A natural history of birds : illustrated with a hundred and one copper plates, curiously engraven from the life

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NATURAL HISTORY

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With a Hundred and one Copper Plates,
Curioufly Engraven from the Life.

Publifhed by the Author ELEAZAR ALBIN
and carefully colour’d by his Daughter and Self, from
the Originals, drawn from the live Birds.

£0 Ne Dro WN:

Printed for the Author: And Sold by Witt1am Inwys in St. Paul's Church Yard ;
Joun CiarkeE under the Royal-Exchange, Cornhill; and JouN BRINDLEY at
the King’s Arms in New Bond-Street. M DCC XXXI.

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“RIGHT. WORSHIPEUL

elk ROBERT ABDY

K NIGHT and BARONET.

Honour’d SI R,

=15 You are ‘well skilled in all the
| Belles Lettres, and particularly in
| Natural Hiffory, fo you have fa-
vourd me with the Help thereof
on divers Occafions, and particularly in
this Collection of Birds. What Patron then
can I find to whom this Colleétion is fo juftly
A 2 due

DE OIC AT TO a.

due as to Your Self? and lam glad Iam fa-
vour'd with fo good an Opportunity of
returning you my Thanks, and making the
moft ample and publick Acknowledgments
that are in the Power of,

Honour'd Sir,
Your moft devoted

Humble Servant,

ELEAZAR ALBIN.

TO THE

bolero. Rhine Pe oe) es AR,

“§ ‘HAT which greatly encouraged me to undertake
this Hiftory of Birds, was the univerfal Approbation
which my Natural Hiftory of Infes met with amongfé
the moft skilful and curious in Natural Knowledge, fo as
to bear a Tranflation into Latin; but indeed it is a Task
which fome of the prime Vertuofo’s of the Age have put
me upon, and have given me their Afliftance, fome by
furnifhing me with Birds, others with curious Obfervations,
relating to their Nature, Qualities, length of Age, Food,
Habitation, Inftin@, Ufes, €%c. All which Particulars [
have taken notice of my felf; and given an Account of as
I had Occafion in the Defcriptions.

And as for the Defcriptions, I have done thofe with all
the Accuracy I could from the very Birds themfelves,
which I had always by me at that Time; and particularly
T took care to defcribe their Charadferiftick Notes and Spe-
cifick Differences ; and to impofe cn them the moft received
and proper Names both Englifh and Latin; in ail which
I had the Affiftance of the beft Oruithologifts, particularly
of the juftly famous Mr. Willoughby’s Ovuithology, and
Mr. Rays Improvements thereof in his Syuop/is methodica

Avium,

To the READER.

Avium, publif’d by Dr. Derham: Only to fome of the
Non Deferipts I was forced to impofe Names, or take
fuch as the Loudon Bird-Catchers, or others, called them
by.

cr for the Paintings, they are all done from the Life,
with all the Exadtnefs I could either with. my own Hand,
or my Daughters, whom I have taught to draw and paint
after the Life: So that I hope none of thofe who have
been fo kind as to affift this my Undertaking, will have
any caufe to repent of their Favours, but will rather en-
courage and enable me to proceed upon a fecond Volume,
which I am preparing, and pretty well provided. for.

I fhall be very thankful to any Gentleman that wall
be pleafed to fend any curious Birds (which {hall be
drawn and graved for the fecond Volume, and their Names
{hall be mentioned as Encouragers of the Work) to Elea-
zavr Albin-near the Dog and Duck in Tottenham-Court
Road. rite

| The

THE

NM ot EB Se

SU B.S.C.R'F BERS.

A

IR Anthony Thomas Abdy, Bart.
Sir Robert Abdy, Bart.
William Archer, E/@;

Robert Antrobus, 4. M.

B

The Right Honourable the Lord Burlington.
"Two Books

Sir Samuel Barnadifton

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Serjeant Baines

Mrs. Beflwick

B. Baron, Engraver

John Brotherton, Book/eller -

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The Right Honourable the Lady Elizabeth

Compton
Vice Chamberlain Coke
Henry Corneliffon, E/q;
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John Clarke, Book/eller at the Royal Exchange

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His Grace the Duke of Devonthire
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Jehn Dalbey, E/gs

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E

The Right Honourable the Lord Chief fuftice
Eyres
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The Right Honourable the Lord Foley
Szr John Fortefcue

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Mr.Frankland

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Gi
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The Right Honourable the Lord Hatley. Two
Books The

The Names of the SUBSCRIBERS,

The Right Honourable the Lady Elizabeth
Herbert

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Mr, Hewer

Mrs. Howard

Colonel Hopkey

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Erneft Auguftus Jager, E/9;
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L

The Right Honourable the Lord Lovel
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Richard Mead, AZ. D. F.R.S.
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The Right Honourable the Lord Vifcount Nu-
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Nathaniel Oldham, £/;

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The Right Honourable John Lord Percival
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ie AS

>
Sg

-- Sir Edward Smith, Bart.

The Right Honourable the Lady St. ease
John Stanhope, E/g;

Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. M. D. F. R. S.
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Mrs. Sharp

Albertus Seba of Amfterdam

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T

The Right Honourable the Earl of Thanet
The Right Honourable the Lord Tyrconnel .,
The Right Honourable Thomas Lord Trevor
The Right Honourable the Lady Trevor |
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Abraham Wandeckone and Comp.
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The Right Honourable James Lord Walgrave
John Willcox, Book/eller

Lae

tan delin.

cae

aro
2 Puttock or Common Buz 5°

(1)
The Puttock or common Buzzard. Buteo.

Numb, I. poclloxshly, yo:

T is of the Bignefs of a young Pulle¢ : Its Weight is 33 Ounces, Length from the
[ tip of the Beak to the end of the Tail 22 Inches: Its Breadth when the Wings are
Hi extended 49 Inches and a half;. the Head large, the Crown broad and flat, the Beak
of a middle Size, hooked, and ef a dark blue, a yellow Skin covers the upper Chap from
the. Root beyond the Noftrils; the corners of the Mouth are alfo of a yellow Colour :
Its Tongue is thick, flefhy and blunt, as inthe reft of the Hawk Kind: The Roof of the
Mouth hath in it a hollow equal to the Tongue. The Angle of the lower Chap is cir-
cular, the Eyes. are large, the Iridis of the Eye whitifh, with a {mall fhade of yel-
low, and fometimes a fhade of red; the lower Eye-lid downy, the Membrane for
NiGation blue.

The Colour of the upper Part of the Head, Back, Wings, and Tail are of a dark-
brown approaching to black, with feveral light Spots on the Back and Top of the Head ;
fome of the Feathers of the Wings and Breaft are edged with a faint, dirty, yellowith
white: The Chin, Breaft and Belly was of a pale ferrugineous Colour, with feveral
dark-brown Spots; between the Eyes and Noftrils grow long, black and white Briftles, the
middle of the Back is covered with Down, the fcapular Feathers covering the whole Back.

The flag Feathers in each Wing are about 74 in Number, the outmoft of which is
fhorteft, the 3d and 4th (counting from it) longeft, the Tips of the 4. outmoft are blacker
and narrower than thofe of thereft; the interior Webs of all are variegated with broad,
tranfverfe, dufky and whitifh Streaks, or Bars, after the manner of thofe of the Wood-
cock; the under Side of the Wings, excepting the Tips of the Flags, and third Pare
of the 5 outmoft Feathers, is white, varied with tranfverfe parallel Lines; the Wings
clofed, reach almoft to the end of the Train; the Train is g or 10 Inches long, made up
of twelve Feathers, when fpread, terminating in a circular Circumference; the outmoft
Tips of its Feathers are of an Afh-colour, then followsa tranfverfe black Line of an Inch
in breadth, the remaining Part being variegated, black and cinereous, tranfverfe Spaces of
Bars, only the Bottome of the Feathers white.

The Thighs are long, ftrong. and flefhy, and feathered a little below the Knees; the
Legs fhort, thick and ftrong, cover’d with yellow Scales, as are.alfo the Feet: The out Toe
joins below to the middlemoft by a Membrane, the Talons are ftrong, long and black, that
of the outmoft fore Toe the leaft, that of the back Toe the biggetft.

The Liver is divided into 2 Lobes, having a large Gall; the Spleen is of an oval Figure ;
the Stomach large, not mufculous, but membranous, that is, not flefhy, like the Gizzard
of a Hen, or Turkey, &c. but fkinny like thofe of Beatfts.

It feeds not only on Mice, Moles and Birds, but for want of better Food, on Beetles,
Worms and other Infects. I open’d the Stomach of one fent me by Sir Robert Abdy, and
found in it a Frog, a Toad, a large Field-moufe, and feveral Worms and Beetles; they are
alfo great Deftroyers of Rabbits and young Hares.

The Heads of thefe Birds are faid to grow cinereous with Age, and the Feathers of
the Back white; but whether it comes to pafs by reafon of Age or Sex, or other Acci-
dent, it is not determin’d; but they differ much in the Colour of their Plumage, fome
having more white, others not any.

Buzzards Eggs are white, ftain’d with a few great reddifh Spots, and fometimes all white.

Pliny and Aldrovandus mention this Bird to have 3 Tefticles, but our modern Authors
have found but 2 with all their diligent Search.

B Tbe

(2)

Tbe Honey Buzzard.
A eae 3 Numb. IL.

TS Length from the point of the Beak to the end of the Tail was 23 Inches

Diftance, between the Wings when expanded was 52 Inches, Weight 33 Ounces.
Its Beak from the Point to the Angles of the Mouth was an Inch and a half long,
black, and very hooked, bunching out between the Noftrils and the Head ; the Bafis of the
upper Chap cover'd with a thick, rugged, black Skin beyond the Noftrils, which are
not exactly round, but long and bending ; the Mouth when gaping, very wide and yellow;
the Angle of the lower Chap, as in other Hawks, femicircular; the Irides of the Eyes
of a lovely yellow: The Head is of a Light-brown, or Moufe-colour; the Crown
flat, broad, narrow toward the Beak; the Back and Wings are of a ferrugineous Co.
Jour (or Moufe-dun:) The Wings when clos’d reach not to the end of the Tail; the
Number of flag Feathers in each Wing are 24, the Tail is made up of 12 Feathers near
12 Inches long.

The Chin, Breaft, Belly, Thighs and under fide of the Tail are of a pale dun, inclin-
ing to white, with tranfverfe Bars of a deeper yellowifh Shade, excepting the Tail,
which is plain without Bars.

The Legs are feather’d down fomewhat below the Knees, fhort, ftrong and yellow,
as are alfo the Feet; the Talons long, ftrong, fharp and black: The Guts fhorter than
thofe in the common Buzzard, the blind Guts thick and fhort: In the Stomach was found
a great Number of green Caterpillars, call’d Loopers, as were alfo feveral common Cater-
pillars, and others of the Infect Kind. It builds its Neft of {mall Twigs, laying on
them Wool, and upon the Wool its Eggs : Some of them have been found to make ufe
of an old Neft of a Kite to breed in, feeding their Young with the Nymphe of Waj/ps,
the Combs of the Wafps being found in the aforefaid Nefts, in which were two young
Ones covered with a white down, fpotted with black, their Feet of a pale yellow, their
Bills between the Noftrils and the Head white, their Craws large; in the Crops were
found Lizards, Frogs, &c. In one of them were found two Lizards intire, with their
Heads towards the Bird’s Mouth, as if they fought to creep out.

This Bird runs very {wiftly like a Hen, the Female being larger than the Male, which
is common in thofe of the rapacious Kind.

The Eggs of this Fowl are cinereous, mark’d with darker Spots.

The

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Milvis 7 UGTIOLUS | Ye Moor Du gia 70
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———

(03)

The Moor Buzzard. Milvus fEruginofus. Weller vA by
15.

Numb, III. ,

fe is not fo big as the common Buzzard, nor the Crown fo flat and
broad: Its Length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail
was 24 Inches; the Diftance between the Wings, when extended, 56
Inches; the Beak about an Inch and a half long, hooked, cover'd at
Bottom with an afh-colour’d Skin or Sear, elfe black; the Noftrils longith;
the Mouth within fide partly black, partly bluifh; the Tongue broad, flefhy
and foft, asin other Birds of Prey; the Cleft in the Palate wide and open;
the Eyes of a mean Size; the /ridis yellow.

The Top of the Head under the Chin, and the covert Feathers on the
upper fide of the Wings joining to the Body, are of a pale-oker or fulvous
Colour, variegated with black Lines; the Colour of the whole Body, as
well lower Side as upper, -is of a dark ferrugineous Colour.

The Wings, when clofed, reach almoft to the end of the Tail; the
Number of flag Feathers in each Wing are 24, thefe are darker; the out-
moft is a Hand’s-breadth fhorter than the next to it; the covert Feathers
of the under fide of the Wings are party-colour'd, brown and fulvous.

The Tail is made up of 12 Feathers, about 9 Inches long, terminating:
in a circular Form when fpread, being party-colourd, of a dark and
light fulvous, or bay.

The Legs are from the Knee to the end of the middle Claw 6 Inches,
feather’d a little below the Knee; they are longer aud flenderer for the
Bignefs of the Bird than others of the Hawk Kind; the Legs and Feet are
yellow; the Talons black; the outer Toe is joined to the Middle by an
intermediate Membrane reaching from the Devarication up almoft half
way; the Talon of the middle Toe is thinn’d on the inner fide into an
Edge: It hath a large Gall, and its blind Guts fhort and fmall; they
are common on Heaths and Waftes, fitting on fmall Trees and Shrubs,
and build in fenny Places.

(Vat)
The Kite or Glead. Milvus..

Willi oe é ty | Numb. IV.

74.

TS Weight was two Pound 13 Ounces: Its. Length from the end of the Bill to
“Bh the end of the Tail 2 Foot 4 Inches: Its Breadth when extended was near 5 Foot;
the Beak was 2 Inches long, the upper Chap hanging over the lower half an Inch.

Its Head, Chin, and part of the Neck are afh-colour, varied with black Lines; the
Breaft, Belly and Thighs are of a reddifh brown, regularly {potted with black; the Back
of a dufky brown like the Buzzards, the Feathers next to the Tail of the fame Colour
with it, having their middle Parts or Shafts black; the leffer row of Wing-Feathers are
party-colour’d of red, black and white; the middle Part of each Feather along the
Shaft is black; the long fcapular Feathers covering the Back have biack Lines like
the Flags; the Feathers covering the infide of the Wing are red, with black Spots in
their Middles: The Plumage of the lower fide hath the Edges ath-colour’d, then
follows red, the middle Part being black: The black Part is by Degrees lefs and lefs
from the Chin to the Tail ; fo, that under the Tail only the Shafts are black; the red
Colour is alfo more diluted towards the Tail. The flag Feathers of the Wings are in,
Number 24, the 5 outmoft are black, the next 6 are of a dark cinereous Colour ; all the
reft are again black; the laft party-colour’d of red, white and brown; all but the ¢ or 6
exterior Feathers have in their outward Webs black tranfverfe Lines, the Spaces between
the Lines being whitifh, efpecially from the 6th to the 1142: The foremoft of the
fecond row of Feathers are black; as alfo the baftard Wing: The Wings clofed are al-
moft as long as the outmoft Feathers of the Tail.

The Tail is forked, the middle Feathers of which are 11 Inches long, the outermoft
14 Inches: The under Side are of a pale reddith Colour, with black Lines acrofs.

The Bill is of a flefhy Colour, and in fome blackifh, having {carce any Tooth like:
Appendices; the Tongue broad and thick, as in other carnivorous Birds ; in the Palate
there is a Cavity equal to the Tongue; the Sear or Skin about the Noftrils is yellow; in
the Roof of the Mouth is a double Cranny or Hole; the Eyes are large, the Iridis. of a
pale but lovely yellow.

The Legs and Feet yellow; the outmoft fore Toe join’d to the middle one by a
Membrane reaching almoft half way; the Talons black, that of the back Toe being the
greatett; the Talon of the middle Toe hath a fharp Edge on the infide.

It hath a great Gall, and a large Craw; the ftreight Gut below the Appendices is
much dilated, as in others of this Kind.

Its Manner of flying is by {preading its Wings, and ballancing itfelf in the Air, refting
as it were immoveable a long Time without any motion of its Wings, and with very
little moving glides through the Air, from Place to Place, which ‘it is thought has
given it the Name of Glead.

It is diftinguifhed from all other Birds of Prey by its forked Tail, and is faid to
be a Bird of Paflage, fhifting Places according to the Seafons of the Year.

They are a great Deftroyer of Chickens, Ducklings and Goflings ; being fo bold as
to come and take them from out of the Gardens, or Courts-yards of Houfes in the

Country, Cities, and Places frequented by Men.

The

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(C5)
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The Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter Fringillarius: Ca %, en

Numb. V.

AS S Length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 13
Inches, its Breadth when the Wings are extended, 2 Feet, Weight 5
Ounces; its Beak is fhort, hooked, bluifh, and black towards the Point;
the Bafis of the upper Chap is covered with a yellowifh green Skin, ha-
ving an angular Appendix or Tooth on each fide the Noftril. The
Noftrils are oblong, the Palate blue, the Tongue thick, black and a little
cleft; the Eyes of a mean Size, Jridis yellow, the Brows prominent; the
Crown of the Head, upper fide of the Neck, Back, Shoulders and Wings,
are of a dark brown, {potted with darker Spots of the fame Colour; the
under fide, wiz. the Neck, Breaft, Belly and Sides are of a yellow Colour,
with indented Marks of brown croffing the whole Breaft and Belly of the
Bird; the Feathers under the Chin are of a pale Ruffet, inclining to white,
{potted on their middle Parts towards the Tip with brown.

The Wings, when clofed, fcarce reach to the middle of the Train; the
quill Feathers are in Number 18, the interior Vanes light red, with five
{callop Bars of black; the out Vanes are of a dark brown or hair Colour;
the under fide of the Wings, with the Coverts, all light red, with black
indented Bars a-crofs each Feather.

The Tail is made of 12 Feathers, 6 Inches and a half long, of a dark
brown Colour, with tranfverfe Bars of black; the Thighs are ftrong and
flefhy, asin all Birds of Prey; the Legslong, flenderand yellowifh, reach-
ing to the end of the Train; the Toes long, Claws crooked and black:
The Food of this Hawk is only Birds, he never touching Bee#/es or other
Infeét; it is a bold courageous Bird, and frequently train’d up and made
for Hawking : They are often taken in the Nets by the Bird-catchers, when
they come down to ftrike at their Brace-birds.

They lay five white Eggs, {potted near the blunt end with a Circle, as
it were a Coronet, of blood-red Specks.

C The

({ 6s)
phinghbg -auiislitsni'l qpe Hobby. Subbuteo. |
7? 3

Numb. VI.

Y TS Weight was 7 Ounces and a half; the Length 12 Inches and a half, from the
Tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail; the Breadth or Diftance between the tips of
the Wings extended, 2 Feet 6 Inches; the Beak like that of a Ke/frel; the upper Mandible
prominent, hooked, femi-circular; the Bafe cover’d with a yellow Skin or Sear, the
Part next the Skin white, the reft of a dark blue. It hath a Tooth, or Angle, on each
Side at the Beginning of the hooked Part, which is receiv’d ina hollow Dentin the lower
Chap: The Tongue broad, and a little cleft or divided; the Palate within fide black,
having a Cavity imprefs’d to receive the Tongue; the Noftrils round; the Irides of the
Eyes of a Hazel Colour; the Eye-lids yellow.

The Feathers on the Top of the Head had their Shafts or middle Part black, their Bor-
ders of a deep Chefnut: Thofe on the Middle of the Neck of a Clay-colour, the
Back and Wings of a dark-brown, or cinereous black; thofe on the Rump and the leffer
pinion Feathers being lighter, the greater pinion Feathers, and thofe on the middle of the
Back darker. The Chin and upper part of the Throat whitifh with a faint yellow; to
this white were drawn from the Head on each Side two Lines ending in Points; one
from the Aperture of the Mouth, the other from the hinder part of the Head; thefe Marks
diftinguifh the Hobby from the other Hawk Kind: The lower part of the Belly was
reddifh, the reft of the Belly and Breaft clothed with Feathers {potted with black in
the Middle, and having their Edges white, the Thighs red {potted as the Breaft, but
{maller: The Number of prime Feathers in each Wing 24, whereof the fecond the
longeft; the extreme or outmoft had their tips black, all of them their interior Webs.
varied with tranfverfe clay-coloured Spots. ‘The covert Feathers of the under fide of the
Wings were black, curioufly painted with round Spots of white diluted with red.

The Tail confifted of 12 Feathers, the middlemoft were the longeft and the reft in
Order fhorter ; the Length of the middlemoft was about 5 Inches and a half; thefe were
on both fides their Shafts of one and the fame Colour, the reft had their interior Vanes
with tranfverfe reddifh Spots, the outmoft Tips being whitifh; the Legs and Feet were
yellow; the middle and outmoft Toes conneéted as in others of this Kind to the firft
Joint; the Talons black as Jet.

It hada large Gall; the Length of the Guts was two Feet lacking anInch; the Appen-
dices or blind Guts fhort; befides which it had another fingle Appendix or Procefs which
feemed to be the Remainder of the Duétus Inteftinalis fhrunk up.

The Hoésy is a Bird of Paffage, yet breeds with us in England; its Game is chiefly
Darks, for the catching of which Birds our Fowlers make ufe of it thus; the Spaniels
range the Field to find the Birds; the Hobby they let off, who is accuftomed to foar
alott in the Air over them: The Larks efpying their capital Enemy over them dare not
make ufe of their Wings but lie asclofe and flat upon the Ground as they can; and are
eafily taken with the drawing Net which is made on Purpofe fer that Sport; this is called
Daring of Larks.

The Fowlers to catch thefe Hawks take a Lark, and having blinded her, and faftned
Lime-twigs to her Legs, let her fly where they fee the Hobby is, which ftriking at the
Lark is entangled with the Lime-twigs; it is called in Engli/h the Hobby, after the French
Name Hobreau.

4 The

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Tinnunculud .

Kastrcl .

) the Kestrel or Wind:

\

(2°)
The Keftrel or Windbover. Tinnunculus, Jp me Aby
a Z

Numb. VIL

HE Female is about the Bignefs of a Pigeon: Its Length from the point of the
Beak to the end of its Train was 13 Inches: Breadth 25 Inches: Weight ¢
Ounces and 2Drams. The Beak fhort, prominent, hooked and fharp-pointed ; the Bafis
of the upper Chap is covered with a Skin or Membrane, in which are the Noftrils; the
middle Part next the Svar is white, the reft of a dark blue; it is toothed or angled,
-which is receiv’d in a Dent or Cavity in the lower Chap: The Noftrils round; the
Tongue cleft; the Eye-lids yellow; the Eyes defended by prominent Brows. It hath a
wide Mouth and the Palate blue.
The Head is great; the Crown fiat, inclining to an Afh-colour, and marked with narrow
black Lines along the Shaft of each Feather; the Back, Shoulders and covert Feathers
of the upper fide of the Wings ferrugineous, marked with black Spots, viz. each Feather
being reddifh hath a black Spot towards the Tip.

The Rump is cinereous; the lower fide of the Body, that is, the Breaft and Belly, was
of a pale Buff-colour varied with black Spots or Lines drawn downwards along the Shafts of
the Feathers; the Chin and lower Belly without Spots. :

The flag Feathers of the Wing are in Number 24, the exterior of which are of 2
brown or dufky Colour, but their interior Vanes are partly of a reddifh white, indented
with the brown like the Teeth of a Saw; the fix or feven next to the Body are red,
having their interior Vanes marked with tranfverfe brown Stroaks; the under fide of the
Wing is white, with black Spots.

The Train is made up of 12 Feathers above feven Inches long, the outmoft fhorteft,
the reft in Order gradually longer to the middlemoft, marked with tranfverfe Bars of a
dufky Colour.

The Legs and Feet are of a lovely yellow, the Talons black; it had a Galf; in the Sto-
mach was found Beetles and Fur of Mice; the Length of the Guts was 28 Inches; the fingle
blind Gut was twice aslong as the lower Appendices or blind Guts. The Male or 'Farcel
differs from the Female chiefly in being lefs, and having the Head and Back of an Afh-
colour. They are often reclaimed and trained up for Fowling, and catch not only frail
Birds, but young Partridges alfo. They build in Holes of Oaks and other Trees, and
lay 4 Eggs of a whitifh Colour, fpotted with fmall red Spots of a Vermilion-colour,
which makes them look very beautiful.

Wiellugh oy.
oe

(8)

The Cuckow. Cuculus.

Numb. VIII.

TS Length from the Tip of the Billto the End of the Tail was 12 Inches; Breadth
mM when the Wings were expanded, 24 Inches; Weight 2 Ounces, 1 Dram. The upper
Chap of the Bill fomewhat hooked, and longer than the lower, for the moft part of a
blackifh Colour; the nether of a palith yellow. The infide of the Mouth and the
Tongue are of a deep yellow or Saffron-colour; the Tip of the Tongue hard and pel-
lucid ; the Irides of the Eyes yellow ; the Noftrils round, wide, extant above the Surface
of the Bill, wherein it differs from all other Birds; the lower Eye-lid is the greateft ;

the Edges of the Eye-lids are yellow ; the Throat, Breaft and Belly are white, with tranf-

verfe dark femicircular Lines, which are intire and not interrupted; the Feathers of the
Head are of a dark Afh-colour inclining to brown with light Edges; the Feathers on
the middle of the Neck and Back alfo are brown with a Tincture of red, having their
Edges whitifh; the Rump afh-coloured.

The beam Feathers of the Wings are 19 in Number, the greater whereof are the

‘darkeft; all from the fecond have their exterior Vanes {potted with oblong whitith

Spots; the interior Vanes of the outmoft have long, tranfverfe, white Spots; the Tips
of all are white; the covert Feathers of the Wings are of the fame Colour with thofe
of the Back. -

The Tail was made up of 10 Feathers, diftinguifhed on both fides the Shaft, with
Marks fomewhat refembling the Figure of a Hart about an Inch diftant from each
other; the Edges of the inner Sides of all but the 2 middlemoft, and the Tops of all
were adorned with white Spots, like thofe in the Wing.

The Feet and Claws are yellowith, inclining to a Flefh-colour; in the Stomach of one
I fhot in the beginning of September, I found a great Number of the plad Caterpillar,
which are defcribed in my Book of Infeéts, p. 23. The Cuckow builds no Neft, but
deftroying the Eggs of other Birds, vz. ( Hedge-/parrows, Ring-doves, Water-wag-tails,
Larks, Finches, and others) lays her Egg, leaving it to be hatch’d and brought up by
them till ic can fhift for itfelf, which is fomewhat extraordinary in Nature, and differing
from all the volatile Kind.

There are many Stories of their being found in hollow Trees in the Winter, but I
am inclined to believe them to be a Bird of Paffage, and go into the hot Countries,
where there is Plenty of Infects for their Subfiftence ; as the Swallow, Nightingale, &e.
which feed altogether oe Iplecs. ;

“ aA
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The

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MW
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AN

(9)

The. Brown Owl. Strix.
f ee Niumabs 1X \

TS Weight was 12 Ounces and 8 Drams, Length from the end of the Bill to the end
of the Tail was 14 Inches; its Breadth when the Wings are extended was 2 Feet and
8 Inches.

The Bill was hooked, an Inch long or more, of a Horn Colour ; the Tongue neither
very flefhy nor broad, a little divided at the Tip, it had a Cavity in the Palate equal to the
Tongue; it had large Eyes almoft twice as big as thofe of the Barn or white Owl, and
protuberant with Membranes for Nictation, drawn from above downwards, having black
Edges, the Borders of the Eyes very broad with red Edges, the Ear-holes three times as
big as thofe of the white Owls, and covered with Valves, a Circle of Feathers encompaf-
fing the Eyes and Chin like a Woman’s Hood: This Circle confifts of a double Row of
Feathers, theexterior more rigid, variegated with white, black and red; the interior con-
fifting of foft Feathers, of a white mingled with a flame Colour; the middle Part of the
Head without the Hood is of a dark brown; the exterior Circle of the Hood compaffes
the Ears; the greateft Part of the inferior Feathers of it, where it paffes the Ears, grows
out of the Covers of the Ears. The Eyes are nearer to the Ears in this Bird than in any
other Animal. - Beyond the Noftrils and below the Eyes grow briftly Feathers, with black
Shafts. The back and upper Side of the Body was party-colour’d of ferrugineous and
dark brown, black taking up the middle Part of each Feather, and the ferrugineous the
out-fides. If one curioufly view and obferve its Feathers, you will find them waved with
tranfverfe Lines, cinereous and brown, alternately fucceeding each other. ‘The Belly and
lower Side of the Body are of the {ame Colour with the Back, but paler, and diluted with
white. The Feathers in this and other Owls which inveft the whole Body are longer
than in moft other Birds, fo that the Bird feems to be much bigger than indeed it is.
The Feet are cover’d with a thick dirty white Plumage, {prinkled with fmall dark Specks
almoft down to the Claws, '

The Number of flag Feathers in each Wing are 24, the exterior Webs of the outmoft
whereof were terminated in flender Points like Briftles, feparate from each other, and
ftanding like the Teeth of a fine Comb.

The Wing and Tail Feathers were marked with 6 or 7 crofs Bars, of dirty white,
tinctur’d in fome with ferrugineous, and in others with brown. ‘The Wings complicated
fall very much fhort of the End of the Tail. The covert Feathers of the Wings, chiefly
thofe about the middle, and thofe long ones fpringing from the Shoulders, were fpotted
with white, efpecially their interior Vanes.

