National tick surveillance program: calendar year 1987

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

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cme” ¢? National Tick
aoe Surveillance Program

Service

Yetomneny Calendar Year 1987

APHIS 91-39

USDA, National Agricultural Library
AL Bldg
40301 Baltimore

Belisville, ML 20

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National Tick Surveillance Program
Calendar Year 1987

During calendar year 1987, the collection and submission of
ticks from native and imported animals, plus plant and
animal material, was 30.63 percent greater than in 1986.
There were 10,214 collections in 1987, 7,819 collections in
1986, 5,037 in 1985, and 7,213 in 1984.

Antigua Pilot Tropical Bont Tick Eradication Project

During 1987 considerable progress was made in the organi-
zation of a Caribbean-wide program to eradicate Amblyomma
variegatum, the tropical bont tick, and its associated
diseases (heartwater and acute dermatophilosis) from the
area. In March 1987, the feasibility proposal written by
experts from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and
the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
(IICA), with the input of consultants from a number of inter-
national organizations, was finished and widely distributed.
It was discussed at a workshop held in Barbados, West
Indies, in March, where representatives from many Caribbean
Islands, USDA, U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID), IICA, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAQ),
and other public and private organizations reviewed the
document. The proposal described the present situation with
the tick and diseases in the Caribbean. The group passed
four resolutions: (1) establish an Amblyomma Program
Council under the purview of the English-speaking Caribbean
Community (CARICOM); (2) establish a pilot project to
demonstate tick eradication techniques on an island;

(3) convene a donor’s conference; and (4) seek emergency
support for current tropical bont tick control activities on
infested islands.

In September 1987, the $2 million that Congress appropriated
to USAID for a tropical bont tick program in the Caribbean
was transferred to USDA in order to carry out a demonstra-
tion tick eradication program on Antigua. This demonstration
project has three main facets: (1) an eradication component
to be carried out by the Office of International Cooperation
and Development (OICD) and USDA; (2) a research, infor-
mation, and evaluation component to be carried out by
OICD-USDA; and (3) a policy and strategy component to be
carried out by USAID. Some of the funds given to OICD-
USDA will be transferred to ARS-USDA for research on the
biology and control of the tropical bont tick in the Caribbean.
Other research will be on the economic aspects of eradica-
tion and the effects of the acaricides on wildlife.

The eradication component consists of four phases: (1)
Planning Phase; (2) Preoperation Phase of 6 months, which
includes education, training, surveillance, construction, and
procurement; (3) Eradication Phase, which consists of appli-
cation of acaricides (amitraz or permethrin) to all cattle,
sheep, goats, and horses every 2 weeks for 2 years; and (4)
Posteradication Phase, which consists of a followup surveil-
lance for 6 months to determine if the ticks have been
eliminated from the island. The eradication component is
proposed to begin in 1988.

In November 1987, at a meeting in Rome, the Standing
Committee of the Ministries of Agriculture of CARICOM
established an Amblyomma Steering Committee. This
committee will provide a focus for implementing a coordi-
nated Amblyomma eradication program throughout the
Caribbean.

Updated on Boophilus microplus Eradication
in Puerto Rico

The USDA and Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture con-
tinued their cooperative efforts to eradicate Boophilus
microplus from the island. The program maintained an
average of 9,000 premises under treatment (average number
of animals per premise was 11). In excess of 2.5 million
individual animal treatments were administered during the
year.

The computerized field data system is in operation in two of
the three eradication zones. The third system will be estab-
lished by mid-1988. The system maintains such data as the
location of the premises, number and type of animals, status
in the treatment cycle, and changes in animal numbers or in
the infestation status. The system permits program man-
agers to rapidly assess the status of a premise, region, or
the entire island. This allows more effective planning,
budgeting, and execution of the eradication program.

The new eradication zone established last year is in full
operation. Additionally, program success has allowed the
Arecibo Region to move some resources forward into new
areas toward the east. The other two regions (Guanica and
Juncos) are expected to expand toward the center of the
island in 1988. Approximately 7,000 premises were declared
free during 1987.

