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778819 


TKB  TAXI0I1B  KDtOa  OF  tSUfnt, 

1.  This  fixtrenMniuUuvM  af  i&Kcti ..     ••  1 

2.  'Wbctliw  iiUBCt*  rrapirp,  and  wbuUier  Umj  h«*fl)ik>«l       ■•      ..  B 

3.  The  bodica  cf  mnuuu     * 

4.  htet          ■     >.  S 

6.  Tbe  order  di^IiiTed  in  the  vorka  of  bee* ..  it. 

6.  Tlic  numnin^  of  (lie  kntu  commacu,  pUMMFM,  ttoi)  prapoU*    ..  S 

7.  Thii  miTiaDing  of  oiithno?,  ttiDitursca.  ur  i;er>utlioi        7 

8.  WliD.t  flnwcrs  arc  used  bf  ihv  beni  ui  their  walk        A. 

9.  Penoiu  who  have  niartc  ben  their  stuJj      .,      ..      ,,     ..     >.  I 

10,  The  tiumIs  in  wbicli  buu  vork       •      ..     ■•  »k 

11.  Drouw      "      ..      ..  10 

il.  'Ilic  qunUliM  of  bonojr II 

15.  Where  iha  best  liousy  it  pnxluMil       12 

14.  TbA  kind*  nThoney  peculiar  to  Tarions  pUoGi ik. 

lA.  Ilovr  hoDcvie  tcttcd.    Ericieani.    'i'tuiiJix,  or  linniBl      ..     ..  II 

16.  The  rcjiriMiuttiaii  of  htv-* ,.      ,.      ,.  16 

17.  Thu  modi.'  Lif  gtiveriimi'iit  <if  thw  hi^n IS 

13.  Happy  omcus  mnwiiinci  aifunivd  by  a  nrtrm  of  boa      . .     ..  IV 

ig.  The  Tarioua  Icinda  of  bsM      SO 

20.  Tho  diteftBoof  bem       31 

21.  Thing*  tint  tu«  noxioiu  U  bCM 22 

22.  How  to  lce«p  b«aii  to  th«  hiv«         33 

23.  Method*  of  reniiwiitK  the  iwami iK 

24.  Wane  and  homcti :  oniindj  vhich  ftppropriate  whal  hclongt  to 

OttMM _      . .      . .  U 

25.  Tlic  bombyi  of  Assytitt M 

36.  Tlio  l>nria  of  th*  ■iLk-womii^irho  Snt  inTcntcd  BQk  cloth*       . .  <^^. 

27.  Tbo  Bilk-vonn  of  Cob— how  Uw  Conn  TeauacBta  m  mad*        ..  20 
36.  Spidim ;  tho  ktiula  thut  uuilui  webi ;  llu  miMrkli  oacd  by  them 

in  ao  doio;;         27 


778819 


Cirir.  Page 

72.  'ihb  lun^ :  in  vthtit  nninuli  thcf  ore  the  liu^et,  nnd  io  whnt 

thu  «Tuu!l«sl.  AuiRials  wliicli  liuvu  notliin?  but  lung*  In  Uiu 
inUriiir  ul'  tliu  liuilj.  Ouuiut  wbicli  |uuuuK  ciUKurdiuuTy 
swidiieu  in  snimAl* ..     67 

73.  Ttia  liv<:ir  -,  iu  what  imimuU,  uid  in  v.-Uu  |iun  tlivie  am  two 

liven  found lift. 

71.  Tho  g>Il .  yhtm  iiitiiAt<?,  iinil  in  what  aaimula  it  is  double.  Ani- 
niulu  trhiuh  bBve  m-  j^aU,  and  ulbora  ia  wlilcli  it  i«  not  »ittuitc 
in  thr  livt-r 68 

7^.  IIlo  propurliiie  of  Ib^  gall       A9 

76.  In  yiitat  antualf  the  liror  incrvosu  and  dccrcaici  vith  ttii:  dkxiu. 
OluiirTatiuna  on.  the  uiupicm  reltttiTe  thereto,  and  renmrkabla 
prodigie*      70 

77-  The  (liuibragm.    Tliniuitiin^tif  laiii)(;tilor     «.      .. i4. 

7S.  Thtj  bum  :  animals  vliivti  haw  nu  b»U>-.    Wliicb  are  t^ie  only 

anlmuLt  djiit  Yuiiiii 71 

79.  'Phs  smnU  giit«,  the  front  intaHtinoa,  tbo  onus,  thu  colon.     Tbe 

CaliMis  of  tUt  iiiaiLtiiitc  vonicily  of  CLiituiu  iLriirmilft   .,      ,.      ,.      i&. 

80.  Tke  uuieutuui :  thv  s{ile«i) ;   iiiiimal*  nrLitli  are  wtlliout  it  . .      7S 
&l.  'VLr.  kidnej^ :  aiLiiunJi.  wLicb.  lijcvo  four  Lidurys.     Anifflnlii  wliiGti 

have  iKiue         ii. 

6S.  Tbu  bruut :  the  ribs 7i 

K:j.  Ttie  bladder:  animuls  wUirb  lim'c  no  bh'IdLT        ii. 

Hi.  Tlie  womb  :   the  ■womb  of  tlit  sow :  tlio  lual* 74 

Ha.  Anirad.1  whidi  Liaim  ouct :    aniiuiiis  wliirli  iLo  not  grow  fat         ,  .      ii. 

HQ.  The  manow  ;  uninuda  wliii^h  laxe  mi  mnmtw       76 

[>7.  BotiMnnd  Hsh-hoDot:  aniitids  nLiL'h  bitYc  ncilfan'.    L'utikgci       77 

88.  ThL'  Btrves ;  uuinjula  wkti-h  hnvc  noau     i'5, 

89.  The  arConnn;  the  veins:  auimoit  wit.hout  artariet  ot  vein*.    The 

bluuil  uiid  tliu  «iVL-al         78 

90.  Aalmuls,  tbo  bbioiuf  which  coa^IatM  with  the i^catcet  rJ]Hdity: 

citlicti'  aitiinnlj,  tbc  blood  o(  whir^h  dnc«  not  c>flrigulnti^  Afiimak 
wltich  hnvu  the  thicktal  blood ;  tiione  the  blQud  uf  which  ia  tbe 
thinneat :  aDitauki  w}ginh  knvn  no  bland      {&. 

91 .  Animula  whic}]  ure  without  hluod  At  cvrtulji  [H-rJods  of  tlie  yetir . .     79 

92.  Wljulber  iliH  hii.od  i«  till)  piifldjilfof  life 80 

93.  I'ho  hide  of  BjiiniaU        ii. 

94.  The  bttirond  tbe  coTering  of  the  6kin  ..      ..        81 

96.  TliQ  pujis:   birds  whicli  hate  |iitpi.     HcmurkihlD  fiLi:ta  ooimcctvd 

«-it}i  the  dug!  i>r  aainmls 82 

90.  The   milk:  the  bivsdug*.     CUcnsi;:  of  what  milk  choD^i;  eiULUut 

bcinada.     Itannct;  tbc  Teti'iuiu  kiiiila  of  aliiiiuut  in  luilk      ..      HX 

97,  Tsri.ius  kiiidfi  of  r.hecae  ..  .. 8.5 

9R.  iJilTercuccii  of  tlm  inembere  of  man  from  tliosL-  of  othtr  uniniidi . .     h6 
■9&.  The  Bn^'^nii  the  umis       ii, 

100.  Resemmnct)  of  the  itpo  to  iDan ..      ..     ..     i). 

101.  Tbeaiiit) 87 

102.  ThP  kniM  and  the  ham*      U. 

103.  Parte  of  tbe  human  body  ta  which  cailftia  lellgioiu  idcasiue 

attathod       SA 


tl 


b 


tjnxr.  Fm» 

lot.  Tfirinxin  TEim    .^ M 

IDG.  'fha  rail,  Ibc  foot,  tbclt:^ 88 

11*6.  Ilwift A. 

107.  Thefe«torbinb M 

108.  Tlio  focC  or  animalii,  from  tliote  liarinf;  two  feet  to  U)OM  «ltb  m 
tundrcd — Dwnrf  =      91 

10?.  The  Mxual  ptru.  -llmnaphrotlitc* A 

110.  TttetutM. — Hie  Llirec  doMM  of  euBUchs 91 

111.  Thetaihof  snimiU     A. 

112.  Tbe  different  ToEcM  <if  aniniak M 

1)3.  SupGrfluoui  limbs ftS 

114.  Siiiuof  Titality  utid  af  ibft  moml  dijpAaliAD  <tf  Buo,  from  iha 

Urabt    . . 98 

lis.   HesptTBtioii  and  nutrimnnt 97 

Hi.  Animult  wtiioh  when  tod  upon  poison  do  not  die,  and  the  IWt 

of  which  ii  poieonouK 98 

117.  RfflAOTis  for  indigeflLion.    R«m«diu  luromdity iA. 

118.  From  whiit  atus«»  corpiilento  Bri»e*;    how  it  mny  be  rwllftol  ..  rtt 
lit).  Wluit  things, Ity  increty  tiBtiag  of  liicm,  iills.]r  hunf^r  aad  (hint  99 

BOOK   SII. 

TBB    M^COAl.    HimiKT    OF    TKCn. 

1.  Tlie  honoTinibV  pltico  occuptMl  by  bees  in  tlie  sysiom of  natim  101 

2.  The  early  histoiT  of  Iree§ 102 

3.  Exotic  tre^iia.     When  the  plane-tree  first  appeared  in  Italy,  Bail 

wlimco  it  uame , 103 

4.  Tb0  natiira  of  the  plane-tree      104 

6.  ItemnilEnble  tVietamnDCRi^d  with  tliopknc-trco        ii. 

e.  The  ctiamieplutaniLs.    Who  irac  tha  Gnt  to  dip  gnea  ahniha   . .  106 

7.  Hnw  the  citTon  i«  plnlitcd    ,,      ..       ..      ,.      ..      ..      ..       ..  it, 

8.  TtBtreesufluilrii         107 

5.  When  ebony  vuaHntiviautRoaii;.    TbQTariuu«]uiidsofcU>Qy  lUO 

10.  Tho  IndioD  thorn it. 

11.  The  Indian  fig      ..       i*. 

12.  Thepahi;  the  fruit  ctillfil  arinnri 110 

13.  Indian  trees,  i.he  aa.mf»  of  nbiob  nre  unkaown.     Indiui  tre(« 

which  hfw  fliti Ill 

14.  The  peppei-trao.— Tho  Tarioua  kiuils  of  pepper— bregma — lia- 

gibcTi,  (IT  zimpircbi ib. 

15.  CaryspfiylloQ,  lycion,  and  Ihe  Ckiromnn  pyucanthni    .,     ..  113 
10.  Mncir       ..       ,.      114 

17.  Su^      ii. 

18.  Treca  of  AriBna,  Ccdroai™,  nad  Hyrcania    ..     .. US 

19.  IVets  of  BuotnanA,  bdellium,  or  oniehon,  ofhtrwisr  mnlufho,  or 
RiBldacon,  EeoTiliiHtuiii.  ddu.lteruI.ionB  nseil  in  all  apicvt  and 
iiruinatics;  the  taiiouB  tests  of  thcni  NudLh«ir  rvspoctive  Taluos  lA. 

2rt.  Tietr«ofPer*iB 117 

21.  Trees  of  tho  iAkndsof  tho  Fenimi  Sen.   The  oottoatrea..     ..  i6. 


CONTESTS.  T 

Cmtv.  PaC* 

72.  The  lungs :  in  what  aniflULli  tbcj  art  tbe  lnrg««t,  and  in  whnt 

ibe  Kmiillaiil.  Auinitilii  wliloli  have  uutkiti^  but  luu};t  in  tl:e 
iiit«ri'al  of  the  body,  Ciiuits  whkli  prwluco  plLniunlinary 
•wiflucM  in  auicuuli •     CT 

73,  Tha  liver;  in  what  animals,  and  tu  what  part  Ihnro  aro  two 

Urcn  fmuitd         i6. 

?■(.  Tha  R&tl ,  whvre  Mluiitij,  tmil  in  whtit  miimuk  h  is  double.  Ani- 
miils  wlueli  liiivu  ae  gull,  uud  u-Lhcn  iti  wLicii  U  Li  nut  Hltuite 

intliclivei  68 

7*.  Thcprnpi.Tticiof  thcgftll       Gi 

78.  In  wtiut  auiiuuU  tlic  Uwr  iii>i:n-jut:>  anil  dt-'vri^niwB  irilli  the  mouii. 
Ubiertations  on  tha  aiusptoea  rektive  tkuralo,  aai  i«markablo 
prvdi]^u«      70 

77.  The  diauhrBpm.    Tlie  nBture of  Uugliter ti. 

78.  Thn  holiy  :  iuiiinftU  which  hnvo  no  hnUy.    Wliioli  ore  Uio  only 

aniiuala  that  vumit 71 

79.  Thi;  sninll   ||[^iits,   thi-  Iront  intcatinr^  tha  nuii»,  tlii.-  colati.     'the 

ci>use«  of  the  iiiMiLiutv  ruracily  uf  crrtuiu  ^luiinuU id. 

80.  Tha  uiticntum  :  Lbue^iliMiii ;  fl.iiijiial& -niiich  nri:  without  it         .,      73 

81.  Xbs  kidneys  :  animiiui  whicli  have  lnvr  Liliuiiytt.     Aumml«  irhioh 

liiive  Dune iJ. 

82.  riiebroajil:  IbB  rih»     74 

83.  ThK  hlnililrr:  fiQimuU  wliioh  bavu  no  blaiLiliir        it. 

84.  Thci^vvmli:  thu  wuEuti  of  lliosow:  tho  touts         7$ 

85.  Animali  which  lijivo  suet ;    anininU  which  da  not  grow  fat        ,  .  (ft. 
Kti.  Thi)  mariiiw  ;  nibLmuU  wliidi  liavu  ii-ii  mitrrow        70 

67.  Hone*  and  fisli. bone* :  miimalB  nliidi  liave  unitber.     Curtilage*        77 

68.  The  nerres ;  niLiiiiiiti.  wLin^h  btive  Donui     . .     . .     ii. 

89.  The  iirterii's ;  ilu' vtiuti :  iLuiiuuIs  wiUivut  urtuiiii  or  vtiLu^.    The 

blood  and  the  sweat 78 

90.  Aeintolif  the  lilixid  nC  which  ri)af^ilatc9ivilh  thi!gT4:ate«t  rapiiiity : 

oths7  uiimal*,  the  bluud  uf  wiiieli  dvv*  nut  coiiaiilnt«.  Animals 
wliiuU  huvu  the  thiukert  blood :  OiQ»e  llio  blut^of  whitsU  is  the 
thiancai :  aaimala  whidi  bava  no  hlood     id, 

91.  AnimnU  whicli  nro  nithi:>ut  blood  at  orrtnin  pcriodii  of  tlia  year. .     79 

92.  Whether  the  bluud  is  liit  pmiciiilj;  of  life      HO 

93.  1^  hiiii;  of  animali         it. 

01.  The  hair  and  ihi  euvmng  of  tbe  tkin 81 

V5.  Tbe  paps :  birds  whi*;!!  havti  papa,     Renisrk&blo  fauta  connected 

with  cbe  dugH  ot'animali  ..      , HS 

Sfi,  The   milk:  the  bieatioKe.    CWae:  of  what  milk  cbibHso  cuuuot 

hi:  oiKilo.     I6^^nct;  thit  vnrioux  kindn  of  nliment  iu  milk      ..  83 

97,  Variutu  kiodt  of  ohe^iiu  ..  ,,      85 

98.  IlilTuruiucs  of  ibu  membars  o(  mau  from  those  of  other  anintola . .  bii 
9B.  The  iinffeta,  the  amis iS. 

100.  itei«iiio1iinco  of  the  ape  la  man »i. 

101.  Tbeniiib        87 

103.  1'hp  knnee  and  the  hams       ii. 

103.  Paru  uf  tile  human  body  to  whieb  certuin  roU^oiu  idoai«re 

oUochfld      S8 


i 


3.  UUpflnoR,  in«ginii ;  (lie  mode  of  totinit  oimiiuatJ      I( 

4.  The  ctucMM  Ui  which  luiurf  ha*  run  in  iingueiiU      ,.      ..      . .  Is7 
fl,  Whvn  liDgurnU  wcra  Gnt  uacil  b/ thi;Buiujuu 168 

6.  Tlic  pRliu-lroa 189 

7.  i'liu  nature  of  thnpilm-trce 170 

8.  How  thn  puhu-lrt-H  is  plmiteil        ITS 

9.  The  iiiff«r*nt  vnricUpe  uf  puJm-treM,  Hue!  tlicir  chanwlrraiica  ..  17$ 

10.  Tito  trci'i  vt  Syriit :  lUu  pittuoiui  Lbs  volttuiu,  ibc  dmuUMCDa,  autl 

the  myxa 178 

1 1 .  Tbo  cedar.    Ticos  which  bkTO  ob  thorn  the  frtut  of  thnc  jeacs  at 

ouve a. 

12.  The  mu'biutli         179 

13.  Tilt  BUmocli-treo ii. 

14.  Tlie  trcts  ofEgypl.-   The  flg-tree  of  Alemiidm 180 

15.  Tlic  i3g-lreL>  ofOrprUB 181 

1ft.  The  csrob-tren         A. 

17.  The  Puntijui  tree.    Id  wliat  trees  tlia  Aruits  gvrtninaw  (ht  one 

below  tho  other  182 

IB.  Thocucus       183 

19.  Tho  Ke;)'ptian  tbuiu        «      ..     ..  H. 

20.  Nine  kinds  of  gum.     Thu  laruuculla 184 

SI,  Tb^papvTus;  thu  uaa  ufpaptr:  wbeii  it  wiu  fint  isTenteil      ..  186 

22.  Thu  Dioui.' ofninkici^pApcr IBfl 

23.  The  nine  difftrcntkuida  of  pap(T ,. 187 

24.  The  nitiiSo  of  testing  the  gi'iAlnuss  of  paper 189 

ili.  The  p»H,:iiliur  defects  in  pii|)pc        IM 

26.  Th^  pafito  used  in  tL«  pivparaiion  of  paper         191 

27.  Tho  hooks  of  Nimw        . .      t*. 

28.  The  trecw  of  jEtMopia , .     . .  193 

'29.  The  trees  of  Mount  Atlns.     Th«  citnis,  and  th«  tshles  made  «f 

ihe  wood  tbereuf        I9l 

30.  Tbo  points  that  sxu  dusirablo  or  otbcrwiso  in  these  tsbks  s ,     , .  196 

81.  The  dtren-trc*        198 

32.  ThalotuB  ij, 

83.  The  trtcs  of  CyrcQaica,     The  puiiuriu  200 

34.  Nine  Vttrietios  of  thu  I'uuio  upplu.     Bulauftium  iJ, 

35.  The   Uvix   of  .Asia  und   Gii,'Qce;  Ihu  cpipuutLS,  the  viloa.  Urn 

Cntdian  ^raiu  or  Ctiyracleuii,  p];rosiicfau«L,  crLuttron.ur  cncoron. .  201 

38,  Tho  tragioB:  trngncniitho      cS. 

37.  Tlic  tiflguB  or  acurpio ;  tlio  mjrica  or  hiya ;  the  oslrys  . ,  208 

38.  Tbe  eiiouymoa         , ,     .,  203 

39.  'Itiie  truQ  ddlcd  euQ  , ii. 

40.  The  andrachlo         ..      ..      2M 

*1.  The  coMygiiii  the  aphjiroo {&. 

4'2,  Tliu  ftrulii        ii, 

43.  The  thspsiii 20tf 

44.  The  ouppiiris  or  cynosbaten,  o^orwiMopluostapliyLe 206 

4o.  TliBsitripha.     207 

4B.  The  royal  ihom       ii. 

47.  The  cytUiM      208 


C0»Tlf*CT8.  U 

CnUk  ?atP> 

48.  The  tnw*  and  abrubs  of  the  M<icIiUtTan«an.    The  phfcoR,  pra^on, 

ortotttr       209 

49.  Thnncii  hrjon  ..       ,      210 

50.  Plonto  of  the  Rod  S«» 211 

51.  Plsnta  of  tho  ItiiliinSen        ..     .. .,    it. 

G2.  The  planu  of  the  Troj^bJyCtc  Sea ;  the  hair  of  fiij :  tbc  Clurito- 

bluptiatoa 212 

BOOK  XIY. 

TBB  VATimxL  UUTOUT  OK  THB  Pft[nT<rBi:BB. 

1  flitil  3.  Tlie  nstiMc  of  the  vine,     It«  m™Ip  of  frudiQi-ation    ..      ..    215 

3.  The  niitum  »f  tint  grape,  end  tlic  cultivaltun  uf  tlin  vitm  ,.       ,.  SIS 

4.  Ninoty-one  vaTictici  of  tUp  Tinn ,.      . .  2JJ 

6.  RumuTlublu  tiui\t  wtuiixKe^  wilb  tlie  culture  uf  tbo  vino    . .     ..  S3S 
C.  Tho  most  iitiejsnt  ninoc          ,,      23S 

7.  Till'  nntnro  t-f  witn-it        ,,      .,     ,,      ..     ..  23S 

5.  >"ifly  kiinisof  j^rnerouii  win«        ..     ..      339 

6.  Thirly-vi^ht  vari(li<.«  olforcl^  wiiie  ..      .. 246 

10.  StTf^n  kiudaof  «altiHl  winea 247 

11.  Eighteen  raricCicsofa-Hect  nine.     Raititi-wioeflud  hepMnu     ..    348 

12.  Tliree  vorietieM  of  iiFticiiiiI-ratH  wine 2£1 

13.  Ac  wbdc  perioj  gLiLoroua  wjqcs  weiv   ficst  commonly  maJe  in 

luly 351 

H,  The  inspodion  of  win*  crd<T«i  by  King  Komulua  ..  ..  ,,  'iS'S 
15.  Wines  drunk  liy  the  Buciniit  Itiimniia    ..       '..       ..  .,      ,.    2&9 

Id,  Some  renmrkj:iljlu  I'liL'ts  uunuecteJ  wiUi  winn-loJl*.    Thu  OpLiuiuti 

wine 2-f  4 

17.  At  wb»t  prmd  rmirkinilA  nrwinn  werefintt  tHirved  at  tdhla       ..     tb. 

18.  Tht  u«ra  of  thu  wild  vine.    What  juluea  aro  catitnlly  the  caldest 

ofalt    ..      2fi6 

19.  Biilv-aiK  Tarirtics  i)f  iirtiticial  wiue 256 

30.  HyJromtli,  qr  mdiuntton       ..      ..     ..     ,.      ..  2S1 

2).  Oiyineli it. 

23.  Twelve  Itinda  of  wind  with  miniruloa«jiTep«rtif«       263 

23.  What  wiiiw  it  IB  noLlawful  to  use  in  the  sncred  rilei 2B3 

24.  Qnw  iQUst  is  QBUnlly  prqmieii        ..      ..      ..      ,.      .,      .,      .,  i/r. 

23.  l*i|.oh  auii  resin       , 261 

26.  Viucgar^t'iaofiriiie 26B 

S7.  Winc-vtdael*— wine-coliftni iJ. 

28.  llfunkeuocss  ..     ., 370 

29.  Liquon  with  tha  stnngth  of  wine  aiad«  (tool  vniet  and  oorn     . .    S74 

BOOK  SV. 

THE  h'ATinUL  UlSTOUT  OF  TUB  Fllt1T-T]UlK». 

1.  Tbeolitt",— HowlungitMinleiJin  Greece  only.— At  what  parioil  it 

wj«  flnit  Latroiiuueil  into  Itnly,  Spnia,  and  Aiiita 277 

2.  The  Qaturc  of  tltu  ulifti,  uodof  uew  oUvE  oil      27ft 


^ 


Z  CUHTJUITS. 

CMjkP.  Ta^ 

3.  OHtc  ^lil  ^  the  conatria  in  lihith  it  U  prodnecd,  and  iU  Torioaa 

<)uiiIiUet      379 

4.  Fifteen  TBii«tl«  of  lh4  oUn  .. 181 

A.  The  tutura  of  oUtd  oil 9H 

9.  Tbe  Qu]lurc  oftho  oliro:  itn  modaof  prMcmlion.    Tlu  BuMbod 

nrmukiti^ulivf*  oil     .. ..      ..    SU 

7.  forty-ei^ht  varieticii  nf  STtifiaiuloiU.    Tbv  ticiu-trct  oi  aatoa, 

or  >ili,  or  ((.'nitnum SM 

&  Amuroa 30t 

9.  Tho  Tnrimiit  kiiiJ«orfTnit-CrM«ond  thfiirnMuru.    Four  TsrictiM 

ufpiu^nuia        ..     .■      ..   39S 

10,  Tho  quiuco.    Fout  kiiuU  of  ojdonio,  and  fuui  rtiii«ti«*  of  Uie 

IlIuthcA A. 

11.  Sis  varieties  of  the  pfiBch       2ttt 

la.  Twilve  kind*  of  pl(im»  Mi 

13.  The  pcatli        ,    2M 

14.  Tlitrt;  iliiToront  kinds  of  ptimpK.     At  wlinl  period  foreign  fruita 

w(<i«  firat  iatroJuccil  inUi  Ituly,  and  wht-nM- -  297 

15.  Tho  fruilA  th.it  tinvobci'ii  raoat  rcccutlj'iiitruduucil H, 

16.  Forty-uue  TuneliL's  iiftlii' p.'ftr       _..     .•  300 

17.  Variutut  metliuiia  of  Kraflin)(  tri'UR.     Eipiattont  for  lightning    ..  90S 

18.  Tlie  mods  of  kpL'pin);  rimiiiiE  fruiU  and  grup«» 30S 

10.  Tweuir-mue  t^urittiuBoftiiv  llff     ..     .. 347 

20.  Ei<h>n<!ul  anecdotes  codudcUiiI  with  ibu  fig 30B 

21.  Caprifluation    ..     .. 311 

22.  lliree  TsrietLM  of  the  ni^BT 314 

23.  Four  vnrivticf  of  tliu  in>rl>      ..     ,,      ii. 

St.  KtUB  varittitiR  of  tho  nut       3ll 

25.  Ei^htaen  TArictics  of  tbo  chMnat ••     ..  318 

26.  TUetarub       31ft 

27.  The  flpsbv  Ihiiu.     The  mullwrrp' ii. 

S8.  Tbefc-uit'orthv-urbutuj         3a6 

29.  TburektiT^Datun^i^riiprry  frullj       821 

30.  Niceynricticflof  the  thcrry S38 

81.  Tho  cornel.     The  knlijik        338 

32.  TiilrLGcn  dlHWeot  davuiu't  of  juicos  i^ 

93.  The  colour  and  Bmetl  of  jui€tiS ..  33$ 

34.  The  vnrioui  natures  of  fruit  324 

33.  ThemjTlle      ., S28 

S6.  Historical  iLTiccdoti^  rflatiTo  to  the  mprtile 338 

37.   Keven  variutifs  of  Lhc  myrtle       380 

33,  The  myrtle  used  at  Eomo  in  ovutioDS 3}| 

89.  TbuUurc^t;  thirteen  varietiGS  of  it 332 

10.  Histoiiiial  aneedotes  connect^  Titli  the  iBuiol     334 

BOOK  XVI. 

TBB  MTDRAL  ItlSTOKT  OF  TBB  nBBST  TBEBB. 

1.  CountriM  tkil  have  Eo  tracs S.T3 

2.  Wouden  connected  with  trees  in  the  notheni  region*        ..     ..  340 


^^^                                 COHTLSTS.  n 

CT!*».  P*go 

3.  Tbo  aeoni  Oflk.    Tbc  eivic  cnnm 341 

4.  The  ong^iu  ii[  tbe  |>rcMTiiUitioii  of  Crowns      Silt 

&.  fenoDi  |ir»ifint^  witli  H  crown  of  Emtm ..     ,.  S4S 

6.  TliirUwu  Tura-tiii*  otlht  ■i.sTit      ..     ..     345 

7.  The  beech        ..     .. 34S 

8.  The  other  acorria — ■wmod  for  fiicl *$. 

9.  The  ^aU-nut 3fiO 

10.  Othfir  priKliutions  oD  tbuei  trtieabaidn  the  iwoni      ii. 

It.  Ciobrys 351 

12.  The  kennca  beny 3M 

13.  Agiuio      0. 

14.  Ti'ttm  uF  whkb  th«i  bsrlciiiued 364 

15.  ShingU   ..      SSS 

1«.  Tbe[jlno i&. 

17.  Th«  piniutflr 3M 

18.  Thft  pitch.trco  ;  the  fir it. 

19.  The  larth  :  the  tortH-trea       341 

20.  Tlinyi.w 3B0 

81.  HeclJoiiaof  iniikiajr  Utc— low  ceiriiiin  is  mini* 3ftl 

22.  Mrthoiln  b)r  which  thick  )>ib:h  i«  pr?[iur<.il iB. 

S3.  How  the  TitBitL  cuUcd  zojiisaa  is  prepared      363 

24.  Trtra  the  nood  i>r  whiah   ia  highly  vsluetd.     Four  nriotiM  of 

UiPiish        .. 804 

25.  Tno  varit^tics  of  the  liudQB'tna 3ttS 

26.  Ten  Turiclice  of  tha  mapla     347 

27.  Bruicura;  mnjJIunmra  ;  the  lUphylodendron        868 

28.  Three  vsrietiefl  of  the  boi-tioo      ,.     ..  iR. 

2&.  Four  Toriodta  of  tbo  clia        .     ..      ..     ..  870 

30.  The  uatun-^a  of  tlie  varioui  trees  eacordine  to  their  locnlttiee :  tbe 

nif^untaia  trcM,  and  thotrcp*  of  Iho  plain       H. 

31.  Tf»M  wliich  grow  OIL  a  dry  soil :  thi)«o  which  oro  ioand  in  Wet 

liiralitica  .   thnEe  nhtch  nm  (ounil  in  bolh  iaditfiirMitt;   .,      ..  372 

32.  Divisioit  of  tro^s  lutu  vanoiu  apeoiw .,      ,,  373 

33.  Trovs  whitib  do  Dot  lose  chciii  folinBU.   Thetliododeiidron.    Tni« 

whidli  do  not  b.^e  the  wbule  of  tb«ir  foliogv.    PIftces  in  wbioh 

thcT<^  firs  no  tfcc4        ii. 

34.  The  DuLuro  of  tbu  leaves  which  wither  and  full 874 

35.  Tree*  wliicli  have  l^aTce  of  vuioos  coloora ;  tren  with  IsRVee  of 

^ariouB  ihapts.    ThrooTumtiee  of  the  poplar        375 

36.  Leaves  whiuh  tum  round  erery  year 376 

37.  The  «are  bestowed  on  the  leares  of  tlie  palm,  and  thu  i«ei  to 

which  ttie^  nro  applied      877 

3S.  Bsnmri^able  facts  coni!«icted  with  Innroe        ,      ,.     ,,  ii, 

39.  The  aatiiral  order  of  thu  pruduL'tiun  of  plants 379 

40.  TrooB  which  novcrbloeaom.     The  juniper 38U 

41.  ThefufiiiaiJiitinnortruBa.    Gcrniuiition :  Ihtittppearancoof thefniit  381 

42.  1q  what  order  thu  trees  blos^iom 383 

43.  At  what  poriod  coch  tree  bean  fruit.     Th<)  comnt       384 

44.  Treet  which  beat  the  wkole  3'c-ikr.    Ttqcb  wiuuhhave  oathem 

the  iruit  of  three  years       iS5 


: 


Jtli  CONTESTS. 

CniP.  Va)t» 

Ai.  Trees  m>iicl)  bear  no  fruit  ■  trw*  looked  upon  as  iH-omcned       . .  3iio 

4('.  Tioes  wbicli  lose  Hwir  lr«iit  oi  flowers  mual  readily     SS" 

47.  'rn'eE  vrbidi  are  unpruduclive  in  cvrUiui  pluoe* 3S7 

4S,  Tbc  modo  in  nlikh  ticcE  hi;ar       ..     ..US, 

49.  Treusin  wliiidi  tlio  fi-iiit  uppciirs  bcfure  the  1«utc«       ij, 

CO.  Trees  which  bBHr  two  crops  in  n  yiiar.     Trees  wliicU  boUT  three 

crMps 389 

CI.  TTaiL'h  tr««B  bccomo  old  with,  the  greiitGEt'ruiiidity,  iiud  wliluki 

mostElrhwly ..   .1R9 

(!2.  Tr«.'ce  wbkb  bear  variou.4  pi'dducts.     CTat^^m 390 

63.  UdfeTDCJCc'H  in  Kcas  in  rt'spect  a(  the  trDut;.s  and  branuhes  . .      . .  391 

SI.  TbobiiiiKjhvBoi'Uc'CB S91 

£u.  Tbo  bark  of  trci^e  309 

6<i,  The  roots  uT  [.ruts >.      ..    &. 

67.  Trees  whidi  hMvegromi  6  pon  tan  eon  sly  (rmti  the  gmund  ,.  , .  394 
6S,  How  trues  grow  spunUnenuNly — divcmtiiis  in  tlieir  iiuture,  the 

Miue  tr«ee  no:  growing  everywhere S95 

fiS.  Plants  that  nil!  iiul  ffuw  iuvortuiiiplm^dH 8&6 

GO.  ThucyprcM 397 

Gl.  Tliat  the  earth  often  bciiTi  prodactiont  which,  il  has  iinrrr  boriLQ 

before  SBB 

63.  The  ivy— twentyrarietinBofit     ..    «'S. 

Oa.  TltB  sinilox       403 

6-1.  Water  phnta:  theruab:  trenty-eipht  Tflrietifi*  of  the  rccd  ..  303 
BA.  Reeds  usrd  for  airon-a,  and  for  t.he  purpose  of  triitiitg-  ,,  . ,  404 
86,  l''lut«  reeds  :  (he  leiJ  of  OrDhomunus ;  leedt  used  for  fowling 

&ndfifibiug 406 

6T.  The  vino-dresHPT'H  reed    ,.      ., 408 

as.  Thewilbw:  eight  vanctit^  of  it ,    408 

69.  Trem,  in  addition  to  the  witluw,   which   are  of   usa  In  mating 

witheti 410 

70.  Bushes:  cendle-nuhea:  rushes  fur  thatcbiog     411 

71.  Theelder;  the  hrftmhio  ..      ..  ti, 

72.  Tlio  JQicea  of  treea 41!I 

7S.  The  veins  and  fibres  of  trees 413 

74.  Th*  ftUiiig  of  iru™ 415 

75.  The  «piuii>n  of  CnLu  on  tbo  felling  of  timber       41B 

76.  Tbu  BLEE  <jf  tiesB  :  the  nature  uf  wood ;  the  sappincLS 417 

77.  Methods  of  obttiinini;  tire  from  wood    ..      421 

7(t,  Treei  which  are  proof  against  decuv :  trees  which  never  iplit    ..  442 

79.  llistnrtciil  fucts  coanoctcd  with  the  durability  of  wood        ,,      ,.  4^3 

80.  VMieties  uf  the  Urodu 426 

81.  The  wuodii  u»Gd  iji  building  426 

82.  Cnrpenttra' wci.Mi!!  427 

8  IS.  "Woods  iinitod  with  gltie  «6. 

84.  Veneering     , 428 

85.  The  apo  of  tr^es,    A  tree  that  woa  planted  by  tbe  finit  Seipio 

Afhcnnus.    A  trco  at  Rome  fi»-a  hundred  yt-ata  old       ..     ..   429 

86.  Trees  ae  old  as  the  City i-W 

67.  Xieea  in  the  aubuibaa  district*  older  than  the  City ilr. 


1 


CONTENTS. 

ox  TUB  lUISO  TOt-VUS 


. 


BOOK  xr. 


TBB  TAM4VS  KIXDtl  OV  IXKtOTt. 


I 

1 
« 

7 


1.  The  wtreBi«siiu!lnMx  of  iniwcu  .. 

2.  Vbtther  iiueota  rvtpin,  uid  •rbetlicr  tbef  bntv  blood      .■     . 

3.  Tbe  bodies  of  innixu     

4.  B«s 

5.  Th«  ordn-  difpUjwd  in  tb«  works  of  bcca . 

S.  Tb«  mn&ing  of  lh«  Urmi  commoau,  piaiocinai,  uid  ikropvli*    . 

7.  Tbomuningflf  eritbuie,  usduatn,  or  nriotlioB        

B.  Wbit  ftuKen  an  luod  br  tho  bcM  in  tbcir  work        m, 

9.  TcrMit}*  who  liuve  muilcWHtbeir  stud/ ..  S 

10.  Tbe  intHlu  in  wbkb  beM  iTork       I'iy 

IL  DroD«is      10 

12.  Tlmqunlitiuof  hontjr 11 

13.  WbcTo  the  b«t  hcntjh  pntdwed       li 

14.  Tb«  bimla  iifbdney  pMutinr  to  Tfttious  places      if. 

15.  How  boner  is  tMted.     tjicicum.    Tetnlix,  gr  Bnnim      ..     .,  U 

16.  Tb*  rqwoauetiou  of  beta ,.  is 

17.  Tb{iinod«of  B«nniiiwiitof  UiofcoM IK 

18.  llftppy  omcM  MiBtdrau  ifbidtd  bjr  i  awam  of  boca      . .     . .  19 

19.  Tbo  Tsrioas  kindd  of  becd       20 

20.  Tba  ciUoaws  of  boca        31 

21.  Tbiuga  Utaiara  noiioTu  tc  bees , 23 

23.  How  to  koqi  ben  to  tlvo  biro        23 

53,  llettioda  of  renffwinj;  theovurm ii. 

54.  Warn  and  bomck:  oniiiiaU  which  spproprbte  what  helong*  to 

othcfa , 24 

33.  Tliobombys  of  Amrio. JS 

M.  Tbo  brvat  of  tbo  Huk-irona— wbn  Wm  invented  liUc  riolhs       . .  -A. 

B7.  The  siUi-wonn  of  Co*— how  tho  Coan  uMmt-nUi  nro  made  . .  2(> 
28.  SpidAMi  Ibe  kin>i«  Ihut  unlit  wxiba;  Uia  matutkU  luml  lir  tiirm 

in  K  dvisj;         .'.     , , 


37 


IIT  CONTENTS. 

Chap.  Figa 
30.  Traniplsntiii^  operations  as  distributed  throaghont  the  TuiouB 

seasons  of  tbe  year     487 

3t.  The  cleaning  and  baring  of  the  roota,  and  moatding  them . .     . .  491 

32.  Willow-beda 192 

33.  lieod-beds 493 

34.  Other  plants  that  ore  cut  for  poles  and  stakes      494 

3fi,  The  ctUtore  of  the  vine  and  tbe  varioos  ihrulu  which  support  it , .  495 

36.  How  grapes  are  protected  bom  the  rsTSges  of  insects        . .     ..  617 

37.  The  fisoases  of  trees       tS. 

38.  Prodigies  connected  with  trees      526 

39.  IVeatment  of  the  diseases  of  trees 528 

40.  Uethods  of  irrigation     529 

41.  Remarkable  foots  connected  with  irrigation H. 

42.  Incisions  made  in  trees 530 

43.  Other  remedies  for  the  diseases  of  trees ii. 

44.  Gaprification,  and  particulars  connected  with  the  fig 531 

45.  EiTors  that  may  be  committed  in  proning ib. 

46.  The  proper  mode  of  manuriitg  trees     532 

47.  Medicaments  for  trees it. 


Cair.  Past 

Vi.  Tlic  luD^ :  tn  wliut  tainuds  thcjr  an  the  lar^^t,  tind  la  wkM 
ih«  emaUeet.  Animals  wbioh  luive  naUiimz  but  inagt  in  Ui« 
interior  of  the  bodr.  Cituwtt  whkli  proiliii:':  cxtraonliiuiry 
BvifLDCM  in  Bfiimala* ..      .,      ..     ..      $7 

73.  Tbo  liinr ;  in  whit  luiimiils,  and  in  wluit  |inrC  tbcre  are  tare 

liven  found A. 

It.  The  gall ;  wl»nu  liiiude,  aai  iu  what  aiumuk  h  is  jaublo.  Aiii- 
mali  whioli  lutve  no  ^1,  and  wthcra  ui  wlii<ili  li  i*  uot  aituaU 
in  th«  liTcr  68 

7d.  Hie  nrcipertJM  of  ttia  ^        6'i 

70.  In  ivliat  anuunla  the  bvei  inGr«a««s  and  docrcawa  nilh  the  moon. 
ObwrvaliaaK  ou  tlm  aniipicci  relutiro  tbcicto,  and  rsnuukulilo 
prodi^tv      70 

77.  Tibp  diitiihra^.    Tlionatureof  Uagktor     lA. 

78.  Till!  Iietly  :  uiitiuub  which  hava  no  beUy.    Wliich  are  the  only 

auiinau  ttiiit  vuinlt ,      ..      .,      71 

79.  Tho  suiJl  tfuu,  tho  (runt  inittUuGe,  Ihu  autu,  llie  colcm.    The 

ULUK«  of  lliv  iusadiiUi  Tunuritf  of  certain  animuU ii. 

80.  Tba  orai^Rluro :  thceathMsn;  animals  nhich  uc  uitliout  it         ..73 

81.  Tbu  kiiiurjs  :  auiniolj  whL'h  bavL-  fuur  kiilut-jB.     Auimul*  which 

havo  uunit  , H, 

82.  Tli.i  hroasl :   thfl  fiU      74 

S3.  Thu  bloiltlvr  1  lUiiuiuU  which  have  no  bloJdar        ih. 

St.  Tho  womb  :  the  womb  of  tito  euw :  tlie  uata  75 

So.  .Inimnls  which  ha* o  sitct ;    tutitnnjg  wbicb  do  not  grow  fat        . .     i^. 

8G.  The  aiarruw  :  aniuaU  v\ik)x  bav<:  no  iiiurruw        1$ 

67.  BoufiB  oiidQab-boQcs:  uaiiuiils  which  have  luiither.    CarUiagea       77 

88.  TheaariB:  animnLs  whii'h  havl.^nl^nlt     ii. 

90.  'the  artcriM;  the  vdnii  -.  uuiiudji  wilhunt  arteriM  or  veins.    The 

blood  and  Ui»  NWMt        . .    . . 78 

90.  AntmaU,  the  blood  of  wbicb  ooai;ulalci  with  tb«greateat  rapidity  r 
Dlbar  tmiaialji,  tlie  hluudof  wiiicli  dons  uut  connilala.  AfumaU 
whicli  have  tlic  tliicktot  blood :  thu«L'  the  bluud  of  wbiob  ii  the 

thinncat :  aiiiin<iU  which  haro  no  blood     it. 

01.  AnimaU  whidi  an:  wilhniit  btnod  at  cfttnin  period*  af  the  year . .     79 

92.  Whethar  tha  hluod  in  Uie  principlEiof  lite 80 

93.  Thti  bidv  of  aoimali        ii. 

9i.  lliu  hair  and  Ibo  coTcring  nf  (lie  akin Rl 

M.  Tho  jiapR :  binJs  whiuh  hare  papk    Kcmorliablo  TaLtB  CADn«ct<il 

wjib  Ihc  dug»  of  Biiimala 82 

UA.  Tlio   uiilL:  the  bicitiags.     Cheeto:  of  what  milk  clieeae  cannot 

be  mad-e.    Keouvl;  the  varioiukind*  uralimotil  in  milk      ..     8S 

97.  Varioui  kiudaof  vhouje  ..  ..      ,. hi 

QS.  Ditfenmcas  of  tha  mcmbtrs  of  blou  from  thino  of  other  animals . .     fcti 

99,  The  liiiBi^rs,  tbo  itmi*      , i6. 

IDO.  KcdanTilHQCt:  uf  the  ape  to  ntaa %i. 

101.  Thenails        ,,      ..     , 87 

102.  Till!  kiti«t  luid  iliu  hams      f&. 

103.  I'arta  of  the  banian  body  to  which  ontftln  rcUgiau  idcoavK 

attached      bi 


117. 


Cm«».  Pupa 

ICI'4.  VuricoK  veins -.i     .1.     ..  SH 

mS.  The  gait,  the  lect,  ttplrgs    ..      .. '.      ..      ..  89 

l(i6.  llgofi      I*. 

aO?.  Thafeetofbiida UO 

IDS.  Tho  feet  of  animnh,  from  those  huving  tiro  reel  to  thoM  tritli  a 

huniirtil. — Llnnrfs      ill 

109.  The  BEiiiul  parts. — Uenn up hrndit.es ib. 

110.  The  l^KtcB.^l'liu  three  cluses  of  euDDchi 02 

lit.  Tkc  tails  of  uuliunls      ib. 

U2.  The  diifiirciiit.  unices  nfanimala     . . ..  9^ 

113.  fiiipcrfluous  liii]bs 95 

114.  Signs  of  vitalitF  anil  of  tlie  moral  diipoattion  of  ntati,  bum  the 

Umbs ..     .,      9* 

llfi.  Rceptration  nnd  Dutriiii«Tit _.     97 

116.  Animals  wliich  -when  ftd  upon  powon  do  not  dio,  and  the  fiejli 

of  ivhit'b  i^  poiBunci'iis .,  9S 

Rpttsons  for  inJigeBtiufi.     BcfineiUes  for  crudity ,  rf. 

From  whnt  causes  conrnlBHtp  nrises ;    h^w  it  may  }>b  rc^^ticeil  . .  4b. 

WLut  thiugfr,  by  mcrolr  tasting-  of  tiieni,  ulluy  bua^or  and  tbiiet  99 

BOOK  XII. 

THE  MATUa.lL  SISTOIIT   OP  TtltlBS. 

1.  The  hanmiinblc  phcc  ocQupicd  by  treeaia  thoayati'm  of  nature     101 

2.  The  eiftil  y  histuiy  of  trees       10? 

3.  Exotlo  ITOOB.    Whui  the  pluue-lrtv  Hiet  appciLrcil  in  Italy,  and 

wbencii  it  camo    .. LOS 

4.  Tho  iiQtiir«  of  Iho  pkTi(<-tree      104 

5.  ILemsrk.'tble  fiiuta  conneried  with  ttiP  planp-trco        it. 

fi.  The  cliHiuepplfttauui.     Who  nns  the  nrst  ta  clipgreeiiBhrubs    .•  106 

7.  ll'»w  thu  cLtruii  is  plimtetl ii. 

8.  Tliu  treoBM"  ladia        107 

9.  "W>i(riieh<>tiy  waft  first  seen  ot  Rome.    ThoTftriounkindBofcbouy     IDS 

10.  The  Itiilian  tliom H. 

11.  The  Indian  fig       ..        , i*. 

11,  Thepulu:  thafruit'eallddiirieiia , 110 

18.  Intliau  trees,  the  uamoB  of  'wliicb  are  uiiluiuwn.     Indlsn  trees 

whroh  beiu- flioL ,     Ill 

H.  ThiJ  pepper- Ir CO.— The  vuriuufl  liiidn  uf  pepper— bregma— sin- 

gibcri,  or  limpiTf^bi  ,. ..  ifc 

15.  Ciuyophyllaiii  lyciun,  ud  ibu  Cliiraniaii  pyumantUui    ,.     ..  113 

10.  Madr      ..     ..     ,. 114 

17.  Snpir      f*. 

13.  Trees  of  Ariana,  Gedrosin,  aEii  HiTE^ania 115 

19.  Treei  of  Kuctrinna,  bdtUiuni,  or  brovhun,  othenriao  malai^ha,  or 

ntalducon,  scordQatum,    AditlltTutiuns  used  lu  nil  apices  Eind 
iironiiiticn;  the  various  (eBtsoftbcm  andtheir  r^spcctiroTsIuca  1^, 

2(1.  Tmm  of  IVrsis      ..     ..     117 

2  U  Tnci  of  the  ibionda  of  the  P«niiLn  Bca.    The  cotton  tiM. .     ..    ii. 


I 


BOOK  XI. 

THE  VARIOUS  KINDS  OP  UfSECTS. 

oa&p.  1.  [1.) — TBx  KmLEKx  sBULurzis  or  urszcn. 

"We  shall  naw  proceed  to  a  dcflcription  &f  the  innocfa,  a 
ftubject  replete  with  cnclloM  difficulties  ;'  for,  in  fact,  ihani 
are  some  authors  wh'j  havo  raainlaint'd  that  tbiy  do  not  respire, 
andthitttlu^yaredtatitutoof  blouti.  The  iiifleotsarc  ilUIn^?rou^ 
and  torni  many  it^>ii>uicR,  and  thoir  mode  of  life  is  like  tint  of 
the  t4>rrcEtntLl  animaU  and  the  birde.  'Some  of  iiitrta  are  fur- 
nished with  wingB,  heta  f«r  iustuucc  ;  oliivre  tire  divided  Juto 
thusu  kinds  *hii;h  huvo  wiiigs,  uid  lho«c  which  are  without 
them,  BUch  be  aota ;  while  otliers,  ngain,  are  destitut*-  uf  both 
irings  and  foft.  All  UiL'se  animals  havB  ixjvn  very  jiropcrly 
called  "  iDsi-cts,"'  from  Iho  inciMuics  or  ditisions  which  sepa- 
rate the  body,  somctimea  at  the  neck,  and  Bomctimes  at  tho 
corselet,  and  so  diridc  it  into  niprabers  or  sc-gmenta,  only 
UQJted  to  umih  other  by  a  Bleiifier  tubo,  In  aome  inaecte,  how- 
ever, tlus  division  is  not  complele,  aa  it  is  Hurmmiikd  by 
iffl'inkled  Jolds  ;  uud  thus  thti  flexible  vcrttbrni  of  the  tii'euluri', 
whether  situate  at  the  ubdomeu,  or  whethei  only  ut  the  upper 
part  of  the  body,  are  prottcted  by  layers,  overlapping  eucli 
otlier ;  indeud,  iu  no  one  of  her  works  has  Nature  more  fully 
displayed  by  eihaustleBs  ingenuity. 

(2.)  In  large  animals,  on  the  other  hand,  or,  at  all  ^rento, 

'  "Ijnnwnaeftulitilitati*."  As  Cuvitr  rcmnrks,  Iho  tracicnts  liavc  coni- 
miUed  more  erroi'i  in  ii-fercnce  to  the  iii^ei'bi,  Lbiin  to  any  uthnr  porliim  n-l* 
t)ic  unimul  world.  Tliu  ilinroverjr  of  tho  microicopo  tuu  seived  m-uie  lliua 
ftnytliiiig  to  correot  theeo  ericiueous  noliyus. 

i  "liiauuta,"  "iirticulflltd," 

TOL.  III.  B 


i 


raiKT'8  y\TVUA.h  HI8T0BT.  [Bouk  XI. 

in  the  very  largest  among  them,  she  found  hor  task  easy  uid 
her  materials  ready anJ  pliahlo;  but  in  thcBe  minute  creaturc8, 
80  nearly  akin  Q&  they  are  to  nou-enlity,  how  Buipassing  the 
inteliigcTJee,  how  raet  the  resoarces,  and  how  ineffable  tlie 
perfection  which  she  huB  displayed.  Where  is  it  that  she  haa 
unitfid  Bomany  Si'nst'-aaaiii  thi;^  gnat  ?-^iiot  to  spi^ak  ofcrfatim-a 
that  might  be  mentioned  of  still  smaller  sizt — Where,  I  say, 
'  htts  Bhe  found  room  to  place  in  it  the  organs  of  sight  ?  "Where 
haa  she  centred  the  sense  of  taste?  Where  has  she  inserted 
the  power  of  smell  ?  And  whcTC,  too,  has  she  implanted  that 
sharp  shrill  voice  nf  the  creatiire,  ao  ntl*rly  dJHprnporlioTied  to 
the  smjillntBH  of  its  body?  With  what  aBtonishing  Biibtlety 
has  she  unittid  Uie  wings  to  the  trunk,  elongated  the  joints 
of  tlicf  legs,  fraiiifd  thfit  loEg^  craving  concavity  far  a  belly,  and 
then  indamod  tlie  animal  with  an  insatiate  thirst  for  bloud, 
that  ol'iiinnmoTi!  especially!  What  tngeniiity  has  she  display I'd 
in  providing  it  with  a  sting:,*  ho  well  adapted  for  piercing  tho 
6kin!  And  then  too,  just  as  though  she  had  had  the  most 
extenavo  field  for  the  excrciec  of  her  eliill,  although  ihn 
weapon  ie  so  minute  that  it  can  hardly  be  seen,  she  haa  fomicd 
it  wilh  a  twofold  mcchaniRm,  providing  it  witli  a  point  for  the 
purpoBe  of  pieroing,  and  at  the  same  moment  making  it  hollow, 
to  adapt  it  for  suction. 

What  teeth,  too,  haa  she  inserted  in  the  teredo,*  to  adapt  It 
for  piercing  oak  even  with  a  sound  ■which  fully  attest*  their 
destriietivt!  powt;r  !  ivhile  at  thu  same  time  she  has  madt*  wood 
its  principal  ntttrinicnt.  We  give  all  our  admiiation  to  the 
shoulders  of  the  elephnnt  as  it  supporta  the  tiitrct,  to  the 
fltnlwartneck  of  the  bull,  and  the  might  with  which  it  harla 
aloft  whatever  comea  in  its  way,  to  the  onslaught  of  the  tiger, 
or  to  tlie  mane  of  the  lion  ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  Nitture  ia 
nowhere  to  be  seen  to  greater  perfection  than  in  tho  very 
smallest  of  her  works.  For  this  reason  theji,  1  must  beg  of 
my  readers,  notwithstanding  Hie  contempt  they  feel  for  many 
of  these  objects,  not  to  feel  a  similar  disdain  for  the  informii- 
ticai  1  am  about  to  give  relative  thereto,  seizing  that,  in  the 

'  The  tmnt  of  the  gnat,  Cuvier  jays,  oontainB  fivo  silken  wad  pointed 
thrcada,  which  togrthi^r  Imve  tlio  efTect  of  a  stiiij. 

*  Tiiti  Tpttilo  iiavitlis  cf  LJnniL'uji,  aotrni  insect,  but  oaoof  ttornoUuskfl, 
TliiKJ*  tliHimii-crr!itm*o  t)i:!it  it  itientwiifil  in  B.  xvi.c.  80;  hut  thu t  spoken 
of  in  B,  y'lii.  v.  74,  uiuai  Lave  bi.->ju  u  kuij  inswi- 


I 


^^^^^^            cosTLSTi.           ^m^^m  ue 

Cur.  Paga 
4&  Th«  ttttca  Slid  sIiratM  aC  the  M edikgmtaean.     The  phfcoi,  pnuco, 

or  zaat«r .,      MO 

•19.  Ttir^MabnoB         310 

40.  Plants  of  tboErd  Sea 811 

ol.  I'lnntii  of  tho  Indian  Sta        A, 

i'L  Tbe  planu  of  ths  TroglodyticSaa ;  lh«  ttair  of  laia :  Ihu  CLuito- 

U^lutrciii        312 

BOOK  xi\r. 

TKB   NATirXAl.  HISTDtCY  OB  THK  FKriT-TXEm. 

1  and  2.  The  imluTfl  of  the  vino.     Id  mode  f>r  IViutiflcstioin    .,      ..  2lfi 

3.  The  DSturo  vf  llie  srrape.  sud  the  culliTatiuQ  or  the  vino  ..      ..  2E8 

4.  MiiUP^-ODc  Tohctiu  ar  t1i«  viui! 22? 

A.  B^iftrksble  dcta  connected  with  tbsonltnTo  oi  Ike  vine    ..     ..  23S 

8.  The  iDMt  BDciml  winra          2M 

7.  Tb«  nature  uf  wine*        33S 

5.  fifty  kinds  gfgvDcnniswiim       239 

9.  Tttirly-r^ight  vnmt.imof  forci^  iriii«           ..      245 

10.  Si>vci)  luud«  ofiuiltuil  winca 247 

11.  GightotfQTariiTtifR  afawKct  nine.     BaJttn-irinv  uid  )i«ptcinK     ..  248 

12.  ThruD  Toriittiet  of  Mcond-TaU)  wine       25L 

13.  At  wh&t  period  guneroiu   winu  were   trtt  caDimoiily  miuloiii 

Italy aSl 

IL  The  inipectJon  of  vino  ord'-rrd  hy  King  Ilamului     2&i 

U.  Viiwt  OTunk  bj  thu  Mici^itt  Ituniiiiii 25S 

16.  Some  nmark&tile  facts  aoaacctod  witli  wjno-loni.    Tb«  C^union 

wino , 254 

17.  At  what  pmod  ruurkindA  of  wino  vittf  first  atarei  at  taMe       ..  i&. 

18.  Th«  liKs  iif  th«  wild  vine     What  juioct  arc  cntumlly  tho  ooldnt 

cfttl! 2a« 

1$.  Sixty-six  TQiiuties  of  anifidol  wiat.     ..      , 256 

SO.  H^dTomdi,  or  mcliotatoti       261 

21.  Oiymtli a, 

22.  TwrIvo  kiuda  of  will)?  with  luiriiciiluuB  prapflrtint       2€S 

23.  WtiJit  nioM  it  IK  nut  kutfiil  U  uHiin  the>acr<id  rites 263 

^.  How  mu»l  ii  uitmljy  prcpirud      , it. 

ii.  Pitdi  and  reein       244 

36.  Vintgur— l«!f  ot'wino ..  268 

27.  Wiue-v»wU — wiut-ciiliirs ii. 

i8.  Dniukenucw  ..      .       ,.     ..  370 

20.  Liquuia  wilb  the  sti:«n;{lb  of  wiue  luailv  from  water  and  oum     . .  27i 

BOOK  XV. 

THS  «ATtmAi  niiTOHT  OP  ■TOE  rswiT-'nania. 

1.  Th«olivp.— How  long  itoxiiteil  in  Gr«eco  only.— At  what  period  It 

vufint  iotrodiiucd  intn  Italy.  Spuin,  uiid  Africa 277 

2.  The  aUaro  of  tha  olin,  ani  otnoir  oli?e  oil      27& 


PtrST  8   BATPail,   EI8T0ET. 

of  Uioso  EcDBcs)  of  the  powers  of  licariug,  Biiiftlling,  and  tast- 
ing, 08  well  us  those  oiIilt  precioutj  gitU  of  future,  address, 
courage,  and  Bkilfulness  ?  That  these  creatures  have  no  WqcmI" 
I  am  really  to  admit,  jiist  as  all  the  terreBtrial  animnls  an  not 
posaessod  of  it ;  bnt  then,  ttey  liaA'e  som^Lliing  sdmilar,  by  way 
of  equivalent.  Just  as  in  the  Bra,  the  sospia"  has  a  black 
liquid  in  place  of  blood,  and  the  varioiia  kinds  of  purples,  those 
juicea  which  we  use  for  the  purposes  of  dyeinj; ;  ao,  too,  ie  eveiy 
insect  po3seB3*-d  of  ita  own  vital  humour,  which,  whatever  it 
is,  is  blood  to  it.  ^Vhile  I  leave  it  ta  others  to  Ibrra  what 
opinion  they  pleaao  on  this  subject,  it  is  my  purpoau  to  aet 
forlh  the  oj>yriit.iou3  ofNaLiirtiin  tho  cleurwat  possible  light, 
and  not  to  enter  upon  ths  di&cus&iou  of  points  that  utn  top letu 
with  doubt. 

CBAr.  3.  (40 — TiTE  BODiea  of  isaitcra. 

InsMts,  BIO  fnr  aa  I  find  myself  able  to  ascertain,  seem  to 
have  neither  sinowfi,"*  bnnofi,  spines,  corlilnges,  fat,  nor  flesh  ; 
nor  yet  bo  mnch  as  a  frail  shell,  llkt  some  of  the  marine  ani- 
mola,  nor  even  anything  that  can  ivith  any  propiiety  bo 
termed  skiu  ;  but  they  have  ii  body  which  in  of  a  kind  yf  inter- 
meiliate  nature  hotweun  all  these,  of  an  arid  Biibatance,  eofter 
than  musclp,  and  in  ol.ber  respects  of  a  nature  that  may,  in 
eti'iutncss,  be  rather  pronouncfld  yielding,"  than  hard.  Huoh, 
then,  is  all  that  they  arc,  ajid  nuthint;  niorc :  "  in  the  inside 
of  their  bodies  there  is  nothing,  except  in  eome  few,  which 
have  an  intestine  arranged  in  folds.  Hence  it  is,  that  cv(?n 
when  cut  aaundcr,  they  are  remarkable  for  thpir  tenacity  of 
life,  nnd  the  palpitations  wbieh  ave  to  be  seen  in  each  of  their 
part^.  For  every  portion  of  them  is  possessed  of  its  own 
vital  principle^  which  is  ecntred  in  no  limb  In  partiGular,  but 

**  Cuvier  romnrkit,  thnt  rbcrHnrca  Doiirisliing  IIai<I,  whioh  ia  of  a  Trhits 

eatoar,  an<I  ocU  in  phca  c>f  bload. 

*  'i'So  ilyi'  nf  i«:i'pia,  t'livitr  retoMltH,  is  notblooil,  nor  does  it  not  as  suth, 
bcine  an  L'xcremviiiiiioud  IJqaJiL  U  )iii«  la  ndditiua  a  blui^b,  Uansparvut, 
bloofi.    Thcsume  nim  wiiti  the  juices  of  lh<!  piirplo. 

'"  "Ntrros."  Utivicr  stiya  that  alLinfi^ctshavea  bma,  uaort  of  Bfimil 
niaTrow,  and  hctvgi. 

"  "Tutiii!!." 

'*  InsL'C'ls  tftvo  no  fut,  Curier  soys,  except  when  in  tie  ehryaalis  state ; 
btit  tboy  have  ii  llhrnuit  dcsh  of  ii  wbiiuli  colir>iir.  They  bavo  aiao  visaeitia, 
traobco,  nuvca,  anil  a  most  cooipliGatvd  orgiuiixuUon, 


Cliap.  5.] 


Bros. 


in  QYGty  part  of  tho  body ;  Icust  of  oil,  however,  in  the  bt-itd, 
which  (doDO  is  subject  to  do  movemcDtBuuletts  torn  off  together 
with  the  corselet.  Ho  kind  of  animal  haa  more  f^ot  than  tbs 
in^-ub*  hav4.>,  uiid  those  lununj;  them  which  have  the  most,  tire 
tilt;  longest  when  cut  MftunrU-r,  an  we  S(«  in  th(>  case  of  the  Molo- 
pondra.  Th^y  have  eyes,  and  the  aeusca  as  well  of  touch  rmd 
taste  ;  Bome  of  thorn  horc  also  the  sense  of  Bmelliug,  aocl  eomc 
few  that  of  bearing. 

CRAP.  A.    (S.J BKES, 

But  among  them  nil,  tlic  fint  rank,  and  our  especial  admi- 
ration, oug^bt,  in  justice,  to  heaccordud  to  bec«,  which  alone, 
of  tUl  tho  insectif,  have  K-ea  creatwl  for  Hw  benefit  ol"  man. 
They  extract  honey  and  coUfict  it,  ajuicysubetanco  remarkabia 
for  its  extreme  eweetncss,  lightncM,  and  whok-somcnesa,  Thcj* 
form  their  comhs  and  oollc-fit  wax,  nn  artiole  that  is  naeful  for 
a  thousand  ptirposes  of  life  ;  they  are  patirat  of  fatigue,  toil  at 
their  labours,  form  ihemafclvca  into  poliiitial  comtnunitiea,  hold 
councils  tiigelhur  in  private,  elect  (j)iii.-r:4  in  common,  cmd,  a  thing 
that  is  ttic  niDHt  remarkable  of  all,  huve  tht'ir  own  code  of  morals. 
In  S'tMiUun  to  this,  biding  as  Uifv  aru,  aoilhcr  tamo  nor  wild, 
BO  all-pou-erfui  is  ifuturt',  that,  from  u  crcuture  »<i  miuute  as  to 
he  Dotning  more  hardly  than  the  blmdow  of  an  animul,  fhe  ha* 
created  a  marvel  beyond  all  comparison.  What  miii*ciilw 
power,  what  exertion  of  strcnglli  are  wo  (o  pot  in  comparison 
with  5uch  Tiist  eucrfj;y  and  such  industry  as  thcire  ?  What  dis- 
play of  human  genius,  in  a  word,  shriU  we  compare  with  the 
rcafioning  powers  moiiifostod  hy  thpm  ?  In  fltis  they  hnrc.  at 
all  events,  tho  ailviuifjigL-  of  us — they  know  of  iiMliinghut  whiit 
is  for  the  cooimou  benefit  of  all.  Away,  thin,  with  ali  qucstionB 
whether  they  rcn>tre  or  no,  uad  let  ue  be  ready  to  agree  on 
the  question  of  their  blood  ;  aad  yet,  how  little  of  it  can  pon- 
Bibly  cxt^t  in  bodies  ro  minute  as  thctnt.^And  now  let  lu 
form  eome  idea  of  the  iustinct  Uiey  disijluy. 

CnAT.  5.  (G.) THK  OUIEK  VIBELXYED  IB  lUE  WOHKS  OP  BEES. 

Bees  keep  within  the  hi™  during  the  winter — for  whence 
arc  lliej-  to  derive  the  strength  requisite  to  withgluucl  froflt.3 
and  unoWR,  and  Dm  uorlhem  blaats:  Tlie  same,  in  fact,  is 
done  by  all  inaecta,  but  not  to  so  late  a  period;    aa  thoe« 


i 


niNT'B  skrvTUJii  nrsTonr. 

which  coDceal  themselres  in  the  walls  of  our  houses,  are  much 
sooner  BBTiBiblc  of  tVie  rohirairg  waniiUi.  With  rofrrdico  i/> 
heea,  cither  aoftsons  and  climates  havfi  coDaideiaWy  changed,  or 
eise  former  writers  have  been  greatly  mistaken.  They  retire 
for  tho  winter  at  Ihe  setting  of  this  Ver^Jite,  nnd  remiiin  shut 
lip  till  att«r  tho  rising  of  that  coQHtplIatioa,  and  not  till  only 
tho  bcgianiog  of  spring,  us  Home  authors  havo  stated ;  nor,  in- 
deed, does  any  one  m  Italy  ever  think  of  then  openiag  the  hivts. 
They  do  not  come  forth  to  ply  their  hibtiura  uotiL  the  bean 
blossoms  ;  and  then  not  a  day  do  they  lose  in  inufltivity,  while 
tUs  weather  la  favourable  for  their  piirsatte. 

^"irst  of  all,  they  aet  fthout  con etruc ting  their  combs,  and 
forming  the  vox,  or,  in  other  words,  making  their  dweliinga 
and  cells ;  after  this  they  produce  their  youug,  and  then  make 
honey  and  wax  from  HowecB,  and  extract  bee-glue'-  from  tho 
tears  of  those  trees  which  distil  glutinous  BubBtnnccs,  tJio 
juicBB,  guiDB,  and  reeinB,,  namely,  of  tho  willow,  tho  fllm,  and 
ihe  rted.  With  these  substancos,  as  wen  as  others  of  n  muris 
hitter  nature,  they  first  linu  the  whole  ini^ide  of  the  hive,  as  a 
«'jrt  of  protection  ogiiinet  tho  greedy  propensities  of  other  small 
inseuts,  as  they  are  well  aware  that  tbey  are  about  to  form 
that  which  will  prove  an  object  of  attraction  to  tliem.  Having 
done  this,  they  employ  similar  eubstauces  in  uoiTowiog  thu 
enlrance  to  the  hive,  if  otherwise  too  wide. 

CBAP.  6.  (6,3 — IKS  MEiMTNG  OP  TKE  TEBMS  COSndOSIS,  FIS8D- 
CBEOS,  AND  PJlOPOiia. 

The  persons  who  understand  this  Bubject,  call  tho  substancn 
which  iorma  the  first  foundatiou  of  their  combs,  cornmosia,'^  tiiu 
next,  _;;'ss<'o«'tf«,"  and  the  third  ji^riyw^w;'*  which  Last  is  placed 
between  the  other  layers  and  the  wax,  and  is  remarkuble  for 
it-8  utilitv  in  Medicine.'"  The  commusis  forms  the  first  crust 
or  layer,  and  has  a  bitter  tasto ;  and  upon  it  is  laid  the  pisso- 
ceros,  a  kind  of  thin  wax,  which  acts  as  a  sort  of  vamiah. 
The  propolis  is  produced  from  the  sweet  gum  of  the  vine  or 

11  "  Mulli^."  For  further  infonaotioB  oB  tbift  subject  conanlt  Bemn 
aa  the  Honey  Bee, 

"  Or  "eonuiiii,"  "  gummy  matter.'* 
"^  PiUh-wai. 

'*  A  ItinJ  of  1«b-kIub  ;    tlie  origin  of  the  nnmo  dnfi  not  serftn  to  bg 
knowD,    Restiiuur  tiiivs  ihat  Uicy  uru  nil  Ulilcxuiit  viirieCii-s  of  bsti-glue. 
'•  Sea  B.  uii.  v.  60. 


Chap,  ai  BEES. 

the  poplar,  ami  is  of  a  {Imspr  conwHtenoy,  the  juicca  of  flowew 
bring  added  to  it.  Hliil,  huwevvr,  it  cannot  Lo  properly  U-rmod 
vox.,  but  roUi<ir  the  fuuuduUoti  of  tins  boney-cuiubs  ;  hy  mcaaa 
of  it  all  inlets  are  6toi>p«d  up,  vrhich  mi^rut.  ollicrwise,  8orr< 
for  the  admiHsion  of  cold  or  other  injurious  ioiluenccs;  it 
lOso  a  strong  odour,  eo  mucli  SO,  indeed,  that  maoy  people 
it  instead  or  g^banum. 

CH1.P.  7. — THE  UXAITEEfi  OP  EUITIUCK,  aASt>i.RACA,  OS  CKSnrrHOA. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  beee  form  collections  of  trithaet  or 
1>ee*lpn<iid,  which  some  penuns  call  "  muidurucw," '"  and  otbBn 
"cennthus."     Thin  is  to  fu>rve  ns  the  food  of  the  iRt-s  irhUo 
they  are  at  work,  and  is  often  found  stowt'd  oway  in  the  cavi* 
ties  of  thii  cells,  bc-ing  of  a  bittt-r  tlavour  also.     It  is  produced  . 
from  iho  fipriog  dffws  and  tlio  gummy  jnioes  of  trtca,  bdntt^-j 
leas  almndant  yfhWv.  the  south-wcat  wind   is  blm*-ing,  anal 
blackened  by  thu  prcvalenco  of  a  Bouth  wind.     (>n  the  othor 
band,  again,  it  is  of  a  reddish  colour  and  bi^coruos  iui])rovt-d  by 
the  norUi-east  wind;  it  ia  fonnd  in  the  grcati-st  abundance  upon 
tho  nut  tix-es  in  Gret>ce.     Mcnt-crutcs  euvb,  that   it  la  a  flower, 
which  givts  indicatiuns  uf  ihc  uuturo  of  the  coming  horveat; 
but  no  one  says  so,  with  tho  uJtcc^tioa  of  him. 

CHAP.  8.  (8.)  ^yrZlLT  FLOWXES  ARB  wed  BT  the  sees  IK  7II2IB 
WOKK. 

IVoA  form  vax"  from  the  blossoma  of  all  trees  and  phuib^ 
TTitb  thfi  sole  exception  of  the  Jtimex"  and  the  cchinopode*,*^ 
both  being  kinds  of  herbs.  It  is  by  mistake,  however,  that 
Bpartnm  i*  excepted ;"  for  many  varictien  of  honey  that  como 
&om  8]iain,  and  have  been  niitde  in  Lhc  plantations  of  it,  hare 
a  Btraug  tasU;  uf  tliat  plant.  I  am  ul  upiuian,  also,  tliat  it  is 
without  any  flufficieut  rc-u^n  tlmtthe  olive  bits  been  excepted, 
seeing  that  it  is  a  well-Ioioa-n  fact,  that  where  olives  uru  in 
lire  gcuatoist  abundance,  tlio  Bwaruis  of  bees  are  the  mobt  nu- 
merous.    Beos  are  not  injurious  to  fruit  of  any  kind ;  they  will 

'^  PtffewBt  combinationi  of  tlie  pollen  of  flowmt  on  wlitcli  booi  food, 
'*  It  it  fiirninil  frcim  thn  linncy  tlmt  tha  trac  Iifik  digcji^briJ. 
'*  SoricI,  or  monl'e  rliuburU.  "•  A  Idnii  of  broum. 

>'  SjiaTiiAli  tirooai,  iks  tilipa  lanocisaimit  uf  LinnnriiB.  Ropes  were  made 
of  it    C»«e  fi.  xix.  c.  7. 


pLnnr'a  wa-titbal  hibtoet.  [BootXl. 

never  aottle  on  a  dcail  liuwer,  much  Iobb  n  dead  carcase.  They 
■piireue  their  labours  witliiii  tliree-Boore  paces  of  Uieir  hives; 
and  wlieri  the  flowers  in  their  vicinity  are  exhansted,  thoy 
send  out  nccmta  from  time  to  time,  to  discover  pLices  for  forage 
at  (t  gfiJiuter  distance.  Wlien  ovcrlafcen  by  night  in  their  ex- 
pp-ditionB,  thpy  watch  till  the  inorDing,  lying  on  their  backs, 
iu  order  to  protect  Ibeir  wiuga  from  the  action  of  thti  di5W. 

CHAP.  9.  (9.) — PEBSOVa  WHO  BATE  HADB  HEK8  TEKIK  STTIDy. 

It  la  not  Burprising  that  there  have  been  pfirsofla  who  haro 
TOflde  htCB  their  exclusive  study ;  Aiidtomachue  of  Soli,  for 
ioBtanca,  who  for  a  period  of  iifty-eight  ycjirs  did  nothing  clae  i 
PhiliaouB  of  TliiiBos,  also,  aitrnamcd  Agrius,"  who  pasaird  his 
lifo  in  desert  spots,  ttiuding  Rwarraa  of  btujs.  Eolli  uf  tli^sQ 
have  wrlttcQ  vorka  on  Ihia  subjoot. 

CHAP.    10.  (10.) THE  MODE  US  WKIOII  BEE8  WOBK. 

llio  manner  in  which  hdoa  cany  on  their  work  is  oa  follows. 
Id  the  day  time  a  guaiil  ia  uttitiuu-ed  ut  the  entrance  of  the 
hive,  liko  tho  sentrien  in  a  camp.  At  night  they  ttiko  their 
rest  until  tho  morning,  when  one  of  them  awakes  the  rest  with 
a  hunuuiug  noise,  repeated  iwicu  or  thrice,  juet  aa  though  it  wi?re 
Aoundiug  a.  trumpet.  They  then  take  their  lllglit  in  a  body, 
if  tlie  day  is  Ukcly  to  turn  out  fine  ;  for  they  have  the  gfiil;  of 
foreknowing  wind  and  rain,  and  in  siich  vsi»ii  will  keep  close 
within  thcirdwi'llings.  On  theorhe-j'hQHd,  when  the  weather  i» 
fine — and  thia,  too,  they  have  the  power  of  fomknowing — the 
swarm  issues  forth,  and  at  once  sipplies  itself  to  its  work,  aomfl 
loading  their  legs  from  the  IIowitb,  while  othfjra  fill  their 
mouths  with  water,  and  charge  tho  downy  surface  of  their 
todies  with  drops  of  Uquid.  Thone  among  them,  that  arc 
young^  go  forth  to  their  labours,  and  coUtct  the  mat(;iriab 
already  mentioned,  whilo  those  thut  are  more  ag«d  stay  withia 
the  hives  and  work.  The  hi-es  whoso  business  it  is  to  carry 
th«  ilowerB.wilh  thuir  fore  feet  loadthtii-  Ihighs,  whichNature 
haa  made  rough  for  the   purpo^^',  and  with  their  trunks  load 

"  Or,  tie  "wTldman." 

"  llubei'  lias  ilifituTerrd  tlint  Lhwre  are  two  Isinds  of  bepaof  iumtra)  *ei, 
or,  as  hp  calls  tliem,  unprDlifle  f'piaiilFs,  the  workoiB,  wliiuU  pj  out,  lUid 
lUo  iLuraca,  whivli  urn  suiulWr,  and  itajr  in  tlia  hivu  Co  tetid  tho  lorvm. 


i 


Chsp.10.] 


BBBI. 


I 


I 


thcLr  fore  feet :  bending:  beneath  their  load,  they  tfaea  return 
to  th«  hire,  where  ih^n  are  three  or  four  hues  n-aily  to  receire 
them  and  uid  in  diacliar^g  Ihcir  burdens.  I'or,  within  tho 
hire  as  well,  tbty  hiive  their  nllotlftl  duticii  to  perform  :  some 
arc  ragagcd  in  building,  others  in  smoot)'.in^,  the  combs,  while 
oihcrs  again  are  occu[)iiMl  in  passing  on  tlic  matfrialu,  snd 
others  in  propering  footP'  fh>m  the  provison  which  hna  bwn 
hmught :  thnt  tticro  may  \»'.  no  uni.tjual  (iivisiun,  thither  in  their 
bjljour,  their  food,  or  iho  dimxihuiiou  of  tliur  time,  ihuy  do  not 
even  feed  Hpuralelj". 

Commencing  at  tho  vaulted  roof  of  the  hire,  tbey  bcgia 
the  coDslructioQ  of  thtJr  cells,  nod,  just  as  we  do  in  the  manu- 
ticturc  of  &  web,  thi-y  confilnn.'t  their  cells  from  top  to  bott'^m, 
taking  cart- to  Iwi^c  two  piwwiges  around  i-uch  compartuicul, 
for  thb  entrance  of  some  and  tlio  exit  of  others.  The  coiuhs, 
which  ai-o  fastened  to  tlic  hive  ia  llic  upper  part,  and  in  a 
slight  dcgTX-e  olso  at  the  wdt-s,  adhere  to  each  oiher^  and  arc- 
thua  suspended  altogether,  Thc-y  do  not  touch  the-  floor  of  tho 
hire,  and  are  cither  angular  or  round,  according  to  itB  shape  ; 
sometimes,  in  fuct,  th<;y  an:  both  angular  uiid  round  at  once, 
when  two  swarms  are  living  in  utitHon,  but  hnTc  dttuiniilur 
modes  of  operation.  They  pmp  up  the  eombs  that  arc  likely 
to  full,  by  menna  of  arehed  pilbtr^  at  interrats  springing  from 
tho  floor,  80  aa  to  leave  iheio  a  pasjiagu  for  the  purpose  of 
eflbcting  repiiii-s.  Tho  fint  ihrei'  muks  of  their  cells  are  gene- 
lally  left  empty  when  constructed,  that  there  may  he  nothing 
exposed  to  view  which  may  invite  theft ;  nnd  it  is  Uie  tasl 
ones,  more  especinlly,  tlmt  iire  tilled  with  honey :  henco 
it  is  that  the  combs  ai-e  elways  taken  out  at  the  buck  of  tlie 
hive. 

The  hcca  thot  aro  tnnployed  in  cnrrying-lookoutfornfaronr- 
ahlc  breezii,  and  if  a  gale  should  happen  to  spnng  up,  Ibt-y 
poise  themselves  in  the  air  with  little  stones,  by  way  of  bal- 
likit ;  wime  writers,  indeLvl,  ^aJ  that  tliey  place  them  upon  their 
rfiouldera.  Whea  tlie  wind  is  cotitniry,  they  fly  clo*e  to  llie 
ground,  taking  earc.  however,  io  keep  cle»r  of  the  brambles. 
It  is  wonderfiil  what  strict  watch  ib  kept  upon  their  work  :  all 
in&ttmece  of  idleness  are  carefully  reniurktAl,  iho  uffcuderg  ore 

"  From  the  lione)-  found  in  tha  coroltte  of  Bomn.  This,  after  being 
pn.-fur4:J  In  tbe  fint  ttomach  of  tlic  bcc,  is  (Jcpwited  in  Uio  cotl  wbioh  i$ 
lunncd  far  its  reception. 


PLLKT  B   ITATTJBAL   HISTOBT. 


[Bool:  XI. 


cliaatlscd,  antl  nn  a  repetition  of  1he  fault,  punished  with  death. 
Their  sense  of  ckanlinesB,  txio,  is  quite  extraordiimry  ;  every- 
thing is  remoTcd  that  might  be  in  tll<^  way,  and  no  fiith  la 
tiUowcd  to  remnin  in  the  midst  of  thtir  ■work.  The  ordure 
f!VOtl  of  those  that  are  at  work  within,  that  thoy  may  nothavB' 
to  rt^tlro  to  any  diBtanco,  is  all  c-oUectcd  in  uno  sput,  and  oa 
stormy  days,  when  they  ore  obliged  to  cea&e  their  ordinary 
labours,  they  employ  themiielviiB  in  carrying  it  out.  ^Vlifen 
it  grows  towardg  evening',  the  buzzing  io  the  tive  bectimes 
gradiuiliy  li'ss  and  less,  until  at  5:ist  o-ue  of  tLc-ir  nuraber  is  to 
he  aeen  dying  about  the  hive  w-ith  the  same  loud  humming 
noise  with  which  they  were  oroua^d  in  the  morring,  thpte- 
by  giving  the  siginal,  as  it  were,  to  retire  to  ksI  :  in  ^is,  too, 
they  iaiitat*  the  usage  of  the  camp.  The  moment  the  signal 
is  heard,  all  ia  f^ileiit. 

(II.)  They  firnt  conBtruot  the  dwellingeof  the  cornmonalty, 
and  then,  those  of  the  king-bee.  If  thty  have  reason  to  cspcut 
an  abiLudant  ^  season,  ttfy  add  nliodes  also  for  tlie  fliones : 
these  arc  cell^  of  a  sinull<:r  size,  thongh  the  drones  thcmsclvca 
ftre  larger  tlion  the  beea. 

CHAP.  11.— nnoKES. 

The  drones  have  no  sting.'*  and  would  seem  to  be  a  kind  of 
imperfect  bee,  formed  the  very  last  of  all ;  the  expiring  effort, 
afiit  were,  of  Tvorn-ont  and  exhausted  old  age,  a  late  and  tardy 
©ffipring,  and  doomed,  in  a  measure,  to  be  the  slaves  of  the 
genuine  bees.  Hence  it  is  that  the  hefla  exerciBa  over  tlieni  a 
rigTjroua  authority,  compel  them  to  take  tlio  foremost  rank  ia 
their  latoura,  aud  if  they  show  imy  sluggisliness,  punifih  them" 
without  mercy.  And  not  only  in  tlieir  labours  do  the  drones 
give  thetu  their  assistance,  but  in  the  propagation  of  their  spe- 
cies as  well,  the  very  multitude  of  tliera  contributing  greatly 
to  the  warmth  of  the  hive.  At  all  evienta,  it  ia  a  welbknown 
fact,  that  the  greater^  the  multitude  of  the  drones,  the  more 

"*  Cuncr  BBia  thai  the  t.hreo  kitids  of  kHs  are  ubsolntelj  ceceisiiry,  and 
llittt  tbey  do  not  Jupmil  eta  tlio  greultr  or  Ilbb  nL>uiid:iiicij.  The  i-itit)  of 
tlif  undcnte  ia  wLut  vm  know  as  the  ;ri'»in  boo,  wliichieimprej^tcd  by  tUu 
drnnes  or  malts. 

"  This  is  Ihe  fact,  btit  not  lo  tlieir  imfKrftet  state. 

w  Ttmv  do  nnt  worli,  bul  niercly  iin]irejfiiBle  tliB  queen ;  aRar  wliitch 
tboy  are  iriven  fiTin  the  hive,  and  |«risli  (if  cold  EtiJ  stantation. 

^  It  Eip^care,  as  Cuvicr  Euys,  thai  the  luiciL-ate  had  «i>m«  nvlvjvi  thai  th9 
iwartn  woa  multiplied  by  tho  aid  of  tlm  dronea. 


Chip.  13.]  qri.ttTfE9  or  iiotcet.  It 

aumerons  is  sure  to  be  the  progCEy  of  the  swann.  AVhvn  tbu 
honey  U  banning  to  oome  to  maturity,  the  bees  drive  away 
the  drum's,  and  wtlinf;  upon  each  in  grvat  nmnbers,  put  th»in 
all  to  death.  It  ii*  only  in  tbv  Kpring  fhut  the  droDex  nre 
ever  to  bo  seen.  If  you  deprive  a  drone  of  its  winga,  and  then 
replace  it  in  tbo  hire,  it  will  pull  off  da  wings  of  the  other 
drones. 

ctUT.  12.— nnt  arALims  or  noircr. 

In  (ho  lower  piirt  of  Uie  hJTO  tht-y  construct  for  their  ftiture 
BOvcreijjpi  a  palatini  aboile,**  tpaciouH  and  grand,  separated  from 
tho  rest,  and  surmounted  hy  a  Hort  of  dome :  if  thii  promi- 
nenee  Rhould  hnpnen  to  be  flattened,  all  hopes  of  prngcny  arc 
lost.  All  t}io  cells  nrc  hexagonal,  each  foot*^  having  formed 
its  own  BidD.  No  part  of  this  work,  however,  ia  done  at  any 
Btatod  time,  as  the  be>03  ^i^e  every  opporttmitj'  for  the  pcrfonu' 
ance  of  their  task  when  the  days  arc  fine ;  ia  one  or  two 
days,  at  most,  they  fill  their  cells  witli  honey. 

(12.)  Thi«  siibstunw  is  engendered  finm  the  air,*'  mostly  «t 
tho  rising  of  the  conateUation n,  and  more  especially  whpn 
Sirius  is  shining ;  never,  however,  before  the  rising  of  the 
Vergilitt,  and  trien  just  before  day-break.  Hence  it  i«,  that  at 
early  dntm  the  leaves  of  the  trofis  are  found  eovered  with  a 
kind  of  honey-like  thw,  and  those  who  po  into  the  open  nir  at 
an  enrly  hour  in  the  morning,  ftnd  their  clothes  oovcred,  and 
their  hair  matted,  with  a  Bort  of  iinctTimiH  liquid.  ^^Tietlier 
it  is  that  this  liquid  is  tlio  sweat  of  the  heavvue.  or  whether 
u  saliva  emiuiating  fi:tim  tho  stars,  or  a  juico  exuding  from  tliii 
air  while  purifying  itwlf,  would  that  it  had  been,  when  it 
comes  to  us,  pure,  limpid,  nnd  genuine,  a»  il  was,  when  firH 
it  took  its  downwanl  deseent.  Put  a*  it  ia,  falling  frnm  »n 
vast  a  height,  attracting  comiption  in  its  passage,  and  tainted 
by  the  exhalations  of  the  earth  an  it  meets  them,  suekod,  too, 
us  it  is  from  off  the  trees  and  the  herbage  of  tho  fields,  end 
accumalated  in  tie  stomachs  of  the  bees — for  they  cast  it  up 

»  CoTier  Mjt  tlial  llie  cell  Tot  the  fiitiirc  ouwn  t*  difTprent  from  the 
otbeK,  Btid  Diuc:)]  Urnr.  Tbu  Im-n  Hko  supgiLj  llieijui-aij  lurva  luucli  luuri) 
abundoutly  willi  ('•oa,  and  of  mnro  ilolicnte  Quality. 

"'  t.'uvicT  enyi  ibat  tiiU  ct>iui;iJiii«o  wich  tiiu  miinhor  of  tho  IcRS  is  qujta 
■ccidrntal,  us  it  is  with  the  mauCh  chac  the  iLnimol  constraclfl  ta>B  cdti. 

*i  Ttw  buii  of  it  is  Tualljr  derived  Irum  Lhi;  (.'idii  ut  catoUa.  o(  (Loiiftt, 


ag!tin  through  the  raouth^-KJeteri orated  bpsiiiea  hy  the  juices 
of  flowers,  nn-i  tliDn  steepL-d  within  thij  Kivoa  and  subji^cted  to 
such  repeated  changes — etill,  in  spitn  of  all  this,  it  uiFordB  us 
by  its  flavour  a  most  «xc[iiif5iU;  pleaflure,  the  resiilt,  no  doubt, 
of  it<  icthcr«al  nature  and  origin. 

CIUJ.    13.   (13,) — WHnUC   IHB   BEST  HOKBK   J9   FEODHCXD. 

The  honoy  in  always  best  in  thoRe  (ioimtri<;s  where  it  ia  to 
be  found  dcpositod  in  the  calix  of  the  most  cxfLuieito  flowcra, 
Biitih,  ftir  instance,  as  the  districts  of  Hymtttu&  and  Hyhla. 
in  Attica  and  Sicily  i-eapoctively,  and  ftft.or  them  the  island  of 
Calydna.''-'  Xt  first,  honey  iB  thin,  liku  walor,  after  which  it 
efforvesces  fur  some  duys,  and  purities  itself  like  must.  On 
tlie  tw^entielh  day  it  begins  to  thiclten,  and  soon  after  becomes 
covered  with  a  thin  memlirane,  which  gradually  iacreusci 
through  the  scum  which  is  throi,™  np  by  the  heat..  The 
honey  of  the  very  fineat  flavour,  and  the  least  tainted  by  the 
leaves  of  trees,  is  that  gathered  from  tho  tbliago  of  the  oak 
and  Uie  linden,  and  IJ-om  reeds. 

CBAP.    H.    (14.)— TUB   KJIMDS    OF   HOKET   rBCOtllB   TO  ViaiOlIS 

Thepeculiarescellenee  of  honey  (Ippends,  as  already  stated," 
on  the  country  in  which  it  is  produced;  the  modea,  too,  of 
tBtiinating  its  quality  aru  numerous.  In  some  couBtries  we  find 
the  honey -comh  remiirkable  lor  the  goodness  of  the  wax,  as  in 
Sicily,  for  instance,  and  the  country  of  the  Peligni  ;  in  other 
ploeee  the  honey  itself  is  found  in  greater  abundanco,  ns  in 
Crete,  Cyprna,  and  Africa;  and  in  otherR,  again,  the  comb  ia 
remarkable  for  ita  size ;  the  nortliem  cHniat*?9,  for  instsnee, 
for  in.  Germany  a  comb  bus  butn  known  to  be  aa  mueli  as  eight 
feet  in  length,  and  quil-e  blatk  oa  the  concave  eurface. 

Butwhutevfir  Ihe  eountryin  whieh  it  may  happen  to  have  been 

Cdueed,  tbere  are  three  different  Mnda  of  honey. — Spring 
ley**  is  that  made  in  a  comb  which  haa  been  conatrtictcd  of 
flowers,  IWim  which  ciroumstonec  it  lias  retieived  the  nunie  of  «n- 
thinutn.  There  are  bume  perEonis^  who  Bay  that  this  bhoold  not 
bu  touched,  beeauao  tb,o  mora  abundant  the  nutriment,  tils' 

«  ftfe  B.  ir.  c.  24.  »  In  the  lost  Chaptar. 

»  Or  "  F)oiiret.!)«iiisy." 


Oiap.  14.] 


TARIOTra   KliroS   OF   HOIKir. 


19 


I 


I 


I 


stranger  will  he  the  coining  nwann ;  while  othnrs,  again,  Intro 
lew  of  this  huncj  tbou  of  auy  ollitr  for  llic  bece,  ou  tlie  ^ruuutl 
tiuit  there  is  sure  to  be  a  vbt^t  nbuodancc  ttt  the  ri^iDg  of  tho 
greater  coQrtellationH,  as  well  as  at  the  BUtnmer  solstice,  when 
the  thyme  and  llio  vine?  bigiu  to  Wo^wm,  for  l\nm  Ihey  ure 
sure  tti  find  aliimdaut  matfriitls  for  tlif^ir  crlls. 

In  tftking  the  combs  the  greatcat  can?  is  alwap  rcqiiiaite,  Amt 
when  ibcj  ore  etinted  for  food  the  bi^^cs  bceonn.'  dcspcmte,  nnd. 
either  pine  to  death,  or  chc  winf^  their  flight  tn  other  places  : 
bat  on  the  other  hand,  oviir-abimrlonr-e  will  entail  idleness, 
and  then  they  will  (Led  upon  tJiu  lioin-y,  und  not  the  I»'i;-brtud. 
Hence  it  i»  tliut  the  most  cftreftil  breedere  tjjke  cure  to  Iiiure 
the  bees  &  fifteenth  part  of  this  gathering.  There  ts  a  certaiu 
day  for  Kpgintiing  the  honvy-gathvnDg,  fixed,  a»  it  were,  by  a 
law  of  Nature,  il'  men  woidd  only  undvrstnnd  or  obserre  it, 
being  the  Uiirti«tli  day  nftf  r  the  bees  have  swarmed  and  come 
forth.  Tliia  gathering  mostly  take*  place  heforc  the  end  of 
May. 

The  secnnd  kind  of  honey  ia  "stimmer  honey,"  whieh,  from 
th«  cirt!iimotan(;B  of  its  being  produeud  m  the  most  fiivoufttble 
BcaaoQ,  hoa  received  the  Greek  name  of  fi(»'aten  .■*  it  is  gene- 
rally made  during  tho  next  thirty  dap  iiflfT  the  polertico,  while 
SiriuH  in  shining  in  all  its  briiliuucy.  Nuturo  has  revculnl  in 
this  substaucu  must  remarkable  properties  to  mortal*,  wvre  it 
Dot  that  the  fraudulent  propensitiea  of  man  are  apt  to  foisiry 
and  corrupt  everjthing.  For,  ufler  tlie  rining  of  each  constel- 
lation, and  those  of  the  highest  nutk  inurL-  parliciiliirly,  gr  after 
tho  appear!infie  of  the  rainbow,  if  a  shcvcr  dues  not  ensue, 
but  the  dew  bemmes  warmed  by  the  sun's  rays,  a  niedi^-iimeiit, 
and  not  mal  honey,  js  produced  ;  a  gift  acnt  from  hoaven  for 
the  cure  of  disoitsca  of  the  oye3,  ulcerH,  und  nmladics  of  tho 
internal  viscera.  Il*  this  ia  taken  at  the  ri-ting  of  J^iriuB,  and 
the  rising  of  VcnuS,  JupittT,  or  Morcury  should  happen  to  fall 
on  thit  flame  day,  as  often  in  the  ease,  thti  aweetJiesR  of  this 
subfltancc,  and  the  virtue  which  it  poaaessea  of  reHtoriug  men 
to  Ufe,  are  not  inferior  to  those  attributed  to  the  nectar  ef  the 
godfi. 

*  ScuoTi^homy, 


PLIBT  S   SAnTEAL   HISTOBF. 


[Book  XI. 


CHAP.    15.    (15.)^-H0W  HOITET  Ts  TRStED.      RlLKLSflTU.      tBTEA- 

iix,  OR  sisutnu. 

The  crop  of  honey  i»  moat  abundajit  if  gathered  at  fuU 
mooQ,  and  it  is  richest  when  tho  weather  is  fine.  In  all 
honey,  thut  which  flows  of  itself,  like  must  or  oil,  has  receivied 
from  us  the  name  of  aceittm.^  The  auniracT  htfaoy  is  t!io  moit 
esLuemcd  of  nil,  froin  tho  fact  of  its  being  made  when  the 
weather  is  driest :  it  is  looked  upon  as  liic!  most  serviceable 
when  niftdf  firum  thymo  ;"  it  is  then  of  a  golden  eolonr,  and 
of  a  most  deltcioua  flavour.  The  honey  tliat  we  see  formed 
in  the  calix  of  flowers  ib  of  a  rich  and  unctuous  natiirc  ;  that 
which  ia  made  from  rosemary  in  thick,  while  that  whicih  is 
candied  h  little  esttemed.  Thyitie  honey  does  not  coagulate, 
nnd  oa  iKnng  touched  will  draw  out  into  thin  viscous  threaiia, 
a  thing  which  is  the  principal  proof  of  its  htidvineas.  "When 
lioney  shows  na  tenacity,  and  the  drops  immediately  part 
J'roni  iiaa  another,  it  is  looked  upon  as  a  sign  of  its  worthloas- 
uess.  The  other  proofs  of  itB  goodness  are  the  line  aroma  of 
it«  smell,  it£  being  of  a  RwcetncEK  tliat  doBcly  borders  oa  the 
B(iui","  and  being  glutinous  and  pclluwid. 

Casains  Dionysiua  ia  of  opinion  that  in  thcamnmergatherias 
the  tenth  part  of  the  honey  ought  to  be  kit  for  the  bees  if  th« 
hives  should  happen  to  be  well  hlk-d,  and  even  il'  not,  still  in 
the  same  proportioQ  ;  wliilr,  on  tho  other  hand,  if  there  is  but 
little  in  thom,  he  reconimeiids  that  it  should  not  bo  toiiched 
ataU.  The  people  of  Atlicu  have  fisfld  the  period  for  oota- 
mi'Ecing  this  gathering  at  the  first  ripening  of  the  wild  fig; 
uthtTs'"  huvt!  made  it  the  day  that  ia  sacrod  to  Vulcan.'"' 

(16.)  The  third  kind  of  lumey,  which  is  tho  least  eeteemed 
of  all,  is  the  wild  huuej,  known  by  thu  uame  of  ericesvm}'  It 
i»  collocted  by  the  Isees  after  the  first  showers  of  autumn, 
when  the  heather"  alone  is  blooming  in  tlie  woods,  &om  whit^h 
circumstance  it  daives  its  sandy  appearance.     It  is  mostly  pro- 

"*  "  Vinesar  "  U  tlio  onliuory  meaniwe. 

*'  Sillig  rHrriJirU  ihiit  Ih:  wljulu  of  iliis  passage  is  corrupt. 

>■  Ileitcp,  perhaps,  iu  nttrat  uf  "iicewni." 

»"  Thi!  people  nl  Ilflly. 

*o  Tlie  lOtli  r,r  tlie  ciilends  of  SnphTnbcr,  or  23rd  AttfriwL 

•'  Or  "  bontli-liimry."  In  tho  north  of  .England  lUeiives  are pwrpoioly 
tulea  lo  tin;  moors. 

*-  '■  Kriw,"  "heathoi."  Bwras  in  ha  a  prflfaraWo  roading  to  "mjriec," 
"  taruannk,"  nLiuh  h  uJopttd  b;  Sillig. 


Cbap.  1«.] 


ssss. 


IS 


I 

I 


I 


I 


I 


duced  at  the  rising  of  ATotiini8»  beginning  At  the  day**  before 
the  ides  of  S(.'pt.cmbcr.  Some  persons  delay  the  gathmng  of 
the  snmmer  honi^y  unlil  \he  rising  cl'  Arctuni!^,  becauw  troni 
then  till  the  aatuitinal  uijuiiiux  tlicrv  iin.<  fuurtwa  d^ys  k'lX, 
niul  it  is  from  the  vquinox  till  the  Betting  of  the  VLTgiiia>,  a  ih;- 
riod  of  forty-eight  days,  th  tit  the  heatli<?r  is  in  the  greatest  abuD- 
dance.  ITie  Athenians  call  this  plant  by  the  name  of  Utraitx," 
and  the  Eubicans  iMirurn,  antl  they  louk  upon  it  asatTortling 
great  iileasiim  to  the  bees  to  hrowse  upon,  probaldy  because 
there  arc  no  other  tlovrtrs  for  them  to  rtsort  to.  IIuk  gathiT- 
ing  termjnat«5  at  ilic  end  of  the  vintage  and  the  wtting  of 
the  "Vergiliap,  moatly  about  the  ides  of  \fivembrr."  Kxpc- 
rience  teaches  us  that  we  ought  to  h-avo  for  the  bees  two- 
thirds  of  this  crap,  and  always  that  part  of  the  eombs  m  well, 
which  contains  the  bee-bread. 

From  the  winter  soUtu*  to  the  rising  of  ArelnruB  the  bees 
arobiuieO  in  «loep  for  sixty  days,  and  Live  wilhaut  rtiiy  nourish- 
ment. Between  the  rising  of  An'turus  and  the  vemal  Hjuinox, 
they  awake  in  the  warmi-r  tlirautfts,  but  even  then  they  still 
]icep  unlliin  the  hirofi,  and  have  reconrso  to  the  provieion^ 
kept  in  reserve  for  this  period.  lu  Tlalr,  however,  they  do 
this  immediately  after  the  rising  of  the  Vcrgiliie,  up  to  which 
period  they  ore  nelcep.  Some  perftons,  when  they  take  the 
honey,  weigh  the  hive  and  all,  and  rpmove  jiwt  as  much  aa 
they  leave :  a  duo  sense  of  equity  should  alwajTs  be  stringently 
c1)6ervcd  in  dealing  with  them,  and  it  it  gcuerully  Etuted  thul 
if  imposed  upon  in  this  division,  the  swarm  will  die  of  griuf. 
It  is  particularly  rfcommended  also  that  the  person  who  takes 
the  honey  ulionld  be  well  wnshi'd  and  ch'an  :  bees  have  a  pur- 
ticular  aversion,  too,  toathicf  andamcnatruons  woman,  'ftiien 
the  honey  is  taken,  it  is  the  best  plan  to  drive  away  the  heca 
by  means  of  eraoke,  Icat  they  shDuld  become  irritated,  or  else 
devour  the  honey  themselves.  By  often  applying  Binokc,  too. 
thej'  art!  aroused  bam  their  idleness  to  work  ;  hut  if  they  have 
not  duly  ineubated  iu  the  eomb,  it  is  apt  to  becuini)  of  a 
livid  colour.  On  the  other  band,  if  they  are  smoked  too  0'fu>n, 
they  will  beoomo  tainted ;  the  Jioney,  too,  a  subatance  whieh 
turns  sour  at   the  very  nHghtt-st  contact  wiUi  dew,  will  vvry 

*•  "  Tetrsticcm  "  mccii  preferable  to  "  tanuncem." 
«  I3th  SwYcnilior. 


rmtl*»  KiTUlUI.  HiaTOBT. 


[Book  SI. 


quickly  TweiTie  injury  from  thp  taint  thus  contracted  :  hcnco 
ic  is  thut  among  the  various  kinds  of  honey  which  «ro  prc- 
scrred,  there  is  one  which  is  known  bj  the  name  of  neapnon,*' 

0H17.  16. — TBe   BKPKODUCriOK^  OF   BF.tS. 