The Tail was 6 Inches and a half long, made up of 12 Feathers; the middlemoft
being the longeft, the reft in order fhorter to the outmoft, all ending in fharp Points ;
whereas in thofe of the Barn Owl the Tops are blunt.

Thke Sele of the Foot was callous, ef a horny or blackifh Colour; that of the middle
Toe had not the inner Edge ferrate as in the white Owl, all its Toes being feparate to
the very Divarication. ‘The outmoft of the fore Toes is made to turn backward, and fup-
ply the room of a back Toe, as in the reft of this Kind.

The Guts are 30 Inches long, and had many Revolutions ; the blind Guts were 5 Inches
and a half long, toward their Ends tumid and full of Excrements; the Liver divided into
two halves ; it had a large Gall, and great black Tefticles; the Stomach feemed to be
more flefhy than in other carnivorous Birds, and above it a granulated Echinus or Ante-
Stomach ; in the Stomach was found the Fur of Mice.

Thefe and moft of the Owl Kind are great Deftroyers of young Hares and Rabbits, at
Time of Feeding in the Evening,

. D The

[illaghé
LO Lee

(re)

Willoughby The Churn-Owl or Goat-Sucker. Caprimulgus.

/07.

Numb. X.

WTS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 10 Inches,
the Breadth when the Wings are extended 24 Inches, its Weight
2 Ounces, its Head large, its Bill (in proportion to its Body) the leaft of
all Birds, and a little crooked; it hath a large wide Mouth and Swallow;
on the Sides of the upper Chap of the Bill, as alfo under the Chin, grows
ftiff black Hairs like Briftles.
_ The under fide of the Body was painted with blackifh and pale red Lines,
tranfverfe but not continued; the hinder Part of the Head of an afh Co-
lour, the middle of each Feather being black; which Colours reach alfo
down the Back. |

The Wings are partly colour’d with brown, black, red and ath Colour,
powder'd with divers dark and light Specks of afh Colour and black.

The Tail is 5 Inches long, made up of ten Feathers, the outermoft of
which are fomething fhorter than the reft; they are of the fame Colour _
with the Back and Wings, with triangular tran{verfe Bars pointing upwards,
of black and afh Colour, mingled and powder’d with black and red.

The Legs were very {mall in proportion, feather’d on the fore-fide half
way. The Legsand Feet darkifh red, the Claws black and little, the mid-
dlemoft Toe the longeft, the other two fhorter, but of equal Length with
each other, and each joined to the middlemoft by a Membrane, from the
Divarication to the firft Joint; the interior edge of the middle Claw is
cerrate as in the Heron.

In the Stomach was found Seeds, Beet/es, and other Infeés.

They lay their Eggs, which are long and white, clouded and {potted
with black, in a Hole in the Ground, without building a Neft, in whieh
they hatch their Young, and when difturb’d will carry their Young to other -
Places of Shelter; this was obferved by Sir Henry Heron in Enfield-Chace,
where they are very common in the Summer Seafon. I have alfo feen

them on Lpping-Forre/?, and divers other Places.

The

:
.
|
1

Liz. Atlin alin.

|

j
|
|

|
|
|
Caprimiilgus — Grand Merle ee ee

| (tr)
The Maccan or Macao of Brafils.

Numb. XI.

T is bigger than our common Raven; its Head large,

broad, and flat above; the Irides of the Eye white (as
is alfo a large Space void of Feathers about the Eye) the
Pupil black; the Bill is great and hooked, the upper Man-
dible of a flefhy Colour, the lower dark brown. Its Tongue
and manner of Feeding is like thofe of other Parrots; the
upper Chap of the Bill is near 3 Inches long, broad or
deep; its Legs and Feet are of the fame Colour with the
Bill; the whole Head, Neck, Breaft, Belly, Thighs and
~ Tail underneath, as alfo the middle Part of the Wings
above, are cloath’d with moft lovely and elegant red Fea-
thers ; the Pinion of the Wing is adorn’d with a beautiful
yellow ; inthe middle of the Wing below the red is. a Row
of bright grafs-green Feathers ; all the Quill Feathers below
them are of a bright wltramarine blue, as 1s alfo the upper
Part of the Tail and Rump, or lower Part of the Back; the
Tail is ten Inches long, running much beyond the Wings.
The Hen Bird of this Kind is blue and yellow. They are
brought from both Eaft and Weft-Indies.

- The

Nellis hly

[/4. NT.

(Veda)
2 The Afb-colour’d Parrot.

Numb. XI.
"y HIS Bird is of the bignefs of a tame Pigeon; the
Bill is black; the Noftrils near’ to one another, in.
the upper Part of the Bill next the Head, which Part is co-
verd with a naked Skin (which Figure and Situation of
the Noftrils is the fame in all thofe of the Parrot Kind)
the whole Body is of an uniform Colour, v/s. a dark cine-
reous; yet the lower Part of the Back, Belly and the
Rump is paler than the reft of the Body, and almoft
white. ‘The Tailis of a red Vermilion Colour, very fhort,
and fcarce reaching farther than the ends of the Wings:
The Region of the Eyes (and Sides of the Head round the
Eyes) is white, and bare of Feathers: The Feathers of
the Head and Neck are fhorter than the others, This
Kind comes from Eaft-India.

li. Ullin Aelin.

a
ak Sn
Aaa shige:

_ Bliz, Alan deli.

alwarat

(13)
The Laurey from the Brafls.

Numb, XIII.

T ‘HIS Bird is fomething bigger than a Pigeon; the
i Bill large, of a pale Buff Colour; the Irzdes of the
Fye yellow, the Pupil black; on the top of the Head it hath
a tuft of Feathers of a bright blue; all the reft of the Head
and Neck are of a Scarlet Colour, below that a beautiful
Ring of yellow; the Breaft and upper Part of the Back
is alfo Scarlet, the covert Feathers of the Wings green
intermixt with yellow. The Quill Feathers are of a beau-
tiful ultramarine blue; the lower Part of the Back, Belly
and Thighs, are white intermixt with rofe Colour, ending
near the Tail with a Mixture of Scarlet. The Tail 1s pur-
ple intermixt with a redifh brown; the Legs and Feet are
_ Afh-colour’d, the Claws black. ‘This Bird is the moft
beautiful of all the Parrot Kind that I have yet feen; it
is very docible, learning any Language, and pronouncing
- very articulately any thing he is taught. I faw one of
thefe Birds fold for twenty Guineas, by Mr. Bland, at the
Tyger on Tower-Hill, who has a great Collection of fo-

reign Birds,

E The

(14)

The Fack-Daw. .Monedula’
ag 3 Numb, <1y,

hte Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail was 13

Inches and a half, the Breadth when the Wings are extended 2 Feet
4 Inches, its Weight near ro Ounces; the Bill fltrong, from the Point to
the Angles of the Mouth an Inch and aquarter long; the Noftrils round,
with a covert of little hairy Feathers over them and half the Bill; the Tongue
cloven, the Jridis of the Eyes whitifh, the Ears large.

The whole Plumage is black with a bluifh Glofs, except the hinder Part
as far as the middle of the Neck, which inclines to light afh Colour, ‘as is
alfo the Breaft and Belly, but lefs. .

The Number of prime Feathers in each Wing is 20, of which the firft

/ 1s fhorter by half than the fecond, the third and fourth the longeft of all;
from the eleventh the fix following have the tops of their Vanes fo running
forth on each fide above their Shafts, that they feem to benotched in their
tops, and from the Angle of that Notch the Shaft of the Feather is conti-
nued in form of a Briftle. The Tail is made up of twelve Feathers,
whereof the exterior are fomewhat fhorter; the Length of the Tail is 5
Inches and a half.

The -ack Toe and Claw are larger than in other Birds are ufual; the out-

moft Fore-toe is join’d to the middlemoft at the bottom, as in the reft of
this kind ; it hath no Craw; the Stomach is mufculous; the Length of the
Guts was 24 Inches. It feeds on JVuts, Fruits, and Infects; the Appendices
or blind Guts fmall, and {carce an Inch long. ie
‘Its Head is large in refpect to its Body; he feems to be a crafty and in-
genious Bird; they ufually frequent and build in ancient Ca/fles, Churches,
and ruinous Buildings, in great Numbers, and fometimes in Trees; they
lay five or fix Eggs, leflet and paler, and having fewer Spots than thofe
of Crows.

Nt
!)

Cs)
Clr C

Seioo

The

FOUN T

——— SS ——

10 lay PY,

(15)
fillueght

The Magpy or Pianet. Pica Varia Caudata.
/24

Numb. XV.

TS Length from the Tip of the Billto the End of the Tail is 18 Inches and a half,

Breadth when the Wings are expanded 23 Inches and a half ; Weight is 8 Ounces and
5 Drams; Bill 1 Inch and three quarters, black, thick and ftrong, the upper Chap fome-
what crooked and fharp-pointed ; the Tongue cloyen at the End, and black; the Sides of
the Fiffure of the Palate rough with Hair like Excrefcences; the Noftrils round, and be-
fet with reflected briftly Hairs ; the Irzdes of the Eyes are of a pale Hazel Colour, in the
nictating Membranes is {een a yellow Spot.

The Head, Neck, Back, Rump and lower Belly are of a black Colour; the lower
Part of the Back near the Rump is more dilute, and inclining to cinereous; the Breaft
and Sides are white, as alfo the firft Joint of the Wing ; the Wings are {maller than the
Bignefs of the Body would feem to require. The Tail and prime Feathers of the Wings
glifter with very beautiful Colours (but obfcure) of green, purple and blue mingled, like
thofe of the Rainbow, only in the exterior Vanes, the Number of Beam Feathers are 20,
of which the outmoft is fhorter by half than the fecond, the fecond than the third, and
the third fhorter than the fourth, but not by an equal Defect, the fourth and fifth are
the longeft of all; the eleven foremoft about their middle Part on the Infide of the Shaft
are white, the white Part from the extreme Feather gradually decreafing, tll in the tenth
it be contracted into agreat Spot only.

The Tail is made up of 12 Feathers, of which the two middlemoft are the longeft,
being by Meaiure eight and a half or nine Inches long, the two next them above an Inch
fhorter, and fo the reftin Proportion; the middle Feathers of the Tail have their Bottoms
green, their Middles blue, and their Tops of a purple Colour. ;

The Feet and Claws are black, the loweft Bone of the outmoft Fore-toe is joined to -
that of the middle. P

The Length of the Gut was 24 Inches, of the blind Guts half an Inch; it hath a Gall
Bladder and a long Spleen, the Stomach not very flefhy, and having its Echinus.

This Bird is eafily taught to fpeak, and more plainly when the String of his Tongue is
cut, and imitates Man’s Voice very articulately; they are very mifchievous when let out
of their Cages, ftealing and hiding every Thing they can carry away.

They build their Nefts in Trees with great Art and Cunning, fencing them round on
the Out-fide both above and below with fharp Thorns, leaving only one Hole for them-
felves to pafs in and out. It lays6 or 8 Eggs at once, feldom more, greater and paler
than the Crows, and very thick {potted with black.

Its Food is Infeéts of the Grub aneiBectle Kind, Fleth of Beafts, and fometimes it will
fet upon {mall Birds, and kill and devour them.

TT,
at AE

WfLlughby

f5e

(16 )
The Fay. Pica Glandaria.
Numb; XVI.

Breadth when the Wings are extended 21 Inches and a half, its Weight 7 Ounces ;

[> Length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail was 14 Inches; its
the Bill dark afh Colour inclining to black, ftrong, near an Inch and a half long ;

the Tongue black, thin, pellucid, and cloven at the tip; the Irides of the Eyes white ;

the Feathers of the Head and Body in this Bird are taller, flenderer, and ftand more ereé&
than ordinary. Near on the lower Chap of the Bill are two black Spots, on each Side
one. The Chin and lower Part of the Belly whitith, elfe the Breaft and Belly are of a
mixt cinereous and red; the Rump aboveis white, the Back red, with a Mixture of blue;
the Feathers on the Crown of the Head variegated with black and white. if

The Sails of the Wings are in Number 20, of which the firft is fhorter by half than
the fecond, the fourth the longeft (being by Meafure 6 Inches and a quarter) the firft or
outmoft is black, the bottom or lower Part white, which is proper to it alone; the 6 next
following have their exterior Vanes of an afh Colour, the 3 next likewife, but more ob-
{cure and mingled with blue, being alfo marked toward their Bottoms with tranfverfe black
and white Strokes; the 5 fucceeding have their exterior Vanes half white, half black, uz.
the lower half white, the upper black, but fo that each Extremity of the white is ter-
minated with blue; the fixteenth in place of the white of the four precedent hath cranf-
verfe blue, black and white Spets ; the feventeenth is black, having one or two blue Spots;
the eighteenth is black with fome little red ; the nineteenth red with the tip black, the
under-fides of all the Feathers of the Wing are of a dark or dusky Colour. The Covere
Feathers of the 15 exterior Sails are very beautiful, being variegated or checquer’d with
black, white, and lovely fhining blue Lines, the reft of the cuvert Feathers being black.

The Tail is 6 Inches and a quarter long, confifting of 12 Feathers wholly black except
toward their Roots: Under the Rump there 1s fomething of a blue mingled with cinereous.
_ The Feet and Toes are of a ferrugineous dufky Colour, the middle Toe is the longeft,
the outmoft is equal to the back Toe, the lower Joint of the outmoft Toe is joined to
the middlemoft, the back Claw is the greatetft.

The Eggs are cinereous, with darker Spots {carce appearing; the Guts are 24 Inches
long, the blind Guts but half an Inch; it hath a Gall and a long Spleen: The Stomach
or Gizzard not very flefhy, and having its Echinus,wherein were found Acorns, &c. (whence
it got the Name of Prca Glandaria) It feeds alfo on Cherries, (of which it is very greedy)
Goosberries and Ra/ps, and other Fruit.

The Female difters little or nothing from the Male either in Bignefs or Colour, fo that

it is very difficult to know them afunder.
It will learn to imitate Man’s Voice, and {peaks very articulately.

The

Pica Glandariae- g

Werrerte lin .

Pica Glandaria Caypentes .

Lhe Say, from the lape of Good Hope

al

(ae
The Fay from Bengal. Pica Glandaria Bengalentfis.

Numb. XVII.

15 is fomething bigger than our Englifh Jay; the Bilk
A is of an afh Colour; the Top of the Head blue; the
Neck and Breaft cinereous with a Mixture of light brown
and red; the Wings are blue, as alfo the under Part of
the Belly and Thighs; the Back and Rump are of a mud-.
dy green Colour; the Tail is of a dark blue next the Body,
of a pale or bright blue in the Middle, and dark towards
the End: Its Legs and Feet are of a yellowith brown; the-
Claws black. I am obliged to Mr. Dandridge for the-
Draught of this Bird, who received it from his Kinfman:
Fofeph Dandridge refiding at Fort St.George in the Bay of
Bengal, who drew it from the natural Bird, with the:
Dravghts of feveral other fine Birds of that Country,
which I defign to engrave in the next Volume, God
willing. |

I beg Pardon for being fo particular as to the Names of
the Gentlemen and Reception of this Bird; this I do be-
caufe 1 would not have the Gentlemen, that are Encou-
ragers of the Work, think I would endeavour to engrave

any Bird which I thought fictitious,

EF The

Yellu LG Aby. «Numb eva

TF.

ie

(18 )

The Green Woodpecker. ‘Picus Viridis.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 14 Inches and a half;

Breadth of the Wings when extended, 20 Inches and a half; Weight 6 Ounces
and a-half; the Bill from the Point to the Angles of the Mouth is one Inch and three
Quarterslong, black, hard, ftrong, triangular, ending in a blunt Point; a redith Circle

‘imamediately encompaffes the Pupil of the Eye, the reft of the Iris being white; the

Tongue when ftretched out is 6 Inches long, ending in a fharp, bony Subftance, rough
underneath, wherewith it takes the Infects from the Bodies of the Trees, of which Kind
the Ant is its chief Food; the Top of the Head is of a crimfon Colour fpotted with
black; the Eyes are encompaffled with black; under the black on each Side is another
red Spot, which is peculiar to the Cock; the Throat, Breaft and Belly are of a pale green;
the Back, Neck and lefier Rows of covert Feathers of the Wings green; the Rump of
a pale yellow or ftraw Colour; the Feathers under the Tail are croffed with tranfverfe
dufky Lines fpotted with whire Spots, the inner Webs of the fame Colour with the pre-
ceding.; the Feathers covering the Roots of the Flags underneath are of a pale green, with
tranfverfe dufky Lines. The Tail confifts of 10 Feathers, ftiff and bending inwards,
which by reafon the Shaft reaches not to the end of the Webs, feems to be farked; the
two middlemoft Feathers are the longeft; their Tips black; elfe they are marked with
crofs Bars above of a dark green alternately placed; the lefler or outmoft have their Tops

‘green and Bottoms black.

The Feet and Toes are of a greenith lead Colour; the Claws dufky ; the Toes placed
as in the reft of this Kind, two forward and two backward; the loweft Bones of the fore
‘Toes are joined together. It hath a large Gall an Inch and a half long; the right Tefti-
cle round and the left oblong and bent almoft into a Circle, this is natural and not acci-
dental, being the fame in feveral Birds which were opened. It hath no blind Guts, but
in their Stead the ftreight Gut is dilated in that Place. Its Crop was full of Avs and
Ants Eggs, and fits fometimes on the Ground near to the Ant-Hills, where it feeks its
Food.

The Tips of the Shafts of the Tail Feathers in this and other Woodpeckers feem broken
or worn off by their refting upon them in climbing.

thie Kind lays 5 or 6 Eggs at once, and 6 young ones have been found ina Neft
together.

The

fi

n)

ae
Lhe GreenMoodpecker or Wov:
Fi llin-delin, _ Lhe GreenMoodpecker cr Woodep

seats

ee

>

gi

WN
=
a

:
:

\ \

E Mean delarr.

(9)

The greater Spotted Woodpecker. Picus varius major.

Numb. XIX,

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 11 Inches; Breadth.

of the Wings when extended, one Foot two Inches; Weight two Ounces and three
Quarters ; the Bill an Inch and a Quarter long, ftreight, black, thicker at the Head, and
flenderer by Degrees, ending in a fharp Point, being of a Pyramidal Figure, and chan-
nel’d witha Furrow or two ; the Noftrils round and covered with black Briftles; the Jri-
des of the Eyes red; the Tongue made like thatof the green Woodpecker.

On the hind partof the Head is a Line of Crimfon or Vermilion red reaching from white
to white in each Cheek; [in the Cock, not in the Hen.] In the Hen the Throat and
Breaft are of a dirty yellowith white; the lower Belly under the Tail is of a lovely red
or crimfon Colour ; the Feathers encompaffing the Bafe of the upper Chap, and thofe
about the Eyes and Ears are white; the Head is black, with a dath of a fhining green ;
the Back alfo black; at the Infertion of the Wings on each Side is a great white Spot 5
from the Corners of the Mouth a broad, black Stroak reaches on to the Back; juft below
the Head another black Line crofles this. The flag Feathers of the Wings are in Number 20,
(of which the outermoft is the fhorteft) black and marked with femicircular white Spots ;
the interior covert Feathers of the Wings are white, and make up part of thofe white
Spots, mentioned on the Shoulders; the middlemoft are wholly black; the exterior have
one or two white Spots; the Ridge or Bafe of the Wing is white.

The Tail is 3 Inches anda half long made up of 10 Feathers being ftrong, ftiff, fharp-
pointed and bending inwards; the Shafts, as in others, are not produced to the outmoft
Tip (perchance worn or broken off with climbing) by reafon whereof the Feathers ap-
pear forked ; the outmoft tail Feather on each Side is fmall, black, and has a white Spot
on the exterior Web; in the two next the lower Part is black and the reft white with two
tranfverfe black Spots or Stroaks, of which the upper cuts both Webs of the Feather,
the lower only the interior; in the third the black reacheth higher, and the white Part
hath only one tranfverfe black Stroak ; the fourth Pair are all black, having only a femi-
circular Spot of white toward the Top, the very Tip being of a redifh white; the two
‘middlemoft are wholly black; thefe Spots differ in fome Birds both in the Wings and Tail.
The Feet and Legs are of a lead Colour, the Toes ftanding 2 forward and 2 backward, as
in others of this Kind; the 2 fore Toes likewife are connected from the Divarication-place
to the firft Joint.

It hath a fmall Liver with a Gall annexed; the Breaft-bone is very long, produced to
the Vent; it hath likewife a {mall Gizzard or Stomach, in which when diflected were
found Centipedes and Beetles; the Guts lie deep within the Body, that they be not hurt
when the Bird turns her Head downwards and ftrikes Trees with her Bill. It iscommon
te this and the reft of this Kind to want the blind Guts.

The

AFF

( 20 )

Pellughtly The leffer fpotted Woodpecker. Picus Varius Minor.

130.

Numb. XX.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 5 Inches
and a half; Breadth when the Wings are extended 10 Inches and a
quarter; Weight 12 Drams and a half. This is for Shape and Colour
like the laft defcribed, but much lefs.

The Tail confifted of ten Feathers, from the exterior to the middle-
moft gradually longer each than other, the two middlemoft being the
longeft ; of thefe the four middlemoft are wholly black, ftrong, fharp and
bending inward as in the reft of this Kind, fo made to fuftain the Body

when it climbs Trees; the three exterior are lefs fharp, of which the:

outmoft and leaft hath the Bottoms black, and their upper part white,

with two tranfverfe black Spots; in the next the black Part is extended:
in the inner Web as far as the fecond tranfverfe black Spot; im the outer the
white reacheth lower, yet hath it only one tranfverfe black Spot toward.

the Top; the third is black, having only the Tip white.

The Throat, Breaft and Belly are of a fordid white, above the Noftrils
itis of a dusky Colour, and on the top of the Head it hath’a broad Streak
of red, the hinder Part of the Head is black; round the Eyes to the mid-
dle of the Neck on both Sides is a broad Bed of white Feathers terminated
with black, (only the Feathers that cover the Ears are of the fame Colour
‘of the Breaft.) The upper part of ‘the Back, and the upper covert Feathers
of the Wings are black; the prime Feathers and the reft of the covert
Feathers are elegantly {potted with femicircular Spots of white; the mid-
dle Part of the Back is white with crofs Lines of black: The Bill,
Tongue, vides, Feet and Toes are like thofe of the laft defcribed ; the
Claws black and crooked; the fame Number of prime Feathers in Wings
and Tail; the Stomach diffected was full of Infeés. ;

It wants the Appendices or blind Guts, like the reftof this Kind. The

Hen differs from the Cock, inftead of a read Streak on the Top of the -

Head fhe has a white.
Aldrovandus writes, that this Kind wants thofe red Spots on the Head

and Rump; which is true of the Female, but not of the Male, for his
Head is marked with a red Spot.

The

ee eee .

20
Z. Qlbin age Liis Vartwus Minor, Letit Pivar Margute. The lefser spotted uw @ od
u ‘ j pre Ler”.

ee,

if

Pe ts
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os)
4 i

, °
Baty

Lelban deli.

oy ey

( 21)
The Wryneck: Lynx five Torquilla.

Numb. XXI.

th Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 7 Inches
and a half; the Breadth ro Inches when the Wings are extended ;
Weight one Ounces It is of the Bignefs of the common Laré, or fome-
what lefs; the Bill is fhort, Grell gatleleGs triangular than in the reft of
this Kind, of a lead Colour, The Tongue round, ending in a fharp, bony
Thorn, which it can dart out toa great Length, aha draw it in again like
the reft of thisKind; the /vides of the Eyes of a hafelColour; the Feet and
Legs fhort, of a pale lead Colour or rather flefh Colour. '

It could ruffle up the Feathers of its Head, fo as to make chet appear
like a Creft as doth the Fay; the Plumage is fo elegantly and curioufly co=
lour'd, that it is very difficult in Words to defcribe it, the upper part of the
Body being variegated with white, black, redifh, dusky and afh Colours
from the Crown of the Head all along the Middle of the Back runs a Lift
of black; the Head is cinereous, with tranfverfe white, black and red Lines :
The Throat and lower Belly are yellow, with tran{verfe black Lines; the
middle of the Breaft is whiter, with fewer Lines; the Feathers covering
the bottom of the prime Wing Feathers are yellow, with tranfverfe black
Lines; the Rump is more afh colourd than the Head, with white Spots
and tranfverfe black Lines.

The prime Wing Feathers are in Number 19, the firft or outmoft being
fhorter than the fecond, black and fpotted with great white Spots; the
whole Wing is colour'd and {potted with the fame Colours of the Body
before mentioned, The Tail Feathers are 10, not fharp-pointed, nor ftiff,
nor bending inwards as in the reft of the Wood-pecker Kind; 2 Inches and
ahalf long; of a cinereous Colour croffed at large fatal: with Bars of
Black ; between them powdered and fprinkled with {mall Specks of black.

The Toes are fo difpofed as in the reft of this Kind, 2 forward and z
backward; it wantsthe blind Guts like the other Wood-peckers ; the Length
of the Guts was 9 Inches long: It ftrangely and ridiculoufly turns its Head
back to its Shoulders, whence by Gaze it is called Torquilla; it feeds upon
Ants, which it ftrikes with its Tongue, and then contracting it fwallows
them without ever touching them with her Bill, having a glutinous Matter
fticking on the Tongue. The Hen is paler than the Cock, being of a
move cinereous Colour.

Mil l ughlt
3h

G The

(22)
The Black Game. 'Tetrao feu Urogallus minor,
Numb. XXII -

‘WTS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 22 Inches ; its Breadth
when the Wings are extended, 36 Inches; its Weight 48 Ounces; (this Bird I had
from Sir Robert Abdy out of Weftmoreland, from which generous Gentleman I have receiv’d
a great many curious Birds) it was all black, with a fhining blue Glofs on the Edges of
the Feathers of the Neck and Back ; the Legs dark gray; the Toes pectinated on both
Sides. It had in each Wing 26 quill Feathers with 2 tranfverfe Bars of white, and a Spot
of the fame on each Shoulder; the Tail was made up of 16 Feathers, the exterior of
which was near 7 Inches long, the interior do not exceed 4 Inches; the 3 exterior Feathers
are longer than the reft and bending outwards ; the fourth on each Side fhorter and lefS
seflected; the Tail is of the fame Colour of the Body, only the Tips of a hoary white.

The Bill is black and crooked; the upper Chap fomewhat prominent and gibbous; un-
der the Tongue is a kind of a glandulous Subftance ; in the Pallet a Cavity impreffed equal
to the Tongue; the Tongue is undivided, foft and fomewhat rough.

The Eye-brows are bare and red; the Ears large; the Legs rough and feathered on the
fore Part ; the Toes naked and connected by a Membrane as far as the firft Joint; the
Claw of the middle Toe is on the infide thinned into an Edge; it had no Spurs.

Its Guts are 51 Inches long; its blind Guts 24 Inches ftriate with 6 Lines; the Craw
large and full of Ling or Heath, on the Tops of which they feed; the Pouts do a long
time accompany their Dams, even after they are come to their full Growth.

The Cocks of the black Game keep together and the Hens by themfelves, and are
feldom or never feen together; their Time of feeding is the Morning and Evening, and
in the Middle of the Day they retire to the Woods, and fometimes perch on Trees.

They are frequent in the mountainous Parts of Darbyfbire, Weftmoreland, Cumberland
and moft of the Northern Parts of England and Scotland.

There isa large Species of this Kind in Norway, called Tieure, as large asa Buftard; the
Head and Leg of which I received from my good Friend Mr. Boguet. It was all over
grifly black with a beautiful fhining green Glofs on the Edges of the Feathers on the
Weck and Breaft; and having all the other Characterifticks belonging to the former. It
weighed 10 Pound, they are taken by the Boors in the inland and mountainous Parts
‘of Mufcovia, and brought down to Archangel, and {ent as a choice Prefent to our Exghi/h
\Merchants.

The

PLPL

—— S=== = € > = ae

Da

LZ. thbin delin., Letra0 at Mpogallus munor. The black Game Leite le

OF Uf 774.
y,

( 23.)
The Red Game; or Move-Cock. Lagopus altera, Mas.
Numb. XXIII, XXIV.

J 'HIS Bird is half as big again as the common Partridge; (being confiderably like-

it in Shape) its Feet and Legs are feathered down to the Claws as in the black
Game and. others of this Species; its Bill is fhort and blackifh; its Noftrils elegantly
fpeckled with white and black Feathers; it hath a fcarlet-colour’d naked Skin above
each Eye in Form of a Crefcent in place of Eye-brows, which in the Cock are much
broader, and have a Border of loofe Flefh like a Fringe or Creft, at the Bafis of the
Tower Chap; on each Side is a pretty large white Spor, but not fo in the Female;
Moreover the Male differs from the Female in being much redder, the whol¢ Body
having no other Mixture than black and red with tranfverfe Lines a-crofs each Feather,
the red exceeding the black, except on the Back and the Top of the Shoulders, where
the black Spots are broader.
The Female is of a paler red, and variegated with whitith Spots all over the Body
and Wings; the exterior Webs of the 3d and 4th prime Feathers of which are white,
it having all other Characterifticks belonging to the Cock, the Sex only excepted.

In each Wing are 24 Feathers all dufky, except the exterior Edges of thofe next the-

Body, which are red ; the outmoft Feathers of the Wing are fhorter than the fecond ;
the third the longeft of all; the interior baftard Wing is made of white Feathers; the
Feathers alfo on the under fide of the Wings next to the Flags are white; the Breaft and
Belly are almoft alike, as to the Colour of the Plumage, with the Back in both Sexes.

