A natural history of British grasses

H

-=^r;

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH GRASSES.

BY

E. J. LOWE, ESQ., ERAS, FGS, ELS, FZS, MBMS,

HON. MEM. DUB. NAT. HIST. SOC., MEM. GEOLOG. SOC. EDIN., CORK. MEM. MANCHESTER LIT.
AND PHIL. SOC., CORR. MEM. LYCEUM NAT. HIST., NEW YORK., ETC.

WITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON:

GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW.

M DCCC LVIII.

Lv

BIOLOGY
U1RARY

BIOLOGY LIBRARY

CONTENTS.

Plate.

Page.

Plate. Page.

Agrostis alba

xvii B

59

Bromus commutatus .

Iv 165

canina

xvis

55

diandrus

Iviis 171

setacea

xvii A

57

maximus

. Iviii 173

spica-venti

xviii B

63

mollis

IviiA 169

vulgaris

xviiiA

61

sterilis

. liii 161

Aira alpina

XX1A

69

secalinus

. liv 163

csespitosa .

XX

67

Calamagrostis epigejos

xv A 49

canescens

xxiii A

75

lanceolata

XV B 51

caryophyllea

XXI B

71

stricta

XV!A 53

flexuosa

. xxii

73

Catabrosa aquatica .

xix 65

praecox

xxiii B

77

Cynodon dactylon

Ixxi 217

Alopecurus agrestis .

. iv

11

Cynosurus cristatus .

xliv A 139

alpinus

iii B

9

echinatus

xliv B 141

bulbosus

. V A

13

Dactylis glomerata

xli B 133

fulvus

VB

15

Digitaria humifusa .

Ixxiii 221

geniculatus .

vi

17

sanguinalis

Ixxii 219

pratensis .

iii A

7

Festuca elatior

. xlvi 145

Ammopliila arundinacea

viii A

23

bromoides .

IA 153

Anthoxanthum odoratum i

3

gigantea

xlvii 147

Arrlienatherum avenaceum

ovina

IB 155

xxviii

89

pratensis

. xlv 143

Avena fatua

. lix

175

sylvatica .

xlix 151

flavescens .

IxiiA

183

uniglumis

xlviii 149

pratensis

IXA

177

G-astridium lendigerum

. xi B 39

pubescens .

1XB

179

Hierochloe borealis

xxix A 91

strigosa .

. Ixi

181

Holcus lanatus

xxvii 87

Brachypodium pinnatum

Ixvis

201

mollis

xxvi 85

sylvaticum

IXVIA

199

Hordeum maritimum

IxivA 191

Briza media

xlii

135

murinum .

Ixiiis 189

minor

xliii

137

pratense

IxiiiA 187

Bromus asper .

. Hi

159

sylvaticum

Ixiis 185

erectus

li

157

Knappia agrostidea .

IxixA 211

arvensis

. Ivi

167

Koeleria cristata .

xxix B 93

jvi33678

I'MXTENTS.

Lagurus ovatus
Lepturus incurvatus

r:>iti\ Page.

xi A 37
Ixviii B 209

Poa compressa
distans .

flat?, rafjc.

xxx vii B 119
xxxiii 105

Lolium multifiorum .

Ixvii B 205

fluitans

xxxiv A 107

perenne

. Ixvii A 203

loliacea

xxxvii A 1J7

temulentum

Ixviii A 207

maritima .

xxxiv B 109

Melica nutans .

XXV A 81

nemoralis

. X!A 127

uniflora
Milium effusum

. xxv B 83
. xii 41

pratensis .
procumbens .

. xxxvi 115

XXXV A 111

Molinia caerulea .

xxiv 79

rigida

XXXVB 113

STardus stricta

ii 5

trivialis .

xxxviii 121

Panicum crus-galli

. XXX B 97

Polypogon littoralis

. xivB 47

Phalaris arundinacea

. vii B 21

monspeliensis

xiv A 45

canariensis

vii A 19

Sesleria caDrulea

xxx A 95

Phleum alpinum

IXA 27

Sctaria glauca .

102

arenarium .

. XB 35

verticillata

xxxi A 99

asperum

ix B 29

viridis .

xxxi B 101

boehmeri .

. XA 33

Spartina alternifolia

Ixx 215

Michelii

31

stricta .

Ixix B 213

pratense .
Pkragmites communis
Poa aquatica
alpina .
annua .

. viii B 25
Ixxiv 223
. xxxii 103
xxxix B 125

Y! T* 19Q

Stipa pennata
Triodia decumberis
Triticum caninuni .
junceum .

• xiii 43
xli A 131
Ixv B 197
IXIVB 193

bulbosa

repens
xxxix A 123

Ixv A 195

TO

J.DALTW HOOKER, ESQ., M.D., F.K.S., F.L.S.,

OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW ;

SO EMINENTLY DISTINGUISHED FOR HIS KNOWLEDGE OF BOTANY,

AND SO UNIVERSALLY ESTEEMED

FOR THE
ASSISTANCE HE IS EVER WILLING TO RENDER

TO HIS FELLOW-LABOURERS,

•

THE PRESENT WORK ON THE

"GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN"

IS WITH PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
BY

THE AUTHOR.

INTRODUCTION.

THE study of the British Grasses is one of no mean interest,
inasmuch as many of the species are very graceful and beautiful,
whilst a number have added to this interest, usefulness in an
agricultural point of view.

Great Britain possesses about one hundred and forty species,
and many very distinct varieties. Beautiful as many of them
are, still they sink into insignificance in comparison with some
of the Exotic species. The huge Pampas Grass, (Gynerium
argenteum,J with its large graceful foliage, and flower stems
ten feet in length; the Quaking Grass, (Briza maxima,} of
southern Europe, and many others, are all handsome hardy
herbaceous plants.

Amongst the British Grasses six species flower in April, three
in May, forty-four in June, sixty-six in July, and nine in
August.

In writing the present work the author has consulted Dr.
ParnelPs "British Grasses," Hooker and Arnott's "British Flora,"
Smith and Sowerby's "British Botany," Smith's "English Flora,"
and several other works. Dr. ParnelPs "British Grasses" is an
admirable work, containing a vast amount of research and
microscopic investigation; such a book is exceedingly valuable,
and must necessarily be expensive; it is therefore the object of
the author in the present book, to furnish a brief description
of each species, with a coloured illustration; and the aim will
be to complete the work in about twenty shilling numbers, so
as to place it within the reach of those who cannot afford to
purchase expensive works.

INTRODUCTION.

The study of our native flora renders a visit to any and every
different locality interesting, inasmuch as we come upon fresh
objects of attraction wherever we happen to bend our steps.
How often have we heard it declared that such and such a
place was dull, nothing going on, nothing to do in order to
pass away time pleasantly; whilst a naturalist would tell you
that those identical localities teemed with objects of interest.
To those who extend their pleasures to the beauties of this
earth, there are attractions everywhere.

We are so accustomed to Grasses varying from one to four
or five feet in height, that when we turn our attention to Exotic
species above ten times these dimensions, we become bewildered,
yet so it is. In the New Continent Baron Humboldt discovered
a gigantic Guaduas which grew from fifty to sixty feet high.
To the east of the Duida Mountains, growing at the foot of the
great mountain cluster of Maravaca, is a colossal grass with
stalks whose joints measure above eighteen feet from knot to
knot, and which the Indians make use of as blowpipes for the
discharge of their arrows. This noble grass, which is a species
of Arundinaria, is well described by Schomburgk; he speaks of
it as growing in large tufts like the Bambusa, the first joint
rising in the old cane sixteen or seventeen feet before it com-
mences to bear leaves. Although it attains the height of forty
feet, it scarcely exceeds half an inch in diameter. The top is
always inclining, which enables it to withstand winds more
easily. This grass appears to be confined to the sandstone
mountains between the Ventuari, the Paramu, (Padamo,) and
the Mavaca.

Thus in tropical regions grasses exceed the height of our
noble oaks. In Italy we have the first approach to a tree-grass
in the species Arundo donax; north of this there are no arbo-
rescent species.

The most Antarctic flowering plant is a grass, (the Aira An-
tarctica;) it is found in south latitude 62° in South Shetland

INTRODUCTION. Ill

Islands, at an elevation of seven thousand and forty-six feet above
the level of the sea.

Trisetum subspicatum is a plant having an extraordinary
geographic range ; Dr. Hooker mentions it as being found over
the Peruvian Andes and Rocky Mountains, extending into the
Arctic regions to Melville Islands, (the winter quarters of Capt.
Sir Edward Parry in one of his Arctic expeditions.) Found
also in Iceland, Greenland, Kamtschatka, and on the Alps; then
again met with on Campbell's Island, which is south of New
Zealand, thus extending over 127° of latitude — from 54° south
latitude to 72° 50' north.

Amongst useful and ornamental grasses may be mentioned
the Bamboo. Then again an aromatic grass oil is extracted from
the seed of the Andropogon schwnanthus , or Calamus aromaticus,
and the Lemon grass oil from another species of the same genus :
these are Indian grasses. This latter species gives out an odour
very similar to that of the Lemon-scented Verbena, ( Aloysia
citriodora,J a plant introduced seventy years ago from Chili, and
now to be met with in almost every garden. It must not be
forgotten that the bread we eat is derived from a grass, ( Triticum
vulgare,} and the beer we drink from another grass, ( Hordeum
distichum.J We feed our horses with oats, (Avena sativa,}
our cattle with rye, (Secale cereale,J sweet-scented vernal grass,
( Anthoxanthum odoratum,) and many others.

The corn of India, commonly known as maize, is the Zea
mais, a tropical grass, which was introduced into England as
early as 1562; and the Curagua, (Zea Curagua,} another species
inhabiting Chili, brought over to this country in 1824.

Again, our sugar is a grass, derived from the sugar-cane of
India, (Saccharum officinarum,) our rice, (Oryza sativa,) another,
and millet a third. Then the Guadua angustifolia, (Bambusa
Guadua,J generates in its interior large quantities of the sili-
ceous Tabaschia, (cow-milk,) much esteemed by the natives as
a pleasant beverage.

IV INTRODUCTION.

The Bamboo comprise a small tribe of huge Exotic Grasses
of the East Indies, found in the Islands of Java and Mada-
gascar. There are eight species found at Apetal; — the B.
aristata, growing twenty feet high; B. arundinacea, forty feet;
B. glauca, twenty feet; B. nigra, twenty feet'; B. pubescens, B.
spinosa, B. stricta, and B. verticittata, all attaining a height of
twenty feet.

The Tussac Grass, (Dactylis ccespitosaj of the Falkland
Islands and Terra del Fuego, was brought to this country by
the celebrated arctic and antarctic explorer, Sir J. C. Ross. It
is a most valuable grass for agricultural purposes, being large
and standing the climate of England. The young shoots are
boiled and eaten like asparagus. It is also an extremely orna-
mental plant.

All the grasses, including wheat, barley, oats, and rye, yield
starch unmixed with any deleterious matter.

One English grass, the Bearded Rye Grass, (Lolium temu-
lentum,) is said to have poisonous qualities, and this I believe
is the only poisonous grass.

Every British Grass but one is contained in the third class
of Linna3us — Triandria; the solitary exception is Anthoxantlium
odoratum, belonging to the second class — Diandria.

The Grasses are in many respects allied to the sedges, the
latter are distinguished, however, by their solid stems, (the
Grasses are all hollow stemmed,) and by their leaves completely
surrounding the stem, like a tube; in the Grasses they only
sheathe instead of surrounding the stem.

All the species have a thin siliceous coating on their stems,
which appears to impart greater strength and durability than
could have been procured by simple ligneous fibre, and this
gives their stems that highly-polished appearance. Flint is also
formed at their joints. It is one of the wonders of the vege-
table kingdom, how solid flint can be formed on the stems
and in the interior of the stalks of grass; and when we observe

INTRODUCTION. V

the minute rooty fibres through which it must ascend, it is at
once apparent that a power to dissolve flint is given to the
Grasses, and that it is conveyed upwards in a liquid or fluid
state.

To the Grasses we are in a great measure indebted for the
splendid green of the landscape, and indeed every one must
look with pleasure on the vivid freshness of the fields in early
spring, when the increasing warmth has induced them to put
forth fresh leaves.

Although the farmer reaps a plentiful harvest from the choicest
of our British graminaB, there is one species that may be said
to be his greatest pest. I allude to Twitch, or Couch Grass;
rapid in its growth, tenacious of life, and propagated with
a freedom scarcely to be met with in any other plant; a field
soon becomes covered with this troublesome weed, its under-
ground creeping stems spreading in all directions, until, if left
alone, it would speedily take sole possession of the land, to
the exclusion of all other crops. Some time since it was proposed
to try experiments in order to ascertain whether this abundant
plant might not be turned to some useful purpose, and the
manufacture of paper from it was proposed. It would be a
great boon to the farmer if something could be done with this
plant, something that would enable him to clear the soil with
profit to himself beyond that of clearing his land.

It is very surprising that so little appears to be known amongst
botanists and farmers regarding our British Grasses, in very
many instances, beyond the knowledge that such and such is
a Grass, nothing more is known; indeed to those who spend
their whole lives amongst this tribe of plants, if they are told
how many British species are to be found in their fields, hedge-
rows, and plantations, they are astonished, and will scarcely
believe the information. Yet a knowledge of the agricultural
Grasses, at all events, would be of inestimable benefit to the
farmer. There are profitable Grasses, and those that are un-

vi INTRODUCTION.

profitable; there are Grasses which yield an early crop, and
there are others that are much later in their growth. Again,
some species nourish best on a strong clayey soil, others where
it is dry and gravelly, and others in damp situations. Grasses
are to be found everywhere, by the sea-side, in brackish water,
on mountain tops, in woods, swamps, sandy plains, in short
whichever way we turn Grasses are to be seen.

For works treating on the British Grasses, we are indebted
to Sir James Edward Smith, who has, in his "English Flora,"
devoted many pages to this subject; to Sir William Jackson
Hooker, and Dr. Arnott, who have also devoted much space
to the Grasses, in their "British Flora;" to Mr. Sowerby,
who, in his "English Botany," has a whole volume on the
Grasses.

Other works published on this subject are "Gramina Britan-
nica," by J. L. Knapp, published in 1804; Withering's "British
Plants," published in 1796; Hudson's "Flora Anglica," published
in 1778; Curtis's "British Grasses," published in 1790; Schreber's
"Beschreibung der Graser," published in 1769; De Candolle's
"Flora Fran9ois," published in 1805-15; Deering's "Catalogue
of Plants round Nottingham;" the works of Ehrhart, published
about 1790; Grave's "Monograph on the British Grasses,"
published in 1822; Jussieu's works; Leer's "Flora Herbornensis;"
Linnaeus, various works; Martyn's "Flora Rustica, 1791;" Peti-
ver's "Graminum," etc., published in 1717; Schrader's works;
Sinclair's "Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis," published in 1816;
Willdenow's works; Gouan's "Hortus Regius Monspeliensis,"
published in 1762; Oeder's "Flora Danica," published in 1766;
Plukenet's various works; Morison's "Historia Plantarum Uni-
versalis," published in 1680; Scheuchzer's works; Haller's
"Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetia;," published in 1768;
Hoffmann's "Deutschlands Flora;" Sibthorp's "Flora Oxoniensis,"
published in 1794; Roth's "Tantamen Flora Germanics," pub-
lished in 1778; Lightfoot's "Flora Scotica;" Gerarde's "Herball,"

INTRODUCTION. Vll

published in 1636; Eelhan's "Flora Cantabrigiensis," published
in 180&; Ray's "Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum,"
published in 1724; and a host of other botanists.

It is purposed as an "addenda" to the "Natural History of
British Grasses/' to describe those Exotic species that are
remarkable, either as ornamental plants, useful as introduced
species for the agricultural community, or for their domestic
interest.

In conclusion, I take this opportunity of soliciting of those
whose pursuits and inclinations lead them to a study of the
Grasses, their aid in specimens and information; for let it be
borne in mind, that every one has power to render valuable
aid, and in a work like the present, the more assistance that
is given, the better able will the author be to produce a work
worthy of that patronage which, from its cheapness, must have
a wide circulation.

BRITISH GRASSES.

GRAMINEJB. JUSSIEU.

FLORETS mostly perfect, yet occasionally imperfect, or even
without stamens or pistil. One, two, or more imbricated on a
common axis or rachis situated within an involucre, called a
calyx by Linnaeus, consisting of one or two (rarely none) valves
or glumes, the whole constituting a spikelet.

Perianth, (called corolla by Linnaeus,) glumaceous, the fertile
florets generally consisting of two dissimilar glumellas or valvelets.
The exterior or lower one simple, mostly keeled or having a
midrib, the interior or upper one having two lateral or dorsal
nerves; occasionally one or even both are wanting.

Stamens hypogynous, usually three, but either one, two, three,
four, five, six, seldom indefinite.

Anthers, bi-celled, attached by their back near the middle,
versatile.

Ovary superior, single-celled with one ovule, having mostly
two (more rarely one, or even none) diminutive hypogynous
scales, called lodicules or abortive stamens.

Styles usually two, which are simple or bifid, more rarely one
or three.

Stigmas mostly plumose.

Pericarp closely incorporated with the seed.

Embrio lenticular, external, situated at the base of the farina-
ceous albumen.

The culms or stems generally fistulose, mostly simple, herba-

C

2 GRAMINEJE.

ceous, and knotted. Occasionally branched, seldom shrubby.
Hollow mostly, being closed at the joints.

Leaves, a single one to each node, having a sheath slit lon-
gitudinally on one side, and frequently possessing a membranous
appendage at the summit, called a ligule.

The flowers, which are small, are solitary or in spikelets,
which are panicled or spiked.

• IIO X A NT-HUM.. ODCKATUM.
I

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM.

PAENELL. YAHL. MAETYN. STILLINGFLEET. KOCH. SMITH.

SltfCLAIE. SCHEEBEE. PoiTEAU AND TlJEPIN. HOOKEE.

GEEVILLE. AENOTT. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW. CUETIS. LEEES.

PLATE I.

The Sweet-scented Vernal Grass.

Antkoxanthum—A. yellow flower, (from the Greek.) Odoratum — Sweet.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Linnceus. — Having two stamens and two styles. A
spiked panicle. The spikelet having one central fertile floret. Two
glumes. Four glumellas, the two inner ones perfect florets, and awnless;
the two exterior ones neuter florets, larger, and awned. Only one British
species.

THE pleasant odour that is so very powerful in our hay-fields,
whilst the grass is drying, owes much of its scent to the present
species, a scent very similar to that of the Woodruff, ( ' Asperula
odorata.J It springs up early, and is a true permanent pasture
grass, and is to be met with almost everywhere both on strong
and light soils.

A common species throughout Europe, and in the more
northerly parts of North America.

Panicle upright, form ovate-oblong, with short hairy branches,
length an inch and a half. Spikelets in form ovate-lanceolate,
large, erect, four or five together, one awned floret. Calyx two
remarkably unequal glumes, which are hairy; the larger glume
is three-ribbed, the outer smaller glume destitute of lateral ribs.
Floret consisting of two palese, oblong in shape, hairy, brownish,
the palese equal in size, being half the length of the larger
glume, and having two awns very dissimilar in length.

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM.

Stamens consisting of two, which extend beyond the spikelet.
Anthers oblong, and notched at the extremities. Styles brief
art^hsinooth./ Oy&ftufti oblong. Stigmas long, downy, and ex-
.teudjng beyond the summit. Seed solitary, naked, and pointed
&l eftfci' ^extreinity: v' - Stein circular, striated, very smooth, having
two or three hairy striated sheaths; the upper sheath extending
beyond its leaf. Joints long and distant. Leaves flat, pale green,
ribbed, hairy both above and beneath. Inflorescence simple,
panicled. Length of the Grass from twelve to eighteen inches.
Root perennial, fibrous.

Flowers in the middle of April, and ripens its seeds in the
middle of June.

A valuable agricultural Grass.

I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, and
to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, for specimens of this species.

The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen.

•

II

NARDUS STMCTA.

HOOKER AND ARNOTT. WILLDENOW. YAHL. LEERS. KOCH.

PARNHAM. KNAPP. SMITH. CAVANILLES.

SOWERBY. SINCLAIR. GREYILLE. LINDLEY. HUDSON. SCHREBER.
WITHERING. MARTYN. SCHRADER.

PLATE II.

The Mat Grass.

Nardus — Odoriferous, (from the Greek.) Stricta — Upright.

KARDUS. Linnceus. — Spikelets simple, on one side of the rachis only.
Glumes wanting. Glumellas two; the outer one keeled. Stigma elon-
gated, filiform, and papillose. Stamens three in number. Confined to
a solitary British species.

A MOST abundant Grass on moors and sandy wastes. There
is a rush-like character in its leaves, which are rigid, harsh,
and forming thick tufts which continue all winter.

It is of no use for agricultural purposes, cattle rejecting it
if they can find other food.

Common throughout Scotland, England, Ireland, Lapland,
Norway, Sweden, and Germany; also found in the most nor-
therly portions of North America.

Spike single; spikelets single-flowered, lanceolate in form, de-
posited in two rows on one side of the rachis only; the opposite
side of rachis naked. Without a calyx. Glumes none. Florets
consisting of two palese, the exterior one tipped with a brief
rough awn; the inner palea shorter, entire, membranous, and
linear-lanceolate in form. Anthers oblong. Ovarium also oblong
and slender. Style only one.

Stigma one, elongated, filiform, papillose. Seed solitary, linear,

6 NARDUS STRICTA.

and pointed at each extremity. Stem erect, mostly smooth,
having four or five leaves, with sheaths that are also smooth and
striated, the uppermost sheath extending beyond its leaf, whilst
the lower sheaths are considerably shorter than their leaves.
Joints placed near the base of the stem. Leaves rolled inwards,
edges rough, bristle-shaped, striated, harsh and rigid, and sud-
denly branching off at a right-angle. Inflorescence spiked.
Spike upright and close. Length of Grass from five to eight
inches. Boot perennial, having many stout downy fibres.

Comes into flower at the beginning of July, and ripens seed
at the beginning of August.

I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for
the specimen illustrated.

O ""^ " - '

III

ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS.

LINNAEUS. PABNELL. SCHEEBEE. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. KOCH. LEEES.

GEEVILLE. CUETIS. SINCLAIR. LINDLEY. SMITH. KNAPP.
HUDSON. SCHEADEE. WlTHEEING. WlLLDENOW. MAETYN. GEAVES.

PLATE III. A.

Grramen alopecuroides majus, MOEISON. GEEAEDE.

The Meadow Fox-tail Grass.

Alopecurus — Fox-tail, (from the Greek.) Pratensis — Meadow.

ALOPECURUS. Lmncsus. — Inflorescence a thick, close-set panicle, which
is spiked. The spikelets are laterally compressed. Two almost equal
glumes, their base mostly connate; membranaceous, and of the same
length as the floret. A solitary glumella, having a dorsal awn above
the base.

ONE of the most valuable agricultural Grasses; cattle are
exceedingly fond of it, and being good in quality, and an early
species. It flourishes best in meadows which have been drained,
on a rich clayey soil.

Exceedingly common in Great Britain, and is found also in
Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Lapland, Holland, France,
Germany, Italy, and America. In the latter country it is how-
ever supposed to have been introduced.

Panicle upright, varying from an inch to two inches long,
nearly cylindrical in form, having small branches arranged all
round the rachis. Spikelets ovate in form, erect, imbricated,
numerous. Calyx consisting of two equal-length glumes, acute
and jointed at the base, pale green lateral ribs and keels, which
are fringed. Floret consisting of a solitary ovate-oblong palea,

8 ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS.

with two green ribs on either side; having a lengthened slender
dorsal awn arising almost immediately above the base. Upper
portion of the keel hairy. Anthers conspicuous, yellow in colour.
Styles joined together. Stigmas divided, slender, and downy.
Seed ovate. Stem erect, circular, polished, and striated, carrying
four or five leaves, with smooth inflated sheaths. Joints smooth.
Leaves flat, acute, both surfaces usually rough. Inflorescence
compound, branched. Panicle upright, from one to two inches
long; cylindrical-oblong, compact, with short branches placed
all round the rachis. Length varying from one to three feet,
according to circumstances. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers through April, May, and June, and ripens its seed
in July and August.

Dr. Parnell gives the following distinctions in his "Grasses of
Scotland," from other species in the same genus: —

"1st. — From A. geniculatus in upper leaf being only half the
length of its sheath; awn extending more than half its length
beyond the palea; palea conical, with four distinct broad green
ribs; glumes more acute, and of a different shape, whereas in
A. geniculatus the upper leaf is nearly the same length as its
shield; palea obtuse, with four indistinct green ribs, tinged at
apex with purple.

2nd. — From A.fulvus in the awn of A.fulvus not extending
beyond the palea.

3rd. — From A. agrestis in the stems and sheaths being smooth,
in A. agrestis they are rough.

4th. — From A. alpinus in the panicle being longer; in A.
alpinus it is not an inch long; also differs in the position of
the awn."

My thanks are due to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and to
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for the illustrated
specimens.

ALOPECURUS ALPINUS.

SMITH. HOOKER AND AENOTT. DON. KNAPP. PAENELL. LINDLEY.

PLATE III. B.

Alopecurus ovatus, KNAPP.

The Alpine Fox-tail Grass.

A lopecurus — Fox- tail. A Ipinus — Alpine.

A HA.RE northern Grass, growing in marshy situations on
mountains at an elevation of three thousand eight hundred feet
above the sea. Sheep will feed upon the lower leaves, rejecting
the stem of this Grass. It does not appear to be found below
the elevation of two thousand five hundred feet.

From the circumstance that Alopecurus alpinus will not grow
except on high mountains, it is useless as an agricultural
Grass.

In Great Britain it is peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland,
about Loch-na-Gar, Clova mountains, Canlochen, Glen Prosen,
Ben Lawers, and Loch Lee. Found also in Greenland, Spitz-
bergen, and in the north of British America.

Panicle upright, not an inch long, oblong, soft and silky.
Spikelets upright, oval, placed all round the rachis, of one-awned
floret of the same length as the calyx. Calyx consisting of two
acute hairy glumes of the same size, three-ribbed. Floret con-
sisting of one palea, with two ribs on either side, and sometimes
furnished with a slender dorsal awn. Filaments three and slender.
Anthers protruding, and notched at the extremities. Styles
united and short. Stigmas two, lengthy, and feathery. Seeds
ovate. Stem upright, smooth, circular, bent at the base. Stem

D

10 ALOPECURUS ALPINUS.

carrying four leaves, whose sheaths are smooth and striated, the
uppermost sheath extending beyond its leaf. Joints smooth.
Leaves flat and broad, the inner surface and margin rough.
Inflorescence panicled. Length from nine inches to a foot.
Root perennial, creeping, having lengthened fibres.

Flowers in July, and ripens seed at the end of August.

The illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of
Manchester, having been gathered on the Clova mountains.

^LOPECURUS A G R E R T I S .
IV

11

ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS.

LlNN,EUS. WlLLDENOW. SMITH. MABTYN. HoOKEB AND ABNOTT. LEEES.
SCHBADEB. ISCHEEBEE. EHEHAET. SlNCLAIB.

PLATE IV.

Alopecurus myosuriodes, HUDSON. CUETIS.

The Slender Fox-tail Grass.

Alopecurus — Fox-tail. Agrestis — A field.

A USELESS agricultural Grass, indeed cattle refuse to feed upon
it; when once it takes possession of a field it is difficult to
eradicate, and causes much trouble to farmers when growing
amongst wheat. It is perhaps better known under the name
of "Black-bent." Where it flourishes it proclaims that the land
is in a poor condition, for it grows most luxuriantly when the
land is in that state.

It appears almost confined to England, as it is rare and local
in Scotland. Unknown in Ireland. It is common in the south
of Europe, but does not extend north of latitude 56°. It has
not been found in America.

In England it is found in Devonshire, Somersetshire, Sussex,
Surrey, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Bedford,
Oxford, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Warwickshire, Worces-
tershire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland.

Fields and way-sides.

Panicle upright, slender, attenuated, compact, two or three
inches long, deposited in short branches all round the rachis.
Spikelets oval, consisting of one awned floret of an equal length
with the calyx; compressed and numerous. Calyx consisting of

1£ ALOPECURUS AGRESTIS.

two acute membranous glumes of the same length, joined near
the base; keels hirsute, and having two green smooth ribs on
each side. Floret of one palea, ovate -oblong, and having two
green ribs on each side. Awn lengthy, slender, commencing
slightly above the base of the palea, and extending considerably
beyond it.

Filaments three in number, slender. Anthers protruding, each
end notched. Styles united and short. Stigmas long, downy,
and two in number. Stem circular, upright, slender, rough,
bearing three or four leaves, with rough, striated, swollen sheaths,
upper sheath carrying at its apex a blunt downy ligule, and
being longer than its leaf. Joints smooth. Leaves flat, rough,
striated, and acute. Inflorescence simple, panicled. Length from
one to two feet. Root small, fibrous, annual.

This species is easily known by its attenuated panicles, which
are often purplish in colour; and by the rough stem and sheaths,
and the long dorsal awn.

Dr. Parnell mentions that it can be recognised from A. pra-
tensis in the slenderness of the panicle, in the spikelets being
larger, the ligules considerably longer, the roughness of the
stem and sheaths, and in the keels of the calyx being but
slightly hairy; whilst in A., pratensis the ligule is short and
blunt, keels of calyx and lateral ribs having long hairs, and
the stem and sheaths being quite smooth. In A. geniculatus
the stem and sheaths are also smooth, the awns shorter, the
spikelets less, ligule shorter, calyx less acute and different in
shape, and the panicle not so tapering. In A. fulvus the stem
and sheaths are smooth, the panicle less tapering, spikelets less,
ligule shorter.

Flowers in the first week in July, and ripens its seeds in
October.

My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester,
and to Dr. Wilson for good specimens of this Grass.

The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen.

,
-,

N

E U L 3 G

A. FULVUS,

V

ALOPECUKUS BULBOSUS.

LINNAEUS. WILLDEJSOW. HOOKEE AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KNAPP.
BABINGTON. LODLEY. PAKNELL. KTLNTH.

PLATE V. — A.

The Bulbous Fox-tail Grass.

Alopecurus — Fox-tail. Bulbosus — Bulbous.

A RARE British Grass, growing in wet salt marshes, and of
no use for agricultural purposes.

In England found in the counties of Somerset, Sussex,
Gloucester, Suffolk, and Norfolk, most abundant near Yarmouth
and Weymouth. In Wales in Cardiff Marshes. Not in Scot-
land or Ireland.

Abroad it is a native of France, Germany, Spain, Turkey,
Greece, Italy, Portugal, and the Mediterranean Islands.

Panicle cylindrical and acuminate. Spikelets numerous,
crowded together, consisting of two glumes and one floret.
Glumes pointed, equal in length; keels and lateral ribs hairy,
separated to ,the base. Floret slightly shorter than the glumes,
consisting of one palea, truncated, on either side with two green
ribs. Stigmas long and feathery. Anthers protruding. Styles
combined. Stems rising, but bent at the joints, smooth and
striated, having three or four leaves with striated smooth sheaths.
Joints distant from each other, four in number. Leaves somewhat
narrow, smooth underneath, upper surface rough. Inflorescence
from an inch to an inch and a half in length. Length from
four to fifteen inches. Root tuberous and perennial.

Flowers in July, and ripens its seed at the end of August.

The present species takes its name from its bulbous root.

It differs from A. agrestis in having a smooth stem and

E

14 ALOPECURUS BULBOSUS.

sheath, in the truncate summit of the floret, and in the awn
extending half its length beyond the palea. In A. agrestis
the stem and sheaths are rough, floret conical at apex, awn
longer.

It differs from A. pratensis in having the floret shorter
than the glumes, and in being truncated instead of conical
at the apex, and in the glumes not being joined at the base.

A. geniculatus is more blunt in the glumes.

A.fulvus has a conical floret with a longer awn.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Cheshire, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

15

ALOPECURUS FULVUS.

SMITH. KOCH, PAENELL. HOOKEE. LINDLEY.

PLATE V. B.

Alopecurus geniculatus, var. WITHERING.

The Orange Spiked Fox-tail Grass.

Alopecurus — Fox-tail. Fulvus — Fulvous.

THE present species is closely allied to Alopecurus genicu-
latus, but the spike is more slender and not so long. It
is found about ponds and ditches, and frequently floating on
the water.

It is to be met with in Cheshire, Essex, Worcester, Cam-
bridge, and Norfolk. A rare Scotch Grass, having only been
found in Fifeshire and Angusshire. It is not found in Ireland,
or America, or Southern Europe, but Linneeus noticed it in
Lapland.

Of no use for agricultural purposes. A somewhat rare species.

Panicle upright, compact, cylindrical, having short branches
all round the rachis; one to two inches long. Spikelets small,
numerous, upright, oval, consisting of one awned floret of the
same length as the calyx. Calyx consisting of two equal-
sized sharp membranous glumes, three-ribbed; keel fringed,
lateral ribs pale green and hairy. Floret of one palea, having
two ribs widely apart on each side, oval, slender, a dorsal
awn, which does not extend beyond the palea. Filaments three
in number, slender. Anthers roundish, yellowish, short, and
notched at either extremity. Styles brief and united. Stigmas
slender and feathery. Stem ascending, joints bent, base pro-

16 ALOPECTJRUS FULVUS.

cumbent, smooth, having four or five leaves with smooth striated
sheaths, uppermost sheath of same length as its leaf, inflated,
and having an oblong ligule, which is membranous. Joints
smooth. Leaves acute, flat. Inflorescence panicled. Length
from twelve to eighteen inches. Root fibrous and perennial.

Flowers in June.

My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester,
for the specimen figured; it was gathered in Rosthern Mere,
Cheshire, a locality in which it is not common.

A L O I B GENICULATUS.

VI

IT

ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS.

LINNJEUS. KOCH. SMITH. LEERS. HOOKER. PARNELL. LINDLEY.
G-REVILLE. CURTIS. MARTYN. SCHRADER. SINCLAIR. EHRHART.

PLATE VI.
Alopecurus paniceus, OEDER.

The Floating Fox-tail Grass.

Alopecurus — Fox-tail. Geniculatus — Jointed.

A COMMON Grass, rejected by cattle. Mostly found in moist
situations near pools, often floating in the water, yet occasionally
to be met with in dry places, where it is more dwarf in habit.
When cultivated as an agricultural Grass, the yield is very
small.