Funding for the Boophilus eradication program, as in recent
years, came from three sources: a Food and Nutrition Service
(USDA-FNS) block grant, $8.6 million; Veterinary Services
(USDA-APHIS-VS), $1.5 million; and the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture (PRDA), $1.0 million.
This cooperative funding permitted major purchases for the
necessary program expansion and to retain the flexibility to
meet day-to-day demands.

Status of Amblyomma variegatum in Puerto Rico

The main island of Puerto Rico is considered free of A.
variegatum. A Commonwealth imposed quarantine is in
effect for the smaller island of Culebra, where Amblyomma
variegatum is known to be present. Treatment of livestock
on Culebra is mandatory and performed on a routine basis,
but rugged terrain has hampered the gathering of animals
and slowed eradication efforts. Movement of animals off the
island is permitted only when the shipment is going directly
to slaughter and only following inspection to ensure tick-free
status and application of a pesticide treatment.

Amblyomma variegatum Reintroduced
in the U.S. Virgin Islands

Amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick, was dis-
covered on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, during July 1987.
This tick had been considered eradicated since 1970, when
the previous eradication program consisting of quarantine,
rigorous individual animal treatment with coumaphos, and
premises treatment with sprayable carbaryl came to an end.
It is of interest that a few isolated male ticks were dis-
covered sporadically on St. Croix after 1972, but no
evidence of infestation or further spread could be found.

The current outbreak is limited to one area of about 31 acres
of brush pasture on which cattle, horses, swine, dogs, and
chickens roamed freely, as well as mongooses and a few
head of deer. Several cattle had died of a condition
resembling dermatophilosis. Clinical cases of dermatophilosis
were subsequently observed. A 5-acre portion of the
premise was found to be heavily infested and has been
treated twice with sprayable chlorpyrifos.

Cattle, horses, swine, and dogs have been under quarantine
and regular biweekly treatment with coumaphos. Cattle,
swine, and chickens have now been removed from the
premise. The biweekly scratch and treatment of all adjacent
animals, as well as the trapping of chickens and mongooses
for surveillance and elimination, is continuing. The hunting
of deer has, thus far, been unsuccessful. The origin of this
infestation is not clear.

Boophilus Research Highlights for 1987 from the
Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA,
Agricultural Research Service

Kerrville and Mission, Texas

Research began several years ago on organophosphate
(OP)-resistant Boophilus microplus from Mexico and
continued with investigations on the biochemical
mechanisms accountable for the altered susceptibility of the
ticks to coumaphos and related acaricides. One study
determined that in the resistant strain, which originated near
Tuxtla, Chiapas, Mexico, two types of the enzyme acetyl-
cholinesterase (AChE) were present. One form of AChE was
prone to inhibition by OP’s, but the activity of the second
form of AChE was less affected by these acaricides. These
experimental results suggest that an altered AChE with
decreased sensitivity to inhibition is probably an important
factor in the altered susceptibility of the B. microplus in parts
of Mexico to coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, and related
acaricides. A parallel investigation determined that in
resistant ticks there was also enhanced metabolic
detoxification of coumaphos and toxic metabolites of this
compound.

As the age of tick larvae increases, the ticks undergo
undetermined biochemical and physiological changes that

result in increased susceptibility to pesticides and lowered
survival rates. It was hypothesized that a reduced quantity of
AChE in older tick larvae is related to their increased
susceptibility to acaricides. But, experimental evidence from
investigations of the AChE of five species of ticks, including
B. microplus, determined that in these ticks amounts of
AChE actually increased with age.

Because of an apparent failure of amitraz to control B.
microplus on cattle in the vicinity of Juncos, Puerto Rico,
engorged females of this species were collected and shipped
to the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory for tests of
their susceptibility. Groups of calves infested either with F;
larval ticks from Puerto Rico or larvae of an amitraz-
susceptible B. microplus strain from Texas were sprayed
with 0.025 percent amitraz, prepared from the emulsifiable
concentrate formulation. Initial comparisons of the degree of
control of the Puerto Rico and Texas ticks indicated that the
strain of ticks from Puerto Rico was as susceptible to
amitraz as the ticks from Texas. This test was repeated with
the second laboratory generation of ticks from Puerto Rico
and a known amitraz susceptible strain of B. microplus from
Texas. Once again, the test results indicated that the ticks
from Puerto Rico were fully susceptible to amitraz.

