa,  and  which,  on  the  death  of  the  parent 
organism,  ruptures  and  gives  exit  to  a 
young  poiyzofin.  This  mode  of  reproduc- 
tion .is  called  reproduction  by  internal 
gemmation. 

Statue,  stat'Q.  A  lifelike  representation 
of  a  human  figure  or  animal  in  some  sub- 
stance, as  marble,  bronze,  iron,  wood,  &c. 
Equestrian  statue,  a  statue  in  which  the 
figure  is  represented  as  seated  on  horse- 
back. 

Statute,  'ut.  A  law  proceeding  from  the 
government  of  a  state ;  an  enactment  of 
the  legislature  of  a  state ;  a  written  law. 

Steam,  stem.  The  vaporous  substance 
into  which  water  is  converted  under  cer- 
tain circumstances  of  heat  and  pressure  ; 
water  in  a  gaseous  state. 

Steam-enfiriue,  'en-jin.  An  engine 
worked  by  steam,  or  an  engine  in  which 
the  mechanical  force  arising  from  the  elas- 
ticity and  expansive  action  of  steam,  or 
from  its  property  of  rapid  condensation, 
or  from  the  combination  of  these  prlnci- 

Ble8,  is  mtu\e.  available  as  a  source  of  mo- 
ve power  in  the  arts  and  manufactures, 
and  in  locomotion.  The  first  actual  work- 
ing steani-enj^ine  of  which  there  Is  any 

I  record  was  Invented  and  constructed  by 

'  Captain  Savory,  an  Englishman,  to  whom 
a  patent  was  granted  for  it  In  1698.  It 
was  brought  to  a  high  state  of  perfection 
by  the  celebrated  James  Watt  about  the 
year  1782. 

Steam-gtkU^e,  'gal.  An  attachment  to 
a  boiler  to  indicate  the  pressure  of  steam ; 
a  pressure-gauge. 

Steaxn-haxnxner,  Hiam-er.  A  heavy 
forge  hammer  operated  by  steam. 

Steatite,  ste'a-tTt.  Soapstone  ;  so  called 
from  its  smooth  or  unctuous  feel ;  a  sub- 
species of  rhomboidal  mica,  a  bydrated 


silicate  of  magnesia  and  alumina.  It  Is 
used  in  the  manu&cture  of  porcelaiH,  in 
polishing  marble,  &e. ;  as  tke  baais  ot 
rouge  and  other  cosmetic  powders  ;  in  the 
composition  of  crayons,  &c. 
Steajnship,  'ship.    A  ship  propelled  by 


Steamship. 


the  power  of  steam. 

Steel,  stol.  Iron  combined  with  a  small 
portion  of  carbon.  Bteel  usually  contains 
also  small  quantities  of  silicon,  phosphorus, 
manganese  and  sulphur,  but  iron  and  car- 
bon are  its  only  essential  constituents. 

Steel-bronse,  'bronz.  A  hard,  tenadoas 
alloy,  composed  of  about  90  parts  copper 
to  10  parts  tin,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
steel,  especially  in  the  manuflicture  of 
cannon. 

Steele,  Bichard,  Sir.  A  distinguished 
Irish  essayist  and  dramatist ;  b.  1671,  d. 
1729. 

Steelyard,  /yfird.  An  instrument  for 
weighing  bodies,  consisting  essentially  of 
a  rod  or  bar  marked  with  notches  desig- 
nating the  number  of  tons,  hundred- 
weights, pounds,  «fec.,  and  a  weight  which 
is  movable  along  this  bar,  and  which  is 

.made  to  balance  the  weight  of  the  body 
by  being  moved  to  a  proper  distance  from 
the  ftilcrum. 

Steeple-chase,  stc'pl-chas.  A  horse^ 
race,  in  which  ditches,  hedges,  fences  and 
other  obstacles  have  to  be  jumped. 

Stefl^etnoerrapliy,  steg-a-nog'ra-ft.  The 
art  of  writing  tn  cipher,  or  in  characters 
not  intelligible  except  to  the  persons  who 
correspond  witii  each  other ;  cryp- 
tography' 

Stonoerraphy,  ste-nog'ra-fi.  A  generic 
term  which  embraces  every  system  of 
shorthand,  whether  based  upon  alphabetic, 
phonetic  or  hieroglyphic  principles.  To 
those  based  upon  the  phonetic  principle 
the  name  phonography  is  generally  given. 

Stentor,  sten'tor.  The  name  of  a  Greek 
herald  in  the  Trojan  war,  who,  aooordlng 
to  Homer,  had  a  voice  as  loud  as  that  of  M 
other  men  togeth^ ;  hence,  a  person  hav- 
ing a  very  powerftil  voice.  A  gen.  of  in- 
fusorial animalcules,  so  named  from  the 
trumpet-like  shape  of  the  bod^. 


Digitized  by 


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STEP  ft 

Step,  step.  A  prefix  used  in  oompositioii 
before  nther,  mother,  son,  daughter, 
brother,  sister,  child,  Ac.,  to  indicate  that 
the  person  spoken  of  is  a  relative  only  by 
the  marriage  of  a  parent. 

Stephen.    The  name  of  one  king  of  En- 

gland,  who  reigned  1185-1184.  Also  of 
ve  kings  of  Hungary  and  of  nine  popes. 

Stephen,  St.  In  Scrip,  the  first  Chris- 
tian martjrr,  stoned  to  death  outside  the 
walls  of  Jerusalem,  by  order  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. 

Stephens,  Alejcander  Hamilton. 
An  eminent  American  jurist  and  states- 
man ;  B.  in  Ga.,  1812.  He  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederate  States  and 
boUi  before  and  since  the  Civil  War  a 
member  of  the  U.  8.  Congress. 

Stephenson,  (George.  A  distingnishod 
English  engineer ;  b.  1781,  d.  1848.  He 
invented  the  first  locomotive  engine 
which  was  put  to  practical  use,  1814-1822. 
His  son  Bobert  was  also  eminent  as  an 
engineer,  building  several  of  the  finest 
bridges  in  Great  Britain ;  also  the  Victo- 
ria tubular  bridge  at  Montreal,  Canada ; 
B.  1808,  D.  1869. 

Stereometry,  ster-€-om'et-ri.  The  art 
of  measuring  solid  bodies  and  finding 
their  solid  contents.  The  art  or  process  of 
determining  the  specific  gravity  of  liquids, 
porous  bodies,  Ao. 

Stereoptiopn,  -op'ti-kon.  A  sort  of 
double  magic  lantern  for  exhibiting  photo- 
graphic pictures  greatly  magnified  upon  a 
wall  or  screen  with  stereoscopic  effect. 

Stereoscope,  'e-o-skop.  An  optical  tn- 
stmment  to  illustrate  the  phenomena  of 
binocular  vision. 

Stereotrope,  -trdp.  An  instrument  by 
which  an  object  is  perceived  as  if  in  mo- 
tion and  with  an  appearance  of  solidity  or 
relief  as  in  nature. 

Stereotype,  -tip.  A  plate  cast  from  a 
stucco  or  papier-mache  mold,  on  whi-^.h 
is  a  fitc-simile  of  the  superficies  of  arranged 
types,  which  plate  being  fitted  to  a  block 
may  be  used  under  the  press  exactly  as 
movable  types  are  used.  The  plates  are 
composed  of  an  alloy  similar  to  ordinary 
type-metal. 

Sterlet,  sterlet.  A  ganoid  fish  of  Bussia, 
the  Adpenser  ruthenus,  from  whose  roc 
is  made  the  finest  caviare.  It  is  a  small 
species  of  sturgeon. 

Sterne,  Iiaurence.  A  celebrated  Irish 
author  and  humorist;  b.  1718,  n.  in  London 
1768. 

Stethoscope,  steth'd-skdp.  An  instru- 
ment used  by  medical  men  for  dlstlnguish- 


s,  Stigma. 


S  STOLA 

ing  sounds  within  the  thorax  and  othei 
cavities  of  the  body. 

Steuben,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  An- 
gvuBt.  An  American  general ;  b.  in 
Prussia  1780,  d.  1Y94. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus.  An  American 
statesman,  b.  in  Vt.  1793,  i>.  in  Penn. 
1868.  He  was  for  20  years  a  member  ot 
the  Lower  House  of  Congress. 

Stewart,  Charles.  A  distinguished 
American  naval  commander ;  b.  in  Penn. 
1778,  D.  1869. 

Stickleback,  stik'1-bak.  The  popular 
name  for  certain  small  teleostean  fishes 
which  constitute  the  gen.  Gasterosteus. 
They  are  among  the  few  fishes  which 
build  nests  for  their  young,  and  the  firet 
in  which  this  habit  was  observed. 

Stigma,  stig'-ma.  Any 
mark  of  infemy.  InBot. 
that  part  of  the  pistil 
which  receives  the  pol- 
len or  prolific  [wwder. 

Still,  stil.  An  apparatus  i 
for  separating,  by  means 
of  heat,  volatile  mattera 
flrora  substances  contain- 
ing them,  and  re-con- 
densing them  into  the  liquid  form.  It 
assumes  many  forms  according  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  is  used.  The  most  im- 
portant use  of  stills  is  in  distilling  spirit- 
uous liquors. 

Stilt-plover,  stilt' -pluv-er.  A  wading 
bird  having  remarkably  long  slender  legs, 
a  feature  from  which  it  derives  its  com- 
mon name. 

Stockholm.  Cap.  of  Sweden,  880  m.  N. 
£.  of  Copenhagen;  pop.  142,169. 

Stocks,  stoks.  An  apparatus  formerly 
used  for  the  punishment  of  petty  offenders, 
as  vagrants,  trespassers  and  the  like.  It 
usually  consisted  of  a  frame  of  timber 
with  ioles  in  which  the  ankles,  and  some- 
times both  ankles  and  wrists,  wore  con- 
fined. The  frame  or  timbers  on  which  a 
ship  rests  while  building. 

Stoic,  sto'ik.  A  disciple  of  the  philosopher 
Zeno,  who  founded  a  sect  alxmt  808  b.  o. 
He  taught  that  men  should  be  free  from 
passion,  unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  sub- 
mit without  complaint  to  the  unavoidable 
necessity  by  which  all  things  are  gov- 
erned. 

Stola,  la.  A  garment  worn  by  the  So- 
man women  over  the  tunic;  it  came  as 
low  as  the  ankles  or  feet,  and  was  fostened 
round  the  body  by  a  girdle,  leaving  broad 
folds  above  the  breast,  and  had  a  flounce 
sewed  to  the  bottom.    It  was  thech«r> 


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STOLE 


684 


STUART 


•cteriAtic  dress  of  the  matrons,  as  the  toga 
was  of  the  men,  and  women  divorced 
from  their  husbands,  or  oourtesans,  were 
not  allowed  to  wear  it. 

Stole,  stdl.  A  long  robe  worn  by  ladies, 
reaching  to  thu  ankles  or  heels.  A  long 
narrow  scarf  with  fringed  ends,  worn  by 
eoclesiastios  of  the  Roman  and  English 
churches,  by  deacons  over  the  left 
shoulder,  fastened  under  the  right  arm  ; 
by  bishops  round  the  neck,  with  both  ends 
pendent  in  front;  and  by  priests  similarly, 
Dut  with  the  ends  crossed  over  the  breast 
at  mass.  Groom  of  the  stole,  the  first  lord 
of  the  bed-chamber  in  the  household  of  the 
English  kings. 

Stomapoda,  std-map'o-da.  An  order  of 
malacostracous  crustaceans,  having  six  to 
eight  pairs  of  legs,  mostly  near  the  mouth 
(hence  the  name). 

Stone-coal,  'kdl.    Hard  coal;  anthracite. 

Stone-coral,  ston'kor-al.  Coral  in 
masses,  in  distinction  from  that  in  the 
form  of  branches. 

Stone  River.  A  stream  in  Tennessee, 
emptying  into  the  Cumberland,  6  m.  N.  E. 
of  Nashville.  On  its  banks,  Jan.  1-8, 1868, 
was  fought  a  sanguinary  battle  between 
the  Federals,  under  Gen.  Boseorans,  and 
the  Confederates,  under  Gen.  Bragg,  the 
latter  being  defeated.  It  is  also  called  the 
Battle  of  Mnrfreesboro. 

Stone-ware,  -war.  A  species  of  potter's 
ware  made  from  a  composition  of  clay  and 
flint. 

Stork,  stork.  A  name  given  to 
birds  gen.  Cioonia,  sub-fam.  01- 
coninsB,  but  especially  to  C.  alba 
(the  common  or  white  stork). 

Storm-signal,  storm 'sig-naL 
A  signal  for  indicating  to  mar- 
iners and  fishermen  the  probable 
approach  of  a  storm. 

Story,  Joseph.  An  eminent 
American  jurist ;  b.  in  Mass.  17T9,  d.  1&45. 
He  was  a  Justice  of  the  Supremo  Court, 
1811-46. 

Stoup,  stop.  A  basin  for  holy  water, 
usually  placed  in  a  niche  at  the  entrance 
of  B.  C.  churches. 

Stout,  stout.  The  strongest  kind  of 
porter.  There  are  several  varieties,  as 
brown  stout,  double  stout. 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher.  An  Ameri- 
can novelist,  daughter  of  Bev.  Lyman 
Beecher  ;  b.  in  Conn.  1814. 

Strabo.  A  Greek  geographer  and  histo- 
rian, who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the 
CbristiAn  era. 


Stork. 


Strasburgr  (Strasbourg:).  A  cel» 
brated  city  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  noted  for 
its  extensive  fortifications,  its  cathedral 
and  manufactures ;  pop.  86,724. 

Strass,  stras.  A  variety  of  flint-glass, 
used  in  the  manu&cture  of  artificial 
gems. 

Stratford-on-Avon.  A  village  of  Co. 
Warwick,  England,  on  the  Avon,  9  m.  S. 
W.  of  Warwick,  noted  as  the  birthplace 
of  Shakespeare. 

Strathspey,  strath -spa'.  In  Scotland,  a 
species  of  dance  in  duple  time,  supposed 
to  have  been  first  practiced  in  the  district 
from  which  it  received  its  name;  also  the 
music  for  this  dance. 

Stratocracy,  stra-tok'ra-si.  A  military 
government ;  government  by  military 
chiefs  and  an  army. 

Stratum,  stra'tum.  In  Geol.  a  layer  o' 
any  deposited  substance,  as  sand,  clay, 
limestone,  &c.,  which  is  spread  out  over 
a  certain  surface  by  the  action  of  water  or 
wind. 

Strauss,  David  Friedrich.  Adistla* 
guished  German  rationalist ;  b.  1808,  d. 
1877. 

Strawberry,  stra'ber-1.  i 
The  English  name  of  the  J 
fruit  and  plant  of  the| 
gen.  Fragaria,  ord.  Boaa-i 
ceae.  « 

S  t  r  a  w  b  e  rry-i>ear,  ^ 
-par.  A  plant,  gen. 
Cereus,  the  C.  triangu- 
laris, ord.  CactaccsB, 
which  grows  in  the  W. 
Indies.  The  fruit  is 
sweetish,  slightly  acid,  Strawberry, 
pleasant,  and  cooling. 

Strelitz,  strelMts.  A  soldier  of  the  ancient 
Muscovite  guards,  abolished  by  Peter  the 
Great. 

Stroke-oar,  strok'or.  The  aftmost  oar 
of  a  boat  or  the  man  that  uses  it. 

Struthionidse,  stro-thi-on'i-dS.  A  fam- 
ily of  terrestrial  birds  incapable  of  flight, 
including  the  ostrich,  cassowary,  emu, 
&c. 

Strychnia,  strik'ni-a.  A  vegetable  al- 
kaloid, the  sole  active  principle  of  Strych 
nos  Tieute,  the  most  active  of  the  Java 
poisons,  and  one  of  the  active  principles 
of  S.  Ignatii,  S.  nux-vomica,  S.  colnbrina, 
&c.  It  is  usually  obtained  ft^m  the  seeds 
of  S.  nux-vomica.  Strychnine  and  its 
salts  are  most  energetic  poisons. 

Stuart.  The  name  of  a  race  of  British 
monarchs,  founded  by  Walter,  Steward  ol 
Scotland  (whence  the  name),  by  Ms  mat^ 


Digitized  by 


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BTI^POO 


686 


SUDDEK 


riafi^e  with  Maijory,  a  daughter  of  King 
Bobert  Bruce.  His  son  s.  David  II. ,  1871, 
as  King  of  Scotland,  under  the  title  of 
Robert  II.,  and  the  Scottish  line  ended 
with  James  VI.,  who  became  King  of 
England  as  James  I.  The  English  line 
ended -with  the  abdication  of  his  grandson, 
James  II.,  although  several  of  his  descend- 
ants made  ftitile  attempts  to  regain  the 
crown.  The  last  male  of  the  line,  Henry, 
Oardinal  of  York,  lived  in  Italy  on  a  pen- 
rion  from  the  British  goverment ;  d.  1807. 

Staooo,  Btuk'kd.  Fine  plaster  used  as  a 
coating  or  finish  for  walls. 

Stucoo-work,  -werk.  Ornamental  work 
SX>mposed  of  stucco,  such  as  cornices, 
mi>laing8  and  other  ornaments  in  the  ceil- 
ings of  rooms. 

Btupa,  Bto^pa.  The  name  given  by  Bud- 
dhists to  certain  sacred  monumental  struc- 
tures. As  distinguished  fh>m  the  dagoba, 
the  stupa  commemorates  some  event,  or 
marks  some  spot,  held  dear  by  the  follow- 
ers of  Buddha ;  while  the  dagoba  contains 
relics  of  that  deity. 

Sturgeon,  ster'ion.  A  ganoid  fish,  gen. 
Adpenser,  fam.  Sturionidn. 

Style,  stn.  In  Ghron.  a  mode  of  reckon- 
ing time  with  regard  to  the  Julian  and 
Oregorlan  calendar.  S^le  is  Old  or  New. 
The  Old  style  follows  the  Julian  manner 
of  computing  the  months  and  days,  in 
which  tne  year  consists  of  865  days  and  6 
hours.  This  is  something  more  than  11 
minutes  too  much,  and  in  the  course  of 
time,  between  Cnsar  and  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.,  this  accumulated  error  amounted 
to  10  days.  Gregonr  reformed  the  calen- 
dar by  retrenching  10  days,  and  fixing  the 
ordinary  length  of  the  civil  year  at  865 
days ;  and  to  make  up  for  the  odd  hours 
it  was  ordained  tliat  every  fourth  year 
(called  ^eap-year)  should  consist  of  866 
aays. 

Styllte,  Bti'lit.  InEocles.  Hist,  a  pilUr- 
saint ;  one  of  those  ascetics  who,  by  way 
of  penance,  passed  the  greater  part  of  then* 
lives  on  laie  top  of  high  columns  or  pil- 
lars. Perhaps  tne  most  celebrated  was 
St.  Simeon  the  Stylite,  who  Uved  in  the 
5th  century. 

Stsrmphalides,  stim-f&ai-dez.  In  Greek 
Myth,  certain  foul  birds  of  prey— so  named 
lh>m  frequenting  the  lake  Stymphalus  in 
Arcadia,  or  from  a  hero  Stymphalus,  whose 
daughters  they  were  supposed  to  be — hav- 
ing iron  wings,  beaks  and  claws.  They 
could  shoot  tjaeir  feathers  like  arrows,  and 
thus  kill  man  and  beast.  Eurystheus  Im- 
posed on  Hercules  the  labor  of  driving 
them  from  their  abode. 


St3rx,  stikB.  In  Glass.  Myth,  the  prlnci- 
Did  river  of  the  lower  world,  round  which 
it  passed  seven  times,  and  which  had  to 
be  crossed  in  passing  to  the  regions  of  diS' 
embodied  souls. 

Sub,  sub.  A  Latin  preposition,  denoting 
under  or  below,  used  in  English  as  a  pre< 
fix  to  express  an  inferior  position  or  inten* 
tion,  and  also  a  subordinate  degree. 

Subdeacon,  'd€-kn.  The  lowest  of  the 
greater  orders  in  the  B.  0.  Ch.  His  office 
is  to  assist  the  deacon  at  mass. 

SulxiectiviBni,  -jek'tiv-izm.  In  Metaph. 
the  doctrine  of  Kant  that  all  human 
knowledge  is  merely  relative,  or  that  we 
cannot  prove  it  to  be  absolute. 

Sublimation,  -li-ma'shon.  In  Chem.  a 
process  by  which  solid  substances  are,  by 
the  aid  of  heat,  converted  into  vapor, 
which  is  again  condensed  into  the  solid 
state  by  the  application  of  cold.  Subli- 
mation bears  the  same  relation  to  a  solid 
that  distillation  does  to  a  liquid. 

Sub-order,  -or'dcr.  A  subdivision  of  an 
order  in  classifications  ;  a  group  of  ani- 
mals or  plants  greater  than  a  genus  and 
less  than  an  order. 

Subsellium,  ^sel'li-um.  A  small  shelv- 
ing seat  in  the  stalls  of  churches  or  cathe- 
drals, made  to  turn  up  upon  hinges,  so 
as  to  serve  either  as  a  seat  or  to  lean 
against  in  kneeling,  as  occasion  requires. 
Subsellia  are  still  in  con- 
stant use  on  the  Con- 
tinent  of  Europe. 
Called  also  miserere. 

Subtangent.    In 
Geom.,  the  part  of  the 


axis  contained  between      Snbtangent. 
the  ordinate  and  tan- 
gent, drawn  to  the  same  plane  in  a  curve. 

Subulicomes,  su-bQ'lI-kor"nez.  A 
division  of  neuropterous  insects,  having 
awl-shaped  antennie.  It  includes  the 
dragon-flies  and  Ephemerae  or  may -flies. 

Succuba,  suk'ku-ba.  A  kind  of  female 
demon  formerly  believed  in.  Such  de-j 
mons  were  fabled  to  have  eonnection  with! 
men  in  their  sleep. 

SuccubuB,  -bus.  A  kind  of  male  demon 
formerly  believed  in. 

Sucrose,  su'kros.  A  general  name  for 
the  sugars  identical  in  composition  and  in 
many  properties  with  cane-sugar,  but  de- 
rived from  difl'erent  sources,  as  beet,  tur- 
nip, carrot,  maple,  birch,  Slo. 

Sudder,  sud'er.  In  India,  the  chief  seat 
or  headquarters  of  government,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  moAiBsil  or  interior  ol 
the  country. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SUE  « 

Bue,  Eugene.  A  French  novelist ;  b. 
1804,  D.  1857. 

Bues,  Gulf  of.  The  N.  W.  arm  of  the 
Red  Sea,  between  Egypt  and  the  Sinai 
peninsula ;  length  200  m.,  width  80  to  40 
m.  Isthmus  of  8.,  a  neck  of  land  connect- 
ing Asia  and  Africa,  (K)  to  65  m.  In  width. 
B.  Canal,  an  artificial  ship-channel.  100  m. 
long,  connecting  the  Mediterranean  and' 
Bed  seas,  constructed  by  M.  Ferdinand 
de  Lesseps  through  the  Isthmas,  1859- 
1869. 

BufCrafiran,  suf fra-gan.  A  bishop  who 
has  been  consecrated  to  assist  the  ordi- 
nary bishop  of  a  see  In  a  particular  portion 
of  his  diocese.  A  term  of  relation  applied 
to  every  onllnary  bishop  with  respect  to 
the  archbishop  who  Is  his  supciior. 

Sugax,  shn'ger.  A  well-known  sweet 
granular  substance,  prepared  chiefly  from 
the  expressed .  juice  of  the  sugar-cane 
(Saccharuin  ofticinarum),  but  obtained  also 
from  a  great  variety  of  other  plants,  as 
maple,  beet-root,  birch,  parsnip,  Ac: 

Snflrar-cane,  -kan . 
The  cane  or  plant 
from  whose  juice 
sugar  is  obtained; 
Saccharam  offidna- 

S  a  g*  a  r-maple,  ^W^Kk  a  %  ^ 

-ma-pl.  A  tree,  gen. 

Acer,,  the   A.  sac- 

charinura,  a  native 

of  N.America;  also 

known  under    the 

name    of    rock-         Sugar-cane. 

maple. 

Su^rar-mill,  -mil.  A  machine  for  press- 
ing out  the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane.  It 
consists  usually  of  three  heavy  rollers, 
placed  horizontally  and  parallel  to  each 
other,  one  above  and  between  the  other 
two. 

Suicide,  su'l-sld.  Self-murder ;  the  act 
of  designedly  destroying  one's  own  life. 

Suidse,  -do.  The  swine,  a  family  of  un- 
gulate (artiodactyle  or  "even-toed") 
mammalia.  The  family  includes  the  do- 
mestic hog,  of  which  there  is  an  endless 
variety  of  breeds ;  the  wild  boar,  which  is 
the  parent  stock  of  the  domestic  hog  ;  the 
masked  boar  of  Africa,  or  wart-hog ;  the 
babyronssa  and  the  peccary. 

Sulky,  sul'kl.  A  light  two-wheeled  car- 
riage for  a  single  person,  drawn  by  one 
horse,  used  principally  for  trials  of  speed 
between  trotting-horses. 

Sullivan'8  Island.  In  Charleston 
harbor,  6  m.  below  the  dty,  defended  by 
Fort  Moultrie. 


4  SUMTER 

Sully,  Maxixnilien  de  Bethune, 
Due  de.  An  eminent  French  soldier  and 
statesman  ;  b.  1560,  d.  1641. 

Sully,  Thomas.  A  celebrated  Amer- 
lean  painter  :  b.  In  England,  1788 ;  d. 
1872. 

Sulphur,  'for.  Brimstone,  an  elementary 
non-metallic  combustible  sabstanoe. 

Sulphur-ore, -or.  The  commercial  name 
of  iron  pvrites,  fit)m  the  fact  that  Bulphur 
and  sulphuric  acid  are  obtained  from  it. 

Sulpitian,  -pi'shl-an.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch. 
one  of  an  order  of  priests  established  1642, 
for  the  purpose  of  training  roong  men  for 
the  clerical  ofllce  ;  so  called  from  the  par- 
ish of  St.  Snlpice,  Paris,  where  they  were 
first  organized. 

Sultan,  'tan.  The  ordinary  title  of  Mo- 
hammedan sovereigns ;  by  wav  of  emi- 
nence, the  appellation  given  to  the  ruler  of 
Turkey,  who  assomea  the  tlUe  of  Sultan 
of  sultans. 

Sultana,  -ta'na.  The  queen  of  a  sultan ; 
the  empress  of  the  Turks ;  a  snltaness.  A 
name  given  to  birds  of  the  gen.  Porphyrio, 
fam.  Rallidte. 

Sumatra.  A  large  British  island  of  the 
E.  Archipelago ;  area,  125,000  so.  m. ;  pop. 
abt.  2,700,000.  Principal  cities,  Bencoolen, 
Padang,  Quedah  and  Palembang. 

Summer,  sum'er.  That  season  of  the 
year  when  the  sun  shines  most  directly 
upon  any  region ;  the  warmest  season  of 
the  year.  North  of  the  equator  it  may  be 
said  to  Include  June,  July  and  August. 
Astronomically  considered,  summer  be- 
gins in  the  northern  hemisphere  when  the 
sun  enters  Cancer,  about  the  21st  of  June, 
and  continues  for  three  months,  till  Sep- 
tember 28d.  In  latitudes  south  of  toe 
equator  just  the  opposite  takes  place.  The 
entire  year  is  also  sometimes  divided  into 
summer  and  winter. 

Sumner,  Charles.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican statesman ;  b.  in  Mass.,  1811 ;  d.  1874^ 

Sumpitan, 'pit-an.  A  long  straight  cane 
tube  or  blowpipe,  in  which  a  poisoned 
dart  is  placed  and  expelled  by  tiie  breath ; 
used  by  the  natives  of  islands  in  the  East- 
ern Archipelago. 

Sumter,  Thomas.  An  American  gen- 
eral ;  b.  in  8.  C,  1784 ;  d.  1882.  After  the 
Revolution  he  served  in  Congress  and  was 
Minister  to  Brazil. 

Sumter,  Fort.  A  fortification  on  an 
artificial  island  in  Charleston  harbor, 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  battle  in  the 
Civil  War.  It  was  occupied  bv  Major 
Anderson  vrith  about  100  men  and  was  at- 
tacked by  the  Confederates,  under  Q^ea. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


BUK 


68T 


SURIKAM 


Beanregart),  April  12,  1861,  surrendering 
the  next  day. 

Sun,  sun.  The  splendid  orb  or  luminary 
whlch^  being  in  or  near  the  center  of  our 
system  of  worlds,  gives  light  and  heat  to 
all  the  planets,  and  is  the  primary  cause 
of  all  the  motions  and  changes  effected  on 
the  sur&ce  of  the  globe  by  those  agents. 
All  the  planets  and  comets  of  our  system 
revolve  round  the  sun  as  a  common  center, 
at  different  distances  and  in  different  pe- 
riods of  time.  Its  mean  distance  from  the 
earth  is  about  92,000,000  of  miles  ;  its  real 
diameter  is  860,000  miles,  and  hence  its 
volume  is  equivalent  to  about  li  million 
times  the  volume  of  our  earth ;  but  its 
mean  density  is  only  a  fourth  of  that  of 
the  earth.  It  revolves  on  its  axis  from 
west  to  east  in  25i-  of  our  mean  solar  days, 
the  axis  being  inclined  at  an  angle  of  82** 
40^  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

Sun-bear,  'bar.  The  name  given,  from 
their  habit  of  basking  in  the  sun,  te  a 
group  of  bears,  gen.  Helarctos,  found  in 
Central  Asia,  in  Java  and  other  E.  Indian 
islands.  The  species  climb  cocoa-trees 
and  destroy  the  fruit. 

Sun-bird,  'herd.  A  small  bird,  gen. 
Cinnyrls  or  Nectarinia,  fam.  Cinnyridte  or 
Nectariniadse,  found  principally  in  the 
tropical  parts  of  Africa  and  Asia,  with 
plumage  approaching  in  splendor  to  that 
of  the  humming-birds,  which  in  many  re- 
spects they  resemble. 

Sundanese,  Man-gz.  One  of  a  section 
of  the  Malav  race  inhabiting  Malacca,  the 
8unda  Archipelago  and  the  Philippines. 

Sunday,  'da.  The  first  day  of  the  week ; 
the  Christian  Sabbath ;  the  Lord*s-day. 

Sun-dial,  MT-al.  An  instrument  to  show 
the  time  of  day  by  means  of  a  shadow  cast 
by  the  sun. 

Sun-dogr,  'dog.  A  luminous  spot  occa- 
sionally seen  a  few  degrees  from  the  sun, 
supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  intersection 
of  two  or  more  haloes.  Sometimes  the 
spot  appears  when  the  haloes  themselves 
are  invisible. 

Sunfis  h, 
'fish.  The 
nameofatele- 
ostean  fish, 
gen.  Orthago- 
riscus,  fam. 
D  i  o  d  ontidse. 
The  sunfish 
appears  like 
the  head  of  a 
large  fish 
B  e  parated 
from    the  Short  Sonflsh. 


bodv.  While  swimming  it  turns  upon 
itself  like  a  wheel.  '  It  grows  to  a  large 
size,  attaining  a  diameter  sometimes  of  12 
feet. 

Sunna,  son'a.  The  name  given  by  Mo. 
hammedans  to  the  traditionary  portion  ot 
their  law,  which  was  not,  like  the  Koran, 
committed  to  >viiiing  by  Mohammed,  but 
preserved  from  his  lips  by  his  immediate 
disciples  or  founded  on  the  authority  ol 
his  actions.  The  orthodox  Mohammedans 
who  receive  the  Sunna  call  themselves 
Sunnites,  in  distindtion  to  the  various 
sects  comprehended  under  the  name  of 
Shiites. 

SuperfFontal,  su-per-front'al.  Eccles., 
the  part  of  an  altar-cloth  that  covers  the 
top,  as  distinguished  from  the  antepen- 
dium,  which  hangs  down  in  front. 

Superior,  Lake.  The  hu-gest  and  most 
westerly  of  the  chain  of  N.  American 
lakes  ;  area,  28,600  sq.  m.;  it  is  about  640 
ft.  above  sea-level. 

Supematuralism,  -hat'u-ral-izm.  The 
state  of  being  supiernatural.  A  term 
used  in  theology  in  contradistinction  to 
rationalism  ;  the  doctrine  that  religion 
and  the  knowledge  of  God  require  a  revela- 
tion from  God.  It.considers  the  Christian 
religion  as  an  extraordinary  phenome- 
non, communicating  truths  above  the 
comprehension  of  reason. 

Supralapsarian,  'pra-lap-8u"ri-an.  In 
Theol.  one  who  maintains  that  God,  ante- 
cedent to  the  fall  of  man  or  any  knowl- 
edge of  it,  decreed  the  apostasy  and  all  its 
consequences,  determining  to  save  some 
and  condemn  others,  and  that  in  all  he 
does  he  considers  his  own  glory  only. 

Sura,  so'ra.    A  chapter  of  the  Koran. 

Surabaya.  A  fortified  seaport  of  Java, 
cap.  of  Dutch  prov.  of  same  name;  pop. 
181,460. 

Surat.  A  city  of  Bombay,  British  In- 
dia ;  on  the  Taptee,  150  m.  N.  of  Bom- 
bay ;  pop.  abt.  100,000. 

Surcoat,  ser'kot.  An  outer  garment 
worn  in  the  18th  and  14th  centuries,  and 
later,  by  both  sexes,  and  showing  a  vari- 
ety of  forms,  short  or  long.  A  kind  of  loose 
sleeveless  wrapper  formerly  worn  over  a 
coat  of  mail  to  protect  it  from  wet.  Often 
emblazoned  with  the  wearer's  arms. 

Sux^rery,  'jer-i.  The  operative  branch  of 
medicine  :  that  branch  of  medical  sdenca 
and  pi-acUce  which  involves  the  perform^ 
ance  of  operations  on  the  human  sub- 
ject, whemer  with  or  without  instru- 
ments. 

Surinam.    A  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  S, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SURMUtt^t 


8WfiDEKB0fe6lAl«r 


America,  emptying  into  the  Atlantic ; 
length  800  m. 

Surmullet,  'mul-et.  The  common 
name  for  fishes,  fam.  MallidsB,  formerly 
included  in  the  perch  fkmily. 

Surname,  'nfim.  An  additional  name: 
a  name  or  appellation  added  to  the  baptis- 
mal or  Christian  name,  and  which  be- 
comes a  family  name,  originally  designat- 
ing oconpation,  estate,  place  or  residence, 
or  some  pecaliar  thing  or  event  that  re- 
lated to  tne  person.  .  Surnames  were  also 
formed  by  aadlng  the  name  of  the  father 
to  that  of  the  son. 

Surplice,  'plis.  A  white  Unen  garment 
worn  by  priests,  deacons  and  choristers  in 
theCh.  of  England  and  the  E.  C.  Ch.  over 
their  other  dress  daring  the  performance 
of  religious  services.  It  is  a  loose,  flowing 
vestment,  reaching  almost  to  the  feet, 
having  sleeves  broad  and  ftill.  and  differs 
from  the  alb  only  in  being  ftuler  and  hav- 
ing BO  girdle  nor  embroidery  at  the  foot 

Surtout,  -t5t'.  Originally  a  man's  coat  to 
be  worn  over  his  other  garments ;  but  in 
modem  usage,  an  upper  coat  with  long 
wide  skirts ;  a  frock-coat.  In  Her.  an  es- 
cutcheon placed  upon  the  center  of  a 
shield  of  arms ;  a  shield  of  pretense. 

Surturbrand,  'ter-brand.  Fibrous 
brown  coal  or  bituminous  wood  found  in 
the  north  of  Iceland.  It  resembles  the 
black  oak  found  in  bogs,  is  used  for  ftael, 
and  is  made  into  articles  of  fUrniture. 

SurveyinfiT,  -va'ing.  The  act  of  deter- 
mining the  boundaries  and  area  of  a  portion 
of  the  earth's  snrlbce,  by  means  of  meas- 
urements taken  on  the  spot ;  the  art  of 
determining  the  form,  area,  surface,  con- 
tour, Ac.,  of  any  portion  of  the  earth's 
surlkce,  and  delineating  the  same  on  a  map 
or  plan. 

Surya,  sor'ya.  In  Hindu  Myth,  the  god 
of  the  sun. 

Sua,  sus.  A  gen.  of  pachydermatous  ani- 
mals, which  includes  the  domestic  hog. 

Suslik,  svtsaik.  A  pretty  little  animal  of 
the  marmot  kind,  Spermophilus  oitillns, 
found  in  Bohemia,  and  as  far  north  as  Si- 
beria ;  the  earless  marmot. 

Susquehanna.  A  river  rising  in  Cen- 
tral N.  Y.,  running  through  Penn.,  and 
emptying  into  Chesapeake  Bay  at  Havre 
de  Grace,  Md.;  length,  400  m. 

Sutleij.  A  river  of  India,  emptying  into 
the  Chenab  ;  length,  abt.  1,000  m. 

Sutra,  Ro'tra.  The  name  given  to  certain 
collections  of  books  of  aphorisms  in  Sans- 
krit literature,  forming  the  Yedangas,  or 
■ix  member*  of  the  v«da. 


Swan. 


Suttee,  sut-tfi'.  A  Hindu  widow  who 
immolates  herself  on  the  ftineral  pile.  The 
voluntary  self-immolation  of  Hindu  wid- 
ows on  the  Ameral  pile  of  their  husbands. 
The  origin  of  this  horrid  custom  is  unoer- 
taln.  It  is  not  commanded  in  the  sacred 
books,  but  they  speak  of  it  as  highly  mer- 
itorious, and  the  means  of  obtaining  eter 
nal  beatitude.  The  practice  is  now  prac- 
tically extinct. 

Suwarrow,  Alexander  Vasilie- 
vitch.  (Count  Rymnikski  and  Prince 
Italiyski.)  A  Russian  general;  b.  in 
Finhmd  of  Swedish  parentage,  1789  ;  d. 
1800.  

Suzerain,     sii'z 
ran.    A  feudal  lord 
or  baron  ;  a  lord  par- 
amount. 

Swallow,   swolia. 
A  common  name  of 
a  number  of  Insesso- 
rial  birds  of  the  flsshros- 
tral  section  of  the  or- 
der. 

Swan,  swon.     A  nata- 1 
torial    bfrd,  gen.  Cyg- 
nus,  1km.  AjiatidsB. 

Sweden.  A  country  of  ' 
K.  Europe,  forming 
with  Norway  the  united  kingdom  of 
S.  and  Norway;  bounded  N.  by  Finmark 
and  Lapland,  £.  by  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  8. 
by  the  Baltic,  W.  by  Norway  :  area  170,616 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  5,000,000.  Principal 
cities,  Stockholm,  cap.,  Gothenburg,  Mal- 
m5,  Norrkdping,  Carlscrona,  Gefle,  Up- 
sal,  Jonkoping  and  Lund.  The  rivers  are 
small,  but  lakes  are  large  and  numerous, 
indudinj?  the  Wener,  Melar,  Wetter, 
Storsg,  Stor  and  Stora  Lulea.  The  prin- 
cipal mountain  range  is  the  Scandinavian 
or  Kiolen,  separating  S.  from  Norway. 

Swedenbox^,  Emmanuel  (Swed- 
borsr).  A  distinguished  Swedish  philos- 
opher and  theosophist;  b.  1688,  d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1772.  He  was  founder  of  the  sect 
known  as  the  Swedenborgians  or  the 
Church  of  New  Jerusalem. 

Swedenborgian,  swS-den-bor'Ji-an. 
One  who  holds  the  doctrines  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  Ch.  as  taught  by  Emmanuel 
Swedenborg.  They  believe  that  the  re- 
generate man  is  in  direct  communication 
with  angels  and  >vith  heaven ;  that  the 
Scriptures  contain  three  distinct  senses, 
called  celestial,  sphritual  and  natural, 
united  by  correspondences,  and  accommo- 
dated to  particular  classes,  both  of  men 
and  angels.  They  hold  that  there  have 
been  various  general  judgments  ending 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


bWKET-BB£AD 


^ 


8lfl)NfiY 


Bwlft. 


pa^^ular  dispensations.  The  last  was  in 
1757,  when  8 wedenbo^.r  received  the  office 
of  teaching  the  doctrine  of  the  new  chorch 
promised  in  the  Apjcalypse.  As  this 
church  is  to  be  eternal,  there  will  be  no 
other  general  judgment,  but  each  individ- 
ual is  judged  soon  after  death. 

Sweet-bread,  8weta>red.  The  pancreas 
of  an  animal,  as  of  a  calf  or  sheep,  used  as 
food. 

Sweetmeat, 'met  An  article  of  confec- 
tionery naade  wholly  or  principally  of 
sugar;  fruit  preserved  with  sugar,  as 
peaches,  pears,  melons,  nuts,  orange-peel, 

Sweet-rush,  'rush.  A  plant  of  the  gen. 
Acorns  (A.  Calamus) ;  sweet-flag. 

Swift,  swift.  A  reel 
or  turning  instrument 
for  winding  yam.  The 
common  name  of 
birds,  gen.  GypseluSy 
ftun.  Cypselidffi. 

Swift,  Jonathan.!' 
An  eminent  Irish  di-  ^^- 
vine  and  wit ;  b.  1667,  P 
D.  1746. 

Swine,  swin.  An  un- 
gulate ;  a  mammal,  gen.  Bus,  which  fur- 
nishes man  with  a  large  portion  of  his 
most  nourishing  food ;  a  hog. 

Swine's-feather.  swinz'feth-er.  A 
small  spear  about  six  inches  long,  called 
also  a  Hog*  8  Bristle,  ancientiy  used  as  a 
bayonet.  The  name  was  afterward  ap- 
plied to  a  similar  8i)ear  fitted  into  the  mus- 
ket rest  in  order  to  render  it  a  defense 
against  cavalry. 

Switch,  swich.  A  small  flexible  twig  or 
rod.  In  Rail,  a  contrivance  for  transfer- 
ring a  railway  train  or  part  of  it  from  one 
line  of  rails  to  another. 

Switzerland.  A  central  European  re- 
public of  22  states  or  cantons,  bounded 
N.  by  Germany,  E.  by  the  Tyrol,  S.  by 
Italy,  W.  by  France ;  area,  15,722  sq.  m. ; 
pop.  abt.  8,000,300.  Chief  cities,  Berne, 
<fap.,  Geneva,  Zurich,  Basle,  Lausanne, 
La  Chaux  de  Fonds,  St.  Gall,  Lucerne, 
Neufch&tol  and  Freiburg.  Chief  rivers, 
Rhone,  Rhine,  Ticino,  Kenss  and  Aar. 
Lakes,  Geneva,  Constance,  Lucerne,  Neuf- 
ch&tel,  Zurich,  Thun,  Bienne,  Wallen- 
stadt  and  Brienz.  The  Alps  intersect  the 
entire  republic,  and  the  Jura  range  forms 
the  W.  lK)undary. 

Swivel,  swiv'el.  A  fastening  so  con- 
trived as  to  allow  the  thing  fastened  to 
turn  freely  on  its  axis ;  a  twisting  link  in 
•  ohain  consisting  of  a  ring  or  hook  ending 


in  a  headed  pin  which  turns  in  a  link  of 
the  chain  so  as  to  prevent  kinking.  MiUt, 
a  small  cannon,  fixed  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  be  turned  in  any  direction.  In  Sad' 
dlery,  a  loop  or  runner  through  which  the 
check-rein  passes. 

Sword,  sord.  An  offensive  weapon  hav- 
ing a  long  strong  steel  blade,  either 
straight  and  with  a  sharp  point  for  thrust- 
ing, as  the  modem  rapier  ;  with  a  sharp 
point  and  one  or  two  cutting  edges  tor 
thrusting  and  striking,  as  the  broadsword, 
or  curv^  and  with  a  sharp  convex  edge 
for  striking,  as  the  eastern  scimitar,  <&c. 

Sword-cane,  'kan.  A  walking  stick  con- 
taining a  long  pointed  blade,  as  in  a  scab- 
hardj  or  from  which  a  shorter  blade  is 
made  to  dart  out  on  the  touch  of  a  spring. 

Sword-dance,  'dans.  A  dance  in  which 
swords  are  brandished  or  clashed  together 
by  the  dancers.  A  dance  peculiar  to  the 
Scoteh  Highlanders,  in  which  two  swords 
are  laid  crosswise  on  the  ground,  the  skill 
of  the  dancer  being  shown  in  never  touch- 
ing the  swords  with  his  feet  while  dancing 
over  them  with  various  intricate  steps. 

Sword-fish,  a  ^^ 

'fish.     An  acan-  ^^3M|M||^ 
t  h  o  p  t  erygious  ^^V|[^^^^^^^^_ 
(teleostean)  fish, '       ^^^1^^^*^^ 
gen.  Xiphias,  Sword-fish, 

fam.  XIphiidffi, 

closely  allied  to  the  Scomberidse  or  mack- 
erel tribe,  remarkable  for  its  elongated 
upper  jaw,  which  forms  a  sword-like 
weapon,  whence  the  name.  It  attacks 
other  fishes  with  its  jaw,  and  sometimes 
perforates  the  planks  of  ships  >vith  the 
same  powerful  weapon. 

Sycamore,  sik'a-mor.  A 
tree  of  the  gen.  Ficus,  the 
F.  Sycomorus  or  sycamore  j 
of  Scripture.     It  is  very  , 
common     in     Palestine,  ' 
Arabia  and  Egypt,  grow- 
ing large  and  to  a  great  ^ 
height,  and    though   the  ^,^^ 

grain  is  coarse,  much  used  Sycamore, 
in  building  and  very  du- 
rable. Its  wide-spreading  branches  afford 
a  grateftil  shade  in  those  hot  climates,  and 
its  fruit,  which  is  produced  in  clustered 
racemes  upon  the  trunk  and  the  old  limbs, 
is  sweet  and  delicate. 

Sycee,  sT-se'.  The  fine  silver  of  China 
cast  into  ingots  in  shape  resembling  a  na- 
tive shoe,  and  weighing  commonly  rather 
more  than  a  pound  troy. 

Sychee,  -che'.  The  Chinese  name  for 
black  tea. 

Etydney.    Cap.  of  New  South  Wales  and 


ships  >vith  the 

'-Wt 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


SYLPH 


640 


TABAKID^ 


metropoUa  of  Australasia,  on  Port  Jaokaon 
Bay,  £.  Australia ;  pop.  179,442. 

Sylph,  silf.  An  imaginary  being,  inhab- 
iting the  air;  an  elemental  spirit  of  the 
air,  according  to  the  system  of  ParaoelBUB, 
holding  an  intermediate  place  between 
material  and  immaterial  beings.  They 
are  male  and  female,  have  many  human 
characteristics,  and  are  mortal,  but  have 
no  soul.  The  term  in  ordinary  language 
is  used  as  feminine,  and  often  applied 
figuratively  to  a  woman  of  graceful  and 
slender  proportions. 

Sylva,  sil'va.  The  forest  trees  of  any 
region  or  country. 

Sylvan,  'van.  A  flAbled  deity  of  the 
wood ;  a  satyr ;  a  foun ;  sometimes,  a 
rustic. 

Sylvester.  The  names  of  two  popes 
and  one  anti-pope.  S.  I.,  elected  814,  d. 
886.  TheCouncll of  Nice,  825,  was  held 
during  his  pontificate. 

SylviadsB,  -vi'a-de.  A  family  of  dentl- 
rostral  birds  comprehending  the  blackcap, 
nightingale,  heage- sparrow,  redbreast, 
redstart,  stonechat,  wheatear,  whitethroat 
and  all  warblers. 

Ssnnposiarch,  sim-po'zi-firk.  In  Greek 
Antlq.  the  president,  director  or  manager 
of  a  feast. 

SsrmpOAiuin,  -um.  A  drinking  to- 
gether ;  a  meiT}'  feast ;  a  convivial  meet- 
ing. 

Synagogue,  sin'a-gog.  A  oongregatloD 
or  assembly  of  Jews  met  for  the  purpose 
of  worship  or  the  performance  of  religious 
rites.  Tne  house  appropriated  to  the  re- 
ligious worship  of  the  Jews. 

Synoretist,     'kret-ist.     One    who    at- 

.  tempts  to  blend  incongruoas  tenets  or 
docMnes  of  diflerent  schools  or  churches 
into  a  system ;  especially,  a  follower  of 
GallixtuB,  a  Lutheran  divine,  who,  about 
the  banning  of  the  17th  century,  en- 

I  deavored  to  fl-ame  a  religious     system 


which  should  unite  together  the  differeni 
Christian  sects. 

SimirnathldflB,  -gnft'thi-dS.  A  fiunily 
of  lophobranchiate  fishes,  indudlng  the 
pipe-nsh. 

Synod,  'od.  In  Eodes. '  Hist  a  coonca 
or  meeting  of  ecclesiastics  to  consult  on 
matters  of  religion.  Synods  are  of  four 
kinds:  General  or  ecumenical,  national, 
provincial  and  diocesan,  and  are  so  called 
from  the  extent  of  territory  represented. 