It is found in Germany, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Lapland, Italy, and in few parts of the United States. It is
not to be found beyond the elevation of two thousand feet.

Panicle upright, one to two inches long, cylindrical, compact,
having small branches all round the rachis. Spikelets numerous,
ovate, upright, one awned floret same length as the calyx. Calyx,
consisting of two equal-sized membranous glumes, blunt, joined
at base; lateral ribs hairy; apex purplish. Floret of one palea.
Awn slender, extending half its own length beyond the palea.
Anthers linear, yellowish. Styles short. Stigmas long and
feathery. Stem ascending, joints bent, striated, and polished,
uppermost sheath inflated, and of same length as its leaf.
Sheaths smooth. Stem bearing branches from the lower joints.
Joints dark purple, smooth, long, and narrow. Leaves flat,
rough, edges serrated, acute. Inflorescence simple, panicled.
Length twelve to fifteen inches. Root fibrous, perennial.

18 ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS.

Flowers at the beginning of June, and ripens seed in the
last week in August.

The awn in A. geniculatus commences slightly above the base,
and extends half its length beyond the palea, and the anthers
are long; in A.fulvus anthers short, and awn commencing below
the centre, and not extending beyond the palea.

A. geniculatus has a smooth stem, whilst in A. agrestis it is
rough.

In A. alpinus panicle short, whilst in A. geniculatus it is long.

In A. pratensis upper sheath more than twice the length of
its leaf, whilst in A. geniculatus only of same length as its leaf.

This species is subject to variety.

My thanks are due to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and to
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for specimens.

The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen, which was
gathered in Cheshire.

PHALAK, :JSIS.

19

PHALARIS CANAKIENSIS.

SMITH. HOOKEE. LINDLEY. PAENELL. KOCH.
GEEVILLE. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. MARTYN.
SCHEADEE. LEEES. SCHEEBEE. SINCLAIE. SOWEEBY. HUDSON.

WlTHEEING. SlBTHOEP.

PLATE VII. A.

The Cultivated Canary Grass.

Phalaris — Shining, (from the Greek.) Canariensis — Canary Island.

PHAIAKIS. Linnceus. — Panicle spiked or spreading, with laterally com-
pressed spikelets. Two glumes nearly equal in size, upright, membra-
naceous. Glumellas two, awnless, hairy; outer palea without lateral
ribs. Leaves broad and flat. Only two British species.

Its name is derived from the Greek, in allusion to the polished
appearance of its seeds.

THIS handsome Grass is not strictly a native of Great Britain,
yet has now become naturalized in many parts of England and
Scotland, probably owing to the extensive use of its seeds for
feeding Canaries and other small birds.

It appears to prefer rich ground, and near Beeston it is
seldom found except in gardens and orchards.

Native of the Canary Islands. It has also become naturalized
in America.

Probably it is not of any agricultural value.

Panicle globular, upright, with brief branches. Spikelets
oval, imbricated, flat, handsomely marked with yellowish green
and white stripes, having one awnless floret. Calyx of two
equal-sized compressed glumes. Floret consisting of two palese,
the outer one egg-shaped, acute, hairy, having two membranous
lance-shaped acute scales at the base, of half the length of

20 PHALARIS CANARIENSIS.

the palea. Palea having the outer one longest. Seeds pol-
ished. Stem slender, upright, smooth, having five or six leaves
with rough inflated sheaths, the upper one being longer than its
leaf, and having a white rounded ligule at its apex. Joints yel-
lowish, naked. Leaves somewhat broad, lanceolate, acute, rather
rough. Inflorescence panicled. Length from twelve to twenty-
four inches. Root fibrous, white, annual.

Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens seed in last
week in August.

Specimens have been forwarded by Dr. Wilson, of Notting-
ham, and Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester, the latter from the
road-sides in Cheshire, where it is not common.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered in an orchard
at Beeston, near Nottingham, where it grows sparingly.

PHALAKIS ARUNDINACEA.

LINNJSTTS. SMITH. HOOKER. KOCH. G-REVILLE. PARNELL. HUDSON.
PURTON. SCHRADER. OEDER. LEERS. EHRHART.

PLATE VII. B.

Arundo colorata, SOLAND. DRYANDER. SMITH.

" " KNAPP. WILLDENOW. HALLER.

PJialaris arenaria, SMITH. SOWERBY. HUDSON.

" pJdeoides, var. AITON.

Phleum arenarium, LINNJEUS. WITHERING.

The Reed Canary Grass.

PJialaris — Shining, (from the Greek.) Arundinacea—A. reed.

A HANDSOME and abundant coarse-growing species on the
banks of rivers and sides of lakes, preferring a strong clayey
soil. Cattle are not partial to it, yet it produces a large and
early crop, and may be cut three times a year. A variety cul-
tivated in our gardens is exceedingly handsome; it is best known
as the "Ribbon Grass," or "Painted Lady Grass." The leaves
are beautifully striped with green and white, varying considerably
in the width of the different bands of colour.

Common in Scotland, England, Ireland, Germany, and in
the South of Europe, but unknown in America, Lapland,
Sweden, or Norway.

Panicle upright, long, and narrow; rachis and branches rough.
Spikelets crowded, numerous, of one awnless floret hid within
the calyx. Spikelets occasionally tinged with purple, white,
yellow, and green. Calyx two nearly equal, acute glumes; keels
toothed, sides rough; calyx three-ribbed. Floret of two palese,
the outer one acute, rough; edges hairy, longer than inner

F

22 PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA.

palea. Stem upright, circular, smooth, having five or six leaves
with sheaths that are smooth and striated; upper sheath con-
siderably longer than its leaf, having a lengthy decurrent mem-
branous ligule at its apex; the other ligules more blunt. Joints
smooth and purple. Leaves broad, pale green, acute, flat, ribbed,
the central rib bolder than the others, rough, edges toothed
minutely. Inflorescence compound, panicled. A tall Grass,
growing from two to five feet in height. Roots perennial,
creeping horizontally.

Flowers in second week of July, and the seeds become ripe
in the middle of August.

My thanks are due to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, and to
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for specimens of this
species.

The illustration is from Mr. Sidebotham's specimen.

Ribbon Grass.

AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA.

HOST. HOOKEK. PARNELL.

PLATE VIII. A.

Arundo arenaria, SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE.

" " LlNNJEUS. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP.

" " MARTYN. DICKSON. SCHRADER.

" " OEDAR. EHRHART.

AmmopJiila "- LINDLEY. KOCH.

Calamagrostis arenaria, ROTH. WITHERING.

Spartum anglicanum, GERARDE.

The Sea Reed.

AmmopJiila — To love the sand, (from the Greek.) Arundinacea — A reed.

AMMOPHILA. Host. — Only one British representative of this genus.
Panicle spiked, with laterally compressed spikelets. Nearly equal-sized
keeled membranous glumes, longer than the floret. Glumellas two,
hairy at the base. Outer palea five -ribbed. Leaves narrow.

It takes its name from two Greek words alluding to its habitat —
sand near the sea shore.

A HANDSOME very coarse Grass, of no agricultural value, as
no cattle will eat it, yet valuable as growing amongst sand near
the sea, and thus preventing by its matted creeping roots that
inroad of the sea which would otherwise take place. It is
known as the Common Sea Grass, the Marum or Matweed.

The present species is protected by an Act of Parliament, on
account of its great use along our coasts in Norfolk, and in
Holland it is extensively grown, as also about Lytham, in
Lancashire.

Found on coasts of Northumberland, Durham, Lancashire,

24 AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA

Cheshire, Denbigh, Anglesea, Merioneth, Essex, Kent, Norfolk,
Worcester, Somersetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. Common
in Scotland and in the Orkney Islands, and is a native of
Sweden, Lapland, Norway, North America, United States, and
in the Mediterranean Islands.

Panicle dense, upright, lengthened-oval, short rough branches;
panicle three to five inches in length. Spikelets numerous,
narrow, long, one floret, which is shorter than the calyx. Calyx
consisting of two unequal-sized acute glumes, devoid of lateral
ribs. Floret of two paleae, the outer one five-ribbed, the dorsal
rib toothed; base slightly hairy. Palea equal in length. Stem
upright, smooth, polished, circular, carrying three or four leaves
with somewhat rough sheaths, uppermost sheath of about
the same length as its leaf, having a lengthened lance-shaped
membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. Leaves narrow,
smooth, pointed, glaucous, and rigid. Inflorescence panicled.
Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root creeping
and perennial.

Flowers at the beginning of July.

My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham for specimens
gathered at Fleetwood.

The illustration is from a specimen procured at Lytham.

PHLEUM PRATENSE.

LINNAEUS. KOCH. LEERS. PARNELL. SMITH. HOOKER. WILLDENOW.

LINDLEY. GREVILLE. KNAPP.

MARTYN. SCHREBER. SCHRADER. SINCLAIR. SOWERBY. HUDSON.
WITHERING. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. RELH. HULL.

PLATE VIII. B.

PJdeum nodosum, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. LEERS.

" " OEDER. SINCLAIR.

Alopecurus bulhosus, DICKSON.

Gramen typkoides minus, MORISON.

" typldnum minus, GERARDE.

The Cats-tail Grass.

Pkleum — Reed Mace. Pratense — Meadow.

PHLEUM. Linnaus. — Stigmas long and slender. Floret consisting of
two paleae, which are not awiied. Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally
compressed. Glumes parallel, about equal in size, longer than the floret.
There are six British species.

Name derived from the Greek, formerly applied, it is conjectured, to
the Reed Mace.

A COMMON species, known as Timothy Grass, growing in
moist soils, common in Great Britain in meadows and pastures.
It has been recommended as a good agricultural Grass, from
the nutritive matter in its flower stems, yet cattle are not fond
of it, and it appears to be of too slow growth for the after-
math, in order for it to become a remunerative Grass. Mr.
Sinclair condemns its being grown alone in fields, but recom-
mends it amongst other species as a valuable addition.

Found in Lapland, Sweden, Norway, and North America.

26 PHLEUM PRATENSE.

Panicle upright, compact, and cylindrical, green and white;
length varying from two to five inches. Spikelets diminutive,
abundant, arranged in pairs all round the rachis on brief foot-
stalks, having one . slightly-awned floret considerably shorter
than the calyx. Calyx consisting of two equal-sized glumes,
having a broad membranous margin, keels furnished with short
stout white hairs. Palea, outer one five-ribbed, egg-shaped,
apex jagged, keel hairy. Floret consisting of two palea3, which
are membranous. Stem circular, smooth, upright, bearing four
or five leaves. Sheaths smooth, the uppermost one longer than
its leaf, having a membranous ligule. Joints smooth. Leaves
rough, flat, broadish, acute. Inflorescence simple, panicled.
Length eighteen to twenty-four inches. K-oot creeping, some-
what bulbous, perennial.

Flowers in the third week in June, and ripens seed at the
end of July.

In A. alpinus the glumes are a third longer than their awns,
in P. pratense about twice the length.

In P. arenarium glumes acute and not awned, in P. pra-
tense blunt and awned. In P. arenarium floret one-third
of the length of the calyx, whilst in P. pratense about half
the length of the calyx.

P. Michelii has longer spikelets, acute glumes, and not awned.
P. pratense, var. longiaristatum, Parnell, (the Long-awn ed
Timothy Grass,) found in a damp wood near Edinburgh, dif-
fers from the normal form by the awns of the glumes being
almost as long as the glumes, and the root being bulbous. It
does not flower till August.

P. pratense, var. longiciliatum, Parnell, (The Bulbous Timothy
Grass.) Stem near base prostrate, joints bent, awns of glumes
short, root bulbous. Found in sandy situations. Flowering
in the end of July.

Fine specimens have been forwarded both by Dr. Wilson,
of Nottingham, and Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester.

The illustration is from Dr. Wilson's specimen.

\LPINUM.

P. ASPERUM.

PHLEIIM ALPINUM.

LlNNJEUS. WlLLDENOW. J. E. SMITH. DlCKSON. DON. HOOKER.

SCHEADEE. OEDEE, WITHEEING-. KOCH. PAENELL.

PLATE IX. A.

Phleum commutatum, GAUDICHAUD.

The Alpine Cafs-tail Grass.

Phleum — Reed Mace. Alpinum — Alpine.

EXCLUSIVELY a mountain Grass, flourishing in damp situations,
at elevations varying from two thousand five hundred to three
thousand five hundred feet. It is by no means a common
species, being unknown either in England or Ireland. Mr.
Dickson, the discoverer, first recognised Phleum alpinum near
Garway Moor, whilst other explorers have found it on Craig-
neulict, above Killin, Ben Lawers, Clova mountains, Breadalbane
mountains, Feula Burn, Canlochen Glen, Glashieburn, Glen
Fiadh, and Loch Brandy.

Abroad it is plentiful in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Switzer-
land, Germany, and North America.

As an agricultural Grass it is useless.

Root slightly creeping, perennial, and somewhat tuberous.
Stem upright, except near the base, where it is usually decumbent,
smooth, circular in form, with four or five leaves, which are
provided with polished striated sheaths. Uppermost sheath
slightly inflated, and being longer than its leaf; capped with
a short obtuse ligule. Joints smooth. Leaves broad, sharp
pointed, smooth both above and below, except along the edges,
where rough. Inflorescence simple, panicled. Panicle oval, tinged

G

28 PHLEUM ALPINUM.

green and white with dull purple, varying in length from half
an inch to an inch and a half. Spikelets close together, dim-
inutive and numerous. Calyx of two equal-length glumes, with
wide membranous margins; the keels, which are green, are
fringed with short white hairs; the glumes end in a rough awn,
of rather more than half the length of the glume. Floret
consisting of a pair of membranous paleae, the exterior one
being egg-shaped, five-ribbed; keel hirsute; small rough dorsal
awn; inner palea somewhat shorter. Length from six to twelve
inches.

Comes into bloom in July, and the seed becomes ripe before
September.

The present Grass bears some resemblance to Alopecurus
alpinus, yet the latter species has the panicle silky, the glumes
of the calyx destitute of awns, and the floret possessing only
one palea.

I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester, for
the specimen illustrated, which was gathered on the Clova
mountains.

PHLEUM ASPEKUM.

JACQUIN. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. BABINGTON. LINDLEY.
SCHEADEB. PAENELL. YILLAES.

PLATE IX. — B.

PJileum paniculatum, HUDSON. SMITH. KNAPP. AITON.

viride, ALLIONI.

Phalaris aspera, EETZIUS. WILLDENOW. HOST.

" paniculata, AITON. SIBTHOEP.

The Rough Oafs-tail Grass.

Phleum—Reed Mace. Asperum — Bough.

A RARE useless agricultural Grass, limited to the western
portion of Great Britain, being confined to the counties of Bed-
ford, Gloucester, Oxford, Cambridge, and Norfolk, chiefly in
the last two mentioned counties. Mr. Hudson procured it near
Bristol, and on the heath at Newmarket; Mr. Crowe near
Bournbridge. It has also been seen in Badminton Park. In
Ireland it has been found near Belfast.

It is a native of Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Prussia,
and France.

Phleum asperum grows in arid sandy situations.

Root perennial, consisting of a number of strong fibres. Stem
circular, upright, exceedingly smooth, carrying four or five flat,
rough, acute leaves, with rough tumid sheaths, the upper one
extending beyond its leaf. Ligule bold and pointed. Joints
four in number, covered by the sheaths. Inflorescence close,
panicled, and from two to five inches in length. Spikelets
abundant, compact, composed of two equal-length, rough, cuneate
glumes, and one floret. The glumes variegated with green and

30 PHLEUM ASPERUM.

white, the inner edge obtuse at the apex, straight and membran-
ous. The floret consisting of two paleae, the exterior one
rough, indistinctly five-ribbed, the centre rib being hirsute on
the upper portion. Floret a third shorter in length than the
glumes. Filaments capillary, three in number. Anthers cloven
at either extremity. Styles bold, two in number. Stigmas
feathery. Seed diminutive, loose, cylindrical in form. Length
from six to eighteen inches.

Flowers in July, the seed becoming ripe at the commencement
of September.

The present species is readily distinguishable from the remain-
der of this family by its cuneate glumes, and rough but not
hairy keels.

The specimen illustrated was gathered near Belfast, and con-
tributed by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

31

PHLEUM MICHELII.

ALLIONI. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. PARNELL. SCHEADER.
Phalaris alpina, HCENKE. HOST.

The Miclielian Cats-tail Grass.

Phleum—Reed Mace. Michelii—A&er Miclieli.

THE present species is a south of Europe Grass, which has
been added to our British Flora, from the circumstance that
Mr. Don discovered it amongst the rocks on the higher parts
of the Clova mountains, in Scotland. It grows from one to two
feet high.

Phleum Michelii differs from P. arenarium, in having perennial
roots, in the whole of the keels of the glumes being hirsute,
and in the floret being entire at the apex instead of being
notched. It is also readily distinguished from P. pratense, in
having the glumes of the calyx acute-lanceolate, instead of being-
obtuse; and from P. Boehmeri by the tapering glumes.

No other botanist has been fortunate enough to discover it.

It must be considered a doubtful British species.

PHLEUM BOEHMERI.

P. ARENARIUM.

S3

PHLEUM BOEHMERI.

SCHRADEE. KOCH. SMITH. KUNTH. HoOKEE. LlNDLEY. WITHERING.

33ABINGTON. PABNELL.

PLATE X. A.

Phalaris pkleoides, LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. SMITH.

" " OEDEE. HOST. EHEHAET.

" " SINCLAIE.

C/iilockoa Boekmeri, BEAUVOIS.

The Purple-stalked Cafs-tail Grass.

PJdeum — Reed Mace. Boehmeri — After Boelimer.

A RARE British Grass, of no agricultural use; almost confined
to chalky or dry sandy fields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk,
in the latter county near Narburgh. It has not been discovered
either in Scotland or Ireland.

On the continent it is included in the fiora of Russia, Swit-
zerland, Italy, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden.

Root fibrous and perennial. Stem upright, smooth, simple,
slender, striated; upper portion purple and shining, having four
or five leaves, with smooth rather tumid striated sheaths, the
uppermost one much longer than its leaf, and having a broad
obtuse ligule, which entirely encloses the stem, mostly four-
jointed, the joints being all below the centre. Leaves rough on
both sides and along the edges, flat, linear-lanceolate in form,
except those near the base, which are narrower. Inflorescence
compact, dense, panicled, cylindrical. Spikelets diminutive, very
numerous, situated all round the panicle, consisting of two equal-
sized glumes and one floret; glumes linear, the edges being
white and membranous; apex oblique; floret awnless, and only

34 PHLEUM BOEHMERI.

three-fourths of the length of the glumes, consisting of two
equal-sized paleae, the exterior one being five-ribhed and roughish,
the inner one membranous. Ovarium hirsute, scales bold, styles
two, stigmas feathery, stamens three. Length from six to eigh-
teen inches.

Flowers in July, and the seeds become ripe about the middle
of August.

The present species differs from Plileum asperum in not
having the glumes cuneate, in not having a long and pointed
ligule, and in having the keels fringed. It differs from P.
arenarium in having the floret entire instead of jagged at the
apex, in the floret being much longer in comparison to the
glumes, and in the inner edges of the glumes not being fringed
with diminutive hairs as in P. arenarium. From P. Michelii
in having more linear-shaped glumes, and in having only the
upper portion of the keels hirsute, instead of throughout their
whole length, as in P. Michelii; whilst from P. pratense it differs
in the glumes being pointed and destitute of awns, and the inner
edges ending obliquely instead of abruptly. Also in the exterior
palea having the apex entire instead of jagged, as in P. pratense.

The specimen illustrated was procured in Norfolk by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

35

PHLEUM ARENAPJUM.

LINKJEUS. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY. KOCH. GREVILLE. PARNELL.
SCHRADER. OEDER. EHRHART.

PLATE X. — B.
Phalaris arciiaria, KNAP**. HUDSON. WILLDENOW.

The Sea Cats-tail Grass.

Phleum — Reed Mace. Arenarium — Sea-shore.

THE Phleum arenarium is almost exclusively a sea-side Grass,
growing in loose sand. It is to be met with on the coasts of
Devonshire, Somersetshire, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Cheshire, Durham, and Northumberland. Also in Denbigh and
Fifeshire; indeed it is by no means uncommon in Scotland,
although local in Ireland. On the continent it is met with in
various places in southern Europe. Inland it is recorded as
growing on Swaffham and Newmarket Heaths.

The leaves being harsh it is not an agricultural Grass.

Root annual, consisting of numerous long simple fibres. Stem
circular, smooth, and mostly having a purple tinge on the
upper portion; joints naked. The stem bears four or five leaves,
whose sheaths are slightly tumid, smooth, and striated, the
uppermost sheath being above double the length of its leaf.
Leaves rough both above and below, brief and broad. Inflor-
escence simple panicled, the panicle being obovate-cylindrical in
form, and upright in habit. Spikelets oval in shape, and numerous,
consisting of one floret of one-third the length of the calyx,
and awnless. Calyx composed of a couple of equal-sized mem-
branous glumes, which are lanceolate in form. Upper portion

H

36

PHLEUM ARENARIUM.

of the keel and inner edges fringed. Floret consisting of two
equal-sized membranous palese, notched at the apex, the outer
palea five-ribbed; keel hirsute. The length of this Grass varies
considerably, according to the support it is enabled to procure
from the sandy ground. Sometimes it does not exceed three
inches, at others it is five times this length.

Phleum arenarium has much smaller spikelets than P. Michelii,
it is notched at the summit instead of being entire, and the
glumes not hirsute on the lower half of their keels. It differs
from P. pratense in being smaller, the base of the panicle
contracted, and having no awned floret.

Comes into flower in the middle of July, the seeds becoming
ripe in about a month.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Fleetwood, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

Phleum arenarium. ^From a dwarf specimen

LA GURUS O VAT US.

GASTRIDIUM LENDIGEMUM.

XI

LAGURUS OVATUS.

LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. KUNTH. SMITH. BABINGTON.
LINDLEY. KNAPP. WITHERING. PARNELL.

WlLLDENOW. DlCKSON. ScHRADER. HOST. ScHREBER. HULL.
PLATE XI. A.

Alopecuros genuina, MORISON.

" spied rotandiore, MORISON.

The Hare's- tail Grass.

Lagurus — Hare's-tail, (from the Greek.) Ovatus — Egg-»haped.

LAGURUS. Linnaus. — Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally compressed.
G-lumes fringed throughout, terminating in a lengthy subulate point. Glu-
mellas two in number, membranaceous in texture, the exterior one terminating
in two long bristles. Only one British example, and this confined to a
portion of Guernsey. The name is derived from the Greek, and signifies
a hare's tail, from the downy feel and appearance of the panicle.

ONE of the rarest and most beautiful of our British Grasses,
growing in sandy exposed situations in the north and west of
Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands. It was first discovered
there by Mr. Gosselin. Miss Guille informs me that it is
abundant near the sea-shore. Sir J. E. Smith, in his "British
Flora," remarks that Lagurus ovatus serves to decorate flower-
pots in winter, like the Stipa pennata, and the foreign Briza
maxima; there are, however, a number of other species which,
when placed in a vase in a bunch, produce a pleasing effect.

Root annual, composed of seven or eight woolly fibres. Stem
upright, circular, smooth, with three or four joints. Leaves
four or five in number, with tumid, very downy sheaths.
Ligule bold, obtuse, and encircling the stem. Leaves flat,

38 LAC; TIKI'S UVATFS.

lanceolate in shape, short, pointed, densely covered both above
and below with downy hairs. Inflorescence compound panicled.
Form ovate, except near the base, where it is more flat. An inch
in length. Branches short and crowded; at first upright, but
afterwards driven to one side by the power of the wind over
them. Spikelets dense, consisting of two equal-sized long glumes,
fringed with long, white, downy hairs, and one floret, which
is shorter than the glumes, and composed of two equal-sized
palea3, the exterior one being rough and five-ribbed; ending in
two bristles, and having a lengthy dorsal awn. Styles two.
Filaments three. Stigmas feathery. Anthers cloven at either
extremity. Length from three to nine inches.

Flowers in June, and the seed becomes ripe at the end of
July.

I am indebted to Miss Guille for the specimen illustrated.

39

GASTRIDIUM LENDIGEKUM.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ABNOTT. PAENELL. GAUDICHAUD. LINDLEY.
LINK. BABINGTON.

PLATE XI. B.

Gastridium australe,

Milium lendigerum,

a «

Agrostis ventricosa,
" australis,
" rubra,

Alopecurus ventricosus,

BEAUVOIS. KUNTH.

LINNJEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW.

SCHEEBEE. HULL.

KNAFP. GOUAN.

LINNAEUS.

HUDSON.

HUDSON.

The Nit Grass.

Gastridium — A swelling.

Lendigerum — Maggot-bearing.

GASTBIDIUM. Beauvois. — A solitary Grass of this genus belongs to Great
Britain, the Gastridium lendigerum; having a spiked contracted panicle,
with two ventricose, acute, awnless glumes, which are merabranaceous, keeled
upwards, and considerably longer than the floret. Glumellas two, also
membranaceous. Named from the Greek, in allusion to a little swelling which
occurs at the base of the spikelet.

A SOMEWHAT rare species, having a glossy swollen appearance
at the base of the glumes. Found in open fields where water
has stagnated, and more especially near the sea.

Found in Norfolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Devonshire,
Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Denbigh,
and Flint. Isle of Wight, abundant. Isle of Sheppy.

Abroad it is a native of France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland,
Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Northern Africa, and the
Mediterranean Islands.

It has not been found either in Scotland or Ireland.

Of no use as an agricultural Grass.

40 GASTRIDIUM LENDIGERUM.

Root annual and fibrous, having slender branching fibres.
Stem upright, circular, polished; carrying four or five flat, acute,
rough leaves, with usually smooth sheaths, the upper one being
longer than its leaf. Joints mostly three in number. Ligule
conspicuous, pointed, and broad. Inflorescence compound pani-
cled, compact; pale green in colour; branches rough. Rachis
circular and smooth. Spikelets upright, numerous, composed
of two unequal-sized acute glumes, that are tumid at the base,
deeply dentate at the upper portion, and with green keels, and
one floret, two-thirds less in length than the glumes, and
consisting of two paleae, the exterior one being five-ribbed, with
the summit jagged; inner paleae somewhat shorter, with smooth
lateral ribs. Awn rough, yet slender, twice the length of the
paleae. Styles brief, distant, and two in number. Stigmas
feathery. Filaments three, slender. Anthers notched at either
extremity. Scales acute.

Gastridium lendigerum does not flower till August, nor ripen
its seeds before the end of September.

The specimen illustrated was gathered on St. Vincent Rocks,
Bristol, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

M I L I U M E F F U S U
XII

41

MILIUM EFFUSUM.

LINNAEUS. SMITH. PAENELL. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. LINDLEY.

GEEVILLE. KOCH. HUDSON. WITHEEING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP.

ABBOT. CUETIS. KNAPP. LEEES. SCHEADEB. SINCLAIR.

PLATE XTI.

Gramen miliaceum, RAY. GEEAEDE.

" " vulgare, MOEISON.

The Spreading Millet Grass.

Milium— Millet. Effusum— Spreading.

MILIUM. Linnceus. — Confined to one British species, with spreading
panicle, having in some degree dorsally-compressed awnless spikelets, with
two almost equal-sized glumes, and the same number of glumellas. Millet
Grass, says Sir W. Hooker, either receives its name from mille — a thousand,
on account of its fertility, or from mil — a stone, because of the hardness
of its seeds.

AN elegant Grass, growing commonly in damp woods and in
moist shady situations. Of no agricultural value, but the seeds
are a favourite food of small birds.

Common in many portions of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Abroad it is found in Norway, Sweden, Lapland, North
America, the United States, and in the Mediterranean Islands.

Root fibrous, perennial, and branching. Stem upright, smooth,
slender, shining ; and having four or five broad, flat, pale green,
shining, smooth, lanceolate-shaped leaves, with sheaths that are
smooth and striated, the upper sheath having an oblong membran-
ous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled,
or spreading, the panicle being glabrous, subverticillate, loose,
and of large size, with lengthy slender branches arranged in
alternate distant clusters along the rachis. Spikelets abundant,
small, ovate in form, on delicate footstalks, and consisting of

42 MILIUM EFFUSUM.

one awnless floret, hid within the calyx. The calyx composed
of two equal-sized, rough, three-ribbed, broad, membranous
glumes. The floret composed of two equal-sized membranous
palese. Styles short. Stigmas feathery. Length from three to
four feet.

Flowers about the middle of June, and ripens its seeds about
the middle of August. Colour pale whitish green.

For specimens from Reddish "Woods, Cheshire, I am indebted
to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester; and for others from
Falmouth, to Mr. H. C. Bastian, of Falmouth.

The specimen illustrated was gathered in Reddish Woods,
Cheshire, by Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester.

PENNATA.

XIII

43

STIPA PENNATA.

LINN.EUS. HOOKEE AND AKNOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. HUDSON.

WlTHEEING. HULL. WlLLDENOW. KtfAPP. SlNCLAIB. ScHEADEE.

Kocn. LINDLEY. BABINGTON.

PLATE XIII.

Spartum austriacum, G-EEAEDE.

Gramen sparteum pennatwm, BAUHIN. DILLENIUS.

The Common Feather- Grass.

Stipa — Tow or flax, (from the Greek.) Pennata. Penna — A feather.

STIPA. Linnceus. — Panicle upright and contracted. Glumes membrana-
ceous, two in number, longer than the floret. Floret stipulate. Glumellas
cartilaginous; exterior glumella involute, ending in a twisted awn of great
length, which is jointed at the base. There is only a solitary representative
of this genus in Great Britain, and that one very rare. The name is derived
from the Greek, signifying a flaxen appearance, in reference to the present
species — Stipa pennata.

AN exceedingly rare British Grass, of but little agricultural
value. It was first discovered on rocks in Long Sleadale,
Westmorland, by Dr. Kichardson and Mr. Lawson, in the time
of Dillenius, and from that time there seems to be no re-discovery
of it. Lately, however, Mr. Joseph Sidebotham has forwarded
me specimens gathered in corn-fields near Hebden Bridge,
Yorkshire, where he informs me it is found growing wild,
although rare.

From the extreme beauty of this species it is extensively
cultivated in our gardens, and its flowers gathered to ornament
our drawing-rooms during winter.

Stipa pennata grows in dry sandy situations. It is found in
many parts of Germany.

44 STIPA PEN N ATA.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, carrying four or five long,
splendid, hirsute, rigid, and setaceous leaves, with rather rough
sheaths, the uppermost one being longer than its leaf. Joints
three or four in number, hid by the sheaths. Ligule of upper-
most sheath hirsute, long and pointed. Inflorescence racemed,
rising out of the highest sheath. Spikelets consisting of two
nearly equal-sized, long, slender, hirsute glumes ; and one floret
of only half the length of the glumes, consisting of two paleae,
the exterior one sharp-pointed at the base, hirsute, five-ribbed,
and ending in a considerable feather-like awn. The awn com-
mences at the apex of the exterior palea, and usually twenty
times its length; with the exception of that portion immediately
about the base, it is feathery to the apex. Styles prominent,
two. Stigmas feathery. Filaments capillary, three in number.
Anthers notched at either extremity. Scales acute. Length about
two feet. Root perennial and fibrous.

This species does not flower till August, and its seeds become
ripe about the middle of September.

When gathered to decorate a room, this should be done at
the commencement of September, before the seeds are ripe.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Hebden
Bridge, Yorkshire, by the late S. Gibson, and forwarded by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS, P. LITTORALI6.

XIV

45

POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS.

DESFONTAINES. KOCH. SMITH. HOOKER. LINDLEY.
PARNELL. SCHRADER. MARSCHALL.

PLATE XIV. A.

Agrostis panicea, AITON. WILLDENOW.

Alopecurus monspeliensis, LINN^US. WITHERING.

" aristatus, HUDSON.

Agrostis triaristata, KNAPP.

Alopecurus maxima anglica, HAY.

paniceus, LINN^US. WITHERING.

Cynosurus paniceus, LINN^US.

Phleum crinitum, SCHREBER. J. E. SMITH.

The Annual Beard-Grass.

Polypogon — Many — A beard, (from the Greek.) Monspeliensis — Belonging

to Montpelier.

POLYPOGON. Desfontaines. — The Beard-Grass, of which two species
occur in Great Britain, has compact panicles, whose spikelets are laterally
compressed. Glumes two, equal-sized, notched, and awned. Name derived
from the Greek, meaning many beards.

A BEAUTIFUL rare Grass, growing in moist situations near
the sea.

Found in Hampshire, Kent, Essex, Norfolk, Gloucester,
Durham, Fifeshire, and the Island of Guernsey. Also found
along the Mediterranean Sea.

Stem upright, circular, rather rough, carrying five or 'six
broad flat acute rough leaves, with striated smooth sheaths, the
upper one extending beyond its leaf. Ligule long, rough, and
acute. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled. Pan-
icle upright, close, lobed, silky; length from one to two

46 POLYPOGON MOXSPELIENSTS.

inches. Branches rough, but rachis almost smooth. Spikelet
of one awned floret, shorter than the calyx. The calyx of two
membranous hairy obtuse linear glumes, having a rough slender
awn of great length arising just beneath the apex. Dentate
on the lower half of the keels. Destitute of lateral ribs.
Floret consisting of two palea?, the exterior one ovate in shape,
destitute of lateral ribs, half the length of the calyx, and furnished
with a small awn, the interior one thin and pellucid, some-
what shorter and with entire margins. Length from nine to
fifteen inches. Root creeping and fibrous.

Flowers in the first week in July, and ripens its seed the
second week of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Plumstead
Marsh, Kent, and fprwarded by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of
Manchester.

47

POLYPOGON LITTORALIS.

SMITH, HOOKER. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. PARNELL. KUNTH. KOCH.

PLATE XIV. B.

Agrostis littoralis, J. E. SMITH. WITHERING.

" " KNAPP. DICKSON.

The Perennial Beard- Grass.

Polypogori — Many — A beard, (from the Greek.) Littoralis — Sea-shore.

A VERY rare species, growing in salt marshes.