A 0.025 percent concentration of amitraz wettable powder
(WP), applied by immersing cattle in a dipping vat, controlled
99.8 percent of the B. annulatus on the animals. In addition
to the evaluation of efficacy, a study was performed with the
assistance of APHIS, VS personnel to determine the stability
of the amitraz WP in a dipping vat under South Texas condi-
tions. During a period of about 1 month, 4,056 head of cattle
were dipped in an amitraz-charged vat. Test results
demonstrated that the active ingredient settled very rapidly
in the freshly charged vat, but that the amitraz remained in
suspension longer as the amount of contamination in the vat
increased. There was a tendency for the amitraz concentra-
tion to increase slightly after each replenishment, but in
general the evaluation demonstrated that in a ranch vat in
which large numbers of cattle are being dipped, amitraz WP
remains stable and the concentration of the active ingredient
can be maintained at the targeted level.

Because of a need by tick eradication officials for an
acaricide to prevent the hatching of larvae from eggs
deposited on tick-infested premises, such as a sales yard,
the ovicidal activity of coumaphos, diazinon, dioxathion,
chlorpyrifos, and crotoxyphos against B. microplus eggs of
different ages was determined. Test results proved that of
the acaricides tested, only crotoxyphos, applied topically at
a rate of 0.5 percent active ingredient, would provide
sufficient ovicidal activity (=90 percent reduction in hatch)
against eggs ranging in ages from 1 to 20 days for the
compound to have value in premise cleanup activities.

Investigations to more precisely determine the suitability of
white-tailed deer as alternate hosts for B. annulatus have

continued. Comparisons were made of the total number of
adult female ticks recovered from deer and bovine hosts and
of the associated ovipositional and reproductive parameters
of these ticks. Significantly fewer ticks were recovered from
deer (302) than from cattle (3,818). The difference was
attributed to the more efficient grooming behavior of the
deer. The mean weight of the female ticks collected from
deer was significantly less than that of ticks from cattle
(240.13 mg and 344.66 mg, respectively). About 15 percent
of the engorged females recovered from the deer weighed
less than 100 mg, and these ticks had probably been removed
prematurely by grooming. A significant difference in the
mean percent hatch of eggs from deer (65.22) and cattle
(74.33) was observed. The index of reproduction (IR), a
value that is based on the total number of engorged female
ticks from a host, the mean weights of the egg masses from
these females, and the mean percent hatch of the eggs was
19.7 times greater when cattle rather than white-tailed deer
were hosts. It was concluded that the deer are biologically
suitable hosts, but they are considerably less efficient host
for B. annulatus than cattle.

The efficacy of a 20.2 percent emulsifiable concentrate
formulation of the pyrethroid acaricide cyhalothrin was
tested using two concentrations (0.007 percent and 0.01
percent) as a whole body spray against B. microplus on
cattle. Based upon IR calculations, the 0.007 percent Al
treatment provided 92.4 percent control and the 0.01
percent Al treatment provided 97.3 percent control. An
evaluation of an “‘improved”’ cyhalothrin formulation has
been scheduled.

Boophilus Tick Program in Texas

Tick eradication activities along the U.S.-Mexico border
were successful in 1987. Thirty-four herds of Mexican
livestock were apprehended by the Veterinary Services Tick
Eradication Program employees along the Texas-Mexico
border during this period. The herds totaled 26 cattle, of
which 11 were infested with Boophilus ticks, and 22 horses
which were free of cattle fever ticks. The total of 48 animals
apprehended in 1987 compares to 74 Mexican animals
apprehended in 1986.

The temporary preventative quarantine area in Cameron
County was converted to a control purpose quarantine area
to monitor livestock in the high-risk area. As a result, one
premise was found infested with Boophilus ticks.

Three premises in the free area of Zapata County were
found infested with cattle fever ticks in the vicinity of the
previously infested Loma Llano Pasture. Range pasture
conditions continued favorable due to adequate rainfall.
Forage was abundant in most areas along the Texas-Mexico
border.