Synonioay,  si-nd'mo-d.  Sworn  brother- 
hood ;  also,  a  society  in  andent  Greece, 
nearly  resembling  a  modem  political  dob. 

SyracoBe.  An  andent  dty  of  Bidly,  B. 
Italy,  the  birth-plaoe  of  Ardiimedes,  PLato 
and  Cicero  ;  ana  flunous  from  about  TOO 
B.  o.;  pop.  82,710. 

ByriA.  A  country  of  Asiatic  I'ork^, 
bounded  N.  by  Asia  Minor,  £.  by  the 
Syrian  Desert,  8.  by  Arabia,  W.  by  the 
Mediterranean,  embradng  Palestine  and 
Phcenida  ;  area,  144,488  sq.  m.:  pop.  abt 
1,200,000.  Prindpal  dties,  DaniascaB, 
cap.,  Jerusalem,  Antioch,  Beyrout,  Alex' 
andretiA,  Aleppo  and  Latakia.  Bivers, 
Jordan  and  Orontes.  Mountains,  the 
Lebanon  and  Antl-Iibanus  ranges. 

Syringe,  sh^inj.  A  portable  hydrauUe 
instrument  of  the  pump  kind,  employed 
to  draw  in  a  quantity  of  water  or  other 
fluid  and  to  eject  the  same  with  force. 

Sygyyy,  sizl-li.  In  Astron.  the  ooi^uno- 
tion  or  opposilaon  of  a  planet  with  the  sun, 
or  of  any  two  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 
On  the  phenomena  and  droumstanoes  of 
the  syzygies  depends  a  great  part  of  tlie 
lunar  theory.  In  Pros,  the  coupling  of  dif- 
ferent feet  together  in  Greek  or  Latin 


Sze-Ohuen.   (FonrBivers.)    AN.  proy. 

of  China,  cap.  Chlng-too-foo ;  pop.  80,000,- 

000. 
Saegedin.    A  Hungarian  dty,  58  m-  N. 

W.  of  Arad ;  pop.  abt.  72,000. 


TIB  the  20fh  letter  of  the  alphabet,  a 
sharp  mute  conmnant,  closely  allied  to 
d,  both  Deing  dentals.  Wlien  t  is  followed 
by  h  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  think,  that, 
with,  the  combination  forms  two  distinct 
sounds — surd  or  breathed,  as  in  think, 
and  sonant  or  vocal,  as  in  that.  The  let- 
ters ti  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccented, 
usually  pass  into  the  sound  of  sh,  as 
as  in  nation,  partial.    If  s  or  z  precede  ti 


(as  in  question),  t  retains  its  own  sound. 
T  is  often  doubled  in  the  middle  of  words, 
seldom  at  the  end,  as  in  butt.  mitt.  T  is 
often  used  to  denote  things  of  this  fonn, 
as  the  T-palace  in  Mantua,  T-square.  Ac. 
TabanidsB,  ta-ban'i-dS.  A  family  of 
dipterous  insects,  of  which  Tabanusis  the 
typical  gen.,  popularly  known  by  the 
names  breeze,  cieg,  or  gadfly,  and  partion- 
larly  annoying  to  cattle. 


Digitized  by 


Gdbgk 


TABARD 


641 


TALBOT 


Tabard,  ta'bard.  An  ancient  olose-flt- 
ting  gannent.  op«n  at  the  sides,  with  wide 
sleeves,  or  flaps,  readilng  to  the  elbows. 
It  was  worn  over  the  bodj  armor,  and  was 
generally  emblazoned  with  the  arms  of 
tik«  wearer  or  of  his  lord. 
Tabasheer,  tab-a-Bh€r.  A  concretion 
foand  in  the  Joints  of  the  bamboo  and 
other  large  grasses.  It  consists  of  silica 
mixed  with  a  little  lime  and  vegetable 
matter,  is  highhr  valued  in  the  £.  Indies 
as  a  tonic,  and  as  such  is  often  chewed 
along  with  betel.  It  is  used  also  in  cases 
of  biuoas  vomiting,  bloody  flax,  piles,  Ao. 
Its  optioal  properties  are  pecauar,  as  it 
exhibits  the  lowest  refracting  powers  of 
all  known  substances. 
TtLbhying,  'i-ing.  The  art  or  operation 
of  passing  stnlTs  between  engraved  rollers 
to  give  ttiemr  a  wavy  appearance.  Galled 
also  Watering. 

Tabernacle,  'er-n&-kl.  A  slightly  con- 
structed temporary  habitation :  especial- 
ly, a  tent  or  pavilion.  In  Jewish  Antiq.  a 
movable  building,  of  a  rectangular  figure, 
45fi»et  by  16,  wd  15  feet  in  height,  divided 
into  two  compartments,  by  a  vail  or  cur- 
tain, and  covered  with  four  dtffSDrent  car- 
pets. The  outer  compartment  was  called 
the  holy  place,  being  that  in  which  incense 
was  burned  and  the  show-bread  exhibit- 
ed ;  and  the  inner  the  most  holy  place,  or 
holy  of  holies,  in  which  was  deposited  the 
ark  of  the  covenant.  A  temple  ;  a  place 
of  worship;  a  sacred  place.  Any  small  cc^ 
or  repositorv  in  which  holy  or  precious 
things  are  deposited.  In  Ooth.  Arch,  a 
eanopled  stall  or  niche ;  an  arched  canopy 
over  a  tomb ;  also,  a  tomb  or  monument. 
Feast  of  tabernacles,  the  last  of  the  three 
great  annual  festivals  of  the  Israelites, 
which  required  the  presence  of  all  the 
people  in  Jerusalem,  commemorative  of 
the  dwelling  in  tents  during  their  journeys 
in  the  wilderness  ;  and  also  a  feast  of 
thanksgiving  for  the  harvest  and  vintage. 
It  was  celebrated  in  autumn,  and  lasted  8 
days. 

Table-diamond,  ta'bl-dl-a-mond.  A 
diamond  whose  upper  surfooe  is  quite  flat, 
the  sides  only  being  cut  in  angles. 
Tablinum,  tab-li'num.  In  Bom.  Antiq. 
an  apartment  in  a  Roman  house  in  whicn 
records  were  kept  and  the  hereditary 
statues  placed.  It  was  situated  at  the 
ftarther  end  of  the  atrium,  opposite  the 
door  leading  into  the  hall. 
Taborite,  t&'bor-It.  A  name  given  to  cer- 
tain Hussites,  or  Bohemian  reformers,  in 
the  15th  century,  from  Tabor,  a  hill-fort 
which  was  their  stronghold,  osUed  after 
Mount  Tabor  in  Palestine. 


Tachometer,  ta-kom'et-er.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  ve- 
locity. 

Tachyirraphy,  -kig'ra-fl.  The 
art  or  practice  of  quick  writing ; 
shorthand;  stenography. 
Tacitus,  Gains  Oomelius. 
An  eminent  Roman  historian  of 
the  first  Ohrlstian  century. 

Taconio  System,  -kon'iksis'- 
tem.    In  Gleol.  a  system  of  upper  C 
Oambrian  or  lower  Silurian  rocks  Tach- 
lying  to  the  east  of  the  Hudson,  ometer. 
so  named  from  the  Taoonic  range 
in  the  western  slope  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains. 

Tadpole,  tad'pol.  The  young  of  a  ba- 
trachian  animal,  especially  of  a  frog  in  its 
first  state  ttom  the  spawn  ;  a  porwigle. 

Tael,  tai.  In  China,  a  denomination  of 
money  worth  about  $1.50  ;  also,  a  weig'ht 
of  li  oz. 

Tae-pinflT,  ti-e-ping'.  One  of  a  body  of 
very  formidable  rebels  who  first  appeared 
in  China  in  1850.  The  tae-pings  were  not 
suppressed  till  1866,  and  this  was  eiTeoted 
with  English  assistance. 

Tafirhairm,  tfi'ya-rem.  A  mode  of  divinar 
tion  practiced  among  the  Highlanders.  A 
person  wrapped  in  a  fresh  bullock's  skin 
was  laid  down  alone  at  the  bottom  of  a 
wateriUl  or  precipice,  or  other  wild  place. 
Here  he  revolved  any  question  proposed  ; 
and  whatever  his  exalted  imagination  sug- 
gested was  accepted  as  the  response  in- 
spired by  the  spirits  of  the  place. 

TaflTOS.  The  largest  river  of  Portugal, 
rising  in  Spain  and  emptying  into  the  At- 
lantic, forming  the  harbor  of  Lisbon  ; 
length  400  m. 

Tahiti  (Otaheite).  The  principal 
island  of  the  Society  group,  B.  JPadfle  ; 
cap.  Papiete. 

Tailor-bird,  'ler-berd.  A  bird,  gen. 
Orthotomus,  tcan.  Sylviad». 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolphe.  A  distin- 
guished French  essayist  and  critic,  b. 
1828. 

Talapoin,  tal  Vpoin.  The  titie,  in  Siam, 
of  a  priest  of  Fo;  a  bonze.  A  species  of 
monkey,  the  cercopithecus  talapoin. 

Talaria,  ta-la'ri-a.  The  small  wings  at- 
tached to  the  ankles  or  sandals  of  Hermes 
or  Mercury  in  representations  of  this 
deity. 

Talbot,  John  (Earl  of  Shrews- 
bnry).  An  English  general,  b.  1878, 
killed  at  Chatillon,  France,  1458.  He  was 
forced  to  abandon  the  siege  of  Orleans  by 
the  French  imder  Joan  of  Arc. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TALO 


642 


TAMIL 


Talo,  talk.  A  magnesian  mineral,  oonsist- 
tag  of  broad,  flat,  smooth  lamlnaB  or 
plates,  OBotaous  to  the  toach,  of  a  shining 
loBter,  tranalaoent,  and  often  transparent 
Talent,  tal'ent  The  name  of  a  weight 
and  denomination  of  money  among  the 
ancient  Greeks,  and  also  applied  by  Greek 
wiiten  and  their  translators  to  various 
standard  weights  and  denominations  of 
money  of  dmerent  nations.  The  Attic 
talent  as  a  wdght  contained  60  Attic 
.^^^  ..^-:._--v —  equal  to  66 
.  denomina- 
lual  to  about 
the  fiomans 


mine,  or  6,000  Attic  drachm®,  equal  to  66 

lbs.  11  oi.  troy  weight.    As  a  ^ *"- 

tion  of  silver  money  it  was  eai 
$1,992.50.  The  great  talent  of 


is  computed  to  be  equal  to  about  $496.66, 
and  the  litUe  talent  to  $876.  A  Hebrew 
weight  and  denomination  of  money,  equiv- 
alent to  8,000  shekels,  or  about  98f  lbs. 
avoirdupois;  as  a  denomination  of  silver  it 
has  been  variously  estimated  at  from 
$1,700  to  $1,980. 

Tided,  tftaed.  A  sort  of  habit  worn  by 
the  Jews,  especially  when  praying  in  the 
synagogue. 

TftlgMnnnn.  iSs-man.  In  Law,  a  person 
summoned  to  act  as  a  juror  from  among 
the  bystanders  in  open  court. 
Talixmt,  tal'i-put  The  great  flm-pabn 
(Gorjrpha  nmbrscuUfera). 
Talisman,  'is-man.  A  charm  consisting 
of  a  magioil  figure,  engraved  under  cer- 
tain superstitious  observances  of  the  con- 
figuration of  the  heavens;  the  sesl,  figure, 
character,  or  image  of  a  heavenly  sign,  con- 
stellation, or  planet  engraven  on  a  syua- 
pathetic  stone,  or  on  a  metal  correspond- 
bg  to  the  star,  in  order  to  receive  its  in- 
fluence. The  word  is  also  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  amulet. 

Talleyrand-Perltford,  Charles 
Kaurioe  de  (Prince  de  Benevente) 
A  distinguished  French  statesmen  « 
1764,  ».  1888. 

Tabnnd,  'mud.  The  body  of  the  Hebrew 
civil  and  canonical  laws,  traditions  and 
explanations,  or  the  book  that  contains 
them.  Its  authority  was  long  esteemed 
second  only  to  that  of  the  Bible,  and  ac- 
cording to  its  precepts  the  Jewish  people 
order  their  religious  life  down  almost  to 
tiie  present  day.  It  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  Mishna  and  the  Gemara,  the  former 
being  the  written  law,  and  the  latter  a  col- 
lection of  traditions  and  comments  of 
Jewish  doctors.  ,     ,  ^. 

Talookdar,  ta-luk'dSr.  In  India,  a  na- 
tive acting  as  the  head  of  a  revenue  depart- 
ment but  under  a  superior,  or  zemindar, 
through  whom  he  pays  his  rent ;  a  petty 
semindar. 


TalpidSB,  tal'pi-dd.  The  fomily  of  moles. 
Talvas,   'vas.     A  wooden  buckler  or 

shield  used  in  the  .^filfiin. 

14th  century.        I 
Tamandna.  A  j 

species    of    ant  I 

eater  about  the^ 

sizeofa'cat 
Tamarin,  tam'- 

a-rin.   The  com-  TtananduiT 

mon    name    for  *■"• 

the  species  of  the  sub-gen.  Midas  of  8. 

American      monkeys.  ^^ 

They  are  aetive,  rest- 
less, and  irritable  Uttie 

creatures,  two  of  the 

smallest  being  the  J 

silky  tamarin  and  the  I 

little  lion  monkey,  the! 

latter,  though   only  a  I 

few  inches  in  length.  ^ 

presenting  a  wonderftil  — 

resemblance     to    the    Bflkr  Tamarin. 

lion. 

Tamarind,  tam'-&-rind. 
A  tree  which  yields  the  i 
firnit  called  tamarinds.         ' 

Tambourine,    -bfl-r6i/.i 
A  musical  instrument  of* 
the  drum  species,  havinff  i 
small  pieces  of  metal  called  S 
1 1ngles  inserted  in   the 
hoop,  to  which  also  small 
belhi  are  sometimes    at- Tamarind  Tree 
tached.    It  is  sounded  by 
sliding   the   fingers    along  the 
parchment,  or  by  striking  it  wita 
the  hand  or  elbow;  a  timbrel. 

Tamerlane  (Timoor).    Sn.  . 
named  "  The  Great."    A  Mon- 
gol, B.  in  Independent  Tartary     - 
1886,    D.    1405.      He    overran    Tam- 
Khorasan,  Armenia,  a  lange part  bourine. 
of  Persia  and  India,  Georgia,  wid 
Russia  as  far  as  Moscow,  and  was  on  his 
march  to  China  when  he  died. 

Tam-tam,  'tam.    A  kind  of  native  drum 


eiAttL 
>f^^^^P 

ill     -^^^^^m 
larindTree 

W 


Tam-tams, 
used  in  the  E.  Indies  and  In  If.  Aflica. 
Tamil,  'il.    One  of  a  race  of  men  inhabit- 
ing 8.  India  and  Ceylon,  belonging  to  the 
Dravidian  stock,  and  forming  the  most 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


tAMMtJZ 


64S 


TABBOOBH 


o 


dvilked  and  energetic  of  the  race.  The 
language  spoken  in  the  southeast  of  the 
Madras  Presidency,  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Ceylon.  It  is  a  member  of  the 
Dravidian  or  Tamilian  family. 

TammtlS,  'muz.  A  word  occurring  Oitee 
in  the  Bible  (Ezek.  viti.  14),  and  probably 
designating  the  Phceniolan  Adonis.  His 
feast  began  with  mourning  for  his  loss. 

TanafimL  tan'a-gra.  A  gen.  of  passerine 
bfards,  fincn  fiunily  (FringillidsB),  contain- 
ing seyeral  spedes. 

Tanored.  A  Norman  knight  and  leader 
in  the  first  crusade ;  b.  1078,  d.  1119. 

Tangent, -Jent.    A  right   ^J^'"^  '\ 
Mne  which  touches  a  curve, 
but  does  not  cut  it. 

Tanghin,  'gin.    A  deadly 
I)oison  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  Tanehinia  veueni-     Tangents, 
fera.    Trial  by  tanghin,  a 
kind  of  ordeal  formerly  practiced  in  Mad- 
agascar to  determine  the  guilt  or  innocence 
of  an  accused  person,  by  taking  the  tanghin 
poison. 

Tangiers.  A  fortified  dty  of  Morocco, 
on  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar ;  pop.  12,400. 

Tangum,  'gum.  A  variety  of  piebald 
horse  found  in  Thibet,  of  which  it  is  -a  na- 
tive. 

Tanifltry,  'ist-ri.  A  mode  of  tenure  that 
prevailed  among  various  Celtic  tribes,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  tanist  or  holder 
of  honors  or  lands  held  them  only  for  life, 
and  his  successor  was  fixed  by  election. 
According  to  this  custom  succession  was 
hereditary  in  the  family,  but  elective  in 
the  individual. 

Tanjore.  A  ci^  of  Madras,  Brit.  India, 
170  m.  S.  W.  of  Madras;  pop.  91,870. 

Tanka,  tangnca.  A  kind  of  boat  at  Can- 
ton, Macao,  Ac,  rowed  by  women.  A 
woman  who  plies  in  such  a  boat. 

Tanna,  tan'na.  In  India,  a  police  station; 
also,  a  military  post. 

Tannadar,  -dSr.  In  India,  the  keeper 
or  commandant  of  a  tanna. 

Tantra,  'tra.  A  division,  section  or 
chapter  of  certain  Sanskrit  sacred  works 
of  the  worshipers  of  the  female  energy 
of  Siva.  Each  tantra  has  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  Siva  and  his  wife.  They 
are  much  more  recent  productions  than 
the  Yedas,  possibly  posterior  even  to  the 
Christian  era,  although  their  believers 
r^ard  them  as  a  fifth  Yeda,  of  equal  an- 
tiquity and  higher  authority. 

Tanzimat,  'zi-mat.  The  name  ^ven  to 
the  organic  laws,  constituting  tiie  first 


Tap. 


contribution  toward  constitutional  gov* 
ernment  in  Turkey,  published  in  1844  b^ 
Sultan  Abdul-Medjid. 

Tap,  tap.  To  touch 
gentiy ;  to  open  a  cask; 
to  bore  into ;  a  gentle 
blow ;  a  spile  or  pipe 
for  drawing  liquor 
fi*om  a  cask.  | 

Tapestry,  tap'es-tri. 
A  kind  of  hangings  of 
wool  and  silk,  often 
enriched  with  gold 
and  silver,  representing  figures  of  men, 
animals,  landscapes,  &c.,  formerly  much 
used  for  covering  walls  and  furniture. 
Tapestry  is  made  byaprocesii  interme- 
diate between  weaving  and  embroidery, 
being  worked  in  a  web  with  needles  in- 
stead of  a  shuttie. 

'Tape-worm,  tap'werm.  The  name  com- 
mon to  certain  internal  parasites  (Ento- 
zoa)  constituting  the  ord.  Cestoidea  or 
Tieniada  of  the  sub-kingdom  Annuloida, 
found  in  the  alimentary  canal  of  warm- 
blooded vertebrates.  They  attain  a  great 
length. 

Tapir,  ta'  _ 
pir.  Anuii-f  / 
gulate     01'^ 
hoofed  ani 
mal,  g  e  II . 
Tapirus. 

TaplridSE  r^^ 
-pir'i-dt  :^' 
The  tapl! 
tribe  of  an3- 
m^s,  which 
diflfer  firom 
the  pig  tribe  in  possessing  only  three  toes 
on  each  hind  foot,  and  in  the  better  devel- 
opment of  the  proboscis. 

Taqua-nut,  tS'kwfi-nut.  The  seed  or 
nut  of  the  S.  American  tree  Phytelephas 
macrocarpa,  popularly  called  vegetable 
■y,  and  ue   ' 


Malay  Taph:. 


I  used  as  ivory, 
tar'a-nis.     A  Celtic  divinity, 


ivory, 

Taranis, 

regarded  as  the  evil  principle,  but  con 
founded  by  the  Romans  with  Jupiter. 

Tarantass,  -an-tas'.  A  large  covered 
traveling  carriage,  balanced  on  long  poles 
and  without  seats,  much  used  in  Bussia. 

Tarantella,  -teiaa.  A  sMrift,  whirling 
Italian  dance  in  six-eight  measure ;  also, 
the  music  suited  for  the  dance. 

Tarboosh,  tfir'bdsh.  A  red  woolen 
skull-cap,  usually  ornamented  with  a  blue 
silk  tassel,  and  worn  by  the  Egyptians, 
Turks  and  Arabs ;  a  fez. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TAEGET 


TATTOOINO 


Target,  'get    A  smal'  shield 
or  buckler,  oat  out  of  ox-hide, 
mounted  on  light  but  strong  ^ 
wood,  strengthened  by  bosses,  ^ 
spikes,  Acu,  and   often   orna- 
mented.   The  mark  in  archery,    Target, 
musketry  or  artillery  practice. 

Tarsnin,  'gum.  A  translation  or  para- 
phrase of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  in  the 
Aramaic  or  Ghaldee  language  or  dialect, 
which  became  necessary  after  the  Baby- 
lonish captivity,  when  Hebrew  began  to 
die  out  as  the  popular  language.  The 
Targum,  long  preserved  by  oral  transmis- 
sion, does  not  seem  to  have  been  com- 
mitted to  writing  until  the  first  centuries 
of  the  Christian  era. 

Tarpan,  'pan.  The  wild  horse  of  Tar- 
tary,  belonging  to  one  of  the  races  regard- 
ed as  original,  and  not  descended  from  do- 
mestic animals.  They  are  not  larger  than . 
an  ordinary  mule,  are  migratory  and  their 
color  is  invariably  tan  or  mouse,  with 
bUck  mane  and  tiul. 

Tarpeian.  -pe'i-an.  The  rock  on  the 
Capitoline  hill,  at  Rome,  over  which  per- 
sons convicted  of  treason  to  the  state  were 
hurled.  It  was  so  named,  according  to 
tradition,  from  Tarpeia,  a  vestal  vfrg^  of 
Rome,  daughter  of  the  governor  of  the 
dtadel  on  the  Capitoline,  who,  covetous 
of  the  golden  bracelets  worn  by  the  Sa- 
bine soldiery,  opened  the  gate  to  them  on 
the  promise  of  receiving  what  they  wore 
on  peir  left  arms.  Disgusted  with  her 
treabhery,  they  crushed  her  to  death  with 
their  shields,  and  she  was  buried  at  the 
base  of  the  rock. 

Tarquinius  Lucius  Friscus.  The 
fifth  king  of  Rome,  and  first  of  the  Tar- 
quins  ;  crowned  614,  d.  576  b.  c.  T.  Lu- 
cius Superbus,  his  grandson,  married  two 
sisters,  daughters  of  Servius  Sulllus, 
whom  he  assassinated  at  the  instigation  of 
his  later  wife,  534  b.  c.  T.  Sextus,  his 
son,  the  notorious  hero  of  the  rape  of 
Lucretia,  was  the  last  of  the  race,  and 
with  his  expulsion,  510  b.  c,  Rome  be- 
came a  republic. 

Tartan,  tar'tan.  A  species  of  cloth,  check- 
ered or  cross-barred  with  threads  of  vari- 
ous colors.  It  was  originally  made  of 
wool  or  silk,  and  constituted  the  distin- 
guishing badge  of  the  Scottish  Highland 
clans,  each  clan  having  its  own  peculiar 
pattern. 

Tartar,  'tar.  A  native  of  Tartary;  a 
name  rather  loosely  applied  to  members 
of  various  Mongolian  or  Turanian  peoples 
in  Asia  aiid  Europe.  A  name  given  to 
couriers  employed  by  the  Ottoman  forte 


and  bv  European  ambassadors  in  Con^tan* 
tinople.  A  person  of  keen,  irritable  tem« 
per. 

TartaroB,  'ta-rus.  In  Greek  Myth,  a 
deep  and  sunless  abvss,  as  tar  below  Ha- 
des as  earth  is  below  heaven.  It  was 
dosed  bv  iron  gates,  and  in  it  Jupiter  im- 

Srisoned  tiie  rebel  Titans.  Later  poets 
escribe  Tartarus  as  the  place  in  whidi 
the  spirits  of  the  wicked  receive  their  du« 
punishment. 

Tartary.  A  vast  undefined  territory  of 
Central  Asia,  divided  into  E.  and  W.  Tar- 
tary, the  former  belonging  to  China,  the 
latter  to  Russia. 

Tashkend.  A  city  of  Russian  Turkestan, 
Central  Asia,  on  the  Sihoun,  90  m.  N.  E 
ofKhokan;  pop.  48,450. 

Tasimeter,  ta-2dm'e-ter.  An  Instrament 
for  measuring  extremely  slight  variations 
of  pressure,  and  by  means  of  these  other 
variations,  such  as  those  of  temperature, 
moisture,  &e. 

Tasmania  (Van  Diemen's  Ijand). 
A  British  island  S.  of  Australia;  pop. 
abt.  110,000.    Hobart  Town  is  the  cap. 

Tasset,  tas'set.  Armor  for  the  thighs ; 
one  of  a  pair  of  appendages  to  the  oorselet, 
consisting  of  skirfs  of  m>n  that  covered 
the  thighs,  fitstened  to  the  cuirass  with 
hooks. 

Tasso,  Torquato.  An  eminent  Italian 
poet ;  B.  1544,  d.  1596. 

Tata,  tfi'ta.  In  W.  Africa,  thej^sidence 
of  a  territorial  or 
village  chieftain. 
The  larger  tataa 
are  usually  forti- 
fied. 

Tatouay.  A 
kind  of  armadillo, 
found  in  South 
America. 

TattooinfiTitat-to'- 

i  n  g.  A  prorttre 
common  l^i  fri'virfll 
uncivilized  miMfHiH, 
ancient  a\\*\  nn Hi- 
em,  and  U'  ^'"iiiD 
extent  (iiLiduyed 
among  dTili^od  na- 
tions. It  (.ousUta 
in  markinn;  thejsklti 
with  puUL'tiires  or] 
incisions,  fuid  In-' 
trodudng  hit^t  ths 
wounds  c  o  I  o  r  fi  d 
liquids,  su    aa    ta 

S reduce  an    indel- 
>le  stain.  Tattooing. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TAURUS 


645 


TEGUEXnr 


t      <rm^^ 

I  Taurus. 


Tautog. 
A  beetle,  faui. 


Taurus,  tg'nis. 
The  Bull;  one  of  the 
twelve  Blgns  of  the^ 
zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  about 
April  20. 

Tautoff.  A  fish 
found  on  the  coast 
of  New  England ; 
the  blackfish. 

Taxiaroh, 
taks'i-ark.  Ani 
Athenian  officer" 
commanding  a 
taxis  or  bat- 
talion. 

Taxioom,  taxs'i-kom. 
Taxicornes. 

Taxidermy,  -der-rai.  The  art  of  pre- 
paring and  preserving  skins  of  animals, 
and  also  of  stuffing  and  mounting  them. 

Tay.  A  river  of  Scotland,  emptying  into 
the  German  Ocean  through  the  Frith  of 
Tay,  8  m.  £.  of  Dundee ;  length,  145  m. 

Taylor,  Bayard.  A  distinguished 
American  anthorand  traveler;  b.  in  Penn., 
1825 ;  D.  while  Minister  at  Berlin,  1S82. 

Taylor,  Jeremy.  An  eminent  English 
prelate  and  author ;  b.  1618,  d.  1667. 

Taylor,  Zachary.  Twelfth  President 
of  the  U.  8. ;  b.  in  Va.,  1784 ;  d.  while  in 
office,  1860.  He  was  commander  of  the 
U.  8.  Army  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  under 
Gen.  Scott.  His  son,  Richard,  b.  in  La., 
1880,  was  a  general  en  the  Confederate 
side  In  the  Civil  War. 

Tchad,  Ijake.  A  lake  in  the  Soudan, 
Central  Africa,  200  m.  long  by  140  wide. 

Tohetwertak,  chet'ver-tak.  A  Russian 
silver  coin  worth  25  copecks,  or  about  20 
cents. 

Tchudi,  cho'de.  A 
name  applied  by  the 
Russians  to  the  group 
of  peoples  of  which  the 
Finns,  the  Esthonians, 
the  Livonians  and  Lap- 
landers are  members. 

Tea,  te.  The  dried 
leaves  of  the  Thea  sin- 
ensis, or  chinensis  (the 
tea-plant),  ord.  Tem- 
stromiaceco,  extensive- 
ly cultivated  in  China  lesvi-lruij. 
and  Japan ;  also  the  plant  itself. 

Teche.  A  bayou  in  La.,  emptying  into 
the  Atcha&laya ;  length  200  m. 

Tecum,  te'kom.  The  fibrous  produce  of 
a  Brazilian  palm-leaf,  resembung  green 
wool. 


Teal,     tel.     Th. 
common  name  1 
ducks  of  the  gen. 
Querquedula, 
smallest  and  moei 
beautiful    of    thw 
Anatidw,  or  duck  | 
family. 

Tebeth,  te'beth. 
The  10th  month  of 
the  Jewish  ecclesi- 
astical year,  beginning  with  the  new  moon 
in  December  and  ending  with  the  new 
moon  in  January. 

Tecujuseh.  A  famous  N.  American  In- 
dian chief  of  the  Shawnecs ;  b.  in  O.,1770. 
He  formed  an  alliance  of  many  of  the  N. 


Teal. 


W.  tribes,_but  was  defeated  by  Gen.  Har- 
inoe,  Ind.,  1811.    T.  be- 
came an  ally  of  the  British  in  the  war  of 


rison  at  Tippecanoe,  Ind 


rippecai 
ally  of  t 


1812,  and  as  brigadier-general  commanded 
the  right  wing  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames, 
1818  ;  he  was  mortally  wounded  in  this 
fight. 

Te  Deum,  de'um.  The  title  of  a  cele- 
brated Latin  hymn  of  praise,  usually  as- 
cribed to  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine, 
and  well  known  through  the  translation 
commencing,  "  We  praise  thee,  O  Gaod." 
It  is  sung  on  partieulur  occasions  and  on 
high  festival  days  in  the  R.  C.  and  also  in 
some  Protestant  churches.  A  thanksgiv- 
ing service,  in  which  this  hymn  forms  a 
principal  part. 

Tee.  In  the  E.  Indies,  an  umbrella.  The 
umbrella-shaped  structure  as  a  termina- 
tion or  finiai  crowning  the  Buddhists' 
topes  and  Hindu  pagodas ;  it  is  supposed 
to  be  a  relic  shrine.  A  mark  set  up  In 
playing  at  quoits.  The  mark  made  in  the 
ice,  in  the  game  of  curling,  towards  which 
the  stones  are  pushed.  The  nodule  of 
earth  from  which  a  ball  is  struck  off  at  the 
hole  in  the  play  of  golf. 

Teens,  tenz.  The  years  of  one's  age 
having  the  termination  -teen.  These  l^- 
^'in  with  thirteen  and  end  with  nineteen, 
when  a  person  is  said  to  be  in  his  or  her 
teens. 

Tees.  A  river  of  N.  England,  emptying 
into  the  German  Ocean  ;  length,  90  m. 

Teetotaler,  tc'to-tal-er.  One  who  more 
or  less  formally  pledges  or  binds  himself 
to  entire  abstinence  from  intoxicating 
liquors,  unless  medically  prescribed ;  a 
total  abstainer. 

Teheran.  Can.  of  Persia,  210  m.  N.  of 
Ispahan  ;  pop.  90,000. 

Tegnexln,  te-gek'sln.  A  lizard  (Teuis 
Teguexin),  fam.  Teidae,  of  Brazil  and  Gui- 
ana, upwmls  of  5  ft.  in  length. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TELAMON 


64« 


TEMFLE 


Telamon,  tera-mon.  In  Arch,  the  flf- 
nre  of  a  man  employed  as  a  column  or  pU- 
aster  to  support  an  entablature.  In  the 
same  manner  as  caryatides ;  called  Atian- 
tes  by  the  Greeks. 

Teleflrniplli  '^-gnt.  A  general  name  for 
any  instrument  or  apparatus  for  convey- 
ing faitelligence  beyond  the  limits  of  dis- 
tance at  which  the  voice  Is  audible,  the 
idea  of  speed  being  also  implied.  Thus 
the  name  used  to  be  given  to  a  semaphore 
or  other  signaling  apparatus.  The  word, 
however,  is  now  usually  restricted  in  its 
application  to  the  electric  telegraph. 

Telegrapky,  tc-leg'ra-il.  The  art  or 
practice  of  conitiiunicating  intelligence  by 
a  telegraph ;  the  science  or  art  of  con- 
structing or  managing  telegraphs. 

Telemeter,  -leui'et-er.  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  distance  from  a  gun 
of  the  object  fired  at. 

TelensiMOpe,  -len'ji-skop.  An  instru- 
ment which  combines  the  powers  of  the 
telescope  and  microscope. 

Teleoloffist,  tel-^-ol'o-Jlst.  One  versed 
in  teleology;  one  who  investigates  the 
final  caustf  or  purpose  of  phenomena,  or 
the  end  for  whicn  each  has  been  produced. 

Teleostei,  -os'te-I.  An  order  compris- 
ing almost  all  the  common  fishes,  and 
comprehending  the  sub-orders  Malacop- 
teri,  Acanthini,  Acanthopteri,  Plcctog- 
nathi  and  Lophobranchii. 

Teleozoon.  'e-o-z6-on.  Anv  animal 
composed  of  a  number  of  cells  and  ar- 
ranged in  tissues. 

Telephone,  -f5n.  In  a  general  sense 
aBV  instrument  or  apparatus  which  trans- 
mits sound  beyond  its  natural  limits  of  au- 
dibility ;  the  name  is  generally,  however, 
restricted  to  an  instrument  transmitting 
sound  by  means  of  electricity  and  tele- 
graph wires. 

Telescope,  -skop.  An  optical  instru- 
ment essentially  consisting  of  a  set  of 
lenses  fixed  in  a  tube  or  a  number  of  slid- 
ings  tubes,  by  which  distant  objects  are 
brought  within  the  range  of  distinct,  or 
more  distinct  vision. 

Teleeoopiuxn,  -e-sko'pi-um.  The  Tele- 
scope, a  constellation  in  the  Southern 
hemisphere,  situated  south  of  the  Cen- 
taur and  Sagittarius.  It  contains  9  stars, 
ti],  except  one,  of  less  than  the  fourth 
magnitude.  T.  Herscheli,  HerschePs 
Telescope,  a  new  asterlsm  inserted  in 
honor  or  Sir  William  Herschel.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  Lvnx,  the  Twins  and  Auriga ; 
17  stars  have  Seen  assigned  to  it 
Telespectroeoope,  -spek'tr5-sk5p.    An 


Instromant  composed  of  a  telescope  and 
spectroscope,  used  for  fnrming  and  ex- 
amining speetn  of  the  sun  and  planets,  or 
thehr  atmosphere. 

Telestich,  te-les'tlk.  A  poem  in  which 
the  final  letters  of  the  lines  make  a  name. 

Tell,  Willielm.  A  Swiss  patriot :  b. 
abt.  12S5,  said  to  have  been  drowned  in 
the  Sch&chen,  in  attemping  to  save  the 
life  of  a  friend,  1850. 

TeUina,  td-B'na.  A  geo.  of  marine  and 
fresh-water  larodlibrimchiate  mollusea,  - 
characterized  by  the  hinge  of  the  shell  hav- 
ing one  tooth  on  the  left  and  two  teeth  on 
the  right  valve,  often  bifid.  About  200 
species  are  known. 

Tellurion,  -lu'ri-on.  An  instrument  for 
showing  in  what  manner  the  causes  ope- 
rate which  produce  the  succession  of  aay 
and  night,  and  the  dumges  of  the  season ; 
a  kind  of  orrery. 

TelloxiBXii,  ^ur-izm.  A  theory  acooust- 
ing  for  animal  magnetism,  propounded  by 
Kieser,  who  substituted  the  idea  of  tellu- 
ric spirit  in  place  of  the  universal  fluid  of 
Mesmer  and  the  nervous  atmosphere  of 
Klnge.  This  influence  or  spirit  was  pos- 
sessed by  all  oosmioal  bodies,  so  that  ttie 
moon  was  held  to  magnetize  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  earth  by  night,  the  sun  de- 
magnetizing them  in  the  morning. 

Telot3rpe,  telo-tip.  A  printing  tele- 
graph. 

Templar,  tem'plar.  One  of  a  religious 
military  order  first  established  at  Jerusa- 
lem to  protect  pilgrims  traveling  to  the 
Holy  Land.  The  order  originated  in  1118, 
the  members  devoted  themselves  to  the 
service  of  God,  promising  to  live  in  per- 
petual chastity,  obedience  and  poverU^, 
after  the  manner  of  canons.  Baldwin  II., 
King  of  Jerusalem,  bestowed  upon  them 
their  first  phice  of  residence,  close  to  the 
temple,  whence  they  received  the  name  of 
the  ^'poor  soldiers  of  the  Temple,**  after- 
ward converted  into  Templars,  or  Knisrhts 
Templars.  The  knights  wore  a  white 
cloak  adorned  with  a  red  Maltese  cross. 
A  branch  or  degree  of  modem  Freema- 
sonry. 

Tem.ple,  'pi.  An  edifice  dedicated  to 
the  service  of  some  deity  or  deities,  and 
connected  with  some  pagan  system  of 
worship.  The  most  celebrated  and  fan- 
posing  of  ancient  temples  were  those  of 
Artemis  or  Diana  at  Ephesus,  of  Zeus 
Olympius  in  Athens,  ana  that  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi.  Any  one  of  the  three  edifices 
built  on  Mount  Moriah  at  Jerusalem,  and 
dedicated  to  the  public  worship  of  Jeho- 
-yah.     The  first,   erected    hj  Solomon 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TEN 


•47 


TERENCE 


abont  1012  b.  o.,  was  dettroyed  bj  Nebu- 
chadnezzar about  688  b.  o.  The  second, 
constructed  by  the  Jews  on  their  return 
from  captivitv  about  686  b.  c,  was  pil- 
laged or  partiaUy  destroyed  by  Antiochus 
Spiphanes  170  b.  c,  Pompey  68  b.  o. 
andoy  Herod  87  b.  o.  The  third,  the 
largest  and  most  magnificent  of  the  three, 
was  begun  by  Herod  the  Great  20  b.  o., 
and  completely  destroyed  at  the  capture 
of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans  70  a.  d.  The 
name  of  two  semi-monastic  establish- 
ments of  the  middle  ages,  one  in  London, 
the  other  in  Paris,  inhabited  by  the 
Knights  Templars.  The  Temple  Church, 
London,  is  the  only  portion  of  either  os- 
tablbbment  now  existing. 

Ten,  ten.  The  dedmiH  number,  or  the 
number  of  twice  five ;  a  figure  or  symbol 
denoting  ten  units,  as  10  or  x.  A  play- 
ing card  with  10  spots. 

Tench,  tensh. 
A  teleostean 
fish,  gen.  Tinea, 
£un.  Cyprinidte, 
of  which  T.vul-  „.    ^. 

garis  (the  com-  ^®°«*^' 

mon  tench)  is  the  type. 

TenebroB,  ten'€-bre.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch. 
the  oflBoe  of  matins  and  lauds  in  th9  last 
three  days  of  Holy  Week,  at  which  is 
used  a  triangular  candlestick  on  which 
are  15  candles,  one  of  which  is  extin- 
guished after  each  psalm. 

Teniers,  David  (The  Elder).  An 
eminent Butchpainter ;  b.  1582,  d.  1649. 
His  son,  D.  "  The  Younger,"  b.  1610,  d. 
1690.  He  excelled  his  father.  Both  were 
pupils  of  Rubens. 

Tennessee.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1796,  seceded  1861,  re- 
admitted 1870 ;  bounded  IJ.  by  Kentucky, 
E.  by  North  Carolina  and  W.  Virginia,  B. 
by  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  W. 
by  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Mississippi  River ;  area 
45,600  so.  m. ;  pop.  1,542,859.  Principal 
cities,  Nashville,  cap.,  Knoxville,  Green- 
viUe,  Memphis,  Fayettevi]le,Murfreesboro 
and  Columbia.  Chief  rivers,  Tenn^see, 
Cumberland,  Holstein  and  Clinch.  Moun- 
tains, Cumberland  and  Alleghany  ranges. 

Tennis,  'is.  A  game  in  which  a  ball  is 
driven  against  a  wall  in  a  specially  con- 
structed court  and  caused  to  rebound  be- 
yond a  line  at  a  certain  distance,  by  sev- 
eral persons  striking  it  alternately  with  a 
small  ^t  called  a  racket,  the  object  being 
to  keep  the  ball  in  motion  as  long  as  possi- 
ble witiiout  touching  the  ground. 

Tennis-court,  -kCrt.  An  obloncr  edi- 
floe  in  which  the  game  of  tennis  is  played. 


Tennyson,  Alfred.  An  eminent  En« 
glish  poet ;  ».  1809,  made  poet  laureate 
1851,  and  knighted  1888. 

Tenrec,  'rek.  Centetes  ecaudatus,  an 
animal  allied  to  the  hedgehog,  inhabiting 
Madagascar. 

Tenter,  'ter.  A  machine  or  frame  used 
in  cloth  manufiicture  to  stretch  the  pieces, 
and  make  them  set  or  dry  even  and  square. 

Tentdrostres,  'u-i-ros''trez.  A  sub-or- 
der of  passerine  or  insessorlal  birds,  com- 
prehending  those  which  have  the  beak 
long  and  slender^  gradually  tapering  to  « 
point 

Teocalli,  td-a-kal'li.  A  temple  among  the 
Mexicans  and  other  aborigines  of  America. 
They  were  generally  solid  four-sided 
truncated  pyramids,  built  terrace-wise, 
with  the  temple  proper  on  the  platform 
at  the  summit,  constructed  of  earth  fiu>ed 
with  brick ;  many  still  remain  in  a  more 
or  less  perfect  state. 

Tephrosia,  tef-rd'zi-a.  A  gen.  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  papilionaceous  division 
of  the  Leguminosae.  It  consists  of  shrubs 
or  herbs  scattered  over  every  quarter  of 
the  globe.  T.  apollinea,  or  J^yptian  In- 
digo, yields  a  fine  blue  dye.  T.  toxicarta 
affords  a  narcotic  poison,  and  the  leaves 
are  used  for  intoxicating  fish.  T.  virgini- 
ana  is  a  powerful  vermiftige.  The  root  of 
T.  emarginata  is  used  for  poisoning  fish. 
T.  tinctoria  yields  a  blue  coloring  matter, 
used  in  Ceylon  as  indigo.  T.  piscatoria 
contains  the  nareotic  principle  of  tha 
genus,  and  is  used  for  poisoning  fish. 

Teraph,  ter'af.  A  household  deity  or 
image  reverenced  by  the  ancient  Hebrews. 
The  teraphim  seem  to  have  been  either 
wholly  or  in  part  of  human  form  and  of 
small  size. 

Teratoloflry,  -a-tol'o-fl.  That  branch  of 
biological  science  which  treats  of  mon- 
sters, malformations,  or  deviations  from 
the  normal  type  occurring  in  the  vege- 
table and  animal  k^gdoms. 

Tercentenary,  -sen'ten-a-ri.  A  day  ob- 
served as  a  festival  in  commemoration  of 
some  event,  as  the  birth  of  a  great  man,  a 
decisive  victory,  or  the  like,  that  happened 
800  years  before. 

Teredo,  te-rS^dS.  A  gen.  of  lamelli' 
branchiate  mollu8ks,fam.PholadidflB.  The 
T.  navalis,  or  ship-worm,  is  celebrated  on 
account  of  the  destruction  which  it  occa- 
sions to  ships  and  submerged  wood.  It 
is  about  1  foot  in  length  and  i  inch  iA 
thickness. 

Terence,  Terentins  Publius  Afer. 
An  eminent  Roman  (*ramatist  of  the  2d 
century  b,  o.    He  was  bom  a  slave. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TERMAGANT 


TEST-PLATE 


lermaffant,  ter'ma-gant.  The  name  of 
a  febled  deity  of  the  Mohaintnedans,  men- 
tioned by  old  writers,  and  introduced  into 
the  muraliticB  or  other  shows,  in  which  he 
figured  as  a  most  violent  and  turbulent 
personage.  Applied  to  a  vulgar,  quarrel 
some  woman. 

Terminist,  'min-ist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  who  maintain  that  God  has 
fixed  a  certain  term  for  the  probation  of 
particular  persons,  during  which  time  thev 
have  l^e  offer  of  grace,  but  after  whien 
God  no  longer  wills  their  salvation. 

TennllllLi, -us.  A  boundary;         ^rv, 
a  limit;  a  stone  or  other  mark         *^'- 
raised  for  marking  the  bound- 
ary of  a  property.    The  Ro- 
man deity  that  presided  over 

'  boundaries  or  landmarks,  rep- 
resented without  feet  or  arms, 
to  intimate  that  he  never 
moved.  A  bust  or  figure  of 
the  upper  portion  of  the  hu- 
man Dody,  terminating  in  a 
tapering  block;  a  pillar  statue; 
ahalfstatueorbust.  Termini 
are  trnploved  as  pillars,  bal- 
usters, or  detached  ornaments 
for  niches,  Ac.  The  extreme 
station  at  either  end  of  a  rail-  Terminal 
way  or  important  section  of  Statue  of 
a  railway.  Pan. 

Termites,  'mi-tez.  A  fam.  of  neuropter- 
ous  insects,  known  as  white  ants,  corre- 
sponding with  the  Linnsean  gen.  Termes. 

Termitinffi,  -mi-ta'ne.  A  division  of 
Neuroptera,  Inchiding  the  termites  or 
white  ants. 

Tern,  tem.  A  common  name  of  certain 
natatorial  birds  of  the  gull  fam.  (Laridse), 
constituting  the  gen.  Sterna ;  sea-swal- 
lows. 

Ternary,  'na-ri.  The  number  three  ; 
group  of  three. 

Terpsichore,ttT  h-^Ik  '- 
org.  In  Greek  Kfyth. 
one  of  the  Mu^^in.  Ihe 
inventress  and  jintmn- 
ess  of  dancin gaiA  lyri- 
cal poetry.  She  i rJ,  j; (■  nf  - 
rally  represented  \^  i  r  It  ji 
lyre,  having!  strinL'^,  ur 
a  plectrum  in  tht-  hunil, 
sometimes  in  thtn  nv-i  nf 
dancing,  and  crowned 
with  flowers. 

Terra,  ter'ra.  The 
Latin  word  for  eaith  op 
the  Earth.  „ 

Terra^otta,-kot'ta.A    Terpsichore, 
mixture  of  fine  day  and  fine-graJned  white 


sand,  or  calcined  flints,  with  pulverized 
potsherds  or  crushed  pottery,  air-dried 
and  baked  to  the  hardness  of  stone,  much 
used  in  ancient  and  modern  architecture 
for  decorations,  statues,  vases,  &c. 

Terrapin,  'a-pin.  The  popular  name  of 
several  species  of  fresh-water  or  tide- 
water tortoises,  constituting  the  fam. 
Emydse. 

Terrestrial,  -res'tri-al.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  earth.  A  section  of  the  class  Aves 
(birds)  corresponding  to  the  orders  Cur- 
sores  and  Rasores.  A  family  of  pulmo- 
nated  gasteropods.  A  division  of  isopodons 
crustaceans. 

Terrier, 'i-er.  A 
small  dog, 
markable  for  the 
eagerness  and 
courage  \*ith| 
which  it  goes  to, 
earth  and  attacks 
foxes,  badgers, 
oats,  rats,  &o. 
There  are  several 
varieties. 

Tertiary,  'shi-a-ri, 
rank  or  fcnrmation 


'W:.:^'^ 


Scotch  Terrier. 


Of  the  tUrd  order, 
,  third.  T.  color,  pro- 
duced by  the  mixture  of  two  secondary 
coloA,  as  citrine,  russet  or  olive.  T.  era 
or  epoch,  in  G^ol.  the  earliest  period  in 
whicn  mammals  appear. 

Tertullian,  duintus  Septimius 
Florens.  A  distinguished  father  of  the 
church ;  b.  at  Carthage,  abt.  160,  d.  abt. 
220. 

Tesho-lama,  tesh'o-Ifi-ma.  One  of  the 
two  popes  of  the  Buddhists  of  Thibet  and 
Mongoua,  the  other  being  the  Dalai-Lama, 
each  supreme  in  his  own  district.  When 
the  Tesho  dies  his  place  is  filled  by  a  child, 
into  whose  body  he  has  announced  before 
death  his  purpose  of  migrating.  Called 
also  Bogdo-lama,  Pen-ohen. 

Tessera,  tes'se-ra.  A  small  cube,  re- 
sembling dice,  of  marble,  precious  stones, 
ivory,  glass,  wood,  &c.,  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  form  mosaic  pavements,  oma- 
meating  walls  and  like  purposes,  A  small 
square  of  bone,  wood,  &c.,  used  as  a  ticket 
of  admission  to  the  theater,  &c.,  in  ancient 
Rome. 