How  bcCB  generate  thvir  young  has  been  a  subject  of  great 
and  subtle  reseornli  among  the  leamed  ;  seeing  that  no  one  has 
over  witnessed"  any  sexual  intercourse  among  tliew  iiis«;t8. 
Many  pt-rsons  have  oxpresst-d  on  opinion  that  they  must  be 
produced  irum  flowers,  aptly  and  artistic-illy  aiTanged  hy 
Katute;  ■while  others,  again,  mippose  Uiat  they  aro  produced 
from  an  intercourse  with  the  one  which  ia  to  be  found  in.  every 
Bwarm,  mA  is  usnally  called  the  king.  This  oni-,  they  say,  u 
the  only  malo'^  in  the  hive,  and  ia  endowed  with  such  ex- 
truotxlinjuy  proportions,  that  it  may  not  beeome  exhausted 
in  the  perfurmanne  of  ila  duties.  Heneu  it  is,  that  no  off- 
spring can  bo  produced  without  it,  all  tho  other  hee.t  being 
females,"  and  atttnduig  it  in.  its  capacity  of  a  male,  and  not 
as  their  leader.  This  opinion,  however,  which  is  otherwise 
not  improbable,  is  sufficiently  refuted  by  tlie  generation  of  the 
drones.  For  on  what  grounds  could  it  possibly  happen  that 
the  same  inttTcoiirse  should  produce  an  offspring  part  of  which 
is  perfect,  and  part  in  an  impcrfi.'ct  atatti  ?  The  first  surmise 
■which  I  have  mentioned  would  appear,  indeed,  to  be  muc^h 
nearer  the  truth,  were  it  not  the  case  that  here  another  diffi- 
culty meeta  ua — the  circuinBtanec  that  Bometimcs,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  corahs,  there  are  produced  bees  of  a  larger  size, 
ivhith  put  the  others  to  flight.  This  noxious  bee  beam  tho 
oamc  of  anirits,'"  and  how  Jb  it  possible  that  it  should  ever  be 
produced,  if  it  is  the  fact  tbat  tho  bcca  tbtniselveB  form  their 
progeny  ?*^ 

A  fact,  however,  thtit  i«  well  ascertained,  is,  that  bees  st," 
like  the  domestic  fowl,  that  which  is  batched  by  them  at 

**  "  [ingmnked '■  howy. 

*'  It  tiilirs  pliice  while  they  nrc  on  the  wing. 

*•  The  only  prolific  _/njWc,  in  rcniity, 

*»  Some  auproliflr  fcniflltjs  and  Bnnie  amies,  in  rcaTity. 

**  Cuviec  ihinkii  that  eillicr  homcw,  or  elae  tlie  drones,  mart  he  allmdad 
to.  Virpil,  GcoTs;.  B.  iv,  1.  197,  ei  Ktq.,  i*  one  «f  Ibrjse  who  %Unk  thit 
bc«  arc  proilticril  from  flower*. 

*'  /.  f.  fruiii  Howei«. 

*^  Tbcy  amuigc  IIlq  egga  in  the  cidU,  bat  lUcy  eimnot  be  eaul  to  lit. 


appcaranc 
and  adliering  so  toimciouslj-  to  the  wax  as  to  iie»:m  to  lio  pitrt  of  it. 
The  luiig,  however,  from  the  uarlivft  roorapnt,  h  uf  ihe  colour 
of  honuy,  juat  o»  tliough  he  wuro  madu  uf  Uiu  choicest  Huwurv, 
ut>c  hiu  tic  [iC  atiy  timo  the  fonu  of  a  griit),  but  from  the  very 
first  ia  provided  with  ft'ingi."  The  ruet  of  the  bees,  as  soon 
as  th«j-  bepii  to  asautne  a  shape,  hai-e  the  mimi;  of  wym/iAtf," 
while  the  <ipt>iic«  imt  callud  ti'rtnfs,  or  tepkciut.  If  a  per- 
son takes  off  the  head  of  either  kind  before  the  wisgs  aro 
formed,  the  rc»t  of  the  body  is  conaidercd  a  most  choice  morsel 
by  the  pjirc-nts.  In  process  of  time  the  parent  bees  instil 
utitrimcnl  into  th<^tn,  anil  lut  upon  thomj  muking  on  thi.i  occa- 
sion 0.  loud  hmnmiug  uoiso,  for  thu  purjiosu,  it  is  generally 
supposed,  of  generating  that  warmth  which  ia  so  requisite  for 
hiLtchiug  the  yguLg.  At  length  the  membrane  in  wliieh.  euch 
of  them  is  enveloped,  08  though  it  lay  in  uu  egg,  bursts  Mundor, 
aod  the  whole  swarm  comes  to  light. 

This  circumstance  was  witneseetl  at  the  suburban  retrcat  of 
6.  man  of  ^onsnlnr  dignity  near  lt«me,  whose  hires  were  mads 
of  transpuront  lantern  horn  :  the  young  were  found  Xa  be  deve- 
loped in  the  space  of  forty-fivo  daj-s.  fn  eonii!  eomba,  iJicre  is 
found  what  is  known  hy  the  name  of  "  nuil"  wtut  ;'*  it  is  hitter 
and  hard,  aud  i&  only  met  witli  when  Uie  bee?  have  failinl  to 
tuitcb  their  young,  either  from  dieeusu  or  u  naturul  isterility, 
it  is  the  abortion,  in  fact,  of  the  Iteea.  The  joung  one^,  the 
moment  they  are  butuhcd,  commence  working  with  their 
paR-nts,  us  though  in  u  course  of  training,  imiJ  the  newly-born 
-  king  is  aficompanied  by  a  miiltitmle  of  his  own.  age. 

That  tbe  supply  may  not  run  short,  each  swui-m  rears  bctc- 
ral  tings;  but  aftcrwardB,  when  this  progeny  bcging  to  arrive 
ill  a  inalure  age,  with  one  nceord**  they  put  to  diiath  the  in- 
feriur  ones,  lest  tliey  slumld  ereute  diMJord  ia  the  awimu.*' 
There  are  two  wrls  of  king  beta ;  tboBO  ot  a  reddi»h  i-olour  are 
butter  than  tbe  black  and  mottled  ones.     The  kioge  hare 


s'  Thix  11  not  llie  fuel.  Tho  imtmt  hea  etiTnKip'aff*  w  a  larva,  iitd  that 
tli0  Urta  cf  a  woikin;;  beo,  Curier  says,  wbicli,  yWx-'i  in  u  lar^i^i  oell, 
H,n4  Rurlumi  ia  a  liitfcj-tmL  maiiDcT,  ilcvubpct  iu  tax  auJ  beoomw  Uik  ([uocn 
of  thencTT  Bwairn. 

*•  Thnv  MP  thbc  ID  the  chrjMlit  &ls.tc. 

•*  "  Ciiviii." 

M  It  is  ths  Ont  1iBtcli«(l  ^wmh  that  puts  the  ot^urs  to  death. 

"  Ia  GCOM^ucaai,  nniU|,  of  tbcir  jircjfiiiuLCf. 

TOl.   HI.  C 


IS 


PLIHT  8  ITATURAt  HISTOBY. 


[Book  XI. 


always  n  peculiar  form  of  their  own,  and  are  i^ohHo  the  size 
of  any  of  tijo  rt'st ;  their  ■nitigs  aro  shorter**  thnn  those  of  the 
othcra,  their  legs  are  strnight,  their  walk  more  upright,  arnJ 
they  have  a  white  npot  on  the  forelioarl,  which  bciirs  eotnc  re- 
flemblanct!  to  ti  diadem  :  they  differ,  too,  very  much  from  the 
roBtof  tlio  ootnmujiity,  in,  their  bnght  tind  shining  appearance. 

CnAl'.  17.  (17.) THE  UODE  OP  COTEONlIEjrr  OP  THE  BEES. 

Let  tt  mun  employ  hinuwlf,  forsooth,  in  the  enquiry  whether 
thera  has  been  only  one  Rfirciik-a,  how  many  fcithcra  Lilver 
there  have  been,  aiid  all  the  other  ([nepiii5iis  which  are  buri{.-<l 
(ieiip  in  the  mould  of  juitiijiiity !  Here  behold  a  tiny  object, 
ono  to  be  nut  with  at  moet  of  our  country  retreats,  and  uum- 
ben  of  which  arv  aJwayn  at  baud,  and  yet,  ii,i\vt  all,  it  ie  not 
Agreed  among  iiuthore  wbether  or  not  tho  king""  is  the  only  ono 
amoug  Ihfin  that  is  provided  with  no  sting,  and  is  pos^ussed 
of  no  other  arms  than  Ihofto  aflhrded  him  by  his  mujeBtic  office, 
ot  whether  Nature  has  granted  him  a  sting,  and  has  only  denied 
him  the  power  of  moHnp  iiso  of  it;  it  being  a.  well-known 
(act,  thut  the  ruling  boo  novor  does  use  a  slitig.  The  obedi- 
eneo  which  his  eubjects  manifest  in  his  proaeuee  is  ^uite  sur- 
prising. When  ho  goes  forth,  the  wliole  Bwarm  atkmds  him, 
throngB  about  him,  surrounds  him,  proteotB  him,  luid  will  not 
ediviv  him  to  be  fiueii.  At  other  limes,  when  tho  awnrm  ijt  tit 
work  within,  the  Iitng  is  seen  to  visit  the  works,  uiid  nppcats 
to  be  giving  bis-  encouragement,  being  himself  the  only  nn« 
that  is  exempt  i'rom  work :  around  biiii  are  certain  olhpr  lieea 
which  not  «»  body-gunnU  and  iiotors,  the  oai'uiul  jfiuitiJiiuia  of 
hiA  anthority.  The  king  ntver  tjiiits  the  hive  except  when  the 
Birarm  is  about  to  depiirt ;  a  thing  which  nuiy  be  known  a  long 
time  beforehand,  oh  tor  some  diiyn  a  peculiar  buzzing  noiso 
ia  to  ho  heard  witliin,  which  ttenotes  that  the  bc«s  are  wailing 
for  a  lavourable  day,  uud  making  all  duy  preparations  for  their 
depnrtnre.  On  such  an  occutiiou.  if  care  id  xakuti  to  deprive  the 
king  of  one  of  lus  wingB,  thoewarm  will  cot  tly  away.  When 
they  are  ou  the  wing,  every  one  is  anxions  to  bo  near  him,  and 
Ijiltex  a  pleasure  ia  being  Been  in  the  perforniauce  of  its  diit)-. 
When  he  is  weary,  they  sapport  him  oa  their  shouhlera ;  and 

"  The  greater  size  at  thu  ftlj(]rtiuiMi  radkcs  tlie  wingiv  look  shovtar. 
**  The  (Liicon  has  a  atiiig^,  like  tLe  wurking  bees,  but  uses  it  lew  ftc- 
qnuntl}'. 


Chip.  IS.]  OUSXS  ATTOUOED  BX  i.  snABU  OF  B££S. 


19 


nrhen  heUqnitetired,  ttieycanyhimoutright.  If  one  of  tbem 
ta.\\»  in  tho  roar  Irom  wc(irin<**rt,  or  hR|>p<;ii«  to  go  astray,  it  it 
ahle  to  IbUow  the  oihcrs  by  the  aid  of  its  Acutcnoiut  of  tiin«II. 
TSTicreTer  the  kinff  1k>*;  huppcns  to  scttk,  that  becomea  the 
eDcampniont  of  nil. 


I 


I 


our.  IB. — DAprr  oxexs  mvcrtsiEs  AmnvEa  vr  x  swakk 
oir  Bin:!!. 

Anil  then,  ton,  it  is  that  Uii-y  afibrd  prcsa^  both  of  prirate 
and  |iublie  inturcat,  ulusteriog,  sa  Husy  do,  Uko  a  bunch  of 
houses  or  temples ;  presages,  in  fact,  that  are  oftc'B 
for  by  great  cventc.  Decs  settled  upon  the  lips  of 
Plato  ^hc-n  still  ati  iufnnt  ovtm,  aniiouacioK  Uivn<by  tho  sweot- 
nt'sa  of  tliat  persuasive  pIot|upiicft  for  whi{.-li  he  n"s.s  no  notrtl. 
Bees  settkd,  too,  in  the  canii>  of  tliL'  ehielliin  IJruMis  when 
Iw  gnined  the  hrilUoDt  victory  at  Arbula;"'  a  proof,  indoMl, 
that  the  conjectures  of  soothsaTore  are  TKTt  by  nnjr  meana  in- 
fallihlo,  seeing  thu.t  they  are  af  opinion  that  Uiia  ia  alvaya  of 
evil  aagury.  AVTiim  tiieir  leiwla-  i«  wiUilidd  fmm  thum,  Uie 
swarm  can  always  be  (Iottdii«d ;  and  when  luet.  it  will  di&pcrw 
aad  take  itt  depiirture  to  find  other  kings.  Without  a  king, 
in  fact,  tbvy  caanoi  exiet,  tind  ll  ie  wiUi  the  grttatwt  niluct- 
anco  that  they  put  ihtm  to  death  wbi>u  ihccc  are  scvL-nil ;  thty 
prefer,  too,  to  destroy  the  wUs  of  the  young  ones,  if  they  ilad 
lesfoQ  to  despair  of  providinp  food ;  in  suth  esse  they  thee 
rxpel  th«  drones.  And  yet,  wiUi  rei;ard  to  the  Imt,  1  &nd  thxt 
Mine  doabu  am  cntertiuncd  ;  and  thut  thert;  are  aome  authors 
Tfho  arc  of  opinion  that  they  form  a  peculiar  species,  like  that 
bte,  the  Tcry  ltirp;*Bt  lunong  them  all,  whieh  i«  known  by  ihc 
name  of  the  '•  thief/'"  bocnuiie  it  ftirtively  dcvoure  the  houey  : 
it  ia  diBlingui&hcd  by  its  hla«k  colour  anu  the  largenetrs  uf  ito 
body.  It  is  a  wdi-known  fact,  howuvLT.  Uiut  the  huts  uiv  ia 
the  habit  of  killing  tliu  drones.  Thtse  la»t  hare-  no  king  of 
their  own ;  hut  how  it  is  that  they  are  produced  without  a 
sting,  is  a  matter  still  uadolcnulned. 

Xu  a  Tpet  spring  tlic  ywnng  swarms  are  more  numerous ;  iu 
a  dry  one  the  honey  is  most  almndant.     If  food  happens  to 

"  A  place  in  Gemuuiy,  where  Vrusut,  tlie  limlher  of  Tiboriua,  gsjoed 
a  rictorv  o»tr  Ihc  Gormuna ;  the  I'tuidiW  is  uolmown. 
«  "Fur."     A  Tiritn,  probably,  of  ihe  drone 

c2 


* 


PLlSl'a  HATPKAri  UISTOnr.  [Boi.fc  XI. 

fnil  Oie  inli:)hitaTits  of  any  particular  hivo,  the  swarm  mftkes 
a  (loncerted  attaclf  upon  a  nt:ighbouriDg  one,  wir.h  ttio  view  of 
plundering  it.  Tho  ewarra  that  is  thiia  attacked,  at  ono6 
ranges  itself  in  liattlo  array,  iind  if  the  bce-koeper  shcmld. 
))ii[>p(;a  to  ho  preacnt,  that  Eido  wiiieh  p'er(:eivc&  itself  ravourod 
by  him  will  reli-uin  ft'om  attacking  him.  Tbey  oUen  Bglit, 
too,  for  other  ivasonB  as  well,  and  the  two  generals  are  to  be 
seea  drawing  lip  thc-ir  roTiks  in  battle  array  against  their  op- 
pifnt-uts.  TliB  disjiute  generally  arises  in  culling  from  the 
ilowera,  when  each,  the  moment  that  it  is  iudunger.  suTDiiions 
ita  companions  to  its  aid.  Tho  buttle,  however,  is  immediately 
put  an  end  to  by  throwing  dust"''  among  Ihom,  or  raiaing  a 
smokQ  ;  and  if  milk  or  tioin?y  mixed  witli  water  ia  ptucod  be- 
fore tbem,  they  speedily  become  rcooucUed. 

CHAP-    19.    (IS.) THE    VAttlOTTB    KIJJDS    OF   BEE9, 

There  arc  field  beea  also,  and  wild  bees,  ungainly  in  appear- 
ftncc,  and  mueh  more  ira&cihle  than  the  others,  hut  remarkable 
far  their  laborionsnesa  and  the  esoellence  of  their  work.  Of 
domestic  beea  thoro  are  two  eorta ;  the  bcBt  arc  those  with 
abort  boditiB,  speckled  ull  ov^Fj  and  of  a  compact  round  shape. 
Those  that  are  long,  and  resemble  the  wasp  in  appearance, 
are  an  inferior  kind ;  and  of  thcao  last,  tho  very  worst  of  all 
are  those  whiub  hnv^  the  body  oorered  with  hair.  In  Pontaa 
there  is  a  kind  of  wliito  hee,  which  makes  honey  twice  a 
month.  On  the  banks  of  the  river  Thcrmoilon  thi-re  are 
two  kinds  found,  one  of  which  makoa  honey  in  the  treea,  tlm 
other  under  gronnd :  tbcy  form  a  triple  tow  of  comha,  and 
produce  honey  in  tlie  grentesE  abundance. 

Nature  iiaa  provided  hefiB  with  a  Rting,  which  ia  inserf-cd  in 
the  uhdomcu  of  tlio  inaccL  There  aro  somo  who  think  that 
at  tho  first  Wow  which  they  inftiet  with  tliia  weapon  tl;ey  will 
instantly  die,**  whilo  others,  ngdn,  are  of  opinion  that  such  is 
not  the  cnsp,  nnlrss  thi^  aninial  drivra  it  80  d«ep  as  to  cause 
a  portion  of  the  inteaticeB  to  follow;  and  they  usaert,  alsw, 
that  after  they  have  thue  lost  Uieii-  sting  tliey  become  drones,** 

"  6a  Tirgil  aayn — 

■     ■  "  Ilarc  ccrtamina  tanU 
PulvBris  «sifiiii  jarlii  comprrMa  qiiieacent." — (horg.  \v.  87. 
**  If  it  tB  loft  in  till?  wcumd,  tho  insert  di*«,  boing  tora  OBuader. 
'*  Of  C0IUB6  tbia  \&  fubuluui,  ju  tlia  dromnt  uro  mitles. 


Chop.  20.] 


1BX  DISEASES  OF  BEES. 


And  make  no  honey,  being  thun  castrated,  m  to  say,  and 
cqunllr  intnpablc  of  inflicting  injur}',  and  of  niokitif;  ihcmAclTcB 
UBei'iil  by  iheir  labours.  We  have  inataiiccs  stated  of  horses 
being  killed  by  bees. 

Thuy  buve  u  great  aTeraioQ  to  bad  Bmelbi,  and  fly  away 
&om  tbem ;  a  dislike  which  ext^^ndt)  to  artiflciiU  perfumes 
eren.  HcncC  it  is  lliat  Lhey  will  Httack  pi.'rB«nB  who  smell 
ftf  unguents.  They  theinstlves,  also,  are  cxiiosr-d  to  the 
atlacks  of  wasps  and  hornets,  which  bcLong  to  the  same  class, 
bat  arc  of  a  degenerate*  nature :  these  wogc^  continual  warfare 
agnitiHt  them,  as  also  does  a  species  of  gnat,  which  is  known 
by  the  namu  of  "  roulio;"**  BwaUowe,  loo,  ond  various  othor 
birds  pi'cy  upon  them.  Frogs  lie  in  wait  far  them  when  in 
quest  of  waliT,  which,  in  fact,  is  tlii?ir  principal  occupation 
at  the  time  Ihey  are  iT'-.'mDg  their  young.  And  it  i«  not  only 
the  trog  that  frequents  ponds  and  streams  that  is  thus  injuri- 
ous to  ihem,  but  the  LramUe-frog  as  well,  which  will  come 
to  the  hivfs  even  in  erar<^h  of  them,  and,  <;rawling  np  to  the 
entrance,  breathe  through  the  apertures ;  upon  hearing  which,  a 
bc«  flii-stu  the  opot,  and  is  t^uapped  up  in  an  iufltimt.  it  is 
geueraUy  stated  ttiat  frog»  ore  proof  against  the  «ting  of  the 
bee.  Sheep,  too,  arc  peculiarly  dangtiroua  to  thoio,  us  they 
liaru  tlta  greatest  difficulty  iu  cxtrieutiug  tiiemsclves  from 
the  fleecp.  Tlio  amell  of  crabs,"  if  they  happen  to  be  cooked  to 
their  vicinity,  ia  fatal  to  Uiem. 


CHAT.  20,^^TnB  diseases  of  sees. 

Bees  are  also  by  nature  liabki  to  certain  ih.'K'.ases  of  their 
own.  The  Blgn  that  they  are  di$eu»ed,  Is  a  kind  of  torpid, 
moping  Badness :  on  such  ocuafiions,  Lhey  are  to  be  seen  briug- 
isg  out  those  that  are  sick  before  the  hives,  and  placing  them 
in  the  warm  sun,  while  others,  again,  are  providing  tfiem  with 
food.  Those  thnt  ttro  dead  they  curry  away  from  the  hive, 
and  attend  the  bodies,  pajdng  their  lust  duties,  as  it  were,  in 
fhneral  procession.  If  the  king  should  happen  to  be  carried 
off  by  the  pestilence,  the  swarm  remains  plunged  in  grief  and 
listless  inacUTity ;  it  cullocls  no  more  food,  and  ceases  to  issue 

*>  Tlioaf^hbelonginK  to  the  same  clou,  tluj  are  not  of  dcgcncnitAkiadi. 

«  'Hill  '•inulwpmtr 

^  See  Virgil,  lieatg.  B.  iv.  1.  27. 


PLnrr's  iiatcr.ii.  histoht.  [Book  XI. 

fortJi  frctn  its  abodii ;  t!ie  nnly  thing  that  it  docs  is  to  gtilhcr 
arotinf]  the  body,  and  to  emit  a  luclanclioly  humming  noise. 
Upon  such  occEiflions,  the  ueual  pinn  m  to  disperse  tlie  Bwarm 
nnd  take  away  the  body  ;  tV»r  otlirTwiee  tlioj  would  contiunii 
lieUeBsly  gating'  tipou  it,  and  so  prolong  thuir  priei".  Intludd, 
if  due  earu  is  not  taken  to  tioiae  tx>  Uitir  aid,  they  will  die  of 
leuiiget.  It  is  IJroni  their  chctTtTjlneBS,  in  fact,  and  their 
bright  and  Bleek  nptiearaitce  that  we  usually  form  an  estimate 
as  to  their  hetdth. 

(19)  There  are  ccrtaia  ma^adieB,  aJeo,  which  affect  their 
produetionH ;  when  they  do  not  fill  tJifnr  combs,  ttie  disfflSC 
under  which  they  am  labouring  i»  known  hy  tho  nnrnt:  of 
dairo*,*'  and  if  they  foil  to  rear  their  yonng,  thoy  are  suffering 
from  the  etfeotB  of  that  known  aa  hhpsigonia.^ 

cuxr.  21. — rnisas  tqit  abs  Rgxions  to  bbeb. 

Echo,  or  thu  uoiso  made  by  the  tevethumlion  of  the  air. 
ift  also  injiiriouK  to  beei-,  as  it  dismays  them  hy  its  redoubled 
liounds ;  fogs,  also,  ai-e  noxious  to  thvm.  Spiders,  too,  aro  espi'- 
ciallyhoeHlo  toboce;  whenthey  have  gone  so  tar  lik  to  hiiild  their 
webs  within  Dim  hive,  tht-  death  of  the  whole  awarm  is  the  result. 
The  common  and  ignoble  moth,'*  too,  that  is  to  be  seen  flattering 
about  a  burning  candle,  is  deadly  to  thi'ni,  and  that  in  more 
ways  than  one.  It  devours  Xhc.  was,  and  leaves  its  ordure 
behind  it,  from  which  the  mag^got  known  to  us  as  the  "  teredo  " 
JB  produced;  bcitidcn  which,  wherever  it  goes,  it  d rope  the 
down  from  off  its  %ving»,  and  thereby  thicken?  the  threndB  of 
ttiG  cohweba.  I'ho  tiTedo  is  also  engendered  in  the  wooil  of 
tho  hive,  and  then  it  proves  cepcdally  dcBtmctive  to  the  wax. 
Beea  are  the  victims,  also,  of  their  own  greediness,  for  when 
thej"  glut  themselves  ovenouoh  with  the  juices  of  the  flowers,  in 
tliH  Mpring  season  more  particularly,  they  are  troubled  with 
Uux  and  looseness.  OUvo  oil  is  fetid"  to  not  only  bees,  bat 
all  other  insects  as  well,  and  more  eepecially  if  they  are  placed 

*■  The  iiMiiling  aeMn*  dotihtful,  nnd  tlio  ffl«timiigr  i»  probfllily  imku^wn. 

••  *'  rajniy  of  Ihe  Touug^," 

™  Thor«  .ire  l.wn  kmJs  of  tive-mnth — the  Phaloiiia  tinea  inellnnella  of 
Linnniue,  and  (lio  Fliali<niii  tortrii  ai^rnma.  It  ik'ikuelta  tu  [iirra  in  lialm 
which  it;  wiaVm  in  the  wax. 

'■  In  cniiii^i]'m<ie  of  closing  thn  &tif;inata,  and  so  imp^din^  their  rc»pi- 
mtioB.  Tlienaiiiiiii  result,  ao  ilouhC,  is  pruiluiieiL  by  tbe  limtey  wliea  gmeued 
over  tkeiT  bodies.  ' 


Chap.  S3.] 


in  the  Min,  alWr  tlie  iwiid  \ia»  lKt;ii  immcrwd  iii  it.  Some- 
times, too,  thoy  thi^insclvfA  aro  the  cause  of  thciir  own  de- 
struction ;  ns,  for  iostanc-c,  wlicn  ihej  see  prcpiiration*  herns 
made  for  talking'  tlieir  honey,  and  ioiniediut^ty  Jail  to  de- 
vuuriug  it  n'itb  tlio  grcatetit  uriditjr.  1  u  ut]ii:f  n'jipi:i:lB  th<>y  ura 
KQJui'kuble  lur  lliL-ir  ubttlemioiuiic-KS,  and  tbvy  will  vxyvl 
those  tliut  aro  incliDi^  to  he  {irodigal  aud  Toracious,  no  lcs«  than 
lho«]  n^iat  nru  ithigg^lsh  aaii  idlu.  Their  owii  houcy  evvn  tDay 
be  productive  of  injury  to  liitm  ;  for  it"  tLty  «i-e  Kiuc;>lt^  with 
it  on  the  fore-part  of  the  body,  it  is  fatal  to  tbem.  Such  tiru 
ttic  enemies,  so  numtTuus  arv  thu  accidfuts-^jind  Iiow  smidl  a 
porlion  of  them  have  I  hew  c-nnmeraled  !■ — to  whiph  a  crcn- 
ture  tliat  proves  ho  bountiful  to  ua  i^  t'xpoaed.  In  tin-  appro- 
]iriiiu,'  phiut;'"  wi)  will  trt'at  of  th«  proper  nmedies ;  for  the 
prt-SL-ut  the  nature  of  thciii  is  our  sulji-ct. 

CHAT.  22.  (20.) BOW    10    KKRP    BKKt    TO    THK    RIVB. 

The  clapping  of  tlie  haiidKand  the.tiijU.ing  of  bntxs  afford 
bees  great  delight,  and  it  h  by  tli«se  me:iuit  that  tbr-y  ntv 
brought  together;  a  stronp  proof,  in  &iet,  llial  tltey  aro  poa- 
seaaed  of  the  aemc  of  hearing.  Whon  their  Tirork  is  com- 
pleted, their  offspring  brought  forth,  and  all  tlieir  dulics  ful« 
illled,  tley  still  huvt  certain  formal  exercises  to  perform,  ranging 
abroad  thrcnighout  the  country,  and  muring  aloft  in  the  air, 
wheeling  round  and  rouod  as  they  fiy,  lujd  then,  when  thu 
hour  (or  taking  their  fuud  has  cume,  riiturriing  home.  Tlie 
•-■xtrcme  periud  of  their  Ui'c,  sujtpuKiug  tUut  they  (.«cape  ucn'i' 
dent  and  the  attacks  of  their  enenjies,  i»  tvuly  seven  years ; 
11  liiTe,  it  i»  said,  never  lasts  more  than  ten.''  There  are  eomc 
pLiraons,  who  think  Unit,  wlieu  dead,  if  they  an*  prt'surved 
in  the  hou^e  tliroughout  the  winter,  and  then  expowi-d  to  thw 
wurmth  of  ihe  spring  sun,  and  kept  hot  all  day  iu  the  aa^es 
of  6g-(ree  wood,  they  will  ooinc  to  life  uguin. 

CBAP.  23. — jrei'BonH  of  kksewiico  the  swask. 
Thene  persons  s-.iy  also,  thitt  if  the  swarm  is  entirely  lost,  it 
may  be  replaced  by  the  aid  of  the  belly"  of  nn  wx  newly  killed, 

"  K  «1.  c.  42. 

"  Curicr  Kivt  that  a  hire  Itiu  been  kiiu-mi  Ui  lnvtirnvvtbnn  thirty  vran: 
Iiiit  it  i*  <]iiubt(iil  if  buM  vver  liri>  se  long  n«  Um,  or,  vxirapt  the  quevu, 
Utile  mora  than  on?. 

"  Thaufli  Xiigil  trll*  the  rnimp  stfiry,  in  B.  iv.  of  tlin  GcargiM,  ta  reli- 
lius  lo  lite  dbepbsrd  Ajiit^aud,  all  IbU  u  cutiii^ly  fiibuloua. 


a  PLtST  8  ITATCHAl.  HiaTOKT.  [Boofe  ST. 

id  over  with  (lung.  Tiigil  also  says'*  tiiat  lliis  may  be  done 
fbe  body  of  a  young  biilf,  in  the  same  way  that  the  car- 
caso  of  the  iiorao  praducoa  wosps  aud  hornets,  and  that  of  the 
iiSB  ljccLlt'3,  Nutiire  liei'self  effectbig  those  clmngi'B  of  oup  buI)- 
ntance  into  anotlier.  But  in  Jill  theEie  last,  eexuul  intercourse 
is  to  bi,'  perceived  as  well,  lliimgh  the  charactcnstica  of  the 
ofi^prizig  ary  pretty  much  tlie  siime  as  tlioee  oi  tUe  beo. 

CHAF.  24.  (21.)— Wasps  ajtd  noMTETs  :  AsncAia  ■which  app&o- 

PltlAIB  WHJIT  BELOSGS  TO  OTHERS. 

"Wasps  biiild  tlieir  nests  of  mud  in  lofty  places,"  and  make 
wax  tlic-rein:  hornets,  on  tb-e  other  hand,  build  in  holes  or 
under  ground.  With  these  two  kinds  the  cells  aro  also  hex* 
ngonEil,  but,  in  other  respet-ts,  though  made  of  the  btirk  of  trees, 
tticy  strongly  resomble  the  substflnco  of  a  spidor's  woh.  Their 
young  also  are  fiiund  at  irregular  intemilH,  snd  are  of  un- 
Bhnpdy  appenranpt^  wliile  one  is  able  to  fly,  another  is  sritl  a 
mere  pupn,  and  a  third  only  in  the  mn^^^ut  stale.  It  ia  in 
the  uutumn,  too,  and  not  in  the  spring,  that  all  tlieir  young  are 
produced;  and  tliey  grow  during  the  full  moon  more  par- 
ticularly. The  wasp  whieh  is  Unown  as  the  ichncnmou,"  u 
sninller  kind  than  the  others,  kills  one  kind  of  spider  in  pajti- 
tuiar,  known  sb  the  phalHugium ;  iifl«r  which  it  curries  the 
body  to  it8  iii:8t,  coTcrB  it  otct  with  a  sort  of  glufy  HobBtauce, 
and  then  sits  imd  hatches  from  it  its  young.'*  In  addi- 
tion to  this,  they  are  all  of  them  carnivorous,  while  on  the 
(([.her  hand  heea  will  toueh  no  animii,!  Buhstanee  whatever. 
Wa3p9  more  particularly  purau-e  the  lender  flies,  and  after 
eatehiag  thum  cut  off  the  head  and  carry  away  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  body. 

Wild  hornets  lire  in  the  holes  of  trees,  and  in  winter,  like 
other  insects,  keep  themselves  concealed;  their  life  does  not 
exceed  two  years  in  length.  It  is  not  unfrequently  that  tbwr 
Rting  is  productivG  of  an  attack  of  fever,  and  thtre  are  aufhorft 
Tiho  6oy  that  thrice  nine  stings  will  suffice  to  kiU  a  man.     Of 

'*  Gcorg,  B-  iv.  1.  284,  rf  srq. 

^  TTcidtT  rooCt,  and  sumetiDieBia  thegrousi]! :  horaets  buiM in  tlic  holla«« 
of  trs P8 

"  CiitleJ  "  Sphiux  "  by  LinaicnB. 

"  Thfl  mie  vnraion  is.  that  ofter  kUling  tbe  insect  llicy  bm7  it  inib  their 
«gg»  ns  load  for  their  faitiru  yiMuig. 


Cbtp.  34.] 


TnB   8IT,X-W0BM. 


» 


the  olhctr  hornets,  whicii  eeem  not  to  be  so  tioxiouB,  there  ore  two 
kiuds :  tho  working  oou-s,  which  are  Bniiillrr  in  »izp  »nd  die  in 
the  winter;  and  the  puntit  humi'ts,  wlikh  livn  two  years; 

^  these  last,  itrdeed,  are  quit*  harmless.'"'  la  spring  thvy  build 
lheirnt!«t8,  wliich  have  generally  four  eatmnces,  iiud  here  it  ia 
tllfttthc  working  hornetsi  are  produced;  after  these  have  bc«D 
StCehed  they  form  other  nrfita  of  Inrgir  fizp,  in  n-hich  Ui  bring 
forth  the  parents  of  the  future  gprnnition.  Fwm  this  time 
the  working  hornets  be^in  to  follow  tlieir  vocation,  and  apply 
themselves  t^  supplying  tlio  others  with  food.  The  piireut 
hornets  ans  of  larger  aizo  than  the  othcm,  and  it  is  very  doubt- 
ful wlielhiir  thi:y  liiivis  u  atliig.  a»  it  is  never  U>  bfl  seen 
protruded.  Theae  raccH,  too,  have  their  dron{.'8.  Hotuc  iivnious 
ore  of  opinion  thut  ciU  Ull'su  insects  luso  their  stings  in  the 
winter.  Heither  liorni)t«  nor  wasps  iiuv«  a  king,  nwr  do  they 
ever  congregate  in  awarmfl ;  but  thuir  numbers  are  recruited  by 
[*  ii-esh  oE&pTiug  from  time  to  tinie. 

CBAP.  25.  (22.) — THE  BD3IBTX  OF  ASBTKIA. 

A  fourth  class  of  thin  kind"  of  inspct  is  the  hombrx,"  which 
in  a  native  of  Assyria,  and  is  of  larger  size  than  any  of  those 
which  hare  been  previously  mentioned.  They  eonatnict  their 
nests  of  a  kind  of  mud  which  has  the  appeanuict!  of  salt,  and 
then  fasten  Iheni  to  a  stone,  where  they  becomo  so  liiurd,  that 
-it  is  BCartioly  posnibk'  to  iitnetraUi  IhLin  with  a  dart  evoo. 
In  these  seste  they  make  wax.  in  larger  ciuantilies  than  beea, 
and  the  grub  which  they  then  produce  is  larger. 

CHAP.  26. — THR  LAETJE  or  THE  SII.K-WOHM — WttO  PIBST  ISVETTKO 
SILK   a/ITHS. 

There  is  another  clasa  also  of  these  inscots  produced  iu  quite 
a  different  munnor,  Thcao  last  spring  from  a  grub  of  larger 
size,  with  two  liomH  of  very  peculiar  appeuraiice.  The 
larva  then  becomca  a  eat-urpillur,  ufler  which  it  a&.sunics  the 
!«lato  in  whieh  it  is  known  an  bomhfUi,  then  that  called  nrey- 
Halut,  and  afttir  that,  in  sir  months,  it  bt^cowes  u  silk-worm." 

"  Cnvior  UTt  that  it  i8tl)einiilt.>g,  and  unt  the  fmitileii,  (lint  have  noting. 
**  Wtut modem  nalumiirta  cull  Ibi;  "  }ij'ni<.'ni)pl«ra." 
*'  Sonne  kind  of  vani.  or,  a£  Ciivior  sayit,  probably  cli^  iniuon  boe. 
I*  Calkii  "itombyx      nlwi;  tliniigh,  la,  Uuvicr  rcnurki,  of  a  kitid  al< 
together  different  &om  \hi  precediag  one. 


' 


1 


26 


ruin  a  h&tccal  hi&xobt. 


[Hook  XI. 


TSiGae  insects  i^'cn-ve  wcIjs  similar  to  those  of  the  spider,  the 
rnab:rial  of  which  is  used  for  ruiikiug  the  more  costly  and 
luxurious  garments  of  females,  knovrn  as  "  bombycina."  Pam- 
phile,  a  womjin  of  009,*°  the  daughtc-r  of  Plutea,  waa  the  ftret** 
poreon  wlio  tliBcovered  thu.art.  of  iinravtlliHg  thuBo  webs  and 
Epiuiiiiig  u  tifisue  theretrom  ;  inde&di  bIju  oiig-ht  iiot  tu  U?  du- 
prived  wf  thti  glyry  of  having  Uiscovarud  liio  art  of  luuking 
vc-stmeiits  whicii,  while  thvy  uovur  a  womtui,  ut  the  same  mo- 
lueot  teyuuL  hm'  na^ed  charus. 

cn*p.  27.  (23.) — thk  silk-woru   of  cos — how  tes  coak 

VKSTMKNTS    AUE    W*1)K. 

The  silk-worm,  too,  ia  said  tx)  be  a  lulive  of  the  iale  of  Cos, 
whiTG  the  rapwizra  of  tlie  earUt   give  new  life  U>  the  flowcra 

of  the  cypress,  the  tereliinth,  the  lish,  and  the  oak  which  hsve 
hoen  bf-Hten  down  by  the  bKowpts.  At  first  they  iiasume  tlie 
appeamnce  of  small  buttorfliiifl  'B'ith  naked  liodies,  but  bouu 
liter,  being  utiablci  to  endure  tho  euU,  they  throw  out  briacly 
h^iirs,  and  nssuitie  quite  a  thick  Duat  againut  Uie  wintor^  by 
rubbing  off  the  dowa  that  covers  the  leaves,  by  the  aid  of 
tho  rouglmess  of  their  i'eet.  Tiiie  they  comprcsB  into  ball8 
hy  curding  it  witli  Ihcir  eluws,  and  then  di^avF  it  uut  aud 
l]uag  it  boCweca  tiio  hruuches  of  the  trees,  making  it  tlse 
hy  combing  it  out  as  it  were  ;  last  of  all,  they  take  and  roll  it 
round  tlieir  body,  ihuB  forming  a.  nest  in  which  they  are  enve- 
loped. It  is  io  iJiis  shite  thnt  they  are  taken ;  iiftor  which 
they  fire  placed  in  eartlien  vessela  iu  a  warm  place,  and  fed 
upon  brnn.  A  pocnliar  sort  of  down  soon  sboota  forth  upon 
the  body,  on  being  clothed  with,  which  they  are  sent  to  work 
upon  anotlier  ta.'ik.  The  cocoona*"  which  they  have  begun  to 
ibrm  uro  t'Liidured  soft  and  pliable  by  tlie  aid  of  water,  und 
are  then  dmwu  out  iuto  threads  by  raeaas  of  a  spindle  made  of 
,a  reed.  !Nor,  in  fact,  have  the  men  even  felt  ashumed  to  make 
'liae**  of  garmentE  formed  of  this  material,  m  eoneequeuce  of 

**  The  flrat  kinde  of  aillc  dicfsos  wnm  by  the  Floinan  Lidios  Trore  from 
thi»  i»lftii<l,  onil,  as  Pliaj  siijs,  wrrn  kiwna  hj  t.hi-  nurae  of  Cwt  iwteM. 
T)i4-iH<  (IrsEiug  WBitt  »o  hue  an  to  ha  tniii  spuria  nt,  anitwern  Home  I  inn's  dyed 
pur|ilo,  and  enriclitil  nilJi  iitripcs  ut'  gold.  Ilicy  ijrt'bnbly  had  tbcir  tuutia 
frum  tlio  vurly  ngiutaiiun  n'Liuli  Cc»  .icquireil  by  lU-  mimufuuturua  of  silk. 

**  Tliia  account  it  (ierivod  irom  AriaWCfc,  Hist.  Anim.  B,  v.  *,  19, 

»*  "Unifitiu," 

•«  EiiHy  in  th«  reign  of  TibFrriiu,  as  ve  leim  hota  Tauitue,  tha  wmata 


tb«ir  extreme  Iif$htncee  to  Bummor :  for,  bo  grpuUj-  hare  miui* 
nera  dcgKUcnit£4  iu  our  day,  tUut,  no  far  l^m  weuhag  a  cuinis^, 
II  {{BTiDeat  eveti  is  fou&d  to  be  too  hea^*)'.  Thv  prodnoe  of  the 
AjBjrian  sUk-worm,  however,  we  hiive  till  now  Ivil  to  (ho 
women  onlj. 

cnju*.  28.  (34.) — MPTDEBe;  Tae  koob  that  hake  webs;  thr 
matkuuu  uskd  by  thku  i>'  >«o  Doixn. 

It  U  by  no  meam  an  Rb^nrdity  to  append  to  the  mlk-worni 
as  aocount  of  tfae  spider,  a  oretiturQ  which  is  worthy  of  oar 
«8pccial  udmirutioQ.  Tht-re  (ir«>  iiunu-roiK  kiiiils  of  [$pid«i8,  how- 
fver,  which  it  will  not  be  nect-Ksary  Wrv  to  mention,  frum  ttie 
fact  of  their  being  so  well  known.  Those  that  bear  the  name 
of  pfial  miff  turn  are  of  small  size,  with  bodies  Kpottod  and  run- 
ning ta  a  point ;  their  bite  i^  vmomonft,  and  they  Irap  an  thoy 
more  from  pluco  to  place,  AiioUier  kind,  again,  is  hluclt.  and 
tbt)  fore-legs  src  rvmnrkubtb  for  thvir  l«-ngth.  Thi-}'  have  oil  of 
lliom  ^ree  joints  in  the  legs.  The  smaller  kind  of  wolf-spider^ 
i'jes  not  make  a  Wfb,  bul  the  larger  om-s  muke  thuir  holes  in 
tbu  varth,  and  sprtiiil  their  nt- Is  at  the  quitow  eatrunoo  tberuof, 
A  third  kind,  Bgain,  in  remarkable  tor  the  skill  which  it  dis- 
plays in  it«  operations.  These  spin  a  large  web,  and  the  ab- 
iloioen  siiffiffs  to  supply  the  owtcrial  for  so  extensive  a  work, 
whether  it  is  that,  at  stated  periods  the  exerenienia  are  largely 
d  in  lihc  abdomt'H,  us  Dumocritua  thinks,  or  that  tho 
iture  hos  in  itself  a  certfiiQ  faculty  of  wcn'ting*  a  jirnuliar 
sort  of  woolly  Hiihstance.  How  aleadily  (loo.'s  il  work  with  ita 
claws,  how  hiniulifiilly  rounded  imd  how  equal  are  tbu  ihreuds 
Its  it  forma  its  web,  while  it  employa  the  weight  of  its  body  as 
an  equipoise !  It  beRins  at  the  middle  to  weave  its  web,  and 
then  exten<:lH  it  by  adding  the  threads  in  rings  nroiiud,  like  n 
warp  upon  the  woof:  forming  the  meshes  at  equal  interrals, 
htit  continnally  enlarging  them  as  the  web  tncreafit-a  in  breadth, 
it  finally  onitcs  them  all  by  an  indissoliible  knot.  With  whiit 
ma  art    does  it  conceal  the  snarea   thnt  lie   in    wait 

i'ilB  prey  in  ibi  checkered  nettings !  Haw  little,  too,  would 
it  seem  that  there  Is  any  such  trap  laid  in  Ibo  coiiipai:lriess  of 

Miwted  "ncnatinScrica  viroi  firJarpf  — "Tliiil  TDm«)irruld  noLdrSliB 
tluuineli-os  bj  wesring  [;arincinU  oF  till:,"  Ana.  11.  ii.  C  S3. 

*  The  .Vnuiuii  Lupiu  of  LinnwiB. 

>*  As  Curier  obEatrm,  ho  hu  tivro  guou^  at  ttc  truth. 


!^ 


sis  PLDT's   WATTJHAI.   HI8T0BT.  B&olc  XI. 

its  web  anii'  the  tfUQciotis  textnre  of  the  woof,  which  would 
appear  of  itaolf  to  be  finiRhed  and  arranged  by  the  cxercifle  of 
the  very  higheflt  urt !  ]iow  looae,  ton,  i»  the  body  of  Ihc  web 
ns  it  yields  to  Ihe  hiaata,  iind  how  n?adily  docB  it  catch  all  ohjfTts 
which  coaiG  in  its  way  !  Yob  would  fancy  that  it  had  kfl, 
quite  Gxhuu-sltid,  the  thrume  of  the  upper  portiou  of  its  iii:t 
iinilnisiied  where  they  are  sj>read  acroBs ;  it  is  wiih  tlie  great- 
est difficulty  that  they  nre  to  he  perceived,  aod  yet  the  mumeut 
that  ail  object  touchfeB  therrij  like  the  Uoee  of  the  hunter's  net, 
they  throw  it  into  the  body  of  the  web.  With  wliat  archi- 
tectural skin,  too,  ia  it«  hole  arched  over,  and  how  well  do- 
fended  by  a  nap  of  extra  thickness  agninnt  the  cold!  How 
carefully,  too,  it  retires  into  a  corner,  wntl  appears  intent  upon 
nnything  but  what  it  really  is,  all  the  while  thut  it  ia  ao  care- 
fully shut  lip  from  view,  that  it  is  impo^ible  to  perceive  whe- 
Uicr  there  is  anything  within  or  ugt '.  And  then  too,  how  px- 
traoi-diniiry  the  Btri'nyth  of  the  wob  !  When  ia  the  wind  ever 
known  to  break  it,  or  what  accumulation  of  dust  b  able  to 
Weigh  it  down? 

The  spicier  often  spreads  its  web  right  aerosa  between  two 
trpcs,  when  plying  its  art  and  learning  how  to  spin  ;  and  then, 
as  to  ita  length,  the  thread  extends  from  the  very  lop  of  the 
tree  to  the  ground,  while  the  insect  springs  up  again  in  an 
instant  from  the  earth,  and  travels  aloft  by  the  vorj-  self-same 
thread,  thua  mounting  at  thi^  same  moment  and  s]iiDning 
its  threads.  When  ita  prey  falls  into  its  net,  how  on  the  alert 
it  ia,  and  with  what  readines'S  it  ruus  to  seize  it!  Even 
though  it  should  be  adliering  to  the  very  edge  of  its  wob,  tiio 
insect  always  rima  instantly  to  the  middle,  as  it  is  by  theae 
Cleans  that  it  cnn  most  effectually  abate  the  web,  and  so  suc- 
cesflfiiUy  entangle  its  prey.  When  the  web  is  torn,  the 
Bpidcr  immediately  seta  about  repairing  it,  and  that  bo  neatly, 
that  nothing  like  patching  can  evrr  he  Been.  The  spider  lies 
in  wait  even  for  the  young  of  the  lizard,  and  after  enveloping 
the  head  of  the  animal,  bitLs  its  lips;  a  sight  by  no  raeana 
unwortliy  of  the  aniiphithetitiio  itself,  when  it  is  one's  good  for- 
tune to  witness  it.  Presages  also  are  drawn  from  tho  spider; 
for  when  a  river  is  about  to  bwcII,  it  will  suspend  its  web 
higher  than  uauuJ.  In  talm  weather  these  insects  do  not  spin, 
but  when  it  is  cloudy  they  do,  and  hence  it  is,  that  a  great 
number  of  cobwebs  is  a  Bure  sign  of  ahowcry  weather.     It  ia 


Cbup-m] 


SODRPIOKa. 


Sd 


I 


I 


^^eoerally  supposed  that  it  is  llie  fomnli^  itpider  that  ^pina, 
ftnd  th(!  miil«  tliat  lies  in  wait  fur  prey,  thus  making  an  equal 
diriaian  of  their  dudes. 

caar.  29. — the  oekekatio:!  of  spidrbi*. 

Spiders  couple*  lindtwards.  end  produce  maggots  like  ^eg$  • 
for  I  ought  not  tn  fJcfcr  mnking  some  mention  of  this  subject, 
Braing,  in  ftict,  that  of  most  ineectB  there  is  bardly  aiiyUiiiig 
elae  to  bo  said.  All  thcau  cjjgs  Uil-v  luy  iu  their  wul^,  hut 
scattered  about,  aa  ihcy  leap  from  plact-  to  plnco  while  layiug 
them.  The  phaluugium  is  the  ouly  epider  that  lays  a  con- 
eiderablo  namher  of  th<.-m,  in  a  hull- :  iind  ««  eoun  us  «vur 
tbtj  pivigeny  is  hstehud  it  devoiira  ila  inolhpr,  and  very  often 
the  malfi  parent  as  wdl,  for  that,  too,  aid*  in  the  process  of 
incubation.  These  lost  produce  as  many  as  three  hundred 
eggs,  the  othera  a  smaUfrnambcr.  Spiders  take  three  days 
to  hatch  thpir  f^ga.  They  come  to  their  full  growth  ia 
twenty-eight  duye. 

CHAP.  30.  (25.)— scoETioira. 

In  a  similar  manncT  to  the  si>ider,  ihulnnd  Brorpion  also  pro- 
dnccs  maggots*'  similar  to  eggs,  nnd  dies  in  a  similar  manntr. 
This  onioKd  is  a  dang-c-rous  scourge,  and  has  a  venom  like  Umt 
of  the  serpent;  with  the  exception  that  its  effects  are  far 
more"  painful,  iis  the  person  who  ib  eturig  wiU  linger  for 
three  days  Iwforo  death  eriBueB.  The  eting  is  iuvariably 
fUtol  to  ^'irgins.  und  nearly  aLwuys  go  to  mntrous.  It  is  so 
to  men  also,  in  Iba  morniog,  when  the  aniniitl  has  issued  from 
its  bole  in  u  fasting  et^te,  nnd  has  not  yt't  hsppcnt^d  to  dis- 
charge  its  poison  by  any  ucciilmtul  strolse.  The  tail  is  always 
ready  to  atrikc,  and  ceaaes  not  for  an  instant  to  menace,  so 
that  no  opportunity  may  possibly  be  missed.  The  animal 
strikee  b>o  with  a  sidelong  blow,  or  else  by  turning  the  tail 

"■  TheT  enpolalo  In  n  mnnnrr  diMimilnr  in  thnt  of  wny  other  ioj.(ict»-— 
ll«  mult  ViciimifiiiiN  Ow  famalu  by  ibc  iiid  of  ft-tlort,  wliicli  lie  intnulucps 
into  the  Tulva  of  llie  Icnulc  situuto  bcatiatb  the  anterior  pan  of  ibo 
ntkloRifn. 

"*  CuTter  romarVs,  tlint  the  (corpiirin  ii  riiipnTmi*;  but  the  yoanff  ire 
white  trheii  bom,  nnd  ivx«|>|>ej  up  in  na  utuI  niiiss,  iur  wbicb  nsiuon  tlioy 
aiar  euQy  bo  taken  fr>r  tnnggnu  or  grnhf. 

"  Thin  murt  be  uuderstwoiL  of  the  MurpLun  of  Eglfit,  Liliya,  nriil  Syria. 
Tlu  sting  of  that  of  the  loittb  of  Eurufc  is  not  gtiacrally  da'ngeioiu. 


PLCTT'a  NATUEAt  HIBTOET.  [Bonk  XI. 

upwards.  ApoUwloniB  LDformB  lis,  that  the  poiBon  which 
they  BixTCte  is  of  a  wliite  colour,  and  he  has  divided  th^m  into 
nine  clii99t>S,  diatingaishpd  mostly  by  thfip  colours— to  Vyry 
liltle  paqioae,  however,  for  it  ia  impossible  to  undoratand 
which  aiLong  these  it  is  thnt  he  has  pronounced  to  he  tho 
least  dangcroua.  Ho  says,  also,  that  aorao  of  them  hiive  a 
double  ating.  and  tliat  tbe  males — ibr  bo  !U^st:rtjs  that  they  ar» 
eiLgendored  by  tin'  union  of  llie  hcscb — are  Uit  most  dungorous. 
ThesQ  muy  eaj?ily  be  kni>wn,  lie  says,  by  thfir  eleniler  fona 
ftiid  gro&ter  length.  Me  Btutce,  also,  that  they  ull  of  them  haTB 
venom  in  the  miiJdlo  of  the  day,  wlien  they  harti  bpeii  warmed 
by  the  heat  of  the  sim,  as,  itlso,  when  they  lue  thirsty — their 
thirst,  indeed,  can  newT  be  quenched.  It  is  an  iiactrtained 
fafX,  that  those  which  have  seven  joinfc*  in  the  tail  ftre  the 
most**  deadly;  tTie  greater  port,  howeror,  have  but  eix. 

For  this  peat  of  Africa,  the  soiithem  winds  hnvts  provided 
raoELiiB  of  flight  m  tvell,  fur  as  ihu  breeze  bi'iira  theiu  along, 
they  extend  th^iir  arms  and  ply  thcra  like  so  many  oure  ia 
their  flight;  the  same  ApoUodorus,  however,  wsserts  that  tUcr« 
are  ^me  which  really  havt^  wings."  The  I'sylli,  who  ibr  ttieir 
own  profit  have  been  in  the  habit  of  importing  the  polaoa«  of 
other  lands  among  U8,  and  hare  thus  filled  Italy  with  the  posts 
"whieb  belong  to  other  regions,  have  iTiadc  ut.t'i;mpts  to  import 
the  flpng  acorpLcm  as  well,  but  it  hag  been  found  that  it 
cannot  livo  further  north  th.^n  tho  latitude  of  Sicily.  How- 
ever, they"  are  somelimea  to  be  Been  in  (tiily,  hut  are  quit© 
harmlesa  there ;  they  arc-  f&undf  also,  in  maay  other  places,  tlic 
vi«iuity  of  Pharos,  in  Egypt,  for  instance.  In  EScythiu,  tlie 
ecorpiou  is  able  to  kill  tho  swine  even  with  its  -sting,  an  animsl 
which,  in  generaU  is  proof  agninet  poisons  of  tliis  kind  in  n 
remarkablH  degree.  When  elung,  those  swine  whiRhati!  black 
die  more  speoiiily  than  oUiers,  inid  more  particularly  if  thoy 
happen  to  tlirow  themselves  into  the  water.  When  a  person 
has  been  stung,  it  ia  generally  supposed  that  he  m«y  bp.  cured 
by  drinking  the  ashes  of  the.  scorpion"  mixed  with  wine.     It 

«  Cnvier  s*eins  to  regard  thi«  aa  faitniful :  ho  aajs  tliot  tlic  inatancca  dt 
letin*  joint*  aw  but  runly  to  be  met  with, 

**  TieiB  are  no  wingwi  scorpionB.  Cuvier  tliiDli:^  thnt  he  may  possihly 
nUtidu  lo  tiie  pnaorpis,  oi  sDorpkm-flv,  Ihe  Dhilomttn  at  wliicU  tunciuntce 
iu  u  rorvi'pK.  wliiuh  rustmMw  the  taiC  ol  the  soorpiua, 

"  i'robably  Hie  pnnorpia, 

»  S««  B.  Mil,  e.  'i!t 


Clwp.  3i.} 


TEE  CDASsaoi'PEB. 


« 


ift  the  bolii;f  also  Ihat  tlirr*  is  nothing  more  baneful  to  the 
scorpion  flnd  the  stcllio,"  than  to  dip  thorn  in  oil  This  liut 
animal  in  ftlao  dangiTvnis  to  all  other  cro»tHrf«,  pxoept  thow 
which,  liltp  itiwif,  aro  destitute  of  Wood :  in  figure  il  stronglj- 
r(!scaiblc»  the  mnnmnn  lizard.  For  thu  must  part,  aUv, 
the  soorpiuii  docs  uo  injury  lo  any  animal  which  is  bloodies*. 
Some  writcnt,  too,  are  of  opinion  that  the  scorpion  devoura  iu 
ofiapring,  and  that  the  one  amonR  the  young  which  i»  the  nioi«l 
adroit  urails  itseLf  ol'ite  solo  nmdc  of  csnipw,  by  pkoing  itself 
on  the  back  of  thu  motlier,  and  thiift  finding  a  place  where  it 
is  in  aafely  from  the  tii!  and  tJie  sting.  Tlic  one  Ihat  tbns 
escapes,  they  say,  becomes  lie  nn-ngcr  of  the  rest,  and  at  U^t, 
taking  advantage  of  its  ek-Tfttcd  position,  puta  its  pareaits  lu 
death.     The  scorpion  prodncf»  cloven  at  a  birth. 

cnxp.  31.  (26.)*-Tira  arritLtlo. 

The  stftllio*'  has  in  some  measure  the  same  nfltiur  ns  the 
rhanipleon,  iw  it  Uvea  tipon  nothing  but  dew,  and  audi  apidpTs** 
OE  it  may  happen  to  find. 

CRAP.  32. — mt  oB-tMnoT-m:  nuT  rr  iris  nxttbes  xotrrn 
BOE  omw  rott  yooi). 

The  cicada**  also  lives  in  a  similar  manner,  nnd  is  dividt-d 
into  two  kinds.  Tho  smaller  kind  arc  bum  tho  firitt  and  die 
;he  last,  and  an:  without  nvoioe.  Tlteolhem  are  of  the  flying 
kinr],  and  have  u  note,-  tht^ru  are  two  surtfi,  Uiu&<:  known  af 
aehettt.  and  the  smaller  ones  calltd  ttUigmiia  :  Lheso  liutt  huvu 
the  loudest  voice.  In  both  of  these  laai-mentioued  kinds,  it  is 
the  mall*  tbut  sings,  while  tbu  female  is  silent.  There  are  na- 
tions in  tlie  tmal  U).'il,   (vi-A  upon  theso  insects,   thu  rarthiaos 

*  The  starred  or  »potl«d  liinTil. 

^  Tho  iikllio  «r  llic  itnmnns  in  tbo  "  RicsiliLb'M  "  or  "  utalnhnti^  "  nf 
the  Crocks,  tlie  lutard  int«  uliidi  Afrwilnljus  wa«  ptiunjprd  by  Ccrw  ;  §co 
Orid,  McL  B.  7.  L  4S4.  ft  itq.  Iliuy  iiUo  mcnliciiiG  Va\s  in  B.  nix.  c.  A, 
ihongh  tie  spratu  or  soini;  dill'ei)  tice  in  llicir  n[>j>i  ikranci^.  It  \a  n  anecicn 
nf  cuvVo.  the  iBrcnlolj  of  Itnij',  the  t«r>jiit'?  of  I'cuvrrn-e,  and  tht  (»ec](utljL 
pn>bablf,  of  LHCFptMe.  Tiio  gi'uico,  Cuvit-r  ui^t,  !■  not  TPitocnoiu,  but  it 
«uu*eii  *nmll  bUsKTs  to  aa»  oa  tho  «kin  '•hca  ic  wulks  ov«r  It,  tb«  retult, 
prctublT,  a{  tliu  vsln-mfl  iliRTpnw*  at  itt  iiniln. 

••  Scr  c.  28  (if  lliis  Hook,  and  B.  liii.  c.  ItJi;  B.  «j.  c.  27. 

'*  A  gcm/rnl  imnn'  fnr  ttic  ^aMbtpjio'.  fuvicrr  rcniai-kk,  that  Pliny  is 
Ins  cirar  on  Lliis  auhjecl  tliitti  .AmUille,  ibn  uibtlmr  r[i,in.i  wlium  liu  lins 
botroncd. 


a,  ■wfittlthy  and  aiBiicnt  aa  they  nro.  Tliey  priifor  the 
beforo  it  hus  hud  8l>s.uu1  lutii'rcout'tjc,  tmd  tbti  lemule 
aftt^r;  and  they  tako'  tUeirufga,  wliivh  aru  white.  Tliej  ea- 
geiititr  wiLh  the  liolly  upwards.  Upon  the  back  they  have 
a  sharp-edged  instraineat,^  by  meuos  of  which  tliey  excavate 
a  hole-  to  breed  in,  in  the  gtoiiud.  Tlic  yoimg  ia,  at  first, 
a  smaD  maggot  in  apponrance,  al'ter  which  the  larva  assumes 
tho  form  in  which  it  ia  known  as  tlie  MliffDweira.'  It  bursts 
its  shell  nbout  the  time  of  the  summer  anlatice,  and  thrn  takes 
to  flight,  which  always  happens  in  the  night.  Tho  insiict, 
at  first,  is  black  and  hard. 

This  is  the  ou]y  Living  orcatiUQ  that  Hob  no  mouth  ;  though 
it  has  something  iustead  whicii  hears  a  &traug  rusemblunce  to 
the  tongues  of  thoso  iusocts  wliich  «arry  a  sting  iji  the  mouth  : 
this  organ  is  situatu  in  the  hiTast'  of  the  aniuinl,  and  is  em- 
ployed by  jt  in  sucking  up  the  dcw.  The  coraeiet  itsL4f  forms  a 
kind  of  pi[ie ;  and  it  is  by  miSaiis  of  this  that  the  achetiP  utter 
their  note,  as  nlrendy  mtntioned.  Beyond  this,  they  have 
no  viscera  lpl  thfl  abdomen.  When  BHrprised,  they  spring 
upwnrdS)  iind  ejtut  a  kind  of  liquid,  wliiuh,  indeed,  ia  nor 
only  proof  that  th«y  live  upon  dew.  This,  also,  is  the  oaly 
animul  that  haa  no  outlet  tor  tho  evacuations  of  the  body. 
Their  poffura  of  sight  are  m  had,  thutif  a  person  eontracts 
his  fiuger,  and  thea  suddenly  extends  it  close  to  thoin,  they 
will  come  upon  it  just  as  though  it  were  a  leaf.  Some  HUthors 
divide  thvse  ajiimala  into  two  kinds,  the  "surcularia/'*  which 
is  the  largf;at,  and  the  "  framentaria,"^  by  many  kuown  aa  the 
"  avunnria;"'  this  lost  makes  ita  appearance  jiwt  as  the  com  is 
turning  dry  in  the  ear. 

(27.)  The  grasshopper  ia  not  anntivcof  eonntries  that  are  haro 
of  trees — heuco  it  m  that  there  are  none  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city  <ti  CjTeuti — nor,  in  &vt,  ia  it  prodac&d  in  champai^^  couu- 

■  "CarrEptb"  BoaniB  a preforablD roodinz to  "vwrupti,"  that  adopind 
bySiliig. 

'  The  fnmnle  hi»  this,  aatl  empioyi  it  for  piercing  dead  branchcB  in  which 
to  depoiil  tt«  <^^- 

*  The  ''  mutiier  of  the  prtushopper." 

*  Tin;  tnini  o!  ih'i  rniR«h«])|H!r,  OuvitT  aays,  is  situatfl  bo  low  down,  that 
it  sflonis  to  bfi  attachtd  w  the  breast.  WitU  ittheiuscotoitruotathejtiicLsi 
of  l<iiiV(!s  U.U1I  stjilka. 

*  Or   '■  twig-gruBfhiHpper."  ■  Or  "  eom-gtaesbop^er." 
'  Or  "  uut-gcuisboppet." 


Cliap-  34.] 


TKS  BEETU!. 


S9 


trisK,  or  in  cool  and  ehatly  thiokcls.  They  trill  take'to  mmu 
[)Uicc8iDiithmocoro»dUy  Ihtui  oth^irs.  lu  the  district  of  IGlotns 
they  lire  ouly  to  be  found  iu  sutae  fuw  spote ;  and  iu  Ccpliul- 
leuia,  tliere  is  a  nvnr  which  roiiB  ihroogh  tho  couotry,  on  one 
side  of  Thjch  ttiey  are  not  to  be  found,  while  on  Ihe  oth*'r 
tJiey  exis.t  in  vast  numbers.  In  the  territorj'  of  Ittivgiuni, 
again,  none  of  the  grasshoppt-ra  \m\v  any  note,  -while  be- 
yond the  rirer,  in  the  territoiy  of  J/wri,"  thi-y  sing  aloud. 
Their  winga  are  formed  wmitarly  to  those  of  hcca,  but  aro 
larger,  in  proportion  to  the  body. 

ODAJ.  33.  (28.) — TILE  wraas  op  wpects.* 

There  are  some  inst-ets  -n-hich  Imvc  two  wings,  flies,  for 
inat«nr-ej  olherfl,  aguin,  have  four,  Ulte  the  hce.  The  winga 
of  ih-G  graBshop.pcr  lire  membranous.  TIiobl' inaceta  wUicli  are 
armed  vrith  a  atiug  in  the  abdouieu,  have  four  v'ings.  Moue 
of  those  which  have  a  sting  in  the  raoutb,  bare  more  than, 
two  inogs.  Tlio  former  have  rcceired  the  Eting  for  the  pur- 
pose of  defending  tliemselvies,  the  Iatt«r  for  the  supplying  of 
their  wiints.  H"  pulled  from  off  the  body,  the  winga  of  an. 
insect  will  not  grow  again;  no  insect  which  has  a  sting  in- 
Berted  in  its  body,  has  two  wings  only. 

CBAV.  34.~-TaK   :b£BTL£.      tick    OtOW-WOEK.      OTHSR    EinnB  OP 
•  BUSTLES. 

Some  insects,  for  the  preBorTation  of  their  winge,  arc  covered 
with  ft  cru-st;"  the  beetle,  for  inBtanot',  the  wing  of  which  ia 
peeulifirly  fine  and  frail.  To  thcso  insects  a  sting  has  been 
denied  by  Jfuturc  ;  but  ia  one  large  kind"  we  find  faoTDx  of  a 
remurkaSlo  Icngtb,  two-pronged  at  the  extremities,  and  forming 
pincers,  which   the  animal  closoa  when  it   is  ita  intention  to 

•  The  rivor  Cflwinm.  Sec  B.  tii,  c.  \5.  This  ri»er  ia  by  Strabo,  B.  n, 
i.  260,  iNilJcii  the  Ali^i.  JPAihci  liu  the  story  that  the  Locrian  gTBMhop- 
j>eTB  become  nlcnt  ia  cho  l<.'nitory  <if  Rhtg^um.  an<l  ttOiit:  at  Itli^um  u 
tha  Uirritory  of  Locri,  tliereby  implj  ing  iW  tlity  eacU  lum  a  nolo  ia  iU 
owa  nfpecUve  eountrj. 

*  CMTi^ir  aafs  thut  tno  ob&erTtitioris  in  this  Cbapter,  derived  from  Arls- 
toUe,  Km  KMnarlcable  Tor  tlteir  oiartQc«a,  nad  sbow  tbal  lliaC  plulotopbtr 
bad  atudied  iiittcts  with  the  gn-nL^l  attvatinn. 

■■'  Or  ihenth  ;  tiie  Colaifptytu  uf  tha  n  at  lira  lit  U. 

^^  Tile  flyiag  itfg-bmtli,  tbc  Lucanus  cervm  uf  lannnu*. 

tot,   III.  » 


puht's  katubal  history.  inauTtXL 

bits.    Theso  beotlea  aro  suBpendod  from  tho  nock  of  infanta  ty 

way  of  remedy  fifi:!iin5t  certain  tnalndios:  Xigidiiis  calls  them 
"liicnui."  ThtTO  ia  nnothLT  kind"  of  boetlo,  agam>  which, 
as  it  gone  hackwarils  witli  it3  feut,  roUa  tbo  dung  iuto  largo 
(jcUulij,  uud  tlieu  <Ic-EJO«Jts  ia  tltcia  the  maggots  wliich  tunu  ita 
yoiLiig,  as  iQ  a  sort  of  nest,  to  protect  tliom  against  the  rigours 
ofwintpr.  Some,  agaiu,  fly  with  n  loud  buzzing  or  a  drony 
noi*>,  while  orhei-s"  burrow  nameroiis  holes  in  the  tt-arlhB 
and  out  in  the  ficlJa,  and  their  Khrill  chimip  is  to  be  beard  at 
night. 

The  glow-worm,  by  the  ai(i  of  tho  colour  of  its  eridoa'*  and 
hatmchca,  aonds  forth  at  night  a  light  which  poaemhloa  that  of 
fite;  being  niBpleudynt,  iit  one  inomtinl.,  as  it  expands  its 
wings,'*  and  then  thrown  into  tho  ahadu  the  instant  it  ban 
shut  tliem.  These  insects  are  dotit  to  bo  seen  before  tbcgrasia 
of  tho  pftfitares  hus  eomo  to  muturity,  nor  yet  alW  the  hay  haa 
been  cut.  Ua  the  otiier  hand,  it  is  the  nature  of  the  blsck 
beetle'*  to  6eek  dark  CEirniirs,  and  to  avoid  the  light :  it  is 
inofltly  found  in  baths,  being  produced  from  the  humid yapours 
which  arise  therefrom.  There  are  aome  heetlea  nlso,  belon^ng 
to  the  ftiime  species,  of  a  golden  ■colour  and  vory  large  sizOf  which 
burrow  "  ia  dry  ground,  and  conBtniot  small  combs  of  a  porou? 
iiaturo,  and  v«ry  likoB^iongc;  thttee  th-py  fill  with  a  poisonous 
kind  of  honey.  lu 'J'hrace,  nuar  Olyuthus,  tboro  ia  a  small 
locality,  Hw  only  onu  in  which  tjiie  animal  cannot  exist; 
from  which  uii'cuuKtuucc  it  bos  received  the  u;iuio  of  "C'lui- 
thandelrhus,"  "* 

The  wings  of  all  inMscta  are  formed  without^*  any  flirision  in 

"  Tho  dunz-bceUa.  tho  Scaraliajus  pilukriiM  of  Luibibub. 

'*  Various  Itiaiin  iif  crlr.iciilA. 

"  CuviiT  suys  tiiiil  it  ba  on  tlia  Iwo  sides  of  tlio  ftMomcti  lltnt  t>ii*  nialu 
currinit  its  tig-iit,  wliitr  thu  whnlo  post.crjnr  part  nl'  fhc  fcnialo  is  shining, 

"  In  lliu  gtow-WJi'iii  of  FrancB.  tliu  I^nipyris  nuuLilui-'u  of  LidiiiGiia,  (iio 
fL-mulu  ia  vithoiit  wing«.  vrliilu  the  miilu  girou  but  littk  li^ht.  in  ihut 
of  Itilr,  the  LrernpjTi*  Ititlion,  liolli  m-jics  tiri)  wing-Lil. 

'*  "■  BlattB."  Sec  B.  liii.  c,  S'j,  wliura  throe  tiiiils  ai'c  spocilleil, 

"  lltM  l>i'et]e  B]ii"'riT«  to  iic  iinknuwii.  Cuvier  siiigiMU  tliJit  tLy  Sonrit- 
^(18  uaaiuunti^  of  LLJma.'ii«,  M'1iii.'h  liuuutti  ilcud  bui-k:,  or  tiie  Suunibnua 
luirutujt  amy  bo  tlio  iiui-ct  rofurrvd  to. 

■*  "  I'atal  to  tlie  heetift." 

'"  Ciivicr  rcmitrks  that  tbianiiBRtion,  borrcwcd  from  AriitoOe,  Ia  incor- 
crmt.  The  wiug^  uf  raiiiij;  of  tlic  t'nlooptam  are  (ir  lieu  I  nit  J  iu  tb«  miJiIJc, 
aud  so  doiiliU',  wuD  pmt  oa  Lli-s  utiiar,  lu  chut  tlui  sUuittL- 


Cbsp.  35.] 


LOCrSTS. 


S5 


them,  and  they  none  of  tht-m  liavo  n  tail,"  witii  the  wcrption 
of  the  nwr^iinn  ;  thin,  tna,  ir  thi;  nnlv  one  among  tht-m  thathafl 
arm»,"  togclhcr  with  n  slins  in  the  tail.  As  to  Uio  rtat  of  thu 
in!>ects,  some  of  them  hare  the  sting  tn  the  mouth,  the  gad-fly 
for  inetanee,  or  the  "  tabanue,"  ns  some  persona  chooBe  to  call 
it:  Uie  Mime  i«  the  case,  too,  with  Ui«  (ni;"t  imd  w>m<'  lumis  of 
fliea.  All  Ihpae  iiM«>ct»  have  Ihrtr  fltinga  situate  in  the  month 
instead**  of  a  tonf^o ;  but  in  soitk^  the  atin*  is  not  potntvd, 
heing  formed  not  for  pricking,  but  for  the  pnrpoftc  of  surtion  : 
this  in  tho  case  more  pspociailr  wiih  flies,  in  which  it  is  clenr 
thnt  the  tongui;'*  is  uothing  mon.'  ihtm  a  tnbe.  Tlink.-  itiscet?, 
too,  have  no  teeth.  Others,  again,  have  Httlo  horns  pro- 
trudio'^  in  front  of  the  eyes,  but  *without  any  powtr  in  them  ; 
the  butterfly,  for  iiiHtiUice.  Some  iu»e"t8  are  detlitut«  of  vinga, 
RLch   us  the  fioolopendra,  for  inntiiice." 

CIIAP.  35. — MCTBTS. 

Those  imtdcta  which  hnv©  feet,  move  «idvways.  Somf  of 
them  hare  the  Itind  fi«t  longt^r  than  tlie  fore  onE«,  and  curving 
ontwarde,  the  locust,  for  wmufile. 

(29.)  These  crealnr<'S  lny  llM-ir  egp  in  hir;;o  inawex,  in  llie 
nutrnnn,  thrusting  Lhe  end  of  Uio  liiil  into  jioW  which  th<^ 
form  in  tlie  ground.  These  oggn  remain  nndt-rgrounu 
throughout  the  winter,  and  in  the  ensuing  year,  at  the  eloee 
of  spriug,  email  locuistE  iseac  from  th(>ni,  of  u  hlnrlt  colour,  iind 
crafl-ling  along  without  Icjp.'*  and  wiujfs-  lUnire  it  in  that  u 
wet  spring  destroj-s  their  eggs,  while,  if  it  'i»  dry,  (hey  nml- 
tiply  in  great  ahundunc-o  Some  persons  nuiintain  that  they 
brefrd  twicfi  a  yi  ;u,  ami  die  tho  ciune  niimhi  r  dC  finu-s;  that 
ihcy  bring  forth  at  tho  rising"  of  the  Vergilife,  and  die  at 
the  rising  of  the  Dog-star,"  after  which  others  spring  up  in 

"  CorifT  rinorVs.  Unit  tli*  pitnnmii  liu  n  dH  Trry  like  thnt  of  tlip  seor- 
pion ;  iind  thnt  the  r;>h<:^rrn,  tlie  icliui>uiaoni  anil  othrtt,  haTl^  taiU  nhn, 
Arut/itle,  tu  the  curri^fitiiiiHiig  |ihtcc,  OTily  *ay«  that  tbe  iuKvl*  do  uol  uie 
tho  lai!  lo  dirocl.  thm  flisht, 

1"  TliM'j  arc  nienly  ibt*  fwlon  of  tlnijiiw. 
"  Xnt  iDBieud  of,  but  in  nddidon  to,  the  loosne,  by  the  aid  of  which 
they  uncle. 
"  Ewideulljr  nitiiDirriT  the  traolc. 
■»  See  H.  xxix.  c.  39. 
^  It  U  not  tnie  that  tbe  youag  locuitd  aro  dce>titiite  of  feet. 
»  Jib  May.                                               "  ISOi  Jiily. 
- 


3*  PLTHT'B  IfATITBAX  BISTORT.  [Book  XI. 

Uwir  plaooa:  according  to  soma,  it  is  at  the  sottiag**  of 
AxctuxuB  that  the  second  litter  is  produced.  That  tbe  moUicra 
die  tiie  moment  they  have  hrought  forth.,  in  a  well-known  fact, 
for  »  littla  ■worm  iniiin'dintcly  g^ws  ahoiit  the  Ihroal,  which 
r.Lokes  them :  at  the  same  tiioe,  too,  the  tualta  perish  aa  weU. 
This  insect,  which  thua  dies  throu^'h  a  tiituse  apparently  to 
triftingi  iB  ahle  to  liill  ft  Bcr[i('nt  by  ilEclf.  when  it  pleases,  by 
Mtixiug  its  jnwB  with  its  teeth.™  Locusts  are  only  jipoduced  in 
chHinpaign  pLofiDS,  that  aro  full  of  ohinka  and  crannies.  In 
Indin,  it  is  B!iid  thtit  tliey  attiiiri  th«  length  of  tlireo*"  feet,  and 
that  the  people  diy  the  legs  and  thighs,  and  ubo  them  for  eaWB. 
There  is  auother  mode,  also,  in  which  tlicee  croatures  pcribh  ; 
the  wiada  carry  them  off  in  vast  Bwnrms,  upon  which  they  IJdl 
into  the  sea  or  standing  waters,  and  not,  as  the  aacienta  sup- 
posed, because  tlieir  wiugs  have  been  drenched  by  the  damp. 
seas  of  the  night.  The  sumb  authors  have  alao  stated,  thjit 
they  are  unable  to  3y  during  tho  night,  in  conseq^nonce  of  thn 
cold,  being  ignorunt  of  thi^  fact,  that thry  travel  oyia: lengthened 
tracts  of  eea,  for  many  daya  together,  a  things  the  more  to  be  won- 
dored  at,  aa  thoy  h!i<re  to  cmdure  hungtT  all  tlie  time  as  well,  for 
this  it  is  which  causes  them  to  bo  thus  sceldiig  pastures  in  other 
lands.  This  is  Looked  upon  as  a  plague^'  iodiuted  by  the  anger 
of  the  goda  ;  for  aa  they  fly  they  appear  to  be  larger  than  they 
r»ally  are,  while  they  make  such  a  loud  noise  with  their  wing«, 
that  they  might  be  readily  suppospd  to  ho  winged  creatiirr-s  of 
qiiitii  another  species.  Their  numbera,  too.,  are  so  vast,  that  they 
quitft  dtirlvcn  th«  sun;  while  the  people  below  sre  anxiously 
fdlo^ring  them  with  the  eye,  to  ssg  if  they  are  about  to  make 
a  descent,  and  bo  cover  their  landa.  Afteir  all,  they  have 
the  reqniBite  energies  for  their  flight ;  and,  us  though  it  had 
bi&eu  but  a  trifling  matter  to  pass,  over  the  seas,  they  cross  im- 
mense tracts  of  country,  and  cever  the^m  in  clouds  which  bode 
de8tm<;tion  to  the  harvests.  Scorching  nuracroust  objects  by 
their  very  contact,  they  eat  away  everything  with  Ihuir  teelh, 
the  very  doois  of  the  bousea  even. 

M  nth  May. 

■*  Cuviei  truati  this  story  aa  purely  irnaginarf. 

*"  Cuvier  says  that  some  havu  bijun  knows  niuii'I}'  a  footlnng,  but  not 
mitrc. 

"  Ua  aUudm  to  th«  la.vitjrca  comnnLtUid  by  tlit  swiirtns  of  Ltic  migratory 
looutt,  Orlllui  mignitoriiu  of  Liiinjeus. 


Cbkp.  3Q.]  JUTTfl. 

TUo»o  from  Africa  nro  tbo  ones  whidi  cLk-flv  dcTasUt* 
Italy ;  aad  more  tfaao  (moc  the  Romao  people  bave  iief  d  obliged 
to  }uivo  recourse  to  Iho  Sibylliue  Books,  to  learn  what  remvcliea 
to  employ  under  tlu-ir  existing  a]iprehenMu&x  of  impending 
famine.  In  the  tcrritoiy  of  Cyrcnaica"  there  is  a  law,  vhich 
cTea  comp'els  the  people  to  muko  war,  three  tunes  o  year, 
a^net  the  locusti,  first,  by  cruahing  thcjir  eggs,  next  by  kill- 
ing the  young,  utid  Inst  ol'  all  hy  killing  tlio«u  uf  full  gri>wtb ; 
and  ho  who  fails  to  do  bo,  inuupfl  the  penalty  of  buing  trtated 
Hs  a  deeerter.  In  the  iitland  of  LeiunoB  dso,  there  is  a  certain 
measure  fixed  by  law,  which  euch  individuul  is  bound  to  fill 
with  locusts  whiuh  Iw  hux  killed,  tmd  tlit;u  briug  it  to  the 
mitgialrat^ft.  It  is  lor  thin  reason,  too,  that  they  pay  such  reapect 
to  the  jack-daw,  which  flics  to  meet  ibe  lociiBti,  and  kills  them 
in  great  numbers.  In  Syria,  also,  the  people  are  plitci-d  under 
nmrtiHl  law,  and  compelled  to  kill  lh(>m:  la  so  many  oountrica 
does  tHia  drt'iidfiil  pL-et  prevail.  The  Parthians  louk  upou 
them  as  a  choicti  food,"  and  the  grasshopper  us  well.  The  Toice 
of  the  locust  appcoTB  to  protoed  fruiii  the  bavk  pmt  of  the  head. 
It  is  Rcnerally  believed  Unit  iu  tliia  place,  wliere  the  Bhouldcra 
join  en  to  the  body,  tliey  have,  aa  it  were,  a  kind  of  teeth,  and 
that  it  ia  by  giicding  these  against  each  other  that  they  pro- 
duce the  liarsli  uoise  which  Ihey  make.  It  is  nioru  e!>peeiully 
about  the  two  Cfiuinos'ps  that  they  are  to  be  heard,  iu  the 
samo  war  that  we  hear  the  chirrup  of  the  grasshoppor  about 
the  aammcr  flotstiec.  The  eeupling  of  Io<!uitta  is  similar  u> 
that  of  all  other  inflects  that  couitlc,  the  female  trapporting 
the  male,  and  tuniiiig  back  the  eslremity  of  the  tail  towards 
him;  it  is  (jnly  ufter  a  conBiderable  time  that  they  separaU-. 
In  ail  theec  kinds  of  ioaects  the  male  ia  of  smaller  size  than 
tbo  fumale. 

OBAP.  36.  (30.) — ASTB. 

k 

The  greater  part  of  the  inHecta  proilncntimnggot.  Ants  also 
prodoco  one  in  spring,  which  ia  similiu'  to  an  egg,**  and  they 

"  Joldis  Obnqiirai  i;icukB  uf  a  peitilcnco  (b«rc,  crenttil  hj  tho  dead 
bodies  of  tho  loeaiCa,  which  cauwd  ibu  dcutb  i>r  8UD0  p«reoQ&. 

»  Sen  ftUo  B.  vi.  c.  S^. 

»*  TSTiot  nir.  cummuiUy  callpd  aatfl*  pgg*,  dm  iu  reality  llieir  larm  and 
Sf  mpfae-  EuvplnrxH  in  ■  >urt  uF  tunic,  tboe  bat,  (hiTicr  tvjw,  are  lilte 
jrrafni  of  com,  luia  Ccom  this  probably  has  luison  the  itory  itut  the;  lay 


[BmIcXT. 


:incommoDfHkel)WR;  biitwhpreiiatlielast  make ttieir food, 
r  lormer  only  store "  it  away.  If  ii  puibuu  only  comparLn  tbo 
't)urdens  ivhieli  the  imt3  turiy  with  th.y  eijte  of  thtir  bodies,  he 
must  confess  thai  there  in  no  anmial  whicli,  in  proportion,  is 
possc'gscci  of  a  greater  degree  of  »trongtli.  Tlieso  burdens  they 
carry  with  the  moulh,  bat  iviien  it  13  too  large  to  ftdmit  o{ 
that,  tiey  turn  tln;ir  backs  to  it,  nnd  push  it  onwardavith 
thci r  fcot,  while  they  use  their  utmost  piiorgics  with  thoirehotil- 
dcia.  Thtae  intwcta,  also,  have  a  political  coiBiniimty  among 
thcmaclpefl,  and  are  posBBSspd  of  Ijt>th  nicinaiy  and  foreBight. 
Thpy  gnaw  eauh  griiia  before  they  lay  it  by,  for  fear  lest  it 
ahould  Ehoot  whilu  under  ground;  those grtdns,  uguiu,  which 
Hro  two  lar^e  for  uduuEsion,  thuy  divide  at  the  entrvico  gf  thoix 
holes;  aud  iIiuhi^  which  h^ve  become  saali^ed  hy  the  rain,  they 
bring  out  and  dry,"  They  work.  Loo,  by  night,  during  the 
full  moon  ;  but  when  there  is  no  moon,  Ihey  ceaso  working. 
Aid  then,  too,  in  their  lahours,  what  ardour  they  diBplay, 
what  wondrous  carofulnesa!  Becaase  they  collect  their  atorca 
from  difl'tTont  quarters,  ia  ig^iorance  of  tlie  proceedings  of  ono 
aauther,  th^y  have  liETtata  days  set  apart  for  holding  a  kind  of 
market,  oa  which  they  moettog-cthcr  and  take  stock.''  What  vast 
throngs  are  then  to  be  Been  hurrying  together,  what  anxious 
enqairies  appear  to  be  made,  and  what  earnest  pailoyft"  BIO 
going  on  jtmong  (hum  as  they  mett !  Wq  see  even  the  very 
atoiit'S  worn,  away  by  their  ibotstcps,  and  roods  bcnten  down 
by  being  iho  scene  of  thrir  Ifihours.  Let  no  one  be  in  doubt, 
then,  how  mncih  assiduity  and  application,  even  in  the  very 
humbleet  of  objects,  cnn  wpon  every  oecaaion  effwit  I  Ants  aiu 
the  oidy  living  hinugg,  hceideB  nmn,  that  bestow  burial  on  the 
dead.     In  Sicily  thL-ro  arc  no  winged  ants  to  bo  found. 

(31.)  The  hfjrns  of  mi  Lidion  imt,  suspend'cd  in  the  tempio 

up  ^tiins  HgnlnBt  (tie  vinter,  a  period  thmngU  Tihich  in  rcolitjr  they  do 
not  cat. 

^  Th^  sbiv  aiTAT  bite  of  meat  ani1  detacliod  portionsoF  fruit,  tanouHsli 
iKeii  lar^^  willi  tlitfir  juices. 

**  It,  ia  in  renlity  tht'ir  Int'S'iE  that  lliey  thus  tring  ant  to  dry.  The 
workiiiic  tints,  or  ntnii-iils,  are  the  oute  ou  whitrb  tlitso  lubours  dovolvo ; 
the  maita  nad  fi^males  are  'winrRd,  the  workiug  nuts  arc  without  wing*. 

"  "  fld  rL'.iiJSTiilJfitifm  miituBin." 

■"  Some  modern  iSTileni  e-iprca*  on  opinion  that  wItph  they  raect,  they 
COCVcrK.'  and  cacauragQ  oua  aiiolhtc  by  the  medium  of  touub  imd  EmeU, 


CiMp.  S7.1 


THE  CUHT3A1I3. 


«i 


» 


of  HeronleR,  at  Erythna,"  hiire  been  looki-d  upon  as  qidts 
miTEUiulous  fur  Uic-ir  tiza.  This  uut  cxcitvalvt!  t^utd  J'rujuholM, 
in  a  cotmtry  in  tlie  uorlh  of  Indiu,  tb?  inhabitants  of  which  urv 
kao<im  OS  the  DardEe.  It  has  the  colour  of  a  cut,  und  is  in 
size  as  large  us  an  Bg^'ptisn  woll'.'^  This  f^ld,  which  it  px- 
tructs  in  the  winter,  is  Ittlun  by  tht  Indiana  during  the  hc--iit!i 
oftmrutaer,  whib  the  ants  aro  compcHtd,  by  tho  cxceaaivo 
irannth,  to  hide  themsolvps  in  their  liolot).  Slill,  howcrcr, 
on  bii-ing  ftronwd  by  catching  the  ecent  of  tiie  Indiand.  they 
Bftlly  forth,  and  frequently  tear  Ihcm  to  j>icow,  though  pro- 
^■ided  wiUi  t!ie  HwilUst  cumels  fur  the  purpose  of  Hight;  so 
is  ihcir  dcctness,  combined  with  iheu:  I'enwity  nud  tbt-ir 
BioQ  for  gold  I 

ClUP.  37.  (32.) — THB  caBisja.18. 

Many  iaioetBf  however,  on:  ougL-uderi'd  in  a  difTfront  man- 
ner; and  ftome  more  cspociolly  from  dew.  This  den*  e«tUcs 
Ufion  the  radish"  Icufiu  the  i-url>*  d»y»  of  spring  r  but  wh(?D  it 
has  boon  liuckeaud  by  thu  in:Ui>u  of  Uii-  buk,  it  becomes  re- 
duced to  the  size  of  a  grain  of  millet.  Prom  tliis  a  email  (n*"!) 
iiftferwarda  arises,  tthi<:h,  at  the  ilid  of  thrie  days,  heconit-^ 
transformed  into  a  cidrrplllar.  I'ur  st^vrnil  Hiccvfsiru  days 
it  Bliil  iDcn-a^oa  iu  size,  but  remainn  inotii)ulirM>,  and  con'vrod 
with  a  hard  husk.  It  moves  only  wlic-n  touched,  and  is 
covered  with  u  WL-b  like  thnt  of  thi-  ispidiT.  In  this  eutoit 
is  colled  &  chryButiH,  but  uiWr  the  husk  is  brokca,  It  Hies  forth 
in  the  ahape  of  a  bullvrflr. 

a  See  B.  ».  c.  31. 

*^  U.  Je  Vchadin  ilunlit  that  by  tliia  U  rmillr  mcsnt  th«  Ciaia  tutut, 
the  small  fax  of  India,  but  thut  by  lomo  misUltG  it  ku  repiiMi^tnl  by 
Irurellors  u  ciD  ant,  It  it  nn't  tni]i'rDliulili!,  Cuvirr  *ayf,  thatiomQ  quudru- 
[nii,  in  ni»kmgliulej  in  [hi^gfuiiii'l,  muThnTK  OL-tusioimll/  [brown  up  xonie 
];niini  of  tb?  jiri-cioiii  im^lijl.  'I'lii^  sliirjr  ii  ilrrinil  froai  th*  narrnLivct 
uf  Cl'OareLw  and  MfptMlniiti.  Anotlipr  inwpri-tmi  Jii  of  llit«  Harv  bad 
^A>  beco  sng'gett/'d.  Wc  linJ  imm  e^tiio  rt.-miuki  uf  Kr.  WiUon,  fii  tli'^ 
TivMoetiotu  ef  Uu  jlaialit!  ^Muti/,  on  tht  Slaliiibliiiriit.a.  u  l^uuicril  jioom, 
Uiit  vuriuua  irIbctOD  tlin  iiK'iiiii.iiiiii  Man  and  MnuJarti  (*uppuMil  Ui  lia 
)>nn«cll  IlindiitUn  uud  Til^tl)  ust:J  (u  sdt  ^uius  uf  golil,  uliicli  tbuf 
i:tiici paippHtita,  or  "nnt-piltt,"  wbivh,  liiey  taM.  ""aailitywii  up  by  unu, 
in  Sanscrit  ti«llud  y<>piVaA-a.  In  lruvi;IUiij>  ivutitwiiiJ,  Oib  ftory,  jji  )t«i<lf, 
Dd  thiubt,  ucurne,  niAy  vgry  prababljr  Iluyu  Ih:iji  autguiLKd  to  its  {•mviit 
■timeiuioiti, 

V-  Curiet  obMrre*,  that  ^ia  ii  t  Tcrj  currtict  account  uf  the  cabhi^ 

Hfiali  butUitSj,  tUo  Papibo  Liusica!  ui  I'spilio  njiliani  of  Limiieui. 


^ 


4S  PLnrt'fl  SATOBAl.  HIBTOBT.  [Book  IT. 

CHIP.  3S.  (33.) — AsauLm  weice  bkssd  ITT  irooi). 

In  tbc  aruQQ  mntincr,  also,  eomo  aniinols  ure  generated  in 
Hio  curtli  from  rain,  and  some,  o^atn,  ia  wood.  And  aot  only 
wixjj-worina"  uru  pruJuetid  ia  wood,  but  gad-fiies  also  anil 
other  insects  issue  from  it,  -wheneTer  there  U  an  exceaa  of 
UKjistiirQ  ;  just  as  in  man,  tape-worms"  are  Bometitnes  found, 
as  mucL  as  three  huadrcd  feet  or  more  in  length. 


GHjir.  89, — ^waECra  teat  aie  parasttm  op  man.     whicr  is 

THE  SUALIGHX  OP  ASfMALS?      ANIULILS  FOIItfB  IN  WAX  EVEN, 

Then,  too,  ia  dead  carrion  there  are  certain  animals  pro- 
ducGi),  and  in  the  hair,  too,  of  living  men.  It  was  through 
such  vermin  as  this  that  the  Dictator  Sylla,"  and  AlcDmn, 
one  of  tlio  moat  famous  of  the  Greciau  poete,  met  their  deaths.. 
These  iasecU  ioletit  htrd^  taa,  and  are  apt  to  kill  the  pheasant, 
unless  it  takes  care  to  batho  itself  in  the  dust.  Of  tlio  aaimala 
that  are  covered  with  hair,  it  is  aapposed  that  the  ass  and  tho 
sheep  are  the  only  ones  that  aro  exempt  from  these  vermin. 
They  are  produced,  also,  in  certain  kinds  of  cloth,  and  mora 
parlifiiUttrly  those  made  of  the  wool  of  sheep  which  have  beea 
killed  by  the  wolf.  I  find  it  stated,  also,  hy  author?,  that 
some  kinds  of  wnter"  which  we  use  for  bathing  aro  more  pro- 
ductivG  of  these  parasites  thau  others.  Even  wax  is  found  to 
produee  laitca,  whieh  are  supposed  to  ho  tho  verj-  amallest  of 

Iall  living  erealurts.  Other  insects,  again,  are  engendered 
from  filth,  acted  upon  hy  the  rays  of  the  Bun — these  fieaa  aro 
Callod  '*  petaurielffi,""  from  tho  activity  which  they  display 
in  their  hind  legs.  Others,  again,  ure  produced  with  wings, 
from  the  moifit  dost  that  ia  foimd  lying  in  holes  and  comers. 


cn<ip.  40.  (34.) — Air  A^msis,  wnicn:  nis  iro  Pi^sAGE  Fos  thb 

EVACUAtlO.SS. 

ThcTQ  is  an  animal,'"  al^o,  that  is  generated  in  the  summer, 

^>  Cosit,     S«  B.  sm.  (!.  3V,  "  TreaiB. 

^  lis  uUudcfl  to  the  Morhus  podicnilosaiii. 

**  AriitoUe  tiija,  in  the  corrrspondinj;  pnsiingc,  Hiit,  Aninl.  B.  T.  C.  SB, 
Ihat  tho  auimata  whiclii  are  uSkjttd  by  IJte,  are  murt.-  particularly  eipoioij 
to  tbcm  whiui  they  ijhango  tlie  wutci  in  whicli  tbey  wash. 

**  Or  "Jeupere" 

*'  lie  alludes  to  do^-ticke  and  oa-ticka,  the  Acants  liciaiu  of  iiniuBU, 
and  tht  Acarus  rcduvius  cf  Sclmiik. 


Ch*p.  41.] 


iioraa,  btc. 


41 


nhick  lias  its  bead  alwavB  btuicci  deep  iu  Hie  fikio  [of  u  beaet], 
aad  eo,  living  ou  its  bluud,  swcUa  to  a  liirgo  tizc.  This  la 
the  only  living  creature  tbat  has  no  oQUet"  for  its  ibod; 
hence,  whea  It  has  overgurgod  iUi^It',  it  bursts  aeDndor,  and  thus 
its  «-ery  alim(?nt  is  madu  the  caiisd  <t{  ltd  deatb.  This  inatrct 
never  breeds  oa  beasts  of  barden,  but  is  rciy  commonly 
sera  on  oxen,  imd  somctimc-B  on  dogn,  which,  indeed,  are  eub- 
jcct  to  cverj'  epouied  of  vemiiti.  With  ehcep  and  goabs,  it 
IS  the  only  parasite.  Tbo  tbiret,  too,  for  blood  dispUyed  by 
locchi?3,  which  we  find  in  marshy  waters,  is  bo  Icrs  Biagulur; 
for  thet^e  will  thrust  the  euiirc  head  into  the  flesh  in  quest  of 
it.  There  is  &  winged  ineeot*''  which  poculiorly  iufvaln  dogs, 
and  more  especially  attacks  tlu-ui  with  ils  sting  about  the 
eara,  where  they  lU^  uiiablo  to  defend  tliemselvea  with  tiicir 
tectli. 

CHAP.    41.   (36.) — HOTIIS,    CAMCUUDES,    CKAIS — AS    ntSECT 
THAT   1IKKKD3  m   THB   SSOVi , 

Dust,  too,  13  productive  of  worms"  in  wools  and  cloths,  and 
this  more  cspeeially  if  a  spider  should  hapjien  to  bo  enclosed 
in  them :  fur,  being  soisihlc  of  Ihirst,  it  sucks  up  all  the  mois- 
taro,  and  thereby  iucrc-ases  the  drj-ntsa  of  the  raaterifll.  These 
will  brceil  in  paper  also.  There  in  one  kind  wliith  carries 
with  it  its  husk,  iu  Llic  game  maimer  us  Ukj  enoil,  only  th&t 
the  feet  are  to  be  seeu.  K  deprived  of  it,  it  does  not  eun-ive ; 
and  when  it  is  fully  developed,  the  insect  becoineB  a  chrisali*. 
The  wild  fig-tree  produces  gnats,"  kiicwii  as  "ficarii;"  and 
the  little  grubs  of  the  fig- tret-,  th«?  pear-tree,  the  pine,  tho 
wild  rose,  and  the  common  ro&o  prodncc  cantharidcs,"  when 
fully  developed.  Those  insects,  which  are  venomous,  carry 
with  them  their   nintidotc;    for  tb«ir  wings  are  useful  in 

'^  In  c.  33  lie  bai  uid  tht  tune  of  tlie  gruvhoppcr,  in  rplatinti  to  ita 
drink. 
••  A  rarif'ty  of  tlie  Tpips  of  Linna-us,  irbieh  ia  rast  nnmtMn  will 

lOIDctimi-s  wlln-[l»  to  tlir-  '  Jl*  nf  (lntr'. 

•"  TlicM  Bje  rKsHy  Lliu  larrte  u(  titbit  t-motha.  Hi»  nccoimt  hero  >• 
punlv  ttnagtiuTy. 

"  lie  ^Mttke  of  (he  C>iiiFU  peenen  of  LlnaKiu,  vtdcli  breads  on  the 
blMtofn  of  ttic  6s:-trtc.  and  aids  in  iu  fecuniJuion.    6oo  B.  zv.  c.  21. 

«  He  alliiiii-i  it)  viiriim»  olcupti-rouB  in»eeta,  which  ere  not  in'- 
■moDK  Ihe  CantharidL's  uf  Iliu  modvru  Datnra]iU|^^hcy  aic  firat 
Ibra  a  Uttb.  Ibcn  a  ajni[i!iii,  and  Oten  fiia i%ff///fQ^rtiopti. 


A 


«e 


TLnrr^s  vxtcujo.  HtsTonT. 


LBool  XL 


medipiac,'"  irhilo  ths  rest  of  the  body  is  deadly,  AgiLin, 
lirjiiids  turnod  swur  ivill  produce  otlicr  kinds  of  gnats,  and 
white  gruhs  arL'  tu  he.  found  in  enow  that  liiw  l!\in  long  on  tho 
ground,  wiulc  thoso  iha:  lie  above  ar«  of  a  rtidJlsh^'  colour — 
iudecd,  the  enow  itself  bt-cumLfi  rtJ  alter  it  has  liiiu  some 
time  on  the  grouad.  Thusc  gruba  tac  uovorud  witti  a  sort  u£ 
bair,  are  of  a  ntlter  large  size,  and  ia  a.  state  of  torpor. 

CHAP.  42.    (36.) — AM  A!rni,iL  FOtrxD  i\"  tihe — the  ptraixis 

oil   PYITALSIA. 

That  uU'Uii!nt,  Jilao,  whitili  is  so  destructive  to  matter,  pro. 
duces  certain  auimals;  for  in."  the  coiiper-smeltiiijj  foruacL's  of 
Cyprus,  in.  the  very  midst  of  the  lire,  Uictq  is  to  be  seen  flying 
aLout  a  (bur-footod  animtd  with  wing*^,  tlio  size  of  a,  large  fly: 
this  creaturt!  is  called  tliti  "  pjTallis,"  and  by  some  the  *'7iy- 
r>wsta."  Bo  long  as  it  remains  in  the  fire  it  will  live,  but  il'  it 
o<imea  out  and  flics  a  UlUc  distance  from  it,  it  will  instantly 
die. 

CHAr.  43. — rntt  asiu-il  calied  nEsriniOBios. 

Tho  Hypanis,  n  river  of  Puntus,  liringa  down  in  ita  ■wnlers, 
about  thti  time  cf  the  Bummtr  solsliee,  BUmll  membranoua  por- 
ticles,  like  n  grupe-stono  in  appeanuicc  ;  I'mni  whjf.h  l:hiTo  iesuPfl 
aa  animaP  with  four  logo  and  with  wiuj?,  similar  to  the  one 
j  list  uiuntiosed.  It  does  not,  Iiowcvlt,  Uvq  more  thtiu  a  eiiighi 
day,  &om  whioh  circumetaDce  it  has  obtained  tho  uauau  of 
"  hemerobion."™  The  life  of  other  iiiAucts  of  a  similar  aature 
is  nigulattid  from  it«  bt'ginnins  ^'^  't?  tnd  by  inultipk'S  of 
eeven.  Thrice "  etivcn  daj-a  is  the  dLiration  of  tho  life  of  llu) 
gnat  and  of  tho  maggot,  while  those  that  are  viviparoufl  live 
ibar  times  ac  von  days,  utid  tlieir  vuriotis  elmrgPB  and  iranaforma- 
tionfi  take  place  in  pt'rioda  of  lhr«fl  or  four  days.  The  other 
iuSL'utii  of  this  kijui  that  arc  wingoil,  generally  dio   in  Iho 

<•''  See  B.  xxix.  c.  30. 

"  The  ri'dncK  sffraftimM  ohsnn'fd  on  tbc  btiow  rif  Ihe  Aljis  anJ  the 
PjIcuoM,  is  iuppiiwi  hj  De  Lamnrck  Lu  In;  proiiui-cJ  liy  juiiuiulfulw  : 
cillier  usturuliiLa,  UuMiiver,  Hujipoie  it  to  aristi  Irora.  vcguUbJy  or  uiiowral 
cauios. 

"  Cuvit-r  Lhinlu  tint  lio  alluJ^t  to  a  variety  of  the  cphpniLTa  or  the  phrjr- 
gutea  of  Linnmue,  tha  caac-irin^  tlica,  i:ini)y  oi  vlimli  tire  particiikrljr 
aborl-livi^d.    'thi-te  iri!  by  notucaiM  r'-'Ouhar  U>  Iketivut  Bog  or  UvpoiuB. 

••  "Living  f«  a  day." 


Omp.  <*.]      ASIKAIS  WaiCB  ttATX  TVrtS  xyD  CKESTB. 