Research Accomplishments for 1987 by
Animal Diseases Research Unit (ADRU),
USDA, Agricultural Research Service,
Pullman, Washington, and Moscow, Idaho

Light and electron microscopes were used to obtain the first
clear evidence that Anaplasma marginale infects tick
salivary glands. Morphology of two strains of the parasite in
salivary glands of three experimentally infected species of
Dermacentor ticks suggests that the parasite replicates in
this tissue before being introduced into cattle. If further
studies confirm that the organism seen in the salivary
glands represents the tick-transmitted stage of A. marginale,
the antigenic profile of this stage can be characterized and
unique antigens possibly included in a vaccine to protect
cattle against tick-transmitted anaplasmosis.

A cloned DNA probe from the gene coding for an A.
marginale surface polypeptide was used to detect A.
marginale infections in individual tick tissues from three
Dermacentor species. The DNA probe can detect all strains
of A. marginale thus far tested, but does not cross-hybridize
with A. centrale or A. ovis. Anaplasma marginale infection of
Dermacentor tick salivary glands was confirmed with the
DNA probe, revealing that the parasite was present before it
could be detected microscopically and before it was infective
for cattle.

Immunization of cattle with a purified A. marginale surface
protein of 36,000 M.W. induced protection against both
homologous and heterologous challenge. Cattle that did not
develop infections were confirmed negative by DNA probe.

Experiments with unifested cattle and cattle infested with
marked male/female Dermacentor ticks held together in
indoor/outdoor pens revealed that approximately 30 percent
of ticks recovered from the animals had transferred to new
hosts. Interhost transfer by adult ticks may be an important
means by which ticks transmit A. marginale in nature.

Anaplasma marginale-infected male Dermacentor andersoni
held in packets off the host and in the field survived for 7
months and transmitted the parasite to susceptible calves
after 121 days. The ticks appear to act as reservoirs of A.
marginale through the summer and fall, but chronically
infected vertebrate hosts appear to be the only significant
overwintering reservoir of A. marginale.

Tick Identification and Vat Management Training
Along United States-Mexico Border

Tick identification and vat management training was con-
ducted May 18 through June 6, 1987, for the personnel
along the United States-Mexico border from Brownsville,
Texas, to San Ysidro, California. The training included 52
State and Federal animal health personnel actively engaged

in the importation of livestock from Mexico. The training and San Ysidro, California. Personnel from all the ports
sites included Brownsville, Texas; Laredo, Texas; Del Rio, along the United States-Mexico border were represented at
Texas; Presidio, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Nogales, Arizona; the training locations.

Maps and Tables Section

ILE OGG fy

WL AAODEAL LL
beet Ly
EP ASL

1861 AD
S}SOH [IW WOs4 SUOIIE[|OD HOLL

USDA-APHIS

PERIOD HOST

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED

Calendar Year 1987 All Hosts
Alabama 7 7 L |
Alaska |
ical [
Arizona 33 1 1 4 27 L L
ait
Arkansas 235| 205 6 1 2 21

California

Colorado 4 3 1
{4
Connecticut L
+
Delaware Ile Ne [
Florida 193] 117 37| 20 3 15 1

Georgia

Hawaii ue | |

Idaho | ‘ 3 1 1 1 | || — —
Mlinois ieee 38) a ae 1 | } T

Indiana [beers 2 1 L | if |

lowa

Kansas 33 | 29] 1 3 | I
Kentucky 3 2 1 +
Louisiana 10 a) a
Maine ol a
pe +
Maryland 3 1 2 fi ENR ES A a aR OP
Massachusetts
|
Michigan 1 1
Minnesota =I | ll -t |
Mississippi 38 27 9 2

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska 1 1 | all
Nevada ul 1 1 AE
New Hampshire Is IF
[s
New Jersey
New Mexico 18 2 1 3 12 i
New York 2 2 | iE al le
North Carolina 19 7 1 11
=
North Dakota 1 1 | |
I