Test-paper,  test'pa-per.  A  paper  Im- 
pregnated with  a  chemical  reagent,  as 
utmus,  Ac,  used  for  detecting  the  pres- 
ence of  certain  substances,  whose  presence 
causes  a  reaction  and  a  change  in  the  color 
of  the  paper.  In  Law,  an  instrument  ad' 
mitted  as  a  standard  of  comparison  for 
hand-writing. 

Tast-plate,  'pl&t.    A  finely-ruled  glass 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TESTUDO 


64d 


THALBERG 


plate  used  In  testing  the  power  and  defin- 
ing quality  of  microscopes.  Some  of  these 
ruled  plates  have  225,000  lines  to  the  inch. 
Testudo,  tes-tu'do.  Amon^ir  the  ancient 
Komans  a  cover  or  screen  which  a  body  of 
troops  formed  with  their  oblong  shields  or 
targets,  by  holding  them  over  their  heads 
when  standing  in  close  order. 
Tetra.  A  prefix  in  compounds,  derived 
ttom  the  Greek,  signifying  four,  fourfold 
as,  tetrachord,  tetraroh. 
TetraoerUB,  te-tras'e-rus.  The  generic 
name  of  a  curious  species  of  Indian  ante- 
lope, having  four  horns.  The  females  are 
hornless.  The  height  of  an  adult  is  about 
20  inches. 

Tetradecapoda,  teVra-d€-kap''o-da. 
The  name  given  by  Agassiz  to  a  division 
of  malacostrocous  crustaceans  fh>m  their 
having,  typically,  7  pairs  of  feet  in  the 
adult,  llieyare  the  Edriophthalmata  of 
otber  zoologists. 

Tetradite,  -dit.  One  who  regarded  four 
as  a  mystic  number.  Among  the  ancients, 
a  child  bom  in  the  fourth  month  or  on  the 
fourth  day  of  the  month.  Ecoles.  one  of 
certain  sects  who  held  this  number  in 
especial  honor,  as  the  Manichees,  who, 
thinking- this  the  perfect  number,  believed 
there  were  four  persons  in  the  Godhead. 
TetrafiTon,  -go] 
A  plane  figure  na^ 
ing  four  sides 
quadrangle. 
T  e  t  rafframma- 
ton,  -gram'ma- 
ton.  Among  several 
ancient  nations,  the 
ni  vstio  number  four 
which  was  often  symbolized  to  represent 
the  Deity,  whose  name  was  expressed  in 
several  languages  by  four  letters,  as  in  the 
Assyrian  Adad,  Egyptian  Amon,  Persian 
Soru,  and  Latin  Deus. 
l?etrahedron,  -h6'- 
dron.  In  Geom.  a 
figure  comprehended 
under  four  equilateral 
and  equal  triangles,  or  a 
triangular  pyramid  hav- 
ing four  equal  and  equi- 
lateral fkces.  It  is  one  of  Tetrahedron, 
the  five  regular  solids. 
In  Crystal,  the  tetrahedron  is  regarded  as 
a  seoonduy  form  of  the  octahedron,  fi^om 
which  it  is  derived  by  cutting  away  the 
alternate  angles. 

Tetrahexahedron,  -heks'a-h§'Mron. 
A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal 
fiuses,  four  corresponding  to  each  fece  of 


Tetragons. 


the  cube.     Galled   also   Tetrakishexahe. 
dron. 

Tetramorph,  'ra-morf.  In  ChristiaD 
art,  the  union  of  the  four  attributes  of  the 
evangelists  in  one  figure,  winged,  and 
standing  on  winged  fiery  wheels,  the 
wings  being  covered  with  eyes.  It  is  the 
type  of  unparalleled  velocity. 
Tetrapla,  -p\&.  The  name  given  to  an 
edition  of  tha  Bible,  arranged  by  Orlgen  in 
four  columns,  containing  four  Greek  ver- 
sions, viz.,  the  Septuagint,  that  of  Aquila, 
that  of  Symmachus,  and  that  of  Theodo- 
sian  ;  also,  a  version  in  four  languages. 
Tetrapod,  -pod.  A  four-footed  animal ; 
especially  an  Insect  having  only  four  per- 
fect legs. 

Tetrapteran,  te-trap'ter-an.  Anhiriect 
whieh  has  four  wings. 
Tetraroh,  te'trark.  A  Roman  governor 
of  the  fourth  part  of  a  province ;  a  sub- 
ordinate prince ;  hence,  any  petty  king  or 
sovereign. 

Teuton,  tu'ton.  Originally,  the  name 
given  to  members  of  an  ancient  German 
tribe  first  heard  of  230  b.  c;  ultimately 
applied  to  the  Germanic  peoples  in  general, 
and  often  used  to  include  Germans,  Dutch^ 
Scandinavians  and  those  of  Anglo-Saxon 
descent.  Teutonic  order,  a. military  re- 
ligious order  of  knights,  established  in  the 
12th  century,  in  imitation  of  the  Templars 
and  Hospitalers.  It  was  composed  chiefly 
of  Germans  who  marched  to  the  Holy 
Land  in  the  Crusades,  and  was  established 
in  that  country  for  charitable  purposes. 
At  a  later  period  the  conouests  of  tiie 
order  raised  it  to  tlie  rank  ei  a  sovereign 
power.  It  bega»  to  decline  in  the  15th 
century,  and  was  finally  abolished  by 
Napoleon,  1809. 

Texas.  A  8.  W.  State  of  the  American 
Union,  formerly  a  pro  v.  of  Mexico,  but, 
becoming  independent,  1885,  was  admitted 
1845,  seceded  1861,  re-admitted  1868; 
bounded  N.  by  Kansas  and  Indian  Ter., 
E.  by  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  8.  by  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  W.  by  Mexico  and  N.  Mexico; 
area,  287,504  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,501,74^. 
Principal  cities,  Austin,  cap.,  Galveston, 
San  Antonio,  Houston,  Indlanola,  Dallas, 
Denison,  Jefferson,  Paris,  Victoria  and 
Waco.  Chief  rivers.  The  Rio  Grande,  Red, 
Trinity,  Brazos,  Guadalupe,  Colorado, 
Nueces,  Antonio  and  Pecos.  The  Apache 
and  Guadalupe  ranges  of  mountains  in- 
tersect the  8.  W.  corner. 
Thackeray,  William  Makepeace. 
A  distinguished  English  novelist ;  b.  in 
Calcutta  1811,  d.  in  London,  1863. 
Thalbergr,  Siflrismund.    An  eminent 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


THALIA 

BwisB  pianist  and  oompoflar 
ISTl. 

Thalia,  tlia-ra.  In 
Greek  Myth,  the  Mnae 
of  comedy  and  the  pat- 
roness of  pastoral  and 
comlo  poetry.  She  is 
generally  represented 
with  a  comic  mask,  a 
shepherd's  staff  or  a 
wreath  of  ivy. 

Thames.  The  chief 
river  of  Enghuid,  flow- 
ing through  London,  and 
emptying  into  the  Ger- 
man Ocean;  length  215 
■m.  Also,  a  river  of  On- 
tario, Can.,  emptying 
Into     Lake    8t.    Clair, 


ttO 


THfiOCRASY 


jyli*,  D. 


liUAlLl. 


noted  for  the  defeat  on  ii>  Kunkfl,  Oct.  T), 
1818,  of  the  British  army,  under  Geo. 
Piroctor,  by  the  Amerlcjin^,  iindtT  Gen. 
Harrison,  Tecumseh  btliaf  njoftiilly 
wounded. 

^!!hainxil'll2,  tham'muz.  Tlii'l'^tt^  innnth 
of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  iMJihUriiJitr  "^9 
days,  and  answering  to  a  I'urt  otM  urn-  nrid 
July.  A  Syrian  deity  foi^^hrn  th^-.  H  i- 
brew  idolatresses  were  ac(  ti  -  ^   1 1  j'  - 1  i  ■  ''i-  ^!d 

an  annual  feast  or  lament  1 1  Ml   , ,. i.j- 

ing  with  the  new  moon  ol  J  uS) ;  •mluj^j  hr 
the  Phoenician  Adon  or  Adinijs,  Hhiltiiiih 
happened  on  the  banks  oft bii  rl vpf  Adools, 
and  in  summer  time  the  wuti^ra  Wi?ra  &ald 
always  to  become  reddened  with  Ms 
blood. 

ThanatolOflry ,  than-a-tol 'u-ji^  The  due- 
trine  of,  or  a  discourse  •n  ilcAtL, 

ThanatoiMda,  -top'si%  A  v\aw  or  don- 
templation  of  death. 

Thane,  than.  A  title  of  hcHior  mnong 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  In  Englriiid  u.  frL''<^itiim 
not  noble  was  raised  to  thr  ■  tatik  of  a,  thune 
by  acquiring  a  certain  p(*Tiioii  of  kiid — 
five  hides  mr  a  lesser  th:iJn— by  iiinklng 
tiiree  sea  voyages,  or  by  n-celvltig  bifly 
orders.  Every  thane  had  tho  right  nf 
voting  in  tiie  witenagemot^  not  uaW  i>f  the 
shire,  but  also  of  the  kinunjotr^  wh^u  im- 
portant questions  were  t<i  f  1 1^  il  i  ^i ■  1 1  -i-t  4. 
After  the  Norman  conqi !■->[:  iluiiifrt  mid 
barons  were  classed  to^.  I'l.r.  In  ibe 
reign  of  Henry  II.  the  titl-  li  II  iiil^j  iWsmQ. 
In  Scotland  tiie  thanes  wei  <  u  i^lasis  of  non- 
military  tenants  of  thecroivn,iitLd  thu  title 
was  in  use  till  the  end  of  tlu^  In^th  conlnrj. 

Thaumaturgns,  tha' mater  j?uh,  4 
miracle  worker ;  a  tltle'givtjn  by  Eouian 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  Halnt&,  aa  Qreg- 
ory  Thaumaturgrus. 

Thea,  the'a.    A  gen.  of  plants,  ord .  Tiira- 


strcemiaoesB,  comprising  the  species  yield- 
ing the  tea  of  commerce. 

Theanthropism,  -an'thro-pizm.  A 
state  of  being  God  and  man.  A  concep- 
tion of  God  or  of  gods  as  possessing  qual 
ities  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  men 
but  o^  a  grander  scale. 

Theater,  'a-ter.  A  building  appropri- 
ated to  the  representation  of  dramatic 
spectacles ;  a  play-house.  Among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  theaters  were  the 
chief  public  edifices  next  to  the  temples. 

Thehaid,  'ba-id.  A  poem  concerning 
Thebes.  Several  classical  authors  wrote 
poems  under  this  name,  but  it  is  applied 
Dy  way  of  pre-eminence,  to  a  Latin  neroic 
poem  in  twelve  books,  written  by  Statins, 
the  subject  being  the  civil  war  between 
Eteocles  and  Polynices,  or  Thebes  taken 
by  Theseus. 

Theine,  'in.  A  bitter  crystallizable  prin- 
ciple found  in  tea,  coffee  and  some  other 
plants,  tea  yielding  2  to  4  per  cent.  It  is 
the  principle  which  gives  to  tea  Its  re- 
fireshing  and  gently  stimulating  qualities. 
Galled  also  Caffeine. 

Theism,  'izm.  The  belief  or  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  existence  of  a  God  as  opposed 
to  atheism.  Theism  differs  from  deism, 
the  latter  denying  revelation,  which  the- 
ism does  not. 

Thelss.  A  river  of  Hungary  emptying 
into  the  Danube ;  length  500  m. 

T  h  elphusian. 
One  of  a  family  1 
of  crustaceans  re- 1 
sembling  th  e 
land-crab,  which- 
live  in  the  earthf 
near  the  shore. 

Themis,     'mis. 
In  Greek  Myth, 
the   goddess    of 
law  and  justice.    In 
asteroids. 

Themistocles.  An  eminent  Athenian 
statesman  and  general ;  b.  abt.  510  b.  c. 
He  fied  to  the  Persian  court  under  chaises 
of  treason,  and  there  d.  448  b.  c. 

Thenar,  the'nar.  In  Anat.  the  palm  of 
the  hand  or  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

Theocracy,  -ok'rarsi.  Government  of  a 
state  by  the  immediate  dhreotion  of  God. 
Of  this  species  the  Israelites  ftimish  an 
illustrious  example.  The  theocracy  lasted 
till  the  time  of  Saul. 

Theocrasy,  -ok'ra-sl.  In  Anc.  Phllos. 
the  intimate  union  of  the  soul  with  God 
in  contemplation,  which  was  considered 
attainable  by  the  newer  Platonlsta.    Bimi- 


Thelphnsian. 
Astron.  one  of  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


THEODIOT 


661 


tHKSMOPHORIA 


lar  ideas  are  entertained  by  the  philoso- 
phers of  India,  and  by  many  religious 
sects.  A  mixture  of  the  worship  of.  dif- 
ferent gods. 

Theodicy,  -od'i-si.  Any  theory  pro- 
fessing to  reconcile  the  attributes  of  God 
with  me  present  order  ef  things  in  the 
world  ;  more  especially,  an  explanation  of 
the  existence  of  evil. 

Theodolite,  'o-lit.  A, 
Borreying  instrument 
for  measuring  horizon- 
tal and  yerticu  angles  by 
means  of  a  telescope. 

Theodorio  (The 
Oreat).  A  Uhg  of  the 
Ooths,  who,  after  the  fkll 
of  the  W.  Empire,  ruled 
as  King  of  Italy,  498- 
526. 

Theodoras.  The  name 
of  two  popes.  t^^    '^m^'% 

Theodosinc.  The  Theodolite, 
name  of  three  emperors, 
T.  I.  (Flavins),  surnamed  "The  Great," 
B.  in  Spain,  846.  reigned  878-895.  With 
the  close  of  his  reign  the  disintegration  of 
the  Boman  Empire  set  in.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  bloody  massacre  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  for  which  Ambrose,  the  fearless 
archbishop  of  Milan,  compelled  him  to  do 
penance.  T.  II.,  his  grandson,  s.  his  fa- 
ther Arcadius  as  emperor  ef  the  East ;  b. 
401,  D.  460.  T.  III.  (Adramyttenus)  s. 
Anastaslus  II.  as  emperor  of  the  East ;  b. 
654,  crowned  715,  d.  716. 

TheolOffy,  -ol'o-il.  Divinity ;  the  entire 
science  of  the  Christian  )«ligion;  the 
science  which  treats  of  God  and  man  in 
an  their  known  relations  to  each  other. 

Theomaohy,  -om'a-ki.  A  fighting 
against  the  gods,  as  the  battle  of  the  giants 
witli  the  gods  in  mythology.  A  strife  or 
battle  among  the  gods.  Opposition  to  the 
divine  will. 

Theopathy, -op'arthi.  Emotion  exdted 
by  the  contemplation  of  God ;  piety,  or  a 
sense  of  piety. 

T  h  e  o  p  h  i  laathropiBxn,  '5-fi-lan''- 
throp-inn.  Love  to  both  God  and  man ; 
the  doctrines  or  tenets  of  the  theophilan- 
thropists;  theophilanthropy. 

Theophilanthropiflt,  -fi-lan'^throp-ist. 
One  who  practices  or  professes  theophi- 
luithropism.  One  of  a  society  formed  at 
Paris  during  the  first  French  revolution. 
It  proposed  to  establish  a  new  religion  in 
place  of  Chrtotianiiy,  which  had  been 
abolished  by  the  Convention.  The  system 
attempted  to  be  estabUahed  was  pure  de- 
ism. 


Theopneiuty,  'op-nQs-ti.  Divine  in- 
spiration; the  supernatural  influence  ol 
the  Divine  Spirit  in  qualifying  men  to  re- 
ceive and  communicate  revealed  truth. 

Theresa,  St.  A  Spanish  Carmelite  nun, 
eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  founder 
of  a  reformed  society  of  barefooted  mem- 
bers of  that  order ;  b.  1515,  d.  1682,  can- 
onized by  Pope  Gregory  XV. 

Theosophist,  -os'of-ist.  One  who  pro- 
fesses to  derive  his  knowledge  firom  divine 
revelation. 

Therapeutao,  ther-a-pu'te.  A  Jewish 
sect  of  the  first  century  after  Christ,  so 
called  from  the  extraordinary  puritv  of 
their  religious  worship.  They  withdrew 
into  solitary  places,  where  they  devoted 
themselves  to  a  life  of  religious  contem- 
plation, and  to  them  with  the  Essenes  the 
origin  of  monasticism  in  the  Christian 
church  has  been  traced. 

Therapeutics,  'tlks.  That  part  of  medi- 
cine which  relates  to  the  composition,  the 
anplication  and  the  modes  of  operation 
of  the  remedies  for  diseases. 

Thennidor,  ther'mi-dor.  The  name  of 
the  11th  month  of  the  year  in  the  calen- 
dar of  the  first  French  republic.  It  com- 
menced July  19,  and  ended  August  17. 

Thermo.  The  first  part  of  a  number  of 
compound  wordd,  and  usually  signifying 
connected  with  heat  er  temperature. 

Thermometer,  ther-mom'ei  ^^"^ 
An  instrument  by  which  the  t n  i  t  ) 
perature  of  bodies  are  ascertaiii  >]  WP^ 
rounded  on  the  property  wl  ii 
heat  possesses  or  expanding 
bodies.  The  ordinary  thermoijj 
ter  is  a  tube  of  mercury  wlih 
rises  with  the  increase  of  heat,  an, 
sinks  as  the  air  cools. 

Thermopylas.    A  narrow  ]-<i^ 
between  Mt.  ^tna  and  the  -^  n 
which  a  handftil  of  Spartans  mji  J  • . 
King   Leonidas  held   against   hn  [ 
immense     Persian      host    xunlinr  ^ 
Xerxett,  perishing  to  a  man. 


Tht'T 


Thesaurus,  th6-sa'rus.    Atreas-"^®" 
ury.    T.  verborum,  a  treasury  of        * 
words;  a  lexicon. 

Theseus.  In  Heroic  Hist  the  son  of 
^geus  and  friend  of  HerculeS,  who  slew 
the  Minotaurs  with  the  aid  of  the  Cretan 
Princess  Ariadne.  The  two  eloped,  but 
A.  was  killed  by  the  arrow  of  Artemise  as 
they  Uinded  on  the  island  of  Naxos.  T. 
was  the  hero  of  numberless  adventures, 
and  was  finally  killed  by  Lycomedes  of 
Scyros. 

Thesmophoria,  tba»-mo-f&'rl^    A  fii' 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


THfiSMOTttETfi 


TfiOMAS  A  KfiMPlS 


mous  ancient  Greek  festival  celebrated  by 
married  women  in  honor  of  Demeter  as 
the  mother  of  beautifiil  offspring. 

Thesxnothete,  thez'mo-thet.  A  law- 
giver; a  legislator;  one  of  the  six  infe- 
rior archons  at  Athens. 

Thespls.  An  eminent  Greek  dramatist, 
called  the  father  of  tragedy.  He  flourished 
in  the  6th  century  b.  c. 

Thessalonians,  Epistles  to.  In 
Scrip,  two  letters  written  by  St.  Paul  to 
the  Societv  at  Thessalonica,  in  Macedonia, 
abt.  52.  Their  authenticity  has  never  been 
doubted  by  the  church. 

Thetis,  thet'is.  In  Greek  Myth,  the 
daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris,  one  of  the 
Nereids.  She  was  married  to  Pelcus, 
king  of  the  Myrmidons,  and  became  the 
mother  of  Achilles.  Thetis  was  a  symbol 
of  water  in  the  ancient  cosmo«,'onie8.  In 
Astron.  a  small  planet  revolving  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Theurgy,  thc'er-ji.  The  working  of 
some  divine  or  supernatural  agency  in 
human  affairs ;  effects  or  phenomAa 
brought  about  among  men  by  spiritual 
agency  ;  specificallv,  divine  agency  or  di- 
rect interference  of  the  gods  In  human  af- 
fairs or  the  government  of  the  world.  A 
system  of  supernatural  knowledge  or 
powers  believed  by  the  Egyptian  Platon- 
ists  and  others  to  have  been  communi- 
cated to  mankind  by  the  beneficent  deities 
or  good  spirits,  and  to  have  been  handed 
down  traditionally  by  the  priests.  The 
art  of  invoking  deities  or  spirits,  or  by 
their  intervention  conjuring  up  visions, 
Interpreting  dreams,  prophesying,  re- 
ceiving and  explaining  oracles,  &c. 

Thibet.  A  large  country  of  8.  Central 
Asia,  mostly  embraced  within  the  limits 
of  the  Chinese  empire  ;  pop.  estimated  at 
6,000,000.  Lassa  is  the  principal  city.  T. 
is  governed  by  a  grand  lama,  who  is  also 
worshiped  as  divine. 

Thierry.  Axnedee  Simon  Domin- 
ique.   A  distinguished  French  historian 
B.  1797,   D.  1876.    His  brother,  Jacques 
Nicolas  Augustin,  was  even  more  eminent 
as  an  author ;  b.  1795,  d.  1856. 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe.  An  eminent 
French  statesman  and  historian ;  b.  1797, 
D.  1877.  He  was  the  first  President  of  the 
Republic,  elected  1871,  resigned  1878,  and 
s.  by  Marshal  MacMahon. 

Thirty,  ther'ti.  The  number  which  con- 
sists of  three  times  ten.  A  symbol  rep- 
resenting thirty  units,  as  80  or  xxx. 

Thirty  Years'  War,  The.  The  war 
in  Germany  between  the  Catholics  and 
Protestants,  1616-1648. 


Thl-itle. 


Thistle,  this'l. 
The  com  m  o  n 
name  of  prickly 
plants  of  the 
tribe  Cynarace«, 
ord.  ComposiUe. 
Order  of  the  T., 
a  Scottish  order 
of  knighthood, 
sometimes  called 
the  order  of  St.  , 
Andrews,  insti-  * 
tuted  by  James 
VII.  (James  II. 
of  England),  1687,  when  eight  knights 
were  nomi- 
nated. The 
insignia  o  f 
the  order 
consist  of  a 
gold  collar 
composed  of 
thistles  inter- 
laced with 
spr  i  g  8  o  f  J 
rue,  th  e  ( 
jewel, 
figure  of  St.  ' 
Andre  w  in 
the  middle  of 
a  star  of  eight 
pointed  rays, 
snsp  ended 
from  the  col 
lar;  the  star 
of  silver  and 
eight-ray  e  d , 
four  of  the 
rays  being 
pointed,  the 
others  fan- 
shaped,  with  a  thistle  in  the  centw  sur- 
rounded by  the  Latin  motto  '^Nemo  mo 
impune  lacessit ;"  and  the  badge  oval,  with 
the  motto  surrounding  the  figure  of  St. 
Andrew.  The  order  consists  of  the  sov- 
ereign and  16  knights,  besides  extra 
knights  (princes),  and  a  dean,  a  secretary, 
the  lyon-king-at-arms,  and  the  gentleman 
usher  of  the  green  rod. 
Thomsean,  to-me'an.  One  belonging 
to  a  church  of  early  Christians,  said  to 
have  been  founded,  on  the  Malabar  coast 
of  India,  by  St.  Thomas. 
Thomaism,  tom'a-izm.  The  doctrines 
of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  with  vespect  to 
predestination  and  grace,  and  especially 
the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Virgin. 
Thomas,  Gheorgre  Henry.  An  Amer- 
ican general  ;  B.  in  Va.,  1816,  d.  1870. 
Thomas  a  Kempis.  An  eminent 
German  theologian ;  b.  1880,  b.  1471. 


Order  of  the  Thistle— Star, 
Jewel,  Badge  and  Collar. 


Digitized  by 


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THOMAS 


653 


HUCYDIDE8 


Thomaa,  St.  (Didymus).  One  of  the 
twelve  apostles;  b.  in  Galilee,  and 
believed  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  in 
Ck>romande],  India. 

Thoxnsonian,  -sd'ni-an.  Applied  to  a 
system  of  botanical  medicine,  one  of 
whose  doctrines  Is,  that  as  all  minerals 
arefiromthe  earth*  their  tendency  is  to 
cany  men  into  their  graves,  whereas  the 
tendency  of  herbs,  firom  their  growing 
npward.  is  to  keep  men  from  their  graves. 
Thor,  thor.  The  second  principal  g^d  of 
the  ancient  Scandinavians,  the  god  of 
thander.  He  was  the  son  of  Odin,  or  the 
supreme  being,  and  Jorth,  the  earth.  He 
was  the  champion  of  the  gods,  and  called 
in  to  their  assistance  whenever  they  were 
in  straits.  He  was  also  the  friend  of  man- 
kind, and  the  slayer  of  trolls  and  evil 
spirits.  He  always  carried  a  heavy  ham- 
mer (mjolnir,  the  crusher),  which,  as 
often  as  he  discharged  it,  returned  to  his 
hand  of  itself ;  his  girdle  had  the  virtue  of 
renewing  his  strength.  Thor  is  repre- 
sented as  a  powerful  man,  with  a  long 
red  beard,  a  crown  on  his  head,  a  scepter 
in  one  hand,  and  his  hammer  in  the 
other.  Thursday  is  called  after  him,  and 
his  name  enters  into  many  proper  names. 
Thomson,  James.  An  English  poet ; 
B.  1700,  D.  1748. 

Thorwaldsen,  Albert  Bertel.    The 
most  eminent  of  Danish  sculptors;    b. 
1770,  D.  1844. 
Thoth,  thoth.     An 
Egyptian  divinity  whom 
the   Greeks    considered 
identical  with  Hermes  or 
Mercury.     He  was  the 
inventor  of  the  sciences 
and  arts,  and  especially 
of    speech    and     liiero- 
glyphics  or  letters.    He 
is  represented  as  a  hu- 
man ngure  with  the  head 
of  a  lamb  or  ibis. 
anions,  tho'us.    A  name 
given  to  a  gen.  of  African 
dogs,  intermediate    be-^ 
tween  the  wolf,  the  fox 
and  the  jackal. 
Thousand,  thou'zand.     The  number  of 
ten  hundred.    A  symbol  representing  the 
number  ten  hundred,  as  M,  1,000.    Often 
applied  Indefinitely  to  a  great  number. 
Thousand  Islands.     A  chain,  said  to 
number  nearly  1,500,  of  small  islands  at 
the  foot  of  LaRe  Ontario  and  the  entrance 
of  the  Stv  Lawrence  River;   they  are  a 
popular  smnmer  resort. 
Thrasher,  thrasb'er.    Oo^wbolAirashea 


Thoth. 


grain.  A  species  of  shark,  the  Alopias  ol 
Alopecias  vulpes  or  sea-fox,  called  the 
thrasher  from  its  using  Its  tail-fin  as  a 
weapon  of  attack.  Brown  thrasher,  an 
American  singing  bird  of  the  thrush  fam- 
ily, the  Turdus  or  Harporhynchus  rufUs. 

Thrashinff-machine,  'ing-ma-shen. 
A  machine  for  separating  grain,  as  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  &c.,  from  the  straw,  operated 
by  animal  or  steam  power. 

Three,  thre.  The  number  which  consists 
of  two  and  one.  A  symbol  representing 
three  units,  as  8  or  ill. 

Threnodist,  'no-dist.  A  writer  of  thre- 
nodies ;  a  composer  of  dirges. 

Thresher,  thresh'er.  Same  as  Thrasher. 
A  member  of  an  Irish  Catholic  organiza- 
tion, instituted  1806,  the  principal  object 
being  to  resist  the  payment  ofr  tithes. 
Their  threats  and  warnings  were  signed 
Captain  Thresher. 

Throne,  thron.  An  elevated  and  orna- 
mental chair  of  sLato  used  by  a  king,  em- 
peror or  pope.  The  term  is  also  applied 
to  the  seat  of  a  bishop  in  his  cathedral 
church,  and  to  the  ofticial  chair  of  the  pre- 
siding official  of  certain  societies. 

Throttle- valve,  throt'l-valv.  In  steam- 
engines,  a  valve  which  regulates  the  sup- 
ply of  steam  to  the  cylinder. 

Thrower,  thro'er.  A  person  who  twists 
or  winds  silk ;  a  throwster.  A  potter  who 
works  a  throwing  wheel  or  engine. 

Throwingr-engrine,  'ing-en-jin.  In 
pottery,  a  revolving  disk  or  table  on  which 
the  mass  of  clay  is  first  roughly  molded 
by  the  hand  of  the  potter ;  a  potter's 
wheel. 

Thrush,  thniHli. 
Ananiecommnn 
to  birds,  pen. 
Turdus,  farn. 
Turdidffi,  but 
commonly  n\*- 
plied  to  the  soii^- 
thrush  (Turdiifl 
musicus). 

Thuban,    thiV-^* 
ban.    The  st^ir 
Alpha,  constdla- 
tion  Draco.  This 

star  was  once  much  brighter  than  it  is  at 
present.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the 
long  sloping  passage  from  the  northern 
face  of  the  great  pyramid  of  Egypt  was 
constructed  for  the  purnose  of  watching 
the  sub-polar  meridional  passage  of  this 
star,  the  polar  star  (according  to  this  view) 
when  the  pyramid  was  built. 
Thucydides.  A  celebrated  Greek  histo' 
rian  and  general ;  b.  471,  d.  abt.  408  b.  o. 


Ttraflb, 


Digitized  by 


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THUG 


664 


TIBERIUS 


Thu^,  thug.  A  member  of  a  peculiar 
confhitemity  or  association  of  robbers  and 
assassins  formerly  prevalent  in  India. 
They  roamed  about  in  bands,  decoyed 
travelers  and  others  into  retired  spots  and 
there  plundered  and  murdered  them,  pref- 
erablv  by  strangulation,  and  only  by  the 
shedding  of  blood  when  forced  by  circum- 
stances. Their  motive  was  not  so  much 
lust  of  plunder  as  certain  religious  ideas, 
and  of  their  spoil  one-third  was  devoted 
to  the  goddess  KAli,  whom  they  wor- 
shiped. They  were  suppressed  by  the 
British  Government,  1880. 

Thule,  thu'ld.  The  name  given  by  the 
ancients  to  the  most  northern  oonnUy 
with  which  they  were  acquainted,  believed 
by  some  to  have  been  Iceland,  by  others 
iforway,  and  by  many  one  of  the  Shetland 
Isiandsr  Probably  the  word  did  not  al- 
ways denote  the  same  country.  The  Bo- 
mans  spoke  of  it  as  ultima  Thule,  ''  the 
fturthest  Thule." 

TlmxiibkinB,  thum'kinz.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  much  used  by  the  Spanish 
inquisitors,  and  occasionally  used  in  Brit- 
ain.    The  last  recorded  instance  of  their 


Scotch  Thurabkins. 
application  in  Great  Britain  was  in  the 
case  of  Principal  Carstairs,  who,  in  1684, 
was  ineffectually  tortured  at  the  orders  of 
the  Scotch  privy-council  with  the  view  of 
making  him  reveal  the  secrets  of  the  Ar- 
gyle  and  Monmouth  parties.  Called  also 
Thumb-screw. 

riltUXlxninL,  'Im.  A  Hebrew  word  denot- 
ing perfections.  The  Urim  and  Thumralm 
were  worn  in  the  breastplate  of  the  high- 
priest,  but  what  they  were  has  never  been 
satisfactorily  ascertained. 

Thunder,  thun'der.  The  sound  which 
follows  a  flash  of  lightning ;  a  report  due 
to  the  sudden  disturbance  of  the  air  pro- 
duced by  the  violent  discharge  of  atmos- 
pheric electricity  or  lightning. 

Thunderbolt,  -bolt.  A  shaft  of  light- 
ning ;  a  brilliant  stream  of  electricity  pass- 
ing from  one  part  of  the  heavens  to 
another,  and  particularly  from  the  clouds 
to  the  earth.    The  name  originated  in  the 


Thurible. 


ancient  notion  that  the  destructive  effects 
of  lighting  could  be  caused  only  by  a  shaft 
or  bolt-like  hard  body  being  hurled  at  the 
object  destroyed. 
Thurible,  th&'ri-bl. 
A  kind  of  censer,  of 

g>ld,  silver,  brass  or 
tten,  in  the  shape  of  ' 
a  covered  cup,  pmor- 
ated  so  as  to  allow  the 
ftmies  of  burning  in- 
cense to  escape.  It 
has  chains  attached, 
by  which  1%  is  swung 
at  high  muss,  vespers 
and  other  solenm  ^ 
offices  of  the  K.  C. 
Ch. 

ThyrsuB,  ther'sus. 
One  of  the  common 
emblems  of  Bacchus 
and  his  followers.  It 
consisted  often  of  a  spear  or  staff  decorated 
with  ivy  and  vine  branches,  or  of  a  lance 
thrust  Into  a  cone  of  pine.  The  Bacchan- 
als carried  thyrsi  when  they  celebrated 
the  orgies  of  Bacchus. 

Tiara,  tl-u'ra.  An  ornament  or  article  of 
dress  with  which  the  ancient  Persians  cov- 
ered their  heads :  a  kind  of  turban.  The 
king  of  Persia  alone  had  a  right  to  wear 
it  straight  or  erect ;  the  lords  and  priests 
wore  it  turned  down  on  the  fore  side. 
Xenophon  savsthe  tiara  was  enoompassed 
with  the  diadem,  at  least  in  ceremonials. 
The  pope^s  triple  crown.  The  tiara  and 
keys  are  the  badges  of  tiie  papal  dignify : 
the  tiara  of  his  dvil  rank  and  the  keys  of 
his  Jurisdiction.  In  its  present  form  it  is 
composed  of  a  high  cap  of  cloth  of  gold, 
encircled  by  three  coronets,  wifli  a  mound 
and  cross  of  gold  at  the  top.  From  the 
cap  hang  two  pendants,  embroidered  and 
fringed,  and  sem^e  of  crosses  of  gold. 
The  cap  was  first  adopted  by  Damasna 
II.,  1048.  It  afterwards  had  a  plain  circlet 
of  gold  put  round  it  The  coronet  was 
attached  by  Bonifoce  Y III.  and  the  second 
coronet  by  Benedict  XII.,  to  indicate  the 
prerogative  of  spiritual  and  temponU 
power.  It  is  not  known  who  first  adopted 
the  third  coronet,  indicative  of  the  Trinity. 

Tiber.  A  river  of  Italy,  flowing  through 
Borne,  and  emptying  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean at  Ostia ;  length,  212  m. 

Tiberius,  Claudius  Drusus  Nero 
Osesar.  Second  emperor  of  Bome; 
crowned  14,  d.  87  A.  d.  He  was  a  mon- 
ster of  sensuality  and  brutality.  T.  II. 
(Constantine),  sumamed  Thrax,  f^m 
Thracla,  his  native  countxy;  crmmed.  574, 
D.582. 


Digitized  by 


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TIBIA 


665 


TINTORETTO 


Tibia,  tib'i-a.  A  kind  of  pipe,  the  oom- 
ZDonest  musical  instrument  of  the  Greeks 
and  Bomans. 

Tick,  tik.  The  name  common  to  6ertain 
small  i>anuiitical  arachnidans  or  mites,  con- 
stituting the  see.  Ixodes  (ealled  also  Sno- 
toria),  fiun.  Acarlda. 

Tioknor,  Qeorgre.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can author;  b.  in  Mass.,  1791,  n.  1861. 

Tioonderoga.  A  village  of  Essex  Co., 
N.  Y.,  95  m.  N.  E.  of  Albany,  noted  for 
its  old  fort,  surprised  and  captured  by 
Col.  Ethan  Allen  and  his  *'  Green  Moun- 
tain Boys,"  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Bevola- 
tion. 

Tio-polonflra,  tik-pd-long'ga.  An  ex- 
tremely venomous  snake,  a  native  of  In- 
dia. Ceylon,  &c.,  sometimes  called  also 
Katuka,  gen.  Daboia,  fom.  Yiperidse. 

Ticona-poison,  tl-kd'na-Doi-zn.  An 
arrow-poison  used  by  the  donnas  and 
other  Indian  tribes  dwelling  near  the  Am- 
azons. When  given  to  animals  it  pro- 
duces strong  convulsions,  lasting  for 
hours. 

Tide,  tld.  Time  ;  season.  The  alternate 
rising  and  falling  of  the  ocean  and  connect- 
ing waters.  It  appears  as  a  general  wave 
of  water,  which  gradually  elevates  itself 
to  a  certain  height,  then  as  gradually  sinks 
till  its  surface  is  about  as  much  below  the 
medium  level  as  it  was  before  above  it. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  attraction  of  the 
moon. 

Tieck,  liUdwifiT.  An  eminent  German 
poet  and  novelist ;  b.  1778.  d.  1868. 

Tien-Tsin.  The  port  of  Pekin,  China, 
on  the  Peiho,  80  m.  8.  E.  of  Pekin  ;  pop. 
1,200,000. 

Tierra  del  Fueffo.  (Land  of  Fire). 
A  group  of  islands  separated  from  the 
Bonthemmost  point  of  S.  America  by  the 
Straits  of  Magellan. 

Tiers  Stat,  ter-z&-ta\  In  French  Hist, 
the  third  estate,  that  is,  the  people  exclu- 
sive of  the  nobility  and  clergy  ;  the  com- 
monalty ;  th3  commons.  The  nobles  and 
clergy  constituted  the  first  and  second  es- 
tates previous  to  the  Revolution  of  1789. 

Tiflis.    Cap.  of  Georgia  in  the  Russian 

f»vemment  of  Trans-Caucasus,  on  the 
ur ;  pop.  abt.  76,000. 

Tiflrer,  tl'ger.  A  carnivorous  animal,  the 
largest  and  fiercest  of  the  gen.  Felis,  F. 
tigris,  fiun.  FelidflB. 

T^htB,  tits.  A  tight-fitting  under  cov- 
ering worn  on  the  legs  by  acrobats,  actors, 
dancers  and  the  like. 

Tierreoa,  li'gres.  The  female  Qf  the  ti- 
ger. 


Tiflrris.  A  river  of  W.  Asia,  uniting 
with  the  Euphrates  at  Kumah ;  length, 
1,160  m. 

Tilbury,  til'be-rl.  A  gig  or  two-wheeled 
carriage  without  a  top  or  cover. 

Tiler,  'er.  In  freemasonry,  the  door- 
keeper of  a  lodge. 

Timbrel,  tim'brel.  An  instrument  o^ 
music ;  a  kind  of  drum,  taber,  or  tabret, 
which  has  been  in  use  from  the  highest 
antiquity.  It  is  now  known  under  the 
name  of  Tambourine  or  Tambour  de 
Basque. 

Timbuctoo  (Tombuctoo).  A  city  of 
W.  Central  Africa,  near  the  boundary  Det 
the  Soudan  and  Sahara,  8  m.  N.  of  the 
Niger ;  pop.  abt.  22,000. 

Time,  tim.  The  general  idea  of  saooes- 
sive  existence ;  the  measure  of  duration. 
Time  is  absolute  or  relative.  Absolute  time 
is  considered  without  any  relation  to 
bodies  or  their  motions ;  conceived  as  un- 
bounded, continuous,  homogeneous,  un- 
changeable in  the  order  of  its  parts,  and 
divisible  without  end.  Relative  time  is 
the  sensible  measure  of  any  portion  of 
duration,  marked  by  the  apparent  revolu- 
tion of  the  sun,  or  the  rotation  of  the  earth 
on  its  axis.  Time  is  divided  Into  years, 
months,  weeks,  days,  hours,  minutes  ana 
seconds. 

Time-ftise,  *tuz.  A  fbse  which  can  be 
so  arranged  as  to  explode  a  charge  at  a 
certain  determinate  interval  after  uie  time 
of  its  ignition. 

Time-lock,  'lok.  A  lock  having  clock- 
work attached,  which  prevents  the  bolt 
being  withdrawn  when  locked,  until  a 
certain  interval  of  time  has  elapsed. 

Time-pieoe,  'p£s.  A  clock,  watch  or 
other  instrument  to  measure  or  show  the 
progress  of  time. 

TimioleoxL.  A  patriotic  Corinthian  who, 
844-888  B.  o.,  delivered  all  the  Greek  cities 
of  Sicily  from  the  rule  of  usurping  tyrants, 
and  checked  the  progress  of  Carthaginian 
power. 

Timothy,  Epistlefl  to.  In  Scrip.,  two 
letters,  which,  with  the  Epistle  to  Titus, 
form  the  "three  pastoral  episties"  gener- 
ally ascribed  to  St.  Paul. 

Tin,  tin.  A  metal  of  a  white  brilliant  color, 
slightly  tinged  with  gray.  In  hardness  it 
is  mtermediate  between  gold  and  lead. 

Tinewald,  tln'wald.'  The  ancient  par- 
liament or  annual  convention  of  people  in 
the  Isle  of  Man. 

Tintoretto.  The  artistic  name  of  Gla- 
como  Robusti,  an  eminent  Yenetian 
painter  ;b.  1512,  D.  1604. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TIPPECANOE 


6M 


T0I80N 


Tippeoanoe.  Arirerof  Indiana,  emp- 
tying Into  the  Wabash.  9  m.  N.  E.  of  La- 
Ikyette,  noted  for  the  defeat  on  iU  banks, 
Nov.  5,  1811,  of  the  allied  Indians  under 
Teomnseh  and  his  brother,  by  6«n.  Har< 
rison  ;  length,  200  m. 

Tipperary.  Cap.  of  co.  of  same  name, 
proY.  Munster,  Ireland. 
TippooBaliib.  B%}ah  of  Mysore,  India, 
son  and  s.  of  Hyder  All ;  b.  1749,  killed 
at  the  storming  of  Serlngapatam,  his  cap- 
ital, by  the  English,  1799. 
Tirailleur,  ti-rftl-yer.  A  name  origi- 
nally applied  In  France  during  the  revolu- 
tion of  1792  to  lightrarmed  troops  who 
were  thrown  out  from  the  main  body  to 
bring  on  an  action,  cover  an  attack,  or 
annoy  or  deceive  the  enemy ;  a  skirmisher; 
a  sharp-shooter. 

Tiori,  tiz'ri.  The  1st  Hebrew  month  of 
the  civil  year,  and  the  7th  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical, answering  to  a  part  of  September 
and  October. 

Titan,  ti'tan.  In  Oreek  Myth,  one  of  the 
twelve  children  ^six  sons  and  six  daugh- 
ters) of  Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (EarSi). 
They  rebelled  against  their  fother  and  de- 
posed him,  raising  Cronos,  one  of  their 
number,  to  the  throne.  After  a  long  con- 
test they  were  defeated  by  Zeus  and 
thrown  Into  Tartarus.  Poetical  for  the  sun. 
Titania,  -t&'nl-a.  The  queen  of  Fairy- 
land and  consort  of  Oberon. 
Titanotherixun,  'tan-o-thS''ri-nm.  A 
large  fossil  herbivorous  mammal,  possibly 
twice  the  size  of  a  horse,  somewhat  allied 
to  the  tapir,  whose  remains  are  found  in 
the  miocene  strata  of  Missouri. 
Titian,  Tisiano  Vecelli.  The  most 
eminent  painter  of  the  Venetian  school  : 
B.  1477,  D.  1376. 

TitmouBe,  tit'mous.  An  insessorial 
bird,  ord.  Dentirostres,  and  formiog  the 
type  of  the  fam.  Paridae. 
Titus,  Flavins  Sabinus  Vespasi- 
anus.  A  Roman  general  and  emperor, 
s.  Vespasian,  79,  d.  81.  Before  he  ascend- 
ed the  throne  he  captured  and  destroyed 
«)eru8alem,  70. 

Tivoli.  A  dty  of  the  Campagna,  Italy, 
18  m.  N.  E.  of  Some,  at  the  famous  cas- 
cades of  the  Teverone ;  pop.  abt.  8,500. 
Tin,  te'  B.  In  Northern  Myth .  the  original 
supreme  divinity  of  the  ancient  Teutonic 
mythology,  corresponding  with  Dyaus  of 
India,  Zeus  of  Greece,  and  the  Jove  of  the 
Romans. 

Toad,  tod.  The  common  name  of  am- 
phibian vertebrates,  gen.  Bufo,  now  con- 
stituted into  a  family,  Bufonldn. 


Tobacco,  to-bak'ko.  A  genus  of  plants 
(Nicotiana),  ord.  Solanaceie.  There  are 
several  species,  all  narcotic.  Those  most 
eeneaally  cultivated  are  N.  tabaeum  and 
N.  macrophylla,  the  former  being  often 
called  Vlrglniaa  tobacco.  . 
Tobit,  tob'lt  One  of  the  Old  Testament 
Apocryphal  books. 

Tobolsk.  Cap.  of  Siberia,  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia, near  the  junction  of  the  Irtish  and 
Tobol,  976  m.  E.  of  St  Petersburg;  pop. 
18,000. 

Tocantins.  A  Brazilian  river,  empty- 
ing into  the  Para;  length,  1,000  m. 
Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Hen- 
ri Olerelde.  A  distinguished  French 
statesman,  historian  and  philosopher ;  b. 
1805,  D.  1859. 

Todas,  to'daz.  A  small  race  of  men,  in- 
habiting the  upper  part  of  the  Nellgherry 
Mountains  In  8.  Inoia.  Under  the  influ- 
ence of  polyandry  and  Intemperance  they 
are  rapidlv  disappearing.  Tneir  language 
is  Dra vidian,  ana  they  are  doubtiess  the 
aborigines  of  the  country. 
Todleben,  Francis  Edward.  A 
RuHsian  military  engineer  and  geneial ;  b. 
of  German  ancestnr,  1818 ;  d.  188S^.  He 
won  distinction  by  his  defense  of  Sebas- 
topol  against  the  French,  English  and 
Turks,l866-6. 

Toga,  to'ga.  The  principal  outer  garment 
worn  by  the  ancient  Romans.  It  was 
made  o/wool  or  silk,  the  usual  color  being 
white.  It  covered  the  whole  body  with 
the  exception  of  the  right  arm,  and  the 
right  of  wearing  it  was  the  exclusive  priv- 
ilege of  every  Roman  citizen.  The  toga 
virilis,  or  manly  gown,  was  assumed  by 
Roman  youths  when  they  attained  the 
age  of  14. 

Togrsrle.  A  small  wooden  pin,r 
tapering  toward  both  ends  ;  a  I 
knee-joint  of  two  bfcrs  connected, 
that  mav  be  broughC  into  a  straight  i 
line  and  produce  great  end^^seO 
pressure. 

Toison,  toi'son.  The  fleece  of  a 
sheep.  T.  d'oi-,  In  Her.,  the  termF 
for  a  golden  fleece  or  the  HolyL 
Lamb.  An  order  of  knighthood  Tog- 
instituted,  1429,  by  Philip  the  gle. 
Good,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  original- 
ly composed  of  24  knights,  the  prince 
being  chief.  The  order  now  belongs  both 
to  Austria  and  Spain.  The  knights  carry 
appended  to  their  collars  the  ngureofa 
sheep  or  fleece  in  gold,  the  chain  consist- 
ing of  alternate  flint  stones  (blue),  emit- 
ting flrOjUid  steels,  or  instead  a  ribbon  if 
used.     They  also  wear  a  special  cap  and 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TOKAY 


667 


TOPOGRAPHY 


rich  robes.  The  motto  is  **  Pretiuin  labo- 
mm  non  vile." 

Tokay,  td-ka^  A  rich  aromatic  wine 
produced  at  Tokay,  in  Upper  Hungary, 
made  of  white  grapes. 

Toledo,  -Wd6.  A  sword-blade  of  the 
finest  temper,  so  named  from  Toledo,  In 
Spain,  which,  during  the  15th  aud  16th 
centuries,  was  famous  for  manu&cturing 
sword-blades  of  a  superior  temper. 

Toledo.  Gap.  of  Lucas  Co.,  O.,  on  the 
Maumee,  near  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie  ; 
pop.  60,137. 

Toltec,  tol'tek.  A  member  of  a  race  of 
Mexico  who,  according  to  tradition,  com- 
ing from  the  North,  ruled  the  country  from 
the  7th  to  the  12th  century,  when  power 
passed  from  them  to  the  Aztecs.  The  re- 
mains of  architecture  ascribed  to  them 
consist  principally  of  monuments  of  colos- 
sal proportions,  temples  and  cities,  show 
them  to  haye  been  a  people  fttr  advanced 
in  civilization,  acquainted  with  the  use  of 
metals,  the  arts  of  weaving,  pottery  and 
hieroglyphic  writing.  Their  religion  is 
said  to  have  been  mild,  and  laws  just. 
Their  civilization  was  overlaid  bv  that  of 
the  Aztecs,  who  ingrafted  on  it  many 
bloodv  religious  rites  and  childish  social 
practices. 

Tolu-tree,  t5-lo'tr6.  A  large,  handsome 
tree,  which  yields  the  balsam  of  Tolu. 
The  wood  is  red  in  the  center,  with  the 
odor  of  balsam  or  of  rose.  The  fruit  is  a 
one-celled  oblique-winged  legume. 

Toxnaliawk,  t  o  m ' a- 
hak.    An  Indian  hatchet, 
used  in  the  chase  and  in 
war,  not  only  In   close 
fighting,  but    by   being 
thrown  to  a  considerable    Tomahawk, 
distance,  and  so  dexter- 
ously often,  that    the  sharp  edge    first 
strikes  the  object  aimed  at.     They  were 
originally  made  of  flint,  but  later  of  iron 
and  steel. 