Found in Norfolk, near Cley; in Essex, on the coast; Hamp-
shire, near Porchester; and Kent, near the Woolwich powder-
magazine; and in Germany.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, carrying seven or eight flat,
roughish, acute leaves, with striated yet smooth sheaths, the
uppermost one considerably longer than its leaf, and its ligule
bold, acute, and about twice as long as it is broad. Joints
smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled, the rachis and
branches being rough with minute teeth. Spikelets numerous,
laterally compressed, small, and composed of two equal-sized,
linear, obtuse, hirsute glumes, and one floret of a little above
half the length of the glumes. Glumes destitute of lateral ribs,
dentate on the keel, and having a long rough awn of the
same length as the glumes, arising just beneath the apex. Floret
consisting of two palese, the exterior one destitute of lateral ribs,
having a slender awn commencing slightly beneath the apex.
Inner palea shorter, thin, pellucid, and having entire margins.
Stamens two; styles two; scales two. Stigmas feathery. Length

48 POLYPOGON LITTORALIS.

from six to twelve inches. Root perennial, and somewhat
creeping.

In Polypogon monspeliensis the awns of the glumes are above
twice the length of the glumes.

The illustration is from a specimen found near the powder-
magazine, Kent, forwarded by Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester.

CALAMAGBOSTI3 EPIGSJOS.

C. L AN C SOL ATA.

49

CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS.

ROTH. LlNDLEY. KoCH. HOOKER. PARNELL.

PLATE XV. A.

Arundo epigejos, SMITH. LINNJEUS. WILLDENOW.

" " KNAPP. SCIIEADER. EHRHART.

" calamagrostis, HOOKER. LIGHTFOOT. HUDSON.

Calamagrostis lanceolata, WITHERING, (not of ROTH.)

The Wood Reed.

Calamagrostis — Palm Grass. Epigejos — Upon — The earth,
(from the Greek.)*

CALAMAGROSTIS. Adanson. — Of Calamagrostis there are three British
species, all growing in moist situations. In C. epigejos and C. stricta the
panicle is upright and close; in C. lanceolate it is loose. Spikelets laterally
compressed. Two almost equal-sized glumes. Two membranaceous glumellas.
Name derived from the Greek, signifying the Palm Grass, a very inappro-
priate name.

THE Calamagrostis epigejos is by no means a common Grass,
growing in damp woods and shady ditches.

It is to be met with in Dalrymple Wood, Ayr; and in Argyle
and Aberdeenshire, Scotland; and near St. Ann's Wells, Not-
tingham, although rare. The last locality is from the authority
of Mr. J. Sidebotham. Also in Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Kent,
Surrey, Middlesex, Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford,
Oxford, Leicester, Warwick, Worcester, Shropshire, Lincoln,

* This should be spelt and pronounced Epigeios, with the g hard. The term is
intended to characterize the species as one that grows on the land, as distinguished
from the sea or from watery places. Linnreus gives as its habitat '•'•Dry hills, banks,
and comers of fields." Withering, Hudson, Babington, and other botanists speak of
"moist shady places, wet hedges," etc. Two localities in which it was found near
Nottingham, by Dr. Howitt and Dr. Wilson, are dry. Doubtless it does grow in moht
places, but differs from the other Reed Grasses in not being limited to such places, as
they are. Hence the propriety of the specific term "Epigeios"

50 CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS.

York, Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland, and Anglesea.
Abroad in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Lapland.

Stem circular, upright, and somewhat rough, carrying four
narrow, acute, taper-pointed leaves, with inner surface and edges
rough, but smooth on the back. Sheaths smooth, striated, the
uppermost one extending beyond its leaf, and having at its apex
a lengthy, lanceolate-shaped, divided ligule. Joints smooth.
Inflorescence brown, compound panicled. Panicle upright,
compact, four inches in length. Branches and rachis rough, the
branches in alternate clusters. Calyx composed of two narrow,
acute, equal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs; containing
one awned floret, not so long as the glumes. Floret consisting
of two 'paleae, the exterior one ovate-lanceolate, destitute of
lateral ribs, and ending in two bifid points; at the base a number
of long straight hairs, colourless, and equal in length to the
calyx. Awn long and slender, commencing at the centre of the
palea, and rising to the summit of the hairs. Inner palea acute,
membranous, linear, and considerably . shorter. Length from
three to five feet. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers at the end of July, and seed ripens at the end of
August.

Cattle will seldom eat this Grass.

Distinguished from C. stricta in the hairs and awn of (7.
stricta scarcely extending beyond the floret.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered near St. Ann's
Wells, Nottingham.

51

CALAMAGROSTIS LANCEOLATA.

BOTH. KOCH. KUNTH. PARNELL. BABINGTON. HOOKER. LINDLEY.

PLATE XV. B.

\

Calamagrostis epigejos, WITHERING.

Arundo calamagrostis, SMITH. KNAPP. SCHRADER.

" " LINNJEUS. OEDER. EHRHART.

" epigejos, HUDSON.

The Purple-Flowered Small Reed.

Calamagrostis — Palm Grass. Lanceolata — Lanceolate.

A BEAUTIFUL species, growing in fenny countries in moist
shady situations.

A somewhat common Grass in England. Found also in Ire-
land, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Greece, Siberia, British
America, and North Africa.

Of no agricultural value.

Stem circular, smooth, striated, carrying four or five narrow,
flat, acute, long, rough leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the
upper one extending beyond its leaf. Ligule of upper leaf
bold and obtuse. Joints wide apart. Inflorescence compound
panicled, seven to eight inches long, spreading when in flower,
branches into clusters, rough, and slender. Spikelets numerous,
composed of two narrow acute equal-sized glumes, and one floret
shorter than the glumes; of two palese, the exterior being five-
ribbed; apex bifid, awned from slightly below the apex.
Base of palea hirsute, extending beyond the floret. Glumes
destitute of lateral ribs, dentate for the whole length of their
keel, and purple in colour. Awn rough, slender, very short.

K

CALAMAGROSTIS LANCEOLATA.

Inner palea one third shorter than the outer one, thin, trans-
parent, and apex cloven. Styles two. Filaments three. Stig-
mas long and feathery. Anthers long, and cloven at either
extremity. Scales acute. Length three feet. Root perennial
and creeping.

Flowers in June and July, and ripens seed at the end of
August.

Distinguished from C. epigejos in the awn being very short.

The C. Lapponica of Ireland is looked upon as a variety
of this species, and not the true C. Lapponica of Lapland.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered by Mr. J.
Sidebotham, at Rosthern Mere, Cheshire.

iV , V HI l>* '

M *l 0 1 i .1 A 0

CALAMAGHOSriS STRICT A.

XVI

AG HOST IS CANINA.

53

CALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA.

NUTTALL. PAENELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. HOOKEB.

PLATE XVI. A.

Arundo stricta,
" neglecta,

SMITH. HOOKEE. SCHEADEE.
EHEHABT.

The Small Close Reed.

Calamagrostis — Palm Grass.

Stricta — Upright .

THIS very rare Grass grows on bogs and in marshes.

Found about Oakmere, in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and
in several places in the county of Antrim. It used to grow
in Fifeshire, but has been by drainage of the land destroyed
in that county. Found in the most northern portion of
Europe, and in North America.

Stem upright, circular, and rough, having two or three
narrow acute rough leaves, with smooth striated sheaths and
smooth joints. Inflorescence compound panicled. Panicle
somewhat close and rough, three to five inches in length.
Calyx having two almost equal-sized membranous broad glumes,
destitute of lateral ribs. Floret one-awned, consisting of two
palese, ovate in form, apex jagged, and base hirsute; the awn
does not extend beyond the apex of the palea. Inner palea
considerably shorter, thin, and transparent. Length from
eighteen to twenty-four inches.

It is much less robust than Calamagrostis epigejos, having
shorter hairs, and the floret only half the size. Awn com-
mencing lower, and not extending much beyond the palea.

Comes into flower about the 20th. of June, and ripens its
seed in the last week in Julv.

55

AGROSTIS CANINA.

LINN^US. SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE. KOCH. PARNELL,
WILLDENOW. LEERS. HOFFMANN.

PLATE XVI. B.

Agrostis vinealis, WITHERING.

" stricta, SINCLAIR.

Triehodium caninum, LINDLEY. SCHRADER.

Agrostis tenuifolia, CURTIS.

" fascicularis, SINCLAIR.
i

The Brown Bent Grass.

Agrostis — A field, (from the Greek.) Canina — Dog's.

AGROSTIS. Linnceus. — Agrostis, or Bent Grass, is derived from the
Greek of a field, in reference to the species (of which there are six in
Great Britain) growing in open situations. The panicle is loose, with
laterally-compressed spikelets. Two acute awnless membranaceous glumes.
Sessile floret. Two unequal-sized glumellas.

A COMMON species, found in boggy situations in England,
Scotland, t Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden,
and America.

Of no agricultural value.

Stem circular, polished, slender, erect, with the base some-
what decumbent, carrying four or five taper-pointed narrow
leaves with smooth sheaths, the upper one extending considerably
beyond its leaf, and having at its apex a lengthy-pointed
membranous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence yellowish
brown, compound panicled. Panicle upright, spreading when
in flower. Branches slender, elastic, rough; mostly in clusters
of three or five. Spikelets small, acute, numerous, on foot-
stalks. Calyx of two glumes, the exterior one being destitute

56 AGROSTIS CANINA.

of lateral ribs, dentate the entire length of its keel, and
larger than the inner glume. Floret consisting of one palea,
ovate, five-ribbed, hairy at the base, dentate at the summit,
and having a lengthy dorsal awn commencing from a little
above the base, and extending half its length beyond the
apex of the palea. Length from one to two feet. Root per-
ennial and creeping.

There is a small alpine variety found on the Scotch moun-
tains, which is only from two to three inches in length.

I am indebted to Mr. Sidebotham, of Manchester, and Dr.
Wilson, of Nottingham, for specimens of this Grass.

AGROSTIS SETACEA.

A . ALBA,

XVII

57

AGROSTIS SETACEA.

CURTIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KNAPP.
BABINGTON. LINDLEY. WITHERING.

PLATE XVII. A.

• Agrostis alpina, WITHERING. HULL.

" canina, var., HUDSON.

" ' mutabilis, SIBTHORP.

The Bristle-leaved Bent Grass.

Agrostis — A Field. Setacea — Bristle-like.

AN interesting very local species, confined to the dry downs
of the south-west of England; being most abundant in Hamp-
shire, Devonshire, and Cornwall, on sandy heaths, where it
nourishes and finds food for flocks of sheep.

It is a native of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, Turkey, and Greece.

Root perennial, tufted, and fibrous. Stem circular, rough,
and striated; carrying four or five very narrow rough leaves,
with striated sheaths, the uppermost considerably longer than
its leaf. Joints three. Leaves from the root long, setaceous, and
crowded. Inflorescence compound panicled, upright and compact
until in flower, then spreading. Spikelets small, acute, and
numerous, consisting of two almost equal-sized glumes, and one
floret shorter than the glumes. The floret consisting of two
unequal-sized palese, the exterior one four-ribbed, base hirsute,
summit jagged, having an awn as long again as the palea,
arising from slightly above the base, and being rough and slender.
Inner palea diminutive. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Filaments

L

58 AGROSTIS SETACEA.

three. Anthers cloven at either extremity. Length from eight
to fifteen inches.

Flowers in July, and ripens its seed at the beginning of
September.

It is readily distinguished from other species. Agrostis vul-
garis has stem and sheaths smooth, and inner palea half the
length of outer one. A. alba has mostly no awn, and the leaves
from the root are not setaceous. A. canina has smooth leaves
and sheaths, and no inner palea.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Penzance, by
Mr. J. Kalfs.

59

AGROSTIS ALBA.

LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SMITH.
WITHERING. HULL, RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. WILLDENOW.

CULLUM. SCHRADER. GfiEVILLE. LlNDLEY.
PLATE XVII. B.

Agrostis stolonifera,

compressa,

sylvatica,

polymorpha,

mutabilis,

palustris,

capillaris,

stolonifera, latifolia,

LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. MARTENS.

WILLDENOW. KNAPP. KOCH.

WILLDENOW.

LINN^US. HUDSON.

HUDSON.

KNAPP.

SINCLAIR.

LEERS.

SINCLAIR.

The Marsh Bent Grass.

Agrostis — A Field.

Alba— White.

ABUNDANT in pastures and on wood sides, preferring a dry
sandy soil, sometimes found two thousand feet above sea level.

Of no use to the agriculturist.

Root perennial, tufted, and creeping. Stem circular, polished,
and upright, bearing four or five short, narrow, flat, very rough
leaves, with somewhat rough, striated sheaths, the upper one
extending beyond its leaf, having at its apex a long, ragged,
acute, ribbed ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound
panicled. Panicle upright, somewhat purple, with pale green
florets. Branches rough, slender, and spreading when in flower,
proceeding from the rachis, generally in fives, placed at equal
distances, but unequal in length. Spikelets small, upright,

60 AGROSTIS ALBA.

numerous, consisting of one small awnless floret. Calyx con-
sisting of two nearly equal-sized, narrow, acute glumes, destitute
of lateral ribs. Floret of two unequal-sized palese, exterior
one ovate, , hairy at the base, and notched at the apex; inner
one only half the length, with cloven apex, entire margins, and
semitransparent.

Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches.

Flowers in the third week of July, and seeds ripen at the
end of August.

This species is subject to variety.

Dr. Parnell describes two varieties, namely: —

1st. — Stolonifera. Growing on damp heavy ground near the
sea, and by the side of ditches and other wet situations. It
has the branches of the panicles densely tufted.

8nd. — Palustris. With larger spikelets, growing in damp,
shady, stagnant, situations.

Sir "W. Hooker remarks, "In some there is a short awn at
the base of the outer glumella; this constitutes the Agrostis
compressa of Willdenow, and occasionally the flowers are vivi-
parous, when it is the A. sylvatica of Linneeus."

The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Mr. J.
Sidebotham, of Manchester.

A G HOST IS VULGARIS

A . S F I C A - V I': N "I I •

61

AGROSTIS VULGARIS.

WITHERING. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SMITH.
HULL. RELHAN. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. HOFFMANN. LINDLET.

G-REVILLE. KOCH.

PLATE XVIII. A.

Agrostis canina, WITHERING.

" pumila, LIGHTFOOT. LINN^US.

" " WILLDENOW. EHRHART.

" tennis, STBTHORP.

" capillaris, ABBOT. ROTH.

" polymorpha, HUDSON.

" hispida, WILLDENOW.

" stolonifera, LEERS. EHRHART.

The Fine Bent Grass.

Agrostis — A Field. Vulgaris — Common.

A COMMON English Grass, growing in dry pastures and on
heaths.

Of no agricultural value.

Common in Ireland and Scotland, and is a native of France,
Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, and North
America.

Eoot perennial, tufted, and creeping. Stem upright, circular,
and polished, having five or six short, flat, rough, narrow, acute,
dentate leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the uppermost one
slightly longer than its leaf, having an abrupt, blunt, membranous
ligule at the apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound
panicled. Panicle upright, either brownish purple or light green.
Branches spreading zig-zag, delicate, rough, proceeding from the

62 AGROSTIS VULGARIS.

rachis at equal distances in threes or fours. Spikelets small,
shining, numerous; of one awnless floret. Calyx of two almost
equal-sized narrow acute glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Floret
of two unequal-sized paleae; exterior one ovate, with smooth base
and notched apex; inner one membranous; margins entire, and
only half the length of the outer palea. Length fifteen inches.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens seed in
the middle of August.

Subject to variety.

The variety Pumila is a pretty dwarf plant, growing in dry
alpine situations. I found it abundant in Westmorland and
Cumberland — on Loughrigg Fell and Helvellyn, growing by the
side of Nardus stricta. It does not exceed three inches in
height.

The variety Aristata has a long, slender, dorsal awn, arising
a little above the base of the outer palea.

The illustration of this beautiful Grass is from a specimen
sent by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

AGROSTIS SPICA-VENTI.

LlNN^TJS. HOOKEE AND AfiNOTT. SMITH. HUDSON, LEEES.

OEDEE. WITHEEING. HULL.
BELHAN. ABBOT. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHEADEE.

PLATE XVIII. B.

Anemagrostis spica-venti, PAENELL. LINDLEY.

Gramen harundinaceum, GTEEAEDE.

The Spreading Silky Bent Grass.

Agrostis — A Field. Spica-venti — Wavy spike.

THIS beautiful Grass is by no means a common species,
although it has been procured in the counties of Kent, Surrey,
Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire,
Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Warwickshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire,
Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland. In Scotland it is
one of the rarest Grasses, being only found on the Fifeshire
coast.

Abroad it is procured in the middle and south of Europe.

Grows in light sandy soil, more particularly in fields that
are sometimes flooded.

Root annual and fibrous. Stem upright, smooth, circular,
carrying five narrow, acute, spreading, rough, ribbed leaves,
with roughish sheaths; the upper one extending beyond its leaf,
and having a lengthy, lanceolate, jagged ligule at its apex.
Joints naked. Inflorescence compound panicled, spreading, and
loose. Panicle of great size, glossy, with slender, rough, sub-
divided branches disposed in alternate clusters, the centre one
being the longest. Rachis usually smooth. Spikelets numerous,
diminutive, of one awned floret of the same length as the calyx.

64 AGROSTIS SPICA-VENTI.

Calyx consisting of two unequal acute glumes, with rough keels,
the uppermost one largest. Floret of two palese, exterior one
ovate-lanceolate, roughish, and bearing a tuft of hairs at the
base. Awn long, rough, slender; proceeding from slightly below
the summit of the palea, and being above three times its length.
Inner palea shorter. Apex bifid. Margins entire, membranous,
and linear. Seeds exceedingly smooth.

Flowers in June and July.

This Grass is readily recognised by the great length of the
awn, in comparison with that of the floret.

For specimens I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of
Manchester.

The illustration is from a specimen procured at Godalming,
in the county of Surrey, by Mr. J. D. Salmon.

CATABROSA A Q U A T I C A .

XIX

65

CATABROSA AQUATICA.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. LINDLEY.

PLATE XIX.

Aira aquatica, LINN.EUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER.

" " WITHERING. HULL. SIBTHORP.

" " RELHAN. HOOKER. ABBOT.

" " CURTIS. KNAPP. EHRHART.

" " WlLLDENOW. SCHRADER. HoST.

" " OEDER. G-REVILLE.

Poa dulcis, SALISBURY.

The Water Whorl- Grass.

Catabrosa — A Gnawing. Aquatica — Water.

CATABROSA. Beauvois.—Catabrosa or Whorl-Grass, has a spreading
panicle with awnless florets. The name is derived from the Greek, and
signifies a gnawing, on account of the extremity of the glumes being erose.

Catabrosa aquatica is the only British species.

A BOLD handsome species, growing in ditches, banks of rivers,
and other wet situations, rendering it a useless agricultural Grass,
although cattle are very fond of it.

A common Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Abroad
it is a native of France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Norway,
Lapland, and in the North of South America.

Root perennial, extremely long, branched, creeping, or
frequently floating on the water, and having lengthy shining
white fibres. Stem strong, circular, and smooth, the basal
portion procumbent and floating in the water, the upper
portion rising from twelve to eighteen inches above the water,
bearing three or four broadly-linear leaves, having striated,

M

66 CATABROSA AQUATICA.

smooth, lax sheaths, the upper one shorter than its leaf, and
having a blunt membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth.
Inflorescence compound panicled, the panicle being upright,
with spreading unequal branches. Spikelets small, numerous,
and weeping, consisting of two awnless florets, considerably
longer than the glumes. The calyx consisting of two rough,
unequal, blunt, membranous glumes, destitute of lateral ribs.
The upper glume largest. Florets of two equal-sized paleae.
Length from twelve to twenty-four inches.

Flowers the second week of July, and ripens seed the second
week of August.

A dwarf variety has been found growing near the sea in
damp situations, especially along the west coast of Scotland.
This variety is known by the English name of "Small Water
Hair Grass," and is the Catabrosa aquatica, variety Littoralis,
of Parnell.

I am indebted to Mr. J. Sidebotham, for specimens.

The specimen illustrated was gathered in a ditch, near the
railway station, Bceston, Nottinghamshire.

AIRA C2ESP-ITOSA.

XX

67

AIRA CJESPITOSA.

PAENELL. SMITH. HOOKEE. ABXOTT. GEEVILLE. KNAPP.
WlLLDENOW. SCHBADEB. LEEBS. HOST. EHBHABT.
OEDEB. HUDSON. WITHEBING. HULL. SIBTHOBP. ABBOT. RELHAN.

PLATE XX.

DescTiampsla c&spitosa, LINDLEY.

Gramen segetale, GEBABDE.

•

Aira — To destroy. Ccespitosa — Tufted.

The Tufted Hair Grass.

AIBA. Linneeus. — The Hair Grass is named from the Greek, and signifies
to destroy, but why it received this unwelcome name is apparently uncertain.
There are six British species. Having a spreading panicle, of which the
spikelets are laterally compressed. There are two florets present in each
spikelet, with a third imperfect rudiment between them; the outer palea
of each floret is rounded at the back and furnished with an awn.

A VEKY handsome Grass, the flowers of which are well
adapted for decoration, being very graceful. It is a common
species in England, Scotland, and Ireland, of no agricultural
merit, being coarse and rough, with but little nutritive proper-
ties. It will flourish in almost any situation, but prefers damp
fields, where it grows into large tufts, and is known to agri-
culturists as hassacks, a Grass difficult to destroy.

It is a native of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, France, Italy,
Germany, North America, and the United States. Nowhere
does it flourish so luxuriantly as on the banks of a brook.

The plant forms a large coarse tuft, and, as it is not eaten
by cattle except when nothing else can be procured, a field
in which it abounds has a singularly unsightly, and to farmers
unwelcome appearance.

The root is perennial and fibrous. Stem upright, circular, and

68 ARIA CJESPITOSA. x

rough, and supporting four or five narrow, rough, coarsely-ribbed,
acute leaves with rough striated sheaths, the uppermost one ex-
tending considerably beyond its leaf, and having a lengthy, mem-
branous, acute ligule at its apex. Joints smooth and very strong.
Inflorescence compound panicled, and exceedingly handsome.
Panicle when first expanded drooping, afterwards becoming
upright, with the branches spreading in all directions. Branches
and rachis rough. The spikelets are small and numerous, con-
sisting of two or three horned florets. The calyx consisting
of two equal-sized acute glumes, the upper one three-ribbed
and the lower one destitute of lateral ribs. Of the two palese
the exterior one of the lowest floret not equal in length to
the glumes, membranous, base hirsute, destitute of lateral ribs,
jagged on the summit; a slender awn starts from a little above
the base as far as the apex of the palea. The inner palea rather
shorter, linear, margin entire, and also membranous. Length
from two to five feet.

Aira alpina differs, on account of the awn commencing in
that species slightly above the centre of the outer palea; whilst
on the other hand, Aira flexuosa has the awn of the lower
floret protruding above one-third its length beyond the glumes.
There is a viviparous variety of Aira ccespitosa, known under
the name of variety Vivipera, which has been found on the
Clova mountains. It is an interesting ornamental variety, worthy
of extensive cultivation as a border flower in gardens. Dr.
Parnell describes two varieties, namely, " Longiaristata" and
"Brevifolia" The variety Longiaristata differs in having the
awn of the outer palea extending one quarter of its length
beyond the apex of the palea, and in having the spikelets of
a rich chocolate colour. Found on the mountains in Perthshire,
between three and four thousand feet above the sea level. The
variety Brevifolia is distinguished by the very short radical leaves.
It is found growing near the summit of several of our highest
Scotch mountains.

This species usually flowers in the beginning of July, and
ripens its seed early in September.

Door-mats and basses are made of the hay of Aira ccespitosa,
and for this the Grass is much in repute by rural cottagers.

The illustration is from a plant growing on the edge of the
lake at Highfield House.

AIRA ALPINA.

A . CARYOPHYLLEA.

XXI

69

AIRA ALPINA.

LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. BABINGTON. LINDLEY.
WILLDENOW. WAHLENBERG.

PLATE XXI. A.

Aira lavigata, J. E. SMITH.

The Smooth Alpine Hair- Grass.

Aira— To destroy. Alpina— Mountain.

AN uncommon and useless Grass, not seen at a less elevation
than three thousand feet.

Found on Ben Lomond, Ben Arthur, and moist rocks in
Angusshire, and said to be found in Wales.

Native of Lapland, Scotland, and North America.

Distinguished from Aira flexuosa by the awn rising from
above the centre of the palea, and not extending beyond the
apex of the palea.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, carrying three or four
narrow, acute, mostly involute, strongly-ribbed leaves, rough on
inner surface and margins, smooth on back, with smooth striated
sheaths. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled. Pani-
cle upright, silky, brown. Apex drooping. Branches arranged
on the smooth rachis in pairs at certain distances. Spikelets
numerous, with exceedingly delicate footstalks, usually two,
though occasionally three, awned florets, the lower one not
protruding beyond the calyx. Calyx of two nearly equal mem-
branous smooth glumes. Upper glume three-ribbed, others
destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleaB, exterior one of
lowest floret shorter than the glumes; oval in shape; base hirsute;

N

70 AIRA ALPINA.

apex jagged. Keel somewhat rough, having a brief rough awn
rising from a little above the centre, and extending to the apex
of the palea. Inner one rather shorter and membranous. Root
perennial and fibrous. Length from twelve to eighteen inches.

Flowers at the commencement of August, and becomes ripe
in the middle of September.

Dr. Parnell figures a viviparous variety called Vivipara.

71

AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA.

LINN^US. HOOKER AND AENOTT. J. E. SMITH. PAENELL. BABINGTON.

REICHENBACH. GTEEVILLE. LINDLEY.
WILLDENOW. KNAPP. CUETTS. STILLINGFLEET. G-EEAVES. OEDEE.

PLATE XXI. B.

Avena caryophyllea, KOCH.

The Silver Hair- Grass.

Air a— To destroy. Caryophyllea — ?

ANOTHER useless agricultural Grass, growing in dry gravelly
situations, and tolerably abundant in England, Scotland, and
Ireland.

It is a very handsome species.

Found in Germany, France, and Italy.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing three or
four short, narrow, rough leaves, with striated rough sheaths;
upper leaf much longer than its sheath, and having a prominent
acute ligule at the apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence com-
pound panicled, silvery grey. Panicle upright, triple-forked,
spreading, tinged with purple. Rachis smooth. Spikelets small,
with rounded bases and slightly swollen, consisting of two awned
florets, not protruding beyond the apex of the glumes. Calyx
of two equal-sized membranous glumes, destitute of lateral ribs.
Florets of two equal-sized paleee, exterior one of lowest floret
bifid, base hairy, furnished with a slender awn rising from
slightly beneath the centre, and extending half its length beyond
the apex of the palea. Inner one thin and membranous. Root
annual and fibrous. Length from six to twelve inches.

AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA.

Flowers in the third week of June, and ripens its seed at
the end of July.

This Grass is common in Sherwood Forest, where the specimen
from which the illustration is taken was gathered.

Mil

A IRA FLEXUOSA.

XXII

73

AIRA FLEXUOSA.

LINNJEUS. SMITH. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. PABNELL. BABINGTON.

BEICHENBACH. KOCH. GEEVILLE. WILLDENOW.
KNAPP. SCHEADEE. LEEES. HOST. SCHEEBEE. OEDEE. EHEHAET.

PLATE XXII.

Aira montana, HUDSON. DICKSON.

" " LEEES, (not LINKEUS.)

" scabro-setacea, KNAPP.

" setacea, HUDSON.

The Wavy Mountain Hair-Grass.

Aira — To destroy. Flexuosa — Bending.

A COMMON Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland, on heaths
and upon hills, often growing amongst the heather.

It is eaten by sheep.

Abroad it is found in North America, France, Italy, Norway,
Sweden, Lapland, and Germany.

The spikelets are twice as large as in Aira caryophyllea.

Stem upright, smooth, striated, rather flat, bearing three or four
exceedingly narrow, long, smooth leaves, and numerous radical
ones, with roughish striated sheaths, the uppermost one consider-
ably longer than its leaf, and being crowned with an acute mem-
branous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence compound panicled;
colour pale brownish green. Panicle upright, with delicate,
rough, triple-forked, spreading branches. Spikelets upright, of
two awned florets, which do not protrude beyond the calyx;
colour brownish glossy copper. Calyx consisting of two almost
equal-sized membranous glumes, with somewhat rough keels,

74 AIRA FLEXUOSA.

but destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized paleae,
the exterior one of lowest floret having a bifid apex; base hirsute,
with two delicate ribs on either side. Keel roughish, and
having a slender awn rising from slightly above the base, and
extending far beyond the apex of the palea. Inner palea very
thin, membranous; margins minutely fringed. Root perennial
and fibrous. Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Colour
dark green.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
in the middle of August.

Dr. Parnell describes a variety known as A. jlexuosa, var.
montana. Frequently met with on the Highland Moors. It is
more slender, and the ligules are more acute.

The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Mr. Joseph
Sidebotham, of Manchester.

no ,v r

A 1 11 A • CANBSCBNS.

A. PR JECCX.

XXUI

AIRA CANESCENS.

LlNN^EUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. J. E. SMITH. PABNELL. ScHEADEK.
KNAPP. WlLLDENOW. DlCKSON. WlTHEEING. EHEHAET. OEDEE.

PLATE XXIII. A.

Coryn&pJiorus canescens, BEAUVOIS. BABINGTON.

" " REICHENBACH. KOCH. KUNTH.

Gramen junccum, DALECHAMPS.

The Grey Hair-Grass.

Aira — To destroy. Canescens — To become grey.

ONE of the rarest of the British Grasses, and consequently
a useless agricultural species.

Found on the sandy coasts of Norfolk, Suffolk, Dorset, and
Jersey.

Native of the Islands of the Mediterranean, Greece, Turkey,
Snain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Germany, Belgium,
France, England, Norway, and Sweden.

Easily distinguished from all other British species, in having
club-shaped awns, which are fringed in the centre.

Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five
cetaceous, very short, rough, and glaucous leaves, with rough
striated sheaths, the uppermost leaf shorter than its sheath.
Ligule of upper leaf acute and bold. Joints three, the upper-
most one naked. Inflorescence compound panicled, close and
compact until in flower, then spreading; having a purple tinge.
Branches rough, but rachis smooth. Spikelets consisting of two
acute, membranous, equal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs;
keels minutely dentate, and two florets shorter than the glumes.

76 AIRA CANESCENS.

The florets composed of two equal-sized paleae, the exterior one
acute, base hairy, and without lateral ribs, and having a lengthy
dorsal awn. Inner palea membranous and narrow; apex notched.
Awn rising from a little above the base of the exterior palea,
and extending half its own length beyond; club-shaped above,
and having a circular fringe in the centre. Styles short, two.
Stigmas long and feathery. Filaments slender, three in number.
Anthers dark purple in colour, and short. Hoot annual or
biannual, and fibrous. Length from six to fourteen inches.
Flowers in July, and ripens its seed in August.

77

AIRA

LlNN^US. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. J. E. SMITH. PAENELL. BABINGTON

LINDLEY. GEEVILLE. WILLDENOW.
CTJETIS. KNAPP. G-EAVES. SCHEADEE. OEDEE. EHEHAET.

PLATE XXIIT. B.

The Early Hair- Grass.

Aira—To destroy. Prcecox — Early.

THIS is a very early Grass, and of but little value; it grows
on sandy hills and wall tops.

Tolerably abundant in England and Ireland, less common in
Scotland.

Found in France, Italy, Germany, and North America.

This species is known from Air a caryophyllea by the close
panicle, which does not exceed half an inch in width.

Stem circular, smooth, upright, and carrying four or five
narrow roughish leaves, with rough, striated, somewhat inflated
sheaths. Uppermost sheath longer than its leaf, and having
at its apex a lanceolate membranous ligule. Joints smooth.
Inflorescence simple panicled; greenish silvery colour. Panicle
upright and close ; branches rough; rachis smooth. Spikelets of
two awned florets, enclosed within the calyx. Calyx composed
of two equal and acute glumes, minutely toothed on the keels,
but destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized palese ;
exterior one of lowest floret bifid, base hairy, obscurely five-
ribbed, and having a lengthy, rough, slender awn rising from
slightly above the base, and extending half its length above
the apex of the palea. Inner one with margin minutely fringed,

0

78 AIRA PR^ECOX.

and membranous. Root annual and fibrous. Length from four
to six inches.

Flowers at the end of May, and is ripe in a month.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Dunham Park,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

MOLiNIA C^ERULEA

XXIV

79

MOLINIA OERULEA.

M(ENCH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PAENELL. LINDLEY. KOCH. STURM.
BEAUVOIS. BABINGTON. BEICHENBACH.

PLATE XXIV.

Melica alpina, DON.

Molinia depauperata, LINDLEY. PAENELL.

Melica ccerulea, LINNJEUS. SMITH. HOOKEE. HOST.

" " G-EEVILLE. WILLDENOW. SCHEADEE.

" " CUETIS. KNAPP.

Aira ccerulea, LINNJEUS. HUDSON. LEEES. OEDEE.

The Purple Molinia.

Molinia — After Molina, a Naturalist. Ccerulea — Blue.

MOLINIA, Mcench. — A genus named after Don Giovanni Ignatio Molina,
who published a work upon the Natural History of Chili seventy-five years
ago. There is only one British example, namely, Molinia ccerulea.

THIS reed-looking Grass, perhaps better known as the Purple
Melic Grass, is abundant throughout Scotland, England, and
Ireland, growing on damp heathy moors. It is of but little
agricultural value. In the Orkney and Shetland Islands the
stems are made by the fishermen into ropes, whilst in England
they are manufactured into cheap brooms.

It occurs in Lapland, Norway, and Sweden, and to the most
southern portions of Europe.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, being bulbous at the base,
carrying three lengthy, narrow, linear, taper-pointed, acute, rough
leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the uppermost one shorter

80 MOLINIA CJERULEA.

than its leaf, bearing at its apex a diminutive ligule. Joints
smooth, and close to the base. Inflorescence compound panicled.
Panicle upright, lengthy, narrow, and compact; branches slender,
rough, and situated on the rachis in bunches at certain intervals.
Spikelets numerous, small, chiefly composed of two, yet some-
times of three, awnless florets, purplish in colour, and considerably
longer than the glumes. Calyx smooth, of two unequal, acute
glumes. Florets of two equal-sized palese, exterior one of basal
floret smooth, three-ribbed, and acute; inner one having two
bold marginal ribs of a green colour. Root consisting of a
multitude of strong fibres, perennial. Length from one to two
feet and a half.

Flowers towards the end of July, and ripens its seed at the
close of August.