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania 1 1

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

a
Tennessee 242| 207] 13 1{_ 18 3 | | | i
Texas 1403 | 726 83} 310] 31 28 | 225
Utah |
Vermont

pre ee en ae eee GES EE ae ee ee

itginia 4 4

ZI
Washington I

— } = F

West Virginia

Wisconsin ih

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

7507} 5660 | 2| 1793 52

Virgin Islands
VS FORM T-4
(APR 84)

Z861- AD

Aju J0-] pdlayo
SPNPOJd Pue S|BWIUW WOJ-] SUOIDE]OD YI)

ARIZONA

Douglas

Nogales

CALIFORNIA

San Ysidro
FLORIDA

Miami
GEORGIA

Atlanta
ILLINOIS

Chicago
MARYLAND 4

Baltimore
NEW MEXICO

Columbus
NEW YORK

Rock Tavern
TEXAS

Brownsville

Del Rio
Eagle Pass
El Paso
Hidalgo
Laredo

Presidio

HOST
Animals and Products
Offered for Entry

USDA-APHIS | pERIOD

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED RAV RRR EE PSIG

& pated

2B0 5BO| 1BO* 1DG
———+

Key to Species * Nymphal Stage

Key to Host

BO Cattle OS Ostrich h Amblyomma hebraeum
DG Dog ‘PL Plant hy Hyalomma sp.
DH Deer Hide x Inanimate Object ht Hyalomma truncatum

HO Horse

1861 AD
@|NED WOs4 SUON}DE]JOD 4911

UsDAAPHIS | PERIOD
REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED

Alabama G 4 ey): a|5 alt

| |
Alaska | } | + Ke + 4

Arizgne : y an + a 27

Arkansas 205 | f

California

Colorado

| ifs
Connecticut

Delaware

Florida 7} ag 83 i . :

Georgia 8 5 2 i

Hawaii

Idaho

TTT y T

Illinois

= (aglias sal 1s Ca

lowa

Kansas

Kentucky 2 g

4 + T
Louisiana | | | | =

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts Pee |
Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri 23 8 = 14 1

Montana

Nebraska ie a [aeeol| | [ 1

Nevada

|
New Hampshire + Ic 1 |

New Jersey

New Mexico 2 2

New York

North Carolina 7

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

IE
Oregon

—| {= | t
Pennsylvania |
Rhode Island ail: [
South Carolina 11 1 2 8
South Dakota
Tennessee 207 84] 1 ; 121 ;

726 5 12] 4 9 | af
Texas isa] 111 4] 158 6% 3 | 11 2 165 1x 4 34
Utah
|

Vermont a ee oe oe
Virginia 4} 2 IE
Washington | |
West Virginia | le

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Puerto Rico 5660 350 1

cs —
Virgin Islands S 11” 21 1
Ne OR Males Key to Species * Nymphal Stage

i Amblyomma inornatum
p Dermacentor parumapertus

v Amblyomma variegatum

11

Z86L AOD
s60qg WOl-4 SUOI}DE||OD 4IIL ;

Alabama

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED

Alaska |
Arizona = 1 | |
Arkansas 6

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

37

21

Georgia

Hawaii

Idahee

Illinois

Indiana

lowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Lovisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

+

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio
Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

lute

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

16 1

+

Tennessee 13 3 2 ;
Texas 83 Ls | 4 |
Utah if

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

Virgin Islands
VS FORM T-4
(APR 84)

* Nymphal Stage

13

1861 AO

SEIN PUL S8SIOH{ WOA4 SUON}DE}[OD ASI

Alabama

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED

USDA-APHIS:

PERIOD

Calendar Year 1987

HOST

Horses and Mules

Alaska [ ile

Arizona L | | | { |
y) 1

Arkansas [ : | | fs

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

20

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

x

Indiana

lowa

Kansos

Kentucky

eae Ie
Louisiana
Saleen ap | t ; area
Maine EF
= + —- He all f#—__}_ =

|

Maryland
Massachusetts 1 4 —

Michigan

+
Minnesota r a ——
Mississippi

Montana

Missouri =

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico 4
|
New York
4 I: Balt
North Carolina |
aaa + +
North Dakota