Toxnbiffbee.  A  river,  rising  in  Missis- 
sippi and  flowing  through  Alabama,  join- 
ing the  Alabama  and  forming  Middle 
Biver,  45  m.  N.  of  Mobile ;  length  450  m. 

Tonuohn,  'Jon.  A  kind  of  sedan-chair, 
open  in  front  and  <  arried  by  a  single  polo 
on  men's  shoulders,  used  in  India  and 
Ceylon. 

Ton,  ton.  The  prevailing  fashion ;  high 
mode ;  as,  ladies  often. 

Ton,  tan.  A  weight  equal  to  20  hundred- 
weight or  2,240  pounds  avoirdupois.  In 
the  U.  8.  the  ton  is  commonly  estimated 
at  2,000  lbs. ;  sometimes  "called  the  nhort 
ton.     A  wine  measure  of  capacity,  equal 


to  262  gallons  or  2  pipes :  in  this  sense 
usually  written  tun.  A  certain  weight  or 
space — ^in  the  latter  case  about  40  cubic 
feet — ^by  which  the  burden  of  a  ship  is 
reckoned,  as,  a  ship  of  800  tons. 

Tone,  Theobald  Wolfe.  An  Irisb 
patriot;  B.  1768,  d.,  by  suicide  in  prison, 
1798. 

Tonka-bean,  tong'ka-bun.  The  fruit  of 
the  Dipterix  odorata  or  Coumarouna 
odorata,  ord.  Leguminosee,  sub-ord.  Papil- 
ionaceae.  The  fruit  is  an  oblong  dry  fibrous 
drupe,  conttdning  a  single  seed.  The 
odor  of  the  kernel  is  extremely  agreeable 
and  it  is  used  in  perftmiery.  . 

Tonquin.  The  N.  province  of  Anam, 
8.  £.  Asia,  the  scene  of  present  hostilities 
between  the  French  and  Chinese.  Gulf  of 
T.,  an  arm  of  the  China  Bea,  800  m.  long 
by  160  in  breadth. 

Tontine,  ton'tin.  An  annuity  shared  by 
subscribers  to  a  loan,  with  the  benefit  of 
survivorship,  the  annuity  being  increased 

"as  the  subscribers  die,  until  at  last  the 
whole  goes  to  the  last  survivor,  or  to  the 
last  two  or  three,  according  to  the  terms 
on  which  the  n^oney  is  advanced.  By 
means  of  tontines  many  government  loans 
were  formerly  raised  in  England. 

Tope,  top.  The  popular  name  for  a  spe- 
cies of  Buddhist  monument,  intended  for 
the  preservation  of  relics  or  the  com- 
memoration of  some  event.  When  for  the 
former  purpose  the  to[>c  is  called  a  dagoba, 
when  for  the  latter  a  stu]>a  ;  the  term  tope 
having  reference  to  their  cxtemid  shape 
only. 

Topeka.  Cap.  of  Kansas,  in  Shawnee 
Co.,  on  Kansas  River,  50  m.  8.  W.  of 
Leavenworth ;  pop.  15,452. 

Tophet,  to'fet.  A  place  situated  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Gehenna,  or 
Valley  of  Hinnom,  to  the  south  of  Jerusa- 
lem, where  the  idolatrous  Jews  wor- 
shiped the  fire-gods  and  sacrificed  their 
children.  In  consequence  of  these  abom- 
inations the  whole  valley  became  the  com- 
mon laystall  of  the  city,  and  symbolical  of 
the  place  of  torment  in  a  future  life. 

Topia,  'pi-a.  A  fanciful  style  of  mural 
decorations,  generally  consisting  of  land- 
scapes of  a  heterogeneous  character,  re- 
sembling those  of  the  Chinese,  much  used 
in  the  Pbmpeian  houses. 

Topogrrapliy,  to-pog'ra-fl.  The  descrip- 
tion of  a  particular  place,  city  or  tract  of 
land ;  the  detailed  description  of  any 
country  or  region,  including  its  cities, 
towns,  villages,  castles,  &c.,  distinguished 
from  geography  in  being  descriptive  aai 
more  detoiled. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TORAH 


«58        TOU88AINT  L'OUVEETUBB 


Torah,  to'ri.  A  term  in  ancient  Hebrew 
Utentnre  for  any  decision  or  Instruction 
in  matten  of  law  and  conduct,  giren  by 
saored  authority;  the  reyealed  will  of 
God;  oonnselor  instraotiioii  proceeding 
from  a  saored  sooroe ;  henoo,  a  book  con- 
taining such  instnictlon. 

TorMUlor,tor-«-«-dor'.  A  general  name 
for  a  ball-fighter  in  Spain,  especially  one 
who  fights  on  horse-baok.  Written  also 
Torreador. 

Toreamatoloflry,  to-ra'ma-tol"o-Ji.  The 
science  or  art  of  scolptnre,  or  a  treatise  on 
Bonlptnre. 

Toronto.  *Cap.  of  Ontario,  in  York  Co., 
Dominion  of  Canada,  on  Lake  Ontario: 
883  m.  S.  W.  of  Montreal. 

Torpedo,  tor-pd'do.  An  elasmobranch- 
late  fish,  allied  to  the  rays,  forming  the 
tvpeofthefitm.  Torpedlnidie,  noted  for 
tfacdr  power  of  discharging  electric  shocks 
when  irritated. 

T6rqne,  tork.  In  ArchsBol.  a  personal  or-* 
nament  worn  by  the  ancient  Britons, 
Gaols  and  Germans.  It  consisted  of  a 
stilf  collar,  formed  of  a  number  of  gold 
wires  twisted  together,  or  a  thin  plate,  gen- 
erally of  gold,  worn  round  the  neck  as  a 
symbol  of  rank  and  command. 

Torrlcelll,  Evanfirelista.  An  eminent 
Italian  philosopher ;  b.  1608,  d.  1647.  He 
invented  the  barometer. 

Torsk,  torsk.  A  malaoopterygious  teleos- 
tean  fish  of  the  cod  tribe,  Brosmius  yuI- 
garis. 

Torso,  tor'so.  In  Sculp,  the  trunk  of  a 
statue,  depriyed  of  head  and  limbs. 

Tortoise,  'tols. 
The  name  which  is 
generally  restricted 
to  the  family  of 
reptiles  Testudin- 
idffi,  or  land « tor- 
toises, or  with  a  t^^^^^^ 
qualifying  term  is  Tortoise, 
applied  to  the  Emydae,  the  terrapins  or 
fresh-water  tortoises,  and  the  Trlonycidse, 
the  mud-turtles,  or  soft  tortoises.  The 
name  was  often  formerly  applied  to  all 
turtles. 

Tortoise^Bhell,  -shel.  A  name  popularly 
applied  to  the  scutes  or  scales  of  the  tor- 
toise and  allied  chelonians,  especially  to 
the  shell  of  the  hawk's-bill  turtle,  exten- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  combs, 
snuff-boxes,  Soc.,  and  in  inlaying  and  other 
ornamental  work. 

Tortugras,  Dry.  A  group  of  ten  small 
islands  belonging  to  the  U.  S.,  120  m.  8. 
"W.  of  Cape  Sable,  Fla.    Also  the  name  of 


a  Yeneraelan  island  in  the  Cu^bbean  Seai 
and  of  one  the  W.  Indies,  N.  E.  of  Cuba. 

Totem,  t5'tem.  A  rude  figure,  as  of  a 
beast,  bird,  Ac.,  used  by  the  N.  American 
Indians  as  a  symbolic  name. 

Toucan,  tou'kan. 
A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  all  the 
scansorial  birds, 
fam.  Ramphas-4 
tidsB,  but  some- 
times restricted  to 
those  of  the  gen. 
Bamphastos.  They 
are        remarkable  Toucan, 

among  birds  for  regurgitation  of  food, 
sending  it  back  into  the  bill  to  undei^ 
mastication  analogous  to  rumination  in 
quadrupeds.  A  small  oonstelhition  of 
the  southern  hemisphere. 

Touch-needle,  tuch'n^l.  A  small  bar 
of  gold  and  silver,  either  pure  or  alloyed 
with  various  definite  proportions  ot  cop- 
per, &c.,  used  by  assay ers  for  trying  arti- 
cles of  gold  and  silver. 

Toulon.  A  city  and  naval  station  of 
France,  on  the  Mediterranean,  82  m.  S.  £. 
of  Marseilles ;  pop.  80,000. 

Toulouse.  An  inland  city  of  France, 
on  the  Garonne,  180  m.  8.  E.  of  Bor- 
deaux, noted  for  the  defeat,  1812,  of  the 
French  under  Soult  by  the  British  under 
Wellington ;  pop.  181,460. 

Tournament,  tor'na-ment.  A  martial 
sport  or  species  of  combat  performed  in 
former  times  by  knights  and  cavaliers  on 
horseback.  It  has  recently  been  revived 
In  some  of  the  Southern  States. 

Toumay.  A  city  of  Belgium,  on  the 
Scheldt,  28  m.  N.  W.  of  Mons;  pop. 
85,210. 

Toumure,  -niir.  Turn  ;  contour ;  fig- 
ure; shape.  A  stiff  padded  bandage 
which  women  fasten  round  the  loins  to 
expand  the  skirt ;  a  bustle. 

Tours.  A  French  city,  bet.  the  Loire 
and  Cher,  65  m.  S.  W.  of  Orleans ;  pop. 
45,796. 

Tourville,  Anne  Hilarion  de 
Ootentin,  Ck>mte  de.  A  distinguished 
French  admiral  and  marshal ;  b.  1642,  d. 
1701. 

ToiuBUsaint  L'Ouverture.  A  negro 
general  and  President  of  Hayti ;  b.  17^,  a 
slave,  D.  1808,  in  France.  In  the  insur- 
rection and  massacre  of  the  whites,  1791, 
he  was  the  leader,  and  was  afterward 
elected  President  for  life.  Treacherously 
arrested  by  Gen.  Leclerc,  1802,  while  ne- 
gotiations were  in  progress,  he  was  car* 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TOWER 


TRAWL-NET 


ried  to  France  and  held  a  state  prisoner 
UIl  his  death. 

Tower,  tourer.  '  A  hlsrh  commode,  or 
head-dress,  worn  by  English  females  in 
the  reigns  of  William  III.  and  Queen 
Anne.  It  was  composed  of  paste-board, 
ribbons  and  lace ;  tne  latter  disposed  in 
alternate  tiers,  or  the  ribbons  were  formed 
into  high  stiffened  bows  covered  some- 
times hj  a  long  laced  scarf  or  veil. 

Townley  ICarbles,  tonn'le  miira>lz. 
An  assemblage  of  Greek  and  Roman 
8<»ilptxire  in  the  British  Masenm,  so 
named  from  Charles  Townley,  who  made 
the  collection. 

ToziooloST,  tok-si-kol'o-Ji.  That 
branch  of  medicine  which  treats  of  poi- 
sons and  their  antidotes,  or  of  the  morbid 
and  deleterious  effects  of  excessive  and  in- 
ordinate doses  and  quantities  of  medicine. 

Toxophilite,  -sofi-llt.  A  lover  of 
archery ;  one  who  devotes  much  atten- 
tion to  exercise  with  the  bow  and  arrow. 

Traotarianiszn,  trak-taM-an-izm.  A 
system  of  religions  opinion  and  practice 
promulgated  within  the  Gh.  of  England  in 
a  series  of  papers  entitled  "Tracts  for  the 
Times,"  published  at  Oxford  1888-1841. 
The  l^ers  of  the  movement.  Dr.  J.  H. 
Newman,  Dr.  Pusey,  Rev.  John  Keble 
and  other  Oxford  schDlars,  sought  to 
mark  out  a  middle  course  between  Ro- 
manism and  what  they  considered  a  ra- 
tionalistic or  latitudinarian  Protestantism. 
Many  who  ikvored  this  Anglo-Catholic 
movement  subsequently  went  over  to 
the  Ch.  of  Rome,  while  others  remained 
representatives  of  the  extremely  ritualis- 
tic or  High  Church  section  of  the  Ch.  of 
England. 

rrades-union,  trSdz-tin'yon.  A  com- 
bination of  workmen  of  particular  trades 
or  manufactures  to  enable  each  member 
to  secure  the  conditions  most  Ikvorable 
for  labor. 

Trade-wind,  trad- wind.  One  of  those 
constant  winds  which  occur  in  all  open 
seas  on  both  sides  of  the  equator,  and  to 
the  distance  of  abt.  SO**  north  and  south  of 
it.  On  the  north  of  the  equator  their  di- 
rection is  from  the  northeast,  south  of  the 
equator  from  the  southeast. 

Trafalfirar,  Cape.  A  point  in  S.  W. 
Spain  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of 
fflbraltar,  off  which,  Oct.  21,  1805,  the 
English  fleet,  under  Nelson,  disastrously 
defeated  the  allied  fleets  of  France  and 
Spain. 

Trajan,  ICarous  TTlpius  Trajanus. 
One  ofthe  ablest  and  most  successftU  of 


Roman  Emperors ;  b.  SO,  crowned  98,  d^ 
117. 

Tranaoauoaala.  That  section  of  Astat- 
ic Russia  S.  of  the  Caucasus,  including 
Georgia,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia  and  Abasiik 

Tranaenna,  tran-sen'na.  In  Chris- 
tian Antiq.  a  term  given  to  carved  lattice- 
work or  gratings  of  marble,  silver,  Ac, 
used  to  shut  in  the  shrines  of  martyrs,  al- 
lowing the  sacred  coffer  to  be  seen  but  pro* 
tectea  from  being  handled. 

Transom,  tran'sum.  A 
beam  or  timber  extend-  ^^ 
ed  across  the  stempost^ 
of  a  ship ;  a  lintel  over  a  \ 
door.  ^^ 

Transubstantiation,     ^^FN^^ 

-sub-8tan'8hi.4' 'shon.  a^a,a.Tran8oms. 
Change  of  substance : 
specifically,  in  Theol.  the  conversion  of 
the  bread  and  wine  in  the  euoharist  into 
the  body  and  blood  of  Cnrist,  a  belief 
held  by  Roman  Catholics  and  others. 
The  doctrine  is  distinguished  from  that  of 
the  real  presence,  inasmuch  as  the  latter 
is  generally  understood  to  mean  that  the 
body  of  Christ  coexists  in  and  along  with 
the  elements,  whereas,  according  to  the 
doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  the  body  of 
Christ  takes  the  place  of  the  elements, 
only  the  appearance  of  the  latter  remain- 
ing. 

Transylvania.  A  S.  E.  prov.  of  Hun- 
garv ;  area,  20,041  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt. 
2,250,000.  Cap.  Klausenburg.  It  was 
tributary  to  Turkey  until  1699. 

Trapezium.  A  plane 
figure  having  four  right 
lines  and  no  two  parallel ; 
a  bone  ofthe  wrist. 

Trapezoid,  a  plane  four- 
sided  figure,  having  two 
parallel  sides. 

Trappist,     trap'ist.      A 
member     of    a   religious    Trapezium, 
order  of  the  R.  C.  Ch.,  , 
founded  1140,  remark- 
able for  the  austere  life 
led  by  the  monks. 

Trawl,  tral.  A  line,  i 
sometimes  upward  ofa  Trapezoid, 
mile  in  length,  fh)m  which  short  lines 
with  baited  hooks  are  suspended,  used  in 
cod,  ling,  haddock  and  mackerel  fishing. 
A  trawl-net. 

TrawlinflT,  'ing.  The  act  of  fishing  with 
a  trawl  line  or  net. 

Trawl-net,  'net.     A  net  for  dragging 
behind  a  boat,  in  deep-sea  fishins',  for  tak 
i   ing  fish  which  lie  near  or  on  the  bottom. 


^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TREADMILL 


TBILLIOH 


Troadmill.  tred'mfl.  A  machine  em- 
ployed in  prison  difldpUne,  oonsiBtIng  of  a 
wheel  made  to  rerolve  by  the  walking  of 
the  prisoner. 

TrebiBOnd.  Aci^  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
on  the  Eaxine,  120  m^N.  W.  of 
EfEeronm,  the  cap.  of  the  empire  of  Tra- 
pezuB,  1204-1460 ;  pop.  abt.  80,000. 

Tree-frog',  tre'frog.  The  popular  name 
of  a  gen.  of  amphibian  yertcDrates  (Hvla), 
forming  the  type  of  a  distinct  fomily  (Hy- 
ladffi),  ord.  Anonra ;  called  also  tree-toad. 

Trent.  A  city  in  the  Tyrol,  Austria,  on 
the  Adige.  noted  for  its  celebrated  Church 
CouncU,  1646-1568;  pop.  abt.  15,000. 

Trental,  tren'tal.  An  office  for  the  dead 
1b  the  B.  G.  service,  consisting  of  80 
masses  rehearsed  for  80  davs  successively 
after  the  party^s  death.  Hence,  a  dirge ; 
ftn  elegy. 

Trenton.  Cap.  of  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Delaware,  80  m.  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia. 
Near  T^  Dec.  26,  17T7,  the  Americans, 
under  Washington,  defeated  the  British, 
capturing  1,000  prisoners;  pop.  29.910. 

Trepans:,  trC>-pang^  The  sea-slug,  a 
rnu^ne  animal,  gen.  Holothuria,  class 
Echinodermata,  ord.  Holothuridce,  popu- 
larly known  as  sea-cucumbers  or  beches- 
de-roer,  highly  esteemed  as  an  article  of 
food  in  China. 

Trestle-work,  tres'l-werk.  A  viaduct, 
scaffold,  Ac.,  on  piers,  Mith  braces  and 
cross-beams;  or  the  posts,  stringers, 
braces,  and  cross-beams  supporting  a 
roadway,  railway-track,  &c. 

Treves.  An  ancient  city  of  Rhenish 
l*russia,  on  the  Moselle,  60  m.  S.  W.  of 
Coblentz.  The  archbishops  of  Treves 
were  electoral  princes  of  the  German  em- 
pire fi-om  the  12th  eentnry  down  to  the 
French  Kevolation  ;  pop.  abt.  24,000. 

Trianflrle,  'ang-l.  A  fig- 
ure of  three  angles;  a 
steel  instrument  of  per- 
cussion in  music. 

Triad,  tri'ad.    In  Hindu 
Myth,  the  three  principal 
divinities  in  the  Big  Yeda, 
to  whom  hymns  are  ad- 
dressed :  Indra,  the  personifl' 
cation  of  the  phenomena  of 
the  visible  firmament,  espe- 
cially  of  thunder  and  ram : 
Agni,  of  fire,    especially    of 
sacrificial  fire  ;  and  Surya  or 
Savitri,  of  the  sun.    The  triad 
of  later  Brahmanio  or  Hindu 
literature  consists  of  Brahma,    Scalene 
Vishnu  JWd  Stvii,  Triangle. 


Triangle. 


Tribune,  a>&n«  LnBom.  Antiq.  origin 
ally  an  officer  who  represented  a  tribe  for 
certain  purposes ;  ospeiBlally,  a  magistrate 
chosen  by  liie  people  to  protect  them 
from  the  oppression  of  the  patricians  or 
nobles,  ana  to  defend  their  liberties  oj^nst 
the  senate  and  consols.  There  were  at 
first  but  two.  but  their  number  was  in- 
creased ultimately  to  ten.  There  were 
also  military  tribunes,  each  of  whom  com- 
manded a  division  or  legion,  and  also 
tribunes  of  the  treasury,  of  the  horse,  Ac. 
A  bench  or  eleva'^  plaoe ;  a  raised  seat 
or  stand;  speddcally,  the  throne  of  a 
bishop.  A  sort  of  pulpit  or.  rostrum 
where  a  speaker  stands  to  address  an 
assembly,  as  ia  the  French  chamber  o  f 
deputies. 

Trichina,  tri-ki'na.  A  minute  nema- 
toid  worm,  the  larva  of  which  was  dis- 
covered in  1886  in  the  tissue  of  the  vol- 
untary muscles  of  man,  giving  rise  to  a 
disease  known  as  trichinlasis.  The  worm 
is  common  to  other  mammals,  especially 
to  the  pig,  and  it  is  generally  from  it  that 
man  receives  the  disease. 

Triclinitun,  tri-klin'i-um.  Among  the 
Komans  the  dining-room  where  guests 
were  received,  furnished  with  three 
couches,  occupying  three  sides  of  the 
table,  the  fourth  being  left  open  for  the 
ingress  and  egress  of  servants.  On  these 
conches,  also  called  triclinium,  the  guests 
reclined  at  dinner  or  supper.  Each  coudi 
usnally  accommodated  three  persons,  and 
thus  nine  was  as  many  as  could  take  a 
meal  together. 

TridacnidsB,  -dak'nl-de.  A  fimi.  of  la- 
incUibranchiate  moUusca,  of  which  tjietype 
is  the  gen.  Tridocna.  It  comprises  also 
the  gen.  Hippopns. 

Trident,  tri'dent.  A  kind  of  scepter  or 
spear  with  three  barb-pointed  prongs 
with  which  Poseidon  (Neptune),  the  sea- 
god,  is  usually  represented.  In  Bom. 
Antiq.  a  three-pronged  spear  used  in  glad- 
iatorial combats  by  the  retiarius. 

Trierarchy,  'er-ftrk-i.  The  system  in 
ancient  Athens  of  forming  a  national  fleet 
by  compelling  wealthy  persons  to  fit  out 
and  maintain  vessels. 

Trieste.  Chief  seaport  of  Austria,  on 
the  Gulf  of  T.,  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
the  Adriatic,  72  m.  E.  of  Venice;  pop. 
78,649. 

Trifiramy,  trig'a-mi.  Stote  of  being  mar- 
ried three  times,  or  the  state  of  having 
three  husbands  or  three  wives  at  the  same 
time. 

Trillion,  tril'yon.  The  product  of  a 
million  involved  to  the  third  power ;  the 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TftlLITttOlJ 


m 


TfeltttfilSM 


product  of  the  square  of  a  million  multi- 
plied by  a  million.  Thus  1,000,000  X  1,- 
000,000  .=  1,000,000,000,000,  and  this  prod- 
uct multiplied  by  a  million  =  1,000,000,- 
000,000,000,000.  According  to  the  French 
notation  the  number  expressed  by  a  unit, 
with  twelve  ciphers  annexed,  or  1,000,- 
000,000,000. 

Trillthon,  tn'llth-on.  Three  large  stones 
placed  together  like  door-posts  and  a  lin- 


Triilthons. 
tel,  and  standing  by  themselves  as  in 
sundry  ancient  monuments 
Triloblte,  tri'lo-bit.  One  of  an  extinct 
and  widely-distributed  family  of  paheozoic 
Crustacea,  nearly  allied  to  the  Phyllopoda. 
Trixnurti,  tri'iner-ti. 
The  name  of  the  later 
Hindu  triad  or  trinity, 
Brahma,  Vishnu  and 
Siva,  conceived  as  an 
inseparable  unity. 
The  sectaries  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu  and  / 
Siva  respectively  make  ,k  I  .-  , 

their  god  the  rrifinnl mwHiwit 

deity  from  which  the  Trimurtl. 
trinity  emanates;  but 
considered  separately,  Brahma  is  the  cre- 
ating, Vishnu  the  preserving,  and  Siva 
the  destroying  principle  of  the  deity,  while 
Trimurtl  is  the  philosophical  or  theolog- 
ical unity  which  combines  the  three  sepa- 
rate forms  in  one  self-existent  being.  The 
Trimurtl  is  represented  symbolically  as 
one  bodv  with  Uiree  heads,  Vishnu  at  the 
right,  Siva  at  the  left,  and  Brahma  in  the. 
center. 

Trinfirana.  A  city  and  seaport  of  Ma- 
lacca, at  the  W.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
Siam ;  pop.  abt.  e0,000. 
Trinitarian,  trin-i-ta'ri-an.  One  who 
believes  the  doctrine  of  the  Ti*inity .  One 
of  a  religious  order  institutad  1198,  who 
made  it  their  business  to  ransom  Christian 
captivestakeiiby  the  Moors  and  other  in- 
fidels. 


Trinidad.  One  of  the  British  W.  India 
ishinds,  of  the  Caribbean  group;  area,  1754 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  109,600.  Cap.,  Port  of  Spain. 

Trinity,  'i-ti.  In  Theol.  the  union  of 
three  persons  in  one  Godhead  :  the  Father, 
the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit.  A  sym- 
bolical representation  of  the  mystery  Oi' 
the  Trinity  frequent  in  Christian  art,  one 
of  the  most  general  forms  consisting  of  a 
figure  of  the  Father  seated  on  a  throne, 
the  head 
surrounded 
with  a  tri-/ 
angul  arl 
nimbus,  or  ^ 

surmount-       -^.^  ^_^ 

t^T r^^l  e 8y™^^*>' ^^  ^^^y Trinity, 
crown :  Christ  crudflced  in  front,  and  the 
Holv  Spirit,  in  the  form  of  a  dove,  resting 
on  the  cross.  The  mystic  union  was  also 
symbolized  bv  emblems  or  devices,  in 
which  three  elements  were  combined  into 
one  whole,  as  by  the  equilateral  triangle, 
or  a  combination  of  the  triangle,  the  circle, 
and  sometimes  the  trefoil.  T.  Sunday, 
the  Sunday  next  after  Whitsunday,  ob- 
served by  the  Soman,  Anglican,  and 
other  churches  in  honor  of  the  Trinity. 

Trinity.  A  river  of  Texas,  emptying 
into  Galveston  Bay ;  length  fiSO  m. 

Trip-hammer,  trip'ham-mer.  A  large 
hammer  used  in  forges ;  a  tilt-hammer. 

Tripoli.  One  of  the  Barbory  States  of 
N.  Africa,  a  \il^et  of  the  Turkish  em- 
pire ;  bounded  N.  by  tht  Mediterranean, 
E.  by  the  Libyan  Desert,  S.  by  Sahara, 
W.  by  Tunis ;  area,  61,760  sq.  m. ;  pop. 
abt  800,000.    Cap.  Tripoli ;  pop.  16,200. 

Triptych,  'tik.  A  picture,  carving,  or 
other  representation  in  three  compart- 
ments side  by  side. 

Trireme,  tri'rSm.  A  gallev  or  vessel 
with  three  benches  or  ranks  of  oars  on  n 
side,  a  common  class  of  war-ship  among 
the  ancient  Greeks,  Romans,  Carthagin- 
ians, «fec.  The  trireme  was  also  provided 
with  a  largo  square  sail. 

Trisa^on,  tri-sa'gi-on.  One  of  the  dox- 
ologies  of  the  Eastern  Church,  repeated  in 
the  form  of  versiclo  and  responses  by  the 
choir  in  certain  parts  of  the  liturgy,  and 
BO  called  from  the  triple  recurrence  in  it 
of  the  word  hagios  (holy). 

Trifloctahedron,  tris-ok'ta-he'^dron.  A 
solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  faces, 
three  corresponding  to  each  face  of  an 
octahedron. 

Tritheism,  tri'the-izm.     The    opinion 

that  the  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Spirit  are 

three  beings  or  Gods. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TBITON 


Wi 


TEOUBADOTTB 


Triton^  'ton.    In  f — 
Greek  and  Latin  £ 
M3rth.  a   Bon    of    i 
Poseidon  and      .^. 
Amphitrite,    who        j  :</C^    ** 
dwelt  with  his  /:;^^—\^jja 
fitther  and  mother  J  ffS^  ^^^^7* 
in  a  golden  i>alaoe  'J'*i:^f ;  --   --^ 
at  the  bottom  of  l^^^^ 
of  the  sea.     The  Triton. 

Uter  poets   speak* 

of  Tritons  in  the  plural  as  a  race  of  sub- 
ordinate sea  deities. 

Triumplialj-nm'fa].  Pertaining  to  tri- 
umph. Taroh,  originally  a  temporary  ardh 
arooted  in  connection  with  the  trlomph  of 


Aioh  of  TitoB,  Borne. 


a  Soman  general,  and  through  which  he 
and  his  army  passed.  Afterwards  the 
triumphal  arch  was  a  massive  and  orna- 
mental permanent  structure,  often  having 
a  central  and  two  side  archways.  T.  col- 
umn, among  the  Eomans,  an  insulated 
column  erected  in  commcmoratio'n  of  a 
conqueror  to  whom  has  been  decreed  the 
honorsof  a  triumph.  T.  crown,  a  laurel 
crown  awarded  by  the  Romans  to  a  vic- 
torious general. 

Triumvirate,  'vi-rat.  A  coalition  of 
three  men  in  office  or  authority;  partic- 
ularly applied  in  Roman  history  to  two 
famous  coalitions,  the  first  59  b.  c.  be- 
tween Ciesar,  Pompeius  and  Crassus  ;  the 
second  48  b.  o.  between  Antonlus,  Octavi- 
anus  and  Lepidus.  Government  by  three 
men  in  coalition.  A  party  of  three  men  ; 
three  men  in  company  or  forming  one 
company. 

Triune,  'an.  Three  in  one ;  an  epithet 
applied  to  God,  to  express  the  unity  of  the 
Godhead  in  a  trinity  of  persons. 

TrochilidSB,  trd-kil'i-de.  The  humming- 
birds, a  family  of  extremely  minute  but 


exquisitely  beautifhl  tenuirostralpassertn* 

Troohu,  Louis  Julea.  A  French  gen- 
eral ;  B.  1820,  appointed  Conmumder-ino 
chief,  mo. 

Troglodyte,  trd'glod-It  A  cave-dweller; 
one  dwelUng  in  a  cave  or  underground 
habitation.  The  ancient  Greeks  gave  the 
name  to  various  races  of  savages  inhabit- 
ing caves,  especially  to  the  cave-dwella>s 
on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea  and  along  the 
banks  of  the  Upper  Nile  in  Nubia  and 
Abyssinia,  the  whole  of  this  district  being 
known  by  the  name  of  Troglodytlke. 
ArchiBological  investigations  show  that 
cave-dwellers  everywhere  probably  pre- 
oeded  house-builders. 

TroffonidsD,  tro-gon'i-dd.  A  fun.  of 
scan  serial  birds,  remarkable  for  their 
b^utiftil  plumage,  typically  represented 
by  the  trogons. 

Trollope.  The  name  of  an  English  fam  - 
ily  distinguished  in  literature,  including 
Frances  ;  b.  1790,  d.  1868 ;  Thomas  Adol- 
phus,  her  eldest  son,  b.  1820,  and  An- 
thony, a  younger  brothor,  one  of  the  most 
popular  novelists  of  the  age,  b.  1825. 

Trombone,  trom'bon.  A  deep-toned 
instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind,  consist- 
ing of  three  tubes,  the  middle  one  being 
doubled  and  sUding  into  the  other  two.  ' 

Tromp,  Maxten  Harpertaoon  Van* 
A  distinguished  Dutch  admiral ;  b.  1597> 
killed  in  battle  with  the  British  fleet  under 
Admh-al  Drake,  1658. 

Tropic,  trop'ik.  In  Astron.  one  of  two 
circles  on  the  celestial  sphere,  whose  dis- 
tances from  the  equator  are  each  equal  to 
the  obUouity  of  the  ecliptic,  or  2Si» 
nearly.  The  northern  one  touches  the 
ecliptic  at  the  sign  Cancer,  and  is  thence 
called  the  tropic  of  Cancer ;  the  southern 
one,  for  a  similar  reason,  the  tropic  of  Cap- 
ricorn. 

Tropio-bird,  -herd.  The  common  name 
of  the  natatorial  birds,  gen.  Phaeton,  peli- 
can fam.,  peculiar  to  tropical  regions. 
There  are  two  species,  the  P.  aethereus 
and  P.  phoenicurus.  They  are  distinguished 
'by  two  very  long,  slender  tail-feathers. 

TroubadOcLT,  trd'ba-dor.  A  name  given 
to  a  class  of  early  poets  who  first  appeared 
in  Provence,  in  France,  and  *  flourished 
from  the  11th  to  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
century,  In  the  south  of  France,  Catalonia, 
Arragon  andN.  Italy.  The  most  renowned 
were  knights  who  cultivated  music  and 
poetry  as  ^n  honorable  accomplishment; 
but  in  its  later  days  the  art  was  chiefly 
cultivated  by  minstrels  of  a  lower  dftsii. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


T&OOT 


M8 


TUNKEE 


Trout,  trout.  The  common  name  of  va- 
rious species  offish,  gen.  Salmo. 

Tronvere,  tro-var.  A  name  griven  to 
the  ancient  poets  of  N.  France,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Troubadour  of  Provence. 

Troy,  troi.  A  weight  chiefly  used  for 
gold,  silver  and  articles  of  jewelry.  The 
pound  troy  contains  12  ounces,  each  ounce 
20  pennyweights,  and  each  pennyweight 
24  grains.  Hence  the  pound  contains 
6,760  grains  and  the  ounce  480  grains.  As 
the  avoirdupois  pound  contains  7,000 
grains,  and  the  ounce  437i  grai:  i,  the 
troy  pound  is  to  the  avoirdupois  as  144  to 
176,  and  the  troy  ounce  to  the  avoirdupois 
as  192  to  175. 

Troy.  In  Heroic  Hist.  cap.  of  Troas, 
Asia  Minor,  noted  for  its  10  years'  defense 
against  the  Greeks. 

Troyes.  Cap.  of  dept.Aube,  France,  on 
the  Seine,  88  m.  8.  E.  of  Paris,  noted  for 
severe  battles  between  the  French  and  al- 
lies, 1814,  and  the  French  and  Germans, 
1870 ;  pop.  87,800. 

TraxnbuU,  John.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can painter;  b.  in  Conn.,  1766,  d.  1843. 
He  was  an  aide-de-camp  on  Washington's 
staff  in  the  Revolution. 

Trumpet,  trum'pet.  A  wind  instrument 
ofmusic  of  the  highest  antiquity.  In  its 
modem  form  it  consists  of  a  tube  of  brass 
or  silver,  doubled  up  in  the  form  of  a  par- 
abola, becoming  conoid  in  the  last  fold, 
and  expanding  into  a  bell-shape  end,  the 
other  end  being  fitted  with  a  mouth-piece 
by  which  the  instrument  is  sounded. 

Trumpeter, -er.  One^vliL> 
sounds  a  trumpet;  a  h^rd 
of  South  America,  ref  i-m- 
bling  the  pheasant. 

Tudor,  tu'dor.  The  numr 
of  an  English  royal  liiiu 
founded  by  Owen  Tud('t ,  of 
Wales,  who  married  the 
widowed  queen  of  H^  ranv 
V.  The  first  of  the  T u  d  lir 
sovereigns  was  Henry  VI., 
1485,  the  last  Elizabeth, 
1605.  T.  Style,  in  Arch,  a 
name  frequently  applied  to 
the  latest  Gothic  style  In 
England,  sometimes  known  as  Florid 
Gothic,  prevailing  from  1400  to  1687,  but 
the  term  is  sometimes  extended  so  as  to 
include  the  Elizabethan  period  also,  which 
bringslt  down  to  1603. 
Tullius,  Servius.  Sixth  traditionary 
king  of  Rome ;  b.  a  slave  of  king  Tarquin- 
lus  Priscus,  and  elevated  to  the  throne 
through  the  efforts  of  the  widowed  queen. 


Trumpeter 
(Golden- 
breasted). 


Tarquin  became  his  son-in-law,  and,  seiz- 
ing the  throne,  put  his  fiither-in-law  to 
death.  He  is  credited  with  many  reforms. 
Tulipomania,  tu'Up- 
6-ma''ni-a.  A  violent 
passion  for  the  cultiva- 
tion or  acnuisition  of 
tulips,  which  began  to  a 
exhibit  itself  in  Hoi-/ 
land  about  the  year 
1684,  and  spread  like  . 
an  epidemic.  Tulip 
marts  were  established 
in  the  large  towns, 
where  roots  were  sold 
and  resold  as  stocks  on  TnUp. 

the  exchange.  A  single 
root  of  Semper  Augustas  was   thought 
cheap  at  5500  florins,  and  on  one  occasion 
12  acres  of  building  lots  were  offered  for  a 
single  root  of  this  species  at  Haarlem.  The 
mania  raged  for  several  years  till  the  gov- 
ernment found  it  necessary  to  interfere. 
Tullus,  Hostilius.    Third  traditionary 
king  of  Rome,  warlike  and  successful. 
The  singular  contest  bet.  the  Horatii  and 
Guriatii  occurred  during  his  reign. 
Tulwar,  tul'war.    The  E.  Indian  saber. 
Tumulus,   tu'ma-lus.    A  barrow  or  ar- 
tificial burial  mound  of  earth. 
Tunbridgre  Wells.    A  popular  English 
spa,  in  Co.  Kent ;  pop.  28,720. 
Tundra,  tun'dra.    A  term  applied  to  the 
immense  stretches  of  flat,  boggy  country 
extending  through  N.  Siberia  and  part  of 
Russia.    They  are  frozen  the  greater  part 
of  the  year. 
Tunic,  tii'nik.    A  very  ancient  form  of 

farment  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
t  was  worn  by  both  sexes  under  the  toga 
and  the  palla,  and  flEiStened  by  a  girdle  or 
belt  about  the  waist.  The  senators  had  a 
broad  stripe  of  purple  (called  latus  clavus) 
sewed  on  the  breast  of  their  tunic,  and  the 
equites  had  a  narrow  stripe  (called  angus- 
tus  clavus)  on  the  breast. 

Tunis.  One  of  the  Barbary  States,  N. 
Africa,  nominallv  under  Turkish  rule, 
bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Mediterranean, 
8.  by  Tripoli  and  Algeria,  W.  by  Algeria ; 
area,  60,000  sq.  m. ;  pop.  2,700,000.  Its 
cap.,  Tunis,  on  bay  of  same  name,  is  18 
m.  S.  W.  of  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage ; 
pop.  128,712.  Bay  of  T.,  a  large  arm  of 
the  S.  Mediterranean. 

Tunker,  tnng'ker.  One  of  a  religions 
sect,  founded  by  Conrad  Peysel,  a  German, 
1724,  and  which  takes  its  name  iW)m  the 
mode  of  baptizing  converts  by  plunging 
them  three  times  into  the  water.  They 
reject  in&at  baptism  ;  use  great  plainness 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


I^WiJIr 


^ 


TtTELTTPDsrt 


of  drees  and  language ;  refuse  to  take 
oaths  or  to  fight ;  and  anoint  the  siok  with 
oil  In  order  to  their  recovery,  depending 
upon  this  unction  and  prayer,  and  reject- 
ing the  use  of  medicine.  Every  brother 
is  allowed  to  speak  in  the  congregation, 
and  their  best  speaker  Is  usually  ordained 
to  be  their  preacher.  Also  called  Dipper, 
Dunker  ana  Tumbler. 

Tanny,  tun'I. 
A  fish,  gen. 
Thynnus,  fam. 
ScomberidR*,  th( 
T.  vulgaris, 
closely  aTlIe«l  to  Tunny, 

the  mackerel. 

Tupaia,  tu-pVa.  A  gen.  of  remarkable 
mammals,  comprising  thijee  known  spe- 
cies, natives  of  Sumatra  and  Java,  closely 
resembling  squirrels. 

Turanian,  -rri'ni-an.  One  of  the  great 
classes  into  which  human  speech  has  been 
divided,  including  the  I'^rrian  or  Finnish, 
Samoyedii',  Turkish,  Mon>.'olian,  Tungu- 
sic,  and  possibly  the  Dravldian. 

Turban,  ter'ban.  A  f«»rin  of  head-dress 
worn  by  the  Orientals,  roiisisting  of  a 
quilted  cap  without  brim,  lifted  to  the 
head,  and  a  sash,  scurt  or  shnwl  wound 
about  the  cap  and  sumetiines  hanging 
down  the  neck.  A  kind  of  head-dress 
worn  by  ladies.  In  Conch,  the  whole  set 
ofwhorlsofashell. 

Turbine, 'bin,  Aktml 
of  horizontal  \vjit«ijr- 
wheel,  made  to  i  r  vijlvo 
by  the  escape « ■  l  '■vatw, 
through  orifice ^.  nu<.l 
the  influence  of  [n^'^auro 
derived  from  a  i  ill. 

Turbo,  'bo.    A  '^t-n.  of 
gasteropodous     m  o  1  - 
fusks,  type  of  the  fam.  Toiblne  WheeL 
Turbinidffi,  resembling 
a  limax  or  .  slug. 
The  periwinkle  is 
an  example. 

Turbot,  'bot.  A 
highly  esteemed 
fish  of  the  gen. 
Rhombas,  com- 
mon on  the  N.  E. 
coast,  and  attains 

•  a  weight  of  20  lbs. 

Turenne,  Henri  de  la  Tour 
d'Auvergne,  Vicomte  de.  The 
greatest  military  commander  of  his  age, 
grandson  of  WlUlam  the  Silent,  Prince  of 
Orange;  b.  at  Sedan,  France,  1611,  acci- 
dentally killed  by  a  shot  while  reconnoi- 


Turbot 


tering  an  intended  battlefield,  1675.  In  thtt 
civil  wars  of  France,  he  fought  first  on  the 
Protestant  side  and  alt^^ard  on  th# 
Catholic. 

Turin.  Former  cap.  of  Sardinia,  and 
later  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  on  the  Por 
80  m.  S.  W.  of  Milan ;  pop.  218,800. 

Turkestan.  A  large  region  of  W.  Cep* 
tral  Asia,  divided  by  the  Beloor  and  Little 
Altai  mountain  ranges  Into  £.  and  W. 
T. ;  bounded  N.  by  Siberia  and  the  Kir- 
gtiiB  countiT,  E.  by  Mongolia,  S.  by 
Thibet,  Persia,  AfjBrhanistan  and  tiie  Pun 
>ab,  W.  by  the  Caspian  Sea ;  area,  760,000 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  25.000,000.  Principal 
cities  in  the  E.  division,  Khiva,  Balkh. 
Khoondooz,  Bokhara,  Samarcand  anr 
Tashkend ;  in  the  W.  division,  Tarkand, 
Oashgar  and  Khotan.  E.  T.  (Upper  Tai 
tary)  belongs  to  China. 

Turkey,  'k6.  A  large  gallinaoeous  bh^ 
(Meleagris  gallo-pavo),  well  known  as  an 
inmate  of  poultry  yards. 

Turkey  (The  Ottoman  Empire). 
An  empire  which  occupies  large  sections 
of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa,  a  great  por- 
tion being  held  nominally.  T.  in  Europe 
is  bounde<l  N.  by  Russia  and  Austria,  £. 
by  the  IJlack  Sea,  8.  bv  Greece,  the  Archi- 
pelago and  the  Daraanelles,  W.  bv  Dal- 
niatia  and  the  Adriatic;  area,  60,000  sq. 
m. ;  iK>p.  abt.  14,000,000.  Principal  cities, 
Constantinople,  cap.  of  the  empire,  Adri. 
anople,  Salonica,  Serayevo,  Galllpolf 
Philippopolls  and  Sophia.  Chief  river,  th;, 
Danube.  Mountains,  the  Balkau  range 
T.  in  Asia,  bounded  N.  by  Bussia  and  tii« 
Bhusk  Sea,  E.  by  Persia,  8.  by  Arabic. 
W.  by  the  Medlterannean ;  area,  670,00<> 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt.  16,000,000.  Principa* 
cities,  Smyrna,  Damascus,  Jerusalem. 
Beyrout,  Erzeroum,  Bmsa,  Aleppo  and 
Bagdad.  Chief  rivers,  the  Tigris,  Eu- 
phrates and  Jordan.  Mountains,  the 
Taurus  range.  T.  in  Africa  includes 
Egypt,  Tripoli  and  Tunis,  and  thev  are 
described  under  their  respective  heaas. 

Turkey-buzzard,  'kg-buz-erd.  A  npa- 
dous  bird  belonging  to  the  vulture  &m. 
(Vulturidflp),  gen.  Cathartes  (C.  aura)  :  so 
named  IVom  its  bearing  a  distant  resem- 
blance to  a  turkey. 

Turkoman,  tnr'ko-man.  One  of  a  no- 
madic Tartar  people  occupying  the  terri- 
tory between  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  Aral,  the  khanates  of  Khiva  and  Bok- 
haia,  Afghanistan  and  Persia. 

Turlupins,  ter'lu-pinz.  In  Fr.  Eocles. 
Hist,  a  nickname  applied  to  the  secretaries 
of  the  14th  oentiuy,  the  precursors  of  the 
Reformation. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TURBiA 


665 


TYPE-SETTING 


Turn-table. 


Tarma,  'mft.  Among  the  BomiuiB  a 
company  of  cavalry,  consisting  at  first  of 
AO,  afterwards  of  82  men. 

Tomer,  Joseph  William  ICallard. 
An  eminent  English  painter ;  b.  1775,  d. 
1861. 

Tomip,  'nip.  The  common  name  of  the 
Brasslca  Bapa,  a  cruciferous,  biennial 
plant,  much  cultivated  both  in  the  field 
and  in  the  garden  on  account  of  its  escu- 
lent root 

Turnstone,  tem'ston.  A  grallatorial 
bird  of  the  plover  fam.,  Gharadriadse,  gen. 
Strepsilas  (S.  collaris) ;  called  also  the  s«a- 
dotterel. 

Turn-table, 
'ta-bl.  A  large' 
revolving^ 
platform  for 
turning  raU-^ 
road  cars,  lo- 
comotives, 
&c.,  into  a 
different  dl 
rection. 

Turpentine,  ter'pen-tin.  An  oleo-res- 
inous  substance  flowing  naturally  or  by 
incision  firom  several  species  of  trees,  as 
the  pine,  larch,  fir,  pistacia,  &c. 

Turquoise,  'kolz.  A  greenish-blue 
opaque  precious  stone,  consisting  essen- 
tially of  a  phosphate  of  alumina,  contain- 
ing a  little  oxiae  of  iron  and  oxide  of  cop- 
per. The  true  or  oriental  turquoise  is 
only  found  in  a  mountain  region  in  Persia. 

Turret,  tur'et.  In  MiUt.  Antiq.  a  mova- 
ble building  of  a  square  form,  consisting 
of  ten  or  even  twen^  stories,  and  some- 
times 180  feet  high,  usually  moved  on 
wheels,  and  employed  in  approaches  to  a 
fortified  place  for  carrying  soldiers,  en- 
gines, ladders,  &c.  In  a  modern  sense  a 
small  cupola  with  windows^ 

Turret-ship,  -ship.  An  armor-plated 
ship  of  war  with  low  sides,  having  heavy 
guns  mounted  within  one  or  more  turrets, 
which  rotate,  so  that  the  guns  may  be 
brought  to  bear  in  any  required  direction. 

Tuscan,  tus'kan.  The 
simplest  order  of  archi- 

Turtle',  ter'tl.  A  gallina- 
ceous bird,  gen.  Turtur, 
film.  ColumbidsB ;  the 
turtle-dove  or  turtle- 
pi  g  e  o  n.  The  name 
given  to  the  marine 
members  of  the  ord. 
Chelonia  constituting 
the  fiun.  ChelonidflB.  The    Tuscan  Order. 


most  important  species  is  the  green  turtl« 
(Chelonia  mydas). 

Tuscany.  A  state  of  Central  Italy,  for- 
merly a  grand  duchy ;  lu-ea,  8,874  sq.  m. ; 
pop.  2,219,000.  Cap.,  Florence. 

Tweed.  A  river  in  8.  of  Scotland,  emp- 
tying into  the  German  Ocean  at  Berwick ; 
len^h,  95  m. 

Twelfth-day,  twelfth'da.  The  twelfth 
dav  after  Christmas ;  the  festival  of  the 
Epiphany.    Twelfth-tide. 

Twelve,  twelv.  The  number  which  con- 
sists often  and  two.  A  symbol  represent- 
ing twelve  units,  as  12  or  zii. 

Twenty,  twen'tl.  The  number  of  twice 
ten;  a  score.  A  symbol  representing 
twenty  units,  as  20  or  xx. 

Twilifirht,  twi'lit.  The  fWnt  light  re- 
flected upon  the  earth  after  sunset  and 
before  sunrise ;  crepuscular  light. 

Two,  to.  The  number  which  consists  of 
one  and  one.  The  svmbol  representing 
this  number,  as  2  or  il. 

Twopence,  'pens.  A  small  silver  coin, 
formerly  current  in  England,  equivalent 
to  two  pennies  or  one-sixth  of  a  shilling, 
now  specially  coined  annually  to  a  fixed 
amount,  to  be  given  by  the  sovereign  as 
alms  on  Maundy-Thursday. 

Tycoon,  tl-k^n^  The  generalissimo  of 
the  Japanese  army,  and  formerly  virtual 
emperor  and  real  ruler  of  the  country. 
Called  also  Shogun,  Siogun. 

Tyler,  John.  Tenth  President  of  the 
U.  8.,  elected  Vice-President,  and  suc- 
ceeding to  the  oflBce  on  the  death  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison,  1841 ;  b.  in  Virginia,  1790, 
D.  1862,  while  a  member  of  the  Confed- 
erate Congress. 