43 


I 

I 


I 


autmnn,  the  gad-fly  becoming  quite  bliatl"  cvt-n  before  it  die*. 
Flics  Thieh  have  bt^t-n  drowuvd  iu  vuUt,  if  thoy  are  covertHl 
with  ashea,'  will  return  to  life. 

CBAP.  44.  (37.) — THB  BATrilB  AXD  CHAIUCrERISTICa  or  ALL 
AN'IUXtS  rOXeiDRHED  UlIB  BY  LI1ID.  TltOiie  WlltCtt  lUTX 
TUFTS   ASn   CUI3TB, 

In  addition  to  whnt  is  olready  stated,  fl-e  will  add  an  ac- 
count  of  every  part  of  the  Imiiy  of  an  nnimul,  iukcn  limb  by  linib. 

All  thoac  whiuh  huvu  blood,  bttve  a  'head  us  wpU.  A  smiUl 
number  of  animnla,  and  tliosi;  only  among  tho  birds,  hare 
tofts  of  rarious  kinds  upon  the  ticad.  Thu  pbu>nix.**  bns  a 
long  row  of  futttluirs  on  it,  frvui  tb«  miriiUu  of  wliich  iiriaes 
another  row  ;  peuvo^ks  havt-  a  liitiry  tufl,  rps<?mbling  a  bushy 
Bhnih;  the  styniphalis*' lias  a  sort  of  pointed  crest,  imd  tie 
pbfOAant,  again,  small  horns.  Added  to  these,  there  in  the  larlr, 
a  little  htri,  which,  from  the  appearnnrfl  of  its  tuft,  yrm 
foruiiiriy  called  "  giilcrita,*'  but  has  ancc  rfceivi-d  the 
Gallic  name  of  "  nlauda,""  a  name  which  it  has  trnnsfcrred  to 
one  of  otir  legiotie.*^  ^^'e  have  already  made  mention,  alfrO, 
of  one  bird"  to  which  JiuturL'  li;t8  givt-ii  a  crest,  which  it  cnn 
fold  or  unfold  at  pleasure :  thi.'  hiriu  of  the  coot  kind**  haro 
also  received  from  htr  a  cre^t,  which  tak<^  its  rise  ftt  the 
bt:ak,  and  rtin»  along  thu  middlo  of  tb«  head ;  wliilo  tb^  pie 
<rf  iTars,  and  tJie  Biilcaric  crane,  nro  fiirnijiliwl  with  pointed 
tufts.  But  the  moat  rcmarliablo  featurr;  of  all,  in  the  crest 
which  we  see  atttmhc-il  to  the  hcoda  of  our  domcBtic  fowls, 
eulistantial  and  indented  like  a,  saw ;  wo  cannot,  in  fact, 
ttriutly  cull  it  llcsh,  nor  can  wc  pronounce  it  to  bo  cartilage 
or  ft  CoUosity,  but  must  admit  that  it  is  something  of  a  nature 
peculiar  to  itself.  As  to  the  crests  of  dragons,  there  is  no  ono 
to  be  found  who  ever  eaw  one. 

*>  Tbpy  only  oipM*  to  be  lo,  from  (lie  pt-t-uliat  rtrcak*  oo  tlw  rjM. 
Ijiunnuit  haa  facnuc  cnlloil  otiei  %ari«ty,  thn  T^hiiiuL'  I'tKutieiu, 

^  Or  wttUiKiuiidiKl  vbalk  or  wbiteuiit):.  J^Iiun  udiU,  "iftliey  are  placed 
iDlheann/'whieh  sppcnn  ncbcsanrr  for  the  fulIsnMMsor  tlie  cijiumrnt. 
lifeappftanifdheBiHnGndMlintuch  ate*  liimprrioiluf  flUr|hruiii{(lLiigtL 

^  I'rabAbly  ihv  gt'lili'ti  plio&saut,  s*  idreadv  mciitiuaciL 

*"  Soma  kinfl  uf  Vtou  or  cnrin,  Ctivaur  tliinks. 

**  The  Alauda  critUtfl  at  LiaaeuB,  to  called  from  "gdaa,"  a  pointed 
cu  likt  a  bclmot. 

*•  The  fifth  legion.  *>  TTm  hiwipo*,  It.  x.  c,  4*. 

••  Saiint}-  MU  C'uidor  take  tii*  to  be  tho  Atuea  Tiigo  of  Linnsni,  a 
itatire  of  Kuniidia. 


44 


MITfl'a   IfATlTlLVL  llISTOaT. 


[Boot  XI. 


CajJ?.    45. TDE  VAKIoCa   KJNDS  OJ'  QunNS.      jUflMALS  IN  WOIQIE 

lUli:!   AOX   MOTLAi)L£. 

Horns,  too,  of  various  fonoB  have  been  granted  to  miuiy 
nniiDala  of  the  aij^uatic,  marine,  and  reptile  kind,  but  those 
which  are  more  properly  undurstood  under  that  iiami)  belong 
to  tlie  quudiuptjda  only  ;  for  I  look  upon  tlio  tales  of  Actseou 
and  of  Ci[jpii5  even,  in  Latio  story,  as  nothing  more  nor  less  than 
fablee."  And,  indued,  in  uo  department  of  bcr  works  has 
Uature  disjjlajvd  a  greater  capricioasuess.  In  providing^  ani- 
mals with  these  weapons,  she  has  made  mserrj  at  their  ex- 
pense ;  tor  some  she  has  spread  them  out  in  branches,  the 
stag,  for  instance ;  to  others  she  has  given  them  in  a  more 
8im|ile  form,  as  in  the  "  eubulo,"  m  culled  from  the  resem- 
blance  of  its  horns  to  a  "  Bubuia,"""  or  fiboemaktr's  awl.  In 
othors,  a;;uin,  sho  Ima  fiiLtLc^ned  them  in  tiie  shape  of  a  man's 
band,  with  the  &]gcrs  cxtcadcd,  from  which  QircuisBtance  tlie 
animiiL  has  received  the  name  of  "  platyceros."'^  To  tbo  roe- 
buck sho  has  given  branching  horns,  but  amiiU,  aad  has  nuidu 
thtfui  SI)  as  not  to  full  olf  ^ud  be  east  each  yctar ;  while  (o  tljo 
ram  she  has  given  them  of  a  contorted  and  spiral  form,  aa 
tliough  she  wero  pronding  it  with  a  cicstuB  for  offence.  The 
horns  of  tKe  bull,  (igaiu,  nrc  uprigbtaiid  tlLrccLteniug.  In  this 
laat  kind,  thts  females,  too,  are  provided  with  Ihcm,  while  in 
most  it  is  only  thfi  males.  The  chamoifi.  has  them,  curring 
backwards;  wbil&  in  the  fallow  deur'*  tliey  bend  forward. 
The  fitr^Jiiaiceroe,*"  which  in  Africa  hears  the  name  of  nddax,  hua 
horns  erect  and  spiral,  grooved  and  tapering  to  a  sharp  point, 
su  muck  so,  that  yuu  would  almost  lake  them  to  bo  the  siiks 
of  u  lyrc.'^"  hi  tlie  oxen  of  Thrj^giaj  the  horna  are  muToablo,"" 

<"  The  euildemitat.  (if  t.hoir  nppr^arauce,  cu  douHt,  wa&  fulitilaDs  ;  but  vn 
tiuvQ  wvlL-tiutlii!iiti<:uU'il  taat.'t  iii  iLiii-'iit  timi.'s  uf  lyubBtauvoB  growing;  uu  tUo 
bumaa  bciadi  Lu  oil  uppi^arituco  rcscmbliag  burus,  and  arkiog  frum  u  lik- 
ordured  acccelion  of  tliu  bair,  Wilaeaa  the  cusu  (if  Mary  Davi^,  a  iih 
cAlIud  liorn  froBi  whitao  hpad  is  preatrved  in  the  AfilnraKlcon  MuseuTn  nt 
Oiford,  Tbo  stary  of  Ocnuciue  Cippus,  the  Romau  pnetur,  is  told  by 
Ovid,  Mit.  B.  s».  L  585,  vt  iu'<i. 

'*  A  Bpitlcr,  or  socond  yoftrgtag,  iicuordiiig  to  Cuvior. 

■'  "liruud-hi-nii^l."    Tho  ("orms  dama  .if  Linniciis. 

"  "  DHiiia,"     Tlie  Anldopc  rudunca  of  LiniiBcQ*,  Cuvicr  tliinka. 

*■  SaiJovibt  nlunil  ofaiit«Iu|je. 

*"■  "Lyra*"  Menwprefftr.-iblw  ti>"lir!w," 

"'*'  Thcra  ara  several  YiiricliM  gf  uitfii,  la  whkli  Uiu  lioinB  adhero  to  tba 
•kin,  and  n^it  to  tho  oniQium, 


Cksp.  4£.3 


TARiors  En>'iHt  or  hoiikb. 


4$ 


I 


like  Iho  curs ;  tad  among  tbe  cattlo  of  tho  Troglodyto,  Uivy 
arc  poiaU'd  dowowurdfr  to  the  gruuuil,  j'or  which  rcai>on  it  is 
tbut  they  are  ol)lig«l  to  feed  with  the  head  oa  one  Hide. 
Olhvr  snimals,  agtua,  Iiutc  h  nnj^le  horn,  and  tbat  situate  in 
the  miijdle  of  the  head,  or  cbu  on  the  now,  as  already 
stated." 

Then,  agahi,  in  some  smtnals  the  horns  are  adapted  for 
butting,  and  in  others  for  goring  ;  with  ttomu  thi'y  are  carved 
inwards,  with  others  oiifivards,  nnd  with  others,  ngftin,  they 
are  fitted  for  tosaing :  all  which  ohjerls  are  cff&cited  in  vari- 
0113  ways,  thi!  homa  cither  lyiiig  backwunls,  ttiniiiig  from,  or 
dee  towards  C4ich  other,  and  in  oil  cases  ruDoing  tu  a  idiLirj) 
point.  Id  one  kind,  also,  the  hoims  me  ust'd  lor  the  purpoau 
of  scralching  the  bui^y,  Uii^UMid  of  tiiwdis. 

Ill  MiaiU  the  horns  hti:  Heshy,  anil  are  thus  adapted  for  the 
purpaie  of  fifeling  Ihe  way,  wbich  baltiathe  cft«i  willi  the  ce- 
rftflttn ;™  some  rtptilt-s,  again,  huve  only  one  horn,  thouj^h  the 
!DaiI  h»s  always  lu'o,  tuit^d  for  protinjijing  and  withdruwing. 
The  harbarouB  nations  of  the  north  drink  Itoin  the  homa  ot'  tlie 
urns,"  u  pair  of  which  will  hold  a  couple  of  nraaj  :'*  other 
tribes,  aeaiOt  point  Uieir  spt^urs  with  ihom.  With  iis  they  are 
cut  into  laroiriEe,  ution  whit'h  they  beeome  tnmBparent ;  indeed, 
the  raya  of  a  light  [danpd  witliin  them  may  be  seen  to  a  much 
greater  distauce  than  without.  They  are  used  also  forvarimis 
appliancfjs  of  luaury,  tithet  coloured  or  Titmifihed,  or  elso 
Tur  those  kind^  of  paintings  which  are  known  aa  "  ccstrutu,"^* 
or  h«ni-picttires.  The  horaa  of  all  aoimaU  are  hollow  withiu, 
it  being  only  at  the  tip  that  they  are  solid  :  the  only  uxoep- 
tioa  in  the  stag,  the  horn  of  wbieh  is  solid  thronphont,  and 
M  cast  CTery  year.  When  the  hoofs  of  oxen  are  worn  to  ths 
quick,  the  husbandmen  have  a  mtlhod  of  curing  them,  by 
unointing  the  horns  of  the  animal  witli  grease.  The  suhstonco 
of  the  homa  ia  eo  ductile,  that  even  while  upon  the  body  of 
the  living  animal,  they  can  be  bent  by  huing  steeped  iu  boil- 
lag  wax,  aad  if  they  ure  sidit  down  when  ihcy  are  first  shoot- 
ing, they  may  be  twisted  diifcrcut  ways,  and  bo  appear  tu  ho 

"  B.  viii.ccOT— 31. 

™  Tbo  Ooliifipr  iwrasCpi  of  Linneeua.     Seo  B.  »iii.  c,  35. 

''*  The  (Jriakuig-liuxijs  ot  oue  Suoa  oncuituri  arc  well  (tDOwn  to  iht 
•ntiqiurian. 

"  The  "  Tima  "  wns  half  an  "  ampliorn,"  or  nearlj-  tliroc  gallona. 

1>  SeeB.UEr.  c.  41. 


VLVn*a  JTATUnAL  HrSTOBT. 


[Book  XL 


four  in  Qumlwr  upoa  oao  hcnd.  In  fotuaks  the  honu:  are  gcno- 
rally  tlimucT  tbati  in  tho  miid's,  a«  is  the  cose,  al&g,  with  most 
kinds  of  wool-bparing  animuls. 

No  mdiritlniili',  IifJWidTL'r,  amnag  sheep,  or  hinds,  nor  yet 
any  that  liavc  the  feet  divided  into  toee,  ot  Ibjit  Imvp  sulid 
hoofs,  are  famished  with  horns:  with  tbe  sole  cxceptioa  of 
tho  Indian  (Lss,"  which  is  nrmcd  ■with  a  fiingle  horn.  To  tho 
hcBBts  thrtt  BW  clorea-fook'd  Nature  has.  granted  twn  horns, 
bit  to  those  that  have  fbre-U'sitli  in  thii  upper  jaw,  she  has 
givon  none.  Those  [jereoiiB  whu  eaterUtiii  the  notion  that  the 
aubstnuoo  of  these  ttt'th  is  expended  in  the  furmation  of  tho 
horiiP,  are  easily  to  hv  rt-futt'd,  if  wo  only  consider  tho  caec  of 
the  hiud,  whit;]!  has  no  more  teeth  than  the  niiUe,  and  yet 
in  witlioot  horns  altt>gether.  In  the  atug  the  horn  is  only 
imbedded  in.  the  sluD,  but  in  the  other"  animals  it  sdhercs  to 
'the  bone. 


ooAr.  46. — tUB  atJkDs  of  asiuaxb.     tuob£  wincn  bate  sqsp. 

The  head  of  the  fish  is  very  largr  in  proportion  to  the  rr-st 
of  Mid  body,  prolmhly,  to  faoilitatis  its  diving  urder  water. 
AniintiLs  of  the  oystt-r  and  the  sp)nf;e  kind  hfiTe  no  held, 
which  is  tho  cuso,  aim,  with  moat  of  the  other  kinds,  whoso 
only  sense  is  that  of  touch.  Home,  again,  Lava  tho  hood 
blcndod  with  thu  body,  the  ci'ab,  for  iustaitco. 

'  CHAC.    47.— TBE    BAIR. 

Of  all  animak  man  has  the  longest  hair  npon  the  head ;  ivhiuh 
IB  tht!  easG  more  uspe^jiully  witli  tliose  laatioiiB  where  the  men  and 
women  in  conimoa  leave  th\>  hair  to  Rrow,  and  do  not  cut  it. 
Indeed,  it  is  from  this  fiict,  th.it  the  inhahiljtnts  of  the  Aljjs 
have  obtained  from  ns  the  nnme  of  "  CiipLHutl,""*  as  ulso  tho^e 
of  Ofllliij,  "  Cornata."'*  Thero  is,  however,  a  gredt  diffeteni;e 
in  this  respwt  aeeorHing  to  tho  mrioiis  cmmtries.  In  the 
inland  of  Wyromis,-'' the  people  are  horn  witbnnt  hair,  ju5t 
as  at  Caunit»  tho  inliabitants  are  aHIieted  with  the  splcea 

w  Tho  rhtmiacroa.     See  B.  liij.  c.  3fl. 

"  lIoBnrely  tmiBl  oxccpi  thft  Plbtygian  oxen  with  tho  movaable  honu, 
wliicb  hp  linn  pri-vioiisly  nKnliornid, 
T»  nf  "lun;t.liniri;i.l.       Bee  11,  iti.  c,  7. 
'•  Sob  B.  it   a,  :il.  *"  See  B.  iv.  a.  22. 


Chap.  49] 


ran  Biuni. 


47 


I 


> 


from  their  birth."  Then)  aro  some  aoimda,  ilw,  that  aro  natu- 
raliy  buld,  such  as  Uic  mUicfa,  for  iastaDce,  aad  the  aquutic 
ravuu,  which  lust  has  tbenoe  derived  it*  Grcult"  name.  It  is 
but  rarely  that  the  hair  0iU»  off  in  womi-n,  Hnd  in  eunuvha 
such  in  niivet  known  to  l-c-  the  wish  ;  nor  yftt  doc«  any  p«non 
Lose  it  ix-fon;  having  known  iiexnal  intcrcoumc'^  The  hair 
does  not  fall  oH"  below  tho  hrain,  nor  yet  beneath  tho  ctown  of 
tho  head,  or  around  tbo  euro  and  the  teniplfit.  Man  is  tho 
only  animnl  that  bfKiompH  haM,  with  ihu  i-xctflion,  of  cotine, 
ot'surh  animnU  a5  aro  iinlnrully  ko.  ilan  imd  thit  hone  aro 
Uio  only  i'rcutun«  ivhuso  liair  turns  grey  ;  1>ul  with  numthttiia 
always  the  caiso,  drst  iu  the  fore-port  of  tbo  head,  aiid  then  Id 
the  hinder  part. 

CHAP.  48. — TQB   OQXBa  OP  TllK   mUD. 

Some  few  persons  only  are  doubk-orowncd.  The  bones  of 
the  hffld  are  flat,  thin,  devoid  of  marrow,  arid  nnltol  with  su- 
tures ini1t°jitfd  likfi  a  comh.  Whtu  brakt^n  amindrr  they  can- 
not bu  uiiitu),  but  the  oxtnwtion  uf  u  smull  jjorUon  is  not  ne- 
ccstuinly  inuil,  tin  a  flcahy  elcalri.x  f;>n»B,  aad  ^o  miLkfa^uod 
tho  losB,  ■  Wo  have  alripjidy  mentiotieil,  in  thi^ir  reppL-ttivc'* 
places,  that  Uic  skull  of  tho  UoiT  is  tliu  woaki^t  of  all,  ouil 
that  of  the  pu'rot  the  hurdfit. 

CHAP.  49. — Ton  Biunf. 

The  brain  pxiils  in  nil  animnlB  which  have  blood,  ond  in 
those  M>u  [iiiimul^  lis  wtill,  which  wo  hare  already  mentioned 
us  nuillunlts  allhoiigh  thi-y  ai-tr  lifstituUr  of  hluod,  the  poly- 
piui,  for  instance.  Man,  however,  han,  in  proportion  tu  hitt 
body,  the  most  voIuminotiB  bnun  of  all.  Thin,  too,  is.  xhc. 
most  humid,  and  tlio  ci^d(!i<t  of  all  the  viKoera,  and  is  cqtc- 
lo|)cd  above  and  below  with  two  moiaiirnuoiia  intogumcnta, 
for  either  of  whiuh  to  bo  bruktu  i^  futul.  In  addition  to  these 
facts,  vc  may  remark  ihftt  the  braiu  a  larger  in  iai;a  than  in 

•I  Sec  Jt.  V.  e.  W. 

•*  lie  bonnH-»  tbii  from  .lri«liitl«. 

**  R.  viii.  0.  l>i,  aa'l  B.  x.  c.  S4.  TUc  skull  of  llm  Ir'af  is  not  ihinncr 
or  vcaker  than  tlul  uf  other  anitimli  of  its  own  sW.a :  biic  tho  «kuil  of  ibe 
|VTul,  ID  proportioii  X/j  tlioM  of  other  birJ*,  it  remiitkulilj  liurd. 


48 


PLttfT'a   KATCBAL   UiaTOKT. 


[GooVXL 


women.  lu  msn  Lhe  bniin  is  destitute  of  bloodand  veins,  uud 
in  other  animals  it  hiiano  Iht.  Tlinsu  wIjo  are  well  inlbrmeiJ 
on  the  FTibjoot,  toll  its  that  the  bruin  is  qiiile  a  diiSTEiit 
Bubstance  Ironi  the  marrow,  Heeing  tlint  on  ht-'wg  bciiied  it 
only  becomes  liurilcr.  In  the  vei-y  midcilii  of  tbe  brain  of 
every  auiniB.!  Uiero  ore  smaU  hones,  found.  Man  is  tho  only  uii- 
mal  in  which  it  is  kuown  to  polpittite'^  during  infancy  ;  and 
it  does  not  g;nn  lU  proper  con&istency  until  after  the  obild  haa 
made  iU  first  attcinpt  to  speak,  The  braia  is  the  most  ele- 
vated of  all  the  vjsu<?r!i,  and  the  nearest  to  the  mof  of  tlio 
head;  it  ia  ■rqnallydi^void of  flesh,  blood,  and  excretions.  The 
aeneea  hold  ihis  orgun  as  their  citadel;  it  is  in  this  thut 
aro  ccntreid  all  the  veins  which  spring  Irom  the  heart ;  it  is 
here  that  they  tt-niiinate  ;  this  is  tho  very  cidminating  point  of 
alt,  the  r(!};uIator  of  the  understanding.  With  ull  imimulB  it 
ifl  advan<red  to  the  fore-part  of  the  heiul,  from  the  fact  tJiat 
tSie  senses  have  a  tendeney  to  the  direetiou  in  which  we  look. 
!From  the  brain  piocetds  sleep,  and  its  return  it  is  that  cauBeB 
thehead  tonod.  Thoae  tTejitures,  in  fact,  wbit-h  have  no  brain, 
DCTcr  elecp.  It  is  said  Ibut  alags»*  have  in  the  hewd  certain 
Rmall  maggoii,  twenty  in  iinraber:  they  ore  situate  in.  the 
empty  space  that  lies  beneath  the  tongue,  and  around  tbe  joints 
by  which  the  head  in  united  to  the  body. 


COAT.    &i. — ISE   XiJl& 


ANI1LU.S   WBICa  HXIS   WIXnOCT   EAfiS 

OB  t.mB.rvuBa. 


Mnn  is  the  oTily  animal  the  ears  of  which  are  ininioreable. 
It  ia  from  tlie  uaturul  tiuceidity  of  the  oar,  l.hat  the  BTrrnanie 
of  Flaccm  is  derived.  There  is  no  part  of  the  body  that 
creates  a  more  enoriaons  expense  for  our  women,  in  tho 
pearls  which  iiro  Biisjiended  irom  them.  In  the  East,  too,  it 
IB  thought  highly  beciiming  i'at  tho  men,  even,  to  wear  gold 
rings  in  their  cars.  Some  onimala  hnvo  lai^e,  and  otbfra 
small  ears.  The  stag  alone  has  them  cut  and  divided,  as  it 
were ;  in  the  field-mouBo  thoy  have  a  vijlvft  surface.  All  tho 
animaln  that  are  ^-iviparoiia  have  ears  of  Bomo  kind  or  other, 
vitk  th'B  sqIb  exception  of  the  Bea-calf,  the  dolphin,  tho  fishes 

•«  Sec  Tl.  rii,  t.  1, 

**  Cutiur  sajB  Ifaat  t^f  hb  are  tie  larnB  af  the  laitfos,  which  are  deposited 
m  the  lip«  vf  qiuulriip<id«,  u&d  to  moke  tiLeit  vtmy  tg  vonouji  cnnttu. 


J 


Chip.  St]  TUK  ETM. 

vhich  WO  hnvfi  ineDtioned"  as  cartilaginoas,  and  the  viper. 
These  animals  have  only  oaviLieii  inalPad  of  oard,  with  the  ex. 
ception  oi  the  cortilagtnous  Ushvs  imil  the  dolphin,  which  lust, 
however,  it  ia  quite  ek-arpoBSL-ssfiilho  sense  of  hearing,  for  it  is 
tlmriafd  by  Binpng.  and  is  often  taken  while  enraptured  with 
the  melody ;  how  it  is  that  it  does  hear,  is  quit©  maiTelloue. 
These  animidts  too,  have  not  the  slight^-st  tnice  «{  olfactory 
orguu,  and  yet  they  have  a  mo.«t  dcutc  fienEu>  of  smell. 

Amon^  the  wiogod  animals,  only  the  homed  owl  jmd  the  long- 
tared  owl  huve  feathcTS  which  iirojcct  like  cat*,  the  rest  having 
only  Cftvitios  for  the  piirposo  of  hearing ;  the  snm*j  is  thr  rase, 
also,  vith  the  scaly  animals  nnd  the  w'rpciit''.  Amoii^  horvea 
sad  huiHta  of  ImnlL'U  of  till  klods,  it  is  tliu  oars  which  iridicate 
the  natural  feelings ;  when  the  animal  is  wear)',  they  are  droep- 
iog  and  tlaccid;  when  it  is  startled,  they  quiver  to  and  fro; 
when  it  is  eurngod,  they  ore  pricked  up ;  and  when  it  lb  ailing, 
they  are  pendant. 

CItAF.  61, THS  VXCK,  TKE  FOKXHRAD,  iLND  THE  tn-BKOVa. 

Man  is  the  only  creature  that  has  a  face,  the  other  animab 
liaving  only  a  mnzzlv  or  a  heuk.  OthiT  animalfi  have  a  fon>- 
hvad  us  well,  but  it  is  only  gu  Uiu  focehtad  vf  man  that  is 
d^otod  sorrow,  gladness,  compassion,  or  st^verity.  It  is  the 
for^ead  that  is  tha  index  of  the  mind.  Man  ha*  eyehrown, 
abfOj  which  nioTi;  ((i(;tther  or  altGrnntely  ;  these,  ton,  serve  in 
some  measnre  as  indicatioca  of  the  feelings.  Do  we  deny  or 
do  we  assent,  it  ia  the  cycbrowa,  mostly,  that  indicate  our 
iutcntionB.  Feelings  of  pride  may  he  generated  elsewhere, 
hut  it  is  herp  that  they  have  their  principal  ahode ;  it  is  in  the 
heart  that  they  toko  their  rise,  but  it  ir  to  thu  eyebrows  that 
Ihoy  mount,  and  here  they  take  up  their  pusitiou.  In  nu  part 
of  the  body  could  they  meet  with  a  sjK>t  more  lofty  and  more 
j«ecipitous,  in  which  to  establish  themselves  free  from  all 
vonttol. 

ICBXr.  52. THE  ITE9 — ASJMdCJl  WHICH  EAVE  XO  EVES,  OB  niTT. 
OHLT  OKE  ETE. 
Below  the  forehead  are  the  eyea,  which  form  the  most  pre- 
cjons  portion  of  the  human  body,  and  which,  hy  the  enjoyment 
"  B.  ix.  c.  40. 
VOL.   111.  B 


I 


PLcry  a  iTAXoaAL  HlSTonv. 


[Boot  xr. 


of  the  hlcsaings  of  eight,  distingniah  lifu  iiom  death.  Kyw, 
howcyer,  have  not  boon  granted  to  all  animals  ;  oyBtcra  Iijitk 
none,  but,  with  reference  to  some  of  the  eliell-fiah,  the  quostioti 
IB  Htill  doubtfu];  for  if  wc  movo  tli«  fingwa  befbre  r  scallop 
huU'Dpci),  it  wiU  immediulfly  close  its  shell,  appareatlj'  from 
seeing  tbem,  while  the  seleii""  will  attu't  awuy  from  aa  iron 
iiiBtFumeQt  when  placed  n-ear  it.  Among  q^uadrupeds  thu 
inok'*"  hag  no  sigbt,  though  it  has  something  tliat  hears  a  re- 
semblance to  wyes,  if  we  rfeinove  thu  membrano  that  is  ex- 
tended in  &ont  of  them.  Among  hirds  alao,  it  is  aaid  UiJtt 
a  species  of  heron,  which  is  known  as  the  "  kucue,"*'  in 
WRTitiTig  of  one  eye:  a  bird  of  most  cvct-Ucnt  Rugurj',  when 
it  AIl's  towards  the  south  or  tmrth,  for  it  is  »aid  that  it 
portends  thereby  that  tliere  is  ubout  to  be  a.n  end  of  perils  and 
atanus.  Nij^idiuB  says  iUbo,  that  neither  locustR  nor  grasfi- 
hoppers  have  eyes.  In  anaila,*'  the  twQ  small  horas  with  whieh 
they  foel  their  way,  jjerforra.  the  dutios  of  oyes,  iNeithci'  t}i« 
niawwonu"  nor  any  other  kind  of  worm  has  eyes. 

CHAr,  53. — THE  MVEESITY  OF  TOE  COLOCB  OF  TUB  ETB3. 

Tha  eyes  vary  in  colour  in  the  htiruan  rocn  only ;  in.  all 
other  animala  they  are  of  oue  uniform  colour  peculiar  to  the 
kind,  though  there  are  aome  horses  that  have  eyos  of  an  azure 
colour.  But  in  man  the  varictiea  and  divcxBitics  ttTu  most 
numerous  ;  the  eyes  beipg  eillier  large,  of  middlinji;  eizo.  ri;- 
markabty  amall,  or  remaikiihly  prominent.  Tlieso  laet  are 
generarlly  snppoaed  to  ha  very  weak,  while  those  which  are 
tkep-seaLcd  are  considei^od  the  ho§t,  aa  ia  the  cane  ulso  with 
those  whieb  in  colour  resemble  the  eyes  of  the  goat. 

CHlf.   S4. — TUB  THLOEY   0?   SIOnT — PEOSONS   WfiO   CAK   BEE   PY 

NiGni. 
In  additioQ  to  this,  there  are  some  pereons  who  can  see  to  a 

"  Or  riijii>r-aliratl].     8flo  li.  X.  c  88. 

■^  Aristoile  wu*  of  this  opiiii  jn,  liut  Gftlen  niaiQtaJn«Mj  that  tha  molu  cciit 
aco.     Its  ejB  is  extrumdy  tiiiall.  nm!  Inrd  on  tho  suifni-e. 

*•  Ot "  whita"  tcjroij.  As  Cuvier  rt;mai-ks,  tbie  is  prolmbly  a  racru 
an  (Oir's  fable, 

"  Jt  is  olmuat  nccilliM  to  rciTifiirk,  thftt  both  snoiLj,  oA  well  lu  luciuts  tii'i 
gn.tt\i-tp\n--rs,  Ainc  eye's.  " 

•*  LuniiiticuB, 


Omp.  64.] 


THE  TSKonr  or  sight. 


5t 


I 

I 
I 


I 


Teiy  gre&t  <list*ncc,  while  there  are  otli«ri,  aj^n,  who  can  only 
dutin^iush  objects  when  brought  rjaite  clu«e  to  tliom.  The 
lision  of  masy  stimds  in  need  of  the  rays  of  the  sun;  Btich 
pOTHonB  cannot  m'e  on  a  clonily  <3ny,  nor  y«t  after  the  sun  has 
si'l.  Others,  aguin,  huvo  bod  d^ht  in  the  dny-ttino,  but  a 
sight  Euporior  to  that  ol'  othi^rs  by  aiglit.  (If  persons  having 
^nble  pupiU,  or  the  evil  eyo,  wc  liavu  ujjoady  spoken"  itt 
Biiffici«Dt  length.  Blite^  eyen  are  the  btist  for  seeing  in  thu 
dark. 

It  i»  said  that  Tibpriii*  Ctesar,  like  no  other  haniiin  bein^. 
wtm  so  endowed  by  Xuture,  that  on  awokinjf  iii  tiie  night"*  h»-^ 
conld  fnr  a  few  moments  disling^h  objects  just  as  well  an 
in  the  clearest  daylight,  but  thnt  by  dcgri:«3  ho  would  find 
bis  sig'ht  a^uin  enveloped  in  darlci&'a.  Thn  Into  Emperor 
Aagnatus  hud  uzure  eyes  like  thuxu  of  tiuinci  horeis,  iht>  white 
being  lai^r  than  with  other  men;  he  iised  to  bo  very  uuf^y 
il' a  person  stored  intently  at  thum  Jbr  this  poculiarity.  Claudiiti^ 
Useoar  had  at  the  comere  of  the  uye«  a  white  fioshy  eubstance, 
covered  with  veins,  whirh  would  uci'jiitionully  bocoiuti  doH'imfd 
with  blood ;  with  the  Emperor  Caiua"  they  l^d  a  fixed,  ste^y 
gaxc,  while  Nero  r.oi]ld  ace  nothing  distinctly  without  wink- 
ing, and  having  it  brought  cliisc  to  his  eyo«.  Tha  Emperor 
Cains  had  twenty  pairs  of  gladiators  in  his  training-school, 
and  of  all  these  there  were  only  two  who  did  not  wink  the 
eyes  when  a  menacing  gf<jiture  waflTaaflu  riose  to  them  :  honct- 
it  was  that  these  men  w>GrG  iniineibte.  f^o  difficult  a  matter  ig. 
it  for  a  tn-Lm  to  k^p  his  eyes  ft'om  winlaug :  indeed,  to  viak  is 
BO  natural  to  many,  that  they  cannot  desist  from  it ;  such  per- 
sons we  gcii'?rally  look  upon  as  the  most  titnid. 

No  penwns  Imve  the  oyo  all  of  one  colour;  that  of  the 
middle  of  the  eye  is  always  different  from  the  white  which 
enrroundfl  it.  In  nil  animals  there  is  no  part  in  the  wholi; 
body  that  13  a  stronger  exponent  of  the  fet-Iinga,  and  in  man 
more  eflpeciaUy,  for  it  ia  from  Iho  espreBsioa  of  the  eye  that 
W8  detect  el(?raency,  moderatiim,  compaeiiion,  hatred,  love. 
Badness,  and  joy.  Prom  tlic  cj'os,  too,  the  voriouE  ehonuiterti 
of  persons  are  judged  of,  uccordlug  as  they  are  ferooions,  me- 

«  B.  Tii.  c  2.  **  *'  CiB»ii." 

**  The  soma  has  been  sold  qIbo  of  Carilan,  ttio  bMpt  Scalier,  Thiwidow 
TkxM,  ihe  FrcTich  pbj'ncinii  Btairnn,  ilu>I  Ihc  republican  Cimiilk  UcauauJiu. 

E  2 


PLtsr'8  SJJUBAi  fflBTOBT.  [Book  XL 

iiacing,  flparkllag,  sedate,  leprin^,  askfmca,  downcast,  or  lao* 
guisliing.  Btyoiiil  a  doubt  "il  is  in  the  eyes  tliat  the  ttdnd  ItHt 
itaaboiie:  aonittimta  the  look  in  ardrnt,  Bomeiimcs  fixed  and 
Ktcady,  at  othtir  tiniM  the  eyes  ore  humid,  nnd  at  others,  ugain, 
tmlt'doBcd.  From  tlieee  it  is  that  the  Irara  of  pity  llow.  and 
%FhEJi  we  kisK  them  we  scera  to  be  touching  tlie  vtry  bouI.  It 
i»  the  eyra  that  w€up,  and  from  them  procted  thubo  gtrcroms 
that  Dioisteu  dur  i:LL'(.'k&  as  they  trickle  down.  And  what  is 
this  lii^d  that  is  uhvays  so  ready  uud  in  such  abundance  in 
our  niomonts  of' griefs  nad  wheru  ie  it  k*ipt  iu  reservo  at  other 
times  ?  It  is  hy  the  aid  of  the  miud  that  we  see,  -hy  the  aid 
uf  the  mind  that  wo  enjoy  pcrcoptjon ;  while  the  eyes,  like  no 
many  vessels,  as  it  were,  iveeive  its  viaunl  fiiculties  and  trans- 
mit them.  ITcnop  it  is  thnt  profound  thought  rendrrs  n  man 
blind  for  the  timo,  die  pow<:i'B  of  sight  being  withdrawn  fh>m 
tjstcmat  ohjecta  and  thrown  inwurd:  bo,  too,  in  epili^ayj  the 
mind  ia  covered  ivith  dai'kness,  whilo  the  eyosj  thuugh  ujieu, 
are  uble  to  see  notlung.  In  addition  to  this,  it  ia  the  fort 
that  harois,  as  wuU  as  many  humita  beings,  can  sleep  with 
the  eyts  open,  a  tiling  which  the  (Jreeks  ejcpnjBS  by  tlie  tonn 
KOfv^a'D^K  Niiture  has  composed  the  eyi"  of  numerous  mem- 
biases  gf  remarkable  thinness,  covering  them  with  a  thick  coat 
to  ensure  their  protection  wgainst  hoat  nnd  cold.  This  coat  she 
purifies  from  time  to  lime  by  the  iachrj-mal  humours,  and  sho 
has  made  the  sorface  lubricoua  and  slippery,  to  protect  the  eye 
against  the  efifecta  of  a  sudden  ehoiik, 

CHAP.    5S. TOE   M4TU11X   OF  THB   rUPll EIIB   WHICH    DO   NOT 

SBDT. 

In  the  midst  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye  Naturo  has  formed  a 
window  in  the  pupil,  the  «naIL  dimonfiions  of  which  do  not 
permit  thu  sight  to  wander  at  hazard  and  with  unccrtflintj', 
imt  direct  it  as  atraiyht  as  though  it  were  through  a  tube, 
amd  at  tho  aarat  time  ensure  ita  avoidance  of  all  shocks  com- 
mnniont^'d  by  foreign  bodies.  The  puptla  are  surrounded  by  a 
black  circle  in  some  pcrsonFi,  whilo  it  is  of  n  yellowiah  coat  with 
othere,  and  ttKure  again  with  others,  By  this  happy  combina- 
tion the  light  IB  received  hy  tlio  eye  upon  the  white  that  lies 
around  the  pupil,  and  ita  relkcUou  boing:  thus  tt^mpered,  It 
fails  to  impede  or  confuse  the  sight  by  its  harehnesn.  So 
complete  a  mirror,  too,  doc*  the  tyo   I'onn,  that  the  pupil, 


1 


Cbip.  5$.]  THE   NATtTSr.  OF   TII£   PCITL.  ^ 

sinuU  OR  it  k,  is  able  to  reflect  the  entire  image  of  a  mau. 
Thii"  is  Uic  reoBon  why  most  birds,  vhtra  hM  iu  the  baud 
of  a  penoit,  will  incir*  pBtticiilarlj*  peck  at  hii  eyes ;  for  sttiog 
their  own  likeno-iw  reflected  in  the  pupils,  thoy  are  attracted  to 
it  l>3ir  wtuit  seem  to  be  the  objects  of  thoir  naturnl  affection. 

It  is  only  Bomo  ftw  bca^la  nf  burden  that  luts  eabjivt  to 
nolndicft  of  tbe  cyen  t/.)waF(!H  Ihc  incnxiw  of  tlic  moon  :  but  it 
is  man  (done  thut  is  rrstrui^d  from  blindtiuts  by  thu  discharge 
of  thn  humoure'*  ihut  haw  miUL'd  it,  Maiiy  purwus  hare 
bad  thdir  tggbt  melored  alter  beiog  blind  for  tncuty  yutix* ; 
vhilt-  othei¥,  again^  hare  been  deuiud  this  bleaKLOg  lixim  tlii:ir 
irery  birth,  n-iihout  thf;re  bcju^  uvy  blvm  Lsh  in  thu  oyes.  Itany 
pQTsonis,  tigida,  havu  guiliK-uly  lost  th^ir  nigbt  frvn  do  apparunt 
«aQW,  and  without  uiy  preceiUitg  injury.  I'hu  most  wariHKl 
anthors  vaf  that  there  are  reins  which  comnitiuicatc  from  tlie 
eye  to  the  bruin,  but  1  oin  inclined  to  think  tliat  the  communi- 
catioQ  18  TTith  the  Btomarb  ;  for  it  ib quite  certain  that  a  person 
never  loees  the  ey^;  without.  fLi'linj^Hckucusul  tbestomach.  It 
i«  an  important  and  gultcJ  duty,  of  Ittgh  KfmctioQ  uoong  thu 
BonuUHt,  to  eUisc"*  the  eyis  of  the  dead,  imd  then  again  to  opcti 
t^m  wbra  tbe  body  is  Uiid  un  tbu  funeral  pile,  the  usage 
having  takrai  its  rifio  iu  the  boLiou  of  its  buiug  iiujiroper  that 
tho  cycB  of  the  dend  tUouLd  be  beheld  by  man,  wliilu  it  is  an 
c-qually  great  Qtri>Doe  to  hide  them  from  the  view  of  heaven. 
Man  i»  the  only  lix-ing  creature  llie  eyes  uf  which  are  subject 
to  dfformiD<'ji,  lirom  which,  in  fact,  arose  tlie  fiuiiily  nuuie«  of 
"  Strabo" '  and  '*  pBctus."  *  The  ancienta  used  to  imll  a  mau 
who  was  bom  with  only  one  eye,  "codc«,"  ond  "oceUa,"'a 
person  who&o  eyes  were  reniaTltahly  smtUl.  "  Luecinus"  was 
the  Bumamc  ^ivun  to  one  u'hu  happeneil  to  hiivc  logt  ono  e^t 
by  on  atuideul. 

The  eyes  of  oniinalit  that  boc  ut  night  in  the  dark,  cats,  for 
instance,  are  shining  and  radiant,  so  much  so,  that  it  is  tmpu»- 
oible  to  look  upon  Uiem ;  tliooe  of  the  she-goat,  too,  and  tiiv 
wolf  are  reapleurJvrit,  anti  emit  a  light  like  fin-.  The  eyes  cif 
th«  sea-calf  and  tlie  h^  teua  change  euccei^sivuly  to  u  thoucaad 

**  Hardouin  vit,h  jurtiM  donbta  tb«  utrndnua  aT  tfcii  alli^  nuaa. 

"  Ifc  iilti]t]<.i>,  iitrttinblfi  to  Roron  mrtliitd  uf  curing  cuturact;  |Wi}iBp« 
•CriiMvliiit  •imilar  to  ihut  incntioimJ  liy  Uirn  in  H.  xx.  c.  2fl, 

"  'XluB  urns  rfono  \iy  tlip  n<i«n:«L  reln'.ixs.  Thi*  nuKC  itUI  nrc^uli  m 
tVii  Guuuiry,  tLe  eyelids  buiaj  prwwd  duivu  with  pi«»*  of  goUf  or  silvtr, 

'  Ot  "  sqainl-cjcd."  *  Or  "  Dw,'k-cyc<J. " 


WJirr*8  XATTIBAL  niSTOHT. 


[Book  XI. 


oolourp;  unci  the  eyes,  when  dried,  of  most  of  the  fishes  will 
give  out  lig-ht  in  thti  dark,  juat  in  the  aiime  way  as  the  tJimk 
(sf  the  oak  whi-'Q  it  has  become  rotttn  with  extrumi)  old  ago. 
Wti  liuv;;  idready  meutioiieil^  the  I'uct,  thut  aaiiuals  which,  turn, 
not  the  eyes  but  the  tf^afl,  for  the  purpose  of  looking  round, 
are  nev^r  known  to  wink.  It  is  said,'  to«,  that  the  chame- 
leon is  ablo  to  roll  tho  eye-balla  corapletelyronoii.  Crabs  lt)ok 
aidewaya,  and  hare  tho  eyes  encloaed  beneach  a  thin  crust. 
Thoae  of  craw-fish  and  shrimps  acL-  very  hunl  and  prominent, 
!ind  lie  in  a  great  medaiire  boncjilh  n  defence  of  a  similar 
iiiiture.  ThoHD  animals.  howBrer,  the  eyes  of  which  are  hard, 
Ijjtve  worao  sight  than  those  of  which  tho  eyes  are  formed  of  u 
humid  8uh»ta,n(i;e.  It  is  Bttid  tiiii.!;  if  the  ttyca  are  taken  away 
from  tho  young  of  aerpents  and  of  tho  bwoUow,*  they  will  grow 
aguiu.  In  nil  insects  and  in  animals  covered  with  r  ehell,  tho 
eyes  niov«  jost  iu  the  wini-e  way  as  the  ears  of  quadrupede  do ; 
those  among  th*rui  which,  hare  a  Ijrittle' covering  have  the 
L-yes  hatd.  All  animaU  of  this  nature,  as  ftcdl  aa  fishes  and 
insects,  are  destitute  of  eye-lids,  and  their  eyea  hare  no  cover- 
ing; but  in  all  there  is  a  membrane  that  ia  transparent  like 
i;la^,  spread  over  them. 

CHAP.  56. TKB    HAIB    OF   THE   EYB-LI»9 ;    WHAT   A3IQ[AL8  AEB 

WIIEOUI  XaUU.      ANTUALB  WHICH  CAS  8EE  OH  OSS  BIDS  OKLT. 

Man  has  lashes  on  the  eye-lids  on  eitbeP  side ;  and  Women 
^ven  make  it  their  daily  care  to  stain  then ;'  so  ardent  are  they 
in  tho  pursuit  of  beanty,  that  they  mast  even  colour  their 
very  eyes.  It  was  with  another  view,  however,  that  Nature  . 
liad  provided  1,he  hair  of  the  eyelids — they  were  to  have  acted, 
so  to  Buy,  as  a  kind  of  rampart  for  tho  protection  of  the  eight, 
and  as  an  advanced  bulwark  against  the  approach  of  insects 
or  other  objects  which  might  accidentally  come  in  their  way. 
Tt  is  not  without  some  rL"n.3on  that  it  is  said  that  the  eye-  , 
Jashes*  fall  off  with  those  persuns  who  are  tea  much  given  to 
venereal  pleasures.  Of  the  otlier  auimalB,  tho  only  ones  that 
have  eyelashes  are  those  that  have  toir  on  the  real  of  tho 
body  as  well ;  hnt  the  q.uEuiru]:ieda  have  them  on  tho  upper 

»  B.  viii.  c,  4(5.  *  B.  Tiii,  o.  61. 

'  See  B.  HIT.  C.  60,  •  Or  crustm^ous  COTcriog. 

'  KuUl  ii  ^till  iLHiid  in  tbe  Ga«t  for  tte  muae  paqioM. 

'  Aiuiotle  wys  bo,  Hist.  Anim.  B.  iii.  0.  10. 


(Aap.  69.]  THB  VOtnilM. 

eyelid  only,  and  tho  birds  on  the  lower 


ss 

the  Buno  ia  the 
I  which  have  it  soft  skJQ,  nicb  as  the  serpent, 
tuid  thoee  among  the  quadrupedn  that  arc  oviparoue,  the  lizard, 
for  rastaoce.  The  ostrich  is  the  only  one  umoug  the  birdB 
that,  like  man,  haa  cj'elaahes  on  cithi^r  eii^e. 

CBiv.  57. — ^AirniALB  wmcH  hate  ko  eteltds. 

All  IJrds,  JiowcTcr,  have  not  eyolids:  bene*  il  is,  that' 
those  which  are  vivipuroua  have  no  nictation  of  the  eye. 
The  heavier  kinds  of  birds  shut  this  eye  by  mciuu  of  tho 
lower  eyelid,  and  they  w-itik  by  drawing  forward  a  mpm- 
brnnc  which  lies  in  the  conior  of  tlic  eye,  Pigwrnn,  and  other 
hirds  of  a  fiirailaj  nature,  shut  Iho  two  eyelids ;  but  tho  quad- 
mpotls  which  ore  oviparouR,  snch,  for  inatancc,  8i>  the  tortoise 
and  the  crocodile,  have  only  ihu  lower  eyelid  morcable,  and 
um'er  wink,  in  coaseqiieuce  of  ttie  hardntas  of  tlio  rye.  Th« 
udgv  of  the  upper  eyelid  was  by  the  atiucnta  callnd  *'  ciHiim," 
from  which  come*  our  word  "  Buporcilia."'  If  the  eyelid 
h^pens  to  be  aevtred  by  n  wound  it  will  not  reunito,'^  which 
ta  the  case  also  with  some  few  oILlt  porta  of  the  human  body. 

CEAF.  58. — THE  CDBKX8* 

Below  the  eyes  are  the  chefks,  a  feature  which  is  found 
in  niEm  only.  From  the  andenla  thoy  received  tlic  name  of 
'■  gensp,"  and  by  iho  laws  of  tlie  Twelve  Tuhles,  women  wem 
forhidclon  to  t«ar  them."  The  cheoks  oro  tlie  seat  of 
bustifulnoss ;  it  is  on  them  more  purticukriy  that  blushes  are 
to  be  seen. 

cbap.  69. — niK  sosTEiia. 

"Within  tho  cheeks  is  the  mouth,  which  gives  such  strong 
iiidicutiuns  of  the  feelings  of  joyousneM  and  laughter;  and 
shove  it,  but  in  miui  only,  is  the  uo^,  which  niodiru  notions 
have  etampcd  bb  i\w  exponent  of  sarcasm  and  ridicule,'*  la 
no  other  animal  but  man,  ia  the  nose  thna  prominent;  birds, 
»erpeiili,  and  fishes,  have  no  nostrils,  but  apertures  only  for 
the  purpose  of  smell.     It  is  from  the  pccnliarity  of  the  noM 

*  "  The  eyebrows." 

■"  Tbii  i»  n*t  the  fuel. 

"  Wilh  their  naila  wIiod  movmiiig  for  the  dead. 

^*  UcBM  tko  woril  "luuutuM,"  a  kctieriieg,  captioiu,  or  aarcailic  man, 


ntSTfa    Vi-TVJtAl.  HISTOKT.  [Bwlt  SI. 

tliiiE  arc  derived  the  sumamps  of  "  Simus" '*  and  "Silo." 
Children  bom  in  the  Bev<?utb  montli   often  have  the  wira  and 
the  nostrils  imperforate. 
CHIP.    60. — nrB  motttb;     the  t.ips;     the   chiw  ;     axd  the 

JAW-BOtTK. 

It  is  from  tho  "labia,*'  i>i"  lipS  •'■^•'^t  the  Brotchi'*  havft  re- 
ceived the  aumarao  of  Labco.  AH  imimala  that  are  Tiviparoiis 
haTo  a  mouth  that  is  cither  well-formed,  or  har&hly  defined, 
aa  the  case  may  bo.  Instead  of  lipa  and  mouth,  the  birds 
have  a  beak  that  is  horny  and  sharp  at  the  end.  With  birda 
that  live  by  rapine,  the  beak  is  hooked  inwards,  but  with  thoae 
which  gather  and  puck  only,  it  is  straight :  those  animals, 
sgoiu,  which  root  up  grass  ot  puddle  in  tho  mud,  have  tho 
muzzle  broad,  liko  swine.  The  beasts  of  burden  employ  the 
mouth  in  place  of  hands  in  gathering  thtir  ibod,  while  those 
which  live  by  rapine  and  slaughter  liave  it  wider  than  the 
reet.  No  animal,  with  the  exncption  of  man,  has  either  chin 
or  cheek-boaes,  The  crocodile  is  thi:-  only  animal  that  has  the 
upper  jnw-bone'*  moTeablfi;  among  tho  land  quadrupeds  it  is 
the  same  as  with  other  animals,  except  that  they  can  move  it 
obliquely. 

CUAP.  61. — THB  TEETH  ;  TUK  VABIOUS  tXSM  OT  TEETH  ;   IB  WHAl 

^axtmam  thet  are  sor  on  bivtb:  smES  op  the  hotttb  :  antmalu 
■wnrca:  have  oollow  tef-th. 

Teeth  are  armnged  in  three  different  wayH,  scrrnfed,  in  one 
continuous  row,  ot  else  protruding  fl-om  the  mouth.  When 
eerrnted  they  unite  together,  j  ust  like  those  of  a  combj  in  order 
that  thoy  may  not  be  worn  by  rubbing  against  one  nnother,  as 
in  serpentB,  fiahea,  and  dogs,'*  for  instance.  In  eome  oreatnres 
they  uro  set  in  one  conttnuous  ruw,  man  and  the  horse, 
for  instanee;  while  in  the  wild  boai'.  the  elephant,  and  tha 
hippopotamus,  they  protrude  from  the  mouth."  Among  those 
Bol  in  one  continuous  row,  the  teeth  which  divide  the  food 
are  broad  uud  ahaqj,  while  tlioso  whiuh  grind  it  arc  double ; 
the  teeth  which  lie  between  the  incisive  and  the  molar 
teeth,  are   tho&e  known  as   the  canine  or  dog-teeth;  these 

"  "  Flut-noErd,"  and  "  snuh-noRpd." 

•*  A  RomrtQ  fniri]y— the  rRoding  of  this  iroril  Kema  doubtAiL 

'*  lu  lonltty,  tlia  tiiiiliir  one  only. 

"  He  is  iiiuiTrect  in  spnnkLng  of  lings  ns  haying  8errnlt>il  tcoth, 

•'  tu  ttu  dugong  oleo,  babiruiiBsu,  raunljic,  uml  oQierB. 


Cbip.  620' 


IHE   TEKTH   OF   8ERPEXT9. 


$7 


I 


dre  hy  tar  the  largest,  in  Lliosn  imimiilB  which  hnvo  scrnitcil 
teeth.  'i'hosR  snimnl-i  which  have  L-uiitiouauB  rowH  of  teeth, 
have  thetn  citliiir  Bitiuitu  on  both  eidu»  o£  lUc  luuuth,  as  in 
tho  horse,  or  cIbo  Uavo  uo  fore-twth  id  the  upper  psirt  of  the 
mnuth.  OS  is  the  ease  with  oxen,  sheep,  ana  all  the  animals 
that  runiiiuit«.  The  nbe-j^ut  htu  no  tipptr  tw\h,  vxvvpt  the 
two  Bnontones,  No  nniiimls  which  haTu  sirniUfl  t^-clh,  hure 
tbem  proLrudiiiK '"  from  the  mouth  ;  oraciiig  these,  too,  the  fv 
male*  ran-Jy  have  tharn ;  and  to  thoau  thitt  do  have  tbexn,  they 
areof  no"  use:  hence  it  is,  that  while  tho  boikr  strikes,  the 
sow  biles.  Ko  (i&iiQo]  vith  horns  haa  projecting  teeth  ;  and 
all  raoh  teeth  ore  hollow.  whiJp  in  otlier  anima]«  the  teeth  aro 
»Hd.  All"*  fish  hnvo  thi3  tectii  ai^rraU.'d,  with  tlio  oxcijption 
of  thoBcarua,'"  this  hiiiing  the  only  one  among  tho  aquatiti 
animaU  Umt.  hus  them  leveL^  at  the  edgt-s.  In  addition  to 
this",  there  arc  maay  fishes  that  have  teeth  upon  tiui  toaguo 
and  over  the  whole  of  the  rooulh,  iu  onk-r  that,  hy  thu-  mulU- 
tude  of  the  bites  which  they  inflict,  they  miiy  aofLeu  thowj 
artiulu8  of  food  which  they  could  not  possibly  manage  by 
Many  animals,  also,  have  totlh  in  the  palute,  and 
in  the  tail ;  *■'  in  addition  to  which,  some-  hnvo  thc-m  in- 
clining to  the  inttrior  i>f  thn  mouth,  that  tht-  food  m:iy  not 
fall  out,  the  animul  itself  having  no  other  rocans  of  retaining 
it  there. 


CBAT.  62.- 


-THE  TEETH  OF  BERPJWTS  ;    THKIR   fOtWJi. 
WHICa    Ui»   TEETH. 


X  BIKD 


The  asp  also,  and  otlmr  serpents,  have  Eimilar  teeth  ;  but  in 
the  upper  j&w,  on  the  rigbt  uud  lelt,  thtiy  have  twu  of  estreniu 
leogth,  witiich  ai-B  perfonttcd  with  a  Bmall  tube  in  the  interior, 

•*  The  mone  and  (he  tlugan;;  are  jnaUncrii  tu  tho  contrary, 

^^  Tbu  ftmilct  uf  ibc  tlcphunt,  iimri's  tlii)ci.'iii;.  clivt'riitiL,  and  munt.jnc 

tiavR  thtm,  and  tbiy  ue  equnJly  u  uacftil  ss  wilii  the  main,  only.  pcTlm'p», 

not  to  itron?. 

*  Thi«  i*  incoTTncl,  unlrit  hi;  mtTnly  nwaiM  niiig«l  in  one  continaou* 

line;  and  even  tUca  be  le  in  error. 

"  Sue  It.  JK,  c.  29.     This  u  colhd  the  pnrrot  liKh,  team  ihc  rcscmblnnce 

of  itii  npiter  anil  lowrT  jntvs  to  Ihu  boalc  of  n  pairut. 

^  Thej  prncQt  ihit  upjwaranco  fiam  biin^-  worn  iway  at  Ihc  aurfac^ 
**  Hon liclet  waul i!  venil  "  cula,"  the  thmiit.      This,  ilmugki  rrpmliiiW 

by  Hardaain,  is  approved  of  oy  Ciivipr,wh«juitlj' looks iijiun  ttu  oi'dinury 

reodlofUU  BHunlity.      Many  fish,  hu  says,  sad  mors  cfipcciiiliy  tUe 

(Mae»iu  on«a,  lian  tectri  ia  tht  litorj-nx. 


I 

1 


PLm  a  iTATraAL  HisroKT. 


[Book  XI. 


just  like  tho  sting  of  tho  flrorpton.  and  it  is  throngh  thrse  that 
they  eject  their  vMom.  The  writers  who  have  made  the  most 
diligent  eDnuirieB  on  the  Rubjert,  inform  ub  that  tliia  venom  is 
ugtliicig:  but  tha  goU  of  the  sorpent,  and  thut  it  is  cooveired 
to  the  mauth  by  certain  mns  which  tim  Lenejith  the  epiuu ; 
indeed,  there  are  Bome  who  state  that  there  is  ealy  one  poison- 
fang,  find  that  bting  barbed  at  the  end,  it  is  hent  backwards 
when  tlie  animal  has  iniiicted  a  tiit«.  Other  in-itt-rs,  however, 
uffirm  that  on  such  an  occasion  the  fang  falls  out,  as  it  is  very 
easily  displaced,  but  that  it  soon  growa"  again;  this  tooth, 
they  Ray,  is  thus  wasting  in  tho  serpents  -n-hich  we  see 
haiidlod  about  hy  persons.**  It  i&  nlao  stated  that  this  fang 
exiBts  in  the  tail  of  the  ewrpion,  and  tlmt  moat  of  these  anirouJa 
have  no  less  than  ttroe.  The  teeth  of  the  viper  are  conecakd 
in  the  gums  :  the  animal,  heing  provided  with  a  similur  venom, 
exercises  the  pressure  of  Its  fangs  for  tho  purpose  of  inatiUiug 
the  poison  in  its  bite. 

No  wingt'd  creaturea  have  teeth,  with  the  sole  exception  of 
the  bat.  The  camel  is  the  only  one  araong  the  animals  with- 
out homs,  that  has  no  fore-tedh  "  in  the  upper  jaw.  None  of 
tlie  homed  animals  hare  aerrated"'  tueth.  Snails,  too,  havo 
teeth  ;  a  proof  of  wliieh  are  the  vetfhcs  which  we  find  gnawed 
away  by  snaile  of  the  very  smallest  size.  To  assert  that  among 
marine  animalB,  those  that  havG  shoUs,  and  those  that  are 
cartilaginoiiB  have  fore-teeth,  aad  that  the  Beit-urchin  has  five 
teeth,  I  am  very  mccL  surprised  how  Buch  a  uotion  could  have 
possibly^  arisen.  With  inaects  this  Bting  supplies  the  phu;«of 
teeth ;  tha  ape  bos  tcctb  just  liko  those  in  man.^    The  elephant 

•*  There  in  slwars  one  fang,  &t  least,  readj  to  eiipply  the  place  of  the  or» 
ia  (rout,  if  Igst  bv  nny  ucfidunt. 

*'■  Like  tliG  jiitr^I-uni  of  tbu  £.1^1  nt  llic  pi«>«ciit  day.  But  it  is  very 
dnubtfi)]  iTh<;thLT  iht  pi>i«nii  fuii^  is  in  ail  iastanccs  proviaiLjIy  ^stnictca 
frum  llie  sci-pents  nliicli  thty  handle. 

■'i  llut  Ihp  c;imi:l,  us  wtll  ni  llie  lama,  liae  an  incisivo  \yone,  proTidpd 
witli  an  iDLiBivfi  toutli  oneanb  iicio,  uuil  has  (^nniuQ  and  Tnnlur  tiKilli  as  wdl. 

^  If  by  till*  \iitai  lie  miiuns  ttutb  Eeiiufuttd  from  each  Dttiui',  tbe  os&dt- 
tion  i«  iritonrert.  ae  in  tliMc  animnls  wo  itud  iLo  molars  soparatod  fnom  tlie 
lower  intieivr*  by  n  very  eoBaidi-iiiljlii  S[wio«. 

»  Cuviiir  says,  a«  far  as  llio  atiii-urcUiii  i»  concoraed,  verjiiniply,  and 
memly  ly  lookiug  at  it,  us  its.  Sro  toetb  aru  very  upparent. 

'"  The  ineiBi-m  un;  in  nuinbtir,  [uid  vury  many  Ju  appeamnoe,  like  thoeo 
nf  maa.  The  canines  aro  dilfoTont  in  slmpe,  tuoiigli  similur  in  nombistf 
Wliat  be  uy^  about  tbe  (Ji^pliuuc,  iu  puouliar  to  tbu  of  India.  , 


Chap.  63.] 


TUB  TEETH. 


89 


I 


I 


I 


has  in  tbe  interior  of  Uie  moutli  fourtittn  teoth,  aduptwl  fnr 
chAving,  in  addition  to  thom  which  protrufie;  in  the  male 
tL««e  are  curved  inwards,  but  in  the  fomale  they  are  rtraight, 
and  project  outwards.  The  aca-tnousc,^  a  fish  which  goes  b*- 
fora  tho  buheaa,  hiis  no  k-(-th  at  nil,  but  in  plnre  of  ttiem,  thn 
interior  of  the  inoiith  is  lined  with  )>riHtl(i»,  hh  well  as  tlic  tou^uii 
and  piOat^'.  Among  the  Bnialliir  laiid  quudrujiuds,  thu  two 
Ane-tecLh  ia  each  jaw  tiru  Uw  longest. 

CHAP.  GS. ^WOKPEEFCL  CDlCCUKTAJtOKS  COKNECTIO)  WITH    TBE 

TK£IU. 

The  other  aaimalB  ere  bom  wilh^'  teeth,  whereM  man  1ms 
tli«m  only  at  the  eert^nth"  mouLh  nttvr  his  biith.  While 
other**  auimals  kvep  their  Iwtth  to  the  lima  of  their  death, 
man,  the  lion,  the  heimta  of  burden,  the  dog,  and  the  rumi- 
nating animiils,  nil  change  them ;  the  lion  and  lh.o  dog,  how- 
eTcr,  change  none**  but  the  eanine  twth.  The  canine  tooth  of 
the  irolf,  on  the  right  Bide,  is  held  in  high  estct-m  oa  an  amulet.*' 
There  is  no  animal  that  changes  the  maxillary  teuth,  which, 
fftand  beyond  ttie  canino  tt^eth.  With  man,  the  lost  teeth, 
whieh  are  known  as  the  "  f^enuiTii,"  or  cbeck  teeth,"  como 
about  the  twentlL'tk  year,  and  wiiii  many  men,  and  femolee  aa 
well,  8o  lute  even  as  the  eightletli ;  hut  this  only  iu  tlio  ease 
of  thoBO  who  have  not  had  them  in  their  youth.  It  is  a 
wcU-kaowB  fact,  that  the  teetli  are  soratlimes  shed  in  old  age, 
and  replaced  by  others.  Muciunns  hau  st«ted  that  he,  hiiiis<H', 
nsw  oneZoclcs,  a  native  of  Samolhrace,  who  had  a  new  set  of 
teeth  when  he  was  past  his  one  hundred  and  fourth  year.  In 
addition  to  these  faetit,  in  man  males  have  more  teeth  than 
females,"  whieh  is  the  cose  eIbo  in  sht^^p,  goats,  and  Bwine. 

w  S«g  B.  ix.  c.  88. 

*■  Very  few  other  animulB  are  bom  with  teetb.  In  thett  nalnral  state. 
Ape*,  doj^  and  cats  OJtn  not  horn  ■with  Irrth, 

"  Frtim  lh^^  fourth  to  Itio  cighlU  month  in  reality,  durinjt  whith  tW 
four  central  iuoisora  appeiu-. 

^  The  only  onot  tliat  Ui>  aol  abanga  are  Ihoie  wliich  tmva  Ihnie  teolan 
on  neb  nde  of  the  jaw. 

^  Tbis  is  errnnoiiuk:  lb«y  chnago  the  Incifton  snd  molars  u  voU. 

»  See  B.  uriii.  c,  78. 

•"  Hv  us  known  »*  tlio  "  wimiom ''  tuelli, 

■*  Tliii  U  Lot  liie  fact :  tliey  haie  usunlly  tho  <nmo  nnmbcr.  hut  thers 
an  exceptione  on  botli  aiilua.    Jixv  lumc  U  uUo  iliu  ulim  witli  ibodp,  gauU, 


L 


w  SLtm  a  SJL.TVUXL  meroiir.  [Dorik  xi. 

Timarchus,  tht  son  ol'KicocIea  the  Pnpliian,  liini  a.  doutili'** 
row  of  l<'ftli  in  his  jaws  :  the  sctmc  person  had  a  brother  also 
who  iioTCT  chnngod  his  front  teeth,  and,  consiquentJy,  wore 
thpm  to  the  very  RtiimpR.  Thejv  is  on  instnTioe,  also,  of  a  man 
huviiig  a  tooth  gi-owiug  in  iho  palate.'"  The  cimine  teeth," 
when  lost  by  uuy  (leeitlnit,  ai"u  never  known  to  «omo  agoJu. 
"While  in  all  other  animaJa  the  teeth  grow  of  e.  tawny  colour 
with  old  Bgi?,  with  the  hurse,  and  him  oaly,  they  become  whitor 
the  older  he  grows. 

OHAP.   64. HOW   AN   ESTIMATE   IS   PORMBD  Of   THE   ASK 

OP    ANIMALS    FROM    THEIB    TEETH. 

Tho  ago,  in  beaBts  of  burden,"  is  imiirataJ  hy  the  teeth.  In 
the  horso  thtT"  are  forty  in  number.  At  thirty  mouths  it 
losea  the  two  fore-t«eth  in  either  jaw,  and  in  the  following  yenr 
the  Bamo  number  next  to  theni,  at  the  timt  that  the  eye-teeth" 
come.  At  the  beginning  of  the  fifl-h  yenr  tho  animal  Iohpb  two 
teeth,  which  grow  again  in  the  sixth,  and  in  the  seventh  it  hae 
all  its  tcoth,  those  which  have  replaced  tlie  others,  uud  thuw; 
■which  have  never  boon  changed.  If  a  hoi'M  is  golded**  before 
it  chsngeB  its  teeth,  it  never  ehcds  (hum.  Ib  il  eimilar  manner, 
jilflo,  tho  ass  I0808  four  of  its  teeth  in  the  thirtieth  month,  and 
the  others  &0D1.  six  months  to  six  uiouths,  If  a  Bhe-aag  huii- 
pens  not  to  have  Ibalt-d  hefore  tlie  last  of  thtine  tt-eth  ore  shed, 
it  is  BUre  to  be  barreii."  Oxen  change  Ihieir  teeth  at  two  years 
old;  with  swine  they  nre  nuver  ch&Egod, **  When  thesw 
several  incjicationa  of  age  have  been  lost  in  horses  and  othir 
heasts  of  burden,  tho  nge  is  nsccrtained  by  the  projecting  of 
the  teeth,  the  greyness  of  the  hair  in  tlie  L>y«hrowa,  and  the 
hollow  pits  that  form  around  them  j  at  this  period  the  animal 
issuppoBed  to  be  about  eixtuGu"  years  old.    In  the  human 

"  TliiB  il  not  Tfefj  uTiiiommon. 

*■  Not  at  all  tin  Qiicommon  otcurreniie. 

*"  0/  the  swoiiil  Bul. 

*'  It  is  only  in  ihn  hane  anJ  the  tas  thnt  tlicsv  jjiiiicati«[iG  van  he  re- 
lied upon.  *3  ColumdlarGe. 

**  lliiB  Iloi  no  such  effMt. 

*•  Tlie  fontmry  i«  the  cmb  :  it  will  h«  more  prolific, 

*^  Knine  vlmni^e  thrm  jtint  i}ia  niiim-  as  otbcir  BnimsU, 

**  By  Dcrtain  appeniancM  in  ttio  iiivi^urs,  the  ag;e  of  a  Lorae  up  to  Its 
twffnty-lburtlj  yi-ur,  or  uvcn  lityoml,  may  be  juJyed  of;  the  othM  si^'us 
caanQt  be  eo  poaiiively  Tclicd  upon. 


Chap.GR.} 


THB  10KQVZ. 


61 


» 


teeth  tlicre  is  a  certain  vpiiom ;  fur  if  tlif y  are  plA(^  nncorcn^l 
Wore  a  jnirror,  thtr  will  tarnish  its  hriglitiit-sfl,  acrf  thry  will 
kill  young  pigeons  while  yot  untlHlged.  The  other  parti- 
(iiilant  relative  ta  the  teeth  Irnvn  bfcn  already*'  mt^Dtiim^d 
UDiIer  th«  head  of  tho  generation  of  majj.  When  terlhing 
first  commeiiL'cs,  the  bodies  of  iufunts  urt'  tttibject  \o  certain 
nsladies.  Those  animals  which  have  serrated  tec-th  rn^ut  thv 
most  dangerous  bites." 

CnXT.     (J5.— THE     TOKOtfB;     AiaMAT,9     -VTHrcn     HATl     WO 
TOXCUe.      TB8   KOISE   MADE   BY   FB009.       THB   PALATE. 

llio  t«Dgu«  i*  not  Mmiliuly  fonned  in  uU  uiimils.  Ser* 
pents  have  a  very  thin  tongue,  and  Lhtet-fQrktJ,"  wliit^h  they 
vibrate  to  ond  fro:  it  is  of  a  hltick  colour,  and  wliLn  drawn 
from  out  of  the  itiouth,  of  catraortliiinry  length,  Tho  tongue 
of  the  lizard  ia  two-fotkod,  imd  covered  ivith  hair.**  That  of 
the  sea-calf  also  is  twofultl,*'  but  with  the  HirnriitJ!  it  is  of  thu 
thtnnccB  of  a  hair :  tho  other  auiainla  euiplo)'  it  tu  tick  the 
parts  around  the  month.  Fishes  hare  aearly  the  whole  of  the 
tongue  ndlieriag  to  llie  palate,  white  iu  the  crot-oditt-  the  whole 
of  it  does  udhure  tiicn-lo  :  but  in  the  aijuutic  Euiimuls  ihc  iiuhitv, 
which  ii  llLiihy,  perfunus  the  duty  of  the  tocgne  as  the  organ 
of  taat«.  In  lione,  panh;,  and  all  the  auiraEds  of  that  elan, 
and  in  cata  as  well,  thu  biiij^ue  is  e<«'eri'd  with  ui'jjfri ties,'^ 
which  overlap  each  other,  and  hear  a  strong  re*onibiatie<>  to  a 
r;tsp.  Snch  being  its  formation,  if  the  animnl  licks  a  man'a  "ikin, 
it  will  wror  it  uwfiy  by  making  it  thinner  and  thinner;  for 
which  reason  it  in  that  thu  saliva  of  even  a  perfectly  tnmo 
untmid,  being  thusintrt'duced  to  tho  close  viirimty  of  ihii  blood, 
iR  apt  to  briiig  oa  mudnesa.  Of  thu  tunguo  of  Uio  purple  wo 
havo  made  mention"  alrcBdy.  With  the  frog  the  end  of  tho 
touguc  udheren  to  the  month,  while  the  inner  part  ia  di*iJotned 
from  (he  sides  of  the  gidlet ;  nnil  it  is  by  this  meaun  that  the 
males  give  uttwaucw  to  their  croaking,  nt  ttie  i*eti*ju  si  n-hleh 

*'  B.  riii.  0.  15. 

"  "Smv]Miniiidcntiliiiii,"iiMii«  to  be  ■  pryfiTiiMc  rending  to  "  ssviMima 
ilmtiiinl.'  ••  Only  two-forlte<l  in  nulity. 

•*  II  i*  not  covered  with  liiiir. 

*'  It  U  wl  hi  I'll  run  lit. 

*"  Th«c  arc  Iway.  tcinioiil  pHpi!I».  tho  wiminits  of  wliioh  point  boek- 
iijrd*.  "  SiB  B.  ix.  c.  60. 


PLIKT  a,   irAIDKAL   DI8T0IIY. 


[Book  XT. 


they  ar*  known  as  ololygones."  This  liapp(.iis  at  sbitcd  periods 
of  thb  year,  at  which  the  mnlps  invito  the  females  for  the 
purposes  of  propagation :  letting  down  the  lower  lip  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  ihey  roceive  b  email  portion  of  it  in  the 
mouth,  and  then,  by  quuvering  with  the  l.oBgue,  make  a  gur- 
gling noifliij  from  which  tho  eroaloDg  is  proilaced  which  wa 
hear.  In  making  this  uoise,  the  folds  of  tfife  mouth.  Let.'yiniiig 
distended,  are  quite  transparent,  and  the  eyes  start  from  tbo 
h«ad  sad  burn  again  with  the  clfott.  Tiiose  insects  which 
have  a  Bting  in  tho  lower  part  of  the  body,  have  toeth,  and  u 
tongue  as  well ;  with  bt^cs  it  is  of  coneiderable  length,  and  in 
the  grasshopper  it  is  very  proTDinent,  Those  insects  which  have 
a  fistulous  ating  in  the  mouth,  hiive  neither  tongne  nor  teeth ; 
while  others,  agiun,  have  a  tongue  in  the  interior  of  the  month, 
the  ant,  for  instance.  Tn  the  elephant  tho  tonyno  ia  remark- 
ably broad ;  and  while  with  all  other  animals,  each  according 
to  its  kind,  it  ia  always  perfectly  at  libertyf  with  man,  anrl 
him  alone,  it  ia  often  found  so  strongly  tied  down  by  cortain, 
vtiins,  that  it  becomes  necessary  to  cut  them.  "Wo  find  it 
stilted  that  tho  pontifi'  Melellua  had  a  tongue  eo  iU  adapted  for 
articulation,  that  he  in  generally  supposed  to  have  voluntarily 
submitted  to  torture  for  many  months,  while  preparing  to 
pronounce  the  speech  which  be  was  afiout  to  moke  on  the  de- 
dication of  the  temple  of  Opifera."  In  moat  persona  the 
tongue  is  able  to  articulate  with  distinetncw  at  about  the 
seventh  year ;  and  many  know  how  to  employ  it  with  such  re- 
markitble  skill,  as  to  be  aljle  to  imitate  the  voices  "■f  variotis 
hirda  and  other  animals  with  the  greatest  exactnosa.  The  oLbto" 
aoimals  have  the  eenae  of  taste  centred  in  the  fore-part  of  tliu 
tongue  ;  but  in  man  it  is  situate  in  the  palate  as  well. 


CBAP.  66. THE  TOMeiLS  ;    THF  ITYA  ;    THK    EPIOIXtSSlS  J    THE 

ABTEKT  ;    THE  IrCLl.KT. 

In  man  there  arc  tonsils  at  the  root  of  the  tongue  ;  the;^  in 
gwine  are  called  the  gtandulea.  Tho  uvnla,'*  which  is  suspended 
.between  them  at  the  extremity  of  the  palate,  in  found  only 
in  mun.     Beneath  this  Hea  a  amnUer  tongiie,  known  by  tho 

M  "Criera." 

"*  Ono  oT  the  titles  of  tLe  godJs^s  Fortuna. 

"  "Uva,"  or  "gwipitf." 


Chap.  67.] 


THB  SKCK. 


ss 


I 
I 


name  of  "  epiglosai^,""  bnl  it  in  wanling  in  animnld  thnt  trs 
Qviparou*.  Flw^od  as  it  is  between  two  posKifcs,  the  ftillctiaB» 
of  tJie  epiglottis  arc  of  a  twofold  nature.  The  one  of  thece 
pAseagefl  &at  Iio«  more  inward  is  mlled  the  [Incheul]  artery, 
and  loads  to  the  liingx  and  tlio  ^i^urt :  tltu  epiglottis  covers  it 
during  the  action  afouliiig,  that  the  rlriuk  or  food  may  not  go 
tlie  wrong  way.  and  so  be  productive  of  BuQiTing,  as  it  is  by 
this  passage  tJiat  the  breath  uud  tlii-  ri>)<:e  arc  toDveyed.  I'bo 
other  or  ejtlerior  passuRu  is  called  the  "guk,"*  and  it  ia  by 
this  puss«go  tli»t  Um  victuals  and  drinlc  pass :  thii  Uuds  to  the 
btJly,  while  the  former  one  commiinicates  with  the  cheat.** 
The  epiglottis  coTCis  tho  pharynx,  in  its  turn,  m-hen  only  the 
breath  or  the  voioe  is  pamng,  in  order  that  the  victuals  may 
not  inopportunely  puntf  upwardfl,  and  vo  disturb  tlie  brtathing 
or  artiiiuliilion.  TIld  tnuhi:^  aitery  is  compoftcd  of  cartilage 
and  fle^h,  while  the  gullet  ia  Xormed  of  a  einvwy  subetanoo 
united  with  ilcsh. 

coAP.  67. — rni  jncs  ;  tkb  TnitoAT;  thr  doibat,  spiti. 

The  neck  is  found  to  exiiit  in  no  animal  but  tliose  which 
have  both  these  paaaages.  AU  tho  others  which  ha^'e  the 
gullet  only,  have  nothiug  hut  a  gi)rge  or  throiit.  In  thosQ 
which  have  n  UDck,  it.  is  formed  of  sereral  ronndrd  rertebne, 
and  is  flexible,  and  jointed  together  by  riislinet  articulations,  to 
allow  of  the  animal  turning  round  the  head  to  look.  The 
lion,  the  wolf,  and  Ihc  hyicna  are  the  only  uuimuls  in  which 
it  ia  formod  of  a  single'"  iigid  bone.  The  ncek  is  anui:xed  to 
the  Kptuu,  aud  tho  ^pice  to  the  loins,  The  vertebral  column 
ia  ol  a  bony  ffubHlance,  but  rounded,  und  pierced  within, 
to  afford  a  pitsHitge  for  Ibe  ttjarrow  to  dos^end  from  the  brain. 
It  ia  gemndly  conclndi^d  that  the  marrow  is  of  the  same  nature 
a9  the  brain,  from  the  fact  that  if  the  mtnihrano  of  exceeding 
thinness  which  corere  it  \»  pierced,  death  irruiit-diaUdy  tnsacB." 
Those  animalj  which  have  long  legs  have  a  long  throat  aswcU, 

■*  More  geperally  "  cpiglotlU^"    It  u  tavni  iniomo  kw  niptOct.    This 

**  OuUet,  or  pluuynx. 
**  StomacbaB. 

"•  Alt  thfsc  animali,  on  llie  cotitrarj",  liave  6€»«n  veiitbrte. 
*'  Thia  ia  not  thr  fiict.      Tho  apiaal  nisurow,  croti,  amy  bo  irouuiJeil, 
without  imih  bcinK  li>ti  iniuicdmte  nsulL 


I 


94 


PLINi;  B  SATDQAL  HISTOUT. 


[Boftk  xr. 


which  19  the  cnsc  nl^o  witli  aquatic  birds,  althoiigli  they  liave 
shorb  legs,  as  well  as  with  those  which  have  hooked  taluns, 

caAP.  68. — tEKiaaoAT;  TnnroiiBr;  thb  stomach. 

Mhu  ouly,  and  Hic  swine,  aro  subjoct  to  swellings  in  thu 
tUroat,  whicli  aie  mostly  cuuaud  by  the  noxious  quality  of  the 
watei'^  which  they  diiiilt.  The  upper  part  of  the  gullet  is  called 
the  fauces,  the  lower  tht  stomach.'*  By  this  nam.c.  is  ondunitood 
a  fleshy  coacuvity,  situate  boliiad  the  traehi'ul  artery,  aad  join- 
icg  tlie  vertebral  oolauiii;  it  extends  in  length  nud  breadth 
liku  B.  sort  of  clitiBin."'  Tboao  animals  which  have  no  gullet 
HiTO  no  stomiich  eittier,  nor  yet  iiny  neck  or  throat,  fishes,  for 
^erample ;  and  in  all  thuse  the  month  communicatea  immedi- 
ately with  the  belly.  The  sea-tor Loiao**  lias  neither  tongue 
uor  teeth  ;  it  can  hmak  anything,  howevtr,  with  the  shurp 
edge  of  it«  niuitzle.  Alter  the  tracheal  artery  there  is  the 
cBBophagnia,  wbioh  is  indented  with  hard  aaperitiDs  reBsmbiing 
bramble- tbuniB,  for  the  purpoBB  of  luvigating:  the  food,  the  in- 
cisious^gmduaUy  becoming  Bnialler  as  they  approach  the  belly. 
The  roughness  at  the  very  extremity  of  this  organ  atrongly  re- 
flomblcs  that  of  a  blaclcsmith'g  filu 

CHAP.  6tf. — THE  HEiBT;    THE  BLOOD;    TOK  VITAL  3PIBIT. 

In  all  other  animals  but  man  the  heart  U  situate  ia  the 
middle  of  tiie  hroast;  in  man  alotie  it  is  placnd  Just  below 
the  pup  on  this  left-hiiiid  Ritie,  the  smaller  end  tenniiinting  in 
tt  point,  uud  bearing  ouUvard.  It  ia  among  the  fiah  only  that 
thia  puint  is  turned  towarda  tlie  mouth.  It  is  aaaerted  thftt 
t>ie  heart  ie  the  tir&t  among  the  visytini  that  ia  formed  in  the 
fcetiut,  then  Iha  br,*in,  and  la!?tof  all,  theeyea:  it  ifl  said,  two, 
that  the  eyps  are  th«  first  orgiina  that  Jie,  and  tbe  hpBii;  the 
Tcry  last  of  all.  The  hiiart  nlso  is  tlie  pfimcipal  seat  of  the  heat 
of  the  body ;  it  is  constantly  puJpitatiug,  and  movi.-8  as  though 
it  were  one  animal  inclosed  within  another.     It  is  ahso  enve- 

•■'  Suow-wflter,  we  Itniiw,  is  apt  to  proiliioo  goitre, 

«  "Stomii-jhuK,"    Mots  prgporly,  iIm  oeaophaguf,  w  i-eatriclo. 

^  Or  turilo.  It  has  a  trni^ufs  and  thoiiBh  it  haa  to  teetli,  the  jaws  an 
pilgod  witli  a  torny  siilistancL-  likt-  ibc  Ijilh  of  iHirds. 

*"  "  Cronis"  i»  read  for  "iitub:"  othti-rwise  thepaesBgoUnnintoUigibla: 
it  i«  Rtill  miist  probiLbly  in  a  Qoi'rupt  atato. 


I 
I 


I 
I 


Ctttp.  ra.]  ASrUALB   1VIIICH   RATB  TWO   HEARTS. 

loped  ia  a  membnuio  oquuUy  supple  uid  Etrung,  and  b  pro- 
teoted  hy  the  bulwarks  fonned  oy  thv  hb«  luiil  tito  booc  of 
the  breast,  as  Wing  the  primarr  souroe  and  ori^n  of  life.  It 
contains  within  itwif  the  pnmtiTj  rt«(ipturle»  for  the  spirit  and 
the  blood,  in  il«  Rinnoni«  cavity,  which  in  the  l.ii^-r  utimnls  in 
threefold,"  and  in  all  twofold  at  least :  hrre  it  is  that  the 
mind"  hns  its  ahodc.  From  this  source  proceed  two  \axge. 
vans,  which  bmnch  into  the  fore-port  and  thobnck  of  the  body, 
and  which,  npreading  out  in  a  sorim  of  hranchi^ft,  convc^y  the 
vital  Wood  by  olh^iT  flinulk-r  vv'ua  over  all  parlB  of  lhL>  Imdy. 
This  is  tbo  only  one*'  aiuong  the  vi^cra  that  ie  not  alfcctcd  by 
maladies,  Dor  is  it  Hubjcct  to  the  ordinary  penalties  of  butnan 
life;  but  when  injured,  it  produws  instuut  death.  While  all 
thi'  other  vlwum  om  injured,  vitality  muy  bUU  rumain  in  tiie 
heart. 

CHU>.  70. — TROflR  AiriUiLB  WHtCH  HATS  TUB  LABaEn  VftkltT, 
A5D  TQOSE  WHICU  QAVE  TUK  bUALLEST.  WOAT  AHIMAU  DJkTK 
TWO  U£AH'RI. 

Thoeo  aoimnhi  »re  look^l  upon  as  stupid  and  laropiah  which 
have  a  hard,  rifpd  heart,  while  tlio^  in  which  it  is  Birndl  arn 
QOongcoUK,  and  those  ar^  timid  which  have  it  very  lar;;e. 
The  heart  is  the  largvsl,  in  proportion  to  the  body,  in  tho 
moose,  the  hitre,  the  am,  the  stag,  the  panther,  tho  weaiKil,  tlie 
hyseoR,  and  all  thi;  animals,  in  fnct,  which  arc  timid,  or  dan- 
gerons  only  from  the  effects  of  ft'or.  In  I'ftphlngouia  the  par- 
tridco  hsu  a  double  heart.  In  thi?  honrt  of  the  horse  Mid  the 
ox  there  are  boncH  sometimes  foiiuil.  It  is  suid  thut  the  heart 
inorcaiies  every  year  in  miiu,  and  that  two  draclmiBe  in  weight 
are  added™  ytmly  up  to  the  fiftieth  year,  aAer  which  jjcriod 
it  decreases  yearly  in  a  similar  ratio ;  and  that  it  is  for  thie 
reason  that  niPn  do  not  live  beyond  thvir  hundredlh  year,  the 
heart  then  fuiliiiK  tht-m  :  iJii*  is  the  nolion  entertium-d  by  tho 
E^yptiantf,  whose  cuKlum  it  ia  to  embalm  the  bodies  of  the 


"  Among  all  the  manuuifene  nrnl  the  birila,,  the  hnort  htA  four  onndBi, 
two  on  e4iih  «id€.  *"  Mtns. 

**  Thi*  is  ft  mistake.    The  tictrt  is  anbjcct  Co  ctiBcoM,  equally  with  other 

Iportt  of  the  huAjt 
'<'  In  «pit<i  Qt  what  Scbrnkiiu  tay  ia  conSnnttioi]  of  Pliny,  this  i« 
Tcry  iIoabtfiiL     Of  ouiirie  it  must  intrdnsr  from  childhood,  bui  (he  in- 
crciue  sart]y  doct  nut  voulinuu  UU  the  dTUvih  year, 
TOL.  lU.  F 


86  ILIST'h   IfATDBAl   niSTOBT.  [Buck  XI 

deR<l,  fiiiid  30  pr^etMrve  thom.  It  iii  said  that  men  have  been 
born  with  tho  heart  covered  with  hair,  and  that  such  persona 
arc  ipxceUed  hy  uoue  in  valour  and  t:ncrgy ;  euoh,  for  inetonce, 
as  Amtoraenes,*'^  the  MtiBBeniiui,  who  elew  three  hiindred 
LfloefliEtnonians.  Being  covered  with  woiiads,  oad  tak-eo  pri- 
soner, he,  oa  one  ocuosion,  coadti  his  escupo  by  u  nanow  hole 
which  he  diawvered'-  iu  the  stone  quarry  where  he  was  im- 
priewned,  while  in  pureuit  of  a  fox  which  had  found  Uidt 
mode  of  exit.  Being  again  talten  prLsuner,  wliile  his  guards 
M'c-ro  fast  asleep  hfl  rolled  himaelt'  towards  a  fire  close  by,  and, 
at  the  expense  of  hia  hody,  humt  olF  the  cords  by  which  he 
was  bonn^.  On  bein^  t-aten  n  third  time,  the  t-acediemonJanB 
opened  his  breast  whito  ho  woa  sdll  bUtii,  and  his  Ibeurt  was 
found  covtrrcd  witli  hair. 

DSilP.  71-^WHEN  TWF.  CUSTOM  WAS  FIESrc   ADOPITD  OF  EXAMUTOra 
THE  UE,111T  IS  THE  INSPECXrON-  OK  IBF.  KSTJUII.S. 

On  an  examination  of  the  entrails,  to  find  a  certain  fatty 
part  on  the  top  of  the  heart,  is  looked  upon  as  a  fortunate 
prcsflge.  Still,  bowc-vtr  the  heart  has  not  always  been  con- 
sidored  as  forming  a  part  of  tho  entrails  for  this  purpose.  It 
was  under  Lucius  Po9lumiii3  Alhiaus,  the  King  of  the  Saori- 
fices,"  and  alter  the  12fiUi  Olympiad,  when  King  Pyrrhua  had 
quitted  Italy,  ihiLt  the  aruspicen  begun  to  examine  the  heart, 
as  part  of  the  consecrated  entrails.  Tho  fii-ei  day  tliat  tho 
DiLctalor  Ciesai'  appeared  in  public,  d&thed  in  purple,  and  tit- 
ting  on  a  seat  of  gohl,  the  heart  was  twice  fuuBd  waiting'* 
when  he  sacrificed.  hVom  this  circumstance  has  risen  a  great 
qnestion  among  tliosc  wbb  discuss  matters  connected  witli 
divination — whether  it  was  possible  for  the  victim  to  have 
lived  without  that  or»an,  or  whether  it  had  lost  it  at  the  very 
moment**  of  its  deatb.     It  is  asserted  that  the  heart  cannot  ho 

"  Snn  nn  nonount  nf  hira  in  the  'McsacniMa  of  Piiiisnitifl!, 

"  In  tills  part  of  tliB  itury  maj'  barn  oritriiuiU-d  tluit  of  the  eennne  of 
Sinilhnil  tlin  Smlur,  vriiEii  buried  m  thv  vault  witli  tliu  body  of  liis  wife. — ' 
gte  the  •■  Aiabiaa  Ntphts  " 

•^  •'  Rai  Suptoruni. '  This  was  a  priest  elcctctl  from  tho  riatrioians,  on 
whfitn  tlitt  priestly  duties  dcvolvoHl,  which  had  been  oriKinuily  pFrfnrmcil 
Ijv  the  kings  of  Rnmc.  He  rnjikL-d  ntinva  the  Poatifei  MiwiniLW,  but  win 
pLiiwoiKed  uf  little  oi-  no  poliliuni  iiiil  lie  rice, 

1'  Ni>  doiiM  Xhutii  wics  triektry  ia  iLis, 

It  By  Eupcimiituul  a^acy. 


»  burnt  of  those  pe^rfous  who  die  nf  the  eardiac  disease ;  and  the 
saam  is  Hoitl  of  Lboso  who  tlic  by  poisou.  At  all  cvuou,  therp 
U  still  ill  exLst«;nco  au  omtioa  ptoDouuced  by  Vitellius,'*'  in 
which  ho  accuser  PisQ  of  this  crime,  atid  employs  this  alleged 
fact  as  one  of  hie  proofs,  openlf  sflNvrtiii^  that  llie  heart  of 
UenauiicuB  Ceesur  could  not  bo  burnt  at  the  f'tmcntl  pilv,  in 
eoasequoni2«  of  his  having  been  poiHoned.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  pecnliar  nature^  of  the  dise-aao  under  ■which  Gcnnanicus 
was  labouring,  was  alleged  in  Piao's  defence. 

CHIT.  72. — ntE  LPKns:  m  tthat  AinuAia  tbkt  aks  thb  lih- 

GE8T,  ASD  IS  WHAT  TBE  SMALLEST.  AKIMALS  WHICH  HAVE 
KOTHISQ  BUT  LUHOS  IK  TliE  IfiTEEIOR  llF  lUK  BODV.  CACBBII 
WOICH    niODUCS   EXTKAORUmAUy   BWIFIKESS   IV   AHIMALB. 

Beneath  the  heart  ore  the  lungs,  the  laboratory  in  which 
the  respiration  is  prepared.  The  use-  of  those,  is  to  draw  in  the 
air  and  then  expel  it  j  fur  which  purpose  (heir  substaTu*  is  of 
a  fipoEgy  nature,  and  filled  with  cavcmoua  holcn.  Some  few 
anioDg  the  aijumao  animulR  hiivc  lung*,  its  wc  have  already 
stated ;  ''^  and  among  tbc-  rest  of  Uio^o  Aviiich  are  ovipuruuH,  thi^y 
are  small,  of  a  fuTigous  nature,  audconUiiniug  do  blood;  hencu 
it  is,  that  thenc  animaLft  do  not  expericiice  thiiBt.  It  is  forthB 
Bame  reason  also,  tbsit  fruga  and  s^ala  arc  able  to  remain  no 
loag  under  water.  The  tortoise,  tao,  although  it  has  Itmgs  of 
remarkable  size,  and  extending  throughout  the  whole  «f  the 
shell,  is  also  equally  deBtitute  of  blood.  The  smaller  the  luugB 
lire  in  proportion  to  the  bodj-,  the  greater  is  the  swiftness  of 
the  amnial.  It  ia  in  the  chamelct^n  thut  the  lungs  wre  the 
largest  in  proportion  to  the  body ;  in  which,  in  fiict,  it  has  no 
other  viscera  at  all." 

CBAP.  73. — THB  uvbr:  iu  what  abimals,  asd  is  what  TAar 

TBSUB  ABE  TWO  LIVEBS  PO'DKD. 

The  liver  is  on  the  right  side  :  in  thia  part  is  situate  what 
has  been  called  the  "head  of  the  entrails,"  and  it  ia  eubjoct 

^  This  wai  P.  VitclUtu,  who  ssrred  andor  GenninictiB  in  O^raieny. 
Hd  iru  oHA  of  the  aMUMra  of  Cn.  Ptso,  who  was  chntgcd  witli  Lurjug 
puiMiiml  (.icrmanicm. 

^  TUe  cardiac  diwiM.  u  allegn).  '"^  B,  ix.  c-  6. 

'"  Uui  Ko  il.  riii. «.  61,  u>d  B.  sxnii.  c.  29. 

B  2 


PLIUfr's   JTATDRAL   HISTOBT.  [Book  SI. 

to  cotisiderabk  rariations.  Xo  Urer'*  at  all  woa  found  in  a 
victim  wliieh  wns  aaerificed  by  M,  MarctllnB,  about  the  period 
■when  ho  whf.  killeil  in  buttle  agaioBt  Hanidhal ;  whilo  in  a 
victim  which  was  slain  on  tho  following  day,  it  douljle  livor 
was  found.  It  was  wuntiug,  also,  in  a  victim  eacriJiceci  by  C. 
Harius.  at  Utica,  and  in  one  which  was  offerod  by  the  Emperor 
Caiua"  upoa  the  calends  ol'  January,"'  on  the  occasion  of  hiR  en- 
tering the  year  of  the  consiilsbip  in  which  ho  wns  slain  :  the 
eame  thinfj  hitppeiieil,  also,  to  liis  successor,  Claudins,  in.  the 
month  in  which  he  was  cut  ofl'"^  by  poison.  When  the  lat* 
Emperor  Augitstua  was  aacriticing  at  Bpoletum,  upon  tho  first 
day  of  his  entering  on  tho  imperial  dignity,  in  aix  difFcrent 
victims  the  liver  was  found  rollud  over  within  itself,  from  tho 
vfij  lowcBt  lobe ;  and  tho  answer  that  was  given  by  t!ie  diviners 
waa  to  the  effect  tbut,  i»  the  course  of  thu  yi!nr,  he  would  gain 
a  tft'ofoM  flwuy.  It  is  of  evil  omen  to  find  an  ineiBion  in  the 
heaiiofthe  entraila,  except  oo.  occasiong  of  disquietude  o-iid 
ulurm;  foi  then  it  is  signilicaiit  of  cutting' all  etiree,  and  so 
jiiitting  ail  end  to  them.  The  Lart^s  that  are  found  in  tho 
vicinity  of  Briletam  ^^  and  Thame,  and  in  tho  Oheraonnesiw 
on  tho  Propontis,  have  a  double  liver;  but,  what  ia  vory 
singuliir,  if  they  are  removed  toimoUier  place,  they  will  lose 
one  of  them. 

CO  IP.  7-4. — TBEGALL;  WHERE  SITC^TK,  AXD  IN  WnAT  AKIUALS 
IT  18  DOUBLE.  ANIMALS  WniCIl  fTAVK  WO  CAIJ,  ASD  OTHBBS 
IN  WUICa  tT  18  NOT  SITDATB  IN  THE  LIVEB. 

In  the  liver  is  the  gftU,  which,  however,  doea  not  exist  in 
every  animal.  At  Chalcis,  in  Euhcea,  none  of  the  cattle  hnro 
it,  while  in  the  cattl-e  of  the  lele  of  Naxoa,  it  is  of  extrtioriii- 
nary  hIzo,  and  dcmblL",  bo  thiit  to  a  Btranger  either  of  theBe  ftuits 
would  appear  us  (^uod  ub  a  prodi^.  The  horec,  the  mule,  tbo 
a«,  the  stag,  the  roe-buck,  the  wjl-d  boar,  tiie  camel,  and  tho 
dolphin  havo  no  gall,  but  eome  kinds  of  rats  and  mice  have  it. 

"  Plutnrch  wirg  Ihnt  it  was  the  "cnput,"  oi  "hoad"  of  the  IiTei  that 
WM  wnntin^,  M.Muvellusnas  slain  wlulc  tvcotmoitriug  ilie  CartLa^nma 
camp  by  uigiit. 

"'  Cmlig^ulu.  *i*  lat  of  January. 

"  Uy  Ilia  mere  and  vlk;  Agrippina,  tlit  mcillifr  uf  Nero. 

*"  See  B.  IT.  c,  II.  TtiaMia  duos  nut  teeni  to  be  kaown.  0£  cout«, 
tbii  story  about  the  bari^H  u  IJibuluiJE, 


Cb^,  75.]  THE  FKUFKHTIRS  OF  THS   OU.t,  M 

Somo  few  men  are  without  it,  and  such  ptmWBB  enjoy  robust 
health  and  a  Ion;;  Ufe.  There  are  some  autliunt  wh'j  say  that 
tiie  gall  exists  in  llio  hone,  not  in  the  liver,  but  in  the  paunch, 
and  that  in.  the  stag  it  is  situato  either  in  tbe  tail  or  the 
intestines;  and  that  honce  it  is,  that  thow  jisrl^  arc  eo  bitter 
that  dogs  will  not  touch  thrm.  The  g.all,  in  fact,  is  nothing 
elsfl  but  the  worwl.  part*  of  the  blood  purged  off,  and  for  thi* 
reason  it  ia  Uial  it  is  bo  bitter:  at  all  cTcnte,  it  is  a  well-known 
£ict,  that  no  anim.il  has  a  lirnr  unless  it  has  blood  as  well. 
The  liver  rcReivcs  thu  hlooil  from  tho  heart,  to  which  ic  is 
united,  and  tlicn  dii^perses  it  in  Ihc  veins. 

CHAP.  75. — Tiri:  raorKitiiES  or  thb  oall. 

TVlien  the  gall  is  black,  it  is  productive  of  madneaa  In  man, 
and  if  it  is  wholly  expelled  death  will  onaue.  Hence  it  is,  too, 
that  tho  word  *■  bile"  ha«  been  eniijloyed  by  us  to  ehBracterize 
a  barah,  embittered  disposition;  bo  powerhil  ore  the  eiTects 
o£  this  secretion,  when  it  extends  its  iuEuenee  to  the  mind. 
In  addition  to  this,  when  it  is  dispt-rted  over  tho  wliole  of 
the  body,  it  dejirivra  the  eyes,  even,  of  their  natural  ci>lour: 
and  when  ejected,  will  tarnish  copper  vessels  even,  rendering 
everything  black  with  which  it  comes  in  contact ;  so  that  no 
on4  ouifht  to  he  surpriiN!d  that  it  is  the  gtill  which  conMitut'it 
tiie  venom  of  serpenta.  Those  onimuls  of  Pontu.i  which  fei-d 
on  wormwood  have  no  gall ;  in  the  raven,  the  quail,  and  the 

»  pheasant,  tho  ^l-bladder  is  united  to  tho  renal  parts,  and,  on 
one  side  only,  to  the  intestines.  In  many  animals,  again,  it 
is  united  only  to  the  tntesUnea,  the  pi^uon.  the  hawk,  and  the 
murena,  fur  example.  In  muus  few  birds  it  is  situate  in  tlie 
Ii\'or ;  but  it  is  in  serpents  and  fishes  that  it  is  the  lar|f;e«t  in 
proportion.  With  the  greaterpartof  birds,  it  extends  all  along 
throughout  the  intestines,  us  in  thu  hiiwk  and  the  kite-  Ju 
some  other  birdt,  also,  it  is  situnte  in  the  bri.-a«t  u.*  well :  the 
gall,  too,  of  the  sea<calf  ia  celebrated  for  its  application  to  tminy 
purpoaea.  From  the  gall  of  the  bull  a  colour  ia  cxlracicd  like 
that  of  gold.  The  anispieos  have  consccratt^  the  gall  to  Nep- 
tune and  the  influence  of  wat^r.  Tho  Emperor  Augnstus 
found  a  dotible  gall  in  a  victim  which  he  was  BOcrifieing  uu 
the  day  of  liis  victory  at  Actium. 


7» 


I^IKT'B  NATtTKAI.  HIBTOBT. 


[Book  XL 


OBAP.  76. — a  VHIT  ABUtlLS  XEB    UVEU   QtOEEASeS    &KD    BS- 

cuEASES  mnrm  the  Hooy.    OESEUTATioiia  or  the  juii;sricK» 

BELAXtrS  •SUSaXlO,  ilTD  KEMiPJtABLB  PKODTOIKB. 

It  is  Baid,  that  in  the  small  Hv«r  of  l.he  mousE  the  number 
of  lobes  corrf&pondB  to  the  day  of  the  ciooq,  and  that  tliey  are 
I'oimd  to  bo  just  as  maay  in  number  us  eke  is  iayis.  old ;  in 
addition  to  Trliicb,  it  is  said  that  Lt  increaeos  at  the  winter  eol- 
stice.  In  the  rabbits  of  Bffiticn,  the  liver  is  always  foand  to 
Lave  a  double  lobe.  Ante  will  not  touch  one  lobe  of  the  liver 
of  the  bramble-frog,  in  consequence  of  its  poisouous  nature,  it 
is  generally  thought.  The  liver  ia  remarkuble  for  its  powers 
of  prpservation,  and  siege*  have  afforded  us  remarkable  in- 
stances of  ita  being  kept  so  long  as  a  hiindred  y^ars.^ 

CHAP,  77.' — THE  DIAPHBASM.      THK   NATCKE  OF  LACflHTSn. 