The Tail is more than a handful long, not forked, confifting of 16 Feathers, all black.

except the middlemoft, which are variegated with red and black; the Flefh is very
tender, efpecially in the younger ones, tho’ not fo white as a Hen’s; they are frequent in

the high Mountains of Derby/hire, York{bire, Wefimoreland and Wales; it lays 6, 7, or-8
_ Eggs, being feldom more than one Inch and three Quarters long, fharp at one Endand
all fpeckled with dark red Specks or Points, only towards the fharper End are one or two
Beds void of Spots ; the younger are invefted with Belly-worms, which fometimes hang
down, as they fly, a Foot long from behind.

It delights to abide in the higheft Tops of the higheft Mountains, and with us never
comes down into the Plains, and very feldom into the Sides of the Mountains; the Flefh
of thefe Birds do fuddenly corrupt, and therefore the Fowlers as foon as ever they take
them exenterate them and {tuff the Cavity of the Belly with Ling ; the Tops of which
are their natural Food when alive.

Willughby
A

Spills

| 163.

(24)
The Pheafant. Phafianus.
‘Numb. XXV, XXVI.

Ji py @ TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 36 Inches; Breadth

of the Wings when extended 33 Inches; they differ in Weight according as they

-are fatter and leaner; their common Weight is 45 Ounces when in Flefh, fome more
fome lefs ; the Bill, like thofe of other granivorous Birds, from the Tip to the Angles of

the Mouth an Inch and three Quarters long, in old Birds whitifh; it hath on both Sides a
Alefhy and tuberous Membrane, by which it is above joined to the Head, under which
the Noftrils are as it were hid ; the Irides of the Eyes yellow; a red fcarlet Colour pow-

dered with black Specks compafies the Eye round for a good Breadth ; in the fore Part

of the Head and at the Bafis of the upper Chap of the Bill the Feathers are black with
a kind of purple Glofs; the Crown of the Headand upper Part of the Neck are tintured
with a dark green fhining like Silk, which is more dilute on the Crown of the Head.
‘Thefe Colours make an agreeable Change of dark blue or green, according as the Light

and Shade falls thereon. It hath on both Sides of the Head about the Ears Feathers

fticking out like Horns; there grow alfo to the Ears in their lower Angle black Feathers —
Jonger than the reft ; the Sides of the Neck and Throat are of a fhining purple Colour;
the Feathers under the Chin and at the Angles of the Mouth are black with green Edges
wr Borders.

Below the green the reft of the Neck, the Breaft, Shoulders, Middle of the Back and
Sides under the Wings are clothed with moft beautiful Feathers, having their Bottoms
black and their Edges tin@tured with a moft beautiful Colour, which, as it is diverfly objedt-
ed, appears to the Light either black or purple; next to the purple in each Feather isa
crofs Line or Bed of a moft fplendid gold Colour; below the Gold a fulvous Colour which
reaches as low as the black Bottom; the gold Colour is not immediately contiguous to
the fulvous, but divided by an intermediate narrow Line of a fhining purplifh ; on the
under Side of the Neck the Extremities of the Feathers are painted with a black Spot
of the Figure of a Parabola; the Shafts of all are fulvous ; the whole Bird is variegated
with thefe Colours darker and lighter, fome Feathers here and there having Spots and
Lines of white ; the two middlemoft Feathers of the Tail are 22 Inches long, having on
each Side 8 more which decreafe both in Length and Bignefs, the exterior being the
fhorteft and leaft; they are of an olive Colour; on the Sides ferrugineous with a caft of
green; near the Shafts adorned with black Spots on each Side in the two longeft Feathers,
and on the others on the exterior Side only.

The Legs, Feet, Toes and Claws are of a horn Colour; the Toes and Claws darker
than the Legs; a thick Membrane conneéts the Toes, which is not found in any other
of the pulveratricious Birds; the Legs are armed with Spurs fhort, fharp and black.
The Hen is not fo beautiful as the Cock, being almoft of the Colour of a Quail but
darker.

They live in the Woods and feed upon Acorns, Berries, Grains, Seeds and Infeéts, and
rather frequent the Coppice-woods, than where there are only Timber-trees.

All Authors give to the Pheafant, for the Goodnefs of his Flefh and delicate Tafte, the
firft Place at the Table among Birds, and is in high Efteem with great Perfonages;
it is better when killed by a Hawk than when fhot or otherwife taken, the Flefh being
more {hort and tender. "

he

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SSSCKSEE

( 25 )
The Partridge. -Perdix Cinerea.

Numb. XXVIL

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 12 Inches and three

- quarters; Breadth 20 Inches ; its Weight 15 Ounces.

The Bill in young Partridges is of a dufky yellow Colour, but in old Birds it grows
white ; the I7ides of the Eyes are a little yellowifh; under the Eyes are certain red Exe
crefcencies; the Chin and Sides of the Head are of a faffron-colour; the Cock hath under
his Breaft a red femicircular Figure, refembling a Horfe-fhoe ; below the Chin, as far as
the Horfe-thoe Mark, is of a blue cinereous adorned with tranfverfe black Lines; under
that Mark the Colour fades intoa pale cinereous yellow; the longer Feathers on the Sides
of the Breaft and Belly have each of them a great tran{verfe red Spot, their Shafts being
white ; the upper Side of the Body is party-coloured of red, cinereous and black.

The prime Feathers in each Wing are about 23 in Number, of which the foremoft
are dufky, with tranfverfe yellowifh white Spots; the longeft Feather of the Wing is five
Inches and a quarter; the interior covert Feathers of the Wings, and the long Feathers

{pringing from the Shoulders have their Shafts of a yellowifh white.
_~ "The Tail is made up of 18 Feathers; the four middlemoft Feathers are party-coloured
like the reft on the Body; the other 7 on each Side are of a fordid red with cinereous Tips 3
The Legs are bare below the Knee, and have no Appearance of Spurs; in the young they
are greenifh, but in the old ones whitith ; the Toes are joined together with a Membrane
as in the Heathcocks.

It hath a great Craw and mufculous Stomach or Gizzard, and a Gall-bladder; for the

Tafte and Wholfomnefs of its Flefh it is defervedly preferred before all other Birds ; it
feeds upon Ants and Ants Eggs, Corn and other Grains; it likewife feeds on green Corn
in the Winter, at which Time its Flefh is not fo commendable as in Summer and Autumn,
when it hath its Fill of the grain Corn.
The Common Partridge is a multiparous Bird laying 16 or 18 Eggs before it fits; its
Flights are low and very fwift but fhort, by reafon of the Heavinefs of its Body and Short-
nefs of its Wings; they are more rare and {ell dearer in ffa/y than withus; in Winter they
accompany together the old ones with their Brood, which we call a Covy of Partridges,
from the French Word Couvée or Flock of thofe Fowls; in the Spring-time when they
pair together, they are obliged to part from the old ones, who beat them away.

When any one comes near their Neft, they caft themfelves down as if lame to draw or

intice them to follow, when they have got them a good Way from their Neft, fly dire@ly-

away; and when all is quiet call together their Brood, who prefently run tothe Voiee of
their Dams. They likewife call one another together towards Sun-fet.

Yj Ll ply
ei Z

( 26)
The New-England Partridge.

Numb. XXVIIL

HIS Bird is not fo big as our common Partridge ; its

Bill is fhort, black and crooked like that of a Par-
-tridge’s; the Eyes large ; the Irzdes yellow; the Head,
Back and Wings are coloured nearly refembling that of the
red-lege’d Partridge, but more motled with black on the
Back, and white on the hind Part of the Neck; the Breaft
and Belly are of a yellowifh Colour with tranfverfe Lines
of black; the Thighs and lower Part of the Belly near
the Tail are yellowifh and {potted with redifh brown; the
Tail is fhort and brown after the manner of a common
Partridge; the Legsand Feet are of a light brown Colour ;
the Claws black, ‘Thefe I had from W2diam Lydal Poul- -
terer, who bought them of a New-England Captain, who
brought them out of that Country. I fed them on Wheat
and Hemp-feed for fome Time, which they feemed to like
very well. The Right Honourable Thomas Lord Trevor
kept them with his Pheafants a long Time after.

The

Lert Nova Anglia | Lerdria deNoveau Nigleterre a the New England Tvrtrulge.

Seale pee ad es
= Pr Pnioen i

—_— BAe — c ae == us =e 2 see 2D =—
Lirdie ruff, The het L, coy Ls

(27)
The Red-lege’d Partridge. Perdix Ruffa.

Numb. XXIX.

| ae S Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 18 Inches;
the Breadth when the Wings are extended, 22 Inches; its Weight 14
Ounces ; the /rides of the Eyes red; the Bill, Legs and Feetalfored; the
Claws dusky ; the Toes as far as the firft Joint connected by a Membrane
intervening ; it has {mallSpurs; theSoles of the Feet are of a dirty yellow.

The Head, Neck, Breaft and Rump are afh-coloured, as alfo the
outer Part of the Thighs; the lower Part of the Neck and Back tinc-
tured with a redifh brown Colour; the Cheeks under the Eyes, and the
Chin to the Middle of the Throat white, yet in the very Angle of the
nether Chap is a {mall black Spot ; a black Border beginning from the
Noftrils, and produced above the Eyes encompafles this white Space; the
Neck below the black Line is cinereous; the Breaft of a dilute red inclin-
ing to yellow; the Feathers on the Sidesare painted with beautiful Colours;
the Tips of fome of them are black, and next the black they have tranf

Pellugh by

/ OF.

verfe Lines of a pale yellow; next the yellow a redifh brown; the Bot- -

toms of all are cinereous.

- The beam Feathers in each Wing are in Number 25; the exterior where-
of are dusky; the interior of a dark cinereous, but the outer Edges of
the third and fucceeding to the fifteenth, are of a white tin@ured with red.
The Tail is four Inches long ; the two middlemoft Feathers are cinereous ;
the exterior five on each Side have their upper half red and their lower ci-
nereous. It hath a large Craw and mufculous Stomach or Gizzard, in
which are found Caterpillars and Snails.

This Kind is a Stranger to Evgland, but is found in the Ifles of Yer/ey
and Guernfey, which are fubject to our King ; it is of a more gentle Nature
than our common Partridge, and eafily made tame; whereas the com-
mon Partridge can hardly be induced to put off his wild Nature, fo as to
go out and return home again like a tame Fowl: It feeds on Snails, Cater-

pillars, Seed of Wheat and other Grain.

The

( 28 )

The Quail. Coturnix.

fhe Uughly Numb. XXX. /

/ 0),

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 7 Inches and a half;
the Breadth when the Wings are extended, 14 Inches and a quarter; it commonly
weighs, when fat and flefhy, 3 Ounces and 14 Drams. y
Its Bill from the tip to the corners of the Mouth is half an Inch long; its Figure
more depreffed and plain than in the reft of this Kind; the lower Chap black, the upper
of a pale dufky : The Jrides of the Eyes are of a hazel Colour; the Eyes have a nictating
Membrane.
The Breaft and Belly are of a dirty pale yellow; the Throat hath a littl Mixture of

_ red; under the lower Chap of the Bill is along and broad Stroak of black tending down-

wards; above the Eyes and along the Middle. of the Head are whitifh Stroaks or Lines ;
the Head has a Mixture of black, red and cinereous Colours in it; the middle Part of
each covert Feather of the Back and lower Part of the Neck is marked with a pale yel-
lowith Stroak, the reft of the Feathers being party-colour’d of black and redifh ath-colour ;
under the Wings is a Bed of white terminated on each Side with a Border of red mingled
with black. ;

The Beam or quill Feathers of the Winge are dufky, crofled wirh pale Lines; the
leffer Rows of hard Feathers in the Wings wholly of one and the fame redifh Colour ;
the Tail is fhort, not above an Inch and a half long, confifting of 12 Feathers of a black-
ifh Colour interrupted with pale red tranfverfe Lines.

The Feet are of a pale flefh-colour covered with a Skin divided rather into Scales than
intire Rings; the Soles of the Feet yellow; the outer Toes, as far as the firft Joint, are
connected with the middlemoft by an intervening Membrane.

It hath a Gall-bladder; the Cock hath large Tefticles for the Bignefs of the Body,
whence it may be thought to be a falacious Bird; it hath a mufculous Stomach or Giz-
zard, and juft above the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into a Bag, which is called the
Anti-{tomach ; the interior Superficies whereof is granulated with papillary Glandules.

For catching of Quails they ufe this Art: The Fowler betimes in the Morning having
{pread his Net hides himfelf in the Corn and then calls with his Quail-pipe; the Cock-
Quail thinking it to be the Note of the Hen, comes dire&tly to the Call of the Pipe,

and when under the Net, the Fowler fhews himfelf, at which the Bird endeavours to fly

and is entangled in the Net and taken, They are Birds of Paflage and impatient of

Cold.

The

Eliz, Albin delin, loturnix Mn Qual. CDhomton Souby

| i. i \
i

=———=
Se a=
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= Mey, VILE:
= ————S p ; pn OM hint g
aa tn, fate < - .

a =

a

( 29 )

The Bengal Quail. Cotarnix Bengalentis.
Numb. XXXI.

HIS Bird is fomething bigger than our Quail; its
Bill of a dark afh inclining to brown; the Corners
of the Mouth red; the Noftrils large and oblong; the [ri-
des of the Eyes whitifh. The Top of the Head 1s black and
under that a Bed of yellow; then a Line or Bar of black
crofling from the Corners of the Mouth and encompaffing
the under Part of the Eye and round the back Part of the
Head, and under that a Bed of white ; the Breaft, Belly and
Thighs are of a pale yellowtth buff Colour ; the under Part
next the Tail fpotted with red: The hind Part of the N eck,
— Back and covert Feathers of the Wings are of a yellowith
green, excepting a large Mark of a pale bluifh green on
the Pinion of the Wines, and another of the fame Colour
on the Rump. The quill or beam Feathers of the Wings
are black; the leffer Row of quill Feathers hath a Bar of
white acrofs them, which covers the one third of the Middle
of the Feathers. The Legs and Feet are of an orange-
colour; the Claws dark muddy red.
This Bird was fent from the Bay of Bes by Mr. Fofeph
Dandridge with the Jay. Plate 17.

I The

( 30 )

Willughly The Land-Rail, or, Daker-Hen.. Ortygometra.
/ 70. Numb. XXXI.

TS Weight is 6 Ounces and 10 Drams ; Length from the

tip of the Bullto the end of the Tail 11 Inches and a half;

to the end of the Claws 15 Inches; Breadth when the Wings
are extended, 20 Inches; the Bill one Inch.

This Bird isin Shape and Bignefs like to the Water Hen;
the Body is narrow or compreffed fideways; the lower Part
of the Breaft and Belly are white, asis alfo theChin ; the
Throat is of a more fordid or dirty Colour ; on the Head are
two broad black Lines; there is alfo a white Line from the
Shoulders as inthe More-Hen. The middle Partof the co-
vert Feathers of the Back are black; the Sides of a redith
afh-colour ; the Thighs are variegated with tranfverfe white
Lines; ineach Wing are 23 quill Feathers; the lefler Rows
of wing Feathers both above and below are of a deep yel-
low, as alfo the Borders of the prime Feathers; the Vail is
almoft 2 Inches long made up of 12 Feathers; the Bill is like
the Water-hen’s; the upper Mandible whitifh; the nether
dusky ; the Legs bare above the Knees; the Feet whitith ;
in the Stomach when diffected are found Snails.

It is called Rallus or Grallus from its {talking ; the [talzans
callit fre delle Qualie, as much as to fay, the great Quail
or King of Quails; and it is faid to be the Leader of the

\ Quails, or their Guide when they go from one Place to an-
other. The French give it the fame Name as the /talzans
do, as Roy de Cazlles and Mere des Cailles.

ina

ee TL
Art

Fi Ubin dela.

—-

SCAG aired
ei —-

Bice

; i .
ytd A
tA

mh

Yurdus Viscwvorus,

(322)
The Mizzel-Bird. Turdus Vilcivorus,

Numb. XXXII.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is 11 Inches ; Breadth
I when the Wings are extended, 18 Inches ; Weight four Ounces anda half; its Bill is
ftreight like that of a Black-Bird’s; the upper Chap dufky and fomewhat longer than
the lower ; the Tongue hard, channeled and flit atthe Tip, horny and pellucid; the in-
fide of the Mouth yellow; the Noftrils large and almoft of an oval Figure; the £rides
of the Eye hazel-coloured; the Legs and Feet yellowifh; the Claws black; the outer
fore Toe fticks to the middlemoft as far as the firft Joint, no Membrane intervening. The
Head is of a dufky cinereous or lead Colour, the middlemoft Part of each Feather being
blacker; the Back, Tailand Rump have fome Mixture of yellow; in Summer it changes
Colour and becomes more cinereous; the under Side of the Body from-the Bill to the
Tail is fpeckled with pretty large blackifh Spots; the upper Part of the Breaft, Sides and
Feathers under the Tail are of a yellowifh white; the Middle of the Breaft whiter. _

The Number of quill Feathers ineach Wing is 18, whereof the fecond being by Mea-
fure the longeft is five Inches; the Tail is four Inches and a half long, and made up of
12 Feathers of equal Length.

Tt hath noCraw; the Gizzard is not very thick or flefhy, wherein are found Cater-
_ pillars, Gc. The Guts are great but fhort; the blind Guts little and hort; it hath a pale

coloured Liver and a Gall-bladder.

_- It delights to fet onthe Tops of high Trees, and in the Spring-time fings rarely well;
it abides with us all the Year, and isa folitary Bird accompanying with only its, Mate;
itis the worft Meat of all the Thrufh Kind ; in the Winter it feeds on Hlolly-berries, each
Bird taking Poffeflion of his Tree, not permitting any other Birds to feed onit, but
beat and drive them away, which occafions them to be eafily taken.

They commonly build their Neft with rotten Twigs on the outfide, and dead. Grafs, Hay,
ot Mofs within ; it feldom lays above four or five Eggs ; hatches threeand never more than
four young ones, and breeds twice a Year, feeding their young with the Berries of MZ-
fieto; from which they are faid to be good for Convulfions and the Falling Sicknefs,
the whole Bird being dryed and a Penny-weight of the Powder given in fix Spoonfuls of
black Cherry-water {weetned with Syrup of Piony.

The

( 32 )

The Song Thrufo. Turdus fimpliciter didus.

xm Aly Numb. XXXIV.

T is from the point of the Bill to the end of the Tail nine Inches; its Breadth,
I when the Wings are extended, fourteen Inches ; Weight three Ounces. The Bill
‘is an Inch long, of a dufky Colour; the Tongue a little cloven; the Mouth within
fide yellow: The Irides of the Eyes are hazel-coloured; the Spots are dufky ; the Breaft
yellowith ; the Belly white: The upper Surface of the Body all over of an Olive
‘Colour.

This Bird in its Shape and Colour is fo like the Redwing, that they are hard
to be diftinguifhed; but this has larger Spots on the Breaft and Belly. The leffer
covert Feathers of the-under Side of the Wings are of an Orange Colour; the lower
‘covert Feathers have yellow Tips. The quill Feathers in each Wing are in number
eighteen. The Tail is three Inches and a half long, made up of twelve Feathers.

The Legs and Feet are of a light brown or dufky Colour ; the bottoms of the
Feet yellow; the outermoft Toe grows to the middle one as far as the firft Joint.
Kt hath a Gall Bladder ; the Stomach or Gizzard is not fo thick and flefhy as in

‘other Birds of this Tribe. It feeds on Infects and Snails, as alfo Berries of White-_

Thorn and Mifletoe. It abides with us all the Year, and breeds in the Spring-time.
It builds its Neft in thick Hedges, of Earth, Mofs, and Straw, and dawbs it with-
in with Clay. It lays five or fix Eggs of a bluifh green Colour, fpeckled with a

few {mall black Spots, thin-fet. In the beginning of the Spring it fits on high Trees, —

and fings moft fweetly. It is a folitary Bird, filly, and eafily taken.

_ For the delicate Tafte of its Fleth it is highly and defervedly commended by all.
It is a rare Song-Bird, as well for the great Variety of its Notes, as its long con-
tinuance in Song (which is at leaft nine Months in the Year.) They breed in April,
May, and une; the firft Brood always prove the beft Birds. ‘They may be taken at
fourteen or fifteen Days old, and be kept warm and neat, and fed with raw Meat,
Bread, and Hempfeed bruifed, the Meat chopt, and the Bread a little wet, and then
mixed together. When they are feathered put them in a large Cage with two or three
large Perches in it, and dry Mofs at bottom. You may by degrees entirely wean them
of Flefh, and give them only Bread and Hempfeed. Give them frefh Water twice a
Week to wath themfelves, otherwife they will not thrive. If they are kept dirty,
they are fubject to the Cramp. ~

The

iff

1

Eli. tlttin delin, Turdus jiviplicitor Distus . Lhe Mavis or Jong Thrusrh.|

EZ. dbindel.

Lurdius EHiacus

fouge Ale ,

( 33 )
The Red-Wing. ‘Yurdus Mliacus.
Numb. XXXV.

U; S Length from. the tip the Bill to the end of the Tail is nine Inches;,
4 Breadth one Foot two.Inchesand a quarter, Weight two Ounces and a
‘half and’two Drams; its Bill is an Inch long, the upper Mandible dusky,
the lower partly dusky, partly yellow ; its Tongue is hard and rough, the
tip being divided into many Filaments; the infide of the Mouth is yellow ;,
the rides .of the Eyes are of a dark hazel Colour, the Legs and Feet pale;,
the outer Toe is joined to the middle below, as in the reft of this kind.

The upper fide-of the Body is of the fame Colour of the Song Thrufh ;
the Breaft not fo {potted ; the covert Feathers of the underfide of the Wings:
and of the fides of the Body under the Wings, which in the Song Thru/h
are of a pale yellowith red, in this kind are of a deep redifh Orange:
Colour; by which Mark, and flying in Companies, they are diftinguifhed:
from the other aT hana fhios The Belly is white as in the Fre/dfare; the:
Throat and Breaft are yellowifh, {potted with dusky Spots, which take up
the middle part of the Feathers; the fides of the Breaft and Belly are in
dike manner fpotted; the Spots are lefs, but thicker fet than in the Mavis.
Above the Eyes is a long Spot of a Clay Colour, reaching from. the Bill
almoft to the hinder part of the Head.

The Number of quill Feathers in each Wing is eighteen; thefé are:
more red or Chefnut‘coloured than the reft of the Feathers; they differ
alfo-in divers Birds, for in fome the Edges of the outermoft Feathers are:
white, ‘which are not fo in others. The tips of the two innermoft quill
Feathers: are white, as alfo the tips of the fecond row of Feathers, be-
ginning from the tenth. The Tail is three Inches and a half long, con-
“hfting of twelve Feathers.

The Gizzard is like that of the Fieldfare; the blind Gireiare fhort' ;.

the Liver is large for the Bignefs of its Body, and hath its Gall- Bladder:
appendent. Their Food is Snails, Infeéts, and the Berries of White-.

Thorn,

They come and go with the Me/dfare ; and it is not certainly known:

‘from what Country they come, or whee they. breed..

hill gh dy
/P0,

K The:

Witlughby

Iida).

( 34)

Zhe Fieldfare. ‘Turdus Pilaris.
Numb, XXXVI.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is ten Inches, its Breadth,

when the Wings are extended, fixteen Inches and three fourths, Weight four Ounces ;
its Bill is three fourths of an Inch, yellow, except the tip, which is black; the Tongue
is rough, horny, and channel’d in the middle. The Edges of the Eye-lids are yellow,
which make a yellow Circle round the Eye. ‘The Noitrils are large, as are alfo the
Ears; in the lower part of the nictating Membrane 1s a black Spot. The Feet and
Claws are black; the outer Toe is joined to the middle one as far as the firft Joint.

The Head, Neck, and Rump are afh coloured, (in fome of a deep blue;) the Crown
of the Head {fprinkled with black Spots, (which in fome Birds are wanting ;) the Back,
Shoulders, and covert Feathers of the Wings are of a dark Chefnut Colour, the middle
part of the Feathers being black: The Throat and upper part of the Breaft are yellow
{potted with black, the black Spots taking up the middle part of the Feathers. The
Bottom of the Breaft and Belly are white; the covert Feathers of the Sides under the
ends of the Wings are white; thence a red or yellow Line feparates the white from the
black: on each Side of the Cheek it hath a black Stroak reaching from the Bill to the
Eyes. It hath alfo on both fides at the bottom of the Neck, juft at the fetting on of the
Wings, a black Spot. The number of quill Feathers, as in the reft, are eighteen, the
outermoft of which are black with white Edges, the inner have fomething of red; the
covert Feathers of the infide of the Wings are white. The Tail is four Inches and a
half long, compofed of twelve Feathers, of a dark blue or blackifh Colour; only the
tips of the outermoft Feathers are white, and the edges of the middlemoft ath coloured.

The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and furnifhed with its Gall-Bladder; the
Mufcles of the Gizzard are not very thick; there was no Paflage found to convey the
Gall into the Guts.

Thefe are a Bird of Paffage, and fly in Flocks, coming into Exg/and about the be-
ginning of Autumn, and {tay all the Winter, and go away in the Spring, not one Bird
remaining behind, nor any young Bird or Neit ever to be found in England. Where
they go or breed is not yet known; fome fay they breed in Bohemza, others in Sweden;
but there is no certainty for either of thefe Reports. Their Food is Juniper, Holly,
and the Berries of the White-Thorn, and in open Weather on Worms and other Infects,
lying much upon Meadows and Pafture Ground. They are accounted good Meat, and
preferable to any other of the Thruth Kind,

The

~ :

clatter ns

2

Liliz. Moir delin.

SS
SAY

= Ly
a hid

4s ,))))
cr 4

ip

The Black Bird:

~

Gate

ba = F
OEE

CERO ERY

- The Black Bod Hen

“Fe

‘ : ie Ry eae)
; n 4 My Le i ” Mel
vs ey f peta

gene Was

iy ete
1 Bae

fi
A

pa at

(39)

The Black Bird. Meruli. VNB!
Numb, XXXVII. 19 J A

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is eleven

Inches, Breadth fifteen Inches, Weight three Ounces and ten Drams.

The Bill is an Inch long, in the Cock of a deep yellow; in the Hen

the tip and upper part is black: the Mouth in both Sexes is yellow within:
the Bill of the Cock is black when young, and changes yellow at a Year
old; he alfo changes to a black when he hath mewed his chicken Fea-
thers. The Hen is rather brown, or of a dark ruffet, than black. ‘The
Cocks cannot be diftinguifhed from the Hens when young, but by the
Irides of the Eye, which is yellow in the young Cocks.. The Number
of quill Feathers iu cacl Wiug are eighteen, of which the fourth is the
longeft. The Tail is four Inches long, made up of twelve Feathers, the
two outermoft of which are fomewhat fhorter than the reft.

The Feet are black; the outermoft fore-Toe and the back-Toe are
equal, and the outermoft toe joined to the middlemoft at bottom as in the

-reft of this kind. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and hath its Gall-
Bladder annexed. The Gizzard is not very flefhy nor thick, as in the
reft. It feeds promifcuoufly upon Berries and Infeéts. The Cock whiftles
and fings very pleafantly all the Spring and Summer-time.

They build their Neft very artificially, the outfide of Mofs, flender
Twigs, Bents and fibrous Roots cemented and joined together with Clay,
dawbing the infide alfo all over with Clay, and lining it with a Co-
vering of {mall Straws, Bents Hair, and other foft Matter, upon which
fhe lays four or five Eggs, feldom more, of a bluifh green Colour, full of
dusky Spots and Lines. They love to wath and prune their Feathers, and
for the moft part fly fingly ; whence it tooR the Name Aferu/a, which
fignifies to be folitary or fingle.

It is faid they find fome of thefe Birds white on the 4/ps and other
high Mountains, which Alteration of Colour is thought to proceed from
their remaining continually in thofe cold Places. I had a Bird of this Kind
finely mottled fent me by Sir Robert Abdy out of Effex.

( 36 )

The Red-wing'd Starling. Sturnus Niger alis fuperne
rubentibus.

Numb, XXXVIII.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is nine
| Inches and a half, Breadth, when the Wings are expanded, fourteen
Inches, Weight three Ounces and four Drams. It very much refembles
the Starling in Shape and Size. The whole Bird is black, except the
upper part of the Wings, which is a bright Scarlet, under that a fulvous
yellow; the Bill is of a dark afh Colour, from the Point to the Angles
of the Mouth an Inch long, very thick at the Head, and ending in a
fharp Point. The Pupil of the Fye is black, the Jrides white; the Bill
under the Noftrils hath a Line of Crimfon which parts it from the black
Feathers on the Head. The Legs, Feet and Claws are black. This
Bird was fhot near Louzdoy. 1 found in its Gizzard Grubs, Beetles and
{mall Maggots, I believe it was a Cage-Bird, which had got loofe.

It is. a Native of Carolina and Virgimia, in which Countries they are
very numerous. Mr. Cazeshy makes mention of its fying in Companies
with the Purple-Daws, and deftroying the Corn wherever they come, —
being the moft deftructive Birds in thofe Countries.