Tyne.  A  river  in  N.  of  England,  empty- 
ing into  the  North  8ea ;  length,  80  m. 

Tsrpe,  tip.  In  printing,  a  rectangular 
solid  or  prism  of  metal,  wood  or  other 
hard  material  having  a  raised  letter,  figure, 
punctuation  mark  or  other  character  on 
the  upper  end,  which,  whefn  inked,  is  used 
to  make  impressions  on  paper  and  other 
smooth  surfaces. 

Type-founding,  'found -ing.  The  art 
or  practice  of  manufacturing  metallic 
movable  types. 

Type-metal,  'met-al.  An  alloy  of  lead, 
antimony  and  tin,  used  in  making  ^pes. 
The  usual  proportion  is  one  part  of  anti- 
mony to  three  of  lead. 

T3rpe-settinif ,  'set-ing.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess by  which  type  is  set  up  or  placed  in 
the  coniposing-stick,  ready  to  be  printed 
ttom.  Type-setting  machine,  a  machine 
for  composmg  or  setting  up  type. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TTPE-WKlTJfiB 


6w 


ULEMA 


Tsrpe-wxlter,  Vit-er.  A  machine  nsed 
as  a  Bubstitnte  for  the  pen,  by  whioh  the 
letters  are  produced  by  the  impression  of 
inked  types. 

Typhon,  tl'fon.  The  Greek  name  of  the 
i«7ptlan  divinity  Set,  the  personification 
oruie  principle  of  evil. 

Typhoon,  -fon'.  One  of  the  violent  hur- 
ricanes which  rage  on  the  coasts  of  China 
and  Japan,  from  May  to  November. 

Typography,  -pog'ra-fl.  The  art  of 
printing,  or  the  operation  of  impressing 
letters  and  words  on  paper  by  types.  Em- 
blematical or  hieroglyphic  representation. 

Tsnr,  t6r.  In  N.  Myth.,  the  god  of  war 
and  victory ;  the  son  of  Omn,  and  the 
same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tyw  or  Tin. 


Tsrre.  A  Cunous  commercial  city  of  an- 
tiquity, tn  Phoenicia,  Asia,  captared  and 
destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great,  832 
B.  0. ;  rebuilt,  it  was  the  scene  of  fierce 
conflict  between  the  Crusaders  and  Sara- 
cens, and  completely  lost  its  commercial 
importance  in  the  occupation  of  Syria  by 
the  Turks,  1516.    Its  site  is  occupied  by  a 

►verty-strlcken  village  of  some  2,600 'in- 

ibitants,  called  Soor. 

Tjrrol,  The.  A  prov.  of  Austria,  S.  of 
Bavaria  and  E.  of  Switzerland ;  area,  10,- 
689  sq.  m. ;  pop.  898,000.  Cap.  Inns- 
pruck.  It  is  the  most  mountainous  coun- 
try of  Europe ;  the  Rheetian,  Lepontine 
and  Noric  ranges  of  the  Alps  completely 
intersecting  it 


pov 
habi 


u 


UIS  the  21st  letter  and  the  5th  vowel  in 
the  alphabet.  Its  true  primary  sound 
was  that  which  it  still  retains  in  most  of 
the  languages  of  Europe,  that  of  oo  in 
cool,  tool,  good,  wood,  Ac.  The  long 
sound  as  in  mute,  pure,  duke,  difltise,  &c., 
is  not  a  simple  vowel,  the  u-sound  having 
reallv  an  i-BOund  before  it.  The  words  bury 
and  busy  (with  their  derivatives)  exhibit 
solitary  peculiu^tiesin  the  pronounciation 
of  this  character.  The  sound  of  u  in  mute 
is  also  represented  by  other  combinations, 
as  by  ue  in  due,  ew  in  dew,  and  ui  in  suit. 
In  plague,  rogue,  Jic,  ue  indicates  that 
the  preceding  vowel  is  to  be  pronounced 
long  and  the  g  with  its  hard  sound ;  in 
tongue  it  is  a  useless  excrescence.  Besides 
the  sound  in  suit,  ui  has  several  other 
sounds,  as  in  build,  guide,  fruit,  anguish, 
mosquito,  &c.  In  buoy  and  buy  the  u  is 
not  heard.  U  in  Chem.  is  the  symbol  of 
uranium.  U.  C,  in  dates  belonging  to 
Roman  history,  is  a  contraction  for  ab 
urbe  condita,  from  the  time  the  city  was 
built;  as,  U.  C.  400,  the  year  of  Rome  400. 
U.  K.,  the  United  Kingdom.  U.  P., 
United  Presbyterian.  U.  S.,  United 
States.  U.  8.  A.,  United  States  of 
America. 

Ubiqnist,  fi'bi-kwist.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Lutherans  who  sprung  up  in  Germany, 
1560.  Their  distinguishea  tenet  was  that 
the  body  of  Christ  is  omnipresent,  and 
hence  that  he  is  corporeally  present  in  the 
eucharist. 

(Tckewallist,  uk-e-warist.  A  member 
of  a  sect  of  rigid  Anabaptists,  essentially 
the  same  as  Mennonites,  except  that  they 
hold  that  Judas  and  the  other  murderers 
of  Christ  are,  or  will  be,  saved. 


TJdal,  fi'dal.  A  term  applied  to  that  right 
in  land  which  prevaUeain  N.  Europe  be- 
fore the  introduction  of  the  feudal  system, 
and  still  prevails  in  Orkney  and  Shetland. 
This  tenure,  whioh  was  completed  by  un- 
disturbed possession  provable  by  wit- 
nesses, has  oeen  held  by  the  courts  to  be 
the  same  as  allodial. 

Uhlan,  d'lan.  The  name  of  a  variety  of 
light  cavalry  of  Asiatic  origin,  introduced 
first  into  Poland  by  Tartar  colonists,  and 
employed  by  the  Russian,  Austro-Hun- 
garian  and  German  armies  in  skirmishing, 
reoonnoitering  and  scouring  the  country 
in  advance  of  their  armies. 

TJhland,  Johazin  Ludwisr.  An  em- 
inent German  poet ;  b.  1787,  d.  1862. 

TJhrich,  Jean  Jacques  Alexis.  A 
French  general  who  defended  Strasburg 
in  the  German  war,  1870 ;  b.  1802. 

TT^ase,  u-k&s.  A  Russian  edict  or  order, 
legislative  or  administrative,  emanating 
from  the  government,  having  the  force  of 
laws  till  annulled  by  subsequent  dedsions. 
A  collection  of  the  ukases  Issued  at  differ- 
ent periods,  made  by  order  of  the  Emperor 
Nicholas,  1827,  and  supplemented  since, 
year  by  year,  constitutes  the  legal  code  of 
the  Russian  Empire. 

TTle-tree,  -tre.  A  Mexican  tree,  a  species 
of  Castilloa  (C.  elastica),  from  the  milky 
juice  of  which  caoutchouc  is  obt^ned. 

'Dlema,  -16'ma.  The  collective  name  of 
the  hierarchical  corporation  of  learned 
men  in  Turkey,  who  have  the  advantages 
of  freedom  from  military  service,  furnish- 
ing Judges,  ministers  of  mosques,  pro> 
fessors,  and  having  charge  of  the  depart- 
ment of  government  relating  to  sacred 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ULLOA 


m 


UNDERGRADUATE 


matters.  This  body  is  composed  of  the 
Imams  or  ministers  of  religion,  the  MnfUs 
or  doctors  of  law,  ond  the  Cadis  or  ad- 
ministrators of  Justice. 

Xnioa,  Antonio,  Don.  A  distin- 
guished Spanish  statesman,  mathematician 
and  author;  b.  1716,  d.  1795.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Gk>Temor  of  Louisiana,  1741. 

XJlnu  A  ciiy  of  Wurtemburg,  Germany, 
on  the  Danube,  foot  of  the  Suabian  Alps ; 
pop.  27,624. 

UlmaoeSB,  nl-ma'se-S.  An  ord.  of  in- 
complete exogens,  of  which  the  gen. 
Ulmus  or  elm  is  the  type. 

Ulotrichi,  fl-lot'rl-kl.  Crisp  or  woolly- 
haired  people.  One  of  the  two  great  divis- 
ions into  which  Huxley  has  classified 
man,  in  accordance  with  the  character  of 
the  hair,  the  other  division  being  the 
Leiotrichi,  or  smooth-haired  people.  The 
n.  comprise  the  Negroes,  Bushmen,  Ma- 
lays, &c. 

Ulster.  The  N.  prov.  of  Ireland ;  area, 
8,650  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,996,448. 
ultimo,  ul'ti-md.  The  month  which 
preceded  the  present ;  last  month,  as  dis- 
tinguished frofti  the  current  month  and 
all  others.    It  is  usually  contracted  ult. 

Ultramarine,  'tra-ma-ren.  A  beautifhl 
and  durable  sky-blue ;  a  color  formed  of 
the  mineral  called  lapis  lazuli.    . 

Xntramontanism,  -mon'tfin-lzm.  The 
doctrines  of  that  party  in  Ae  Ch.  of  Rome 
who  place  absolute  authority  in  matters 
of  fidtn  and  discipline  in  the  hands  of  the 
pope,  in  opposition  to  the  views  of  those 
who  would  make  national  churches  par- 
tially independent  of  the  Roman  curia, 
and  the  pope  subordinate  to  the  statutes 
of  an  oecumenical  council.  According  to 
ultramontanism  the  pope  is  superior  to 
general  councils,  independent  of  their  de- 
crees, and  considered  to  bo  the  source  of 
all  jurisdiction  in  the  church.  The  Vatican 
Council  of  1870  virtually  estoblished  the 
views  of  ultramontanism  as  dogmas  of 
the  church. 

Ulysses.  In  Heroic 
Hist.  King  of  Ithaca,  son 
of  Laertes,  and  the  prin- 
cipal hero  of  the  Trojan 
war. 

Uma,  o'ma.  In  Hindu 
Myth,  one  of  the  names 
given  to  the  consort  of 
Siva. 

Uml)eL  A  kind  of 
flower  cluster  in  which 
the  flower  stalks  spread 
regularlv  ftt)m  a  com- 
mon point 


Umbel. 


Umber,  um'ber.  An  ocberous  ore  oi 
iron ;  a  flsh.  An  AfHcan  bhrd,  fom. 
Ardeidse,  allied  to  the  storks.  But  one 
species  is  known,  the  Scopus  umbretta,  or 
tufted  umber;  it  is  about  the  size  of  a  crow- 
is  umber-colored  (whence  the  name),  and 
iho     male      fs 

Umbra,   'bra, 

Anionff  tho  Eo- 

TTiflJiPp  ouo  who 
wtni  to  a  fetist 
tkt  thp  Holidta- 

tinn  'if  une  in- 

bH'UNH.'    Ik'  fol- 

Astron.  a  term  applied  to  the  total  shadow 
of  the  earth  or  moon  in  an  eclipse,  or  te 
the  dark  cone  projected  from  a  planet  or 
satellite  on  the  side  opposite  the  sun.  Also 
the  dark  central  portion  of  a  sun-spot, 
which  is  surrounded  by  a  brighter  annular 
portion  called  the  penumbra. 

Umbrina,  -bri'na.  A  gen.  of  acanthop- 
terygious  fishes,  fam.  SoiaenidaB. 

Umiak,  nm'yak.  The  native  name  of  the 
women's  or  larger  kind  of  Esquimaux 
boats,  consisting  of  a  wooden  fi^me 
covered  with  seal-skins,  with  several 
seats. 

Umritsur  (Amritsur).  A  city  of  the 
Punjaub,  N.  W.  Hindustan,  40  m.  E.  of 
Lahore,  noted  for  its  Sikh  temple  which 
many  pilgrims  visit ;  pop.  125,000. 

Un.  A  prefix  with  two  uses,  those  oi 
negation  and  those  of  reversal  or  undoing, 
and  hence  privation. 

Unoaria,  un-k&M.  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  Rubiaceae.  They  are  permanent  cir- 
riferous  ramblers.  The  most  important 
species  is  the  U.  Gambler,  which  yields 
the  substance  called  gambler  or  gambeer 
by  the  Malays,  and  known  in  commerce 
as  terra  japonica,  catechu  and  cutch. 

Unconform-  v«eui  .Lttt*r«  (cBNtBsiic<}h 
able,  -kon-form'a-bl.  In  Geol.  a  term 
applied  to  strata  whose  planes  do  not  lie 
parallel  with  those  of  the  subjacent  or 
superjacent  strata. 

Undecason,  -de'ka-gon.  In  Geom.  a 
plane  figure  of  1>  angles  or  sides. 

Undercroft, 'der-kroft.  A  vault  under 
the  choir  or  chancel  of  a  church  ;  also,  a 
vault  or  secret  walk  underground. 

Undergraduate, -grad'u-at.  A  student 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TTWMBR-SFERIfT 


618      tnnTEDBTATSSOFAMEBIOA 


or  memb«r  of  a  university  or  ooOe^ft  who 
Imb  not  taken  his  first  degrree. 
Under-sheriir,    -sher-if.     A    sherifTs 
deputy  ;  generally  appUed  to   the  first 
deputy. 

by  wfttff 
ptMintr  un- 
der, QTinHit^ 
00  Ihe  lowest' 

pKt    of      U, 

wheels    1 

watpr-wlipip: 

ttirDOil  \)V  lii<?' 

iDorliig^  Ibrcw 

of  a  stream  of  Undershot  Water-wheel. 

water  acting 

on  the  float-boards  at  its  lowest  part 

TJnderstrapper,  -strap-er.  A  petty 
fellow ;  an  inferior  agent. 

TJuderstratoni,  -str&-tum.  A  substra- 
tum ;  subsoil :  the  bed  or  Uyer  of  earth  on 
which  the  mold  or  soil  rests. 

TTnder-tow,  -ts.  A  current  of  water  be- 
low the  surflKM  in  a  different  direction 
lh)m  that  at  the  surllice ;  the  backward 
flow  of  a  wave  breaking  on  a  beach. 

TTnderwriter,  -rit-er.  The  name  given 
to  individual  marine  insurers. 

TTndreu,  'dres.  A  loose  negligent  dress ; 
also,  ordinary  dress,  as  opposed  to  full 
dress  or  uniform. 

Undulatoxy,  'da-la-to-ri.  Having  an 
undulating  chu*acter ;  moving  in  the  man- 
ner of  waves.  U.  theory,  in  optics,  the 
theory  which  resards  light  as  a  mode  of 
motion  generated  by  molecular  vibrations 
In  the  luminous  source,  and  propagated 
by  undulations.  When  these  undulations 
reach  and  act  on  the  nerves  of  the  retina, 
they  produce  the  sensation  of  light 

TTncrka-pnti,  ung^ta-pn-ti.  The  native 
name  of  an  arboreal  gibbon,  remarkable 
for  its  agilitj,  swinging  itself  from  tree  to 
tree,  to  me  distance  of  40  feet 

XJngnla.     A    section    of 
yUnder,  cone  or  other  sol- 


evnnaer,  cone  or  otner  sol- 
id, out  off  by  a  plane  oblique 
to  the  base ;  a  surgical  in- 


strument. 

TJnfirnlata,  -g&-I&'ta.   The 
hoofed    quadrupeds,    with 
the  exception  of  the   ele- 
phant, wnich  forms  a  sep- 
arate   order,    Proboscidea. 
The  order  is  subdivided  into  the  sec.  Pe- 
rissodactyla,  which  includes  the  rhinoce- 
ros, tapirs,  the  horse  and  all  its  allies; 
and  the  Artlodactyla,  which  MmpriMS  the 


hippopotamus,  pigs,  oxen,  sheep,  goata, 
antelopes,  camels,  deer,  Ac. 
Vniat,  Q'nt-at.  A  chumh  which  acknowl- 
edges the  supremacy  of  Rome,  although 
not  a  member  of  the  Soman  communion. 
TJnioom.  -kom.  An  animal  with  one 
horn  ;  the  monoceros.  The  "  reem  ^*  of 
the  Hebrews,  of  which  unicorn  is  a  mis- 
translation, was  probablv  a  urus.  In  Her. 
a  flibulous  animal  having  the  h^td  and 
body  of  the  horse,  with  a  tuft  of  hair  un- 
der the  chin  like  a  goat,  the  legs  of  the 
buck,  the  tail  of  the  lion,  and  a  long  horn 
in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  The  uni- 
corn is  one  of  the  supporters  of  the  royal 
arms  of  Great  Britain ;  it  was  taken  from 
the  arms  of  Scotland,  which  had  two  uni- 
corns as  supporters. 

Uniformitarian,  fi-nl-for'ml-ta'M-an. 
One  who  maintains  that  all  geologic 
changes  and  phenomena  are  due  to  agen- 
cies working  uniformly  and  uninterrupt- 
edly, as  opposed  to  a  catastrophlst,  who 
refers  such  changes  to  great  occasional 
convulsions. 

TJnion,  fin'yon.  The  act  of  joining  two 
or  more  things  Into  one,  and  thus  forming 
a  compound  body  or  a  mixture  ;  the  state 
of  being  united ;  junction.  A  confederacy 
of  two  or  more  nations,  or  of  the  various 
states  of  a  nation  :  In  this  sense  the  United 
States  of  America  are  sometimes  called  by 
way  of  pre-eminence  "The  Union."  A 
permanent  combination  among  workmen 
engaged  in  the  same  occupation  or  trade ; 
a  Trades  U.  A  device  for  a  flag  either 
usedby  itself  or  forming  the  upper  Inner 
comer  of  an  ensign ;  a  flag  marked  with 
this  device. 

TJnionid»,  fi-ni-on'1-dd.  A  fiun.  of 
lamellibrandiiate,  bivalve  moDusks,  com- 
prising the  genera  Unlo,  Anodon,  Hyria 
and  frldina.  The  U.  margaritlferus  is 
the  pearl-mussel. 

TJnit,  'nit  In  Arlth.  the  least  whole 
number,  or  one,  represented  by  the  flgure 
1 .  Every  other  number  is  an  aasemMago 
of  units. 

Unitarian,  -ni-t&'ri-an.  One  who 
ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father  only. 
One  of  a  religious  sect  or  congeries  of 
sects,  distinguished  by  the  denUil  of  the 
received  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 
United  States  of  America.  A  re- 
public occupjrlng  the  Central  and  South- 
eastern portions  of  N.  America ;  bounded 
N.  by  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  British 
Possessions,  E.  by  the  Athmtic,  S.  by 
Mexico,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  W.  by 
the  Pacific ;  area,  8,579,978  so.  m. ;  pop. 
of  the  Stotes  (1880),  49,871^ ;  of  tie 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


UinVALVE 


m 


ITBGfiOLA 


Territories,  exclasiye  of  Alaska  and  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  inclusive  of  the 
IMstrict  of  Columbia,  962,058;  total, 
60,838,898.  The  territorial  diyisions 
include  88  states:  Alabama,  Arkan- 
sas. Galifomia,  Colorado,  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  In- 
diana, Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Louisi- 
ana, Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetta, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Mis- 
Bouri,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
New  Jersey,  New  York,  N.  Carolina, 
Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Bhode 
Island,  S.  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas, 
Yermont,  Vh-ginia,  West  Virginia,  Wis- 
eonsln  ;  also  if  territories :  Alaska  (unor- 
ganized), Arizona,  Dakota,  Idaho,  Mon- 
tana, New  Mexico,  Utah,  Washington, 
Wyoming,  the  District  of  Columbia,  gov- 
erned by  Congress,  and  the  Indian  Terri- 
»  tory  (unrepresented^.  The  boundaries, 
pop.  and  other  details  of  the  States  and 
Territories  appear  under  their  respective 
heads. 

TJnivalve,  'ni-valv.  A  shell  having  one 
valve  only,  a  mollusk  with  a  shell  com- 
posed of  a  single  piece. 

TJniversalist,  -vers'al-ist.  One  who 
holds  that  all  men  will  be  saved,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  doctrine  of  eternal  punish- 
ment. One  ofa  sect  founded  about  1750 
who  believe  in  the  ultimate  salvation  of 
all  men  and  created  spirits. 

Universe,  u'ni-vers.  The  genera!  sys- 
tem of  things ;  all  created  things  viewed 
as  oonstituUng  one  system  or  whole ;  the 
whole  creation ;  the  world ;  the  to  pan  of 
the  Oreeks  and  the  mundus  of  the  Latins. 

XJnivexttity,  ii-ni-ver'si-ti.  An  establish- 
ment or  corporation  for  the  purposes  of 
Instruction  in  the  most  important  branches 
of  science  and  literature,  and  having  the 
power  of  conferring  certain  honorary  dig- 
nities, termed  d^rees,  in  several  faculties, 
as  arts,  medicine,  law  and  tiieology. 

TTpanishad,  n-P&n'i-shad.  A  series  of 
Sanskrit  treatises  or  commentaries  on  the 
Yedic  hymns,  the  contents  of  which  are 
partly  ritualistlG,  partly  speculative.  They 
are  of  different  dates,  some  of  them  being 
as  old  as  several  centuries  b.  o. 

TJlMuei,  ii'pas.  A  tree,  common  in  Java 
and  neighboring  islands,  and  also  in  trop- 
ical Amca.  It  is  a  species  of  the  gen. 
Antiaris  (A.  toxicaria),  ord.  ArtocarpaoesB, 
and  its  exhalations  were  formerly  said  to 
be  &tal  to  both  animal  and  vegetable  life. 
Tlie  truth  is,  the  upas  yields  a  poisonous 
secretion  and  nothing  more.  The  active 
principle  in  this  secretion  has  been  termed 
AQtiarm.    U.  tieute,  a  name  of  the  Stryol»- 


nos  tieute,  a  very  poisonous  species  which 

yields  strychnia. 

"Cpper-world,  up'er-werld.    The  ethe- 
real regions;  heaven.    The  earth,  as op' 

posed  to  the  infernal  regions. 
Vpupa,  ii'pvi-pa.    A  gen.  of  insessorial  or 

perching  birds,  distinguished  by  a  double 

range  of  long  head-feathers,  which  they 

can  erect  at  Will.    U.  epops,  or  common 

hoopoe,  is  the  type. 
TJral  (Oural).    A  large  river  of  Russia, 

forming  the  8.  £.  boundary  of  Europe  and 

emptying  into  the  Caspian  Sea ;   length, 

1,800  m.     U.  Mountains,  a  chain  forming 

the  principal  division  between  European 

and  Asiatic  Kussia. 
TJralsk.    A  city  of  European  Russia,  on 

the  Ural,  156  m.  S.  W.  of  Orenburg,  the 

official  residence  of  the  hetman  of  the 

Coflaacks ;  pop.  16,500. 
TJranla,  Q-r&'ni-a.  In 

Greek  Myth,  the  muse 

of  astronomy.      She 

was    a    daughter   of 

Zeas  by  Mnemosyne, 

and  is  generally  repre- 
sented holding  in  her 

left  hand  a  celestial 

globe   to  which    she 

points  with   a    littie 

staff. 
Vranoarraphy,  -ra- 

nog'ra-fi.      That 

branch  of  astronomy  f 

whkdi  treats  of   the~ 

heavenly  bodies  and 

the    construction    of 


Urania. 


celestial  maps  and  globes,  Ac. 

TJranus,  fi'ra-nus.  In  Greek  Myth,  the 
son  of  Geea,  the  earth,  and  by  her  the  fa- 
ther of  the  Titans,  Cyclopes,  Hecaton- 
cheMans,  &o.  He  hated  his  children,  and 
confined  them  in  Tartarus,  but  on  the  in- 
stigation of  Gflea,  Kronos,  the  youngest  of 
the  Titans,  overthrew  and  dethroned  him. 
In  Aatron.  one  of  the  primary  planets, 
discovered  by  Sir  William  Herschel  1781. 
It  was  first  called  Georgium  Sidus  tn  hon- 
or of  George  HI.,  afterwards  Herschel,  in 
honor  of  the  discoverer.  It  is  the  seventh 
planet  in  order  of  distance  fl^)m  the  sun. 

Urban.  The  name  borne  by  eight  popes. 
U.  II.,  108&-1097,  urged  the  first  Crusade, 
1096.  U.  VI.,  1878-1889.  Clement  VIII. 
was  elected  at  the  same  time,  and  held 
swi^  at  Avignon,  originating  the  "  west- 
em  schism "  which  divided  the  church 
for  nearly  half  a  century. 

Vroeola,  er-se'd-Ia.  A  gen.  of  phints,  ord. 
Apocynaceee.  There  is  only  one  spesiea, 
U.  elastics,  or  caoutchouc-vine. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


trSGfiOLfi 


670 


UTItlTABtANtSM 


Uroeole,  'su-Sl.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch.  a  vea- 
■el  to  contain  water  for  washing  the  hands. 
A  vessel  to  contain  wine  and  water. 

Urdu,   nrMn.      a  native  name  for  the 

8 resent  Hindnstani  tongue,  a  member  of 
tie  Indio  family  of  Aryan  tongnes,  so 
named  because  it  grew  up  since  the  11th 
oentury  in  the  camps  (urdu)  of  the  Mohani- 
medan  conquerors  of  India' as  a  means  of 
communication  between  them  and  the 
subject  population.  It  abounds  with  Per- 
sian and  Arabic  words.  It  is  now,  how- 
ever, the  literary  tongue  of  India  and  the 
means  of  general  intercourse. 
Ure,  Andrew.  An  eminent  Scotch 
chemist,  physician  and  author ;  b.  1778,  d. 
1867. 

Ureter,  fi-rfi'ter.  The  excretory  duct  of 
the  kidney,  a  tube  conveying  the  urine 
from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder. 
Urethra,'thra.  The  canal  by  which  the 
urine  is  conducted  trom  the  bladder  and 
discharged. 

Urim,  u'rim.    An  ornament  or  appen- 
dage belonging  to  the  habit  of  the  Jewish 
high  priest  in  ancient  times,  along  with 
the  Tnummim,  in  virtue  of  which  ne  gave 
oracular  answers  to  the  people,  but  what 
the  Urim  and  Thummim  really  were  has 
not  been  satisfactorily  ascertained, 
tjrofloopy.  6-ros'ko-pi.     The  judgment 
of  diseases  by  inspection  of  the  urine. 
Ursa,  er'sa.    A  name , 
of  two  constellations. 
U.  Major,  the  Great 
Bear,  is  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  of 
the  northern  constel- 
lations, near  the  pole. 
It  is  remarkable  from 
its     seven      brilliant 
stars,  by  two  of  which,       Ursa  Mf^or. 
called    the    pointers, 
the  pole-star  is  readily  found.    U.  Minor, 
the  Little  Bear,  contains  the   pole-star. 
This  constellation  has  seven  stars  placed 
together  in  a  manner  very  much  resem- 
bling those  in  U.  Major,  the  pole-star  be- 
ing in  the  corner  of  the  triangle  farthest 
from  the  quadrangle.    Galled  also  Big  and 
Little  Dipper. 

UrsidSB,  'si-de.  A  fam.  of  plantigrade 
carnivorous  animals,  of  which  the  Bear  is 
the  type.  Besides  their  plantigrade  walk 
the  U.  are  characterized  by  grindei  s  less 
or  more  tubercnlated,  claws  fitted  for  dig- 
ging, and  generally  by  a  short  tail.  They 
are  carnivorous  and  frugivorous. 
Ursula,  St.  A  traditionarv  virgin  mar- 
tyr,  reputed  daughter  of  a  British  prince, 
who,  with  11,000  other  virgins,  suffered 


cruel  martyrdom  at  Gologne  in  the  8d  or 
4th  century. 

Ursulines.  (Nuns  of  St  Ursula.)  A 
B.  G.  sisterhood  founded  by  Angda  of 
Brescia,  1687.  Originally  they  were  devot- 
ed to  education  and  took  no  religious 
vows,  but  they  were  formed  into  an  order 
by  Gregory  XIII.,  1577. 

Urubu,  n-ro'bn.  The  native  name  of  a 
S.American  vulture,  the  Gatharista  Iota 
(black  vulture  or  zopUoteX  very  nearly  al- 
lied to  the  turkey-buzzara. 

Uruguay.  A  river  of  6.  America,  rising 
In  Brazil,  and  forming  the  W.  boundary  of 
Uruguay,  uniting  with  the  Parana  to  form 
the  Bio  de  la  Plata ;  length  800  m. 

Uruguay  (Banda  Oriental).  Are- 
public  of  S.  America,  bounded  N.  by  Bra- 
zil, £.  by  the  Atlantic,  8.  by  the  Bio  de  la 
PlaU,  W.  by  the  Argentine  BepubUc;  * 
area,  71,765  s«.  m.;  pop.  764,866.  Prin- 
cipal cities,  Montevideo,  cap..  Ban  Josd, 
Golonia  and  Maldonado.  Ghief  rivers, 
Uruguay  and  Bio  Negro. 

Urumiyah.  A  Persian  city,  near  lake 
of  same  name,  86  m.  W.  of  Tabreez,  noted 
as  the  supposed  birthplace  of  Zoroaster. 
Lake  U.,  a  body  of  brackish  water,  abt 
800  m.  in  circumference. 

Urns,  u'rus.  The  mountain  buU  or  Bos 
Urus,  which  ran  wild  in  Gaul  at  the 
period  of  the  Boman  invasion. 

Usbeck,  us'bek.  A  member  of  a  Turkish 
or  Tartar  tribe  scattered  over  Turkestan, 
Gentral  Asia. 

Ushas,  n'shas.  In  Hind.  Myth,  one  of 
the  ancient  elemental  divinities,  the  god- 
dess of  dawn.  In  the  Yedio  hymns  she 
is  represented  as  a  young  wife  awakening 
her  children  and  giving  them  new 
strength  for  the  toils  of  the  coming  day. 

Usquebauerli,  us'kwg-ba.  ,  A  strong 
compound  cordial,  made  in  Ireland  of 
brandy,  or  other  spirits,  raisins,  cinnamon, 
cloves,  &c. 

UstilafiTO,  -ti-la'gd.  A  gen.  of  ftmgi; 
smut. 

Utah.  A  Territory  of  the  U.  S.,  bounded 
N.  by  Idaho  and  Wyoming,  E.  by  Golo- 
rado,  S.  by  Arizona,  W.  by  Nevada ;  area, 
98,107  sq.  m.;  pop.  126,000.  Cap.,  Salt 
Lake  Gily.  Ghief  rivers,  Goloraao  and 
Humboldt.  Mountains,  Humboldt  and 
Wahsatch  ranges.  U.  is  prindpiEtUy  settied 
by  Mormons. 

Utilitarianism.  &-til'i-t&''ri-an-ism. 
The  doctrine  that  the  greatest  happiness 
of  the  greatest  number  should  be  the  end 
and  aim  of  all  social  and  political  Institu- 
tions.      The    doctrine    that    virtue  is 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


OTOMA 


m 


VALfiDlCtOEf 


founded  on  ntility,  or  that  utility  is  the 
sole  standard  of  morality,  so  that  actions 
are  right  becaase  they  are  useftil. 

TJtopia,  -to'pi-a.  Sir  Thomas  More's 
imaginary  Island  which  he  represents  in 
his  celebrated  work  (Utopia)  as  enjoy- 
ing the  utmost  perfection  in  laws,  politics, 
&c.,  as  contrasted  with  the  defects  of 
those  which  then  existed ;  hence,  a  place 
or  state  of  ideal  perfection. 

XTtredit.  Gap.  of  prov.  of  same  name, 
in  Holland,  on  the  Old  Rhine,  20  m.  8.  £. 
of  Amsterdam;  pop.  67,142. 


Uva,  ii'ya.  In  Bot.  such  succulent  inde 
hiscent  fruits  as  have  a  central  placenta. 
IT.  ursi,  bearberry. 

tTxinal.'  An  ancient  city  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  45  m.  8.  W.  of  Merlda,  now  in 
ruins,  noted  for  its  remains  of  Aztec-Indian 
architecture. 

Uxoricide,  uk-sor'i-sld.  The  murder  of 
a  wife  by  her  husband.  A  husband  who 
murders  his  wife. 

XTzexna,  d'ze-ma.  A  linear  measure  In 
Burmah,  about  12  statute  miles. 


VIS  the  22d  letter  of  the  alphabet,  rep- 
resenting a  labial  or  labiodental  conso- 
nant sound,  accompanied  by  the  same  po- 
sition of  the  organs  as  that  required  for  f, 
but  uttered  with  voice,  and  therefore 
<»lled  sonant,  while  f  is  surd,  or  uttered 
with  breath  merely.  Both  v  and  f  are 
also  continuous  consonants,  and  they  also 
belong  to  the  class  of  the  spirants.  V  and 
u  were  formerly  the  same  letter,  but  they 
have  now  as  distinct  uses  as  any  two  let- 
ters in  the  alphabet.  This  letter  did  not 
belong  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  and 
its  sound  is  believed  to  haVe  been  repre- 
sented by  f,  but  appears  to  have  occurred 
only  between  two  vowels  (as  in  heofon, 
heaven).  The  giving  of  the  v  sound  to  f 
also  illustrates  tiie  change  of  consonant  In 
-  the  plural  of  such  words  as  thief,  thieves, 
wolf,  wolves,  life,  lives.  In  spewing  v  is 
never  final,  nor  is  it  ever  doubled.  As  a 
numeral,  v  stands  for  6.  In  music,  Y.  S. 
stands  for  volta  subito,  turn  over  (the  leaf) 
quickly.  In  Her.  V.  is  used  to  express 
vert  or  green,  in  the  tricking  or  drawing 
of  arms  with  a  pen  and  ink. 
Vaal.  A  river  of  S.  Africa,  on  the  banks 
of  which  are  located  the  most  prolific  disr 
mond  mines  of  the  known  world.  It 
forms  the  boundary  bet.  the  Orange  Free 
State  and  Cape  Colony,  emptying  into  the 
Orange  Kiver;  length  500  m. 
Vaccination,  vak-si-nft'shon.  The  art 
or  practice  of  inoculating  persons  with 
cow-pox,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  them 
from  the  contagion  of  small-pox. 
Vaocinium,  -sin'i-um .  A  gen.  of  plants, 
ord.  VacciniaoefiB,  of  which  it  is  the  type. 
The  species  produce  berries  known  by 
the  common  names  of  bilberries,  whortle- 
berries, cranberries,  &c, 
Vacoist,  vak'u-ist.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  nature;  opposed 
to  a  plenist. 


Vaotma,  Ta-kfi'na.  In  Latin  Myth,  the 
goddess  of  rural  leisure,  to  whom  hus- 
bandmen sacrificed  at  the  dose  of  harvest. 
She  was  especially  a  deity  of  the  Sabines. 

Vacuum,  vak'd-um.  Space  empty,  or 
space  devoid  of  all  matter  or  bodv. 
Whether  there  can  be  absolute  vacuum  in 
nature  has  been  much  controverted. 
The  existence  of  a  vacuum  was  maintained 
by  the  Pythagoreans,  Epicureans  and 
Atomists;  but  it  was  denied  by  the  Peri- 

Eatetics,  who  asserted  that  "nature  ab- 
ors  a  vacuum.'*  The  modem  theory  is 
that  an  absolute  vacuum  cannot  exist,  the 
subtle  medium  known  as  ether  being 
everywhere  present.  In  a  less  strict 
sense  a  vacuum  is  said  to  be  produced 
when  air  Is  more  or  less  completely  re- 
moved firom  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump, 
a  barometric  tube,  &o. 
Vaiseshika,  vi-sfi'shi-ka.  The  second 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Nyaya 
system  of  Hindu  philosophy,  and  sup- 

})08ed  to  be  a  later  development  of  it,  dif- 
Sering  from  it  principallv  by  its  doctrine  of 
atomic  individualities  (viseshas),  whence 
the  name. 

Vaishnava,  -shna'va.  One  of  the  great 
divisions  into  which  Brahmanism  is  di- 
vided, characterized  by  belief  In  the  su- 
premacy of  Yishnu  over  the  other  gods  of 
the  Trimurti.  This  division  is  broken  up 
into  subordinate  sects  named  after  respect- 
ive founders. 

Vaisya,  vis'ya.  A  member  of  the  third^ 
caste  among  the  Hindus,  comprehending 
merchants,  traders  and  cultivators,  and 
comprising  the  bulk  of  the  Arytai  popula- 
tion of  India,  after  deducting  the  Brah- 
mans  and  Kshatriyas,  the  priestly  and 
warrior  castes. 

Valedictory,  val-5-dik'to-ri.  An  oration 
or  address  spoken  at  commencement  in 
QoUeges  by  one  of  the  class  whose  mem- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VALENCIA 


•72 


VANDAL 


ben  receive  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts,  and  take  thefar  leave  of  college  and 
of  eoeh  other. 

Valencia.  Gap.  of  province  of  same 
name,  formerly  a  kingdom  of  Spain,  on 
the  Gaadalqulvir,  2  m.  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 190  m.  S.  £.  of  Madrid ;  pop.  90,- 
000.    Its  university  was  founded  1209. 

Valendeimea,  va-lan-si-en.  A  rich  va- 
riety of  lace  made  at  Valenciennes,  France. 
The  meshes  are  in  the  form  of  an  irregular 
hexagon,  formed  of  two  threads  partly 
twisted  and  plaited  at  the  top  of  the  mesh, 
the  pattern  being  worked  in  the  net. 

Valentine,  val'en-tln.  A  sweetheart  or 
choice  made  on  Valentine's  day.  This 
term  is  derived  from  St.  Valentine,  to 
whom  the  14th  of  February  is  sacred.  It 
was  a  very  old  notion  that  on  this  day 
birds  began  to  couple.  Hence,  perhaps, 
arose  the  custom  of  young  men  and  wo« 
men  choosing  each  other  as  valentines  by 
a  kind  of  lottery,  and  of  sending  special 
love  missives  on  this  day.  A  letter  or 
missive  sent  by  one  young  person  to 
another  on  St.  Valentine's  Day. 

Valentinian,  -en-tin'i-an.  One  of  a 
sect  of  heretics  who  sprung  up  in  the  2d 
century,  so  named  from  Valentinus,  their 
founder.  They  were  a  branch  of  the 
Gnostics,  who  regarded  Christ  as  a  kind 
of  incorporeal  phantom. 

Valentinian.  The  name  of  three  Ro- 
man emperors  who  reigned  864r-155. 

Valerian,  Valerianus  Publius 
Lucinius.  A  Roman  emperor,  crowned 
258,  captured  and  cruelly  put  to  death  by 
Sapor  of  Persia,  260. 

Valetta,  Ija.  Cap.  of  the  island  of 
Malta,  and  station  of  the  British  fleet  in 
the  Mediterranean ;  pop.  70,146.  It  is 
strongly  fortified. 

Valhalla,  -hal'la.  In  Scand.  Myth,  the 
palace  of  immortalitv,  inhabited  by  the 
souls  of  heroes  slain  in  battle,  who  spent 
much  of  their  time  in  drinking  and  feast- 
ing. A  name  figuratively  applied  to  any 
edifice  which  is  the  final  resting-place  of 
the  great  men  of  a  nation  ;  and  specifi- 
cally, to  the  Pantheon  or  temple  of  Fame 
built  by  Ludwig  I.  of  Bavaria,  at  Donau- 
stauf,  near  Ratisbon,  consecrated  to  all 
distinguished  Germans. 

Talk3rr.  val'ker.  In  Scand.  Mvth.  one 
of  the  "  choosers  of  the  slain,''  or  fetal 
sisters  of  Odin,  represented  asawftd  and 
beautiful  maidens,  who,  mounted  on  swift 
horses  and  holding  drawn  swords  in  their 
hands,  presided  over  the  field  of  battle, 
Beleoting  those  destined  to  death  and  con- 


ducting them  to  ValhalUi,  where  they 
ministered  at  thehr  feasts,  serving  them 
with  mead  and  ale  in  skulls. 

Valladolid.  Gap.  of  province  of  same 
name,  Old  Castile,  and  ancient  cap.  of 
Spain,  on  the  Esqneva,  100  m.  N.  W.  of 
Madrid ;  pop.  41,728.  Also  the  name  of 
two  Mexican  cities. 

Valoia.  The  dvnastio  name  of  the  French 
kings,  1828-15«»,  derived  from  a  province 
conferred  (1285)  by  Philip  III.  on  his 
second  son,  Charles. 

Valparaiso  (Valley  of  Paradise). 
A  seaport  of  Chili,  the  most  important 
commercial  center  of  the  Padlio  S.  Amer- 
ican coast;  pop.  78,468. 

Valve,  valv.  Anv  movable  Hd  or  cover 
adapted  to  the  orifice  of  a  passage  into  a 
vessel,  so  formed  as  to  open  communica- 
tion in  one  direction  and  close  it  in  the 
other,  bv  lifting,  sliding  or  turning ;  used 
to  regulate  the  admission  or  escape  of 
water,  gas  or  steam. 

Vampire,  vam'plr.  A  spectral  being  or 
ghost,  still  possessing  a  human  body, 
which,  according  to  a  superstition  exist- 
ing along  the  lower  Danube,  leaves  the 
gntve  during  the  night  and  maintains  a 
semblance  of  life  by  sucking  the  warm 
blood  of  living  men  and  women  while 
thev  are  asleep.  Dead  wizards,  were- 
wolves, heretics,  and  snch  like  oatcasts, 
become  vampires,  as  do  also  the  illegiti- 
mate oflispring  of  parents,  themselves  ille- 
gitimate, and  any  one  killed  by  a  vampire.  , 
A  person  who 
preys  on  others  ; 
an  extortioner  or^ 
blood-sucker.  A 
vampire-bat. 

Vampire-bat, 
-bat.  A  name 
common  to  the 
blood-  sucking 
bats. 

Van  Biiren,  Martin.  Eighth  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S. ;  b.  in  N.  Y.,  1782 ;  d. 
1862. 

Vancouver's  Island.  A  large  British 
island  of  the  N.  Pacific,  sei)arated  from 
British  Columbia  by  the  Gulf  of  Georgia, 
and  from  Washington  Ter.  by  the  Stratt 
of  Fuca ;  area,  1,300  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt. 
10,000.    Cap.  Victoria. 

Vandal,  vanMal.  One  of  a  Teutonic  race 
originally  inhabiting  the  S.  shore  of  the 
Baltic.  They  pillaged  Rome  in  the  &th 
century,  and  unsparinglv  destroyed  the 
monuments  of  art  and  tne  productions  of 
literature ;  hence  the  name  is  applied  to 
one  who  willftilly  or  ignorantly  destroys  or 


Vampire-bat. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TAliTDEB  HELST 


678 


VASK 


dl8fi(,aired  any  work  of  art,  literature,  or 
theMke. 

Tander  Heist,  Bartholomew.  An 
eminent  Dutch  portrait  painter ;  b.  1610, 
D.  1670. 

Vanderlini,  Jolin.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ioan  historical  painter  ;  b.  in  N.  Y.,  1776 ; 
D.  1862. 

Van  der  Meer^Jan  (The  "Yannger). 
A  distinguished  Dutch  landscape  painter ; 
B.  1666,  D.  1706. 

Vandervelde,  Adrian.  A  famous 
Dutch  animal  painter ;  b.  1689,  d.  1672. 
William  y.,  his&ther,  an  eminent  marine 
painter ;  b.  1610,  d.  1698. 

Vandyke,  -dlk'.  A  pointed  collar  of  lace 
or  sewed  work,  worn  by  both  sexes  during 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  to  be  seen  in 
portraits  painted  by  Vandyke.  V.  brown, 
a  pigment  obtained  from  a  kind  of  peat  or 
b<^-efurth,  of  a  fine,  deep,  semi-transpa- 
rent brown  color ;  so  called  from  its  being 
supposed  to  be  the  brown  used  by  Vandyke 
in  his  pictures. 

Vandyke,  Anthony,  Sir.  A  distin- 
guished portrait  painter ;  b.  in  Antwerp, 
1899  ;  D.  in  London,  1641. 

Vanilla,  va-nil'la.  A  gen.  of  orchida- 
ceous plants,  remarkable  on  account  of 
their  climbing  habit.  The  fruit  of  Vanilla 
aromatica  or  planifolia  is  remarkable  for 
its  fragrant  odor  an^  for  the  volatile  odor- 
iferous oil  extracted  from  It.  It  has  a 
sweetish  aromatic  taste  and  is  employed 
in  confectionery,  in  the  preoaration  of 
liqueurs  and  in  flavoring  chocolate. 

Vanloo.  The  name  of  two  brothers, 
distinguished  French  painters ;  Jean  Bap- 
tiste,  B.  1684,  D.  1746 ;  Charles  Andr6,  b. 
1706,  D.  1766. 

Van  Bensselaer,  Stephen  (The 
Patroon).  An  Am^lcan  statesman ;  b. 
in  N.  Y.,  1764,  d.  1889. 

Vaquero,  vfi-ker'6.  A  term  applied  In 
Mexico  and  the  S.  Western  States  to  one 
who  has  the  charge  of  cattie,  horses  or 
mules;  a  herdsman. 

VaraTigian,  va-ran'ji-an.  One  of  those 
Scandinavians  who  entered  the  service 
of  the  Byzantine  emperors  and  became 
the  Imperial  Guard  at  Constantinople. 
They  were  recruited  by  Anglo-Saxons  and 
Danes  who  fled  from  England  to  escape 
the  yoke  of  the  Normans,  and  long  up- 
hela  the  Byzantine  throne. 

Varna.  A  city  of  Bulgaria,  Turkey,  on 
bay  of  same  name.  Black  Sea,  60  m.  E.  of 
Shumla ;  pop.  82,494. 

Varnish,  var'nish.  A  solution  of  resin- 
ous matter,  fonnlng  a  fluid  which  hardens 


without  losing  its  transparency,  used  b| 

painters,  gilders,  cabinet-makers,  &e..  fot 

coating  over  the  surface  of  their  work  in 

order  to  give  it  a  shining,  transparent 

and  hard  sur&ce. 
Varsovienne.  var-so'vi-en.    A  popular 

dance,  named  from  Warsaw,  in  Poland, 

where  it  originated. 
Vartabed,  vfir'ta-bed.     One  of  an  order 

of  ecclesiastics  in  the  Armenian  church 

who  live  like  monks,  cultivate  the  sciences 

and  are  the  vicars  of  the  bishops. 
Varan  a, 

var'n-na. 

In   Hindu 

Myth,  a 

deity  rep- 

resented 

in  theVe- 

dlc  hvmns 

as  of  very 

great    and, 

manlf! 


powers —  Varuna. 

the  guard- 

dian  of  immortality,  cherisher  of  truth, 
the  seizer  and  punisher  of  ill-doers,  the 
forglver  of  slnft,  protector  of  tiie  good  and 
the  exerciser  generally  of  unlimited  con- 
trol over  man.  Latterly  he  became  the 
god  of  waters,  the  cause  of  rain,  the  Hin- 
du Neptune.  He  is  represented  as  a  white 
man,  four-armed,  riding  on  a  sea  animal, 
generally  >vlth  a  noose  in  one  of  his  hands 
and  a  club  in  another. 

Varus,  v&'rus.  A  variety  of  dub-foot  in 
which  the  person  walks  on  the  outer  edge 
of  his  foot. 

Vasari,  Oiorffio.  A  distinguished  Ital- 
ian painter,  architect  and  author ;  b.  1612, 
D.  1674. 

Vase,  vas.  A  vessel  made  of  various 
materials,  and  in  various  forms,  and  for 
various  purposes,  often  merely  serving  for 
ornament     The  Egyptians,  Greeks  and 


Chinese,  Japanese  and  Indian  Vases. 

Romans  made  them  from  precious  stones, 
bronze,  silver,  gold.  Ivory  and  ghus,  ana 
often  used  them  for  sacrlficiar  or  other 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VASELINB 


674 


YELASQITEZ 


laored  parposea  ;  but  the  most  preyalent 
matertu  for  yM6s  of  all  kinds  nas  been 
baked  day.  Antlaae  vases  of  painted 
earthenware  have  oeen  discovered  by 
thouaands  in  tombs  and  catacombs  tn 
Etrurla,  8.  Italy,  Sicily,  Greece  and  some 
of  the  Gredan  Islands.  Many  of  them 
exhibit  great  beauty  and  elegance,  are  or- 
namented by  artisuo  designs  of  the  most 
varied  character,  and  prized  by  antiquaries 
for  the  light  thev  oast  upon  the  history, 
mythology,  religious,  dvil  and  demesne 
customs  of  antiquity.'  Italy,  France  and 
Germany  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries 

J)roduoed  many  vases  which  are  the  p«r- 
isction  of  artistio  form  and  execution,  and 
since  the  15th  century  manv  masterpieces 
of  glass  art  in  the  form  of  vases  have  is- 
sued from  the  Yenetia&  manufactories. 

.  From  India,  China  and  Japan  also  have 

'  been  obtained  vases  of  various  materials, 
especially  of  porcelain,  vying  in  elegance 
ofiorm  and  beauty  of  ornamentation  with 
those  of  Europe. 

Vaseline,  vasVIln.  A  product  obtained 
from  petroleum  after  the  lighter  hydro- 
carbons are  driven  off,  and  oomposea  of  a 
mixture  of  paraffins.  It  is  used  as  a  base 
for  ointments,  pomade,  cold-cream,  Ac, 
and  for  coating  steel  surfaces  to  protect 
ti[iem  from  rust. 