There is a variety known as Molinia depauperata, which
Lindley and Parnell give as a distinct species, and known as
the Tawny Melic Grass. It differs in being usually less in size,
and having the leaves of the stem extending beyond the panicle,
in the calyx having only one floret, the outer palea being five-
ribbed. It was discovered on the Clova Mountains, (three
thousand feet above the sea,) by Mr. Donald Munro. There is
another variety more dwarf and compact, known as M. ccerulea,
var. breviramosa, distinguished by its dwarf habit and dark purple
inflorescence — a common Grass on moors.

The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph
Sidebotham, of Manchester.

81

MELICA NUTANS.

LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND ABNOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. G-BEVILLE.

LlNDLET. KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CuBTIS.

MAETYN. KNAPP. RELHAN. GEAVES. SCHEADEE. BABINGTON. HOST.
SCHEEBEE. LEEES. REICHENBACH. WITHEBING. HULL. DICZSON.

PLATE XXV. A.

Melica montana, HUDSON.

Poa nutans, HALLEE.

The Mountain Melic Grass.

Melica — Honey. Nutans — Nodding.

-•

MELICA, Linnceus. — An interesting family, of which there are but two
British examples. The name is derived from met — honey.

A GRASS as yet of no agricultural value, growing in damp
shady woods at an altitude of about five hundred feet above
the sea, and not found higher than two thousand feet. It is
an early Grass, doing well under cultivation, and therefore may
prove of use to the farmer.

In Scotland it occurs in Aberdeenshire, Forfarshire, Fifeshire,
and near Edinburgh. In England, in all the northern counties
and Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Worcestershire, Suffolk, and
Hertfordshire. In Wales, in Denbigh. Abroad, it is a native
of France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and
Lapland.

This lovely Grass is very ornamental when growing luxuri-
antly, and no one can fail being struck with its beauty after
seeing it growing, as it does, in a damp wood near Ambleside.

p

82 MELICA NUTANS.

The wood seemed as if meant for Fairyland, each raceme of
bloom bearing a number of bells, all hanging in one direction.

Stem upright, slender, roughish, bearing four or five long,
narrow, acute, flaccid, pale green leaves, with rough striated sheaths,
the upper one shorter than its leaf, and having at the apex a
brief obtuse ligule. Inflorescence racemed. Raceme long, mostly
of ten spikelets placed on short rough footstalks. Spikelets large,
ovate, pendulous, and consisting of two perfect and one imper-
fect floret. Calyx of two broad, reddish brown, smooth, five-
ribbed glumes. Florets of two palese. Length from twelve to
twenty-four inches. Some specimens gathered near Ambleside
were above three feet in length. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers at the end of May, and becomes ripe in July.

This Grass is known from Melica uniflora in the inflorescence
being racemed instead of simple-panicled, and in the calyx
containing two perfect florets. The most unaccustomed eye can
at once recognise the difference between these two species.

My thanks are due to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham for specimens
gathered near Halifax, and from which the illustration is taken.

MELICA UNIFLORA.

LlNNJEUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. GrBEVILLE.

WlTHEBING. LlNDLEY. KOCH. HULL. RELHAN. ABBOT.
SlBTHOEP. CUETIS. DlCKSON. MAETYN. REICHENBACH. BABINGTON.

RETZIUS. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. GEAVES. SCHBADEE. OEDEE.

PLATE XXV. B.

Melica nutans, HUDSON. EUDBECK.

Lolelii, VILLAES.

The Wood Melic Grass.

Melica — Honey. Uniflora — One-flowered.

A GRASS of but little agricultural value, flourishing in clayey
soil in damp rocky woods.

A frequent Grass in England, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, France,
and Germany.

This beautiful species is very ornamental, and when dried is
well adapted for winter decoration.

Stem upright, circular, and slender, bearing four or five long,
flat, thin, acute, flaccid, rough leaves, with rough striated sheaths,
whose upper portions are furnished sparingly with slender yet
conspicuous white hairs. Upper sheath shorter than its leaf,
and having at its apex a short membranous ligule. Inflores-
cence simple-panicled. Panicle slightly pendulous, with few
spikelets on long, slender, rough footstalks, the branches long
and slender, rising usually in pairs from the rachis. Spikelets
upright, oval in shape, consisting of a perfect and an imperfect
awnless floret hid within the calyx. Calyx of two reddish brown,
five-ribbed, smooth glumes. Floret of two palese. Length from

84 MELICA UNIFLORA.

twelve to eighteen inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers in the middle of June, and becomes ripe at the end
of July.

It is distinguished from Melica nutans in the simple panicle,
and in the calyx containing only one perfect floret.

This species flourishes luxuriantly about Ambleside, and also
in a wood near Critch, in Derbyshire; where it grows well it is
very beautiful.

The illustration is from a Derbyshire specimen.

HOLCUS MOLLIS,

XXVI

85

HOLCUS MOLLIS.

LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. LINDLEY.

KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP. SINCLAIR.

SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. SCHREBER. BABINGTON. HUDSON. ABBOT.

WITHERING. RELHAN. HULL. SIBTHORP. DICKSON.

PLATE XXVI,

The Creeping Soft Grass.

Holcus—To extract. Mollis—Soft.

HOLCUS. Linnaeus. — Of the genus Holcus, or "Soft-Grass," England can
boast of only two species, both exceedingly interesting plants. The name
is derived from the Greek, and signifies to extract; the genus taking this
singular name because it was supposed to have the property of drawing out
thorns from the flesh.

A GRASS of no agricultural value, as cattle refuse to eat it,
whilst its long creeping roots speedily impoverish the soil. Its
favourite habitat is sandy, light, barren soil. .

Common in Britain, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany,
and Italy.

Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five flat,
broad, acute, soft, roughish, pale green leaves, with usually
smooth sheaths, upper sheath considerably longer than its leaf.
Joints four, hairy. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle
upright, and slightly pendulous at the apex. Spikelets consisting
of two florets, the upper one awned. Calyx consisting of two
equal-length glumes, membranous, and keels hairy. Upper
glume three-ribbed; lower one destitute of lateral ribs. Florets
of two palese. From near the apex of the upper floret arises

86 HOLCUS MOLLIS.

a long awn, which is rough from the base to the apex. Length
from one to three feet. Root perennial and creeping.

Dr. Parnell describes two varieties, one Biaristatus, which has
larger and fewer spikelets; the other, Parmflorus, does not ex-
ceed twelve inches in length, and having very small spikelets.

The specimen for illustration was sent by Dr. Wilson, of
Nottingham.

HULCUS LANATUS.

xxvn

87

HOLCUS LANATUS.

LINNAEUS. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY.

KOCH. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. HELHAN. ABBOT.

SIBTHORP. CURTIS. DICKSON. EEICHENBACH. BABINGTON. WILLDENOW.

KNAPP. SINCLAIR. LEERS. HOST. SCHRADER. SCHREBER.

PLATE XXVII.

The Meadow Soft Grass.

Holcus — To extract. Lanatus — Woolly.

A PRODUCTIVE Grass, easily cultivated, yet cattle do not like
it. It seems to delight to grow in shady situations, especially
in light moist soils.

Common throughout Great Britain and Scotland, France, Italy,
and Germany.

This very beautiful Grass has an upright circular stem,
bearing four or five pale green, flat, broad, acute, soft, hairy
leaves, with soft downy sheaths, the upper sheath extending
considerably beyond its leaf; inflated and having at its apex an
obtuse membranous sheath. Joints four, hairy. Inflorescence
compound-panicled, green, red, or pink in colour. Panicle up-
right, triangular in shape, compact and close when young, and
spreading when more mature. Branches hairy. Spikelets pen-
dulous. Two florets, the upper one awned. Calyx consisting
of two hairy membranous glumes, the upper one oblong, tipped
with a minute bristle. Keel hairy, having a green rib on either
side; lower glume crescent-shaped, and destitute of lateral ribs.
Two equal-sized paleaB. Upper floret smallest, and elevated on
a lengthy naked footstalk, having a dorsal awn of about half
the length of the palea, commencing a little beneath the apex,

88 HOLCUS LANATUS.

and when mature curved in the form of a fish-hook. The
apex of the awn is rough, but the lower two-thirds is quite
smooth. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root
perennial and fibrous.

This species is distinguished from Holcus mollis in having
two-thirds of the awn smooth.

Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens its seed in four
weeks.

The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Dr. Wilson,
of Nottingham.

i .}

XXVI II

89

ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND G-EEVILLE. LINDLEY. BABINGTON.

PLATE XXVIII.

Arrhenatherum elatior, KOCH.

" bulbosum, LINDLEY. DUNAL.

Avena elatior, LINN^US. HUDSON. CURTIS.

" " MARTYN. CULLUM. SCHREBEB.

" " LEERS. WITHERING. RELHAN.

HULL. ABBOT.

" nodosa, CULLUM.

" precatoria, THUILL.

Holcus avenaceus, SMITH. HOOKER. GREVILLE.

" " SCOPOLI. WlGGERS. SlBTHORP.

" " KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADER.

" " EEICHENBACH.

Gramen bulbosum nodosum, LOBEL.

" caninum nodosum, G-ERARDE.

The Oat-like Grass.

Arrhenatherum — Male-awn. Avenaeeum — Of oats.

ARRHENATHERUM. Beauvois. — There is only a solitary example of this
genus in this country, namely, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum. It has the
habit of the Oat Grass, yet differing in the number and structure of its
florets. The name is derived from two Greek words, signifying male and
awn.

A PRODUCTIVE agricultural Grass, especially on clayey soil,
yet a species but little grown in this country. It will thrive
well under trees, and is sometimes a troublesome weed in corn
fields.

Q

90 ARRHENATHERUM AVENACEUM.

A common Grass in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy,
Germany, and the United States.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, bearing four or five
flat, rough, narrow, acute leaves, with striated smoothish sheaths,
the upper one longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a
small ragged ligule. Joints smooth, and sometimes hirsute. In-
florescence simple-panicled. Panicle inclining to one side,
branches short and rough, the lower ones mostly in fives. Calyx
consisting of a pair of very unequal acute membranous glumes.
The florets consisting of two paleae. The lower floret has a
long awn rising from slightly above the base of the outer palea,
the second floret has a very short awn commencing beneath the
apex. Length from two to three feet and a half. Root peren-
nial, fibrous, and sometimes bulbous.

There is a variety known as bulbosum, which grows in rich
cultivated fields, having bulbous roots.

Flowers in the third week in June, and becomes ripe in
about five weeks.

The present species, which is readily known from all other
Grasses, is a common plant in Nottinghamshire, growing occa-
sionally to the height of three feet and a half, especially in
low meadows on the banks of hedges.

There is only another species known of this family, namely,
the A. pollens, a Portuguese plant.

The specimen for illustration was forwarded by Mr. Joseph
Sidebotham, of Manchester.

R T ?, R O C H L O E B O R E A L I S . K O Z L E E I A C R I S T A T

XXIX

91

HIEKOCHLOE BOEEALIS.

ROEMEE AND ScHULTES. PAENELL. HoOKEE AND GEEVILLE.

J. E. SMITH. LINDLEY. BABINGTON. EEICHENBACH.

PLATE XXIX. A.

Holcus borealis, SCHEADEE.

" odoratus, LINNAEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW.

" " OEDEE. SINCLAIE. WAHLENBEEG.

Hierochloe odorata, KOCH.

The Holy Grass.

Hierochloe- — Sacred Grass. Borealis — North.

HIEEOCHLOE. Gmelin. — The "Holy Grass" has a wide-spread panicle,
and derives its name from two Greek words, signifying Sacred Grass, because
according to Gmelin, it is on the sacred festivals in some parts of Per-
sia, scattered before the doors of churches, being dedicated to the Virgin
Mary. Sir W. Hooker remarks that a similar custom still prevails at
Norwich, where the Acorus calamus, or "Sweet Sedge," is the favoured
plant.

Great Britain only possesses one species, namely, Sierockloe borealis,
which has been found in Scotland. It is an abundant Iceland plant.

THIS very rare species, although one of our earliest, yet it
is not a valuable Grass.

It is confined to Scotland, having been found by the late
Mr. G. Don, in a mountain valley called Kella, near the
Spittle of Glen Shee, Forfarshire, and near Thurso, Caithness,
in 1854, by Mr. Eobert Dick.

Abroad it is native of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Italy,
France, Germany, Prussia, Kamtschatka, and Eussian America.

R

92 HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS.

This is the Grass used for strewing before the Prussian
churches. In Sweden it is hung over beds in the belief that
it induces sleep. In Iceland it is used to scent the clothes
and apartments of the inhabitants, and in that island it is a
common species. The scent emitted is very similar to that of
our Sweet-Scented Vernal Grass, ( Anthoxanthum odoratum.J

The stem stout, upright, circular, and smooth, carrying three
or four wide, brief, lanceolate, roughish leaves, with smooth
sheaths, the upper one somewhat swollen, considerably longer
than its leaf, and having a bold broad ligule at its apex.
Joints hid by the sheaths, near the base of the stem, and smooth.
Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright, except near
the apex. Branches smooth, spreading, proceeding from the
rachis in pairs; colour purplish. Spikelets of good size, glossy,
green and purple, consisting of three awnless florets hid by
the calyx. Calyx of two almost equal-sized, smooth, acute,
broad glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two palese;
the exterior one of lowest floret five-ribbed; edges fringed;
keel rough and slightly hairy; interior one shorter, with entire
apex. Filaments in perfect floret two, in barren floret three.
Anthers conspicuous, pendulous, and notched at either extremity.
Ovarium ovate. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Length from
twelve to eighteen inches. Root creeping and perennial.

Flowers at the commencement of May, and ripens its seed in
June.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Thurso by
Mr. H. Dick, and forwarded to me by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham,
of Manchester.

KOELERIA CRISTATA.

PEESOON. HOOKEE AND ABNOTT. KOCH. BABINGTON.

PLATE XXIX. B.

Aira cristata, LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKEB.

" " G-BEVILLE. KNAPP. SCHEADEE.

" " HUDSON. EEICHENBACH.

Airochloa cristata, LINK. PAENELL. LINDLEY.

Poa cristata, WILLDENOW. WITHEEING. HULL.

" " EELHAN. SIBTHOEP. ABBOT.

" " HOST. LEEES. EHEHAET.

The Crested Hair-Grass.

Koeleria — After the continental botanist, Koeler. Cristata — Crested.

KOELERIA. Persoon. — The present genus is named in honour of the
author of a work on the Grasses of Germany and France, published
fifty-five years ago by George Louis Koeler. The panicle is rounded and
spiked.

England possesses only one species, namely, Koeleria cristata.

THIS Grass is rejected by cattle. It grows in dry situations
near the sea, and on rocks as much as fifteen hundred feet
above the sea-level. Frequent, more especially in the north of
England, in Scotland, and in Ireland.

Native also of France, Italy, and Germany.

Better known as the Aira cristate, of Linnaeus.

Stem upright, circular, pubescent, bearing two or three stiff,
rough, pubescent, narrow, acute leaves, with hairy striated
sheaths, the upper one longer than its leaf, having at its apex

94 KOELERIA CRISTATA.

a short jagged ligule. Joints near the base smooth. [Inflores-
cence simple-panicled, compact and silvery in appearance.
Panicle upright, oval; sometimes two inches in length, inter-
rupted near the base. Branches arranged in pairs on the
rachis, close until in flower, then spreading. Spikelets com-
pressed, consisting of two awnless florets, which do not extend
beyond the glumes of the calyx. Calyx of two acute unequal-
sized glumes, with dentate keels; uppermost glume three-ribbed.
Florets of two equal-sized paleae. Inner palea cloven at the
apex; second floret having a lengthy downy footstalk. Length
from three to six inches. Hoot perennial, forming dense tufts
of lengthy downy fibres.

Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seed at the
end of August.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Castleton, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

S L E ?. I A C /2 R U L E A . P A N 1 C U M C R r J - G A L L I

XXX

95

SESLERIA C^ERULEA.

SCOPOLI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL.

KOCH. SMITH. BEICHENBACH. WITHERING. LINDLEY. KNAPP. HOST.
SCHRADER. OEDER. ARDUINO. HULL.

PLATE XXX. A.

Cynosurus cceruleus, LINNJEUS. WILLDENOW. HUDSON.

" " MARTYN. EHRHART. DICZSON.

" " JACQUIN. WULFEN.

The Blue Moor- Grass.

Sesleria — Named after the Italian botanist Sesler. Ccerulea — Blue,

SESLERIA, Linnceus. — The genus Sesleria is named after another botanist,
Leonard Sesler, an Italian Physician. Panicle spiked. There is only one
British representative, the Sesleria ccerulea, which is confined to the north.

A MOST beautiful Grass, yet of no agricultural merits.

Found in the counties of Durham, Westmorland, Cumberland,
and Yorkshire, growing on the high hills. More abundant on
the Scotch mountains, especially on Ben Lomond, (three thou-
sand feet above the sea.) In Ireland it has been found, al-
though rare, in the county of Sligo. Its favourite habitats are
limestone rocks.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and Iceland.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, slender, pale green, carrying
three very brief leaves, with smooth sheaths, the upper one
eight times the length of its leaf, and having a short membra-
nous ligule. Joints hid. Root leaves linear, narrow, lengthy,

96 SESLERIA (LERTJLEA.

and eleven-ribbed. Margins minutely dentate. Inflorescence
racemed. Raceme purplish blue, oval, and about half an inch
in length. Spikelets laid one over the other all round the
rachis. Calyx of two broad, acute, membranous, equal-sized
glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized paleee,
exterior one of lowest floret five-ribbed. Apex dentate, and
ending in a brief awn. Inner one linear bifid, having two green
marginal ribs. Filaments three. Anthers conspicuous, notched
at either extremity. Ovarium minute. Hirsute globose, with a
pointed base. Style short. Stigmas conspicuous, long, linear,
and pubescent. Length from six to twelve inches. Root creeping,
having lengthy fibres, perennial.

Flowers at the end of April, and the seeds become ripe in
the middle of June.

The specimen for illustration was gathered in Teesdale, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

97

PANICUM CRUS-GALLI.

LINNAEUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER AND AENOTT. LINDLEY.

KOCH. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. CURTIS. GRAVES. ScHRADER. HUDSON.

LEERS. EHRHART. WITHERING. HULL.

PLATE XXX. B.

Panicum vulgare, GERARDE.

Echinochloa crus-galli, BEAUVOIS. PARNELL. BABINGTON.

" " EEICHENBACH.

Oplismenus crus-galli, KUNTH.

The Loose Panick Grass.

Panicum — Bread. Crus-galli — ?

PANICUM, Linnaus.-^ The Panick Grass, named after the Latin Panis —
bread, from the circumstance that the seeds of some of the species are
made into bread. Spikelets flat in front, and rounded on the back. There
is only one British species, Panicum crus-galli.

A HANDSOME interesting species, although a strong coarse-
growing plant, growing in damp situations, and of no agricultural
use. There seems to be some doubt as to whether it is strictly
British.

Found on waste land near Thetford, Norfolk; in fields near
London. In Hampshire and Surrey.

A native of France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium,
Holland, Norway, Sweden, north of Africa, and the United
States of America.

Stem upright, smooth, and striated, having three or four broad,
pointed, ribbed (with marginal dentations) leaves, and smooth

98 PANICUM CRUS-GALLI.

striated sheaths; upper sheath of same length as its leaf; no
ligule. Joints three. Inflorescence compound-panicled, compact,
secund; rachis angular; branches rough. Spikelets almost sessile,
in clusters, composed of two glumes and two florets, one of the
florets neutral. Glumes unequal, inner one considerably the
largest, three-ribbed, and hirsute. Lowest floret barren. Styles
two. Stigmas short and plumose. Filaments three. Anthers
short, and cloven at either extremity. Length from twelve to
twenty-four inches. Root annual and fibrous.

The specimen for illustration was collected in fields at Bat-
tersea, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

R I A i : I L L A T A .

s. v ;

99

SETAMA VERTICILLATA.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ABNOTT. PABNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY.
BABINGTON. KUNTH.

PLATE XXXI. — A.

Panicum verticillatum, LINN^US. J. E. SMITH. KNAPP.

" " "WlLLDENOW. CUBTIS. GrBAVES,

" " SCHBADEB. HOST. EHEHABT.

" " HULL. HUDSON. WITHEBINO.

" " EEICHENBACH.

Pennisetum verticillatum, BBOWN.
Gramen geniculatum, GEBABDE. BAUHIN.

The Reflex Bristle- Grass.

Setaria — A bristle. Verticillata — Whorled.

SETABIA, Beauvois. — The Bristle-Grass, having a compound almost cylin-
drical spike, derives its name from the Latin seta, a bristle. There are
three British species, yet perhaps better known under Linnseus's name of
Panicum.

THE "Kough Panick-Grass" of "Smith's English Botany."
Another doubtful British plant and interesting species, found
only in cultivated fields in the counties of Middlesex and
Norfolk, near London and Norwich.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland,
Belgium, North Africa, the United States of America, and Asia,

Stem erect, bearing four or five flat, rough, lanceolate leaves,
with smooth striated sheaths, the upper one shorter than its
leaf. Ligule short and blunt. Joints four. Inflorescence simple-
panicled. Branches brief. Rachis rough. Spikelets dorsally

s

100 SETARIA VERTICILLATA.

compressed, almost sessile, clustered, having involucral bristles
longer than the spikelets, and each strongly dentate, the teeth
pointing downwards. Glumes very unequal, two. Upper floret
of two paleae. Styles two. Stigmas short and plumose. • Stamens
three. Anthers deep purple in colour. Seeds shining and hard.
Length from six to twenty-four inches. Root annual and fibrous.

The involucral bristles are much larger in Setaria viridis.

Flowers in July, and seeds ripen toward the close of September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered in Battersea Fields,
by Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester.

101

SETARIA VIRIDIS.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKEB AND AENOTT. PABNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY.
BABINGTON. KUNTH.

PLATE XXXI. B.

Panicum viride, LINN.EUS. J. E. SMITH. KNAPP.

" " SCHBADEB. LEEES. WILLDENOW.

" " CUETIS. G-BAVES. EHEHAET.

" " HOST. HUDSON. WITHEBING.

" " HULL. EEICHENBACH.

" crus-galli, OEDEE.

The Green Bristle- Grass.

Setaria — A bristle. Viridis — Green.

AGAIN we have another dubious British Grass to describe,
which is also an interesting species.

It is found in fields near London, Thetford, and Norwich.

Of no agricultural use. Small birds are fond of the abundant
small seeds which it produces.

Native of France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Prussia, Spain,
Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Russia, North Africa, and the United
States of America.

Grows on sandy soil in cultivated land.

Stem upright, bearing four or five flat, rough, lanceolate
leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper one shorter than its
leaf. Joints four. Inflorescence simple-panicled; branches short;
rachis hirsute. Spikelets dorsally compressed, crowded, almost
sessile, having at the base long, rough, involucral bristles; dentate,
teeth pointing upwards, and bristles above twice the length of

102 SETARTA VIRIDIS.

the \sptkejgt, ,° Each spikelet of two glumes and two florets.
Glumes .very .unequal. Styles two, long and smooth. Stigmas
shprt -irjd rpljijno&e. Stamens three. Anthers deep purple.
Seeds smooth and hard. The involucral bristles in Setaria
verticillata have the teeth pointing downwards. Length from
three to eighteen inches. Root fibrous, annual.

Flowers in July, and seeds ripen at the end of September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered in Battersea fields,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

SETARIA GLAUCA. BEAUVOIS.

A THIRD species, Setaria glauca, has been discovered by Mr.
Borrer, at Weybridge, in Surrey, and also at Hoddesdon, Hert-
fordshire, yet it has been considered a spurious British Grass.
it has the dentations of the involucre erect, as in S. viridis,
but differs from that species in having two glumellas, and in
being wavy.

PDA AQUATIC/

XXX II

103

POA AQUATICA.

LINNJEUS. J. E. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PAENELL. ABBOT.
GEEVILLE. WILLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP. OEDER. LEERS.

SCHRADER. HOST. SlBTHORP. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. B/ELHAN.

PLATE XXXII.

Glyceria aquatica, SMITH. E. BROWN. BABINGTON.

HydrocJiloa aquatica, LINDLEY.

Grramen aquaticum majus, RAY. GERARDE. LOBEL.

The Heed Meadow Grass.

Poa — Grass. Aquatica — Aquatic.

POA, LinncBus. — The Meadow Grass takes its name from the Greek, sig-
nifying grass, or to feed, on account of the whole genus being valuable for
pasturage. There are fifteen British species.

A VERY common handsome Grass, growing in wet situations,
such, as undrained meadows, and along the edges of water. It
is a valuable agricultural Grass for damp situations, as it can
be mown twice a year, yields a heavy crop, and cattle are fond
of its sugary flavour.

In Scotland it is found near Edinburgh, Forfar, Perth, and
Dumbarton. In England, in the counties of Devon, Somerset,
Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge,
Oxford, Bedford, Worcester, Gloucester, Warwick, Nottingham^
Leicester, York, Chester, Durham, Westmorland, and North-
umberland.

This summer I found it very abundant and large at Amble-
side, in Westmorland, and in many places round Nottingham.

Rare in Ireland.

104 POA AQTTATICA.

Abroad it is a native of France, Italy, Germany, Norway,
Russia, Sweden, and North America.

Stem erect, strong, smooth, striated, tearing seven or eight
flat, lengthy, broad, rough-pointed leaves, with harsh sheaths,
the upper one longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a
brief, broad ligule. Joints smooth, six to eight in number.
Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle upright, large, branches
rough, situated alternately in half-whorls on the rachis. Spike-
lets many, upright, having from four to eight florets, the upper
ones large and ovate, the others smaller and narrower. Calyx
consisting of two membranous, unequal-sized, blunt glumes,
destitute of lateral ribs. Florets not webbed, consisting of two
awnless paleae. The exterior palea of lowest floret seven-ribbed.
Stigmas compound and plumose. Styles larger than the stigmas.
Length from three to six feet. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers about the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Gee-Cross,
Cheshire, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

PO A . DISTANS.

xxxin

105

POA DISTANS.

LINIOSUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT.

J. E. SMITH. PARK ELL. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. WITHERING. SCHRADER.
HOST. DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR.

PLATE XXXIII.

Sclerochloa distavs, BABINGTON.

Gtyceria distans, SMITH. KOCH. HALFS. EEICHENBACH.

Festuca distans, KUNTH.

Poa retroflexa, CURTIS.

Poa salina, POLLICH.

Air a aquatica, var., HUDSON.

The Reflexed Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Distans — Distant.

A PRETTY Grass, but worthless to the agriculturist.

Rare in Scotland. In England found in Devonshire, Somer-
setshire, Sussex, Kent, Cambridge, Bedford, Worcestershire,
Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, York, Durham, and
Northumberland. In Wales in Denbigh and Flintshire; and
in Ireland near Dublin.

Abroad, a native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland,
Prussia, Norway, and Sweden.

Stem upright, circular, polished, often decumbent at the base,
having four flat acute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper
sheath longer than its leaf, having an obtuse ligule at the apex.
Joints three, smooth. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle
upright. Branches rough and slender, arranged in twos, threes,
or fives, the basal ones rigid, and bent downwards. Spikelets
linear. Calyx consisting of two blunt, membranous, unequal

T

106 POA DISTANS.

glumes, three-ribbed; exterior glume half the length of inner
glume. Florets of two equal-sized palese; exterior one of lowest
floret five-ribbed; base in some degree hirsute; inner palea with
two marginal ribs. Length from twelve to eighteen inches.
Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers at the beginning of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

Known from Poa maritima by the rough rachis and branches;
from P.procumbens by the spreading branches of the panicle
and the ribs of the glumes not being prominent; from P. trivialis
by its smooth sheaths, blunt ligule, linear spikelets, and florets
not being webbed ; from P. annua in the roughness of the inner
surface of the leaves and the branches of the panicle; and from
P.pratensis in the linear spikelets, obtuse glumes, and in the
florets not being webbed.

Variety Obtusa found at Breeden, Leicestershire, by Mr.
Babington, where it was growing in great quantities in the
fields. The spikelets are larger, ligules shorter, and outer
palea broader and more obtuse.

Variety Minor also gathered at Breeden, by Mr. Babington.
It is more dwarf, and the spikelets of fewer florets.

The specimen for illustration was gathered in the Nottingham
Meadows.

1' O A FLUITANS.

P. MARIT1M

XXXIV

107

POA FLUITANS.

SCOPOLI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL.
SMITH. GREVILLE. KNAPP. SALISBURY. SCHRADER. DEAKIN,

PLATE XXXIV. — A.

Festuca fluitans LINNJEUS. WILLDENOW. HUDSON. CURTIS.

" " MARTYN. OEDER. HOST. SCHREBER.

" '• LEERS. HULL. SIBTHORP. ABBOT.

Gtyceria " SMITH. LINDLEY. E-ALFS. BROWN.

" " SINCLAIR.

" plicata, FRIES.

" pedicellata, TOWNS.

Chramen fluviatile, GERARDE.

The Floating Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Fluitans — Floating.

THE present very graceful grass will yield a good crop in
damp meadows, and cattle are fond of its leaves. It usually
grows in wet situations, in ditches, ponds, and along the margins
of rivers.

Common throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Portugal,
Spain, Norway, Sweden, New Holland, North America, and
Northern Africa.

Stem, near the base, decumbent, the other portion upright,
circular and smooth, bearing six or seven lengthy, linear, rough
leaves, with rough striated sheaths, upper one extending beyond
its leaf, and having a lengthy, ragged, pointed ligule at its apex.
Joints smooth, about seven in number. Inflorescence simple-

108 POA FLUITANS.

panicled. Panicle almost upright, long and slender, having
rough branches arranged in pairs on the rachis. Spikelets few,
long and linear, striped with green and white, of six to fourteen
florets, the apex of basal floret stretching considerably beyond
the large glume of the calyx. Calyx consisting of two obtuse,
membranous, very unequal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral ribs.
Florets of two paleae; exterior palea of basal floret, seven ribbed,
dorsal rib not reaching to the apex, minutely dentate. Lateral
ribs rough. Inner palea shorter, bifid, having two green mar-
ginal ribs.

Unlike all other of the Poas, and even Festuca pratensis of
Hudson, which it most resembles, has only five ribs on outer
palea, and the dorsal rib quite smooth.

Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seeds before
the beginning of August.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Ambleside.

109

POA MARITIMA.

HUDSON. HOOKEE AND ABNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PAENELL.

LINNAEUS. KNAPP. GBEVILLE. WILLDENOW. DICKSON. SCHEADEK.

ROTH. OEDEE. WITHEEING. HULL. LIGHTFOOT.

RELHAN. DEAKIN.

PLATE XXXIV. B.

Sclerochloa maritima, LINDLEY. SMITH. KOCH. BABINGTON.

Festuca thalassia, KUNTH.

Glyceria maritima, J. E. SMITH. EALFS. EEICHENBACH.

The Creeping Sea Meadow- Grass.

Poa— Grass. Maritima— Maritime.

THE Poa maritima grows in salt-marshes, and is therefore
not an agricultural grass.

Found along the coast in the counties of Northumberland,
Durham, Gloucester, Norfolk, Kent, Sussex, Somerset, and
Devonshire. Also around Anglesea; more abundant along the
coasts of Ireland and Scotland.

Abroad it is a native of France, Italy, Germany, Norway,
Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, and North America.

Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bent at the base. Each
stem has three or four compressed, mostly folded, roughish
leaves, with smooth swollen sheaths; upper sheath longer than
its leaf, having a blunt decurrent ligule at the apex. Joints
smooth, four in number. Inflorescence mostly simple-panicled,
the panicle being]; upright, compact,: and spreading when
in flower, unilateral; rachis bare behind. Branches smooth,
arranged in twos, threes, or fives, on the rachis. Spikelets linear,

1 10 PDA MARITIMA.

of six to ten florets; apex of basal floret stretches considerably
beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx consisting of two
membranous glumes, three-ribbed; inner glume nearly twice
the length of outer glume. Florets of two equal-sized palese;
exterior one of basal floret sharp-pointed, base slightly hirsute;
smooth above, five-ribbed. Inner palea having two green mar-
ginal fringed ribs. Length six to twelve inches. Root creeping
and perennial.

Flowers at the beginning of July, and the seeds become ripe
in a month.

P. maritima differs from P. distans in having its rachis and
branches smooth to the touch, its root creeping, and its central
rib of outer palea extending to the summit. It also differs
from P.procumbens in its smooth rachis and branches, and
creeping root.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Bristol, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

OCUMBENS.

XXXV

Ill

PGA PROCUMBENS.

CURTIS. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL.
KNAPP. DEAKIN.

PLATE XXXV. A.

SclerocJiloa procumbent, BEAUVOIS. LINDLEY. BABINGTON.

Glyceria procumbens, SMITH. RALES. REICHENBACH.

Poa rupestris, WITHERING.

The Procumbent Sea Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Procumbens — Procumbent.

ANOTHER sea-side Grass, growing on waste land, and more
or less glaucous in appearance.

Frequent in Durham, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire,
Norfolk, Sussex, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire. Rare in Ireland
and Scotland.

Also a native of France and Germany.

Stem somewhat prostrate, circular, and polished, having
three flat, ribbed, sharp-pointed leaves, with smooth striated
sheaths. Upper sheath extending considerably beyond its leaf,
situated near the panicle, and having an oblong membranous
ligule at its apex. Joints smooth, and three in number. Inflores-
cence both simple and compound-panicled. Panicle compact,
lanceolate in shape, unilateral; rachis behind bare. Branches
rough. Spikelets linear, mostly of five florets; apex of basal
floret stretching some distance beyond the larger glume of the
calyx. Calyx consisting of two unequal-sized, blunt, membra-
nous glumes, with three bold ribs. Florets of two paleae;
exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, slightly hirsute at the

POA PROCUMBENS.

base, the centre rib stretching a little beyond the apex of the
palea; inner palea somewhat shorter, and having two green
marginal fringed ribs. Styles brief. Stigmas branched. Length
from three to fifteen inches. Root annual.

Flowers about the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

Distinguished from Poa maritima in its annual fibrous root,
in the rough rachis and branches, broad flat leaves, and in
the greater length of the central rib of the outer palea. From
P. distans in the compact panicle, the unilateral branches, in
never being deflexed, and in the dorsal rib of outer palea
stretching beyond the summit.

P. rigida, and also P. loliacea cannot be mistaken for it on
account of their having acute glumes, destitute of lateral ribs.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Blackpool, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

113

POA RIGIDA.