He fays it makes its Neft over the Water amongft Reeds and Sedges,
the tops of which they interweave fo artfully, making an Arch .or Co-
vering, under which they hang their Neft, (after the manner of the Reed-
Sparrow), and fo fecure from wet, that where the Tide flows it is obferved
never toreach them. It is a very ative and familiar Bird, and when kept
in a Cage will learn to imitate human Speech. The Spaniards call them
Commendadores. See Well. Oru. p. 391. 3

feel po ear ON ee —

~

Mey eas | 4 phe is “
YWerulz Von Ai fez the Nin England Black Bird :

ES 3 See
N

NY

ie

MATL

DAY)
Venpeedy
,

LE. Mbindeln. MNerula lorquale. Merle au lolher. the Ting Ouzell 3

(37)

The Ring Owzel. Merula Torquata.
Numb. XXXIX,

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is eleven

Inches; Breadth, when the Wings are extended, feventeen Inches ;
the Bill is an Inch long or more, of a dusky or blackifh Colour. ©The
Mouth is yellow within fide, the Tongue rough: The /rides of the Eyes
are of a dark hazel Colour; the Legs and Feet dusky: the outer Toe is
joined to the middle Toe as far as the firft Joint. The Colour of the
upper Side of the Body is a dark brown or ruffet, inclining to black.
_ The Ring or Collar is below the Throat, juft above the Breaft, of a
white Colour, an Inch broad, of the Form. of a Crefcent, the Horns
ending at the Sides of the Neck. -

It hath eighteen quill Feathers in each Wing; the Tail is made up of
twelve Feathers four Inches long, the outermoft a little fhorter than the
geft. The exterior Feathers of the Tail are blacker than the middlemoft ;
the {mall Feathers under the Wings whitith.

It hath a large Gall and a round Spleen; in the Stomach was found
Infeéts and Berries. This Bird was fhot by Sir Robert Abdy on a Rock
by Crownford in Darbyfbire on the fourteenth of April. It is a fearce
Bird, and is in the moft mountainous Places of that Country, efpecially
about the Peak. . an

The Guts are pretty large, but not very long, and confequently has
not many Revolutions. ‘The blind Guts are fmall, white, and very
fhort, as in the reft of this Kind. “The Stomach or Gizzard is of a

moderate -bignels, filled partly with Ju/ecis and partly with the purple
Juice of Bill-berries, which had alfo tin@ured all the Excrements of
the Guts. :

194.

( 38 )

The Starling Sturnus.,

Wi Llugh by. Numb. XL.

196:

T'S length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is nine Inches; Breadth,

when the Wings are extended, one Foot three Inches ; it weigh’d three Ounces. It is
of the Bignefs and Shape of the common Blackbird. Its Bill from the Tip to the Angles
of the Mouth is an Inch and a quarter long, in the Cock of a pale yellow, in the Hen
dusky, broader and more deprefied than in Thruthes or Blackbirds, by which Mark it
differs from them. The upper Mandible is equal to the nether; the Tongue is hard,
horny and cloven: the Irides of the Eyes are of a hazel-colour, white on the upper part.
Tt hath the nictating Membrane; the Legs and Feet are of a yellowifh brown or fleth
Colour; the Claws are blackifh; the outer and inner Fore-Toe are equal to each other,
and the outer joined to the middle Toe as far as the firft Articulation. The Legs are
feathered down to the Knees.

The Tips of the Feathers on the Neck and Back are yellowith, the Feathers under
the Tail cinereous, elfe they are black all over the Body, with a blue and purple Glof,
varying as it is varioufly expofed to the Light. In the Hen the Tips of the Feathers on
the Breaft and Belly to the very Throat are white in the Cock; the Back participates
sore of purple, the Rump of green, but the lower Belly is more fpotted.

All che quill Feathers are dufky ; but the Edges from the third to the tenth, and from
the fifteenth to the laft, are more dark. The covert Feathers of the Wings glifter, and
the Tips of the lefler covert Feathers are yellow; the Feathers covering the underfide
of the Wings are dufky, having pale yellow Edges.

The Tail is three Inches long, made up of twelve dufky Feathers with pale yellow
Edges. It lays four or five Eggs lightly tinctured with a greenith blue.

The blind Guts as in the reft of this Kind are very fhort and {mall, nearer to the Funda-
ment than in others. The Mufcle of the Gizzard is not very thick; the Guts are
thirteen Inches long. It feeds on Beetles, Worms, and other Injeéfs. It hath a Gall-
Bladder. ‘They are gregarious Birds, living and flying together in great Flocks. They
company alfo with Redwings and Fueldfares; yet they do not fly away with them, but
abide with us. all Summer, breeding in the Holes of Towers, Houfes and Trees, &c.

‘Starlings are not eaten in England, by reafon of the Bitternefs of their Flefh. The

Ftalians, and other Foreigners are lefs dainty ; but they are not very bitter when their
Skins are ftripped off. It is a notable Bird in imitating Man’s Voice, and {peaking ar-
ticulately.

The

aA ay ONS enh saints ied cay

: oo

<——

Cbs) oe ee pg Tie aie es

es se

Beas Gnitesis

~

ada. Vlgeas ;

ees

( 39)

The Sky Lark, Alanda Vulgaris.
Numb, XLI.

TS Weight is one Ounce eleven Drams, Length from the End of the Bill to the End
J of the Tail, feven Inches and one half; Breadth, one Foot two Inches; the Bill from
the Tip to the Angles ofits Mouth, was three Quarters of an Inch long, the upper Man-
dible blackifh, inclining toa Horn Colour, the lower commonly whitith, the Tongue‘clo-
ven, broad and hard, the Noftrils round. It fometimes ruffles up the Feathers of its
Head, almoft in Fafhion of a Creft. A cinereous Ring or Crown encompafies the hind Part
of the Head from Eye to Eye, but more fordid, and lefs confpicuous than in the Wood
‘Lark. The Head is of a teftaceous redifh Afh Colour, the middle Parts of the Feathers:
being black. The Back is of the fame Colour with the Head, the Chin whitifh, the
Throat yellow, with brown Spots ; the Sides of aredifh yellow Colour. Each Wing hath
eighteen quill Feathers ; of thefe all betwixt the fixth and feventeenth have blunt, indent-
ed, white Tips. ‘The Edges of the four or five outermoft are white, thofe next the Bo-
dy cinereous, the reft redith.

The Tail is three Inches long, confifting of twelve Feathers, of which the outermoft on
each Side hath both its upper half, and alfo the exterior Web of the lower white. The

jidtaghty

2 Ga.

next to this hath only its outer Web white, the inner being black: the three following -

on each Side are black, the two middlemoft are fharp pointed; of which that which lies un=
dermoft when the Tail is fhut, hath Ath coloured Edges: that which covers it, lying up-
permoft, towards the Tip, is cinereous, towards the Bottom blackith. The Feet and
Legs are dufky, the Claws black, with white Tips ; the outer Toe grows to the middle
below, as in other fmall Birds. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, the Left much lefs
than the Right, that there may be Room for the Gizzard, which is more flefhy and large
in this Bird than is ufually in Birds of this Bignefs.

The Fleth is very {weet and delicate ; in mild Winters it feeds itfelf very fat. It builds
on the Ground, and lays four or five Eggs, and makes its Neft of dry Herbs and Strines
or Bents of Grafs, and breeds thrice a Year, in May, ‘Fuly, and Augu/f, rearing the young
very foon. The young Neftlings are brought up with Shcep’s Heart and Egg chopt to=
gether, till they are about three Weeks old ; and when they begin to feed themielves,
give them Oatmeal Grits, Hempfeed, and Bread mixt with a little boil’d Ege, or Whear,
Oatmeal and Millet, and you muftobferve to give them Sand, mixed with a little Hay-
Seed in the Bottom of the Cage, being what they dehght in moft; as alfo, a frefh Turf
once or twicea Week, placing it in a Dith of Water to preferve it frefh. ‘Their Cage
mutt be large, and without Pearches.

The Cockis diftinguifhed from the Hen, by his long Heel, which reaches beyond his
Knee ; and having two black Spots an his Neck, one on each Side, like unto a Ring or
Collar; his Breaft darker and more fpeckled with black, and a groffer Body.

Thofe Birds you intend to keep for Singing, are beft when taken in Ofober and November,
and then they fing a little after Chri/lmas; you muft chufe the ftreighteft, largeft, and
foftieft Bird, and he that hath the moft white in his Tail, which are the ufual Marks of a
Cock. If he is wild and buckith, tte his Wings for two or three Weeks, till he become tame,
and more acquainted with you, then untie his Wings, letting him hang in the fame Place
he did before, feeding him with white Oats, Bread, and Hempfeed ; and when he begins
to fing, give him a hard Egg, Sheep's Heart, or a little boil'd Mutton or Veal thread {mall,
forbearing to givehim any Sale Meat, or Bread that is any thing falt, which is pernicious
toall Birds, pha The

a ae
The Wood Lark. Alavda Silveftris.

We Z Mughby—. Numb. XLIL

eight is one Ounce and five Drams; Length, from theTip of the Bill to the End of theTail,
204: # is fix Inches; Diftance-between the Wings, when extended, is twelve Inches ; it is leffer and
thorter bodied than the common Lark; the Bill is. ftreight, flender and fharp pointed, as are all

of the Lark Kind, above half an Inch long, fomewhat flat, of a dufky Colour; its Tongue broad

and cloven, the /rides of its Eyes Hazel-coloured, its Noftrils round, its Feet of a pale Yellow;
anclining to Flefh -Colour 3 its Claws dusky, that of the back Toe longeft: the outmoft fore Toe
tticks to the Middle below, near the Divarication.

The Breatt and Belly are of a pale yellowifh Hair Colour, faintly fpotted with black in the middle
Parts ofthe Feathers; the Back and Head are party-coloured of black and redifh yellow, the Middle
of each Feather being {potred with black ; the Neck is afh-coloured, a white Line encompafling
the Head from Eye to Eye like a Crown, or Wreath; the Rumpis ofa yellowifhred, or tawny. -

Bach Wing hath eighteen prime Feathers, the outermoft being much fhorter than the reft, the
next five are half an Inchlonger, having their Points fharp, and their out Edges white: the reft
have their Points blunt and indented in the Middle, with yellow Edges ; the Feathers of the Baf-
: tard Wing are dusk, with Clay-coloured Tips, and at its Root isa white Spot; the fmall Feathers
on the Ridge of the Wing are afh-coloured; the Tail is two Inches long, confifting of twelve
Feathers, the middle ones fomething fhorter than the reft, and ending in harp Points, being be-
i tween a green and dusky Red or fulvous Colour ; the four next on each Side had blunt Points, tipt

with white; the outermoft in Order more dusky, inclining to black. It had no Craw ; in the Sto-
mach were tound Beetles, Caterpillars, Gromil-feed, &c. The Stomach was provided with {trong
andthick Mufcles, the blind Gut very fhort: The Gut below thefe Appendants is larger.
Tras diftinguifhed from the common Lark, by fitting on Trees, and flying in Companies toge-
ther, finging as they fly with a Note not much unlike the Blackbird; it fingsefpecially inthe Night,
when it ts often taken for the Nightingalein Alay, Fune and Fuly. In'warm Weather, and light
Nights, it will fing almoft all Night long, but chiefly whilft the Hens are fitting. Itis compa-
rable to the Nightingale for finging, and by fome preferred before it: He will ftrive to excel him,
if hung in the jame Room, havinga great Variety of Notes. It is a tender Bird, and yet breeds
the fooneft of any in Exgland, the young Birds being ready to fly by the middle of March : They
build in Lays where the Grafs is rank anddry, under fome Turf to fhelter them from the Weather.
The young Birds cannot be brought up from the Neft with allthe Care that canbe taken, they ei-
ther having the Cramp, or falling into a Scouring and die. There are three Seafons'of taking
Wood-Larks ; the firlt is in Zane, Fuly and Augu/f, then are taken the Branchers; thefe fing pre=
fently, but continue not long, becaufe of their moulting, and are very familiar Birds when taken
young ; the next is in September, which is the general Flight time, they then roving from ene Coun-
try to another. The young Birds having now moulted all their Feathers, you can hardly. diftinguith
them from the old ones: Thefe Birds prove good, if they are well kept all Winter, otherwife
they will be loufie and quite fpoiled. ‘They begin to fing after Spring, and continue till Zuly. The
Jatt and beft Seafon, is in the Beginning of January, and latter End of February, which isthe Time
of Pairing themfelves, and parting with their laft Brood. Thefe Birds are commonly the beft provid=
ed they are not wild and buckith, for thofe Birds feldom prove good ; they fing ina few Days after
they are taken, andare more perfect in their Song than thofe taken at other Seafons. They are fed after
the fame Manner as the Sky Lark, changing their Water three Timesa Week, giving them a frefh
Turf of three leav’d Grafs two or three Daysina Week in the Spring, putting red fine fifted Gra-
velin the Bottom of the Cage, and fhifting it twice a Week; otherwile it will be fubjec&t to clog
its Feet with the Dung. Let not its Meat be too ftale, dry or mouldy; for your Birds fo fed will
never thrive. Feed himallthe Time of his Song with fome Sheep’s Heart mix’d with Egg, Bread
and Hempteed; putting into his Water two or three Slices of Liquorice, and a little Sugar-Candy,
witha Blade or two of Saffron oncea Week ; this makes him long winded, and lavith in his Song. The
Cock is known from the Hen by the Largenefs and Length of his Call, by the tall walking about
the Cage, and by doubling his Call as if going to rooft.

1. Their Difeafes'are the Cramp, the Remedy is keeping them clean, taking Care not to hang them
outin the Rain, and lining their Perch with Bays. 2. Giddinefs of the Head, by too much feeding
on Hempfeed, for which give them Meal-worms, or Ants and theirEggs. 3. Loufinefs and Scurf,
which is helped by fmoaking their Feathers with Tobacco, and giving them frefh Sand, and fet-
ting them in the Sun to Bafk them(elyes. _ ‘The

MARA

tas
eae
i

IN

(41)

The Tztlark, Alauda pratorum. Nell ugh ty
: 20 6.

Numb, XLIIL

T: Weight is five Drams and a half; Length, from the tip of the Bill to the end of
| the Tail, fix Inches; Breadth, when the Wings are extended, ten Inches and a quar-
ter. It is fomething lefs than the common ZLaré, having a long Body and a fmall head;
a flender fharp Bill, half an Inch long, flat and depreffed toward the Head; the tip of
the Tongue is jagged; the Circle about the Pupil hazel colour’d; the Colour on the top
of the Head, Shoulders and middle of the Back, various, of a yellowifh green and
black, the middle parts of the Feathers being black, the Outfides or Edges of a
yellowifh green; the lower part of the Back or Rump is only green without any
mixture of Black; the upper Side of the foremention’d various Colour, the fingle
Colour being lefs confpicuous by reafon of a fmall mixture of cinereous or afh Colour,
The under, fide of the Body, the Breaft, and fides under the Wings, were of a fordid
yellowifh white, fpotted with black, the lower Belly, Throat and under the Chin
white without any black Spots. The quill Feathers of the Wings are dusky, their
exterior Edges being of a yellowifh green; the middle Feathers of the firft Row of
Coverts have their tips and exterior Edges whitifh, and the middle of the fecond Row
white; the reftof the covert Feathers of the Wing are of the fame Colour with the fca-
pular Feathers. I believe it is peculiar to this Kind to have the four firft Feathers equal.

The Tail is made up of twelve Feathers, the two outermoft on each Side are parti-co-
— lour’d of white and brown; the outermoft Feather, the upper half of which 1s white,
_ dividing the Feather obliquely; the next Feather the tip only is white; the reft of the
Feathers are of a dark brown, and their exterior Edges of a yellowith green as it were
jagged or fringed. The Tail when folded up isa little forked, near three Inches long.

The Feet are yellow; the Claw of the Back-Toe, as in the reft of the Lark kind,
very long and dusky. The Gizzard not fo mufculous as in other Larks, in which was
found Beetles and Infects like Meal Worms; the Blind-Guts are fomething longer than
in the common Lark, it hath alfo a Gall or Bladder.

Mr. Fefop fufpects that there is yet another different fort of Bird which may be called
the Lefer Field-Lark, or more commonly called the Pippit. See Plate No. 44.

They build commonly in Bufhes near the Ground; their Neft is outwardly of Mofs,
inwardly of fine Straw, with a little Horfe-Hair, and lay five or fix Eggs.

The Cock is all over more yellow than the Hen, efpecially under the Throat, on the
Breaft, Legs and Soles of the Feet.

They fit on Trees like the Yood-Lark, fing moft like the Canary-Bird of any Bird
whatfoever, whifking, curring and chewing; but their Song is fhort and hath no variety
in it. This Birdcomes with the Nightingale about the beginning of Apri/, and goes away
about the beginning of September; the young are to be fed, when firft taken, after the
manner of the Nightingale: The old one (if taken) in like manner to be at firft cram’d.

When he will feed himfelf, give him Wood-Lark’s Meat. Before his going away he
is apt to grow fat, like the Nightingale, but will eat though never fo fat: He is a hardy
Bird, and long liv’d, if preferved with Care, and is not fubject to Colds or Cramps.

M The

(42)

The Pippit or leffer Lark. Alauda Minor.

Numb. XLIV.

TS Weight is eleven Drams; its Length from the end of the Bill to

the end of the Tail is fix Inches anda half; Breadth, ten Inches.
It is fmaller than the common Lark, weighing not half fo much; its
Bill is long, flender, and fharp pointed, half an Inch and half a quarter
long, of a yellowifh dusky Colour, fomewhat flattifh; its Head, Neck,
Back and Wings are of a dirty Olive-green, the middle of each Feather
having a-Shade of black; its Breaft and Belly are of a yellowifh white,
faintly {potted with black; it hath fixteen prime Feathers in each Wing,
the firft four, or outermoft, are pointed, and half an Inch and half
a quarter longer than the reft, the others are blunt and indented,
except the three laft, which are pointed as the firft, but not indented;
the firft and fecond covert Feathers of the Wings have a Border of a
dirty white.

The Tail is two Inches and a half long, made up of twelve Feathers,
the outermoft of which is almoft half way white, its exterior Edge of a
dirty white, the fecond Feather only pointed with white, the next
three blackifh, their exterior Edges hath a caft of yellow, the two
middlemoft are of a dusky Colour with light Edges.

The Feet and Legs are of a dusky yellow; its hind Claw half an
Inch long, after the manner of the other Larks. They come about
the middle of September, and are taken in great Numbers by the Bird-
Catchers about London.

The

=_

A) ° :
Mic i
iia eag

ae ed

SSS
a
- SS
SSS
—

Ets. lin dela,

SSS

Firundo domestica.

ee)

The Houfe Swallow. Hirundo domeflica, 7 Nal Laghhy

Numb. XLV.

TS Length is feven Inches from thetip of the Bill to the end of the Tail; the Breadth

when the Wings are extended, twelve Inches and a half; Weight fifteen Drams and
a half; the Bill is fhort, black, flat and depreffed, very broad at the Head; but fharp-
pointed, black alfo on the infide ; but the ‘Tongue and Roof of the Mouth yellow; the
Aperture of the Mouth gaping very wide, for the Conveniency of catching Flies and
Gnats as fhe flies ; the Tongue fhort, broad and cloven; the Eyes great and furnifhed with
nictating Membranes; the Irides of the Eyes hazel-colour’d; the Feet fhort and black ;
the outermoft Toe growing to the middlemoft at Bottom.

The Head, Neck, Backand Rump are of a very lovely fhining, but dark purplith blue
Colour ; as well above as underneath the Bill is a deep orange-colour Spot; the Throat
is of the fame Colour with the Neck; the Breaftand Belly white with a dafh of red; as
are alfo the interior covert Feathers of the Wings; the Tail forked confifting of twelve
Feathers, the outermoft of which are an Inch longer than the next, and end in fharp Points:
Of the interior Feathers the middlemoft are the fhorteft in Degrees, and fo in order to
the exterior, but the Difference much lefs; all the Feathers of the Tail, except the two
middlemoft, are black and each adorned with a white Spot, which Spots crofs the Tail in
a ftreight Line; the two middlemoft want the white Spot: The Wings have eighteen
quill Feathers alike black ; but all the covert Feathers are of a deep blue like thofe of
the Back.

In the Stomach of an old Bird were found Beetles; in the Stomach of the young many
fmall pellucid, unequal Stones tin@tured with a fair claret Colour; not far from the Eggs
fmall Worms fpirally rolled up, of three Inches Length. Thefe Birds build in Chimneys
and under the Copings of Buildings. They gather together about the latter End of Sep-
tember, and are {aid to fly into hot Countries, viz. Egypt and Ethiopia, &c. to winter there.
The Fleth is eaten in I¢a/y, and is a Specifick againft the Falling-Sicknefs. ‘The Afhes of
them two Drams, Powder of Rofin one Dram, and Honey of Rofes mixt and applied,
helps the Quinfey and Inflammation of the Uvula.

The Stone found in the Stomach of the young Swallow, taken at the Full of the
Moon, and bound to the Arm, or hung about the Neck of young Children, is faid to cure
the Falling-Sicknefs and Quartan Agues. ‘They foretel Rain, when they fly about Lakes
and Water, or near theGround, Their Food is- Flies, Gnats and other Infects.

The

5/2.

( 44)

The great Titmoufe or Ox-Eye, Fringillago feu Parus
major.

if iLlug fi by Numb. XLVI.

146

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is fix In-

ches; Breadth, when the Wings are extended, nine Inches and a
quarter ; weight eleven Drams; its Bill is ftreight, black, half an Inch
Jong, and of a moderate thicknefs; both Mandibles of equal Length;
the Tongue broad, ending in four Filaments; the Feet of a lead or
blue Colour; the Head and Chin black. From the corners of the Mouth
on each fide, below the Eyes, a broad white Line or Spot pafling back-
ward takes up the Cheeks; on the hinder part of the Head is a white
Line which feparates the black of the Head from the yellow of the Neck.
The Neck, Shoulders, and middle of the Back are of a yellowith green;
the Rump is blue; the Breaft, Belly and Thighs are yellow; yet the
lower or hindermoft part of the Belly white; a broad black Line, reach-
ing from the Throat to the Vent, divides the Breaft and Belly in twain.
The quill Feathers of the Wings are in number eighteen; the outermoft
little ones are dusky, with white Tips, or Tips partly white, partly blue;
the outer Edges of 'thofe next the Body are green. Of the covert Feathers
of the firft Row, thofe that are about the middle of the Wing, with
their whitifh Tips, make a tranfverfe whitifh Line; the fmaller covert
Feathers of the Wings are blue; the tail is about two Inches and a half
long, compounded of twelve Feathers, the exterior Vanes of all which,
except the outermoft, are blue or dark afh colour’d, the interior black,
the outermoft have their exterior Vanes and Tips of white. Thefe Birds
feed alfo on Caterpillars and the Eggs of thofe Infeéts which infeft the

Fruit-Trees.

The

The : Litrristt Z

Hay:
a)

Ya inky hey
mean .

sor teat Wont lute

The

Wlesange Monee.

Paris»

him

Eliz

( 45 )

The blue Titmoufe or Nun. Parus ceruleus.
Numb. XLVI.

TS Length is four Inches, from the point of the Bill to the end of

the Tail; its Breadth, when the Wings are expanded, feven Inches
and a half; weight fix Drams; its Bill fhort, thick, fharp, and of a
dusky Colour; the Tongue broad, ending in four Filaments; the Legs of
a lead Colour ; the outermoft Toes are faftened to the middle ones; the
Head of an azure Colour, encompafied with a circle of white, as it were
a Wreath or Coronet; to the white Circle fucceeds another parti-colour’d,
encompafling the Throat and hinder part of the Head, above being al-
moft of the fame Colour with the Head, towards the Throat and under
the Throat, black; below this Circle on the Neck is a white Spot. From the
Bill a black Line paffles thro’ the Eyes to the hinder Part of the Head ; the
Cheeks are white; the Back is of a yellowifh green; the Sides, Breaft

and Belly yellow, fave that a whitifh Line produced as far as the Vent

divides the Breaft in two. In the Cock Bird the Head is more blue, in
the Hen and young ones lefs.
_ The tips of the quill-Feathers next the Body are white, as alfo the
_ the outer Edges of the foremoft from the midde Part upward; the covert
Feathers of the Wings are blue, the inmoft of which, with their white
Tips, make a white Line crofs the Wing. The Tail is two Inches long,
in which jare twelve Feathers of a blue Colour, only the Edges of the
outermoft Feathers area little white. The quill Feathers in each Wing are
in number eighteen, befides the outermoft fhort one.
Thefe Birds are very beneficial to the Trees, in deftroying the young

Caterpillars, and Eggs of thofe Infeéts which deftroy the Fruit. I have
obferved them tear the Webs to Pieces, and eat the aes which
have been enclofed in them.

N The

Nillit fl
res

( 46 )

The Beardmanica or Bearded-Titmoufe.
Numb. XLVIIIL aay

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is fix In-

ches and a half; Breadth, when the Wings are extended, ten Inches
and a half; weight nine Drams and a half. The Bill is fhort, thick
and of a yellowifh Colour (in the Hen dusky.) The Head is of a dark
cinereous Colour; from the Bill to the back Part of the Eyes, on each
Side, a Tuft of black Feathers hangs down, ending in a point, repre-
fenting a picked Beard, from which Mark it has the Name of Beard-
manica. ‘The Back, upper part of the Wings, and lower part of the
Belly and Tail are brown; under the Chin white; the Breaft, Belly
and Thighs of a pale yellowith white, with a Tin@ture of brown; the
Legs and Feet black. This Bird is very fingular in his Care and oe
which he fhews to the Hen, when at Rooft he covers her all Night with
his Wing.

In each Wing are eighteen prime Feathers, the five or fix outermoft
are white, and have the one third of the Length from the Point of a
light brown Colour; all the reft have their exterior Webs black, and

their interior Webs light brown. It hath two black Spots on the upper |

Coverts of the Wings on each fide.

The Tail is souks two Inches and three quarters long, compounded of
twelve Feathers of the fame Colour with the Back.

The Hen is fomething fmaller than the Cock, and of a more beauti-
ful yellowifh brown; the Wing and Legs of the fame Colour with thofe
of the Cock. The Hen is without the Beard, and more pale on the
Breatt.

Thefe two Birds I bought of Mr. Bland on Tower-Hill, who told me
he had them from Futland. I have been fince inform’d by Sir Robert Abdy
that they are found in the Sat-Mar/hes in Effex, and by others that
they are likewife in the Fens in Lincoln/fhire.

The

-

—

Me.

The pee

7t-

7 del

Llbtr.

Eliz

—

( 47 )

The Water-Wagtail. Motacilla Alba. Pillughh
: 2377

Numb. XLIX.

TS Length, from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail, feven
[ Inches and three quarters; Breadth, when the Wings are extended,
eleven Inches; weight fix Drams. The Bill is ftreight, flender, tare
pointed, and black, not an Inch long; the Tongue cloven, the Mouth
black within: The /rides of the Eyes hazel coloured: The Feet, Toes
and Claws long, fharp pointed and blackifh; the Back-Claw very long
as inLarks. A white Spot from the Bill encompafles the Eyes and fides
of the Throat, the top of the Head, upper and lower Side of the Neck,
as far as the Breaft and Back, are black: The Breaft and Belly white.

The Wings, when {pread, are of a femicircular Figure; the quill Feathers
of each Wing are eighteen in number, of which the three outermoft end
in fharp Points; the tips of the middle ones are blunt and indented; the
inmoft are adorned with white Lines; the covert Feathers of the farft
Row are black, having their Tips and Edges white: Thofe of the fecond
Row have only white Tips.

Its Tail is about three Inches and a half long, which it almoftcon-
tinually wags up and down, from whence it took its Name. The Tail
hath twelve Feathers, of which the two middlemoft are longer than the
teft, and fharp pointed; the others all of equal Length; the outermoft are
almoft wholly white, the reft black. Thefe Birds differ in Colour very
much, fome being more cinereous and fome blacker.

It frequents Pools and watry places ; its Food is Fes and Water Infetts,
Worms and {mall Beetles.

It is faid the Cuckow-Chicken is hatched and brought up ny this Bird.
See Albertus in the Chapter of the Cuckow.

Skee
Solos

The

( 48 )

A - The Redflart. Ruticilla

Numb. L.

T feeds on Beetles and other Infeéts, and comes to us in the Summer
Seafon; from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is five Inches;

its Breadth, when the Wings are extended, nine Inches; Weight eight Drams.
The Breaft, Rump and Sides under the Wings are red; the lower Belly -
white ; the Head, Neck and Back of a lead Colour; the Forehead marked
with a white Spot, feparated from the Eyes and Bill by a black Line; the
Throat and Cheeks under the Eyes are black, with a Mixture of gray at

the ends of the Feathers. In the Female the Back is of a dufky afh Colour ;

the Throat of a paler cinereous; the Breaft red; the Belly white.

The quill Feathers in each Wing are eighteen as in other {mall Birds,
all being dufky; the upper covert Feathers black; the nether red. The
Tail is made up of twelve Feathers, of which the five outermoft on each
Side arered; the two middlemoft dufky; two Inches and a half long.

The Bill is black; the Legsalfo in the Cock are black; in the Hen both
Bill and Legs are paler ; the loweft Bone of the outer Toe is joined to that
of the middle Toe. The Tongue is cloven ; the Mouth within yellow;
the /vides of the Eyes of a hazel Colour; the Eyes are furnifhed with nic-
tating Membranes.

This is a very dogged and fullen temper’d Bird; for if taken old, fhe
will fometimes for four or five Days not look at her Meat, and when taught
to feed herfelf continues a whole Month without finging; fhe is alfo the
fhieft of all Birds, for if fhe perceive you to mind her when fhe is building
fhe will forfake what fhe hath begun, and if you touch an Egg fhe never
comes to her Neft again; and if you touch her young ones, fhe will ei-
ther ftarve them, or throw them out of the Neft and break their Necks, as
has been experienced more than once; the young are to be taken at ten
Days old, and to be fed and ordered as Nightingales, keeping them warm
in Winter, and they will fing inthe Night as well asin the Day, and will
learn to whiftle and imitate other Birds; when taken young they become
gentle and very tame. .