Vatican,  vat'i-kan.  The  most  extensive 
palace  in  the  world,  built  upon  the  Vati- 
can hill,  immediately  north  of  the  basilica 
of  St.  Peter's  at  Borne.  Since  the  return 
of  the  popes  from  Avignon  the  Vatican 
has  b^n  their  prindpal  residence,  and 
since  the  conversion  of  Kome  into  the  cap- 
ital of  Italy  it  is  their  only  residence.  As 
sueh,  and  as  the  storehouse  of  valuable 
literary  and  art  collections,  it  is  one  of  the 
chief  attractions  of  modern  Rome. 

Vattel,  Exnriclivon.  A  distinguished 
Swiss  Jurist  and  writer  on  international 
law;B.  1714,  D.  1767. 

Vauban,  Sebastien  le  Prestre, 
Seigrneiir  de.  A  celebrated  French 
military  engineer ;  b.  1683,  d.  1707. 

Vavasor,  vav'a-sor.  In  Feudal  Law,  a 
prindpal  vassal,  not  holding  immediately 
of  the  sovereign  but  of  a  great  lord,  and 
bavinff  other  vassals  who  held  of  him ;  a 
vassalof  the  second  degree  or  rank. 

Vayu,va'ft.  In  Hind.  Myth,  the  wind 
or  wind-god,  apparently  of  equal  rank 
withlndra. 

Veadar,  v6-ft'd&r.  The  18th  or  intercal- 
ary month  which  is  added  to  the  Jewish 
year  about  every  third  year.  It  followed 
the  month  Adar. 

Veda,  'd&.     The  general  name  for  the 


body  of  andent  Sanskrit  hymns,  with  ao> 
comnanying  comments,  believed  by  the 
Hindus  to  have  been  revealed  by  Brahma, 
and  on  which  the  Brahmanlcal  aystem  ia 
based.  The  hymns  number  upwards  of 
1,000. 

Vedan^ra,  ve-dftn'ga.  A  name  common 
to  six  Sanskrit  works  Interpreting  the  Ve- 
dictexta  and  applying  them  to  spedfic 
purposes.  They  are  elaborate  treatises 
on  pronunciation,  meter,  grammar,  ex- 
planation of  difficult  terms,  astronomy  and 
ceremonial.  They  are  composed  in  the 
Sutra  or  aphoristic  style. 

Vedanta,  -dan'ta.  A  system  of  philoa- 
ophy  among  the  Hindus  founded  on  the 
Yedas.  It  is  chiefly  concerned  in  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  Supreme  Spirit  and  the 
relation  in  which  the  universe,  and  e%pe^ 
dally  the  human  soul,  stands  to  it 

Veffa,  v6'ga.  In  Astron.  a  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  northern  eonatella- 
tion  Lyra. 

Vegetarian  1  sm,  vej-e-t&'ri-an-lzm.  The 
theory  and  practice  of  living  solely  on 
vegetables,  as  old  as  the  time  of  Pythag- 
oras, and  for  ages  strictly  observed  by 
many  of  the  Hindus. 

Vehxngeriohte,  f&m'ge-rich-te.  A  sys- 
tem of  secret  laibunals  which  originated 
during  the  middle  ages  in  Westphalia, 
and  then  spread  over  Germany  when  the 
regular  administration  of  justice  had  fal- 
len into  complete  disorder.  The  chief 
(Freigraf,  free  count)  was  usually  a  man 
of  exalted  rank.  His  associates  (Frei- 
schoffen,  free  Justices)  concurred  in  and 
executed  the  sentences  of  the  court,  being 
bound  by  a  tremendous  oath  to  obey  all 
its  behests,  and  keep  secret  its  proceed- 
ings. The  assemblies  were  sometimea 
held  in  public  and  in  the  open  air,  but 
generally  by  n^ht  in  a  forest  or  some  con- 
cealed place.  The  sentences  imposed  in- 
cluded death.  When  the  governments  of 
the  various  states  became  more  effective 
and  society  more  settled,  the  regular  ex- 
ecutive struggled  to  destroy  the  power  of 
the  Y.  and  ultimately  succeeded,  the  last 
tiibunal  being  held  at  Zell,  1568. 

Velarium,  ve-laM-um.  The  great  awn- 
ing drawn  over  the  roofless  Boman  thea- 
ters or  amphitheaters  to  protect  the  speo- 
tators  ttom  liierain  or  the  sun's  rays. 

Velasquez,  Diegro.  A  Spanish  milita< 
ry  officer,  who  accompanied  Ck>Iumbus  on 
his  second  voyage  and  founded  the  dty  of 
Havana ;  b.  1488,  d.  1628. 
Velasquez,  Diego  Bodrigoez  de 
Silva  y,  Don.  An  eminent  Spanish 
painter;  b.  1599,  d.  1660. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VELLUM 


675 


VEEMONT 


Vellum,  veVam.  A  fine  parchment 
made  of  calfs  skin,  and  rendered  clear, 
smooth  and  white  for  writing  on.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  superior  writing 
paper,  and  to  a  kind  of  cotton  cloth  pre- 
pared to  imitate  yellum. 

Veloolman,  vS-los'i-man.  A  carriage  of 
the  nature  of  a  velocipede  driven  by  hand. 

Velocipede,  v&los'i-pM.  A  light  vehi- 
cle or  carriage  impelled  by  the  rider^s  feet. 

Vendemiaire,  von-da-mi-Sr.  The  first 
month  of  the  French  republican  calendar. 
It  was  so  called  flx)m  being  the  vintage  sea- 
son. It  began  September  22  or  23,  and 
ended  October  21  or  22. 

Vendetta,  ven-det'ta.  A  blood-feud ; 
the  act  or  practice  of  the  nearest  kin  exe- 
cuting vengeance  on  the  murderer  of  a  rel- 
ative. In  Corsica  the  vendetta  is  regard- 
ed as  a  duty  incumbent  on  the  relatives 
of  the  murdered  man,  and,  failing  to  reach 
the  real  murderer,  they  take  vengeance  on 
his  relatives.  The  practice  exists  to  a 
more  limited  extent  in  Sicily,  Sardinia 
and  Calabria,  as  well  as  among  the 
Druses,  Circassians,  Arabs,  «Sec. 

Vendome,  liouis  Josepli,  Due  de. 
A  distinguished  French  general,  grandson 
of  CflBsar,  natural  son  of  Henry  IV.;  b. 
1664,  D.  1712. 

Venenosa,  -&-nd'sa.  One  of  the  three 
sections  into  which  the  colubrine  snakes 
are  divided  according  as  they  are  venom- 
ous or  otherwise,  the  other  two  sections 
being  Innocua  and  Suspecta.  It  contains 
some  of  the  most  deadly  of  all  living  ser- 
pents, one  of  the  best  known  being  the 
Cobra  dl  Capello,  and  the  venomous  wa- 
ter-snakes. 

Venezeula.  (Little  Venice^  A  8. 
American  Kepubllc,  bounded  N.  by  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  E.  by  Brit.  Guiana,  S.  by 
Brazil,  W.  by  the  U.  8.  of  Colombia ; 
area,  868,286  sq.  m.;  pop.  1,800,000.  Prin- 
cipal cities,  Caracas,  cap.,  Maracaibo,  Ciu- 
dad  Bolivar,  Puerto  Cabello  and  Laguayra. 
Chief  rivers,  the  Oronooo  and  tributaries. 
Mountains,  Andes  and  Parima  ranges. 

Venice.  Cap.  of  province  of  same  name, 
N.  £.  Italy,  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  70 
m.  W.  of  iMeste;  pop.  117,648. 

Venice-fflass,  'is-gbis.  A  glass  cup  or 
goblet  of  the  rarest  purity,  manufiictured 
near  Venice.  These  glasses  were  anciently 
believed  to  be  so  exquisitely  sensitive  that 
if  poison  were  put  into  them  they  would 
fly  into  pieces. 

Vera  Oroz.  (Holy  Cross.)  Cap.  of 
state  of  same  name,  in  S.  E.  Mexico,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  185  m.E.  of  the  City 
of  M.;  pop.  18,600. 


Venus. 


Venus,  vQ'nus.  In 
Myth,  the  goddess  of 
beauty  and  love,  more 
especiallv  of  sensual 
love.  Originally  the  Ro- 
man goddess  of  the 
spring,  at  a  compara- ac- 
tively late  period  ehe**^] 
became  identified  with 
the  Greek  Aphrodite. 
She  is  represented  as 
the  highest  ideal  of  fe- 
male beauty  and  love, 
and  was  naturally  a  far 
vorite  subject  with  an- 
cient poets  and  artists. 
Among  the  most  famous 
of  her  statues  is  that  of 
Cnidus,  by  Praxiteles, 
of  which  the  V.  de  Medici,  found  in  the 
Villa  Hadriana  at  Tivoli,  is  supposed  to  be 
a  fi-ee  copy,  and  the  V.  uf  Milo,  found  in 
the  island  of  Melos.  Among  the  modern 
statues  one  of  the  most  famous  is  the  V. 
of  Canova,  where  she  is  represented  as 
issuing  from  the  bath.  In  Astron.  one  of 
the  inferior  planets  having  its  orbit  be- 
tween Mercury  and  the  earth,  and  the 
most  brilliant  of  all  the  planetary  bodies. 
From  her  alternate  appearance  in  the 
morning  and  evening  she  was  called  by  the 
ancients  Lucifer  and  Hesperus,  the  morn- 
ing and  evening  star. 

Verd-antique,  verd-an-tok'.  A  term 
given  to  a  green  incrustation  on  an- 
cient coins,  brass  or  copper.  In  Mineral, 
an  aggregate  of  serpentine  and  white 
crystallized  marble,  having  a  greenish 
color,  beautifully  mottled,  and  much  used 
for  ornamental  purposes.  A  green  por- 
phyry used  as  marble,  and  known  as  Ori- 
ents verd-antique. 

Verdi,  G-iuseppe.  An  eminent  Italian 
composer ;  b.  1814. 

Verdierris,  ver'di-gris.  A  substance  ob- 
tained by  exposing  plates  of  copper  to  the 
^r  in  contact  with  acetic  acid,  and  much 
used  as  a  pigment,  as  a  mordant  in  dveing 
wool  blaoK,  in  several  processes  in  the 
chemical  arts,  and  In  medicine. 

Vermont.  A  State  of  the  American 
Union,  admitted  1791,  bounded  N.  by 
Canada,  E.  by  New  Hampshire,  S.  by 
Massachusetts,  W.  by  New  York;  area, 
10,212  sq.  m.;  pop.  832,286.  Principal 
cities,  Montpeller,  cap.,  Burlington,  St. 
Johnsbury,  Brattleboro',  Woodstock, 
Windsor,  Rutland,  Mlddlebury,  St.  Al- 
bans and  Manchester.  Chief  rivers, 
Connecticut,  Passumpslc,  Queechy, 
White,  BUusk,  Deerfield,  Mlssisquol, 
Lamoille  and   Wlnooski.       The    Green 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


YEBNET 


67« 


VESTAL 


Vernier. 


Moantfdns  extend  through  the  center  of 
the  State,  from  N.  to  8. 

Vemet,  Olaude  Joseph.  A  distin- 
ffulshed  French  marine  painter ;  b.  1714, 
D.  1789.  His  son,  Antoine  Charles  Horace, 
was  eminent  as  a  painter  of  battle  scenes ; 
B.  1768,  D.  1886.  Horace,  son  of  the  latter, 
exceeded  his  ftither  in  the  painting  of  battle 
Boenes,  and  ranks  as  the  first  artist  of  his 
age;  b.  1789, d.  1868. 

Vernide,  'ni-kl.  A  copy  in  miniature  of 
the  picture  of  Christ,  supposed  to  have  been 
miracidonsly  imprinted  upon  a  handker- 
chief, preserved  in  the  Church  of  St.  Peter 
at  Rome. 

V'emier,  -er. 
A  small  mov- 

%ble     scale,  HHJjmjCd: 

running   par- 

aUelwith   the 

fixed  scale  of 

a  sextant,  theodolite,  barometer,  or  other 

graduated  instrument,  used  for  measuring 

a  fractional    part    of    one  of  the  equfu 

divisions  on  the  graduated  fixed  scale  or 

arc. 

Verona.  Cap.  of  province  of  same 
name,  in  Lombardy,  Italy,  on  the  Adige, 
22  m.  N.  E.  of  Mantua ;  pop.  60,000. 

Veronese,  Paul.  The  artistic  name  of 
Paolo  Cagliari,  an  eminent  Italian  painter ; 
b.  at  Verona  1682.  d.  1688. 

Veronica,  vc-rou'l-ka.  A  portrait  or 
representation  of  the  &ce  of  our  Saviour 
Bud  to  have  been  miraculously  stamped 
on  the  sudary  of  the  holy  Veronica,  and 
brought  from  Palestine  to  Kome,  where  it 
is  still  preserved  by  the  canons  of  St. 
Peter's ;  a  vemicle.  In  Bot  a  gen.  of 
plants,  si>eedwelL 

Versailles.  Cap.  of  dept.  Beine-et-Oise, 
France,  11  m.  8.  W.  of  Paris,  noted  for  its 
magnificent  royal  palace ;  pop.  48,626. 

Verst,  verst.  A  Russian  measure  of 
length,  containing  l,166f  yards  or  8,600 
feet ;  about  two-thirds  of  an  English  mile. 

Vertebrata,  ver'te-brfi'ta.  The  highest 
division  of  the  animal  kingdom,  including 
the  classes  Pisces  (fishes).  Amphibia 
(frees,  Ac.),  Eeptllia  (reptiles),  Aves 
(birds),  and  Mammalia  (quadrupeds  and 
inan). 

Vertamnns,  -tnm'nus.  A  deity  among 
the  Romans  who  presided  over  gar- 
dens and  orchards,  ana  who  was  also  wor- 
shiped as  the  ffod  of  spring  or  of  the  sea- 
sons in  general. 

Vervet,  'vet.  A  small  monkey  (Ceroo- 
pitheeus  pygery thrus),  allied  to  uie  grivet 
or  green  monkey.     The  tame  monkey 


carried  by  the  organ-men  is  commonly 
either  a  vervet  or  grivet. 

Vesallns,  Andreas.  An  eminent  anat- 
omist and  surgeon  ;  b.  at  Brussels,  1614, 
D.  1664. 

Vesica,  ve-mlca.  In  Anat.  the  bladder. 
V.  piflds  (a  fish's  bhidder),  a  name  given 
to  a  symbolical  representation  of  Christ,  of 
a  pointed,  oval  or  egg-shaped  form,  made  • 
by  the  intersection  of  two  equal  circles  cut- 
tug  eadi  other  in  their  centers.  The  ac- 
tuid  figure  of  a  fish  found  on  the  sarcoph- 
agi of  the  early  Christians  gave  way  in 
course  of  time  to  this  oval-diaped  omsr 
ment,  which  was  the  most  conunon  sym- 
bol used  in  the  middle  ages. 

Vesper,  ves'per.  The  evening-star,  a 
name  given  to  the  planet  Venus  when  she 
is  to  the  east  of  the  sun  and  appears  after 
sunset ;  hence,  the  evening.  Eodes.,  the 
time  of  evening  service;  originally  the 
lastofthecanonica]  hours,  but  now  suc- 
ceeded by  oompUne.  Evening  worship  or 
service ;  evening  prayer  and  praise. 

VespidLSB,  'pi-dS.  A  fom.  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects,  of  which  the  gen.  Vespa 
(wasps)  is  the  type. 

Vesta,  'ta.  One  of  tho 
great  divinities  of  tht-  aa- 
dent  Romans,  ideritk^J 
with  the  Greek  H^  sria, 
the  virgin  goddess  of  the 
hearth.  She  was  ^wor- 
shiped along  with  the 
Penates  at  every  iiutil 
when  the  &mily  ai^brni- 
bled  round  the  he^irth, 
which  was  in  thect^-nler 
of  the  room,  ^neat;  \v  lu 
said  to  have  brought  thti 
sacred  fire,  which  woi 
her  symbol,  trom  l>oy  . 
to  Rome,  where  it  wmB 
preserved  in  her  teiiiiilc;, 
which  stood  on  tht» 
Forum.  To  prevent  this  fire  flrom  becom- 
ing extinguished  it  was  given  into  the  su- 
perintendence of  6  staimess  virgins  called 
vestals.  In  Astron.  one  of  the  asteroids 
or  ultra-zodiacal  planets. 

Vestal,  'tal.  Among  the  ancient  Romans 
a  viigin  consecrated  to  Vesta  and  to  the 
service  of  watching  the  sacared  fire  which 
was  perpetually  kept  burning  upon  her 
altar.  Thev  entered  the  service  of  their 
goddess  at  from  6  to  10  years  of  age,  thdr 
term  of  service  lasting  80  years.  Thegr 
were  then  permitted  to  marry,  but  few 
did  so,  as  tney  were  treated  with  great 
honor,  and  had  important  public  privi- 
leges.   Their  persons  were  inviolable,  and 


Vesta. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VK8UVIUB 


en 


VICrrOBIA  ALEXANDRINA 


the  restal  fooiid  guilty  of  nndiaatity  was, 
together  with  her  paramour,  put  to  death. 
Hence,  a  ylrgin ;  a  woman  of  spotless 
chastity ;  sometimes  a  virgin  who  devotes 
her  life  to  the  service  of  religion  ;  a  nun ; 
a  religiense. 

VesuvitLB,  Mt.  The  Jhmons  Italian 
volcano,  6  m.  E.  of  Naples  ;  height  8,949 
ft.  above  sea  level.  Its  first  recorded  erup- 
tion, 79,  overwhelmed  the  cities  of  Iler- 
culaneum,  Pompeii  and  Stabiee  ;  its  latest 
eruption  occurred  1872. 

Vetturino,  vet-tu-re'no.  In  Italy,  one 
who  lends  for  hire,  or  who  drives  a  vet- 
tura  or  carriage. 

Vexillxun,  vek'sil-nm.  In  Rom.  Antiq. 
the  standard  of  the  cavalry,  consisting  of 
a  square  piece  of  cloth  expanded  upon  a 
cross.  The  troops  belonging  to  a  vexil- 
lum ;  a  company :  a  troop.  Eccles.,  a  flag 
or  pennon  wound  round  the  upper  part  of 
a  bishop's  pastoral  staff  to  prevent  the 
metal  being  stained  by  the  moisture  of  the 
hand. 

Viaticum,  vl-at'ik-um.  In  Bom.  Antiq. 
an  allowance  to  ofHcors  who  were  sent 
into  the  provinces  to  exercise  any  office  or 
perform  any  service.  In  the  R.  C.  Ch. 
the  communion  or  eucharist  given  to  a 
dying  person. 

VibrionidSB,  -bri-on'i-dS.  A  fam.  or 
tribe  of  microscopic  organisms,  doubt- 
ftilh-.aniraal,  abounding  in  decaying  paste 
and  vinegar,  called  microscopic  eels  from 
their  long  filamentous  bodies.  Y.  occur 
in  all  infusions  of  animal  or  vegetable  mat- 
ter. 

Vicar-apostolic,  vik'er-ap-os-tor'ik. 
In  the  R.  C.  Ch.  a  bishop  who  possesses  no 
diocese,  but  exercises  jurisdiction  over  a 
certain  appointed  district  by  direct  author- 
ity of  the  pope.  Missionary  dioceses  are 
usually  vicariates-apostolic,  and  as  such 
must  report  to  the  College  of  the  Propa- 
ganda. 

Vice-president,  vis-pres'i-dent.  An 
office-beaA-er  next  in  rank  below  a  presi- 
dent. 

Viceroy,  'roi.  A  vice-king  ;  the  govern- 
or of  a  kingdom  or  country,  who  rules  in 
the  name  of  the  sovereign  with  regal  au- 
thority, as  the  king's  substitute ;  as  the 
vloetoy  and  governor-general  of  India. 

Vichy.  A  popular  spa  in  8.  France  on 
the  AUier,  85  m.  S.  E.  of  Moulins  ;  pop. 
6,170. 

Vicissy-duck,  vi-sis'ei-duk.  A  W.  In- 
dian water-fowl,  smaller  than  the  Europe- 
an duck,  affording  excellent  food. 

Vicksbaxff.    Gap.  of  Warren  Co.,  Mis- 


sissippi, on  theM.  River,  50  m.  W.  of  Jack« 
son,  noted  for  its  celebrated  siege  and  cap* 
ture  by  Gen.  Grant,  July  4,  1863 ;  pop. 
11,814. 

Vico,  G-iovanni  Battista.  An  emi- 
nent Italian  philosopher  and  political  econ- 
omist ;  B.  1668,  D.  1744. 

Victor,  Claude  Perrin  (Due  de 
Bellune).  A  distinguished  marshal  oi 
France  ;  b.  1764,  d.  1841. 

Victor.  The  name  of  three  popes  and  an 
anti-pope.  V.  I.,  elected  185,  martyred 
202.  V.  IV.,  the  anti-pope  supported  by 
Frederick  I.  of  Germany  against  Alexan- 
der III.,  1159,  D.  1164. 

Victor  Amadous.  The  name  of  three 
dukes  of  Savoy.  V.  A.  I.,  b.  1587,  s.  his 
father,  1680,  d.  1687.  V.  A.  II.,  b,  1666, 
s.  his  father,  1678,  became  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, but  abdicfcted,  1780.  d.  1782.  V.  A. 
III.,  B.  1726,  s.  his  father,  1773,  d.  1796. 
During  his  rciga  the  French  seized  upon 
Savoy  and  Nic<y. 

Victor  Emmanuel  I.  Brother  of 
Charles  Emmanuel  IV.,  King  of  Sardinia, 
who  abdicated  in  his  favor;  b-  1769, 
crowned  1802,  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
brother,  Charles  Felix,  1821,  d.  1824.  V. 
E.  II.,  b.  1820,  s.  his  lather  Charles  Albert 
1849,  aad  became  king  of  Italy,  1861,  d. 
1878. 

Victoria,  vik45^ri-a, 
One  of  the  small  plJin- 
ets  between  the  nrblta 
of  Mars  and  Joftlter, 
named  after  tlio  Ro- 
man goddess  VitMofia; 


Victoria  Cross. 


called    also  Clio,       K\ 

wheeled  carriap^',  widi 

a  calash  top,  se; .  i  < '  I  fi  n  I 

two  person  s,  ai  i .  t  ^ v  i  iJ  i 

an    elevated    iliUHi's 

seat  in  front.  \ .  cm&s. 

a   British   naval   and 

military     decoration, 

consisting  of  a  bronze 

Maltese  cross  having. the  royal  crest  in  the 

center,  with  a  scroll  underneath  bearing 

the   words  "  For  Valor,"    and  worn,  in 

the  case  of  the  navy,  with  a  blue  ribbon, 

and  in  that  of  the  army,  a  red  one.    A 

single  act  of  valor  mav  win  this  decoration, 

and  it  is  granted  to  all  ranks.    A  ron^ion 

of  $50  a  year  accompanies  it. 
Victoria.    A  British  colony  in  Australia, 

bounded  N.  by  New  South  Wales,  E.  by 

the  Pacific,  S.  by  Bass'  Sti-ait,  W.  by  S. 

Australia  and  the  Indian  Ocean  ;   area, 

86,831  sq.  m. ;  pop.  948,712. 
Victoria  Alezandriua.      Queen  of 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  Empress 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VICTORY 


«T8 


VIRGINIA 


of  India,  danghter  of  £dward,  Duke  of 
Kent,  4th  son  of  Oeorge  III. ;  b.  1819,  8. 
her  nncle  William  IV.,  1887  ;  married 
Albert  of  Saxe  Coburg-Gotha,  1840,  who 
died  1861.  Y.  assumed  the  title  Empress 
of  India,  1876,  by  act  of  Parliament. 

Victory,  yik'to-ri.  .  A  female  deity 
among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  the  per- 
sonification of  successful  conquest.  She 
vaa  represented  as  a  winged  woman, 
bearing  a  palm-branch  and  laurel  crown. 

Viouffna,  Ti-k5n'ya.  A  ruminant  mam- 
mal, Auchenia  vicugna,  Am.  Camelldae, 
closely  allied  to  the  llama,  the  guanaco  and 
the  alpaca. 

Vienna.  Cap.  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
on  the  Danube ;  pop.  621,862. 

Viflrny,  Alfred  Victor,  Ck>mte  de. 
A  popular  French  author;    b.   1799,  d. 

VikinflT,  vik'ing.  A  rover  or  sea-robber 
belonging  to  one  of  the  predatory  bands 
of  Northmen  who  infested  the  European 
seas  during  the  8th,  9th  and  10th  centu- 
ries. Viking  has  been  confounded  with 
sea-king,  but  the  latter  was  a  man  of  royal 
blood  and  took  by  right  the  title  of  king ; 
whereas  the  former  niune  is  applicable  to 
any  member  of  the  rover  bands. 

Villafranca.  A  town  of  Italy,  9  m.  from 
Verona,  noted  for  the  treaty  between  the 
French  and  Austrian  emperors,  June  11, 
1859,  which  closed  the  Italian  war. 

Villars,  Claude  Lotds  Hector,  Due 
de.  A  distinguished  French  marshal ;  b. 
1668,  D.  1784. 

Villemain,  Abel  Francois.  A  dis- 
tinguished French  statesman  and  author ; 
B.  1790,  D.  1870. 

V  "na,  ve'na.  An  E.  Indian  seven-stringed 
guitar,  with  a  long  finger-board  provided 
with  about  20  movable  fi*ets,  ana  having 
a  gourd  attached  to  each  end. 

Vinaigrrette,  vin-a-gret'.  A  small  box 
of  gold,  silver,  &c.,  with  perforations  on 
the  top,  for  holding  aromatic  vinepar  con- 
tained in  a  sponge,  or  smelling-salts. 

Vincent  de  Paul,  St.  An  eminent 
French  philanthropist  and  reformer;  b. 
1676,  D.  1660 ;  canonized  by  Pope  Clement 
XII.,  1787.  He  organized  the  Congrega- 
tion of  Missions  and  founded  the  order  of 
Sisters  of  Charity. 

Vincent,  St.  The  most  Important  of 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  Mindello,  its  cap., 
being  the  seat  of  government  of  the  group. 

Vinci,  Leonardo  da.  An  eminent 
Italian  painter ;  b.  1462 ;  d.  in  France, 
1619. 

Vinsrt-un,  vant-on.    A  popular  game  at 


cards,  depending  on  the  number  of  pip* 
on  the  cards  dealt  out,  or  the  esteemed 
value  of  the  cards.  The  object  la  to  get 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  number  without 
exceeding  it. 

Viol,  vT'oI.  An  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment of  much  the  same  form  as  the  vio- 
lin, the  parent  of  modern  instruments  of 
the  violin  kind.  There  were  three  sorts, 
treble,  tenor  and  bass,  each  having  8  to  6 
strings. 

Viola,  'o-Ia.  A  large  violin,  to  which  the 
part  between  the  second  and  bass  is  gen- 
erally assigned.  It  has  4  catgut  strings, 
of  wnioh  the  third  and  fourth  are  covered 
with  silver  wire. 

Violin,  -lin.  A  well-known  stringed  mu- 
sical instrument,  having  catgut  strings, 
the  lowest  of  which  is  covered  with  sil- 
vered copper  wire,  stretched  by  means  of 
abridge  over  a  hollow  wooden  body  and 
played  with  a  bow ;  a  fiddle.  It  is  consid- 
ered the  most  perfect  of  musical  instru- 
ments. 

Violoncello,  -lon-sel'id.  A  powerful 
and  expressive  bow  instrument  of  the  vio- 
lin kind,  filling  a  place  between  the  violin 
and  double-bass.  It  has  4  strings,  the 
lower  two  covered  with  silver  wire. 

Viperina,  vl-per-rna. 
One  of  the  two  'sub-^ 
orders  of  Ophidia 
(snakes  or  serpents), 
characterized  by  hav- 
ing only  two  perforated 
poison -&ngs  in  the  ^xr* 
upper    law,    while  Viper, 

in  the  Colubrina  this  Jaw  is  ftimishedwitii 
solid  teeth  either  with  or  without  addi- 
tional canaliculated  fimgs.  It  comprises 
two  families,  Viperidsd  or  vipers,  and  Cro- 
talldsB  or  rattlesnakes. 

Virgril,  FubUus  VirgiUus  Maro. 
The  most  eminent  of  Roman  epic  poets ; 
b.  70,  D.  19  B.  c. 

Virginal,  ver'jin-al.  An  obsolete  keyed 
musical  instrument  with  one  string.  Jack 
and  quiU  to  each  note.  It  difi'ered  from 
the  spinet  only  in  being  square  instead  of 
triangular,  and  was  the  precursor  of  the 
harpischord,  now  superseded  by  the  piano- 
forte. 

Virsrinia.  The  heroine  of  the  t 
ary  Roman  tragedy,  daughter  of  !  __ 
VIrginius,  who,  abt.  460  b.  c,  was  ab- 
ducted by  Appius  Claudius,  the  lecherous 
decemvir.  Her  father  failing  to  obtain  her 
release,  slew  her  in  the  open  Forum,  and 
headed  a  popular  uprising  which  over- 
threw the  deconvirate  and  restored  the 
ancient  magistraoy. 


th  silver  wire. 

'  It** 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VIBGINIA 


679 


VITEUVIAN 


ed. 


Virginia.  One  of  the  original  18  Btatee 
of  the  American  Union,  bounded  N.  hy 
Maryland  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Potomac  Biver,  S.  by  Ten- 
neesee  and  N.  Carolina,  W.  by  Kentucky 
and  W.  Virginia:  area,  40,904  sq.  m.; 
pop.  1,513,665.  Principal  cities,  Bich- 
mond,  cap.,  Norfolk,  Petersburg,  Win- 
ohefiter,  Portsmouth,  Lexington,  Freder- 
icksburg, Lynchburg  and  Staunton.  Chief 
rivers,  James,  Potomac,  Shenandoah, 
Bappahannock,  York,  Appomattox,  Eapi- 
dan,  Blackwater,  Nottoway,  Meherrln, 
Dan,  Staunton,  Clinch  and  Uolston. 
Mountains,  Alleghanies  and  Cumberland. 
Virgrin  Islands.  A  group  of  100  small 
rocky  islets  in  the  "W.  Indies,  belonging 
to  Gt  Britain  and  Denmark.  Tortola 
(British)  and  St.  Thomas  (Danish)  are  the 
principal.  Many  are  uninhabited. 
Virgo, 'go.  One  of  the  12  signs 
or  constellations  of  the  zodiac, 
which  tiie  sun  entens  about  the 
22d  of  August.  It  is  the  sixth 
in  order  of  the  signs  banning 
with  Aries,  and  contains  110 
stars.  Y.  is  usually  represented 
with  an  ear  of  corn  in  ner  hand, 
intended  to  denote  the  period  of  Yirgo. 
harvest. 

Visoaclia,  vis-kfi'cha.  The  Calamys  Y., 
a  S.  American  rodent  mammal,  fara.  Chin- 
diillidsB,  of  the  size  of  a  badger.  The  skins 
are  viUued  on  jux^ount  of  their  flir. 
Visoonti.  The  name  of  a  noble  Lom- 
bard family,  which  gave  several  dukes  to 
Milan,  Italy,  1250-1447. 
Viscount,  vi'kount.  A  tiUe  of  nobility 
next  in  rank  to  an  earl,  and  above  that 
of  baron.  It  is  the  most  recent  English 
title,  having  been  first  conferred  on  John, 
Lord  Beaumont,  by  Henry  YI.,  1440.  In 
Britain  the  title  is  fluently  attached  to 
an  earldom  as  a  second  title,  and  is  held 
by  the  eldest  son  during  the  lifetime  of 
the  £ither.  The  coronet  of  a  viscount  of 
England  is  composed  of  a  circle  of  gold, 
chased,  having  on  the  edge  12, 14  or  16 
pearls  ;  the  cap  of  crimson  velvet,  turned 
up  with  ermine  and  closed  at  the  top  with 
a  tassel  of  gold. 

Viscountess,  -es.  The  wife  of  a  vis- 
count ;  a  peeress  of  the  fourth  degree  of 
noblUty. 
'  Visigoth,  viz'i-goth.  One  of  that  branch 
of  the  Oothic  tril«s  which  settled  in  Dacia, 
as  distinguished  from  the  Ostrogoths  or 
Eastern  Ooths,  who  had  their  seata  in 
Pontus. 
Visor,  'or.  A  head-piece  or  mask  used  to 
conceal  the  face  or  disguise  the  wearer. 


That  part  ofa  helmet  which  defends  the 
foce,  which  can  be  lifted  up  and  down,  and 
is  perforated  for  seeing  and  breathing. 
The  fore-piece  ofa  cap. 

Vishnu,  vish'nS.  In  Hind. 
Myth,  the  god  who,  with  the 
other  two  great  gods,  Brah- 
ma and  Siva,  forms  the  tri- 
murti  or  trinity ;  the  Pre- 
server, considered  by  his 
worshipers  to  be  the  su- 
preme god  of  the  Hindu 
pantheon.  In  the  early 
Vedas  he  appears  as  the^ 
manifestation  of  the  sun, 
and  was  not  regarded  as  the 
most  exalted  deity,  this  rank 
being  accorded  to  him  by 
the  later  writers  of  the 
B&raayana,  the  Mah&bhftrata,  Yishnu  on 
and  more  especially  of  the  his  Man-bird 
Puranas.  Tne  Brahmanic  Garuda. 
myths  relating  to  Yishnu 
are  characterized  by  the  idea  that, 
whenever  a  great  physical  or  moral 
disorder  affected  the  world,  Yishnu  de- 
scended in  a  small  portion  of  his  essence 
to  set  it  right.  Such  descents  are  called 
i^vataras  or  avatars,  and  consist  in  Yishnu 
assuming  the  form  of  some  wonderfhl 
animal  or  superhuman  being,  or  as  being 
bom  in  human  form  of  human  parents, 
but  endowed  with  miraculous  power. 
These  avatars  are  generally  given  as  10,  9 
of  which  are  already  past,  the  10th,  the 
Ealkiavatara,  being  yet  to  come.  Y.  is 
sometimes  represented  as  riding  on  Garu- 
da, a  being  half  bird  and  half  man  ;  as 
holding  in  one  of  his  four  hands  a  conch- 
shell  blown  in  battle;  in  another  a  disk,  an 
emblem  of  supreme  power ;  in  the  third 
a  mace  as  the  emblem  of  punishment;  and 
in  the  fourth  a  lotus,  type  of  creative 
power. 

Vistula.  A  large  river  of  Central  Europe 
rising  in  Austria,  flowing  through  Poland, 
and  emptying  into  the  Gulf  of  Dantzig, 
Prussia ;  length,  684  m. 

Vitis,  vi'tis.  A  gen.  of  plants,  the  type 
of  the  ord.  YitacesB ;  the  vines. 

Vitro-di-Trino,  vit'r6-de-tre"n6.  A 
kind  of  filigree  or  reticulated  glasswork, 
invented  by  the  Yenetians  in  the  15th 
century,  consisting  of  a  lace-work  of  white 
enamel  or  transparent  glass,  forming  a 
series  of  diamond-shaped  sections.  In  the 
center  of  each  an  air-bubble  was  allowed 
to  remain  as  a  decoration. 

Vitruvian,  vl-tro'vl-an.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  MarcusYitrnvius  PoIIio,  a  celebrated 
Boman  architect,  born  about  80  b.  o.  Y 
scroll,  an  architectural  ornament  oon8iat> 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


VITTA 


VOX-HITMANA 


tag  of  a  series  of  convoluted  scrolls,  very 
flmdAil  and  varied,  frequently  occurring 
In  friezes  of  the  Composite  order. 

Vitta,  Tlt'a.  ▲  headband,  fillet  or  gar- 
land: specifically,  among  the  ancient 
Greeks  and  Romans,  ariblwn  or  fillet  used 
as  a  decoration  of  priests,  victims,  statues, 
altars,  Ac. 

Vittoria.  Cap.  of  province  of  AUva, 
Spain,  27  m.  8.  of  Bilbao,  noted  for  the 
Tictoiy  (1818),  of  Wellington  over  the 
Frencn. 

ViTerrldSB,  vl-ver'i-dg.  A  flun.  of 
digltigrade  carnivora,  many  of  the  species 
of  which  are  ftirnished  with  anal  glands, 
which  secrete  the  peculiar  fottv  substance 
known  as  civet.  It  includes  the  civet-cat, 
genet,  palm<cat  (Paradoxurus  typus),  bin- 
turongs  (Arctictis),  cynogale,  suricate. 
Ichneumon,  &c. 

Vizier,  viz'i-er.  The  title  of  a  high  po- 
litical officer  in  the  Turkish  Empire  and 
oUier  Mohammedan  states.  In  Turkey 
the  title  is  given  to  the  heads  of  the  various 
ministerial  departments  and  to  the  pashaa 
of  three  tails.  The  president  of  the  divan, 
or  prime  minister,  is  known  as  grand  viz- 
ier, vizier-azam  or  sadr-azam. 

Vladimir  (The  G-reat).  Grand 
Duke  and  first  Christian  ruler  of  Russia ; 
B.  949,  D.  1016. 

Vodka,  vod'ka.  An  intoxicating  spirit 
distilled  from  rye. 

Voitore,  Vincent.  A  distinguished 
French  poet  and  wit ;  b.  1698,  d.  \US. 

Volcano,  vol-ka'no. 
A  hill  or  mountain 
with  a  circular  cup- 
like opening  or  basin,^ 
called  a  crater,  at  its 
summit,  which  sends 
out  clouds  of  hot  va- 
por, gases,  and,  at 
times,  showers  of  OMh- 
es,  rocks,  and  streams 
of  fiery  liquid  lava. 

Vole,  vol.  A  name 
common  to  members 
of  a  gen.  (Arvicola)  of  rodents  resembling, 
and  in  many  cases  bearing  the  names  of 
rats  and  mice,  belonging  to  a  group  ( Arvi- 
colidse)  which  some  naturalists  regard  as  a 
distinct  family,  others  as  a  sub-family  of 
the  Muridffi.    Some  are  aquatic. 

Volfira.  A  large  river  of  European  Rus- 
sia, emptying  into  the  Caspian  Sea ;  length 
2,400  m. 

Volta,  Alessandro,  Ck>mte.  An  em- 
inent Italian  chemist  and  natural  philoso- 
pher, inventor  of  the  Voltaic  pile ;  b.  1745, 
D.  1827. 


Volcano. 


Voltameter. 


Voltaire,  Franools  Karie  Artmet 
de.  A  distinguished  French  historian, 
poet,  dramatist  and  philosopher ;  b.  1694, 
•.  in  Switzerland,  1778. 

Voltaism,  vol'to-lzm.  That  branch  ol 
electrical  science  which  treats  of  the 
chemical  action  between  metals  and  difiTer- 
ent  liquids,  so  named  from  the  Italian 
philosopher  Volta,  whose  exp^iments 
contributed  greatly  to  the  establishment  o( 
this  branch  of  sdence.  It  is,  however, 
more  usually  called  galvanism,  from  Cktl- 
vani,  who  first  brought  to  notice  the  re- 
markable Infiuence  produced  on  animals 
by  this  species  of  electricity. 

Voltameter.  An  instm- 
ment  for  measuring  vol- 
taic electricity. 

Voltaplast,  -plast.  A 
voltaic  battery  used  in 
clectrotyping. 

VoltifiWir,  'ti-zher.     A 
foot-soldier    in    a   select 
companv  of  every  regi- 
ment of  French  infiuitry,  | 
organized  by  Napoleon. 

Voltumo.      A  river  of^ 
S.    Italy,  emptying   into 
the  Gulf  of  Gaeta,  20  m. 
N.  W.  of  Naples.    Oct.  1, 1860,  Garibaldi 
defeated  the  Neapolitan  army  on  its  banks. 

Volximenometer,  'Q-men-om'e-ter.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  volume  of  a 
solid  body  by  the  quantity  of  a  liauid  or  of 
air  which  it  displaces ;  also  for  determin- 
ing its  specific  gravity. 

Volute,  v6-lut'.  In  Arch,  a  spiral  scroll 
used  in  the  Ionic,  Corinthian  and  Compos- 
ite capitals,  of  which  it  is  a  principal  orna- 
ment 

VolutidSB,  'i-de.  A  fem.  of  pasteropo- 
dous  moliusks,  of  which  the  gen.  Voluta 
is  the  type.  The  music-shells,  mitre- 
shells  and  date-shells  are  examples. 

Von.  A  German  preposition,  equivalent 
to  the  English  word  of,  used  before  siur- 
names  to  indicate  titled  descent. 

Von  Moltke,  Helmuth  Karl  Ber- 
nard, Ck>lLnt.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man general,  b.  1800.  He  was  created 
Count,  1870,  and  Chief  Marshal,  1871. 

Voussoir,  vds'war.  In  Arch,  a  stone 
in  the  shape  of  a  truncated  wedge  which 
forms  part  of  an  arch.  The  under  sides 
of  the  voussoirs  form  the  intrados  or  soffit 
of  the  arch,  and  the  upper  sides  the  ex- 
trados.  The  middle  vousaoir  Is  termed 
the  keystone. 

Vox-hnmana,  voks-hu-mi'lia.  A  reed 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


TULCAlif 


6di 


WAFEB 


Vulcan. 


stop  in  an  organ,  so  called  from  its  sup- 
posed resemblance  to  the  human  voice. 

Vulcan,  Yul'kan.  In 
Rom.  Myth,  the  god 
who  presided  over  fire 
and  the  working  of 
metals.  The  Soman 
poets  transferred  nil 
the  stories  which  are 
related  of  the  Greek 
Hepheestos  to  their  own 
Vulcan,  the  two  divini- 
ties becoming  In  the 
course  of  time  com- 
pletely identified.  By 
some  writers  he  is  said 
to  have  been  born  lame, 
but  by  others  his  lame- 
ness is  attributed  to  his  having  been  thrown 
from  Olympus.  Vulcan  patronized  handi- 
craftsmen of  every  kind,  and  to  this  or  to 
his  lameness  the  poets  most  frequently  re- 
fer. In  sculpture  he  is  generally  represented 
as  a  strong,  bearded  man,  with  a  hammer 
and  pincers  and  a  pointed  cap.  The  name 
of  a  hypothetical  intra-Mercurial  planet, 
believed  to  have  been  discovered  in  1859. 

Vulcanist,  -1st.  One  who  supports  the 
Vulcanian  or  Plutonic  theory,  which 
ascribes  the  changes  on  the  earth^s  sur- 
face to  the  agency  of  fire. 

Viilcanization,  -iz-a'^shon.  A  method 
of  treating  caoutchouc  or  india-rubber 
with  some  form  of  sulphur  to  eflFect  cer- 
tain changes  in  its  properties,  and  jrield  a 
soft  (vulcanized  india-rubber)  or  a  hard 
(vulcanite)  product. 


Vulcanoloery,  -ka-nol'o-ji.  That  de* 
partment  of  science  which  concerns  itsell 
>vith  igneous  phenomena,  as  volcanoes, 
warm-springs,  <fec. 

Vulgrate,  gat.  The  authorized  Latin 
version  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  R.  C.  Ch. 
The  V.  of  the  Council  of  Trent  was  a 
combination  of  the  old  Italic  version,  a 
literal  translation  from  the  Septuagint, 
and  an  amended  version  of  St.  Jerome. 
The  version  now  in  use  was  published  by 
Clement  VIII.,  1592. 

Vulpes,  'pes.  The  subgeneric  name  for 
the  foxes,  adopted  by  those  zoologists 
who  distinguish  the  foxes  ft^m  the  dogs, 
jackals  and  wolves,  to  which  they  conse- 
quently restrict  the  term  Canis. 

Vulture, 'tur.  Th>^  a 
mon  name  for  i-iiiit.i]ial| 
birds,  fem.  Vult  u  r  Id  w .  i 
The  strength  of  t  hi  ir  t;tlimfi  I 
does  not  corresin>iid  uith  I 
their  size;  and  tln^v  mciki^l 
more  use  of  thei  i  h(  ;ik  than  j 
of  their  claws,  'i  -■  i  ■ 
they  are  cowarliy,  !,■, j?i^ 
chiefly  on  dead  carcasses 
and  oflFal.  They  are  divided  Into  several 
genera,  the  chief  being  Vultur,  Cathartes, 
Sarcorhamphus,  Neophron  and  Gy pantos, 
of  which  the  last  approaches  the  Falcon - 
idsB.  In  some  recent  systems  the  vultures 
of  the  Old  World  are  grouped  into  one 
family,  Gyp&^tidie,  while  those  of  the 
New  World  form  another,  CathartldsB,  the 
two  having  distinctive  peculiarities. 


Vl]|l,lltt4 


w 


WIS  the  28d  letter  of  the  alphabet.  It 
takes  its  form  and  name  from  the 
union  of  two  Vs,  the  character  V  having 
formerly  the  name  and  force  of  U.  This 
letter  represents  two  sounds,  the  one 
which  distinctively  belongs  to  it,  being  that 
which  it  has  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable 
and  followed  bv  a  vowel,  as  In  wave, 
dwell,  forward,  Ac.  This  sound  has  some- 
what the  character  of  a  vowel,  and  w  in 
such  a  position  is  often  spoken  of  as  a 
semi-vowel.  At  the  end  or  syllables.  In 
which  position  it  is  always  preceded  by  a 
vowel,  it  has  either  no  force  at  all  (or  at 
most  lengthens  the  vowel),  as  in  law,  sow, 
hollow,  Ac,  or  it  forms  the  second  ele- 
ment in  a  diphthong,  as  in  now,  few, 
being  then  really  a  vowel  and  equivalent 
to  the  u  in  neutral,  bough,  &o.  Followed 
by  r  it  is  a  silent  initial  in  a  considerable 


number  of  English  words,  as  wrap,  write, 
<fec.  Wh  is  another  initial  combination,  a& 
in  what,  where,  whale,  &c.  As  an  abbre- 
viation W.  stands  for  west ;  W.  N.W.  for 
west-north-west,  Ac. 

'Wabash..  A  river  rising  in  Ohio  and 
forming  the  boundary  line  bet.  Illinois  and 
Indiana,  for  some  distance,  emptying  into 
the  Ohio ;  length,  560  m. 

"Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin.  An 
American  statesman ;  b.  in  Mass.,  ISOO, 
D.  1879.  He  represented  Ohio  in  the  U. 
8.  Senate  for  many  years. 

"Wafer,  wa'fer.  A  small  thin  cake,  made 
of  flour,  cream,  white  wine  and  lump 
sugar,  flavored  with  cinnamon.  A  thin 
circular  portion  of  unleavened  bread,  gen- 
erally stamped  with  the  Christian  mono- 
gram, the  cross,  or  other  sacred  symbol, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WAFFLE 


WALPUBdlS-NIGHa' 


Wagtail. 


naed  in  the  B.  G.  Gh.  in  the  adminiatra- 
tion  of  the  eacharist.  A  thin  diak  uaed 
for  sealing  letters,  featening  documents 
together,  and  the  like,  nsually  made  of 
fionr,  mixed  with  water,  gum  and  color- 
ing matter.  Fancy  wafers  are  made  of 
gelatine  and  Isinglass  in  a  variety  of 
forms. 

WafBa,  won.  A  fhln  cake,  baked  hard 
and  rolled ;  or  a  soft  indented  cake,  baked 
in  an  iron  ntensil  on  coals. 

Wafiponette,  -on-et'.  An  open  four- 
wheeled  pleasure  vehicle  of  nght  con- 
struction, Heated  for  six  or  eight  persons. 

Warner,  Biohard.  A  popular  Qerman 
composer ;  b.  1818,  d.  18^. 

Wagram.  A  village  of  lower  Austria, 
on  the  Rosabach,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Vienna, 
Boted  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  by 
Napoleon  I.  over  the  Austrians,  July  5-6, 

iVafirtall,    'tal. 

A  small  bird, 
gen.  Motacilla, 
bm.Motacillidffi, 
regarded  as  a 
sub-fSun.  fMota- 
cillinas)  of  the 
SylviadBB. 

Wahabee,  war 
hfi'be.  A  foUower  of  Abdel  Wahab,  a  re- 
former of  Mohammedanism  about  1760. 
The  reformer  did  not  add  anything  to  the 
Mohammedan  code,  but  the  Wahabees 
rigidly  observe  the  laws,  which  the  others 
neglect.  The  members  are  brave,  but 
liEinatica]  and  intolerant  They  have  a 
well-oivanized  government,  holding  sway 
over  a  large  part  of  Arabia. 

Waldemar  I.  (The  Great).  King  of 
Denmark:  b.  1181,  d.  1181.  He  con- 
quered 8,  Norway  and  Wendish  Germany. 
W.  II.,  2d  son  of  the  former,  s.  his  brother 
Canute  VI.,  1208,  d.  1241.  W.  III., 
crowned  1840,  d.  18T5. 