LlNNJEUS. HOOKEE AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL.
GrREVILLE. WlLLDENOW. CURTIS. KNAPP, ScHRADER. HOST. HUDSON.

WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. DEAKIN.

PLATE XXXV. B.

Sclerochloa rigida, BEAUVOIS. LINK. LINDLEY.

" " BABINGTON.

Festuca rigida, KUNTH. KOCH.

Glyceria rigida, SMITH. RALFS. REICHENBACH.

The Hard Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Rigida — Rigid.

THIS diminutive British Grass grows on walls, rocks, and in
barren soil, and is therefore of no use to agriculturists.

A frequent Grass in England, Ireland, and south of Scotland.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Northern
Africa.

Stem near the base decumbent, otherwise upright; circular,
polished, and striated, having four or five linear, narrow, point-
ed, involute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath
shorter than its leaf, and having at the apex a lengthy pointed
ligule. Joints smooth, and three or four in number. Inflor-
escence simple-panicled. Panicle rigid, upright, short, lanceolate,
rough, rigid, and unilateral. Spikelets linear, compressed,
mostly consisting of seven florets ; the apex of basal floret
stretching slightly beyond the large glume of the calyx.
Calyx of two acute unequal-sized glumes, destitute of lateral
ribs. Florets of two paleee; exterior one of basal floret five-

u

114 POA RIGIDA.

ribbed, the marginal ribs being broad, and having a white
line down the centre; intermediate ribs indistinct, dorsal rib
dentate on the upper portion. Inner palea somewhat shorter,
and having two green marginal ribs. Length from three to
five inches. Root annual, fibrous, and woolly.

Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

Poa rigida is unlike all others except P. loliacea ; however
P. rigida has the apex of upper glume on a level with the
base of the third floret, whilst in P. loliacea it is on a level
with the base of the fourth floret.

The specimen illustrated was gathered on Colwick Park Wall,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

0 "1 U

POA PR AT EN SIS.
XXXVI

115

POA PRATENSIS.

LINKEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL.
KOCH. SMITH. G-REVILLE. RALFS. ABBOT. SIBTHORP. RELHAN,

HULL. WITHERING. HUDSON. SCHRADER. WILLDENOW.
CURTIS. KNAPP. DICKSON. SINCLAIR. BABINGTON. DEAKIN.

PLATE XXXVI.

Poa anyustifolia, LINNJEUS, (var. subccerulea, of HOOKER.

" subscerulea, SMITH.

The Smooth-Stalked Meadow-Grass.

Poa— Grass. Pratensis — Of a meadow.

THE present common species, known from all other Grasses in
having the lower florets webbed, is an early Grass, yielding a
large crop, and liked by cattle. It is not, however, recommended
to agriculturists, on account of its creeping roots, which are
calculated to impoverish the soil.

Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Spain,
Switzerland, Portugal, Prussia, Germany, Lapland, Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, United States, and Northern Asia.

Grows from the sea~level, to three thousand feet altitude.

Stem upright, circular, polished; bearing three or four linear,
flat, acute leaves, (edges rough,) with smooth striated sheaths.
Upper sheath considerably longer than its leaf, having at its
apex a blunt membranous ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence
panicled, upright, and spreading, lower branches usually in threes
or fives. Spikelets ovate, from three to five florets. Calyx of
two almost equal-sized acute glumes; three-ribbed, the upper
portion of the dorsal rib dentate. Florets of two awnless

POA PRATENSIS.

palese; the exterior palea of basal floret five-ribbed. Dorsal
and marginal ribs hirsute on lower half, the base of the floret
having a copious web suspending the calyx. Outer palea slightly
longer than inner one; the latter sometimes bifid at summit,
and having two marginal ribs. Length from twelve to fifteen
inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers at the commencement of June, and ripens its seed
in a month.

This plant delights to grow in loose sandy soil; it is very
subject to variety, nevertheless the webbed character of the
florets, the upper leaf considerably shorter than its sheath, the
obtuse ligule, and the hirsute marginal ribs are present in all
the varieties.

Dr. Parnell enumerates the following: —

1- — Plamculmis. Stem stout; leaves short and broad, upper
leaf folded. Common.

%.-—Umbrosa. Tall and slender; panicle drooping; leaves
long and narrow. Common in shady places.

3. — Arida. Stem sheathed nearly to summit; panicle drooping.
Found in dry exposed situations.

4. — Retroflexa. Small and slender ; lower branches of panicle
suddenly bent downwards. Common under trees.

5. — Muralis. Slender and dwarf; panicle erect. Grows on
shady walls.

6. — Arenaria. Stout and erect; large angular spikelets; outer
palea seven-ribbed; glaucous. Found amongst sand on the sea
coast.

The illustration is from a specimen from Highfield House.

CVl 1 J

PDA LOLIACSA.

P. C O M P H T5 S S A

XXXVII

117

POA LOLIACEA.

HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH. EELHAN.

PLATE XXXVII. A.

Triticum loliaceum, SMITH. HOOKER. WILLDENOW.

" « WITHERING. KNAPP. SCHRADEE.

" « DEAKIN. REICHENBACH. RALFS.

" unilaterale, AITON. HOST, (not of LINNAEUS.)

Catapodium unilaterale, LINK. LINDLEY.

Sclerochloa loliacea, WOODS. BABINGTON.

The Dwarf Wheat Meadow-Grass.

poa — Grass. Loliacea — Made of Tares.

Poa loliacea grows on rocks and sandy soils along the sea
coast in small tufts, and is a useless agricultural Grass.

Found in the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Sussex,
Somerset, Hants, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge,
York, Lancashire, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland.
In Wales, in Flint, Glamorgan, and the Island of Anglesea.
Frequent on the coast of Fife. Occasionally in Ireland.

Found also in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.

Stem ascending, slightly curved, stout, smooth, and striated,
bearing three or four linear, smooth leaves, with smooth striated
sheaths; upper one equal in length to its leaf, and having an
obtuse, ragged ligule at its apex. Lower sheaths shorter than
their leaves. Inflorescence racemed. Spikelets oblong-ovate, on
brief, stout footstalks, arranged alternately on either side of the
rough rachis, all turned in one direction, so as to hide the
rachis and front, and to leave it bare behind. From eight to

x

118 POA LOLIACEA.

twelve florets. Calyx of two equal, acute glumes, destitute of
lateral ribs. Dorsal rib prominent. Florets of two palese, ex-
terior one of basal floret five-ribbed, marginal ribs broad, having
a white band down the centre.

It is occasionally difficult to recognise P. loliacea from P.
rigida.

Length from two to five inches. Hoot annual and fibrous.

Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

The specimen for illustration was gathered in the Island of
Anglesea, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

119

POA COMPRESSA.

LlNNJEUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. KoCH. LEERS.

SCHEADEE. LlNDLEY. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. HOST. OEDEB.
DEAKIN. SINCLAIE. MACEEIGHT. KUNTH. BABTNGTON. BALES. RELHAN.

DlLLWYN. SlBTHOEP. DlCKSON. WlTHEBING. HUDSON.

PLATE XXXVII. B.

Poa subcompressa, PAENELL.

" polynoda, PAENELL.

The Flat-stemmed Meadow- Grass.

Poa — Grass. Compressa — Compressed.

AN early Grass, growing well on poor soils and in dry stony
places, but not productive, and therefore useless to agriculture.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found in
France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Prussia, Russia, Norway,
Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, and North America.

Stem upright; base decumbent, much compressed, hence the
name; bearing four or five somewhat short, flat, acute leaves,
with rough edges and with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath
of same length as its leaf, and having a short obtuse ligule at
the apex. Joints five, smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled.
Panicle somewhat unilateral, upright, compact, except when in
flower, then spreading. Branches short, the basal ones distant.
Spikelets ovate, compressed, and of five or seven florets. Calyx
of two acute, about equal-sized glumes, frequently tinged with
purple; three-ribbed, upper portion of central rib dentate.
Florets of two palese, exterior one of basal floret three-ribbed;

180 PGA COMPRESSA.

base furnished with a delicate web suspending the calyx. Inner
palea having two green marginal ribs.

Length twelve inches; colour dark green. Eoot perennial
and creeping.

Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in the
middle of August.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Bristol, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

? O A T R I V 1 A L I S .

XXXVIII

121

POA TRIVIALIS.

LlNN;EUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. KoCH.

GEEVILLE. KUNTH. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW. CUETIS.

KNAP?. SlNCLAIE. SCHEADEE. HOST. DEAKIN. MACEEIGHT. BABINGTON.

RALFS. HUDSON. WITHEEING. HULL. EELIIAN. SIBTHOEP. ABBOT.

PLATE XXXVIII.

Poa dubia, LEEES.

" scabra, EHHHAKT.

" setacea, HUDSON.

The Eoughish Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Tnvialis — Trivial.

A VALUABLE agricultural Grass for moist, rich, and sheltered
soils.

Common throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found
in France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Denmark,
Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Lapland, Iceland, Asia, and
North America.

Stem upright, base decumbent, circular and rough, bearing
five or six thin, flat, acute, rough leaves, with rough, striated
sheaths; upper one much longer than its leaf, and having a
lengthy, pointed ligule at the apex. Joints smooth. Inflores-
cence panicled; panicle upright; branches spreading, rough,
basal ones in threes or fives. Spikelets ovate, compressed, and
of two to five awnless florets; apex of basal floret stretching
slightly beyond the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two
equal, acute glumes, upper one three-ribbed, lower one destitute
of lateral ribs. Dorsal ribs strongly dentate. Florets of two

POA TRIVIALIS.

palese; exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, the base furnished
with a delicate web suspending the calyx. Inner palea having
two green, marginal, fringed ribs.

Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root perennial and
creeping.

Blooms in the third week in June, and ripens its seed in
the middle of July.

There is a slender variety known as var. parviflora, with small
spikelets of one or two florets, common in woods.

For specimens I am indebted to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham;
Miss Millet, of Penzance; and Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of
Manchester.

PDA BULBOSn

:\xxix

POA BULBOSA.

LINNAEUS. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. BABINGTON.

KUNTH. KOCH. KNAPP. WITHEBING. LINDLEY.

WlLLDENOW. HUDSON. SCHEADEE. DEAKIN. MACEEIGHT. DlLLWYN.

HOST. REICHENBACH. EALFS. HULL.

PLATE XXXTX. A.

The Bulbous Meadow-Grass.

Poa— Grass. Bulbosa — Bulbous.

A GRASS growing on the sandy shores of the south and east
of England abundantly, especially in Norfolk and Suffolk. Of
inferior agricultural merits.

Native of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Siberia,
and North Africa.

Stem circular, smooth, hollow, and striated, bearing four or
five flat, acute leaves, with smooth, striated sheaths, the upper
sheath much longer than its leaf. Joints mostly three. Inflo-
rescence panicled, branches rough. Spikelets ovate, green, or
tinged with purple; composed of two glumes, and three or four
florets. Glumes equal, and three-ribbed, keels above dentate.
Florets longer than the glumes, copiously webbed at the base,
of two palese, exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed. Styles
two. Stigmas feathery. Filaments three, and feathery. Anthers
notched at either extremity.

Length from five to nine inches. Root perennial and bulbous;
soon after flowering the leaves wither, after which the bulbs

124 PDA BTTLBOSA.

lie loose on the sand till autumn, when they again take root.

Flowers in April and May.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Yarmouth
by Mr. T. Coward.

125

POA ALPINA.

HOOKER AND ABNOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. KOCH. LINDLEY.

KNAP?. WlLLDENOW. LlGHTFOOT.

SCHEADEE. HOST. WAHLENBEEG. DEAZIN. SlNCLAIE. MACEEIGHT.
KUNTH. BABINGTON. RALFS.

PLATE XXXIX. B.

Poa casia, SMITH.

" glomerata, DON.

The Alpine Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Alpina — Alpine.

AN early useless grass, generally growing at from three to
four thousand feet elevation.

In England, found in Yorkshire; Wales, Caernarvon; Scot-
land, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, and Inverness.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Nor-
way, Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, Greenland, and North America.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, bearing two or three short
flat leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath much
longer than its leaf, and having a lengthy membranous ligule
at the apex. Upper leaf folded, compressed, and rounded behind
the apex. Joints two, smooth. Inflorescence panicled. Panicle
compact and erect. Branches rough; basal ones in pairs. Spike-
lets broadly-ovate, commonly viviparous. Usually four awnless
florets; summit of basal floret extending beyond the calyx.
Calyx of two broad equal glumes, three- ribbed. Keels minutely
dentate. Florets not webbed, of two palese; basal exterior one

Y

126 POA ALPINA.

three-ribbed. Inner palea membranous, and rather shorter.
Length from four to twelve inches. Root perennial, fibrous,
and tufted.

Poa alpina may be distinguished from P. laxas in having
the panicle upright, the root tufted, and the upper leaf folded.

Blooms in the third week in May, and becomes ripe at the
end of June.

The specimen for illustration was gathered on Snowdon, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

? O A

XL

P . A >i

127

POA NEMORALIS.

LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. G-BEVILLE. LEEES.

KOCH. WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHEADEE. HOST. EflEHAET.

OEDEE. DEAKIN. SINCLAIE. LINDLEY. MACEEIGHT. KUNTH. RALFS.

BABINGTON. WITHEEING. HULL. RELHAN. SIBTHOEP. ABBOT.

PLATE XL. A.

Poa glauca, SMITH. LINDLEY. SiNOLAfR.

" Parnelli, BABINGTON. PAENELL.

" montarta, PAENELL.

" Balfourii, PAENELL..

" anffustifolia, HUDSON.

" pratensis, WITHEEING. HULL.

The Wood Meadow- Grass.

Poa — Grass. Nemoralis — Of a wood.

A VALUABLE agricultural Grass, usually growing in woods,
yet succeeding well when cultivated in a field.

A common English Grass; abundant in Ireland, yet less
frequent in Scotland.

Found also in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Iceland,
France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Prussia, Northern Asia, and
the United States.

Stem upright, slender, and compressed, bearing five or six
linear, flat, narrow, acute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths,
the upper sheath not longer than its leaf, and bearing at its
apex a brief obtuse ligule. Joints about five, smooth. Inflo-
rescence compound-panicled. Panicle somewhat pendulous,
spreading near the base in twos, threes, or fours. Spikelets

188 POA NEMbRALIS.

ovate, acute, of three or five awnless florets; the apex of basal
one stretching slightly beyond the large glume of the calyx.
Calyx of almost equal, acute, three-ribbed glumes, the dorsal
rib being dentate above. Florets of two paleee; the exterior
one of basal floret five-ribbed. The calyx is suspended in a
silky web at the base of the floret. Length from eighteen to
twenty-four inches. Colour light green. Root perennial and
creeping.

Variety Angustifolia. Common. It has the first joint near
the panicle, and the spikelets have only two florets.

Poa nemoralis is distinguished both from P. trivialis and
P. pratensis in the upper sheath not extending beyond its
leaf, and from P. montana and P. polynoda in the webbed
florets.

Blooms in the third week in June, and ripens its seed at
the close of July.

For specimens I am indebted to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham,
and to Mr. J. Sidebotham, of Manchester.

The specimen illustrated was gathered in Reddish Vale.

129

POA ANNUA.

LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. GREVILLE. KOCH.

WILLDENOW. CURTIS. MARTYN. STILLINGFLEET. KNAPP.
SCHRADER. HOST. LEERS. EHRHART. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR. LlNDLEY.

KUNTH. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. BEICHENBACH. DILLWYN.
HALFS. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. EELHAN. SIBTHOEP. ABBOT.

PLATE XL. B.

The Annual Meadow-Grass.

Poa — Grass. Annua — An annual.

THE commonest of all Grasses, growing in every conceivable
situation, and flowering throughout the summer. Found in all
altitudes up to four thousand feet. Not a profitable agricultural
Grass.

Found also in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, North Africa,
North Asia, and in North and South America.

Stem ascending, most procumbent at the base, smooth, nattish,
bearing four or five smooth, flat, flaccid, sword-shaped, vivid
green leaves, often crumpled on the margins, with smooth com-
pressed sheaths; upper sheath longer than its leaf, having a
thin membranous acute ligule at the apex. Inflorescence com-
pound-panicled. Panicle upright, outline triangular and spreading.
Branches smooth, mostly in pairs. Spikelets ovate-oblong,
mostly of five to eight awnless florets, commonly tinged with
green, white, and purple; apex of basal floret stretching beyond
the large glume of the calyx. Calyx of two unequal acute
glumes, three-ribbed, dorsal rib dentate above. Florets of two

130

POA ANNTJA.

palese, not webbed; exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed; ribs
smooth. Inner palea membranous, shorter, having two green
marginal ribs. Filaments three. Anthers brief, pendulous,
and notched at either extremity. Styles two, short and naked.
Stigmas feathery. Length from five to fifteen inches. Root
creeping, throwing out fibres at the lower joints.

Poa annua differs from P. pratensis in the florets not being
webbed.

Blooms all summer through.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House.

TRIOPIA DECUMBKNS.

XLI

DACTYL IS G LOME HAT A.

131

TRIODIA DECUMBENS.

BEAUVOIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. KOCH.

LINDLEY. BABINGTON. B-EICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR.

SMITH. RALFS.

PLATE XLT. A.

Poa decumbens, J. E. SMITH. HULL. WITHERING.

" " GREVILLE. HOOKER. KNAPP.

" " SCHRADER. HOST.

Festuca decumbens, LINN.EUS. WILLDENOW. HUDSON.

" " OEDER. LEERS. EHRHART.

" " DICKSON. EELHAN. ABBOTT.

DantJionia decumbens, DE CANDOLLE. KUNTH. MACREIGHT.

Melica decumbens, WEBER.

The Decumbent Heath Grass.

Triodia — Three teeth. Decumbens — Decumbent.

TRIODIA. Brown. — Known as the Heath Grass. Only a solitary British
example, the Triodia decumbens, which is common on our moors and
mountains. The name is derived from the Greek.

A COMMON species, growing both on wet land and dry
mountains, to an elevation of one thousand feet. Of but little
agricultural interest.

Found in Scotland, England, Ireland, France, Italy, Swit-
zerland, Turkey, Greece, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Prussia,
Norway, and Sweden.

Stem circular, smooth, and striated, having three or four
narrow linear leaves, with slightly, hirsute sheaths, upper one

z

TRIODIA DECUMBENS.

shorter than its leaf, and bearing at its apex a tuft of hairs
instead of a ligule. Leaves smooth, except near the apex,
where very rough. Joints smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled.
Panicle consisting of few spikelets. Spikelets of large size, con-
sisting of four awnless florets, which do not extend heyond the
calyx. Spikelets upright, having smooth footstalks, which are
placed alternately on the rachis. Calyx of two smooth acute
glumes, three-ribbed. Florets of two palea3, exterior one of
basal floret ovate, five-ribbed, three-toothed at the apex, base
hirsute. Inner palea obtuse, broad, and having two green
marginal ribs. Length from five to twelve inches. Root per-
ennial and somewhat creeping.

Flowers at the end of July, and ripens its seed in the first
week in August.

133

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA.

LlNN^US. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. J. E. SMITH. GrEEVILLE. MACEEIGHT.

KUNTH. RALFS. WITHEEING. PABNELL. LINDLEY.
BABINGTON. R-EICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIE. WILLDENOW.

RELHAN. MAETYN. KNAPP. SCHEADEE.
SCHEEBEE. HOST. LEEES. OEDEE. SlBTHOEP. HUDSON.

PLATE XLI. B.

IBromus glomeratus, SCOPOLI.

Gramen asperum, BAUHIN. RAY.

The Rough Cock's-foot Grass.

Dactylis — A finger. Glomerata — In heaps.

DACTYLIS. Linnceus. — The Cock's-foot Grass. There is only a solitary
British species. It is abundant everywhere. Name derived from the Greek.

THIS very common species is to be found everywhere. It
is a rough harsh Grass, not liked by cattle, and where it pre-
dominates in a field, the produce, although increased in bulk,
is rendered inferior in quality.

Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, Germany, Spain, Portugal, France, Russia, North
Africa, and North America, growing to an altitude of one
thousand feet above the sea.

Stem upright, circular, striated, and very rough, bearing five
or six linear, flat, acute, widely-spreading, very rough (edges
minutely toothed) leaves, with rough striated sheaths. Joints
smooth and polished. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle

134 DACTYLIS GLOMERATA.

upright, tufted, and dense. Rachis and branches harsh. Spikelets
crowded, unilateral, mostly of three florets. Calyx of two unequal
glumes; hirsute. Florets of two palese; exterior one of basal
floret longer than the calyx; five-ribbed. Keel hirsute. Inner
palea membranous. Length two to three feet. Root perennial,
fibrous, and tufted.

Although a coarse Grass, still it must be looked upon as one
of our most productive species, and when young, cattle will
feed upon it readily. It will grow in almost any situation,
from a wood to an open waste.

Dactylis glomerata continues flowering from June to August.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House.

3 R I Z A V: E D I A.

XLII

135

BRIZA MEDIA.

LlNNJEUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. J. E. SMITH. PAENELL.

KUNTH. MACEEIGHT. HUDSON. WITHEBINO. EELHAN. SIBTHOEP.

DlCKSON. LlNDLEY. GEEVILLE. BABINGTON. EEICHENBACH. DEAKIN.
SlNCLAIE. WlLLDENOW. MAETYN. KNAPP. ScHEADEE. HOST.

LEEES. OEDEE. RALFS.

PLATE XLII.

The Common Quaking Grass.

Briza — To droop. Media — Ordinary.

BEIZA. Linnaus. — The Quaking Grass. There are two British species,
one of which is abundant and the other rare. Name derived from the
Greek.

AN exceedingly pretty Grass, very useful for decorative
purposes, yet not a valuable agricultural Grass, owing to its
not flourishing except in impoverished poor soil.

Common in poor land throughout England, Scotland, and
Ireland. Found in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Turkey, Greece, Norway, Sweden,
and the United States.

It is found growing at an elevation of one thousand five
hundred feet.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and slender, bearing four
flat acute leaves, with smooth, striated sheaths, upper one ex-
tending considerably beyond its leaf, and having a short obtuse
ligule at its summit. Joints smooth. Inflorescence simple or
compoimd-panicled. Panicle broad, upright, and triangular.
Branches exceedingly slender, spreading, and smooth; arranged

136

BRIZA MEDIA.

in alternate pairs. Spikelets compressed, broadly ovate, purple,
brown, ancj white, pendulous on long thin footstalks, and con-
sisting of about seven awnless florets, extending beyond the
calyx. Calyx of two broad obtuse glumes; three-ribbed.
Florets of two palese, exterior one of basal floret compressed,
broad, and obtuse. Base lobed, destitute of lateral ribs. Inner
palea membranous, having two green marginal ribs. Length
from twelve to eighteen inches. Root perennial, fibrous, and
tufted.

Flowers at the end of June, and ripens its seed in July.

The specimen illustrated was gathered near Nottingham.

3RIZA MINOR.

XLIII

137

BRIZA MINOR.

LlNN^US. HOOKEE AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PAENELL.
BABINGTON. WITHERING. KOCH. KUNTH. EEICHENBACH. DEAKIN.

WlLLDENOW. SCHEADEE. HOST.
HUDSON. HULL. DICKSON. MACEEIGHT. RALFS.

PLATE XLIII.

Briza aspera, KNAPP.

The Small Quaking Grass.

Briza — To droop. Minor — Less.

AN exceedingly rare grass, found near Bath, in Cornwall,
and at Clifton, Nottinghamshire.

Native of Guernsey, Jersey, France, Italy, Switzerland, Spain,
Portugal, Germany, Turkey, Greece, and Northern Africa.

It grows in dry sandy pastures.

Stem circular, smooth, and hollow, carrying five or six flat,
acute, roughish leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, upper one
extending beyond its leaf. Joints five in number. Inflorescence
compound-panicled, with roughish slender branches. Spikelets
triangular, compressed, green, white, and purple in colour, con-
sisting of two glumes and five or six florets. Glumes equal,
broad, three-ribbed. Florets consisting of two unequal palese;
exterior one of basal floret broad, gibbous behind, margin mem-
branous, destitute of lateral ribs; inner palea flat, and having
two broad green ribs. Styles two. Stigmas plumose. Filaments
three. Anthers notched at either extremity.

Flowers in July, seeds ripen at the end of August.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Penzance, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

LI?

CYNOSUllUS CRIST AT US.

XL1V

C. ECHINATU

139

CYNOSUEUS CRISTATUS.

J. E. SMITH. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. PAENELL. MACEEIGHT.
KUNTH. EALFS. LINDLEY. G-EEVILLE. BABINGTON.
EEICHENBACH. DEAKIN. SINCLAIB. EELHAN. WILLDENOW.

MABTYN. KNAPP. STILLINGFLEET.
SCHEADEB. HOST. SCHEEBEE. LEEES. OEDEE. WlTHEBING.

PLATE XL1V. A.

Gramen cristatwm, BAUHIN. EAY. GEBAEDE.

The Crested Dog's-tail Grass.

Cynosurus — Dog's-tail. Cristatus — Crested.

CYNOSUEUS. Linnceus. — The Dog's-tail Grass. Two British species; one
the Cynosurus cristatus, common; the other C. echinatus, local. Name
derived from the Greek.

A VALUABLE permanent pasture Grass, but too dry and hard
for hay. It flourishes best in clayey soils. Cattle are fond
of the young leaves, yet reject the flower stalks, which cause
the fields to look unsightly when they become dry. The
stems are valuable for the manufacture of plait for Leghorn
bonnets.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Portugal,
Spain, Prussia, Norway, and Sweden, extending to an elevation
of two thousand feet.

Stem circular, smooth, erect, and striated, having five flat,
narrow, acute leaves, with smooth sheaths. Joint smooth. In-
florescence simple-panicled. Panicle upright, one inch and a

2 A

140 CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS.

half in length, linear, green when young, eventually brown.
Spikelets consisting of three to five florets, having at the base
a handsome pectinated involucre, which, together with the
spikelets, point to one side of the rachis. Calyx of two narrow
membranous glumes, destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two
palese; exterior one of basal floret extending beyond the calyx,
form ovate-lanceolate, indistinctly five-ribbed; inner palea mem-
branous, almost transparent. Length twelve to eighteen inches.
Root perennial, fibrous, and tufted.

Flowers at the beginning of July, seeds become ripe in the
middle of August.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House.

141

CYNOSURUS ECHINATUS.

LINN^US. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. PARNELL. KOTH.

LINDLEY. BABINGTON. EEICHENBACH. DEAKTN. WILLDENOW.

SINCLAIR. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. HALL. HUDSON. WITHERING.

HULL. MACREIGHT. EUNTH. BALES .

PLATE XLIV. — B.

The Tough Dog's-tail Grass.

Cynosurus— Dog's-tail. EcUnatus— Covered with prickles; rough.

A LOCAL, curious, interesting Grass, found in Northumberland,
Durham, Lancashire, Kent, and Sussex.

Native of the Shetland Isles, Jersey, France, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, and North Africa.

Stem circular, smooth, upright, and minutely striated, carry-
ing five flat, broad, tapering, rough leaves, with roughish
sheaths; the upper sheath does not extend beyond its leaf, and
is furnished at its apex with a lengthy pointed ligule. Joints
smooth.

Inflorescence simple-panicled, crowded; colour silvery green.
Panicle one inch in length, and half-an-inch wide, having brief
rough branches, all inclined to one side. Spikelets of three
horned florets, having at the base a pectinated involucre. Calyx
of two equal-sized glumes, narrow, membranous, destitute of
lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae; exterior one of basal floret
considerably shorter than the calyx, form ovate-lanceolate, five-
ribbed, having a lengthy, slender, rough awn. Length from
twelve to eighteen inches. Root annual and tufted.

Flowers the last week in June, and seed ripens in August.

142 CYNOSURUS ECHINATUS.

This species, which is of no agricultural value, is very distinct
in appearance from the species last described, as will be seen
by the illustration, as well as shewn by description.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Hough-End, near
Manchester, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

1^ ,,V.PU1

M 'i n o ~n .1 ^ o

F E 8 7 U C A P T, /, T E ft ? ] S.
VT.V

143

FESTUCA PRATENSIS.

HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. J. E. SMITH. KOCH. GREVILLE.

KUNTH. CURTIS. MARTYN. KNAPP. SCHRADER.
RELHAN. ABBOT. BABINGTON. RALFS. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE XLV.

Festuca loliacea,

" elatior,
K t(

" fluitans, var.
JBucetum loliaceum,

" pratense,
ScJiedonorus pratensis,

SMITH. HOOKER. GTREVILLE. KOCH.

LlNN^US. HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS.

EHRHART. WITHERING.

HUDSON.

PARNELL.

PARNELL.

LlNDLEY.

The Meadow Fescue Grass.

Festuca — .

Pratensis — Meadow.

FESTUCA. Linnaus. — The derivation of this word is dubious. It is a
genus containing seven species according to Sir W. Hooker, but less in
number according to Parnell, who separates several species under the name
of Sucetum. The Grasses in Festuca have a loose panicle with many
flowered spikelets, which are laterally compressed. Some of the species
differ considerably from each other, as will be seen by reference to the
figures and descriptions.

A VALUABLE Grass for agricultural purposes, growing on almost
any soil, yielding a rich, tender succulent hay, and being much
liked by cattle.

Common throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany,

2 B

144 FESTUCA PRATENSIS.

France, Switzerland, Italy, Kussia, Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
and the United States.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing four or
five lanceolate, acute, flat leaves, with smooth striated sheaths,
upper sheath extending considerably beyond its leaf. Joints
four. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Spikelets somewhat ovate,
and of five or six florets. Calyx of two acute, unequal, smooth
glumes, and three-ribbed. Florets of two equal palese, exterior
one of basal floret somewhat longer than the calyx; five-ribbed
and membranous. Length from fifteen to twenty -four inches.
Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers at the end of May, and seeds ripe at the end of July.

The illustration is from a specimen given to me by Dr. Wilson,
of Nottingham.

C A R L A T I C

XL VI

145

FESTUCA ELATIOR.

LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. GREVILLE. CURTIS.

SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. EJUNTH. SCHRADER. HULL.
HUDSON. WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. RALFS. MACREIGHT.

PLATE XLVI.

Festuca arundinacea, SCHREBER. EHRHART. VILLARS.

" " BABINGTON.

JBucctum elatius, PARNELL.

Schedonorus elatior, LINDLEY.

Bromus littoreus, WILLDENOW. HOST. SINCLAIR.

The Tall Fescue Grass.

Festuca— ? Elatior — Lofty, tall.

A VALUABLE agricultural Grass for moist or damp situations,
being nutritive and very productive.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland; found in France,
Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and
North America.

Stem erect, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing five to six
flattish, linear, acute leaves, with striated sheaths; upper sheath
extending beyond its leaf, and having a short ligule at the
apex. Inflorescence compound-panicled, the first four or five
spikelets arising immediately from the rachis on brief stalks, the
remainder on simple and compound branches. Panicle large
and spreading, leaning to one side. Rachis and branches rough.
Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, consisting of five or six slightly awned
florets. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes, the exterior one
destitute of lateral ribs, the interior one three-ribbed. Florets

146 FESTUCA ELATIOR.

of two equal paleae; exterior one of basal floret longer than
the glumes, five-ribbed, the dorsal rib ending in a brief rough
awn. Length from three to five feet. Root perennial, forming
large tufts.

Dr. Parnell describes a variety, variegatum, in which the large
spikelets are variegated with purple and white.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and seeds ripe in the
middle of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Manchester
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

S T U 0 A GIG

XLVIl

147

FESTUCA GIGANTEA.

VlLLAES. HOOKEB AND ABNOTT. SMITH. KoCH. LlNDLEY. BABINGTON.

KUNTH. MACBEIGHT.

PLATE XLVII.

Bromus giganteus, LINNJEUS. HOOKEE. WILLDENOW.

" " HUDSON. CUETIS. KNAPP.

" " SCHEADEE. SCHEEBEE. LlNDLEY.

" " DEAKIN. EALFS. ABBOT.

" " SIBTHOEP. HOST. LEEES.

" " EHEHAET. WEIGEL. WITHEEING.

Bucetum giganteum, PAENELL.

Festuca trifiora, SMITH.

Bromus iriflorus, LINNJEUS. WILLDENOW. OEDEE.

The Tall Bearded Fescue Grass.

Festuca — ? G4gantea — Gigantic.

GROWING in damp shady situations, and of but little agri-
cultural value, as although there is an abundant produce, it is
of but little nourishment for cattle.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found also in
France, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and
Denmark.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, bearing five or
six broad, lanceolate, flat, rough leaves, with striated sheaths;
upper one longer than its leaf, and having at its apex a brief
decurrent ligule. Joints five. Inflorescence simple or compound
panicled, the lower ones being branched. Panicle large, loose,
and leaning to one side. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, mostly of
five awned florets. Calyx of two unequal, acute, three-ribbed

148 FESTTJCA GIGANTEA.

glumes. Florets of two equal paleae; exterior one of basal
floret longer than the calyx, and five-ribbed; the inner one
having two green marginal ribs. Root perennial, fibrous, and
somewhat creeping. Length from three to four feet.

Flowers towards the end of July, and ripens its seed at the
end of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered by Mr. Wilson.

F E S T U C A U N T G L U M I S.
XLVU1

149

FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS.

SOLAN DEE. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. KOCH.

KUNTH. "WlTHEEING. BABINaTON.

KNAPP. DICKSON. EALFS. MACEEIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE XLVIIl.

Vulpia uniglumis, LINDLEY. DUMOET.

Lolium bromoides, HUDSON. WITHEEING. HULL.

Stipa membranacea, LINNJEUS. MANT.

The Single-glumed Fescue Grass.

Festuca — P Uniglumis — Single-glumed.

THIS Grass, which has no agricultural merits, grows in arid
sandy situations, chiefly in the immediate neighbourhood of the
sea.

Found in Ireland and Anglesea. In Suffolk, Sussex, Essex,
Dorset, and Devon. Abroad in France, Germany, Italy, and
Switzerland.

Stem upright and slender, bearing three or four small, narrow,
involute leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper sheath
extending considerably beyond its leaf. Joints three. Inflores-
cence racemed, subsecund. Spikelets of two glumes and five or
six florets. Glumes exceedingly unequal; inner one long and
narrow; exterior one almost obsolete. Florets of two palese;
exterior one of basal floret of same length as the large glume;
five-ribbed, and ending in a lengthened rough awn. Styles
two. Filaments three, capillary; stigmas plumose; anthers
notched at either extremity. Root annual and fibrous. Length
from ten to fifteen inches.