The  entrails  of  serpents  and  lizardsare  of  remarkable  length. 
It  is  related  that^a  moat  fortunate  omen-^C?ecina  of  Volaterna 
beheld  two  dragotie  arising  from  the  entrails  of  the  victim; 
and  this  will  not  be  at  all  incredible,  if  we  are  ready  to  believe 
that  while  King  P)TTha9  wns  sacrificing,  tho  day  upon  which 
he  died,  the  heads  of  the  victiins,  on  being  out  oif,  crawled 
along  the  ground  and  licked  up  their  own  blood.  In  man,  the 
entrails  are  separated  frain  the  lower  part  of  the  viscera  by  a 
certain  membrane,  whiehis  called  the  *'  prEecordia,"  ^  becanw 
it  13  extended  in  front  of  the  heart ;  the  Greeks  have  given  it 
the  name  of  "  phrcnes."  All  the  principal  viacem  have  been 
eneloeicd  by  Natiue,  in  her  prudent  foresight,  in  their  own  pe- 
culiarmombranes,  jaathkBeoiaany  Bhoatha,  in  fact.  With  re- 
ference to  tho  diaphragm,  there  was  a  peculiar  reason  for  this 
wise  provision  of  Nature,  its  proximity  to  the  gate,  and  Uio 
ebauces  that  the  food  might  possibly  intercept  the  respiration. 
It  is  to  thia  organ  that  is  attributed  quipk  and  ready  wit,  and 
hence  it  ia  that  it  has  no  flushy  pnrta,  but  ia  compoged  of  tine 
sinews  and  membranes.  Tliis  part  ia  also  the  tihief  scat  of 
gaiety  of  mind,  a  faot  which  is  more  portieulnrty  proved  by 
the  titillation  of  tho  arm-holee,  to  which  the  midi'ifT  extends ; 

••  There  must  he  some  eomipt  reading  here ;  For,  as  Billig  remarks, 
ilw  PTer  hearj  of  a  aiefje  which  lanted  a  hundred  yearg  f 
**  Ordisiphraunj;  froni  "pne,"  "before,"  and  "ow,"  the' 


le  "  howt."  I 


Cl»p.  79.] 


THK   INTEaTIKES. 


.indeed,  in  no  part  of  the  body  h  t)ic  tkiii  mnrc  fine ;  for  this 
nannn  it  iB,  also,  that  wo  oxporicnce  euch  pocuUar  pleasure  in 
Bcratt^hing  the  parts  in  itBvivLiuty.  lienoj  it  is,  thntin  bnttlc* 
Had  gladiatoriul  cuiuliuU,  niaijy  pfii^oDS  litive  been  known  to 
be  pivrecil  Umtugli  Ihu  midnil',  and  tu  diu  iii  thu  ui;t  of 
laughiDg.*' 

CEAT.  78. — niB  DELir  :    AKtHAM  imtca   HATS  KO  BEUT. 
WmCH  ABK  TUB  OSLT  ASMAtS  TIUT  VOMIT. 

Tnthosofinimnlswbieb  have  aelflmdch,  below  tbo  diapbrngra 
the  belly  is  situate.  In  other  flnimali  it  is  mngle,  but  in 
those  whidh  ruminato  it  h  double;  in  thoHO,  nguin,  whiuli 
are  deBtitute  of  blood,  tburti  i»  uu  bflly,  fi^r  ibo  intcstinul 
eanol  commences  in  some  of  them  at  the  raouth,  and  returns  to 
that  part,  tis  is  the  caso  with  the  ea-pia  und  the  polypus.  In 
man  it  is  counoctcd  "w-ith  the  cxtreiuily  vi  the  Btoiuatli,  and 
the  namw  with  the  di>g.  These  are  the  only  crpaturea  that 
have  the  belly  more  narrow  at  tho  lower  part;  honc^  it  is, 
too,  that  they  arc  the  only  ones  thai  vomit,  for  on  the  hcUy 
being  fillod,  the  narrowTicBs  at  its  extremitv  prtcludM  the  food 
^rom  passing  ;  a  thing  that  cannot  possibly  be  the  case  with 
the  animals  in  which  the  belly  is  more  capacioos  at  the  ex- 
Ucmity,  and  so  leaves  a  free  passage  for  the  food  to  the  lower 
parte  of  the  body. 

CBAP.  79. HIE  SMALL  OTTTS,  THE  FRUKT   DTraSTIUM,  THE   AKPS, 

IQIi  DOLOK.      THK  CAtTSKS  OF  TOS  l^CklllATK  TOKACITI  OF   CKtt- 
TAIS  ASIMAI^. 

After  the  belly  we  find  in  man  and  the  sbetip  the  "  laotce,"" 
tho  plact)  uf  which  in  uthcr  animal!)  i»  uuuupiud  by  the 
"hilhe:'"*  it  is  through  iLeeu  oiguns  that  the  food  passts. 
We  then  find  the  largur  Lntei>tine»,  which  commtmioate  with, 
the  anus,  and  which  in  man  coneist  of  extremely  ginuous 
folds.  Those  animals  which  have  thi^  longL^st  intetttiunl  canal, 
are  the  most  voracious  j  and  thoB«  which  have  the  bi-Uy  the 
most  loaded  with  fut,  art>  the  IcmsI  intelligent,  Thcru  are 
Koijie  birds,  also,  which  have  two  reeeptutles ;  tJio  one  of 
which  is  the  crop,  in  which  they  stow  away  tho  food  which. 

*"  With  S&rdiMiie  iaiiglit«^  as  Baidouui  rcinarlu. 
^  "  Or  ooall  guta.  ^  Or  front  iatcstinGB. 


they  huTo  juat  Bwallowt'd,  while  the  other  is  the  heWy,  into 
which  they  disuhai-ge  the  food  whtu  it  ia  duly  prcpanid 
and  digested ;  this  is  tho  case  with  the  domestic  fowl,  thu 
riog-dove,  the  pigeon,  and  the  partridgG,  The  other  bird* 
are  in  general  dustitiitc  of  crop,  but  thdo  they  have  a  more  ca- 
pacious gorge,  tho  jackdaw,  tho  roven,  and  the  crow,  for  io- 
stance:  some,  again,  are  constituted  in  neither  maimor,  but 
ha7e  the  belly  close  to  the  gorgp,.  those,  for  instance,  which 
hare  tho  neck  veiy  long  and  narrow,  such  as  the  porphyrio,"* 
In  tie  Bolid-hoofttd  ajiimala  the  htdly  ia  rough  and  hard, 
while  in  Bonie  htud  auiinids  it  is  provided  with  rough  usperi- 
tiffi  like  teeth,'"'  aud  in  othcTs,  again,  it  has  a  rfiticulated  aur- 
fuce  lik<!  tliat  of  a,  &[o.  Thoso  linimids  which  have  not  the 
teeth  o-D  both  sides,  n-nd  do  not  niniinatc,  digest  the  food  iu 
the  helly,  fi'uin  whence  it  desueuds  to  the  lower  intestiECK. 
There  is  an  organ  in  kU  aniuials  attiiuhtd  in  the  middte  to 
the  navel,  and  in  mim  similar  in  its  lower  port  to  that  of  the 
swine,  the  name  given  thereto  hy  the  Onwka  hoing  "  coloc,*'- 
a  part  of  the  body  which  is  mibji^ct  to  excruciating  pain*.*' 
In  dogs  thiagijt  is  extremtdy  dontmeted,  for  which  reason  it  is 
that  thuy  are  uuable  to  ease  it,  exctfpt  by  great  eil'orta,  and  not 
without  coaeiderabic  Buflering.  Thoso  animals  with  which  tho 
food  paseps  at  once  from  tlio  bidly  tiirough  the  stniight  intfBtinc, 
are  of  inautitito  appetite,  as,  for  iustance,  tho  hind- w oil/*  and 
among  birds  the  diver.  The  eleplmat  has  fuui^  bellicB  ;  tlw 
leet  of  itB  iotegtines  are  similar  to  those  of  the  swine,  and 
th«  Inngs  are  four  times  aa  large  as  those  of  the  ox.  Tlie  belly 
in  birds  is  fleshy,  anci  formt'd  of  a  cidlmis  substance,  In  that 
of  young  Bwallows  there  fact  found  little  white  or  pink  pt-bbles, 
known  by  the  nnmo  of  "  chelidoiiii,"  and  aoid  lo  he  employed 
in  mngieal  incantations.  In  the  second  belly  of  the  heifi'r 
there  ia  u  black  tufa  found,  rornid  like  a  hall,"  and  of  550 
weight  to  apeak  of:    this,  it  is  generally  thought,  is  eingu* 

*•  Tho(»ot,  probnWy. 

""  lie  alluiliK  tu-  Ihe  papillBD  of  the  inuccias  glaad. 

w  Tlifi  colic. 

■8  ''  Lapua  cnrvaiiiig."     Probnlily  tbe  lyni. 

•*  Tha  haily  of  tlie  dcplinnl  prosonr.?  fi,vi}  trromveTwil  fold*, 

*•  Sflo  U.  ix«ii,  c,  77.  Tliis  aab^UmcD,  known  hy  ilii,-  imine  of  tgngwi- 
pil<>,  connsta  of  TIil-  hair  trliii-h  Ibc  iinirnril  iiiis  swrill'mvrl  wlitn  liukingr 
hteif.  It  aisiuneft  it  round  furni,  in  c«iuts{ueuue  of  ttie  actioa  ut'  \iiv  in- 
lestioes. 


Clap.  81.] 


THE  EID!I£XS. 


krly  effleaciouR  In  laboriouu  deliveries,  if  it  happens  not  to 
bste  touched  Uie  groun<l. 

CITAP.  80. — THK   OJtKXmc   THr   SPI.F.EW;   ANIMALS  WmCII  ABB 
WITnOCT  IT. 

The  beUy  and  the  intestines  are  corered  with  a  caul  known 
ss  the  "  omeiitum,"  n^Dsisting  of  a  fatty,  thin  membrane; 
exwpt  in  tbo  case  of  thonu-  iiaimul*  which  are  oviparous.  To 
this  raembnuie  is  attaclictd  the  spleen,  which  lies  on  the  left 
side,  and  oppositu  the  liver :  sometimes,  indeed,  it  chiuif[<.>s 
pkce  with  the  livtr,  biit  Biich  a  oaae  is  looked  upon  u  nothing 
IcM  th&n  a  prodigy.  Some  persntift  imagine  thut  a  spleen  of 
extrpmoly  diminutive  t>i»!  ucists  in  the  ovipsmus  animoJs, 
us  also  in  sLTpcnla ;  at  all  eviiiils,  it  i&  w  \w  dct^ptcd  in  the 
tortoiao,  the  crocodile,  the  liznrd,  and  the  frog;  though  it 
is  eqaally  certain  that,  it  does  not  exist  in  the  bird  known  oa 
the  "  ffigocophalos,"**  hot  yet  in  thoise  animalB  which  arc  des- 
titute of  bluod.  The  spleen  8omolniii.-8  viVvn  n  put-uliur  impe- 
diutent  in  runuing,  tut  which  i'e^»un  tlie  region  of  tbo  spleen 
is  cautenzpd""  in  runners  who  are  troubled  with  pains  tJien.-. 
It  »  «aid  also,  that  if  the  spleen  is  removed*'  by  an  inoit^iou. 
■nimwlti  may  nurrive.  'Hiltc  art'  «oiiid  persons  who  think 
tiiat  with  tlic  xpleon  mun  losoii  the  power  of  luugliing,  and 
that  excessive  laughttr  is  caus(?d  by  the  overgn^wth  of  it. 
'Jihete  is  a  territory  of  Asia,  known  ui  Scepsis, "•  in  which  it  is 
Boid  thut  thi;  spken  of  the  cuttlu  is  reinarkahly  snmU,  and 
that  from  tlioncic  it  is  that  remedies  for  diseases  of  the  spleen 
have  been  introduced. 

CHAP.    81. THE   KIDKSrS:    AItIJU.LS    WIIICH    JUTK   FOCK   KID- 

KKXH.      axihals  WUICH  HATK  houe. 

About  Briletam  and  Tharnc*"*  the  utaga  hrivo  four  kidneys : 
whiltv  "^  ^^^'  other  hand,  llioac  animala  which  have  wings  and 
ioales  have"  uuuu.     Tliu  kidm-yis  ndiicrci  to  the  upper  part  of 

>*  r«rhcip«  th«  giidnit,  or  ttone-plever,  tlie   Scelopox  ngocepkola  of 

*  GeeaUoB.  sxv i.  e.  R1. 

*'  Tliii  mity  be  doa«  with  rafiMy  ia  dugs  or  other  unimnU. 

"  S«  B.  T.  0,  32.  ""'  Sit  p.  G8, 

M  Xliu  u  not  Oie  east.    Birds  bare  kidnefs,  but  oi  An  irn'giiliiT  fono. 


PLTTJT*fl   NATUBAL    niSTOBT. 


[Swkxi; 


the  loins.  Among  all  animals,  the  kidney  on  the  right  side  ia 
mure  cleratad  Ibaa  the  otbt^r,  ksa  Tut,  tuid  dnE>r.  In  both  kid- 
neys there  la  a  certain  streak  of  fiit  ruimiug  trom  the  middle, 
witli  the  sole  exception  of  those  of  the  Bea-calf.  it  ie  above 
the  kidneys,  also,,  that  animals  are  fatte^Bt,  and  the  accunmla- 
tion  of  fat  about  th«ci  ia  often  the  canso  of  death  in  siiet^p. 
Small  stones  toe  ftomelimea  found  in  the  kidneys.  All  finad- 
mpeds  that  are  viviparous  have  kidTiejB,  but  of  those  which 
are  oviparous  the  tortoise  is  the  only  one  that  has  themj  an 
animal  which  has  all  the  other  viacern,  but,  like  man,  has  tlio 
kidneys  compoBod,  to  all  appearance,  of  several  kidneys,  similar 
to  those  of  the  ox. 

CHAP.  82. — THE  beeabt:  the  mm. 

Nature  has  placed  the  hreast,  or,  in  otlier  words,  certain 
bonps,  uround  the  diaphragm  and  the  organs  of  life,  but  not 
around  the  belly,  for  the  expansion  of  which  it  was  necessary 
that  room  should  h«  left.  Indeed,  there  ia  no  animal  that 
has  any  bones  around  the  belly.  STon  is  the  only  creature 
that  hioB  a  broad  breast ;  in  all  others  it  ib  of  a  cnrinat«d 
Bhape,  in  birds  more  piirticularly,  and  most  of  all,  the  aritmtio 
birds,  The  ribs  of  man  are  only  eight  in  number  ;  swino 
have  ten,  the  homed  animals  thirteen,  and  serpents  thirtj*. 


CHAP.  83. — nra  hlabdeu  ;  animals  which  have  ho  bladdkb. 

Ei?low  the  paunch,  on  the  anterior  sido,  liea  the  bladder, 
which  is  never  found  in  any  oviparous  animal,  with  the  ex. 
eeption  of  the  tortoise,  nor  yet  in  any  anima!  that  has  not 
lungs  with  blood,  or  in  any  one  that  ia  destitute  of  feet, 
Between  it  and  the  paunch  arc  certain  ai'tcrice,  which  extend 
to  the  pubes,  and  are  known  as  the  ^'  ilia."  la  thu  bUidder  of 
the  wolf  there  is  fouad  a  sniaU  atone,  which  ia  colled  "  syritOB ;" 
and  in  the  bladders  of  eome  poraons  ealcuU  aro  sometimeB 
found,  which  produce  most  excruciating  pains;  small  hairs, 
like  brisUea,  are  also  occasionally  found  iu  the  bladder.  This 
organ  consists  of  a  membrane,  which,  whea  once  wounded,  dots 
not'  cicatrize,  just  like  those  in  which  tiie  bmin  and  the  heart 
are  enveloped  :  there  arc  many  kinds  of  membnmee,  in  fact. 
'  This  ii  a  mistake.    It  dMs  cicatriBe, 


CIup.  85.^ 


AIfTUAI.8  WHICn  BATB  iUET. 


caxv.  84. — xbkwokb:  thx  womb  or  Tnx  sow:  xns  tuts. 

Women  haTe  all  the  same  organn,  tscppt  that  iwyoining  to 
the  bladder  there  is  one  like  a  pcihU  eac,'  Iroin  which  oircum- 
etanuD  it  is  called  tii«  "  utenui."  AnutLur  nanio  for  Uiis  part  is 
"  loci ;"'  but  in  other  omiuala  it  is  known  by  thu  maao  of 
"vulTa."  With  the  viper  and  other  animals  whict  generate 
tlieir  young  within  tiiemwlvep,  Ihe  womb  is  double ;  while 
irith  thoav  wbiu^L  are  ovi^jiirous,  it  i«  attached  to  the  lUuphru^, 
In  woman  it  has  two  concaritica,  one  on  either  Hide :  when 
the  matrix  becomc-u  displaced,  itia  productive  of  fatal  tSccta,  by 
causing  BUflbcntion.*  It  is  asserted  that  the  cow,  when  preg- 
nant, carries  her  yonng  only  in  thfl  right  concavity  of  the  womb, 
and  that  this  is  the  cu«c  oven  when  shti  produces  twins.  The 
womb  of  the  i>ow  is  considc^red  bLtter  eating  if  shohus  alipped  hor 
yonng,  than  if  ehe  has  duly  brought  forth :  in  the  former  caeo 
it  is  known  by  the  name  of  "ejcctltia,"  in  the  latter  it  u 
calliHl  "  porcaria."  The  womb  of  a  sow  that  has  fanowed  only 
once  is  the  most  esteemed,  and  that  of  t\n)»v  whicil  have 
eeBaed  larrowing,  the  leant.  After  farrowing,  unless  the  aui- 
mal  is  killed  the  same  day,  the  womb  is  of  a  livid  colour,  and 
lean.  ThiH  piirt,  however,  is  not  esteemed  in  p.  young  sow, 
except  ju«t  nJFter  the  first  farrowing  :  indeed,  it  te  much  more 
highly  valued  in  an  animal  of  a  more  mature  age,  so  long  as  it 
is  not  post  breeding,  or  has  been  killed  two  days  before  far- 
rowing, or  two  doya  after,  or  upon  the  day  on  which  it  has 
tnlBoarried.  The  uuxt  best  after  that  of  a  &ow  that  has  mis- 
curried,  is  that  uf  000  that  has  btfen  killed  tlie  day  uiter  far- 
rowing :  indeed,  the  paps  of  this  last,  if  the  young  have  not 
begun  to  suck,  arc  excellent  eating,  while  those  of  an  animal 
that  has  miscarried  are  very  inierinr.  The  ancient^  colled  this 
part  by  the  name  of  "  abdomen,"  hpfore  it  grew  hard,  and 
were  not  in  the  habit  of  killing  swine  while  in  a  stjite  of 
pregnancy. 

CBAp.  85. — AsmiALS  wntcn  hate  avvrc :  isau^^  wiucb  do  sot 
onow  PAT. 

Those  among  the  homed  animala  which  have  teeth  in  one 

»  Or  hng. 

*  "The  (priccipa!)  place." 

*  Ajnunn  ntniton  tliii  pEUMge:  "Thfl  DfTt^U  nr«  fatal  itliOR  this  orgaa, 
booonuDg  diffptaccid,  nbeuibe  ttie  air."     Tbu  Uitl  u  prubnlily  corrupt. 


* 


i 


jav  only,  and  pastcni  bones  on  the  feet,  produce  tallow  or 
suet,  Thoae,  on  tho  other  hand,  which  ai'e  flloven -footed,  or 
have  tiie  feet  divided  into  toes,  and  are  with.i>ut  boms,  hare 
simplt!  fat  only.  Thia  fat  beeomee  hiud,  and  when  qydts 
cold  turns  brittle,  and  ie  always  found  at  the  cxtrpmity  of  the 
fitah  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  fat  which  Ues  belween  tha 
akia  and  the  flesh  forms  a  kind  of  hrj^iLid  jnico.  Some  imimals 
naturally  do  not  become  fnt,  auch  aa  the  hare  and  the  par. 
tridge,  for  iiiHtaiico.  All  fat  aniiiiale,  male  ns  well  aa  f4nna]e, 
are  mostly  barren ;  and  those  which  arc  remoHcably  fat  become 
old  the  soonest.  All  animals  have  a  certain  degrcA  of  fatni^as 
in  tho  oyea.  Tho  fat  in  all  animals  is  dwvoiii  of  Bcnsatiun, 
having  neither  arteries  nor  veins.  With  tho  greater  part  of 
animaU,  fatoeBB  is  productive  of  inBcniiibility  ;  bo  much  bd, 
indeed,  that  it  has  been  said,  tliut  living  swine  have  been 
gnawed  even  hy  mice. "  It  haa  beuii  even  asserted  that  the  fat 
was  drawn  off  irnm  the  body  of  a  eon  of  L.  Apronins,  a  man  of 
consular  rank,  and  that  he  was  thus  relieved  of  a  burden  which 
precluded  him  firom  moving. 


CIUF.  86. — THE  MaEEOW :    AJTTMALB  WHICH  HAVE  SO  IfAREOW. 

The  marrow  eceraa  also  to  be  formi^d  of  a  similar  material ; 
in  the  young  it  is  of  a  reddish  colour,  but  it  is  white  in  tlio 
ogcd.  It  is  only  foimci  in  thoeo  bones  which  are  hollow,  and 
not  in  the  tibiae  of  horses  or  doga ;  for  which  reaBon  it  is,  that 
when  the  tibia  is  broken,  tho  bono  will  not  runnitCj  a  process 
which  ie  effeoted*  by  the  flow  of  the  marrow.  The  marrow  is 
of  a  greasy  nature  in  thuae  animals  which  have  fat,  and  suetty 
in  those  with  horns.  It  is  full  of  nerves,  and  is  found  only  in 
the  vertebral  column'  in  those  animals  which  have  no  bones, 
fishes,  for  infitance.  The  bear  has  no  muirow;  and  the 
lion  haa  a  little  only  in  some  few  bonea  of  the  thigha  and 
the  hrachia,  which  are  of  such  extraordinary  hardness  that 
Bporka  may  bo  emitted  therefrom,  as  though  from  a  ilinc-stone. 

'  TajTo,  De  £0  Uuet.  S.  ii.  c  1,  laje  that  ho  saw  an  inBtanoe  of  tliia  is 
Arcadia. 

•  TUis  is  not  the  cBtA. 

^  Thfirn  in  no  Rimilaril.r  nlmLeviti  hetween  tho  spian]  marrow  and  that 
whiuU  is  fuuad  in  ihe  olbei  boaco. 


\ 


CUp.  8S.y  TUB  RKBTKa.  9f 

co&F.  Sy'-^BOKKa  A:ni  riBa^poirBs:    akixals  which  bath 
XUTUXR.     CAJoriuaKs. 

Tbo  boQos  BTo  liud,  also,  in  those  aaimoJB*  whicli  do  not 
grow  fat ;  those  of  the  aw  arc  iiwd  by  muKJcians  lor  makio^ 
flutes.  I>ol[thins  have  bones,  and  uot  onlinarj-  flsb-tiones;  for 
they  »rc  Tiviparou*,  Sorjwints,  oa  tbe  other  hand,  have  booei 
like  thoEie  of  li»b.  Among  aquatic  animals,  the  motluaks 
have  no  bonea,  but  the  body  ia  surrounded  with  circles  of 
flcah,  afi  in  tho  MCpi«  and  the  cuttle-flsh,  for  inalaiw*;  insects, 
also,  are  said  to  be  equally  destitute  of  honca.  Among  aquatic 
animala,  those  vhich  am  isartila^nou^  )tavo  marrow  in  tlic 
Ttrtebral  colunin;  thn  sL-a-Piilf  lias  curtilages,  and  no  bonea. 
Tbe  eoTB  obo,  and  tho  nostrils  in  oU  aoimats,  when  remarkably 
prominfint,  aro  made  flexible  by  a  rcmarkablu  provisiou  of 
iTature,  in  order  that  they  may  uot  be  broken.  Whua  cartilagw 
is  oocw  broken,  it  will  not  unit*! ;  nor  will  bone,  when  cut,  grow 
again,  e.xoept  in  beasts  of  burdt-D,  bvtwco)  the  hoof  and  tho 
poHtcm. 

ilojk  iaetiMKM  in  height  till  hia  twenty-firet  year,  after 
which  he  fills  ont;  but  it  in  moxR  partifiulurly  wlicu  ha  first 
arrirea  at  the  age  of  puherty  that  he  seems  to  have  untied  a 
Hort  of  knot  in  his  existence,  and  this  especially  when  bu  has 
been  overtaken  by  iIlDe.e«. 

cnip.  83. — IBB  seutb:  aki^sals  wmcn  uaxk  kovi. 

Tho  nerves*  take  their  rise  at  the  heart,  and  even  surround 
it  in  the  ox  ;  they  have  the  tame  nature  and  prineiplc  ne  the 
marrow.  In  all  animals  thi-y  arc  fiistPiifd  to  tho  hibriuoi'.8 
surbce  of  tbe  bones,  and  no  serve  to  faattn  ibose  kuuls  in  the 
body  which  ore  known  as  arLiauhitious  or  joiut»,  t>ouii-timvd 
lying  bcitwecD  tliem,  sumctimus  t^urrounding  th<.fni,  and  some- 
times running  Erom  one  to  another;  in  one  place  they  are 
long  and  round,  and  in  another  broa<l,  accardjug  m  thv  ue- 
cosaity  of  eiich  case  may  deinaiitl.     When  cut,  tJiey  will  not 

*  The  ban  and  the  [wrtrid^rf^,  for  iniliinoG. 

*  Thero  b  couiiieoiblc  doubt  wlmt  thr  nnnptih  rxAcrly  incnnt  \tij  flie 
"nerri ;"  and  wlietlier,  m  bet,  lli<7  hud  aay  ilcfmitd  idtn  at  "  iKrvL*,*'  iti 
vaT  accfptatJiTn  of  iIiq  word.  Pliny  h'Tc  rxjiTiinn  tint  npinintw  vntnrtuimid 
hjArwtoilc.  "'r«iidons,"n"ebii!W6|"nuuliliUuiu>taiipc'Utu  ti«  ihcprojiu 
trudation  of  tbs  wonl. 


PLTinr  i  HATUUAL   niBTOET. 


[Book  XI 


reunite,  and  if  ivouiided,  it  is  wohdcrfai  what  excnicifltiiig 
pain  they  cau6c ;  though,  if  completely  cut  asunder,  they  are 
productiTe  of  none  -whaterer.  Some  animala  are  destitute  of 
nervea,  fish,  for  inatancc,  tho  bodit>9  of  which  are  Tinited  by 
arteriea,  though  even  these  are  not  tfl  he  found  in  tho  mol- 
luskft.  Whcrcvor  thtire  are  nerves  found,  it  is  the  iniier  oucs 
tlmt  contract  the  liiub,  aud  tho  outer  odgg  that  extend  it. 

Among  the  nerves  lie  concealed  the  arterieB,  which  are 
BO  many  paegagos  lur  the  spirit :  aad  upoa  these  float  the  vcine, 
as  coaJuita  for  the  blood.  The  pulsjition  of  the  ai'teries  a 
more  especially  perceptible  on  ttie  surface  of  the  limbs,  and 
afford  indications  of  nearly  every  disease,  being  citlier  statio- 
nary, quickened,  or  retarded,  conformably  to  certain  mcnsurca 
and  mctriBul  laWB,  which  depend  on  tho  a^o  of  the  patient,  and 
■which  hare  been  described  with  remarkable  eltill  by  Ilcro- 
philuH,  who  has  been  looked  upon  as  a  prophet  in  the  wondrouB 
art  of  medicine.  ThesB  indieatione.  liowever,  havu  been 
liithcrto  R{!glcoted,  in  oonBequence  of  their  remarUablo  eubtilty 
and  miuuloness,  though,  at  the  same  time,  it  ie  by  the  obscrva- 
tioa  of  the  pulse,  us  being  fast  or  slow,  that  the  health  of  tliu 
body,  as  regulating  life,  is  ascertained. 

CHAP.    89. TSB    ABTEBIEH;    the   VETKS:    ANIMSiB   WITHOtTT 

ABTEBIES  OK  VEIH"S.      THE  BLOOD  A5»  THE  SWEAT. 

The  arteries  are  destitute  of  aenBation,  for  they  are  devoid  of 
blood.  Th-ey  do  not,  all  of  thenij  bowerer,  contain  the  -vital 
spirit,  and  when  ono  of  thom  has  betin  cut^  it  is  only  that  part 
of  the  body  that  is  reduced  to  a  torpid  state.  Birds  havo 
neither  veins  nor  arteries,  which  is  tho  case  also  with  Berpanta, 
tortoiscB,  and  lizai.'ds ;  and  they  have  but  a  very  smaU  {itopor- 
tiotl  of  blood.  The  veins,  which  are  dispersed  beneath  the 
whoW  Bkin  in  filnroenb*  of  citremfi  thinneaB,  ttrmiii^te  with 
such  rumarkablo  haencsa,  that  the  blood  is  able  to  penetrate  no 
further,  or,  indeed,  anj-lbing  else,  except  an  extremely  subtto 
humour  ■which  oozes  forth  frfim  the  akin  in  innnmta-able  small 
di'opg,  and  is  known  to  us  as  "  sweat."  The  knot,  and  place 
of  union  of  thti  veins,  ia  the  naTel. 

CH-tP.    BO.    (I^S.) ASTMJLLSf    THX    BLOOU   0*'    WHICH    COAQTIATES 

WITO    IHE    GUEATEST    EAPIDITY:    OTHEK    AMIMALS,    TJLE    BLUOD 
OB  WHICH   Dona  sot  COAaULATK.      AXIUALS   WUIcn   HAVE  THi 


Clup.  91.]  XSlilALS  SOUETUUS  WITnOOT  BLOOD. 

jmcKSsn  BLOOD :  those  tor  hlooc  of  which  is  iok  tms- 
hxst:  ASJUAiB  woiua  sxvs  so  tUOOB. 

Tlioso  animida  in  wtich  the  blond  is  more  atundiint  and  of 
an  unutuous  nature,  are  iruscihlo  ;  it  i»  darker  in  miilee  thiui 
ill  fvisuios,  and  in  Uie  young  tlma  in  ttie  agud :  tbci  bluod  uf  tlio 
lower  extremities  is  the  tbi«k(?tit.  There  is  great  ritalit}',  too. 
in  the  blood,  and  wSien  it  is  di9cbnrp(>d  from  the  body,  it 
carri«B  th«  life  with  il :  it  ie  not  sonsilile,  however,  of  touch. 
Thi>e«  animals  in  which  tlie  blood  is  the  ttiickest  aru  the  itivKt 
caarageous,  and  tho.w  in  which  it  is  the  thinneat  the  iiiont 
intelligent;  while  thow,  again,  which  have  littJe  or  no  blood  ar« 
the  most  timorous  of  all.  The  hlood  of  the  bull  coagulati.>s  and 
hardens  the  most  speedily  of  oU,  and  hence  it  is  na  pan.icu- 
larly  deadly  '"  whoa  drutik.  On  the  oUut  huud,  the  blood  of 
Ibe  wild  boar,  the  Sttag,  the  roe-bach,  and  oxen  of  ull  kiuds, 
does  not  coagulate,  blood  ia  of  ttic  nc!iC9t  quality  in  the  oes, 
and  the  pooreet  in  man.  TboHo  auimola  which  have  mon*  than 
four  feet  have  no  blood.  In  antmaU  whipb  aro  very  fut,  the 
blood  ia  less  abuucbLut  than  in  others,  being  soaWd  up  by  the 
fat.  Mnn  is  the  only  creature  from  which  the  blood  flows  at 
tlie  nostrilB ;  eome  persons  bleed  at  one  nostril  only,  some  at 
both,  while  others  again  void  bIoo<i  by  Ihe  lower"  parls. 
Many  persuuB  dischargft  blood  &om  the  moutli  at  stjited  jifTiitds, 
snch,  tor  instance,  as  Macrinits  Viacus,  Eet«ly,  a  man  of  pr*e- 
torian  dignity,  and  Volusius  Satuminus,"  tlio  Prefect  of  the 
City,  who  every  year  did  the  same,  tmti  yet  livt-d  to  beyond 
ninety.  The  blood  ia  tho  only  eiibntance  in  the  body  that  ia 
Benaible  of  any  temporary  increase,  for  a  largt-r  ifuanUty  will 
come  from  the  victima  if  they  happen  ti>  bavu  drunk  just 
before  thuy  arc  socriflcod. 


p.  91. — ksniALS  WHICH  are  wiinour  blood  at  CESTiiu 

PEUIODB   Of   TUK    IKAH. 

Those  animal!)  which  conceal  themselren"  at  certain  period* 
of  the  year,  as  olrL'ody  mentioned^  have  no  blood  at  those  times, 
with  Chu  exception,  indeed,  of  some  T<!ry  smalt  drops  about  tlio 

'"  See  B.  nviit.  e,  41. 

"  lu  alluclua,  probubly,  to  liUimorrboUs,  or  pile*. 

'»  6oe  B.  yii.  c  I'i.  '°  Bean,  donnico,  eorp*"      *■ 


PUSr  9  ITATUB^I.  BIBTOBT. 


(Book  XT. 


heart.  A  marrellous  diapecsation  of  Natiirf, !  and  verj-  simiki 
to  that  witnessed  in  man,  where  the  blood  is  sensible  of  TBrioiu 
iQoditicatJona  from  the  slightest  causes  j  for  not  only,  similarly 
to  the  bilct,  does  it  rush  upwiirdB  to  tha  face,  liut  it  serves  alao 
to  indiciLte  the  viirJouB  tecdcncics  of  the  mind,  by  depicting 
eiianjc,  aogcr,  and  feaTf  ia  niuny  wAys,  either  by  the  pideaces 
of  the  features  or  their  unusual  redness ;  as,  in  fact,  the  red- 
ness of  anger  and  the  blush  of  modesty  are  quile  different 
things.  It  is  a  ^ull-luiown  fact,  that  ivhcn  a  man  is  in  fear, 
the  blood  takes  tw  flight  and  disappears,  and  that  many  pcr- 
Boas  have  been  pierced  through  the  body  without  losing  onu 
drop  of  blood;  a  thing,  however,  which  19  only  the  caae  vith 
mun.  But  as  to  thoee  animala  -which  we  have  already  men- 
tioned as  changing"  co^lour,  they  dcrire  that  colour  from  the 
reflection'*  of  othur  objects  ;  whilr,  on  the  other  hand,  man  ia 
iho  only  one  that  has  the  elemeiitti  which  eaiiBu  these  changes 
centred  in  himself.  Ail  disciiaes,  ae  well  as  death,  tiud  to 
absorb  Ute  blood. 


nau-V.   92.    (39.)— wttEiHEK  thtb  blood  is  tub  TsrsaVLE  of 

1JF£. 

ThcTO  ore  some  persona  who  are  of  opinion  thut  the  fioeneBB 
of  the  wit  does  not  depend  upon  the  thjuness  of  the  bleed,  but 
that  animals  arc  more  ui'  less  stupid  in  proportion  to  the  skin 
or  other  coverings  of  the  body,  as  the  oyster  and  the  tortoise, 
for  instancu :  that  the  hide  of  the  ox  and  the  bristles  of  the  hog, 
in  fact,  offer  a  rrsistance  to  the  fine  and  penetrating  i>owfr8  of 
thfi  air,  and  leave  no  passage  for  its  tranamiasion  in  a  pure 
and  litiuid  state.  The  same,  they  soy,  is  the  case,  too,  with 
men,  when  the  eltin  is  verj-  thick  or  <;iilloue,  and  so  exeludes 
the  air.  Juat  as  if,  indti-d,  the  crocodile  was  not  equally  re- 
murk&ble  f»r  the  hardneea  of  lis  skin  and  it£  extreme  eunnlag, 

CUAP.   93. — THE   HIDE   OP   AHIMALS. 

The  hide,  too,  of  the  hippopotamus  is  so  thick,  that  lances," 
even,  are  turned  fi"omit,  and  yet  this  animal  has  the  intelligence 
to  adminiBter  oerljin  medicaments  to  itself.     The  hide,  too,  of 

"  Tho  p-ylyiius  and  llie  chameleon. 

"  Seob.viii,  CI..  51,  52. 

"  Walikiiig-iliukji  uio  still  nintlu  of  it. 


CliAp.  64.] 


THS  HA.'B,  STC. 


61 


ibe  elephant  makM  bucklvn  that  are  quite  impenetrabte,  and 
y«t  to  it  is  ascribed  a  degree  or  intt-lligvncc  ttiipurior  to  that  uf 
any  qtia<]riipcKl.  The  tOcin  jt»f]f  i»  entirely  diivoid  ot  sen- 
sation, and  more  particularly  that  of  the  hc«d;  wherever  it 
is  found  alone,  and  unflc«ompanied  irith  flesh,  if  wowndt'd,  il 
wiU  not  unite,  a6  in  the  check  and  on  tlie  eyelid,"  for 
tDstonuc. 


CRAP.  94.— TBS  HtIK  ABD  TBI!  ODTEKIilO  OF  THE  8KUr. 

Those  animals  which  are  TiTiparoua,  hare  hair ;  those  irhich 
are  oriporous,  have  feaihfra,  adalcB,  or  a  abeU,  Uku  the  tor- 
laius ;  or  uIbo  a  purple  skin,  Ukc  tho  serpent.  Tho  lover  purt 
vf  hII  feathtrs  is  hollow  ;  if  cut,  they  wiU  not  grow  again,  but  if 
palled  out,  they  will  shoot  afresh.  lu«et.'l«  fly  by  thu  aid  of  a 
frail  membntne ;  thewiiiK«o['  tho  fish  "^  callifd  thtt  "nwaJlow"  »ru 
tuoiftenvd  iu  thu  sen,  wliile  thosi?  of  the  bat  which  lre<{uenti« 
our  house*  are  dry  ;  the  winga  of  thin  laat  animal  have  certain 
articulations  an  well.  The  hairs  that  imuc  from  a  thick  skin 
are  rough,  while  those  on  fenial4.-s  are  of  a  flntr  quality.  Tho^e 
found  on  the  hors<:'s  mane  nre  tnore  abundant,  which  is  tho 
case  also  with  the  shoulders  of  the  lion.  The  dasjpua  1m» 
hair  in  the  inside  of  the  mouth  even  and  under  the  itxi,  twj 
featDfDS  whicli  Troguit  has  also  attributed  to  the  hare  ;  from 
which  Uie  same  author  concludes  that  huiry  men  are  thu  most 
prone  to  lust.  The  moel  liairy  uf  all  animuls  is  tlic  barf. 
Man  is  the  only  creatui-e  that  hue  hair  HM  the  mark  of  pubertj' ; 
aud  a  person  who  is  devoid  of  tiiis,  whether  male  or  female, 
is  sure  to  be  sterile.  The  hair  of  mun  is  tartly  born  with 
hini,  and  in  part  prwluced  aft(?r  his  birth.  The  lust  kiud  of  hair 
will  not  grow  upon  eunuclis,  though  tliat  which  hiia  been  bom 
with  thciu  doett  not  full  olf;  which  is  the  cane  iiUo  with 
women,  in  a  great  deKieo.  Still  however,  th«rc  have  bofn 
women  known  to  be  afflicted  with  fuUin^  ofF  of  the  hair,  just 
iiS  some  ore  to  be  seen  with  a  fini?  diown  on  the  face,  after  the 
eccsatioQ  of  the  TTienstrual  diacbarge.  In  some  inBn  the  hair 
ihat  mostly  ahoot*  forth  after  birih  will  not  grow  Bpoutune- 
liusly.     Thu  hair  of  quadrupeds  coiner  oif  every  year,  and 

'*  Ab  already  mentionBd,  tbte  is  not  Ihe  faeL 
"  Sco  B.  ix.  0.  43. 

VOL.    III. 


S2 


PLIKY  H    NATirrUL   UISTOLT. 


[D.l0k  XI. 


RTOWB  fl^tun.  That  of  the  head  in  inaD  grows  tliG  fasteatr  and 
iK'xt  to  it  Lhs  Lair  oftlie  beard.  Whtu  cut,  Ihc  lijiira  (dioot, 
iiot  from  the  lAiicc  wlierp  tJioy  liave  Wen  cut,  lis  is  the  caae 
ivilh  grass,  but  at  the  root,  'fhii  hoir  groivB  qiiiiiilj-  in  ci>r- 
liiin  diflcaaea,  phtbisie  more  parti duliirJy  ;  it  prowe  also  with 
nipidity  in  old  ngc,  and  on  thu  body  iiIUt  death,  lu  persDiis 
of  a  iibidiflous  tendoncj'  the  hair  1biit  is  pioduved  ui  birth  falls 
off  nioix'  apofdily,  while  thai  which  is  ai'torwiunls  prcidm.'uJ 
tcrows  willi  tlie  greiitest  niiiidity.  lo  (juadrujK'ds,  the  hitir 
grows  thicker  In  old  iigu:  bul  uu  those  with  wool,  it  bocomi'S 
ibinuDr.  Those  (luadrnpsils  which  have  thitlt  hair  on  the 
lijiyk,  hare  the  bflly  i|uil(;  stiiioyth.  I'tocii  the  hide*  of  ox<^ii, 
iiiid  thut  of  litti  bull  luure  i-spcctally,  glue  is  extracU^  b^ 
boiling-. 

CHAP.  9S. — THE  v\r»:    birds  that  hatb  pafs.     kkuareahle 

FA-CIb  COKNECrED  IVIXU  THE  OUOB  OF  A..MJJAL8. 

Kan  is  tlie  only  mute  among  animals  that  has  uippk?,  all 
the  rett  having  mere  marled  only  ia  plucie  of  Ihem.  Amon^ 
f(.!iiiiilw  intimals  cvuu,  tliu  only  ones  that  havy  mniumce  on  tbi' 
brcLiet  urc  thorn.-  whitih  cuii  nurLurf  their  young.  Ki>  wnparouB 
Mnimal  has  majumoe,  and  those  only  have  milk  1hat  are  vivi- 
]iaroua;  the  hat  bi'ing  the  only  winged  aiiimal  that  has  it.  As 
I'or  the  storiuB  that  they  ttdl,  about  t.lie  Hpri-ech-uwl  cjectiDg  milk 
from  its  t<-ats  iipou  the  lips  of  infuiit?,  1  look  upon  it  as  utterly 
fabulous  :  frotii  ancient  times  the  uamo  "  stris,"'*  I  am  aware, 
lias  been  employed  in  maU'dictiona,  but  I  do  not  think  it  is 
Tvell  a&uertaiHed  wtiat  bird  ie  realiy  mennt  by  ttmt  name. 

(40.)  The  fcmale  asg  is  troubled  with  piiins  in  the  teat.9 
aftisr  it  hua  ibulod,  and  it  is  fur  that:  rcaBon  that  at  the  end  of 
»\iL  m'ouths  it  weans  its  young;  v^hile  the  mare  aucklcB  iUs 
young  for  nearly  the  whole  year.  The  iwlid-hoofed  animuU 
do  not  be;-ir  mure  tb.in  two  yung  anon  at  »  time  :  they  all  of 
them  have  two  p;ips,  mid  iiowhtru  but  between  the  liiiid  le^s.  " 
Aniiuuls  with  cloven  I'net  and  with  honia,  tiiieh  as  the  cow,  for 
instance,  have  four  j)iips,  simihirly  Bituate,  alieep  and  goats  two. 

■"  h  it  not  itnprt>liDi.bla  ttiut,  nndcr  tliU  iiaini%  mme  kinJ  of  large  Tarn- 
pin!  bnt  was  mount.;  hut,  a.'.  I'liny  *Jiy«,  it  i»  impnftaiWe  to  amve  ui  nny 
cfrlnin  l;ni>vTimlci'  oil  tie  subjmt  Tlic  licsf.  iwouiinl  pivcit  i-f  tin"'  *lm  m 
timt  in  QviJ'i  Fiuti,  II.  vi.  Tbr  nxm?  WMs  (nrivu  upproUouilj^  Ui  aujfposud 
witsbvE,  tb«  "/eul  ood  luidaig-lit  liuj^"  of  Sbiik*p«tuc. 


Cbp.  96.]  TKK  MfLK.  63 

'niOM  vhich  pTodtico  a  more  numeroiu  progt'ny,  nod  Uiow 
wliich  have  toe*  on  Uie  f«'t,  ha.\-v  »  greater  numlxT  of  [Mtps  di«. 
tribuTcd  in  &  donhtc  row  all  along  the  1)ellj,  sDch  aa  tli« 
sow,  for  instant!© ;  the  l)cttcr  sorts  havo  tTrtlrc,  llic  more 
common  ones  two  lem;  llic  Mine  is  tho  onre  nlso  with  the 
femali-  of  the  ilof .  CMh<>r  iinimaK  ngiiin.  hnvo  four  paps  fdtimte 
ml  he  middle  of  the  boUy,  us  tliu  fi-uxulu  mutlicr;  olhurB,  again, 
two  only,  ju>  the  lioin^s«.  The  fem&Ie  eleptiattt  has  two  oalj", 
situate  betvt'een  Uiu  elioulden,  and  those  not  ia  Uie  breast,  but 
without  it,  uiiU  hi<lil(.'U  in  the  onii-pits :  jiorw  of  tho  auiank 
which  have  toes  have  the  i»ap»  bi-twut-n  tlie  liind  legs,  'J1»e  sow 
presents  the  first  teat  to  tlie  fir«t-bom  in  each  farrow,  the  first 
ti-at  bfing  the  one  that  ia  bitLifttc  Dcur^hat  to  the  throat  Each 
pig.  too,  knows  its  own  teat,  npcor*ling  to  the  order  in  ■whi<'h 
It  vraa  liom,  aiii  ilmwa  its  nouriahm&nt  from  that  and  no  other : 
if  ita  own  BMclditig,  Uio,  should  huj>ifcn  to  be  n-ilhdrawii  t'nm 
my  one  of  thi>in,  the  ]iap  will  imnn-diutoJy  dr^'  tip,  and  shrink 
jack  within  the  belly:  if  thore  should  be  only  one  pig  Icit 
of  all  the  farrow,  thuL  jmp  ulune  which  has  beuu  nMigD<.<d  for 
ita  uutriiucTit  ivhvu  bom,  ivJU  conliuue  to  hang  down  for  tlw 
jiurpou  of  giving  suck.  Tlie  bbc-lK-ur  hcift  four  roarnmw,  thv 
dolphin  only  two,  at  the  bottom  of  the  belly ;  thvy  are  not 
c&fitlT  viniblt,  (tiid  hiive  a  Bomcwhat  oMiiiue  direction  :  this  is 
ihf  only  niiinitil  which  gives  huck  while  in  niotioo.  The  balirna 
and  sea-crtlf  also  Buuklc  ihcir  young  by  loata, 

CHAP.  90.  (■11.) THE  Ull-K  ;    Tll£  BIKSTI.^tiS.     CHKI-^K  ;  O?  WHAT 

illLX  CRKIWK  CWUnr  B¥.  UWE.      BESKIH  ;   lUE  TAKlOUd  Kl»I>e 
OP  ALIUEM  IX  UILK. 

'nie  milk  tliat  is  aecretxMl  in  a  woman  before  her  wrenth 
month  is  useless  :  but  alter  that  mouth,  so  long  na  tho  fcettis 
is  healthy,  tho  milk  ia  whoh-domc:  many  women,  indeed, 
nrc  BO  fnll  of  milk,  that  it  will  flow  not  only  from  the  mnmmjc, 
but  exudes  at  the  arm-pits  even.'"  Cnin^pls  continno  in  milk 
nntil  they  nrc  pitgiiatit  again.  Their  milk,  raised  in  the  pro- 
]iortiou  of  ono  part  to  three  of  wutt-r,  in  eoiiBidered  u  verj" 
[ileosant  beverage.  The  cow  has  no  iiiilk  htifore  it  bus  ciilved, 
tmd  that  which  immodiati'ly  follows  upon  its  bringing  forth  ie 
known  us  the  "  coloBUa : " ""  if  water  is  not  mixed  with  it,  it  will 

"  lliii  iiBtoHioB  ii  borrowed  frcim  AiutoCtu,  IlUt.  Auini.  B.  vii.  c.  14. 

"  OrbiaUu^ 

G   2 


PLFST'S   SATUftAX   IITSI-OET-  fBwk  SI. 

coagulate,  and  ofiBume  the  IifixdnDSB  of  pumice.  Sbii-afisea.  un 
60UU  as  tUey  uru  i)regu&ut,  liavu  milk  in  their  Dilclure;  wbuu 
the  TJustuioge  is  rich,  it  is  t'utul  Co  their  yuuug  to  tttstc  tlio 
iQutaer'B  milk  tile  fiist  two  tlays  after  birth  ;  the  kind  ©i' 
uiulady  by  which  thuy  iiro  attacked  ia  known  by  the  thiiuo 
ol*  "  colostralion."  Cheese  cannot  be  toude  from  the  milk  of 
aoimals  whith  hare  teeth  on  cither  jutv,  from  the  tircumatance 
that  their  niilk  does  uot  coagulttie.  The  thtniLcat  milk  of  ull 
ia  that  of  the  camel,  and  next  to  it  that  of  the  mare.  Thamilk 
of  the  Hlie-aae  ia  tho  richest  of  all,  so  much  so,  iudccd,  that  it  is 
ufUa  UHtid  instuad  of  reuuet.  Abbi^'  milk  ia  tiko  thought  to 
be  very  ejfioacioua  in  wbiteoing  the  skiu  uf  females:  at  till 
vvvnts,  I'wpprea,^  the  wifw  of  iiomitiufr  Nero,  used  ulways  to 
huve  with  hci'  livt:  Luudred  assiis  with  fu^,  aud  used  to  bath« 
tbu  wholu  of  her  body  in  their  milk,  thinking  that  it  also  can> 
ferted  udditional  sup^ilenoss.  ou  the  tdciQ.  All  milk  thickt^us 
Lr  the  action  of  fire,  m.d.  bc(!omcs  serous  when  exposed  to  ooU. 
'riio  milk  of  the  cow  produces  more  chociiQ  thtm  thtit  of  the 
gout :  wheu  mpul  in  quuiitity,  it  will  produce  uearly  twioe  the 
weight.  Tbu  milk  of  uuimols  which  hcvu  more  tEian  four 
inaniinm  dues  not  produce  cheese ;  mid  tlmt  i^  tli>i:  hest  wliioh  is 
aiado  of  tlie  milk  of  those  that  have  but  two.  The  reanet  of 
thu  lawn,  tho  htire>  aud  the  kid  is  the  mo».t  esteemed,  but  the 
bent  of  iiU  in  that  uf  the  daeypua :  this  lust  iLcta  as  a  specific 
for  difirrlicea,  that  animal  hcing  the  only  one  with  teetii  in 
both  jiiws,  the  rennet  of  which  has  that  property.  Itia  a  re- 
morlutblc  circumatimce,  that  tlie  barbarous  nations  which  sub- 
sist on  milk  hii%-e  been  for  so  many  ageis  either  ignonint  of  the 
merits  of  thi-eee,  or  else  have  totally  diBrtgajdod  it;  and  y«t 
Ihi?}'  understuud  how  ta  thickun.  milk  and  fura  theR'frum  an 
uerid  kind  of  liquid  with  a  pleusuut  iluvour,  aa  weil  us  a  ridl 
butter :  thi&  lust  ia  the  foam*'  of  milk,  and  isof  a  thickiiT  oon- 
8i8t*ncy  than  the  part  which  isknuwn  as  tiie  "  sarum,"  "'  We 
ou^ht  not  to  omit  thut  butter  hya  vertoin  of  the  properties  of 
01 L,  Httil  that  it  ia  used  for  an.  ointment  u-inong  all  hui'Larouti 
nations,  and  uuiong  ourselvea  un  well,  for  infanta. 

1^  Bm  B.  xxTiii.  e.  12.    fuppiea  Bubitin,  first  ihe  imatreM,  then  Hiv  vir?, 

'*  "  Spumii."  Uc  coUb  it  so,  became  il  flouts  ia  ilie  eiirfucw.  Siw  B. 
isviii.  c.  36.  Tlifl  "actrr,"  ut  acrid  liquid,  wliicti  lio  »pt'uki  uf,  U,  no 
iiuubt,  tiutlur-iuilt,  "  Ur  wirnj'. 


chap.  97.1 


TABIOUS    K17D9   or   CUXKItE. 


65 


CRAr.  97.  (43.) — tawoos  kivw  of  cnBssiu 

The  tdnilft  of  chewK  that  are  most  eat«eincd  at  Home,  ■whfw 
the  various  good  things  of  nil  nations  are  to  be  iucJgttl  of  by 
comparison,  uro  thouc  wliich  come  from  the  provincw  of  Ne- 
iDaaauB,"  and  ntoro  p.iperiiiUy  t}ie  villngi-s  Ihcro  of  Leeuni 
aad  Qabalis;''  but  its  uxcuUtnce  Js  only  very  &bnrt-IiTcd,  imU 
it  must  be  vatcQ  while  it  is  fresh.  The  pastures  of  the  Alps 
mxiEDtDeDd  tbemwlves  by  two  wrta  of  che»]«e;  the  Dalmatic 
Alps  send  us  the  D«cU-«ti;in*  cheew,  aiid  the  OentroniMH* 
.VI[M  tfie  Vat  11.1  iuun.  The  kimls  produced  in  the  Apcnninea  are 
more  numerous;  from  Li;;uria  wo  have  the  thw-sft  of  Ceba,** 
which  is  mostly  rnmlc  from  the  milk  of  shrf-p;  fWirn  TTinhria 
w«  have  that  of  JEainn,  and  from  Uie  frnuiitrB  of  Kiruriu  and 
Liguria  those:  of  Luiio,  ri'Riarkubli:  for  tht-ir  v(i»t  size,  a  ut)(;Iu 
chccBO  weighing  n»  much  as  a  tliou«ind  pomid.'i.  IJeacer  the 
City,  again,  we  have  the  chocBe  of  Vtvlinum,  the  best  of  this 
kind  bcdug  that  which  coiovs  from  the  tj-rritory  of  VvAi' 
tium,**  Oonta  also  pnxluoe  a  oheet>e  whic:h  has  hi^n  of  laic 
held  in  the  highest  eati-^m,  iU  fluTour  being  htight>cui>d  by 
unoking  it.  Thechccsc  of  this  kind  which  is  made  at  Borne 
is  considered  preferable  to  any  othpr ;  for  that  which  is  made 
in  Oaul  hui  r  ittriiiig  taiite,  like  that  of  mcMJicino.  Of  thi- 
cheetea  that  are  made  beyond  sea,  that  of  Bithynift"  is  iimally 
considered  the  first  iit  quality.  Thut  nalt  f-xi>>ta  infnetun- 
latida  is  pretty  evident,  from  the  fact  that  all  eliucau  us  it 
grows  old  coiilracts  a  saltish  flavour,  eviu  where  it  does  not 
a{^ar  to  any  grvut  cjiti'Uti**  while  at  the  same  time  it  is 
equally  well  known  that  chee«e  soaked  in  a  mixture  of  thyni)* 
and  vinegar  will  rt-gain  its  original  frpoh  flRTour.  It  is  Miid 
that  Zoroaster  lived  thirty  ycum  in  the  wihiemeiw  «i>on  chceae, 
preparM  in  such  a  peculiar  manner,  that  he  was  inecnsihte  to 
the  advances  of  old  ago. 

*'  Numn.  in  Fmnrc,  Ilanioiitn  epenks  nf  p^fn-milk  chenei  in(td«  in 
ill  nciffhbuiirliudd,  ntiJ  knoirti  UB/nnnuj7*»  lit  lUiui 

"  ^vbably  t^be  roodani  Lowrv  c>nd  GctsuiIjir.     Sm  It.  it.  g-  19. 

■■  For  tbs  DocWutii:,  it'«  B,  iii.  c.  26. 

**  For  tha  C^catronca,  sea  B.  iii.  c.  24.  He  pci^api  Nfan  to  UiB  nodKm 
fnmag*  dt  Ittui. 

*°  Tbe  tnodo^  MorqiUBat  de  C^re,  whtok  ilill  prodacM  cxcoUcnl  ohot«c. 

■'  Sm  It.  lir.  e.  ft. 

**  And  more  (api'oinllj  at  .Salniia  in  Diihynin. 

*>  H  £tiaiii  nbi  QttD  vilctur  major."     I'Lu  U  prohab!)'  (<omi[>l. 


Sfi 


PlIJII  e  HATUEIL  niSTOli?. 


[BwiL  XI. 


ca.ip.  98.  (43.) — DiFfc-jaiKKuB«  of  xuk  siEJiaEaa  of  uxs  from 

Of  nil  tlio  terrestrin!  onimiils,  maa  is  the  oaly  biped  :  he  la 
also  till}  only  oiio  tliat  has  a  throat,  and  ahouldera,  or  "  hti- 
nieri,"  parte  ia  other  iniiuiuls  knuwa  by  tli^  naaie  uf  "  armi," 
Man,  too,  19  the  only  animal  thut  baa  the  "  ulna,"  or  elbow. 
Thoae  uniiaaU  whiula  iiro  provided  wilb  handsj  huve  flesli 
only  On  thu  interior  oi  ihnto,  the  ootcr  part  couvlBllng  of  eiueivii 
nitd  skin. 


CHAP.  99. — THE   rrKOT^RS,   THE   AttMS. 

8orao  porBOBs  have  six  fiugera  on  tha  hands.  "We  read  thut 
C.  Horatius,  a  uDiin  of  paU'icifin  rank,  had  two  daughters,  who 
Inr  this  reaaoii  hud  1:he  name  of  "Sedigitffi;"  iind  we  find 
rtiC'Dtion  riuitlo  of  Volcatiua  Sedigitus,^'  OA  a  famous  poet. 
The  fingera  of  man.  havo  thrco  joints,  the  thumb  only  two, 
it  bonding  in  an  upE>03ite  dirtJoLion.  to  all  the  other  flngera. 
Vicwfd  by  itself,  tbo  movement  of  tlio  thumb  has  a  sidt-lonj; 
direction,  und  It  is  muvh  tlticker  thaa  tbo  rcat  of  tho  fiugeni. 
The  liltlu  tiugvv  is  equal  m  It-nglb  to  the  thumb,  and.  two  others 
ttra  also  equiil  in  leaytb,  tlie  middle  finger  biing  tii«  longoBt 
of  iiU.  Tlioao  q^tiadrapeds  whii;h  live  by  rapine  have  fiva  toca 
on  the  fore  feet,  and  four  on  the  bindci'  ones.  The  lion,  tlie 
wo!f,  and  the  dog,  with  some  few  othcjrs,  hiive  five  claurs 
on  the  hind  ft*t,  one  of  which  bangs  down  near  the  joint  of  the 
leg.  The  other  animals,  ulso,  which  are  of  smaller  aize,  ha^-e 
five  toca.  The  two  ano3  are  not  alwaye  dijiial  in  kngth  :  it 
IR  a  well-known  fact,  thai,  in  Lho  school  of  gkdiatora  belong- 
ing to  CaiiiB  Cicear,''  tho  Thracian  Studioaua  had  the  right 
arm  longer  than  the  left.  Home  animals  tdao  uee  tlieir  foro- 
paws  to  perform  the  duties  of  hands,  and  employ  them  in 
couvoying  food  to  the  mouth  as  thty  sit,  tho  a^uirrel,  for  in- 
stance. 

cn.ip.  100.  {4i.)^aESRTiaixsi!B  of  titk  apb  m  man. 

As  to  the  various  kinds  of  apes,  they  offer  a  porfi;ct  ri^sem- 

**  He  WTOW  a  poem,  in  whith  the  piinuipal  Latin  Unimitriita  are  enome- 
rateci.  in  the  ftrdcr  of  merit,  A.  Gtlkua,  B.  Tf.  c.  24,  biiA  |<rw«:rvcd  a  por- 
lioq  of  it. 

^  Gunuanicut. 


llance  to  m»ii  in  the  fucc,  the  uoBtrils,  the  vtir^,  ami  the  ryo- 
Jtda ;  being  the  only  qimdniptds,  io  iiiot,  tliut  iiuvu  c-yviuutii-a  on 
the  Lower  tyeii'l.  I'hcy  have  maramK  also  on  the  brvast,  urms 
mi  legs,  which  beii<l  in  opposiU-  (lireotioDB,  luiil  nails  upon 
t?ie  hands  and  fingers,  thu  miiUlIe  tingi-r  bt'-iug  th»  luugi^t. 
Ttiey  AiSvT  wmu'whnt  from  nuin  in  the  fret;  U'hich,  liku  th« 
hands,  are  of  remarkable  knglh,  niid  havo  u  print  similar  ti» 
tlmt  of  tho  pnlra  of  oar  hand.  ITiey  hurc  a  thtimh  also,  ami 
orticulotious  similnr  to  thnsp  in  man.  The  molis  diflt-r  l'r\>m 
man  in  ihf  fipxnal  part?!  only,  whilo  nil  Uik  iutj.-nial  risccrd 
t'XUcUy  TLagmtde  ihoao  ofmuu. 

CUAP.  101.  (45.) TB8  XArw. 

It  is  gonrnJIy  supjiosttd  Ihitt  the  niilU  an-  the  trrminatjons 
oftheslnuw^.  AU  Animals  wliich  hare  fingcnt  liiivu  Duib  ua 
well.  In  the  ape  they  are  loii^j  luul  grtTlappiuy,**  like  a  lilf, 
wliile  in  man  they  are  bixjud  :  l-ht-y  will  ynnv  even  alter  desth. 
Ill  Uie  beiiBts  of  yivy  tht-y  aro  bunked,  whilw  in  otbcrx,  8ucli 
the  dog,  for  inatanc*>,  thc?y  an--  slmiRht,  with  tlie  exception, 
;d,  of  ihe  one  which  is  attochod  to  thf  h-g  in  most  of 
I.     All  the  nriim-ilN  which  hjive  feet  [and  not  IkhiI's],  h»v« 

U  well,  excppt  the  elephant;  he,  ulao,  n-oulil  npiioar  tu 

vre  toes,  five  in  number,  but  rudtly  dtrcloptd,  undirided, 
and  hardly  distinct  from  one  another,  beuring  a  nearer  rcscra- 
lilftDco,  ia  faflt,  to  hoofs  than  to  claws.  In  lh<?  depbant  tiiu 
fiire-feet  are  llie  largest,  and  in  iho  hind-ttut  Uieru  are  short 
jointa.  Tim  Qnimul  is  ubli'.  also,  to  bend  the  huiLs  imvanl 
like  a  THUD,  while  in  all  tho  othei-s  th«  jointa  of  the  iiiiidi'i' 
\fg»  bend  in  a  eontrarj'  direction  to  thuso  of  the  fore  uiiw. 
Those  animiJif  which  ar^  \-ivipartni»  beud  the  foiL'-li-g  forwardj 
while  the  joint  of  the  hind-lug  is  directed  l>iickward. 

rH.U'.   102. TKE    KITEKS    ASD    TilE    0^1318. 

In  man  the  knee  and  the  clhonv  bend  contrary  ways;  th^ 
same  ia  the  ciwe,  too,  with  the  bear  and  the  ape,  and  it  is  for 
this  reaaon  that  they  are  not  so  Bwiik  of  foot  aa  other  ani- 
mals. Those  quadriipeda  wliiiih  arc  ovipamuH,  Buch  m  the 
LTocoiltlo  and  the  lizard,  beuU  iho  knee  of  the  fore-leg  boek- 


1*  Ttat  teems  to  be  the  meaning  of "  imbricntua." 


M 


4 


■wards,  and  that  of  the  hind-li'g  forwanls;  their  thighs  otl- 
pliic:(!d  on  them  obliquely,  in  a  similiir  maunr-r  to  a  man's 
thumb;  whioh  is  the  cano  also  with  th(?  multipede  insecta,  the 
hind-IrgB  only  excejttttl  of  such  fia  leup.  Birdsj  like  i|uudru- 
jwcIh,  have  tbtj  joiots  of  the  wiags  bunding  forwarde,  but  thwit) 
of  tho  legs  I)ackwurds, 

CHAP.    103. PAETS  OP   THM    niTU&N    MDT    TO    WUICII    CEUIAIH 

BEUGIOtTB  IDBAS  AUE   ATTACH  EB. 

lo  accordance  with  the  uajigrs  of  vurious  nations,  eertJiin 
rr-ligiouB  ideas  have  been  uLUiuhcil  ta  the  kniitis.  It  ia  tho 
kneca  that  Buppliunts  claap,  and  it  ie  to  thctic  that  they  extsod 
their  hands;  it  ia  th«  kneea  that  they  worship  like  bo  many 
alturs,  as  itweru;  perhaps,  bocauso  in  thctn  is  eentrod  the 
vilnl  strength.  Fur  ia  the  joint  of  titlior  knvc,  the  right 
ktut  vaeli  as  the  left,  there  is  on  the  fore-sitle  of  each  a  certuiii 
empty  apace,  which  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  a  mouth,  and 
through  which,  like  the  throat,  if  it  is  oiu'-e  pierced,  the  vital 
p'>wer8  escnpe."  There  are  filso  certain  religious  ideas  at- 
tached to  other  parts  of  ihe  body,  aa  ia  testified  ia  raising  tlie 
Imek  of  tho  right  hand  to  the  lips,  and  extending  it  as  o.  token 
of  good  ftiith.  It  wiia  tlie  tuatoin  of  the  .uncient  Greeks,  when 
ill  the  act  of  aiipplicution,  to  touch  the  chin.  The  seat  of  the 
memory  Lies  in  the  lower  part  of  tho  oar,  whioh  we  toutli 
when  wo  surainoa  a  witness  to  dopoee  upon  memory  lo  an 
arrest.^  Thf  seat,  too,  of  Nomusis'"  lies  behiud  the  right  our,  a 
giT'ddoes  which  has  Qever  yet  found  a  Latin  name,  no,  not  in  llic 
UapiU>l  even.  It  is  to  this  part  that  we  apply  the  dnger  noxt 
the?  little  finger,  aOer  touching  the  mouth  with  it,  %vhen  wb 
BJiently  ask  pardon  of  the  gods  for  having  let  sUp  an  indiscnett 
word. 

CHAP.  104, VARrOOSR  VEISrs, 

Men  only,  in  general,  have  vurii^oae  veins  in  the  logs,  wu- 
mim  but  very  rarely.      We  are  informud  by  Oppius,  that 

"  Though  wounds  in  tbe  kne«  sre  higlilf  <liuigi:rouR,  deaih  does  ool  nt- 
anan'fy  ensue. 

**  Of  uuDther  p^reoa,  who  bud  Ihwt  forfeited  hi*  bail.  It  woa  ibo  cua- 
tom  to  WuBh  the  ear  of  thfl  atlcatinj  wilnega. 

"  Thfl  ^oddcM  of  retiibiitiira.  See  n.  unit,  c,  5,  whew  ho  makei  fur- 
ther numtioa  of  her  statue  in  tho  OapitoL 


C.  Ibfarius,  who  was  seren  times  ooDsul,  Trw  tlio  only  m&n  «T«r 
knowu  t/j  b«  ul*]t>  Co  lixve  them  «xtruct«tl  in  a  etuutUog  po- 
sition. 

CRAP.    lOS. THK    OAIT,    THB   FEET,   THK    LkOS. 

All  animalB  take  a  right-hand  direction  when  th^j  first 
begin  xa  wnlk,  antl  lie;  down  on  iho  ielt  side.  "WTiUo  the  other 
wiiinal6  walk  JuEt  as  it  may  hii.p{>oD,  the  lion  only  and  the 

icaniel  walk  foot  by  foot,  or  io  Binih  a  way  that  the  left  fool 
Dsver  patiaes  the  right,  but  always  couiin  bt-hiud  it.    Mf  n  have 

,tb»  ItirgL'et  f&et;  iu  L'V«ry  kind  of  animal  the  ft-miJL' biw  thu 
Bniallvat.  Man  only"  has  calves,  and  flesh  upon  the  legs  ;  we 
find  it  stated  by  tiuthurs,  huwevt^r,  tliiit  thi-n*  waa  once  an 
Eg}ii>tiaa  who  had  nu  calves  on  bia  l<-ga.  All  m«u,  too,  witb 
Bome  few  txcepiions,  have  a  boIp  to  the  foot.  It  is  from  th«M 
exceptional  casrts  thiit  p<-raonB  have  obtained  the  umnes  of 
Plaacus,'''  Fluntus,  Pansu,  iind  Scuurus;  juat  an,  from  the  mal- 
fonufltion  of  Clie  logs,  wo  find  personB  ualled  Viirua/'  Vacia,  uud 
Vatiuius,  all  which  bleniishee  aro  to  be  seen  in  quadrupeds 
aho.  Aiiimalfl  wliich  have  no  horns  have  a  eolid  hool',  from 
vhicb  circuiUBtanct!  it  ia  used  by  tlu-m  us  ti  weupou  of  oflenoir, 
Id  place  of  hums;  euch  antniaU  us  those  uro  uIho  dos- 
titute  of  pastern  bon«s,  but  thoee  which  haw  ciovea  huul« 
'have  thvin ;  while  those,  aftaJn,  which  have  toes  have  none, 
Dor  ate  tbej  pver  found  iu  the  fore-fpct  of  animals.  Thu 
.camel  has  pastern  bones  like  those  of  the  ox,  hut  somowHat 
jsmallor,  the  feet  being  cloven,  with  a  slight  line  of  diviision, 
uud  huviag;  a  flft^hy  sole,  like  that  of  the  biuir :  heuco  it  ia, 
that  in  a  long  journey,  the  animal  beooDies  fatigued,  and  ihu 
Jbot  crouks,  if  it  is  not  shod. 

CHAP.  106.  (46.) — UQors. 

The  horn  of  the  hoof  grows  again  io  no  anlmali  exo«pt 
beastB  of  burden.  The  awino  in  bome  plac«e  iii  Iltyriouiu 
luive  solid  hoofs.  Kearly  all  the  horned  finimalij  arc  oioveu- 
looted,  QO  aoicial  having  BoUd  hoofs  and  two  horns.  Thv 
Iftdiaa  (lss  is  gnly  a  oue-horQed  animal,  uud  the  oryx  is  botli 

"  Th«  frog  ia,  in  aomo  mesiiiim,  n.r>  eicc^ptinn.  ^^ 

**  Or  "flat-riiot,"  ••gpky-fcict,"  "Ut"^'""' '"  and  "dub-  ^H 

»  Word*  m^uuiig  "  Loock-kaoed,"  1,"  uil  " 


1 


J 


PLTST'b  WATUBAL  TTTSTOltl. 


piooltSt. 


iHie-linrned  and  oliivfii-footPfl.  The  Inflkn  asa"  is  the 
only  ftolid-hoofi'd  animal  thut  hua  pastcrn-boiics.  As  to 
swine,  thty  arc  looked  upon  fv\  n  sort  of  moTigrcl  rnce,  with  a 
mixture  of  both  IdndB,  luid  lienoe  it  in  thiit  their  ankle-botira 
lire  BO  migshiipL'n,  Thoafl  authorH  who  have  imaged  Ihut 
man  has  siuiilm'  pasteni- bunts,  urn  caeily  to  hv  couiuttd.  The 
tj-nx  ia  the  only  one  amoog  the  aoitiialB  that  have  the  feet 
divided  into  toes,  that  has  anything  hearing  a  reaemblanop 
lo  &  piiak'rn-bono ;  while  with  tho  lion  it  is  more  crookid 
etill.  The  groat  paBteru-bone  in  ati-aJtjht,  imd  sitLiate  in  the 
joiots  of  tliu  toot ;  it  jirojectB  outwards  in  a  convex  protube- 
rance, anil  ia  held  fast  in  its  vertebration  by  certuin  liga- 
ments. 

CHAP.    107.   (47.) — I'HB   FEEI   OP   BEItiDa. 

Among  birds,  some  have  the  feet  divided  into  toes,  while 
others,  again,  nre  broad  and  fiatfooted — ia  otliers,  wliioh  par- 
take of  the  intermediate  nature  of  both,  the  toes  are  diviueil. 
with  a  wide  epuco  between  them.  All  birds,  however,  bavo 
tour  toes — tlitffc  io  tront,  and  one  on  the  heel ;  this  hvst,  how- 
ever, ia  wanting  in  Bonie  that  have  long  legs.  The  iynx**  i« 
the  only  bird  that  has  two  toes  on  paeli  side  of  the  leg.  This 
bird  alao  protrudes  s  long  tongai;  simillir  to  that  of  the  serpent, 
and  iteim  turn  the  neck  quite  round  and  look  bBckwards  ;  it 
lias  great  talons,  too,  like  those  of  the  jackdaw.  Some  of  the 
heavier  birds  have  spurs  also  upon  the  lega ;  but  none  of 
those  have  them  which  have  crooked  tiilons  as  well.  Thii 
Inn^-footed  birds,  as  they  fly,  extend  the  legs  toWRrds  tho  tail, 
while  those  that  have  short  lega  hohl  them  contracted  close  to 
tho  middle  of  the  body.  Those  quUioib  who  deny  that  therti 
i»  any  bird  without  feet,  assert  that  those  even  which  arc 
called  apodes,**  are  not  without  tlieai,  as  also  the  nee,  and  the 
drepanis,"  which  last  ia  a  bird  hut  very  rarely  seen.  Ser- 
pi^ut^,  too,  have  beea  Been  with  feet  like  tbose  of  the  gooftt). 

•3  The  ihinoeer^w, 

M  Or  rrjTieck.  "  See  K  s,  c.  S. 

*  SuppMcd  to  hp  tlio  Hininilo  spna  of  Linnroiia,  (Jf  the  "oet"  nt^tting 
li  kniiwa ;  indocid,  the  roadiuj;  is  vory  doubttiil. 


Chilp.  109.]  ,TI«   ftEXCAI.   P\ItT8. 

CUAF.   108.    (-IS.) TBK  rCET  OF  KJitUMJ',  VUOV    Ttl<  SR    TiAVtKO 

rwo  FXET   to  iiiwti  wiru   X   UUXUUKU UWAUF-. 

Among  iiisi<clD,  tliosfi  which  liavo  bonl  erOB  have  the  Tore- 
ii-ctlong,  iaurdir  thut  from  ttiub  tu  t'luiu  ihvy  muv  rub  ilu; 
eyes  with  Uieir  feit,  a»  we  freqiiontly  bco  done  by  llie«.  Th« 
insects  which  hnre  long  hind-feet  are  able  to  leap,  the  locust 
for  instance.  Ail  theec  insects  have  six  fett :  ami  Bome  of  tho 
tpiden  hav«  two  wry  l^ng  fwt  ia  addition.  They  hnT*-,  all 
of  them,  three  j<'iiit».  We  hare  already"  «t»ted  that  inarino 
Ittsrcts  hsTfl  eight  feni,  such  ax  thtt  jiolyput*,  the  espia,  the 
ttitllc-fish,  and  tho  crah,  unimajH  which  more  thtir  arms  in  a 
contrary  diretlion  to  their  feet,  which  hwt  they  movo  srountl 
«  well  as  obIiqii(-ly  :  ihpy  am  the  only  animijs  tho  fwt  of 
vhioh  have  a  rounded  form.  Othfr  inwcta  have  two  feet  to 
Trgulale  their  movemciita ;  in  tho  crah,  and  in  that  ouly,  thi«c 
duties  art)  performed  by  fuur,  Tho  liuid  Animitla  which  exceed 
this  number  of  feel,  as  moet  of  tho' worms,**  never  have  fewer 
tliiin  twelve  feet,  and  Bome,  indeed,  us  miuiy  us  a  hundred. 
The  nuniher  of  fe«t  is  never  unevvu  iu  any  Htiiinul.  .^luuii^ 
the  solid- lioofi^i  auinialts  the  legs  are  of  thuir  proper  It^ngth 
from  tho  moment  of  their  birth,  alter  which  they  may  with 
nO'CC  propriety  be  said  to  ext«nd  themselvL-s  lh«n  to  incrfusw 
ia  growth  :  hence  it  is,  that  in  infancy  they  on-  iiblo  to  ftcmtch 
Iheir  eai-s  with  the  hind  feet,  »  thing  which,  when  they  grow 
older,  they  nro  not  ab!e  to  do,  bo*ausii  their  increa«o  of  growth 
fltfecLi  only  the  fluperficiea  of  the  body.  It  is  for  tho  same 
nason  also,  tb.it  they  arc  only  able  to  grazi!  at  first  by  bending 
thA  kncca^  until  su'ih  time  us  the  neck  has  tittuiued  it«  proper 
length. 

(49.)  There  ore  dwurfli  to  be  huui  among  all  aniinals,  and 
■moQg  birds  bvvn, 

CTTAP.    109. — ntB   SEXUAL   P*ET«. — irKB^APDHOWTW. 

Wo  have  already  epokcD  fiiifficiently**  iit  length  of  those  ani- 
mab,  tJis  malcH  of  wmch  have  tho  eexuut  parts  behind.  In 
the  woU^  tho  fox,  tht;  wem^'l,  and  the  funx't,  ttiene  [mrts  are 
iKmy ;    Mid  it  is  tite  gtnit«J*  wf  Ibo  hwt- mentioned  aiiiiiiul 

«*  B.  )i-  c.  44. 

■*  Hetvidcndymwnsiiweotiof  tboccntiptMie  cbiu.    SeeB.xiis.g.  3&. 
*•  B.  X.  0.  83. 


PI,IXt'9  ITATTTRAL   HrSTdRT. 


[Dook  XI, 


that  Biippir  the  principnl  mmedJos  for  caJculua  in  tlio  humuii 
HaddfT.  It  is  paid  nlan  that  the  geaitulB  of  th«  btar  uro 
turned  into  &  hnrny  aabBtmnce  the  momeat  it  dies.  Among 
the  peoples  of  the  East  the  verj*  beat  'bow-Btringa  are  thow 
which  are  made  of  the  member  of  the  camel.  These  parts  also, 
among  different  mil.ionn,  Eiro  made  the  object  of  certain  uaages'" 
and  rfligioiia  observances  ;  and  the  Galli,"  the  priests  of  the 
ilother  of  the  gods,  aro  m  the  hahit  of  castrating  therogelvcs, 
without  anv  dungeroua  rosiiltfi.  On  the  other  hand,  there  ia 
in  some  few  vrmacv.  a  moBstroiis  reseinhlanoG  to  the  mole  oon- 
formntion,  while  herraftphroditeB  appear  to  purlake  of  the 
nuturti  of  both.  Inatanwa  of  this  last  conrormntion  were 
Hoen  in  quadrupedB  in  Nero  "a  reign,  and  for  the  first  time,  I 
imagine  ;  for  he  OBt^ntutiousLy  paraded  hermaphrodite  horses 
yoked  to  his  car,  which  had  been  found  in.  the  territory  of 
the  Trcviri,  in  Gaul ;  as  if,  indeed,  it  was  so  r&marfcahly  fin«  a 
sight  to  behold  the  ruler  of  the  earth  seated  ia  a  chariot  drawn 
by  monstrufiitieB  I 

CHAP.    1 10. 'CnE  TESTES — THE  THBEK  CLASSES  OV  KCPOCHB. 

In  sheep  and  catllo  tho  teatea  hang  down  to  the  legs,  while 
in  the  hoar  they  are  knit  up  cloae  to  the  hody.  In  the  dolphin 
thcT  are  very  long,  and  are  ooncpnled  in  the  lowttr  part  of  the 
helly.  In  the  elephant,  also,  thGj  are  tjiiite  concealed.  In 
oviparaufl  aoimals  they  adhere  to  the  interior  of  tho  loias. : 
these  animals  are  the  most  apeedy  in  the  venereal  eoDgress. 
PisheB  and  sorpentB  have  no  testes,  but  in  place  of  them  they 
hare  two  Teina,  which  nin  from  the  renalregion  to  thege^nitals. 
The  bird  IcnowB  as  th<i  "buteo',"°'  has  three  testes.  Hun  is 
tho  only  creature  in  which  tho  testes  are  ever  broken,  either 
nccidentally  or  hy  some  natural  malady ;  those  who  are  thus 
afflicted  form  a.  third  class  of  half  mc-a,  in  nddilinn  to  her- 
maphroditcB  and  bunuchs.  In  all  npecies  cif  animals  the  main 
is  more  courageous  than  the  female,  with  the  exception  of  tho 
panther  and  the  bear. 

CHIP.  HI.  (500 — Tim  taiis  a?  lynmts. 

Kenrly  all  the  aniniLda,  both  Tiviporous  aa  well  as  oriparous, 

*"  Such  ai  circumttainn  among  the  Jews. 

n  See  B.  nnv.  c.  46, 

**  Fiubublf  the  buzsarJ;  firom  tliia  aittc^viK  callei)  the  '^  triorehJs." 


Cksp.  113.]        vatrssxsT  toices  or  ahim^vlr. 


S3 


\ 


■with  the  exfieplion  of  man  and  the  apo,  have  Uils  in  propor- 
tion to  the  nGce«sitaea  of  the  body.  Lq  ammals  witli  t)riatk'ft 
tlie  tail  in  bare,  as  in  the  hour,  for  inavmce.  In  those  that  are 
shaggy,  it  ifl  emnll,  Riu-h  np  the  hoar:  whilo  in  tho^c  ammolB 
IJiat  bare  bng  huir,  the  toil  ie  loug  al?o,  the  horse,  f<rr  in- 
Btouuc  Thu  toil  of  a  lizard  ur  erqicul,  ircut  off,  will  grow 
agsin.  The  tail  govei-ua  the  movb-ruLnU  of  tliu  iiah  Uko  a 
rudder,  and  turning  )rom  side  to  side,  to  the  right  or  to  the 
left,  imptfle  it  onwardE,  actuig  in  some  degree  like  an  oar. 
A  double  tail  is  sornetiines  found  in  lizii,rdB.  In  oxi-n,  the 
stalk  of  the  tail  is  uf  remiirkulilo  length,  and  is  covnrt-d  with 
TOTigh  hair  at  thp  extremity.  In  the  aas,  too,  it  is  longer  than 
in  tbe  horse,  but  in  beast*  of  burden  it  ia  covered  with  bristly 
haira.  The  tail  of  the  lion,  at  the  extremity,  is  likc'  that  of 
thi'  ox  and  the  field-monee ;  but  this  ie  not  the  uaae  with  the 
^unther.  In  tlie  iu.'t  uud  the  wolf  it  ia  coveri^d  with  hug 
hair,  aa  in  nhecp,  ia  which  it  is  longer  also.  In  awioe,  Una 
tail  is  curled  ;  among  dogi,  those  that  are  mongrels  uarry  it 
close  beiieaUL  tho  bvlly. 

CBAP.     112.    (61.) — THR    DryFKKENT    YOICES   OF   AWIHALa. 

Arii'tollc''  b  of  opinion  that  do  iminud  bus.  a  voice  wbiuh 
diwa  Qut  rcftpirv,  uud  that  hcacc  it  ia  that  there  is  no  voite  la 
insects,  but  only  a  iioiEe,  through  the  circulation  of  the  air  in 
the  interior,  and  ita  resounding,  by  reason  of  its  cuinprt^ssioa. 
Some  inMttct«,  agniu,  he  Kiys,  tmit  a  sort  of  humming  noiae, 
cuch  89  the  bee,  for  instance ;  others  a  shrill,  long-drawn  note, 
like  the  gnifishopper,  the  two  cnvitica  heneath  ibi;  thorax  ro- 
ceiving  the  air,  which,  meetitig  a  mov*iabIe  membrane  wilhia, 
emits  a  aouml  hy  the  attiition. — Aku  that  flten,  been,  and 
other  inacctfi  of  that  nature,  aro  only  heard  whilu  thuy  ai'u 
flying,  uud  eease  to  bu  heard  the  moment  they  settle,  and  ikit 
the  sound  which  they  emit  proceeds  from  the  friction  and  the 
air  within  them,  and  not  from  any  act  of  reapiration.  At  all 
evcutii,  it  is  geucrally  belit^ved  that  Ihe  locust  emita  a  soimd 
by  rubbing  together  the  winga  and  thighs,  and  that  among 
the  aquatic  animals  the  stallop  makes  a  certain  noise  as  it 
flica.*  Mollusks,  howf-Ttr,  and  the  tostjioooiia  animals  have  no 
voice  utd  emit  no  sounds.     Ae  for  the  other  (Uhea,  although 


K  Hist.  Anim.  B.  iv.  c,  9, 


M  Sw  B.  ii.  ».  52, 


n 


PMST  8  KIlTPIUL  niSTOnT. 


Hook  XI, 


thoy  tiTO  doatituto  of  lungs  and  the  traclieal  artery,  they  oro 
not  enUrely  without  tbe  power  of  emitting  certuin  sounds :  it 
is  only  a  iiiove  jokt  to  B;iy  Ibat  the  noisu  which  tliuy  make  » 
jiroiJuM^d  "by  grating  thtiir  tet-th  toj^ethor.  Tin;  tish,  too,  thut 
is  found  iu  the  river  AclidoiH,  nn-d  13  known  as  tho  boar-fifih,** 
innki's  n  gruinliig  noih-c,  119  do  some  others  which  vc  have  pre- 
viously*' luPBlioned.  The  oviparous  animals  liias:  in  the 
Borpent  this  hissing'  is  prolougijd,  in  the  tortoiBo  it  is  short  and 
[ilii'upt.  Fr%'S  make  a  intculiiir  tiuise  uf  tliwr  own,  m  ulruiidy 
btcittd;"  unlees,  indeed,  this,  too,  is  to  be  looked  upon  ua  a 
]U!4ttcr  of  doubt;  but  their  noiso  origiiisilcB  in  the  laoulh,  and 
not  ill  the  lliontx,  Slill,  however,  io  rofcivnce  to  tbis  suhjfcl, 
tho  natiu'e  ol'  the  various  lotalitioa  exercises  a  very  considemhle 
inHuoncc,  for  iu  Macedonia,  it  is  siiid,  tlie  froga  are  dumb,  atid 
The  eamc-  iu  rc-ierenee  lo  the  wild  bonrs  there.  Among  birds, 
the  snitdler  ones  cbirp  and  tintter  llie  m<iBt,  and  more  t-epu- 
eiully  «hoiit  the  lime  of  piiinng.  Others,  again,  cxiircise  their 
voice  while  figliting,  the  qmdl,  for  iiietance;  others  before 
liiey  bugiu  to  fig-ht.  sueh  us  the  purtridffe ;  and  others  when 
llivy  bitve  gained  the  victory,  the  dimghill  coek,  for  instauco. 
T)iy  lUttlea  in  these  spycles  h;ive  a  peculiar  note  of  their  own, 
while  in  others,  the  nightiiigule  ior  (3:iuniple,  the  male  has 
the  tiume  notti  as  th>?  fLuiiide. 

Sotne  birds. sing  ull  tiic  jear  round,  others  only  at  Certain 
limes  of  the  j'car,  as  we  have  already  mentioned  when  speak- 
ing of  them  individtiiilly.  The  elc])b«Tit  produces  n  noiso 
Fimilur  io  thiit  of  sneezing,  by  tbo  aid  of  the  mnuth,  and  in. 
dependcntly  of  llio  iioBtriJB:  but  by  means  of  the  nostrils  it 
emits  a  sound  giniilar  to  the  lioarsc  braying  of  a  trunijict. 
Jt  is  only  iu  the  buviiie  race  that  tiie  voite  of  the  feniiile  is  the 
deepust,  it  being  in  all  other  l;indB  of  animals  more  clii-ill  than 
lliat  of  the  male :  it  is  Hil<  same  ulsit  with  tlic  male  of  Ibo 
hutnan  race  wbun  castrakd.  The  infant  at  ita  biitb  ia  nvvtr 
heard  to  utter  a  erj-  hcfun?  it  liiL^  entirely  left  the  ntenia: 
it  begins  To  spcult  ht  the  end  of  the  fii-st  year.  A  eon  of 
f>Q3aus,"  howeviT,  spoke  when  only  fiix  mouths  old,  nnd,  while 
yet  wielding  the  uhild's  rutUe,  nifurded  portentous  omcnB,  for 

1'  •'  Apor,"  »  B.  ix,  c-  7. 

"^  Sco  L-.  09  of  (lio  pnufiit  Tlook. 

•■  Not  iW  duni'i  Kin  nn'iiUimfd  bj-  Ucrodotos,  irho  saved  Lii  futlicr'i 
Ufa  ut  tbc  taking  or  Sut  ik-s. 


I 


it  was  at  the  same  period  Uiat  his  futber's  empire  fvU.  Tboeo 
chililrcQ  which  bepin  to  iqwiik  llie  BOonpat,  bi^n  to  walk  tlie 
Ltt«8t,  The  hum;ui  Toictt  ucquin-s  titiditiuitul  strength  ut  Ibu 
fourtet-ntL  jetLT  ;  but  in  old  age  it  bccompi*  more  ittiriU  agftiRr 
and  there  is  no  living  creature  in  ivhich  it  is  sutjjoct  to  more 
i'rcqucnt  changes. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding,  there  arc  etill  Bomc  lingular 
rircunictanci^B  that  deserve  lo  liu  raentiontiil  with  rfferpiiLP  to 
llie  voice.  If  saw-dual  or  Bund  ie.  thrown  down  in  the  orchcB- 
tra  of  u  Ibcutre,  or  it'  tho  wulla  urouiid  aro  litft  in  a  roii^h 
suite,  or  empty  caaka  mo  placed  there,  tlie  voice  is  aWorhcd  ; 
while,  on  tlie  other  iiaud.  if  the  wall  Ja  cjiiito  straight,  or  if 
built  in  H  concavi?  form.,  the  voicL'  will  move  uloug  it,  and  will 
oouvey  words  spoken  in  the  sIlghtt-Mt  whUpT  from  one 
end**  to  the  other,  if  there  is  no  inequality  in  the  surface  to 
impede  its  progress.  The  voice,  in  man.  contrihuU-s  in  a  great 
ik-groe  to  form  his  phyRiognomj-,  for  we  form  n  knowledge  of 
u  man  before  wti  seie  hiio  hy  hraritjg  his  voice,  just  us  wcU* 
US  if  we  hud  seea  him  with  our  eyta.  Tlniro  uw  os  muiiy 
liiuds  of  voices,  too,  as  there  are  iiidinduals  in  cxistcDce,  nnd 
CQOh  man  has  his  own  peculiar  voice,  juHt  us  much  ae  hie  own 
peeuliiir  phyEiognomy.  Hiuee  it  is,  tlnit  ariuee  that  vast  di- 
versity of  uatious  and  languagt-e  throughout  the  wliole  earth  : 
iu  this,  too,  originate  the  many  tnneB,  ineasures,  and  inflexions 
that  exist.  But,  before  (ill  olhiT  things,  it  is  the  vuice  tlisit 
»cr*-e8  to  eiprees  our  sentiments,"  a  [lowtT  that  distingnisiies 
us  fiom  the  beasts ;  just  as,  in  the  Hnnie  way,  tlie  various  shades 
nnd  difFi:rt.nces  in  Iaii*ung<i  that  exist  nmon;;  men  have  created 
an  equally  marked  diifcri'iiet)  bttwcen  ua  and  the  brutes. 

Ct{\T.    118.  (52.) SOFBRFLUUPS    LIMBS. 

Supem iiuiemry  limbs,  when  they  grow  on  aniniala,  nre  nf 
lia  lUsC,  whieh  is  thp  case  also  with  the  sixth  finger,  wlien  it 
grows  on  man.  It  was  thought  proper  in  Egyf>t  to  rejtr  n 
human  mon»tuT,  that  had  two  additiunul  eves  in  the  back  puit 
of  tile  he^id  ;  it  could  not  see  with  theiu,  however. 

l.ikn  ilin  whiipB^inK  gallory  of  St,  Paul'ii  Csthcdi'iil, 
"  Nou  alitor  qusni  txiutu."    Oo  tbii,  few  vjll  bv  fuiiad  to  ngne  nit^ 
— /. 

*'  .And  not  to  "cottcoal"  them,  nctording- to  tljcopiniunfiFspmcmodcrn 
poliliciuuft. 


J 


PLTHT'a   WATURAL   niSTOKT. 


[Book  XI. 


CHAT.  114.  —  SIGNS   OF   TITAXIIY   AND   OP   THE   MDBAL 
rrlSFOBiriON    OF   UAK,    FROM   XnH   i.lMB8. 

I  nm  greatly  Biirprised  that  Arietotlo  hns  not  only  believed, 
but  has  even  commilteii  it  to  writing,  that  tlierc  ore  id  tlio 
huouLQ  bgdy  certain  prognostiea  gf  tUe  duratioa  of  life.  Al- 
though I  am  quite  convinced  of  the  utter  llitility  nf  these  re- 
mtirks,  and  am  of  opinion  that  they  ought  not  to  he  published 
without  hesitation,  fot  fear  lest  each  pi'rson  might  ha  anxionRly 
looting  out  for  these  pmguoetica  in  his  own  person,  I  shall  atill 
malce  eome  slight  mention  of  ihe  suhject,  seeing  that  so  learned 
a  man  m  Arif^totle  did  not  (rent  it  with  contempt.  He  has  net 
(Iowa  the  following  ns  indicationa  of  a.  ahort  life — few  teeth, 
very  lonsj  fiagcrB.  a  Icifidcn  coilour,  and  numerous  broken  lines 
in  the  palm  of  the  hand.  On  the  other  hand,  he  looks  upon  the 
following  as  prognostics  o-f  a  long  life — stooping  in  the  shoul- 
ders, one  or  two  long  uabrokou  liiicBin  the  band,  a  greater  num- 
IcTttaatwo-and-tliirty  teeth,  and  largcepars.  Hf  does  not,  I 
imagine,  require  that  all  thene  symptoms  should  unite  in  one 
person,  but  looks  upon  them  «»  individually  significant :  in  my 
opinion,  however,  thoy  are  TJttcrly  frivolona,  all  of  them,  al- 
though  thoy  oblain  currency  among  the  vulgar.  Our  own  writer, 
Trogus,  has  in  a  similar  manner  set  down  the  phyaiognomy  as 
indicative  of  the  moral  disposition  ;  one  of  the  rery  gravest  of 
the  Roman  ftuthors,  whoso  own*'  words  I  wilL  here  subjoin : — 

"  Where  the  forehead  is  broad,  it  is  si^iiicant  of  a  dull  and 
nluggigh  underatunding  hcni;atk;  and  where  it  ie  Bmiill,  it  ia- 
dicates  an  unsteady  disposition.  A  rounded  forehead  denotes 
an  imsoiMe  temper,  it  eeeniing  as  though  the  BurelUng  anger 
had  left  its  traces  there.  Wliere  the  eye-brows  are  extended 
ill  one  straight  line,  they  denote  effeminacy  in  the  owner,  and 
■when  they  arc  bent  downwitrda  towards  the  noae,  an  austere 
dinpoaition.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  eye-brows  are  bent 
towards  the  temples,  Ihoy  are  indicative  of  a  BarcaBtic  digpo- 
aition ;  hut  when  they  lie  very  low,  they  denote  malice  and 
envy.  Long  eyes  are  signiticant  of  a  spitcfu.!,  nialieious  nature ; 
and  where  the  corners  of  the  eyes  next  the  nose  aj'o  fleshy,  it 
ia  a  sign  also  of  a  wicked  disposition.  If  the  white  of  the  ej-e 
IB  large,  it  bears  tukeue  of  impudenee,  while  those  who  are 
jucesftantly  closing  the  eyelids  are  inconstant,     Largeaeas  of 

*'  Bui  tbay  are  bonroweil  firam  AriatoUSf  Hiit.  Amra.  B.  i.  c,  9. 


tlie  ears  i»  a  eigu  of  Loquacily  and   foolisbneBS."     Tbxa  much 
•t"  wb«t  Trogus  aays. 

CHAP.   115.   (53.) — EEBPIBATIOS    AND   NDa'ElUEKT. 

The  breath  of  liie  lion  is  fotid,  and  that  of  the  bear  qnile 
bcstilentinl ;  indeed,  no  heuBt  will  touch  nnytlim^  with  w)iich 
\t6  bri^ath  has  corn's  la  cotitact.,  iind  BuhHlancPS  whioh  it  han 
Imattied  upon  will  bucoiDC!  putrid  sooner  than  otiiers.  U  ia 
in  nam  only  that  Nature  bos  willed  tlmt  the  bruath  tdiould 
become  tainted  ia  several  viajs,  either  through  faultizicss  in 
the  victuob  ur  thi^  teeth,  or  elK',  ae  is  uioro  geocrall}'  ihecast^ 
tlirough  extreme  old  f>g<-.  Uur  breath  iu  itaidf  whs  ins«Diuble 
to  all  pain,  utterly  devoid  oa  it  was  of  oU.  powers  of  touch  and 
fifling,  without  which  there  can  be  no  Bonsation ;  ever  re- 
newed, it  was  alwajH  fortbcnmlng,  deRtined  to  be  the  laat  ad- 
nGnst  that  ehuU  leave  the  body,  and  tlio  only  one  to  remiiiii 
Traon  all  IB  gono  bt'sidu ;  it  drew,  in  fine,  lU  origin  froni 
beRTcn.  In  spite  of  till  this,  Iiowerer,  certain  penalties  were 
discovered  to  bo  infiicled  upon  it,  so  that  the  very  subet«Doe 
by  the  aid  of  wbic>i  we.'  lire  might  become  a  turmcut  to  it*  in 
life.  This  inconvenience  is  more  particularly  experienced 
among  the  Parthians,  from  their  youth  upwards,  on  account 
tif  the  indi9i:rimi£iutft  u&e  of  lood  among:  them  ;  and,  indeed, 
their  very  escesa  in  wine  causes  their  breath  to  be  fetid.  The 
grandees,  however,  of  that  nation  have  a  remedy  for  bad  hrcnth 
in  the  pipe  of  the  AeHyrian  eitron,*'  which  ihey  mbt  witli  their 
fuod,  luid  the  aroma  of  which  is  porticalarly  agroeuble.  Ths 
breath  of  the  elephant  will  attract  eerpeiite  fryui  their  holce, 
while  that  of  the  stag  ocorches  them.  Wc  have  sdready  made 
Beation"  of  certain  races  of  m<jn  who  could  by  suction  extract 
KfeMB  the  body  the  venom  of  serpenta ;  anrl  swine  wilt  cvlu  eat 
Bptpenta,"  which  to  other  animola  are  poisonous.  All  those 
srcaturL^s  which  we  have  spoken  of  as  insects,  cjin  be  killed  by 
■merely  flprinMing  them  with  oil."*  VuItiirtR,  wliieh  are  put 
bi  flight  by  unguents,  arc  attracted  by  other  odours;  the  beetle, 
too,  u  attitieted  by  the  rose.  The  soorpiou  put»  to  death  eiTtain 
•erpeats.    The  Scythians  dip  their  arrows  in  tho  poieoQ  of 

«  See  B.  xii.  c.  7.  «  B.  rii.  c.  2. 

•*  See  B.  xxix.  c.  23. 

"  S«e  &  31  of  Utc  pRMnt  Book. 

TOU  m.  H 


PlDIT'a  NATDItAL  HISTOHV. 


[Book  XL 


serpcnti  anfl  liiimfln  blood  :  egoinat  this  frightful  composition 
there  is  no  romt^y,  for  with  the  alighti^st  touch  it  is  prwiuctivG 

of  instant  dctitli. 

CaAF.    116. A-NlMfll.S    WHICH  WTIEN    JPrO    tTFON    P0I8OS    Iln 

MOT    DIE,    AND    THE    FLESH    OF    WHICH    IS    P0I80SOU9, 

The  aniigals  wliicli  feed  upon  poison  have  bcon  ttlresdy" 
mentionc'cl.  Some  of  them,  which  are  hflrmlpse  of  thcmstiln-a, 
become  noxious  if  fed  upon  TCnomous  subatancc-a.  The  wilt! 
boar  of  Viimpbylia  and  the  raountdinous  parts  of  Cilicia,  aftt-r 
having  dtvoun-d  q  salamander,  will  become  poiaonoiig  to  thoso 
whf>  GJit  ita  flesh  ;  and  y«t  the  danger  lb  quite  impcrceptiblu 
by  roaaun  of  any  peculiarity  in  the  sraull  and  tasto.  The  sulri- 
munder,  too,  will  poison  either  wnter  or  wine,  in  which  it 
happens  lo  be  dmwmid ;  ami  what  is  more,  if  it  has  only  druuk 
thereof,  the  liquid  becjoraes  poisonous.  The  samo  is  the  caw, 
too,  with  tho  frog  known  to  us  us  the  bramMe-frog.  S^o  n«- 
luerouB  urij  the  snares  tbftt  am  laid  in  wait  for  life  !  Wa-ip^* 
greedily  dorour  tho  flush  of  thi?  serpent,  a  nutriment  which 
renders  their  stings  fatal ;  so  vu3t  is  the  difference  to  he  found 
between  one  kind  of  food  nnd  another.  In  the  country,  too, 
of  the  Iclithyophagi,'"  as  we  learn  from  Thcophraatnti,  the  oxen 
are  fed  upon  fish,  but  only  when  alive. 

CHAF.    117. REA«0«8      FOR     IKDIQESTIOH.        KEMSDIEa    FOB 

The  most  wholesome  mitrirneiit  for  man  tg  plain  food.  An 
nccmnuhilioa  of  flavours  is  iojiiriouB,  and  still  moro  so,  if 
heiglitetied  by  nauccs.  All  acrid  elciaents  aro  difficult  of  di- 
gestion, and  the  same  is  the  case  if  food  la  devcuirod  greedily, 
or  in  too  lai'ge  quantities.  Food  ia  also  less  cuaily  digested  in 
summer  Ihnn  in  winter,  and  in  old  Jige  than  in  youth.  Tho 
vomits  whiuh  man  haa  invented,  by  way  of  romcdy  for  this 
evil,  rtuder  the  body  more  ooldj  itnd  are  nio-re  particuJm'ly  inju- 
rious to  tlie  eyea  and  teef^h. 

CHAP.     118. —  PROM   WHAT     CAUSES     CoapULENCE   AHI3ES  ; 

HOW  IT   MATT   DB   HEDUCED. 

Dittestion  during  sleep  is  mora  productive  of  corpiilenca  than 

•ttcngth.     Hence  it  is,   that  it  ic  preferable  for  athletes  lo 

^  B.  it.  e.  33.  "  Or  Pisb -eaten. 


CInip.  119] 


bcumaht. 


I 


<]uickeu  digcsUuii  by  walking.     Wutching,  at  uigiLt  mare  es- 
pecialiT,  prumotes  digostion  of  the  food. 

(54.)  TIi€'  sise  of  the-bodj-  is  increased  by  cstiog  sweot  atul 
fsAty  Hubstauces,  as  well  as  by  ilriukioff,  while,  on  tbe  other 
bond,  it  is  dimi  nitthcr]  by  eating  dry,  ai^rid,  or  cold  inibntiinceB, 
by  abstaining  bam  drink.  &ame  ammeds  of  Africa,  m 
as  Bhcop,  driok  but  once  cTcry  four  days.  Abstinence 
food  for  BCTcn  days,  even,  if  not  of  noocesity  fatal  ta  man : 
And  it  isa  well-known  fact,  that  msnyperBcnabftre  not  died  till 
after  sn  abstinence  of  ulcvi'Ji  duya.  Man  ia  tbe  only  animal 
iJiftt  ia  ever  attacked  with  un  inttutiate*'  oru\ing  for  fuud. 