Waldenses,  wal'den-s^z.  A  sect  of 
Christians  professing  principles  substan- 
tially the  same  as  those  of  the  Reformed 
churches.  They  first  appeared  in  the  12th 
century  In  the  upper  valleys  of  Dauphin6 
and  Piedmont,  but  the  persecutions  of  the 
14th  and  15th  centuries  drove  them  into 
many  parts  of  Europe.  They  were,  for 
several  centuries,  the  subjects  of  cruel  per- 
secutions, and  it  was  not  till  1848  that  they 
enjoyed  the  same  religious  rights  as  the 
Catholics  of  Italy.  At  present  the  W.  in- 
habit the  Val  Martino,  the  Val  Angrona, 
and  the  Val  Lucerna,  b.  W.  of  Turin. 

Waldsrave,  wald'grav.  In  the  old 
German  Empire,  a  head  forest  ranger. 


Waldo,  Peter.  A  merchant  of  Lyona, 
France,  the  reputed  founder  of  the  sect 
known  as  Waldenses.  He  flourished  abt. 
1150-1200. 

Wales.  A  British  prindpaUty,  occupy- 
ing the  W.  central  portion  of  the  island, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Irish  Sea,  E.  by  Eng- 
land, 8.  bv  Bristol  Channel,  W.  by  St 
George's  Channel;  area,  7,425  so.  m.;  pop* 
1,642,718.  Principal  cities,  Bangor,  Gar 
narvon,  Wrexham,  Holywell,  Etolyhead, 
Aberystwith,  Carmarthen,  Pembroke, 
Swansea  and  Merthyr-Tydvfl.  W.  waa 
ruled  by  native  princes  until  1282,  when 
Edward  I.,  of  England,  subjugated  the 
country.  His  son,  Edward  II.,  was  bom 
in  W.,  and  assumed  the  tide  Prince  of  W., 
which  has  ever  since  been  borne  by  the 
male  heir  to  the  British  throne. 

Walker,  Bobert  Jamea.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  political  economist:  b. 
in  Penn.,  1801,  d.  1869. 

Walker,  William.  A  noted  filibuster; 
B.  in  Tenn.,  1824 ;  captured  and  shot  at 
TruxiUo,  C.  America,  1860. 

Wallace,  Williajn,  Sir.  An  eminent 
Scotch  patriot ;  b.  1270,  beheaded  in  Lon- 
don, 1805. 

Wallachian,  wal-lak'yan.  One  of  the 
natives  of  Walhichia,  descendants  of  Ro- 
man and  other  colonists.  That  member 
of  the  Romance  fiunily  of  tongues,  spoken 
in  Roumania  (WaUachia  and  Moldavia) 
and  adjoining  regions. 

Wallenstein,  Albrecht  Wenzel 
Eusebiua,  Count  von(Waldstein). 
A  distinguished  German  general;  b.  1588, 
assassinated  1634. 

Waller,  XSdxnnnd.  An  eminent  En- 
glish poet;  b.  1605,  d.  1687. 

Walloon,  -13n'.  One  of  the  descendants 
of  the  old  Gallic  BelgsB  who  occupy  the 
Belgian  provinces  of  Hainault,  U^e  and 
Namur,  8.  Brabant,  W.  Luxembourg,  and 
a  few  villages  in  Rhenish  Prussia.  The 
language  of  the  same  territory ;  a  dialect 
or  patois  of  French,  with  many  Gallio 
words  preserved  in  it 

Walnut,  wal'nut.  The  common  name  of 
trees  and  thefar  fruit,  gen.  Jnghms,  ord. 
Juglandaceae. 

Walkin^.fisli,  wak'lng-fish.  The  name 
given  to  an  acanthopterygious  fish,  gen. 
Antennarius  (A.  hispldus),  Itom  its  ability 
to  use  its  pectoral  fins  asl^s  in  traversing 
the  land. 

Walpole,  Bobert,  Sir.  A  distin- 
guished English  statesman;  b.  1676,  i>. 
1745. 

Walpuz«is-niffht,vfil-pnrg'ls-iJt  The 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WALEtm 


WATERFOKD 


eve  of  May  1,  associated  with  tho  most 
popular  witch  superstitions  ot  Germany, 
though  its  connection  with  Walpurgis,  Wal- 

gurga,  or  Walburga,  a  female  saint  of  the 
th  century,  is  not  satisfactorily  accounted 
for,  her  feast  fiUling  properly  on  the  25th  of 
February.  On  this  night  witches  rode  on 
broomsticks  and  he-goats  to  some  ap- 
pointed rendezvous,  such  as  the  highest 
S>int  of  the  Hartz  Mountains  or  the 
rocken,  where  they  held  high  festival 
with  their  master,  the  devil. 

Walnis,  wol'rus. 
A  marine  carniv- 
orouB  mammal,    j 
the  single  species  ^ 
constituting  a  gen. 
Trichecus,  as  well  ._  , 

a8thefem.Triche-  Wah-us. 

cide,  and  belonging,  with  its  allies  the 
seals,  to  the  pinnigrade  section  of  the  ord. 
Gamlvora.  The  walrus  (T.  rosmaras)  Is 
also  known  as  the  morse,  sea-horse  and 
sea-cow. 

Wampiun,  wom'num.  Small  beads 
made  of  shells,  used  oy  the  N.  American 
Indians  as  money,  or  wrought  into  belts, 
&Ai.,  as  an  ornament. 

Warbeok,  Perkin.  An  English  adven- 
turer who  raised  an  insurrection  agidnst 
Henry  VII.,  claiming  to  be  the  younger 
son  of  Edward  IV.,  who,  with  his  brother 
the  heir,  was  murdered  in  the  Tower,  by 
order  of  Richard  III.  W.  was  captured 
and  beheaded,  1499. 

Warbler,  wu^bler.    A  popular  name  ap- 

Slled  to  all  birds  of  the  dentirostral  fam. 
ylviadae,  comprising  most  of  the  small 
woodland  songsters  of  Europe  and  N. 
America.  The  type  gen.  is  Sylvia.  The 
nightingale,  robin-redbreast,  wheat-ear, 
whinchat,  stonechat,  redstart,  accentors, 
&c.f  belonging  to  this  family. 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew.  A  distin- 
guished English  historical  painter;  b.  1816, 
D.  1879. 

Warlock,  lok.  In  Scotland,  a  man  pre- 
sumed to  have  supernatural  power  and 
knowledge  by  compact  with  evil  spirits  ; 
a  male  witch ;  a  wizard. 

Wart-hoff,  v^irt'- 
hog.  A  name  i'r>\\i- 
mon  to  pachyd(Tiii!t, 
een.  Pnacochoriis, 
liun.  Suidse. 

Warsaw.       Fonurr 
cap.  of  Poland,  oiJi  ^h.  t^^ 
Vistula;    pop.     'M. 
190,000. 

Warwick,  Blch 
ard  NevU,  Earl  of.    (The  King  Mi^ 


Wart-hog. 


ker.)  One  of  the  most  prominent  states^ 
men  and  soldiers  in  English  history,  oi 
royal  descent;  b.  1428,  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Bametjl471.  He  first  seated  Edward 
Duke  of  York  on  the  throne  as  Edward 
IV.,  but  being  slighted  bv  the  latter  took 
sides  with  the  Lancastrians,  drove  Ed- 
ward from  the  kingdom  and  reinstated 
Henry  VI.  • 

Warm  Springv.  (Bath  Court  House  ) 
A  popular  spa  in  Virginia,  64  m.  N.  W. 
of  Richmond  ;  pop.  1,800. 

Warren,  Joseph.  An  American  pa- 
triot ;  B.  in  Mass. ,  1 741,  killed  at  the  Battle 
of  Bunker  Hill,  while  serving  as  a  volun- 
teer under  Gen.  Putnam,  1775. 

Wasp,  wosp.  The 
common  name  of  in- 
sects of  various  gen-  ^ 
era  belonging  chiefly 
to  the  fam>  Vespidie, 
ord.  Hymenoptera. 
Those  best  known 
belong  to  the  gen. 
Vespa. 

Washi2i«rton.  Cap.  of  the  U.  S.,  in  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  on  the  Potomac,  89  m. 
B.  W.  of  Baltimore ;  pop.  147,298.  The 
name  of  a  Territory  of  the  U.  8.,  bounded 
N.  by  British  Columbia,  E.  by  Idaho,  8. 
by  Oregon,  W.  by  the  Pacific  ;  area, 
69,994  8q.  m.;  pop.  75,116.  Chief  cities, 
Olympia,  cap.,  Seattle,  Post  Townsend, 
Wnatcom,  Steilacoom,  Vancouver,  Walla- 
Walla,  Cascadb  City  and  Pacific  City. 
Chief  rivers,  the  Columbia  and  tributa- 
ries, Skokomish,  Skayit  and  Chehalis. 
Mountains,  the  Cascade  range  and  several 
independent  groups.  Also  a  name  given 
to  a  section  of  the  Arctic  regions,  discov- 
ered by  Dr.  Kane's  expedition,  1854. 

Washington,  Oeorgre.  (Father  of  his 
Country.)  First  President  of  the  U.  8. ;  b. 
in  Va.,  1732,  d.  1799.  He  evinced  rare  mil- 
itary talents  as  commander  of  the  Conti- 
nental troops  in  the  war  with  France,  1758- 
1758,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution 
was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief. 
After  the  close  of  the  war,  1789,  he  was 
elected  President,  and  re-elected,  1792, 
declining  a  third  nomination. 

Washita  (Ouachita.)  A  river  rising  in 
Arkansas,  and  forming  for  some  distance 
the  boundary  between  that  State  and 
Louisiana,  emptying  into  the  Red  River  ; 
length  600  m. 

Waterford.  An  Irish  seaport,  in  Mun- 
ster,  on  W.  Harbor,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Suir  and  Barrow  rivers,  62  m.  N.  E. 
of  Cork  I  pop  85,791. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WATCH 


m 


WEBER 


Watch. 


Watcll.  A  small 
time-piece,  now  uni- 
versally circular  in 
shape,  to  be  carried 
in  the  pocket  or 
about  the  person. 

Water-color,  wa'- 
ter-liul-er.  In  paint- 
ing^, a  color  carefully 
ground  up  with 
water  and  isinglass  or  other  mucilage  in- 
stead of  oil. 

Water-g>a8,  -gas.  An  illuminating  gas 
obtained  by  decomposing  water. 

'Water-firildinfiT,  -gilding.  The  gilding 
of  metallic  surfaces  by  covering  them 
with  a  dilute  solution  of  nitrate  of  mer- 
cury and  gold,  called  quiclc-water,  and 
then  volatiUzing  the  mercury  by  heat. 
The  gold  is  thus  left  adhering  to  the  sur- 
face, upon  which  it  is  afterward  burnished. 

Water-God,  -god.  In  Myth,  a  dtety  that 
presides  over  the  water. 

Water-nixie,  -nik-si.  A  water-spirit ; 
an  elf  Inhabiting  the  water. 

Water-plant,  -plant.  A  name  common 
to  plants  living  entirely  in  water,  or  requir- 
ing a  preponderating  quantity  of  water. 
AU  the  species  of  the  orders  Nymph- 
seaceie,  Callitrichaceee,  Ceratophyllace». 
Podostemacese,  Butomacese,  Naiadacese, 
Pistiaceffi,  Alismacese  are  water  plants, 
also  the  cryptogamic  plants,  fam.  AlgsB. 

Water-sapphire,  -saf-f  Tr.  A  precious 
stone  of  an  intense  blue  c«'»lor  and  trans- 
parent, found  in  small  rolled  masses  in 
Ceylon.  It  is  a  variety  of  iolite  consist- 
ing of  silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  with  a 
small  proportion  of  protoxide  of  iron  and 
a  trace  of  manganese.  Called  also  Sap- 
phire d'eau. 

Watershed,  -shed.  An  imaginary  line  or 
boundary  which  runs  along  the  ridge  of 
separation  between  adjacent  seas,  lakes, 
or  river-basins,  representing  the  limit 
lW)m  which  water  naturally  flows  in  op- 
posite directions. 

Water-spout,  -spout.  A  remarkable 
meteorological  phenomenon  frequently 
observed  at  sea,  analogous  to  whirlwinds 
on  land.  It  occurs  when  opposite  winds  of 
diflterent  temperatures  meet  in  the  upper 
atmosphere,  whereby  a  great  amount  of 
vapor  is  condensed  into  a  thick  black 
cloud,  to  which  a  vertical  motion  is  given, 
causing  it  to  take  the  form  of  a  vastftannel, 
which  draws  up  the  water  in  its  vortex. 
The  whole  column  assumes  a  magnificent 
appearance,  being  of  a  light  color  near  its 
axis,  but  dark  along  the  sides.  Sometimes 
the  upper  and  lower  parts  move  with  dif- 


ferent velocities,  causing  the  parts  to  sepa- 
rate from  each  other,  often  with  a  loud 
report.  The  vapor  is  at  length  absorbed 
in  the  air,  or  it  descends  to  the  sea  in  a 
heavy  shower  of  rain. 

Water-wraith,  -rath.  A  supposed 
water-spirit,  whose  presence  prognosti- 
cates death  or  woe  to  the  person  seeing  it. 

Watt,  Jeijnes.  A  distinguished  BriUsh 
engineer  and  inventor ;  b.  at  Greenock, 
17:3c,  D.  1819. 

Watteau,  Antoine.  A  distinguished 
French  painter  ;  b.  1684,  d.  1721. 

Wax,  waks.  A  thick,  viscid,  tenacious 
substance,  excreted  by  bees  from  their 
bodies,  and  employed  in  the  construction 
of  their  cells ;  usually  called  Bees*-wax. 

Wax-insect,  'in-sekt.  A  name  given 
to  insects  other  than  the  bee  which  pro- 
duce wax.  The  most  important  is  a  small 
white  insect  (Coccus  sinensis  or  C.  peU), 
a  native  of  China,  closely  allied  to  the 
cochineal,  which  deposits  its  wax  on  the 
branches  of  plants.  The  wax  known  as 
Chinese  wax  or  pela,  is  collected  and 
made  into  a  very  fine  kind  of  candles 
which  are  used  by  only  the  higher  classes 
in  China. 

Wayland,  Francis.  An  eminent 
American  divine  and  author  of  the  Baptist 
denomination ;  b.  in  N.  Y.,  1796,  n. 
1865. 

Wairne,  AnUiony.  An  eminent 
American  general ;  b.  in  Penn.,  1745,  d. 
1796.  He  was  the  hero  of  the  assault  and 
capture  of  Stony  Point,  1779,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolution  led  suooessfbl 
campaigns  against  the  Southern  and 
Western  Indians. 

Wealden,  weFden.  In  Qeol.  the  Weal- 
den  group  or  formation. 

Weasel,  wg'zl.  A  name  common  to  the 
digitigrade  carnivorous  tminials,  gen.  Mus- 
tela,  fam.  MustelidsB. 

Weaver,    wev'er.      A 
name  given  to  Insesso- 
rial  birds     of    various' 
genera,     belonging    to  g 
the  conirostral  section  < 
of  the  order,  and  form-  i 


ing  a  group  or  sub-&m. 
(Pk     •     ^      -"     '^  • 


loceinse),  of  the  Frin- 
gillidsB      or      finches. 
Their  nests  are  woven    %v,^TL>t  lilrd. 
in  a  wonderAil  manner 
of  various  vegetable  substances. 
Weber,   Karl    Maria,    Friedrich 
Ernst,  Baron  von.    A  distinguished 
German  composer ;  b.  1786,  d.  in  Lon- 
don, 1826. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WEBSTER 


WEST  INDIES 


Wed^e. 


Webster,  Daniel.  An  eminent  Amer- 
ican statesman,  jurist  and  orator;  b. 
in  N.  H.,  1782,  i>.  1852.  He  represented 
Mass.  in  the  U.  8.  House  of  Representa- 
tives and  Senate  several  years,  and  was 
Secretary  of  State  in  the  Cabinets  of  Presi- 
dents Harrison,  Tyler  and  Fillmore. 

Webster,  Noah.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can lexicographer ;  b.  in  Conn.,  1768,  D. 
1848.  His  well-known  "Dictionary" 
was  first  published  1828,  and  new  edi- 
tions are  being  constantly  issued. 

Wedgre,  we).  A  tapered  pi"-  ^ 
of  metal  or  wood,  used  in  spiu 
ting  woods,  rocks,  &c. 

Week,  wek.  The  space  *y\ 
seven  days ;  the  space nrom  oi^i 
Sunday  to  another ;  a  cycle 

time  which  has  been  used  fi- 

the  earliest  ages  in  Eastrn 
countries,  and  is  nowuniv^i- 
saUy  adopted  over  the  Christian 
and  Mohammedan  worlds.  It  is  com- 
monly regarded  as  a  memorial  of  the 
creation  of  the  world  in  that  space  of  time. 

Weevil,  wfi'vU.  The*  name  applied  to 
coleopterous  insects,  fam.  CurculionidflB, 
many  of  which  are  dangerous  enemies  to 
the  agriculturist. 

Welding:,   weld'-  r- 
ing.     The   act  ori. 

fTOcess  of  uniting 
ron  by  intense 
heat. 

Weizoar.    Cap.  of  Modes  of  Welding. 
Saxe- Weimar,  Ger-    a,    butt    weld, 
many,  on  the  Ilm, 
52  m.S.W.  of  Leip- 
zig, the  recognized 
literary  social  center  of  the  emph-e ;  pop. 
16,826. 

Wellingrton,  wel'ing-ton.  A  kind  of 
long-legged  Iwot,  named  after  the  Duke 
ofW. 

Wellingrton,  Arthur  Wellesley, 
Duke  of.  A  distinguished  British  states- 
man and  general,  the  conqueror  of  Napo- 
leon I. ;  B.  in  County  Meath,  Ireland,  1769, 
D.  in  England,  1852. 

Wellingrton.  Cap.  of  New  Zealand  on 
New  Ulster,  or  North  Island;  pop.  26,819. 

Welsh,  welsh.  The  language  of  Wales. 
It  is  a  member  of  the  Celtic  family,  form- 
ing with  the  Breton  language  and  the  now 
extinct  Cornish  branch  the  Cymric  group. 
It  is  distinguished  for  the  beauty  of  its 
compounds,  which  it  possesses  the  capac- 
ity of  forming  to  an  almost  unlimited  ex- 
tent. The  general  name  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Wales. 


i,  Duu  weiQ,  or 
Jumping  weld  ;  b, 
scarf  weld. 


Wend,  wend.  One  of  a  pow(*rful  Slavic 
people,  now  absorbed  in  the  German  race, 
which  formerly  inhabited  the  N.  and  E. 
of  Germany.  A  remnant  remains  in  the 
E.  district  of  Sachsen-Altenburg,  and  in 
the  country  between  the  Vistula  and  Per- 
sante,  where  they  still  speak  the  Wepdio 
tongue  and  preserve  their  peculiar  man- 
ners and  customs.    Written  also  Vend. 

Wenlock  Group,  wen'lok  grop.  In 
Geol.  that  subdivision  of  the  Silurian  sys- 
tem lying  immediately  below  the  Ludlow 
rocks.  The  thickness  of  the  Wenlock 
strata  is  estimated  at  4,000  feet. 

Werewolf,  wer'wnlf.  Lit.  a  man-wolf. 
A  man  transformed  either  for  a  time  oi 
periodically  into  a  wolf.  Sometimes  the 
werewolf  was  a  man  by  day  and  a  wolf  by 
night.  A  belief  in  the  transformation  of 
man  into  a  wolf  is,  in  some  form,  common 
to  Europe  and  elsewhere,  both  in  ancient 
and  modern  times.  Some  of  the  classic 
fables  (e.  g.  Lycaon)  are  reflections  of  this 
Myth. 

Wergrild,  wer^gild.  In  Anglo-Saxon  and 
ancient  Teutonic  law,  a  fine  for  man- 
slaughter and  other  crimes  against  the  per- 
son, by  paying  which  the  oflTender  escaped 
fturther  obligation  or  punishment. 

Werner,  Abraham  Qottlob.  An 
eminent  German  scientist  and  author ;  b. 
1750,  D.  1817. 

Weser.  A  river  of  N.  W.  Germany 
emptying  into  the  N.  Sea ;  length,  100  m. 

Wesley,  John.  A  distinguished  En- 
glish divine  and  founder  of  the  sect  known 
as  Weslevans  or  Methodists  ;  b.  1708,  d. 
1791.  Cliarles  W.,  brother  of  the  above, 
also  a  clergyman  and  poet,  was  associated 
with  John  in  his  religious  labors. 

Wesley anism,  wes'li-an-izm.  Armin- 
iiiH  Methodism ;  the  system  of  doctrines 
and  church  polity  of  the  Wesleyan  Meth- 
odists. 

West,  west.  That  point  of  the  horizon 
where  the  sun  sets  at  the  equinox,  and 
midway  between  the  north  and  south 
points  ;  the  intersection  of  the  prime  ver- 
tical with  the  horizon,  on  that  side  where 
the  sun  sets.  West  is  directly  opposite 
to  east,  and  one  of  the  cardinal  points. 

West,  Benjamin.  A  distinguished 
American  painter ;  ii.  in  Penn.,  1788,  d. 
in  London,  1820. 

West  Indies,  The.  The  coUective 
name  of  the  preat  suchipelago,  comprising 
nearly  1,000  islands,  situated  between  the 
two  continents,  and  lying  between  the 
Atiantic,  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean 
Sea.  The  principal  islands  are  mentioned 
under  their  respective  namea. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WESTMINSTER 


686 


WHISKY 


Westminster.  The  W.  division  or 
court  quarter  of  London,  Eng.;  pop.  abt. 
800,000. 

West  Point.  A  village  of  Orange  Co., 
N.  Y.,  on  the  Hudson,  62  m.  N.  of  N.  Y. 
City.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  U.  8.  Military 
Academy,  founded  1794. 

West  Virginia.  A  State  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union,  set  off  from  Va.,  1862,  bounded 


Greenland  Whale. 


467.  Principal  cities,  Wheeling,  cap..  Park- 
ersburg,  Martinsburg,  Lewisburg,  Bar- 
bours^le,  Buckhannon  and  Clarksburg. 
Chief  rivers,  Ohio,  Great  and  Little  Kan- 
awha,  Guyandotte,  Elk  and  Mononsrnhela. 
Kidges  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  inl 
tersect  the  ~ 
State. 

Whale,  wh&I. 
The  common 
name  given  to 
the  larger 
mammals  of 
the  ord.  Cetacea. 

Whalebone,  Own.  An  elastic  horny 
substance  which  adheres  in  thin  parallel 
plates  to  the  upper  iaw  of  the  family  of 
whales  called  BatsBnidse.  These  lamlnfe 
vary  from  a  few  inches  to  12  feet  in  length; 
the  breadth  of  the  largest  is  about  a  foot, 
and  the  average  thickness  is  from  four  to 
five-tenths  of  an  inch.  Called  also  Ba- 
leen. 

Whallabee,  whal'la-be.  A  variety  of 
kangaroo  of  N.  8.  Wales  (Halmaturus 
ualabatus).  It  is  not  so  large  as  the  com- 
mon or  woolly  kangaroo. 

Wheat-ear, 
An  ear  of  wheat; 
a  small  bird  al- 
lied  to  the 
finches. 

W  heaton, 
Henry.      A  n 
eminent  Ameri-  -j^,,,^ 
can    jurist    and  /l«i^'^,^ 
diplomat;  b.  in  Wheat-ear. 

R.  I.,  1785,  D.  1848.  He  was  minister  to 
Denmark  and  Germany.  His  work  on 
international  law  is  a  standard  authority. 

Wheatstone,  Charles.  A  distinguiehc^d 
English  scientist ;  b.  1802,  d.  1878.  He 
was  the  Inventor  of  several  important 
electrical  appliances,  and  introduced  the 
electric  telegraph  into  England. 

Wheeling:.  Cap.  of  W.  Va.,  on  the  Ohio, 
n  m.  8.  W.  of  Pittsburgh  ;  pop.  80,787. 

Whelp,  whelp.    The  young  of  the  canine 


species,  and  of  several  other  beasts  oi 
prey  ;  a  puppy ;  a  cub. 

Whelk,  whelk.  A  mollusk,  the  Bucdn* 
um  undatum  or  trumpet-shell. 

Whewell,  William.  An  English  phi- 
losopher and  author ;  b.  1796,  d.  1866. 

Whey,  whft.  The  serum  or  watery  pari 
of  milk,  separated  from  the  more  tfaiek 
or  ooagulable  part,  particularly  in  the 
process  of  making  cheese.  In  this  process 
the  thick  part  is  called  curd  and  the  thin 
part  whey. 

Whidah-flnch,  whi'da-finsh.  A  name 
given  to  birds,  gen.  Vidua.  In  size  it  re- 
sembles a  linnet  or 
canary-bird,  and  ' 
during  the  oreeding 
season  the  male  is 
supplied  with  long, 
drooping,  dispro- 
portioned  tail-fea-. 
thers. 

WhimbreL    A^ 
bird  closely  allied  to 
the  curlew. 


Whin-chat. 


A 


small    singing  bird; 
the  Saxicola  rubetra. 

Whig:,  whig.  A  des- 
ignation      formerly 
given    to  the  mem- 
bers  of  one  of  the 
great  political  parties 
in      Britain,     now        Whin-chat, 
known  as  Conserva- 
tives.   The  name  of  the  political  party  in 
the  U.  S.  opposed  to  the  Democratic,  now 
called  Bepublican. 

Whip-poor-  ' 
will,     whlp'por- 
wil.    The  popular  ] 
name  of  an  Amer^ 
ican     bird,     the 
Chordeiles,    A  n  - 
trostomus,  or  Cap- 
rimulgus  vocifer- 
us,    &m.    Capri- 
raulgidsB,  allied  to  the  European  goat-suck' 
er  or  night-jar ;  so  called  from  its  cry. 

Whirl-bat,  wherl'bat.  An  old  name  fo< 
the  ancient  cestus,  a  boxing-glove  used  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Whirlwind,  wherl'wlnd.  A  violent 
wind  moving  in  a  spiral  form,  as  if  mov- 
ing  round  an  asds,  tnis  axis,  having  at  the 
same  time  a  progressive  motion,  rectilin- 
ear or  curvilinear. 

Whisky,  whis'ki.  An  ardent  spirit  dis* 
tilled  generally  from  barley,  but  some' 
times  from  wheat,  rye,  sugar,  molasses, 


'\i^"]Jij^  intiLFr-xlML 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WttlBT 


m 


WHi'rrLKK 


Ac.    There  are  two  chief  varieties,  malt- 
whisky  and  gr>"»in-whi8ky. 

Whl«t,  whist.  A  well-kBOwn  game  at 
cards,  played  with  the  full  pack  of52  cards 
by  four  piBTsons,  two  being  partners 
against  the  other  two,  each  player  reoeiv- 
mg  thirteen  cards  dealt  out  one  by  one  in 
ItotatlolU 

White,  wh!t.  Ond  of  the  nAtarftl  oolors 
df  bodies,  bat  not  strictly  a  colot,  Ha  It  is 
^i-ddaoed  by  the  combination  of  all  the 
pfiimatic  cbldrs,  ittlxed  in  the  same  pro- 
iH^i^oils  M  th^  exist  in  the  solar  rays ; 
the  ooW  ef  ftfldW. 

White-bait, 
'b&t  A  fish,  gen. 
Cjlopea,  the  G. 


tardeda«tii6  fry 
OftheshadT 


White-bait 


Whiteboy.  'bol.  ^  member  of  an  illegal 
association  formed  in  Ireland  about  IToO. 
The  association  consisted  of  starving  day 
laborors,  evicted  fkrmers  and  others  who 
ilsed  td  ass^nible  at  nights  to  destroy  the 
brCpeiH^  Of  hal'sh  landlords  or  their  agents, 
the  tithe  oollectdnl,  di*  otheM  that  had 
made  themselves  obnoxious.  In  many 
cases  they  did  not  confine  their  acts  to 

Elunder  and  destruction,  but  went  the 
tngth  of  murder. 
White-ooat,  Hcdt.    A  seal-fisher's  name 
for  the  skin  of  a  seal-calf,  when  such  skins 
weigh  only  60  or  70  lbs.  to  the  dozen. 

Whitefleld,  Georye.  An  English 
divine  celebrated  as  an  orator;  b.  1714,  d. 
in  Mass.,  1770.  He  was  for  some  time 
associated  with  the  Wesleys,  but  in  his 
later  days  was  an  independent  itinerant. 

White-friar,  'fri-er.  A  friar  of  the  Car- 
melite order,  so  oaUed  from  their  white 
cloaks. 

Whfke-lead,  led.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
used  in  painting ;  ceruse.  It  is  prepared 
by  exposing  sheets  of  lead  to  the  rames  of 
an  acid,  usually  vinegar,  and  suspending 
them  until  the  surlhce  becomes  Incrusted 
with  a  white  coat  When  mixed  with 
ground  sulphate  of  baryta  it  is  known  as 
Venice  White,  Hamburg  White,  Dutch 
White,  &c. 

White-leather,  -leth'er.  Leather  tanned 
with  alum  and  salt,  a  process  which  does 
not  discolor  the  hide  or  give  it  the  brown 
appearance  due  to  tanning  by  oak  or  hem- 
lode  bark. 

White-metal,  -met'al.  A  general  name 
applied  to  anv  alloy  in  which  zinc,  tin, 
nicKel,  or  lead  is  used  in  such  quantity  as 
Jto  give  it  a  wUt^  99}9r  >  3rltannia-metal, 


German  silver,  queen's  metal  and  pew- 
ter are  examples.  Any  of  the  soft  metals, 
usually  of  a  light  color,  used  for  bearings 
in  machinery. 

White  Mountains.  A  range  of  the 
Appalachians,  extending  trom  Maine 
across  New  Hampshire ;  Mt  Washington 
is  the  highest  peak. 

White  Biver.  A  stream  which  arises 
in  Arkansas,  flows  through  Missouri  and 
empties  into  the  Misaisaippi ;  length,  800 


ite  flea.  A  large  arm  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  N.  of  the  Bussian  dominions ;  area, 
4t,000  sq.  m. 

Whitesmith,  'smith.  A  tinsmith.  A 
worker  in  iron  who  finishes  or  polishes 
the  work,  in  distinction  fh>m  those  who 
forge  it 

White^QXiall,  'skw^.  A  violent  and 
dangerous  gust  of  wind  which  occurs  in 
or  near  the  tropics,  without  having  its  ap- 
proach indicated  bv  clouds,  but  accom- 
panied with  white  broken  water  •on  the 
surface  of  the  sea. 

White  Sulphur  Sprinflrs.  A  popular 
watering-place  of  W.  Va.,  206  m.  W.  of 
Richmond. 

Whitworth-ball,  whit'werth-bal.      A 

})rojectile  invented  by  Sir  J.  WhTtworth 
br  rifled  fire-arms,  great  or  smidl.  It  is  an 
elongated  cylinder,  terminating  in  a 
pointed  cone,  its  length  being  8^  times  its 
diameter,  and  made  to  fit  accurately  the 
bore  of  the  gun. 

Whitworth-gun,  -gun.  A  rifled  flre- 
arm,  whether  great  or  small,  having  nhex- 
agonalbore,  with  a  twist  more  rapid  than 
usual,  invented  by  Sir  J.  Whitworth. 

Whitinflr,  'ing.  A  fish  of  the  Oadidaa  or 
cod  tribe,  gen.  Merlangus,  M.  vulgaris. 

Whit-Monday,  whlt-mun'dft.  The 
Monday  following  Whitsunday,  in  Eng- 
land generallv  observed  as  a  holiday. 
Called  also  Whitsnn  Monday. 

Whitney,  Eli.  A  distinguished  Amer- 
ican inventor :  b.  in  Mass.,  1765,  n.  in 
Conn.,  1826.  He  invented  the  cotton  gin 
and  important  improvements  in  fire-arms. 

Whitsunday,  -sun'd&.  The  7th  Sunday 
after  Easter ;  a  festival  of  the  church  in 
commemoration  of  the  descent  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost 

Whitsuntide,  'sun-tfd.  The  English 
name  for  the  season  of  Pentecost  com- 
prehending the  entire  octave  or  the  week 
which  follows  Pentecost  Sund^;  the 
term  being  strictly  applied  to  the  Sunday. 
Monday  and  Tuesday  of  that  week. 

Whittier,  John  QiQexUeaf .   An  eni- 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WICKET-KEEPEE 


WILLOW 


inent  American  poet  and  philanthropist ; 
B.  in  Mass.,  1808.  ' 

Wicket-keeper,  wlk'et-kep-er.  In  crick- 
et, the  player  belonging  to  the  side  which 
is  out.  Who  stands  Immediately  behind 
th'  wicket  to  catch  saoh  balls  as  pass  it. 

Wide-awake,  wid'a-w&k.  A  soft  felt 
hat  with  a  broad  brimturned  np  all  round. 

WicUreon,  wy- 

on.  A  species 
ofn  atatorial 
bird  allied  to  the 
A  n  atidfe  o  r 
ducks;  th  e 
Mareea  pen  el- 
ope. 

Widower,  wuil' 

wid'6-er.  A  man 

who  has  lost  his  wife  by  death. 

Wieland,  Ohristoph  Martin.  A 
Gorman  poet  and  novelist;  b.  1788,  d.  1818. 

Wiesbaaen.  A  ftunous  watering-place 
in  Hesse-Nassau,  Germany,  6  m.  N.  W.  of 
Mentz ;  pop.  84,700. 

Wiflr.  yrig.  An  artificial  covering  of  hair 
for  the  head,  used  generally  to  conceal 
baldness,  but  formerly  worn  as  a  fashion- 
able means  of  decoration. 

Wiflrlit,  Isle  of.  An  English  Island,  off 
the  8.  coast  of  Hampshire,  m>m  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  strait  called  the  Solent ;  area 
186  sq.  m. ;  pop.  abt  70,000. 

Wild-cat,  wild'kat.  A  ferocious  animal 
of  the  gen.  Fells,  theF.  catus. 

Wild-dnck,  'duk.  An  aquatic  fowl,  gen. 
Anas,  the  A.  boschas,  otherwise  called 
the  Mallard.  It  is  the  stock  of  the  com- 
mon domestic  duck. 

Wilderness,  The.  A  section  of  Spott- 
sylvania  Co.,  Va.,  16  m.  W.  of  Freder- 
icksburg; noted  for  the  desperately 
fought  but  indecisive  battle,  May  5-6, 1S64, 
between  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Grant 
and  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Lee. 

Wild-fiTOOSe,  'gos.  A  water -fowl,  gen. 
Anscr,  the  A.  ferus,  a  bird  of  passage,  and 
the  stock  of  the  domestic  goose. 

Wild-swan,  'swon.  The  Cygnus  ferus 
or  Cygnus  mnsicus,  an  aquatic  bird,  called 
also  the  Whistling-swan  and  Hooper. 

Wilkes,  Charles.  An  American  naval 
officer ;  B.  in  N.  Y.,  1801,  d.  1877.  He 
discovered  the  Antarctic  continent  and  cir- 
cumnavigated the  globe  in  an  exploring 
expedition,  1838-42;  and  in  1861  nearly 
involved  his  country  In  war  with  Gt. 
Britain  by  boarding  an  English  mail  steam- 
er and  seizing  Messrs.  Mason  and  Slidell, 
confederate  envoys.  He  was  made  rear- 
admiral,  1866. 


Wilkie,  David,  Sir.  A  distinguished 
British  painter ;  b.  1805,  d.  1841. 

WilHam  The  name  of  several  Europe- 
an sovereigns,  the  most  noted  of  which 
are :  W.  I.  (The  Conqueror)  of  England, 
founder  of  the  Norman  dynasty,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Robert,  Duke  of  Normandy;  b. 
1025.  s.  his  father  1035,  and  on  the  death 
of  Edward  the  Confessor,  1065,  claimed 
the  English  throne  by  adoption.  Landing 
at  Hastings,  he  defeated  Harold,  1066,  and 
firmly  established  his  throne;  d.  at  Rouen. 
France,  1087.  W.  II.  (Ruftis),  2d  son  of 
the  preceding;  b.  in  Normandy,  1056, 
killed  by  Sir  Walter  Tyrrel,  1100.  W. 
III.,  stadtholder  of  the  Netherlands  and 
king  of  England,  was  son  of  William  II., 
Prince  of  Orange,  and  Mary,  daughter  of 
Charles  I.  of  England;  b.  attne  Hagne,1650. 
He  married  Mary,  daughter  of  James  I. 
of  England,  and  on  the  deposition  of  that 
monarch,  1688,  he  assumed  the  crovra  at 
the  invitation  of  the  leading  nobility  ;  d. 
1702.  W.  IV.,  4th  son  of  George  III. :  b. 
1765,  s.  his  brother  George  IV.  1830,  d. 
1887.  He  was  s.  by  Queen  Victoria,  his 
neice,  and  reigning  sovereign.  W.  III.  Is 
the  reigning  king  of  the  Netherlands.  W. 
I.,  King  of  Prussia  and  present  Emperor 
of  Germany;  b.  1797,  a  younger  son  of 
Frederick  W.  III.,  of  Prussia,  s.  his 
brother,  F.  W.  IV.,  1861,  made  Emperor 
of  Germany,  1870.  W.  (The  Lion),  King 
of  Scotland,  s.  his  brother  Malcolm  1165, 
D.  1214.  He  invaded  England,  was  de- 
feated and  made  prisoner,  and  became  a 
vassal  of  that  country.  W.  (The  Silent), 
Prince  of  Orange,  b.  1583,  eldest  son  of 
W.,  Count  of  Nassau,  inheriting  the  prin- 
cipality of  Orange,  and  immense  estates 
In  the  Low  Couatries  ftom  his  cousin. 
When  the  Netherlands  revolted  against 
the  attempt  of  Philip  II.  to  establish  the 
Inquisition  in  that  country,  W.  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  revolt  and  suc- 
ceeded after  years  of  a  bloody  and  varying 
contest  in  expelling  the  Spaniards.  The 
Dutch  republic  was  formed  1579,  and  W. 
was  made  stadtholder ;  ass&ssinated,  1584. 

Williams,  Boarer.  Founder  of  Rhode 
Island,  a  minister  of  the  Ch.  of  England; 
B.  in  Wales,  1606,  emigrated  to  Mass.  as  a 
Puritan,  1681 ;  expellcKl  fW>m  that  colony, 
1686,  he  obtained  a  charter  for  R.  I.,  1643, 
and  was  its  president,  1654-7,  d.  1688. 

Williamsburg.  Cap.  of  James  Co., 
Va.,  60  m.  E.  of  Richmond,  noted  for  the 
battle.  May  5, 1862,  bet.  the  Federals  un- 
der Gen.  Hooker  and  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Johnston,  the  latter  being  de- 
feated ;  pop.  4,109. 

Willow,  wiiao.    The  common  name  oi 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WILMINGTON 


WINE 


different  species  of  plants,  gen.  Salix,  the 
type  of  the  ord.  Salicacese.  In  Woolen 
Manuf.  a  machine  for  opening  and  disen- 
tangling the  locks  of  wool  and  cleansing 
them  from  sand  and  other  impurities. 

Wilxuingrton.  The  most  important 
city  of  Delaware,  at  the  junction  of  Bran- 
dywine  River  and  Christina  Creek,  near 
Delaware  Eiver,  28  m.  8.  W.  of  Philadel- 
phia; pop.  61.000  In  N.  Carolina,  the 
metropolis  of  the  State,  on  Cape  Fear 
River,  84  m.  from  the  Atlantic;  pop.  20,230. 

Wilmot,  David.  An  American  states- 
man, author,  1846,  of  the  "  Wilmot  Pro- 
viso," a  bill  declaring  that  slavery  should 
not  be  permitted  to  exist  in  any  territory 
acquired  from  Meidco.  The  bill  passed  the 
House  but  failed  in  the  Senate.  B.  in 
Penn.,  1814,  d.  1868.  He  represented  his 
State  In  both  houses  of  Congress.   . 

Wilson,  Alexander.  A  distinguished 
American  ornithologist;  b.  in  Scotland, 
1766,  D.  1818. 

Wilson.  Henry.  An  American  states- 
man ;  B.  in  N.  H.,  1812,  d.  1876.  He  rep- 
resented Mass.  in  both  Houses  of  the  Fed- 
eral Congress,  and  was  elected  Vice-Pres- 
ident on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  Grant,  1872. 

Wilton-carpet,  'ton-kar-pet.  A  varie- 
ty of  Brussels  carpet,  in  which  the  loops 
are  cut  open  into  an  elastic-velvet  pile. 

Wimple,  wim'pL 
A  covering  of  sillc, 
linen,  or  other  ma- 
terial, laid  in  plaitR. 
over  the  head  and 
round  the  chin,  sidt^^ 
of  the  face  and  neck, 
formerly  worn  by 
women  out  of  doors, 
and  still  retained  m 
a  conventual  dresfi 
for  nuns. 

Wince,  wins.   The 
dyer's     reel     upciri 
which  he  winds  tbe- 
piece  of  cloth  to  bo 

Winch,  winsh.  The 

crank,     projecting 

handle,  or  lever  by 

which  the  axis  of  a 

revolving  machine 

is  turned,  as  in  the 

common  windlass, 

the  grindstone,  &c. 

A  kind  of  hoisting 

machine  or  wind- 

^^-  Winch. 

Windaere,  wind'- 

ai.    In  Gun.  the  difference  between  the 


Windmill. 


diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun  or  other  fire- 
arm and  that  of  a  ball  or  shell.  The  rush 
or  concussion  of  the  air  produced  by  the 
rapid  passage  of  a  shot.  The  influence  of 
the  wind  in  deflecting  a  ball  or  shell. 
Windlass,  'las.  A  modification  of  the 
wheel  and  axle,  used  for  raising  weights, 
&c.  The  common  form  of  windlass  is  the 
winch  used  for  raising  water  from  wells, 
&c.,  having  an  axle  turned  by  a  crank, 
and  a  rope  or  chain  for  raising  the  weight 
by  being  wound  round  the  axle. 

Windmill,  'mil.    A  mill 
which  receives  its  motion  ^ 
from   the  impulse  of    the 
wind,    used    for    grinding 
corn,  pumping  water,  &c. 

Wind    River     lEoiin- 
tains.     An  isolated  range| 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in" 
E.      Oregon ;      Fremont's 
Peak,  the  highest  summit, 
is  18,870  ft.  above  sea-level. 

Windsor.  A  borough  of  Co.  Berks, 
England,  on  the  Thames,  22  m.  W.  oi 
London,  noted  for  its  immense  Gothic 
castle,  the  principal  residence  of  the  Brit- 
ish sovereigns  for  900  years ;  pop.  abt. 
18,800. 

Windward  Islands.  The  name  of 
one  of  two  groups — the  other  being  called 
"Leeward  Islands" — forming  the  Carib- 
bean division  of  the  W.  Indies.  The  W. 
group  includes  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Bar- 
badoes,  Trinidad,  &c. ;  the  Leeward 
group  includes  Dominica,  Guadaloupe, 
Montserrat,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua  and  Nevis. 

Wine,  win.  The  fermented  iuice  of  the 
grape  or  fruit  of  the  vine  (Vitfs  vinifera). 
The  amount  of  alcohol  in  the  strongest 
ports  and  sherries  is  from  16  to  25  per 
cent.;  in  hock,  claret,  and  other  light 
wines,  from  7  per  cent.  Wine  containing 
more  than  18  per  cent,  of  alcohol  may  be 
assumed  to  be  fortified  with  brandy  or 
other  spirit.  The  most  celebrated  an- 
cient wines  were  those  of  Lesbos  and 
Chios  among  the  Greeks,  and  the  Faler- 
nian  and  Cecuban  among  the  Romans. 
The  principal  modern  wines  are  port, 
sherry,  claret,  champagne,  Madeira, 
hock,  Marsala,  &c.  The  principal 
wine-producing  countries  are  France, 
Germany,  Spain,  Portugal,  Sicily,  Greece, 
('ape  Colony,  Australia  and  America. 
The  juice  of  certain  fruits  prepared  In  im- 
itation of  wine  obtained  from  grapes,  but 
distinguished  by  naming  the  source 
whence  it  is  derived  ;  as  currant  wine  ; 
gooseberry  -wine.  Wine  of  iron,  sherry  with 
tartrated  iron  in  solution.    Qidninewine, 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WnroED 


"WITKWAGteMol* 


Bherry  with  sulphate  of  4|uiniiie  in  solu- 
ttoh*  Oil  *»f  wl»H,  «tht'ivrti ,  oH,  a  rt?^Ult«d 
aofldynt^,  but  only  fiBWl  \^  %W  jiri^ponirlon 
if  ©ttwr  t»<H^ifftfH*iits      &ipirit   cjf    uine, 

wing^d^  Vfiiiffil.    In  Hct,  fcpmnented 

IhDt  i?i:»lf>r  from   \h  v  ImmI  y ,    W .  b  t J 1 ! ,  utt  rtr- 
chlUictural  decoratioii  In  anclinit  r'ii**viitn 
t«iiip1«4,    whens    wlQfrefl    hup^viu  ^'^-iM 
bullji    Aod    UnnA  of  uirltm^^t'l 

imHj'  lj|»lf^nl  pf tHc  litilttii  ^i  St 

lnt?l)mtiial  abd  ijikviiiciil  po^v-rs.  'AT. 
Ibn.  Oio  Kjtiib^r  ^T  Ihtt  eVahg^H^t  Bt. 
Miuic^  8nlo^t»?(1  &R the  IrtTJilafi^ (tt^vKv ^>r too 

IpUnte^l  i^X.  'T%mi^rsi  a*  rho  pat n^o  saint 

*f ^?i^ 'nin-^^  ■!         ^^^    "■     "  It- 

Hlff     *     Tl  ,tl, 

Stfined  Ow*  V.  te  oiii^io  Uouk,  bUutis  In 
the  PiAsretta  of  St.  Mark  at  Yehice. 

Wixmipesr,  Lake.  A  hu^6  lajce  of 
British  N.  Aiii«rloa>  Coimect6i  with  Huid- 
Bon's  Bay  by  Nelson  Elver ;  length  240 
m.  ;  breadth  K6  te-. 

Winter,  w4n'ter.  tt*6ttold  season  of  the 
year.  AstrenottiWAnv  considered  winter 
tx)mmence8  Ih  taortnem  latitudes  when 
the  sun  «tatQr8  Capricorn  or  at  the  sol- 
stice «boat  the  21  St  of  December,  and 
*^i^i  »t  the  equinox  In  March ;  but  in  or- 
ylr.ary  discourse  the  winter  months  ai'e 
December,  January  and  February. 

Wirt,  William.  An  eminent  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  author;  b.  in  Md.,  1772, 
D.1884. 

Wisby.  Gap.  of  the  Swedish  Island  of 
Gothland,  in  the  Baltic,  180  m.  S.  of 
Stockholm  ;  pop.  7,100.  In  the  12th  and 
ttth  centuries  it  was  amon;^  the  chief 
commercial  cities  of  N.  Europe,  and  ito 
code  of  marine  laws  was  the  foundation  of 
existing  maritime  statutes. 

Wiflconsin.  A  State  of  the  American 
^nion,  admitted  1847,  bounded  N.  by 
iLakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  E.  by  the 
fetter,  S.  by  Illinois,  W.  by  Iowa  and  Min- 
nesota; area,  68,924  sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,815,497. 
Principal  cities,  Madison,  cap.,  Milwaukee, 
IBaoine,  Fond  dn  Lac,  Oshkosh,  Janesville, 
Xenosha,  La  Crosse,  Sheboygan,  Qreen 
Bay,  Watertown  and  Whitewater.  Chief 
rivers,  Mississippi,  St.  Louis,  Montreal, 
Burnt  Wood,  Menomonee,  Peshtego, 
•Oconto,  Fox,  St.  Croix,  Chippewa,  Black, 
Wisconsin  and  Rock.  The  larger  inter- 
nal lakes  are  Winnebago,  Horicon  and 
Court  Oreilles. 

Wise,  Henry  Alexander.  An 
American  statesman  ;  b.  in  Ya.,  1806,  p, 


187B.  lie  was  a  member  of  Congrese  foi 
many  years,  governor  of  his  native  State, 
and  served  through  the  war  as  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  army. 

Wishin«r-cap,  wish'ing-kap.  The  cap 
of  Fortunatus,  in  the  fliiry  tale,  upon 
wearing  which  he  obtained  whatever  he 
ivished. 

Wlshiagr-t^, -rod.  The  pure  gold  rod 
of  the  Nibelnngs,  the  poBsessioh  of  which 
conferred  the  powtet  of  keeping  the  whole 
world  in.  subjie<ctft>h. 

^Tlstarbti  wi^ia'ri-d.  k  g^.  oi  plahts, 
oMi  Leghiuinbssp.  The  spedes  Are  deicid- 
tious,  twining  shrubs. 