150 FESTUCA TJNIGLUMIS.

Flowers in June, and the seed becomes ripe in the middle
of July.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Southport,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester. •

151

FESTUCA SYLVATICA.

VILLABS. HOOKER AND ABNOTT, SCHEADEB. HOST. BABINGTON.
KTJNTH. MACBEIGHT.

PLATE XLIX.

Poa sylvatica, POLLICH. PABNELL.

" trinevata, EHBHABT. SCHEADEB. WILLDENOW.

" " OEDEB.

Festuca calamaria, SMITH. HOOKEB. KNAPP. WADE.

Schedonorus sylvaticus, LINDLEY.

The Reed Fescue Grass.

Festuca — ? Sylvatica — The wood.

A SOMEWHAT rare Grass, of which cattle are extremely fond.
Found in damp woods. In England procured in Westmorland,
Worcester, and Sussex; occasionally in Scotland and Ireland.

Found in France and Germany.

Stem somewhat harsh, circular, slender, and erect; carrying
three or four broad, flat, rough, ribbed, pale green leaves, with
rough striated sheaths; upper one extending beyond its leaf,
and having at its apex an obtuse membranous ligule; the other
sheaths shorter than their leaves. Joints four, the upper two
naked. Inflorescence compound-panicled. Panicle spreading, in
some degree pendulous. Branches slender, and situated in pairs
on the rachis. Spikelets many, small, of three awnless florets.
Calyx of two narrow, acute, membranous glumes, destitute of
lateral ribs. Florets of two equal-sized palese, exterior one of
basal floret rough, acute, three-ribbed, the dorsal rib serrated.

2 c

FESTUCA SYLVATICA.

Eoot creeping, tufted, and perennial. Length from twenty-four
to thirty-six inches.

Flowers in the middle of July.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Ambleside,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

> f <•'/ I (

7ESTUCA SROMOIDES

F. OVINA

153

FESTUCA BKOMOIDES.

LINNAEUS. PARNELL. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. GTREVILLE.
BABINGTON. KUNTH. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE L. A.

Festuca Myurus,

" pseudo-myurus,
" sciuroides,

Vulpia bromoides,

SMITH. (Not of LINN.ETJS.)

KOCH.

KOCH.

DUMOET. LlNDLEY.

The Barren Fescue Grass.

Festuca— ?

Bromoides — Wild oats.

A NOT uncommon but useless agricultural Grass.

Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Switzer-
land, Germany, Belgium, and Holland.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and slender, carrying three
or four short, very narrow, frequently involute leaves, with
smooth striated sheaths, the upper one extending considerably
beyond its leaf, and having a very brief ligule at its apex.
Joints three, smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled, long and
slender. Spikelets erect, of five awned florets. Calyx of two
exceedingly unequal acute glumes, the basal one destitute of
lateral ribs, whilst the uppermost one is three-ribbed. Florets
of two paleaB, the exterior one of basal floret five-ribbed, and
of same length as the large glume, ending in a long slender
awn. Inner palea lanceolate, having two green marginal ribs.
Root annual and fibrous. Length from two to twenty-four
inches.

156 FESTUCA OVINA.

Stem angular and rough; erect, carrying three or four in-
volute short rigid leaves, with rough sheaths, the upper one
much longer than its leaf, and having a brief bi-lobed ligule at
the apex. Joints two or three. Inflorescence simple-panicled.
Panicle brief, compact, unilateral, and erect. Spikelets of six
florets, having brief awns. Calyx consisting of two acute un-
equal-sized glumes, the upper one three-ribbed, and the lower
one destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two palese, the exterior
one of basal floret five-ribbed, the interior one bifid, and
having two green marginal ribs. Length from three inches to
two feet. Root perennial and somewhat creeping.

Of the variety Hirsuta, which is common in rocky situations,
the glumes and florets are hairy.

Vwipara. A singular mountain variety, having the inner
palea changed into a kind of leaf.*

Angustifolia. Abundant in the Highlands; slender, long, and
narrow leaves.

Ccesia. Glaucous and altogether larger.

Duriuscula. Upper leaf flat, and larger in size.

Filiformis. A way-side Grass; tall, slender, and drooping.

Arenaria. Sandy situations near the sea; panicle and leaves
short.

Humilis. An alpine variety. Slender, panicle narrow.

Rubra. The largest variety. Sandy sea-side situations.

Situation seems to be the chief cause of the great variety
of this species.

A valuable agricultural Grass, especially for sheep; early
and productive, though small in size.

Comes into flower in the middle of June, and ripens its
seed in the middle of July.

The specimen from which the illustration is taken, was
gathered at Langdale, "Westmorland, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham,
and the variety Vivipara, which the engraving at page 154
represents, in Paterdale, Cumberland, by the same gentleman.

See page 154 for a wood-cut illustration.

ERG:,

LI

157

BROMUS ERECTUS.

HUDSON. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. PAENELL.

KOCH. LlNDLEY. DlCKSON. KNAPP. SlNCLAIE. SCHEADEE. OEDEE.

KUNTH. BABINGTON. MACEEIGHT. DEAZIN.

PLATE LI.

JBromus agrestis, ALLIONI. HOST.

" perennis, VILLAES.

The Upright Oat-Grass.

Sromus — Food. Erectus — Upright.

BROMUS. Linnaus. — The Brome-G-rass, of which there are a dozen
British species, has a lax panicle, with many-flowered laterally-compressed
spikelets. The name is derived from the Greek, signifying food; hence
the present word, which the Greeks used for one of the Oat-Grasses.

A LARGE-GROWING species, of but little agricultural value.

In England found in Somerset, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Nor-
folk, Cambridge, Oxford, Worcester, and Yorkshire. In the
Island of Anglesea, and occasionally in Ireland and Scotland.

Found in Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, and Italy.

Stem circular and smooth, habit erect; bearing four or five
linear, harsh, hairy, nearly erect leaves, with hairy sheaths, the
upper one having at its apex a brief ragged ligule. Joints
five. Inflorescence simple-panicled or racemed. Raceme upright
and compact. Spikelets upright, consisting of eight or nine
awned florets, tinged with brownish purple. Calyx of two equal-
sized acute glumes; upper one three-ribbed, basal one destitute

158 BROMUS ERECTUS.

of lateral ribs. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of basal
floret a third longer than the small glume of the calyx; sum-
mit bifid and membranous; seven-ribbed; dorsal rib minutely
dentate, and ending in a rough awn. Anthers of a deep saffron
colour. Length from two to three feet. Koot perennial and
fibrous.

Flowers towards the end of June; seeds ripe in a month.

Variety Hirsutum a hairy variety.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Congleton, by Mr.
E. Wilson.

i n , v \ M n

B R 0 M U r ASPS 21.

L:.

159

BROMUS ASPER.

HOOKEE AND ABNOTT. SMITH. PABNELL. GrBEVILLE. KoCH.
LlNDLEY. WlLLDENOW. MAETTN. KNAPP. SCHEADEE.
HOST. EHEHAET. BABINGTON. KTJNTH. MACEEIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE LII.

Bromus ramosus, LINN.&TJS.

" nemoralis, HUDSON.

" nemorosus, VILLABS.

" Mrsutus, CUETIS.

" montanus, POLLICH. EETZIUS.

The Hairy Wood Bromus.

Bromus — Food. Asper — Rough.

A COMMON, tall-growing, coarse Grass, found in damp shady
woods, and of scarcely any agricultural merits.

Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany,
Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia.

Stem upright, circular, and somewhat rough, carrying four or
five broad, flat, sharp-pointed, rough leaves, with striated hairy
sheaths. Joints five. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle
weeping in habit. Spikelets one inch long, linear-lanceolate, of
about eight awned glossy brownish purple florets. Calyx of
two unequal acute glumes, the upper one longest and three-
ribbed. Florets of two palese, exterior one of basal floret longer
than the calyx, summit bifid, five-ribbed, the dorsal rib dentate,
and ending in a long rough awn. Inner palea having two

2 D

160 BROMUS ASPER.

green marginal ribs. Root annual or biannual, and fibrous.
Length from two to three feet.

Blooms at the end of July, and seeds ripen at the end of
August.

The illustration is from a specimen forwarded by Dr. Wilson,
of Nottingham.

/. >Jr

E ROM US STERILIS.

LIU

161

BROMUS STERILIS.

LlNN^US. HOOKEE AND ABNOTT. SMITH. PAENELL. GrBEVILLE.

LlNDLEY. HOST. KOCH. WlLLDENOW. CUETIS. MAETYN.

KNAPP. GEEAEDE. SOCLAIB. SCHEADEE. LEEES. EHEHAET. EJTNTH.

BABINGTON. MACEEIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE LIII.

Bromus grandiflorus, WEIGEL.

The Barren Brome Grass.

Bromus — Food. Sterilis — Barren.

A COMMON, road-side, useless agricultural Grass, growing in
dry shady situations.

Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy,
Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and Northern Africa.

Stem circular, rough, and striated, carrying four or five flat,
linear, pubescent, acute leaves, with rough striated sheaths, the
upper one of same length as its leaf, and having a blunt
ragged ligule at the apex. Joints five, naked. Inflorescence
panicled, pale green in colour, and sometimes tinged with purple.
Panicle spreading and drooping, having long, slender, rough
branches. Spikelets mostly of eight awned florets, lanceolate
and lengthy. Calyx of two unequal acute glumes, the upper
one having three rough ribs, the lower one destitute of lateral
ribs. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of basal floret
longer than the calyx; margins membranous; summit bifid;
seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib ending in a rough awn, which is

BROMTIS STERILIS.

longer than the palea. Inner palea shorter, and having two
green marginal ribs. Length from one to two feet. Root annual
and creeping.

Flowers towards the close of June, and the seeds become ripe
in a month.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Bredbury, in
Cheshire, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

BROMUS SSCALINUS.

LIV

163

BROMUS SECALINUS.

SMITH. HOOKER AND ABNOTT. KOCH. LINDLEY. PAENELL.

HULL. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHEADEE. HOST. EHEHART. LEERS.

EELHAN. ABBOT. MACREIGHT. KUNTH. EALFS.

PLATE LIV.

Serrafalcus secalinus, BABINGTON.

Bromus velutinus, SMITH.

• " multiflorus, SMITH.

" polymorphus, HUDSON. WITHERING.

" mtiosus, WEIGEL.

The Smooth Rye Brome- Grass.

Bromus— Food. Secalinus — Eye.

A SOMEWHAT common Grass, growing in corn-fields, and a
useless somewhat troublesome weed.

Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Norway,
Germany, Sweden, and West Asia.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying four or
five flat, soft, linear, pointed leaves, with striated sheaths, the
upper sheath having an obtuse, ragged, membranous ligule at
its apex. Lower sheaths soft and hirsute. Joints five. Inflo-
rescence racemed or simple-panicled. Panicle upright, branches
harsh. Spikelets ovate, yellowish green, mostly of seven awned
florets, the apex of the large glume being half-way between the
apex and base of the second floret. Calyx consisting of two
almost equal, broad glumes, with membranous margins; upper
half of the keel dentate. Inner glume seven-ribbed; outer
glume, which is smaller, three-ribbed. Florets of two palese,

164 BROMTJS SECALINTJS.

exterior one of basal floret oval, seven-ribbed, the dorsal rib
ending in a rough awn. Inner palea linear oblong, having two
green marginal ribs fringed with colourless hairs.

Length from eighteen to twenty-four inches. Root annual
and fibrous.

Flowers in the first week, and becomes ripe in the last week
in June.

There are two well-known varieties: —

Variety Velutinus having large spikelets of from ten to fifteen
florets.

Variety Vulgaris is frequently more than thirty-six inches in
length.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered in Chorlton
fields, near Manchester, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

US CO 1,1 M U T A T U 8 .

LV

165

BROMUS COMMUTATUS.

SCHEADEB. KOCH. PABNELL. H. WATSON. HoOKEB AND AfiNOTT.

PLATE LV.

Serrafalcus comtnutatus, PABLATOBE. BABINGTON.

The Tumid Field Brome- Grass.

Bromus — Food. Commutatus — Changed.

A SOMEWHAT common species, growing in corn-fields and on
road-sides.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying four or
five flat, soft, sharp-pointed leaves, with striated sheaths, the
upper sheath having an obtuse ragged ligule at its summit.
Joints five. Inflorescence usually simple-panicled. Panicle when
young upright, when more mature pendant. Branches rough.
Spikelets linear-lanceolate, brownish purple, mostly of ten awned
florets. Calyx consisting of two almost equal, broad acute
glumes; margin membranous. Upper half of the keels dentate.
Outer glume three-ribbed; inner glume seven-ribbed. Florets
of two nearly equal-sized palese, the exterior one of basal floret
oval, rough, glossy, and somewhat longer than the glumes;
seven-ribbed. Inner palea linear-oblong, having two green mar-
ginal ribs fringed with white hairs. Stigmas plumose. Length
from nineteen to thirty-six inches. Koot fibrous and annual.

Bromus secalinus is more linear and longer.

166 BROMUS COMMUTATUS.

It flowers in the middle of June, and ripens its seeds at the
commencement of July.

The specimen figured was gathered at York, by Mr. Joseph
Sidebotham, of Manchester.

D ,J j I

R O 1.1 U S

LVI

167

BROMUS ARVENSIS.

KOCH. SMITH. LINDLEY. PAKNELL.

PLATE LVI.
Serrafalcus arvensis. GODRON. BABINGTON.

The Taper Field Brome- Grass.

Bromus — Food. Arvensis — Field.

A RARE, and by some authorities considered a doubtful British
species.

Found on the coast of Durham, at Hebden-Bridge, Yorkshire,
Southampton Bay, Box Hill, and about Edinburgh.

Native of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Norway,
Germany, Sweden, Lapland, and Western Asia.

An early Grass, and useful for sheep.

Stem upright, circular, hard, bearing four or five narrow,
flat, hairy leaves, with striated sheaths, which are shorter than
their leaves. Joints four. Inflorescence simple-panicled; branches
rough. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, mostly of seven awned florets,
reddish brown in colour. Apex of large glume midway be-
tween the base of the glume and the apex of the second floret.
Glumes unequal, margins membranous, keels rough. Inner
glume largest, and five-ribbed; outer glume three-ribbed. Florets
of two palea?, exterior one of basal floret longer than the glumes,
summit bifid or entire; margins membranous. Inner palea thin,
acute, white, membranous, and having two green ribs fringed
with colourless hairs. Awns upright and rough. Styles two,

166 BROMUS ARVENSIS.

and short. Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers lengthy
and notched at either extremity. Length from ten to eighteen
inches. Eoot annual and fibrous.

Flowers in June and July, and ripens its seed in the second
week of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Hebden-
Bridge, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

169

BROMUS MOLLIS.

LlNN^US. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. H. WATSON. PAENELL. CUBTIS.

WILLDENOW. MAETYN. KNAPP. SINCLAIE.
SCHEADEE. HOST. SCHEEBEE. LEEES. EHEHAET. WEIGEL. LlNDLEY.

KOCH. GEEVILLE. HULL. EELHAN.
SIBTHOEP. ABBOT. MACEEIGHT. KUNTH. EALFS. DEAKIN.

PLATE LVII A.

Serrafalcus mollis, PAELATOEE. BABINGTON.

Bromus polymorphus, HUDSON. WITHEBING.

" hordeaceus, LINNAEUS.

" nanus, WEIGEL.

The Soft Brome Grass.

Bromus — Food. Mollis — Soft.

A USELESS species, growing on poor land.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Found also in
France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
North Africa and North America.

Stem hairy, upright, and circular, carrying three or four flat,
linear-lanceolate, striated, hairy leaves, with striated sheaths,
having a small obtuse jagged ligule. Joints four or five, in
some degree hirsute. Inflorescence racemed or simple-panicled.
Raceme upright; branches rough and hirsute, basal ones mostly
in threes. Spikelets upright, ovate in form, deep green in colour,
and mostly of ten awned florets. The apex of large glume
midway between its base and the apex of the third floret.
Calyx of two broad hirsute glumes; upper one seven-ribbed,

2 E

170 BROMUS MOLLIS.

lower ones five-ribbed, ending in a rough awn, mostly bifid at
the summit.

Length from twelve to eighteen inches. Root annual and
fibrous.

Blooms in the last week of May, and ripens its seed in the
middle of June.

171

BROMUS DIANDRUS.

CURTIS. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH.

KNAPP. G-RAVES. SINCLAIR. BABINGTON. EEICHENBACH.

RALFS. DEAKIN.

PLATE LVII. B.

Bromus Madritensis, LINNJSUS. WILLDENOW.

" " SCHRADER. HOST. KoCH.

" " WITHERING. MACREIGHT.

" " KUNTH.

" gynandrus, ROTH.

" rigidus, ROTH.

" muralis, HUDSON.

" ciliatus, HUDSON.

Festuca Madritensis, DESFONTAINES.

The Upright Annual Brome-Grass.

Bromus — Food. Diandrus — ?

A HARE species, growing chiefly on rocks and walls, and on
dry soils.

In England it occurs in the counties of Devon, Somerset,
Gloucester, Hampshire, Surrey, Kent, "Worcester, and Durham.
In Scotland it has been found on the Fifeshire coast, and
near Edinburgh. Abroad it occurs in France, Italy, Germany,
and Switzerland.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, having three or four
flat, linear, acute, hairy leaves, with striated sheaths. Upper
sheath downy, having a short, blunt, ragged ligule; lower
sheath hairy, the hairs pointing downwards. Joints four,
smooth. Inflorescence racemed. Raceme upright and compact.

BROMUS D1ANDRUS.

Spikelets commencing direct from the rachis, on short footstalks,
the basal ones mostly in twos or threes; generally of eight
awned florets, brownish purple in colour. Calyx of two un-
equal acute glumes. Upper one three-ribbed, lower one
destitute of lateral ribs. Florets of two palese, the exterior one
of basal floret bifid, membranous, and extending beyond the
calyx, seven-ribbed, the two marginal ribs on either side ap-
proximate, central rib dentate. Length from six to twelve inches.
Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers towards the end of June, and ripens its seed at the
end of July.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Bristol, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

B !l 0 '

LV

173

BKOMUS MAXIMUS.

DESFONTAINES. SMITH.
HOOKEE AND ABNOTT. PAENELL. KuNTH. BABINGTON. B-ALFS.

PLATE LVIII.

The Great Brome Grass.

Jlromus — Food. Maximus — Great.

A RARE British species, of no agricultural value.

Found in Jersey. France, Spain, and Africa.

Stem upright, circular, and hollow, having four or five flat,
acute, downy leaves, with rough margins, and with striated
sheaths, the upper one extending slightly beyond its leaf, and
having a conspicuous ragged ligule. Joints four, usually naked.
Inflorescence racemed, and upright in habit. The footstalks and
rachis downy. The form of the spikelets lanceolate; length an
inch and a quarter, and having awns an inch and a quarter
in length; consisting of eight awned florets, and two unequal,
lanceolate glumes. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of
basal floret exceedingly rough and lanceolate, and having seven
conspicuous rough ribs. Awns straight and rough. Styles two.
Stigmas plumose. Filaments three, and anthers notched at either
extremity. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root
annual and fibrous.

It is known from B. sterilis by the soft downy footstalks.

Comes into flower in the middle of June.

:: A r .
LIX

175

AVENA FATUA.

LINNJEUS. SMITH. HOOKER AND AENOTT. PABNELL. KNAPP.

WILLDENOW. MAETYN. DON. SCHBADEE.
HOST. LEEES. EHEHAET. SCHEEBEE. KOCH. LINDLEY. WITHEEING.

HUDSON. KUNTH. HULL. RELHAN.
SIBTHOEP. ABBOT. WINCH. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. DEAKIN. BALFS.

PLATE LIX.

The Wild Oat-Grass.

Avena— Oat. Fatua— Wild.

AVENA. Linnceus. — The Oat-Grass has a lax panicle and laterally com-
pressed spikelets. Awns long and twisted. In this family is the Avena
sativa, or Cultivated Oat, an introduced species. Amongst our indigenous
species are Avena fatua, A. strigosa, A. pratensis, A.pubescens, A.flavescens,
and A. planiculmis; the latter has only been collected by one botanist, Mr.
Murray, who discovered it at Glen Sannox, in the Isle of Arran.

THE Wild Oat-Grass is a common species in England and
Ireland, yet much rarer in Scotland, It chiefly grows in corn-
fields, and is a troublesome weed.

The awns, from their extreme sensitiveness to the moisture
of the air, are manufactured into Hygrometers. The florets are
also occasionally used as artificial flies for trout- fishing.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
Asia, and Northern Africa.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, having four or five flat,
linear, rough, minutely-ribbed leaves, with smooth striated
sheaths. Joints smooth. Inflorescence simple-panicled. Panicle
spreading, and of large size. Rachis smooth, branches rough.

176 A YEN A FATUA.

Spikelets ample pendulous, ovate-lanceolate in form; of two
(sometimes three) florets. Calyx of two equal-sized, smooth,
membranous, acute glumes, the exterior one seven-ribbed, the
inner one eleven-ribbed. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of
basal floret ovate in shape, acute, eight-ribbed, and considerably
shorter than the calyx. Awn above double the length of the
floret, twisted and bent, and of a dull reddish colour. Length
thirty-six inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and seeds become ripe
at the end of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Congleton,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

•

8 J S N 3.

177

AYENA PRATENSIS.

LINBLEUS. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. WILLDENOW.

KNAPP. HUDSON. HULL. SINCLAIR. SCHEADEE.

HOST. LEEES. KOCH. WITHEBING. RELHAN. SIBTHOBP. RALFS.

ZUNTH. ABBOTT. LIGHTFOOT. MACBEIGHT. BABINGTON.

LINDLEY. DEAKIN.

PLATE XL. A.

Trisetum pratense, PAKNELL.

Avena alpina, SMITH.

" planiculmis, SMITH. HOOKEB.

" bromoides, LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW. GOUAN.

The Narrow-leaved Perennial Oat-Grass.

Avena — Oat. Pratensis — A meadow.

A COMMON species, of scarcely any agricultural merit.

Found in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany,
Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, and Lapland.

Stem upright, almost circular, smooth, and minutely striated,
having three or four linear-acute harsh leaves, with striated
sheaths, upper sheath twice the length of its leaf, rough, and
having a lengthy, narrow, membranous ligule; lower sheaths
smooth, and shorter than their leaves. Joints three, smooth.
Inflorescence compound-racemed, or simple-panicled. Panicle
upright, lengthy, and compact. Rachis and branches rough to
the touch. Spikelets large, oval in form, of four or five awned
florets, and of the same length as the calyx. Calyx consisting
of two acute unequal glumes, three-ribbed, having rough keels,
and on the lower portion purplish. Floret of two paleae, the
basal exterior one frequently bifid, five-ribbed, base hirsute.

2 F

178 AVENA PRATENSIS.

Inner palea shorter, and having minutely fringed margins.
Awns rough, and twisted at the base. Length from eighteen
to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of June, and ripens its seed
in six weeks.

There are two varieties. Longifolium, having lengthy, linear,
flat leaves; growing in damp shady woods near the sea in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Latifolium, with short broad
leaves; a tall stout plant.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Tadcaster, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

179

AVENA PUBESCENS.

LINNJEUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW. KNAPP. HOOKER AND AENOTT.

SINCLAIR. SCHRADER. LEERS. HOST. OEDER.
EHRHART. KOCH. GREVILLE. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. EELHAN.

KUNTH. SlBTHORP. ABBOT. DEAKIN.
LIGHTFOOT. MACREIGHT. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH. RALFS.

PLATE LX. — B.

Trisetum pubescens, PERSOON. PARNELL. LINDLEY.

Avena sesquitertia, LiNN-EUS.

The Downy Oat-Grass.

Avena — Oat. Pubescens — Downy.

A GRASS deserving the attention of agriculturists, giving a
good yield, and requiring ^but little nourishment from the soil.

A frequent Grass in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Native
also of France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Norway, and Sweden.

Stem upright, circular, and smooth, and minutely striated,
having about five soft, broad, flat, hairy leaves, with the
upper sheath more than three times the length of its leaf, and
having a conspicuous membranous ligule; lower sheaths not so
long as their leaves. Joints three or four. Inflorescence com-
pound-racemed or simple-panicled. The basal spikelets situated
on lateral branches, whilst those near the apex are on brief
footstalks. Panicle upright. Calyx of two unequal, membra-
nous, acute glumes, the basal one destitute of lateral ribs, and
shorter than the upper one. Florets of two palese, the exterior
one of basal floret membranous on the upper portion; five-ribbed;

180 AVENA PUBESCENS.

colour reddish purple; base hirsute. Inner palea much shorter,
and exceedingly thin. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches.
Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers in the middle of June, and ripens its seed in the
middle of July.

This species usually grows in dry situations in chalky or
limestone districts.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Burton, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

A V 5 N A STRIG

LXI

181

AVENA STRIGOSA.

SCHREBER. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL. KOCH. LINDLEY.

"WILLDENOW. KNAPP. DON. SCHRADER. HOST. EHRHART.
RETZ. WITHERING. HULL. BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. KTTNTH. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXI.

The Bristle- Pointed Oat-Grass.

Avena — Oat. Strigosa — Slender.

A COMMON species, growing in corn-fields, and differing from
Avena fatua and A. sativa in having the florets ending in two
long bristles.

Found in the counties of Notts., York, Durham, Sussex,
Cornwall, and Denbigh. In Scotland, in Inverness, Aberdeen,
Forfar, and Perthshire. The Island of Anglesea. Central
Europe.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, bearing four or five
somewhat broad, acute, glaucous, rough leaves, with smooth
striated sheaths, the upper one extending beyond its leaf, and
having an oblong membranous ligule at its apex. Joints smooth.
Inflorescence simple panicled. Panicle inclined to one side,
having rough lengthy lateral branches. Spikelets large and
oval, of two awned florets. Calyx of two acute, smooth, mem-
branous, somewhat unequal glumes, the basal one smallest
and seven-ribbed, the other nine-ribbed. Ribs prominent and
green. Florets of two palese, the exterior one of basal floret
of same length as large glume, ending in two rough bristles;
six-ribbed and rough. Inner palea linear, membranous, and

2 G

188 A VEX A STRIGOSA.

shorter. Awn rough, thick, and bent. Length thirty-six inches.
Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
in six weeks.

A. strigosa much resembles the A. sativa, (the cultivated Oat,)
but is known from it in the florets ending in two lengthy
straight bristles.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House,
Nottinghamshire.

SYLVATi"

183

AVENA FLAVE8CENS.

LINNJEUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. KOCH. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW.

CUKTIS. KNAPP. SINCLAIR. SCHRADEH.

HOST. SCHREBER. LEERS. EHRHART. WITHERING. HUDSON. HULL.
EELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. EEICHENBACH. DEAKIN.

PLATE LX1I. A.

Trisctmn flavesccns, BEAVEAUX. PARNELL. LINDLEY.

" " BABINGTON. MACREIGHT. KUNTH.

The Yellow Oat-Grass.

Avcna — Oat. Jflavescens — -Yellow.

A FREQUENT species, found in dry meadows arid pastures,
in England, Scotland, and Ireland, France, Italy, Germany,
Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and North Africa.

Sheep are very fond of this Grass.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, carrying six or seven
flat, roughish, acute leaves, with striated sheaths, the upper
one double the length of its leaf, and having a brief ligule at
its apex. Joints smooth. Inflorescence panicled, the panicle
being upright and spreading. The lower branches usually in
fives. Spikelets numerous, upright, and diminutive, mostly of
three awned florets, which extend beyond the calyx. Calyx
of two acute unequal membranous glumes, the upper glume
being the largest and three-ribbed. Florets of two palese,
exterior one of basal floret membranous. Apex bifid; base
hirsute; five-ribbed. Inner palea3 linear, acute, and membra-
nous. Awn twisted at the base, rough and longer than the

184 AVENA FLAVESCENS.

palea. Length from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root per-
ennial and creeping.

Flowers in the middle of July, and ripens its seed in a
month.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House,
Nottinghamshire.

185

H ORDEUM SYLVATICUM.

HUDSON. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. BABINGTON. PARNELL. KNAPF.
MARTYN. ABBOT. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXII. — li.

Elymus Europeus, LINNAEUS. SMITH. HOOKER.

" " LlNDLEY. KOCH. WlLLDENOW.

" " WITHERING. SCHRADER. HOST.

" " EHRHART. HULL. SIBTHORP.

KUNTH. EEICHENBACH.

The Wood Barley.

Hordeum — F Sylvaticum — Wood.

HORDEUM. Linnceus. — Spikelets in threes from the same joints of the
rachis. There are four British examples, all being known by the form of
their glumes. The Barley Grasses, under which designation these species
are known, are rare in Scotland. The name is of dubious origin.

OCCURRING more especially in a chalky soil in woods in the
counties of Derby, York, Northumberland, Bucks., Herts.,
Hunts., Wilts., Bedford, Oxford, and Denbigh. Native of
France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden.

Of no agricultural value.

Stem upright, circular, somewhat smooth, bearing four or five
lanceolate, rough, flat, pointed leaves, with rough striated sheaths,
upper one extending beyond its leaf. Joints four. Inflorescence
spiked, compact, three inches long. Rachis rough, angular and
dentate. Spikelets in threes. Glumes three-ribbed, rough,

186 HORDEUM SYLVATICUM.

equal, ending in a long rough awn. Floret of two palea?,
exterior one awned, rough, and five-ribbed; base hirsute.
Inner palea two-ribbed and of same length. Awn of exterior
palea rough, and commencing at the apex. Ovarium hirsute.
Styles two, brief. Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers
lengthy, and cloven at either extremity. Length twenty-four
inches. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers in June, and ripens its seed the second week in
August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Cottril
Clough, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

1 PRATENSE.

M U R I N U M.

LX II I

187

HORDEUM PRATENSE.

HUDSON. HOOKER AND AENOTT. SMITH. KUNTH.

DEAKIN. PAENELL. LINDLEY. EELHAN. MAETYN. KNAPP. SINCLAIE.

MACEEIGHT. SCHEADEE. EHBHAET. WITHERING. SIBTHOEP.

BABINGTON. REICHENBACH.

PLATE LXIIl. A.

Ifordeum nodosum, KOCH. LINNJKTJS.

. " secalinum, WILLDENOW. HOST.

" maritimiim, OEDER.

Gramen secalinum, GEBAEDE. KAY.

The Meadow Barley.

Hordeum — ? Pratense — A field.

FOUND in moist meadows and pastures in the counties of
Somerset, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge,
Bedford, Oxford, Leicester, Worcester, Warwick, Nottingham-
shire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Durham, Northumberland, . Flint,
and Denbigh. In Scotland rare — near Edinburgh; occasionally
in Ireland. Extending into central Europe.

An early species, and although common in Norfolk pastures
is not considered a profitable agricultural Grass.

Stem circular, smooth, upright, and polished, carrying four
or five linear, flat, somewhat hirsute leaves, with smooth stri-
ated sheaths; the upper one being longer in its leaf, and
having a very brief ligule at its apex. Joints smooth. Inflor-
escence spiked. Spikes dense, and an inch and a half long.
Rachis dentate. Spikelets in threes on each tooth of the
rachis. Calyx of central spikelet consisting of two equal-

188 HORDEUM PRATENSE.

sized glumes. Central floret of two palese; exterior one
three-ribbed, and ending in a lengthy rough awn; inner
palea acute, and only half the length. Length eighteen to
twenty-four inches. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, the seeds becoming
ripe in a month.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Bristol by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

189

HOKDEUM MURINUM.

LINN.EUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KUNTH. BABINGTON.

KOCH. SMITH. PARNELL. G-REVILLE. LINDLEY. WILLDENOW.

REICHENBACH. BELHAN. CURTIS. MARTYN. KNAPP. HOST. SINCLAIR

SCHHADER. DlCKSON. SlBTHORP. ABBOT. OEDER. EHRHART.

HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. MACREIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXIII. B.

Hordeum spurium, GERARDE.

The Wall Barley.

Hordeum — • ? Murinum — A wall.

A VERY common English Grass, growing on waste grounds,
on road-sides, and by walls. Common in the south of Europe
and in Germany.

A useless agricultural Grass.

Stem circular, upright, and smooth, carrying three or four
linear, flat, somewhat hirsute roughish leaves, with smooth striated
sheaths, the upper one extending beyond its leaf, and having
at its apex a brief jagged ligule. Joints smooth. Inflorescence
spiked; the spike two inches long, dense, and compact.
Spikelets in threes, and consisting of one awned floret. Calyx
of two equal-sized glumes, and ending in a lengthy rough
awn. Central floret consisting of two palese, exterior one
ovate and three-ribbed, interior one membranous. Length from
twelve to thirteen inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
in a month.

The specimen illustrated was gathered in Nottingham Park.

2 H

\

10 v'H!

HOE1

T R I T I C U M

LX1V

191

HORDEUM MARITIMUM.

WITHERING. HOOKER AND AENOTT. DEAKIN. KUNTH. SMITH.

PAENELL. KOCH. LINDLEY. KNAPP.

MAETYN. SCHRADEE. MACEEIGHT. VALL. HOST. POUERET. HULL.
RELHAN. BABINGTON. REICHENBACH.

PLATE LX1V. A.

Hordcum marimum, HUDSON. DICKSON.

" gadculatU'Hi, ALLIONI.

rigidum, ROTH.

The Sea-side Barley.

Hordettm — ? Marttimum — Sea.

GROWING near the sea, on light dry sandy ground.

Occurring in Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Essex, Kent,
Suffolk, Norfolk, Gloucester, Glamorgan, York, Durham, and
Northumberland; and in Argusshire, where rare. Found also
along the Mediterranean sea, extending to the Baltic.

An injurious agricultural Grass.

Stem upright, circular, and polished, (base trailing) bearing
four or five brief, narrow, rough, hirsute leaves, with smooth,
striated sheaths, having a brief, membranous ligule at its apex.
Joints smooth. Inflorescence spiked, uniform, and an inch in
length. Rachis jointed and dentate. Spikelets in threes on
either side of the rachis, and of one awned floret. Calyx of
two equal-sized rough glumes. Floret of two paleae, the exterior
one ending in a lengthy rough awn; inner one half the length.

198 HORDEUM MAR1TIMUM.

Floret imperfect. Length from three to nine inches. Root
annual and fibrous.