CIUP.    119. — WHAT  iniJtQB,    BY   llEIiKl.I   TASTIXG   Or   TaEM, 
AXiAT    aCJiCKIC    AMI     lUlUSX. 

Ou  the  other  bond,  tb^re  are  fiome  EubstoncoE  whicb,  toflted 
in  small  quantities  oiJy,  appt-asu  liuDRor  and  thirst,  onJl  keep 
lip  the  strength,  such  as  bulttir,  fur  inAtiincc,  cbeew  made  of 
maruB*  milk,  ajiil  liquorice.  But  the  ra(»L  jiemifiidiift  Uiingof 
all,  and  in  every  station  of  lift-,  ia  cxol^s,  and  more  csput-ially 
excess  in  ft>od ;  in  fact,  it  is  the  most  pnident  pliin  to  re- 
trench evftything  that  may  hi;  poHsibly  productive  of  injury. 
Let  us,  bowcver,  now  pass  on  to  the  olhtr  branches  of  Xatuw;. 

STTMiTABt. — Remarkable  facts,  narratives,  and  obBcn-utioEB. 
two  tbouaand,  two  hundred,  and  Bevcnty. 

lioMAK  ArtBoBS  ttiTOTED. — M.  VuxTO,*  Hygitius.*'  Swofa," 
SaBoma,"  Culetis  CorncdioB,"  iEiuiliua  MaciT.''  Virgil,™  Colu- 
mella,'* JoliuB  Aq^iila'"  who  wrote  on  the  Tuscan  ait  of  Divi- 
Dution,  Tai  qui  tins™  who  wroto  on  the  iiamt>6ubjecl,  UmbriciuB 
Melior"™  who  wrotti  on  the  same  subji-et,  Cato  thp  donwr," 
DomitiiiB  Calvinus,'"  Trogus,*™  itcliaras,"  FabianuB,*"  Muci- 
anus,"  Nigii3ias,*  Manilius,'"  Oppius." 

•"  (It  haKmitt, 

••  Sm  end  of  B.  ii.  *•  8c*  Mid  of  B.  lit. 

"  ('.  Tmnirllius  Bcrofa,  afritadof  M.  Vatr*,  and  one  of  the  early  whlen 
OD  ujtricaUiiro.  ""  Sm;  pnti  of  H,  s. 

"i^  See  end  of  B.  vii.  '*  St^e  ond  of  B.  ix. 

"•  8m  ffltid  of  B.  Tii.  '•  S«o  end  of  B.  viii, 

"  See  end  of  B.  ii.  ^  See  Wid  of  B.  ii. 

w  Seo  «id  at  B,  I.  «  See  ond  of  B.  iii. 

"  NuthinK  Mema  to  he  known  of  t^iii  ■wrilnr. 
"  Bm  ata  of  fi,  vii.  ^  Suu  end  uf  B.  rti. 

M  Sm  end  of  B.  ii.  *°  Scs  mi  of  B,  ii. 

•*  Bm  end  of  n.  Ti.  "  8m  on^l  of  It,  x. 

"  C.  Oppiiu,OQeof  Ibemotl  i&tii&atc£rit.iidH  uf  Julius  CWEir,  for  whom, 


ion 


ptmrr'a  MATtiEAr,  iitstort. 


[Duok  XI. 


FoKETGH"  iCTHoaB  BCOTED. — An 610110,"°  Demotntus,*'  Neoji- 
tohimuB*'  who  wrote  tliy  Mtiiturgica,  Ajistomnchiis"*  wUo 
wrote  oa  the  same  subject,  Pbilistiia"'' who  wroto  on  the  same 
subject,  Nicander/'  M«necruteB,"°  DionysioB'*  wlio  traQp!fttt!d 
Hago,  Empcdoc.les,*'  Callimflchuaj*'  King  Attains, "*  ApoUo* 
dorua'  who  wrota  on  Tcnonious  anirnala,  Happocratoa,'  Hero- 
phUiis/ErofiistrstuB,*  Asdepiadea,*  Thtmifion,"  Poeidoniue'  tho 
Ktoie,  Mcnnndcr*  of  Priene  and  Mt'niinder"  of  Heraclea,  Bu- 
phroniua""  of  Athena,  Thoophrastus/'  Hosiod,''  King  I'hilo- 
metor.'* 

nith  Bulbils,  lie  iLctud  in  Spdu.  Of  his  numeroui  biogtaphio&l  aodhu* 
tnrioul  worke,  tiodo  bavc  survived  to  oiir  time. 

*"  8m  end  of  B.  ii.  ™  Sea  pnd  at  B.  ii. 

"'  Probably  NeoptoTeniii*  of  Pnros.  who  wrote  a  book  of  Epi^rRmt,  a 
treati»e  on  Longiiiij^ea,  arul  iith^  worka. 

"  Of  Soli,  an.  oksetvtr  of  the  hftbits  oT  bee*.  Hi&  portrait  is  saiil  still 
to  exist,  tin  a  conidimi,  atWotiTdj-  ohsaisbg  it  Bnuriu  uf  bees-.  His  wrote 
upon  IWM,  honry,  and  ihfl  an  nf  tniiing  vrines. 

"'  Prohmbly  a  diftrrpnt  wn'tw  from  ihc  oue  mentioned  at  tLe  tnd  of 
B.  viii. ;  mitliing  acfms  [a  he  kaovm  of  bini,  "'  See  end  of  B-  vtii. 

»  Sep  end  of  B.  «m.  **  Se«  eml  of  B.  ». 

•^  A  i>lii]<i8oplii;r  i>r  Agrigcntum,  and  disdiilu  of  IVtiiacuras.  Ho  is 
■idd  to  liafB  ptriahod  in  tLo  CTatcr  of  Mount  Km«.  iff  wrolo  numerous 
worki,  of  -which  only  some  frugmcnts  eiist. 

**  &»  Olid  of  B.  iv. 

"  Apparently  the  same  aa  tbe  Eing  FHlometor,  mculioAuU  bcbw,  Sm 
end  of  B.  rili. 

I  Of  tLLs  writer  nothing  sQeiR^  tu  be  knotni. 

'  fipe  end  of  U.  vii. 

'  Of  Cbalcedon,  one  of  the  moet  famous  physieiinjs  of  nnliquity.  Ho 
was  ubyvicinn  lo  Phtil^trie,  tlic  C^riuit  uf  Sii.-ilj',  and  i«  aiid  to  heve  dii- 
aeoteu  criDiiuals  dive,  lie  vaa  tlio  tltHt  thnt  paid  paiUcuLor  uttrntioQ  to 
Iha  EorTdna  syBtein. 

'  A  Dative  of  Inlij,  in  Cob,  ot  eUe  Ccoi,  grandson  of  Aiiiitatle,  &nd 
dinciple  of  Thoophraatiii.  He  ncijuired  gT«at  rcpiitatiou  ns  9  t>hyRii:iiii,  at 
tbo  oourt  of  Selciieas  Nieatoi,  kiug  uf  Syria,  whiiro  liii  disci>v"BrO(l  tha  snp- 
powd  du^Ksc  of  trinvs  Antiocbiu,  who  had  fullcn  in  Ioto  with  hi«  stop* 
mother,  Slratonioo.  Of  his  numoious  moiLicnl  works,  oaly  tho  titles  and 
a  few  fragnipnl*  eii«t.  ''  Sc-h  end  of  ]i.  Vn. 

•  A  pb)'sicLsn  of  Liwdiniea,  foandcT  of  the  sehmJ  <if  tlit>  Mttttoditi.  He 
wai  a  pupil  of  Asolepisdeii,  ttad  died  ubuut  e.g.  43.  0/  his  medical  vaxlu 
otdj  a  few  frB?ni<^ats  aurvire.  '  &aa  end  of  B.  ii. 

"  Bee  end  ot  B.  viii.  "  Sac  end  of  B.  viii, 

'<■  See  end  of  B.  viii,  "  See  end  of  K  iii, 

"  Bue  end  of  B.  m.  "  See  King  Attains,  aiar». 


Sucb,  then,  is  tlio  history,  awoKtic};  to  their  raiious  species 
and  Ihc'ir  peculinr  confuriuatioiu,  of  itll  the  aniuimls  within  the 
compaas  ot  our  kiiowlfidge.  It  now  retuainR  for  us  to  ep«ak  of 
the  regetahle  prodactioiu  of  the  tarth,  which  are  equally  far 
from  being  destitute  of  a  vital  spirit,'  [for,  indeed,  oothing  can 
lire  without  i  t),  that  we  may  then  proceed  to  d<>j»cribe  tJic  mim.-- 
nls  eictracted  from  it,  and  so  nono  of  the  works  of  Nature  may 
be  paased  bj  iu  silonct^.  Long,  indeed,  were  tbosu  last  bonn- 
tiea  of  hers  oonocalcd  beneath  the  ground,  the  tnxa  and  loresta 
bcin;  regarded  as  the  tnost  raluablc  bcnctitf  conferred  by  Nu- 
turu  upon  mnnlciad.  It  was  from  th«  forest  that  man  drew 
his  first  alinientj  by  the  leaves  of  the  tnws  vvit»  his  cuve  ren- 
dered more  habitable,  and  bj  tht^ir  btirk  \^~bs  bis  clothing  sup- 
plied ;  even  at  tliis  very  day,^  tht-io  are  nations  that  Live 
under  similar  cirraTnstanc^'s  to  these.  Still  more  and  more, 
then,  must  we  be  struck  with  wondt-r  luid  itdniimtion,  that 
from,  a  primscTnl  stato  such  as  tliia,  wo  shoiUd  now  be  olearinf^ 
the  mountains  for  their  marble*,  risitinp  the  Sctl-b'  to  obtain 
our  clothing,  seeking  the  pearl  in  the  depths  of  the  "Red  Sea, 
and  the  emerald  in  the  very  bowt'ls  of  iho  nirth.  For  our 
ndcmmiGnt  with  these  prccioua  stoncB  it  is  that  we  hiirr  dcviiied 
thOBO  wounds  which  wc  moke  in  our  £ft»;  becausti,  forBooth, 
it  was  deemed  not  enough  to  carry  them  on  our  haods.  our 
aeokft,  and  our  hair,  if  we  did  not  insert  thera  inom- veryHeah 
as  well.  It  will  be  only  proper,  then,  to  follow  the  order  of 
bumaa  invoatioiiA,  and  to  speak  of  the  Ina^  before  treating  of 

■"  •*  Anim*."  Thi;  notion  thnt  plants  ate  poutncd  of  ft  loul  or  spirit,  it 
deriTtd  iroB  tha  Greok  ptibsnphera,  whoattribuhd  to  iham  intallacl  nUo, 
Bad  icitsu. 

»  Vilniviaii  incntioi)*  tto  people  of  Gaul,  Hupania,  LuaiUnm.  und 
AquiCacio,  w  living  in  kb  day  iii  dwnlling*  coTertnT  with  oak  ahingleii,  or 
iritli  itmw, 

>  Sae  B.  ri.  c.  SO,  ud  S.  xi.  c  28. 


102 


PLIST  8  BAXVKAl   HI8T0BY. 


[Book  xn. 


other  Eobjects ;  thus  may  we  trace  up  to  their  very  origin  the 
raanncra  and  usages  of  the  prewnt  day. 

CHAP.  2.   (1.)— THE   SaCLT   HISTOBY   OP   ^KEES. 

The  tr«e8  fonned  the  first  temples  of  the  gods,  aud  even  at 
the  present  day,  the  country  people,  preserv-ing  in.  all  their 
Biiuplicity  tlitrir  nneicnt  rites,  consetnita  the-  fincrt  lunong  their 
trees  to  some  divinity;*  indeed,  wo  feel  ourBelves  inspii-ed  to 
adomtion,  not  leas  hy  tJio  sacred  grovea  and  their  very  atitlnetn, 
than  by  the  statues  of  thtj  grids,  reaplftndent.  as  they  ore  with 
gohl  and  ivory.  Eaah  kind  of  tri?e  romoins  Immutably  conse- 
tiratod  to  its  own  peculiar  divinityj  tlitJ  heeoh'  to  Jupitc-r,*  the 
laurel  to  Apollo,  the  olive  to  Mincrra,  the  myrtle  to  Venus, 
and  the  poplar  to  Hercules  :  beeides  which,  it  is  our  belief 
that  the  SylvoBS.  the  Fanns,  and  vaiious  fcinils  of  goddess 
i'ympha,  have  the  tutelage  uf  the  wooils,  and  we  look  upon 
those  deities  as  especially  appointed  to  preside  over  thera  by 
the  will  of  heaven.  In  more  recent  timea,  it  waa  the  tr«;a 
that  hy  their  jtiines,  more  aoothing  eren  thnn  corn,  first  molli- 
fied the  natural  afiperity  of  man  ;  and  it  is  from  thoso  that  we 
now  derive  the  oil  of  the  olive  that  renderp  the  limbs  eo  supple, 
the  draught  of  wine  that  ao  efficiently  Teeruits  the  strength, 
and  tlio  numerous  delicacioa  which  spring  up  gpontaueouBly  at 
the  various  suusoiis  of  the  year,  and  load  our  tubles  with  thoir 
viaads — tables  to  replenish  which,  we  engage  in  combat  with 
wild  beafits,  and  seek  for  th^  fishos  which  have  fattened  ufCoa 
the  dcftd  corpse  of  the  shipwrecked  maiiner— indeed^  it  is  only 
at  the  second '  doutso,  after  all,  that  the  prodaoe  of  the  trem 
oppoars. 

But,  in  addition  to  this,  the  trees  have  a  thousand  other 
UHus,  all  of  which  are  uidispciiBahh;i  to  the  full  eajoj'ment  of 

'  DwfoQtainuB  remarVi,  tliat  wo  miiy  stni  trace  vtBtii^es  of  tliif  truslom 
in  tlio  fine  trocA  that  ^ow  near  uliLirch  porchos,  imd  in  cburch-yardi. 
Of  oouTsa,  Ilia  temaTli  will  apply  to  Franee  movi\  yiorticuliu'ly, 

*  It  u  doubtful  whether  Vie  les^ulua  of  ttie  llciinutiu  wan  Uie  lame  m  Llia 
bay^aok,  tLe  holm-oak,  or  the  beech.     Sf)k  B,  xvi.  c.  4. 

'  See  further  on  this  subject  in  Phreilriis's  Fables,  B.  iii.  f.  17, 

'  REckoning  the  pTumafds,  antecieao,  or  trustatio,  not  as  a  cDane,  but 
anly  &  prelade,  the  bellaria.  or  dfiBscrt,  at  the  Uoaiiin  Iwtniiietd,  formcid  the 
»f«aDd  courBc,  ur  ULcnsa.  It  cEUUiateJ  of  Iruita  uneoutcd,  iwectmeata,  uid 
IHwtry. 


Ch«p.8.] 


tXOTtC   TBBM. 


103 


life.  It  is  by  tbo  aid  of  the  tree  that  wc  plough  tho  il<%p,  and 
bring  near  to  us  &r  distant  landn ;  it  is  hy  thu  aid  of  the  iTHe, 
too,  that  wo  cuDBtmct  our  edifices.  Tiio  Btutut'8,  evou,  of  tku 
deities  were  ibrmcd  of  the  wood  of  trees,  in  the  dayt  wbc-n  nu 
Talue  hsMi  been  set  as  yet  on  llie  dead  carcase*  of  a  wild  beast, 
and  'wliea.  luxury  rot  yet  deriving  it*  Kuiction  from  tho 
gods  thcm&elTf^ft,  we  UnA  not  to  behold,  rcHphmdpnt  with  the 
Kune  JTory,  the  heads  at  the  dlTinilit's'  and  the  feet  of  our 
tables.  It  ift  pelftt«d  that  tlw  Gnuls,  Bop/initfd  from  us  in  they 
were  by  the  Alps,  which  then  formwl  an  almost  initiirmountable 
bulwark,  had,  as  their  chief  inativi>  for  inTiuliiig  lUily.  its 
dried  fig8,  its  gr.i])c-s,  its  oii,  and  itt^  wiuc,  sunipk-i^"'  of  which 
had  b(>eu  brought  back  to  tlicm  by  Ueltoo,  a  citizen  of  the 
Helvetii,  who  bad  been  staj-ing  at  Itome.  to  {imcliwj  thi'R'  aa 
an  artizan.  "We  may  offer  soam  excutie,  then,  for  Uiem,  when 
we  know  that  they  came  in  quest  of  these  rarioiu  productions, 
though  at  the  price  even  of  war. 

CHAF.  3. EXOTIC  IBKES.      WHBV  TBE  FLAJ<£>TBKK   ?IB«1 

A^PJLARED    IH    ITAXY,   AND  WHEMCK    IT    CAMS. 

But  who  is  there  that  will  not,  with  good  rensoui  be  «ur- 
priiKid  to  learn  that  a  tree  has  btien  introduired  among  us  from 
a  foreign  olime  for  nothing  but  ite  ehadi'  ?  1  nioan  thi;  plane," 
which  was  hret  brought  ucrues  the  Ionian  t^a  to  the  IkIu"  of 
Diomedes,  there  to  be  planted  at  his  tomb,  and  was  afterwards 
imported  theneo  into  Sicily,  being  otic  of  llic  vt'ry  first  exotic 
trees  that  wcrtt  iatrnduc(.-d  ioto  Ilaly.  At  the  present  rfny, 
however,  it  baa  penetrated  as  far  as  tho  coimtry  of  th« 
Morini,  end  occupies  even  a  tributary'^  soil ;  in  return  for  which 

*  Ho  nlliulM  to  tho  [nmuit  of  the  clejihunt,  for  thu  parpoBc  of  o)>Uinin^ 
Irorf,  wiudi  wu  extduirclf  used  in  bu  day,  in  mnking  ihc  eUtu«a  of  tLi>i! 
litTiiiities. 

*  A  Banaitio  anlitbens.  And  y«t  UAl«cb%m|ia would  resd  "humiaom" 
tiisU«d  of  "  numitium" ! 

'!>  PranniMx  The  Pxnctmeaiiinc-of  this  word  doGBnnl  appear.  Thoagh 
»U  tho  M8S-  agree  in  it,  it  in  ptoiinbly  a  ctitnijit  numling,  PIuLirch,  in 
Ud  Life  uf  Camillijs.  says  tbal  Ulu  wine  of  IU]f  waa  lint  iutru^uctxl  in 
Gftul  br  AruDB,  tli<i  EtiuBcun. 

"  Tho  PkUnita  uHuutolis  or  Lhcicus.  It  itcuivcd  its  tunuo  from  th« 
Gmd  vMrcc,  "  bica^th,"  by  rcusoii  of  its  wiilo-sprcading  brunchM. 

"  For  further  mentiunol'  this  likncl,  nov  Tr«iiuti,  hm  Jl.  iii.  c.  iO. 

■)  He  alludu,  pnitwbl}',  to  the  *'Tccligal  Bokrium,"  a  lort  of  graimd- 


164 


PUHTB  FiTCIUL  H18T0HT. 


[Hook  XII. 


ihoBe  DatiuDS  have  to  pay  a  tax  for  the  cuJoyTnent  of  its  shade. 
Ilionysius  the  EMer,  one  of  the  tyrants  of  Sicily,  had  plaDP- 
treta  conveyed  to  the  city  of  Ilhegiiua,  whtTP  tliey  were  loolted 
upon  as  the  great  toftrvel  of  his  palace,  which  was  aftcrwardA 
c-onycrted  into  a  gymnaaiura.  These  trees  did  not,  however, 
in  that  locality,  attuiu  any  very  great  hbight.  I  find  it  also 
stated  by  Home  authors,  that  there  were  aome  other  iQ9taDct», 
in  iboflQ  days  evon,  of  plunc-ttccis  hcin^  foand  in  Italy,  aod  I 
tiud  aume  menliouuil  by  name  as  existing  in  Spyin." 

CHAP.  4.— IILB   WATDBB   O?   THJB   PI,ASK-IKEB. 

This  cireumetanco  toot  place  about  the  time  of  the  capture 
of  the  City  of  Borne ;  and  to  such  high  honour,  in  the  courao 
of  time,  did  the  p[anc-tree  attain,  that  it  was  nurtuted  by 
pooricg  wioe  upon  it,  it  being  I'ound  that  tho  rooU  wore  g^r^atly 
atn^ngtht^ned  by  doing  "so.  Thus  have  we  taught  the  very 
trees,  even,  to  be  wine-bibbers! 


CHAP.  a. —  UEMABKABLE    PACTS    CONNECTED   WIIH   IHl 

PLANE-TBBE. 

The  first  plane-trees  that  were  apokcn  of  in  terms  of  high 
mluiiratjon  wcte  tliose  which  adorntd  the  walks  of  the  Aeii- 
dpttiy''  at  Athena — [in  one  of  which},  the  roots  est^^nded  a  dis- 
tance of  thirty-three  cubits,  and  spread  for  beyond  its  hmnchc». 
At  the  preaent  day,  thero  is  a  very  famous  piano  in  Lycin., 
Bituatu  in  close  proximity  to  a  fountain  of  the  most  refresh- 
iug  coolness  ;   gtonding  near  the  road,  with  the  cavity  in  its 

rent  which  the  tributary  DBtii:iiia  paid  1o  tLe  Ronriia  trew^ury.  Vttgit  and 
Homer  »peali  of  the  shade  of  tine  plnne-trGe,  osa  [tlBOsoiit  reiiurt  fuE  fwtiv« 
panics. 

'"'  It  is  not  improlinhlu  that  Pliny,  in.  copying  from  Thuophrnstna,  baa 
hurt  commiftvd  lui  anut.  Tliat  autnov,  Jt,  ii.  c.  7,  aaya  :  tv  uiv  yjp  r^ 
'Alpia  xkaravou  oifAairiv livai,  TXiff  irFpi  tJi  S,iOfiiiSuiii;  ufiiv  mraviaf 
ti  »al  iy  'IrnXi^  fra^p.  "  Thoy  stiy  that  in  Adria  thcri!  are  no  plune- 
GraeE.  fjtcopt  abuMt  tlie  tMnpJo  of  Diomcd«8 :  and  that  ihoy  are  cxtrciaplj 
nre  in  Italy."  Pliny,  nmbaLly,  when  bis  secretary  v&a  rending  tu  hliu, 
mistuok  the  wotd  oiravtai',  "  rare,"  /or  'Irrfl-oi-ip,  ''  in  Spaii]," 

"  It  has  been  ntmarked  thiit,  in  roiilily,  this  process  would  only  tQIl(i 
to  impede  lU  ^rowlb.  Ma^ubiiu  tidls  u£,  that  Hoi't^osiuft  Wfu  guilty  uf 
thUsmeiilur  Tally. 

'"  Situate  near  the  Ma-sboie.     It  wu  licro  tbat  Flatti  taugJit.     See  11. 

XIXU  0.  &, 


I 


Cbap.  6.^ 


TIU   PLAHB'IBXB. 


lOS 


I 

I 


I 


interior,  H  forms  a  Bpecies  of  house  eighty-one  feet  in  width. 
Its  Bummit,  too,  prewrits  tJio  f'>lingi<  of  h  grove,  white  it  shtcld* 
itM-lf  with  huge  briittchfx,  ench  of  vhich  woald  ntjual  nn  ordi- 
naiy  tree  in  size,  as  it  throws  its  Irnigthened  ah.id«  across  the 
6elds.  lu  addition  to  thi^,  tliut  nothing^  may  hn  vtinting  to 
iw  exact  resemijlaCL'e  tn  a  grnttn,  there  is  a  circle  of  nents 
vithiii,  formed  of  etoao,  intunnioglcd  with  pumice  overgrowa 
with  moss.  This  tree  wtu  looked  upon  as  bo  worthy  of  remark, 
tJiat  Liuluius  Mueiaoua,  who  wae  thn.'e  times  consul,  and  re- 
ecDtiy  the  logxtus  of  that  province-,  thguKbt  it  a  circuiustance 
dvttervtDj;  of  IrjinsmisaiDU  evtii  to  pfisterity,  that  ho,  togvther 
with  eighteen  pcraona  of  hin  retinue,  had  «at  down  to  a  banquet 
in  the  intiirior  of  it.-  lis  leaves  afforded  material  for  their 
couches  in  the  greatest  abundance,  while  he  himi^lf,  sheltered 
from  every  gnat  of  wind,  and  ttying  in  vain  to  hear  i.ho  pat- 
tvriug  of  tlic  ruin  oti  the  leave*,  tuok  his  meal  there,  and  oil- 
joyed  faim&tlf  more  than  lie  would  have  done  amid  tlic  resplen- 
dtmix  of  marble,  a  multiplicity  of  pointings,  and  beneath  a 
cifliiig  rcfuigeat  with  gold. 

Another  curioua  instance,  again,  was  that  afforded  ia  the 
reign  of  the  Emperor  Cuius."  That  prince  waa  so  struck  with 
ailiairalioii  on  Buciiig  a  jilane  in  the  lerritorj'  of  Vylitemuia, 
which  prcsenled  lloor  after  tloor,  like  thoso  of  the  several  stories 
of  a  house,  by  means  of  broad  benches  loos<Jy  Inid  from  branch 
to  branch,  thiit  lie  lield  u  hunqutt  in  it — himself  adding'*  very 
materially  to  the  ahado  it  threw — the  triclinium  being  formed 
for  the  reeoption  of  &ftecn  guoEta  and  tlie  neceBs^ry  attendants: 
to  thi»  singular  diiuBg-roum  ho  gave  the  name  of  his  "  ntst." 

At  OortjTia,  in  the  lelo  of  Crete,  there  is,  in  the  vieinity  of 
a  fountain  thert-,  a  single  plane-tree,  which  has  "been  tong  cele- 
brated in  the  records  of  both  the  Greek  and  the  Latin  language : 
it  nevpT  loaos'*  ita  leaves,  and  from  an  early  period  one  of  the 
fjibuloUB  leg);nds  of  Greece  hoa  been  attached  to  it,  to  the  eftVct 
ihut  it  was  beneath  this  tree  that  Jupiter  lay  with  Eoropa; 
just  ua  if  there  had  not  been  another  tree  of  a  similar  naAire 

"  CaligDiii. 

"  It  it  suppuwd  Cbat  hn  hert  tllailei  sarcuLicBlly  (o  tb?  extrumv  nor- 
pulcnco  of  CnliKutn. 

''  M.  FqC:  we  li.-umuil  editor  of  tlie  botanical  books  in  AJbmoo's  tnns- 
lyivn.  rciourkii,  thut  thii  ciuinot  \iaxf  been  the  I'lAUniia  or  the  lx>tnn»rs, 
wd  that  than  a  ao  tree  uf  Kuropc,  ithiah  docs  not  loie  iU  teavc-i,  tliat  4t 
■U  rcMmblo  it. 


PUinr's  SATDRAL   H1ST0RT. 


[Book  Xn. 


ia  the  island  of  Cyprus.  Slips  of  the  tree  at  (lortynB— so 
fond  is  man  by  nature  of  novelty — "were  at  an  early  period 
lituntcd  at  different,  places  in  Crttn,  and  reproduced  the  natural 
imperfections  of  the  tree  f  though,  indeed,  there  is  no  higher 
reeommendation  in  the  plane  than  the  feet  that  in  Bununer  it 
protects  us  from  tiiD  rays  of  the  Bitn,  while  in  winter  it  aJinila 
them.  In  later  linies,  during  the  rei^a  of  tht  Kmiieror 
Claudiuei,  a  Thessuliun  euuuah,  the  fri?«(linan  of  UatveUas 
JEscrainixB;"  who,  howcv<>t-,  Irom  motivee  of  ambition  had  en- 
ruUod  himseU'  Ja  the  number  of  the  fivudmcn  of  the  emperor, 
and  had  aciiuiitd  very  conaideraWe  wealth,  introduced  thia 
plane  into  Italy,  in  order  to  beautify  his  country-Mat :  so  that 
he  may  not  inappropriately  be  etj-Ied  a  second  Dionysius. 
Thcw  monBtroBities  of  other  lands  are  Btill  to  he  seen  in  Italy, 
independently  of  those  which  that  oountry  has  herself  devised. 

CHAP.  6.   (2.) — THE   CnAMJCPtiTAKCB.      VTRO  WAfl   THE   PIVST 
TO    CLIl'    UEEHK    GHBOBB, 

For  we  find  in  Italy  eome  plane-trees,  which  are  knomi  as 
charaseplataoi,"  in  consequence  of  their  stun  led  growth;  for 
wo  have  discoTtrod  tho  art  of  caueing^  abortion  in  trees  even, 
and  hon<;(j,  even  iu  the  vegetable  world  we  shall  hare  occaaioa 
to  moke  mention  of  dwarfs,  ttn.  unprepossessing  subject  ia  every 
case.  This  result  ia  obtained  in  trees,  by  a  peisuliar  method 
adopted  in  planting  and  lopping  them.  C  Mntius,**  a  mciiilx-r 
of  the  E([ueBtriQn  order,  and  a  fnond  of  thti  late  E!tip<'ror 
Augnatua,  inventDd  the  art  of  clipping  arboiirs,  within  the  last 
eighty  years. 

CIU7.  7.  (3.) HOW  THOB    CITKOM  IB  PLiKTJUJ. 

The  cherry  and  the  peaeh,  and  all  those  trees  which  hava 
either  Greek  or  foreign  names,  are  exotics:  those,  however,  of 

""  The  tcndijticT,  natntly,  to  loie  tbeir  LeB.Tes. 

**  Grucdsoa  of  Aaluius  Pollio.  Tadtiis  Ulla  lis,  tliat  lie  iris  uncaf 
ihoso  whwiB  Piao  rflquestRd  la  iiiidurtttke  his  d^fonce,  when  churgtd  with 
liaving  poisoned  Cfntiftniotis;  but  he  declini?<i  the  oliioe. 

3J  Or  "around  plane-trees,"  It  is  by  no  mciiis uncommon  to  scy  dirarf 
vnrieties  o(  the  luger  Ircei,  wliich  aie  lliua  rtiliii^cil  to  t)ie  dLmcneioud  cif 
mere  &tiTu'l>e. 

**  C.  Mutiui  CaUcna,  tho  Mend  of  Julina  and  Anpistna  C^aar,  as  slao 
of  Oiuro.    H<t  i*  sapposoil  to  have  traaalatetl  the  Iluid  into  Littin 
and  to  bare  written  a  woik  on  cookery. 


IS  slao     I 


I 

I 


I 


8.]  TDll  TKEGB  OP  IHSU.  ID? 

tbiftuumbor,  wbicb  have  boguji  to  be  oaturoEzcd  among  ub, 
will  be  trested  of  wben  I  coiue  to  speak  of  the  Iruit-trovii  iu 
gvoenL  For  the  present,  I  shall  only  make  mention  of  the 
iijnlly  exotic  trees,  bp^nning  with  tliv  one  Ibat  i»  npplied  to 
the  most  ailutary  uai-n.  The  citron  tree,  «n!le(I  the  Aiwyrian, 
and  fajBomc^c  Median  npplc,  is  on  antidoto  against  poiaons.** 
The  leaf  is  similur  to  that  of  the  ttrhule,  except  that  it  has 
small  prioklcB*  running  ticrosfl  it.  As  to  the  fhiit,  it  is  never 
eiiten,*"  hiit  it  is  remnrkoble  for  its  estremcly  powerful  arn^D, 
which  is  the  case,  alKo,  wilh  the  lettves;  indeed,  ihtj  odour  ia 
t^  strong,  thut  it  will  pcnctmto  cloUies,  when  they  are  odl9 
impregnated  with  it,  and  hencti  it  is  very  useful  in  repelling 
the  attiicks  of  noxioUB  insects.  The  tree  boare  Iruit  at  all 
feMsons  of  the  yeur ;  while  some  is  fulling  oil',  other  fruit  is 
ripening,  and  oUht,  nj^aiii,  jiiftt  bursting  into  birth.  Vurious 
nationa  have  attempted  to  natui'alize  tbi^  tr^e  among  them,  for 
the  sake  of  ita  medical  propcrtica,  by  planting  it  in  pota  of 
,..olay,  with  holes  drilled  in  them,  for  tbe  parpoai;  of  introducing 
the  air  to  the  roots;  and  I  would  here  remark,  once  for  all, 
that  it  is  as  wfill  to  remember  that  the  best  plan  is  to  paek  all 
Elipa  of  trcoa  thut  have  to  bo  carried  to  imy  distance,  ae  cloae 
together  as  they  cim  possibly  be  pltu^ed.  It  has  been  found, 
however,  that  thia  tree  will  grow  nowhere"  except  in 
^edia  or  Persia.  It  is  this  fruit,  tbe  pips  of  wbieh,  ns  we 
bare  already  mentioned,^  Uic  Purlbian  grundees  tmploy  in 
MOSODing  their  ragouts,  as  being  peuuliuily  condueive  to  tho 
■weetening  of  the  breath.  We  find  no  other  tree  very  highly 
commeiidt^  that  is  produced  in  Media. 

CttAP.  8.  (4.)— THE  TKKES  OF  HfDIl. 

In  describing  the  conntry  of  the  Sorea,  we  haTe  olrcftdy 

**  8(«  B.  xxiii.  c.  55.  Foe  rciimrka,  tbat  the  miiitenU  CDafounilcd  tli« 
citroo  with  tbe  orange-tic^. 

V  V4e  Tsmaik^  ilmt  clii*  1*  nut  Uic  cuso.  Thu  nrbutc  ii  JHcriI»d 
in  B.  ST.  c.  28. 

"  In  tho  time  of  Pliitnrch,  it  hoA  bpgua  to  bo  lomewbut  more  mcti.  It 
niAkM  one  of  tho  veiy  fia»it  jiregtrvts. 

>^  At  tha  pTQSciit  dny,  it  ib  cultivahjd  atl  over  India,  in  China,  SouIIl 
Anterica,  aoa  tltc  Bouihcni  puru  \it  £uropa.  F^o  tay»,  ibat  they  gruvr 
orni  in  llie  opm  air  in  the  garden?  of  Malmaisou. 

"  B.  xi.  0.  lis,  VirgU  enys  ittt  mhih!,  liforg,  1!,  ii.  II.  131.  IS5. 
Tbeophraittu  tatnaa  to  my,  llinl  it  vint  tto  ouXar  liod  that  was  ta  ubciI. 


loa 


PllST  B   HATDHAX   HI3TOHT. 


[Soak  XII. 


maiic  mention  *  of  tbo  wool-bearinit  trees  whicb  it  producoe ; 
aud  wo  have,  likewiae,  touohed '"  upon  the  extraardinorj' 
maguitudo  o.f  the  trees  of  India,  Virgil"  has  spoken  in 
glowing  terms  of  the  ebony -tree,  one  of  those  whicli  are  pecu- 
Sar  to  India,  and  he  Irirtht'f  inlbrms  ua,  thut  it  will  grow  in 
no  other  country.  Herodotus,  however,  hnii  preferred  to 
aaeribe"  it  to  Ethiopia;  and  states  that  the  people  of  that 
conntry  were  in  the  habit  of  paying  to  the  kings  of  Persia, 
erery  third  year,  by  way  of  tribute/^*  one  hundred  hiUota  of 
ebony-wood,  topother  with  a  ocirtain  quantity  of  gold  and 
ivory.  Nor  ought  we  here  to  omit  the  Jact,  inasmufih  as  thu 
BsmQ  anthur  has  stated  to  that  efftict,  that  Iht;  .^t,hiupiiios 
were  also  in  the  habit  of  paying,  by  way  of  tribute,  twenty 
large  elephants'  teeth.  So  high  was  the  cateem  in  which 
ivory  wits  held  in  the  year  ixoni  the  building  of  our  dty, 
310;  for  it  was  at  that  period"  that  this  author  was  com- 
piling  his  History  at  Thtirii,  in  Italy  ;  which  is  all  the  more 
remarkable,  from  the  implicit  conficlente  we  place  in  him, 
when  he  sftya"  that  up  Ut  that  time,  no  native  of  Asia  of 
Grocoe,  to  his  knowledge  at  leaat,  had  ever  beheld  the  river 
Padns.  The  plan  of  .Ethiopia,  which,  aa  we  hare  already 
inentioned,"  was  recently  laid  before  the  Emperor  Nero,  in- 
forms uft,  that  this  tree  ia  very  nncommon  in  the  country  that 
lies  between  Syene,  the  extreme  bo'iindary  of  the  empire,  and 
Mtroe,  a  distance  of  eight  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles ;  and 
that,  in  fact;  the  only  kind  of  trco  tliat  is  to  be  found  there,  ie 
the  palm.  It  was,  probably,  for  this  reason,  that  ebony  held 
the  third  pltice  in  the  tribute  thmt  was  thus  imposed. 

"  See  B.  Ti.  «.  20. 

^  Suo  B.  rii.  c.  2.     The  tree  to  which  he  allndps  ia  iinkcqwii. 

=1  GooT^.  li.ii,  U.  lia,  117 

"  B.  iii.  c.  97.  Tlicro  t£  h*tlle  Uuubt  ttint,  undor  tha  Bcncral  namfi  ai 
"  ebony,"  thu  wood  iK"  muny  kinds  of  were  was,  and  le  still,  imported  into 
till!  WMtevo  world,  6o  that  both  Jlcrodolus  and  VirgU  may  hare  lieen.  cor^ 
risct  in  rvpri>£Dntiti^  vboiiy  ax  t)ip  product  of  h'^tii  india  and  JGtliiopEa. 

"'  Ht'toJutus  suy^  iwo  Imndryii. 

■■^  In  Italy,  ivhiilitT  Im  had  rotirad  from  the  hostile  nttacks  of  his  fi-iUnw- 
i'i1isii!ii3.  It  ia  supposed  l>y  La  Vuyer  and  others,  tlvit  I'iiny  i«  wrong  in 
tiis  asiierti'in,  ttiot  itcrodotua  wmtc  to  this  vffuct  while  ut  TKurii ;  Ukiu^Ii 
Dr.  Schmitx  is  inclined  Ui  bo  uf  opinitin  that  ho  ia  ria;ht  tn  hit  BUt«ia«nt. 

ai  B.iii.  0.115. 

w  li.  Ti.  c.  3fi. 


J 


I 


I 


FomptjiuB  Magnus  display^  ebosy  on  tbe  occaeion  of  bia 
triumph  over  Mithritiates.  Faliiantu  declares,  that  l!u»  wood 
Trill  give  out  no  Qume;  it  btirns,  ticiwOTer,  with  a  rerynffrec 
able  BowU.  Thure  are  two  Ititids  "  of  ehony ;  the  rartat  kind 
is  the  best,  and  ia  pKidnoed  from  a  tree  that  is  an^ulatly  flreo 
from  knotii.  The  wood  is  blatk  cmd  ebiniDg,  tmd  pleaeiin^  to 
the  eye,  without  any  odTentitioua  flid  from  nrt.  Thi;  other 
kind  of  ebony  is  the  produce  of  a  ahrul)  which  reaenilxlcstho 
cytisus,  and  is  to  bo  foiiiul  Buattoiud  over  the  whole  of  India. 

CHAT.  10.  (3.) — THE   raniASTHOBN. 

There  is  in  India,  also,  a  kind  of  thorn*'  very  nimilar  to 
ebony,  tbongli  it  may  be  disHngnished  from  it,  by  thn  aid  of 
a  lant«m  even;  far,  on  the  nppliiaitiaii  of  flaini',  it  wUl  in- 
stantly run  aeroaa  the  tree.  AVe  will  now  proeted  to  describo 
those  trees  which  were  the  admiration  of  Alexander  the  Great 
in  tits  vioforiouB  career,  when  tliut  port  of  the  world  vrvs  first 
rsTealod  by  luM  onus. 

OBAP.    11. THE  TSDlAy  FIO. 

The  Indian  fig*  bears  hut  a  Hmnll  fniit.  Always  growing 
8|KiQtaneDualy,  it  spreaflm  fur  and  wide  with  It^  vast  branches, 
the  ends  of  which  beud  downwardB  into  the  ground  to  eucIi  a 
d^ev,  that  they  take  l^reah  root  in  the  course  of  a  y«ar,  and 
thus  form  a  new  plantation  around  the  parent  stock,  traced  in 
a  circuhir  iorm,  juBt  a»  though  it  had  bt'tn.  the  work  of  the 
ornamental  gardener.  Within  the  bowere  Ihna  formed,  tlu' 
shepherds  take  ap  their  abode  in  the  aummer,  the  spate  occii- 
pied  by  them  being,  at  once,  overehodowed  and  protected  by 

"•  Y6e  remrtJ'lcs,  Ihftt  l.he  words  of  Pllnj  iV  not  jifTonl  «»  naj  mfiaiu  of 
judHin^  prMdit'ly  nliat  tn«  it  wa»  thnt  he  uudurstiioil  \tj  Uiu  name  of  vljonjr. 
tie  Dorrnwii  hii  nccotiiit  muinly  fmni  Tlimtiliriutiin. 

*'  Tl  is  not  kncvim  lo  wb«i  tii-t  ho  sUuacs, 

"  This  accoiutt  of  the  Ficus  Indion,  or  rcli^n«n,  known  to  w  a>  tb<^ 
l*ai«ii-tn«»,  ia  borrowed  ftnlirKly  trcrti  'f  hi-ftplmwius.  F(ie  ri*niMln,  how- 
eier,  tlixt  he  i< wrong  in  soror  of  1ji>>  ■tntonj'tiii.  fi>r  thnt  the  lenvmu-i- h-j/ 
cresmilt-«hnp«d,  hat  oliltiijg  nnil  [>ii)iitr>L  nm!  Uiut  tliio  fruit.  Iiux  not  a  pluK- 
lUDt  Qavour,  and  b  oaly  tutea  by  thv  bii>l». 


no 


PLISX'b  SATUBiL   HISTOHT. 


[Book  xn, 


tiio  bxilwark  wliicli  tite  tree  thus  tlirows  around ;  a  most 
giaootul  eight,  whether  we  stand  bunenth  aud  look  upwards, 
or  whether  we  view  its  arcadeil  foliage  trnm  a  distuuco.  The 
higher  branches,  however,  shoot  upwards  to  a  vciy  connidtT- 
able  height,  and,  by  thoir  numbor,  form  quito  a  grove,  spring- 
ing aloft  from  the  vast  trunk  of  the  parent  tree,  Trhich 
overspreads,  very  fri>qu<!ntly.  a  sjiace  of  sixty  pacos  in  estt-nt, 
while  the  ehado  that  ia  thrown  by  it  will  cover  as  much  afl 
a  couple  of  stadia.  The  broad  leaves  of  the  tree  have  jnat  the 
shape  of  on  AmAZoniim  buokler;  and  hence  it  is  that  tlm 
fruit,  from  being  (\\iiUi  coverod  by  the  leaves,  is  greatly  impeded 
in  its  growth,  "rtie  fruit,  indeed,  of  this  treo  is  but  et^anty, 
and  never  exceeds  a  bean  ia  eizo ;  being  ripenwd,  Lowever,  by 
the  rays  of  the  sun,  as  these  penetrate  the  leavea,  the  figs  aii; 
remarkalile  for  f  heir  singular  lusciousnfiss,  and  are  quite  worthy 
of  the  marvellous  tree  by  which  they  arc:  produced.  These 
fig-treca  aifi  found,  more  particukrly,  in  the  -vicinity  of  tLc 
river  Aoesinca." 

CHAP.  13.  (6.) — rni  pxla:  the  ramr  cilled  abjeka. 

There  is  another  tree"  in  India,  of  Btill  krgcr  size,  and 
even  more  remarkable  for  the  aize  and  sweetness  of  its  fruit, 
upon  which  Uie  Hages"  of  India  Hve.  The  leaf  of  this  tree 
rewfmblca,  in  shape,  the  wing  of  a  bird,  being  three  cubits  ia 
length,  and  two  in  breadtli.  It  puts  forth  its  iruit  from  the 
bark,  a  fruit  remarkable  for  the  sweetness  of  its  juice,  tt  single 
one  containing  sufficient  to  eatifiiy  four  pcraons.  The  name  of 
thi&trceis  "pala,"  imd  of  the  fruit,  "iiricna.'*  They  aro  found  iii 
the  greate.'ft  abundancie  in  the  country  of  the  Sydmei."  a  terri- 
tory which  forms  the  extreme  Jimitof  the  expedition  of  Alex- 
under. 

There  is  another**  tree,alao,  very  Bimiliir  to  this,  but  bearing 
a  still  sweeter  fruit,  though  very  apt  to  cause  derangemont  of 

w  See  B.  ri.  c   2a. 

"  9prnjgsl  and  JJitutin  are  of  opinion  ihat  tliebimaiia.  is  the  tree  meant 
liere;  Dodunn'ua  thinks  tLiU  it  ii  tlji!  pomwgrunato.  Thcvel  «aj«  thot  the 
paU  is  tha  patjiLDTora  of  India,  tho  fruit  of  nhioh  is  called  pucona.  Ilia 
Bitroiitit  IB  hnmjwed  from  Thcoplirfial,iis. 

"   Tlio  OyTniiOBuphiati,  ot  Biaiiniiiis, 

*"  <'al!Bd  Syndraci  in  B.  vi.  o,  23, 

'*  Jt  ii  not  imprubablu  thnc  the  TuniBriiKlus  IndicA  of  T.iauEouj  is  tha 
trc^^  ifiTO  alladod  to :  Chough  M.  Fee  oombata  that  opinion. 


Chnp.  U] 


THE  rEPFEB-TBCB. 


Ill 


the  bowelR.     Alexander  isaiied  strict  orders,  forbidding  any 
one  in  the  expcditioa  to  toaoh  this  frait. 

OlUr.    13. IXOUK   TBIiES,  THK  VAKS*  QV  WHICH  AKK  DNK.VOWS. 

iHifiAM  Tiu:«9  wnica  beam  flax. 

Th«  Ulactdonium "  have  made  mention  of  Turioua  other 
kinds  of  trees,  tho  grcflUr  part  of  which,  howevpr,  are  without 
uimes.  I'hcro  is  one  which  rcoembluB  the  torebinth  "  in  ererr 
ruepcct,  bxcupt  Lh«  fruit,  wliich  ia  tctt  tdmilar  to  the  ftlmono, 
thuogii  less  in  size,  and  remarkable  fur  its  extreme  svcetneM. 
This  tree  was  met  with  m  Baclria,  and  som?  pursons  looked 
upoD  it  KS  a  variwty  of  the  lvn,-btiiUi,  nithtr  tlwii  us  bv^rtu);  ii 
•trong  re^emlilanco  tu  it.  .\»  to  Hie  tree  from  which  thejr 
mana&cture  a  kind  of  linen  **  cloth,  in  leaf  it  resembles  the 
molbcrry-trcc,  vhile  tho  eolix  of  tlic  fruit  is  aimilor  to  the 
dog-roeo."  This  tree  is  renred  in  the  plains,  and  there  is  no 
sight  throughout  ihe  nnltivated  partt  of  thu  counlry  thai  ia 
uiorti  L'ticlmatiiig  tlian  lUe  pUmtuliuna  of  it. 


CHjkP.   H.   (7.) — TUB    PRfrinuTTlBB.^HE   TABIOITS    XVSSi  OY 
PM^BU — KUr^UA — ZIXOIBKBI,  OB  ZLUl'IBUBr, 

The  oliro-tniH"  of  India  is  nnprixliict-ive,  with  the  Sole 
oxvcption  of  the  wild  olive.  In  every  part  we  mtK't  with  tiws 
that  Dear  pepper,'**  rcry  similar  in  appearance  to  our  junipers, 

"  See  Ttitfiphrusliu,  B.  iv.  c.  (. 

**  Dal«rluiiip«  Hnd  Drafontuinv*  xre  of  nmnion,  that  the  pu^ehin,  nr 
PUtacta  ttTvbiiilliii*  (if  Uriiwui, la  bcro sllndcil  to;  ttut  Pf«coituder«  that 
Ana  are  no  indiciLtioiLJ  to  lead  to  suuh  a  condution. 

*<  U  in  not  improbnblct  thiil,  he  aia,j  here  allude  t«  the  eoUcn-troe,  of 
irkicb  furi.ht-r  iniution  JK  niadv  in  e,  xn.  of  tho  preteot  Book. 

"  Fie  in  of  njiiniiin  IhnKVnnrrhiHlon  hirm  roemiii,  nnl  Iho  dng'Ttinn,  but 
tliii  gall  wbioli  IB  forrjiQil  uii  toe  tre^  by  the  timg  uTiliv  Cyoipa  bedci^u. 

**  F^eiprcuGshiinMlf  al  a  loat  la  uciijccCuru  what  iracftara  here  meant 
l>]r  Fliny, 

<*  yin  remark*,  that  Ifaorc  ara  many  inn<;ciiraci(«  in  Itie  accdtint  here 

£'v«n  hv  riiny  iif  tlie  pvpjior.tree,  uuil  itiat  il  iImi  not  bcuir  nii)'  rtMic- 
ooci:  li>  tho  juiiipcr-crci;.  TLk!  grainis.  hr  myt,  grow  in  c1uet'?r«,  und  ncit 
inahiuk  or  piid;aiid  he  rcmurk»,  that  thu  l.-dg  p^-pptrunJ  tliu  liludi  pcp- 
]w,  of  which  Iho  whita  is  onljr  a  variaty  direstcd  of  the  onto-  coat,  nro 
awtinct  unt.iM.  He  alM  uhti^rfci,  tbut  tli«  renl  long;  fpiff,  the  l*ipet 
laogom  af  Liiiaaui,  wai  not  known  to  Ibo  ancieut*. 


tl« 


PLIsya  Jti-TTUAJ.  BIBTOBT. 


[Bool:  STI. 


Hlthougb,  iui3ee(3,  it  has  Leon  allcgi^ii  by  eome  aiithfirs  that  ihfy 
only  grow  on  the  alojics  of  Caucasus  which  lie  exposed  to  the 
Bun.  The  aeeda,  howc^vcr,  dift'er  from  those  of  tho  jiinipor,  in 
licing  enclosed  in  email  pods  Minilar  to  those  wliich  we  seo  in 
the  Iddney-beim.  ITieee  pods  are  picked  hetbru  tliuy  open, 
and  when  dried  in  theaun,  make  what  wt:  call  "  long  pt-pper." 
But  if  allowed  to  ripen,  they  will  open  gradually,  and  wht-n 
anived  at  maturity,  ditfoover  the  white  pepper;  it*  lull  t*x- 
poaed  to  the  heat  «f  the  aun,  this  becomes  wrinkled,  and  changcH 
ita  colour.  Kvea  tho8«  productions,  however,  are  subjwt  to 
tlicir  own  peculiar  intirniities,  and  aro  apt  to  become  l)last*?d 
hy  the  inclemency  of  the  weather ;  in  which  cai50  the  needs 
aro  found  to  be  rotten,  and  mere  husks.  These  abortive  seeds  are 
known  by  the  name  of  "  bregma,"  a  word  which  in  tho  Indian 
languoge  eigniSes  "dead."  Of  all  the  various  kinda  of  pepper, 
thifl  La  the  naoFt  pungent,  ae  well  as  the  very  lightest,  and  ie 
remarkable  for  the  extrr-uio  paionees  of  ita  colour.  Thatwhieh 
is  black  ie  of  a  mot'^  agrceublo  flavour ;  but  the  'white  peppec 
is  of  a  milder  quality  thna  either. 

The  root  of  this  tree  is  not,  as  many  personB  have  imagined, 
tiie  same  aa  the  substance  known  as  zimpiheri,  or,  as  some  eall 
it,  xingiberi,  or  ginger,  although  it  ia  very  lite  it  in  taste. 
For  ginger,  in  fact,  grows  in  Arabia  nnd  in  Tniglodytica,  in 
various  cultivated  spots,  being  n  small  plant"  with  a  white 
root.  Thifl  plant  is  apt  to  decay  very  Bpeedily,  although  it  is 
of  inteniie  pungency ;  the  price  at  which  it  eolls  is  six  denarii 
ppr  pound.  Long  prp]tei'  ie  vi^ry  easily  adulterated  with 
AU'sandrian  Diustttrd ;  iis  price  ia  fifteou  denarii  per  pound, 
while  that  of  wliite  pepper  i&  seven,  and  of  black,  four.  It  is 
quite  Burprining  that  the  use  of  pepper  bag  come  st>  much  into 
fashion,  seeing  that  in  other  sabBtances  which  we  use,  it  ia 
sometimes  their  sweetness,  and  sometitnes  their  appearance  that 
has  attrflfited  our  notice;  whereas,  pepper  has  nothing  in  it 
that  can  plead  as  a  i-eeoBimendation  to  either  fruit  or  berry,  it« 
only  d'Csirablc  quality  being  a  CRrtain  pungency ;  and  yet  it  is 
for  this  that  we  import  it  all  the  way  from  India!  Who  waa 
tho  first  to  make  trial  of  it  us  an  article  of  food  ?  and  who,  I 
wonder,  was  the  man  that  was  not  content  to  prepare  himself 

""  Ftie  ntmnrkA,  Ihnt  IhisiBroIft  cuiTtct  liescriptionof  gmg^r.  the  Amo- 
mum  ajiigiher  of  Lianioas.  L)i unci jr idea  was  one  of  tLoKe  who  tbouKbt 
tliitt  gmgfT  was  thi?  tout  of  lltu  p[*]i|H'r. true. 


i 


CbBp.  I5.J  CARTOPHTT-LON.  1 13 

by  hmiger  only  for  the  satisfying  of  a  greedy  appetite  ?  Both 
pepper  uud  gio^r  ^w  wild  in  Uiuir  recpucUve  countries,  and 
yet  bore  ve  buy  them  by  weight — just  as  if  thuy  wcru  bo 
much  gold  or  silver.  Italy,*'  too,  now  poKsewes  a  speoiea  of 
jiopper-lroo,  eciDL-whiit  larger  than  ihi'  riijTtle,  nnd  not  vpry 
iiiuike  it.  ThehiLtemexanf  thAgi-nins  i»  Himilur  la  ttmt  which 
wo  may  reasonably  suppose  to  exist  m  the  IndiDo  pepper 
when  newly  gathered;  hut  it  is  wjuitin|;  in  that  mature  Ha* 
vonr  which  the  Indian  gTBin  Roqiiirra  hy  exposure  in  the  Bun, 
and,  eonBC4|iit'ntIy,  beam  no  n^Bcnibluneu  to  it,  tiiher  in  colour 
or  the  wrinkltKl  appearance  of  the  eeeds.  Pepper  is  adulterated 
with  juniper  berries,  which,  have  the  property,  to  a  marrellous 
d«gn.f ,  of  iieguntiug  the  puu|?ency  of  ])i'pper,  Ju  ret'iTrence  to 
its  weight,  there  are  aUo  WTttnd  inethiMhi  of  adulterating  it. 

CHAP.  16. CAKTOPHTtWX,    tTCIOIf,   AlTD  THE   CnlBOKIAK 

rTXAOASTHDfl. 

There  is,  filwo,  in  India  another  groin  which  beam  a  eonri- 
dcrable  rtscmbliince  to  pt-pper,  but  is  longer  njirl  more  brittle; 
it  is  known  by  the  name  of  ftarj-opbylloii."  It  is  eaid  thai 
this  grain  ia  produeod  in  a  Eaori'd'  grure  iu  India;  with  uft  it 
is  imported  for  il«  aromatic  perfume.  The  same  country  pro- 
duces, also,  a  thorny  shrub,  with  grains  whieh  hear  a  nsem- 
hlnnee  to  pepper,  and  are  of  a  ri'murkubly  bilUr  taste.  'Xha 
lemres  of  this  shrub  ore  Binali,  like  those  of  the  oj-prus  ; "  tlie 
hnnchos  ore  thico  cubits  in  length,  the  bark  pallid,  and  the 
roots  wide-aprending  and  woody,  and  of  a  eolour  rcM^'iiibliDf; 
that  of  boxwood.  By  boiling  this  root  with  the  Heed  in  a 
copper  TCMel,  the  medicament  in  prepared  which  is  known  bj 
the  name  of  lycion."     ITiia  thorny  shrub  growB,  also,  on 

»'  It  U  Tcrj-  (IcvulKful  wimt  troo  is  hem  alluded  to  by  PUny,  ihouvh  oor- 
Uin  thitt  it'  in  nril  one  of  tbo  pr-ppcr-trcM.  S])rengcl  tak«a  it  ta  ha  tfao 
Daphne  Tlij'ini'ls^a. 

K  It  bn*  Ih-i'd  ■uf;e;'«t'^1  tlint  [inilrT  tliii  nams  Uii  oli>n  in  meant,  tliniigh 
Tie  sad  Ui-ifuiitalui*  t.-xjiruis  n  oiiiirary  opiuioa.  Spreii)(«l  ibuiks  ibat  it 
i>  the  VitiM  trifotiu  of  Linimiiu,  nnd  fiuuhin  m^i^stii  Did  guIkI),  tho  I'ipur 
catwba  of  l^DDwiiA.  Fen  tltinkn  it.  einy  tiAVu  ])iiaitihl^  hcca  iho  Mymia 
caiyopIijUat&  of  Ceylon,  the  fritit  uf  which  cDrTutpoiidi  to  tbi;  dcscnplinti 
\tn  P'"*  l)/  Iliny- 

"  B«j  0.  62  ortcieprpscui  Book, 

**  Or  "LtBium."  It  t«  iaipwtiblv  ttfsa7wiLhcxactfiuMwLat  tlieinedic&l 
Eqaid  callea  "  Lfftoa"  yr&a.  Cstcchti,  an  citiAci  fram  Iho  l&n  of  Out 
ncscia,  has  boca  mggaltil ;  Ihftagli  the  fruit  of  tfaul  tr«e  dou  not  uuwiir 
the  pTOent  dcacriptiim. 

TOL.   III.  I 


• 


tu 


pldie'b  aAiDUAX  aisaoBT. 


[Bgok  XIT. 


Mount  Felion;'*  thia  la!<t  kind  is  much  uBcd  for  the  purpune 
of  adulterating  tbe  mediainieat  ahorve  mputioned.  The  root 
of  tlic  nspliodi'l,  ox-gall,  wormwood,  etimach,  and  the  nmiircti 
of  olive  oil,  are  also  employtd  for  a  similar  purpose.  The  best 
lycion  for  medicinal  purposes,  ib  that  which  hiis  a  frolh  on  ih> 
surfitn'f' ;  the  Indiana  eetitl  it  to  an  in  leather  bottles,  londo  of 
the  skin  o(  the  camel  or  the  tViinoceroa.  The  shruh  itBeif  ia 
knoAvn  by  some  pcrsuus  in  Qrteue  under  tli«  name  of  tbe 
Chirouiuu  p^'xuouQtLus." 

CHAP.  16.  (8.) — MAcm. 
Macir,'"  too,  ia  a  regetable  substance  that  is  brought  from 
India,  being  n  red  bark  that  grows  upon  n  krgc  root,  and  bears 
the  name  of  the  trpe  that  prodiicea  it :  -what  the  nature  of  this 
ti  ee  ia,  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain.  A  dccoetion  of  this 
bark,  niiseil  witii  honey,  h  greatly  employed  In  medicine,  asa 
Bpacific  for  dysientery. 

CBAP.  17. BCGAR. 

Arabifi,  too,  pruduees  Bugur ; "  but  that  of  India  ia  the  moat 
esteemed.     This  &ubHtiui<:e  is  a  kind  of  honey,  which  eoUeets 

'^  F^usu^eimis  Ibat  tbis  way  posaibly  bo  ctio  Lydum  Eiiropajum  of 
Linnjciii,  a  &h.Tuh  not  uncomnionly  fuuuxt  in  the  t<oiitb  of  Europe. 

**  T!i<?  Hhamnu*  Lycioidos  of  LiimicuB,  knoun  to  us  as  biKiktbom.  The 
burricM  of  Tuuiiy  vurietics  of  itie  lltiflinniiB  nrc  VLolctit  juirgalivra. 

^  WLut  he  mean*  uinJer  tliis  Lead  it  nut  kiiu-wti.  t'va  n\>eiA.»  of  a.  tree 
nbicli  ^0  Briihmias  call  mncrei,  mid  wliivb  the  ForttieuMc  uvllod  orraro 
&a  [ri  curaariiui,  afvoro  sancto,  arvorc  do  saacio  Thome,  hm  «f  wlitch  thpy 
have  ^ivnn  tio  furllirr  pnrticulnrs.     Aca^ta.  Ciutiiiif.  rod  Kauhin  hRv>>  also 

frofeiKd  til  gim  iiuiiuuiils  of  it,  but  t):oy  do  ii»t  luud  (u  tti  iili'titificulion- 
lojniigiiiu  thinks  thnt  pii.her  thijSDiiUiii^a,  theRei  amarorjsof  KutiipbiuK, 
or  ulw  tlie  Polyoardiit  of  CiniiDrrscin  is  itiuant.  It  bcviuk  by  rm  niiiuis  itn- 
ptifisibb  (but  maco,  tbo  covorinif  of  ibeuutcntp,  U  the  substaaoe  alliidwl  to, 
an  ftplninn  tlmt  is  siipportud  by  GcrnrJ  nnit  OcBfmntainfB. 

^"  "  Sfwehnrfin,"  r<'e  snpgvaU  Ihnt  I'bny  nllndi's  to  a  peculiar  kind 
of  cryatBlliied  siigiir,  tlmt  xs  fouod  m  tlii?  bmnbi-o  rtinw,  tbuugli,  at 
the  eamie  time,  he  think*  it  ndl  improbabtci  tLtt  hv  imiy  Lave  beard  of 
the  gfgjiuiiie  mirnr-canK ;  lu  Strabo,  B.  xr.,  ip^iake  of  a  hooey  foimd  ia 
India,  preparpd  without  the  aid  of  beea,  and  Liiam  hm  ILc  line— 

"Qui<iuu  bibunt  tijiiori  dultf«  ab  nrumliiLo  buccds.," 
eridcntly  referring  tn  n  siijnr  in  tbt  form  o(  a  sjTup,  aud  nat  of  eiystal, 
likv  tbitt  of  tbi!  Bumlua  urundinucea.  It  ia  by  no  means  improbable,  tbal 
PHojf,  or  rnlhcr  DioBcnridM,  from  wh(vm  he  cripies,  coiil'uaM  Hit  two  kiiriU 
of  iiugnr-,  nx  it  is  wi;ll  knnvrn  tliat  thn  Siiecbanini  offleiufirum,  »r  sugw 
tauc,  Lm  bt'L-ti  mtltii'utud  frtua  a  very  early  pnriod  in  Aiabiu  I'tlii. 


CUp.19.] 


TKSS9   OF   BACTItlilTA. 


15 


in  reeds,  whit«,  like  gum,  and  brittle  to  Che  teeth.  The 
larger  pieces  ate  about  ihe  sizti  of  a  filbert;  it  is  oolyeoi- 
ployod,  iiowcTer,  in  mt-dicuiu. 

CBAI.  IB. rU»8  0F  AB1ANA>  GIEDKOSU,  AM)  aTBCAlTU. 

On  the  frontiers  of  Infiia  is  n  country  called  Arian^  which 
produces  a  thorny  alirub,"  rendered  pretioua  by  the  Icaia 
which  it  distils.  It  bearB  eoniie  rtscmbluHai  to  myrrh,  but  is 
very  difficult  of  access,  by  rcaaou  of  the  thorns  with  whioh  it 
is  armed.  Here,  too,  a  poisonous  ebrub  is  foutid,  with  a  root 
like  the  radish,""  and  leave?  like  those  of  thu  laurel,  By  its 
iwwerfnl  odour  it  attracts  horses,  iimi  wiis  very  Dearly  depriv- 
ing Alenander  of  all  his  cavalry  npoa  his  lirst  arrival  then-, 
an  accident  which  olao  buppcned  in  Gtdrusia.  A  thorny 
ehrob*"  has  been  also  spoken  of  as  a  native  of  tbo  flame 
ronntry,  with  leaven  like  those  of  thp  laurel,  tht>  juice  nf 
which,  if  ^rioklod  upon  the  eyes,  is  produt'tivi'  of  blindnc«g 
in  all  aaimalB.  Auutbc-r  pLunt  is  also  nienticiaed,  with  a  most 
remarkable  odour,  and  full  of  diminutive  aerpeats,*"  the  sting 
of  which  is  sure  to  causu  instiuit  dvuth.  OuiBkritus  Htut<?B, 
that  in  Uie  vallica  of  llyrcuuia,  tbtre  is  u  tr»*  ri'scmbiiug  tbo 
iig,  and  known  as  the  occhus,"  from  whioh  a  honey  distils 
for  two  hourfl  every  morning. 

CUAP.    19.  (9.) TKBTO    OF    FICPRTAX*,    BIIKIJ.Cm,    OR    TlRrtCBOW, 

OIHEKWIKB    MAI»tCnA,   OR    lt*lDiCON,    aCOailAilTtTH.       ADrtTEt- 

**  Ft  is  nnkuftWB  what  pknt  h  )ivn  allinled  to  by  Pliaf,  but  Spreiigt'I 
t*  that  it  is  the  Aencln  IntroniiTn 

Tom  the  divert ptiiin,  this  wuttl J  appt-at  lif  In.- a  sort  of  poi&onoiu 
.radikli. 

••  Theio  is  II  Ireu  ia  Imlb,  m  wj  tre  iiifiirniipil  by  Fei-,  whitli  ii  knoitn 
U  tbc  Plsubutria  Ae;iUlii{'liuni,  Che  juice  of  whicti  is  ri^mnrkabl^  ucriil. 
8ailors,  on  ttriking'  it  <Kith  a  hnteb^it,  nnd  rniinin^  the  ^»lce  to  agiirt  into 
thair  vyc*,  bare  hetti  in  Juiik*^  "^  luaii>;>  IbQir  Bij^lit.  It  it  pcxnblo  that 
thfa  mn;  be  ibu  tne  inn  aVudeil  t»  by  I'linv. 

«  He  borrow*  tlm  ncuoant  oJ'  tlii*  luiirvt'lluu*  ghrub  frnm  Thi>nphTa«His. 
Nli  Kucb  plant  U  tikdy  to  boTO ever  oii«(e{] ;  [lif>u)(b*niull,iiiid  uvun  larg^i, 
luinkeH  may  occationuli)'  talie  rttnge  unanf  throha  and  faoilDir  ttoos. 

'J  T)i«re  ii  lUUe  doubl  tJiat  ttio  Hcilymiuin  Alhitei  nf  Linnteiis  is  hera 
mtunii  from  wbich  a  liinJ  of  linnoj  nr  tniuiii*  lluit!!,  linuwti  aa  "  Enitern" 
maniiA,  or  tereiitablD.    It  U  aot  so  hii;h  im  th»  Itir-tnM',  nnd  !■  foumi  ia 

■  KhnrnAiui.  Syria,  Mffsopolaiaia.  uad  vIh^wIktu.    Tbc  Rianna  dJHtilu  prm- 

■  cipally  ia  tbc  morning. 


A 


■• 


ATTOSa    USED     tH    ilL    SPICES     AKB    ASOHATIOB  ;    TltE     VARIDCB 
TESTS  OP  TFTPV  AXB  HLKTR    feESPIiMnTVj;    VAt.UBS. 

la  the  vicinity,  too,  of  India,  ia  Bactrinna,  in  which  region 
we  Jiud  bdeUium,"  that  is  go  highly  esteomtd.  This  tree  it  of  a 
black  uolour,  nuil  about  t)ie  size  n(  the  olive  ;  it  hae  leaves  like 
those  of  the  robur,  and  boars  a.  finiit  simildr  to  that  of  the  wild 
lig,  and  ia  nature  resembling  a  kind  of  gum.  This,  fruit  it 
by  Bome  persona  called  brocbon,  by  others  malacha,  and  by 
others,  ngain,  inaldac«n.  When  of  a  blatk  colour,  and  rolled 
tip  in  on.ke.%  it  heara  thd  name  of  hadrobolon.  Thip  substnnflo 
ought  to  ho  transparent  an^  tJie  ■colour  of  was,  odoriferous, 
unctuous  -when  eulijoctcd  to  friiiiion,  and  bittor  to  the  taate, 
though  without  thti  elightest  aridity.  Wh^n  uaM  lor  aacrcd 
pnq)oseB,  it  is  Hteopud  in  wine,  upon  which  it  craits  a  still 
EDoro  powerful  odour,  The  tree  is  a  native  of  both  India  and 
Arabin,  as  wtU  iis  Hudia.  and  Babylon  j  somo  persons  give  to 
the  bdt;Lliuni  that  is  import*td  by  way  of  Media,  the  nam»  of 
pemticuin."  This  last  ia  remarkable  for  its  briltlcnesa,  while, 
(it  the  same  time,  it  is  hard&r  and  more  bitter  than  the  other 
kinds ;  that  of  Indin,  on  the  other  hand,  ia.  moister,  imd  giimmy. 
ITiis  last  sort  is  aduitfrated  by  means  of  almonds,  while  the 
various  other  kinds  an?  falsified  with  the  hm-k  of  scordnatum, 
that  being  the  name  of  a  tree"  the  gum  of  which  strongly  re- 
'Bembles  bdtUium.  Theao  adiiitonitioBB,  however,  are  to  bo 
J  detected — and  let  it  sufiioG  to  raontion  it  here,  in  rolatiou  to  all 
other  perfumes  aa  woU — by  the  smell,  the  colour,  the  weight, 
the  taste,  and  the  action  of  flre.  The  bdellium  of  Bactriana 
i&  shiuiag  and  dry,  and  covered  with  numeroua  white  sputa 
resembling  the  finger-uails;  besidca  which,  it  should  he  of  a 
certain  weight,  hPurJer  or  lighter  than  which  it  ought  not  ta 
be.  The  price  of  bdellium,  in  its  pure  state,  is  thr<'to  denarii 
per  pound. 

**  Feo  remBrks,  ihat  it  is  singular  thut  a  reainoiis  gum,  aach  as  bdel- 
lium, should  liivu  baim  iiseil  ia  r^uminfiroL-  for  now  two  tlimisnti^  jeaim 
and  yet  its  origin  remain  uiiknoini.  Kmmpfcr  hiiiI'  Kuraplma  !ire  of 
iipiniDn,  that  the  Itgq  which  produces  it  is  tho  one  known  to  uuturaligt*  «• 
the  ISariisaiia  flahcllifnnnis  of  LiiitUQUS,  ur  lliu  LoaiuiUE  of  othcn.  It  ii 
impftrtod  into  Europa  tTom  Arabia  nad  ladin,  luiJ  ii  often  found  mixed 
with  gill II  Arabic. 

«'  TJipuTiiiov\teomirtpaTiiyiit,  "tii-a  remotest  p&rta  of  tba  eaitli," 
from  whieli  it  was  Wouglit, 

*'■  The  modem  attiUE  of  t'-iis  tree  U  unknown. 


Chap.  21.] 


THK  COTTON  TBII. 


nr 


CniP.  20. tSSKB  OF  FKB8IS. 

ASjoining'thccoimtTica  which  we  have  prcvicmslj- mpnlionwi 
is  PerfflB,  lying  along  the  fthoPM  of  ihu  Roii  S<iii,  wliicli,  when 
deBcriblng"  it,  we  have  mentioneii  as  the  Pemim  Sea,  the  tides 
of  which  jicuctrutu  far  into  the  lund.  Thu  trees  in  these 
legions  are  ofa  luiirvcilous  outurv ;  fur,  corroded  by  thu  aetioa 
of  the  Bait,  and  bearing  b.  conniderable  resembloDcc  to  vegeta- 
ble BubstuQCcs  that  huvo  bwti  tJirou-B  up  and  abandoned  br 
the  tidt^,  thi.*y  are  scta  to  (.-mbrace  tho  iirid  Eundii  of  Uio  seu- 
shore  with  tlieir  naked  raobi,  just  like  w  many  polypi.  When 
the  tide  rises,  buffeted  by  the  waves,  there  they  stand,  fixed 
and  immoveable ;  nay,  more,  athigh  wcti-r  they  are  compk-tety 
noverDd  ;  a  fact  which  pTOves  to  Bonviotion,  that  thoy  derivr 
tlieir  nutriment  from  tlia  sidt  contained  in  the  water.  Thp 
t-ize  of  tboaf^  treta  iu  quito  murvelloiifl;  in  apivcunuico  iimy 
strongly  nrstraible  the  orbutc ;  the  Iruit,  which  on  tlio  outside 
is  very  aimihir  to  the  almond,  has  a  spiitd  keroel  within.^ 

CBAt.  31.    ^lOO^^BEXS  or  THB  lilLANDS   OF   IBS   FBRSUN   8KA. 
THR    COTTON    TREE. 

In  the  Bame  gulf,  there  is  the  ieland  of  Tylon,"  covered  witli 
Q  forest™  on  the  Bide  which  loolia  tuwoids  tho  East,  whcrb  it 
is  washed  also  by  tho  eeu  at  high  tides.  Each  of  the  tieeu 
is  in.  8120  as  large  aft  the  ilg ;  the  blasBoinB  are  of  an  indescri- 
bable tveetoees,  and  tbe  fruit  is  similar  in  shnpe  to  a  lupine, 
but  BO  rough  and  prickly,  tJifit  it  is  never  touched  by  any  ani- 
mal. On  »  more  elevated  plateau  of  the  »une  island,  we  find 
tree*  that  bear  wool,  but  of  a  different  nature  from  those  of  the 
Reres ; "  aa  in  these  treciB  the  leaves  produce  nothing  at  all, 
and,  indeed,  might  very  readily  be  token  for  those  of  the  vme, 

"  B-  vi-  e.  29. 

^  it  in  mmpofced  tbat.  the  "Ithinophorft  Jlftoglo  of  Linisus  is  tho  trw 
that  is  hum  dttoiibcil.  It  grow*  vn  nU  \\tv  coiubt  of  ludin,  from  tjiim  to 
tb«  entiaiico  of  ifat  Pereinn  Oulf.  It  Ukl>es  root  on  siiciu  >rhii;h  Lavo  hutn 
inunitatM  1^  tho  bga,  and  its  botig'ht  bvcd  i]vniLwari,ls,  aud  ukin?  root  in 
tbti  earth,  advonc^r  grodunll;  townrda  the  sea.  The  leaf  and  fruit  have  Ibe 
Gbiinict<iriilic3  of  iIium.-  tif  Lhu  arbuUi  aad  iilnioTid  n«  here  iDouliuucd. 
'«»  B.  ri.  c.  32. 

'"  ¥ie  ms^inu  (liat  sowio  V.in-1  of  mnngroTu  it  protnUy  alluded  to,  of 
the  knid  kaown  aa  aviuauia,  w  bnijuicra. 

"  Sue  B.  vL  0.  20. 


PLtKT'a   SATUOAL   HISTOET. 


[Paok  XII. 


irere  il  not  that  tiipy  are  of  smaller  size.  They  bciw  a  kind  of 
gourd,  about  the  size  of  a  quince;'"  which,  when  arriTed  at 
maturity,  bursts  nsmider  and  discloses  a  ball  of  down,  from 
■which  a  costly  kind  of  linen  cloth  is  made. 

(11.)  This  tree  ia  known  by  the  name  of  goBBypinus : " 
the  smaller  island  of  Tyloa,  which  is  ton  ruilt'u  distant  from  tlio 
liirgiEC  uiitj,  [iroduces  it  in  even  greater  abuadanct. 

CHAP.  22. THB    TREE    CALLBI*    CYNA.       TBKES   FBOJt  WHICB 

FAWUCa  I'OR  CI^TUI.Mi  aHE  MAKE  IN  IHE  EAST. 

Juba  states,  that  about  a  certain  shrub  there  grows  a  woolly 
down,  from  whitsh  a  fabric  ia  mtuiufiictiircd,  prcferablo  even  to 
ihogu  of  India,  He  adds,  too,  that  certain  txeeB  of  Arabia, 
fvom  which  ve&tmcnts  are  made,  are  oolled  cjiiie,  and  that  they 
haT-c  u  leaf  bimilar  to  that  of  the  palm.  Thus  do  tlieir  veiy 
lree«  afford  clothing  for  the  peoplb  of  India.  In  the  islands  of 
lyios,  there  ia  also  another  tree,  with  a  blossom  like  the  white 
violet'*  in  appoarance,  though  four  times  as  large,  but  it  is 
destitute  of  Bmell,  a  very  remftrkable  fact  in  these  tlimutes. 

CHAP.  23. X  M0NTEY   WHERE  TDK  TRKES  NEVER  t03E  THEtK 

LE4VES. 

There  is  also  another  tree  eimilor  to  the  preceding  one,  but 
with  a  thicker  foliage,  and  a  hlosaom  like  the  roBe.  This  flower 
shuts '*  at  night,  and,  beginning  to  open  towards  sun-rise, 
appears  in  fiill  blow  by  mid-day ;  the  natives  are  in  th»  habit 
of  sajHng  that  in  this  way  it  goes  to  sleep.  The  same  island 
bears  also  the  palm,  the  ohve,  the  Tine,  and  the  fig,  with 
various  other  kiuda  of  frnit.  None  of  the  trees  in  this  idaad 
lose  their  leavea:"  it  ifl  abundantly  watared  by  cool  Btreams, 
and  rcccirca  the  benefit  of  rain, 

'''  "  Cotijnni."  To  this  TMcmblRnoeof  its  fiiiit  Id  fhc  quince,  fhe  tiottQU' 
iniv,  which  is  here  olhdpil  to,  not  iniprobaWy  owes  its  luodcra  naiue. 

'^*  TUo  coilou-troe.  ot  QoBay|iiuni  arboreum  of  Liaiinnis,  It  is  worthy 
of  rcmiirk,  Ibut  I'liny  cojiiw  here  almost  lilp.rnlly  (tnTa  Thcoplirastua.  Ac- 
curding  to  l'iiili>aLi.'!itus,  [111!  bj'ssus,  or  fine  tJS*.u««  Mdrn  by  ihe  ligyptiaa 
pritku,  vern  minlu  of  cotton. 

^'  The  Maliliuluiiicunu. 

^*  F6e  su(;gi-atH  ttiat  this  mny  bo  a  MagnoliA-,  bnt,  os  ho  Temurkii,  mntit 
plantnopon  and  aliut  ax  certain  h-riiurB;  i:'Oii«i:H^iieiiUy,  tti't  cannot  b«  re- 
Kuxiled  n>  liny  pccuiiiir  chui'iittcristic,  sutQdiL'iit  tu  tend  wiLh  carlniutjr  tu 
Its  idiindliciitioii. 

T>  Tbuofihiaslus,  from  whom  our  author  is  cvpjiag,  says  tliat  this  is  Itiv 
COM  oniy  willt  tlic  Rg-liut  thuru. 


CbaiK  W.l 

catt.  24, — Tmi  TASTors  rsEFci  piionrcra  nv  tkrrs. 

Arabia,  which  is  in  the  ^ncinity  of  thei»c  iglaods,  requires 
that  wt)  should  make  Home  distinction  in  its  vegetable  produot«, 
teeing  that  here  the  various  jHirts  of  tre«8  which  are  cm- 
jjloycd  fot  iiaefal  purpose*  nr*;  the  root,  the  branches,  l)io 
bnrk,  the  jnioen,  the  giim,  tho  vood,  the  Bhoots,  the  hlosfioma, 
the  leaves,  and  tlio  fruit. 

CHAP.  25.  (12.) — onsrvs. 

A  root  and  a  leiif,  however,  are  the  prodiicHoDs  which  nre 
held  in  the  very  high<-st  eHtimatioii  in  Inilia.  The  root  ix  that 
of  the  coitus;"  it  has  a  hufning  ttatc.  in  the  mouth,  and  a 
TiiiMt  exquisite  odour ;  JD  other  rnf'ppor^,  the  branches  ore  good 
for  nothing.  In  the  island  of  I'atale,^  Bitiiiito  at  the  Tenr 
Tnouth  of  tho  river  Inclua,  there  am  two  kinds  of  costua  found, 
the  lilack  aad  the  white  ;  the  lost  is  eoofiidered  the  best  Thu 
price  of  it  is  five  denarii  per  pound. 

OBJLP.  36.— NAKD.       TBB  T<!rKl.TB  TUUKTISt  OF  TBE  PlJUTT. 

Of  the  leaf,  which  ia  that  of  the  iiard,"  it  is  obIt  right  to 
speak  eomewhat  uiore  at  length,  as  it  holrlw  the  principal  place 
among  our  unguEiila.  The  uanl  is  a  ahruh  witli  a  heavy. 
thiL'k  rool,  but  short,  black,  brilllc,  and  yut  onctauus  us  wdl; 

'"  AeetiT^mg  to  nio€.t  commcntAton.  thii » tlie  Coitus  Amtiicui  of  lin- 
nmii.  DioKoridM  ncnttions  Ihret!  varietips  bf  costas :  l\\*>  Aniliion.  whirli 
i>  of  thp  iHst  qiLditf,  imd  ia  wbiLo  find  OflonFrTotio;  tho  Itidinn. -which  ti 
ItliickaDdcmcioth  ;  nnd  thn  Syiinn,  whiclg  is  of  tbo  colour  nf  wax,  ilmkr,  nnd 
itrang  smelling.  Fi<i.*.  however,  doubt*  whAtber  the  modeni  oo«lui  m  the 
■ante  thing  ac  that  of  lb«  aaci^iiis ;  fur.  tu  hv  mya,  uHliouKb  it  biu  a  swei't 
oAma,  it  doei  not  deacnx  tlio  appellation  of  a  "  prettioua  aiomatio,"  which 
Ve  tbid  constantly  firoii  to  it  by  the  ancients. 
'<  8e.(t  n.  vi.  r..  2.3, 

^  It  ii  proli;ibli>  that  the  nard  of  ths  nniTimtn,  from  irhj<^h  ttipy  extrafltod 

titc  famous  nard-oil,  was  tsul  thi;  suam  pLuul  wliich  we  Lauw  u*  tbu  ItJiiian 

'  Hard,  or  Andraiio;>on  nardiiB  of  Linnipua.     IniJeDd,  it  has  bcm  pretty  eon- 

cluiiTHly  MtaktislLcil  by  Sir  William  Jr,nMf  in  his  "Asiatic  IttBRnrcbei," 

that  tta«  Valeriana  Jutamunii  ia  the  pl»nt  from  which  they  obtaioeil  tbuuil. 

'  AnLOa^t  the  liindDM,  it   ii  VtKiwn  he  cliatAninJini,  and  by  Hie  Arnhs  undtr 

>  thu  name  of  •oinbul,  or  '•spike,"  ftom  ilie  f,iotof  tho  bnf*  being  siirti>uini(,-d 

I  with  can  or  spikoi.  wbcnci:,  prohahly,  iln  Kunian  npptUntion.     Thip  «pe- 

I  (iM  of  tolcrinn  growiin  the  nic-r«  distant  and  mountainouf  parts  of  luoia, 

'  ^ootas  aud  Nepuil,  for  iaituaoo. 


1 


120  PLorr'a  sUkTvasL  eistobt.  [B#ntXir. 

it  has  a  musty  BmpU,  too,  -very  much  like  that  of  the  cyyien!,s 
■with  a  fihoTp,  acrid  taste,  tlie  leuvL*  bL-itifi;  stnall,  and  growing 
in  tufts.  1  ho  heads  of  the  ttard  upread  <uit  into  care;  hcmo 
it  18  that  nard  le  bo  famous  for  its  two-fdd  pruduction,  thw 
flpike  or  ear,  and  Uit;  leaf.  'Xbcre  ia  another  kind,  agaiii.  that 
^rowB  oil  the  banks  of  the  CJnnges,  but  ia  altogether  coE- 
demned,  as  beiug  good  for  nothing ;  it  bears  the  uame  of 
osEemtLB, "  anil  cmil'-'i  a  fetid  odour,  Nard  is  adultcratvd 
vjth  a  Bort  of  plant  called  pseudo-nftrd,*'  which  ia  foiind 
growing  everywhere,  and  is  known  by  ita  thick,  broad  kaf, 
and  ita  sickly  colour,  whioh  inclines  to  while.  It  is  so- 
phisticated, alao,  by  being  mixed  with  the  toot  of  the  gontiine 
nard,  which  adda  very  considi-'rahly  to  its  weight,  Gum  is 
also  used  fur  the  same  purpose,  oiitiiuouy,  ai)d  cypenis ;  or, 
at  leoetr^tbe  outer  coat  of  the  cypcrus,  Its  genuinciKies  ia  tested 
by  ita  Lightucss,  the  rodnpw  of  its  coluur,  its  eweut  emtll,  and 
the  tasto  more  particularlvi  whiuh  parchtia  the  muutli,  mid 
Ittavea  a  plpaaant  flavour  hi-bind  it  j  the  price  of  spikenard  is 
onB  hundred  denarii  per  pound. 

J,eaf  *  nard  varies  in  prioe  according  to  the  size  ;  for  that 
which  is  known,  by  the  name  of  hadroBphffimm,  consiating  of 
the  larger  leaves,  sella  at  forty  denarii  por  pound ;  when  tho 
kares  are  amaller,  it  h  calli^-d  mesosphierum,  and  iit  sold  at 
sixty.  But  that  which  is  eonaidcrod  the  most  valuable  of  all, 
is  known  aa  microaphioruiQ,  and  consists  of  the  very  Bmalh^t 
of  Ihu  leaves;  it  sells  at  seventy-five  denarii  per  pound.  All 
thoKO  varieliea  of  nard  have  »n  agreeable  oduur,  bnt  it  is  mu^t 
poweifal  when  fresh.  If  the  nard  is  old  when  gathered,  that 
which  is  of  a  black  colour  is  consirkTod  the  best. 

In  our  part  of  the  world,  the  Syrian^^  nard  is  held  in  tho 

^  From  tha  OirBpfc,  HJmv.u,  "«  putrid  ^ora."  F6c  siiggasta  that  CliU 
may  Imvc  Ijpen  the  N'.irdd*  IjinJnisjilfciL-run]  ot'Uif  inodoniH, 

*'  FiSo  eu|>;>(hiits  tljut  lliia  Ik  iml  kwader,  as  aonic  imve  thi)uj;ht,  but  Iho 
Allium  i-iotoriiilia  oi  iniiJprn  anturiJisle,  which  ib  ttiil  mixod  with  llic  n4trj 
fnna  llie  Aiidropogrjn.  He  iloubt»  tlio  possibility  ol  iU  Jaiuing  bsoa  odul- 
t«rntcd  witli  »tib8tunKes  of  suah  a  liiifcrent  natiiry  as  thosu  mtiitbued  Utro 
hy  I'liiiy. 

*>  FAo  is  of  ojiinion,  tltat  the  Grtek  writrra,  (rditi  vrhma  Pliny  copied 
thi*  pnasa^,  ictiinded  to  f^eak  of  tlie  tars  of  nraixl.  or  s[iik(-ii»nJ. 

"^  According  tn  DinHCondes,  thig  n[>pellrition>  only  mcnng  such  nard  as  is 
ciittivtited  in  certain  iiiauritoiEis  of  liiilia  w]ii<:li  fuok  Uiv/ard  Syriii,  und 
wliich.  aecnTdiiig  t»  that  author,  w»»[|je  b* si  nard  of  bIL  Dalouharapn  mid 
Uurduoiu,  huviitvu-,  ridicule  tUie  explaaaliou  of  ttio  tontu 


Cfaap.  27.3 


neJtt  highest  esteem  next  to  ttiis;  thro  the  Gallic;**  and  in 
the  thirid  place,  that  of  Crute,"  wliinh  h^  Romo  penoiu  ia 
ullod  "a^on,"  andby  otlions*'phu."  This  last  has  t-'xactly  tho 
le&f  of  tlie  olueulrum,**  with  a  sUlk  a  vubit  iu  k-ugUi.  knoltuil, 
of  a  irhitiiili  ootour,  inclining  to  purple,  and  a  root  thut  niuB 
adcwaj-s ;  it  is  covered,  too,  with  l«ns  hair,  and  strongly 
roeembles  the  foot  of  a  bird.  I'ield  nurd  i^  known  by  ibe 
name  of  baccur."  We  »bnll  hftve  further  occasion  to  mention 
it  when  v«  comu  lu  K|>e»k  of  the  fiowera.  All  the^  kinds  of 
nard,  however,  are  to  be  rcckonodas  herbs,  iriththccxcrptioQ 
of  IndiuD  nurd.  Of  tJicsc,  the  OollJc  kind  in  pullud  up  along 
with  the  root,  and  washed  in  wrine;  after  which  it  is  dri«d  iu 
tlic  shade,  and  wrapped  up  in  paper,  iu  i^mall  [lureflit.  It  in 
not  T4.'ry  difTi^rtut  from  Ibo  Indiun  nard,  but  ia  lighter  tliiui 
that  of  Syria;  the  prict  at  wliich  it  fcils  is  tlirwu  dv''*rii  per 
p&und.  I'he  otdy  way  of  tvetiug  thv  Umvee  of  all  these 
Viirivtii.^*  of  uanl,  is  to  i»i?e  liiat  they  are  not  brittle  and  parohed, 
inatead  of  being  driod  naturally  and  gradually.  Together 
with  the  nard  that  p-owB  in  Gaul,  there  nlwnys*  spring  up 
a  herb,  which  it  known  hy  tho  natni;  of  hircnlnsj  or  tho 
"little  gO[it,"  on  aocouut  of  its  ofTiUfiivo  Kmid],  it  being  Tory 
mmilar  to  that  of  the  f^oat.  This  herb,  too,  is  verj*  mueh  usud 
in  the  aduiteralion  of  nard,  though  it  diffi!!^  from  it  in  tho 
fiiot  that  it  htm  no  E>t<>m,  atul  its  leavin  an;  sinulkT  ;  the  root, 
too,  ia  not  bilUir,  and  ia  outirtly  dcstituto  of  em^ll. 

CB.^P.  27.  (13.)— ASAKUll,  OH  FOU^roOT. 

The  herb  aaanim,*  too,  has  the  projHJrties  o'f  nard,  and, 
indaud,  hy  eoiuti  penuns  is  kaowa  as  wild  oui-d.     It  has  a  leaf, 


1 


h-: 


'*  OcneraUy  Euppoacd  to  ho  iht  ValcciaDu  Cvlliua  uf  modom  mttuniliati. 
11.  «i.  c.  79, 

■*  PrubaitK  Llia  Valiiriiuta  lUlicn  of  moctum  nntuniliits. 

••  feu  H.  i«.  c.  48. 

"  KaoMm  ia  thii  ouuntry  U  fni-clovn,  our  Ijuljr'*  glovw,  aagt  of  Jctii- 
■ilna.  or  clo«ii'»  qiiVcaard,    Sco  B.  isX.  c.  16. 

"■  Not  alirayB,  but  totj  Mldora,  Kroucr  inys.  <  Insint  has  ectablisb«d, 
from  obtcmicicin,  UmC  tltit  plant  u  em\j  a  mni^tty  at  ihi'  Vnlrriiuin  Colticii. 

•  Fee  nnuiukB,  llint  tint  (imni'!  "  ljn<:cuni,"  in  (iruik.  t>ro|jtTly  !)fl«a(|^j 
to  tlUB  pUnt,  but  that  it  wna  tTitnifcrrtiL  liy  tli4!  lWi:iiu  ti'  tlm  i\-M  uard. 
with  wUiuli  till)  .:V»iitum  liad  bocumo  cvnft'uniiKd.  Ii  in  thu  nluu  luttlit- 
AMiam  EuTopiGiim  of  motlurDutitonduUi  but  iiduwuut,a<  Vl'my  Etf&uU, 
fidtrcr  twiov  in  Ibo  jcat. 


ISZ 


PtI!iT'R   TATTTBAl   HTgTOBT. 


[Book  HI. 


iliswevcr,  moTP  like  that  of  the  ivy,  only  that  it  is  rouu'dcr  and 
liofter.  The  Aowlt  is  purjilo,  tliB  root  vtry  Himilar  to  that  of 
the  GuJlic  nnrii!,  and  Uie  scetl  is  Uku  ft  grape.  It  is  of  u  warm 
find  vinoUB  flavour,  aail  bloissoms  twice  ft  year,  growing  upoii 
hill  eidipa  thut  are  densely  shaded.  The  best  kind  ie  thut  t'ound 
in  Ppatus,  and  the  neit  best  that  of  i'lirygia ;  that  of  IJlyri- 
cum  bein^  only  of  thinl-rate  q^unlity.  The  root  is  dug  up 
wfaen  it  is  jast.  bcgitming  to  put  forth  its  kavf's.  and  thcTi  dried 
in  the  suii.  It  very  soon  turns  mouldy,  and  loa&s  its  propertifia. 
There  haa,  also,  been  lati-ly  found  a  certuin  herb  in  some  parts 
of  GreiMie,  the  leavos  of  ■whirh  do  not  (iifftr  in  the  slightCBt 
degree  from  those  of  the  liidiim  nurd. 

cn\r.  28. — iMOMTna. — .\M:oMja. 

The  clustered  Hmomum"'  ia  very  extensively  used;  it 
grows  upon  a  kind  of  wild  rine  that  is  found  in  India,  though 
some  persons  havo  been  of  opininn  that  it  le  borne  by  a  shrub, 
Tescmbling  the  myrtle  in.  appearance,  and  ahont  the  sbtoo 
height  a»  tho  palm.  Thltt  plant]  also,  is  plucked  along  tfith 
the  rout,  and  i&  carefully  presBbd  together  with  the  hands  ;  for 
it  very  soon  beconieB  brittle.  That  kin<3  is  held  in  the  highest 
eetecnip  the  learea  of  which  hear  a  strong  resembknce  to  those 
of  tho  pomegranate,  being  free  from  wrinkles,  and  of  a  red 
colour.  Thu  seeoad  quality  is  that  which  is  of  a  pallid  liao. 
That  which  has  a  green,  grassy  appearance,  is  not  so  good, 
and  the  white  is  the  worst  of  ull ;  it  assumes  this  appearance 
when  old,  Thw  price  of  cluHtcifd  amomum  ia  sixty  denarii  per 
pound,  but  in  dustit  sella  at  only  forty-nine.  Amomtim  is  pro- 
duced, alao,  in  that  part  of  Armenia  which  is  knownaeOtenft; 
as,  lJso,  in  Media  and  PontuB.  It  is  adulterated  with  the  IcaTes 
of  the  pomegranate  and  a  aolulion  of  gum,  which  ia  cmployi-d 

^  II  IB  by  nn  meaiiB  tptlled  among  naturBliBts,  wbat  plant  tho  Amonium 
of  the  aackuts  was;  indeed,  timrnj  biu  lieen  Ihe  gtmUat  diTergrnoo  of 
opmion.  TrngiiB  taltta  it  to  he  n  kind  of  bindweeJ  Matlliioli.  the  Piper 
jdtliiupicum  i>r  LmiuiiUB  1  Curdug  :i]tJ  Scoliger,  lliu  tihp  of  Jnrialio,  ibfi 
Ansatfttiea  liierncuntti;n  o/LiniLKUs,  (Josuer  thints  ic  to  liavo  bLtn  tlio 
gordea  popput,  tlie  Suliuium  buudferum  of  Toumefort:  Ca^siilpious  Ihc 
cnbeb,  the  I'ijicr  cubcba  of  LinnmiB :  Plukenot  and  SpTcng>!l  ihe  Uisiiis 
viligiuea,  wkQe  FiSc  and  Pauli^t  look  upon  it  sn  aol  improbably  ideuticii! 
with  tbe  Amomuni  racemosaru  of  r.iiinfeuB,  The  name  is  probaMy  dprivrd 
frnm  the  Ainhic  hnfatnAmii,  tiio  Aralfisai  Uaviug  &itl  iaUu-duoGil  it  U)  liiu 
notice  of  iho  Orooks. 


rh«p.  «.]  TttE   COUKTIIT   OF   yRASKTSOESBB. 

ill  order  (o  mnkt;  the  tearcs  sdhcro  and  Ibnn  clusters,  tike 
those  of  the  grape- 
There  is  anatbcr  substance,  also,  which  is  known  ty  the 
name  of  unomi^;"  it  is  not  so  full  of  veins  as  omomum, 
honler,  and  not  ho  orloriferoiis ;  ftum  which  it  wnuld  appear. 
either  that  it  is  altogether  a  diiTcniit  plant,  or  else  that  it  is 
UBOmum  guLhcrtjd  iii  un  umipc  state. 

CRAY.  29. — CJHtDAUOKDlC 

Similar  to  th<?su  BubBtanoct,  both  in  namD  as  well  at  the 
ehrub  which  produce  it,  i«  t3ic  cunlamonmm,"  the  seeds  of 
^iriuch  are  of  an  oblong  shape.  It  is  gathered  in  the  wune 
manner  both  in  India  oiyl  Arabia.  There  axe  four  different 
kinds  of  cardamomnTn.  That  which  is  of  n  rery  preen  colour, 
anctimnn,  with  sharp  anghn,  and  very  tiiffiniilttfl  break,  is  the 
most  highly  tetccmed  of  iidl.  Thu  ni'xt  Iwat  is  of  a  reddish 
Tvhite  tint,  while  that  of  third-rate  quali^  is  fihorter  and 
blacker,  Jie  worst  of  all  being  mottled  and  friable,  and  emit- 
ting bat  little  bqicU  ;  which,  in  its  Ri.'iiiiiDe°  eUtte  ought  tu  be 
very  almilar  to  costum.  Cftrdamomum  growH  also  ia  Media. 
The  price  of  the  best  ia  three  denarii  per  pound. 

CHAP.  30.' — mit  ootneniT  or  FnimurcewE. 

Ifoxt  in  affinity  io  cardamomnm  would  haTe  been  cinnamo- 
mum,"  and  this  we  should  have  now  proceeded  to  Fpeak  of,  were 
it  not  more  conrcnient  first  to  mnVe  Tnention  of  the  trensurea 
of  Aiabia,  sad  the  ren^oas  for  which  that  coimtr)'  h»K  received 
the  names  of  "Happy"  uud  "Blest."  The  chief  productions 
et-Aiabia  are  frankiuoc-D&c  and  myrrh,  which  last  it  bears  in 

BoppoMd  to  havu  bMD  only  the  Amomuni,  ta  on  unripe  Bbitc,  ui  Pliny 


■ 


ill  Biioim  in  pliitrniacy  u  "  oardumiim."  It  ii  nnt  hnwcvDr,  a» 
Ffiof  san,  found  in  Arabia,  but  in  Inilia ;  ftom  which  it  prtrhnbly  reached 
th«  braekK  and  Jtiiman*  bji  w>;'  of  the  Std  Sea.  Tlii-rn  Km  three  kinds 
JLaavB  in  modtm  ccimmcrcc.  Iho  Inrgo,  ttio  tniildlii  s\r,e^  and  tba  stnull. 
K.  IhinaMro,  "  JdiittiuI  ilv  Pliannucit,"  ^^fi  tG^^.  ii  of  upinloD,  thnt  the 
mud  oartlaiDamuni  ci^iilM  "amomum  in  pi^ilf,"  ttio  E^tian  kardh 
EieuiiQg  "pod,"  or  "btiBk."  It  it,,  howtTcr,  nnaTi:  ^KncraUf  luppOKd, 
UmI  tlut  Grerk  word,  KafiSwi,  "  lieiirt,"  uDlrn  into  iu  uoin political. 

*°  *'  Vnu*  *'  tecou  a  prefitrablc  reading  licra  ki  "  vera,"  nhicii  hts  bcDn 
aJwtcd  by  SHIIk. 

*•  8a«  0.  42  of  the  pTMuat  Book. 


[^odIc  xn. 


coauMon  wirti  the  country  of  H.Q  TroglodytsB.  (14.)  There  U 
no  country  in  the  world  that  produces  ['rankmccuao  except 
Arabia,'*  and,  indeed,  not  the  whole  of  thut.  Aliuoat  in  tho 
very  centre  of  that  region,  nre  the  AtnimitiE,"*  a  community  6f 
the  Habrei,  the  capital  of  wLoae  ktugdom  is  Rahota,  a  place 
Rttuiite  oil  a  lofty  mountiuii.  At  a  dietanoe  of  eight  stations 
from  this  is  the  iacenBe-hearing:  region,  known  by  the  name 
of  &aba,  Tho  Greeks  nay  that  tho  word  signifies  a  "secrtt 
myeteiy."  Xhia  diBUiut  looks  towuiils  the  north-east,  and 
is  rendered  inacc«geiblc  by  rocks  on.  every  side,  while  it  is 
bounded  on  the  right  by  the  SLTt,  from  which  it  is  shut  out  by 
cliflii  of  ti'emeudous  hcigiit.  The  soil  of  this  territoiy  is  said 
to  be  of  a  milky  white,  (i  little  inclining  to  red.  The  foitat* 
extend  twenty  schcpra  in  length,  and  half  that  distance  in 
breadth.  The  length  of  tho  schfcnue,  according  to  the  esti- 
mate of  ErafcosUiuncH,  ifl  forty  atadiaj  or,  in  other  words,  ftvo 
miles;  some  pfraons,  howevor,  have  eatimalod  tho  acbtemw  at 
ncr  more  than  tliirty-two  stadia.  In  this  diatritit  sonifi  lofty 
hills  take  their  rise,  and  tho  trees,  whioh  uprijig  uj)  epontu- 
noouRly,  run  downwards  along  thp  iloclivitios  to  tho  plains. 
It  LB  genuraliy  jtgreed  that  the  soil  is  argillaceous,  and  that 
the  ppringa  which  there  take  their  rise  are  but  few  in  numbLT, 
and  of  a  nitrous  q^ualitj'.  Adjoining  are  the  Mintei,  the  people 
of  snothci:  comrauoity,  throTigh  whose  country  is  tlie  sola  tran- 
sit for  the  frankincense,  along  a  single  narrow  road,     The 

"^  Vir^l.  Georg.  B.  ii,  I.  13K,  muntiona  I'unuliaiii,  in  Aruliin,  ns  being 
more  eapccinll)'  llie  country  of  fi-mikinc^nBO.  That  rtgioh  conteponJs  willi 
the  modeiD  Yemtoi.  It  is,  howcvur,  a  wt'll-aacertumcd  I'acl,  Ihiit  it  grow« 
in  India  dk  well,  nnd  it  ifi  euppiwed  tliRt  ihi?  gi-ejiter  part  of  it  vsei  by 
tliD  anciGUta  vrna  in  r^-'uUty  impitrtcd  from  ttint  cuuncry.  Tliv  locliiui  in- 
cunae  is  tlm  procliirt  of  ii  Inn  bdunpliiy  to  the  IfernMuth  cluM,  mttncd  by 
Eoibwrgli,  who  Hret  diatsOTcrci  it  itnswellift  thurifern.  It.  is  nior*  cant- 
cwUy  foyml  in  the  moimtaiTniuB  parts  uf  India,  On  tlit  other  liBiiil,  it  lim 
Iicen  RMerted  that  the  Aral>ian  incciisi;  vm»  tho  prniiurt  of  a  enniferou*  tree, 
either  the  JtiniperaB  Lmn,  the  JimipiTus  Pl;u!uii!tm,  or  tht  Jmiiperoa 
Itmrifora  uf  I.iiiniBiu,  hut.  qb  F^k  j'lsllj*  niuarliH,  it  would  apptmr  nioro 
Toiwonjibii?  to  look  umong  tlie  t*rc:l)inlbii  i)f  Arithla  fur  the  inct-iise  treat,  if 
one  uf  tUat  elm  pr  ndito.-b  it  in  lodiii,  nml  more  esgi^cidlly  bcuuitu  lb«  voui- 
fUToUB  trees  prcuiuiiu  -ntily  i-osins,  while  tlie  terebintlis  proiluen  gum  ri:ain«, 
to  which  cl:i»*  of  veg*tQliI(i  ornduutB  frankincense  tviduntly  buloagod.  In 
DummcrcD,  thu  gutn  rcKin,  OlihiLJium,  l1ic  produvi  of  tba  liuswcUiit  scrratu, 
n,Tiil  impurtLHi  from  the  Levant,  heure  the  niLme  uf  frankincoiiB!!. 