Witchcraft,  OEraft.  The  pi-actices  o) 
witches ;  soroery  ;  a  superhatQl'al  powigi 
which  persons  were  formerly  sunposed  tb 
obtain  W  entering  into  compact  with  this 
devil.  The  belief  ihwitfchctaft  Was  bbiiii 
mon  in  Enrbpetitt  thie  IBth  tehtUi'y,  and 
maintainea  its  grOUhd  with  tolerable  firm- 
li^ss  till  the  tniddle  of  the  17th,  and  is  not 
y6t  altogether  extinct.  Numbers  of  re- 
puted witches  were  condemned  to  be 
Darned,  so  that  in  England  alone  it  is 
computed  that  no  fewer  than  80,000  of 
them  suffered  at  the  stake% 

Witches'-Sabbath,  >^z-sal)-Utii.  A 
stated  meednj^  bf  witches  and  devils  at 
night  for  communicating  the  mischief 
thev  had  done,  and  concocting  more,  at 
which  the  most  obscene  rites,  or  revels, 
were  indulged  in.  The  witches  rode  to 
the  rendezvous  on  broomsticks,  or  on 
their  demon-lovers  in  the  shape  of  goats, 
having  previously  anointed  themselves 
with  the  fat  of  a  murdered  or  unbaptized 
child.  Neophytes  were  Introduced  to  the 
devil  at  such  meetings,  where  they  re- 
ceived his  mark  on  their  bodies  as  evi- 
dence that  they  had  sold  thehr  souls  to 
him.  In  Germany  the  witches'-Sabbath 
was  held  on  Walpurgis-night. 

Witenagremot,  wit'en-a-ge-raot.  Among 
the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  great  natlond 
council  or  parliament,  consisting  of 
athelingd  or  princes,  nobles  or  ealdormen, 
the  large  landholders,  the  principal  eccle- 
siastics, &c.  The  meetings  formed  the 
highest  court  of  judicature  in  the  king- 
dom ;  they  were  summoned  by  the  king 
in  any  political  emergency ;  their  oonoor- 
rence  was  necessary  to  give  vaUdU^to 
laws,  and  all  treaties  were  submitted  to 
their  approval.  They  had  even  power  to 
elect  tne  king,  and  if  the  scepter  de- 
scended in  his  race  it  was  by  means  of  the 
formal  recognition  of  the  new  king  by 
the  nobles,  bishops,  &c.,  ii^  i^  assembly 
convened  for  the  purpose^ 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WITTEKIND 


691 


WOOL 


Mtteklnd  (The  Great).  A  famons 
S«xon  chief,  who  long  defied  Charle- 
magne, but  was  finally  defeated  and  cap- 
tured 788.  He  was  released  and  confirmed 
In"  hifl  title  and  property  on  recognizing 
O.'a  authority  and  accepting  Christianity; 
D.  807. 

Woad,  w6d.  A  cni- 
dferous  plant,  gen. 
Isatis,  the  I.  tinctoria, 
formerly  cultivated  on 
account  of  the  blue  dve 
extracted  from  its 
pulped  and  fermented 
leaves. 

tVoden,  wo'den.  The  "<>*^' 

Anglo-Saxon  form  of  the  name  of  the  deity 
called  by  the  Norse  Odin.  Wednesday  de- 
rives its  name  from  him,  and  his  name  is 
also  seen  in  several  English  place-names, 
as  Wednesbury,  &c. 
Volf,  wfllf.    A  quadruped  belonging  to 


Common  Wolf, 
the  dlgitigrade  camivora,  fam.  CanidflB,  }n 
habits  and  physical  development  closely 
related  to  the  dog,  some  naturalists  con- 
sidering it  as  the  progenitor  of  existing 
races  of  the  dog,  with  which  it  has  been 
known  to  interbreed. 

Wolfe,  James.  A  British  general ;  b. 
1726 ;  mortally  wounded,  in  the  moment 
of  victory,  on  the  Heights  of  Abraham, 
Quebec,  1759,  his  antagonist,  the  Marquis 
de  Montcalm,  falling  in  the  same  battle. 
The  victory  ended  the  rule  of  France  in 
Canada. 

Wolf-fLsh,  'fish.  A  teleostean  acanthop- 
terygious  fish  (Anarrhichas  lupus),  so 
called  from  its  ferocious  aspect  and  habits. 
Called  also  Sea-cat,  Cat-fish  and  Sea-wolf. 

Wolf  s-bane,  wfllfs'ban.  A  poisonous 
plant,  gen.  Aconitum  (A.  napeUus).  All 
parts  of  the  plant,  especially  the  roots,  are 
very  poisonous,  containing  a  narcotic 
alkaloid  called  aconitin  or  aconitine,  one 
of  the  most  virulent  of  all  known  poisons. 
The  plant  is  used  in  medicine  for  nervous 
and  other  diseases.  Called  also  Monk's- 
hood. 


Wollastcn,  William  Hyde.  Adis- 
tinguished  English  chemist  and  natural 
phflosopher ;  b.  1766,  d.  1828. 
Wolverine,  wvil'ver-in.  A  carnivorous 
mammal,  the  Gulo  arcticus  (or  luscus)  of 
glutton.  W.  State,  a  popular  name  for 
Michigan. 

Wolsey,  Thomas.  A  distinguished 
English  statesman  and  cardinal ;  b.  1471, 
D.,  in  prison,  while  under  charge  of  treason, 
1580. 

Woodbine,  wfld'bm.  The  wild  honey- 
suckle (Lonlcera  periclymenum).  The 
name  is  also  given  to  the  Vh-ginian  creeper 
(Ampelopsls  hederacea),  and  formerly 
given  to  the  bind-weed  (Convolvulus). 
Woodbnry-type,  'ber-i-fip.  A  process 
in  photographic  printing  in  which  a  relief 
image,  obtained  on  gelatine  hardened  after 
certain  operations,  is  made  to  produce  an 
intaglio  impression  upon  a  plate  of  lead  or 
other  soft  metal,  from  which  prints  are 
thrown  off  in  a  press.  A  picture  produced 
by  the  above  process. 

Wood-carpet,  'kar-pet.  A  floor  cover- 
ing made  of  slats  or  ornamental  shapes  of 
wood  of  different  colors  fastened  to  a  cloth 
backing.  The  different  pieces  of  wood  are 
arranged  so  as  to  produce  the  effects  of 
tessellated  floors,  mosaic-work,  Ac. 
Wood-chuck,  'chuk.  The  popular  name 
of  a  rodent  mammal,  a  species  of  the  mar- 
mot tribe,  the  Arctomys  monax,  or  ground- 
hog. 

Woodcock,  'kok.  A  bird,  gen.  Scolopax, 
the  S.  rusticola,  allied  to  the  snipe  tribe. 
Wood-engravingr,  'en-gruv-lng.  The 
art  of  engraving  on  wood  from  which  im- 
pressions can  be  transferred  by  means  of 
a  colored  pigment  to  paper  or  other  suit- 
able material.  The  wood  generally  used 
is  box,  the  blocks  being  cut  across  the 
grain. 

Woodpecker, 
'pek-er.  The  com- 
mon name  of  scan- 
sorial  birds,  gen. 
Pious,  forming  the 
Picidse  of  modem  i 
ornithologists,  ' 
Wood-swallow,  Woodpecker, 
'swol-lo.  A  name  given  in  Australia  to  a 
gen.  of  birds  (Artamus),  fam.  Ampelidie 
or  chatterers,  much  resembling  swallows 
in  habit.  The  Australian  species  (A.  sor- 
didus)  is  remarkable  for  its  habit  of  hang- 
ing suspended  from  branches  in  clusters 
resembling  swarms  of  bees. 

Wool,  wql  7Ti/>  soft  hair  on  sheep  and 
flonae  Qt^er  animals^  as  ^e  ^l^aca,  sonp^f 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


WOOL 


MS 


WYOMING 


•pedes  of  goato,  Ac.,  which  in  fineness 
approaches  to  tar. 

Wool,  John  Elli«.  An  American 
general ;  b.  in  N.  T.,  1789.  d.  18^9. 

Woolsack,  'sak.  A  sack  or  bog  of  wool. 
The  seat  of  the  lord -chancellor  in  the 
British  House  of  Lords,  being  a  Urge 
square  bag  of  wool,  without  back  or  arms, 
covered  with  green  cloth. 

Woolwich.  A  city  of  Co.  Kent,  Eng- 
Und,  8  m.  8.  £.  of  London,  containing  a 
strongly  fortified  dockyard,  naval  arsenal 
and  immense  manufactories  of  war  ma- 
terial :  also  the  seat  of  the  Boyal  Military 
School ;  pop.  abt  40,000. 

Woots,  wv)ts.  A  superior  steel  made  in 
the  E.  Indies,  it  is  believed,  by  a  process 
direct  fh>m  the  ore,  and  imported  into 
Europe  and  America  for  making  the  finest 
classes  of  edge-tools. 

Worcester,  Edward  Somerset, 
Marquis  of.  An  English  mechanician, 
and  one  of  the  claimants  to  the  invention 
of  the  steam-engine  ;  b.  1001,  d.  1667. 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson.  An 
eminent  American  lexicographer,  author 
of  the  popular  Dictionary  bearing  his 
name  ;  b.  in  N.  H.,  1784,  d.  1S65. 

World,  werld.  The  whole  system  of 
created  things ;  the  whole  creation ;  the 
universe.  Any  celestial  orb  or  planetary 
body,  especially  considered  as  peopled, 
and  as  the  scene  of  interests  kindred  to 
those  of  mankind.  The  earth  and  all 
created  things  thereon  ;  the  terraqueous 
globe. 

Wordsworth,  William.  A  popular 
English  poet,  head  of  the  "Lake  School;" 
B.  1770,  D.  1850. 

Worm,  werm.  A  term  loosely  applied  to 
any  small  creeping  animal  or  reptile,  en- 
tirely wanting  feet  or  having  but  very 
short  ones,  including  such  various  forms 
as  the  earthworm  ;  the  larvae  or  grubs  of 
certain  insects,  as  caterpillars,  maggots, 
Jkc. ;  intestinal  parasites,  as  the  tape-worm, 
thread-worms.  &c. ;  certain  lacertilians,  as 
the  blind- worm,  Ac. 

Worms.  Anancientcity  of  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Khine,  25  m.  8.  E.  of 
Mentz,  noted  for  the  memorable  Diet,  1521, 
at  which  Luther  defended  himself  before 
('harles  Y. ;  pop.  12.176. 

Woronzoff,  lEichael  Semenovitch, 
Prince.  A  Russian  general  who  served 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Turkey 
and  against  Napoleon  I.,  and  later,  as  vice- 
roy of  the  Caucasus,  conquered  the  heroic 
Schamyl ;  b.  1782,  d.  1856. 

Wort,  wert.  New  beer  unfermented  or 
in  tl^e  9ct  of  fermentation. 


Worth,    William    Jenkins.      Ai 

American  general :  b.  in  N.   Y.,  1794,   i>. 
1819. 
Wrangel,  Karl  Gustaf  ,  Ck>nnt  von 

A  distinguished  Swedish  general;  b.  1613, 
D.  1675. 

Wren,  ren.  A  gen- 
eral name  given  to 
ten  uirostral  birds  of  a 
sub-fiun.  of  Insecs- 
ores. 

Wrsmeck,  rl'nek.  A 
deformity  in  which 
the  neck  is  drawn  to 
one  side.  A  disease 
of  the  spasmodic  kind 
in  sheep,  in  which  the 
head  is  drawn  to  one 
side.  A  small  migra- 
tory scansorial  bird, 
gen.  Yunx,  allied  to 
and  resembling  the  ^ 
woodpeckers;  so 
called  irom  the  singu- 
lar manner  in  whtoh,  i 
when  surprised,  it 
turns  its-head  over  its 
shoulders.  Wrif'npnk, 

WurtemberiT.  A  8.  German  Kingdom 
bounded  N.  and  W.  by  Baden,  E.  by 
Bavaria,  8.  by  Lake  Constance ;  area,  7,675 
sq.  m. ;  pop.  1,892,412.  Principal  cities, 
Stuttgart,  cap.,  Uhn,  Heilbronn  and  Ess- 
lingen.  Chief  rivers,  Danube  and  Neckar 
virith  tlieir  tributaries.  The  Schwarzwald 
mountain  range  intersects  it. 

Wych-hazel,  wich'ha-zl.  The  conunon 
name  of  plants,  gen.  Ilamaimlis,  the 
type  of  the  ord.  HamameUdace«e. 

Wycliife,  John  (WicklilT).  An  En- 
glish Reformer,  founder  of  the  Lollards, 
and  translator  of  the  Scriptures  into  En- 
glish ;  b.  1324,  i>.  13^4. 

Wyoming.  A  territory  of  the  U.  8., 
bounded  N.  by  Montana,  E.  by  Nebraska 
and  Dakota,  8.  by  Colorado  and  Utah,  W. 
bv  Idaho  ;  area,  97,883  sq.  m.;  pop.  20,789. 
IMncipal  towns,  Chevenne,  cap.,  Benton, 
Wyoming,  Green  River  City  and  Fort 
Laramie.  Chief  rivers,  Laramie,  Sweet* 
water,  N.  and  8.'  forks  of  the  Big  Chey. 
enne.  Green,  Big  Horn  and  Yellowstone. 
The  Wind  River.  Snow,  Big  Horn,  Elk 
and  Black  Hills  constitute  Uie  mountain 
ranges,  with  the  isolated  groups  known  aa 
Medicine  Bow  and  the  Red  Buttes. 

Wyoming".  A  valley  of  Luzerne  Co., 
Penn.,  with  the  Susquehanna  running 
through  it,  noted  for  the  horrible  massa- 
cre, 1778,  of  American  prisoners  by  th« 
Indian  allies  of  a  British  fiMX^e. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


XtS  the  24th  letter  of  the  alphabet.  It 
was  borrowed  by  the  Romans  in  oom- 
ptffttively  late  times  from  the  Grseks, 
and  passed  from  the  Roman  into  the  An- 
gl>Saxon  alphabet.  Except  when  used 
a^  the  beginning  of  a  word,  x  in  English 
is  a  doable  consonant  and  has  nsually  the 
sound  of  ks,  as  in  wax,  axis,  &c. ;  but 
when  terminating  a  syllable,  if  the  sylla- 
ble foUowing  is  open  or  accented,  it  often 
takes  the  sound  of  gz,  as  in  luxury,  ex- 
haa8t>  exotic,  &c.  At  the  beginning  of  a 
word  It  Ibas  precisely  the  sound  of  z. 
Hence  it  Is  entirely  a  superfluous  letter, 
representing  bo  sound  that  could  not 
easily  be  otherwise  represented.  As  a 
numeral  X  stands  for  10.  It  represents 
one  Y  plai>ed  above  another,  the  lower  one 
being  inverted.  When  laid  horizontally, 
^  stands  for  1,000,  and  with  a  dash  over 
1^  it  stands  for  10,000.  As  an  abbreviation 
X.  stands  for  Ohrlst,  as  in  Xn.,  Christian; 
Xmas.,  Christmas.  X  on  beer-casks  is  said 
to  have  originally  indicated  beer  which 
had  to  pay  10  sbilllngs  duty. 

Xansri,  zan'gi.  In  Chinese  Myth,  the 
supreme  ruler  of  heaven  and  earth,  God. 

Xanthin,  'thin.  A  name  applied  to  sev- 
eral substances  from  color ;  as  that  portion 
of  the  vellow  of  flowers  insoluble  in  water; 
the  yellow  coloring  matter  in  madder;  a 
gaseous  product  of  the  decomposition  of 
xanthates.  The  name  is  now  generally 
confined  to  xanthlc  oxide,  the  ingredient 
of  mrinary  calculi ;  it  is  a  white  ciystaUine 
substance. 

Xanthippe.  The  A  tbenian  general  who 
defeated  the  Persian  flet:t  at  Mycales,  479 

Xaittliooliroi,  •thok'ro-I.  In  Ethn.  one 
of  the  five  groups  into  which  Huxley  clas- 
sifies man,  comprising  the  fair  whites. 

Xebec,  ze'bek.  A  small,  three-masted 
vessel,  formerly  much  used  by  the  Alge- 
rine  corsairs,  and  now  to  a  small  extent  in 
Mediterran&an  commerce.  It  dlfi'ers  from 
the  felucca  chiefly  in  having  several  square 
as  well  as  lateen  sails,  while  the  latter  has 
only  lateen  sails. 

XenopllOil.    A  Qreek  historian  and  gen- 


eral, who  flonrished  abt.  400  b.  o.  He 
was  a  PQPil  and  friend  of  Socrates,  and 
successfully  conducted  the  celebrated  re- 
treat of  the  10,000  Greek  mercenaries  from 
Persia. 

Xeriff,  ze-rif.  A  gold  coin  formerly  cur- 
rent in  Egypt  and  Turkey  of  the  value  of 
abt.  $2.88.  A  name  for  the  ducat  In  Mo- 
rocco. 

Xerxes.  King  of  Persia,  480-^2  b.  c. 
He  invaded  Greece,  480,  with  an  immense 
army,  but  was  finally  forced  to  fly  with 
a  few  personal  attendants,  his  army  be- 
ing destroyed  at  Platiea  and  his  fleet  at 
Mycale  on  the  same  day,  479. 

Ximenesde  OUneros,  Francisoo, 
Cardinal.  An  eminent  Spanish  states- 
man ;  B.  1436,  D.  1517. 

Xingn.  A  Brazilian  river,  emptying  into 
the  Amazon  ;  length,  1300  m. 

Xlllla  Islands.  A  group  in  the  E.  Ar- 
chipelago, of  which  X.  Bessey,  400  m. 
long  by  100  in  breadth,  is  the  chief. 

Xylocopa,  zT-lok'o-pa.  The  carpenter- 
bee,  a  gen.  of  hymenopterous  insects  with 
sharp-pointed  mandibles  which  puncture 
wooa. 

Xyloerrapliy,  -log'ra-fl.  A  process  of 
decorative  panting  on  wood.  A  design 
is  drawn  on  wood,  which  is  then  engravMl, 
or  the  design  is  reproduced  in  zinc.  An 
electrotype  cast  is  then  taken,  and  smooth 
surfeces  of  wood  are  printed  from  this  with 
pigments  prepared  for  the  purpose.  The 
color  penetrates  the  wood,  and  after  being 
French  polished  or  covered  with  a  fluid 
enamel  the  wood  may  be  sand-papered 
without  destroying  the  pattern. 

Xylophagra,  -lof  a-ga.  A  group  of  col- 
eopterous insects  noted  for  their  habit  of 
excavating  wood.  They  resemble  weevils, 
but  have  no  proboscis. 
Xyst,  zist  In  Anc.  Arch,  a  covered  por- 
tico or  open  court,  of  great  length  In  pro- 
portion to  its  width,  in  which  athletes 
exercised.  Written  also  Xystus. 
Xystarcll,  zLs'tfirk .  An  A  thenlan  officer 
who  presided  over  the  gymnastic  exercises 
ofthexystos. 


YIS  the  2Gth  letter  of  the  alphabet.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Latin,  and  origin- 
ally ftom  the  Greoi*  npsUon.  In  the 
Anglo-Saxon  it  wks  always  a  vowel,  and 
is  believed  to  have  ba^  4  0ound  resembling 


that  of  French  n.  In  modern  English  it 
is  both  a  consonant  and  a  vowel.  At  the 
beginning  of  syllables  and  followed  by  a 
vowel  it  is  a  consonant  of  the  palatal  class. 
In  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  words  y  is 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


Yacaee 


YABMOUTH 


a  Towel,  and  is  Bounded  as  1  long,  when 
accented,  as  in  defy,  dying,  and  as  i  short 
when  unaooented,  as  in  vanity,  synony- 
mous. T  is  sometimes  called  the  Pytha- 
gorean letter,  from  its  Greek  original  rep- 
resenting the  saored  triad.  In  Chem.  Y 
is  the  symbol  of  yttrium.  Y,  as  a  numeral, 
stands  for  ISO,  and  with  a  dash  over  it  for 
150,000. 

Taoare,  yakVrft.  The  native  name  of 
a  Brazilian  alligator  (Jacare  sderops) ;  the 
spectacled  cayman.    Written  also  Jacare. 

Taoht,  yot.  A  light  and  elegantly  fitted 
up  vessel,  used  either  for  pleasure  trips 
or  racing,  or  as  a  vessel  of  state  to  convey 
kings,  princes,  <Scc. 

7afirer,  ya'ger.  A  member  of  certain 
regiments  of  light  inibntry  in  the  armies 
of  various  German  states,  originally  com- 
posed of  jSger  or  huntsmen,  whence  the 
name. 

Tahoo,  yfiOid.  A  name  given  bv  Swift, 
in  GuIUver^s  Travels,  to  a  race  of  brutes, 
having  the  form  of  man  and  all  his  degrad- 
in£f  passions.  They  are  placed  in  contrast 
with  the  Houyhnhnms,  or  horses  endowed 
with  reason,  the  whole  being  designed  as 
a  satire  on  the  human  race.  Hence,  a 
rough,  boorish,  uncultivated  character. 

Yale.  An  American  college,  at  New 
'  Haven,  Conn.,  founded  at 
Baybrook  as  the  collegia  to 
school  of  the  colony,  aiad 
removed  toN.  H.,  1716; 
named  after  Gov.  Yalta, 
one  of  its  first  patrons. 

7 am,  yam.  A  largi^i.' 
esculent  tuber  or  rout 
produced  by  various 
plants,  gen.  Dioscoruu, 
growing  in  tropical  cli- 
mates ;  the  sweet  potato. 

yak,  yak.    A  ruminant  mammal  of  the 


Yam. 


Yak. 

t>ovlne  tribe,  tiie  Bos  poeDhagus,  or  Poe- 
phagus  grunniens,  a  small  species  of  ox, 
with  horns  curving  outward,  lon^  silky 


^,•J'^77l^ly^7Ti^^^'|^^V^A^^V^^^ 
YaniB, 


hair  fringing  its  sides,  a  bushy  mane  of  fine 
hair  and  villous,  horse-!ike  tail;  sometimes 
called  the  grunting  ox,  from  its  peculiar 
voice,  which  sounds  much  like  the  grunt 
of  a  pig ;  known  also  as  Sarlac,  SarUk. 

7aina,  yv  r 
InHind.  &]yiii 
the  god  of  de- 
parted  splrita 
and  the  m[i- 
pointed  lEMl^^e 
and  punisljtrtjf 
the  dead^  tha  ,^ " 
erabodime'iL  offC  ' 
power  wiih.mt 
pity,  and  hU-iij, 
unbending-  uu.\ 
He  is  genr'jMily 
represented  tis 
c  r  o  wned  iind 
seated  on  ft  buf- 
falo, whick]  b« 
guides  bv  itie 
horns.  lie  \e 
four-armed  and 
of  austere  countenance.  In  one  hand  he 
holds  a  mace,  in  another  a  noose  which  is 
used  to  draw  out  of  the  bodies  of  men  the 
souls  which  are  doomed  to  appear  before 
bis  Judgment-seat. 

Yangr-tse-KianfiT.  A  large  river  of 
China,  emptying  into  the  Yellow  Sea; 
length,  -2,500  m. 

Yankee,  yang'ke;  A  cant  name,  of  dis- 
puted origin,  for  a  citizen  of  New  England. 
During  the  American  Revolution  the 
name  was  applied  to  all  the  patriots,  and 
during  the  civil  war  it  was  the  conmion 
designation  of  the  Federal  soldiers  by  the 
Confederates. 

7ankee-Doodle,  do'dl.  A  famous  air  re- 
garded as  American  and  national.  In  reali- 
ty it  is  an  old  English  air  called  Nankey 
Doodle,  and  had  some  derisive  reference 
to  Cromwell.  It  is  said  that  the  brigade 
under  Lord  Percy,  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, marched  out  of  Boston  phiying 
this  tune  in  punning  allusion  to  the  name 
Yankee,  and  the  New  Englanders  adopt- 
ed it  in  consideration  of  the  fact  that  they 
had  made  the  British  dance  to  it  The 
national  tune  of  the  U.  S.,  however,  is 
"  Hail  Columbia  1" 

faqili.  A  river  of  Mexico,  emptying 
into  the  Gulf  of  M.;  length,  400  m. 

Tarkand.  Cap.  of  Bohkara,  Chinese 
Turkestan,  on  river  of  same  name ;  pop. 
160,000. 

Tarmonth,  Qreat.    A  popukr  watery 
ing  place,  of  Co.  Norfolk,  on  E.  coast  of 
England ;  also  the  headquarters  of  th»  • 
herring-fishing  fleet ;  pop.  44,826. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


YATAGHAN 


095 


TOEK 


Yataghan,  yatVgan.  A  dagger-like 
saber,  with  doable-curved  blade,  the 
handle  without  a  cross-guard,  much  worn 
in  Mohaoimedan  countries. 

Yawl,  yal.  A  small  ship's  boat,  usually 
rowed  bv  four  or  six  oars ;  a  jolly-boat. 
The  smallest  boat  used  by  fishermen. 

Yazoo.  A  river  of  Mississippi,  emptying 
into  the  M.  12  m.  N.  of  Vicksburg; 
\ength,  290  m. 

Year,  yer.  The  period  of  time  during 
which  the  earth  makes  one  complete  rev- 
olution in  its  orbit ;  or  the  space  of  time 
which  elapses  between  the  sun's  leaving 
either  equinoctial  point,  or  either  topic, 
and  its  return  to  the  same.  This  is  the 
tropical  or  solar  year,  and  the  year  in  the 
strict  and  proper  sense  of  the  word. 
This  perioa  comprehends  the  twelve  cal- 
endar monUis,  and  is  calculated  to  com- 
mence January  1,  and  to  end  December 
81.  It  is  not  quite  uniform,  but  its  mean 
length  is  865  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes, 
and  51.6  seconds.  In  popular  usage,  how- 
ever, the  year  consists  of  865  days,  and 
every  fourth  year  of  866. 

Yeast,  ygst.  Barm ;  ferment  ;  the  yel- 
lowish substance,  having  an  acid  reaction, 
produced  during  the  vinous  fermentation 
of  saccharine  fluids,  rising  partly  to  the 


surface  in  the  form  of  a  frothy,  fioccnlent, 
viscid  matter  (surface  yeast),  and  partly 
iUling  to  the  bottom  (sediment  yeast). 


Yeast  consists  of  aggregations  of  minute 
cells,  each  cell  constituting  a  plant,  Tor- 
ula  cerevisiffi. 

Yeddo  (Jeddo).  Lit.  "Water  Gate," 
cap.  of  the  Japanese  empire,  on  the  island 
of  Nlphon  ;  pop.  abt.  1,000,000. 

Yellow,  yel'lo.  One  of  the  prismatic 
colors ;  a  bright  golden  color,  the  type  of 
which  may  be  found  in  the  field  buttercup. 

Yellow-bird,  -herd.  A  small  singing 
bird,  fam.  Fringillidie,  common  in  the  U. 
8.,  the  Fringilla  or  Ghrysometris  tristis. 

Yellow-hammer,  -ham-mer.  A  pas- 
serino  bird,  gen.  Emberiza,  the  E.  citrin- 
ella ;  called  also  Y.  Bunting. 

Yellow  Sea.  A  large  arm  of  the  N. 
Pacific,  bet.  the  Gulf  of  Pe-che-le  and 
the  Eastern  Sea,  separating  Coreafrom 
the  N.  E.  Chinese  provinces. 

Yellowstone  Park.  A  tract  of  ro- 
mantic mountain  and  valley,  lying  around 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri  and  Yellow- 
stone rivers,  in  Montana  and  Wyoming 
territories,  secured  by  act  of  Congress, 
1872,  as  a  public  park.  It  includes  Y. 
Lake,  covering  880  sq.  m.,  the  geyser 
region,  and  mountains  10,000  to  12,000  ft. 


Yew. 


high,  whose  peaks  are  perpetually  covered 
with  snow. 

Yellowstone  Biver.  The  largest 
tributary  of  the  Missouri,  rising  in  Sub- 
lette's Lake,  Montana,  and  joining  the 
Missouri  after  a  N.  E.  course  of  1,000  m. 

Yemen.  The  S.  W.  portion  of  Arabia, 
an  eyalet  of  the  Turkish  government; 
pop.  abt.  500,000. 

Yenesei.  A  river  of  Siberia,  emptying 
into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  length,  2,800  m. 

Yesso  (Jesso).  The  most  northerly  of 
the  group  of  islands  forming  the  empire 
of  Japan;  area,  62,500  sq.m.  Cap.  M!ats- 
mai. 

Yew,  ya.  An 
everCTcen  tree, 
gen.  Taxus,  ord. 
or  sub-ord.  Tax- 
ace©.  The  com- 
mon yew  is  T. 
baccata. 

Yesd.  A  dly 
of  Persia,  near 
the  desert  of 
Luth,  and  prin- 
cipal entrepot  of 
the  commerce 
with  India,  Persia  and  Afghanistan ;  pop. 
42,786. 

Yezdesrerdian,  yez'd€-ger^'di-an.  A 
term  applied  to  an  era,  dated  from  the 
overthrow  of  the  Persian  Empire,  when 
Yezdegerd  was  defeated  by  the  Arabians, 
in  the  11th  year  of  the  Hegira,  a.  d.  686. 

Yezidee,  'i-dS.  A  member  of  a  small 
tribe  bordering  on  the  Euphrates,  whose 
religion  is  said  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  wor- 
ship of  the  devil,  with  some  of  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi,  Mohammedans  and 
Christians. 

Y-moth,  wi'moth.  A  species  (Plusia 
gamma)  of  moth  common  in  Europe,  so 
caJled  from  the  presence  of  a  shining 
mark  resembling  the  letter  Y  on  its  beau- 
tifully marked  upper  wings. 

Yojan,  'Jan.  In  Hindustan,  a  measure  of 
distance  varyincp  from  4  to  10  miles,  but 
generally  valued  about  5. 

Yokahama.  The  port  of  Yeddo,  and 
the  principal  trading  port  open  to  for- 
eigners ;  pop.  12,700. 

York.  Cap.  of  Co.  York,  England,  on 
the  Ouse,  22  m.  N.  of  Leeds,  n«ted  as  the 
place  where  tJio  first  English  Parliament 
sat,  1160  ;  pop.  46,820. 

York,  House  of.  The  name  of  an 
English  dynasty  descended  from  th« 
Plantagenets,  which  gave  that  country 
three  kings,  Edward  IV.    and  V.  aad 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


YoteKTOWH 


m 


Zfi^tT 


Biohard  III.  It  beoune  incorporated 
with  the  hoase  of  Tador  by  the  marriage 
of  HeDry  YII.  aod  EUzabeth,  daughter  of 
Edward  IV. 

Torktown.  Cap.  of  York  Co.,  Va.,  on 
York  Biver,  70  m.  S.  E.  of  Richmond, 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  surrender  of 
Lord  Comwallis  and  his  army  of  8,000 
men,  to  the  American-French  force  under 
Qezk.  Washington.  Y.  was  also  besieged 
and  captured  during  the  civil  war  by  Gen. 
McClefian,  May  8,  1802. 

Tonnflr,  Edwajxi.  An  English  poet; 
B.  1684,  D.  1765. 

ToniLff,  Brigrham.  A  Mormon 
prophet,  s.  of  Joseph  Smith  as  President 
Bishop;  b.  in  Vt.,  1801,  d.  1877. 

fofleniite  Valley.     A  most  romantic 


spot  in  Mariposa  Co.,  Cal.,  near  the  foot  o 
the  Sierra  Nevada ;  It  is  traversed  by  th« 
Merced  River,  which  fldls  over  a  preclpiot 
1,800  to  2,000  feet,  and  is  hemmed  in  by 
granite  mountains  2,000  to  4.000  ft.  in 
height 

Tnoatan.  An  E.  peninsular  State  of 
Mexico,  separated  firom  Cuba  by  the  chan- 
nel of  Y.,  120  m.  wide;  area,  62,947 sq. 
m.;  pop.  428,770.    Cap.  Merida. 

Tale.  yol.  The  Old  English,  and  stiU  to 
some  extent  the  Scotch  and  N.  English, 
name  for  Christmas,  or  the  feast  of  the 
nativity  of  our  Saviour. 

Tnle-lofir,  'log.  A  large  log  of  wood, 
forming  the  basis  of  a  ChiistnuM  fire  U 
the  olden  times. 


ZIS  the  Ust  letter  of  the  alphabet.  It  Is 
a  sibilant  consonant,  and  is  merely  a 
vocal  or  sonant  s,  having  precisely  the 
same  sound  that  s  has  in  wise,  ease, 
please,  <Scc.  It  dfd  not  have  a  place  in  the 
Anglo-Saxon  alphabet,  but  in  old  English 
of  the  14th  century  it  was  common.  The 
words  in  modern  English  which  begin 
with  z  are  all  derived  A*om  other  languages, 
mostly  from  the  Greek.  When  not  initial, 
however,  it  often  represents  an  older  s  In 
genuine  English  words,  as  in  blaze,  freeze, 
guzzle,  hazard,  size,  &o.  As  a  final  it  oc- 
curs in  some  onomatopoetlc  words,  as 
in  buzz,  whizz.  In  Britain  its  name  is 
zed,  in  America  zed  and  zee. 

Zaohariah.  King  of  Israel,  s.  his  fiither 
Jeroboam  II.  778  b.  g.  ;  assassinated  the 
same  year. 

Zaoharias.  Pope,  s.  to  Gregory  III., 
741,  D.  752. 

Zaire  (Ck>ngx>).  A  large  river  of  S. 
W.  Africa,  emptving  into  the  Atlantic  in 
Lower  Guinea ;  length,  1800  m. 

Zambesi.  A  great  river  of  8.  E.  Africa, 
emptying  into  Mozambique  Channel; 
length  abt.  1,500  m. 

Zambo,  zam'bS.  The  child  of  a  mulatto 
and  a  negro,  also  sometimes  of  an  Indian 
and  a  negro.    Written  also  Sambo. 

ZanflTUebar.  A  region  of  E.  Africa, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Somanli  country,  £. 
by  the  Indian  Ocean,  S.  by  Mozambique, 
W.  by  Ethiopia ;  it  is  litUe  known.  Oap. 
Zanzibar,  on  an  islaad  of  same  name,  40 
m.  long  by  15  broad,  the  Island  having  a 
pop.  of  220,000. 

Zealand.     The  largest  of  the  Danish 


islands,  forming  a  province,  S.  of  the  Catte- 
gat;  area,  2,675  sq.  m. ;  pop.,  Including 
the  small  islands  of  Moen  and  Samsce,  604,- 
816.    Cap.  Copenhagen. 

Zebra, 

ze'bra.  A 
p  achyder- 
matous , 
solidungu- 
late  mam- 
mal, the 
Equus  or 
Asinus  ze- 
bra»  a 
quadru- 
ped of  S. 
A  f  r  i  c  a , 
nearly  as 
large  as  a 

horse,    white,    striped 
brownish-black  bands. 

Zebu,  a>Q. 
A  rumin- 
ant of  the 
ox  tribe , 
the  Taurus 
indious  or 
Bos  indi- 
cus,having 
one,  or 
more  rare- 
ly  t  wo  , 
humps  of 
fat  on  the 

shoulders.  It  varies  in  size  from 
mastiff  dog  to  a  ftill-grown  domestic  bull, 
and  is  often  called  the  Indian  Bull  or  Ox 
and  Cow.  The  Z.  are  used  as  beasts  of 
burden,  and  their  fiesh  as  an  ortiola  ol 


Zebra, 
with     numerous 


'^^.rT  '^'^^^ 


Zebu. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ZEDEKIAH 


m 


ZODUO 


food,  especially  the  hump,  which  is  es- 
teemed a  great  delica«y.  To  this  stock 
beleng  the  Brahman  bulls  or  sacred  bulls 
of  Siva.  ^   ^  , 

Zedekiah.  The  last  king  of  Judah, 
placed  on  the  throne,  698  b.  o.,  by  Neb- 
uchadnezzar, Jehoiachin,  his  nephew  and 
predecessor,  being  carried  captive  to  Baby- 
lon. Z.,  having  rebelled,  was  taken  prisoner 
to  Babylon,  to.6  b.  o.,  and  put  to  death. 

Zein,  zS'in.  The  gluten  of  maize,  a  sub- 
stance of  a  yellowish  color,  soft,  insipid 
and  elastic,  procured  ftom  the  seeds  of 
Zea  Mays  or  Indian  corn. 

Zemindar,  zem-in-dfir.  In  India,  one 
of  a  class  of  officials  created  under  the 
Mogul  government.  They  have  been  re- 
garded, first,  as  district  governors;  second, 
as  landed  proprietors,  and  third,  as  farm- 
ers or  collectors  of  the  government  rev- 
enue on  land. 

Zenana,  ze-na'na.  The  portion  of  a 
house  reserved  exclusively  for  the  females 
in  a  family  of  good  caste  in  India. 

Zend,  zend.  An  ancient  Iranian  language* 
in  which  are  composed  the  sacred  writings 
of  the  Zoroastrians.  It  is  a  member  of  the 
Aryan  family,  very  closely  allied  to  the 
Sanskrit  of  the  Vedas,  by  means  of  which, 
and  by  the  help  of  comparative  philology, 
it  has  been  deciphered.  Called  also  Avestan. 
A  contracted  name  for  the  Zend-Avesta  or 
sacred  writings  of  Zoroaster. 

Zenith,  ze'nlth.  The  vertical  point  of  the 
heavens  at  any  place,  or  point  right  above 
a  spectator's  head  ;  tne  upper  pole  of  the 
celestial  horizon :  that  point  In  the  visible 
celestial  hemisphere  from  which  a  line 
drawn  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  would  pass  through  the  earth's 
center,  supposing  the  earth  a  perfect 
sphere.  Each  point  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth  has  therefore  Its  corresponding  ze- 
nith. The  opposite  pole  of  the  celestial 
horizon  is  termed  the  nadir,  and  a  verti- 
cal line  or  plane  will,  if  produced,  pass 
through  the  zenith  and  nadir,  the  specta- 
tor's place  being  considered  the  center  of 
the  celestial  sphere. 

Zeno.  A  Greek  nhilosopher,  founder  of 
the  Stoics  ;  b.  in  Cyprus  abt.  800  b.  c. 
Zeolite,  '6-lit.  A  generic  name  of  hy- 
drated  double  silicates  In  which  the  prin- 
cipal bases  are  aluminium  and  calcium. 
Zeolites  frequently  contain  iron,  magne- 
sium and  alkalies  ;  they  Intumesoe  before 
the  blow-pipe  and  are  decomposed  by 
acids,  yielding  silica. 

Zephaniali,  zef-a-ni'a.  The  name  of 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Bible,  the  work  of 
one  of  the  miner  prophets.     The  authOT 


lived  in  the  reign  of  Josiah,  In  the 
7th  century  b.  o.      The  subjects  of  his 

Srophecy  are  the  temporary  desolation  ol 
udea,  the  destruction  of  the  Philistines, 
Moabites,  Ammonites,  Assyrians,  Ac., 
and  the  promise  that  God  will  leave  a 
righteous  remnant  in  Israel. 

Zero,  ze'ro.  No  number  or  quantity ;  a 
cipher;  nothing. 

Zeus,  ziis.  In  Myth,  the  supreme  divin- 
ity among  the  Greeks ;  the  ruler  of  the 
other  gods;  generally  treated  as  the  equiva- 
lent of  the  Soman  Jupiter. 

Zif,  zif.  The  2d  month  of  the  Jewish 
sacred  year  and  the  8th  of  the  civil,  an- 
swering to  part  of  our  April  and  May. 

Zimmerm  an  n ,  Johann  GKeOrgr  von. 
An  eminent  Swiss  philosopher  and  physi- 
cian ;  B.  1728,  D.  1796. 

Zinc,  zingk.  A  metal  frequently  called 
spelter.  It  has  a  strong  metallic  luster 
and  a  bluish-white  color.  Its  texture  is 
lamellated  and  crystalline,  and  Its  specific 
gravity  about  7.  It  is  very  hard,  being 
acted  on  by  the  file  with  difficulty,  and  it 
Is  very  tough. 

Zion,  zi'on.  A  mount  or  eminence  In 
Jerusalem,  the  royal  residence  of  David 
and  his  successors ;  at  present  only  par- 
tially within  the  city  walls. 

Ziska,  John.  A  distinguished  Hussite 
leader,  who  won  distinction  In  war  against 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  Turks,  French  and 
Imperialists,  defeating  the  latter  in  19 
pitched  battles ;  b.  1860,  d.  1424. 

Zither,  tsit'er.  A  stringed  musical  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  sounding-box 
pierced  with  a  large  circular  sound-hole 
near  the  middle,  the  strings,  to  the  num- 
ber of  80  in  the  more  perfect  forms  of  the 
instrument,  being  made  of  steel,  brass, 
cat-gut,  and  silk  covered  with  fine  silver 
or  copper  wire,  and  tuned  by  pegs  at  one 
end.  Five  of  the  strings  are  stretched 
over  a  fretted  keyboard,  and  are  used  for 
playing  the  melody,  the  fingers  of  the  left 
hand  stopping  the  strings  on  the  frets, 
the  right-hand  thumb  armed  with  a  metal 
ring,  striking  the  strings. 

Zodiac,  Ml-ak. 
An  1  m  aginary 
belt  or  zone  in 
the  heavens, 
extending  about 
8°  on  each  side 
of  the  ecliptic. 
It  is  divided  into 
twelve  equal 
parts  called 
signs.  It  was 
marked  out  by 


Zodiac. 


Digitized  by 


Googk 


ZOLLTEREIN 


ZYMUEOj 


th«  andents  as  distinct  from  the  rest  of 
the  heavens  because  the  apparent  places 
of  the  san,  moon  and  the  planets  known 
to  them  were  always  within  it.  This,  how- 
ever, Is  not  tme  of  all  the  newlj  dls- 
oovered  planets. 

ZollTerein,  taol'ver-In.  The  German 
oommeroial  or  customs  union,  founded 
about  1818,  and  afterwards  greatly  ex- 
tended. Its  principal  object  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  uniform  rate  of  customs 
duties  throughout  the  various  states  join- 
ing the  union. 

Zone,zdn.  In  y      la . 

Gheog.  one  of         ^x^^t^I^^f* 
the  five  great 

divisions  of  xx  7i_:r  *-  vv  a. 
the  earth,  ^  ^"^h^U  >X*/. 
bounded  by 
eiroles  parallel  j 
to  the  equator,' 
and  named  ac- 
cording to  the 
temperature 
prevailing  in 
each.  The  tor- 
rid zone  ex- 
pends from 
trepie  to  tropic,  or  28^*  north  and  28i° 
south  of  the  equator;  two  temperate  zones, 
situated  between  the  tropics  and  polar  cir- 
cles, or  extending  from  the  parallel  of  28i<' 
to  that  of  66i«  north  and  south,  and  called 
the  N.  and  S.  temperate  zone  respectively, 
and  two  frigid  zones,  situated  between  the 
polar  droles  and  the  north  and  south  poles. 

SSoo.       A  common  prefix  in  Greek  oom- 

Sounds  signifVinff  animal ;   as,  zoology,  a 
escrlption  of  animals  ;  zoophyte,  an  ani- 
mal plant. 

Zoolofiry,  -ol'o-Ji.     That   sdence  which 
treats  of  the  natural  history  of  animals  or 
their  structure,  physiology 
habits  and  distribution. 

Zoophyte,  'o-fft.  The 
name  given  by  Cuvier  to 
his  4th  and  last  primary 
division  or  sub-kingdom 
of  animals,  including 
Echinodermata,  Entozoa, 
Acalepba,  Polypi  and  In- 
frisoria,  from  tneir  struc- 
ture outwardly  presen  ting 
a  likeness  to  that  of  vege- 
tables and  the  polyps  often  resembling 
flowers. 

Zootomy,  -ot'o-mi.  The  anatomy  of  the 
lower  animals  ;  that  branch  of  anatomical 
sdence  which  relates  to  the  structure  of 
the  lower  animals. 

Zoroaster.    A  legendary  Persian  or  Bac- 


,  classification. 


Zoophyte. 


trian  philosopher,  founder  or  reformer  oi 
the  Magian  religion.  Of  his  history  no- 
thins  is  known,  and  the  time  in  which  he 
livedi  varies  in  the  traditions  by  some 
thousands  of  years,  the  latest  pjaoimg  him 
as  contemporary  with  Darius  Hystaspus. 
The  Zend-Avesta,  which  recognizes  the 
existence  of  two  mighty  spirits  in  contest, 
Ormuzd  and  Ahriman — God  and  Satan — 
are  ascribed  to  Z. 

Zouave,  zo  fiv.  A  soldier  belongijig  to 
the  light  inflmtry  corps  in  the  French 
army,  oraanized  in  Algeria,  and  origin- 
ally intended  to  be  composed  exclusively 
of  a  tribe  of  Eiibyles,  but  which,  having 
gradually  changed  its  character,  is  now 
constituted  almost  exclusively  of  French- 
men. 

Zacliokke,  Johaan  Heinrioli  Dan- 
iel. A  German  historian  and  novelist : 
B.  1771,  D.  1848. 

Zuchetto,  tsd-ket'td.  In  the  B.  C.  Ch. 
the  skull-cap  of  an  ecdesiastic  covering 
the  tonsure.  A  priests  is  black,  a  bishop's 
purple,  a  cardinal's  red  and  the  pope's 
white. 

Zulu,  zd'ld  or  zn-15.  A  member  of  a  war- 
like  branch  of  the  Kafir  race  inhabiting  a 
territory  in  8.  Africa  on  the  coast  of  flie 
Indian  Ocean,  immediately  north  of  the 
British  colony  of  Natal. 

Znrbaran,  Franoeaoo.  A  distin- 
guished Bpanish  painter;  b.  1598,  d.  1662. 

Zurich.  Cap.  of  a  N.  canton  of  the  Swiss 
republic,  at  the  N.  end  of  lake  of  same 
name,  56  m.  N.  E.  of  Berne ;  pop.  28,762. 
Lake  Z.,  one  of  the  most  romantic  of 
Swiss  lakes,  28  m.  in  length,  i  to  2^  m.  in 
breadth. 

Zuyder-aee,  The.  A  large  area  of  the 
German  Ocean,  inclosed   by  the  Dutch 

S -evinces  of  Guelderland,  Utrecht,  N. 
oUand,  Overysseland  Friesland.  A  great 
inundation  in  1282  united  it  with  the 
ocean. 

Zwingle,  XTlrich  (Zuin^liufl).  A  dis- 
tinguished Swiss  reformer:  b.  1484,  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Guppel,  1581. 

ZymoloflTist,  zT-moFo^ist.  One  who  i« 
skilled  in  zymology,  or  in  the  fermentation 
of  liquors. 

Zyxnoxueter,  -mom'e-ter.  An  instru* 
ment  for  ascertaining  the  degree  of  fer- 
mentation of  a  fermenting  liquor. 

ZyxnurgT,  'mer-Ji.  A  name  applied  to 
that  department  of  technological  chem- 
istry which  treats  of  the  sdentlfio  prind- 
ples  of  wine-making,  brewing,  distilling 
and  the  preparation  of  yeast  and  vin^ar, 
in  which  processes  fermentation  plays  the 
prindpalpart 


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Hook.  Edited  by  Jeknt  June.  200  illustrations.  Paper  cover, 
price  50  cents. 

**...!  cannot  think  of  a  more  useful  present  f ch*  young  housekeepers 
and  mothers,  who  can  gain  much  imimrtant  information  rrom  these  boolus  to 
aid  in  decorating  their  homes  and  to  trim  their  clothing  tastefully/*--JI^. 
Eairy  Ward  Beeper, 

Needle-Work.  A  manual  of  stitches  and  studies  in  embroidery 
and  drawn  work.  Edited  by  Jenny  June.  200  illustrations.  Paper 
cover,  price  50  cents. 

**  I  do  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  Mrs.  Croly's  works  on  Needle-Work  and 
Knitting  and  Crochet  the  best  mannals  on  those  subjects  that  I  have  ever  seen. 
They  are  ctiarming  reading,  as  well  as  useful  guides  to  housewife  and  needle- 
woman."—iforion  Norland, 

Letters  and  Monograms.  For  marking  on  Silk,  Linen  and  othei 
fabrics,  for  individuals  and  household  use.  Edited  by  Jenny  June. 
1,000  illustrations.     Papr  cover,  price  50  cents. 

*'  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  the  Manuals  of  Art  Needle-Work  so  charmingly 
edited  by  Mrs.  Croly  [Jenny  June].  Mrs.  Croly's  manuals  will  reveal  treaaurea 
to  many  a  woman  who  distrusts  herself,  but  soon  the  worker  will  take  courage 
as  her  perceptions  are  cultivated,  and  with  patience  and  holding  fast  to  the 
truths  In  nature; '  patterns  *  will  come  of  themselves  to  fit  tiie  uses  intended. 
Embroidery,  however,  is  a  real  enjoyment  to  me,  and  I  am  glad  to  aid  aQ 
efforts  to  popularize  such  work."— i/r«.  Gen.  lYemorU. 

For  tale  by  all  JBookeellers^  or  will  be  sent  pott-pout  on  receipt  qfprice,  ^  the  pub* 
tUUTt  ^.  X.  BUMT,  66  Stadtjftreftt,  Now  York* 


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