Flowers in the middle of June.

The specimen illustrated was gathered near Bristol, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

193

TRITICUM JUNCEUM.

LlNNJEUS. HOOKEE AND AENOTT, KOCH. WlTHEEING.

SMITH. PAENELL. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. WILLDENOW. HULL.

KNAPP. DICKSON. SCHEADEE. HOST. OEDEE. HUDSON. BABINGTON.

REICHENBACH. KUNTH. MACEEIGHT. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXIV. B.

Agropyrum junceum, LINDLEY. BEAUVAIS.

The Rushy Sea Wheat-Grass.

Triticum — Rubbed. Junceum — A rush.

TEITICUM. Linnaus. — The Wheat-Grass is represented in Great Britain
by five species; they have solitary spikelets, and \vith two nearly equal-
sixed glumes. The British examples are much more diminutive than the
annual foreign species, which are cultivated in this countrv for bread. The
name is derived from the Latin tritum, and signifies thrashed or beaten,
in allusion to the manner in which the corn is extracted from the ear.

FOUND on sandy sea-shores, where it is useful in binding
the loose sand. It has no agricultural merits.

Common in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Ger-
many, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, West Asia, and North
Africa.

Stem circular, upright, smooth, and having five or six lengthy
smooth glaucous leaves, with smooth somewhat striated sheaths,
the upper one shorter than its leaf, and having at its apex a
brief membranous ligule. Inflorescence spiked, the spikelets
oval in form, sessile, and in two alternate rows on a zigzag
smooth rachis. Calyx consisting of two obtuse about equal-

194 TRITICUM JUNCEUM.

sized, smooth, six prominent-ribbed, glumes. Florets of two
palese, the exterior one of basal floret smooth, five-ribbed, and
of the same length as the calyx; inner palea having two green
marginal ribs, and being minutely fringed. Length from
fifteen to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and its seeds ripen
about the middle of August.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Abergale,
North Wales, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

UM REPENS.

195

TRITICUM REPENS.

SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL. SINCLAIR.

DEAKIN. KOCH. LINDLEY. GREVILLE. BABINGTON. WILLDENOW.

KNAPP. SCHRAUER. HOST. LEERS. SCHREBER. EHRHART. HUDSON.

WITHERING. HULL. EELHAN. SIBTHORP. ABBOT. MARTYN.

KUNTH. MACREIGHT.

PLATE LXV. — A.

Triticum littorale, HOST.

" junceum, HELIIAN.

Agropyrum repens, BEAUVAIS. LINDLEY.

Elymus ar&narius, HUDSON.

The Creeping Wheat- Grass, or Couch Grass.

Triticum — Wheat. Repens — Creeping.

ONE of the most troublesome weeds that the farmer has to
encounter, being difficult to eradicate from the soil, having
long creeping roots, which branch out in every direction.

It is common everywhere in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Also a native of Iceland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Switzer-
land, Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and the United
States; yet not found above the altitude of six hundred feet.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and striated, carrying five
or six flat acute leaves with smooth striated sheaths; upper
one shorter than its leaf, and having a very brief blunt
ligule at its apex. Inflorescence spiked. Spike upright; spike-
lets oval, of four or five awnless florets, and placed alternately
on the zigzag rachis in rows. Calyx consisting of two equal,
acute glumes. Florets of two paleae, exterior one of basal
floret five-ribbed, harsh, and acute. Inner palea minutely

2 I

196 TRITICUM REFERS.

dentated, and having two green marginal ribs. Length from
twelve to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
in six weeks.

There is a common variety known as variety Aristatum,
which is frequently mistaken for Triticum camnum, but is
distinguished in the glumes having five ribs.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Beeston, near
Nottingham.

19'

TRITICUM CANINUM.

HUDSON. SMITH. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. PARNELL.

SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. KOCH. GREVILLE. LINDLEY. BABINGTON.

KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST. OEDER. WITHERING. HULL. RELHAN.

ABBOT. KUNTH. MACREIGHT.

PLATE LXV. — B.

Triticum liflorum, MITTEN.

" alpinum, DON.

Elymus caninus, LINNAEUS. WILLDENOW.

" " LEERS. EHRHART.

Ayropyrum caninum, BEAUVAIS. LINDLEY.

The Fibrous-rooted Wheat-Grass.

Triticum — Wheat. Caninum — Dog.

THE Fibrous-rooted Wheat-Grass, or Bearded Wheat-Grass,
is a valuable and early Grass.

Growing usually in damp shady places, yet thriving when
cultivated in fields.

Common in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Native of Siberia, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and the
United States.

Stem slender, upright, circular, and polished, having four
or five broad, lanceolate acute, dark green, shining leaves,
with smooth striated sheaths, upper one extending beyond
its leaf, and having a very brief blunt ligule at its apex
Inflorescence spiked. Spike lengthy and delicate. Spikelets oval,
sessile, placed in two rows on the zigzag rachis, and of four or

198 TRITICUM CAN1KUM.

five awned florets. The calyx composed of two rough, awned,
three-ribbed, equal-sized glumes. Florets of two palea?, exte-
rior one of basal floret hirsute, five-ribbed, of same length as
glume, and crowned with a lengthy slender awn. Inner
palea membranous, and having two green marginal ribs.
Length from twenty-four to forty-eight inches. Root perennial
and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
in a month.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Congleton, by Mr.
Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

•

199

BRACHTPODIUM SYLVATICUM.

BEAUVAIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. DEAKIN.
Kocn. BABINGTON.

PLATE LXVI. A.

Fentuca sylcatwa, SMITH. SINCLAIR. HUDSON. MARTYN.

" " KNAPP. DICKSON. LIGHTFOOT.

" " WITHERING. RELHAN. SIBTHORP.

" graciUs, MCENCII. SCHRADER.

Brumus sylvaticus, POLLICH. SMITH. HULL. HOOKER.

" " SINCLAIR. POURRET. HOST.

" gracilis, WEIGEL. ROTH. WILLDENOW.

" " EHRHART.

Triticum sylvaticum, MCENCH. PARNELL. KUNTII.

" " MACREIGHT.

The Slender False Brome- Grass.

Brachypodium — Short foot. Sylvaticum — A wood.

BRACHYPODIUM. Beauvais. — The False Brome-Grass is named from the
Greek, and signifies short-footed. This genus is intermediate between
Bromus and Triticum. There are two British examples.

OF no agricultural use, growing in damp shady situations;
common in England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Russia.

Stem upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four or five
broad sharp-pointed polished leaves, with hirsute striated
sheaths, upper leaf extending beyond its sheath, and having
a blunt hirsute ligule at its apex. Joints hairy, and four in
number. Inflorescence racemed. Spikelets lengthy and cylin-

200 BRACHYPODIUM SYI.VATICUM.

drical, generally of ten awned florets, placed alternately in two
rows on the rachis. Calyx of two somewhat unequal, acute,
hirsute, seven-ribbed glumes. Florets of two paleae, exterior
one of basal floret extending somewhat beyond the calyx;
hirsute, seven-ribbed, with a long straight harsh awn. Length
from twelve to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July, and ripens its seed
at the end of the same month.

The specimen from which the illustration is taken was
gathered at Highfield House.

201

BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM.

BEAUVAIS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. LINDLEY. DEAKIN. BABINGTON.

PLATE LXVI. B.

Festuca pinnata, HUDSON. SMITH. SINCLAIR. KNAPP.

" " DlCKSON. SCHEADER. B-ELHAN.

" " SIBTHORP. ABBOTT.

Bromus pinnatus, LINNJGUS. SMITH. WILLDENOW.

" " EELHAN. SINCLAIR. POLLICH.

" " WEIGEL. HOST. LEERS.

" " HUDSON. HULL.

Tnticum pinnatum, MCENCH. PARNELL. KUNTH.

" " MACREIGHT.

The Heath False Brome-Grass.

Brachypodium — Short foot. Pinnatum — Feathered.

A USELESS agricultural Grass, growing on commons and
in heathy situations, and preferring a chalk soil.

Frequent in the counties of Devon, Oxford, Cambridge,
Nottingham, Bedford, Somerset, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk,
Norfolk, Gloucester, Worcester, Leicester, York, and Cum-
berland.

Native of Norway, Sweden, Italy, Germany, France, Spain,
and Portugal.

Very subject to variety.

Stem delicate, upright, circular, and smooth, bearing four
or five lengthy linear rough leaves, with striated sheaths;
upper one shorter than its leaf. Ligules brief. Joints hirsute.
Inflorescence racemed. Spikelets upright, long, and linear,
generally of ten awned florets and two glumes. Glumes

202 BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM.

«

smooth, unequal, and seven-ribbed. Floret of two paleae, ex-
terior one of basal floret longer than the large glume. Inner
palca shorter. Awns shorter than their florets. Styles* two.
Stigmas plumose. Filaments three. Anthers notched at either
extremity. Length thirty-six inches. Eoot perennial and
creeping.

Flowers at the commencement of July.

Var. Gracile. — More slender, and with shorter spikelets.
Found in Kent.

Var. Ccespitosum. — Spikelets small, leaves very narrow. Found
near Bath.

Var. Compositum. — Spikelets rising from the rachis in
threes. Found in Yorkshire.

Var. Hispidum. — Glume and florets hirsute. Found in
Yorkshire.

Var. Hirsutum. — Glume and florets hirsute, awns short,
raceme erect. Found in Yorkshire.

The specimen illustrated was gathered on Mapperly Plains,
near Nottingham.

Ml
1 >

I i'1 L O R U M

203

LOLIUM PERENNE.

LINN.EUS. HOCKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PABNELL.

DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. GREVILLE. KOCH. BABINGTON.

WILLDENOW. KELHAN. KNAPP. MARTYN. G-RAVES. SCHRADER. HOST.

SCHREBER. LEERS. OEDER. EHRHART. HUDSON. WITHERING.

SlBTHORP. EjJNTH. MACREIGHT.

PLATE LXVJI. A.

Lolium tenue, LINN^US. WILLDENOW.

" rubrum, GERARDE.

The Perennial Rye- Grass.

Lolium — Darnel. Perenne — Perennial.

LOLIUM. Linnceus. — This genus is known as Bye-Grass. There are
three British examples.

A USEFUL agricultural Grass, and common throughout the
whole of Britain. Native also of Lapland, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, Russia, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany,
United States, Northern Africa, and Western Asia.

Stem upright, circular, polished, and minutely striated,
bearing six or seven lanceolate, acute, flat, deep green leaves,
with smooth striated sheaths, the upper sheath extending
beyond its leaf, and having a brief blunt ligule at its apex.
Joints four or five. Inflorescence spiked. Spike upright and
compressed. Spikelets sessile, and arranged alternately in two
rows of six to twelve awnless florets. Calyx of one glume,
smooth, five-ribbed, oblong-lanceolate, and shorter than the
spikelets. Florets of two equal-sized palea3, exterior one of

2 K

204 LOLIUM PERENNE.

basal floret five-ribbed, membranous, and shorter than the
glume. Filaments slender. Styles brief. Stigmas plumose on
the upper side. Anthers cloven at either extremity. Length
from fifteen to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and fibrous.

Flowers in the middle of June, and ripens its seed at the
commencement of July.

Var. Angustifolium. — Tall and slender; leaves narrow and
long.

Var. Racemosum. — Having the spikelets pedunculated.

Var. Tenue. — Dwarf, with spikelets of three or four florets.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Highfield House.

205

LOLIUM MULTIFLOEUM.

LOWE. HOOKER AND AENOTT. KOCH.
PLATE LXVIT. B.

Lolium Italicum, BEAUN. BABINGTON.

** perenne, var. Italicum, PAENELL.

The Bearded Rye- Grass, or Italian Eye- Grass.

Lolium — Darnel. Multiflorum — Many-flowered.

SUPPOSED to have been introduced into England from Italy.

Stern upright, rough, and striated, bearing four or five
lanceolate, flat, acute leaves, with harsh sheaths, upper one
longer than its leaf. Inflorescence spiked. Spike from five
to eight inches long. Spikelets from fourteen to twenty in
number, composed of one glume, and from seven to eleven
awned florets, the terminal one having two glumes. Glume
linear-lanceolate. Florets of two equal-sized paleee, five-ribbed.
Styles two. Stigmas lengthy and plumose. Filaments three.
Anthers lengthy, narrow, and notched at either extremity.
Length from twenty-five to sixty inches. Root perennial and
fibrous.

Flowers at the commencement of July.

A most valuable agricultural Grass, when cultivated on a
rich deep soil.

Var. Submuticum. — With large spikelets and short awns.

Var. Ramosum. — Branched.

The specimen illustrated was gathered at Beeston, near
Nottingham.

NTUM. UBUS

L.XV11I

207

LOLIUM TEMULENTUM.

LINN^TUS. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. PARNELL.
DEAKIN. LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. KOCH. BABINGTON. SCHRADER. HOST.

WlLLDENOW. KNAPP. SCHREBER. LEERS.

OEDER. EHRHART. BULL. HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL. ABBOT.
KELHAN. KUNTH. MACREIGHT.

PLATE LXVIII A.

Lolium arvense, WITHERING. HULL. SMITH. LINDLEY.

" " HOOKER. KNAPP. SCHRADER. HOST.

" " RELHAN. KUNTH. MACREIGHT.

" album, GERARDE. BAY.

" verum, GESNERI. MORISON.

Darnel or Bearded Rye-Grass.

Lolium — Darnel. Temulentum — Drunken, in allusion to the

poisonous, sleepy property of the seeds.

NOT only a useless Grass, but a noxious weed, especially in
corn-fields.

The seeds are said to be poisonous.

Not common in Scotland and Ireland, yet frequent in England,
and found in the counties of Devon, Sussex, Kent, Essex,
Cambridge, Suffolk, Bedford, Worcester, Nottingham, York,
Durham, and Northumberland. In Wales in Carnarvonshire,
and the Island of Anglesea. Also a native of France, Italy,
Germany, Japan, South America, Norway, Sweden, and North
Africa.

Stem circular, having four flat, lanceolate, acute, rough, mi-
nutely-toothed leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the upper

£08 LOL1UM TEMULENTUM.

one being shorter than its leaf, and having a brief blunt
ligule at its apex. Joints smooth, and four in number. In-
florescence spiked. Spike upright. Spikelets sessile, placed
alternately in two rows of four or five awned florets. Rachis
rough and zigzag. Calyx consisting of one glume, which is
lengthy and narrow, and having eight ribs. Florets of two
palea?, the exterior one of basal floret seven-ribbed. Apex
bifid, and having a white harsh awn, more than half the
length of the palea, and commencing behind the bifid apex.
Inner palea having two green marginal ribs. The glume
longer than the spikelet, and smooth, except on the edges.
Length twenty-four inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Dr. Parnell describes a variety which grows amongst and is
equally common with the ordinary form, but which is stouter,
and the awns of the florets longer. He has named it variety
Longiaris tatum.

This species flowers at the commencement of July, and
ripens its seeds in a month.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered near Hyde,
in Cheshire, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

209

LEPTURUS INCURVATUS.

TRIN. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. MACREIGHT.
KUNTH. BABINGTON.

PLATE LXVIII. B.

Rottbcellia incurvata, LINN^IUS. SMITH. PARNELL.

" " HOOKER. WILLDENOW. KNAPP.

" " SCHRADER. HOST. OEDER.

" CAVANILLES. WITHERING. HULL.

" " RELHAN. DEAKIN.

" filiformis, ROTH. DON.

" incurvatus, vox. filiformis, HOOKER. PARNELL.

Lepturus filiformis, TRIN. MACREIGHT. KUNTH.

Ophiurus incurvatus, BEAUVAIS. LINDLEY.

JEgilops incurvata, LINNJEUS. HUDSON.

The Curved Sea Hard- Grass.

Lepturus — Slender-spiked. Incurvatus — Bowed down.

LEPTURUS. Brown. — The Hard-Grass derives its name from the Greek,
and signifies slender-tailed, on account of the slender spikes. There is
only a solitary British example.

A GRASS growing in salt marshes near the sea, and of
no agricultural use.

In England it is found in the counties of Devon, Somerset,
Sussex, Kent, Essex, Norfolk, Gloucester, Durham, and
Northumberland. In Wales — in Denbigh, Flint, and the
Island of Anglesea. In Scotland — along both the east and
west coasts. In Ireland — common along the coasts.

210 LEPTURUS 1NCURVATUS.

Abroad it is met with along the shores of the Mediterranean.

Stem circular, polished, striated, base decumbent, and bent
at the joints, bearing six or seven narrow, acute, involute
leaves, with smooth, striated, inflated sheaths, having a very
brief blunt ligule at the apex. Inflorescence spiked. Spike
lengthy nnd cylindrical. Spikelets alternate on the rachis.
Calyx of two glumes, which are four-ribbed, lanceolate, acute,
compact, and only spreading whilst in flower. Florets of two
palese, somewhat shorter than the glumes, linear, membranous,
and ribless. Filaments capillary. Anthers cloven at either
extremity, and pendulous. Styles brief. Stigmas plumose.
Length from three to six inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers towards the close of July, and ripens its seeds in
the middle of August.

There is a slender erect-growing variety found near Aber-
lady, which is known as var. Filiformis.

I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester,
and to Dr. Wilson, of Nottingham, for specimens.

The illustration is from a specimen gathered at Southsea,
by Mr. T. Coward.

i-piA AGROSTID: . SPAR-TINA i

KNAPPIA AGROSTIDEA.

SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. WITHERING. BABINGTON.
KNAPP. DAVIES. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXIX. A.

Agrostis minima, LINN^US. WILLDENOW. SMITH.

" " HUDSON. STILLINGFLEET.

Chamagrosiis minima, SCHRADER. LINDLEY.

" " BORCKHAUSEN. KOCH. MACREIGHT.

Sturmia " HOPPE.

Mibora verna, BEAUVAIS. EEICHENBACH.

Gramen minimum, DALECHAMPS. BAUHIN.

The Early Knappia.

Knappia — Named in honour of an English botanist, Mr. Knapp.
Agrostidea — ?

KNAPPIA. A diminutive sea-side Grass, of which only one species is
known, the Knappia agrostidea. Named after Mr. Knapp.

A DIMINUTIVE sea-side Grass, growing in sandy pastures.

Of no agricultural use.

Anglesea and Jersey; a native also of France and central
Europe.

Stem slender, upright, and having two or three narrow, blunt,
smooth, channeled leaves, with smooth compressed sheaths, the
upper sheath extending beyond its leaf. Inflorescence racemed,
unilateral; rachis smooth. Spikelets briefly stalked, and of two
glumes and one floret; glumes equal, obtuse, smooth, and destitute
of lateral ribs. Floret of one palea, shorter than the glumes,

2 L

212 KNAPPIA AGROSTIDEA.

blunt, hirsute, and white; apex ragged. Styles two, brief.
Stigmas slender, lengthy, and plumose. Stamens three. Length
from two to four inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers in March and April, and ripens its seeds in eight
or nine weeks.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Holyhead, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

213

SPARTINA STRICTA.

SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKEE AND AENOTT. KUNTH. KOCH. LINDLET.
BABINGTON. DEAKIN. MACEEIGHT.

PLATE LXIX. B.

Dactylis stricta, LINN^US. SMITH. KNAPP.

" " WITHERING. SOLANDEES. WILLDENOTV.

" cynosuroides, HUDSON. LOEFLING.

The Twin- Spiked Cord Grass.

Spartina — Named from its resemblance to Juygeum spartum.
Stricta— Close.

SPARTINA. Erect-growing; spike compound. There are two British
examples; name derived from the Greek.

AN interesting, although useless, erect-growing Grass; found
on muddy salt marshes, on the east and south-east coasts of
England.

A native of England, France, and Italy.

Stem striated, smooth, and sheathed to the apex, bearing
numerous involute, rigid, pointed, smooth leaves, with smooth
striated sheaths, the upper one extending beyond its leaf.
Ligule brief, blunt, and ragged. Inflorescence of two or three
spikes. Spikelets alternate, laterally compressed, and consisting
of two glumes and one floret; glumes very unequal, hirsute,
destitute of lateral ribs; inner glume largest. Floret of two
unequal palese, exterior one shortest, hirsute and destitute of
lateral ribs. Inner palea having two delicate ribs. Stamens

£14 SPARTINA STRICTA.

three; stigmas plumose; anthers upright and linear; base cloven;
apex somewhat pointed; filaments lengthy and plumose. Length
from ten to twenty inches. Koot perennial, fibrous, and creeping.

Flowers in August, and ripens its seed in the second week
of September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Camsshore,
near Fareham, by Mr. W. L, Notcutt.

215

SPAKTINA ALTERNIFLORA.

LOISEL. SMITH. HOOKER AND AENOTT. PABNELL. KUNTH.
BABINGTON. MACEEIGHT.

PLATE LXX.

Spartina glabra, MUHLEMB.

" Icevigata, LINK.

Trachynotia alternifolia, DE CANDOLLE.

The Many-Spiked Cord Grass.

Spartina— Named from its resemblance to Lygeum spartum.
Alterniflora — Alternate-flowered.

A ROBUST reed-like Grass, growing on muddy banks of
rivers. Cattle are particularly fond of it; also used for thatching.

Found on the banks of the Itchen and Southampton river,
where it is very common, but not found elsewhere. A native
also of North America.

Stem smooth, striated, and sheathed to the apex, bearing
numerous, somewhat erect, alternate, strong, flat, (except on
edges, where involute,) leaves, with smooth striated sheaths, the
upper one extending beyond its leaf. Ligule brief, blunt, and
jagged. Joints numerous. Leaves frequently a foot in length,
the upper ones extending beyond the apex of the flower spikes.
Inflorescence consisting of from four to thirteen spikes, which
are close and compact. Spikelets alternate. Eachis ending in
a wavy point. Spikelets of two glumes and one floret; glumes
exceedingly unequal, the inner one largest, membranous and
lanceolate; inner one five-ribbed. Floret consisting of two

£16 SPARTINA ALTERXIFLORA.

paleae, which are shorter than the glumes, and acute; outer palea
three-ribbed. Stamens three. Filaments shorter than the floret
and capillary. Anthers linear and erect, cloven at the base, and
pointed at the apex. Stigmas plumose. Length from eighteen
to twenty-four inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers in August and September, and ripens its seed in
October.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Southport,
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

1 \ 0

217

CYNODON DACTYLON.

PERSOON. R. BEOWN. SMITH. PAENELL. HOOKEE AND ARNOTT.

KOCH. KUNTH. BABINGTON.
LINDLEY. SINCLAIR. DEAKIN. MACREIGHT.

PLATE LXXI.

Panicum dactylon, SMITH. KNAPP. LINNJEUS.

" " WlLLDENOW. DlCKSON.

" " HUDSON. WITHERING. HULL.

Digitaria stolonifera, SCHEADER.

Agrostis linearis, RETZIUS. WILLDENOW.

The Creeping Finger Grass, or Creeping Dog's Tooth Grass.

Cynodon — Dog's Tooth. Dactylon — ?

CTNODON. Spike compound. Only one British example, the Cynodon
dactylon; named from the Greek.

A PRETTY and singular Grass, common on the south-west coast
of Cornwall, growing amongst the sand, but not found else-
where. Of no agricultural use.

A native of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, the
Mediterranean Islands, United States, "West Indies, North Africa,
and West Asia.

Stem smooth, base procumbent and then erect, bearing four
or five flat, rigid, acute, hirsute leaves, with smooth striated
sheaths, the upper one extending considerably beyond its leaf,
destitute of a ligule, but furnished with a tuft of hairs.
Inflorescence digitate, linear, and purplish. Spikelets laterally
compressed, of two glumes and one floret; glumes almost equal,

218 CYNODON DACTYLOX,

acute, destitute of lateral ribs; keel dentate on the upper half.
Florets of two pales, destitute of lateral ribs, dorsal rib hirsute.
Stamens three; pistils two; stigmas plumose. Length from three
to six inches. Root perennial and creeping.

Flowers in July and August, and ripens its seed at the end
of September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at Penzance, by
Mr. R. T. Millett, of Penzance.

219

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS.

SCOPOLI. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. SMITH. BABINGTON.
LINDLEY. DEAKIN. SINCLAIR.

PLATE LXXII.

Panicum sanguinale, SMITH. LINNAEUS. KOCH.

" " KUNTH. KNAPP.

" " CURTIS. SCHREBER. HULL.

" " HUDSON. WITHERING.

" WILLDENOW. MARTYN.

" " EHRHART. MACREIGHT.

Syntherisma vnlgare, SCHRADER. SCHREBER.

IscJicemon " LOBEL. GERARDE.

The Hairy Finger Grass.

Digitaria — From a finger. Sanguinalis — Of blood.

DIGITARIA. Spike compound. Two British examples. Named from the
Latin.

A HANDSOME but useless agricultural Grass, supposed to
have been introduced. Occasionally met with in England.

Native of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, America,
North Africa, and the West Indies.

Stem branched; base decumbent, then erect, striated and
polished; having four brief, flat, somewhat broad, rough leaves
with hirsute sheaths, the upper one extending considerably
beyond its leaf. Joints three. Inflorescence digitate; branches
lengthy, erect, and linear; from three to nine in number.
Spikelets dorsally compressed, oblong-lanceolate, of two very

2 M

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS.

unequal glumes and two florets; basal glume diminutive; upper
one downy and three-ribbed; basal floret of one palea, flat and
oblong-lanceolate, with, five smooth ribs; margins pubescent;
upper floret of two equal-sized palese. Filaments three; anthers
short, violet-coloured, and cloven at either extremity. Styles
two, slender. Stigmas brief, plumose, and purplish. Length
from six to eighteen inches. Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers in August, and ripens its seed at the end of
September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered near Bolton, by
Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

;

00)1
&& I

DIGITARIA HUMIFUSA.

PERSOON. SMITH. PARNELL. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. BABINGTON.
LINDLEY. DEAKIN.

PLATE LXXIII.

Syntherisma ylalrum, SCHRADER.

Panicum " KOCH. GAUDTN.

" " MACREIGHT. KUNTH.

" humifasum, KUNTH.

" sanguinale, POLLICH.

ia filiformis, KOEL.

The Glabrous Finger Grass.

Digitaria — From a finger. Humifasa — Spreading on the ground.

A RARE Grass, having no agricultural merits. Found on
sandy soil in Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, and Sussex.

A native also of France, Italy, Switzerland, Prussia, Holland,
and Belgium.

Stem ascending, polished, striated, having four somewhat
broad, brief, flat leaves, with smooth striated sheaths; upper one
extending considerably beyond its leaf. Joints three. Inflor-
escence digitate, lengthy, linear, and from two to four-branched.
Spikelets oval, dorsally compressed, of two glumes and one
floret; glumes equal, hirsute, and five-ribbed; inner one deep
purple, the others only purplish. Floret of same length as
glumes — reddish purple, of two almost equal palese, striated
and polished. Filaments three; anthers brief, violet-coloured,
and cloven at either extremity. Styles two, slender. Stigmas

DIG1TARIA HUMIFUSA.

brief, plumose, and purplish. Length from four to nine inches.
Root annual and fibrous.

Flowers in July and August, and ripens its seed in September.

The specimen for illustration was gathered at "Weybridge,
Surrey, by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, of Manchester.

LXXIV

223

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.

TRIN. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. KOCH. BABINGTON. MACEEIGHT.
KUNTII. NEES.

PLATE LXXIV.

Arundo phragmites, LINNJSTJS. SMITH. PAENELL.

" " GREVILLE. LINDLEY.

" " WILLDENOW. KNAPP. HOOKER.

" " SCHRADES. LEERS. EHRHART.

" " HUDSON. WITHERING. RELHAN.

" " SIBTHORP. DEAKIN.

" vallatoria, EAY. GEEAEDE.

" vulgaris, BAUHIN. SCHEUCHZEE.

" palustris, MATTHIOLUS. CAMERARIUS.

The Common Eeed.

Phragmites — An enclosure. Communis — Common.

PHRAGMITES. Trin. — An abundant giant Grass; growing near water.
Panicle large and noble. Name derived from the Greek, on account of its
use as a material for enclosure. Only one British example, namely, Phrag-
mites communis.

A COMMON, handsome, giant Grass; of no agricultural use,
yet useful for thatching, for the foundation of plaster floors,
for arrows, and various other purposes.

Abundant throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland; growing
in ditches, and on the margins of water.

A native also of France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal,
Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, New Holland,
America, and North Africa.

224: PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.

Stem upright, circular, smooth, and strong, bearing fifteen
and upwards of broad, lanceolate, many-ribbed, smooth leaves,
with roughish striated sheaths, which extend beyond their
leaves, and are destitute of ligules. Joints fifteen, smooth
and polished. Inflorescence compound-panicled; panicle large,
drooping on one side, pale brown in colour. Spikelets numerous,
spreading, and of three awnless florets. Calyx of two unequal,
acute, narrow glumes, with a rib on either side; upper one
situated on a brief peduncle. Florets of two palea?, exterior
one of basal floret lanceolate, three-ribbed, and twice the length
of the large glume; inner palea short. The peduncle of the
second floret having lengthy, white, silky hairs spreading in
every direction, and giving a beautiful silky appearance to the
large panicle. Length from sixty to seventy inches. Koot
perennial and creeping.

Flowers in August, and ripens its seed in September.

The specimen for illustration was procured at Highfield
House.

225

ADDENDA.

LEERSIA ORYZOIDES. SWARTZ.— A rare Grass, grow-
ing in ditches and damp places. Henfield and Arundel, Essex;
Mole River, Surrey; Boldre River, near Brockenhurst Bridge,
Hants. Found by Mr. Borrer.

AGROSTIS INTERRUPTA. LIN N^US.— Rare. Sandy
pastures. Thetford. Closely allied to Agrostis spica-venti.

POA BORRERI. HOOKER AND ARNOTT. — (Glyceria con-
ferta, Fries; Sclerochloa Borreri, Babington.) South, of Europe,
in brackish places.

POA LAXA. HCENCK. — Rare. Ben Nevis, Loch na Gar,
and Clova mountains.

BROMITS RACEMOSUS. LINNJEUS.— Sandy situations,
South of England. Scarcely different to B. commutatus.

BROMUS PATULUS. KOCH.— Found by Mr. Gibson,
near Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. Closely allied to B. arvensis.

BROMUS SQUARROSUS. LINNAEUS.— Corn-fields. Surrey,
Kent, Essex, and Somersetshire. An introduced species.

AVENA PLANICULMIS. SCHRADER.— Isle of Arran.
Introduced.

226 ADDENDA.

ELYMUS ARENARIUS. LINNJEUS.— Sea-shores.

ELYMUS GENICULATUS. CURTIS. — Very rare.
JGravcsend.

TRITICUM CRISTATUM. SCHREBER.— Rocks at the
sea-side between Arbroath and Montrose. Rare.

TRITICUM LAXUM. FRIES.— Sandy sea-shores. A
doubtful species.

CONCLUSION.

IN the present Work there are several species not enumerated, some
being of doubtful origin, and others so exceedingly rare as scarcely to
be procured: they are mentioned briefly in the addenda. At the con-
clusion of this "Work the author intended to have commenced a Natural
History of those Foreign Grasses that were remarkable for their beauty,
singularity, or economic values; this latter Work, however, will be
deferred, as the author cannot devote the time requisite for this un-
dertaking at the present moment. In order to distinguish the species
of British Grasses, the author has appended a

COMPAEATIVE ANALYSIS,

ARRANGED BY MR. EALFS.

OEDEE I.— MONOGYMA.
Stigma one. . .

Stigmas two. ...

CLASS II.— DIAKDEIA.

OEDEE II.— DIGYNIA.

Calyx single-flowered ...
Calyx two or more flowered .

DIANDEIA.

ANTHOXANTHUM.
Calyx valves very unequal . .

CLASS III.— TEIAKDEIA.
1. Flowers spiked . . .

Flowers panicled . .

One style.

. . Nardus.

Some Grasses.

Two styles.

Two styles.

. Anthoxanthum.
Some Grasses.

Digynia.

Odoratum.

Three stamens.

2 N

2

12

228

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

2. Flowers in unilateral spikes . . .3
Flowers not unilateral ... 6

3. Calyx many-flowered . . . Triticum.
Calyx one or two-flowered ... 4

4. Styles united half way up . . . Spartina.
Styles distinct .... 5

5. Glumes nearly equal . . . Cynodon.
Glumes very unequal .... Digitaria.

6. Spikelets imbedded in the rachis . . Rottlolia.
Spikelets not imbedded. ... 7

7. Spikelets two or more from same point . .11
Spikelets solitary .... 8

8. Spikelets one-flowered . . . Knappia.
Spikelets more than two-flowered . . 9

9 . Glume solitary, inclosing the spikelet between it and rachis Lolimn.
Glumes two, their edges towards the rachis . .10

10. Florets equal . . . Br achy podium.
Florets smaller upwards . . . Triticum.

11. Spikelets one-flowered .... Hordeum.
Spikelets two or more flowered . . . Elymus.

12. Calyx one-flowered . . . . 13
Calyx two or more flowered . . .23

13. Glumes with feathery awns . . . Lagurus.
Glumes awnless, or awns not feathery . 14

14. Panicle dense, (subspiked,) florets mostly imbricated . 15
Panicle loose, florets not imbricated . . 20

15. Corolla with tuft of hair at base . . AmophiUa.
Corolla without hairs at base . . . 16

16. Corolla with one or two valves of imperfect florets at base Pkalaris.
Corolla without valves of imperfect florets at base . 17

17. Corolla awnless ..... Plileum.
Corolla awned . . . . 18

18. Corolla of one valve, the awn basal . . Alopecurm.
Corolla of two valves, the awn terminal or dorsal . 19

19. Glumes awned, awn of corolla terminal . Polypogon.
Glumes awnless, awn of corolla dorsal . . Gastridium.

20. Fruit inverted with the hardened corolla; corolla awnless 21
Fruit not inverted with the corolla; corolla often awned 22

21. Corolla with a small valve at the base . Phalaris.
Corolla without a valve at the base . . Mil in in.

22. Corolla with long hairs at base . . Calamagrostis.
Corolla without hairs at base . . . Agrostis.

23. Florets with a pinnated bractea . . Cynosurm.

COMPAEATIVE ANALYSIS. 229

Florets without a pinnated bractea . . 24

24. Calyx with not more than two perfect florets . 25
Calyx with more than two perfect florets . . 35

25. Panicle dense, in a simple or compound spike . 26
Panicle lax, not spiked . . . 29

26. Some of the florets with stamens only . 27
Florets perfect . . . . 28

27. Spike compound, florets without bristles . Panicum.
Spike simple, florets with a bristly involucre . Setaria.

28. Calyx valves nearly equal, styles united . . Sesleria.
Calyx valves unequal, styles distinct . . Airochloa.

29. Corolla awnless . . . . .30
Corolla awned . . . . 31

30. Glumes truncate .... Catabrosa.
Glumes acute .... Ifelica.

31. Florets perfect . . . . 32
Some of the florets .with stamens only . . 33

32. Corolla invested with seed .... Avena.
Corolla not invested with seed . . . Aira.

33. Florets three, perfect one with two stamens . Hierochla.
Florets two, perfect one with three stamens . 34

34. Upper floret barren, lower one perfect . . Holcus.
Lower floret barren, upper one perfect . Arrhenathemm.

35. Panicle imbricated and simple . . . Sesleria.
Panicle loose, or, if dense, branched . . 36

36. Corolla with long hairs at base . . . Arundo.
Corolla without hairs at base, or nearly so . 37

37. Spikelets in dense clusters at end of the branches . Dactylis.
Spikelets not in dense clusters . . . 38

38. External valve of corolla with three nearly equal teeth Triodia.
External valve of corolla not three- toothed . 39

39. Corolla awned or pointed . . . .40
Corolla obtuse, not awned ... 42

40. Corolla with a twisted dorsal awn, upper florets mostly

imperfect ..... Avena.