*•  ScR  It.  vi.  •;.  32.  Thi:ir  namfi  ia  Btill  pre&ervod  in  l!ie  mwlern  Hodra- 
nmuL,  lu  the  iiast  uf  Atli^ji. 


J 


Cfa^.  31.]        TUB  T&XZS  THAT  BEAB  FBANKISCESSE. 

Uinici  "rcre  the  first  people  who  onrricd  on  any  trnffio  ia 
IrankinceDBC!,  which  ihey  still  do  to  n  grciLtfr  extent  than  any 
otitcr  pcreonts  and  bencu  it  is  that  it  liiu  rticdvuil  thu  apptUti- 
tioQ  of  *'  Mioteaii."  It  is  the  isuha'i  uioLC,  and  no  other 
people  amoTic  the  Arabians,  that  l^hoid  the  incoDse-tree ;  and, 
indued,  not  ail  of  them,  for  it  IB  said  that  lher«  are  not  more 
than  three  thoufi^ind  fimilictB  which  har«  a  right  to  claim  that 
privilege,  by  virtne  of  hereditary  exiccewion;  and  that  for  Uu» 
Fc^tson  tbo»c  persona  are  ciUIed  oncred,  and  are  not  allowed, 
while  prtining  tlip  Crois  or  gathering  the  horvtut,  to  rtctlvc 
any  pollution,  either  by  intcrcoTirflc  with  women,  or  coming  in 
contact  with  the  df-ad;  by  those  rpligiouB  obsj^rrnneea  it  ib 
that  the  price  of  thti  commodity  is  eo  eoiieidirrably  imbuucL'd. 
persona,  howeyor,  say,  thiit  tho  right  oi'  gathering"  in- 
Miue  in  the  forests  belongn  to  all  the^e  people  in  commoB, 
wlule  oUitTs  ngwin  state,  that  they  take  their  turns  year  by 
year. 

CBAP.  31. — THE   TBKK8   THAT    iit^-K.    FHANKtJCCBRSB. 

Nor  18  jt  by  any  m^'ans  agreed  what  is  the  appenrance  of 
the  incenee-tree.  "We  have  sent  fiexcral  erpedition*  iij^aimtt 
\rabia,  and  the  Eomun  anna  hare  penetrated  into  the  greater 
part  of  that  cfluntrj' ;  indeed,  Cuiu»  Casor,''  the  son  of  Anguft- 
lus,  even  earned  considerable  renown  there  ;  and  yet  this  tree 
has  been  di'seribed  by  no  Latin  writer,  at  k^ast  that  I  know 
of.  The  des-criptiona  given  of  it  by  the  On-ek  wriliTB  rury 
considerably:  some  of  them  say  that  it  has  exactly  the 
^of  the  pear-tree,  only  somewhat  smaller,  and  of  a  grass, 
green  colour.  Othera,  again,  say,  that  it  huH  a  rather  rt^ddish 
leaf,  like  that  of  the  mnstich,  and  others,  that  it  is  u  kind  of 
terebinth,"  nnd  that  King  Antigonua,  to  whom  a  branch  of  it 
WBJ«  brought,  was  of  that  opinion.  King  Ju.ba,  in  the  work 
which  hu  wrote  and  dudiuated  to  C'aiiiB  {^rosar,  the  son  of 
AugiiBtii9,  who  was  inflamed  by  the  wido-spread  renown  of 
Arabia,  states,  that  the  tree  Las  a  spiral  stem,  and  tliat  the 
branches  hear  a  considerublu  reBemblaHce  to  those  of  the  Pontic 
uiapie,  wliile  it  secretes  a  sort  of  juieu  very  similar  to  that  of 

l£.  Ti.  na.  31  and  32.    ITn  vsx  tlioson  (f  Agrippa  uidJutiHi  tbe 
Ttt  Augustus,  bjr  whom  Iiq  was  adnpl^'d. 
I  Hcm  till.'  uiitat  priitMiblo  among  tmat  >&riuiui  svrcoiies  and  ooa^ 


12G 


rtCST  a   HA.TUBAL   flUTOBY. 


[Book  7Jl 


the  almoiid>tree.  Such,  he  aaya,  is  the  nppcftrance  of  the  tree 
as  neon  in  Carmanid  and  Egypt,  where  it  was  introduced  and 
planted  under  the  auspict'S  of  the  Ptolemies  when  reigning 
t^erc.  It  is  well  knuwn  that  it  hiia  a  bark  not  unlike  thai  uf 
the  laurel,  and,  indeed,  eoma  peraucis  have  asserted  that  thi-ir 
leaves  are  Biniilar.  At  all  eveuta,  such  was  tko  casu  with  tho 
Iroe  as  it  grew  at  gardes :  for  the  kings  of  Asiu  also  took  con- 
siderable cure  to  htiVB  it  planted  tliere.  The  ambassadors 
who  in  my  time  have  come  to  liome  from  Arabia,  have  madu 
all  these  matt«ra  mont  uncirrtain,  ovun,  than  they  were  beforu ; 
a  thing  at  whicii  we  may  justly  he  suipnaed,  seeing  that 
some  sprigs  even  of  the  incenae-ti-ee  have  been  brought  among 
lis,  fi7>m  which  we  have  some  reason  to  conclude  that  the 
parent  tree  is  round  and  tjipcrtng,  and  that  it  puts  forth.  Ita 
flbootd  front  a  trunk  that  ia  entirely  free  6*001  knots. 

CH-AF.   32.— VAEIOU8    KIHDS    OP    rRANXINCENSB. 

In  former  times,  when  they  hod  fcawei  opportuulliee  of 
selling  it,  they  ua&d  to  gather  tho  fritukinuense  only  once  », 
year;  bat  at  the  preient  day,  as  there  is  a  much  greater  de- 
Dtand  for  it,  there  is  a  eeooad  crop  as  well.  TJie  first,  and 
what  we  may  call  the  natural,  vintage,  takes  place  about  the 
rinng  of  the  Du^-Btnr,  a  period  when  the  beat  is  moat  int«n»u ; 
on  which  occasion  they  cut  the  trte  whore  the  baik  appears 
to  be  the  fullest  of  juice,  and  extremely  thifl,  from  being  dis- 
ti;aded  to  the  gi-eatest  extent,  ITie  imiirion  thus  made  ia  gm- 
dually  extended,  but  nothing  is  removed  ;  tlie  consequeneo  of 
which  IB,  that  an  uncluoua  (bum  oozes  forth,  which  gradually 
coagulates  and  thiekene.  Wlit'n  tlie  nature  of  the  locality  re- 
quites it,  thisjuieeis  received  upon  matsof  polra-ieaveB,  though 
in  aorae  places  tho  apace  around  Lho  true  ia  made  hard  by  being 
well  ritmuted  down  for  the  purpose.  The  fruDkincenee  that 
is  gathered  after  the  former  method,  lb  iij  Xhv  purest  stat*, 
though  that  which  falls  on  the  ground  is  tho  heaviest  in 
weight:  that  which  adbures  to  the  tree  is  pated  otf  with  an 
iroQ  inetntmetit.,  which  accounts  for  ita  being  found  mingltd 
with  pieces  of  baik. 

The  forest  is  allotted  in  certain  j>ortionB,  and  such  is  the 
mutual  probity  of  the  owners,  that  it  is  quite  safu  from  all 
depredation ;  indeed,  there  ts  no  one  IcHt  to  wstuh  the  treee 
after  the  IniiimoQa  are  made,  and  yet  no  one  is  ever  known  to 


Chap.  32.]  TA.KLOUS   KIH08   OF   riL&KEmCEKBB. 


127 


pUmdcr  liis  uoigbboar.  Bat,  bj  Herooles!  at  Alexandria, 
"wbeze  Uw  inoeiue  is  dremed  for  iuil<-,  the  workshops  can  oevvr 
b«  griardecl  with  vufficinnt  oace ;  a  seal  m  even  placed  upon  tbe 
workmen's  apront,  find  a  masb  put  upon  the  head,  or  else* 
net  irith  very  close  mcBhe*,  while  the  people  are  ntripped 
naked  before  they  are  allowed  to  leavp  work.  So  tnie  it  is 
that  pucislimonta  afford  less  security  among  im  than  i&  to  he 
found  by  thcHc  Arahiaus  amid  their  woods  and  foreals  !  TTio 
incense  which  has  acciimul&tecl  during  the  summer  is  gathered 
In  the  tfiitumii ;  it  is  the  purest  of  all,  and  is  of  n  whit^}  colour. 
Tbe  Mcond  gathei'iag  takes  plue«  in  sprinf;,  iacisioog  K-iug 
made  in  the  Wk  for  that  purpwse  during  Uiv  winter:  this^ 
however,  is  of  a  rtrd  colour,  and  not  to  I>«  compared  with  the 
other  in  wnee.  The  first,  or  aiiptrior  kiud  of  inc«n»e,  in  known 
as  carfiathum,"  the  latter  is  Gidltd  dathinthum.  It  is  thoimht, 
also,  that  the  incense  which  ia  gathered  from  the  tree  while 
young  is  tJie  whitest,  though  the  produce  of  the  old  trees  has 
the  most  poworfid.  amcll ;  aomc  piTsons,  too,  have  an  impres- 
aton  that  the  beet  inc^eu^e  is  found  in  the  Ulunda,  but  Juba 
osscrtfi  that  no  ineenso  at  oU  is  grown  there. 

That  incense  which  has  hung  swppended  in  globniar  dropa  is 
known  to  tis  as  ''mnJe"  fraiikiueeuse,  although  it  is  tnofntiy 
tbs  oiise  that  ws  do  not  use  the  ttrm  "mule"  exL'&pt  m  coti> 
tradistmctioQ  to  the  word  "female:"  it  has  lK>«n  attributed, 
however,  to  religions  scruples,  that  the  name  of  the  other  sex 
wi«  not  employed  as  a  denorai nation  for  this  substance.  Some 
[XTwsnj*,  again,  are  of  opinioa  that  the  male  frankineense  hn« 
been  ao  called  iJ-om  ittt  resemblance'  to  the  testes  of  the  male. 
The  incense,  however,  that  ia  llie  most  esteemed  of  all  ia  that 
which  is  mammose,  or  brea-ft-xlinped,  and  is  produced  when 
one  drop  has  stopped  short,  and  another,  following  close  npon 
it,  has  adhered,  and  united  witli  it.  I  find  it  stated  that  one 
of  these  lompa  used  to  make  quite  a  handful,  at  u  time  when 
men  displayed  less  Gagcmess  to  gather  it,  and  it  was  allowed 
more  tune  to  accumulate.     The  Greeks  call  such  lumps  aa 

*  Theee  words  are  laid  by  somp  to  hp  ilcri^ail  frotn  the  OrKek,  tapaiit, 
"  a  hollow  Btiillt,"  on  ncnount  of  ils  li(rUtinfM,  imd  Iqliov,  "  a  tnreh,*  tin 
■Cfoutit  of  ita  reeinnm  nnd  inllamTnnhk  qunlitiea.  II  it,  liftWfTW,  mach 
Btore  probable  Uist  they  wrrc  derived  Irum  th«  Arabic,  tuil  not  from  tbo 
CBlti>-»i!]rLhic,  MPoinainel  cunjecturw. 

'  Ffe  it  pnbnbl^  rii;bt  in  hm  conjpcturt,  that  it  was  so  called  Eolely  in 
WOMqiHiDM  Cif  ita  tujicrivr  Nlxi'Ugtb. 


t 


FLIWT^fl    IBATTTlHIi   HISTOUT.  [Book  JCII- 

thcac  by  the  name  of  stagoaia*  and  atomiiB,^  while  the  smBller 
pie«eR  arc  enUed  orobia.*  The  fragments  which  are  broken  off 
by  sliaking  the  tree  are  known  to  us  as  manna.'  Even  at  the 
pn^sent  duy,  however,  there  are  dropa  found  which  weigh  one- 
third  of  a  mina,  or,  in  othpr  woHs,  twenty-eight  aenaxii. 
Alexander  thu-  Great,  when  a  boy,  was  on  oav  occasion  loading 
the  altora  with  frimkinct-DBe  with  the  grc-iiteal  prodigality, 
upon  which  hia  tutor  Lconidts^  rematkcd  to  him  that  it 
would  he  time  to  worship  tbe  gods  in  euch  a  Jft^-ish  manner 
ns  tliat,  wh(!n  he  had  conqiitred  l:ho  countriea  that  proditped 
l.hi!  frankincense.  Alter  Alexandi-ia  had  fioufjiuertd  Arabiu, 
]io  d(;?patchod  to  Leoaidca  a  siiip  freighted  with  frankincenae, 
and  sent  him  word,  rL>quesUng  that  ho  would  now  wotship  the 
gods  without  stint  or  limit. 

The  intsense,  after  being  collected,  is  carried  on  camels' 
hiicka  to  Sahota,'  ut  which  place  a  single  gnte  is  left  open  for 
it.s  ftdmieainn.  To  deviate  from  tho  high  rond  wliilo  oonvey- 
ing  it,  the  laws  have  mado  a  capital  offence.  At  this  place  the 
priests  tiike  hy  m;i(i9iire,  imd  not  by  wf^igliJ,  a  tenth  part  in 
ItoQOHr  of  their  god,  whom  they  oali  HiiXiia  ;  indeed,  it  ie  not 
allowable  to  dispose  of  it  before  this  has  been  done  :  ont  of 
this  tenth  tho  public  csptmaca  are  defrayed,  for  the  divinity 
guucrously  entertain!)  all  those  strangers  whio  bav«  made  u  cor- 
tain  number  of  days'  journey  in  coming  thither.  The  iaceose 
«an  only  be  exported  through  the  country  of  the  Gebaoitae, 
and  for  this  rensnn  it  is  that  a  certain  tax  is  paid  to  their 
ItiiLg  as  well.  Thornna,*  which  is  their  capittd,  is  diAtant 
Irom  Goaa,  a  city  of  Judneaj  on  tho  ehorce  of  our  sea,  4'136'* 

*  Menning  "dnip"  incGnsb.  *  "Undivided"  ineetiBo. 

*  From  tlicii  being  tho  bwl'  of  an  opa0t>Ct  f>r  *' cMcfc-pea." 

*  TheTH  i»«)tni;doubls3  tiilhccorxMtni.'a.iof  ttiisieailipK-  Tlie"infinna" 
bare  nmationiyi  i«  quit*  aiiitftreot  subatsiit-p  to  ttio  iDaiina  of  imnloni  cDin- 
jucrcD,  oblained  frcmi  llie  J-'raiinus  onmii  of  iiiitumlisLs. 

*  He  WM  a  kinaman  of  Olympius,  tbo  moiljir  of  Alcsandcr,  anJ  a  mnn 
of  very  ituRtero  bnhiu.  rEut.»rc)i  saya,  tliut  nn  this  ■icKiuion  jML-xandoc 
■mil  to  Leouiilua  QUO  ttdttuta'  wt'ight  of  ioccnie  aai  myrrh, 

»  See  B.  vi.  c.  32. 

*  Probably  the  Barao  as  iho  duity,  AsaBbimis,  rawtioned  b;j  K^  In  4. 
\2  fiT  the  pTcfionl  Biwlt.  TheojihriistiiE  mentiuiu  bini  iDt  idcnttcnl  With  At 
tan,  othrra,  agiiin,  \TiLb  JapiCer.  Tbcapbinatos  N!L}'b  that  the  god  ntxATei 
nut  a  LcDith  parC,  but  h  tliird. 

*  An  to  this  plat-B  wid  tUe  Gabanit™,  see  H.  ¥i.  c.  32. 
''^  XU^n  ntuiit  suj'ely  bti  $om^  misLakc  in  thw9  uiunbBTi, 


-Om^.  '3-3 


^r&BB. 


129 


tnilfls,  the  distance  Wiog  divided  into  Rixty-five  dnj«'  joumejr 
tj  camel.  Thv-rv  xt«  ci?rtuin  portion*  nlw  of  tlio  fi«iikiiici>iiM 
vhich  are  given  te  the  pn<>t<t.4  and  thi^  king'H  McretdriM:  mid 
in  addition  to  liicse,  tlio  kcqjcrs  of  it,  as  well  ns  tho  soliiew 
Ttho  gnard  it,  the  gato-kc+pfra,  and  varinus  othtr  employe*, 
have  th«ir  share  as  wull.  And  then  huHidcB,  all  along  the 
louto,  tbcTu  is  ot  one  plate  wattr  to  pay  for,  at  imollcr  ftiddcr, 
lodging  at  the  stations,  and  various  Culqs  and  inipost«  be«ide9; 
the  coneLMjuence  of  which  is,  that  the  cspensu  fur  eaoU  uunel 
Wure  it  urriveK  at  the  shores  of  our"  xea  is  six  hundred  and 
eighty-eight  denimi ;  after  all  this,  too,  there  arc  certain  pay- 
Iii«nts  still  to  be  mntlc  to  the  firmera  of  the  revenue  of  our 
empiie.  Heneo  it  i.i  that  a  ponnd  of  the  best  franlcinccnae 
Bells  at  six  denarii,  the  second  (juidity  five,  and  tho  tliird 
"Birco.  Among  us,  it.  is  adiiIk'ntU.-d  with  drops  of  white  resin, 
a  nibstaace  which  beiirs  a  Htrong  rescmhlance  to  it :  but  the 
Jknud  may  be  easily  dutucted  by  tin?  methods  which  liave 
already  mentioned.'*  It  Ik  tented  by  the  following  qaa- 
;  its  whitfBuss,  size,  hriUUncs*,  and  the  readiness  witli 
Trti«h  it  talse-s  fire  when  placed  on  hefttcil  coals;  in  addition 
to  which,  it  idionid  not  give  t,o  th<?  priisauni  of  the  teotb,  hut 
from  ite  natural  hrittlcncfiB  cnimble  aU  to  pioca. 

CHAP.  as.  (15.) — XYUEB. 

According  to  somft  authors,  myrrh"  is  thD  produce  of  a  tree 
that  growfi  in  the  same  forcBt*  aa  the  inecnso-trce,  though 
most  lay  that  tliey  grow  in  difFcTont  plnccs :  but  l-lie  I'liet  is 
that  myrrh  grows  in  many  partii  of  Arabia,  as  will  be  setn 
when  wfi  come  to  speak  of  tUu  several  varieties  of  it.  A  sort 
tliat  is  highly  esteemed  is  brought  from  the  ialouds"  also,  and 
the  Sabrei  even  crosa  the  sea  to  procure  it  in  tlnf  emintrj-  of 
the  TroglodytR'.  It  is  grown  also  by  being  transphint^tH,  and 
when  thus  cultivat^rd  ia  greatly  preferred  to  that  which  is 
grown  in  the  forests.    The  plant  is  greatly  improved  by  niking 

•1  Tht  Medit*rtaii«,in.  "  In  c.  10  of  tho  pTceml  Rdok. 

'»  It  i»  snpi>iw-^  to  br  tho  pnxhictof  on  nmyriB,  hut  is  not  now  Mtotned 

a  pprfume;  but  is  iwi-d  iii  rai-diune  a>  a  t.ouic.  Pomkiial  hniattribiitpd 
lo  tbe  Amyti*  kHtar,  (ir  t-ifiil,  tli«  nrgilmtion  of  tnyrrli.  Accunlin^  ti> 
EbreiAwK.  a  yeiy  siiuiLuT  ma,  tlioofrii  con^titutint;  a  uiff«rcDi  KpcciEi,  the 
BslMUO^dram  mvnhii.  also  produc^M  lliii  triil>i<tjiiico.  It  it  imuoited 
Into  Enropn  ^ra  hnth  .Ab^iitin  and  Arabia.  It  vat  mucb  need  ayiho 
ancicnlA.  to  Bafour  tlidr  wiaes. 

••  Sm  B.  Ti,  c  SZ. 

roL.  in.  ,  M 


130 


PLIBT'a  HATUBAi  HlSXOftT. 


[BookXn. 


sxiA  baring  tho  roots ;  indeed,  the  cooler  tho  roots  are  kept,  the 
better  it  is. 

CHAP.  34. — ISB  TBBES  wniCH  PEODUiOK  MTHHH. 

Tho  trce  grows  to  the  height  of  firo  cubits,  and  haa  thomi 
upon  it:  the  tnmk  is  hard  and  spiral,  and  thicker  than  that 
of  the  incensc-tree,  and  mnch  more  so  at  the  root  than  at  tho 
upper  part  of  the  tree.  Somo  authors  have  said  that  the  bark 
is  smooth  lilie  that  of  the  arbute,  others,  that  it  ie  rough  and 
covertd  with  thoTUB :  it  has  the  leaf  of  the  olirc,  but  more  wavy, 
with  sharp  points  at  tho  cdgea  :  Julia  eayB,  however,  that  it 
rcHombkB  the  kal'  of  the  oluaatrum.  Some  agiain  say  that  it 
reserribles  the  juniper,'*  only  that  it  is  rougher  and  brietUng 
with  thorns,  and  that  the  leaTcs  are  of  a  rounder  shape,  though 
thoy  have  exactly  the  taate  of  the  juniper.  There  have  bouu 
Bouie  writers  who  have  incorrectly  aaaerted  that  both  myrrh 
and  fronkinccnso  ore  the  product  of  tho  Bome  tree. 

CiUP.  35.— THB  NAIOEE  ART*  TA£IOt78  SIBPS  OF  MTRRH. 

Intiaions  are  made  in  theroyrrh-treealfio  twice  a  year,  and  at 
the  Bftme  Benson  na  in  the  tncense-tree ;  hut  in  the  coae  of  tho 
myrrh-tree  they  are  all  made  the  way  up  from  the  root  m  far  as 
the  branches  which  arc  ahle  to  hear  it.  The  tree  spontaneously 
exudes,  before  the  incision  ie  made,  a  liquid  which  bears  the 
name  of  atuuto,"  and  to  whicli  there  ie  no  myrrh  that  is  supe- 
rior. Second  only  in  quality  to  this  is  the  cultivated  myrrh : 
of  the  wild  or  forest  kind,  the  best  is  that  which  ie  gathered  iu 
summer.  They  give  no  tithes  of  myrrh  to  the  god,  because  it 
is  the  produce  of  other  countries  as  well ;  but  the  growers  pay 
the  fourth  part  of  it  to  the  king  of  the  Gobonitse.  Ityrrh  is 
bought  up  iudiBcriminately  by  the  common  peoplej  and  then. 
packed  into  baga ;  but  our  perfumers  separate  it  witliout  any 
diMculty,  the  principal  test«  of  its  goodneee  being  its  uncluoua- 
uesB  und  its  aiomtitio  Bmell.     (16.)  There  &re  several"  kiiid» 

1*  XheophrftBtua  suys  the  terebinth. 

*8  FioTu  tliu  Giatk  oTiiCiu,  "  li>  diop."  F&e  obserres,  tlist  the  raodiwTui 
know  natLLng  positive  as  to  the  niodc  of  L'Xtracting'  mvrrh  from  the  trev. 
See  the  aoiouut  given  by  Ovid,  Met,  13. 1. 1.  500  H  »cq'.  of  tLu  tnuiafoiuiu- 
tion  of  Myrrha  into  ttiii  tree, — "  Tiie  warm  drops  ftill  from  tli>a  truo.  Tlie 
leara,  even,  haro  their  ava  honoiir  i  and  the  mjrfli  tkai  ilistits  ftom  tho 
bark  beoTB  the  aame  of  iti  mi&trees,  nnil  in  vn  nge  trill  rtmuiii  unknon-n." 

"  P£e  reniaikB,  that  at  the  pTuwnt  iky  th  hju  aL-quiiiiiLed  only  willi  onu 
kind  of  ■Dyrrti ;  the  fh^meut^  wblcii  beu  im  iiDpresuva  hie  tho«e  of  Mill 


Ohcp.  UE.] 


uTJtim. 


131 


» 


of  mjirh ;  the  £rst  among  the  wild  myrrliB  is  tiie  Troglo- 
dytic ;  and  the  nezt  are  the  MinEean,  which  includes  the 
Atnunitic,  end  that  of  Ausaritis,  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Oeba- 
nite.  A  third  kind  is  the  Dionitic,''  and  a  fourth  is  the 
twxed  mytrh,  or  "all-«ort8;""  n  fiftJi,  again,  is  the  Somhra. 
oftnian,  ■which  is  brought  from  a  city  in  5ie  kiugdum  of  the 
Sabffii,  nosr  the  aoii ;  ucd  a  Eixlh  is  knpwn  by  the  tmmo  of 
Dasuritic.  Th^e  i&  ufchitu  mjTih  bIsq,  which  is  produced  in 
only  one  spot,  and  is  c&nied  lor  mie  to  tho  city  of  MeS6alam. 
The  Troglodytic  myrrh  is  ttstcd  by  its  unctuousHeeB,  and  its 
peculiarly  dry  appearance:  it  haa  also  a  dirty,  rough  look 
with  it,  but  is  more  acrid  than  the  other  kinds.  The  Sambra- 
cenian  myrrh  has  none  of  thf'se  faulta,  and  is  more  sightly  in 
ai^eazanc«  than  any  of  them,  though  it  ia  tai  from  heing 
ID  powerful.  In  general,  however,  the  proof  of  its  gooduL-M 
eonsiBte  in  ite  bein;>  Bepartited  in  littk  jiiccoe  of  uneven  ehtipe, 
fbimed  by  the  concretion  oi'  a  whitish  juice,  wliich  dries  up 
Utile  by  little.  When  broken  it  ought  to  exhibit  white  marks 
like  the  iSnger-Duils,  and  to  be  slightly  bitter  to  the  kistv- 
That  of  second  quality  is  of  a  mottled  appearance  within ; 
while  of  worse  quality  is  that  which  is  of  a  block  colour 
williin ;  the  very  worat  of  all  is  that  which  is  hlack  on  tiiA 
outaido  &B  well. 

Tho  price  of  myrrh  varies  according  to  the  number  of  pnr- 
ohueers.  Staotc  ia  sold  at  prices  which  varj'  from  three  de- 
niuii  to  forty  jicir  pound,  while  the  very  higheet  price  of  the 
ooltivated  myrrh  is  eleven  denarii.  EryUirtcim  oiyrrb,  the 
same,  it  is  pretended,  as  Arabian  myirhj  is  sixteen  denarii  per 
pound,  Troglodytic  also,  ia  sixteen  dennrii ;  and  that  known  as 
odoraria,  or  odoriferous  myrrh,  eoUfl  at  fourteen,  Myrrh  is 
adnlteratod  with  pieces  of  mastich^  and  other  guma ;  it  is  also 
drugged  with  the  juice  of  wild  cucumber,  in  order  to  produce 
a  certain  bitk'meas,  and  with  lithaigo  for  tho  purpose  of  Id* 
creasing  ittj  weight.  Other  BoplustieittioDB  may  he  discovered 
00  tasting  it,  and  the  gum  will  adhere  to  tho  teeth.     Hut  the 

being  not  a  diatJucl  ktud,  but  a  EimplH  variety  In  anp^siaiice  unly.  Ho 
t3uu£),  aUo,  ifiat  Pliny  may  vtiry  ptfasiljly  bo  deccnbiD^  seviical  oUtinot 
ru£iQi>u&  products,  uuJur  tlio  ouo  imiuo  of  uiyrib.  All  ucuuuaC  of  tlieac 
Tnhoua  diftriclc  will  he  h^izA  in  B,  vi.  c,  3'2. 

^'  Hnrdouin  fufgusts  that  it  may  bo  lo  colled  from  thn  islimd  ol  Dju, 
lucntioaod  hy  Striuio,  B.  iii. 

i»  "  CqUuUtu."     'rliB  reiidia^,  howeTer,  ia  very  doubt!\iL 

K  2 


I 


132 


pwwt'b  SATUHA*  BirrOET. 


{SookXn. 


cleTPTcst  mode  of  ail ulteni ting  it  is  with  Indian  myrrh,''"  a 
Babstiinco  whieli  is  gathered  Trom  a.  cttrlain  prickly  ahriib  wbiuk 
grows  there.  Tliis  is  the  only  tbing  that  India  produeoa  of 
worse  q^uality  than  tiie  corresponding  prodtite  of  other  coun- 
tries :  they  may,  however,  be  very  easily  (Ustbgutsbfed,  tJut 
of  India  being  bo  very  nnich  inferior. 

CBAF.  S6.  (17.)— uastich. 
The  trnnsition,  Oierefore,"  ib  very  easy  to  mBstich,  "wlich 
prows  upon  another  prifikly  shrub  of  ludia  and  Aiubis,  knotrn 
by  the  niima  of  laiiia.  Of  mastich  as  wtll  there  are  two  dif- 
ferent kinds  i  for  in  Asia  and  Groeee  thoro  ie  aho  fuund  a  herb 
which  puts  forth  leaves  fi-om  the  root,  and  bears  a  thistly 
head,  resembling  an  apple,  and  full  of  fiecd».  Upon  an  inci- 
sion being  mnde  iu  the  upper  part  of  this  plnnt  drops  distil 
from  it,  which  can  hardly  be  diatiaguiBhed  from  the  genuine 
mastich.  There  ie,  again,  a  third  sott,^  found  in  Pontiia,  but 
mort!  Uke bitumen  UiiiQ  anything  else,  llie  moat  eeteemcd, 
huwever,  of  all  these,  is  the  white  mastich  of  Cliioa,  the  price 
of  which  is  twenty  denimi  per  pound,  while  the  black  mastich 
sella  at  twelve.  It  is  said  that  the  maatich  of  Ciiios  exudes 
from  the  lentisk  in  the  form  of  a  sort  of  gum :  like  &ank> 
incense,  it  is  adulterated  with  resin. 

CHAF.  37. — lADASDM   LSV   8T0BOL0N. 

Arabia,  too,  still  boasts  of  her  ladanum."    Many  writias 

*>  Wbiit  tliis  woa  is  nnw  untnnafn.  FeoauggeBln  that  it  m.iy  have  bcon 
bdellium,  ivliich  is  fuuud  in  con&idLrablo  quantilicE  in  tlio  m)Tr!i  that  b 
ininurtod  nt  tlir  pwsi^nt  cbiv. 

"  Tliia  is  TiigsL  jHuliably  the  meauing  of  Pliny'*  cxpreBsion— •"  Ergo 
tnniiit  ia  m&xticLcn ;"  tbuuf^h  llunluuin  mails  it  aa  mctuuDK  llint  myrrh 
wmetiiD<»  drj^'dnurulij  ta  mA.9ticb  :  and  Pee,  uoiientaitiliti;;  tliu  piusoge  ia 
Ac  nmc  wnss,  rcmnrla  tbot  thr  RUttmont  u  ptiToly  litbulnus.  Mutkh, 
he  BiyB,  ie  Ihf^  produtu  af  the  Pialjicia  lEntiscuK  of  Linmiins,  wbith  abound* 
iaOrceoeimd  tb#  otlinr  psirU  cif  iinath^ni  Eiunps.  Tbe  groat^ir  part  of 
the  nixsttch  of  comni<jr(.-c  cotiii's  IVnin  thu  islaud  ul'  Ctiig.  It  is  iuLpuaaible 
tc  (Kinjovtiiie  lii  \/hiii  plaat  riiny  \\na  aUudt's.  with  Ihe  b-niid  of  a  tolsUa. 

"  Tbift  kind,  I'fc  aajj,  ia  qTiit-^^  uiikiiL")\ni  ta  the  aiodcm*, 

^  This  auliBtnnce  is  alill  gnthiTiiil  frtim  ttin  Ciatiu  crBlicus  of  Liniwaas, 
wluoli  i»  inpiiOBed  to  l>u  tlio  mfub  iu  fne  plant  k-dn,  men  tinned  bv  Pliny. 
It  i»  alio  muit  probably  the  »ame  as  the  Cistbon,  Dieationed  by  Fliny  m 
B.  xiiv,  c.  48.  It  IB  v«ry  commoDty  foaind  ia  Spuin.  Tho  subS'tniicc  ia 
gfttliureJ  from  off  tha  htavci,  not  bv  the  aid  cif  eoaii,  hut  irith  vhipi  fiir- 
niBbEd  wilh  (ujvi;i-d  tbciigs.  with  wbitib  tlie  shrubs  uro  beaten.  Theic  are 
tWA  hotU  r^fladajium  knnini  in  commeroe  ^  Ihi:  one  friabla,  aiid  mixed  with 
earthy  sulwlautei,  and  known  w  "  ladanom  in  taiti& ;"  the  othijr  block,  and 


ST.] 


lADiKCM  JMD  STOBOLON. 


133 


luLTc  statc-d  that  this  subfttanoe  U  the  fortoitous  result  of  ma  ac- 
cideDtat  injuiy  uiHicl«(l  upou  s.  certain  udorit'tTutifi  plnnt,  under 
the  Galloviiig  ciKriuuxtanofa :  tlie  goat,  thfy  (wj-,  which  ia  in 
gi*n«»l  an  animal  that  ia  ostrpmcly  miBchitTous  to  foiiaj*e,  is 
particularly  fond  of  this  shrub*  that  ore  (nloril'ernua,  as  if,  in- 
cteod,  it  were  really  scnsihle  of  the  value  that  is  evt  u^a 
them.  Hcncu  it  is  thut  as  the  animal  crous  the  sprouting 
shootA  of  the  branches  which  ure  swollen  v'iUi  s  liquid  juice 
of  remarkable  sweeLncsE,  thcsti  juicus  drop  and  bii-oEne  min- 
gled tog«Uier,  and  are  then  wiped  up  by  tlio  shaggy  hairs  of 
ita  unlucky  beard,  Heing  there  mingled  with  the  dust,  ttieae 
jiiioes  form  kuots  and  tutte,  and  arc  then  dried  by  the  sun ; 
and  hence  the  drciumBtancc  is  aaaanniad  for  that  in  the  lado. 
nam  which  ia  iiiiporLcd  by  us  wo  find  goat^  bain.  This, 
however,  we  are  told,  occui's  nowhere  but  among  the  Nuba* 
tsei,**  a  people  of  Arabia,  who  bordt't  upon  Pyria.  The  more 
recent  writers  ctU  tliie  subistanfu  by  iiw  aiimi  of  Btohoioii,  and 
statti  that  in  the  t'orei^ta  of  Ambia  the  treex  are  broken  by  ths 
goata  whilo  browzing,  and  tlmt  the  juices  in  consequence  ad- 
here ta  their  shaggy  hair;  but  the  genuine  Indnnnm,  they 
assure  us,  comes  from  Lhe  ialand  of  Cyprus.  I  make  mention  of 
this  in  order  thnt  every  kind  of  odoriferous  plant  mny  he  taken 
some  notice  of,  oven  tb')ngh  incidentally  and  not  in  the  order 
of  their  respelive  locnUtica.  They  s:iy  also  that  this  Cyprian 
hidanum  is  ooUt^tul  in  tliu  sauiu  inuoncr  as  (he  other,  and 
that  it  forms  a  kind  of  grtafiy  subatauee  or  tesypuin,**  whiuU 
adheres  to  the  beards  and  ehiiggj-  logs  of  the  goats ;  but  that 
it  is  produoid  from  the  flowers  of  the  ground-ivy, which  thoy 
have  nibbled  when  in  quest  of  their  morning  food,  a  time  at 
which  the  whole  island  ia  covered  with  dew.  After  thi%  they 
aay,  when  the  fogfi  are  dispersed  by  the  sun,  the  diwt  adheres 
to  their  wat  (xiats,  mid  tbu  hulcumm  is  furmud,  whiuh  U  after- 
wuids  tuk«D  olf  of  them  with  a  eomb. 

There  are  aome  authors  who  give  to  the  plant  of  Cyprus, 
from,  which  it  is  mudi^,  the  uuuiu  uf  luda ;  and  h«noe  it  ih  that 
soft  lo  the  Sngfn,  the  noly  Atlvcrititi»u»  nilMtKiicea  in  wtiinli  are  a  litHo 

PSw  B.  n.  0.  .12. 

'  Vai  soate  fartEier  a««ouat  of  tills  subtitaiice,  see  B.  xziz.  a.  10.  T%t\iy 
as  it  VBA.  tho  oaifptim,  or  airoiil  nml  cr^Qfld  of  shenp,  was  u&ed  t>y  thi! 
Konaa  l&diea  aa  one  of  ihctr  nnst  citom  ffg^inetics.  Urid,  ia  bu  "  Art  uf 
LoTB,"  metro  tlum  onc«  ioTcighi  ogaiEiit  the  uw  of  it. 


PITHT'B  HATPiAL  ttlBTOBT. 


[BmkXir 


wo  find  it  also  colled  ledanum.  Thpy  say,  also,  that  a  Tiscona 
aubs^ce  BctUcs  Qpoa  this  plant,  and,  that,  by  the  aid  of 
Btringa  wotind  aroimd  it.  its  leaves  unu  rolled  into  balls,  ttvta. 
which  a  kind  of  eate  is  made.  Hence  it  is,  that  io  Cyprus,  as 
well  as  in  Arabia,  t]iere  are  two  kinds  of  ladanum  ;  the  ouo 
natural,  and  mingled  with  earth,  and  the  other  Artificial :  the 
former  ia  friable,  while  the  latter  ib  «f  a  Tiscous  nature. 

It  18  stated,  alao,  that  thifl  eubstance  ia  tie  produce  of  a 
ahrub  originally  found  in  Cannania,  and  propagated  by  plants, 
by  order  of  the  PtoiemieB,  in  tho  parts  beyond  Egypt ;  while 
other  authoritiee  arc  fouud,  which  aay  that  it  gnvis  on  Hie 
incense  tree,  and  ia  gathered  like  gtun,  from  in>uiGiou8  made  in 
the  bark,  after  which  it  ia  collected  in  bags  of  goat-skin.  Thnt 
of  the  moat  approved  quolityj  sells  at  the  rate  of  forty  asaea 
per  pound.  Ladanum  ia  adulterated  with  myrtle  berries,  and 
filth  taken  from  tho  fle&ceB  of  other  animals  bcsidea  the  goat. 
If  gontiinCr  it  ought  to  have  a  wild  and  acrid  smell,  in  Bomu 
measure  redolent  of  tlie  d^eert  places  where  it  is  produced :  it 
ia  dry  and  parched  in  appearance,  but  becomeB  soft  the  moment 
it  is  toachcd.  When  igoited,  it  gives  a  brilliant  flame,  and 
emits  a  powotful  hut  pleasant  odour  j  if  mixed  with  nlyrtle 
berries,  its  BpuriouB  quidity  is  immediat«ly  discoTcred  by  their 
crackling  iu  the  £rc.  In  additioa  to  this,  tho  genuine  lodu- 
num  has  more  grits,  or  etony  particlea,  adhering  to  it,  than 
diifit. 

CHIP.  38' — jassxitos. 

In  Arabia,  too,  the  olive-tree  diBtila  a  sort  of  tear,  with 
which  tho  Indiana  make  a  medicament,  known  by  the  Greeks 
«8  enhsimou ; "  it  ia  said  to  be  of  wonderful  efficacy  in  con- 
tracting and  healing  woUnds  and  sores.  These  trees,"  situate 
on  the  coasts  there,  are  covered  by  the  sea  at  high  water, 
without  the  berries  suffering  the  slighteet  lEJury,  althoagh  it 
is  a  well-known  ^t,  that  the  salt  collectB  upon  the  l&avca. 

"  From  t^e  Gf**t  ivaiitov,  "styptic,"  or  "  bloml-itcrpping-."  Tt  is  it 
thepresgiLt  dajcoUcid  gtim  "da  leccG"  in  ICalv.  y^a  saya  Innt  it  ia  not 
oflea  prounrcd  from  iho  oiivo-frees  of  France,  though  ii  is  fLiucd  very  oora- 
monly  on  thoso  of  Nuplea  anil  Cokbria.  It  tiaa  do  active  poirun,  ho  myi, 
OB  a  m«diciTW. 

"  Uutiouiii  sDggeBtl  that  they  ata^  Ik  the  pelngiiQ,  menliaQMl  i^in  ia 
B.  xiii.  o.  dl. 


Cli&p.40.] 


STOBBrM. 


135 


» 


AH  theae  trepa  are  ppculinr  to  Ambia,  but  it  hos  tame  few 
besiiles,  ia  cominon  ^'ith  ottier  countxiea,  of  wliich  ve  eholl 
make  meutioii  elsewhere,  the  kinds  growing  in  Arubia  being 
of  inferior  quality.  The  people  of  that  country  have  a  won- 
•lerful  regard  for  the  perfumcB  of  fon-iga  parte,  and  import 
them  from  places  at  (i  considerable  distaoce;  &o  roou  are  in<;a 
Bated  with  whiit  they  have  of  their  own,  and  bo  covetous  are 
they  of  what  belongs  to  otherB. 

ClUP.  39. THE  TREE  CALLED  BIUTU8. 

Hence  it  is,  that  they  import  from  the  country  of  the 
Elymici  **  the  wood  of  a  tree  c^dJed  hratos,^  which  is  similar  ia 
appearance  to  a  Bpreoding  cyprcM.  Its  branches  are  of  n 
whitish  colour,  and  the  wood,  while  burning,  eniitii  u.  pleBsant 
odour;  it  is  highly  epokea  of  by  Cluudius  Ctcsor,  in  his 
History,^  for  its  marvellous  properties.  He  states  that  tho 
PartbiuDS  sprinklo  the  leaves  of  it  in  their  diiuk,  that  its  HtneU 
closely  ri^sembles  that  of  th@  cedar,  and  that  the  smoke  of  it  is 
cfflcwious  in  counteracting  the  effect*  of  smoke  emitted  by 
other  wood.  This  tree  growa  in  thecountriea  that  lift  htyoad 
the  Pasitigris,"  in  the  territory  of  the  city  of  Sittaca,  upon 
Mount  Xagrus. 

OH&P.  40. — TOBTBBE  CALLED   BTOBBCH. 

Tha  Arabiana  import  from  Carmanid  also  the  wood  of  a 
tree  called  stobnim,''  which  they  employ  in  fumigivtionB,  by 
Bteeping  it  in  palm  wine,  and  then  setting  fire  to  it.  The 
odouc  lk»t  aBuends  to  the  ceiling,  and  then  descends  La  Tolumes 

^  8wB,  Ti.  c.  31. 

*  Although  ths  (aiin  Bhnib,  the  Juuipems  Hnbina  of  I.iniuciii,  tjcan 
this  naioe  in  Giufk,  it  ia  evidtat,  as  Fed  aiiyB,  thai  Pliny  dues  nal  alluda 
to  it,  but  to  n  conifciouB  tree,  ae  it  ia  Ihut  fumily  wtiichprnduixnanaiiwiu 
VDod  Willi  a  biUamiu  odour  when  igfnited.  Baiitain.  and  otbcn  W(ni]d 
mike  tbn  tit-e  nii>nDt  to  be  the  Thuya  occidnntnliA  of  Linnniu ;  but,  lu  P^ 
nbcrres,  thai  ireu  U  ia  rmililj  a  native  ori^nslly  of  Canada,  nliile  tbo 
Thuifit  (iriEinbilis  i«  a  njLtiTc  nt  Ja|iftQ.  He  lug^its,  liowBvcr,  thnl  thir 
'HitL^  arliculata  of  Mount  Atlu  may  hare  poesibly  been  the  dtrut  of 
PliDf. 

**  Bee  end  of  B-  r. 

3'  All  tbeie  are  meatianDd  ia  B.  vi.  c  31. 

="  It  ii  not  known  what  wood  ia  meant  aad?r  thia  name.  Aloe,  and 
som«  otW  woodSr  fh-an  i^itcd  are  dightl^  niiuotio. 


13^ 


PLljrrB  ITiTTJBAt  EI9T0HT. 


[BookXH. 


to  the  floor ;  it  iB  very  agreeable,  but  ia  apt  to  cause  on 
opjjrcisaioii  of  the  h«ad,  though.  nnatWaded  with  paJa ;  it  ia 
used  for  proniotiiig  skcp  ia  pcraoiiB  when  ill.  For  thviis 
braTichf  8  of  commerce,  they  have  opened  the  city  of  Carnc,'* 
which  eervcs  as  an  entrepot,  iind  from  which  place  Uioy  ircro 
formerly  in  the  habit  of  proceeding  to  Gabbiij  nt  a  diatanoe  of 
twenty  davB'  journey,  and  theute  to  PalBfatina,  ia  Syria-  But 
at  a  lattr  period,  ae  Juba  inibnuB  us,  they  bf^^m  to  take  the 
road,  for  the  purpoees  of  this  traffic,  to  Charax**  and  tha 
kingdom  of  the  Farthians.  JTor  my  omi  part,  it  would  appear 
to  me  that  th*?y  wefw  in  the  habit  of  impotting  these  coninuv 
dities  among  the  Persians,  even  before  they  began  to  convey 
them  to  Syria  or  Egypt ;  at  least  Herodotus  beora  tcsliniony  to 
that  effect  -wheii  he  etatca  that  the  Arabians  paid  a.  yearly 
tribute  of  one  thousand  bUonls,  in  frankinconse,  to  the  kiog^s 
of  Persia. 

From  Syria  tiiey  bring  hack  storas,'*  which,  burnt  upon 
the  hearth,  by  rte  powerful  smell  dlEpols  that  loathing  of  their 
own  perfumes  with  which  thtist)  people  are  ali'ecLed.  For  in 
general  there  are  no  kinds  of  wood  in  use  among  thorn,  except 
those  which  are  odioriferouB ;  indeed^  tlio  Sabsi  are  in  the 
lialut  of  cooking  their  food  with  incense  wood,  while  others, 
again,  employ  that  of  the  myrrh  tree;  and  hence,  the  smoke 
and  smells  that  pervade  their  eities  and  villages  ore  no  other 
than  the  very  Bame  which,  with  us,  prooeed  itvm  tlie  altara. 
For  the  purpose  of  q^ualifyiag  this  pywerful  smcU,  thoy  buru 
etaraz  io.  goiit-skiue,  and  so  fumigate  their  dwellings,  bo  tiua 
it  is,  that  there  is  no  pleasure  to  be  found,  but  what  the  con- 
tiiiiird  enjoyment  of  it  begets  loathing.  They  also  burn  ttiia 
Bub&tance  to  drive  away  tho  Bcrpenta,  which,  are  extremely 
Dumeroua  in  tho  foroata  which  bear  tlie  odoriferous  trees. 

CHAP.  41.  (IB.) — 'WHT  &11&3IA  WAS  CALLED  "HAPPT." 

Arabia  produces  neither  cinnamon  nor  cassia;  and  thu  is 
the  country  styled  "Happy"  Arabia!  False  and  ungrateful 
docs  she  prove  herself  in  the  udoption  of  this  Btirname,  which 
fihe  would  imply  to  have  been  reoeived  from  the  gods  above; 
whereas,  in  rcalityj  she  is  indebted  for  it  far  more  to  tlte  goda 


»  Sea  B.  V.  t.  21, 

^  Sen  c.  66  of  the  pincDt  Book. 


«  See  B.  vi  o.  30. 


C9i^,  a.} 


otss^iiouvit. 


rgled 


I 


Ik'Iow.*  It  i«  the  luxury  which  is  iliRpIafcd  by  tn«n,  even  in 
the  parnphomolia  of  dcoth,  thnt  has  rendt^i^  Ambin  t>iii« 
"happy;"  mid  which  prompla  him  to  bum  with  the  dead 
what  was  oi-iginally  underetood  to  liave  been  produced  for  tho 
eervtce  of  tli«  giids.  Those  who  an  likely  to  bo  the  best 
avquuiutc-d  witli  thv  matter,  assert  that  tbiscouutry  doiM  uot 
pnjduoe,  is  a  whole  year,  so  large  a  quantity  ef  perfbmcs  oa 
waa  burnt  by  tha  Emperor  Ni-ni  at  the  luueral  obsequies  of 
\ii»  wifu  PuppteH.  AJiil  then  let  us  only  tuke  into  ui^euunt 
the  viwt  number  of  funRrala  Uiat  arc  celebrated  throughout  Lbo 
wholo  world  cflcli  tcmit,  mid  the  hcnp3  of  odours  that  aro 
up  in  honour  of  the  bnAku  of  thn  dead ;  the  va.it  quanti- 
_  too,  that  are  offtn-d  to  Um:  goclH  in  Etngle  grains;  und  yet, 
it^en  nieii  were  in  the  Iiabit  of  ofrenQg  up  to  ihcm  the  eultod 
cdte,  they  did  not  show  tbemscLves  any  the  less  propitious ; 
nay,  rather,  us  thu  fiiLts  Uiuinst'lvus  prove,  they  wcro  even 
more  &tvuura,ble  to  ij»  tbnu  they  actt  now.  iJiit  it  is  the  sea  of 
Arabia  that  has  even  astiil  greater  right  tohccaUcd  "happy," 
for  it  is  this  that  fbrnishesuAWith  p«irU.  At  the  rory  towcflt 
computation,  India,  the  Beros,  and  the  Arabinn  Peninaulfi, 
withdmw  from  our  cinpiro  uae  hundred  milliona  ofBeetcrL-cB 
every  year — so  dwu-ly  do  we  pay  for  out  luxury  and  our 
women.  How  lar^e  a  [tortion,  too,  I  ehould  like  to  know,  of 
all  thene  perlumce,  ivaJly  ootuvE  Ut  Ihc  f^s  of  heaven,  and  tha 
Aaii&s  of  till!  fihtideft  bolow  ? 

CHAP.  42.  (tfl.y— CUEKAMOUtiU,"       XYLOCUCMAHVU. 

Fabulous  antiquity,  und  Hurodotus'^iiioro  purticulurly,  bavB 
rcluU>d  thut  cuinamoiuuni  und  cauia  arc  found  iu  the  uesls  of 
eertoia  biixls,  iind  principally  that  of  the  phoenix,  in  the  dis- 
tricts where  Fulh(;r  Liber  wiia  brought  up ;  titid  thnt  these  eub- 
8lauix-»  (-ithfir  IVd!  from  tho  inaocessible  roclts  and  treea  in 
whirJi  tho  nests  are  built,  in  constqucncu  of  the  wdght  of  tho 
pieces  of  flii'Bh  which  the  birds  carry  up,  or  el«P  are  brought 
down  by  the  aid  of  arrowH  loaded  with  letul.     It  ia  said,  ^o, 

**  Uecinse  its  prrAiinm  were  held  in  nick  high  otccfm,  for  buniinr  n 
tiM]  pilu  of  thn  <tend.  Tlii«,  at  OMine,  wu  da»D  primarily  la  aroid  tko 
offenaru  kidl-U. 

»  Ilie  l>^Tk  of  Dili  rinnsmanium  Zeytanloum  of  ibn  modern  natarnliati. 
Itiv  unaamou-tree  of  Cpylua. 

"  B.iii. 


M.rm'fl  JTATUUAli  EISTOBT. 


[Book  Xn. 


ft;il  cassia  growa  around  certain  fflarshcH^  but  is.  protected  by 
a  fi-igbtful  kind  of  bat  armed  -witb  claws,  and  by  winged  m-T- 
pents  as  well.  Ail  these  tales,  however,  hare  been  evidently 
invented  for  the  purpose  of  enhanciDg  tho  prices  of  these 
commoditifl);.  Anotiier  atoty>  too,  boarH  them  coinpany,  to  the 
effEHJt  that  imder  the  raya  of  the  noon-day  nun,  the  tmliro 
peuixLEuh)  exhales  a  certain  mdeBcribable  perfume  composed  of 
ils  numeroitB  odours;  that  the  breezes,  as  thej'  blow  from  it, 
are  impregnated  with  these  odours,  and,  indeed,  were  the  fint 
to  announce  the  vicinity  of  Arabia  to  tho  fleets  of  Alexander 
the  Grc&t,  while  still  far  oat  at  sea.  All  this,  however,  ti 
false  ;  for  flinnamotnnto,  or  cinnamum,  which  is  tho  same  thing, 
grows  in  the  country  of  the  j^thiopiana,*"  who  are  united  by 
Intermarrtajjes  with  the  Troglodyte.  These  last,  after  buying 
it  of  their  neighbours,  oarry  it  over  vast  tracts  of  eea,  upon 
rafta,  which  are  neither  steered  by  rudder,  ner  drawn  or 
impelled  by  oars  or  sails.  Nor  yet  are  they  aid^  by  any  of  the 
resources  of  art,  man  alone,  and  his  daring  boldness,  etanding 
in  place  of  all  these ;  in  addition  to  which,  they  choose  tho 
winter  season,,  about  the  time  of  the  cq^ninox,  for  their  voyage, 
for  then  a  eouth  easterly  wind  is  blowing;  these  winds  guide 
them  in  a  straight  course  from  gulf  to  gulf^  and  after  they 
have  doubled  the  promonotory  of  Arabia,  the  north  eaftt  wind 
carries  them  to  a  port  of  the  Oebonitie,  known  by  the  luuuo  of 
Oeilia.*"  Henoe  it  is  that  they  steer  for  tkia  port  in  preference ; 
and  they  say  that  it  is  almost  five  years  before  the  mer- 
chants are  abEe  to  effect  their  retom,  while  many  perish  on 
the  voyage.  In  return  for  their  wares,  they  bring  back  arti- 
cles of  glass  and  copper,  cloths,  bucklcfi,  bracolets,  and  neck- 
laces ;  hence  it  is  that  this  traiBc  depends  more  particularly 
upon  the  capricious  tastes  and  inclinations  of  the  female  acx. 

Tho  cinnamoQ  ahrub"  Is  only  two  cubits  in  height,  at  tho 
moet,  the  lowest  being  uo  more  than  a  palm  in  height.  It  is 
about  four  fingtirs  in  breadth,  and  hardly  has  it  risen  nix 
fingers  fmm  the  ground,  before  it  begias  to  put  forth  shoots  and 

»  Seo  B.  ri.  c.  34.  '"  See  B.  yi.  c.  26. 

*'  As  Y6e  obserreB,  tliU  deMrriptim  does  not  at  all  resemUe  Lhnt  of  tlie 
clnoanmn-tree  of  Ceylon,  sa  known  fo  ua,  M.  Bonastre  is  of  opmion  lliat 
tHu  nutmef-triie  waa  koown  to  ths  oucieaU  under  tbJs  lauaa;  but,  u  ¥4e 
obaervee,  tne  nutmeg  could  uover  hnvabeentttkenforaWk,  ondciDiiamon 
in  docribed  as  such  in  tha  ancient  vritcra.  He  inclines  to  think  that  their 
ciniiution  was  reaUy  the  bark  of  a  ipeciea  of  omjTLi. 


1 


Cfcap.i2.] 


CIHKAUOUUU. 


Backers.  It  has  then  all  the  appeanuice  of  being  dry  and 
withered,  and  while  it  w  green  it  Imsno  nrlnurutall.  Thu  leaf  ia 
like  that  of  wild  marjoraio,  and  it  thriTes  b«it  in  dry  Incalittcc, 
being  not  so  proHfio  in  rainy  weather ;  it  requires,  aUo,  to  be 
kept  c-onstantly  clipped.  Though  It  growa  on  level  ground,  it 
thrivfs  beet  among  toogkd  bmkcs  and  brumbLva,  and  henne 
it  18  extremely  di^oult  to  be  gatbertd.  It  is  nevor  {^tbvnid 
unless  with  the  perroiasion  of  the  god,  by  whom  EMtnie  appose 
Jupit«r  to  bo  meant ;  the  Ethiopians,  however,  call  him 
AssabiouB."  They  offer  the  entrails  of  forty-four  oxbd,  ffmts, 
and  rams,  when  they  implore  his  permiwion  to  do  so,  but  afl*r 
all,  they  are  not  allowed  to  work  at  it  before  Bunrise  or  after 
snnact.  A  priest  divide*  tho  brancht-a  with  a  spoar,  and  Belo 
■ride  ono  portion  of  them  lor  the  god ;  niter  which,  the  dctder 
stores  away  the  rest  in  lumpR.  There  is  another  aocoant  given, 
which  states  that  a  division  is  made  botweentbe  gatherereand 
the  sttn,  and  that  it  is  divided  into  three  portiauH)  after  which 
K  li)t»  are  twice  drawn,  and  the  nhare  which  falU  to  the  Ban  ia 
I  left  there,  and  forthwith  ignites  spontADeoufily. 
I  The  thinnest  parts  in  thi3  sticks,  for  about  a  palm  in  length, 
■  are  looked  upon  as  producing  the  finest  ciunamon ;  the  part 
that  comes  ncit,  though  not  quite  ao  long,  is  the  noxt  best, 
and  BO  on  downwards.  The  worst  of  oil  is  that  which  is 
neareet  the  roots,   Cram  the  cireumstance   that  in  that  port 

I  there  is  the  least  bark,  tho  portion  Uiut  is  the  moet  eatvemed : 
hence  it  is  that  the  uppto-  part  of  the  tree  ie  preferred,  thero 
being  the  greateot  proportion  of  bark  there.  As  for  the  wood, 
it  is  held  iu  no  eateem  atoll,  on  account  of  the  acrid  taste 
which  it  has,  like  that  of  wild  marjoram;  it  is  known  as 
xylocinnamnm."  The  price  of  cinnamomum  is  ten  denarii  per 
pound.  Some  writers  make  mention  of  two  kinda  of  cinna- 
mon, the  white  and  the  black :  the  white  waa  the  ono  that  was 
t,  formerly  preferred,  but  now,  on  tho  contrary,  the  black  is  held 
in  the  higheet  OHtiaiatioa,  and  the  mottlwl,  even,  is  preferred  to 
the  white.  Tho  most  oertaia  tent,  however,  of  the  goodneaa  ot 
cinnamon  is  its  not  being  roagb,  and  tho  fact  that  the  pieces 
when  rubbed  together  do  not  readily  crumble  to  powder.  That 
which  is  soft  is  more  particularly  rejected,  which  is  the  case, 
also,  when  the  outer  bark  too  readily  falls  off. 

*''  Bm  e.  33  of  the  present  Book,  aail  tbo  Nota. 
"  Or  "  wood  of  dnnamoa." 


TliP  rigKt  of  regulftting  the  sale  of  the  cianafDnn  belon^i 
aolcly  to  the  king  of  the  Gcbanita?,  who  opcma  the  market  for  it 
by  public  proc^lamation.  Tlie  price  of  it  wna  formerly  as  much 
naatihoUBand  donarii  per pmind;  which. was  afterwnrdii increased 
to  half  Bs  much  again,  ia  conHuquence,  it  ia  auitl,  of  the  forests 
having  bc-LD  set  on  Bre  by  the  barbariaiiE,  frum  motivt's  of 
rcseatnueat ;  whether  Lhis  took  place  throug-H  any  injostioe 
extTuised  by  those  in  power,  or  only  by  accident,  has  not  been 
hitherto  exactly  aacertnined.  Indeed,  we  find  it  stated  by 
Mme  authors,  thut  tlie  fiouth  winds  lliat  prcvitil  in  theae  parts 
nro  Rometimcfl  bo  hot  bs  to  not  the  forests  on  fire.  The  Em- 
peror Veapasianna  Aitguetus  was  t'he  first  to  dedicate  in  the 
temples  of  tilt;  Cupitol  and  the  godd«ss  Peiioe  chaplots  of  cin- 
Daraon  inserted  in  traboSBcd"  gold.  I,  myself,  once  saw  in  tho 
ttimplii  ol*  the  Puiatiutn,  which  hia  wife  Augueta**  dedicated  to 
hor  htisbiuid  the  lute  empei-or  Augastus,  u  root  of  cinnauoa 
of  groat  weight,  placed  in  a  patera  of  gold  :  from  it  drops  lut^ 
to  diflti]  CTerj-  year,  which  congeal*^!  in  hard  gnins.  It  re- 
mainsd  there  until  the  temple  was  accidentally  destroyed  by  fire. 

cnip.  43. — CA.SBU. 

Cftasia"  i9  n  ahrub  also,  which  stows  not  far  from  the  plaina 
where  cinnamon  is  produced,  but  in  tbe  monntainouu  locali- 
ties;  tbe  branches  of  it  are,  however,  considerably  thicker  tlian 
those  of  cimtnmon.  It  is co^rred  with  a  thin  aldn  rather  thun 
a  bnrk,  ami,  contrary  to  what  b  the  case  with  cinnamon,  it 
is  looked  upon  as  the  most  Taluable  when  *he  bark  falla  off 
and  crumbles  into  Bmall  pieces.  .  The  shruh  ia  thrrc  cubits  in 
height,  and  tho  colours  which  it  asauraos  are  thrcefulJ :  wli&ii 
it  first  Bkuots  t^oiu  the  ground,  fur  the  length  of  a  loi>t.  it  i» 
white ;  ai'ter  it  has  attained  that  heightj  it  is  red  for  half  a 
foot,  and  bfyond  that  it  is  black.  This  laet  is  the  part  that 
is  held  in  the  highest  estoem,  and  nejct  to  it  the  portion  that 
comc3  ne5et,  the  while  part  being  the  least  valued  of  all-  Tht^y 
flut  tho  ends  of  the  branchea  to  the  length  of  two  lingf  rs,  and 

**  "  Intemutili."  Gold  paiUj  emboseed,  and  partly  left  pkin,  wa<  ihia 
caUcd. 

**  Tbe  Emprwi  Livia. 

**  Thrre  Ims  Iiccn  iwriBirfei-ftble  doiibt  whst  plant  it  wna  that  prodnfted 
the  pnsiiu  of  ihe  aiicierile.  I''5e,  a-flEr  diligmlly  ynupiring  intij  tbe  iiitiji-'ct, 
incline*  to  thu\k  thut  it  wns  the  Linirug  ciLasiu  of  LlnaieuB,  the  umu  tica 
tlittt  prudueea  tbe  ca«ia  of  tbe  preBGiit  day. 


■r 


Chap.  43.]  CkBHiA. 

tiioa  sew  IhcTu  ia  the  fresh  skins  o!  cattle  Uiat  hav*  hiwn 
kiUud  Mpreasly  for  tlia  purj)oee;  the  object  bciiiR  that  ihe 
skiiu  may  putr«fy,  uml  tliu  msggoU  fp'in.-niteil  llitrcby  may 
eat  away  tho  "wttody  parta,  and  1*0  excavate  *'  tLe  bcurk;  which 
is  so  intensely  bitu-r,  that  it  is  quito  safe  from  Uieir  attackx. 
That  vhicli  i«  the  frfshpst,  is  tho  most  highly  fslccmed :  it 
h«s  a  vary  delicate  smoll,  and  is  90  extremely  hot  to  the  taeto, 
tiuA  it  may  Ik:  said  to  bum  tiiu  tonguti,  nitlicr  Lhan  ^roduall^ 
vwnu  Uic  mouth.  It  is  of  a  purfiUs  colour,  and  Uwng^  of 
ooDsiderable  volomc,  wuighs  but  very  little  in  coiniiorison  ;  the 
outer  ooat  forms  inUi  eliurl  tTibts  wliii:ti  am  by  no  mcims  easily 
broken :  this  ulioiut-  kind  of  cassia,  the  barbariaittt  call  by  the 
name  of  lada.  There  ia  another  sort,  tigain,  which  i»  called 
bakomodcH,*'  k.>cuusc  it  has  a  ^mtU  liko  that  of  biJitum,  but  it 
15 bitter;  for  whirh  reason  it  is  more  employed  f.)r  medicinal 
puipaees,  just  aa  thrt  black  casuiu  is  uac-tl  fur  unguents,  lliere 
u  no  BobetUBfic  known  tbat  is  subjtict  to  greater  Toriations  in 
price  :  the  best  qualiticiB  sell  at  Mty  deaoxii  per  pound,  othei?, 
again,  at  fire. 

(30.)  To  those  Turietiea  tbe  dealers  have  added  aDother. 
which  they  call  daphnoides,'*  and  give  it  llie  surname  of  isocia* 
namon;'^  the  price  at  which  it  wlln  is  three  hundred 
denarii  per  pound.  It  is  adult^rat^^d  with  9>torax,  and,  in, 
oonseqncnce  of  the  rfstmblanco  of  the  bark,  with  very  small 
sprigs  of  lanrel.  Cassia,  ia  nlso  ptantcd  in  our"'  part  of  tho 
world,  and,  indeed,  at  the  tixtreme  verge  of  the  Enipiri?,  on  tho 
bankaofthe  river  Eheuua,  where  it  fiouriGhcs  wht'U  planted 
iu  the  TJciuity  of  hives  of  bees.  It  has  not,  however,  that 
Booiohed  colour  which  i-i  produced  by  the  excessive  heat  of  the 
sun;  Dor  has  it,  for  the  Kuinu  reasoo,  a  similur  amvU  to  that 
which  oomee  from  the  south, 

CHAP.  44. — KXSCAJtVH  aSD  XABm. 

From  the  confines  of  the  country  which  produces  ciimamoa 

<>  Thtrc  ii  liUIf  dooht  thut  nil  this  is  HiTjuIdiib. 

**  Or,  -'loiielliug  lilct-  buLmiu." 

it  *'  I^joklDg  like  laurel." 

iH  "  Eqaal  to  ciiuuiaoa."  F&i  iblakt  that  it  ii  a  variety  af  the  Laanii 
cbmIb. 

"  He  probably  nJlm^M  10  the  Daphne  Cnidiiim  of  Linnieiui,  whieli,  aa 
Pie  rcioarks,  it  altogatbeE  diffcroul  iroiu  Ilia  Launu  couia,  ui  gcuaias 


puitt'b  VXTVBA.1  HIBTOBT. 


[BoolXIL 


and  cassia,  cancarnnm"  and  tarum**  axe  imported;  but  these 
Bubstonces  ore  brought  by  way  of  tbo  NubutOMm  TcogLodytot, 
a  colony  of  the  Nabjitioi. 

CHAP.  45.  (21.) — SKHICHATPM  ASD  OABi-LTlIM. 

Thither,  too,  are  carried  wrichatnm"  and  gabalium,  aroma. 
tIcB  which  the  Arabians  rear  for  their  owa  conaumptioa,  and 
which  are  only  knowu  by  name  ia  our  piut  of  the  world, 
though  they  grow  ia  the  aemc  country  as  cinnamon  and  o&Bsia. 
Still,  however,  eerichatum  dot>8  reach  ue  occasionally,  and  is 
employed  by  eome  persons  in  tlie  mimuiactiire  of  uoguents.  It 
13  piirchaBed  at  tke  ratt;  of  six  denarii  per  pound. 

CHAP.  46. — iiYaoBAia.Hiju. 

In  the  country  of  tho  TroRlodytK,  the  Thebaia,  and  the  parts 
of  Arabia  which  separate  Judtca  from  Egypt,  myrobfilanuni"  ia 
cinnmonly  found ;  it  is  provided  by  Nature  tor  uogiieuta,  as 
from  its  very  nunie  would  appear.  From  ita  name,  alflOt  it  is 
evident  that  it  is  the  nut  of  a  troo,  with  a  leaf  similar  to  that 
of  the  tLelioti'o^iuoi,  which  we  shall  hare  to  mention  when 
Bpoaking  of  the  herbs.  The  fruit  of  this  tree  is  about  Uie  size 
of  a  filbort.  The  kind  that  grows  in  Arabia  is  known  an 
Syriaca,  uad  is  white,  while,  oa  the  other  hand,  that  which 
grows  in  the  Tbebais  is  bliiek  :  the  foriaer  is  preferred  for  tho 
quality  of  the  oil  extructed  from  it,  though  that  which  is  pro- 

w  A  BTiro  resin  of  some  nnknnwn  spocif-*,  lul  rot  improbaiily,  Fie 
thinlu,  tlie  produce  of  Ho-tne  of  tbc  Atnyiidts,  Sptimgel  tbinks  tbat  it  WU 
produced  fnjm  the  Qurdenin  gunuiiifuni. 

"  AIiw-woimI. 

*•  According  to  Poinsinet,  these  AraWa  words  floriTe  their  origin  from 
tti«  Slavoaic;  the  first  signifyiag  a  "cordial  drug,"  or"aIoxi[)liitrtaic,"  and 
th(i  ot.her  a  dreg  "  wLicli  dirides  iEsclf  into  tablets."  It  is  inipo«aiUa  to 
divine  whaf  drugs  are  meant  by  these  naniei, 

**  5igrnif]Tng  tliu  "uTiEuunt  nwra,"  or  "'aiil."  ThocB  U  little  douct 
that  tbo  IbUuu  or  bca  nut  of  (he  Acubiaaa  is  meant,  of  which  there  arc 
■CTLTnl  sortB.  It  IB  used  liy  the  Hiodooa  for  cslicn  printing  and  pharmacy, 
and  waa  formpTly  Binpluyed  In  JJiiriipo  in  tlie  nrls,  and  for  medioii)  par- 
pncpa.  It  ii  DO  luueor  u^d  as  a  jk^rfiime.  Tte"iiiLof  ben''  uSL'd  la 
cuniuiercQ  k  exlravtciffrurB  tbe  fruit  of  tho  Mortagu  olulfsntof  iutaniliil«. 
It  is  JnodoTfiuB ;  for  whicb  rcoson,  Fee  is  of  opMoa  tbat  tlio  nuniQ  Ei^iAes 
"  thfl  oily  nut,"  and  quotes  Dioscoridca,  who  says.  It.  iv,,  Uiiit  iul  oH  is  ist* 
triwtcd  from  tbis  balanns,  nbicli  is  used  at  nu  ingredient  in  ungucnU,  in 

Slant!  of  (itlier  oils.     Vee  uUo  gayi  that  at  the  prejient  day  it  is  uil-iE  by  per- 
imora,  to  III  01  ancst  tlic  eTSDacoitt  odgure  of  iUoL  fl-owera  lis  tbc  j  HEmiae' 
ami  tl»  lily. 


Ckap.  47-1 


mozTncoBu^AiTTra. 


143 


duocd  in  ihe  Ti.ehsi3  yields  it  in  larger  qunntitjea.     Among 
these  Tariotu  kinds,  that  which  is  dent  from  the  country  of  tho 
TroglodyUe  is  the  worst  of  ail.     There  aro  some  persons  who 
prefer  that  of  ^thiopisi"  to  all  of  these,  the  out  of  which  ia 
black,  and  not  oleaginous ;  it  has  only  a  very  small  kemol,  but 
the  liquid  which  ia  extrucUi-d  from  it  is  more  odoriferous  thaa 
that  of  the  other  kinds;  it  grows,  too,   in  a  champaign,  open 
country.     It  is  aaid  that  the  Egyptian  nut  is  eren  more  olea- 
ginous, being  of  ft  reddish  colour  with  a  ttdcker  eheU,  and 
that  the  plant,  although  it  grows  in  wet,  marshy  spola,  is 
shorter  and  drier  than  tho  other  kinda.     The  Arabian  nut, 
■gain,  us  eaid  to  be  of  a  green  eolour  and  of  smaller  size,  but 
turder  and  more  oompaot,  from  the  ciioumataucc  that  it  grows 
L     in  mountainous  districts.     The  beet  of  all,  however,  is  that  of 
1    fctra,  which  comes  ftom   a  city  meutioued^'  on  a  previoc* 
L.oeoasion ;  it  has  a  black  shell,  but  the  kernel  is  white.     The 
^Mrfamera,  however,  only  extract  the  juices  from  the  shells; 
but  medical  men  pound  the  kernels,  pouring  warm  water  on 
thiem,  Uttlo  by  little,  ob  they  do  it. 

CHAP.  47.  (22.) — rHffiKieoBAiaKCB. 

Tlie  IVuit  of  tlie  pnlra  in  Egypt,  which  ia  known  by  th« 
name  of  adipsos,*^  te  put  to  a  similar  use  in  unguenta,  and  ia 
held  next  in  esteem  after  the  myrobalanuni.  It  ia  of  a  green 
colour,  haa  exactiy  the  dmell  of  a  (quince,  and  has  no  stone  or 
nut  within.  It  is  gathorod  a  Uttto  before  it  begins  to  ripen. 
That  which  is  left  ongatbered  ia  known  as  pbucuicobalanuH ;" 
it  turua  black,  and  has  a  tendency  to  inebriate  the  person  wb* 
eftts  of  it,  The  price  of  myrobalanura  is  two  denarii  per  pound. 
The  shop-keepers  give  this  name  also  to  the  dregs  of  the 
unguent  that  is  made  with  it. 

«•  Till*  ^tLioptun  variety  is  qnite  nakaowTi,  nnd  is.  at  F6b  r«mEU'ks, 
mutt  pf  obabty  of  n  r]iff6i(i;nt  spi^cics  from  the  ^nuinu  mjTobiilunuB. 

**-  Sec  B.  vi.  Q.  32. 

"  "  Curing  thint."  IiioBcoridcs,  H.  i.  «.  H8,  ta<f»  tbut  it  waa  so  oullod 
from  beioa  full  of  juit*,  wlik-li  niicnchod  ihirat  Uko  water. 

*•  "Pufra-uuL."  F*e  tbirk«  it  not.  improbobk  lliat  one  fif  the  dute- 
ptlma  IE  m*anl,  if  wo  tntiv  jiiJg^n  rniiii  the  iiuiiic.  He  KiigR-tfil*  Ibat  pussi- 
nly  Ih-c  EJiii*  tw  ai'tiita  of  Oiiiai'B,  tho  ICtjiin  (juiBPEiisis,  whieli  is  found  us 
fu  u  Cjiper  K^pt,  an<l  wliic;li  iToducoH  a  Ana  oil  koon'n  as  ptdm-qiil,  U 
meant,  or  poM^ly  ttic  Doiima  Thulitiicit,  a  mlai-tcee  freauunlly  mat  with 
in  Eify!>t.  Ou  fKi'inviitalian,  a  vinnu-i  drinx  is  estxitQtcii  ftom  tha  ki% 
vhitb  is  oapublc  of  pruducmj;  iuCuxicutiuii. 


M4 


PLDTY  fi   NATCJIAL  nlBTOttT. 


[BookXn. 


CHAP.  48.^-THB  aWKET-aOESTED  CALAilUSJ*    TBE  SWIITT-BCKSTCD 

KUSH. 

Scfrntol  eakmiis  also,  Trhich  grows  in  Arabia,  k  oommoa  to 
both  India  and  Syria,  that  which  growa  in  the  lost  country 
being  superior  fo  all  the  rest.  At  a  (lietmific  of  oue  hundred 
and  fifty  stadia  from  the  Modilerranean,  hi^twcen  iloant 
liibanus  und  another  mountoio  of  no  Dutu  (and  not,  an  Bomo 
liave  Gnpposcd,  Ajitilibanus^  there  is  a  valley  ot  modenta 
mze,  situate  ia  Lbo  riciiiity  of  a  luke,  the  maiiihy  awamps  of 
which  are  drii.'d  up  'jvery  guramer.  At  a  distuuce  of  thirty 
stadia  from  (.bis  lake  grow  the  sweet-scentt'd  faliimus  and 
ruah.  We  shall  here  make  some  furthiT  mention  of  thia  rash 
ns  well,  although  we  have  art  apart  another  Eook  for  plants 
of  that  description,  aii^iag  that  it  is  our  object  here  to  de- 
scribe all  tho  difliT*.'nt  matt-rials  used  for  uiigtienta.  Thene 
plants  diffBr  in  appeamace  in  no  respMt  from  others  of  thoir 
kind;  but  the  calomuB,  which  has  th«  more  useable  smell  of 
liie  two,  attracts  by  its  odour  at  a  considerable  distaaoc,  and 
is  softer  to  tho  touch  than  llie  other.  The  btjst  is  the  kiod 
which  iB  not  ao  brittle,  but  breaka  into  long  Hakes,  and  not 
Bhort,  like  a  radiah.  In  the  hollow  Btjilk  there  ia  u  Biibstance 
like  11  cobwtb,  which  is  generally  known  by  the  name  of  the 
"flower:"  those  plants  which  contain  the  most  of  it  are 
eBteomctl  tho  beat.  Tho  other  tosta  of  itfl  goodness  are  its 
being  of  a  black  colour — those  which  are  whitti  not  being 
esteemed;  bemdes  whi«h,  to  be  of  the  very  best  q^uality  it 
ehuuld  be  short,  thick,  and  pliant  when  broken.  The  price  of 
the  Nucnttid  calamua  is  eluvea,  and  ol'  the  rush  til^cea  denarii 
per  p^uiid.  It  is  said  that  the  sweet-scented  rugh  is  to  be  met 
witlj  also  in  Campama. 

CHAP.  49. — HAlUtOHIACUa. 

^e  hare  now  departed  from  the  lands  which  look  iowoHs 

?ii^  remarks,  that  llis  must  nut  ka  cunfuuaded  wiiJi  thu  Calamus 

ftrmnaUcut  of  tho  mudertis,  of  which  I'liny  aponks  in  B.  xxr.  c.  lUO.  with 
tTi1H(iriit  acouruoy  lo  enable  ns  to  iiiiMilify  it  >vitli  tJic;  AL'oruf  ciiliimiis  of 
Tjttinirns.  It-  ie  not  usK'trtiincd  bv  uatuTaliala  wli^it  jiluiit  ts  meant  by 
Pliny  iu  tbn  present  iiJsLiiii'i\  Lboujj;))  Fta  is  of  oiiiiiiou  that  i  grivniiii«>lii 
plant  nf  ihi?  iji'iiiis  .\Ddrnpijgiin  ii  mount.  M.  Oailuart  Uus  suggesttJ  Utut 
tho  Indian  (kntiiiua  ohimyia  ii  tlie  plimt.  From  whitt  Pliny  says  ia  B. 
xiii.  C.  21,  it  iLppcara  tlmt  tbia  calaniua  grow  in  Syria,  vhicii  u  ako  the 
natiie  oountry  at  the  Andropugon  MhxemmthiLS, 


ChMp. ».] 


aPHAOHOfl. 


I 


I 


the  ocean  h>  entnr  upon  those  which  have  an  aspect  towards 
our  MOB.  (23.^  Alhcu.  wUiub  lim  below  iEUiigpia,  di&tiU 
li  UttT'like  gum  in  its  vands,  called  hommciniacum,"'  the  uuae  ul' 
which  haj  paaeed  to  the  oracle  of  Uammgn,  situal«  near  the  Irtv 
which  prmlucvM  iU  'Ilii*  «ubiitttnoe,  which  b  also  oallwl  nieto- 
pion,"  b<-a»  a  strong  rewtnhloncc  to  a  rcoin  or  a  gQtn.  Tliurv 
are  two  kinds  of  ummaniuc-um ;  that  to  which  tho  name  ie 
given  of  tliraD^ton,  end  which  beani  a  ree^mUancc  to  tnalu 
Jtankincens*-,  hcing  th«  kind  that  is  tho  moat  tjateeraed,  aiid 
that  which  is  kuown  us  phynunu,  htiing-  of  mi  unctuous  aiid 
reeinous  nature.  This  BoL«tiuicc  is  aiiulterat^d  hj  tueuuB  of 
Mud,  which  bad  all  the  appearance  of  having  adlierud  to  it 
duiiog  its  in^wth;  hvuc*:  it  i»  greittly  preffrn-il  wlii-o  tho 
pivcvD  arc  exLrKuif  ly  xinul],  and  in  the  pun.'st  t>tat«  ]iOH»lble. 
i'lit)  price  of  buiumoniacuui  of  the  host  quality  u  forty  asaca 
per  pound. 

CSAF.  SO.^rBAoxoa. 

Below  these  countrieB,  and  in  tho  province  of  Cyronaica,  the 
perfume  vallbd  sphagnoa*'  is  found  in  the  highest  Rlata  of  per- 
fection :  thero  are  nome  who  udl  it  by  the  name  of  liryon. 
The  xphagnoB  of  Cyprus  holds  the  second  rank,  and  that  of 
Fbcenicia  the  third.  It  is  said  that  this  plant  is  produced  in 
Egypt  also,  and  in  Qaul  as  well,  and  1  f,eu  no  rc-tuoii  to  doubt 
thatmoh  is  the  fact,  for  this  nLune  is  given  to  errUiin  while 

"°  Scr-  B.  xxU.  c.  H.  The  ^in  r^ia  amraouiBcum  U  EtHl  imporlwl 
iuta  Europe  rmm  ATricn  unci  llir  Enal,  in  the  fnna  at  dr«p«  at  ultrs. 
It  ia  a  miliilr  ■tiiDuliiliu^  tipacUirtint.  and  is  laid  tu  lie  X]u>  piudace  of  ibe 
Lkirenia  auiatoiuiu:uin.  T)ieri>  iire  utill  two  norti  in  cnmiDproci :  thr  &nt 
is  Iwg*  BUiMM  vf  a  yt'llijw,  ilirty  culuur,  niiuirlcd  <*iih  li^luniifrnMiui  ftiib- 
irinira.  inil  nf  ■  rlnfolj-  r -iirr  Irn--  This  is  tko  phymniu  uf  Plinv,  ur 
tmxed  flmiDoniU-  Thi:  other  m  in  Umr*,  qS  im-exiUi  furm  ftiid  a  u-iruiiL 
CidoBr.  ttrltUe  and  \iti«oii*  vlian  bojki-n.  Thi«  ia  the  thTiiviCon,  ur 
"  friahio"  atnmoniBC  «I  Plinjr.  Jiickson  uya,  tkul  tlie  pluit  wliiuli  |in>> 
dv<w«  it  i*  tMiuiuoQ  !□  MorocoOt  nnd  is  called  fedwuk,  rwembling  h  iiugv 
stalk  of  (enml  Tbc  ammoaiM  of  Morocco  if  not,  huwcvur,  imyvrivd  into 
this  eaiintrf,  tieiac  bao  much  imnTe^nAtcd  mth  sand,  in  contoiiueniw  uf 
uut  Iwiaff  f^ttti.'n;il  till  it  Tall*  to  llir  gn>iiml. 

■*   Siilinm  trill  IU,  l)i2il  tlia  tiro  itMilf  iicallrd  MctopR. 

"  It  JB  Qlt'M  tli-iE,  iinili  r  tliia  ninip,  ccrtiiin  licln'tii  uf  a  Imiry  or  filu. 
aaa\MTy  onturu  aru  mutiul.     'rUt]'  adbeti-,  Bitncuniiw  I^JIk  iu,   tu  the 

"  T,  till-  wkitD  pnpLnr,  anJ  the  ouk.  TIif  vrhito  outs  hvloaif,  nruliubl)-, 
IC  tJanca  Unniia  of  I.innu'iie,  tUc  rud  t'>uu  lo  the  Vaa«a  burWu,  tiuil 
'd|ili)Ei|nfc  BiMS  U>  the  AlnctoHft jubuU,  ao  uimiMt  inudorou*  lio)i':Ei, 


146 


PLmrr'a  ■m.Ttmkz  histoet. 


[Books  II 


shaggy  tudts  upon  tret- b,  such  oa  wo  often  eco  apon  the  quoroas : 
those,  however,  of  which  m'u  are  epoaking,  t^ntit  a  moat  ex- 
quisite odour.  The  moat  esteecned  of  all  are  Uie  whitest,  and 
tliosc  situate  at  the  grodtast  height  upon  the  tree.  Those  of 
6i!:cond  quahty  are  red,  while  thoae  which  are  hlack  are  not  of 
the  elightest  value.  The  aphagnoa,  too,  that  13  produced  on 
islmids  (jTid  ftmrmg  rocks,**  ia  h<.-ld  in  ito  esttein,  aa  well  aa  all 
thoeo  vuric'tica  which  hiLvo  the  uduur  uf  the  polm-trbe,  and.  not 
tliul  which  is  Bu  ptBuuHurly  thoir  own. 

CHAP.  61. CYPROS. 

The  cypnia"  ia  a  tree  of  Egypt,  with  the  leaves  of  the  zlzi- 
jilius,"  uud  seeds  like  coriRnder."  white  and  odorifL-rous. 
rhcee  eeods  aro  hoilcd  in  olive  oil,  and  then  aubji'Oted  to 
pruMaroi  the  product  is  known  to  us  aa  cj-proa.  The  price  of 
il  iu  live  lioimrii  psr  poutid.  T]je  heBl  ia  thut  produued  on  the 
books  of  the  Nile,  iieur  Canopus,  tJist  of  Hucond  quality  coming 
Irom  AgouIoq  in  Judwa,  and  tJio  third  ia  cstimatioa  for  th'O 
ewcctoess  of  its  odour,  Itoih  the  island  of  Cyprus.  Home  people 
will  Imvt^  it  thut  this  is  the  same  its  tbo  ti^u  which  in  Italy  VTO 
cull  liguatrani.'" 

CBAI*.  52. — ASrilATHOS,    DA   EaTSISCEWROM. 

In  thp  Bamo  countrj',*'  too,  grows  aBpulathoe,**  a  wh^t<^, 
thorny  flhrub,  the  eize  of  a  moderute  tree,  and  with  flowers 
like  the  pobr,  the  root  of  which  is  in  great  request  for  un- 
guents. It  is  aaid  that  every  shrub  over  which  the  rainbow 
i&  cxtendod  ia  possessed  of  the  sweet  odour  that  belongs  to 
the  aepalathoa,  but  tliat  if  the  aapalathos  ia  one  of  them,  it« 

•*  Protiably  the  Htwjcella  tinctoria  of  LiimsBUS,  a  ticlien  most  CDrnmonly 
foi^oil  upoii  r^cks. 

*'  TUe  heiiui,  the  Ijiwsonia  iiLcrmia  of  tlie  tnud«ni  naturulieU.  a  ahrnb 
fonnil  in  Egypt,  Syria,  and  BnrhaT'^,  From  ttiie  trva  tKn  linnna  in  inads 
witJi  wMuh  (lii^  'naineu  of  the  tinst  sLiiu  Clxo  tkin  of  llicir  hniiilc  aud  feet. 

"*  Tbo  jtijubc-lri'G,     Bae  U,  £»,  o.  14, 

«  Sue  B.  XX.  0.  62. 

■n  Or  prirtt.  , 

*■  iJLt  in  13.  xsIt.  e.  68,  he  saja  thftt  tliis  plant  grows  in  the  i&lafad  of 
ttbud««, 

••  Act-oTiliiit;  ta  Fie,  tlifg  ta  the  snme  m  the  Li^nHm  Rbotiiiinuni,  nr 
wood  of  JUmdus,  uf  cummLurce,  sumetiiues  also-  wlliiil,  but  ineorrcctly,  woinl 
of  rotes.  It  is,  probublyt  tiia  sumc  is  Ute  Couvulvulm  sco^uiiu  of  Xiii- 
UBVI. 


I 


Bccnt  is  BomGtlun*  quite  irtdi'j*crilialilft.  SomP  person!  call  this 
plant  prip'sisceplTuni,"'  imd  others,  ttgain,  Bif*ptium.  Tho  proof 
of  its  gL'iiiiinnuvBs  is  its  red  or  fiery  colour;  it  i«  also  compact 
to  tlio  t«ucb,  uuiil  liaa  the  etnoll  of  costoreum  -J'  it  is  Bold  at 
the  rate  of  five  dcaarli  per  pound. 

CHIP.  53. — UABOtr. 

In  Egypt,  too,  grows  raarum,"  though  of  inferior  quality 
to  that  of  Lydia,  which  Ia»l  haa  hirger  leaves,  covered  witii 
t\tots.  ThoBP:  of  the  other  arc  ahorUir  and  smaller,  and  give 
out  a  puwcrful  ecuDt. 

oBjj.  54.  (25.)— BAtSAnnJii;  opoiul&am™;  asd  xtlobai^ 

Bui  to  all  other  odoars  th»t  of  bulgnrDum'*  is  conBidered 
prefenihle,  a  pintit  that  has  be>in  only  be&towed  by  Natimj 
U])Oii  the  land  of  Jiichca.  la  fooner  timoB  it  was  ciiltiratod  in 
two  gardens  only,  both  of  wfiich  helonged  to  the  kiDgH  of  that 
iwantry ;  one  of  tliem  was  no  more  than  twenty  jugera  in 
extvnt,  and  tho  ntbfir  somewhat  Braaller.  The  cmpororB  Vfs- 
TKiaiaQus  and  Titus  had  this  ahnih  exhihitisd  at  Eouie;  indoorl, 
it  is  worthy  of  eij^al  remark,  that  fdnce  the  time  of  Pompeius 
Ifagtnia,  we  have  been  in  the  hiihit  of  canyiiig  trees  even  in 
our  triumphal  proceHsiouH.  At  the  prespnt  day  thin  trco  pptya 
lis  homage  and  tribute  alon?  with  its  native  laud,  but  it  has 
been  found  to  bo  of  altogether  a  diticrent  nature  to  that  which 
i«  Qf  i(  jpj  scppiie,'''  prtilintjy  *o  rnHiid  from  the  ftonert  doitoring  nlong 
the  wltule  Im^h  at  the  tiranohv*. 
''  A  liquid  inntU;!  »HrKoU-J  from  Ihit  boraTpr. 

'•  OwiitiiIIt rygardod  as  identical  with  llic Tuucriiim  Marum  frf  T.inii!C!U<>. 
a  BiVBct-siniellin^  slinili  found  in  thr  "outh  ft  i;iirop<?  nnil  tho  Enat,  hy  us 
'"•"Mnonly  linown  na  "herb  mBslich,"  toint^wliat  stmttar  to  luaijontm. 
_B  Buys  that  tlie  uiartint  o!  Bg^pt  is  n  kind  of  ui^,  ttc  Salviu  .^tbiujiin 
'  Iiinnwiin. 

J'^  liuUiini  (nr  Wm  of  MK«a,  ne  tt  U  Bomplimc»  c«lIocI)  i«  the  prixlucR 

'^two  truM,  pH'hably  varieties  of  ono  anoihti,  aS  tho  torchinth  fwnilj'. 

'unging  to  liir  gfmi»  Anij^ris      So  fur  frinn  Hcinj;  fl  raliTo  wklyof 

'tea,  UriiL't)  uaamrcit  iia  Llial  its  ori^inul  couiitrv  was  ihat  wliJeh  prDduccn 

rh,  iti  tho  Tii'inity  of  llahtluintiL^ol,  and  ilint  thv  inhatiUnts  ute  tW 

._d  iwltly  for  fud,     In  JuJu.'u  it  Bj-pwirs  tu  hace  been  cullivaled  solely 

igardijai;  and  it  was  tltin  tracvldch  produced  ihe  tamciu'halm  of  Oilend 

of  Bcriplure.    The  baltam  tnta  kmiun  to  m  do  not  at  all  carrcapond  with 

lliiiy's  dc»criptioii,  M  Ihef  do  not  ii-aciiihlf:  uitiier  the  viae  or  tajTCte,  aor 

on  Lbvii  UaVM  at  hJI  like  ihoae  of  ne. 


143 


rtiBT  a  MATtfiUL  aiHTOEr. 


[Book  XI  r. 


our  own  as  wnU  ns  foreigii  writers  had  attributed  to  it :  for,  id 
fact,  it  bears  a  much  Htrongcr  i^sembluDcc  lu  tbc  vine  tbim  to 
the  myrtle.  This  recent  acquisitioa  by  conquest  baa  learned, 
like  the  vine,  to  he  reproiluced  by  mallet '*-Bhoots,  tind  iC 
(iovetB  deolimiEia  just  Jike  the  vinp,  which  Biipports  its  ova 
weight  without  the  aid  of  stays.  A\Tifa  it  puts  forth  brancbea 
it  is  pmaed  in  a  einiilar  mauuer,  oud  it  thrives  by  being  wtli 
raked  at  the  roots,  gru^ing  witli  remarkable  rapidity,  und 
beiiritig  fruit  at  the  end  of  tbieu  years.  Tho  leaf  bears  a  very 
couitid«r»blu  rcBemblauce  to  that  of  rui',  wnd  it  is  an  ever- 
green. The  Jews  venttd  their  rage  upon  this  shrub  ju»t  us 
they  were  in  the  habit  of  doing  agttinst  their  own  lives  luid 
persons,  while,  or  the  other  handj  the  RomnnB  protected  it ;  in- 
deed, eomhata  huve  taken  place  before  now  in  dii'i^nce  of  ashrub. 
At  the  pretieiit  diiy  tlio  reproducition  of  it  hiia  hecome  a  duty 
of  the  daoal  authorities,  and  the  plunla  were  novfr  known  ui 
bo  more  minieroue  or  of  larger  growth ;  they  nevtr  exceed  tlio 
heiglit,  however,  of  a  eouple  of  vubitn. 

There  nre  three  dift'L-rciit  kiiida  of  haUamum.  The  firat  has 
a  thin  and  huir-lilce  foliage,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of 
eutheriaton,''-*  Tlie  second  is  of  n  ruggfid  oppcaraneOj  bonding 
downwards,  full  of  branebts,  aud  more  odoriferous  thiin  tin: 
first;  the  nume  of  this  is  trachy.  Tlie  third  kind  is  the 
eiimepes,  so  ealltid,  becniiae  it  is  tidier  than  the  others  ;  it  hus 
a  smooth,  even,  hark.  It  is  the  gecond  in  quality,  the  eathe- 
ristou  being  inferior  to  the  trachy.  The  swd  of  this  plant 
has  u  tiuvour  gtioiigly  re&embhng  thut  of  wine ;  it  is  uf  a 
reddish  colour,  and  not  without  a  certain  amount  of  unctuous- 
neiM;  the  gniiiis  of  inferior  quality  are  lighter  iu  weight  and 
uf  a  greenei'  hue:  the  braaehts  of  the  elirub  are  thicker  ihait 
those  of  the  myrtle.  Incisions  are  made  in  it  either  with 
giusf!,  or  else  a  eharp  stone,  or  knives  mude  of  hone  :  it  being 
liighty  injurioua  to  touch  tho  vitiil  parts  with  iron,  for  in  Bueli 
ease  it  will  immediately  witlier  a\(Hy  and  die.  On  the  other 
blind,  it  will  allow  of  ail  the  superfluous  branches  being  pruned 
away  with  an  iasUuuieiit  of  imu  oven.     The  hLiiid  of  the 

'*  "  Malleoli*.'''  Bo  calleil  wbL-n.  thniewsbootof  t!ie  trmi  springing  from 
n  IraDub  of  iMo  foTiniT  your,  is  cul  vS!  it/t  tho  tukc<  of  pljcutiiig,  M'itL  a  bll 
uf  liiv  iild  watti  on  each  M^  of  it,  in  the  form  '>f  u  mollot, 

'*  "  lia*ilv  cut,"  'J'liie  and  the  ofhtr  kinds,  tho  naitiea  of  which  mean 
"rough  bnrktd,"  and  "gocij  Itnjjtli,"  uic  probnUy  ooiy  Tuiittiw  of  the 
■HUM  trim,  ia  iliffeTUUt  statM. 


Chip.  £4,]  '  SiLSAMiM.  149 

peiwn  who  mikM  Qia  incieivD  ie  guuL-mllj  bulaoecd  by  ao 
artiiioiiU  guide,  in  order  that  lie  luuy  not  actidfutuU}'  inflict  n 
wound  in  the  wood  beyond  the  bark. 

A  jiiicfl  distils  from  the  wotind,  which  in  known  to  us 
as  opol)al&iununi ;  it  ia  of  extraordinary  swcutcLss,'"  but  onlj 
exudes  in  tiny  drops,  which  arc  then  cotlcctt'd  in  wool,  ami 
dcpodited  in  smtill  horns.  WT)en  taken  from  out  of  these,  the 
BubtitaQco  ia  placiiccl  in  new  oarthtn  vcsseU  :  it  hc-arn  a  strong 
reeeioblancti  to  a  thick  oil,  nnJ  is  of  a  while  rolour  wh«n  frfsti. 
It  soou,  buwever,  lums  ri-d,  and  aa  it  hurdous  lusvs  itt^  truiis- 
pnrenoy.  When  Ali>xtuider  the  Great  wagt-d  war  in  tho[« 
■pvjia,  it  WHS  locked  upon  as  a  fair  eutniner  day's  work  to  fill  a 
hiugta  coiiiia.'' with  this  liquid;  tho  tintirtj  jjroJiiuo  of  the 
T  garden  being  six  congii,  and  of  the  smaller  one  a  single 
BOnglua;  the  price,  too,  ut  which  it  wiia  sold  wu8  double  ila 
■weight  in  etilver.  At  tho  present  day  the  produce  of  a  single 
tree,  even,  13  larger;  the  incifiiona  aro  made  three  timuB  every 
summer,  Jiftor  which  t)io  tree  ia  prunt'd. 

The  cuttings,  too,  I'orin  an  article  of  merchandize:  the  fifth 
year  ufter  the  ootKjuest  of  Judieii,  theae  cutUngs,  with  tbe 
suckers,  were  Bold  lor  the  price  of  eight  humJcvJ  ibouisund 
itesterees.  Th{,«ti  outtingfl  are  cidled  xylobalsaaiuni,^*  luid  iirt; 
boiled  down  fox  minting  with  ungUient^,  and  in  the  manul'ae- 
tories  have  ht^n  suhslituted  tor  tlie  juici^s  of  tbt;  shrub.  The 
hoik  is  also  in  grriit  R'quest  fbr  nittilJciiial  purpose.'*,  but  it  )■ 
the  tears  that  ore  so  particularly  valuable ;  tho  seed  holding 

"  Th«  U  Mii(i,  pruliablj^,  in  ulIiLiion  to  tbe  *rni-U,  rhiI  K'A  l\\v  Uutr. 
Y(a  rcmarka,  ciiut  Plin^Bjiiaki  nitli  n  0DtuiJtriibk>  dog^rci-  fif  ting^ention. 
IIS  iu  odour  is  v<?ry  infcciur  to  thnt  <i1  si^voral  tintMrnii  whinh  cnnUIn  l>m- 
zuic  acid.  Tho  linlMin  abtaindd  bj-  incimon,  e«  mrntioncil  bj'  Pliny,  is  mA 
broiiKbt  to  Europi^r '^ut  onlr  tbiil  obtoiiniHl  b;  the  {irocuu  uf  ib-pnrtinii ; 
«hien  i*  knowii  at  "bubiiof  Ak-i.'c&,"  otof  Judtva  It  t*  diUlcuk  to  bflii've, 
aucordiiig  to  Y^e,  that  it  wiu  iu1u]t<;mt?<l  nitb  l\m  tutntitnccR  licrv  njcii- 
tioned  by  I'liny ;  oil  of  roaei  liavinp  hotn  jlwaya  a  rmy  preoiou*  eoin- 
nioditf.  wai  beiDK  likrly  loelirmEii;  it«  nntnxr  entirclj',  iiikJ  giiim  nnt  being 
iif  a  nRture  to  ciimbioii  wilb  it.  Itn  uueiteil  iirr<:tn  u[iuil  milk,  bt)  »UXe»  l» 
be  milirely  bbulano ;  the  utiiti'mi'iit  is  dfrivi'd  tVom  DicncaiiilM. 

■'  The  concbo,  or  "aliblV'  ^^  '  Gruok  uail  Honiatt  Huuid  mcmiurT,  Af 
which  There  w<>r«  tno  sizM.  Tbn  Riiiiilliir  vrua  liult'ii  cyntfiiis  .VII'J  of  ad 
EDgli*li  pint  ;  thi:  lugr.r  nun  ubuiit  ttiriu  tiiii'bA  tiie  tht  <if  \liti  funiirr,  ami 
vsa  known  abiii  ua  tW  oxybnpbunt. 

">*  Or  "  wiMiii  of  buluni."  ]t  (■  ilitL  knuwn  in  Eiirojkiai)  i:ojnmrnui  lij 
iu  ADcicut  Duiue.    Tkie  liuil  i>  cuUed  C'iirpi>b»Umniuii. 


ISO 


piox'b  FAHTEAL  HIBTOBT. 


[LodV  X3J. 


the  ueond  TonTt  in  cstitnatioTij  the  bark  the  third,  and  (ha 
wood  hcing  the  least  cst-ccnicd  of  nil.  Of  the  wood,  that  kind 
which  yraifiublea  boxwiood  ia  coDfjdered  the  beet :  itlmnitlw} 
iho  fitroiigi'tit  Bmcll.  The  best  seed  is  that  which  is  the  luigfiBt 
iu  flize  und  the  heaviesl  in  weight;  it  has  u  Mting  or  raihcr 
tmming  taste  ia  the  mouth.  BalsarauTa  is  adulttrated  wilt 
hypericon'*'  from  I'otra,  but  the  fraud  is  easily  detected,  from 
the  ("act  that  tlie  grains  of  the  lafttr  are  larger,  compui-aliToly 
empty,  and  longer  than  those  of  biiisamam ;  they  are  destitute 
also  of  any  pungeucy  of  smell,  and  have  a  flavour  like  that 
of  pepper. 