2 The

ps

i

tec

5
ai:
a

al

oq

Potin hed Brit

2

&

Ni
ears

ee
DWN

Vert

(49)

Valleyly

The Robin-ved-breaft, Rubeculus. wh
709
Numb, LI. 4

- ‘T'S Length from the tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is fix Inches ; its Breadth:
I when the Wings are expanded, nine Inches; the Breaft is a deep orange Colour,
which Colour compaffes alfo the Eyes and upper part of the Bill: The Belly is white;
the Head, Neck, Back and Tail are of a dirty green or yellow as in Thrufbes, or rather
cinereous with a Tin€ture of green; a Line of pale blue divides between the red Colour-
and the cinereous on the Head and Neck; under the Wings is feen fomething of an.
orange tawny.
’ The exterior Borders of the Wings are almoft of the fame Colour with the Back; the
interior are fomething yellow; the Tail is two Inches and a half long, and made up of
twelve Feathers.

The Bill is flender, of a dufky Colour, and more than half an Inch long;. the Tongue-
cloven and jagged ; the Irdes of the Eyes are of a hazel Colour; the Legs, Feet and Claws.
of a dufky or blackifh; the outer fore Toe joined to the middlemoit at Bottom as in the
reft of this Kind. In Winter-time to feek Food it enters into Houfes with much.
Confidence, being a very bold Bird, fociable and familiar with Man. In the Summer-
time when there is Plenty of Food in the Woods, and it is not pinched with cold, ic
withdraws itfelf with its Brood into the moft defert Places; itis a folitary Bird and feeds
fingly ; it builds its Neft among the thickeft Thorns and Shrubs, covering it with oaken
Leaves, and leaving a Paflage to it on one Side only, like a Porch arched over; and when
it goes out to feek its Food it ftops it up. with Leaves, and fometimes in Holes of Trees
with Mofs, dead Grafs and Bits of Sticks. ‘The Cock is diftinguifhed from the Hen by the
Colour of his Legs which are blacker, and by certain Hairs or Beards which grow on each
Side his Bill; its Food is Worms and Infe¢ts, and when kept in a Cage it is fed as the
Nightingale, being by fome efteemed little inferior to it in finging..

They build in 4frz/, May and une, feldom having above five young ones and not un-
der four: You may take them at ten Days old; (if you let them lie too long they will be
fullen) keep them warm, giving them not too much Food at a Time, which will caufe

them to throw it up again; when they are ftrong, cage them, and keep them in all refpects
like the Nightingale; they are fubje€t to Cramp and Dizzinefs, for the Cure of the
firft give them 2 Meal-worm or Spider, and for the latter fix or {even Rarwigs a Week,

Oo The

( 50 )

ie? The Stonechatter. Rubetra.
LS a

Numb. LII.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail is five In-
ches; Breadth, when the' Wings are expanded, eight Inches and a
half; Weight oli Drams. The upper Chap isa little longer than the
nether, and a little crooked; the Tongue cloven; the Jrzdes of the Eyes
hazel coloured: The Legs, Feet and Claws black; the outer Toe grows’
to the middle one below, as in the other {mall Birds. The Head js ~
- great, in the Cock almoft wholly black, as is alfo the Throat. under the
Bill; in the Hen it is parti-colour'd of black and dirty red: The upper
‘part of the Neck is black, on‘each Side it is mark’d with a white Spot, fo
newairalit Lesa Bune Ring of white about its Neck: The middle
of the Back is black, only the outermoft Edges of the Feathers are fulvous;
above the Rump is a white Spot; the Breaft is of yellowifh red or pale
orange Colour, the Belly of the fame Colour but paler.

In the Female the Feathers of the Head, Neck and Back are red in-
clining to green, having their middle parts black; the Rump is red; the
Chin of a pale afh Colour: It hath a whitifh Spot on each fide the Neck;
the Breaft is of a deeper, but the Belly of like Colour with the Cocks.

The prime Feathers of the Wings are in number eighteen, all dusky,
excepting the two next the Body which have a white Spot at bottom;
the Edges of all are red; all the covert Feathers of the Wings have alfo
red Edges: The Wings in both Sexes are adorned with a white Spot in
the Feathers next the Back.

The Tail is near two Inches long, and confifts of twelveFeathers not.
forked and black; the'tip and exterior Web of the outermoft Feather on each
fideare white. It ath, a Gall-Bladder ; a Stomach not very flefhy, in which
when difleé&ted was found Beetles ad other Infeéts ; its blind Guts were
f{hort, tumid and round. 7

This Bird is found for the moft part on Heaths, and is very querulous,

\
|
'
‘

H

\#. Allindel. A Reoulus Cristatus, the Crested Wren. B. Regulus, the Lommon Wren.

(50) ye
The Golden Wren. Regulus Criftatus. And common Wren, Pafler wes 2 Masghe

lodites. vy 227.
Numb, LIII. / WG, 29.

HIS is the leaft of all Birds found with us in England; its Length from the Tip of the Bill
to the End of the Tail, isthree Inches and half a Quarter, Breadth when the Wings areex-
tended, fix Inches, Weightthree Drams. The Top of the Head is adorned with a moft beauti-
ful bright Spot or Creft of a golden yellow, intermixt with a Saffron Colour. Hence it got thofe
ambitious Titles of Regulus and Tyrannus, little King or Tyrant; it can when it lifts, by cor-
rugating its Forehead, and drawing the Sides of the Spot together, wholly conceal its Creft, and
render it invifible. It ts of an oblong Figure, and extended directly thro’ the Middle of the
‘Head from the Bill towards the Neck. The Edges of it on both Sides are yellow, and the whole
_ is environed with a black Line: The Sides of the Neck are of a lovely fhining yellowifh green
Colour ; the Eyes are encompafled with white ; the Neck, and all the Back, from a dark green
incline to yellow; the Breaft is of a fordid white, the Wings are concave, not much unlike the
Chaffinch’s Wings; the quill Feathers are eighteen, all of a dufky Colour, only their exterior
Edges yellowifh, and their interior Edges whitifh; the Tips alfo of the three next the Body are
white. The outermoft quill Feathers are very fhort and little ; the covert Feathers of the firft
‘have white Tips, all together making a white Line crofs the Wing.

The Tail is made up of twelve Feathers {harp pointed, an Inch and a half long, not forcipate,
‘of a dusky Colour, only the exterior Borders of the Feathers are of a yellowith green.

_ The Bill is flender, ftreight, black, a quarter and half a quarter of an Inch long; the Feet and
Claws yellowifh; the Tongue long, fharp, and cloven; the /rides of the Eyes ofa Hazel Colour.

They lay fix or feven Eggs no bigger than large Peas; their Food is fmall Infeéts. My Lord
Zrevor found one in his Garden, which built its Neftin a Yew Tree near the Houfe.

The Length of a common Wren, is four Inchesand half, breadth fix Inches anda half, Weight
three Drams and a half. The Head, Neck and Back are of a dark {padiceous Colour, efpecially
the Rump and Tail; the Back, Wings and Tail are varied with crofs black Lines; the Throat
is of a pale yellow, the Middle of the Breaft whiter : the lower Belly is of a dufky red ; the Tips
of the fecond Row of Wing Feathers are marked with three or four Spots of a yellowifh Co-
dour, as is alfo the Covert Feathers of the Tail. The number of quill Feathers are eighteen ; the
Tail, which for the moft Part it holds erect, is made up of twelve Feathers.

The Bill is halfanInch long, flender, yellowifh beneath, dufky above; the Mouth within fide
yellow, Jrides of the Eyes Hazel coloured; the outer Toes are faftned to the middle one as far
as the firft Joint ; it creeps about Hedges and Holes ; it makes but fhort Flights, and if driven
from the Hedges, may be eafily tired and run down.

It builds its Neft fometimes by the Walls of Houfes, in the Back-fides of Stables, or other
Out-honfes covered with Straw, but more commonly in Woods and Hedges, without of Mofs,
within of Hairsand Feathers. This Neft is of the Figure ofan Egg ereét upon oneend, and hath
in the Middle of the Side a Door or Aperture by, which it goes inand out. Being kept tame,
it fings very {weetly, and with a higher and louder Voice than one would think for its Strength
and Bigne(s, and that efpecially in the Month of AZay, for then it breeds: It lays nine or ten
Eggs, and fometimes more.

It is faid to be a fpecifick Remedy for the Stone in the Kidneys or Bladder being falted and
eaten raw; or being burnt and the Athes of one Bird taken in White Wine.

The

os

fe lliegh ly, i" Numb. LIY.

(52)
The King Féfber. Alcyon.

FT weighed twenty Drams ; its Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail

is feven Inches; Breadth, when the Wings are extended, eleven Inches and a quarter.
The Bill is three Inches long, thick, ftrong, ftreight and fharp pointed ; the Point and
upper Chap is black; the Angle of the lower Chap of a redifh yellow; the Tongue

is fhort, broad and fharp pointed; the Mouth within of a faffron ‘Colour ; the Noftrils —

oblong; the Chin is white, with a mixture of redifh brown Feathers ; the Belly of the fame
Colour but darker, as is alfo the under part of the Tail and Wings. From the Neck thro’
the middle of the Back, almoft to the end of the Tail, it is of a bright pale blewith green,
very fplendid and delightful to the Eyes of the Beholders. Between the Noftrils and Eyes is
a redith brown Spot, which is continued beyond the Eyes and terminates in a whitifh Co-
lour; the Crown of the Head is of an obfcure dark green, with crofs difcontinued Lines
of a blewifh green.

In each Wing are twenty three quill Feathers, of which the third is the longeft;
both the quill Feathers, and thofe next to them, have their exterior Webs blewith green;
their interior dufky ; the leffler Row of Wing Feathers, all excepting thofe covering the
bafe of the Wing, have blewifh Tips; the long Feathers {pringing from the Shoulders
and covering the Back are of a blewifh green; the Tail is about an Inch and a half
long made up of twelve Feathers, of a dark blue very obfcure towards the end.

The Legs and Feet are very fhort and little, of a red Colour ; the Claws black; the
Stru@ture of the Feet in this Bird is fingular and different from all others, for the three
lower Joints of the outermoft Toe are joined to the middlemoft ; of the inmoft only one:
This inner Toe is the leaft, and fhorter by half than the middlemoft ; the outer almoft
equal to the middlemoft; the back Toe is fomewhat bigger than the inner fore Toe,
The third or loweft Bone of the Leg is greater than is ufual in other Birds: The Bone
of the Tongue are leffer and fhorter than is ufual in Birds of this Bignefs.

The Stomach is great and lax, as in carnivorous Birds; in one of them difleGted was
found Bones and Scales of Fifhes. The Guts are more flender towards the Vent. Ge/ner
affirms that the Fat of this Bird is red, which is alfo mention’d by Wi//oughby to be true.
They commonly make their Neft in a Hole in the Bank of a River about half a Yard
deep, in which they have commonly five young ones.

{t is a vulgar Opinion that this Bird being hung by an untwifted Silk, or Horfe-Hair,
by the Bill in any Room, will turn its Breaft to that quarter of the Heavens whence the
Wind blows.

Dr. Charleton in his Onomajflicon makes mention of a King Fither brought out of India
which fcarce exceeds a Wren in Bignefs: I have feen one brought from Smyrna by the
ingenious Dr. Sherwood three times as big as ours, and of different Colours: Another

fomething bigger than that, which was a native of Carolina, of a darkifh Colour, having —

a large Creft of the fame Colour; the Belly, Breaft and Thighs of a pale red; the Bill

and Legs dark afh; the Throat and part of the Neck white: This laft was collected by
Mr. Catesby. F,

The

ioe
os

ss

(53)
The Wheat Ear. Ocnanthe.
Numb. LV.

TS Weight is twenty one Drams; its Length from the End of the Bill to
the End of the Tail, fix Inches ; Breadth when extended, twelve Inches.
The Colour of the Head and Back is cinereous, with a certain Mixture of
red, like to that which is feen in the Back of the Hawfinch. The Rump
in moft of them is white, whence alfo it takes the Name of White Tail; in
-fome it is of the fame Colour with the Back, or mere red. The whole
Belly is white, lightly dafhed with red. The Breaft and Throat have
a deeper Tincture of red. The Belly of the Cock is fometimes yel-
lowifh ; above the Eyes isa white Line continued to the hinder Part of
the Head, below the Eyes a black Stroke is extended from the Corners
of the Mouth tothe Ears. This black Line is not in the Females.

Both the quill Feathers and covert Feathers of the Wings are black, except
the extream Edges, which are white tin@tured with a fordidred. The Tail
is two Inches and a quarter long, made up of twelve Feathers, of which the

two middlemoft have their upper half white, the reft their lower, the o-
ther half being black ; the Tips and Edges of them all are white. In the
Hen the white takes up but a quarter of the Feathers. _

~The Bill is flender, ftraight, black more than half an Inch long: the
Mouth is black within, the Tongue black and cloven; the Aperture of
the Mouth great, the Jvides of the Eyes Hazel coloured ; the back
Toe is armed with a great Claw, the Stomach is not very mufculous,
out of which diffected was taken Beetles and other Infects. They breed in
forfaken Coney Burrows ; and they catch them in Sw/fex, by digging long
Turfs of Earth, and laying them acrofs the Holes out of which they
are digged, hanging Snares of Horfe Hair at the middle of the Entrance.

The Birds being very timorous at the Appearance of a Haws, or dark Cloud

intercepting the Sun Beams, they run and hide themfelves in the Holes:

of the Turfs, and are caught by the Neck in the Snares.

B The

Mag hly
i.

14 ghby
PY uy

(54)
The common Grosbeak. . Coccothrauftes vulgaris.

Numb. LVL

"'TS Length is feven Inches from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail; Breadth

_ when the Wings are expanded, twelve Inches and a half; Weight one Ounce and thir-
teen Drams: its Head is too large in Proportion to its Body; its Bill is three quarters of
an Inch long; the Circumference at the Bafe two Inches and a quarter, very hard, broad,
and.ending in a fharp Point of the Figure of a Cone, having a large Cavity within of a,
whitifh flefh Colour and the tip of a blackifh; the Eyes are grey or afh-coloured
as in the Yack-daws; the Tongue feems as it were cut off as in the Chafinch; the Feet
are of a pale flefh Colour; the Claws great, efpecially thofe of the middleand back Toes;
the middle Toe is the longeft; the outer fore Toeand back Toe are equal to each other,

At the Bafe of the Bill grow orange-coloured Feathers; between the Billand the Eyes
black; the lower Chap in the Males is compafled with a Border of black Feathers; the
Head of a yellowith red, or rufty Colour; the Neck cinereous; the Back red, the middle
Part of the Feathers being whitifh; the Rump from yellow inclines to cinereous; the Sides
and Breaft, but efpecially the Sides, are of a mixt Colour of red and cinereous ; under the
Tail andin the middle of the Belly the Plumage is whiter.

The quill Feathers in each Wing are eighteen in Number, of which the ten foremoft
for half Way from the Shaft inward are white, the white Part from the firft inward’ being
dilated; of the fubfequent one half is white but not fo far as the Shaft ; the three inmoft
or thofe next the Body are red; the Tips of all from the fecond to the tenth thine witha
changeable Colour of purple and blue, like the Necks of Pzgeons; from the tenth to
the exterior Borders of the fixth and feventh and the fucceeding grey, or elfe dufky; the
Tail is but fhort of about two Inches long, compofed of twelve Feathers, {potted on the:
Top of their interior Vanes with white, on their exterior in the middle Feathers with ted,,
and in the outer with black.

It is common in Germany and Italy; in the Summer it lives in the Mountains and.
Woods, and inthe Winter it frequents the Valleys and plains; it feldom comes over to us;
in England but in hard Winters; it breaks-the Stones of Cherries and Olives with Expedi-«
tion, the Kernels of which it is very greedy ; when diflected in: the Month of December,
there ate Stones of Holly-berries found in the Stomach ; it likewife feeds on the Kernels.

of the Hawthorn-tree, the Stones of which it cracks with Eafe, from which fome call
it the Hawyizch.

The

S 7\

i

Vthiz: dbin det. : Sai ees loccothiraustes .

N

eeaes ee ogee rere pas ae -
SESS 4 as
' os

ape = "
oD | = So % D

BL. é Gat SZ eee TEILOGE fa

(55 M

The Red Grosbeak, or Virginia Nightingale. Coccos
thr auftus Indica Criftata.

Numb. LVII.

T is fomething bigger than the Sky Lark ; its Bill is like that of the
_§ common Gyosbeak, of a pale red Colour, the Bafis of it encompafled.
with a Border of black Feathers reaching to the Eyes. It hatha large
Head and high Creft, ending in a pyramidal Form, of a bright Scarlet
Colour, as is alfo the whole Bird except the Back, fome Parts of the:
Wings and the Tail, which is of a more dirty or brownifh red. Thefe-
Birds are Natives of Vireimia, New-England, and other Parts of North:
America. Its Strength with its Bill is furprizing, it being able to crack
the Stones of Olives, Almonds, and Indian Maiz, very expeditioully,,
the Kernels of which it is very fond of, It feeds alfo upon Hemp-
feed, Bread, &c. They alfo deftroy the Buds of feveral Fruit Trees,.
like the Bulfinch. It hath an agreeable melodious Song, with fome:
_ Notes like the Nightingale, from which fome call it the /zrgcnza Night-
ingale, and in Virginia, &c. they call it the Red-Bird, but more pro-
perly. the Red Grosbeak, The Hen is not fo beautiful as the Cock, be-
ing more brown, with a Tin@ture of red. ‘Thefe fing when in Cages.
as well as the Cock, and are brought with them into Exgland.

The-

fillaghly

245"

L4

o

( 56)

Ii Le ply nt The Green Finch. Chloris.

Numb. LVIIL.

BTS Weight is thirteen Drams; the Length from the Point of the Bill

to the End of the Tail, is fix Inches and a half; Breadth, when the
Wings are extended, ten Inches and a half. Its Bill is like that of the
Grosbeak, but lefs, and half an Inchin Length, fharp pointed, and ‘not
crooked ; the upper Mandible dusky, the nether whitifh ; the Tongue
is fharp, and as it were cut off, ending in Filaments; the Eyes are fur-
nifhed with ni@ating Membranes ; the Noftrils round, fituate inthe
upper Part of the Bill next to the Head; the Feet of a Flefh Colour;
the Claws dusky ; and the outer Toe at Bottom fticks faft to the middle
one: The Head and Back are green, the Edges of the Feathers grey;
the middle of the Back hath fomething of a Chefnut Colour intermingled:
The Rump is of a deep yellow; the Belly white, the Breaft of a yellowith
green, and the Throat of the fame Colour with the Neck: The Fea-
thers contiguous to the Bill are of a deep yellowifh green. The Bor-
ders of the outermoft quill Feathers of the Wing are yellow, of the
middlemoft green, and of the innermoft grey ; the inner Feathers of the
fecond Row are grey, the outer green: All the reft of the covert Fea-
thers are green. The Feathers along the Ridge of the Wing are of a
lovely yellow, as is alfo the Coverts of the under Sides of the Wings.
The Tail is two Inches and a quarter long, made up of twelve Feathers,
of which the two middlemoft are all over black ; thofe next have their
outer Edges yellow, and the remaining four on each Side from the middle
outwardly are black, but all their inner Webs from Top to Bottom yel-
low. ‘The Liver is divided into two Lobes, and hath a Gall Bladder an-
nexed. TheBird when difle@ed had a large Craw, anda mufculousSto-
mach filled with Seeds of Plants. They build in Hedges; the outer-
moft Part of its Neft is made of Hay, Grafs, or Stubble, the middle of
Mofs; the innermoft, on which the Eggs lie, of Feathers, Wool or Hair.
It lays five or fix Eggs of a pale green Colour {prinkled with fanguine
Spots, efpecially at the blunt end. The Colours of the Hen are more .
languid, and not fo bright and lively ; on the Breaft and Back it hath ob-
Jong dusky Spots.

The

Pe

- pe
Lili, MthinDelee.

4 SU henk
js YEH Sek eS yey

a

(57)
The Bulfinch. Rubicilla. Willis fely

Numb. LIX, and LX. aa 5

TS Weight is thirteen Drams ; Length from the End of the Bill to the End of its.
Tail fix Inches ; Breadth when the Wings are extended ten Inches ; it hath a black,
fhort, ftrong Bill, like that of the Grosbeak, but lefs, and in the old Birds fomething
crooked; the Tongue is fhortas if cut off; its Eyes are Hazel coloured ; its Legs dutky,
and its Claws black, the lower Joint of the outermoft Toe fticking faft to the middle
Toe. The Head is larger to the Proportion of the Body, than in other {mall Birds,
and the Male hath his Breaft, Throat and Jaws adorned with a lovely Scarlet or Crim-
fon Colour ; the Feathers on the Crown of the Head, above the Eyes, and thofe which
compats the Bill are black ; the Rump and Belly white ; the Neck, Back and Shoulders
of a blewith grey, with a certain Tin@ture of red. The quill Feathers of the Wings are
in Number eighteen, the laft of which on the outer half from the Shaft is red, the inner-
moft black and glofly ; the interior of the reft are black with a Glofs of blue, and the
exterior a dufky black. Of the firft or outermoft five, the exterior Edges in.the upper
half of the Feathers are whitifh; the Tips of the lower covert Feathers are cinereous,
in the interior more, and in the exterior lefS ; the next to thefe are of the fame Colour
with the Back; the Tail is two Inches long, black and. fhining, made up of twelve
Feathers. bint oct aan
The Cock is of equal Bignefs to the Hen, but hath a flatter Crown, and excells her
in the Beauty of his Colours. They are very docile Birds, the Hen learning after. the
Pipe or Whiftle, as well as the Cock, having no Song of their own but what is taught
them, in whichothey excell moft Birds. They are very deftructive to the Buds of the
Apple Tree, Pear Tree, Peach Tree, and other Garden Trees, efpecially Apricots and
Plumbs, of which they only take the blowing Buds, which they delight to feed on;
they build on Heaths, but their Nefts are difficult to be found. You may bring the young
Birds up after the Manner of the Goldfinch, giving them white Bread and Milk.
They are fubje& to the Giddinefs of the Head, for the Cure of which you muft
give them four or five Earwigs a Week. ‘The Birds are commonly fed with Hemp-
iced, and Rape and Canary, in which laft they delight moft. 4

Qu The

( 58)

YW), bby The Crofs-Bill. Loxia.
eg | Numb. LXL

WY TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is fix Inches and

three Quarters; it weighs one Ounce anda half; its Bill is thick, hard, ftrong,
black, and contrary to the Manner of all other Birds, crooked both ways, the Man-
dibles croffing one another: The lower turns upwards, and the upper bends down-
wards, but not in all Birds alike ; for in fome Birds the upper Chap hangs down on the
Right Side, the nether rifes up on the left, and in others contrariwife ; the Noftrils
are round; the Ears great and wide; the Jrides of the Eye yellow, and fometimes in-
clining to a Hazel Colour; the Feet are of adusky Flefh Colour, and the Claws black: The
loweft Joint of the outermoft Toe fticks to that of the middlemoft.

The middle Part of the Back, and lower Part of the Belly, are brown, intermixed
with other Colours ; the Chin and Breaft are yellowifh, and the Head and Sides of
the Neck are redifh intermixed with brown and other Colours. Thefe Birds vary in
their Colours; for in fome the Top of the Head and middle of the Back the Fea-
thers are black, and the Edges green; in the Head there is fomething of cinereous
mixed with other Colours; the Rump green, and the Chin afh coloured ; the Breaft;
green, and the Belly white; only under the Tail the middle Parts of the Feathers are
black or dufky. Some fay they change their Colour three ‘Times a Year. The Num-
ber of quill Feathers are eighteen, of a dark brown, only the outer Edges of the fore-
moft are green; the Tail is made up of twelve Feathers, two Inches and a Quarter.
Jong, dark brown, with green Edges. The Guts have many fpiral Convolutions, and.
athe blind Guts are very {fhort.

It is a moft voracious Bird ; it is muchdelighted, and feeds very fat with Hempfeed 5.
it alfo loves Pine and Fir Kernels, and in the Months of ‘fanuary and February builds
ats Neft in thofe Trees. They fay, that with one Stroke of its Bill it will divide an
Apple in Halves, that ic may feed on the Kernels, by that means doing a great deal
wf Mifchief in Orchards,

In fome Parts of Germany, Baveria, Suevia and Noricum, they are found in great
Numbers all the Year. Sometimes they come over to us, and in the Weftern Parts
of England, efpecially in Worcefterfbire, make bad Work, fpoiling a great deal of Fruit
in our Orchards.

Aldrovandus faith they fing in the Winter, and are filent inthe Summer when other
Birds fing, having a melodious Voice.

The

——

iapeae

Howe lparvow

(59)

The Houfe-Sparrow. Paffer domefticus:

Numb. LXII.

Miliugh ty
245

TS Weight is fixteen Drams; Length from the Bill to the End of the Tail fix Inches~

and a half ; the Breadth when extended is nine Inches and a half; the Bill is thick,
the Cock black at the Corners of the Mouth, and between the Eyes yellowith ; in the Hen
dusky, fcarce half an Inch long ; the Eyes hazel coloured, the Legs and Feet of a dufky
Fiefh Colour, the Claws black; the Head is of a dufky blue, or afh Colour, and the
Chin black ; above the Eyes are two {mall white Spots, and from the Eyes a broad Line
of a Bay Colour. The Feathers growing about the Ears are afh coloured, the Throat
(below the black Spot) of a whitifh afh Colour; under the Ears on each Side is a_ long
white Spot. The lower Breaft and Belly are white, andthe Feathers dividing between the
Back and Neck, on the outfide Shaft are red, on the infide. black, but toward their
Bottoms fomething of a white terminates the red. ‘The reft of the Back and Rump are
of a Mixture of dufky green and dark afh Colour.
_ The Hen Bird wants the black Spot under the Throat, asalfo the white Spots on the

Neck and above the Eyes; its Head and Neck are of the fame Colour with the Rumpg.

the nether fide of the Body is of a dufky white, and inftead,of the white Line crofs. the:
Wings, it hath black Feathers with pale redifh Tips, the Colours in general of the Hen:

not being fo fair and lively as thofe of the Cock.

Each Wing hath eighteen quill Feathers, dufky, with redifh Edges, and from the Baf--

tard Wing a broad white Line is extended to the next Joint; above this Line the Covert
Feathers of the Wings are of a redifh brown ; beneath they have their middle Parts

black, and their exterior Edgesred. ‘The Tail hath twelve Feathers, and is two Inches.

and a quarter long, the middlemoft being fomething fhorter than the reft ; all ofa dufky

black Colour, with redifh Edges. The Guts are nine Inches long, the blind Guts very.

fhort; its Stomach mufculous, it feeding upon Wheat, Oats and other Grain; its Tefticles

are large, as is alfo the Womb of the Female, it being a falacious Bird, and for that Rea-

fon is reported to be {hort lived.

This Kind of Bird doth fometimes vary in Colour: Aldrovandus makes mention of a:

white Sparrow and a yellow Sparrow; I had one of the white kind todraw from Mr..

Nathaniel Oldham ; likewife the Copper coloured Sparrow, at North Bearly in York/hire, in

the Poffefiion of the curious Dr. Richardfon.. Their Phyfical Ufe is faid to provoke Ve- -

nery.

The

Le

( 60)

Y Ma ghby The Chafinch. Fringilla.

Numb. LXIIL

TS Weight is fourteen Drams ; Length from the End of the Bill to the End of the

Tail, is fix Inches, Breadth between the Wings when extended is ten Inches ; its Bill

is fharp, ftrong, white underneath, above and towards the Tip dusky, the lower Chap

equal in Length to the upper, the Tongue cloven and rough, the Irides of the Eyes Ha-
zel coloured, and the Ears great. z

The Head in the Cock is blue, but the Feathers contiguous to the Noftrils black; the
Back is redifh, with a Mixture of afh Colour or green, the Breaft red, and the Belly un-
der the Tail white.

The Colours of the Hen are not fo bright and lively; its Rump is green, the Back
not fo red, and the Belly from red, inclines toa dirty kind of green ; the Breaft is alfo
of a duller Colour.
~ The quill Feathers in each Wing are in Number eighteen, and all but the three firft
or outermoft have their Bottoms and interior Webs white, their exterior Edges yellow-
ith, or rather green. In the Cock the fmall Feathers invefting the Ridge or Bafis of the
Wing are blue, above in each Wing isa remarkable white Spot; then after an Interftice
ofiblack, fucceeds a long white Fillet, beginning from the fourth Quill, and after the
tenth, continued thro’ the Tops of the covert Feathers: That Part of this Fillet which
paffes through the Tips of the Coverts is tinctured with yellow.

The Tail is two Inches and a half long, and made up of twelve Feathers, of which the
outermoft on each Side have their Bottoms,and alfo their Tops on the outfide the fhaft black,
their middle Part white, and the next to thefe lefs white, vzz. only near the Top, and
on the outfide the fhaft; the three fubfequent on both Sides are black, and the two
middlemoft cinereous with greenifh Edges.

The Liver is divided into two Lobes, the right being the biggeft, the Stomach not very
flefhy ; and the outermoft Toe in each Foot, as in other {mall Birds, grows to the middle-
moft at Bottom.

This Bird varies in its Colours; for Ge/ner affirms, that himfelf had feen a Chaffinch’

all over white, and A/drovandus defcribes one whofe whole Body from white declined to
yellow, and another that was partly yellowifh, and partly black. ‘They build in the
Side of a Tree, and make their Neft of green Mofs, {mall Sticks, and Horfe Hair, lays

fix or feven Eggs, and breeds two or three Times a Year; is a hardy Bird, feeding on

any kind of Seeds, and foretelling wet Weather.