Corolla pointed, or with an awn terminal, or nearly so;

florets perfect . . . . .41

41. Corolla with a terminal awn, or pointed . . Festuca.
Corolla with an awn just below the bifid extremity . Eromm.

42. Spikelets cordate, (pendulous,) seed coated by the corolla Briza.
Spikelets not cordate, seed free . . .43

43. Spikelets linear or sub -cylindrical, not webbed . Glyceria.
Spikelets ovate or oblong, often webbed . . Poa.

230 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

TKIANDRIA. Monogynia.

XAEDTJS.

Florets spiked, unilateral .... Stricta.

TKIANDRIA. Digynia.

ALOPECURUS.

1. Glumes not united . . . Ihdbosus,
Glumes united at base. ... 2

2. Spike ovate, inflated sheath of upper leaf thrice as long as

the leaf ..... Alpinus.

Spike cylindrical, sheath not thrice as long as upper leaf 3

3. Culm erect, glumes acute ... 4
Culm ascending, glumes obtuse . . .5

4. Spike obtuse, awn twice length of corolla . . Pratensis.
Spike acute, awn more than twice length of corolla . Agrestis.

5. Awn as long as the glumes . . . Fulvus.
Awn longer than the glumes . . Geniculatw.

PHALARIS.

Spike dense, ovate . . . . Canariensis.

Panicle branched . . . Arundinacea.

AMMO PHIL A.

Glumes acute . . . Arundinacea.

PHLETTM.

1. Glumes awnless, twice as long as the corolla . Arenarium.
Glumes mostly awned, not twice as long as the corolla . 2

2. Glumes naked or downy (not ciliated) at the back. 3
Glumes ciliated at the back . . .4

3. Culm mostly branched, glumes wedge-shaped . Asperum.
Culm simple, glumes lanceolate . . Bcehmeri.

4. Glumes lanceolate, gradually tapering Michelii.
Glumes truncated. . . . .5

5. Spike ovate-oblong, awn as long as the glume . Alpinum.
Spike cylindrical, awn shorter than the glume . . Pratense.

LAGUBUS.
Awns long ..... Ovatus.

MrxnrM,

Florets glabrous .... E/iisum.

GASTRIDITJM.

Awn twice as long as the glumes . . . Lend! gcr urn.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

231

POLYPOGOX.

Awns as long as the calyx, root creeping
Awns much longer than the calyx, root fibrous

Littoralis.
Monspeliensis.

CALAMAGEOSTIS.

1. Corolla with a terminal awn, panicle loose . Lanceolata.
Corolla with a dorsal or basal awn, panicle close . 2

2. Flowers without a rudiment of a second floret . Epigcjos.
Flower with a minute pedicel, bearing a tuft of hair

(a rudiment of a second floret) . . .3

3. Hairs as long as the corolla, awn near the base . Lapponica.
Hairs shorter than the corolla, awn above the middle . Stricta.

AGEOSTIS.

1. Inner valve of corolla wanting, or minute
Inner valve of corolla not minute

2. Leaves linear, awn dorsal .
Leaves setaceous, awn basal

2
3

Canina.
Setacea.

3. Awn very long and terminal, florets with a barren pedicel

at base ..... Spica-venti.
Awn none, or short and dorsal, no barren pedicel . 4

4. Ligule short and truncate, outer valve of corolla three-nerved Vulgaris.
Ligule oblong, outer valve of corolla five-nerved . Alba.

CATABEOSA.

"Branches whorled

AIEOCHLOA.
Glumes shorter than the florets

. Aquatica.
. Cristata.

AlEA.

1. Awn clavate

Awn not clavate .... 2

2. Leaves linear, awns not or but little longer than corolla 3
Leaves setaceous, awns longer than corolla . 4

3. Awn basal, branches rough . . Cccspitosa.
Awn dorsal, branches smooth . . . Alpina.

4. Florets hairy at base .... Flexuosa.
Florets scarcely hairy at base ... 5

5. Panicle close, awn basal .... Prtecox.
Panicle spreading, awn dorsal . . . Caryophyttea.

MELICA.

1. Panicle drooping, florets not longer than the calyx . 2

Panicle erect, florets much longer than the calyx . 3

2.- Spikelets with two perfect florets . . . Nutans.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

Spikelcts with one perfect floret . . Uniflora.

3. Leaves much shorter than the purplish panicle . Ccerulea.

Leaves much longer than the pale panicle . Dcpauperata.

(M. cacrulca B. Hooker.}
HOLCUS.

Awn longer than the calyx, joints of culm downy . Mullis.

Awn not longer than the calyx, joints not downy . Lanatm.

ARRHEN ATIIERUM .

Spikelets greenish brown . . . Avenaceum.

HlEROCHLCE.

Florets awnless ..... Borealis.

SESLERIA.
Spike bluish, ovate ..... Carulea.

PANIC UM.

Spikes alternate . . Crus-galli.

SETARIA.

Bristles of involucre, with reflexed teeth . Verticillata.

Bristles of involucre, with erect teeth . . Viridis.

GLYCERIA, (PoA, Hooker?)

1. Florets with seven or more ribs. . . 2
Florets with not more than live ribs . . .3

2. Panicle much branched, plant four feet high . Aquatica.
Panicle slightly branched, plant not more than three feet

high ..... Fluitans.

3. Panicle compact, rigid ... 4
Panicle spreading, not rigid . . .6

4. Root creeping . . Maritima.
Root fibrous . . . . .5

5. Florets four or five, five-ribbed, plant procumbent . Procumlens.
Florets six or seven, nearly ribless, plant erect, or ascending Rigida.

6. Panicle reflexed in fruit . . . Distans.
Panicle not reflexed in fruit . . . JJorreri.

POA.

1. Florets webbed . . 2
Florets not webbed . . . .7

2. Stem bulbous at base . . . Bullosa.
Stems not bulbous at base . . . .3

3. Culm much compressed, spikelets five or more flowered Comprcssa.
Culm round, or but little compressed, spikelets three or

four-flowered . . 4

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

233

4. Florets obscurely ribbed, panicle somewhat drooping
Florets five -ribbed, panicle not drooping .

5. Ligules lanceolate
Ligules short and truncate

6. Culm and sheath smooth, root creeping
Calm and sheath rough, root fibrous

7. Ligules short and truncate, panicle somewhat drooping
Upper ligule oblong, acute, panicle not drooping

8. Stein spreading, procumbent at the base

Stem nearly erect ....

TRIODIA.
Ligule, a tuft of hairs

BRIZA.

Glumes longer than the florets, ligule lanceolate
Glumes shorter than the florets, ligule very short

DACTYLIS.

CYNOSTJRTJS.

Panicle secund .

Spike ovate
Spike linear

FESTTJCA.

1. Glume one .
Glumes two

2. Leaves auricled
Leaves not auricled

3. Florets monandrous, shorter than their awns
Florets triandrous, awnless, or as long as their awns

4. Culm leafy in its upper part

Culm leafless above ....

5. Raceme spiked .

Panicle branched ....

6. Lower leaves setaceous or involute, pedicels naked .
Leaves linear, pedicels tufts of hair at end

7. Culm square, not a foot high

Culm round ....

8. Florets awned or pointed, edge of inner valve glabrous
Florets awnless, edge of inner valve downy

9. Root fibrous ....
Hoot creeping ....

10. Spikelets not more than five-flowered
Spikelets more than five-flowered

5
6

Laxa.

Nemoralis.

Pratensis.

Trivialis.

Nemoralis.

8

. Annua.
Alpina.

Decwnbens.

Minor.

Media.

Glomerata.

Eclunvtus.
Cristatus.

Uniglumis.

2

JBromus giganteus.
3
4
5

. Myurus.
Bromoides.
Loliacea.
6
7

10
8
9

Vivipara.

Duriuscula.

Riibra.

Calamaria.

11

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

11. Panicle much branched, root creeping
Panicle not much branched, root fibrous

BROIVIUS.

1. Stamens two
Stamens three

2. Leaves auricled, glabrous

Leaves not auricled, mostly pubescent

3. Awn much longer than florets .
Awn not much longer than florets

Elatior.

Pr (i ten si*.

Diandnis.

2
Gigantcus.

3

4

5

4. Panicle erect in flower, awn twice as long as the florets Saximw.

Panicle drooping, awn not twice as long as the florets
o. Florets pubescent . . '

Florets glabrous ....

6. Florets about eight, remote, and longer than the awn
Florets nine or more, crowded, as long as the awn

7. Leaves slightly hairy, panicle spreading
Leaves very pubescent, panicle erect, close

8. Panicle drooping in fruit

Panicle erect ....

9. Spikelets lanceolate, awns straight
Spikelets ovate, awns not straight

10. Awns remarkably spreading, leaves pubescent
Awns not spreading, leaves slightly hairy

11. Root leaves much narrower than the cauline
Root leaves not narrower than the cauline

AVENA.

1. Spikelets drooping, florets not longer than the calyx
Spikelets erect, florets mostly longer than the calyx

2. Florets terminated by two bristles
Florets not terminated by two bristles

3. Glumes very unequal ....
Glumes nearly equal

4. Leaves downy, spikelets two or three-flowered
Leaves not downy, spikelets more than three-flowered

5. Lower leaves involute

Leaves flat ....

6. Sheaths flat, lower part of culm two-edged
Sheaths round, culm round

ARUNDO.
Florets purplish, culm five feet high

ELYMTJS.
1. Leaves flat, florets awned

Sterilis.
6
8
Asper.

7
Velutinus.

9
11
Afvensii.

10
Sguarroswn.

Secalinus.

Erect -us.

Eacemosus-

2
3

Stn'gosa.

Fatua.

Flavescens.

. 4

Pabescens.

5
Pnif <'>isits.

6

Pliunculmis.
Alpina.

Pliray mites.
Eiiropceus.

COMPABATIYE ANALYSIS.

235

Leaves involute, florets awnless . . .2

2. Spike drooping, glumes longer than the florets . Geniculatus.

Spike erect, glumes not longer than the florets Arenarius.

HOEDEUH.

1. Glumes all setaceous .... Pratense.
Glumes not all setaceous . . . .2

2. Glumes of lateral florets setaceous, of central floret lanceolate Murinum.
Inner glumes of lateral florets not setaceous, the rest

setaceous Maritimum.

TEITICUM.

1. Spikelets unilateral
Spikelets distichous

2. Glumes and florets obtuse, leaves involute
Glumes and florets awned or pointed, leaves flat

3. Glumes scarcely ribbed, spikelets crowded
Glumes ribbed, spikelets not crowded

4. Boot fibrous ....
Boot creeping

BRACHYPODIUM.

Spike drooping, awns longer than the florets
Spike erect, awns shorter than the florets

LOLIUM.

1. Spikelets much longer than the calyx
Spikelets not longer than the calyx

2. Florets with long rigid awns
Florets with short soft awns

BOTTECELLIA.

Glumes united

KNAPPIA.

Eoot fibrous, florets very hairy

Florets very hairy
Florets glabrous

SPARTINA.

CYNODON.
Florets glabrous, longer than the glumes

DIGITARIA.
Leaves pubescent
Leaves glabrous

Loliaceum.
2

. Junceum.

3
Cristatum.

4

. Caninum.
Repens.

Sylvaticum.
Pinnatum.

. Perenne.

2

Temulentum.
Arvense.

Incurvata.
Agrostidea.

. Stricta.
Alterniflora.

Dactylon.

Sanguinalis.
Humi/usa.

2.O

236

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

Dr. Parnell gives the following analysis: —

ALOPECURTJS. — Stem rough .... Agrestis.

Stem smooth . . . .1

1. Upper leaf much shorter than its sheath . . 2
Upper leaf about equal in length to its sheath . 3

2. Awn projecting more than half its length beyond floret Alpinus.
Awn projecting not more than a third beyond floret Pratensis.

3. Awn projecting half its length beyond floret . Geniculatus.
Awn not projecting beyond floret . . . Fulvus.

PHLETTM. — Glumes awned .... 1

Glumes acute, not awned . . .2

1. Awn not half the length of glume . . Pratense.
Awn more than half the length of glume . Alpinum.

2. Floret not half length of calyx . . . Arenarium.
Floret more than half length of calyx . . Michelii.

PHALARIS. — Base of floret with two membranous valves Canariensis.

Base of floret with two hairy valves . Arundinacea.

HORDEUM. — Glumes of middle spikelet fringed . Murinum.

Glumes of middle spikelet not fringed . 1
1. Inner glume of lateral spikelet very much dilated on one side Maritinum.

Glumes not dilated . . . Pratense.

AGROSTIS. — Ligule of upper sheath very short . . Vulgaris.

Ligule of upper sheath long . . .1

1. Floret of two palea3, sheaths roughish . . Alia-

Floret of one palea, sheaths smooth . . . Canina.

CALAMAGROSTIS. — Hairs shorter than floret . . Stricta.

Hairs longer than floret . . Epigejos.

MELICA. — Calyx with one floret and rudiment of second Uniflora.

Calyx with two florets and rudiment of third . Nutans.

MOLINIA. — Outer palea five-ribbed . . . Depauperata.

Outer palea three-ribbed . . . Ccerulea.

HOLCTJS. — Awn of floret smooth . . . Lanatus.

Awn of floret rough . . . Mollis.

AIRA. — Awns not protruding beyond the florets 1

Awns protruding considerably beyond the florets . 2

1. Awn arising from little above base of palea . Ccespitosa.
Awn arising from little above centre of outer palea . Alpina.

2. Sheath of leaf rough from above downwards . Flexuosa.
Sheath of leaf rough from below upwards 3

3. Panicle spreading .... Caryophillea.
Panicle close . . Pracox.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

237

AVENA. — Florets with two long bristles at summit . Strigosa.

Florets without bristles at summit . . Fatua.

CYNOSUEUS. — Outer palea terminating in a short awn, not

half length of palea . . Cristatus.
Outer palea terminating in a long awn, as

long as the palea . . EcUnatm.

POA. — Florets webbed .... 1

Florets not webbed . . . .4

1. Upper leaf much longer than sheath . . 2
Upper leaf about as long or longer than sheath . 3

2. Ligule of upper sheath short and rounded . Pratensis.
Ligule of upper sheath long and pointed . . Trivialis.

3. Ligule scarcely perceptible, outer palea five-ribbed . Nemoralis.
Ligule prominent, outer palea three-ribbed . Compressa.

4. Florets hairy at base .... 5
Florets not hairy . . . .12

5. Outer palea three-ribbed ... 6
Outer palea five-ribbed . . . .7

6. Panicle erect, upper leaf linear, folded ' . . Alpina.
Panicle drooping, upper leaf lanceolate, flat . . Laxa.

7. tipper joint situated above centre of stem . 8
Upper joint situated below centre of stem . . 9

8. Second sheath not reaching to first joint . . Poly no Aa.
Second sheath extending beyond first joint . Montana.

9. Small glume reaching beyond base of third floret . 10
Small glume not reaching beyond base of second floret 11

10. Eachis and branches rough . . . C&sia.
Eachis and branches smooth . . . Annua.

11. Eachis and branches rough to touch . . . Distans.
Eachis and branches smooth to touch . . Maritima.

12. Glumes with a prominent lateral rib on each side Procumlcns.
Glumes without lateral ribs . . . 13

13. Lower half of central rib of outer palea smooth . 14
Central rib of outer palea rough the whole length . 15

14. Summit of upper glume reaching to base of third floret Rigida.
Summit of upper glume reaching to base of fourth floret Loliacea.

15. Outer palea three-ribbed . . . Sykatica.
Outer palea seven-ribbed . . . 16

16. Panicle compound, spikelets not a quarter of an inch in

length . . Aquatica.

Panicle simple, spikelets an inch in length . Fluitans.

238

COMPAKATIVE ANALYSIS.

BUCETUM. — Inflorescence racerned, approaching to a spike Loliaceum.

Inflorescence panicled . . 1

1. Panicle simple .... Pratense.
Panicle compound . . . .2

2. Awn considerably shorter than palea . . Elatius.
Awn considerably longer than palea . . Giganteum.

BROMUS. — Large glume seven-ribbed ... 1

Large glume three-ribbed . . .4

1 . Summit of upper glume midway between its base and

summit of third floret . . . .2
Summit of upper glume midway between its base and

summit of second floret . . . .3

2. Florets and glumes hairy . . . Mollis.
Florets and glumes not hairy . . Racemosus.

3. Twice width of outer palea considerably more than

length of palea . . . Secalinus.

Twice width of outer palea equal to length of palea Arvensis.

4. Awns of florets much longer than calyx . . 5
Awns of florets much shorter than calyx . . 6

5. Spikelets drooping, awns longer than the florets . Sterilis.
Spikelets erect, awns equal in length to the florets Diandrus.

6. Lower floret about one-third longer than the small glume jErectw.
Lower floret about twice the length of the small glume Asper.

TKISETUM. — Radical leaves hairy

Eadical leaves not hairy
1. Ligule long and acute

Ligule very short and obtuse

FESTTJCA. — Awns much longer than the florets
Awns much shorter than the florets
1. Root fibrous, stem under the panicle rough
Boot creeping, stem under the panicle smooth

TEITICUM. — Spikelets long, on short footstalks
Spikelets short, without footstalks .

1. Stem rough
Stem smooth

2. Awns rather longer than the florets .
Awns very short, or wanting

3. Rachis rough
Bachis smooth

1

Pratense.
Pulescem.
Flavescens.

Bromoides.
1

Ovina,
Duriuscula.

Sylvaticum.

1
Cristatum.

2
Caninum.

3

Repens.
Junceum.

LOLIUM. — Florets awned, glume longer than the spikelet Temulentum,
Florets not awned, glume shorter than the spikelet Perenne.

INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Aeorus calamus

. 91

Agrostis tenuis . . . .61

^Egilops incurvata

209

triaristata ... 45

Agropyrum caninum

. 197

ventricosa . . .39

junceum

193

vinoalis ... 55

repens

. 195

vulgaris. Withering 58, 61

Agrostis alba. Linnaeus

58,59

var. cristata . . 62

var. palustris

. 60

var. pumila . . 62

var. stolonifera

60

Aira alpina. Linnaeus . . 68, 69

alpina

. 57

var. vivipara . . 70

australis

39

aquatica ... 65

caniria. Linnaeus 55,

58, 61

var 105

var.

57

canescens. Linnceus . 75

capillaris

59,61

caryophyllea. Linnceus 71,

compressa .

59,60

73,77

fascicularis .

55

cserulea ... 79

hispida .

. 61

csespitosa. Linnceus 67, 68

interrupta .

225

var. brevifolia . . 68

linearis .

. 217

var. longiaristata . 68

littoralis

47

var. vivipara . . 68

minima .

. 221

cristata . . . .93

mutabilis

57,59

flexuosa. Linnceus 68, 69, 73

palustris

. 59

var. montana . . 74

panicea

45

laevigata ... 69

polymorpha

59, 61

montana . . .73

pumila

61

prsecox. Linnceus . 77

rubra

. 39

scabro-setacea . . 73

setacea. Curtis

57

setacea ... 73

stricta .

. 55

Airocliloa cristata . . .93

spica-venti. Linnceus

63

Alopecuros genuina . . 37

stolonifera

59,61

spica-rotundiore . . 37

stolonifera-latifolia

59

Alopecurus agrestis. Linnceus 8,

sylvatica

59,60

11, 13, 14

tenuifolia

55

alpinus. Smith 8, 9, 18, 28

240

INDEX.

Alopecurus bulbosus. Linnaeus 13, 25

fulvus. Smith 8, 12, 14, 15, 18

geniculatus. Linnaeus 8, 12,

14, 15, 17, 18

var. . . . .15

maxima anglica
myosuroides .
ovatus .
paniceus .

45

.11

9

17, 45

pratensis. Linnceus 7, 12, 14,

18

ventricosus ... 39

Ammopkila evenaria . . 23
arundinacea. Host . 23

Anemagrostis spica-venti . . 63

Antkoxantkum odoratum. Linnceus

3,92

Arrkenatkerum avenaceum. Beauvois

89

var 89

bulbosum ... 89
elatior .... 89
pallens . . • 90

Arundo arenaria . . .23
aristatus ... 45
calamagrostis . 49, 51
colorata ... 21
epigejos ... . 49, 51
neglecta ... 53
monspeliensis . . .45
palustris . . . 223
pkragmites . . . 223
stricta . . . 53
Vallatoria . . .223
vulgaris . . . 223

Avena alpina .... 177
brornoides . . . 177
caryopkyllea . . .71
elatior ... 89
fatua. Linnceus . 175, 181
flavescens. Linnceus 175, 183
nodosa . . . .89
pratensis. Linnceus 175, 177
var. latifolium . . 178
var. longifolium . 178
planiculmis . 175, 177, 225

Avena precatoria ... 89
pubescens. Linnceus 175, 179
sativa . . . 181, 182
sesquitertia . . . 179
strigosa. Schrcler 175, 181,
182

Brachypodium piuiiatum. Beauvois

201

var. ca>spitosum . 202
var. compositum . 202
var. gracile . . 202
var. kirsutum . . 202
var. hispiduin . . 202
var. sylvaticum. Beauvois
199

Briza aspera .... 137
maxima ... 37
media. Linnceus . . 135
Bromus agrestis . . . 157
arvensis. Kocli . . 167
asper. Linnceus . 159
ciliatus . . . .171
comnmtatus. Schradcr 165
diandrus. Curtis . . 171
erectus. Hudson . 157
var. hirsutus . . 158
giganteus . . .147
glomeratus . . . 138
gracilis . . .199
grandiflorus . . . 161
gynandrus . . . 171
hirsutus .... 159
hordeaceus , . . 169
littoreus .... 145
madritensis . . . 171
maximus. Dcsfonta'mes 173
montanus . . . 159
mollis. Linnceus . . 169
muralis . . . 171
multiflorus . . .163
nemoralis . . . 159
nemorosus . . . 159
nanus .... 169
patulus ..... 225
perennis . . . 157
pinnatus . . .120

INDEX.

241

Bromus polymorplms
racemosus

PAGE.

163, 169
. 225

ramosus . . . 159

rigidus .... 171

secalinus. Smith . 163

var. velutinus . .164

var. vulgaris . . 164

squarrosus . . . 225

sylvaticus . . . 199

sterilis. Linnceus 161, 173

triflorus .... 147

velutinus . . . 163

vitiosus . . . 163

Bucetum elatius . . . 145

giganteum . . . 147

loliaceura . . . 143

pratense . . .143

Calamagrostis arenaria . . 23

eligejos. Roth 49, 51, 52, 53

lanceolata. Roth 49, 51

Lapponica . . .52

stricta. Nuttall 49, 50, 53

Catabrosa aquatica .Seauvois 65

var. littoralis . . 66

Catapodium unilaterale . .117

Chamagrostis minima . . 211

Ckilochoa Boehmeri . . .33

Corynepkorus canescens . 75

Cynodon dactylon. Persoon . 217

Cynosurus cseruleus . . 95

cristatus. Linnceus . 139

echinatus. Linnceus 139, 141

paniceus . . .45

Dactylis cynosuroides . . 213

glomerata. Linnceus 133, 134

stricta . . . 213

Danthonia decumbens . . 131

Desckampsia csespitosa . 67

Digitaria filiformis . . .221

humifusa. Persoon . 221

sanguinalis. Scopoli . 219

stolonifera . . . 217

Eckinockloa crus-galli . . 97

Elymus arenarius . . 226

caninus .... 197

Europeus . . .185

PAGE.

Elymus geniculatus . . 226

Festuca arundinacea . . 145

bromoides. Linnceus . 153

var. nana . . 154

var. pseudo-myurus . 154

calamaria . . .151

ca3sia .... 155

decumbens . . . 133

distans .... 105

dumetorum . . 155

elatior. Linnceus . 143, 145

var. variegatum . 146

fluitans . . . .107

var. ... 143

gigantea. Villars . . 147

gracilis . . . 199

heterophylla . . . 155

hirsuta . . . 155

loliacea .... 143

madritensis . . . 171

myurus .... 153

nemorum . . . 155

ovina. Linnceus . 155

var. angustifolia . 156

var. arenaria . . 156

var. csesia . . . 156

var. duriuscula . 156

var. filiformis . . 156

var. humilis . . 156

var. hirsuta . . 156

var. rubra . . 156

var. vivipara . 154, 155

pratensis. Hudson 108, 143

pseudo-myurus . . 153

pinnata . . . 201

rigida . . . .113

rubra .... 155

sciuroides . . . 153

sylvatica. Villars 151, 199

thalassia . . . 109

triflora . . . 147

tenuifolia . . . 155

uniglurnis. Solander . 149

vivipara . . . .155

Gastridium Australe . . 39

lendigerum. Seauvois 39, 40

242

INDEX.

Gramen alopecuroides-majus 7

arundinaceum . . 63
asperum . . . 131
bulbosum-nodosum . 89
caninum-nodosum . . 89
cristatum . . .139
fluviatile . . . 107

geniculatum . . 99
junceum . . .75

miliaceum ... 41
miliaceum-vulgare . . 41
minima . . . 211
segetale . . . .67
secalinum . . .187
typhinum-minus . . 25
typkoides -minus . . 25

Glyceria aquatica . . . 103
distans . . . 105
fluitans .... 107
maritima . . . 109
pedicellata . . . 107
plicata . . .107

procumbens . . .111
rigida . . . .113

HierocliloD borealis. Rcemer . 91
odorata . . . 91

Holcus avenaceus . . .89

borealis . . . 91

lanatus. Linnceus . 89

mollis. Linnceus . 85, 88

var. biaristatus . . 86

var. parviflorus . 86

odoratus . . .91

Hordeum geniculatum . . 191

marinum . . . 191

maritimum. Withering • 187,

191

murinum. Linnceus . 189
nodosum . . . 187
pratense. Hudson . 187
rigidum . . . 191
spurium . . . .189
secalinum . . . 187
sylvaticum. Hudson . 185

ffydrochloa aquatica . . 103

Ischoemon vulgare . . . 219

PAGE.

Koeleria cristata. Persoon . 93

Knappia agrostidea. Smith . 211

Lagurus ovatus. Linrueus . 37

Leersia oryzoides . . . 225

Lepturus filiformis . . 209

incurvatus. Trinius 209

var. filiformis . . 210

Lolium album . . . 207

arvense .... 207

bromoides . . . 149

Italicum . . .205

multiflorum. Lowe . 205

var. ramosum . . 205

var. submuticum . 205

perenne. Linnceus . 203

var. angustifolium . 204

var. Italicum . . 205

var. racemosum . 204

var. tenue . . . 204

rubrum . . . 203

tenuc .... 203

temulentum. Linnaeus 203

var. longiaristatum . 208

verum . . . 207

Melica alpina . . . .79

caerulea . . . 79

decumbens . . .131

Lobelii ... 83

montana . . .81

nutans. Linnceus 81, 83, 84

uniflora. Linnceus 82, 83

Milium effusum. Linnceus . 41

lendigerum ... 39

Mibora verria . . . .211

Molinia cserulea. Mcench . 79

var. breviramosa . 80

var. depauperata . 80

depauperata . . .79

Nardus stricta. Linnceus . 5, 62

Ophiurus incurvatus . . 209

Oplismenus crus-galli . . 97

Panicum crus-galli. Linnceus 97, 101

dactylon . . . 217

glabrum . . .221

humifusum . . . 221

sanguinale . . 219, 221

INDEX.

243

Paiiicum vertieillatum

viride

vulgare .

Pennisetum vertieillatum
Plialaris alpina

areuaria

anindinacea.

aspera

Canariensis.

paniculata

plileoides
var.

PAGE.

99
101
97
99

. 31
21, 35

Linnceus 21
. . 29
19
29
33
21

Linnceus

Pnlcum alpinum. Linnceus
arenarium. Linnceus

. 27
21, 26,
33,34,35,36

asperum. Jacquin 29, 34
Boehmeri. Schroder 31, 33
criuitum
commutatum
Miclielii. Allioni

nodosum
paniculatum .
pratense. Linnceui

. 45
27

26, 31,
34,36
25

. 29

? 25, 26
31, 34, 36
var. longiciliatum . 26
var. longiaristatum . 26
viride . . . .29
Pliragmites communis. Trinius 223
Poa aquatica. Linnceus . . 103
anmia. Linnceus 106, 129,
130

125, 126
115, 127
. 123
. 127
. 225
. 93
119

. 125
. 105
. 106
106, 110
65

. 121
131

alpina. Linnceus
angustifolia .
bulbosa. Linnceus
Balfourii . ,
Borreri
cristata .

cornpressa. Linncei
csesia .
distans. Linnceus .

var. minor

var. obtusa
dulcis .
dubia
decumbeus .

Poa fluitans. Scopoli . . 107'
glauca . . . 127
glomerata . . . 125
loliacea. Hudson 114, 117, 118
laxa . . . 126, 225
maritima. Hudson 106, 109,
110

montana . . 127, 128

nemoralis. Linnceus 127, 128

var. angustifolia . 128

nutans . . . 81

pratensis. Linnceus . 106,

115, 127, 128, 130

var. arida . . .116

var. arenaria . . 116

var. muralis . .116

var. planiculmis . 116

var. retroflexa . . 116

var. umbrosa . .116

procumbens. Curtis 106, 110,

111

polynoda . . 119, 128
Parnelli ... 127
retroflexa . . .105
rigida. Linnceus 113, 114, 118
rupestris . . .111
salina .... 105
sylvatica . . .151
subcompressa . . 119
scabra . . . .121
setacea . . . 121
subcrerulea . . .115
trivialis. Linnceus 106, 121,
128

var. parviflora. . 122
trine vata . . . .151
Polypogon littoralis. Smith 47
Monspeliensis. Desfontaines

45,48

Rottboellia incurvata . . 209

Sckedonorus elatior . . . 145

sylvaticus . . . 151

Sclerochloa distans . . . 105

loliacea . . .117

maritima . . . 109

procumbens . . Ill

2 P

211

INDEX.

PAGK.

Sclerochloa rigida . . .113

Serrafalcus arvensis , . 167

cornmutatus . . .165

mollis ... 169

secalinus . . . 163

Sealeria cterulea. Scopoli . 95

Setaria glauca. Beauvois . 102

verticillata. Beauvois 99, 102

viridis. Beauvois . 100, 101

Spartina alterniflora. Loisel 215

glabra . . . .215

Icevigata . . . 215

stricta. Smith . . 213

Spartum anglicanum . . 23

austriacum . . .43

Stipa pennata. Linnaeus . 37, 43

membranacea . . 149

Sturmia minima . . .211

Syntkerisma glabrum . .221

vulgare . . . 219

PAGE.

Trachynotia alternifolia . . 215

Trichodium caninum . . 55

Triodia decumbens. Beauvois 131

Trisetum flavescens . . 183

Triticum alpinum . . . 197

biflorum . . .197

caninum. Hudson 196, 197

cristatum . . . 226

junceum. Linnaus 193, 195

laxum . . . .226

loliaceum . . .117

pinnatum . . . 201

littorale . . . .195

repens. Smith . . 195

var. aristatum . .196

sylvaticum . . 199

umlaterale . . .117

Vulpia bromoides . . 153

uniglumis . . . 149

245

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

Abbot.

Hoenke.

Purton.

Alton.

Hoffmann.

Ealfs.

Allioni.

Hooker.

Eay.

Arduino.

Hudson.

Eeichenbach.

Arnott.

Hull.

Eelban.

Babington.

Jacquin .

Eetzius.

Bauhin.

Jussieu.

Eoemer.

Beauvois.

Knapp.

Eoth.

Boehmer.

Koch.

Eudbeck.

Borrer.

Koeler.

Salisbury.

Brown.

Kunth.

Scheucbzer.

Braun.

Leers.

Scbrader.

Bull.

Leysser.

Schreber.

Camerarius.

Lightfoot.

Schultes.

Cavanilles.

Lindley.

Scolopi.

Cullum.

Link.

Sibtborp.

Curtis.

Linnseus.

Sesler.

Dalechamps.

Loefling.

Sidebotham.

Davies.

Lobel.

Sinclair.

Deakin.

Loisel.

Smitb.

De Candolle.

Lowe.

Solander.

Deering.

Macreight.

Sowerby.

Desfontaines.

Mant.

Stillingfleet.

Dickson.

Marschall.

Sturm.

Dillenius.

Marty n.

Thuill.

Dillwyn.

Matthiolus.

Towns.

Don.

Mitten.

Turpin.

Dryander.

Moench.

Vahl.

Dunal.

Morison.

Villars.

Dumort.

Mublemb.

Wade.

Elirhart.

Nees.

Wablenberg.

Fries.

NuttaJl.

Watson.

Gaudin.

Oeder.

Weber.

Gaudichaud.

Parlatore.

Weigel.

Gerarde.

Parnell.

Wiggers.

Gesner.

Persoon.

Willdenow.

Godron.

Petiver.

Wilson.

Gouan.

Plukenet.

Wincn.

Graves.

Poiteau.

Withering.

Greville.

Pollicb.

Woods.

Hall.

Pourret.

Wulfen.

Hatter.

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