As  t(>  the  toani  of  hulsamuirii  the  test  of  their  goodness  is 
theor  being  unutuou:^  to  thct  touch,  sinall,  of  a  Eomewhat  rL-dditth 
colour,  aad  odoriferoua  when  subjected  to  friction.  That  ol" 
»fc»nd-rale  quality  is  white;  the  green  and  coarsB  is  inferior, 
and  the  blitck  ia  the  woi-st  of  all;  for,  like  oUve-oUf  it  is  apt 
tf>  turn  rancirl  when  old.  Of  all  the  incisions,  the  produce  ig 
considered  the  best  of  those  froia  whith  the  litpHd  has  flowed 
bi'fore  the  formation  of  the  need.  In  addition  to  what  has 
be*.n  alreafly  Etated,  it  is  often  adulterated  with  the  juice  of 
ihu  BL>ed,  and  it  i&  with  eoiisiderubte  diifitiulty  that  the  traud  ia 
df^tcoted  hy  a  slight  bittornce.8  in  tho  tast*?,  whioh  ought  to  bo 
delicate  and  without  the  slightest  misture  of  acidity,  the  only 
puiijgeacy  being  that  of  tho  Bmcll.  It  ia  uduUeratud  also  with 
oil  of  roBCB,  of  cytn"us,  of  mastioh,  of  balanu!<,  of  turpentino, 
wnd  of  myrtle,  as  aUo  with  rtain,  galbanum,  and  Cyprian  wax, 
jiwt  as  occasdon  may  serve.  Hut  tho  very  worst  itdulteration 
id'  all,  is  that  which  is  effected  with  gum,  a  substance  which 
is  dry  when  eiDptiod  into  the  hand,  and  falls  to  the  bottom 
when  placed  in  water ;  both  of  which  are  charactetriBtics  of  tho 
genuine  commodity.  Bolsamum,  in  a  genuine  state,  should  bo 
quite  hard,  but  when  it  ia  mixed  with  gum  a  brittle  p-cUicle 
tiirmq  upon  it.  The  fraud  can  also  be  dcteeted  by  tlie  toeto, 
and  whtn  placed  upon  hot  coaU  it  msy  easily  be  seen  if  there 
has  been  any  adulteration  with  wax  am  l  rcsiu ;  the  flame  too,  in 
this  case,  bums  with  a  blacker  smoke  than  when  tiie  balsamum 
is  pure.  'When  mixed  with  honey  its  qualities  are  inmie- 
diately  changed,  for  it  will  attract  flies  even  in  the  hand.  In 
addition  to  these  various  testa,  a  drop  of  pure  balsamum,  if 
placed  in  luSie-warm  water  will  settle  to  the  bottom  of  tho 
'••  Be«  B.  ixvi,  oc,  53,  Si. 


vessel,  wlieroas,  if  it  is  adulterated,  it  will  float  upon  (lie  sur- 
face like  oil,  und  if  it  hus  been  drugged  wilh  metopioiL  or 
haramciniaouRi,  a  white  circle  will  fann  aronnd  it.  But  the 
beet  test  ol'  all  is,  ihut  it  vnH  cuiibc  ciilk  to  curdle,  iind  leave 
no  stain  upou  uloth,  In  no  c»mmoJily  aro  tberf!  jiractiPL'd 
moru  pulpabk  fruud^  Ihoii  in  this,  for  u  EL-storins  of  buleamuiu 
which  i»  £uld  hy  the  fitcal  uuthoritics  nt  three  hundred  dentirii, 
is  Bold  again  for  a  thousand,  bo  vast  19  the  profit  to  be  derived 
frgni  inereaaing  this  liquid  by  sophiaticatiou.  'Xhtj  price  of 
xylobiilsauiulu  is  six  d<.-u:irii  per  pound. 


CHAP.   55. — 6T0C1I. 

That  part  of  Syria  joining  up  to  Judaea,  and  lying  above 
Phccnicia,  produces  storax,  Tcliich  in  found  in  tlic  vtciuity  of 
Giihala  and  Marathus,"  aa  also  of  Casius,  a  mountain  of  Re< 
leucia.  Tlic  treo"  bears  the  same  iiaroi>,  and  liits  a  Btrong 
rcscmblaiicti  to.  the  quince.  The  tcarlins  n  bai'!^  tiote,  with  n 
pleasant  smell;  in  the  interior  it  bus  all  the  nppeuranucof  arc'cdi 
uud  Ik  tilled  with  a  liquid  juice.  About  the  rising  of  the  Dog- 
atar,  certain  email  winged  worms  hover  about  this  stibstaLW 
and  eat  it  uway,  for  which  reason  it  is  ojVn  found  in  a  rotten 
state,  with  worra-hol(*8  full  of  dust.  The  storax  nest  iti  csti- 
malion  aft^r  that  already  menlioned,  comes  from  I'isiditL, 
Sidon,  Cyprus,  and  Cilicia;  that  of  Crete  being  considered  the 
very  worst  of  all.  That  which  cornea  from  Mount  Anuinus, 
ia  Syria,  is  Iiighly  esteemed  for  mpdicinal  pur]io8ee,  and  uvea 
more  so  by  the  perfumore.  iVom  wlmtever  coualry  it  cuinea, 
that  which  is  of  a  red  eotour  is  pri'terred,  and  it  should,  be 
botli  unctuous  as  well  as  viscous  to  the  touch  ;  the  worst  kind 
ia  that  which  crumblt's  like  bran,  and  is  covered  nil  on  r  witb 
a  whitish  mould,  lliia  substauco  is  adalteratt^d  witli  the  rcsiii 
of  cedar  or  with  gnm,  and  sometimes  with  honey  or  bitter  dl- 

"  ThftM  loeftlitiefl  nre  m(^ntione^I  ia  B.  t. 

*"  Tlie  Storax  oEuinalw  of  Linnaius,  n  trea  fooad  ia  tTie  Muth  of 
Europe  onil  tbe  Ll-thdL  The  Tnricty  founil  in  Frnncn,  and  known  a*  l1i« 
Alilwufitr.  ptoduMs  no  stomi.  or  at  han  a  very  small  propuruQn.  Tlio 
storai  ol'  coniniETce  nppears  in  thrse  states— grain  storm,  with  wtiicli  Pliny 
dniTi  not  aiipt-ar  W  Iibt-u  been  acquainted  ■,  aniygilolitii,  whioh  is  pcrhaiu 
the  sort  winch  he  tpeji-kt  nf  as  iiilttlUrnt<?il  witl)  oilier  kImoD<ls;  antl  lump 
(tuTiU,  of  mddi^  broHn  culuur,  whUh  is  frnjiinhtly  miitiil  wilh  wood  liiiiat,. 
or  wotni  diiEt,  as  tneaLioned  by  Piiny,  and  it  bul  titUu  uEUeincd,  'fli?  Uua 
U  obo  uullsd  Liqaidombar  HytauLQua. 


TLCTT'a   SATTBAt   HiaTOBT. 


fiiooTt  xn. 


mondtf ;  nil  \v}ik'h  sophiaticutiona  may,  however,  be  tleteutoi  tiy 
thfl  laste.  The  price  uretorax  of  the  test  quality  is  ficventeen 
flrnorii  per  pound.  le  comca  also  from  PampliyKii,  but  this 
luBt  ia  more  arid,  and  not  m  fiiU  of  juice. 

dEAP,  56. OALBAirnill. 

SjTui  prodntes  galbanum  too,  wliich  growa  upon  the  SAni« 
mountain  of  Airmmia  :  it  exmlps  from  a  kind  of  giant- fennel ** 
of  the  pamfi  name  as  the  n-nin,  though  sonifttimofl  it  is  known, 
an  eldgonitis.  Tte  kind  that  ia  the  moat  esteemed  is  tartila- 
gJTioiiB,  clear  likit  hammDniacum,  imd  free  fnim  nil  liwacoiiR 
cubHtaiices.  Still,  however,  it  i&  somctintoa  adultoriiteiL  with 
hcutis,  or  with  Bitoopeninm. "^  If  Ignited  in  a  pure  Etate,  it 
JiAR  the  property  of  driving  away  Bcrpcuts"  by  its  smoke.  It 
i.4  »a\A  lit  Jive  denarii  pt^r  poiuid,  and  is  only  employed  for 
medicinal  purposes. 

CBAF.  57.  (20.) PAHAX. 

Syria,  too,  fumiehea  ponas,"'  an  ingrfdicnt  hboiI  in  ungur-ntB, 
This  pliuit  gri>w3  also  at  Faopkia  in  Aroudiii,  about  the  80urw?a 
ofthp  Eryniimthus,  in  Africa  also,  and  in  Maocrloiiia.  This  is 
u  iKtiUiar  kind  of  giiint-fennel,  wJueh  staiida  five  cuhite  in 
lu'i{;lit :  it  first  thruws  out  four  kaTeSt  ucd  then  six,  wlueh  liu 
close  to  the  ground,  round,  and  of  very  (;onsiiier.ible  size ;  thoftc, 
however,  wliifh  grow  towards  tb«  top  resemble  the  leaves  of 
IheoliTe.  It  bears  its  seed  in  certain  tnfts,  which  hang  down, 
juAt  &A  in  the  fennel.     The  juice  is  obtained  hj  incisions 

*'  A  shnih  of  th«  fnraily  at  OxDhflVifisTta,  belonging  to  the  gecns  hiibon, 
It  i«  a  niLtive  nf  Asin  MmrT  nnd  Syria. 
"  Sec  B.  «ix.  0,  53,  sml  B.  is.  c.  76. 
^  This  -Vila  a.  cmanioa  tiotian  with  lb«  llamnus.     ViT^l,  Qaai^.  fi.  jii. 

"  OalliancoijiiH?  agUarft  graTes  niiloro  cUel/Jroi." 
Thoufli  con*idere(i;  to  protlui-e  a  plcasiLiit  prrfiimc  by  tlio  andents,  it  ia  nfl 
[icitiCir  he)il  in  eslimnlion  for  that  quality,  und  u  only  unipli>yi:ii  in  inrnc 
■ItKlit  dc^roi?  (ot  mciluial  ]iiirp(iae&. 

**  Tilt!  [iroduee  tit'  Ihu  Paslma™  n-popanai  of  Limi»us,  or  thii  Pnntii 
Copticuin  of  HiLuhin,  uii  iimbullLfurnus  plum  wbich  atxiuitdi  in  His  Eoalf 
sail  i«  not  tiiiDuaimuii  In  Uiu  euulh  uf  Fnuiue.  Tliu  gum  tatloi]  OpupuniiX 
wiij  fnmKrriy  wvd.  nii<i  iU  ttijiifrinod  virtues  arc  iDdicatod  by  its  nuniC 
wliicU  ni^nincB  "  the  juica  wliich  is  the  iULivcrau.1  romudy." 


Chap.  66.) 


OKpnAcnriT. 


153 


niuilu  in  diu  sialic  at  liarvpst-limf,  and  in  tliR  root  in  nutumn. 
\Vli«!ii  in  a  oou^uiuU'd  slulu.  it  is  fBtL'trntJ  uccynliiig  toils 
whiteness.  Tlie  next  in  valijo  is  that  of  «  pallid  colour,  wliilo 
tile  hlnck  i§  hplrl  in  iio  eiteem.  Ttie  prico  oi  tbut  of  the  best 
quality  la  two  denarii  per  pound. 

CHAP.  58.— SI-OMDILniM. 

The  difference  between  this  kind  of  giant-fenucl  and  that 
known  &s  spondjlium,"  coiiBiKtis  only  in  the  leaf,  which  is 
•plitlier,  and  dividrii  like  tbiito!"  tlie  pluntt  tree.  It  grows  in 
duulr  pluces  only.  The  wed  bt-ara  the  earae  nante  a^  the  jjlant, 
and  i«L9  a  strong  resemblftnct  to  that  of  hurl-wort ;  it  U  only 
employed  in  medicine. 

ClUJP,  59. ^MAtOnATHKOI. 

Syria  produce*  tie  malobathrum"  also,  a  tree  which  bears  a 
folded  leaf,  willi  just  the  colour  of  it  leiif  when  dried.  From 
thia  plant  an  oil  is  i-xtnn;ted  for  un^iiciita.  Egypt  produces  it 
in  fltill  greater  atundanoo  :  hut  that  which  is  the  most  eateemeil 
of  all  (»imes  from  India,  whi:re  it  is  said  to  grow  in  th«  marKhca 
like  tht>  lentil.  It  liita  a  more  povveri'ui  oduur  tliau  Aufli-oii, 
luid  hoH  a  black,  rough  app<>anmce,  witli  a  sort  of  bra(.'kii<h 
tofitc.  Thu  whitu  is  the  letiet  approved  of  idl,  and  it  very  booh 
tfpDs  musty  when  old.  In  taste  it  uugiit  U>  hti  aimilur  to 
nard,  when  plaei^d  nnder  the  tongue.  Wlien  made  luke-warm 
in  wine,  tho  odour  wliieh  it  emit«  is  superior  to  any  othec 
The  prict*  at  which  thia  drug  ranges  are  gomithing  cjuitfl 
murrelloui,  being  from  one  denarius  to  lour  hundred  pnr  ftound ; 
oa  for  the  leaf,  it  generally  sells  at  sixty  di-narii  per  pound. 

CH»P.  60.  (27.) — ourHAcipa. 

Ooiphacinm*'  is  also  a  kind  of  oil,  which  is  obtained  from 

^  Tho  itriiWllifcTDui  plant  known  aa  tlie  nenii'kiim  afidndyliimi  of  I.in> 
fiKiiK.  It  in  nnnminnly  lomiil  ia  Froiicu,  vli^re  it  in  iiriillimt  llnrnn-lii'uncv 
tusiae.  It  n-auiviHl  iu  tuinLe  bam  The  n  soroblmici;  of  iu  enioll  to  tliat  ff 
tko  iphondylc,  a  fetid  kinit  of  waod-battk. 

"  Soma  iiippoau  tliia  trL-n  Id  hu  Ihc  Laiinis  Msaia  of  Linnmua.  or  wild 
cinnamrin  ;  otin-m  taka  U  fur  IIir  Ih'IcI,  the  riper  hiUA  of  l.inniciu.  4.'lis- 
■iui  tliirilui  tliat  llii?  name  isderivRd  from  tlm  [iiJian  Tuttiulplrit,  tli'-nnnie 
giien  friMJi  time  iiiiiiieiiiorial  t9  t.fic  leaf  of  a  trep  known  oy  l^^)  Arah*  w 
the  Cad&Ki-indt,  poi^sibljr  tho  sami;  at  the  KuUMi-uaruit  t>f  ihv  Maluliart. 

*'  Proio  tho  Greek  bji^eucuiv,  bdog  miuta  ttt  unripe  frrupoa.    .^  Fit 


164 


PLIUTT  »   HATWall   BISTORT. 


[Bool  xn. 


two  troeB,  the  oHve  and  the  vine,  by  two  different  mt^ttiotla. 
;  It  itf  prgclucod  A^m  the  tvnucr  by  prL'sulQ^  Uiu  olive  while  it 
lift  still  in  tbe  white  statu.  That  is  of  on  iLfmor  qiiitlity  which 
in  made  from  the  druppa — such  being  the  name  that  is  givtfu 
to  the  olive  before  it  is  ripe  and  fit  for  food,  but  already 
hegiimiiig  to  change  its  colour.  The  diU'ertnce  between  thf  m 
IR,  that  the  latter  kind  is  green,  tho  former  white.  The  om- 
phacium  that  is  made  from  the  viae  is  extrnct*d  from  cither 
tile  paytbian*  or  the  Aminean  grape,  when  the  gmpes  are 
about  tliG  size  of  a  cliicli-peu,  jiiHt  betorc  the  rising'  of  the  Dog- 
Bliu?.  Th«  grape  ia  {ijalhtred  when  ihu  ftrst  bloom  is  aiJpcttring 
upon  it,  asid  the  verjui&e  is  extracted,  ttfter  which  tho  residue** 
its  left  to  dry  in  the  sun,  due  precautiune  hoing  tukc*n  aguinst 
tbi}  dewB  of  the  night.  The  verjuice,  after  being  uolltt'ted,  in 
piit  into  eartht^n  vessels,  and  tljen,  after  that,  stfjrt-d  in  jars 
of  Cj'prian  cflpper.*  The  beat  kind  ia  thiit  -which  is  of  a. 
Tf-ddieh  colour,  acrid,  and  dry  to  the  tflatf.  The  price  nt 
which  it  bpUb  is  six  denarii  per  pound.  Omphacjum  is  also 
mode  another  way — the  unripo  grape  is  poundLd  in  a  mortar, 
littfr  which  it  is  dried  in  the  bub,  uud  tiien  dividud  into 
lozenges. 

CHAP.  61.  (2fi,)— BRroy,  (ew4Nihk,  and  massartb. 

Bryon"  also  bears  an  affinity  to  those  subetancea^  being  thu 

ist*r8  of  berries  produced  by  the  white  poplar.     The  be«t 

inds  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  Cmdos,  or  in  Cariu,  in  spots  Uiat 

are  dustitnte  of  water,  or  tlsw  in  dry  and  mggwl  localities.     A 

remarks,  t'lst  miidij  frora  the  oliva  is  uwrreutly  dBaeribed  us  a  kind  uf  oil, 
hut  tbut  ffiadc  from  til's  ^ape  must  luive  dpcu  u  rub,  or  puve  verjuice. 
ThbBD  two  liquids  must,  have  boil  lotijiy  riifTcrent  quiilili«A,  und  rtseriblrd 
i-DCh  atlisr  in  nothing  but  tliu  nami?.  Thut  eitructcd  from  the  olive  ia 
n  ten  tinned  agnin  in  B.  xxili.  c.  4,  in  refLTence  t<i  its  mcdiunul  properties. 

"*  TliHKi!  ^-raptfi  sve  dtBcrih«d  iJi  B,  liv.  a.  4  and  b.  H. 

"*  '•  lUHqiium  wrpus."  It  is  aol  cl-eor  wlint  is  tUu  mvuning  of  thia. 
The  pssaag*  is  cither  in  a  cotrupt  state,  or  del'tctive, 

*'  A  Btngnlur  metali  one  would  tliink,  for  keeping  Tcrjuicft  in. 

"  From  Ibc  Ormik  ^piov,  "  moss."  Hit  speaks  agiiin  (it  tliase  ^rape* 
of  the  white  pupW  in  U.  xx\y.  o.  34  ;  bIso  iu  c.  SI  of  tlie  ^rBBeut  Book. 
Hwdouin  thinki  that  bu  is  epciaking  of  moss.  F^e  is  of  opiiuun,  tbitt  tlia 
lllOHOms  ur  buds  of  the  treearc  meant,  irliioh  hnve  a  fra^ant  smeU.  This 
it  'lllcniiii'e  pinliuliLc,  as  ve  find  PlDiy  lieTA  BpeukiDg  ol'  the  ujnniitlie,  or  vvw- 
flowei,  by  which  Vcfs  Hunpoaei  thut  he  iiiunni  the  lilotwjiu  uf  tke  Vllia 
viaifcni  of  Limueuj,  wliioh  exholeji  a  delightful  pei-iunie. 


Oftp.  C3.] 


CDHIAMON  OB  COUACTU. 


1^5 


tiryon  of  Bpcond-rate  qanlity  is  prodnced  IVom  the  onlarof 
Lyoia.**  (Enantlie,  bxi,  botirs  an  affinity  to  tliese  siihtitaiiu!*, 
hang  the  cliwters  of  the  wild  vine :  it  ia  gathered  when  it  ia 
in  flower,  or,  in  aih^r  wonis,  when  it  has  the  finest  smell  r 
after  which  it  is  drii^cl  In.  the  shade  upon  a  lini-n.  sheet  apread 
beneath,  it,  and  then  BtorL<d  nway  ia  casks.  Tbu  best  sort  is 
that  which  comes  ^m  l'ara[iotamia :'"  tlie  nex.t  he^t  kiudg  are 
those  made  at  Antiochia  and  I.,aodicea  in  Sjria ;  anil  that  of 
Ihird-rato  quali^,  comes  froin  the  mountainous  parts  of  Uedla  ; 
this  last,  however,  is  preferable  for  medicinal  purpoMea,  IJomSi 
persona  give  thu  preference  over  all  to  that  grown  in  th* 
island  of  Cyprus.  As  to  that  which  conits  from  Africa,  it 
is  solely  uscii  for  medicinal  purpoaes,  being  known  by  the 
name  of  massitris."  WlmU'ver  country  it  may  happen  to  he, 
the  white  wild  vine  producer  an  oiuiuithe  of  eu^urior  i|uulit7 
to  the  block. 

CHAP.  62. — ELATE  OB  SPATBE. 

There  is  another  tree"*  also,  that  c&ntributPB  to  the  menu- 
fectnro  of  unguents,  by  some  pptaons  Jmown  under  the  name 
of  elate,  bat  which  we  call  ahics;  others  again  call  it  a  pnlm, 
and  others  give  it  the  name  of  apathe.  That  of  Uammonium 
is  the  moat  esteemed^  and  that  of  Egypt  next,  after  whii^h 
comes  the  Syrian  tree.  It  is  only  otloriferouB,  liowever,  in; 
pkces  that  ore  dcatituta  of  water.  The  tears  of  it  aro  of  ua 
unctuous  nature,  and  are  employed  aa  aia  ingredient  in  un- 
guoDts,  to  modify  the  barshuess  of  the  oil. 

CHAP.  63. — CiaSAMON  OS  coKxeuv. 

In  Syria,  too,  is  produced  that  kind  of  cinnamon  which  is  also 
known  as  coniaeum.°*    This  is  a  juico  which  is  extracted  from 

"  Tlio  buil,  proliably,  of  lie  Juciptraa  l.y«itt. 

W  Bub  B.  Ti.  c.  31. 

M  gaid  to  bati  1)oca  a  Burniinio  p\ta  by  some  italioiu  to  tiiii  god  Bac- 
Am. 

*^  It  ia  gf^ncrally  snpprMol  by  the  ccTnmGntittors,  that  Pliny  inakea  a 
niitalie  beie,  and  Inat  the  i-latf  or  ^pnthe  wat  not  a  tree,  but  tbe  envelope 
01  nnpaule,  coaUinin^  tbe  flon-ers  ajid  fruit  of  a  tree,  wlitnh  is  suppoicd  by 
wnie  ti>  have  been  really  Uie  Ptii>aii  dactylifem,  or  dal^-palin.  ThcM 
ran  be  little  doubt  tbut  ha  is  mistakeu  iu  bis  muution  of  tbu  ubicB  or  fit- 
tri;>a  here.    Sm  II.  itjii.  a.  53. 

<*  Baubia  thinks  that  tbii  Juiu  or  oil  wu  exu&cMd  from  tbe  autmeg, 


J 


156  Piiirr's  KATOBAi  uibtoet.  [BooV  Xil. 

a  oat,  and  very  different  from  the  extract  of  the  rral  cinna- 
mnnitiBl,  tliough  it  somewhat  reaenil»lea  it  in  its  agree  lib  Ic  BmeiL 
Tlie  price  at  wJutli  it  scUb  ia  forty  usses  per  pound, 

ScHMABT. — EcraarkalDlB  fiicte,  Darrntivca,  ond  obaervatlons, 
nine  hundred,  and  eovcEty-four. 

Romas  atjthobs  «itotf,d. — M.  Viirro,'  Mucianus,*  Vii^,* 
Pabiiiiiua,'  HthoHua,*  PompoDiiia  Mi'lti,*  i'iariuB,'  Procilius,* 
HjginUK,"  Trogus,"-'  CJaudius  Cffigtix,"  ComL-liiia  Nepos/^  Ses- 
tiiB  Niger'^  wlio  wrote  a  Greek  troatiwi  on  Medicine,  Cassius 
Uemina,'*  L.  Pis&,'*  Tuditanus,"  Antiafl." 

FoiiEiGH  AurnOEB  anoTED. — Theophraatua,^*  HerodotuB,'"  Col- 

tlie  Myiiitica  moschnta  nf  Thiinberg^,  and  Bonastre  is  of  the  taniD  opinion. 
Milt,  8«  F^  iibmirvnn,  Ihn  milineg  ii  a  natiTe  of  Iniiin,  and  Pliny  spn-aks  uf 
theComncuiB.  us  onniiiig  frimi  byiia.  Some  aultors.,  be  adds,  wh»  are  of 
this  o]iiniciu,  lliiiik  ulsf  that  lh«  olbtir  uinuiimoQium  mcntLoudd  hy  Pliny 
WBB  no  -nthar  than  thn  nutmeg,  whinh  iiiey  Cake  to  bo  tho  Eiuae  3E  the 
chryiolwldnoB,  or  "golden  nut,"  of  (Jult-u. 

^  Sat  end  of  B.  ii.  ''  See  tnd  of  B.  ii. 

1  Hell  end  of  Ii.  vit. 

*  I'ubiuuus  Pupirius :  tea  end  of  B.  ii, 

'  Sfle  end  of  Ii.  ii.  '  S^o  end  i>f  D.  iii. 

'  Th'U  sun  of  a  &(-odmnii ;  boric  futther  pnrCioulart  ure  given  of  liim  bjr 
i'llTir  in  It.  Kixiii.  c.  1.  ]jy  liis  t»l«nU  and  ektquenre,  lie  ttltuiiied  con- 
sidnrHbld  distiuclLun  ut  Boitiu.  JJu  wu>  luii.U'a  a  auuiitor  hy  Appiiis  C'liiudiua, 
uiid  was  cuiulc  sdilc  b.c,  303.  H'i  paliUsbed  ^  coIlccUou  of  lu^  rults, 
entitled  the  "  Jus  J-'laTianuTD," 

"  Sue  eud  of  H'.  nil.  *  Bee  end  uf  B.  iii. 

■"  Hise  «Dd  of  0.  vii.  "   Sk«  «nd  of  11.  v. 

"  S^eendof  I),  ii, 

'^  Probnlily  ibo  same  rs  the  NJpr  nHrntioned  by  DigscoridcB  as  a  wriir? 
«n  Katcriu  Hedioa.  He  laiiliio  nieiitioned  hy  EpipUitmus  itnd Galon;  but 
KiwcoridM  ebmget  him  wilh  nunifrons  blundcri  in  his  accounts  of  \<^ge- 
IuI>Iq  pruductioaa. 

'*  A  compiler  of  Harnnn  history,  who  wrote  at  t^e  bej^nning  of  tlve 
ti^Dond  cmtury  befun.'  Clmst,  He  wrote  Amiule  of  Bomu  from  ibe  MirliuBt 
w  liiD  own  limes :  only  a  kw  frugnieuu  of  Liti  work  have  Eurmt-d. 

i»  Scemd  of  U.  ii, 

'•  C,  .Seni[iroDiu»  TudKanui,  consul  of  Rome,  n.c  129,  Hp  wrote  « 
book  'uf  Uiitutiual  CouoieiiLuiiiii.  lie  wus  muLnrn^  graudfatliiii'  uf  Uto 
oral'ar  floruinsjus. 

"  Sdu  i^d  of  B.  ii.  »  s^  end  of  B.  iU. 

"  Scooiid  of  U.  ii, 


8UUMA.Br. 

iMthenen,*  Isigonm,"  Ciitiirchus,'^  AnaximeneB,"  Duris,'* 
Nearchus,*  Onesimtus,"  Polycritus.,"  Olympiodorus,"'  Ditig* 
netus,"  Nicotmlus,"  Anticlines,"  Chares"  of  Mitylene,  Men- 
fPchrnuB,'"  Borothi^iis"''  of  Alliens,  LyciiSj**  AntiEuv""  Ephippus," 
])ion,''  Demodca,"  Ptolemy  Ltigua,*"  Mareyaa"  of  Macedou, 

■°  A  nativn  gf  OIyntlii».  Hw  motbcr,  Dmo,  irits  n  cousin  tit  fho  philo- 
Ropher  Ar'mUitlL',  uiiiicr  tvliote  tute]iie;if  l<e  whs  U'ducatcd.  It  h  geiimlly 
(iippoBtJ  Ihitt  ho  wut  pat  to  death  hy  ardor  tif  Alcsunder  Lbr  Grrat,  but  ill 
nhnt  mAnni^r  i«  a  fnaUcr  of  uncertainlr.  lln  vtoIu  a  History  of  (iro^cct. 
nnd  nunirruuB  dllier  Ituirncd  worki.  ^tnc  MSS.  uro  ititl  OKtaot,  prufcnt- 
iui{  ti)  Imi  liis  writing* ;  but  tliey  wu  gcnemllir  ltiuk«l  upon  na  ([lurious. 

*'  Spf  t'ud  of  B.  vii.  "  See  end  of  B.  rii. 

'^  A  tjfttivc  pf  Lii-wpsiK'ai",  nrid  diMiplo  of  Dlo^'Im^  llic  Cynio.  He  oc- 
eoTiipanit'd  AifMiulcr  tb«  (inat  in  lii*  Aiinttr,  «pi-diiioii,  lie  wrul*  a 
history  of  the  ri'ij,*™  "f  I'liiUjr  itnil  Alcxnndcr,  and  u  hislorj  of  Orwuc,  in 
twvIvB  hiioks.     Only  a  kw  IVagmeiLU  of  !>is  wotlci  are  iolt. 

'J*  St«  orid  of  K,  Vii,  »»  Suo  end  of  fl.  »i. 

"  See  idBil  of  B.  ii. 

^~  There  was  a  tiutive  of  Mrni)«,  in  Sidly,  of  this  name,  who  wrote  a 
history  «f  UiimysJiLi,  tlic  lyrnut.  DrSymi^ii.ie.  It  wu,  priitinlily.  a  liiirTi-nl 
uerion  of  tills  Dfiiiic  nlio  nroli-  a  work  uu  the  East ;  if  lucU  ia  tliu  cute, 
rliny  tnniil  prnlinlily  qiiutrB  from  t)ii>  work  i>f  the  luttec. 

»*  Nothing  wema  to  be  known  of  this  writer ;  but  it  i«  iUggoitod  tli&t 
ho  may  bare  {Hicompnnird  NcArobiiB  aoi  Onccicritm  is  tho  Eusl. 

'"   fire  rod  nf  fl     ri. 

*J  Nolliinj;  i«  kimnrr.  fFhim;  hnl  Tl.iTiIoiiin  »utr)r«it«  llmt  he  nmy  huTO 
aoeanifjiuiU'd  Aiiiuudur  lUu  Orvut  in  hi*  Lustfni  I'xpcditiuii. 

"  Sr*  oA  of  B.  W. 

*'  An  olficiT  al  the  court  of  AVxand^r  th(^  (ii'tut.  who  wrote  a  coUircUoa 
nf  anPwlol''«  rmpfclinff  tlit  priviitc  lilr  and  rciga  of  tkit  ompcror,  loniu 
frujiniieiii*  of  whiuh  «ro  prewrvei!  by  Atlieninus. 

^^  St'o  end  of  B.  iv. 

**  He  tB  tii|ipoB»i  to  haTc  bocn  iho  «anio  with  thr  pcT*on  of  llint  aamv 
whii  nTute  a  hi»iory  of  Alciandcr  the  tJiuut ;  but  DuUiin(;  further  i«  known 
of  liim. 

^  A  pbyoiriftn  of  Ni^npolix,  w-bn  ia  Mippoicd  to  huvtt  livtid  in  the  tailj 
part  of  tht!  first  UL'iitury  ufur  ('bri»t. 

™  A  WTHtr  on  mediciLo.  of  whom  ull  furtbor  particulura  hine  petwiied, 

^  Pussihly  I'lpliipputi  of  Dlynthua,  a  UmcIc  hidtoriiu  of  ib-u  rvigti  of 
AI(!UiindG!r  lliii  Gr^nt. 

**  Sec  <:iid  of  1!.  yiii. 

'•  An  aiidrni  Oro(lt  biiitoritLii,  mentiimtdalso  bySuabo;  but  no  further 
part.iriiliu-A  aro  knnim  of  him. 

*>  Tilt-  foaniier  nf  tbc  riyniusty  of  th*  Efrption  PtolomiM.  wliiuh  eadi:d 
in  Clonpjitrn,  it.u.  38  :  hi?  wrote  a  nnrnitivc  nf^tlip  -wars  of  Alctflndi-r,  whirh 
is  lr<ii|ui'utly  luoted  by  the  Inter  wtittrs,  and  served  u*  Ilia  groiindworic  fur 
Arrian's  hittory. 

*>  A  lutive  of  Pella,  who  wrote  a  hiBtory  of  Uoccdoulit  iIowd  to  tba 


PttHrr'a   KATURAX  niSTOUI. 


[Book  xri. 


Zoilaa"  of  Macedon,  Bcmomtus,"  Amphiloclius,"  Aristo- 
mochus,*'  AlexALder  Polyliistor,"  Juba,"  ApoUodorus"  who 
"wrote  on  Perfumes,  Heraclides"  the  jjhj-sician,  Arehidemus'" 
the  physician,  Dioiiysiiia"  Ihe  phjaacian,  Pcmoelidcs''  the 
TihyaicLim,  Euphron'^  the  physician,  Mnesidcs"  iho  physician, 
IHagoraB"  the  physician,  loUus**  the  physician,  Heraclides" 
of  Tarentum,  Xenocrutea*' of  Ephcsuaj  Eratoathence.'^ 

wan  of  Alemnder  the  Rrcat  Tlitfrewnsunnther  writer  of  tlio  Banienanio^ 
A  native  of  Philippi,  wlio  sIbo  wrote  a  treatiBe^  either  geograpbioal  or  hia- 
torioilt,  reJativo  to  Mnctdonia. 

'*  A  native  of  Aiupliip'jlis,  thoug-li  gome  make  him  to  ha»e  been  an 
DphctiiLn.  Ttie  sge  m  nhiuli  lie  livmd  is  not  c-uutly  iLnown.  He  attacknd 
tliti  wniiugs  of  Iloiugr  ivitli  audi  uumlieil-fur  usperily,  thiit  hii  iiamo  liiu 
been  proverbinl  for  a  cnarlitig,  captious  critic.  lie  ie  siiid  to  Uaro  met 
with  a.  violent  death.  Ilia  literary  productionA  wrt  numeroiui,  but  noiu 
oftbcm  have  come  down  to  ui. 

«  Site  end  of  K  U.  "  See  prnd  of  B.  viji. 

*'  See  end  of  B,  xi,  *>  Seo  end  of  H,  ili. 

*'  Sc!c  end  of  B.  v,  «  See  end  of  B.  zi. 

*•  A  iihvsiciaa  of  llcrncloa,  near  Ephcius.  He  wrote  c  amnion  tar  iea  m 
the  worts  nf  Hijipiicrutc's. 

w  Nothing  vi  kiiinvn  uf  him ;  hnt  it  has  beer  »i]g:pfliled  tlint  he  may 
ha<re  becti  tbo  autliirr  of  a  few  fctigiuents  dq  vclnriuar^'  Kurgury  wbiclt  iiiu 
113  iat. 

"'  There  were  many  phraiciunB  and  suiffeotia  of  this  name,  Imt  prolmhly. 
Sionysiug.  of  Haiuos  is  meunt,  or  «1kl>  BaJlitirtiu*  Dionynus,  quotLil  li;  Plinj, 
K,  iHii.  V.  20. 

"  AUq  called  Dcmncedi'S,  a  pTivaieiaa  of  Crotona.  who  prncliacd  at 
JEpT>A.  IJe  waa  anj-rwarrls  physician  to  PolycratcA,  the  tyrant  of  Snmoa, 
and  King  Eariua,  <Nhi39e  foot  be  cured.  Uia  work  ou  niudidue  boa  fa- 
rit-hed. 

"  Nothing  wLatcFer  is  known  of  this  writer. 

**  Notliinp  is  known  rulaiiTo  to  tbii  wfitcr. 

"  Jfolhing  is  kunwn  of  liim, 

^  Or  161au«,  a  native  uf  Uithynin,  wbo  wrote  a  work  on  Materia  McdjicA. 
He  vat  probubly  a  conlcniporarf  of  Ilcraclidea  of  TiLrKntum,  in  tbo  tbird 
oeutury  n.c, 

*'  A  physician  nf  Tiinjutum,  who  Wuneei!  to  thnEinpirio  sect.  Ho 
WTOto  Btivurai.  modicul  worki,  and  is  highly  earamdndcd  by  Gulen.  Only  ii 
few  fia^merta  nf  hia  wriliDgi  ri^nimn. 

'*  An  hisUirituI  a»d  gL-ogTUi>hi<:«l  writer,  frequently  <(uo1od  by  PUny. 
From  the  mcntum  made  of  bins  in  fl.  jcxxfii,  <;,  2,  it  would  appear  that  h« 
fluuTi»lKi4l  during  tbe  lime  of  riiuy,  or  very  sborll;  befont. 

"*  Soe  atid  of  B.  ii. 


I 


C1IA7.  1.   (I.) — ttItetIB5I8 — AT   WniT   PEEIOD   TBEV   WERE   FIRST 
IXTBODDOKD. 

Thus  far  we  Iista  been  epcaking  of  the  trefR  which  uro 
vulimblc  for  Iho  odoiirB  thoy  produce,  nnd  i-ach  of  which  is  a 
eubject  lor  our  wonder  in  itelf.  luxury.  howcvt;r,  hoB 
thQQght  fit  to  niirgle  all  of  ihreo,  and  to  make  n  single  odour 
wf  the  wlicle  ;  henwf  il  is  that  ungueDis  have  beta  itu'eaU'd.' 
Who  Y'as  the  firet  to  mukv  ungiifuU  U  u  I'lict  iiut  nwrdud. 
In  the  timeB  of  the  Trojan  n'at'  thuy  did  not  exiRt,  nor  (lid 
they  UBf  incense  when  scicrificiiif;  to  thu  goiis;  indeod,  pcopl^ 
knew  of  no  other  smell,  or  rathc-r  stoiJch,'  I  may  »iy,  thnti  that 
of  the  cedar  and  the  eitrns,*  Bhriibs-  of  their  omi  (jrnwth,  as  it 
arose  in  votnmes  of  emoltc  from  the  aacrificrs ;  still,  however, 
crun  then^  the  extract  of  roses  was  known,  for  wo  find  il  men- 
tioned aa  confoirin^  additional  value  on  olive-oil. 

We  ought,  by  {food  rights,  to  aficribe  the  Uret  ubo  of  un- 
guents to  the  Persians,  for  thtiy  quite  soult  thi.'iust^'lvcH  in  it, 
and  80,  by  nn  udventitious  recommendation,  counteraot  the 
bnd  odours  which  are  produced  by  dirt.  The  first  in«1nnce  of 
the  use  r>f  unguents  that  1  bnvo  in-euable  to  meet  with  is  that  of 
the  cheat*  of  iirrfumes  wliich  fell  into  the  hands  of  Alrxaniler, 
■with  the  rrst  of  the  propoxly  of  King  Uorius,  at  the  taking  of  his 

'  Fee  remurVs,  ihul  most  of  Iho  nn^^atnls  aad  jwrfumes  of  wtiich  Pliny 
here  gopak*  wcmld  find  but  btlle  tavoiir  rL  t.hi-  prf*iTl  liny. 

"  Thin  iIotR  (idt  appoar  Cu  hv  ezacLly  \he  caiit,  for  iii  Llie  twvnlr-tliiid 
BiioV  of  (h?  lliiii),  1,  1M,  we  liuO  '■  n>s<i-si:ent«d,"  oil  motitionDcl,  inidMil, 
Winy  Uiiateil  &Uii<ks  to  ii  a  liltlo  fucihiT  on. 

'■>  •'  Nidorem."  lliis  trrra  was  ufH  in  n-fjircnee  to  ihe  tmtW  of  lurnl  ur 
rorislrd  ntiitnal  inihutaiiciii.  It  it  not  improbablQ  that  lie  allude  la  tUd 
■limcb  Hibia)^  fiaiii  tliv  bnimt  MLi'rificnos, 

»  Tlni  '■  Tlinyt  nrlicutaU  "     Sru  c.  ^9  of  the  [ireMiit  Boolt. 

*  "Suimiiim."    Hee  B.  vii.  o.  30. 


I 


Damp.*     GiQce  those  timea  tLis  luxury  hue  ^eeo  adopted  bj 

ouj  own  countrymen  as  well,  among  the  most  prized  nnrl,  in- 
cI[?L-ii,  the  m08t,  elegant  of  all  the  enjoyments  ol'  life,  and  haa 
begun  even  to  be  ndmitted  in  the  list  of  honours  paid  to  the 
dead;  for  which  i^ason  we  shall  have  to  enlarge  further  on 
that  sTihject,  Those  perfiimeB  whi<;h  aro  not.  the  produce  of 
elirubs'  will  only  bo  nsentioncd  for  the  present  by  namu  :  the 
nature  of  tbetu  will,  boweTor,  bo  Btati'd  ia  Iheii'  Qppropriut« 
pltices. 

CHAT.  2.^-HIB  TABIOTJB    KTSDS   OF   in(OUZHTa^TWIlI.yE   CRES- 
CIPAL    COMFOSIXrONa, 

The  namea  of  ungacnts  are  due,  some  of  them,  to  the  ori- 
ginal placie  of  thi'ir  composition,  others,  aguin,  to  the  estracte 
which  form  their  hitecs,  others  to  the  trees  £mm  whieh  they 
are  derived,  and  others  to  the  jiaeoliar  circuinstance  under 
which  they  were  first  made :  and  it  ia  as  well,  first  of  all,  to 
llcnuw  that  in  thia  respect  the  fu&hion  hoa  often  changed,  and 
that  the  high  repute  of  peculiar  kinds  has  been  hut  transLtorj-. 
In  ancient  times,  the  perfumes  tliti  moat  estecmeJ  of  ail  weru 
those  of  the  island  ol'  Delos,'  and  at  a  later  period  those  of 
MendcB.*  Thia  degree  of  eBtocra  is  foimded,  not  only  on  the 
mode  of  mixing  them  and  the  relative  proportions,  hut  aceord- 
ing:  to  the  dsgreo  of  favour  or  disfavour  in  which  the  vuxioiiB 
pluotis  which  pruduue  the  in^redieum  lU'e  lit'ld,  and  the  compa- 
rative exoeilence  or  degeneracy  of  the  ingredients  themselves. 
1'he  perfume  of  irJB,'"  from  C7orinth,  whs  long  held  in  the 
highest  eelfcm,  till  that  of  Cyzicua  canjc  ioto  fashion.  It  wjw 
tlie  aatne,  too,  with  tlie  perfume  of  roses,"  from  f  hoselis,'*  the 

*  Thr  Mpof  perfumM  moie  probably  originated  in  Inilit.  thiiii  ftinong 
the  Pcrtiuns. 

'   lliit  of  seeds  or  plsula 

'  TIh'  porfuiuM  of  L^l.-]o8  tlieniselvcE  liad  nnltiini!  ic  jtarticular  tn  r^ 
Mtnmend  them  ;  butm  it  was  the  cciitT«  oi  the  vorship  of  Apollo,  it  ti  not 
jmprobable  thut  exi^iifsLte  pcrfumtii  farnm^ri  a  largo  proportiun  of  tho  offei- 
iuga  brought  tliitber  from  di  parts  of  iIjg  wurU. 

>  In  KgyjiL  Sit  li.  r.  c.  II.  TheuDfpiunU  of  Mendes  aru  again  ja^n- 
tionod  Id  lue  prespot  OJiapier. 

'"  Or  fltJw<ir-J'--lu('o.     Tliii  perfume  wna  ealM  Irimim.     Tlie  Iris  Flo- 

rt-ntina  nf  the  liatfti)l&la,  Kco  savs  koE  tho  smvll  uf  the  riolet.     F^ir  tku 

cunLpuhition  of  tlii»  perfume,  Me  BiuscuridLfi,  R.  i.  c  67. 

1  Ehodinuni.  >^  See  fi^T.  e.  20. 


vxorarfB. 


I«l 


viack  VH  aftenrs^i  «dipwd  Inr  tkon  of  XcuoUs. 

■d  FkKBOte.  Oa  «r  nOraB,**  6<oni  Soli  in  CUicia, 
WM  fcr  s  hag  tta*  bcU  ia  nptttv  lNi5>Mtd  may  other,  and  then 
tbatfivKBtedc*;  aAervfaichperfaiDGaf  ceaanthr,"  from  Cy- 
pCBS,  one  iato  fatioB,  and  thcs  that  a(  Egjpt  vra»  pn-icmd. 

B0S  pirirf  thi*  «f  AiirunjUeiun  came  into  ro^up,  asd 
wm  wof^mUi  hf  mBgaemi  of  niMganiti,**  fnta  Ooi^ 
ia  ill  Una  vm  a^MiKdi-d  by  ijuiiicc  bloBom  "  unguent 
he  mmt  plaea.  As  to  perfume  of  cypnu,*'  that  from 
mdoCCyiinii'ns  at  first  preferred,  and  then  that  of 
;  wfaea  all  on  a  Euddcu  tin-  onguGots  of  Hendm  and 
matapinrn'raaaintocitvem-  In  later  ticiva^CDiuciavclipecd 
Egypt  ID  the  mannbctore  of  tfaeae  last  tvo,  but  Urft  to  that 

IooimtZT  the  rtpDte  of  producing  the  bi^l  undent  of  cypma. 
Athdw  baa  perscreringly  maintainod  the  rtpat4>  of  her 
pBBaAenaicon."  There  was  Hormerly  a  faokoas  tiiig;iieiit, 
ktMiwn  as  "pardaliom,""  and  made  at  Tarsus;  attheprMrnt 
day  its  rerr  composition  and  tho  mode  of  mixiDg  it  are  quite 
aaJcnoviL  iWe :  th«y  bare  left  off,  too,  makiiig  aognant  of 
DoniflBUB^  from  the  Sowen  of  that  plant. 
Tb«re  are  two  rlvmeiits  wliicli  cntvr  uito  the  cotnpoaition  of 
VBgucBtB.  the  juic«s  and  Uie  solid  porta.  l*h«  former  gvuvrally 
constat  of  rarious  kinds  of  oils,  the  latter  of  odoriferous  sub- 
Ktaacvs.  Then  last  are  knonn  as  hpd)*BtDatn,  whil^  the  oila 
are  called  i^rmmata.**     There  is  a  third  elctacat,  which  ocou- 


I 


**  Croeiaain;  made  fron the Crociu  satirns  ornalnralista. 

'*  See  fi.  xiL  c  S2.  It  va*  iuuiIl-  from  L\m  fluwrn  of  Hit  rtO'*,  mixod 
«riUi  wnpliariaiiL 

"  Aaanraciaiiin.  Tbe  amaractu  is  fappoMil  to  bnTO  bccD  llii:  Oricvnum 
majoTancidca of  tbe  nadonu.  DIosooruM,  B.  i.  o.  69,  ny»  tbut  thii  bdit 
wai  mado  at  Cjnicas. 

•*  Bldinum.     Set  B.  niii.  c,  64. 

"  CjrpTinum,  See  B.  lii.  c.  61.  The  cypru*  wm  tie  raodflrn  Iaw- 
(onia  inpmiis. 

'*  Made  from  tho  oil  of  bitti^r  almocds.    See  R.  av,  «.  7. 

>*  Or  "  nil  Alhritiau."  W^  tind  in  Atheiiaui,  B.  it,  o,  IS,  the  ram- 
puntiun  of  Ihii  uo^unt. 

^   From  vhat   is  i.iid  hy  ApnllDnitgi   in  tlin   psiunj^  of  AthDniviii  kat 

3iiDlt^,  ilhoslR-uu  llimi^'lit  [lint  lliiuwiulho  Nino Bi (he  uiiKUuQt  called  aor- 
jntun.     it  is  ydij  ilouhtful,  howcviT. 

"  Niircusinum.     Soe  li,  xxi.  o.  70.    DtoBCoridee  giree  the  compomtjnn 
of  this  uEigucnt,  n.  ).  t.  54. 
I         "  AjQong  tUo  (tjcninata,  Dioworidui  nnget  the  Bweet-rnih,  tlie  awMt- 
l         VOL.   lU.  M 


]sa 


PLIHX'S  Vi.lVliXL  HI&IOaT. 


[Book  XJU. 


piea  a  place  Iwtweei]  the  two,  liut  bos  heea  m-ach  neglected, 
the  ciilouring  matter,  namely.  To  produce  a  colour,  howeritr, 
cmnabar^  uiid  aJkanet'*  arc  often  emplovcd.  If  salt"  is 
Bprinklyd  in  the  oil,  it  will  aid  it  in  rctaiuing  its  properties; 
Ijut  ifalkaiiet  baa  been  emploj'Kd,  Biilt  ia  never  untid.  Rtisiu 
iiTtd  gom  ore  added  to  £x  tUc  odour  in  the  Bulid  porfumeii ; 
iudcvd  it  is  8pt  to  die  away  imd  disappear  wiLh  tb«  groiitest 
rapidity  if  these  subiitances  are  not  employed. 

The  unguent  wliich  i»  the  moEt  rvadily  prepared  of  all, 
and  indeed,  in  all  probability,  the  vviy  first  that  was  ever 
made,  is  that  composed  oi"  brj'on"  and  oil  of  baluDus,-'  eub- 
Btitnces  of  which  wc  have  made  mention  already.  In  latw 
times  the  Mend&sian  ungiicut  wiia  invented,  a  more  corapli- 
cntcd  misture,  as  reain  and  myrrh  were  added  to  oil  of  b&> 
lanus,  and  ut  tlio  preaeot  day  they  evon  add  rnetopion*'  oi 
wcU,  an  Egyptian  oil  extrttetad  from  hiltLJ"  almonds :  to  which 
hftvebeeu  added  ompliaciu.m.'^cardamum.^'sweet  rush,  ^'houey," 
vinv,  myrrh,  seed  of  bolsamum,^  gulbunum,^  and  reein  ot 
turfbinth,^  as  bo  many  ingredients.  AmoBg  the  most  common 
UDguenta  at  the  present  day,  and  for  that  reason  Buppuseil  to 
be  the  most  ancient,  is  that  composed  of  oU  of  myrtlij,'"  cala- 
mus, cypreBB,"  cypms,  miistich,^aiidporapgraniitc-rind."  lam 
»cented  caliiiiias  aud  lylo-buliiaiiiiim  ;  and  nmont;  the  htflyEmuta  amomuni. 
Hard,  rnyrrh,  bulsatn,  custua,  aud.  luarjoram.  Tlio  latter  coastituteiJ  the 
iiHc  of  uiigTicnts,  the  former  were  only  aidnd  nccnnoiiJiJly, 

"  Cifinshur  U  neror  nsed  to  noloor  coBMetica  at  llici  prestoit  day,  from. 
itA  tesdeciRj  to  eiorisU  Ifau  Bkin.     S-ee  II.  xiiii.  c.  39. 

**  Tint  IS  BtilL  u$i--d  far  uulouring  ci>ameticB  a.t  tlie  pti^amt  duy.  See  D. 
xxii.  0.  33. 

-'  FSe  remiirlcB,  lliot  salt  canbc  of  no  UBe;  liiit  by  fulling  to  thebofctom 
mitboat  diesolvingi  wouli!  rat.bicr  tend  to  spoil  the  iini;uciit. 

■''  Si'c  B.  xii  C.  611.  The  iiiLnie  "brywu  "  seems .iilso  to  hnvfl  been,  wi- 
iL'iidiid  to  tLi>  buJg  ol'  vnrious  Irpeit  of  the  Coriiftra  cIjws  luid  of  llio  wbilu 
piiplar.  It  is  prubably  to  iW  buds  of  tbi;  last  itce  thut  I'liny  lioro 
alludw,  «■  on  of  bm.     Sou  B.  lii.  c.  48. 

"  Or  nintopium.    See  Note  18  Jibovu, 

M  Mftde  from  iiliv.iS.     Sfp  B-  »ii.  <;.  SO.  *  S.-e  B.  lU-  r.  29. 

"  The  modorn  Aiidrupogun  scboarniQlliin.     See  B.  in.  c.  48, 

>*  See  6.  xit.  u-  4S.  ^  Ciirpuljalj^iaiLUL    Sim>.  B.  xiJ,  e,  6U 

»»  See  B.  lii.  C.  63. 

■A  t'luiil  nam  of  conircrana  trcci  of  EuTope. 

«  StB  B.  IV,  c.  3.5. 

*'  Cunrassiis  aoiuper-TireM.  He  dutu  not  say  what  jiwt  of  tlio  troo 
wu  ooipLoyml.  °^  S^e  B,  sii,  c.  3S. 

■*  3m  0.  33  ot  the  pTeniLt  Book. 


Oiiip.  2.] 


rsaCKSM. 


of  opinioD,  ho-trever,  that  the  unguenta  which  bavB  been  the 
most  nniversally  adopted,  aro  thoBo  ■which  are  eompflornlcd  of 
the  Toao,  a  flower  thnt  grows  everywhere;  nnd  hence  for 
a  long  time  Iho  compoHition  of  oil  of  roRfe  was  of  the  raoBt 
nimplG  nattire,  though  more  roctintly  there  have  been  added 
OBLphacium,  roiie  hluaBomB,  cianabarv  cnluiDtitr.  honey,  gwt-ct- 
rush,  flour  of  salt  or  else  aikanet.'"  and  wine.  The  Bome 
is  the  case,  too,  with  oil  of  snffron,  to  which  have  been  lately 
oddrf  cfiniiabar,  altanet,  and  wine ;  and  with  oil  of  sampsuchmn," 
with  which  omphacium  nnd  caltinius  have  been  compounded. 
The  host  com«s  ttom  Cyprus  oad  JKitylcnc,  where  sampsuchum 
nbmjnds  in  largo  (inautitiea. 

The  ooTumoner  kindB  of  oil,  too,  are  mixed  with  those  of 
myrrh  and  laurel,  to  which  ttie  added  MimpBuchum,  lilieR. 
fuRugreek,  niyiTh,  cassia,"  nurd,"  awoet-rush,  and  cinnamon." 
Thero  is  im  oil,  too,  made  of  the  cutniaon  quince  and  the 
sparrow  quince,  i'4tU<?d  mtUmmi,  as  we  shall  havo  occasion  to 
mention  hercatter;"  it  is  used  as  an  ingr>edieiLt  in  ungueut^, 
mixed  with  omphacium,  oil  of  cj-pnw,  oil  of  aeaamum,"  balsa- 
mam,"  sweot'ruah,  ensaia,  find  ahrotOTnira.**  Susinum*'  la 
the  most  fluid  of  them  all :  it  in  made  of  liliea,  oil  of  hnlaTHin, 
colamui,  honey,  cinnamon,  fiafTroa,"  and  myrrh ;  while  the 
ung;ncnt  of    cyprua"  is  compounded  of  cypruB,  om^phooium 

'*  Tho  ulkanct  nai  cianaboi  n-orv  only  aMd  for  cotouriit^. 

**  "  S(ini[HU<stiiaum."  Ilugeatrally  auppoa-ed  that  thtt  snmpaitchiini, 
QTid  the  annrnaiis  Tore  the  tiune,  tbe  awret  murjoram,  or  Origanum  mnr- 
jorauB  of  Liimriu,  P6b,  bowerer,  is  of  a  eofttrary  opiivion.  See  U.  xxi. 
C.  35.  Fn  DioMitrides,  II.  i.  c.  19,  Ibera  is  a  ditference  made  tietwuea 
statpcuoliioiuD  and  aniBruuiuiLni,  though  Imt  a  very  ilijfhc  one. 

»  The  bull  of  the  CaaEia  ligaoa  of  tha  pliarmiicopiBJi.  the  Lauias  eaa&ia 
of  botany.    See  B.  xii,  1. 13. 

"  Sm  B.  xii.  c.  24}.    Tlio  Andropogan  oardas  of  Linnffiua. 

••  8m  B,  xii.  «.  41. 

*'  See  B,  uiii.  c.  &4,  alw  R.  ir.  o.  10.  Th@  Malum  atruthiaoi,  vt 
"iponvw  q_uinwi,"  wm  nn  wblong  varieiy  of  the  fniit. 

**  Stniaum  ontutaia  of  Liiuinus.  &fx  B.  xviii.  e.  2i,  and  B.  txit. 
0  64. 

*'  Bolm  of  Qilead.    8b«  K  lii.  c.  Si. 

**  Soiilberawtjod.     Tho  ArteniiEin  ahrotnanm  of  Linnomi. 

"  0(  lily  uu^uijut,  maJo  of  tha  lily  uf  Siua,  whiob  had  probacy  & 
mom  powtrful  BHiulJ  thua  thul  of  Uurupe.  Uiflgcaridcw  (^tm  iCa  coaipoii- 
ti«n,  11.  i.e.  63. 

•"  Ths  Crocus  Mtinis  of  Linnaius, 

"  CypiiniLui.     It  bus  been  ptwiciiuly  mvntloaed  in  thii  Chftpler. 


Pl.IirT'8  SATHBIX  HISTORT. 


[BovkXIII. 


and  cardamum,  ealiimus,  nspalatlius."  and  abrotonum.  There 
are  3omc  persons  who,  whtm  making;  unguent  of  cypras,  em- 
ploy myrrh  also,  anil  punax :"  the  beat  ie  that  made  ut  8idoB, 
and  the  nest  l/uat  tLiut  oi  Egypt :  core  must  ba  takeo  not  tu 
add  oil  of  &tisamiiin  :  it  will  kit^t-p  as  long  as  foiu  yeurq,  aad  its 
odoar  is  streitgthened  by  the  addition  of  cinnamon.  Telinam^ 
ia  made  of  fresh  olive-oil,  cypirus,"  ealamua,  melilott-,**  fenQ. 
greek,  honey,  maram,^  and  Hwect  marjoram.  This  last  was 
the  perfume  most  in  vogue  in  the  time  of  the  Comic  poet 
Meniinder :  a  cotsiderable  time  aftor  that  known  as  "  me- 
gahum"  took  Lta  place,  being  so  called  aa  holding  the  very 
highcfit  rank ;"  it  was  cuuiposed  of  oil  of  hidaiiua,  hELlsamum, 
calamufl,  Bwcet-rush,  xyIobat^aTuuin,°"  co^nia,  and  reaic.  Oat 
peculiar  property  of  thi&  unguent  is,  tliat  it  re-quiroB  to  be 
couetantly  Btirred  while  boiling,  until  it  hm  lost  all  smell : 
when  il  beconnis  cold,  it  recovei-s  its  odour." 

There  are  some  single  esjenoee  also  which,  individually, 
afibrd  uugnonts  of  Tery  higli  character;  the  firat  rank  is  due 
to  lualohaUirum,"  and  the  next  to  the  iris  of  Ujyricum  and 
the  Bweet  mtujoram  of  Cj'zicus,  both  of  them  herbs.  There 
are  porftimera  who  sometimes  ad<l  some  f«w  other  ingredienM 
to  these:  thoee  who  use  the  most,  employ  for  the  purpose 
honey,  flour  of  salt,  omphacium,  leaves  of  a^us,"  and  pnnflx, 
ttll  of  them  foreign  ingi'^dientB."    The  price  of  unguent"  of 

"  SccB.  xii,  c.  62. 

"  The  gum  resin  of  the  Paatinafa  opopiiiui  of  linncens,  8«e  B.  xii. 
0.57- 

*'  Or  unguent  of  fcnugreelc,  from  tho  Gresl  r  rjXic.  nienning  that  plant, 
llie  Trigoniilla  foenurn  Graaciini  of  LinnsEiia,    Sew  B.  Jtii».  u.  120. 

"  8<?e  B,  ii.  P.  36.  an'l  B.  »«.  c.  6H  -TO. 

**  Tlni  Trifolium  laelilotus  of  LiameaB,     See  B.  xii.  e.  SO. 

>!  Sflc  B.  xii.  c.  63. 

^  Ue  would  iicjily  that  it  waiio  called  from  the  Bnek/tt^iii-,  "j^nat  ;** 
but  it  wM  mc^Tti  gunuiull;  lutd  tbat  it  ie«eiv«d  in  name  frum  iti  uiYentoi,  • 
MstaluB. 

»  Sec  B.  xii.  c.  6. 

*"  F4a  docs  not  ajipear  to  credit  (liia  siiatemenl.  Ey  the  iwe  of  tho 
word  "  f  entilctur,"  "  IJuiued"  amy  be  possibly  implied. 

«'  See  B,  xii.  c.  S9. 

*'  Tho  Agnu£  casttia  of  Linnciu,  Gae  B.  xdv.  tt.  38.  The  teaves  art 
^tiit«  inodardUA,  Lbmigh.  tlie  fruit  of  tliis  plant  is  sLigbtly  aroniBtiu, 

'■  '<  Eitcmit."  Thv  rendinc;  is  doubtful,  and  it  la  diflji;iilt  Ui  aay  wliat  it 
tii^  exact  rucaiiiag  of  the  woxJ. 

**  Oiaasjiiuaiuii), 


Caap.  i.] 


tryouiSTB. 


in 


cinnftmoTi  ia  qiiito  raonnous  ;  to  cinnamon  there  is  aUded  oH 
of  biiknuB,  xylobalsainum,  calamufs  Bweet-rusli,  scoda  of 
b&lfiamum,  myrrVi,  and  perfumed  honey:  it  ia  ihe  Uiiokest  in 
conaisLtney  of  all  Iho  ungucnte  ;  the  priM  at  which  it  Bells 
nnge^  tirom  thirty-live  to  three  hundred  denarii  per  pound. 
"Unguent  of  nard,**  or  foUatum,  is  oomposcd  of  omphaciucD  or 
else  oil  of  'bahtoms,  sweet-rash,  costus,*'  n»rd,  amomum,'*' 
myrrh,  »nd  halsninum. 

While  sppdkin^  on  thia  subject,  it  will  be  aa  well  to  bear  in  ' 
mind  that  there  arc  nine  riifferent  kinds  of  plant*  of  a  Bimilar 
kind,  of  which  we  havo  already  made  mention**  ts  t*ing  em- 
ployed for  tlio  purpose  of  imitating  Indian  nard ;  so  ahun- 
dant  ore  the  mnt&rials  that  are  afforded  for  adulteratJoii.  All 
these  perfumea  aro  rendered  still  more  puugont  by  the  adiii- 
tiuu  of  costus  and  amouium,  whiuli  hnve  a  particularly  powur- 
ful  effect  on  the  olfactory  organs;  wliilu  myrrh  givi-a  them 
greater  consiateney  and  additioDal  sweetness,  and  saffron  makes 
them  btttcr  adapted  for  medicinal  purposes.  They  are  most 
pnngcnt,  however,  when  mixed  with  ainoiniim  alone,  which 
win  often  produce  head-ache  even.  There  are  some  persona  who 
content  ihemseiveB  with  spriakliof;  tlie  more  preciouB  ingre- 
dients upon  the  others  after  boiling  Ihcm  down,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  eoonomy ;  but  the  streogth  of  the  unguent  ia  uot  so 
^cat  as  when  thu  iugredienta  havo  bcua  boiled  together. 
Myrrh  used  by  itself,  and  without  tlie  mixture  of  oil,  forma 
an  ungu«Qt,  but  it  is  stacte'"  only  that  must  be  used,  for  other- 
iriae  it  will  be  productive  of  too  great  bitterness,  tfnguent  of 
Cyprus  turns  other  uagaentfi  green,  while  lily  ungncnt"  make* 
them  more  unctuous:  the  unguent  of  Mendea  turns  them 
black,  rose  nngueut  makes  them  white,  and  that  of  myrrh 
of  a  pallid  hue, 

Snob  are  the  particiilara  of  the  oncieat  iuveationB,  and  the 
varioaa  fidsi&eations  of  the  shops  in  later  times;  we  will  now 
-pass  on  to  make  mention  of  'what  is  the  very  height  of  riihijo- 
ment  ia  these  articles  of  luxury,  indeed,  I  may  say,  the  liieaii. 
ideal"  of  them  all. 

"  Nardiniim. 

**  Or  lenf  uuguent,  ao  coiled  from  being  nuido  of  leaves  of  nsrd.     See 
B.  lii.  0.  37- 

"  Bee  B.  lu.  o.  25.  "  Soe  B.  rii.  0.  2S. 

••  8eo  B.  rii.  c.  23,  27.  wUcrs  tlio  Iwi  ')»■  gircu. 

'•  Sec  B.  Hi,  e.  35.  ■"  Sueinuiti,    See  p.  153. 

**  Soinoui  aactoritus  loi. 


186 


PUNI  B  KATCBAI,  HIOTOEr. 


[Book  XI  n. 


(2.)  Tliifl  ia  what  is  called  the  "regnl"  unguent,  from  the 
&ct  that  it  ia  composed  in  these  proportioDa  for  the  kings  of 
thm  Purthiiins.  ItCoUBlstH  of  myrobaiatius,"co8tus,  amomnm, 
citinamoii,  comacmii,''*  cardamum,  spikenard,  marum,  myrrh, 
rosaia,  Btoras,'*hidanu.iD,''''  opuholsamum,  Syrian  calamus"  and 
SjTian  Bweet-ruBli,'"'  cenanthD,  inal&hathnim,  eerichatum,'' 
oypnis,  afipraJathiiB,  panas,  saffirun,  cypirus,  ewcet  marjorain, 
lotus,*'  houey,  aud  wioe,  Hot  one  of  the  ingredients  lu  this 
Qompouad  ia  produaetl  either  io  Italy,  that  conqueror  of  tlio 
world,  or,  iadeed,  in  aU  Europe,  with  the  exception  of  the 
iris,  which  grows  in  Illyricum,  and  the  nard,  which  is  to  bo 
tmind  in  Qaul :  es  to  the  wine,  the  rose,  the  leaves  of  myr- 
tle^  and  the  olire^il,  they  are  poseesscd  by  pretty  nearly  all 
countries  in  common. 

CHAP.  3, — DUPAflMA,   MAQMA  ;   THK   MODE  OF  TESTISO   CKQUKNTS. 

Those  unguenta  which  are  linowri  by  the  name  of  "  dia- 
paamu,""  are  composed  of  dried  perfiinica.  The  let's"*  of  im- 
guenta  ere  known  by  the  name  of  "  magma.** "  In  aJl  theso 
prpparatione  the  most  powerful  perfume  is  the  one  that  is 
added  the  last  of  all.  Unguents  keep  best  in  hoses  of  &!»• 
haster,"*  and  perfuiaes'*  when  mixed  with  oil,  which  conduces 
■jM  the  more  to  their  durability  tha  thicker  it  is,  such  as  the 
oil  of  almonds,  forinatance,  tJngnent*,  too,  improve  with  ag«; 
hut  the  sun  is  apt  to  spoil  them,  tor  which  reaaon  they  aro 
nmiftlly  stowed  away  in  a  shady  place  in  vcflsclB  of  lead. 
When  their  goodness  is  heing  tcsli'd,  they  arc  plctoed  on  tho 
hack  of  the  hand,  leat  the  heat  of  the  palm,  which  ia  more 
flediy,  should  bavo  a  bad  effect  upon  them. 

"  8«.6  B.  lii.  c.  id.  ■"  8ee  B.  lii.  a.  53. 

"  See  B.  lii.  c.  65.  «  Se«  M.  xii.  c.  37. 

"  Sue  ]i.  xii.  e.  iS.  i»  See  B.  xii.  o.  18. 

"  Si-e  B.  xii,  o.  45. 

■•  Fee  suggest*  that  th.i»  mny  be  tlie  Nymphaa  ctEnilca  of  auTigay. 
plant  tliaC  is  comrtioa  ia  the  Nile,  and  the  flDWcr&  of  wliich  cxhnlcsawetit 
nddur. 

"^  The  diapoioi^tiL  werodr^,  odoriferous  powdQra,stitiilBr  to  thMO  lucd 
at  the  jirc-flcnt  duy  in  spichelfi  Jtad  scent-baga. 

*'  "  Ta^ccm  iiii'jruenti, " 

^  Tbis  nurd  is  el.ill  used  in  phtirroHcy  to  donotu  Uie  buska  or  rasidusry 
matU-r  left  after  the  eitraiition  of  llie  jujcr. 

•'  Sou  B.  Kuvi.  c,  12.  Soc  ti3*o  Hark  liy.  7,  aod  luho  xii.  $.  Leadea 
boi«»  were  olsu  used  fora  umUiur  purpose. 

"  Udores. 


Clrtp.  4.] 


UKOBKBTa. 


167 


COAP.  4.  (3.) — TIB  Excesses  to  wmcu  ldscbihas  bhh  is 

These  perfumes  form  the  objects  of  n  losury  which  may  he 
looked  upoQ  us  being  the  moet  eup^rfluous  of  any,  for  pearls 
and  jewels,  after  all,  do  paea  to  a  man's  representative,"  nuii 
gurmunts  huve  gome  diinihility;  but  unguents  lose  their 
odoiir  in  an  instanit,  and  die  aivi<y  the  very  hour  thi'y  utb 
QMd.  The  very  highest  recommcndatjoa  of  them  is,  that 
when  a  female  paesus  by,  the  odour  which  procoeda  from  her 
may  possibly  at:traot  the  attention  of  those  even  who  till  then 
are  intent  upon  Homothing  cIbg.  In  price  theyeseeod  so  large 
a  sum  even  as  four  hundrtd  denarii  jrt  pound  :  so  vuat  ia  Uie 
amount  that  is  paid  for  a  luxury  made  not  for  our  own  enjoy- 
ment, hut  for  that  of  olhers;  for  the  person  who  carries  the 
perfume  ahout  liim  is  not  the  one,  all.br  all,  that  smells  it. 

And  yet,  even  here,  there  are  some  points  of  difference  tliat 
deserve  to  be  remarked.  We  reiid  in  the  works  of  CicerOj " 
that  those  unguents  whiBh  smell  of  the  earth  are  prefi^rahle  to 
ihoBO  which  smell  of  saffron ;  hiding  n  proof,  that  even  in  a 
matter  which  moet  strikingly  hespeaka  our  state  of  extromo 
comiptneBB,  it  is  thought  as  well  to  temper  the  viee  bj  a  little 
show  of  austerity,*'  There  aro  some  pereons  too  who  look  more 
particularly  fur  cuasiBt«ney^  in  thoir  uogucnts,  to  which  they 
accordingly  give  the  name  of  "  Hpiasiam  ;*"'  thus  showiag  that 
they  lore  not,  only  to  be  fljirinklod,  but  cvpti  to  b(!  plasterod  oyer, 
with  unguents.  We  have  known  the  very  soles'*  even  of  tiio 
feet  to  ho  sprinkled  with  perfumes ;  a  refinement  which  was 
taught,  it  ia  suid,  by  M.  Otho"'  to  the  Empt'ror  Ntiro.     HoWj 

«  "  HcroB."  Tlie  person  was  bo  culk-d  who  locceedeil  to  the  property, 
whether  renl  or  pi^raonal,  of  aa  intastutc. 

■'  See  U,  xii-ii,  fi,  3,  whcroho  f)nit(«  thiipnsfww  frnmGiceKmtlonglh. 
It  apjiL-urs  to  be  rriiiu.  i.lo  Onit.  B.  iii.  e.  ii9.  KuLh  Cii^uiru  and  Pliny  pro- 
f^u  U>  Soil  ii  smcU  tlial  arises  from  tliG  pi^rth  iUcIf,  through  tbo  ngencyof 
the  sua.  But,  rw  F6o  rotuai'ke.  pure  eiirlb  is  pei'ft-ctly  imidorous.  lie  sug- 
eetM,  however,  that  tliis  odour  Attribuu^d  by  the  siickntt  to  the  earth,  cnny 
W  re*litjr  have  jironeed^id  frnia  tlintihniNs  ro.iu  at  thyme  sni)  otiier pUnts. 
If  such  i»  not  the  rcul  solution,  it  srtros  impijssihle  to  suggpst  any  other. 
■*  Bv  KiTiii^  iirtifi-rt'iico  to  the  inoiitf  etraple  odours, 
*>  '■  {,'rassitiiila."  >■»*  Or  "  lliit'k  "  ungiient- 

*"  Wc  Ifurn  from  Aihenieui',  and  a  ;>K!iit!ig«  in  iho  Aululnria  of  Plauiua, 
that  this  W4W  (lone  hag  Ijefore  Nuro's  liiao,  atimng  the  Ijitoka. 

><  Who  AUf'ce'odMl  GaJtta.  lie  wac  ona  of  Veto's  favourite  coiDpuuftna. 
in  hi*  dcbaii  oh  frits. 


■ 


1^ 


PLiirr'8  rrAToaAL  Hiaronr. 


[BookXlU. 


I  should  like  to  know,  csuM  a  perfume  bo  at  oil  perceptible, 
or,  indeed,  productive  of  any  kind  of  pleasure,  when  placed 
on  that  part  of  tho  hody  ?  Wa  hiiTe  heard  alao  of  n  privata 
pcraan  giving  orders  ibr  the  woUtt  of  the  batli-room  to  be 
sprinkled  witb  unguents,  wbile  the  £aiperor  Caiua"  had  tbo 
same  thing  *3one  to  his  sitting-hatli :"  that  ttuB,  too,  might  not 
I  iw  looked  upon  aa  thn  pcc.nhar  privilr-gc  of  a  prince,  it  ■ft'iw 
afterwards  done  by  ore  of  the  slaves  that  belonged  to  Neru. 

But  the  most  wonderful  thing  of  all  ia,  that  this  kind  of 
luxurious  gratification  Bhould  havemflfie  its  way  into  the  caoip 
even :  at  all  events,  the  eagles  and  thfl  Htandards,  du?1y  as 
thfiy  are,  and  bristling  with  thdr  sharpened  points,  are 
auoiiittid  oa  festivti"  dnya.  I  only  wish  it  could,  by  any  pos- 
ftibility,  be  stated  who  it  waE  that  Erst  taught  ub  this  practice. 
It  was,  no  doubt,  under  thr  corrupting  iniiueiipc  of  such  tcaap- 
tationa  as  these,  that  oiir  eagles  aijhic'Vfd  the  corKjueat  **  of  tli^ 
■world  ;  thus  do  we  seek  to  obtain  thiir  patroiia;i;e  and  sanc- 
tion for  our  vices,  and  mnko  them  our  precedent  for  using 
ungnonts  cvim  beneath  the  caaque." 

CHAP.  5. — WHKM   UKGUBNTa  WRRE  PIllST  TBED  BT  TOR  BOUAPta. 

I  cannot  exactly  aay  at  what  period  tins  use  of  unguents 
first  found  its  way  to  Rumc,  It  ib  a.  weU-known  ftict,  that 
when  King  Antioehiis  and  Asia"  were  eubdued,  an  t-dict  Kas 
published  in  the  year  of  the  City  563.  in  tiie  ceDSDrship  of  P. 
LiciaiuB  Crassua  and  L,  JuHus  Ccettur,  fo'ibidding  any  one  to 
lell  eiotica;"*  for  by  that  name  ungiienta  were  tbpn  called. 
But,  in  the  name  of  Hercides  I  at  the  present  day,  there  are 
8om(^  persons  who  even  go  so  far  as  to  put  them  in  their  drink, 
and  the  bittemess  produced  therohy  is  prized  to  a  high  degree., 
in  order  that  by  tbeir  lavinhnoeft  on  these  odoiira  lli^y  may 
thus  gmtii'y  the  seusee.  of  two  purts**  of  thfi  hody  at  the  Bame 
jnomeut.'    It  i»  u  well-kaawn  historical  fact,  that  L.  PloliiiB,' 

"  CalifTiila.  "  Snlium. 

'^  AfUT  victories,  fur  iuBtanoe,  or  wheu  murutiiii^  ordera  were  giren. 

"^  This  in  Baid  in  bittur  irony,  *°  Sub  cassitlu. 

•"  Asiit  MiTiiir  luon- parliculnrly.  *'  KTOliiia. 

**  The  organ*  of  ttwtf  nnil  i>F  »(iipil. 

1  We  bate  this  fact  alliiUed  to  in  thowurkaof  PlautUB,  Juyenul,  Mnrtiril, 
nnJ.  .T.liini.  Tho  Greats  were  parlirularly  fond  of  rniiing  inynrb  wJlll 
tlidr  vine.     Nard  wine  is  ukv  montiuriL-d  by  I'ltiutUB.  MllvsGL  lit.  S.  U. 

>  Or  Lnciiu  riaulios  I'luncuR.    lie  wus  proscribed  by  tlio  triunivira. 


CbKp.  G.] 


TUX  PJLLU-TBKE. 


the  brother  of  L.  Planens,  who  was  twii-c  coasul  and  censor, 
after  twang  proncribod  by  the  Triamvira,  was  Ijctmyed  in  his 
place  of  fconepalDH?nt  at  Sftlemum  by  the  smell  of  his  un- 
giienta,  a  disgnice  which  more  than  outweighed  aH  the  gailt* 
tittondinjf  hia  proacriptioii.  For  who  ie  ihore  that  can  bo  of 
opinion  that  suoh  mea  as  this  do  uot  riottly  dwurre  to  uome  to 
a  violent  end? 

CHAP.  6.^THK   PALM-TnEB. 

In  other  re^jit-cts,  Efiypt  is  the  country  that  is  the  be&t  suittd 
of  all  for  the  production  of  unguents;  and  next  to  it,  Ciun* 
panitt,*  from  its  abundance  of  rosea. 

(4.)  Jndffia^  too,  ia  grc^fitly  ri-'nowncicl  for  its  pcrfiimp*.  an^ 
oven  Btill  more  bo  for  its  pilm-trcoe,"  the  nRturc  of  which  I 
ehftll  take  this  opportLLiiity  of  eulai^ng  apon.  There  aro  some 
K)UDd  in  Europe  nlBO.  They  are  not  uaconimon  in  Italy,  hot 
are  quite  burreu  then-.  *  The  palms  on  the  coaet  of  Spuin  bear 
fruit,  bntitis  sour.'  Thu  frait  of  those  of  Africa  is  swfet, 
but  quickly  becomes  vapid  Rnd  loses  its  flavour ;  which,  how- 
ever is  not  the  ensc  with  the  fruit  of  ihoie  that  grow  in  the 
East."  From  these  trees  n  wine  is  mnde,  and  bread  by  some 
nfltionB,"  and  thi'y  afford  an  aliment  tor  uuiueroas  qnadnipeds. 
It  wU  bo  with  very  fair  reason  then,  that  wc  shall  confine  onr 
deBcription  to  the  palm-tree  of  foreign  countriee.     There  ore 

with  thn  8nrn>tinn  fif  tiia  hrnthrr.    In  fonsfgupTinc  of  his  u«p  tit  pcrftimei, 
tha  -plate  of  his  cijuc^almcnt  "  got  i,Tiiid  ;"  and  in  nrdtr  In  savtr  bU  bUvm, 
wbu  wcTo  bciti^  tnrturcd  to  ili'iitb  biiCBUSo  tiiny  would  nut  butiu;  him,  he 
Tutiintju'ilv  tumiidi^rvd  liiniKflf. 
'  AltotliingUj  the  Iriunivirule, 

*  CQ|itia,  its  cujiiul,  wiu  the  great  toftt  of  the  nti^i>eiit  and  [wrfumo 
aiifactiir*  in  Itulv. 

The  Plia'iiii  ikcljliferft  of  Linatnuj.     See  alau  B.  lii.  o,  62,  nlwe  be 
ns  rIwi  to  H.Uiiile  tittliis  trup. 

*  Al  tho  pr<'«Dnt  day  this  is  nut  llio  Tiicil.  I'll!)  vUlaK^  nf  Ja  Bordiglii^ni, 
nitunta  on  an  cmlnonce  of  tho  Apcnniiicji,  etowh  great  quantitiM  of  dntci, 
of  good  quidity.  At  Ili^nx,  Kic«,  l&tai  li&mo,  and  iif.aan,  tbey  est  ataa 
grown. 

'  Thw,  too.  IB  nol  t!i«  ftct  The  daitet  of  Valencia,  SeTille,  and  other 
ppovircc*  of  Spuin,  am  swept,  nH'i  of  ■'■xni'Ucnt  fiiiiLlity. 

"  Plitiy  IB  wrong  ti<,''aiii  in  tkui  Htutumeiit,  Tug  iiiU;  of  Sutbary,  Tunis, 
Alfnera,  sod  Eildiil^rLd,  tbc  "  Isiid  of  dutes,"  is  superior  in  cveiy  rupciot 
tu  that  ofthn  Eimt. 

*  TliB  .dStliiupiuu,  u  wo  icmn  from  Thcaplirastus,  D.  ii.  c.  8. 


pnirr's  itatdeal  histoby. 


[Bwt  xm. 


none  in  Italj"  that  grow  Bpoatancouslj-, "  nor,  in  fact,  in  any 
other  part  of  the  worlii,  with  thu  escuption  of  tbo  warm  coun- 
tries :  iudoed,  it  in  only  in  tUe  very  hottest  climates  that  this 
tree  will  leur  liuit. 

CHAP.  7. — IHI  NATPEB  OF  IHE  rALM-lHEI. 

The  pfllra-tree  grows  in  a  light  and  sandy  soil,  and  for  the 
most  part  of  u  nitrous  quality.  It  loves  the  vicinity  O'f  Howiiig 
vtkttti ;  and  as  il  is  its  nature  to  imbibe  tLe  whole  of  the  year, 
there  aro  some  who  are  of  opLuion,  that  in  s  year  of  drought 
it  will  rceoivc  injury  from  heing  niaaurod  evou,  if  tho  raanurv 
is  not  tirst  mixed  with  runmug  water  :  this,  at  least,  is  th«  idea 
entfrtaiofd  hy  aome  of  the  Assyriaas. 

The  varieties  &f  the  palm  are  uumeroiis.  First  of  all,  thero 
ftre  those  which  do  not  excei^d  tho  aize  of  a  ahmb ;  Uiey  aro 
Moetly  barren,  though  somctitnea  iticy  arc  known  to  produou 
fruit :  the  brancheR  are  Khort,  and  the  tree  U  well  covered  vilh 
leaves  idl  round.  In  many  plaoeB  thia  tree  is  used  as  a  kind 
of  rough-cast,"  as  it  were,  to  protect  tho  walls  of  hoa&es 
ttgaiust  damp.  The  paJms  of  greuter  height  form  whola 
IbrestSj  tlie  trunk  of  the  tree  being  protected  all  round  by 
pointed  leaves,  width  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  comb; 
these,  it  muafc  be  nnderstood,  are  wild  palms,  though  Homctime*, 
I  by  some  way  ward  fancy  or  other,  they  are  known  to  make 
their  appearance  among-  the  cultivated  variottea.  The  other 
kinds  arc  tidl,  round,  and  taptiring;  und  being  fumiahed  with 
densi!  and  projecting  knohe  or  ciicks  in  the  ttark,  arranged  in. 
regulai'  gradation,  thi'y  aro  loiind  easy  of  Hseent  by  the  people 
in  the  East ;  in  order  to  do  which,  the  climber  fastens  a  loop 
of  osier  ronod  his  body  and  the  trunk,  and  by  this  contrivanca 
ascends  the  tree  with  astonishing  "  rapidity.  All  the  foliage  is 
at  the  summit,  and  tiie  liruic  as  well ;  this  laat  being  situate, 
not  among  the  leaves,  na  is  tlio  cam  with  other  treea,  but 
hanging  in  clusters  from  shouts  of  ite  own  among  the 
brauuliea,  and  partalitng  ^f  the  nature  both  of  tho  grapo  and 
tho  apple.  The  leaven  terminate'  in  a  sharp  edge,  like  that  of 
a  knite,  while  tho  eidvs  are  deeply  indented — a  peculiarity 

'"  Or  in  ft  wUil  state. 

11  "Teciorij  vicem."  Thoy  wore  probably  planted  in  rum,  vlosetatha 
itall. 

11  Tliis  mode  of  uvrading  iho  date-palm  is  »till  prQctisuH  in  ibe  Etut, 


Chap.  :.] 


TttB  PALM-TBEB. 


in 


whii^h  &i¥t  gox9  the  ides  of  a  tr<xip  of  soldiers  presentiBg  fac« 
OD  two  Bides  at  once ;  at  the  preaent  day  they  arc  split  asunder" 
to  form  ropes  nud  wythux  for  iMUtuuig,  as  we\l  ns  light  uiu> 
brellas'*  for  covering  the  head. 

The  more  diligent"  enquirers  into  the  operations  of  Nfltnro 
state  that  oil  trees,  or  rnther  all  plants,  and  other  productions 
of  the  earth,  hdoug  to  either  ouo  Bex  or  the  other;  u  fact 
whiuh  it  may  bu  Eufficicnt  to  notice  on  thu  pi-t;&cuL  ouKUfiiwii, 
and  0Q&  which  manifests  itself  in  so  trte  more  thun  in  the 
pulm.  The  malii  tree  hloseoou  at  the  shoots  ;  the  ieiuule  buds 
without  blossoioiiig,  the  hud  being  very  similar  to  utt  eur  of 
com.  In  both  trees  the  flesh  of  the  fruit  Bhowfl  first,  and 
after  that  the  woody  piirt  in!>ide  of  tt,  or,  in  other  words,  the 
seed:  and  that  this  isrcallythefaae,  ia  proved  by  the  fact,  that 
wo  often  find  amall  fruit  on  tho  same  shoot  without  any  sijed  in 
it  at  all.  Thid  seed  is  of  on  oblong  ahupe,  imd  not  roundi^l 
like  the  olive-stoiiQ.  It  is  also  divided  down  the  back  by  a 
deep  indentation,  and  in  most  epecimens  of  this  fhut  thero 
is  exactly  in  the  middln  a  sort  of  nuveJ,  an  it  were,  irom  which 
the  root  of  the  tree  firat  takes  its  growth."  In  plontiiig  this 
seed  it  is  laid  on  its  antJ?rior  surface,  two  being  placed  side 
by  side,  while  as  many  more  are  })ljiced  abore  ;  for  when 
plaQtcd  singly,  the  tree  that  springs  up  is  but  weak  and 
eiokly,  wherea-i  the  four  8pedn  all  unite  and  form  one  strong 
tree.  The  seed  is  dividod  from  the  flesh  of  the  fruit  by  Bevenil 
coaU  of  n  whitish  colour,  some  of  which  arc  attached  to  tho 
body  of  it ;  it  ties  hut  luos«ly  in  the  inside  of  tlie  fruit,  ad- 
hering only  to  the  Bummit  by  a  aJngHe  thread." 

The  flesh  of  this  fruit  takes  b  year  to  ripen,  though  in  some 
places,  Cyprus"  for  instance,  even  if  it  should  not  reach  ma- 
turity, it  is  very  agreeable,  for  the  swcetnrBSof  its  flavour: 
the  leaf  of  the  tree  too,  in.  that  island,  is  brottdcr  than  else. 
wburc,  and  the  &uit  roimder  than  usual :  tho  body  of  the  fruit 

>*  Sm  B.  iri.  c.  37. 

"  "  Umbraottla."  Thefibrus  of  the  loaves  wire  pruballyplattcdor  woven, 
and  tbo  "  umbracolii "  nude  iu  muuU  ibe  tunio  manner  as  tke  straw  nad 
fibm  hftls  of  the  presi^nt  dar. 

'*  Mn«t  of  thia  ts  hdmiw'cd  from  Theophrflstus,  Hiit.  Plant,  ii.  9. 

'*  Fie  remarki,  lliat  tbit  ut-count  ii  (];uiie  erruaeoiis. 

>'  Thu  ha  cnpiw  also  from  Tlii.'iiphrastUB,  B,  ii.  e,  8. 

>"  Tbnophrasliu,  B.  ii.  o.  S,  meittioBs  tliis  as  a  idad  »t  dat4  ptwuUitr  to 
Cjprut. 


172 


PUSr  B   KiTtTRAL   BlaTOJlT. 


[T3oolt  XI  n. 


JioweTOr,  is  never  eaten,  hut  is  always  Bpit"  out  again,  aftar 
tlifl  juicQ  has  been  extntctatl.  In  Arabia,  the  paUa  finiit  is 
said  to  kavo  a  mWy  swi-et  taete,  ultbough  Juba  says  that  he 
prefere  the  date  found  amon^  tlie  Arabiaa  HcenltsB,'"  and  to 
which  they  give  the  unrac  of  "cln-blan,"  before  tha^tj.  of  any 
other  country  for  flavour.  In  addition  to  the  above  parti- 
cularSj  it  is  as&crtod  that  in  a  forest  of  natural  gTOv,-tii  the 
female*'  tpei58  will  beeome  barren  if  they  nro  deprived  of  the 
males,  and  that  many  fcmnlfl  trees  may  be  seen  surrounding  a 
3iagl£  malo  with  downcast  heads  and  a  fnliago  that  Hcems  to  be 
bowing  cart'Hsingly  towards  it;  while  the  male  tre^,  on  tbe 
other  liaiid,  with  leaves  all  bristling  and  erect,  by  its  exha- 
lations, and  even  the  vciy  sight  of  it  and  the  duHt**  from 
off  it,  feciinditea  the  others:  if  the  male  tree,  too,  fihould 
happen  to  be  cut  down,  the  female  trees,  thus  reduced  to  ft  state 
of  widowhood,  will  at  once  become  barren  nnd  unprodiictire. 
So  well,  indeed,  is  this  sexual  union  between  them  iinderatood, 
tliflt  it  has  been  imajipned  even  that  fecundation  may  he  en- 
sured through  the  agency  of  man,  by  meana  of  the  bloasoma 
and  the  down"  gathered  &om  off  the  male  trees,  and,  indeed, 
Bometimee  by  only  eprinkling  the  dost  irom  olf  them  on  the 
fiitnalo  trees. 

OSAP.  8.— HOW  lOB  PALU-TICEE  IS  rllKTED. 

Palm -trees  are  also  propagated  by  planting;"  the  trunk  ia 
first  divided  with  oKCtain  fiaaurea  two  cubitB  in  length  which 
communicate  with  the  pith  of  the  tree,  and  ia  then  buried  in 
the  earth.  X  slip  also  torn  away  from  the  root  wiU  produc>(t 
a  sucker  with  vitality,  and  the  same  may  be  obtained  from  the 
more  tond>LT  among  the  bruji;;he£.     In  Assyria,  the  tree  itself 

"  This  i«  liaid  solrly  in  relation  to  the  diite  of  Cyprus. 

•°  Dr  "dwiflleirs  ia  t«nU;"  siTiiilsr  tu  Ihv  moilein  fi^douiiu. 

"  F4e  remarks,  that  in  Uiose  wor-le  wc  And  tliL'  ftrist  ^rma  of  llio  soxaal 
iystem  thnt  has  hnea  eatablisbed  hy  die  laodtrn  botarnsla.  He  ihinka  that 
it  i*  denriy  iliown  liy  this  uttcnmil,  lliut  I'liny  was  acquMnted  with  tha 
f-HfUUilutioQ  ofplunls  by  tlia  aguiicy  oi  tliB_pulli?D. 

**  In  allusidn  to  tliB  milluu,  possibly.     Sbb  tlio  kit  Note. 

"  "Laaug'mi.:"  It  i«  pai^Biblu  tlial  ia  i\u>  nan  of  this  word,  aUo,  lin 
moy  albide  to  the  pollen.  Under  the  lErm  "  pulrU,"  ■'  dnst,"  ho  probably 
alliiileB  in  OTnggiii.Ked  terms  to  thii  snrne  theory. 

**  The  iamc  niRtliod*  of  |>ro[itirating  llio  piiliu  Ian  «tiU  fulluwcd  iti  lh« 
£iiit,  lend  in  the  vouatiiia  near  the  tropins. 


Chnp.  9.]  PALM-TBEBB.  178 

is  aotnetimes  laid  Ipvfvl.  and  then  covered  over  in  a  moist  soil; 
upon  whiuli  it  wiU  throw  out  roots  all  over,  but  it  will  gnvf 
oaiy  to  be  a  uuml^er  oi'  shrubs,  tmd  oertr  a  tree :  bonce  it  is 
that  they  plant  nurseries,  itnd  transplaot  the  young  trees  when 
H  year  old,  and  again  when  two  years  old,  a8  they  thrive  all 
the  bett<!r  tbr  being  transplanfM  ;  this  is  done  in  the  spring 
soQson  in  other  countries,  but  in  Aasyria  about  the  rising  of  the 
})oe-8tar.  In  those  ports  they  do  not  touch  the  young  trees 
with  the  knife,  hut  merely  tie  np  the  foliage  that  they  may 
flhoot  upwards,  and  an  jittaln  cotisidemhlD  height.  When 
thoy  are  strong  they  pnint'  them,  in  order  to  uicrviUB  their 
thickneH!,  but  in  bo  doing  htiva  the  branchoB  for  about  haU'u 
foot;  indeed,  if  they  were  cut  off  at  any  other  place,  the  ope- 
rBtioa  would  kill  the  parent  trpt.  Wo  have  alr^Mdy''  men- 
tioned Uiat  they  thrive  particulitrly  wcU  in  a.  ailtiBh  soil ; 
hence,  when  the  soil  is  not  of  that  nature,  it  is  the  custom  to 
scfttter  wtlt,  not  exactly  about  the  roots,  but  at  Q  little  distance 
off.  Thfre  are  palm-trcop  in  Syria  and  in  Egypt  which  diride 
into  two  tnmka,  and  anme  in  Crete  into  three  and  ae  many  iw 
fire  even,*'     Some  of  thusB  Ircea  bear  imratdifltely  at  the  end  of 

»  three  years,  and  in  C'ypriia,  Hyria,  and  Egypt,  when  they  are 
four  years  old ;  others  again  at  the  end  of  live  years  :  at  which 
^>eriod  the  tree  is  about  tb«  height  of  a  man.  So  long  as  Iha 
tree  is  quite  young  the  &uit  has  no  seed  within,  iroia  wbiuh 
circumBtaaoe  it  has  reeeivt^d  the  nidamnie  of  the  "  eunuch,"" 

cnXT.  9. — THB  DITFEREST  TABISTIKS  OT   PALM-TREES,   ASB  THEIR 
CUABACTEWSTICS. 

There  are  numerous  varieties  of  the  pBlm-tree,  In  Asayria, 
and  throughout  the  whole  of  Persia,  the  burren  kiflids  ar«  mode 
use  of  for  oarp«nt:er8'  work,  and  the  varioua  appliaocea  of 
luxury.  There  are  whole  forests  also  of  palm-trees  adapted 
for  cutting,^  and  wbieh,  alter  they  arc  cut,  shout  ugaiu  &oia 

*s  In  p.  7  of  tliB  present  Book      See  also  B.  irii.  o.  8. 

I*  F&meuttousgneneiuElviuin  Spain,  which  shot  up  inlosevm  distinct 
tntf,  aa  it  wcm,  from  a  singlo  trunk.  Tho  iJomna  Tachnioa,  he  eayi,  of 
Byriii  and  E^pt,  ft  prcTilinr  kinj  of  pnlm,  ii  filao  hifiircntcil.  The  fruit 
[>f  it,  hu  tliiiiU,  urH  VL'iy  probublj  tliir  Pb>»iiici>bulanua  of  B.  xii.  C,  47. 

W  "  Spailo."     Pk0pi^?8pntecJ  by  thp  Gropfe  iBfoujo;  nriil  li-opjfOj;. 

•*  "Ca.'Jua)"  TlougL  thit  in  tlic  fitd  us  tu  eohiu  pulm-lrccii,  lUi^  greater 
part  psriib  a.(ia  being^  cut ;  tlia  riut  hmi  occnpyin^  tho  auamit,  and  tho 
-  tnnk  not  b«ing  ffusEoptible  of  any  incrciue. 


PLDTT'B   NiTITKAL  HI3T0BT. 


[Book  XHI. 


tho  root ;  the  pitfi  of  them  towards  the  top,  which  ia  nflnally 
cftUcc]  tho  brain"  of  the  tree,  is  ewoet  to  tlie  tuBtc,  imd  tho 
tive  will  live  vvea  after  it  has  "been  estracLed.  which  ia  the  oiwe 
with  nootherkind.  The  uameof  this  ireeis  "chainmrops;""' 
it  has  &  broader  and  softer  leaf  than  the  others,  which  is  ax- 
tremely  usefa  I  for  Taritms  kinds  of  wickerwork ;"  theaa  trees  ar© 
■v^ry  numeroiia  in  Crete,  and  eren.  more  so  ia  Sicily.  Tbo 
■wood  of  the  palm-tree,  when  ignited,  bums  both  brightly  and 
Blowly.''  In  some  of  those  that  bear  fruit,"  the  eeeA  of  the  fruit 
is  shorter  than  in  othera,  while  in  Home,  ngain,  it  is  longer;  in 
some  it  ia  softer  thiin  in  others,  and  in  aomo  harder;  in  aome 
il  ie  OBBeoua  nnd  crbscent-shapcd ;  poli^licd  with  u  tooth,  auper- 
stitioQ  employs  the  stone  an  an  antidote  against  channa  and  fas- 
cination, ThtB  8t»ue  i-B  enclosed  in  eevoral  coats,  more  or  less 
in  number  ;  sometimes  they  are  of  a  thick  texture,  and  somu- 
times  very  thin. 

Hence  it  ia  that  wo  find  nine  and  forty  different  kinds  «f 
palm-trcc8,  if  any  one  will  be  at  tho  trouble  of  enumerating  all 
tiieir  variouB  barbarous  names,  and  the  diilbrent  wines  that  ore 
extracted  from  them.  Tbo  most  lamoas  of  all,  are  thosv 
which,  for  the  sake  of  distinction,  have  received  the  name  of 
"  royal"  palms,  bccimse  they  were  preserved  solely  hy  the 
kings  of  Persia ;  theae  used  to  grow  nowhuio  but  iit  Eiibylon, 
and  there  only  in  the  garden  of  Bagyus,"  Uiitt  being  the 
Persian  for  an  eunuch,  BeTernl  of  whora  have  CTen  reigneil 
over  that  country  !  This  garden  was  always  carefully  retained 
within'*  the  precincts  of  the  royal  court. 

In  the  eouthem  porta  of  the  world,  the  dates  Imown  as 

"  Cereliram. 

^  The  Chnmairep*  buiuilUoftbe madam  hotBciaU.  ItisfDund,  amon^ 
otber  ooitntriea,  in  Spuia,  Morouco,  and  Arabiu, 

«  ViUli*. 

"  *' Viifnoea."  Perhaps  it  may  mean  tliil  (lie  wood  rctaias  th«  fliofom 
long  time,  when  it  burns. 

*'  V66  fluggi-alit  ttiat,  Dicf  may  passibly  have  confoimded  ttie  fruit  nf 
otber  p^iime  with  the  dale. 

3*  Thii  teems  to  have  bem  a  ^sneral  name,  as  Pliny  sajrc,  xneBomg  an 
ouauoh ;  but  it  is  eTid^nt  that  it  whs  iilsit  usi'd  ae  3,  proper  aamif,  as  ia  tbo 
rsie  of  tbc  (;uaudi  wliu  aUw  Artuxursi's,  Ocbiie,  ii.o.  'H^S,  by  poi&on, 
and  of  another  eanuch  who  helftngcJ  U>  Dariua,  but  aftrrwordK  fell  into 
M\B  hMiiii  nf  AlcjnndiT,  of  whom  ne  became  nn  espccinl  fa»ourita.  The 
ntime  i»  Kanietini'ffs  wriuau  "  Builds,"  and  aQmatiiam  *'  Bn^oaa^' 

s*  Doniipiuitis  IB  aulu. 


Chap-  0] 


DATES. 


ITS 


"^agri,**  hold  tbe  highpst  mnk,  aud  next  an«r  tbem  thotie 
that  are  ceilvA  "  mar^aride*."  These  last  are  short,  whit*-, 
and  round,  and  bear  a  stronger  resetnblaneo  to  grapes  than  to 
dates;  for  which  rcuBon  it  is  that  they  hoTo  received  their 
DOtne,  in  consequence  of  their  cIobb  respmhlance  to  "marga- 
rilffl,"  or  pctirSs.  It  is  said  that  there  is  only  ono  tree  that 
bears  them,  and  thut  in  the  locality  known  ns  Chora."  The 
same  is  the  case  aleo  with  the  tree  that  bears  the  syagri.  We 
have  heard  a  woml^-rful  etoiy  too,  relative  to  this  last  tree,  to 
tlie  eiTect  tiiut  it  dit«  aiiii  comes  to  life  itgaiu  in  a  similar 
maDD^r  to  the  phcenix,  .which,  it  is  ptierally  thought,  has 
borrowod  its  name  from  the  polm-trce,  in  consequence  of  this 
pet'uliarity ;  at  the  mompnt  that  I  am  writing  this^  that  tree 
IB  Btill  bearing  fruit.  As  for  the  fruit  itself,  it  is  large,  hard, 
and  of  a  rough  ujipeamnce.  and  differing  in  taNte  from  all  other 
kinds,  having  a  Eort  of  wild  Havour  peculiar  to  itaelf.  imd 
not  unliltc  that  of  tlie  flesh  of  tlio  wild  boar;  it  is  evidently 
thia  cLTcunieUmce  from  which  it  has  derived  ita  oaiae  of 
"  ayagnis." 

In  the  fourth  rrmk  arc  the  Antes  cnlled  "  sandalides,"  from 
their  resemblance  to  a  anndal  in  shape.  It  is  stated,  that  on 
ihc  confines  of  Ethiopia  there  are  but  five  of  these  trees  at 
the  mo^t,  no  len.^  remarkablo  for  the  Gingultir  lusciousness  of 
their  fruit,  than  for  their  oxtreme  rurity.  NeJct  to  these,  the 
datca  known  as  "carj'otae  ""  are  Ihe  most  esteemed,  affording 
not  only  plenty  of  nutriment,  but  a  great  sibuudance  of  juice ; 
it  is  from  these  that  the  principal  wines"  are  made  in  the 
Kast ;  these  wines  are  apt  to  affect 'the  head,  a  cirfumatance 
from  ftliich  the  fruit  deiiveB  its  name.  Hut  if  these  treea  are 
remarkable  for  their  abundance  and  fniitliilneas,  it  is  in  Jtulfca 
that  they  enjoy  the  potest  repute;  not,  indeed,  throughout 
the  whole  of  that  tLirritory,  but  more  pnrticularly  at  Hierieua," 
although  those  that  grow  iit  Arthtdais,  PIiimeliB,  and  LtvinB, 
Tollies  in  tlie  same  tunitory,  are  highly  esteeoibd.     the  more 

*  Froia  tlio  Greuk  ovay-pe;,  "a  wild  timr,"  us  Pliny  afterwards  atol'-s; 
tttvT  being  so  colli^d  fiam  their  twculiu  vild  taste. 

«  Sm  B.  Ti.  fl,  :H9. 

^  Said  to  liaTe  buen  »a  called  from  tba  OreeV  icApti,  "  Cfae  head,"  and 
ImiSia,  "  tLupidity,"  awing  lo  Llm  lieculy  nutur-e  of  Lhc  winu  cxtraoted  firam 
tie  iVuit. 

«  6ce  B.  »u  0.  32,  and  S.  riv.  c.  10. 

*>  The  Jericho  of  Scriptuto. 


178 


PLtST*8   BATDBAl,   OTBTOnT. 


[Itook  XIII. 


remarkable  quality  of  these  U  a  rich,  uuctuous  juico ;  tlioy  are 
of  a  milky  consisteacj',  and  have  a  sort  of  \-inou8  flavoar,  with 
a  rem  arkable  sweetness,  like  that  of  honey.  The  Kicolaan" 
dal*8  an?  of  8  similar  kind,  but  somfewhat  diit-r;  thpy  are 
of  pemarkable  size,  ao  much  so,  indeed,  that  four  of  them, 
pUce<i  end  to  end,  viW  make  a  cubit  in  length,  A.  te^  fine 
kind,  but  of  Biater  (juality  to  the  carj-otse  for  flavour,  are  the 
"  adelphidee,"*^  heime  bo  called  ;  theBe  come  nest  to  them  in 
HwettueBB,  but  still  are  by  no  means  their  e[|uuls.  A  third 
kind,  again,  are  the  patetos,  which  abound  in  juice  to  exceaa, 
so  much  e,o,  indeed,  that  the  fruit  bursti),  iu  its  excesa  of  liquor, 
even  upon  till)  piLfcat  tree,  and  pi'esents  allthyappearaueeof 
ha^'iug  been  trodden"  under  fuot. 