The

—_

Filiz, itlbin Deli,

(61 )
The Goldfinch. Carduelis.
Numb. LXIV.

FTS Weight is one Ounce and one Dram; its Length from the End of the Bill to the

- End of the Tail, five Inches and a half ; Breadth between the Wings when extend=
ed, nine Inches and a quarter; its Head: is big confidering the Bulk of his Body, and: its.
Neck fhort ; the Bill whitith, but in fome Birds black at the very Point, of a conical
Figure, a little more than half an Inch long; its Tongue fharp, Eyes Hazel coloured 5
a Ring of Scarlet coloured Feathers encompafies the Bafis of the Bill; from the Eyes to
the Bill, on each Side, is a Line of black; the Jaws are white, and the Top of the
Head black, from which a broad black Line produced on both Sides, almoft to the Neck,
terminates the white; the Neck and fore-part of the Back are of a fulvous or yellowifh
brown; the Rump, Breaft and Sides are the fame, but paler, the Belly white, the Wings
and Tail black; the Tips of the principal Feathers in both are white, and the Wings are
adorned with a moft beautiful tranfverfe Stroakof yellow ; the Tail is two Inches long,
compofed of twelve black Feathers, of which the two outermoft have large white Spots
on their Tips, the next leffer, the third none, the fourth a little one, the fifth a greater.

The Legs are fhort, the back Toe ftrong, armed with a Claw longer than the reft; the
lower part of the outer fore Toe grows faft to thatof the middle Toe ; the blind Guts, as
in other Birds, are very fhort and little; it hath alfoa Gall-bladder. The Hen Bird hath
a fmaller Note than the Cock, and fings not fo much; the Feathers on the Ridge of the
- Wing are dusky or cinereous, whereas in the Cock they are Jet black; by which Marks
either Sexes may be diftinguifhed.

Me ecg lily

266

Thefe Birds for their Beauty of Colours, and Sweetnefs of finging, are highly efteemed,.
being of a mild and gentle Nature, as appears by their eating and drinking as foon ascaught,,

and prefently become tame, fo as to be in Love with their Imprifonment. ‘They are very
docible, drawing their Water in a little Ivory Bucket made for that Purpofe. Their Food.
is the Seeds of Thiftles, Teafel, Dock and Poppy, as Albertus makes mention..

They chufe to build their Neft in the moft thorny Buthes, laying fix or feven Eggs ;.
Bellonius affirms eight : Their Neft is built of Mofs and Wool, the infide with all Sorts
of Hair which they find on the Ground. You may breed up the young ones, taking them:
at ten Days old, feeding them with Hempfeed beat and fifted, Flower of Canary, and

Crumbs of white Bread and Water, making it frefh every Day; thefe Birds bred from the:

Neft the Cocks will couple with a Hen Canary Bird, and produce a Bird between both.

kinds, partaking of the Song and Colours of each. Several of thefe I faw bred by Mrs..

Crawley, 2 Lady very curious in Birds. 'Thefe Birds, when they feed themfelves, muft:
have now and then a {mall Quantity of Lettice and Plantin Leaves, which will fcour the
_ Oil of the Seed from the Stomach, and make him thrive better ; likewife give hima {mall
Quantity of Loom in the Bottom of his Cage, or a Piece of Loaf Sugar, in both of which.
they take great Delight.

Their Phyfical Ufes; they reftore in Confumptions, and expel the Stone and Gravel,
and all Pains and Obftructions of the Reins and Bladder, which Virtue they retain from:
their feeding on the Thiftle and Burdock.

R The

262.

( 62):

, Mig by The Canary Bird. Pafler Canarienfi

Numb. LXV.

T is of the Bignefs of the common Tetmoufe, hath a fmall white Bill, thick ae
. the Bafe, and contraéted into a fharp Point; all the Feathers of the. Wings
and Tail.are of agreen Colour. Some of them are white, and varioufly motled with yel-
Jow ; the-Cocks on the Breaft, Belly and upper Part of the Head adjoining to the Bill are
amore yellow than the Hens; they have a {weet and fhrill Note, which at one Breath js
continued for along time without Intermiffion ; it can draw out fometimes in Length,
fometimes rife very high, by a various and almoft mufical Inflexion of its Voice, making

wery pleafant and artificial Melody. The German Birds are accounted the beft, excelling —

an) Handfomenefs and Song thofe brought out of the Canaries; they are never fubje@ to
‘be fat, their High Mettle, and lavifh Singing will hardly fuffer them to maintain Flethon
their Backs, much lefs fat... When you make Choice of a Bird, let him ftand with Life
and Boldneis, and not crouching nor fearful, hearing him fing in a fingle Cage, fo you
awill be fure not to be cheated with a Hen for a Cock; he that hath the moft Variety of
JNotes, and the longeft Song, is the beft Bird.. You muft likewife obferve his Dung,
which in a healthy Bird lies round and hard, with a fine White on the outfide, and dark

within; if he bolts his Tail after he hath dunged, or if his Dung be very thin, with a -

flimy White, and no Blacknefs in it, the Bird is not healthful.

They are bred in Cages, or convenient Rooms fitted for that Purpofe, towards the Sun
vifing hanging lictle Nets, filled with Cotton Wool, {mall dead Gra/s, Mofsand Elks Hair
mixed together, placing Heath Brooms, opening them in the Middle, or {mall Basket Nefts
for them to build in, placing likewife Perches or Boughs of Trees for them to fly upon,
which they very much delight in, letting them have a good Quantity 6f Meat and Water
.tolaft them for fome time, that you may not difturb them too often when they are
building. When you perceive them begin to build, give them Chickweed, Turfs of Moufe-
Ear, and fome Loaf Sugar; thefe caufe the Hen to lay her Eggs morefreely. The Hen
many times dies in laying her firft Egg, which lofes your firft Brood, and unpairs the
Cock, which you muft take our, and match him again if poffible. When you find
they have finifhed their Nefts, take away the Nets that have the breeding Materials in
them.’ They breed ufually three Times a Year, beginning in 4r7/, and breed in May and
Fune; and-fometimes in Augu/?, which is not very ufual, neither here nor in Germany.

The young Birds muft be taken at nine or ten Days old, or elfe they will grow fullen,
and not feed kindly; put them ina little Bafket, covering them with a Net, elfe they
will be apt to jump out when you firft open the Bafket; and if they fallto the Ground,
they will be bruifed and die ; you muft keep them warm for a Weck or more, they being
yery tender, and upon taking Cold are fubject tothe Cramp, and will not digeft their Meat:
You muft take them in the Evening, and, if poffible, not perceived by the old ones, which

are apt to take Diftafte when they fit again, and have young ones, and will almoft ateve- ~

ry Fright forfake both their young and Eggs. Make their Meat after this manner; take
Flower of Canary Seed, and the Infide of fcalded Hempfeed, of each a like Quantity, half
the Yolk of a boil’d Egg, and twice that Quantity of the Crumb ofa ftale white Roll
fcalded; mix and give it youryoung Birds: With this Food you may bring up Canary
Birds, Linnets, Goldjinches, Bulfinches, and all young Birds that feed on Seeds : When they
begin to feed themfelves, fcald fome Rape-feed and ftrew over the aforefaid Meat, till
they are able to hull the Seed without fcalding; in hor Weather you muft make it frefh
two or three times a Day, giving them but little at a Time. i
be

5

(63 )

The Yellow Hammer. Exoberiza Flava:
"Numb. LXVL

T is equal to the Chaffinch, ora little bigger, weighs one Ounce and two
Drams; itsLength from the End of the Bill tothe End of the Tail is fix
Inches and a half; Breadth when extended ten Inches and a quarter; its
Billis of a dark dusky Colour, half an Inch long, having a hard Knob in the
upper Chap, to break the Corn, the Sides of the nether Chap turned
inwards and bent together, like the Buwtimg’s; the Tongue fhorter than
is ufual in other Birds, not reaching beyond the Knob; its Tip horny
and fharp, flit into Filaments; the Eyes Hazel coloured; the Feet of a
Horn Colour, and the Claws black ; the like Cohefion between the outer-
moft and middle Toe at the Bottom, asin other Birds.

The Throat and Belly are yellow, and the Breaft hath a Tin@ure of
ted mingled with it, as alfo the Sides under the Wings; the Head is ofa
gteenith yellow {potted with brown, and above the Shoulders in the lower
Part of the Neck, is a Colour between green and cinereous, or a Compound

of both; the middle Parts of the covert Feathers of the Back and Shoul-
ders are black, the Edges from green incline to red, and, the Rump is
redifh. The Femaleis all over paler, lefs yellow on the Head, and lefs
red on the Breaft, and under the Wings. The quill Feathers of the Wings
are dusky, having their exterior Edges from green inclining to a fordid
white. The Tail is three Inches long, compos'd of twelve Feathers fome-
thing forked, of a brown Colour; the middle two having their Edges on
both Sides, the reft only their outfide Edges green ; the two outermoft
on the infide the Shaft, near the Tip, are marked with a white Spot cut-
ting the Feather obliquely. It hath a Craw, and a ntufculous Stomach or
Gizzard like the granivorous Birds, alfo a Gall-bladder ; the blind Guts,

as in almott all {mall Birds, are very little and fhort. They build on the
_ Ground, in the Sides of Hedges, and are very common every where in

WVUAREH.
Exolaud

The

Willeeghe

262

4

277

( 64 )
The Hleron or Heronfoaw. Ardea.cinerea, major five-Pella,
Numb. LXVII.

T'S. Weight is three Pound fourteen Ounces and twelve Drams; Length from the

* End of the Bill to the End of the Claws four Foot; Breadth when the Wings are
extended: five Foot; the foremoft Feathers of the Head are white, fucceeded by a black
Creft four Inchesand a half long; the Chin white, and the Neck white and ath coloured,
with Spots of black; and on the lower Part grows {mall, long white Feathers; the Back
(on which grows nothing but Down) is covered with thofe long Feathers that {pring
from the Shoulders and are variegated with whitifh Strokes tending downwards; on the
middle: part of the Breaft, and lower part of the Rump, isa yellowifh Caft or dun Co-
lour; and under the Shoulders is a black Spot, from which a black Line is drawn to the
Vent, . The prime Feathers of the Wings are twenty feven in number, the laft of which’
are afh coloured, and all the reft black, except the outer Edges of the eleven and twelve
which are: fomewhat cinereous, as are the under Sides of all of them; the Feathers of the
Baftard Wing are black; under the Baftard Wingis a great white Spot, alfo white Fea-
thers cover the Root of the Baftard Wing above, then a white Line is continued all along
the Bafis.or Ridge of the Wing as far as its fetting on; ten of the fecond Row of Wing
Feathers are black; then four or five have their exterior Borders white; and all the reft are
ath coloured; the Tail alfo is afh coloured, feven Inches long, and made up of twelve
Feathers. Its Billis great, ftrong, ftreight, from a thick Bafe gently lefiening into a fharp
Point; from the Tip to the Angles of the Mouth five Inches and a half long, of a brown-
ifh red Colour, in fome of a yellowifh green; the upper Mandible is a little longer than
the nether, and therein a Furrow or Grove imprefled, reaching from the Noftrilsto the
outermoft Tip; its Sides towards the Point are fomething rough, and as it were ferrate,
for the fafter holding of flippery Fifhes; the lower Mandible is more yellow, and the Sides
of bothare thinned into very fharp Edges; the Mouth gapes wide, the Tongue is fharp
and long but not hard; the Eye-lids, and that naked Space between the Eyes and the
Bill are green; the Noftrils are oblong narrow Chinks. The Legs and Feet are of a
fwarthy green Colour, and the Toes very long; the outermoft fore Toes are joined to the
middle by a2 Membrane below, and the inner Edge of the middle Claw is ferrate, which is
worthy of Notice; its Stomach is large and flaggy, rather membranous than mufculous,
asin carnivorous Birds; in which, when diffected, was found Ivy-/eaved Duckmeat ; the Guts
towards the Vent, where the blind Guts are fituate, are longer than in other Birds; it
hath not two blind Guts, one on each Side as in other Birds, but only one, like Quadru-
peds, but that bigger than ordinary ; the Gullet under the Chin is dilated into a great
Widenefs; in the middle of the merry Thought is an “pendix, and it hath a long Gall-
Bladder. Gefzer counts but eleven Vertebres in the Neck; but Mr. Wi/loughby hath ob-
ferved fifteen, of which the fifth hath a contrary Pofition; it feeds on Fithes, Frogs, Se.
and oftentimes ftrikes and wounds greater Fifhes than it can draw out or carry away. You
may bring up young Herons by feeding them with Guts and Entrails of Fifh and Fleth.
It fits fometimes with its Neck fo bent up, that its Head is drawn down to ftand between
its Shoulders. They build on the Tops of great Trees, and many of them together ;
there are Heronries in Eg/and where they are accuftomed to breed, which are yearly of

good Profit to the Owners.
The

a

Wi

4

E. Wtindel. lUrdeaStellarrs Bulir. The Bittern.

( 65 }

The Bittern. Ardea Stellaris. MW c Ma iia a
2 Pa.

Numb, LXVIII.

TS Length from the point of the Bill to the end of the Claws is thirty eight In-

ches: Its Head is fmall, narrow and compreffed on the Sides; the Crown black; at
the Angles of the Mouth on each. fide is a black Spot: The Throat and fides of the
Neck are red with narrow tranfverfe Lines; the Neck is cloathed with very long Fea-
thers, which makes it feem both fhorter and bigger than it is: The long Feathers on the
Breaft are black in their middles. The whole Bird is of a yellowifh brown variegated
with Spots and tranfverfe Lines of black; on the fore part of the Neck, Belly and Back
the Spots are much larger: The quill Feathers of the Wings are fhorter than in the
common Heron: The tips of the greater Feathers are black; the lefler Rows and covert
Feathers are of a paler Colour. ‘The Tail is very fhort, made up of ten Feathers of
the fame Colour with the Wing-Feathers.

Its Bill is ftreight, ftrong, thick at the Head, and growing flenderer by Degrees to
the Point, of a greenifh Colour, having fharp Sides or Edges: The Sides of the lower
Mandible fall within the upper, when the Mouth is fhut. ‘The upper Chap hath a long
Furrow or Channel excavated on each Side, wherein are the Noftrils. The Tongue is
fharp, not reaching {carce to the middle of the Bill; the Irides of the Eyes are yel-
low ; the flit of the Mouth is very wide, running beyond the Eyes to the hinder part
of the Head, fo that the Eyes feem to be fituate in the very Bill; under the Eyes the
Skin is bare of Feathers and of a green Colour; the Ears are great and wide open; the

- Shanks are bare a little above the Knees; the Feet green; the Toes great and very

long, armed alfo with long and {trong Talons; that of the middle Toe ferate on the in-
terior Edge, for the better holding Eels and other flippery Fith, as in the reft of this
kind. The back Claw is remarkably thick and long above the reft; the outermoft fore
Toe is join’d to the middlemoft at the bottom by a Membrane.

It begins to bellow about the beginning of February, and ceafes when breeding time
is over. It hides itfelf commonly among Reeds and Rufhes, with its Head erect. In
the Autumn after Sun-fet thefe Birds are wont to foar aloft in the Air with a fpiral
Afcent fo high till they get quite out of Sight, in the mean time making a fingular kind
of Noife nothing like to lowing.

It hath no Craw, only one blind Gut, like the reft of this kind, half an Inch long;
the Gullet juft below the Bill may be vaftly dilated, fo as to admit a Man’s Fift; in the
Stomach, when diffeted, was found the Fur and Bones of Mice. It builds upon the
Ground and commonly on a Tuft of Rufhes; lays four or five Eggs of a round Figure
and whitifh Colour, inclining to cinereous or green not fpotted at all, Mr. Rayis of O-
pinion that this is the Bird which the common People call the Night Raven, for it
flies in the Night and makes a hooping Noife,

§ The

( 66 )

at cdi
Wi ey A as The Stoue Curlew. Ocedicnemus.
J60-

Numb. LXIX.

‘TS Length from the Tip of the Billto the End of the Tail is eighteen

|. Inches, and to the End of the Claws twenty; its Breadth when the
Wings are extended is thirty fix Inches ; the Length of the Bill meafuring
from the Tip tothe Angles of the Mouth two Inches; the Bill is not much
unlike a Gu/l’s, but ftreight, fharp pointed, black as far as the Noftrils,
then yellow; the /vzdes of the Eyes and Edges of the Eye-lidsare yellow,
and under the Eyes is a bare {pace of a yellowifh green; the Legs are
long and yellow, and the Claws fmall and black; it hath only three fore
Toes, wanting the back Toe, all join’d together by a certain Membrane, —
which on the infide the middle Toe begins at the fecond Joint, on the
outfide at the firft, and reaches almoft to the Claws of the outer Toes ;
the Legs are very thick below the Knees, andthe upper Legs are above
half way bare of Feathers, which notes it to be a Water-fowl ; the Chin,
Breaft and Thighs are whitifh ; the Throat, Neck, Back and Head cove-
red with Feathers, having their middle Parts black, their Borders of a redith
afh Colour, like that of a Curlew, and is called by thofe in Norfolk the
Stone Curlew. In each Wing are about twenty nine quill Feathers; the
firft and fecond of which have a tranfverfe Spot of white, and their exte-
rior Surface black; the four next to thefe black; the three following have
their Bottoms and Tips white, then fuccéed thirteen black ones ; alfo thofe.
next the Body are of the fame Colour with it ; the firft Feathers of the
fecond Row are black, the reft have white Tips, and under the Tips a
crofs Line or Border of black. In the leffer Rows of Wing Feathers isa tranf-
verfe Bed or Bar of white; the covert Feathers of the under Side of the
Wings, efpecially thofe {pringing from the Shoulders are purely white ;
the Tail is five Inches long, confifting of twelve Feathers variegated like
thofe of the Body and Wings; the Guts great, the blind Guts three In-
ches long, and the fingle umbilical Gut half anInch. It breeds very late
in the Year; the young ones have been found not able to fly in the latter
End of O¢fober ; it is found common about Thetford in Norfolk, and its
Cry is like that of the Green Plover. I have obferved them to run {wift-
ly, and when they ftop, to ftand without any Motion of either Head or
Body for a good {pace of Time, not fo much as winking with their Eyes,

The

Wy)

Hi
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Mi

( 67)
The Woodcock. .Scolopax.
. Numb. LXX. -,

TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail isone Foot
and three Inches; Breadth when the Wings are extended two Foot one
Inch; Weight eleven Ounces and a quarter; the Bill is three Inches long:
Tt is fomething lefs than a Partridge; the upper Side of the Body is par-
ty-coloured of red, black and grey, very beautiful to behold; from the
Bill almoft to the middle of the Head, it is of a redifh afh Colour; the
Breaft and Belly are grey with tran{verfe brown Lines, under the Tail it is
fomewhat yellowifh; the Chin is white with a Tinéture of yellow; a
black Line on each Side betweenthe Eye and Bill;- the Back of the Head
is moft black with two or three crofs Bars of a teftaceous Colour. The prime
Feathers in each Wing are about twenty three, black croffed with red Bars ;
the Feathers under the Wingsare curioufly variegated with grey and brown
Lines; the Tail is three and three eight Parts of an Inch long, confifting
of twelve Feathers; the Tips of them are cinereous above, and white un-
derneath; their Borders or Outfides as it were indented with red ; the re-
maining Part black. The Billis dark brown towards the End, near the
Head paler or Flefh coloured; the upper Mandible a very little longer
than the nether; the Tongue nervous, the Palate rough, and the Ears

large and open. The Eyes ftand further back in the Head than in other
Birds, that they may not be hurt when fhe thrufts her Bill deep into the.

Ground; the Legs, Feet and Toesare of a pale dusky Colour ; the Claws
black, and the Back Toe very little, having alfo but a little Claw. ‘The
Liver is dividedinto two Lobes, having a Gall Bladder annexed; the Guts
are long and flender, and have many Revolutions ; the blind Guts are very
fhort. Thefe are Birds of Paflage, coming over to Hag/andin Autumn, and de-
parting again in the Beginning of the Spring, yet they pair before they go,
flying two together, a Male and a Female; they frequent efpecially moift
Woods and Rivulets near Hedges: They are faid both to come and fly
away in foggy Weather, and it is not rightly known where they go.

The Flefh of this Bird for Delicacy of its Tafte is in high Efteem, and
is preferred before the Partridge. Some Stragglers which by Accidentare
left behind, remain in England all Summer, and breed here ; their Eggs
are long, of a pale red Colour, and ftained with deep Spots and
Clouds.

The

Whe Legs

|
|
)

( 68 )

I. TS, if gl by | The Snipe, or Suite. Gallinago minor.

299-

Numb. LXXI.

TS Length from the Point of the Bill to the End of the Tail is twelve In-
chesand a quarter; its Breadth when the Wings are extended fixteen
Inches; Weight three Ounces and fix Drams: A pale red Line divides the
Head in the middle longways,and on each Side parallel thereto, a Lift of black,
and without the black over the Eyes, another Line of the fame Colour with
that drawn along the middle of the Head; between the Eyes and the Bill _

area dusky brown Line ; the Chin under the Bill is white; the long Fea-
thers fpringing from the Shoulders reach almoft to the Tail, having their
outward half from the fhaft of a pale red, the inner black and gliftering,
and their Tips red ; which Colours fucceeding one another, make two Lines
down the Back; the covert Feathers of the Back are dusky with tranf{verfe
white Lines; thofe incumbent on the Tail are red croffed with black Lines;
the greater covert Feathers of the Wings are dusky, with white Tips, the
lefler are party-coloured with black, red and grey, and the infide Coverts
are curioufly variegated with brown and white Lines. The quill Feathers
of the Wings are twenty four in Number, of which the outer Edge of the
outermoft is white almoft tothe Tip; of the fucceeding the Tips are fome-
thing white, but more clearly from the eleventh to the twenty firft, elfe
they are all brown, but the laft five are variegated with tranfverfe black
and pale red Lines. The Tail is compos’d of twelve Feathers two Inches
and a half long; the Tips of its outermoft Feathers are white, the reft of
the Feathers are varied with crofs Bars of brown, and grey or pale red Colour ;
the reft of the Tail Feathers are variegated with black, brown, red and white,
with fome dusky Spots, and are not exactly alike in all Birds; the Bill is al-
mioft three Inches long, black at the Tip, and fomewhat broad and cham-
fered; the Tongue is tharp, the /yzdes of the Eyesare hazel coloured ; the Legs
are of a pale green, the Talons black, the Toes long and feparated from the
firft Rife, without any Connection or Cohefion, and the back Toe is very
{mall. The Liver is divided into two Lobes, witha large Gall appendent;
the Stomachis not flefhy: Its Flefhis tender, fweet, and ofan excellent Relith.
It lives chiefly on the fat un&uous Humour it fucks out of the Earth ;
but feeds alfo on Worms and other Infe&ts. Some of thefe Birdsabide with -
us all the Summer, and build in our Moors and Marfhes, laying four or
five Eggs at a breeding Time: The greateft Part of them leave us, and

fly into other Countries; they feed in fenny Places and Drains of Wel
2 be

4

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( 69 )
The Ruff aud Reeve. Avis pugnax.
Numb. LXXII, and LXXIII.

FTS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is twelve

Inches and a half; Breadth when the Wings are extended twenty five
Inches; Weight fix Ounces; its Bill is one Inch and a half long, of a yel-
low Colour ; the fore-part of the Head is of a dufky cinereous Colour
{potted with red ; the upper part of the Ruff and Top of the Head is of a
pale buff Colour, and the under part black, asis alfothe Breaft; the lower
part of the Belly and Thighs are white; the Back and covert Feathers of the
Wings, and feveral of the quill Feathers next the Body, are of a pale
cinereous Colour fpotted with black, and the firft five or fix prime Fea-
thers of the Wings are all black. The Legs three Inches anda half to the
Knee are of an Orange Colour, and bare of Feathers more than half way above
Joint ; the back Toe {mall, the Claws black, and almoft ftreight: In the
Plumage of the Cocks there is fuch a wonderful and almoft infinite Vari-
ety in their Colours, that in Spring Time there can fcarce be found
any two exactly alike, but after Midfummer, when they have moulted
their Feathers, they fay they become all alike again. The Length of the
Female is nine Inches and a half; Breadth nineteen Inches; they are of 2
dark brown on the Head, Neck, Back and Wings {potted with black ;

SA /

the Belly and Thighs are white; the Legs and Feet are of an Orange

Colour; They never change their Colours ; their Stomach within is
yellow, and the Gall large. They breed in Summer in the Fens of
Lircolufhire about Crowland; they are fatted with white Bread and Milk,
being fhut up in clofe dark Rooms; for if you let them fee the Light, they
prefently fall a fighting, never giving over till the one has killed the other.
The Fowlers when they fee them intent upon fighting, fpread their Nets
overthem, and catch them before they are aware. ‘The Hens never have
any Ruffs, neither have the Cocks any immediately after moulting Time:
When they begin to moult, white Tumours break out about their Eyes
and Head. I had twelve of the Cocks brought to me, and every one va-
ried from the other in their Colours.

Foy.

(70 )

Hillagh by The Lapwing, or Baflard Plover. Capella five Vannellus.

Numb. LXXIV.

TS Length is thirteen Inches and a half; Breadth when the Wings are extended two
A Foot five Inches; Weight is feven Ounces and a half, and one Dram. The Top of the
Head above the Creft is of a fhining black; the Creft fprings from the hind Part
of the Head, and confifts of about twenty Feathers, of which the three or four fore-
moft are longer than the reft ; in fome Birds of three Inches Length, the Cheeks are white,
only a black Line drawn under the Eyes through the Ears; the whole Throat or under
Side of the Neck, from the Bill to the Breaft, is black, which black part fomewhat re-
fembles a Crefcent, ending in Horns on each Side the Neck; the Breaft and Belly are
white, as arealfo the covert Feathers of the under Side of the Wings ; the Feathers un-
der the Tail are of a lovely bright bay, and thofe above the Tail are of a deeper bay;
the Feathers next them are dufky with a certain Splendor ; the middle of the Back and the
f{capular Feathers are of a delicate fhining green, adorned with a purple Spot on each
Side next the Wings; the outermoft Edges of the Tips of the middlemoft of the long {ca-
pular Feathers are whitifh; the Neck alfo is of an afh Colour, with a Mixture of red,
and fome black Lines near the Creft. |The three or four outermoft quill Feathers of the
Wings are black with white Tips; the following to the eleventh are black, and from the
éleventh they are white at Bottom; the hindmoft are more in order than the fores
moft ; yet this white doth not appear in the upper Side of the Wing, but is hid by the
covert Feathers ; thofe next the Body from the twenty firft are green; the lefler covert
Feathers are beautified with purple, blue and green Colours varioufly intermixed; the
outermoft Feather on each Side is white, faving a black Spot in the exterior Web; the
Tips of all the reft are white ; the Bill is black, hard, roundifh, of an Inch in Length;
the upper Mandible a little more produced ; the Tongue not cloven; but its Sides reflect-
ing upwards make a Channel in the middle; the Noftrils are oblong, and furnifhed with a
flexile Bone; the Ears feem to be fituate lower in this than in other Birds, and the Eyes
are hazel coloured. The Feet are long and redifh, in fome brown ; the back Toe fmall,
and the outermoft fore Toe is joined to the middle one at the Bottom. The Liver 1s large,
divided into two Lobes, with a Gall annexed; the Gizzardisnot fo thick and flefhy as in
granivorous Birds, and therein was found Beetles like to Meal Worms ; they are fometimes
infefted with Lice. They lay four or five Eggs of a dirty yellow, with great Spots and
Stroaks of black: They build on the Ground, in the middle of fome Field or Heath open
and expofed to view, only laying fome few Straws or Bents above the Eggs, that the Neft
be not feen ; the young as foon as they are hatcht inftantly forfake the Neft, and follow
the old ones like Chickens. Thefe Birds are very ufeful in Gardens in the Summer time,
deftroying both Worms and Infects; and in Summer they fly notin Companies as in

Winter.

The

Ee at

ane A Sling
ee gle

pel.

Se

———=

Lhe Cree

WTS 2:

4
oa
:

i

(P70 ])

The Green Plover, \Pluvialis waists illu
Joe.

Numb. LXXV.

“JN Bignels it equals or exceeds the Lapwing, weighing about nine Oun-
I ces; its Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End ofthe Tail is
eleven Inches; Breadth when the Wings are extended twenty four Inches ;
its Colour on the Top of the Head, Neck, Shoulders, Back, and in pene.
ral the whole upper Side, is of a dark brown, thick fet with yellowith green
Spots. If you obferve each fingle Feather, you will find the middle part
to be dark brown, inclining to a black, and the Borders or Edges round about
{potted with a yéellowith green Colour; the Bill is fireight and black, an
Inch Jong, furrowed about the Noftrils ; ; the Neck is fhort, equal to a Lap-
wings; the Breaft isof a pale brown, fpotted with a littledeeper Shade
of the oe Colour ; the Belly is white, yet fome Feathers on the Sides
are faintly {potted with brown.

~~ OF the quill Feathers in each Wing the eleventh Ends in a blunt Point,
thofe before it running out into fharp Points onthe outfide the Shaft, thofe
behind it onthe infide ; all but the five next the Body are brown ; the Shafts
of the outermoft eight or nine are half way white; the exterior Edges of
the fifth and thofe following it are a little white towards their Bottoms ;
the innermoft five next the Body are of the fame Colour with the Backs
the fecond Row of Wing Feathers are brown, or dufky with white nies
the reft of the covert Feathers of the upper Side of the Wing are of the
fame Colour with the Back, thofe on the under Side, with the Belly; the
Tail is fhort, madeup of twelve Feathers of the fame Colour with the
Back, when fread, terminated in a circular Circumference.