Ohio
Oklahoma

Oregon | | | (ioe
Pennsylvania 1 1
T +
Rhode Island [
{—___—_|_ a = +

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

ul

TT

aL

Texas

3

34

L

1*|

He
1

1

5

242

Tal

Utah

+

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

+

ee

West Virginia

|

Wisconsin

+

BEE
|

t—

|

—_|—

4 4
Wyoming
Puerto Rico 1793 28 1765
vy =] iff
Virgin Islands 35 14 3 18

VS FORM T-4
(APR 84)

Key to Species

x Amblyomma variegatum

* Nymphal Stage

15

Z86- AD
SJIPIM SANEN WO14 SUOHDE/JOD ASL

USDA-APHIS | pERIOD HOST

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED Calendar Year 1987 ative Wildlife

Alabama ili +

Alaska 1e | [ese asatl S
Arizona [ wl i

Arkansas 21 yap +I ae aid

California

Colorado = Ne

Connecticut

Delaware ral |e | L I
Florida 2 ep we [

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho ~¥ 1

Illinois

Indiana

lowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Lovisiana 10 10D

Maine

Maryland
—EO tt tt tt th

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota |

Mississippi

| Lis

Missouri

Nebraska

i. +
Nevada

4 + +— He

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico | |

New York

4p |
North Carolina 11 5D BI” |

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma
IMK iz
Oregon 1RF
1D
Pennsylvani i
nnsylvania | | |
Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee 3 1R 2RC {

TCO TSR | u
Texas 28 1D 5D 1D 1D 1D 1D ty ay

lL a =I
Utah |

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

t—+-
West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

Virgin Islands
VS FORM T-4 TL
(APR 84)

Key to Host Key to Species Larval Stage

BB Black Bear E Elk RC Racoon a Ixodes affinis

BC Bobcat F Fox RF Red Fox b Ixodes brunneus u Ixodes (species undetermined)
BI Bird GF Grey Fox SK Skunk id Ixodes dentatus x Ixodes texanus

CG Cougar MK Mink WT Wild Turkey t Amblyomma cuberculatum

cO Coyote OP Opossum

D Deer R Rabbit

Z86L AO
S]SOL] SNosuUe]eOSII|N

puy SjPWIUY OOZ WOl-] SUOI}IEI|OD YOIL

REPORT OF TICKS COLLECTED

USDA-APHIS. PERIOD
Calendar Year 1987

Alabama

HOST

Zoo Animals and
Miscellaneous Hosts

Alaska

Arizona

1TH

Arkansas “tk

1X
2 1Q

California

Colorado

1yY 1H

6Y

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

1Q

1Y¥

Georgia

Hawaii

1Q

1Q

Idaho ~

Illinois

Indiana

1H

lowa

Kansas

1H

Kentucky

1Y

Louisiana

Maine

=

Maryland

Massachusetts

1pal

Michigan

1H

Minnesota

Mississippi

1Q

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hompshire

|

————t

4

+ a

New York

New Jersey _
1X
New Mexico 3 |_29

=

North Carolina

—|—

+ —|-

North Dakota

Ohio
Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina
South Dakota

T 3H Ip 26
ennessee :
ie 1 peel
2L 1
Texas [et 31 { 1H 3Q 4Q ries 1FW aie 3Y 1sD 1AD
1 ist”
Utah Q ST 2sD 3Q

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Puerto Rico

Virgin Islands
VS FORM T-4
(APR 84)

52

15
TO HOSTS
Axis Deer FW
Anteater G
Boa H
Cat 1G
Chicken LT
Fallow Deer MN

Fowl]

Goat

Human

Iguana

Leopard Tortoise
Mongoose

1G

Host Not Given
Rhinoceros
Sheep

Sika Deer

Star Tortoise

- Tick Drag

Trophy Hide

C02 Trap
Inanimate Object
Swine

zseanwa

Ixodes affinis
Amblyomma latum
Amblyomma clypeolatum
Amblyomma dissimile
Rhipicephalus evertsi
Amblyomma hebraeum

KEY TO SPECIES (superscripts)

Hyalomma truncatum
Amblyomma marmoreum
Amblyomma nodosum
Amblyomma testudinarium
Amblyomma variegatum

19

1022232345

August 1988

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY

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