The Feet and Claws are black ; it wantsthe back Toe; andby its Note
alone it is abundantly diftinguifhed from the other Birds of its Kind; its
Legs are long as in all other Birds which live about Waters, and bare of
Feathers for fome Space above the Knees; its Flefh is {weet and tender,
and therefore highly efteemed, and accounted a choice Difh as well in
England as beyond Sea, = T feed fon its Spots, fomething refembling
thoie of a Leopard, is called Pardalis.

The

lag hel

Yj Mug ply

509

C

(v2)

The grey Plover. Pluvialis cinerea.
Numb. LXXVL

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Tail

is twelve Inches long, to the Claws fourteen Inches;

Breadth when the W ings are extended twenty four Inches,

ts Head, Back, and lefler covert Feathers of the Wings are
black, with tips ofa greenifh grey ; the Chin is white, the
Throat, Breaft, Belly and Thighs white. The quill Fea-
thers in each Wing are about twenty fix, of which the firft

or outermoft are black ; in the fourth the middie Part of the
outer Edges is white, the white Part in the five following
being enlarged gradually ; the outermoft of the fecond Row
of Wing Feathers are alfo black ; the Tips of thofenext after
the fourth are white, and the Edges too after the tenth; of
the third Row the foremoft ten are black with white Tips ;
the Tail is three Inches long, not forked, varied with tranf-
verfe Bars or Beds of black and white. Its Bull is black,
above an Inch long, like to the reft of this kind ; the Tongue
not cloven, the back Toe very fmall, and the fore Toes join-
ed by a Membrane at the Beginning of their Divarication ;
that between the middle and innermoft leffer ; the Feet are
of afordid green, and the Claws little and black: It hatha
Gall. The Fleth alfo of this Bird is very tender, favoury
and delicate, and in no lefs Efteem than that of the former.

The

eee

SS

#. tibin del. Plucis neredt The Grey, Plover

RY

\\

ee

frei
WE

CL REI ORI Ar =) aT

(43)

The Water Rail. Rallus Aquaticus.
Numb. LXXVIL

TS like the common Vater Hen, but lefs, and bigger than a Quail; of
a flender, narrow or compreffed Body; from the Point of the Bill to the
End ofthe Tail is 12 Inches, and to the End of the Claws is fixteen Inches
long; Breadth fourteen Inches and a half; its Head is {mall, narrow or
compreffed fideways ; its Bill like the Raff's, about two Incheslong, ftreight,
_comprefied likewife fideways ; it is red, efpecially the lower Mandible and
lower part of the upper ; for toward the Top it is black, {mooth and hard;
the Tongue reaches to the very End of the Bill, and is white and rough
at the Tip; it hath a round, black, bald Spot, or naked Skin in the Fore-
head, but much lefs than that of the Coot, fo little that it is {carce obfervable,
The Colour of the Head, Shoulders, Back, covert Feathers ofthe Wings, in
fhort, the whole upper Side, is a Variety of black, dark brown and Olive
Colour, each fingle Feather having its middle part black, and its Edges O-
live coloured; the Chin is white; the Throat red, with a Mixture of afh
Colour ; the extreme Edges, and as it were Fringes of the Feathers being
a little grey ; the Breaft ismore blue, witha Bed of white in the middle ;
on the Thighs, and Sides under the Wings, grow black Feathers elegantly
variegated with tranfverfe white Lines; the Belly is ruffet, with white
Feathers under the Tail, like the common Moore Hen, marked with one or
two black Spots; the Wings are hollow, the Quill Feathers fhort, black, or
very near it, in number twenty two ; along the Bafis of the Wing is a Line
of white, as in the Moore Hen, the Tail is about two Inches long, of an ob-
{cure brown, fomewhat inclining to black, only the Edges of the two middle
Feathers are redifh ; the Legsand Feet are of a dark redifh brown, the Legs
being ftrong; the Toes, as in thereft of this kind, very long, divided from
the very Rife, except that the outer Toe is joined tothe middle by a Mem-
brane at the Bottom ; the Clawsare of the fame Colour with the Toes: It
had a great, long, crooked Gall-bladder, and a large Gall-pore, befides long
blind-Guts, filled with Excrements, and a mufculous Stomach, in which
was found a Shell Snail.

It runs very {wiftly, and hide sit felfabout the Banks of Rivers ; it walks
rather than {wims in the Water, and flies with its Feet hanging down. It is
called at Venice, Forzane or Porzana, a Name common to other Watere
Fens alfo.

U The

( 74)

The Sea-Pie, or Ole, Hzmatopus.
Fidtuyd y

297.

Numb. LXXVIII-

TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is one Foot
four Inches; Breadth when the Wings are extended, thirty Inches and
a half; Weight feven Ounces and a half; its Bill is ftreight, two Inchesand
a hale long, narrow, and comprefied fideways, ending in a fharp Point of
a red Colour; by its Figure the Bill feems to be framed by Nature to thruft
under Limpets, and to raife them from the Rocks, that fo it may feed
upon their Meat ; the upper Chap is a little longer than the nether ; the
drides of the Eyes, and Edges of the Eye-lids of a curious red Cdlours the
Legs and Feet yellowifh red, in fome Orange Colour; the Get ate
Toe and middle Toe are joined together by a Membrane: So that this Bird
feems to be of a middle nature between whole and cloven Footed; the
Claws were black, and the Head, Neck, Back and Throat to the middle
of the Breaft, are black; the reft of the Breaft and Belly white, as alfo
the Rump; from this Likenefs of Colour it took the Name of Sea-Pze. In
one Bird there wasa white Spot under the Chin, and another leffer under
each Eye.
_ The Tail is made up of twelve equal Feathers of four Inches long, the
lower half white, the upper black; the prime Feathers of each Wing are

about twenty eight, of which the firft is black, having only the interior .

Edge white; the reft in order, the white Part is enlarged, till inthetwen-
tieth and three following it takes up the whole Feather ; the fucceeding
from the twenty third grow gradually black again; the covert Feathers of
the middle Quills are white, and together make a tranfverfe Bed of white
in the Wing.

‘The Stomach is great, not mufculous, but membranous, in which dif-
feted were found Lzmpets entire, upon which it feems chiefly to feed and
live, as from the Make of its Bill was gathered before; it hath a great Li-
ver divided into two Lobes, with a Gall annexed, and a {mall Spleen; the
Cock differs from the Hen in Colour, and its Flefh is very black and hard,
having a rank Tafte, being very bad Meat, which is to be wondered at,
{eeing it feeds chiefly upon Shell-fith, as do alfo the beft relifhed and moft
favoury of Water-fowl. On the Coaft of Wales, and elfewhere on the
Weftern Shores of Egland, there is a great many of thefe Birds.

The

SSS
The Sea Pe ar Olt,

ane

;

tas)
The Curlew. Arquata.

Numb. LXXIX.

TS Length from the tip of the Bill to the end of the Claws is twenty
| nine Inches, to the end of the Tail twenty three and half; breadth,
when the Wings are extended, forty Inches. The Male is fomewhat lefs,
and commonly call'd, The fack Curlew. The middle parts of the Feathers
of the Head, Neck and Back are black; the Borders or Edges in the Breaft
white; in the Throat whitifh with a tin@ure of red; the Rump and Belly
white; the Feathers invefting the under fide of the Wing are all white;
the firft Row or outmoft Quill-Feathers are all over black; the reft {potted
with white: The firft Feather of the fecond Row is all black; the tips
of the eight or nine next are white. This Bird hath a fmall tharp-
pointed black Feather at the end of the Wing, which whether or no it
is to be reckon’d among the Quill-Feathers one may juftly doubt. Its
Bil! is fix Inches long, narrow, bowed of a dark brown or black Colour ;
its Tongue fharp and very fhort, extending not farther than the Angle of
the lower Chap; the Noftrils long; the Legs long, of a dufky blue Co-
lour, bare of Feathers half up the fecond Joint: The Claws are {mall
and black, that of the middle Toe thinned into an Edge on the infide; all
the Toes are conneted by a thick Membrane from the Divarication to the

firft Joint. It hath a great Gall-Bladder, with a long Neck extending to the

Gut, which concurs not in one common Paflage with the Gall-pore, but
enters the Gut at a diftinét Hole, tho’ near to that.

It hath a mufculous Stomach or Gizzard like granivorous Birds; in.
the Stomach of one was found Perriwinkle Shells, {mall Stones and Grit,
$c. In another Frogs, &c. The fingle blind Gut is very long; the com-
mon blind Gut three or four Inches long and full of Excrements; above
the Stomach the Gullet is dilated into a Bag, granulated within with thick.
fet papillary Grandulets. :

- This Bird for the Goodnefs and delicate Tafte of its Flefh may juftly chal-
lenge the principal place among Water-Fowl: Of this our Fowlers are
not ignorant and therefore fell them dear. It is a Sea-Fowl, feeking its
Food on the Sands and Ouze and in Salt-Marfhes: It is found on the Sea-
Coafts on all fides of England. | 3

The

Niellughe
294 <

(76)

Willies fe by The Sea Lark. Charadrius.

0.

Numb. LXXX.

'TS Length from the point of the Bill to the end of the-Tail is eight Inches ; Breadth,

when the Wings are extended, one Foot three Inches and a quarter; Weight one
Ounce thirteen Drams; a Line of Black compafles the Bafe of the upper Bill; this black
Line from the Corners of the Mouth is produced round the Eyes as far as the Ears, and
then turns up and paffes crofs the middle of the Head, encompaffing a broad Bed or
Fillet of white drawn from the inner Corner of one Eye to the inner Corner of the
other. The hinder part of the Head is afh Colour’d; the Chin white ; the Neck encom-
paffed by a double Ring or Collar; the upper one white, which underneath reaches as
far as the Bill, and under the Chin is dilated almoft to the Eyes; the lower black and pretty
‘broad: The Back and leffer covert Feathers of the Wings are of a brownifh ath Colour;
the Breaft and Belly white.

The outermoft of the Quill-Feathers of the Wings is black, on the middle of the
Shaft only {potted with white, which Colour fpreads it felf gradually and continually
more and more.in the following Feathers, infomuch that the twentieth and twenty firft
are wholly white; thofe next the Body are of the fame Colour with the Back ; the Fea-
thers of the fecond Row have white Tips, excepting the foremoft or outermoft. The
outermoft Feathers of the Tail on each Side are white, as alfo the tip and exterior half
of the next; of the three following only the Tips: The two middlemoft are of the fame
Colour with the Back or a little darker: The Tail is two Inches and a half long, made
up of twelve Feathers, of which the two outermoft are the longeft ; the reft of the in-
terior Feathers fhorter in degrees. ;

The Bill is fhort, fcarce an Inch long; the upper Mandible a little longer and fome-
what crooked, of two Colours in fome and in others black; the Tongue is not divided ;
the Eyes hazel colour’d: The Legs and Feet of a pale orange Colour; the Claws black ;
it wants the back Toe; the outermoft of the fore Toes is join’d to the middlemoft by a
Membrane reaching to the firft Joint: The Stomach hath not very thick Mufcles, in it,
when diffeGted, was found Beetles; the Gall-Bladder is large.

It builds on the Sea-Rocks, making its Neft of Grafs, Straws, and Stalks of Plants;
its Eggs are of a greenifh Colour fpotted with brown, all the blue end being dufky. Ie
runs very {wiftly on the Shoars, and makes fhort Flights, finging or crying continually
as it flies. It is with us in England every where very common upon the Sea-Coafts; it
is alfo about the Lake of Geneva, and on the Banks of the River Trent not far from
Nottingham.

This Bird is the very fame which Marggravius defcribes Book V. Chap. 5. by the
Name of Matuztuz, as he faith the Braflians call it, as will clearly appear to him that
fhall but compare them together; fo that it feems there are {ome Birds common to Eu-
rope, and evento the Southern Parts of America. Leonard Baltner defcribes and pictures
two forts of this Bird; perchance his leffer kind is that which the Wekb call Goligod
and fay is like a Sea-Lark, but lefs. é

The

rm

DELLE

Monette de iter.

OL

Albin detin. yates, BS Z —— : VES (rested lage

(92 ) bille 9g a bj
The Crefted Diver. Colymbus criftatus. Ge
Numb. LXXXI.

oe Length from the Tip of the Bill to the end of the
Claws is twenty four Inches; Breadth thirty three In-
ches ; Weight two Pound five Ounces and a half.

‘The Bill 1s two Inches and a quarter long, both Man-
dibles where it joins to the Head tinétured with a redifh
Colour ; the Creft black, beneath redifh brown, ending ina
_ faint cinereous white towards the Eyes; the upper Part of
the Neck is adorned with a Ruff or Collar of Feathers feem-
ing much bigger than what it 1s, ending in black; the back
Part of the Neck, Back and Wings are of a dark brown in-
clining to black, excepting fome of the exterior Edges of
the quill Feathers which are white.

The Breaft and Belly are ofa whitifh afh Colour, and the
lower part brown; it hath no Tail at all; the Legs broad
and flat, and the Toes arebroad bordered on each Side with
appendent Membranes, but not web’d together, of a pale
green Colour, clouded in fome places with a redifh brown.

The hind Toe ts very little, and the Claws broad and flat,
like the Nails of a Man’s Hand.

x The

a |

(7a)

Y, Mug gh by The Greateft Speckled Diver. Colymbus maximus Caudatus.

F4l

Numb. LXXxIl.

TS Length from the Point of the Bill to the End of the Clava is thirty
-one Inches, tothe Tail is twenty eight; Weight thirty fix Ounces ;
the Length of its Bill is three Inches.
"This Bird feems to be of a middle Nature between whole footed Birds
with four Toes, and thofe with three ; it is near as big as a Goofe, long
bodied, hath a round Tail two Inches long; the upper part of the Neck
next the Head is covered.-with Feathers fo thick fet, that.it {eems to be big=
ger than the Head it felf.
~ The Colour of the upper part, viz. the Neck, Shoulders, covert Feathers
of the Wings, and whole Back, is a dark grey or dusky, pointed or fpeck-

led with white: Spots : Thefe Spots are bigger upon the long {capular Fea-

thers. and.Coyerts of the Wings,.and fmaller in.the middle'of the. Back.
The lower part of the Neck, Breaft and Belly are white ; the Number of
quill Feathers in each Wing are about thirty, fhort anil black; it hath a
very fhort Tail like a Duck, made up of at leaft twenty evicce: its Bill
is ftreight and fharp like that of the Guillemot, both Mandibles black or li-

vid, covered with Feathers down to the Noftrils; it is whole Footed, and —
hes very long fore Toes, efpecially the outermoft; the back Toe is very

fhort and little; its Legs are of a mean Length, Ane ee and broad like
the Ends of Gans: ; the exterior Surface is brown, and the interior livid or

pale blue; the Claws broad like human Nails : The Legs are fituate very.

backwards, fo that it feems not able to walk unlefs erected perpendicular-
ly on the Tail. It hath no Labyrinth upon the Wind-Pipe: The Liveris
divided intotwo Lobes, and hatha Bladder to contain Gall; above the Sto-
mach the Gullet is dilated into a kind of Craw; the Throat is very loofe
and dilatable; the Guts large, efpecially towards the Stomach.

The Stomach is lefs mufculous thanin the Bird fhot on the River Tame
in Warwick{bire, and defcribed by Mr. /Vlloughby. ‘Thefe Birds differ one
from another in Colours; for fome of them have a Ring about their Necks ;
their Back, Neck and Head blacker, and painted with little white Lines,
others want the Ring, and have the upper Side of their Bodies more afh
coloured or grey, varied with white Specks, and not Lines; perhaps thefe
are the Hens, and the other the Cocks. This Bird I had: from Newgate
Market, brought hither with other Wild Fowl.

é

Cotymtlus Maacimus Caudalis wil iechlda Dies o7 Len

(79)
The Bald Coot. . Fulica.
Numb, LXXXII.

TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is eighteen
Inches; Breadth when the Wings are expanded, two. Foot feven In-
ches ; Weight thirty one Ounces; the Bill is one Inch and a half long,
is white, with a light Tin€ture of blue, fharp pointed, and a little compref-
fed or narrow ; both Mandiblesequal; the Feet are blewith, or-of a dusky
ereen ; the back Toe little, with one only Membrane adhering, and that

not fcallop’d, but extending all the Length of the Toe; the innerfore Toe

is a little fhorter than the outer, but all the Toes are longer than in whole
Footed Birds; about the Joints of the Tces are Semi-circular Membranes
appendent; on the inner Toe two, on the middle three, and on the outer
four. ‘Thefe circular Membranes are bigger, and more diftinG on the in-
fide of the Toes ;. fo.that the intermediate Incifures.or Nicks reach to the
very Joints. ‘This may be thus briefly exprefied; the three fore Toes have
Jateral Membranes on each Side fcalloped, the inner with‘two, the middle
Toe with three, and the outer with four Scallops; from the Bill almoft to
_ the Crown of the Head, arifes an Excrefeency or Lobe of Flefh, bare .of
Feathers, foft, {mooth and round, which they call the Baldnefs; the Fea-
thers about the Head and Neck are low, foftand thick ; the Colour all over
the Body black, deeper about the Head; the Breaft and Belly are of a lead
Colour ; the Thighs covered with Feathers almoft down tothe Knees, and
juft beneath the Feathers is a Ring of yellow about the Leg; the firft ten
quill Feathers are of a dark, dufky or black Colour, the eight next are
lighter, with white Tips, and the laft or thofe next the Body are of a deeper
black: The Tail confifts of twelve Feathers, and is two Inches long,

The Liveris great, dividedinto two Lobes, having a large Gall-bladder ;
the blind Guts are nine Inches long, their Ends for an Inch’s Space being
reflected or double backwards: It builds its Neft of Grafs, broken Reed,
&c. floating on the Top of the Water; fo that it rifes and falls together
with the Water. The Reeds among which it is built ftop it from being
carried down by the Stream: It feldom fits upon Trees. The Flefh is not
accounted good Meat, but in Jta/y it is moft efteemed. |

The

F20-

7 CSR
The Guillemot, or Sea Hen.

Yi .Llugpe 3 Numb, LXXXIV.

g27.

T is almoft as big as the common Duck; its Length from the End of the
Bill to the End of the Tail is eighteen Inchesand a half; the Breadth
when extended two Foot fix Inches; the Head, upper fide of the Neck,
Back, Wings and Tail, and befide the Chin alfo, as far as the middle of
the Throat, are of a dark brown or blackifh Colour; its Belly, Breaft, and
the reft of its Throat are white ; the Tips of the eleven foremoft or out-
ermoft Wing Feathers of the firft Row are white ; the Tail is two Inches
long, confifting of twelve Feathers, the middlemoft of which is the long-
eft, and the reft fhorter by Degrees to the outermoft. |

The Skin of the Stomach within is yellow; the Gall-bladder large, and
the Tefticles in the Males large, from which the feminal Veflels with vari-
ous Windings and Refeétions tend to the Vent.

It lives and companies together with the Avks and Coulternebs, breeding
after the fame Manner, and in the fame Places, but a much fimpler Bird,
and more eafily taken.

Tt breeds yearly on the fteep Cliffs and inacceffible Rocks of the Ifle of
Man, \ikewife on the Ifland or Rock call’d Godreave, not far from Sz. ves
in Cornwall; alfo on Prefibolm land, about a League diftant from Beau-
maris in the Ile of Anglefey, where for want of frefh Water there are no
Inhabitants nor any Buildingsremaining, fave an old ruinous Chapel de-
dicated to St. Svrzczan. ‘This Bird alfo frequents and builds on the Farz-
4fland, near the Coaft of Northumberland, and the Clifts about Scarborough
in York/bire, in the Summer Months,

This lays the biggeft Eggs of all thiskind, more than three Inches long,
very fharp at one end, and blunt at the other, of a bluifh green Colour,
fome varied with black Spots or Strokes, and fome without any.

Some of thefe Birds vary in Colour, the Back of fome of them being
very black, others of a brown or bay Colour.

The

ae a >

co“,

Ray De Aciy) deta Hebe aaa

( 81 ) e

The Greenland Dove. - Columba Groenlandica.

Numb. LXXXV.

2 fos Bird is about the Bignefs of a Pigeon, and the
Cock is all black except a large white Spot inclining
to yellow on the middle of each Wing; the Bill is black,
fharp pointed, and a little crooked at the End, and promi-
nent ; it hath in each Wing twenty fix quill Feathers.

This Bird is looked upon to be the fame with that they
call the Greenland Dove in Holland, and the Puffimet of the
Farne Iflands, which they fay is of the Bignefs ofa Dove ; its
whole Body is black in the Summer time, excepting the
white Spot on the Wings, but in the Winter 1t turneth white ;
it has a fharp Bill, and it builds its Neft in the Holes of the
Rocks, and lays two Eggs: It is thought to be the fame
with the Turtle of the Rafs [land near Edinburgh in Scot-
land, the Names and Bird very much agreeing. The Rea-
fon of giving it the Name of the Dove or Turtle, is from its
laying but two Eggs atone Time. —

The Legs of the Cock are red, thofe of the Hen of a
brownith Ath, both wanting the back Toe ; the Hen hath not
the white Spot on the Wing; the Head, Neck, Back and
W ings are ofa dark brown inclining to black, and the whole

Belly white.

FI.

r ( 82 )

hillush by Lhe Soland Goofe. Anfer Baffenus.

Numb. LXXXVI.

TS Length from the Point of the Bill to the End of the Tail is two Foot four Inches
and a quarter ; Breadth when the Wings are extended three Foot fix Inches; Weight
two Pound fifteen Ounces; in Bignefs it equals the tame Goo/e.

Its Bill is three Inches and a half long, ftreight, of a dark afh Colour, a little crooked
at the Point, having on each Side, not far from the Hook, anangular Appendix or Tooth,
like the Bills of fome rapacious Birds; beyond the Eyes the Skin on the Sides of the Head
is bare of Feathers, as in the Cormorant ; the Palate, and all the Infide of the Mouth is
black, and the Slit of the Mouth is wide ; at the Angle of the Upfilon-like Bone is a very
{mall Tongue ; the Ears of amean Size, and the Eyes hazel coloured ; it has no Noftrils,
but in their ftead a Furrow extended on each Side through the whole Length of the Bill;
the Edges of both Mandibles appear ferrate, that it may hold firmly the Fith it catcheth ;
it hath four Toes all web’d together and ftanding forward, and the Leg, from the Knee-
Joint to the End of the outward fore Claw, which is the longeft, is fix Inches ; it is
feathered down to the Knees, and both Legs and Feet, as far as they are bare, is black;
the Claw of the middle Toe is broad and pectinated on the infide as in Herons ; the Plu-
mage is like that of a Gao/e; the Colour of them when they have moulted their Chicken
Feathers is all over white, excepting the greater quill Feathers of the Wings which are
black: In the old ones the Feathers on the Top of the Head, Neck and Back have a yel-
lowifh Caft.

The young ones are party-coloured of white, dark brown, or black, on the upper
Parts of their Bodies ; the Number of quill Feathers in cach Wing is about thirty two,
and the Tail is made up of twelve Feathers about feven Inches long.

The blind Guts are very fhort, fcarce any Footftep remaining of the Channel convey-
ing the Yolk intothe Guts.

Thefe Birds breed in the Bafs Ifland in Scotland, and no where elfe, huge Numbers
coming yearly thither, and each Female lays only one Egg.

Upon this Ifland the Birds being never fhot at or frightned, are fo confident as to alight
and feed their young ones clofe by you; they feed only upon Fifh, yet are the young
Gee/fe counted a great Dainty by the Scots, and fold very dear; the Lord of the Ifle making
great Profits of them yearly.

They come in the Spring, and go not away till the Autumn; whither they go, and
where they winter is not known.

Thefe Birds are very induftrious and dextrous in catching Fifth; by which the People
of the Ifland are fupplied with frefh Fith all the Summer.

S
S

Feb

~

( 83 ))
The Goofander. Merganfer.
Numb, LXXXVIL.

TS Weight is four Pound ; its Length from the Tip of the Bill to the
End of the Tail twenty eight Inches ; its Breadth when extended for-
ty Inches; the Body is long, the Back broad and flat, and the Head and
upper part of the Neck is of a dufky yellowith brown, as is alfo the Creft;
the lower back part of the Neck, Pinion of the Wing, Back, and upper
Side of its Tail is of a dark cinereous Colour, inclining toa muddy brown;
the fore part of the Neck, Breaft, Belly, and under part of the Tail, are
of a faint filvery yellow, or Ifabella Colour ; the Tail is made up of eighteen
Feathers. Each Wing hath about twenty fix prime Feathers, the ten out-
ermoft black, and the four next alfo black, but tipt with white; the five
fucceeding white with their Bottoms black, and the remaining fix or feven
next the Body white, with their exterior Edgesblack; in the fecond Row
of the Wing, thofe incumbent on the white quill Feathers are white from
the Tips to the middle, beneath black; from thence as far as the Baftard
Wing areall white, but between thofe white ones, and the long {capular Fea-
thers, fome black ones intervene ; whence if you take the long fcapular
Feathers which cover the Back, and fore part of the Wing, the Wings will be,
as Aldrovandus defcribes them, black towards the Back, next white, with a
certain palenefs ; then black again, but more remifsly ; after thatagain white.
The Bill meafured from the Tip to the Corners of the Mouth exceeeds
the Length of a Man’s middle Finger; the lower Mandibleis of a yellowith
brown, the upper Mandible fomewhat darker inclining to black, and
hooked, both upper and lower toothed on both Sides like a Saw, and the
Tongue and Palate yellow; the Ears are round, the Noftrils large, and the
Tvides of the Eyes of a fanguine Colour; the Legs and Feet are red, the
back Toe broad, with an appendant Membrane, and it hath a huge bony
Labyrinth on the Wind-Pipe, juft above the Divarications; and befides, the
Wind-Pipe hath two Swellings, one above the other, each refembling a
Powder Puff, and out of one there was taken Sprats.

The Stomach is fcarce mufculous; out of which was taken a Roach and
an Eel; it hatha Gall-bladder, and the blind Guts were three Incheslong,
and full of Excrements. ‘The Flefh is not wholefome, having a fifhy un-
pleafant Tafte.

The

Miligh G
STS.

.

( 84)
The Wezel Coot.
_ Numb. LXXXVIIL

TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail, or Legs, is
J feventeen Inches; Breadth when the Wings are expanded two Foot
three Inches anda half; it weighs twenty four Ounces, and is about the
Bignefs of a Teal.

The Bill is black, the upper Mandible fomething longer than the lower,
both ferrate, the upper fitting into that of the lower when clofed.

The Top of the Head is brown, it hath a black Spot reaching from the
Bill beyond the Eyes ; under the Eyes is a Spot of white like a Star; the up-
per Side of the Neck, Back and Tail are of a dusky brown, inclining toa
black, and the under Side of the Neck, Breaft and Belly white. :

The Wings have twenty three quill Feathers each, the firft fourteen of
which are black, and the feven following are white; the twenty fecond
hath its exterior Web white, and the interior black; the twenty third all”
black, and the upper covert Feathers of the Wings are white.

The Tail is made up of fixteen Feathers of a dusky Colour, the middle-
moft being the longeft, and fo fhorter by Degrees on each Side, ees
a Semicircular Circumference when fpread.

The Tongue is redifh, flefhy and channelled in the middle, ending ina
thin filmy cabfance:

The Legs and Toes are ofa pale Orange Colour, in fome black; the Mem-
brane connecting the Toes isblack; the outer fore Toe equal ith, the middle
Toe, having four Joints, the middleman three, and inner fore Toe buttwo
Joints ; the. hind Toe is large and flat, having a broad lateral Membrane an-
nexed to it.

Thefe Birds, when fat, are equal to the 7ea/ in Tafte and Goodnef.

The

(3's?)

The Smew. Albellus.
Numb. LXXXIX.

T weighs about twenty four Ounces ; its Length from the Point of the Bill to the
| End of the Tail is eighteen Inches and a half; its Breadth when extended is twenty
feven Inches. :

Its Head and Neck is white, except a black Spot under the Creft, which it hath
hanging down backward from behind its Head, encompaffing the Creft, and ending in an
acute Angle below, and another on each Side extending from the Angles of the Mouth to
the Eyes ; the Breaft, Belly and under Side are white ; the Back and Wings are black and
white, 2greeably mixed on each Side, with feveral arcuate Lines of black, half incircling
the Neck, refembling half a Collar.

The Tail is dufky, between ath coloured and black, compofed of fixteen Feathers three
Inches and a halflong ; the middle Feathers are longeft, the reft on each Side gradually fhor-
tening to the outermoft.

The Bill is ofa cinereous or Lead Colour, but at the Tip of each Mandible is a Spot of
fordid white ; it is thicker at the Head, growing flenderer by degrees towards the Point,
and narrower and lefs than the Duck-kind; the upper Mandible is hooked at the End, and
toothed on the Sides ; the Noftrilsare oblong, open, and at a good Diftance from the Fea-
thers ; the Eyes are ofa dark Colour; the Legs of a dark Lead Colour, the Toes being join’d
by a dufky Membrane; the foremoft Toe and back Toe have lateral appendant Mem-
branes reaching their whole Length.

The Wind-Pipe at the Divarication ends in a great, ftrong, bony Veflel, which is cal-
led a Labyrinth, whence proceed the two Branches tending to the Lungs : This Bird hath

Ba

but one blind Gut, which isfhort and blunt ; the Wind-Pipe is faftned to the upper Angle

of the Merry-thought, by a tranfverfe Ligament, and then afcends upwards to the Laby-
rinth; it feeds upon Fithes.
_ It hath a large Gall, oblong Tefticles, and the Guts have many Revolutions ; the Sto-
mach is larger than in graniverous Birds, and lefs mufculous, in which you will commonly
find Fithes. :
The whole Head and Cheeks of the Female are red or fulvous, andthe Throat white;
on the Beginning of the Breaft above the Craw, there is feen as it were a Collar of a dar-
ker or brown Colour, and it hath no Creft; all the upper Side except the Wings is of a
dufky afh Colour, or brown ; about the middle of each Wing are two tranfverfe white Lines ;
and in all other Particulars it agrees with the Male.
They feldom come into Ezgland but in hard Winters, and then not in large Flocks,
but three or four together,

Z The

( 86 )
Ne / Lug by The Wild Goofe. Anfer Ferus.
3p pe Numb. XC.

TS Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End.of the Tail is two

Foot eleven Inches; Breadth when the Wings are extended five Foot;
the Length of the Neck from the Tip of the Bill to the fetting on of the
Wings is feventeen Inches ; its Weight is feven Pound anda quarter; the
Bill two Inches and three quarters; the back part of its Head, Neck and
Back, and generally its whole upper Side, excepting the Feathers incum+
bent on the Tail, is of a dark brown, yet the uppermoft covert Feathers
of the Wings are of a bluifh afh Colour; the fecond, third and fourth
Rows of Wing Feathers, and likewife the fcapular ones, have white Edges

about their Tips; the Feathers alfo next the Tail are purely white: The ~

Quills of the Wings are twenty feven in Number, of a dark brown almoft
black: The Tail is fix Inches long, compofed of eighteen brown Feathers,
having their Tips and exterior Edges white ; the Colour of the Breaft and
under Side of the Body is a light grey, inclining to brown, by degrees
lighter from the Head to the Tail, under which it is perfectly white ; the
Bill is of a dark Orange or Saffron Colour, and the Tip a light yellow :
The upper Mandible all along is toothed or indented with many Rows of
{mall Teeth, and the nether only with one Row on each Side ; the Tongue
alfo hath on either Side a Row of Teeth in its bordering Membrane ; its
Legs and Feet are of a Saffron Colour, its Claws black or livid, and un-
der each Eye is a whitifh Line. !

sre
Dig

The

us sais!

Unser ferus oy Oye Sauvage ,

The Wild Gorse -

Tapped AR eee kee
7 Sates

(87 )
The Spautfh Goofe, or Swan Goofe. Anfer cygnoides.

Numb. XCI.

in Weight iseight Pound and a half; its Length from
the Tip of its Bull to the End of its Tail, three Foot fe-
ven Inches; Breadth four Foot eleven Inches ; the Back is
of a dark grey mixed with redifh brown, the Belly whitith,
and the Throat and Breaft of a pale redifh brown; a Line
or Lift of dark brown runs all along the Ridge of the Neck,
from the Head to the Back; the Billis black, from the Root
of which arifes a Knob or Bunch hanging over it, whichin
the Males and old Birds is very large; a Line or Fillet of
white between the Eyes and Billadorns the Head ; the Tail
is of the fame Colour with the Back and Wings, the Tips of
the Feathers in fome of them being whitith; the Feet are of
an Orange Colour, and in fome the Bill too, and the back
Toe is little: Itis a ftately Bird, walking with the Neck
erected. They frequently couple with our tame Gee/fe, and
produce a Baftard kind between both; they are excellent
Meat when young and fat, being of a different and plea-
fant Tafte from that of the common Goofe.

The

( 88 )

The Canada Goofe. Anfer Canadenfis.

or ho fell uvoembopod Numb. XCII.

“2.4 1S Length from the Point of the Bill to the End of the
cp phi at es A Vail is two Foot two Inches; the Breadth when the
Lue u tbe Wings are extended four Foot feven Inches; Weight five
hh fernacé-Pound ; the Bill from the Point to the Angles of the Mouth
o Clak4 — one Inch and a quarter, of a black Colour; the fore part
Aernacl ap ““> of the Head, round the Eyes, and under the Chin, are of
ae a pale buff Colour ; the back part of the Head, Neck, Back,

and upper part of the Tail are black; the Belly and Thighs —
are white, as‘is alfothe under Side of the Tail and Rump;
the whole Wing is of a dark grey, excepting the exterior
Edges and Ends of the quill Feathers, which is:black, as are
alfo the Ends of the upper covert Feathers of the Wings;
the Eyes are hazel coloured, the Irides of the Eyes white ;
the Legs and Feet black, having the hind Toe... This Bird
Thad from Newgate Market ; 1t was fhot with other Wild-
Fowl! which was brought to that Place. I alfo received
one from Mr. Lilly of Cew-green which was fhot on the Ri-
ver Thames near Brentford in Maiddlefex, they are very
good when taken young and in Flefh. Sir Robert Abdy
was pleafed to fend me one of thefe Birds fhot on the River
ee Thame in Cambridgefhire.

The |

Vp LULEM

SE

=z

UG d

geilemds1s

Mp.
ie
Yi)

Fe ak abieiegetf adnan meee aaa
gare withentii nin pres rene
Cs oe ashes Be

ca 1

( 89 }
The. Brent Goofe: Brenta.

Numb. XCIIL.

ie Length is twenty five Inches from the Tip of the Bill
to the End of the Tail; the Breadth when the Win gsare
extended three Foot feven Inches anda half; Weight ieee
Pound ten Ounces; the Head, Neck, and upper Part of the
Breat{t are a dark ath inclining to black, and in fome of
them about the middle of the Neck, on each Side, is a fmall
_ Spot or Line of white, which together appear like a Ring
of white ; the Back is fomething darker than that of the com-
mon Goofe ; ‘the Feathers nen to the Tail are white; the
Breaft is ofa dark grey, and the lower Belly white; the
Tail, and greater quill Feathers of the Wings black, and the
~ Ieffer of a dark grey; the Bill is {mall sal black, an Inch
and three quarters long, thicker towardsthe Head, and flen-
der towards the Tip; the Eyes hazel coloured, the Noftrils
great, and the Feet black, having the back Toe.

Mr. Ray is of the Opinion that. the Brent Goofe differs
fpecifically from the Barnacle, however, Writers of Hiftory

Millia ghey
Ga ae

of Birds confound them, and make thete Words fynoni-

mous; he having feen both the Kinds in His Majefty’s Park
at SZ. tames’s, alfo one of the Bodies {tufted of the Breut Gogfe
at Mr. Fohufon’s at Brignal in Yorkfhire, and that of the
Barnacle in Sir William Fofter’s Hall at Bamburgh in Nor-
thumberland.

See Aldrovandus Oruithologea, Book IMI. Chap. 37. and
Book XLX. Chap. 37.

| ge)
The Sheldvake, or Burrough-Duck. Vulpanfer.
Numb. XCIV.

“TS Weight is forty eight Ounces ; its Length from the End of the Billto the End of -

the Tail is twenty feven Inches ; Breadth between the Wings when extended is forty

ene Inches; its Bignefs is between a Goofe and a Duck; the Bill is fhort, broad, turning

a little upwards, broader at the Tip, of a red Colour, the Noftrils and Tip or Hook ex-
cepted, which are black; at the Bafe of the upper Mandible, near the Head, is an ob-
long carnous Bunch or Knob ; the Head and upper Part of the Neck are of a dark green
fhining like Silk, which at a diftant View looks black; the reft of the Neck and Region of
the Craw white ; theupper Part of the Breaft and Shoulders of an orange or bright bay
Colour, and the fore part of the Body is encompafled with a broad Ring of this Colour
along the middle of the Belly, from the Breaft to the Vent, runs a broad black Line, and
behind the Vent under the Tail, the Feathers are of a pale Orange Colour; the reft of
the Breaft, Belly, under Side of the Wings, and middle of the Back are white ; the long
{capular Feathers are black, and all the Wing Feathers, as well quill as coverts, excep-
ting thofe onthe outermoft Joint, are white.

-Each Wing hath about twenty eight quill Feathers ; the ten foremoft or outermoft are
black, as’are thofe of the fecond Row incumbent on them, except their Bottoms; above
thefe towards the Ridge of the Wing, grow two Feathers white below, having their Ed-
ges round about black ; the next twelve Quills, as far as they appear above their covere
Feathers, are white on the infide the Shaft, and on the Outfide tin¢tured with a dark fhin-
ing green; the next three on the infide the Shaft are white, on the Outfide have a black
Linenext the Shaft, the remaining part being tin@tured with an Orange Colour ; the twenty
fixth Feather-is white, having its outer Edge black.

The Tail hath twelve Feathers white, and tipt with black, except the outermoft which
are all white.

‘The Legs and Feet are of a pale red or FlefhColour, the Skin being fo pellucid, that
the Tract of the Veins may eafily be difcerned through it. .

It hath as it were a double Labyrinth at the Divarication of the Wind-Pipe: Its Fleth
is not very favoury nor delicate although formerly efteemed, their Food is chiefly Water
Infects. ;

They are found about feveral Lakes and Rivers near the Sea Coaft of England and Wales,
but chiefly in Lanca/hire and Effex.

They are called by fome Burrow Ducks becaufe they build in Coney Borroughs, by others
Sheldrakes becaufe they are party-coloured ; and by others Berganders, which name is in
Aldrovandus, Book 19. C. 19. They love their young, and feem to imitate the Partridge
in leading the Fowler from them.

The

SS.

= Soh
LTE

aa (GRE : CG,
FE Z a MEE Cares

SAR OME EY ab ey heen

|

unr" fost
“ee aut

; Nagano "ni
Mywand

ty ¥f
hy
Patol

E dlbin delin. dns Lileoula Za (anmarda Crepe Tow. The Black Crested Puck.

( 91)

Numb. XCV.

TS Weight is thirty two Ounces ; its Length from the Tip of the
Bill to the End of the Tail is feventeen Inches and three quarters ;
the Breadth when the Wings are extended thirty Inches; the Bill from
the Tip to the Corners of the Mouth is about two Inches long, broad,
of a pale blue Colour, all but the Tip, which is black; the Feathers of
the Forehead defcend down the middle of the Bill in a Peak or Angle;
the Noftrils are great, and placed at fome Diftance from the Plumage ;
the Jrides of the Eyes are ofa yellow or Gold Colour; the Ears {mall, as is
common in all Water-Fowl; the Head, efpecially the Crown, is of a dark
purple, inclining to black, or rather a Mixture of black with fome purple;
at Venice and other places in /taly, it is called Capo Negro; it hath a
Creft or Crop hanging down backwards from the Head an Inch and a
half long ; the Colour of the Neck, Shoulders, Back, in fine, the whole
upper part, is a dark brown, almoft black.

The Wings are fhort, and all the covert Feathers black ; the four outer-
moft Quills of the fame Colour with the Body, the fucceeding by de-
grees whiter; the fecond Decade or middle Quills are purely white, ex-
cept their Tips which are black; the nextfix are wholly black, and the
Tail is very {hort compofed of fourteen black Feathers. The nether Side
of the Neck, and fore Part of the Breaft are black, and the reft of the Breaft
and Belly as far as the Vent, of a white or filver Colour; the lower the
darker ; behind the Vent it is black, the lateral Feathers covered by the
Wings when clofed; thofe on the Thighs, and the under covert of the
Wings are white ; the interior Baftard Wing confifts of fix white Feathers;
the Legs are fhort and fituate backwards ; the Feet of a livid or dark Lead
Colour, the Webblack, and the Toes long. |

The Body is fhort, thick, broad, and fomething compreffed or flat ;
the Wind-Pipe hath its Labyrinth ; the Liver is divided into two Lobes,
having a Gall annexed; the Gizzard is compofed of thick Mufcles, and.
therein was found nothing but fmall Stones and Sea Wreck.

The

FOR.

The Tufted Duck. Anas Fuligula. pilligh GY

(92)

The Golden Eye. Clangula.

YZ Mug h by Numb, XCVI.

hl.

'TS Weight is thirty two Ounces; its Length from the End of the Bill
I to the End of the Claws is nineteen Inches; Breadth when the Wings .
are extended is thirty one Inches; it hath a thick and fhort Body, and
large Head; the Neck fhort, as is ufual in moft of this kind; the Bill is
broad, fhort, and fomething more elevated than is common to thofe of
the Duck kind, thicker at the Head, lefler and narrower towards the Tip,
and all black; from the Tip to the Angles of the Mouth an Inch and three
quarters long ; the Head is of a changeable Colour of black, purple and
green, as it is varioufly expofed tothe Light, fhining like Silk ; at the Cor-
ner of the Mouth, on each Side is a round white Spot as big as a Silver three-
Pence ; the /vides of the Eyes are of a lovely yellow or Gold Colour; the
whole Neck, both above and underneath the Shoulders, Breaft and whole
Belly, are white ; the Space between the Shoulders, and all the lower part
of the Back are black; the Wings party-coloured of black and white, wz.
the middle Feathers both Quills and Coverts are white, and the outer and
inner black; the long fcapular Feathers are alfo party-coloured of black
and white. m4

The Tail is three Inches anda half long, made up of fixteen Feathers,
from the outermoft by degrees longer; yet is not the Tail fharp, but ra-
ther round pointed, all of an uniform black Colour.

The Legs are very fhort, of a yellowifh red Colour, as are alfothe Feet;
the Toes are long, dufky about the Joints, and the outermoft the longeft;:
the innermoft hath a broad appendant Membrane : ‘The Membranes con-
necting the Toes and the Claws are black, and the back Toe is {mall, ha-
ving alfo a broad appendant Membrane or Fin; the Wind-Pipe hath a
Labyrinth atthe Divarication ;- and befides, above {wells out into a Belly
or Puff-like Cavity. Thefe Birds are common in /ta/y, and are fometimes.
taken on our Coafts. It hath a fifhy unpleafant Tafte. )

The

fii )

fet
PADI

ih)

Ss

nas ypeata Cermanis mad :

|
.
.
.

(93 )
The Shoveler. Anas clypeata Germanis Maf.
Numb. XCVII, and XCVIII. -

L: Length from the Point ofthe Bill to the End of the Tail is one Foot

nine Inches and ahalf; Breadthtwo Foot eight Inches ; Weight two
Pound ; its Bill is three Inches long, coal black, much broader toward the
Tip than at the Bafe, excavated like a Buckler, of a round Circumference;
at the End it hath a {mall crooked Hook or Nail; each Mandible is peéti-
nated or toothed like a Comb, with Rays or thin ieee inferted mutually
one into another when the Mouth is fhut; the Tongue is flefhy, thick,
broad, efpecially toward the Tip; but the Tip itfelf is thinner and femi-
asthe the /zdes of the Eyes are of a deep yellow ; the Legs and Feet of a
a ikon Colour, and the Claws black; the hind Toe little, the Mem-
brane connecting the Toes ferrate about the Edges, and the Feet are lefs
than in others of the Duck kind.

The Head and Neck are of a dark fhining green; the under Side of the
Neck and Region of the Craw are white; the upper Side and Shoulders
party-coloured of white and brown ; the reft of the Breaft and the whole
Belly to the Vent is red, and Gohiad the Vent the Feathers under the
Tail are black ; the Back is brown, with a light Dafh of fhining green,
blue or purple (Che ; the. Feathers covering ihe Oude of ite Thighs
are adorned with tran{verfe dusky. Lines, as in many others.

The Number of quill Feathers in each Wing are twenty four, a the
ten or twelve outermoft are wholly: brown, the next nine have their ou t-
er Edges of a deep fhining green;, the four next the Body are varied in the
middle, and about their Edges with white Lines: The Feathers of the fe-
cond Row incumbent on the green guill Feathers have white Tips, which
taken together, makea crofs Line of white in the Wing; the lefler covert
Feathers of the Wing, excepting thofe on the outer: mad Bone, are of a
pleafant blue, inclining to an afh Coluor; the Tail is about three Inches
and a half long, and confifts of fourteen Feathers party- -coloured of white
and black, the outermoft being wholly white, andthe middlemoft, except
the extreme Edges, wholly black; the reft black in their middle parts, and
white about th Borders or Outfides. At the Divarication of the Wind-Pipe
it hath a {mall Labyrinth, a large Gall, oblong Tefticles; a’ {mall mufcu-
lous Stomach or Gizzard ; the Guts many times reflected and very long:
The Female in refpect of Colours, both in the Head and Neck, the whole Body,
upper Side and under Side, excepting the Wings, is very like to the /#:/d
Duck; the Wingsare of the fame Colour with thofe of the Male, but more
dull; and wanting the Beauty which isin his. Bb The

y); Z leg

F790 -

FHI

(94)

LLleeg fby The Wild Duck. Cerra.

Numb. XCIX.

1. Weight is thirty two Ounces; its Length from the End of the Bill:

to the End of the Tail twenty five Inches anda half; the Breadth when
the Wings are extended thirty four Inches; its Bill is yellow with a Shade
of dusky green, about two Inches and a half long, and almoft an Inch
broad, not very flat, having a round Tip or Nail at the End of the upper
Mandible, which is found in moft of the Duck kind.

Under the Throat, Breaftand Belly it isof a light brown faintly {potted ;
the Head, Back and Wings are of a dark brown {potted with black ; thofe
Feathers on the Back, and the covert Feathers on the Wings have light
Edges; it hath twenty four quill Feathers in each Wing of a dark brown
Colour ; the next Row of Feathers are blue with white Tips, and the
next only tipt with white.

The Legs and Feet are of a deep Orange Colour ; the Claws black, and
the innermoft fore Toe is the leaft; the Membranes connecting the ‘Voes
are of a more fordid Colour than the Toes: The Wind-Pipe at its Divari-
cation hath a Veflel called a Labyrinth.

In Winter time they company together and fly in Flocks, and in Summer
by Pairs, Duck and Mallard together ; they buildtheir Nefts among Heath
or Rufhes, not far from the Water, laying twelve or fourteen Eggs before
they fit. ;

fh the Fens in the Ifle of E/y, Norfolk, and Lincolufhire, about Crow-
land, and elfewhere, Ducks, Teal, Widgeon, and other Birds of this kind, at
the Time they moult their Feathers and cannot fly, are taken yearly in
eteat Numbers in Nets placed for that Purpofe. Vaft Numbers are like-
wife taken in the Decoys by Ducks trained for that Purpofe, fome of which
fly out and bring them to the Coy ; others have the outermoft Joint or
Pinion of their Wings cut off, fo that they cannot fly, but always abide in
the Pool; thefe decoy the Ducks into the Pipes.to be taken by the Fowler;
they may alfo be taken by laying Hooks baited with Snails or large Worms
in the Places where they frequent. | af

é

The Wild Duck

/d0

a

Ll5,. Mb ae pe = ae

=e =

a

Pee eerie 3 lercelle “4 +i The PD Teal :

(95)

The Teal. Querquedula. Mele Ligh
EY Mos

Numb. C,.

TS Weight is twelve Ounces; Length from the End of the Bilt to the End of the
Tail fixteen Inches and a quarter ; Breadth between the Wings when extended is
twenty four Inches; this next to the Summer Teal, is the leaft of all the Duck kind; its
Bill is broad, black, and fomething reflected upward; the Eyes from white incline to a
hazel Colour, and the Noftrils are of an Oval Figure; the Top of the Head, Throat, and
upper part of the Neck are ofa dark bay or {padiceous Colour; from the Eyes on each
Side to the Back of the Head, is extended a Line of fhining green, and between thefe
Lines on the back of the Head, a black Spot intervenes; under the Eyes a white Line
feparates the black from the red ; the Feathers invefting the lower Side of the Neck, the
Beginning of the Back, and the Sides under the Wings are curioufly varied. with tranfverfe
waved Lines of white and black ; the Regionof the Craw in fome is yellowith, elegant-
ly fpotted with black Spots, fo fituate as to refemble Scales ; the Breaft and Belly are of a
fordid white or grey Colour, and under the Rump is a black Spot encompafied with a
yellowifh Colour. pee

Each Wing hath above twenty five Quills, of thefe the outermoft ten are brown, the
next five have white Tips, and under the white: the exterior Web of the Feather is black
in the fixteenth begins the green, and takes up fo much of the Feather as is black in the
precedent three ; the exterior Web of the twenty third is black, with fome yellowne(s on
the Edges ; the covert Feathers of the black Quills have white Tips, and the green ones
have Tips of a redifh yellow, elfe the Wings are all over brown or dusky ; the Tail is
fharp pointed, three Inches long, made up of fixteen Feathers of a brown or dufky Co-
lour. EN ENS Ae

The Legs and Feet are ofa pale dufky Colour, the Membrane connecting the Toes are
black ; and the innermoft Toe the leaft: The back Toe hath no- Fin annexed ; the Wind-
Pipe in the Cock is furnifhed with a Labyrinth, but in the Hen there is- none.

The Female differs from its Male, in the fame Manner as the W2/d Duck does from
the Mallard, not having any green or red on the Head, nor black about its Rump, nor
thofe fine variegated Feathers of black and white on the Sides.

This Bird for the delicate Tafte of its Flefh, and the wholefome Nourifhment it af
fords the Body, doth defervedly challenge the firit Place among thofe of its Kind.

a

fhe

(96 )
The Avofetta of the Italians. Recurviroftra.
| Numb. CI.

1: Length from the Tip of the Bill to the End of the Tail is fourteen
Inches; Breadth whenthe Wingsare expanded twenty one Inches anda
quarter; Weight nine Ounces and twelve Drams; the Bill is three Inches
long, flender, black, flat or depreffed, refleted upwards, which is peculi-

ar to this Bird, ending in a very thin, flender, weak Point; the Tongue is

fhort, not cloven ; the Head is of a mean Size, round like a Ball, and black
above the Eyes; the Colour of the whole under Side of the Body is white,
and the upper Side is partly white and partly black, wz. the outermoft
quill Feathers of the Wings are above half way black, and the reft white, as
are alfothe Feathers of the fecond Row; thereft of the covert Feathers almoft
to the Ridge of the Wing are black, which make a broad Bed of black, not
directly crofs the Wing, but a little oblique ; on the Back again it hath
two black Strokes, beginning from the Point of the Shoulder, or fetting on
of the Wing, and proceeding tranfverfly till in the middle of the Back they
do almoft meet; the whole Tail is white, three Inches and a half long,
made up of twelve Feathers; the Legs are very long of a lovely blue Co-
Jour, bare above the Knees, and the Claws black and little ; it hath aback
Toe, but a very {mall one; the blind Guts are flender almoft three Inches
long, and the whole Length of the Guts is three Foot ; it hath a Gall-blad-
der emptying itfelf into the Gut by its own proper Dud or Channel, anda
Gall-pore befides; the Stomach is {mall, in which when diffeted was
found nothing but {mall Stones; fo that thence it could not be learned
on what it feeds. Indeed, the Bill being fo flender, weak, long, and of fo
inconvenient a Figure, turning upwards, one would wonder how it could
gather its Food, be it what it will.

‘They are common at Romeand Venice, and do alfo frequent our Ea/fern
Coatts of Snfolk and Norfolk in Winter time.

This Bird I had from Newgate Market; it was brought to that Place
with other Wild-Fowl.

The

Ziecurviasten twasetta Lalovune.

Eliz: Mbin delin,

,

The folowing Obfervations I received from Dr. Derham
after the Defcripteons were printed.

R. Derham hath obferved a confiderable Difference between the

Cock and Hen Cuckow (Plate VIII.) wz. The Head, Throat,
Neck and Back, as far as the Rump, in the Cock, is of a blewifh Lead
Colour, like the Neck of a Pigeon; but in the Hen of a darker Co-
lour, with a Dafh inclining to a reddifh Colour on the tips of the Neck
Feathers; the Wings alfo of the Cock are of a bluer, the Hen of a brown-
er, or reddifh black Colour; the Bill and Eyes in the Cock are more
yellow ; for good Reafons he fufpects them to feed alfo on Birds Egos.

Dr. Derham hath a Magpie (Plate XV.) above twenty Years old, and
is quite blind with Age; it talks as well without cutting of the
Tongue, as any whofe Tongues are cut.

He hath obferved the Cock py ( (Plate XVI.) to be fomewhat bigger
than the Hen, the Feathers on the Head to be blacker, the Stripes
longer, and the black and blue Colours more elegant in the Cock
than in the Hen.

Alfo he hath obferved the Lift on the Back of the Hen Wryneck
(Plate XXI.) to reach along the Neck, almoft to the very Bill; but in
the Cock to run no farther than to the upper part of the Neck.

Alfo he obferved the Cock’s Belly to be naked, as the Hen’s that fits;
whence he concludes that it takes its turn in Incubation.

He hath obferved the Pippit (Plate XLIV.) to frequent Heaths, and
Plains, and fings by fying up in the Air, not high, and again down to
the Ground, or on a low Bufh, after the manner that the ‘Tit-Lark doth
on a Tree.

Alfo he hath obferved the Cock Ox-Eye Titmoufe (Plate XLVI) to
be fomewhat bigger than the Hen ; the black Lift on the Breaft and
Belly of the Cock to be fomewhat broader and more illuftrious.

Gic Alfo

Dr. Derham’s Obfervatious.

Alfo he obferved upon a ftrict Infpeétion, the Cock blue Titmoufe

(Plate XLVIL) to be a little bigger than the Hen, and all his Colours

more illuftrious, particularly the yellow under the Chin, and the blue on
the outfide of the Wings and on the Tail.

He hath likewife obferved the Golden Crown-Wren (Plate LIII.) to
build its Neft every Year in Fir-Trees, (growing before his Houfe at Up-
minfier in Effex)and that with great Art, hanging them under the Branches
in fome thick obfcure part thereof. Their Neft is made with green
Mofs intermixed with Cobwebs, which gives it a great Strength, and
helps to dodge the Eye of Spectators. It is as big as a large Ball, co-~
ver'd over as the Wrens, with an Hole in the Side for Ingrefs and Egrefs.

ERRATA.

Age y. Line 8. p.3, 1.8. p. 4.1.26. p. 5. 1.7. and p. 14. 1. 6. for Iridis, read Irides. p. tr. 1. &.

for Maccan, r.Maccaw. p. 35. \. 1. for Meruli, r. Merula. p. 40. 1.1. for Alavda Silveftris, r. Alav-
da Arbovea. p. 49. 1. 1. for Rabeculus, r. Rubecula. p. st. 1. 1. for troglodites, t. trolodytes. p. 82. 1. &.
for Baffenus, r. Baffanus. p. 94, 1. 1. for Cerra, r. Anas Torguata minor.

THE

ae —"

THE

7 Ny £ Ke

A
LP or Bulfinch
Avofette
B
Beardmanica

Bill-Cock or Water-Rail
Bitour or Bittern
Blackbird

Brent-Goofe

Bulfinch

Buzzard (Common)
Buzzard (Honey)
Buzzard (Moor)

Canarybird
Chaffinch
Churn-Owl
Coot
Weezel-Coot
Crofsbill
Cuckow
Curlew
Curlew (Stone)

D

Daker-Hen

Diver (Great fpeckled)
Diver (Crefted)

Dove (Greenland)
Duck (Wild)

Duck (Black-crefted)
Duck (Burrow)

Plate 59
Io]

Fallow-Smich
Fieldfare

Glead
Goatfucker
Golden-Eye
Goligod

Goofe (Wild).
Goofe (Brent)
Goofe (Swan)
Goofe (Canada):
Goofander
Grofbeak
Grous or Heathcock
Guillemot
Gold-Finch
Green-Finch

Hawfinch
Heath-Cock (Black),
Heron

Hobby

Hammer (Yellow)

Jack-Daw
Jay Englifh
Jay from Bengall

K
Keftrel
Kingfither
Kite

H

The Ne DOE. Xo.

L Red-Game
Lapwing 74 Redwing
Lark (Sky) 41 Redbird
Lark (Wood) 42 Redftart
Lark (Sea) 80. Robin-Redbreatt
Lark (Tit) 43. Ruff
Laurey 13 Reve
‘Loon 82
M S |
Maccaw II ¥
Magpie 15 Sheldrake 94. e
Mavis or Throftle 34. Shovelar : 97, 98 ;
Miffelbird or Thrufh 33 Snipe - 71 ;
Sparrow-Hawk aidloyA. ste ‘J
N Sparrow (Houfe) 62
7 Soland Goofe ‘ 86 f
Nightingal (Virginia) 57 Starling oy 40
Nun (White) 8g _ Starling (Red-wing’d) : 38
Nun or Blew Titmoufe 47 Stannel j 7
Stonechatter £209) 52
O Swallow 45
Owzel (Ring) 39 T
Olive or Sea-Pie 78 «Teal 100
Owl (Brown) g Thiftlefinch 64 ;
Owl (Fern) é 10. 6 Throftle 33 ‘
Ox-Eye 46 Thruth (Song) 34
Titmoufe (Bearded) 48
P Titmoufe (Blue) 47
Titmoufe (Ox-Eye) 46
Parrot (Gray) 12
Partridge 27 W
Partridge (Red-Leg’d) 29 .
Partridge (New-England) 28 Water-Wagtail 49
Pheafant 25,26 White-ear Se
Pippit 44 White-Nun 88
Pie (Sea) 78 White-Tail 55
Plover (Green) 75 Windhover 7
Plover (Gray) 76 Wee ‘ec een ‘) 18 |
Pl Baftard ooapecker (Great-opotte I i
a a ata if Woodpecker (Lefler-Spotted) ae :
Ou Wren 53 :
Quail 30 Golden Wren 53
Quail from Bengall 31 Wryneck es ar ;
R Y
Rail (Land) 32

Rail (Water) 77 Yellow-Hammer 66

Nr Reg
a oie alt

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