There  are  numerouB  kinds  of  dates  also,  of  a  drier  natnre, 
which  Rre  long  nnd  slender,  and  sometimes  of  a  curved  shape. 
Those  of  tiis  sort  which  we  consecrate  to  the  worship  of  the 
gods  are  collod  "chydtci  ""  by  the  Jews,  a  nation  remarkable 
iur  the  contempt  which  th'ey  maiiitest  of  the  divinities,  llioae 
found  all  ovi^r  Theb&is  and  Arabia  are  dry  and  amall,  M'ith  a 
Bhrivelled  hotly:  buing  parched  up  and  scorched  by  the  con- 
stant heat,  they  are  covered  with  what  more  nearly  resemble* 
a  shell'"  than  a  skin.  In  Ethiopia  the  date  is  quit^  brittle 
even,  ho  great  is  the  drinesa  of  the  climate ;  hencv  the  people 
ape  able  to  knoad  it  into  a  kind  of  bread,  jufit  like  so  much 

*^  AWienxtis,  B.  \ir.  c.  22,  tolU  us  that  tbcsc  Aatea  vera  thus  called 
from  Ni(;ijkuft  of  numucus.  a  Peripntctje  pliLloBophpr,  who,  wbL-n  viaiting 
Itome  witb  Uertwl  tbe  Great,  mado  AugiiBtus  a  jiicaeiil  of  tlie  finest  fruit 
of  thci  Dftlni-tiae  tlint  cnuld  bo  procurea.  TluB  uuLt  returned  its  numo  of 
"  Nieuliijiii,"  dtpwii  to  llic  mtiMlL-  agoB. 

**  Plluy  would  implv  ibat  Ihcy  siro  m  culled  htm  tho  GrteV  nliXfia, 
"a  sieWr,"  oa  beittg  9f  eisturquaiily  to  the  carpUe;  but  it  ig  much  nrnro 
probable,  as  l'(t>  nniBrks,  tlitit  they  got  this  name  from  being atOwhod  in 
jiuin  U)  the  snrae  pcdicit^  or  tlalk. 

*'  I'liity  ctrtainl}'  seems  to  imply  thnt  they  are  eu  ealkiJ  from  tbe  Grtiek 
iroriw,  "  lo  tread  uiJilcr  font,"  ilii<^  Ilardouin  is  of  tbst  o^inioD,  F'^ 
bowevt'T,  tliinlu  tha  naioe  is  from  tlit  lielirewot  Svriac  "iialiioh,"  "  toex- 
pfinil,"  oc  "mpen/'orelAefrnra  tho  Hebrew  "  riatholii,"  (he  name  of  the  firat 
vwvfBl,  from  Buiuo  fiuicieiJ  iMoniljInnce  in  the  forni. 

*•  From  tht  Gret-l:  juimos,  "vulgar,"  or  "common,"  it  is  sopposed.  The 
Jfwa  DrDbflWy  called  iliom  bo,  ai  bwog  rqminon,  nr  olfi'icd  by  tlie  GeatilcB 
to  then  idols  and  divinities,  Pliay  tvidcally  tunnidtrs  thut  ia  itu  iianiu 
given  to  them  no  compliinont  wus  1111011(1114  to  tha  doitiea  of  the  hoaibin 
niytbolfjgy. 

**  ^Toin  ita  extivme  drineu,  and  iti  ihriTelled  appQ&rance. 


Chap.  B.] 


D&TBS. 


tiour.**  It  growB  upon  a  ahrob,  with  branches  ii  cubit  in 
leagth  :  it  hua  a  broad  baf,  aud  tbo  Iruit  is  roimd,  and  larger 
than  an  apple.  The  niune  of  this  date  in  "cout."*'  It  comes 
to  maturity  in  three  yeain,  and  there  ia  always  frait  to  bo 
fogiud  upon  the  ahrab,  in  Tftrions  stages  of  maturity.  The 
date  of  Thobais  is  at  once  packed  in  casks,  vdlh  oU  its  natn> 
ral  heat  and  freshnese ;  for  without  this  prpcaatdon,  it  q^uicltly 
beQomES  vapid  ;  it  is  of  a  poor,  sickly  taste,  too,  if  It  is  not 
cspoactd,  before  it  is  i'aten,  to  the  heut  of  an  oven. 

The  otlicr  kinds  of  datea  appear  to  bo  of  an  ordinary  natare, 
and  are  generally  iuiown  as  "Iragemata;""  but  inaome  parts  of 
Pboonicis  and  Cilieia,  tUey  are  oonamoiily  calted  "  balani,"  a 
name  which  has  been  also  borrowed  by  us.  There  are  numfi- 
TOus  kinds  of  them,  which  differ  from  one  another  in  being 
Toimd  or  oblong  ;  aa  also  in  colour,  for  aom©  of  them  are  black, 
and  others  red — indeed  it  is  said  that  they  preaunt  no  fuwer 
raiietie6  of  colour  than  the  dg :  the  white  ones,  howercr,  are 
the  most  esteemed.  They  difi'er  aleo  in  aize,  avoordiDg  to  tho 
DQmber  which  it  requires  to  make  a  cubit  in  len(rth;  some, 
indeed,  are  no  liirg«r  than  a  beau.  Those  are  the  best  adapted 
for  keeping  which  are  produced  in  salt  and  sandy  soils,  Judfca, 
and  Cyrenaifji  in  Africa,  forinatanco  :  those,  LoweTcr,  of  Egypt, 
Cyprus,  Syria,  and  Keleucia  in  Assyria,  will  not  keep  :  hence 
it  is  that  they  are  much  used  for  fattening  swine  and  other 
animals.  It  is  a  sign  that  the  fruit  is  either  spoilt  or  old, 
when  the  white  protuberance  di&appears,  by  which  it  has  ad- 
hered to  Ibo  duster.  Some  of  thti  suldiew  of  Alcsimdcr's  army 
were  choked  by  eating  green  dates  i'*  and  a  similar  eO'eot  is 
produced  in  th«  country  of  the  Gedrosi,  by  the  natural  quulitj 
of  the  fimit ;  while  in  other  places,  again,  the  same  result*  arise 
from  eating  thom  to  excess.  Indeed,  when  in  a  fresh  state,  they 
are  bo  remarkably  luscious,  that  there  would  be  no  end  to 


*"  From  ThocpphraBtus,  B.  i,  c.  16. 

^'  Ki'icut  in  tliD  Greek.  It  is  supposci!  bj  Sprenget  to  be  the  iRmi  fti 
the  CycAS  oitdunulia  of  Lianwat ;  liui,  aa  E6e  rem&rlu,  that  u  only  foimd  ia 
India. 

*•  From  tb8Greek,inflaiuiig"6weetrnoiil5,'*  or  "desaeit  frnit:"  tic  pra- 
baMymnuu  that  io  SjTia  nnJ  somepurtsof  PWnki-itthfywcti' thus  milled. 

*•  This  ituiy,  whitli  is  borrowed  from  Theaphrastus,  B.  iv.  c.  5,  i» 
•Iniibtrd  by  F6e,  "kIio  eays  thctt  in  ihe  gi-ceii  el.ntc  the}*  arc  6o  hiird  oad 
causL-uu*,' iliac  it  is  next  M  initiu«ibU  W  tat  sufficient  w  be  materially  ta- 
ttmrnoiiid  by  them. 

TOL.   Ill,  9 


pinntB  yiTUKAL  niaroHT.         [Boofcxnr. 

paling  them,  were  it  not  for  fear  of  tho  duugeroiu  consequencea 
Ibut  would  "be  sure  to  eosua. 

CHAP.  10.  (6.) — THE  TliKEB  OF   HTBU  :    THE  PISTACU,   THB   COI- 
TASA,    THB    SAU&BC£NA,    AND    THB    MYSA. 

In  addition  to  tho  palm,  Syria  haa  ecvcral  trees  that  are  pe- 
culiar to  itself.  Among  the  uut-treoB  tbere  ia  the  pi»tftcia,** 
^cll  ksuwa  tuQDDg  U3.  It  is  eaid  thut,  takco  either  in  food  or 
drtuk,  tiie  kernel  of  this  nut  is  a  specific  agoiQEt  the  bitti  of 
eerpenta.  Amoag  £gs,  too,  tlic-re  are  those  known  as  "cu- 
ricto,"*'  tog'cthor  with  some  smaller  ones  of  a  Blnular  kiod, 
the  name  of  which  is  "  cottana."  There  is  a  plum,  too,  which 
grows  upon  Mount  Bamascusj"  aa  also  that  known  aa  th« 
"myxa;""  thc-se  lost  two  arc,  however,  now  naluralized  in 
Italy.  In  Egypt,  too,  they  make  a.  kind  of  wine  from  the  myxa. 

CttiP.  1  l.^^THE  CKDAS.      TRTCEa  WHICF  HAVE  OK  TEXM:  THE  JTKPIT 
OF  XHEKE  rtiKS  AT  ONCK. 

Phcenicda,  too,  produces  a  small  cedar,  which  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  janipCT.**  Of  this  tree  there  are  two 
varieties;  iheonefouadin  Lycia,  theotherin  Phtcnicia."  The 
differtaice  is  in  tho  leaf:  the  one  in  which  it  is  hard,  sharp, 
and  prickly,  being  linown  as  the  oxyccdros,*'  a  branchy  troe 
and  ruggod  with  knots.  Tho  other  kind  is  more  esteemed  for 
ita  powerful  odour,  'fh-e  Bmall  cedar  prodaccs  a  fruit  the  aizo 
of  a.  grain  of  myrrh,  and  of  a  sweetish  taste.  There  aro  two 
kinds  of  the  larger  cedar"  also;  the  one  that  blosBums  hears 

•"  Tte  ristauia  'era  of  Lianitus.  It  was  intnidiiwd  iato'  RoaiP  in  the 
veiga  cif  Tiberius.  Tlie  kernel  is  of  u»  use  whatefer  in  «  medical  poiot  of 
new,  und  whnt  Fits;  BUfB  abgiit  lU  oanag  tbq  bite  <if  lerpwU  if  per- 
fectly fttbuloUfl. 

"  8(!E  B.  IT.  0.19.  The  "carica"  waa  propeily  the  "Unrian"  Bg, 
"  FicUi  oarica"  is,  hciwefM,  the  name  giTca  to  Iho  tottnuon  &g  faf  Ibo 
laodcrD  botaniste. 

*'  The  jiaient  of  our  Damaacrai's,  or  damsona,     Bao  B,  iv.  e.  13. 

*'  Sijppo9«{l  to  b>e  the  Cord&  mvxa  of  LinnKUs,     Sec  B,  %v.  c.  Ifi. 

*'  Tba  JiinipcruB  commLiiiifi  of  LinnKUS. 

*>  I'lio  Janipetus  I,ycaa,  and  tte  JunipeniB  rbteaicia,  proljablj,  of  Lin- 
niE'lu.  It  bjiH  hum  iUppu»ed  liy  tome,  that  it  is  the»a  trees  that  prcKluua 
the  frankiauenfle  of  Africa;  but,  as  Feo  obseivei,  the  subject  is  coTulypwi 
in  oonsidisrable  obacurity. 

"  The  "  s!i(iT])-lBiivod  "  cftdar.    Tho  Junipcrua  tajreedros  of  Urustia. 

w  Tile  "I'iauscfdrus"  of  Liniiieiia.  TJio  mtrnc  "dL'drui"  ufaspvcn  by 
tlw  anoii'Uta  not  only  to  the  cedar  uf  I«banou,  hut  tg  moEj  others  uf  the 
ContfeiE  m  ymil,  aa'd  man  paitioidarly  to  fevcn^  vwi^tl^  of  lb«Janipor. 


Chap.  13.] 


THE  &UHACII-TAIES. 


179 


DO  fruit,  wliile,  on  the  other  band,  the  ooe  that  bean  fruit  haft 
no  bloasom,  and  the  fruit,  as  it  falls,  is  being  coQtinuitlly  rvuLiccd 
by  fresh.  The  »oi-d  of  this  tree  is  nimiiiir  to  that  of  the  cy- 
press. Some  persons  give  this  tree  the  name  of  "  cedrelates." 
The  resin  produced  from  it  i&  very  highly  pmisod,  and  the 
wood  Df  it  Insfa  for  ever,  for  which  rooBon  it  is  thut  they  have 
long  boen  in  the  Jiubit  of  using  it  for  maldng  the  statucR  of  the 
gods.  lu  a  tcQipb  at  Home  thi^rc  is  a  stutuu  of  Apollo  fioei- 
auiu**  in  cedar,  originally  brought  from  Sdoucia.  There  is  ji 
tree  similttr  to  the  cudur.  found  olgo  in  Arcadia ;  and  there  is 
u  shrub  that  grows  in  i'hrygia,  known  as  the  "  cedrus." 

CHAP.  12.  (8.)— <raB  ■txsjxtSTu."  * 

Syria,  too,  produocB  the  terebinth,  the  male  tree  of  Avhidi 
bears  uo  fruit,  and  the  femide  consiBts  of  two  dilFerent  va- 
nities ; ""  one  of  these  bears  a  red  fruit,  the  size  of  a  loutil. 
while  the  other  is  pale,  and  ripf-ns  at  tlie  Hamo  period  hx 
the  grape.  This  fruit  is  cot  larger  than  a  bean,  18  of  a  rerj* 
agreeable  Bmclt,  and  aticky  and  reainuus  to  the  toui^h.  About 
Idu  iu  TrouB,  and  in  Hucedonia,  this  tree  is  short  and  shrubby, 
but  at  Domaavus,  in  Syria,  it  is  found  of  very  conBiderahle  nisL', 
Its  wood  is  remarkably  flcxiblo,  and  coutiaucs  sound  to  a  very 
udvaQced  uge :  it  ia  block  and  eliimng.  The  blousoma  ap[>car 
in  clusters,  like  those  of  tlie  olive-tree,  but  are  of  a  red  colour  ; 
the  leaves  are  dense,  and  closely  packed.  It  produces  folli- 
cules,  too,  from  whir.biasue  certain  insects  like  gniits,  lu  alao  a 
kind  of  reeinoua  liquid"  ■which  oozos  from  th«  bark. 

CHA?.  13. THE  StnUACH-TESE. 

The  male  sumach-tree*'  of  Syria  ia  productive,  but  the 
female  is  barren.  The  leaf  reaemblea  that  of  tht-  t-Im,  though 
it  is  a  little  longer,  and  has  a  downy  surfacfi.  The  footstalks 
of  the  leaves  lie  always  alternately  in  opposite  directionB,  and 

«  S^a  a.  nsvi.  i^  i. 

*"  ristiLcia  iBrnLiatlius  iiF  Linnoios. 

*''  'I'lteie  variuliet,  Fee  xajo,  uiu  iiitl  obaerrcil  by  roodom  naturnlicU. 

•'  Gaiid"!  k"  remnrkeil,  that  Ihcr  trunk,  of  tliin  trei!  jinniii™-*  coriiu-nmin 
TwUOw,  QUed  wiih  a  clear  nnd  iniciifcrDUB  icrebintiiiae,  in  which  puccroDS, 
or  apbidoi,  ure  tu  be  Kea  dtmtinK- 

"  "  RbuB."  Th*  IlliuA  coriarift  of  LinniEus.  Pliny  is  wronK  in  dietia- 
jrumbiBfc  tliis  tree  into  lexei,  (U  all  tlio  lloncra  ure  liLrninjihrtiatliciLl,  uuil 
Mtorel'uTe  ftaiUiil. 

N  2 


180  PLuri'a  satcbal  histoht.         fCoci  xm. 

the  broDtihes  are  s^hort  and  «Ii^Biler.  lliis  tree  is  UM'd  in  the 
]jrepiiration  of  white  skinn.*-'  The  seed,  whigh  stiougly  re- 
HL-niblcs  n  lentil  in  appeui-ance,  tm^na  rtjd  with  the  grape;  it 
is  known  by  the  name  of  "  roB,"  and  torms  a  nect-saary  in- 
grcdiant  in  various  medicamenta." 

CHAP,   14.    {l.^—TKK   TREES    OF   IBTPT,       TH_E    no-TEEE    Of 

Egypt,  too,  has  miuiy  trees  which  are  not  to  bo  fotuid  else- 
where, and  the  kind  of  fig  more  pai-ticularly,  whith  ibr  thi«i 
rciason  has  been  called  tin;  Egyptian  fig.'*  In  leaf  this  tree 
repombles  the  mullterry^tree,  aa  also  in  siae  aiid  generul  appear- 
ance. It  bean  fruit,  not  upon  brnnchps,  but  upon  rhe  trunk 
itstdf:  tlio  fig  ia  remarkable  for  its  oxtj-f^me  ewoctaesB,  and 
has  no  6(jt*dH"  in  it.  This  tree  in  uIbo  wmiirkable  lor  its  fruit- 
I'ulness,  which,  however,  can  only  be  uneured  by  making;  inci- 
siona'"'  in  the  fruit  with,  books  of  iran,  for  otherwise  it  will 
not  como  to  maturity.  Bat  when  this  has  boon  done,  it  may 
be  gathmred  within  four  days,  imEwtliately  uj^iou  which  another 
ehoots  up  in  its  place.  Hence  it  is  that  in  the  year  it  produces 
Bcvtn  ahimdant  crops,  and  throng-hout  all  the  summer  there  is 
Mil  ubundunce  of  milky  jiiice  io  the  ftuit,  EtcU:  if  the  inci- 
siona  are  not  made,  the  fruit  will  shoot  afreah  four  timcB 
during  the  summer,  the  new  fruit  eiipplajiting  the  old,  and 
forcing  it  off  before  it  hits  ripened.  The  wood,  which  is  of  a 
very  peculiar  nature,  is  reckoned  among  the  moBt  usefbl 
known.  When  cut  down  it  ifl  immediately  plunged  into 
6tun<iij^  water,  auch  being  the  means  omployed  for  drying"*  it. 
At  first  it  sinks  to  the  bottom,  after  which  it  begins  to  Soat. 
iiiid  in  i«  certain  length  of  time  the  additional  moisture  sucks 
it  dry,  which  has  the  effect  of  penetrating  and  aoakiug  all"" 

*■'  It  is  sLill  iiiod  by  cutrieM  in  preparina  Iealbi2r. 

"'  See  B.  iiiv.  c.  79.  'f  lie  tluit,  wbicii  lias  n  pleaBant  aridity,  wa« 
used  for ouliiiury  putposog  by  the  lOLdtaila,  uaitk  by  tUu  Turks  at  th« 
present  daT. 

"^  Th<]  FicTiB  syciunDruft  of  Liimieufi.  It  i^ceires  its  TUkme  from  tjeine 
a  R^-trc-u  tliut  bi'on  a  coniLdomblc  TCBtrmblunoe  to  tha  "  W-otiih,"  or  muU 
beciy-troo.  '^  TliiB  is  not  tiio  wuw. 

'"  Tbia  appcutB  to  be  doubtful,  uhlivugU,  us  F^-u  uiy»,  tlio  fhiit  ripeiui 
but  tary  sk-wly. 

*«  This.  Fie  taje,  in  a  fnllftoy 

f»  >■  Aliani  oinuum."    TbU  rendiu{;  wemi  to  be  very  doubtfiil. 


Chop.  16.] 


TEB  CJLKOB-TKEB. 


ISl 


other  feinda  of  wood.     It  ia  b  Htgn  tliut  it  is  fit  for  uw*"  wUea 
it  begins  to  Uoat. 

CXtU".   la. — IQE  FlO-l-REE  OF  CTPBCB. 

The  fig-tTEM!  tiuit  grows  in  Crtle,  and  is  known  there  ae  tbo 
C\'pnuu  fi^,^'  bciLnsomereBemblanoe  tothc  pr«cciliu{;  ouoj  far 
it  beai'B  li'uit  upon  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  upon  the  briuiohw 
88  well,  wh«?n  they  have  attained  a  ucrtiiin  tlcgrce  of  thirkneBH. 
This  trw,  however,  st'nda  forth  buds  without  any  Waves/' but 
aimilar  in  appearance  to  a  root,  The  trunk  of  the  {rve  U 
similar  to  that  of  the  poplar,  wid  the  K-aTcs  to  those  of  the  eJm. 
It  produces  four  crops  in  the  ytair,  and  gtrminntes  the  sama 
numher  of  timcH,  but  ita  gTMn"  friiit  wil!  not  ripen  unless  on 
ineifiioa  is  niiide  in  it  to  Itt  out  the  milfcr  juiuu.  The  sweet- 
noss  ol'  ihe  i'rah  nad  the  appeorimco  of  tho  inside  niv  in  uU 
respects  EimUur  to  those  of  tlie  fig,  and  in  size  it  is  about  aa 
lugu  »B  a  sorb-applo. 

CnAP.  16.  (8.) — THE  cakob-tbee. 

Similar  to  this  is  tlie  earoh-tree,  by  thti  lonians  Itnown  m 
the  '■  Cfcmunia,"'"  which  in  a  Bimilar  manDtr  hears  fruit  from 
the  trunk,  thia  fruit  b*?iiig  known  by  Uie  name  of  "  siliquft,"  •'  > 
or  *'  pod."  for  this  i'l-usou,  comniittiug  u  moniCcst  error, 
wiuo  porsood'*  huve  calle'd  it  the-  Egyptian  fig;  it  hetug:  llic 
fact  that  thi*  tri*e  does  not  grow  in  Kgypt,  but  in  Pjria  and 
Ionia,  in  the  vicinity,  too,  of  Cniilus,  and  'm  thu  island  of 
BhodcJi.  It  ia  alw«y3  covered  with  Ipay^es,  and  bears  a  whilti 
tiower  with  a  very  powerful  odour.     It  sends  forth  shoots  at 

■"  This  wood  waa  vcrv  (ntunaively  iiaed  in  Egypt  for  makiDg  tfac  outer 
Ctuos,  or  cotfins,  in.  wliicri  ibe  muinnii<-&  ^cte  rnufoKcd. 

"  Tliis  nccount  is  bdrtowcd  aliiioat  fliutr<-ly  from  Thcophrnitiia,  Ilisl. 
Plant.  B.  iv.  «.  2,  A  uricty  of  the  gjTamorn  is  prohihly  jiieajit.  It  ia 
still  found  in  tin?  IhIc  o(  Urelc, 

n  Qq  moim  to  uiuau  lliHt  tbo  bud«  do  imt  shoot  forth  into  leaves  ;  Uis 
rouliiig.  however,  varia  in  the  ulitiuna,  uid  ia  oxtrsiuiJy  doubtfui. 

M  The  CcnUntiift  nlkiila  uf  Liniieiti.  It  ia  of  the  samo  size  b«  tbe  BJ- 
eiaore,  but  reaenitilos  it  in  no  other  respect.  It  is  BtiU,  couunffa  ia  ths 
lowlitio  mcntiouod  Ity  Fiiny,  and  ia  the  «outh  or  Spiiu, 

'*  ThGophrasnu  ID  the  nuiabtr.  Hist.  Ilunt.  i.  '2:u  nnd  iv.  2.  It  bf^nrt 
no  TMEonbumoA  to  ibe  tg-tTi-<i,  and  the  fruit  is  tobJly  (IjjrcrenC  froai  the 
fig.  Pliny,  tooj  is  wtodk  in  mjing  tbnt  it  doi;*  uot  grww  m  Egypt ;  llio 
tmit  iHing  that  it  is  fooud  thara  iu  grtiat  EtbundBaee. 


tie  lower  part,  and  is  conaeriuently  quite  ycUow  on  the  but- 
faoe,  an  the  young  Buckers  deprive  the  trunk  of  the  requisite 
moUtiire.  "When  the  fruit  of  tho  pTeceding-  year  is  gaihered, 
about  the  riBing  of  the  Dog-star,  fresh  frtiit  immediately  malt«8 
ita  appearancfl  ;  afler  which  tiis  trac  biosaoma  while  the  con- 
RteUatiotL  of  AroLurus''^  is  above  thu  hvmoo,  aud  the  winur 
imports  uourisluiient  to  tlie  truit. 

C3U>.  17.  (9.) IHB  PERSIAN  TRKB.      IPT  WHAT  TEK1!9  THE  HMVlt* 

GKSSLLSA.TE  TSE  ORB  SEELOW  THK  OTHXB. 

Egypt,  too,  prodaceg  another  tree  of  a  peculiar  desoriptioo, 
the  Persian"  tree,  similar  la  appearance  to  the  pear-tree,  hut 
retaining  its  leaves  during  tho  winter.  This  tree  produces 
without  iDteniiission,  for  it'  the  fruit  ja  pulled  t<>day,  fresh 
iruit  will  make  its  appearance  to-raoirow :  the  time  for  ripen- 
ing is  while  the  Etesian.'^  winds  prevail.  The  fruit  of  this 
tree  it  more  oblong  thnn  &  pear,  but  is  cncloBed  in  a  bHc-U  and 
a  rind  of  a  graa&y  colour,  like  tho  almond ;  but  what  is  found 
within,  inetead  of  being  a  nut  as  in  tho  almond,  ia  a  plum, 
differiag  from  the  almond"  in  being  shorter  and  quite  soft.  Thia 
fruit,  although  particularly  inviting  for  its  lusfiouB  sweetness, 
is  productive  of  nu  injurious  elTect&.  The  wood,  for  its  good- 
nesa,  solidity,  aud  blaeknces,  ia.  in  no  rcapcct  inferior  to  that 
of  the  lotus :  people  have  been  in  the  hubit  of  making  statues 
of  it.  The  wood  of  the  tree  which  we  have  mejutioned  as 
the  "balanus,"*'  although  very  dumhle,  ia  not  so  highly  es- 
teemed a&  this,  as  it  ia  knotted!  and  twisted  in  the  greater 
pnrt :  hence  it  is  only  employed  for  the  purposes  of  ship- 
building, 

"*  See  B.  XTiii.  c.  71. 

"  tie  identides  it  witli  Ihe  Egyplinn  abnocd,  mentioned  by  Pliny  in 

B.  XV.  0.  28;  the  MyrDbukniu  obcJiulus  of  Wwlin^,  thu  B^iillRS 
J^Typtiacn  of  Delilk',  ninJ  thi  Xyinenin  .Xgyptiaca  of  Linnieiia.  Bohtobcr 
itaa  Sprongal  lako  it.  to  he  the  Cordk  SubcHtitna  of  Linnatua ;  but  that  it  « 
iref  peciihirt  to  tho  AnliJlcs,  The  fruit  h  m  shape  like  a  duto,  FnDlosing  a 
ln,j^e  atoii«  with  fivB  aides,  aad  coTeredwith  a  Utile  Tteoous.  fle»h,  ot  fitnu- 
whftt  bitter,  thougti  not  disagT-eeable  fiaTour.  It  ia  founil  in  tba  riciniljr 
of  Sttnaiuir,  md  aviu  thu  Rvi  Sen.  Tba  Amhs  call  it  tho  "dau  of  Ulo 
Desert." 

'•  6«e  B.  iviii.  c  68.  "  See  B.  it.  p.  84. 

••  Or  ben.    Boe  U.  lii.  cc.  46,  i7. 


n»p.  19.] 


Till  BQTPTIAir  TIIOES. 


CSAP.   J  8. — THl  COCTB. 


On  the  other  hand,  thfi  wciod  of  Uio  cucua*'  ia  bdd  in  very 
Uijjh  tiBtwm.  It  ie  elmiliu  in.  uaturu  to  the  palm,  as  its  leaves 
are  dmilorly  used  lor  thti  purposes  of  tt;xtiu'e :  it  diFurs  from 
it,  however,  in  upreading  gut  ita  anas  in  large  branches,  Tbo 
jtiiit,  which  is  of  a,  sizi?  Inrgv  enough  to  fill  the  htmd,  is  of  a 
towny  colour,  and  recommends  Itself  by  ita  jiiico,  whicli  is  a 
mixture  of  Bweet  end  rough.  The  seed  in  the  inside  is  lurgu 
imd  of  remarkable  hardness,  and  turners  use  it  for  making 
enrtnin  rings.**  Tho  kernel  is  awectj  while  freah;  hut  when 
driL-d  it  he[»meA  liunl  to  a  most  tcmaxkuhh  degree,  so  much 
BO,  thiit  it  can  ouly  bo  eaten  after  being  BoakeJ  in  water  for 
Bev«ral  days.  The  wood  is  beautifully  mottled  with  circling 
veins,"  for  which  n-u«uu  it  is  particularly  catvumed  among  thu 
Fenian  8- 

COJLT.  l^.-^TBE  ZOTPTUX  THOBH. 

No  less  oatcemedj  too,  in  the  same  country, :«  a  certain  kind 
of  thorn,**  though  only  the  black  varifity,  its  w<M)d  being  im- 

ficriahablp,  in  water  isvcn,  a  (jiuility  whieh  rendtirs  it  partlcu- 
nrly  %-alnfthIo  for  tasking  the  eides  of  shipa:  on  the  other  hand, 
the  white  kinds  will  rot  very  rapidly.  It  lias  sharp,  prickly 
thome  on  the  Icavea  nven,  and  bears  its  sLSjds  la  pods ;  they 
on.-  tiiaploywi  for  thu  gouic  purposes  as  galls  in  the  preparation 
of  leather.  Tho  tlowcr,  too,  has  a  prttty  effect  when  iumIq 
into  garlands,  and  is  extremely  useful  in  medicinal  preparations. 
A  gum,  also,  distils  from  this  tree;  but  the  princi])at  merit 
that  it  poiw'twi*  is,  that  when  it  ia  cut  down,  it  will  grow 
again  within  throe  vciirs.  It  grows  in  the  vieiaity  of  Th^^bcs, 
where  we  also  find  the  nuercuB,  the  Persian  tree,  aa<i  the  olive : 
the  apot  that  produces  it  is  a  piece  of  woodluud,  distuiit  three 

*'  Many  bnvo  mlii'ti  l1u«  to  be  Oio  coeua-nut  tree ;  huu  m  Fife  remark*, 
that  ia  a  tnc  of  Intlim  aa<l  thte  of  ^RVpt,  Thero  it  littlo  dgubt  Ibat  it  is 
the  doum  of  tlie  AmU,  tho  OucifrTi  Ibehaicn  at  Ddilltt.  The  Litnbrr  of 
0»)  trunk  i»  mucli  iw*!  iu  Egy[)l,  and  of  the  leavw  carpcLi,  bugSj  and 
paooien  are  mado.  In  fnct,  tiie  ilMcripltou  of  it  and  ita  fruit  ia  ulmwt 
idoDtical  wilh  thai  Ucr«  givoo  by  Pliny, 

The  MiTtj  or  atftD':  of  Kins  doiint  is  BtJU  uaod  in  EjfTpt  fur  ouikiag  dw 
Is  of  cho]ilcts  .  ii  admiU  af  a  rery  higli  poliBh. 
HaCeric*  crisp  ioiu  elc^nnlin. 

8MR.niT.c-S7-    Tlii>ii,n«doiibt,  tho  AcaciaNilotioaof  liaaaius, 

wbich  prodacee  tho  giito  Arabia  of  modeni  conuQarco. 


n 


184 


PLnir'e  KAiimAL  hibtobt. 


[Book  SITT. 


himdrod  stadia  from  the  NHo,  and  .watered  by  spring  of  its 
awn. 

{10.)  Her©  we  find,  too,  t^e  Egyptian"' plum-tree,  nntmuch 
unlike  the  thara  laat  maiitijOEed,  with  b  fruit  similar  to  tho 
medlar,  (md  which  riptna  in  the  winter.  This  tree  never  Iobcs 
its  leavos.  Ttc  seed  in  the  fruit  la  of  wnfiiderablis  aize,  but 
the  fleali  of  it,  by  reaaon  of  ita  qiudity,  and  thf  great  ahund- 
anoe  in  wbich  it  grows,  aiTorda  quitu  a  harvest  to  the  ialiabit- 
anta  of  thoae  parts ;  after  clcaoingjt,  they  subject,  it  to  pressure, 
and  then  make  it  up  into  uakea  for  keeping.  There  was  for- 
merly "  a  woodland  distriot  in  the  vicinity  of  Memphis,  with 
trees  of  such  enomiouB  size,  thst  three  men  could  not  span 
one  with  their  arms  ;  one  of  these  trees  is  remnrkahle,  not  for 
its  fruit,  or  any  particular  use  thai  it  ia,  but  for  the  singular 
phfenomenon  that  it  prt-senta.  In  nppfflrance  it  strongly  re- 
sembles a  thorn."  and  it  hoa  loaves  which  haw  all  the  appear- 
aaoo  of  wing^,  and  whieh  fall  immediately  tho  branch  i> 
toQclLDd  by  any  one,  and  thca  immediately  ahoot  again. 

CKjLP.  20.  (II.) STUB  SENDS  OF  ODU.      TOE  8ABCOCOL1«L. 

It  is  yniversally  agreed,  that  the  beat  gum  is  that  produced 
from  the  Egj'ptian  thorn  ;  **  it  is  of  variegated  appeurancc,  of 
azure  colour,  clean,  free  from^  all  admixture  of  bark,  and 
adhcrea  to  the  teeth ;  tha  price  at  which  it  sells  in  tbroe 
denarii  per  pound.     That  pruducetl  from  tho  hiLtor  almaad- 

«  Tliiii  is  ftum  Tbcophrastus,  Hist.  Plimt.  B,  ic,  c.  3.  Fis  aut-J^esM 
that  it  may  bnvu  b^icn  a  Vind  of  myrobalanus.  Spran^ol  tdentiflu  it  with 
till}  Cordis  subcstnna  nf  the  bcitAnints. 

""  ■■■  Fiiil."  Prom  tb«  usi;  of  this  word  he  seema  imeertain  lis  to  its  ex- 
iatcnc-i!  ia  his  time  ;  the  accuimt  is  cnpied  ftnii)  Thenplirmtus,  flitt,  Plant. 
B.  iv,  c.  3.  Fi5e  aug^wts  that  bet  may  here  alhiu  to  tho  Bncbiib,  tho 
AJiuuQDm  digitutH,  iniich  grows  in  Stat^'Bl  and  Ssmiaitr  to  an  enornomi 
BiZii.  Prcapor  Al])Lnua  speaka  of  it  aa  uusiing  in  Egypt.  Tlie  Arobe  cuU 
it  El-omanili,  nurl  the  fruit  El-toa^leB. 

"^  The  Mimosa  polyacanthe,  probably.  F&  saya  that  the  mimiwte,  r»- 
BjiectiTiily  known  as  aastu,  pailihuiida,  riia,  aDd'frensitiva,  with  tnaay  of 
tho  in|,''a,  aad  othur  bgiiiniiioat  tre«<a,  arc  irritablo  In  the  highest  degiva. 
Tliu  tree  here  E]>o1ce]i  uf  he  von&idera  to  bs  one  of  tho  aciuiits.  Th«  pns- 
sage  la  ThG{}j>hntBtiia  spunks  of  llio  leaf  as  ahrinking,  ami  not  falling, 
Allvt  thfn  Qa  Birajilj'  rcviTing. 

••  Tho  Aeacia  Nilutii-s  of  Linn.KUB,  (rora  wliich  wa  derive  tho  gum 
Ambio  of  comDLi<rc« ;  and  of  which  a  CLUidduraUv  porlioa  is  sliU  ileiived 
from  £gypt. 


CbAp.  21.] 


ras  sxrravn. 


tree  and  (he  clieiry"'  is  of  nn  inferior  Tjind,  imd  thatwJiioh  i» 
gnthereil  from  the  plum-tree  is  tho  wonit  of  nil.  Tho  vine, 
too,  pruduc^B  agum,''"  which  is  of  tho  gruaU'et  uUiity  JTi  healing 
tho  ^rcs  of  diildi'uu. ;  wliilt?  that  wliicb  U  &«metiuies  found  on 
the  oUve-tre«  "  is  used  for  the  tooth-aohe.  Quni  is  also  found 
on  the  t'lm"  upon  Mount  Corj'ciw  in  Ciliciw,  and  upon  the 
junifier,"^  bnt  it  is  good  for  nothing;  indfi.il,  the  gam  of  the 
elm  fonnd  there  ia  apt  to  hrecri  gnntA.  From  the  sarcocoUii*' 
a]so — HUth  is  the  uiunc  of  ti  ctrtnin  tree — &  gum  exudes  that  i« 
remarkably  nsefnl  to  pninters'*  and  medical  men  ;  it  is  similar 
to  incenae  dust  in  iiiip<?arance,  and  for  those  purposnn  the  whitt; 
kind  is  preft^riihlu  to  itiu  rod.  Tho  prieo  of  it  is  the  same  aa 
that  mentioQcd  above.^ 


I 


OBiF.  31. — IBS  vxpXB.ua  :  Tm:  iraB  op  rAmx;  wsfj>  it  was 

We  hnve  not  aa  yet  taken  uny  notice  of  tlio  marsh  plants, 
nor  yet  of  the  shruba  that  grow  upon  tho  biinks  of  rivers : 
before  quitting  £g^'pt,  however,  we  must  make  some  meutiou 
of  the  nature  of  the  piipynis,  seL'iiijj;  tbut  nil  the  utagos  of 
oiTilLzcd  life  depend  in  tsueh.  a.  rcmaikabU-  dogroc  upon  Uiv 
employment  of  paper — at  oil  events,  the  rememhraiifle  of  pEiat 
cvfcnta.     J[.  Varro  infonnB  us  that  paper  owei  its  discovery  to 

^  These  f'<'""  ii)^  lOln-niiciiUy  ilifftxi-at  ttam  i;um  Arabic,  and  they  am 
una  Ibr  iUffm:uL  purpoEcs  la  ihc  arts. 

*'  Tkfl  vine  dntR  mil  [iti)i1iii:i:  il  ^iim;  but  wlicii  thn  tvp  Mr.i-it^,  a  juice 
is  secnUMi,  nhich  somC'tiinL'f^  llCl^»^^c!l  flolid  on  Ibt^  cvnporntiun  of  Iho 
■ijnenua  purticl'is.  Tliii  mlHtntic^n  rcmtainx  uiri.nid;  nf  pnUon,  which,  br 
Che  dccnnimiition  of  l}iat  &.ilt,  ber^omtu  a  onrhiimatc  of  thn  same  ba»e. 

*'  Thin  »  Hot  SI  guiii.  bitt  u  ivsiiiviiit  prijcluut  ol'u  puiiidioi:  DaLtirc.  It  is 
knowu  to  ibe  moJcrna  br  tbo  ntime  uf  "  oUrioe." 

•*  Tlwtapof  the  oim  lcavp*a*fllinc  depiait  on  thn  bark,  prinripoUy 
formed  of  carboMto  of  ijuIqssb,  J'i-u  is  at  a  loss  tu  know  wliellier  Pliny 
hertaltudr*  to  tliin  or  tn  lliciunnnatrhiRh  is  iiicidrntalLyformrii  hvotruiin 
iowcU  on  Bomo  trtos  aad  ri-uJu.  lEut.  as  !i>u  justly  says,  would  I'liiiy  euy 
of  thobttn  that  it  is  "ait  nihil  utik" — "^t)o<l  for  nothinf '7 

**  A  ttfinoiu  product,  no  i\a\iht.  Tbo  ^ankiiitcnNi  of  Africa  hiu  heim 
attributed  by  tomv  U>  ibu  Juntji^nu  Lyuiu  and  J'liuiiit:iia. 

**  Thu  Pt!Uiiui  8«r«oonli;n>f' Lintiieus.  The  (jpjm  rtaia  of  t(ii»  Irim  ii 
■dll  bcmuirhl  &Din  Abysdnis,  but  ii  U  not  uisi]  in  mcilitiae.  This  aocount 
ii  from  IlioKondoa,  B,  iit.  c.  iH.  TiiQ  siuao  a  fruiu  the  Grutik  rapE, 
"  fltsli,"  and  KaWa,  "  glue." 

■*  Soo  It.  uiv.  c.  78.  **  Tktcc  d'e&arii  jicr  ]ionnii. 


m 


TLtHY  B   NArORAL   lIlaTOBT. 


[Book  XI II, 


tlie  victcirioUM'"  career  of  Alexander  tho  Great,  at  the  time 
when  Alexaniiria  in  Egypt  was  fo«udt'rl  by  him ;  before  which 
pC'riod  paper  had  not  h«eii  used,  the  Icavea  of  the  palm  having 
been  employed  for  writiiig  at  an  early  period,  and  after  that 
the  hark  of  cirtaiii  trece.  In  BUececding  ages,  public  docu- 
meutB  wore  inscribed  on  shi-cts  nfJGad,  while  privato  nicino- 
miida  were  inipresstd  upon  linen  cloths,  or  cIbb  engraved  on 
tablets  of  wax ;  indet^d,  we  tied  it  stated  in  Hooier.'"  that  tablets 
w«r«  etaploycd  for  thia  purpoBO  even  before  the  time  of  tho 
Trojau  war.  It  is  generally  Bnpposftd,  too,  that  tli«  conntry 
which  that  poet  speaks  of  aa  Egypt,  waa  not  the  same  tliat  is 
at  presc-nt  nnderstood  by  that  name,  for  the  Sebeunytic  and 
the  Saitic  *"  Nomefl,  in  whicb  all  the  papynja  h  produced,  have 
bfcon  added  einco  hia  time  by  the  alluvian  of  tho  Nile ;  indc«d, 
he  himself  has  stated'  that  the  inuin-lnnd  was  a  day  and  a 
night's  sail  from  the  island  of  Pharoa',  which  island  at  tha 
prVHont  day  is  united  by  a  bridge  to  tho  city  of  Alexandria,  In 
later  times,  a  rividry  hnving  sprung  up  between  King  I'tolemy 
ond  ICing  Eutncaos,*  in  reference  to  their  respective  libraries, 
Ptolemy  prohibited  the  export  ofpapyriis;  ■upon  which,  naVarro 
relatee,  parchment  was  invented  for  a  similar  purpose  at 
Pergamus,  After  thia,  tho  use  of  that  commodity,  by  which 
immortality  is  enfluted  to  man,  became  univereally  known. 

CHAP.  22. TSB  HOSE  OF  lUXINQ  PAPE&. 

PftpyruB  growB  either  in  the  marahea  of  Egypt,  or  in  the 
Btitggieh  waters  of  the  riyor  Nile,  when  they  liavo  overflowed 
and  ttr«  lying  stagnant,  in  po-ola  that  do  not  exeeud  a  couple  of 
cubits  in  depth.     The  root  lies  obliquely,*  and  is  about  the 

"  It  ia  liardlj  ncoessiiry  to  stste  llint  tliia  h  not  tlie  fact.  Tlis  plsat  i% 
the  nyjieTHg  nnpyni*  of  LmapBUi,  lh«  "berd"  of  tLe  modem  EgjptiBns. 

^  11.  B.  Ti,  I,  168,  See  B.  sxiiii.  o.  4.  whoro  tlia  taWwU  whiyli  arc 
h«te  vallod  "  pugiliaros,"  aro  alyltd  "  eudiciUi  "  hy  Pliny. 

*•  Bis  nrgumEHl  is,  tliiit  [vaper  mai^  from  tfic  papyrua  coidil  nnt  bo 
bnoWD  in  ttie  (ima  of  Homer,  lu  tbat  ptnnt  nnly  ^ren  in  ci-rtain  diatrivta 
wliich  hnd  been  rescued  ttam  tlie  ten.  since  the  Lima  of  tlie  poeL 

>  Od,  B.  jv.  1,  355.  a  8w  D.  ii.  c.  87. 

'  Theru  is  liiilo  doubt  thut  parchment  waa  rcttlly  Vnown  raimyyaErB 
:  bnforft  the  time  of  Eunmnos  ll,,^ing  of  PoutuB.  It  is  tnost  pKibiible  th&t 
tMi  king  iatiuduced  extensive  improrL'miinCa  ia  ths  mauufiLuturc  of  pnrch- 
lucot,  for  UurodDtui  mentifina  writing-  on  tkina  aa  CDronioD.  in  liis  time ;  and 
in  H.  T.  0.  SS,  hi.'  stat«i  thai  ths  IiiiLi»tu(  bad  been  acGiutomnJ  to  give  Ih* 
namo  of  >b'ii«,  htfftpat,  t»  buoIiB. 

*  liravhiiUi  ntdjioia  uhli^uw  cntuitudiae. 


Chup.  23.] 


TnK  DtfTEBEST  KIKDS  OF  PAFEQ. 


tbicttiicss  of  ontf's  arm  ;  the  eection  of  the  stalk  is  trinngtilar, 
and  it  tapere  gracelully  upwards  towarila  the  rxtri'inity, 
being  not  more  tlian  t«n  cubits  fttmost  in  h^ght.  Very  luuch 
like  a  thytsuB "  in  shnpft,  it  baa  a  head  on  the  top,  whicte  baa 
no  Bec4*'  in  it,  and,  indred,  is  of  no  use  whatcvpr,  except  e»  a 
flower  employed  to  crown  thn  etatuea  of  tbe  gods.  The 
nativps  UBG  the  roots  by  way  of  wood,  not  only  for  iirin^,  but 
for  various  other  donicstie  piirjtosos  as  well.  From  the  papy- 
riiB  itst'lf  Ihey  conatrucl.  batitn*  also,  and  of  the  outor  coat  they 
mako  sails  and  mats,  as  well  as  cloths,  besides  coverlets  onil 
ropes;  they  cbew  it  also,  both  raw  and  boiled,  though  they 
swallow  the  juiee  only. 

The  papyrus  grows  in  Syria  also,  on  the  bord^crB  of  the  same 
lake  around  wliich  grows  the  swe-Pt-Rceoted  calamus;'  and 
King  Antiochus  used  to  employ  the  productions  of  that  conntry 
solely  as  cordagB  for  naval  purposea;  for  the  use  of  Bpartuni* 
had  notUien  biconie  commorjly  known.  Mort-  recently  it  has 
been  understood  that  a  papyrus  prows  in  the  river  Euphrates, 
in  Iho  vicinity  of  JJabyloD,  from  which  a  similar  kind  of  paper 
may  easily  l*  prodcci-rl :  slill,  however,  up  to  the  present  time 
the  Farthians  have  preferred  to  impress*  their  characters  upon 
cloths 

CHAP.  23.  (12)— nzE  jtznE  dutkbreti   kisss  of  p.vpks. 
Paper   ia  made  iroin  the  papyrufi,  by  splitting  it  with  a 

*  Thi(  was  a  (wle  rFpreavEitod  as  bdn^  (.niTried  by  Biicdius  Aod  hia  Bu- 
elianall&Q  Irua.  It  was  mantly  t^rmiitniuil  b;  the  Qt  ante,  tliat  am  btaag 
deilicatC'J  t<i  llncchug,  in  conse(jUtiaec  cf  Lbc  usb  nf  ite  ooTie*  nrd  torpentiiui ' 
in  mating  wine  SoKiL'tirnua  il  is  aurmoiniled  bj  »ine  er  fig  Icuvcs,  wild 
grnpni  -nr  berries  artiinp?ii  in  fonii  of  a  conn, 

*"  Tlii*  U  not  the  fact ;  it  has  sepU  in  it,  iIi(kij;1i  not  very  ciuilj  percop- 
liblo,     Ttio  deacription  here  pvoa  it  olhoTwiso  veiy  correct. 

■  Amone  the  anciflnU  the  term  pnpjrm*  wis  used  sin  gL-nnnil  rtppollafimi 
for  all  thDiliffcroat  plants  of  tbcgnnusCTpcrua.  vrbich  woe  usud  Tuc  miiking 
nuU,  biiulM,  bii^kt^bg,  nnil  numiTouii  ether  nrtii-li-i:  but  0.1111  tiirci»g  itiily 
WM  •mplojccl  for  nidkiiig  papar.  theOypxrnn  pitpyrue,  or  Bylloa.  !■'« 
■tutM  tluit  ihe  papjiua  is  no  longer  Co  bo  foucd  in  thn  Ikltn,  ■nhcro  it  fot- 
mcrly  aliounclod.  ■■  Stu  B,  xii.  c.  1!i. 

■  Somclimea  tranBlated  fiemp.  A  deicription  will  bo  gi?en  of  il  in  B. 
xix. «.  7. 

•  "  lntexerc.*'  Thin  would  almost  appenr  t™  mean  tLnt  tbey  embrDirlercd 
of  Interwovo  the  choroclQre.  Tho  Firnmns  tilUl  writu  ua  a  eiufl  mnit  of 
wbiM  hUL  gummed  and  duly  preparvi  lor  the  purpose. 


188 


PLIKT  B   NATrEAL  BISTOBT. 


[Book  xm. 


needle  into  vury  thiu  leaves,  due  care  being  taken  that  they 
phouki  be  oh  brojid  as  possible.  That  of  the  firgt  quality  u 
taken  from  the  centre  of  the  plant,  anil  so  in  rcgiiltir  succession, 
according  to  the  nrder  of  division.  "  Hieratiea" '*  was  the  name 
that  was  anciently  given  to  it,  from  tie  cirenmstunce  that  it 
■was  entirely  rt'Bcrveci  for  the  religious  books.  In  later  times, 
through  a  spirit  of  atlulfition,  it  received  the  name  of  "Au- 
giista,"  just  OH  that  of  second  quality  wa«  colled  "  Liviiuja," 
from  hiB  wife,  Livia;  the  consequence  of  whicli  was,  that  the 
name  "hiertttiea"  came  to  designate  that  of  only  third-rate 
quality.  The  paper  of  the  next  quality  was  called  "  aiiiphi- 
theatrica,"  from  the  locality"  of  its  manufacture.  Theskilftd 
maoui!n;tary  that  waa  estahliiJipd  by  EacniuB'^'  at  Roine,  was  in 
the  habit  of  receiving  this  last  kind,  and  thert,  by  a  viMy 
careful  process  of  instrtioii,  it  was  rfiidered  much  finer;  bo 
much  ao,  that  from  being  a  common  sort,  he  made  it  a  paper  of 
flret>ratc  qualitj^,  and  gave  his  own"  iiume  to  it :  while  that 
which  was  not  subjeck'd  to  this  additional  prooeaa  rettiined 
its  oL'igiual  name  of  "amphitheaLriea."  Next  to  this  ie  the 
Hititie  pa^Mir,  ho  called  from  the  city  of  that  name,"  where 
it  is  TUHUiifaetured  in  viiry  large  quantities,  though  of  euttinga 
of  inferior  '*  quality.  Th«  TEeuiotic  papyr,  bo  calkd  from  a 
plac*  in  the  vicinit^,'*  is  manufaictTiTcd  from  the  materials  that 
lie  TiflartT  to  the  outside  skin ;  it  is  sold,  not  according  to  its 
(luality,  but  by  weight  only,     Aa  to  th.o  paper  tfiat  is  known 

'"  Or  "  bolv"  pnper.  The  priocte  wnald  not  tiWav  it  to  tip  sold,  lest  it 
mi^lit  be  ospif  for  protana  wrihiig  ;  bat  afl*r  it  was  out«  viiillfti  ujiuu,  it 
»IL«  (!Fi»i]jf  prorurablB.  'His  Romans  wpw;  io  (he  hnhil,  of  pUTchiwing'  il 
largely  in  thG  latter  stitc,  auil  tlien  washing'  off  tho  wnlla|{,  mii!  uniti^  il 
a*  piipiT  at  Vhc  jiucdt  qualiry.  Uonce  it  leceirc*!  tho  aiimc  of  "Au^iuiiu," 
as  repriBenliug  in  latin  ila  Grueli  nanic  "hienitieiis,"  or  "Baurca."  In 
Inngtn  of  time  it  bFicnme  the  cnmmon  impresGiim,  n«  hnrc  nifntioneil,  that 
thia  name  VQa  givca  to  it  in  Ikjuoul*  o(  Augustus  Cicaur. 

"■  Near  thu  amphitliiMLtrt',  pcobtibly,  of  Alexncdria, 

'*  He  aUudc«  to  Q,.  Rvauaixa  Jfaonius  Palwoion,  a  fiuaoua  grammarian 
of  Rome,  tlioujeili  ori^iEially  il  kIiivb.  Itviji^  lunnumtitGd.  ho  opened  a  school 
at  EoniD,  which  wm  riBorleil  to  by  pjeat.  nnmbtra  or  pupiU,  ni^CwitbstuinU 
ing  bin  nntoriooaly  buil  ctiJirnctei'.  U©  njippHrs  to  ba»e  '.'uluUtabi'd,  alio, 
a  mauufuclor;  fur  paper  at  Home,  Suel;oiiiiia|  in  Ijii  ircaLiMcou  lllurtrifitt* 
Gramnmniin*,  gives  u  lang  nccoUBt  gf  him-  IXe  ii  «upp<iiiid  to  littvo  hiva 
thi!  preuL'plor  ut  QuiaUUsii.. 

'*  Fanniana.  "  la  Lower  F^ypt. 

>*  Ex  Tiliorlbas  ramentiB.  ^*  Of  AJraandria,  probably. 


J 


Chftp.  24.] 


as  "emporeticfl,""  it  is  ijiiite  iiaelefia  for  writing  upon,  and  is 
only  employed  for  wmpping  up  othfr  paper,  ami  as  a  covfring 
for  vftriotia  nrticlcB  of  merchandiiie,  whence  its  name,  as  being 
u?ed  by  dealers.  After  this  CDmes  th«  barlt  of  the  pa^iyros, 
the  outtr  ekin  of  wMch  bears  a  strong  reBemblan'Ce  to  the 
bulruab.  ootl  is  sololy  ustd  for  molLiiig  mpes,  aod  then  only 
for  those  which  tare  to  go  into  the  water." 

All  theee  vurious  kinds  of  psp«r  stb  morle  upon  A  tabic, 
raoisti-ned  with  Nile  wator;  ft  liquid  which,  when  in  a 
muddy  state,  has  the  peculiar  qualities  of  glnp."  This  table 
being  first  iuclined/^  the  leaves  of  papyrus  are  Inid  upon  it 
iengthwise,  a.s  long,  indeed,  m  the  papyrUB  will  udmit  of,  the 
Ji^ed  edges  being  cut  off  at  either  end ;  after  which  a  croea 
layer  is  phux-d  otpp  it,  the  same  way,  in  fuct,  that  hurdles  are 
made.  When  this  is  dooti,  the  lenveB  iire  presaed  dose  together, 
and  then  dried  in  the  Eun  ;  after  which  th^^  are  omted  to  one 
another,  tho  b«st  sheets  being  always  taken  first,  and  the  inft- 
rior  onea  added  aflerwotdfl.  Thurc  are  never  more  than 
twenty  of  the»e  sheeta  to  a  roll." 

OOAT.  24. THE  MODE  OF  TEtfTISQ  TDB  GOODITCSS  OF  FilKS. 

There  h  a  great  difference  in  the  brendth  of  the  varion* 
kinds  of  paper.  That  of  ht»t  quality  "  ia  thirteeu  fingers  wide, 
while  the  hieratica  is  two  fingers  Icbb.  The  Fanniana  is  ten 
fingers  wide,  and  that  known  a»  "amphithcatricn,"  one  less. 
The  Saitiu  ia  of  still  gmallcr  hrcuidth,  indeed  it  is  not  so 
wide  OB  the  mallet  with  which  the  pajier  ia  boaton ;  and  the 
emporetica  iiS  particularly  narrow,  being  not  more  than  eis 
fingers  in  breadth. 

In  addition  to  the  above  particulars,  paper  ia  eet^^euied 
afloording  to  its  tineness,  its  Btomtness,   its  whiteness,  and  its 

loolhness.     Claudius  Cfcsor  effected  a  change  in  that  which 

*>  "  Sliup-pajWT,"'  or  "  paper  of  eoramcme." 
"  Othtrwise.  prnhdWv.  th*  nipe  woul^  not  lonit  hold  together. 
"  F^E  rcmaika.  (hat  tliis  is  liy  no  tricans  llie  fact.     Wit!  M.  Poiret,  lie 
qaeitiuDs  tbu  accuracy  of  PUuji'e  mrcouDt  of  prcpnriiii;  the  pftpynu,  and  t> 
~  opiruMi  that  it  nfen  more  probubEjr  to  ihn  tnainiuiLt  ot  tume  otbvr 
Ublo  nibBbiDsa  frvn  wbioh  puptr  vna  mudd. 
Primo  nmjn%  taboln  ichedfi. 
"  "SMipaa. '    This  was,  properly,  the  cj'timJcr  oawhioh  the  paper  wu 
loIUd. 

^  Auguatan. 


190 


PMSr  S  VATCEAK  JHWIOST. 


[Boot  xnr. 


till  then  had  been  looted  upon  as  being  of  the  first  quality: 
for  the  Augnstan  papirr  hiifl  bt'on  found  to  bo  so  mnai-kiLhly 
fine,  as  to  offer  no  reBistaoce  to  tlto  pressure  of  the  pen  ;  in 
addition  to  which,  as  it  ullowud  tbe  writing  upoii  it  to  ma 
througili,  it  was  continually  cauaiug  apprelK^nsioos  of  He  bt-ing 
blotted  and  blurred  by  the  writing  ou  llie  other  side  ;  the  re- 
markablB  transparency,  too,  of  the  paper  was  Tc-ry  unsightly  to 
the  eye.  To  obviiite  thiiae  inconvenicuces,  a  gitmndwork  of 
paper  was  made  with  loaves  of  the  second  qmJity,  over  which 
"was  laid  a  woof,  as  it  were,  formed  of  leavc-fl  of  the  first.  Ho 
increased  the  width  also  of  paper ;  the  width  [of  the  oommon 
Bort]  being  raadeafcmt,  and  that  of  the  eize  knowTi  us  "macro- 
collum,"^  II  eubit;  though  one  iacoDTCiiieoce  was  eoon  dcteotfid 
in  it,  for,  upon  a  single  leaf*'  being  torn  in  the  press,  mora 
pages  were  apt  to  bu  apoiit  than  before."  in  conse<juence  of. 
th«  iidvuntages  above-mentioned,  the  Cluudian  has  come  to  bo 
prefttrxed  to  all  other  kinds  of  paper,  though  the  Augustan  ia 
still  used  for  the  purposes  of  e|)istol)i!rj'  ooiTcspondcnce.  The 
livian,  which  had  nothing  in  oommon  with  that  of  first  quality^ 
but  was  entirely  of  a  secc^ndary  rank,  still  holds  its  former 
|)lacu. 

CEAI.  25. THE  PBCITLUb  DEFECFB  IK  PAPBK. 

The  roughness  and  inbqUAlitios  in  paper  are  emoolhed  down 
with  a.  tooth"  or  shell ;  but  the  writing  in  such  places  is  very 
opt  to  fade.  When  it  Ib  thuB  poliahcd  the  pajior  does  not  take 
the-  iiik  BO  readily,  but  is  of  u  mora  lustrous  and  shining  eurraci^. 
Tlie  wat<°r  of  (he  Nile  tiiat  has  been  originally  employed  in 
its  manufacture,  being  sometimes  used  untiioutdue  precaution, 
will  unfit  the  paper  for  taking  writing:  this  fault,  however, 
may  be  detected  by  a  Mow  with  the  mallctj  or  eren  by 
the  smell,"  when  the  carelesgneas  has  Ibecn  extreme.     The&e 

*■■"  Or  "long  plusd"  papOT!  the  lireaiJth  probably  oon  Bin  ted  dF  tlint  of 
tvro  or  more  nh^ots  gtued  or  paaterf  at  tlio  ougos,  the  Ecam  rmning  down 
tbc  roll. 

**  SulioJo.  One  nf  tlie  leaves  of  tha  pnpynw,  of  which  the  roll  nl 
Iwenty.  joia-jd  side  by  side,  wus  funneil. 

^^  TliiG  puiiM^  ie  dilliciilt  Co  bo  uniivrstood,  and  varlotis  attcrnptc  tiaTe 
been  maiEd  to  cipUin  it.  It  ifi  not  unliktilr  tbat  h\.%  raeniiing  i*  t)iat  tb« 
brntflUi  being  dnubleit,  tlip  tcariag  of  oue  Iciif  or  iialf  lircadLli  enUilcd  of 
McuKSBtt)'  tlie  sptiiliiig-  of  ttnotlier,  itiuking  (5ie  ttJTrtiBpontlilig  liulf  lii'oatith, 

^*   lie  pcrbapg  mnnoa  n  pcrtloD  of  an  ulejjluilll's  tltak, 

w  Heuuiug  a  damp,  musty  nuell. 


Gtip.  27.] 


VHs  EOOEft  OF  mnu. 


191 


epota,  too,  miiy  be  detected  by  the  eye;  but  the  Ptre&ks  thaC 
rim  down  the  middle  of  the  leavcB  where  they  have  been 
pasted  together,  though  Ihoy  rendtr  the  paper  spongy  and  of 
a  soaking  oaturt',  cou  hardlr  erer  Im  dettM!t«d  before  the  ink 
runs,  while  t)ie  pen  is  furoimg  the  IctterH ;  so  many  are  Ibo 
ojtemQgs  lor  fraud  to  be-  put  in  practice.  The  consequPDce  i», 
that  another  labour  has  beea  added  to  the  doe  preparation 
of  paper. 

OOAP.  26. — TUB  PASTR  USED  IN  TUB   PttEPAlUTIOS  OP  PAPBB. 

The  commrtu  paper  paste  is  mnde  of  the  finert  flour  of  wheat 
mised  vdth  boiling  ivater,  and  some  amall  dropa  of  vinegar 
Fprinkkd  in  it:  for  ths  ordinary  workinuu's  paste,  or  gum, 
it"  employed  for  this  purpose,  will  render  the  paper  brittle. 
Tboee,  howevi>r,  who  take  the  greatest  puinB,  boil  the  crumb 
of  Iwirened  bread,  and  then  etruin  oJf  the  water:  by  tho 
adoption  of  thia  method  the  paper  hiLs  the  fewest  Beams  caused 
hy  the  paste  that  lies  between,  and  ii  softer  than  the  nap  of 
linen  even.  All  kinds  of  pQBt«  that  are  iiwd  for  this  purpose, 
ouylit  not  to  be  oldtT  or  newer  than  one  day.  The  paper  is 
then  thinned  out  with  a  mallei.,  atWr  which  a  new  layer  uf 
paete  lit  placed  upon  it;  then  the  crenaeH  which  hnTC  formed 
are  again  preasod  out,  and  it  then  underifoes  the  same  proceae 
with  the  mallet  as  befona.  It  is  thus  that  wv  have  memoriiUa 
preaen-ed  in  the  ancient  handwriting  of  Tiberius  and  Cuius 
Gracchus,  which  I  have  seen  in  the  possession  of  Pomponiiis 
Seeundus,™  the  poet,  a  very  illustrious  citiaen,  almost  two 
hundred  years  since  those  cboracttra  were  penned.  As  for  the 
handwriting  of  Cicero,  Augustus,  and  Virgil,  ■we  frequently 
eee  them  at  the  present  iL'iy. 


CBAP.  27.  (13.) — TIIB  BOOKS  OP  KUHA. 

There  are  BCime  facts  of  conaderablc  importance  which  make 
against  the  opinion  expressed  by  M  Vnrro,  reliitivc  to  the 
iitvcntion  of  paper.  CaaaiuB  ITemina,  a  writer  of  Tcrj  groat 
antiquity,  haa  stated  in  the  Fourth  Book  of  hia  Annals,  that 
Cneius  Tereatiue,  the  scribe,  while  engaged  in  digging  on  hia 

«  See  B.  vii.  c.  18.  and  B.  xiv.  c.  6.  Aiau  tliB  Life  of  Pliny,  in  the 
Intnjiiuction  to  Vol.  i.  p,  m. 


m 


PlISt'B  KATUBAI  niSTOltT. 


[Book  sm. 


lunA  in  the  Janiculum,  canio  to  a  coffer,  in  wtiich  Niima  had 
iK'i-n  buried,  thu  tviiiier  king  ol"  Itotut,  and  tliaL  iu  this  cotfer 
well)  also  loiind  some  booka^  of  his.  TliiB  took  pl^iee  iu  tlio 
OOBSulship  of  Publius  Cornelius  CethegiiB.  the  son  of  Lucius, 
and  of  M.  B!cl)iijB  Tamphilus,  tho  son  of  CJuintusj  tlie  interval 
between  whofie  coDBulship  and  the  reign  of  Niima-waa  five 
Inmdred  and  thirty-fire  yeais.  These  boota  were  mode  of 
paper,  and,  a  thing  that  ia  more  remiirkiible  etiU,  is  the  fnct 
that  they  laated  bo  many  years  buried  in  the  ground.  In 
order,  therefore,  to  egtahliBh  a  fact  of  such  Bingular  import- 
ance, I  shall  here  quote  ttie  words  of  HLmiira  himself — "  Somo 
persona  expressed  wonder  how  these  books  could  have  possibly 
lasted  80  long  a  time — this  wae' the  explanation  that  T^i'ea- 
tius  gave ;  '  Is  nearly  tiio  middle  of  the  coffer  there  lay  a  square 
stone,  bound  on  evei-y  side  with  cords  enveloped  in  wax  ;* 
npon  this  atone  the  books  had  hi-en  placed,  and  it  was  through 
this  precnution,  lie  thought,  that  they  had  not  rotted.  The 
booka,  too,  were,  cnrefiilly  Mvemd  with  citnia  kavcB,*'  and  it 
was  through  thisj  in  his  bolicf,  that  thfiy  had  been  proteet*>d 
from  the  nttacka  of  worais.'  In  Ihese  booliu  were  written 
certain  doctriaea  relative  to  the  Pythogoreaa  philosophy ;  they 
werit  burnt  by  C^.  I'etiliue,  thn  prastor,  becausG  they  trcuteu 
of  pMloBopliieal  suhjcets."" 

Piso,  who  h^d  formerly  been  censor,  n^lat«s  the  same  fuots 
io  the  First  Book  of  hiB  CommuntiLrieB,  but  he  statea  in  addition, 
that  Ihc-ro  were  Bcven  books  on  Pontifical  Rights,  and  sev*:]!  on 
the  l*ythflgnr<-aa  philosophy.^  Tiiditanus,  in.  liis  Fourteenth 
Book,  6aya  that  they  contained  the  deereosof  Xuma  :  Vhtto,  in 
the  Seventh  Book  of  liis  "Antiquities  of  Mankind,*'**  etatea  that 
they  were  twelve  in  number ;  and  Autiss,  in  his  Second  Jlook, 
Bays  that  thuro  wero  twelve  written  in  Latin,  ou  pontiiical 

"  This,  story,  no  doubt,  dcaorv«»  to  bo  rejected  as  totally  fabulon!,  oren 
tlLOUg-h  yra  hnre  Jlcniion'i  word  for  it. 

Sf  See  B.  xvi.  o.  70. 

>'  B.  xii.  <!.  7,  anil  B.  xiii.  <i.  31.  It  wne  thought  tlint  tlm  Iwm 
and  juices  of  the  cedar  and  tbu  oitnis  prcBemid  tmoka  and  liaen  (torn  tb« 
ittlAclcR  of  noiious  in^ctc. 

^^  And  heii.ause^  a»  Livy  bbjtb,  Qu^r  duebriDM  kccc  ininuual  U»  the  then 
existing  Tcli^iiii. 

*>  Vul.  M(ixiiiius  sjiys  that  llicTit  wcro  wirae  buoks  wrilttti  iu  Ijutia,  od 
the  ponciBBu]  ri^hu,  and  utbcij-it  in  GL-iwk  aa  pbiio^Dphicol  aubjocle. 

»  lIiiiEiiuiiE  Autiiiuitutes. 


Chop.  28.] ' 


THK  XaSES  or  JITHIOPU. 


IPS 


l^'WtUtni,  nnd  as  maiiy  in  Greek,  containing  ];i!uio9opliical  pre- 
eepta.  The  Bflme  author  statea  abto  in  his  Third  liuok  why 
it  was  thought  proper  to  bum  them. 

It  is  ft  fact  neknowk-dgfid  by  all  writers,  that  the  Sibyl" 
brought  ttiree  books  to  Turquinius  Sujierbue,  of  which  two 
were  burnt  by  biueeLt',  whilt  thu  Ibiiil  purishi^d  by  firo  with 
the  Capitol'*  ID  the  days  of  Sylla.  In  adUitioii  to  thc»e  fiicts. 
MuciauuB,  wiio  waa  three  timee  consul,  has  utated  that  he  had 
rt-ctrnlly  mvii,  while  govi-rnor  of  Lycia,  a  Icltor  writtou  upon 
paper,  and  ju'eserved  in  a  cei'tain  temple  tht*re,  wliicli  h«d 
been  writtim  Irom  Troy,  by  Sai-podon;  u  thing  that  surprisi's 
me  the  more,  if  it  really  was  the  fact  that  even  in  ihc  time 
of  Homer  tbe  country  that  we  call  Egypt  was  not  in  exist- 
L-nce.^  And  why  too,  if  paper  was  tlu-ii  iu  use,  waa  it  the 
custom,  as  it  is  very  well  known  it  woa,  to  write  upon  iL-uiIin 
tablets  and  linvn  cloths  P  Why,  too,  has  IXomcr'^Etated  that 
in  Lyciu  tulili.'t«^*  wtTu  given  to  i^clliirophuu  to  vaiT)',  and  not 
a  paper  letter  ? 

Papyrus,  for  making  paper,  is  apt  to  filil  oocaBionally ;  aueh 
u  thing  happened  in  the  time  of  the  linipLror  Tibt-rius,  when 
there  was  bo  great  a  scarcity"  of  paper  that  members  nf  the 
senate  were  np})ointed  to  regiilnte  IIk;  distrihution  of  it :  had 
not  this  been  doni?,  all  the  ordinary  relations  of  life  would 
bare  been  completely  disarraTigud. 

CHAT.  28.  (14.) — ras  tkiiss  at  Mramru. 

iEthiopia,  which  bordt-rB  upon  Egypt,  has  in  general  no 
Kmarkable  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  wool-hearing" 
yni?«,  of  whit^h  we  hnvt-  had  occasion  to  8]ioak*"  in  onr  descrip- 
liou  of  the  ti-L'cs  of  India  and  Arabia.     IJuM-ever,  the  produce 

«  See  H.  «xiT.  e.  II.  '^  Scr  B.  xxnWi.  c  6. 

"  He  impHci  thai  h  coulJ  aol  have  been  wtjiUml  upon  paper,  m  the 
pipfnu  anrl  lh«  dtRtricla  which  prniJuroil  it  vera  not  in  fxixtviax  in  tbe 
timo  tff  Honiw.  Ko  dunbi  tlii<  *o-yiilli'(l  !■eI^JJr.  if  (buivn  at  all,  wu»  a  for- 
gerr,  a  "pia  fraue."     Sm  c.  21  of  tlic  proiLnt  ]look. 

*  II.  rf.  ri  I.  168. 

••  •*  Cudinilliiii,"  lis  meauin;;  cliarnctOT*  Trriltfn  on  a  nirfoce  of  wood, 
iricoC,  M  Humor  enlU  it. 

"  It  W88  pitilmbly  then  lliftt  lhe*ui>ply  of  it  first  Vgnn  to  filil;  ia  the 
siath  ccDtury  it  mi»  iiill  uhliI,  but  ly  the  twulftli  ic  had  wUuIlf  fjll<.a 
111  to  disndc* 

*'  Tbc  cottnn-lroc,  CiMsj-piiua  arbonnim  of  lAnniciu. 

«  Sen  B.  sii.  0.  SI,  22. 

VOL.  lU,  O 


PLisr  B  natuiulL  insToar.  [Book  XIII. 

of  the  tree  of  Ethiopia  boars  a  mncli  etrongcr  rescm'blance  to 
■wool,  and  Uie  fnllir-ule  is  much  larger,  being  Tcry  similflr  in 
npjirrarniice  1^  ft  pomegranate ;  aa  for  the  trees,  thcj"  arc  other- 
wiao  aimUw  in  Bverj-  respL'ct.  Besides  thie  trt'e,  there  are 
nomo  palms,  of  which  we  hare  spoken  ali'on.dj'.'*  In  duatrlhiiig 
tht!  it^l:ull]5  oloug  Xhu  caast  of  ^thiopiii,  we  havo  iiXntudy  mado 
luuiiLiuu"  of  thtiii  txc-ea  Aod  their  odunl'erous  loitsts. 

CBA^p.  29.  (IS.) — ran  thees  of  mopst  atlas,     tdb  caTRUBj  asd 

THE    TARLKS  MAUB  OP  TUB  WOOD  mKBUiUI'. 

Mount  Atlaa  ie  said  to  poaaess  a  foruai  of  trcoa  of  a  peculiar 
L-harantLT,**  of  wliiob  wc  have  already  spoken.*^  In  the  viciniiy 
i\(  this  niouutuia  is  MaareUmia,  a  cuunlry  which  abounds  in 
the  citruB,"  a  trt^  which  guve  riae  to  tho  mnuia"  lor  fine 
tiiblea,  aa  tutravagance  witli  which  tlie  women  reproach  the 
men,  when  they  complain  of  their  vast  outlay  upon  pearls. 
There  is  iiresorvci  to  tlie  present  day  a  table  wliioh  belonged 
to  IC.  Cicero,'^  and  for  which,  notwithstanding  his  compara- 
livoly  modflniie  means,  juid  what  is  even  niuru  surprising"  Etill, 
nt  that  day  too,  he  g'lve  uo  less  than  oni^'  million  HCt^UTOCS ; 
we  find  m«uUoa  made  niso  of  one  belonging  to  titillus  Asiniufl, 
whiuh  cost  one  raiUion  one  bundled  thouauud  sesterces.  Two 
tiibka  were  aUo  sold  by  auction  which  had  belonged  to  King 
Jnha;  the  price  fetched  by  ono  was  one  million.  I  wo  hundred 
thousand  si?8tcrees,  and  that  of  the  othur  soinc>thing  less. 
There  has  been  lately  destroyed  by  fire,  a  table  whicli  eRmn 
down  from  the  family  of  the  Cethcgi,  and  which  had  been  sold 
for  the  BUTD  of  oiifs  million  four  hundred  tlioiisand  aesttToc*, 
the  price  mt  a  conBiderable  domain,  U'  any  one,  indeed,  eould  be 
luund  who  would  give  eo  large  u  bum  fi;r  un  eatute. 

'"  In  c,  9  of  tjie  present  Bonk.  *•  Sfip  U.  vi.  c,  3fi,  37. 

»  DeKfcQlaiuM  obBcrvt'il  in  tii*  viniitily  of  Jill*«i,  siirfnil  ircas  |)«ii- 
liar  to  ihat  diatrici.  Anioiijt  others  of  tbii  Baton;,  lie  nnracs  Tlie  PUmcia 
Atlantica,  and  the  Tbuya  ariiculala. 

t^  See  B.  V,  c.  1 

"  Ctnifrally  iiipposeil  to  Ije  lliB  Thuya  ■rtioiilti't*  of  Besfoataines,  Hie 
Cu3ruB  Ailaatioa  ototliGrlhoianisu. 


*'  TUiJirupn  fur  Ent  mlilosriudaof  llierilriisisnlbiilciUo,  arann^otlicrK, 
l>y  Murtiil  and  PotMiiiug  Arbitci.     Sop  alao  Liicac,  A.  tx.  B.  42(i,  et.  acq, 

"  It  i*  fi  ralh"^  ciuioiia  fatf.  llint  it  is  in  Cii'tro's  wort*  that  wp  liiid 
IW  PiirlJKst  nienfiDii  [Made  ol'tilrim  tables,  2ii-d  Oration  ag.  VotreM,  ».  4  '.^ 
"  You  deprived  ({.  LuUtiiu  l>iollurUB  ot  Lilyljceum  or  n.  citrus  tnblo  of  rs* 
auirkable  a^  oud  boaiity."  ^  Soni^wlicni  aWut  £9000. 


The  largPRt  iubic  tlint  Iieib  ever  yet  boctt  known  was  one 
tliut  belonged  lo  I'lobmaiiiB,  king  of  MnarotRnia ;  it  ^ras  made 
ofltvo  m.'iui<:ircuiiil<jrcuci'&  joined  togcUicr  down  the  middle, 
beiag  four  feet  nud  li  hull'  in  diunicLi^r,  nad  u  quarWr  of  a  foot 
ia  tbickneBs:  the  most  wonderful  fact,  howvv-i.T,  cynuected 
witli  it,  Kiis  ifn:  surprising  »kiil  witli  which  the  joining  liad 
liecn  concn:ilc-d,*'  ond  wldcii  rcmkfft'd  it  more  vu1ij:iI>I.g  Chan  if 
it  liad  been  by  nuluru  a  siiiglo  pic-ce  of  wood.  Tbe  largest 
tuble  that  19  ru^ide  of  ft  single  piect  of  -wood,  is  the  one  that 
tiik««  its  name"  tVora  X-imius,  a  frt'edtnan  of  Tibprius  Csesur. 
The  diuraettr  of  it  is  four  feet,  short  by  ihi-cc  quarters  of  an 
inch,  and  it  ia  hulf  u  foot  in  tbickness,  icns  the-  Bumif  franlion. 
While  Bpookin;;  upi>n  thia  Eubjocl,  1  ought  not  to  uiuit  tu  men- 
tiou  tli:it  Ibc  liinpcror  Tiberius  had  a  tiblo  that  exceeded  four 
feet  in  diuiuct^r  by  tn'o  iiitbee  and  a  i{ii:ii'ttir,  luid  was  un  itich 
and  a  Italf  in  thickness :  this,  liowewr,  waa  only  (pvefud  with 
a  venct-r  of  citrue-wood,  while  thul  which  belonged  to  his 
frec'dtnan  Xomiua  w(w  so  costly,  the  whole  material  of  which 
it  Wiis  compOBtd  being  knotted  "  wood. 

Tliesi3  liiiula  arc  properly  a  Uiiwaao  or  fxtrBRCpnco  of  thn 
root,  and  tbuse  uti^d  for  this  purpose  are  more  particularly 
ealecmed  which  have  lain  entirely  ooncciiU'd  midor  ground  ; 
thoy  arc  much  more  rare  tliau  those  that  grow  above  groiind, 
und  that  aix-  to  bu  found  on  the  briinehi.-8  uUo.  Tlius,  to  epeiik 
eorrectly,  tliat  whieh  wo  buy  at  so  vusl  a  prico  is  in  rigidity  u 
defect  in  the  Irtw :  of  the  *ize  and  root  of  it  a  notion  may  bo 
easily  foriDLd  Irom  the  cittiiiur  aoctions  of  iu  trunk.  The 
tree  rcBcmbles  the  wild  frmale  r^j-jirosa*'  in  it«  foliuge,  gmell, 
and  the  appeanmco  of  the  trunk.  A  spot  ciiUcd  Mount  Anco- 
rarius,  in  Nearer  Mouretaniti,  used  tiirnierly  to  (\imiih  the 
moat  ostoerood  citrua-wood,  but  ut  the  preeeut  day  the  supply 
is  (juito  cxlmuEtod. 

CHAP.  30,— TttI   POINTS   THAT   AltE   DRSraABLE  Qfi  OIORUTTlSK  iV 
lim^E   lABLKH. 

The  principal  merit  of  tljeae  luhlu's  is  to  havo  vmua*  arrnoged 

"  Tliix  !■  contiilen^  niitbiug  Temjirkable  at  tite  prewnt  day,  aiioh  is  tb* 
sliill  ditphywl  by  wur  cnbiiuit-iiiaktra. 
:.  ColW '■  Nomiaua."  "  Tuber. 

"  Tlie  IJnropcan  cypnii,  the  Cuprcsaiis  Bomppn-inns  of  I.inneiia. 
^  XliesG  nioa  •asns  notluu^  ia  e^Lit;  bat  Itie  lia»  of  thfi  lAfon  or 

V  3 


4 


4 


ItfS 


PLiyr's  SATUEAL  HI8T0BT, 


[Book  XUr. 


in  waving  lines,  or  clee  ibnning  spirals  like  so  many  little 
■wViirlpoolB.  In  the  former  arrangement  the  Imua  run  in  an 
oblong  direction,  for  which  reasoa  these  aro  miiud  "  tiger"  •• 
tablcH  ;  -wbile  in  the  latter  the  msuks  are  circliiig  and  spiral, 
and  hence  tliey  are  Btjied  "panther"'^  tubK*.  Thcrt  aru 
some  tables  also  with  wavy,  unJukling  marks,  and  which  are 
more  partictUfurly  esteemed  if  these  rcReniblo  the  eyes  on  a 
peiicock's  tail.  Next  in  esteem  to  these  last,  as  well  its  thtisB 
preTioudy  laeiitioinjd,  is  the  veined  wood,"  covered,  as  it  were, 
with  dense  mflsses  ot'^rain,  for  which  refison  thtse  tflblt-a  have 
received  the  name  of  "  apiataj.""'  But  the  colourof  the  wood 
is  the  quality  that  is  hc-M  in  tbfl  highest  t'steom  of  aU  :  that 
of  wine  mixud  with  honfy*"  being  the  most  prized,  the  Toiusboiug 
jieculiarly  re-liil^Diit.  Kext  to  the  colour,  it  is  the  eizo  that  ie 
jjiized  :  iit  the  preeent  day  whole  trunks  ihg  greatly  adnjirod, 
and  somelijaee  Bei'erul  are  united  in  a  BJiiglo  tabJe. 

The  peculiju  (iL'fects  in  tbeau  kinds  uf  tables  aria  wooiliness,"' 
»uch  being  Uie  name  givtn  to  the  talJe  when  the  wood  is  dull, 
Komtnon- looking,  indistinct,  or  cist  has  mere  simplie  mwka 
ujOTu  it,  Tcacmbling  the  lenres  of  the  plane-tree  ;  also,  when 
it  resembU'B  the  vetns  of  tho  liolTB-oak  or  the  eolour  of  that 
Iroc;  anfl,  a  fault  to  which  it  is  peculiarly  liable  from  the 
effect  of  heat  or  wind,  whon  it  has  flnwa  in  it  or  hair-like  lines 
rcBembling  flaws ;  when  it  has  a  black  lufirk,  too,  riiuning 
through  it  reBenit>ling  a  raurena  in  appearanee,  various  streaks 
thai  look  like  crow  ecratchea,  or  kuots  like  poppy  h(;adsj  with  a 
colour  all  over  nearly  approaching  to  lihick,  or  btotciiet  of  & 
Mckly  hue.  The  barbaroue  tribc-a  bury  this  wood  in  the 
B^Dud  while  groen,  Hrat  gi^ng  it  a  coaling  of  wax.  When 
it  comes  into  the  workmtn'a  bands,  they  put  it  for  scvon  days 
henenth  a  heap  of  com,  and  then  take  it  out  for  as  Qi,auy 

strata  li^nua.  runiiin?  ]itTprrjilicul;irly  in  ihe  Iruuk,  nad  the  cumber  of 
which  tlvnotce  tlie  iige  uftuc  tree. 

••  "  Tigriiia?." 

»r  '■Piiiitbi:riti!o.""  The  fonner  tnbl«B  were  probalilv  made  or  small  pitcM 
from  till'  tniak,  lliu  luiUir  (rom  tlic  nt'tUuiis  ol"  llio  tubcre  ur  knots. 

=»  "  Criepii." 

*•  Or  "  pBrsIi'j''Sep[l  "  tnlJcs,  It  lins  Him  l>L*n  siipgeiitfJ  that  the  worj 
JC'iineii  from  '"flpw,"  u  k-tj  dm  WiJoil  presimtiug  the  uppiHtraiKc  uf  buiug 
cnvyr(i(l  with  swuitiib  ofbocs. 

"^  "MuUum."  TUiu mulitre  will  b«  fiiiiud fruquDall/ mimliunud  in  t^e 
noxt  Book. 

"  Lignum. 


Chap.  3fl.] 


CIIBUS  TAJ1J.£S. 


moro:  it  is  quite  surprising  how  grently  it  lciae»  in  weight  by 
thi«  process.  Shipwrecks  have  recently  taught  us  alao  thut  tbiB 
wood  ia  dried  by  the  aittion  of  sea-WHter.  find  lliut  it  thereby 
aOQuires  a  hardnoHb'^  nud  iiidt^greB  of  dcudty  wiiich  render  it 
proof  uguiiist  i!orru[iUuu  :  no  other  method  is  <?i]uully  sure  tu 
produuj  thuao  robults.  These  mbleB  are  kept  best,  nud  Hhiuo 
with  the  grii'iitust  lustre,  when  rubbed  with  the  dj-y  hand, 
more  particularly  juai  after  bathing.  As  if  ihiH  wood  hiid 
been  created  for  the  buhuul  of  wiae,  it  recvivejj  no  injury 
tjroiu  iL 

(18.)  As  this  tree  is  one  among  the  elements  of  more  civil- 
ized lite,  I  think  that  it  ia  as  welt  on  the  present  occiuion  to 
dwell  a  httle  further  upon  it.  It  wiia  k.ntnvu  to  Homer  even, 
and  in  the  Greek  it  ie  known  by  the  iiuiuu  of  *'  thyoii,"**  or 
eumetimes  "thya."  He  aaya  that  the  wood  of  thiH  tree  wiia 
ainong  the  ungueots  that  were  burnt  foe  their  pleuBaut  odow 
bj-  Circe,"  whom  ho  would  reprt;sent  its  beiUK  a.  go<lde««;  a 
eiretuustaucB  which  shows  the  grtat  tui«t;ik«  coiumitteU  hy 
those  who  suppose  that  perfumes  are  meunt  under  tliat  name,*" 
seeing  that  in  the  very  &anie  tine  he  says  that  cedur  und  lurch 
were  birmt  nlong  with  this  wood,  a  thing  that  clearly  prove* 
that  it  is  only  of  different  trees  that  he  ia  speaking.  Theo- 
phrastus,  an  outhor  who  -wrote  in  tho  ago  anccciding  thiit  o(* 
Alicxander  the  Gre^it^  and  about  ihe  year  of  the  City  of  Rome 
440,  has  awarded  a  very  high  rank  to  tins  Irec^,  stilting  that  it 
is  related  that  tho  rafteiiag  of  Uie  uiieiLDt  temples  used  to  lie 
mode  of  this  wood,  and  that  the  timber,  when  emjdoyed  in 
roofs,  will  last  for  ever,  90  to  say,  being  pruuf  aguinst  ail  de- 
cay,^-quit«  incorruptible,  in  fiiet.  He  ulao  says  that  there  i» 
nothing  more  full  of  wavy  veins**  than  the  root  of  this  tn^c,  and 
that  there  is  no  workmanship  in  existence  more  preeioua  thmi 
that  made  of  this  iiiuleriiJ.  The  (itiefit  kind  of  citriiB  grows, 
ho  eays,  in  tho  vifiinity  of  the  Temple  of  JupJtiar  Hammon; 
he  slates  aUo  that  it  is  produced  in  the  lower  pnrt  of  Cyre- 
niuca.  Ue  has  made  no  mention,  howuver,  of  tho  tables  that 
uTQ  made  of  it ;  indeed,  we  have  no  more  ancient  accounte  of 

"'  Via  mmsu'kn  thnt  (bia  iit  tncnm-ct,  stiiI  Lbat  this  stKt«nii-Rt  betiny*  uu 
endre  iEOonuioe  of  tlia  veiJtjtaWe  pliytidngy. 

"  Gintv,  "  wood  1)1"  wcri&u." 

»*  06.  B.  T.  1.  00.  Plin;  makes  a  mistake  in  sailing  "Cin»i"  itiliould 
be  "Cfd™o. 

»*•  eioc.  *  Crimiin*. 


PLIST  Jl    yATORAl,  mSTOKY. 


[Sooi  xnc. 


them  than  those  of  the  time  of  Cicero,  from  which  it  would 
appear  that  ihoy  ore  a  coeiparutiTely  recent  invention. 

CHAP.  31 . — THE   nTUON-TEEB. 

There  ia  anothir  tree  also  which  has  the  same  name  of 
"citrufi,'"*  anrl  bears  a  fruit  that  is  held  by  some  persona  in 
porticuhir  dislike  for  iU  smell  nnd  remnrkable  liittcrnps*; 
whiio,  on  th*  other  hund,  thcro  are  BoiKe  who  esteem  it  very 
highly.  This  tree  ia  uaed  as  nil  ornament  to  houses  j  it  re* 
quires,  howc'Tcr,  no  further  deacription. 


ar^^^ 


CITAP.  32.  (17.) — THE  LOTCS. 

Africa,  too,  at  least  thitt,  part  of  it  which  loolts  tow; 
our  shores,  produces  a  remarkable  tree,  the  lotus,'"  hy  some 
known  as  the  "eoltis,"  which  htisnlao  bf-cnnatumiized  in  Italy,* 
thotigh  it  has  hc-cn  Romewhu-t  modified  hy  the  chango  of  soiL 
The  fiueat  fjuality  of  lutiis  is  that  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Syrtis  and  aniorg  the  NaBanufnts.  It  is  the  cams  hzc  as  tho 
pt«r-tree,  ullhoug-h  CorueliuB  If  epos  states  to  the  effect  that  it 
is  but  short.  The  leaves  havw  numerous  incisions,  just  as  with 
Uioso  of  the  holni-oLik.  There  Are  many  varieties  of  th«  lotue, 
which  are  characterized  more  particularly  by  the  difference  in 
tht'ir  re«[)cctive  fruits.  Thu  fruit  is  of  abuut  the  size  of  a 
bean,  and  its  cnlour  ia  that  of  saffron,  though  before  it  is  tipe 
it  ifl  continnally  fibangiiig  its  tints,  like  the  grape.  It  has 
bmnohcs  thickly  aet  with  IfaiTS,  like  tli-e  mrrtle,  and  not, 
m  with  uh*  in  Itnly,  liko  tho  cherry.  Ia  the  country  to 
^ItivU  lliia  trco  is  indigenous,  the  fruit  of  it  iis  no  remarkably 
swec-t  and  lu^iuue,  thut  it  hu3  even  given  ila  ua.nie  to  a  wUulo 
Iwrritory,  and  to  a  nation'*  who,  by  thtir  singular  hospitaUly, 
have  cvvn  seduced  btrangers  who  have  come  ttiD4:>ug  tlwm,  to 
loae  ftll  rem^mbmifce  of  their  autivc  couiitry.  It  is  said  nliW, 
ihiit  thosB  who  cat  this  fruit  ore  subject  to  no  mnladtea  of  tlie 
stomo&h.  The  fruit  which  ha*  no  stone  in  the  inaide  ia  the 
best :  thia  atone  in  the  other  kind  Bcoma  to  hie  of  an  osa^oiw 
nature,     A  wino  is  also  extracted  from,  tliia  fruit  very  similitr 

'^  HeMludei  to  till' vitrQJi,tlic  Citrus  Kudica of  LIunieiu,   Suii  B.  xii.  o,  7. 
■^  The  KtiamnuE  lotus  of  LiniinuB :  tlm  Ziixyphits  lotus  of  DMContitinrs. 
••  The  tHliM  aiiitriiii*  of  Lmmu      Fee  remmk*  tLiil;  I'liiiy  »  ia  error 
ia  giving  (lie  tiHmc  uf  Cell'm  lu  the  IdIus  af  Africu. 
«  Th^  LuLo]ilingL     See  U.  v.  c.  7. 


Chap.  32.]  THB  LOTUB. 

to  honied  Trino  ;  nccording  to  NcpM,  howover,  it  will  not  Inst 
abuve  ten  ilnya;  he  aUites  «Iso  that  tho  berries  are  clioppcd  up 
with  alioa,™  and  tlien  put  away  in  ciiaks  for  tJie  labU'.  In- 
deed,  we  reud  that  armieti  Iiutu  Itccu  fed  upon  this  ftwid  wli^n 
marrhmg  to  antl  fro  through  the  territory  of  Africa.  Tbti 
woctl  i»  of  a  bkck  colour,  fintl  ia  held  m  high  Geteem  lor  making 
flutes ;  from  the  root  also  they  manufacture  haadlus  lor  kulres, 
and  variouB  other  small  articles. 

SqcIi  ip  the  nuture  of  the  tree  thnt  IB  so  called  ia  Africa ;  tim 
same  nuitie  being  al*o  given  no  a  certain"  herb,  and  to  a  stalk" 
that  grows  in  Egypt  bdonginj  to  tlje  unirah  plants.  This  liittt 
plant  spiingy  tip  when  tht!  watera  ol'  thu  Nilu  Iuito  rctiiiid  nft«r 
its  orertlow  :  it.^  atutk  i»  similar  to  that  of  the  hc-itii,  iind  itH 
loaves  are  numerous  and  grow  in  thick  clustcre,  but  ai"e  eliortir 
and  more  slcntior  llian  those  of  the  beau.  The  fruit  grows  oa 
the  head  of  the  plant,  and  ia  siniilaf  in  appeiitriuctt  lu  a  poppy 
in  ife  indentiitions"  and  all  its  other  clianicttriaticB;  ttithiu 
therj  are  small  grains,  similar  to  those  of  millrt.'*  Thu  in- 
liab:tanta  ky  thcso  hcadB  in  lai^e  hcnpe,  and  there  let  them 
totj  after  w>iii:h  they  separate  the  grain  from  the  rpsiiJne  by 
Wishing,  and  then  dry  it;  wheu  this  ia  done  they  puiind  it, 
and  then  use  it  as  Sour  for  middug  a  kind  of  bread.  What  is 
stated  in  addition  to  these  partitulare,  ia  a  very  singular '"  tuct : 
it  is  said  thut  when  the  emu.  setij,  these  popj>y-hcuds  ahnt  and 
cover  theni?eU'e9  io  the  leaves,  and  at  §ua-rim?  they  opea 
uguin  ;  an  altem:ttioa  which  continues  until  tho  fruit  is  per- 
fectly ripe,  and  the  flower,  which  ia  white,  falls  olF. 

(18.)  E-ren  more  than  this,  of  the  lotus  of  tho  Enphratea,'' 
it  18  said  that  the  head  and  llijwer  of  tho  plant,  at  nightfulE, 
sink  into  tho  water,  and  there  rtsmoin  till  midaight,  em  deep  in 
the  "water,  tlmt  on  thrusting  in  one's  ami,  the  hi-ud  cannot  be 
reached  :  after  midnight  it  coDiuienoea  to  rcturii  upwards,  and 
gradually  become*  more  and  more  erect  till  sunrise,  when  it 

"•  A  kind  of  grain  Jist.    8oe  B.  iiiii.  0.  29,  and  B.  xiii.  e.  01. 
^^  Tlia  Mi-lilutti*  uQicJDulii  of  Linnxiis. 
"  Thi>  Nymphaen  Nelmnlio  of  Linuwiw,  or  Egyptian  b^an. 
^  He  tpuidLE  of  the  tQiLentiitiiiiif  on  tlie  ■urJiu.i:e  of  tiuf  puppy-bcsdi 
T*  Boo  B.  xxii.  D.  2S. 

T»  Vft  nrniaVa  that  there  is  nothiaK  ein^lir  about  it,  the  snn  moM  « 
leu  exercising  a  nmiljir  influence-  t^n  tul  plantA. 

)■  Tbe  ttuua  m  the  Nyiaphcea  Nclumbo  of  Ute  Xtle,  occor^g  to  ¥ie. 


yuin's  NATOBAt  H1BT08T. 


[Swli  SIII. 


emerges  entirely  from  the  water  iiiid  opoQs  its  flower ;  after 

which  iC  atill  oiialinuos  tn  riae,  until  at  last  it  is  to  ba  seen 
ruiMsd  quite  alotY,  higli  above  the  leTet  of  Uio  water.  Tbia 
loins  bus  a  ruut  about  Ibu  »iae  of  ti  quiuca,  f nveloptd  io a UucU 
akiu,  Himilur  tu  thut  with,  wliich  the  ctiesnut  iu  covered.  Ihi 
siibiitiuici;  that  lies  withiu  this  sliiu  is  wbit«,  aud  forms  very 
pleasant  fo<jii,  but  ia  blotter  cuoked,  eitlit-r  iu  wiitcx  or  iipou 
hot  uahea,  LtifU  iii  a  raw  state.  Swine  fatten,  upon  noihiag 
btslter  Diuii  liiG  peclui(^  of  this  root. 

CHAP.  3d.  (IS') VSBTBREB  OF  CTRESAICA.      TITE  PUJUBOS. 

The  region  of  Cyrenaica  places  before  the  lotus  its  paliurus,*' 
which  is  moL-i)  like  a  shrub  in  chiiracter,  aud  btdtirs  a  truit  of 
n  redder  colour.  This  fruit  contains  a  nut,  the  ki^mclofvshieh 
Jb  eaten  by  itself,  and  is  of  a  vyy  ugreeubie  ilmfotir.  Tht: 
Vttute  of  it  ia  improved  by  wino,  and,  in  fact,  the  juices  are 
thuught  to  he  an  improvemont  to  wiue.  Thu  interior  of 
Afpieji,  aa  far  aa  tbo  Garamant'.'B  and  the  deaerLa,  ia  covered 
w'ii)i  puluis,  remarkublt;  for  their  extraordinary  size  and  tlio 
lundouaoods  of  thuir  fruit.  The  most  celebrated  are  those  in 
tin:  vicinity  of  the  Teiuplo  of  Jupiter  Hamuiou. 

CRAP.  S4.— KUrS  VAHIETIE9  OP  THB  PC*fIC  ATPW.      BAULtTSTICM. 

But  tlie  vicinity  of  Carthage  is  claimed  more  particularly  an 
its  own  by  the  fruit  the  numo  of  whiuh  in  the  "  Punic  applf;"" 
tliuujjh  by  8omo  it  is  called  "  ^unutum."'"  This  Iruit  has 
beuu  difetingutshed  into  u  variety  of  kinds ;  tho  name  of 
■  iipyruniim"  *"  b<!ing  given  to  the  oii«  which  htia  no*'  woody 
Wi-da.  inside,  but  is  naturally  whitiT  than  tbe  others,  the  pijia 
boing  of  a  more  a^eeable  flavour,  and  the  membranes  by 
w1ii(^  they  tui3  ectparatod  not  bo  bitter.     Their  confurmation  in 

"  IVohnUy  the  Rhamnua  paliurua  of  LiniiGeusi  the  Spina  Cbristi  of 
other  butuuUts. 

''*  The  ponu'^nu^tv,  the  Piiniix.  granatiim  at  boUmieLi. 

'*  flr"gnuiipil  applo." 

"  From  iha  Cceek  aWfptivw,  "  without  kenwl."  Thb  FS«  would  nui 
traiiKliilu  litLrully,  bul  us  iticimin^  lliitt  by  ciilnvation  tho  ^uiuJi  IlhU  bcvu 
rKluBMj  to  a  verj  diminutivo  sine,     ri*e  B.  xsiiL  o.  67. 

"  Tluu  vuriut^-  Appears  to  bo  cxtioct.    P&  doubu  if  it  over  (ulitcd* 

*■  See  B.  xxhi.  c.  67 


Cbap.  30.] 


TUB  TttAOIOH. 


SOI 


oilier  respeotfl,  wtiicTi  ia  very  aimUar  to  the  partitionH  of  the 
cp-lie  ill  tile  hou'oycaml),  in  miicti  ih<i  suiutj  iii  all.  Of  lliose 
ibut  havu  a.  kvruel  tliL-ru  mv  live  Iviuds,  ibi;  swtut,  tliu  iktiiI, 
tiie  mixed,  tim  ucid,  and  the  viuvus :  those  of  gtauion  and 
Efj^pt  are  diMiugniftlifd  into  those  with  fmI,  niul  thusu  with 
wbiUi  foiiafiro.'"  Thi'  sltin,  iviiilt-  Uii.-  I'riiit  w  j'l-t  wiiir,  ia  held 
in  high  e8U>*:m  for  Uinuiii^  k-atlici'.  Thi-  llowtr  of  this  tree  ia 
known  by  the  name  of  "  balouatmm,"  mid  is  very  nsclul  for 
medifiimd  purpo&es ;  *"  ulso  for  dyeing  oiutho  a  ccduur  which 
&>m  it  has  derived  its  name.^ 

CHAP.  35.  (20.)— raSTKKKSUl'  ASIA  AXDOREECR;    TFTE  FPIPACTIH, 
THE  KKICA,  THK    CKIDtAN    QLAXX    OK    IUVUIlLjIiIA,  PVKOUCKHK, 

axanuan,  on  CHKotiosr. 

lu  Asia  and  Greece  aro  produced  Ihtt  following  slimbs,  the 
epipactiB",*"  by  eomt;  known  its  "  l!llL•^^^iu^^,"  tlie  leaves  of 
which  arc  of  aiaall  size,  and  whun  biken  io  drink,  iito  mi 
antidote  ogaiubt  jioiaon  ;  just  id  thu  aumt:  wity  that  those  of 
the  erica''  are  a  apecifio  ngainst  the  Bting  of  the  Bcrpont, 

(21.)  Hera  is  alao  found  auolhor  shruh,  upon  whiuli  grows 
the  groin  of  Cnidos,'*  by  eome  known  us  *'  linum ;  "  the  nume 
uf  the  ehrub  it9t)if  htititj thymolasu,*  while  others,  again,  cull  it 
"chumfllffia,'*  olbi:rB  pyruHa;!biie,  others  cm-atpon,  and  othtrs 
UDeorom;  it  bears  a  siniug  roaeuibliuicij  to  tin;  wild  olive,  but 
h)u  u  uurrow  leuf,  wliiuh  bas  a  j^umiuy  to&te  ia  thu  mouth. 
The  slirub  h  of  about  the  eize  of  the  myrtle ;  its  sewd  is  of  ihti 
same  colour  and  appearmtce,  but  is  solidy  used  SuK  medicinsl 
purposus. 

CHAP.  36.— aHK  TltAGIDir  :    TKASAVAX'^nS. 

The  island  of  Crt^te  is  tbeonly  place  that  produces  Qie 

*  S«  B.  uiii.  c.  GT.  «*  8««  B.  xaiii.  C.  Gl). 

**  "  l'iiTii<:eiui,"  immtily,  a  kind  nf  niir|>l>8. 

"  Sue  B.  xxviL  u.  52.  Sprvii^I  iliiuks  tint  thii  u  tb«  Neottis  fpirali* 
of  &cliv&rU;  but  F^U  afoji'iiiioa  thai  it  bos  not  bi(bert<i  Wu  iileotil^vd. 

"  Probiibl;  llj'B  EricuurtHtrca  uf  Liiiuicus.  ar  "  IlclIL  "  in  its  uvcrul 
varietJM. 

■*  Gmnnm  CniilLiim.     The  ahrub  ii  tha  Dtphiie  Cnidiiua  uf  Linni^UK. 

••  Tlie  "  tbymt^ulive," 

«  Tbo  "^nund  oliiro,"  or  "nnull  olivn."  Dii>rKi(iri']>(^s  nutbvt  a  dis- 
tiTiGtiou  heCwL-cn  tin^te^  Iwn  liuC;  and  Sprcn;;!^!  hm  fuiLowfx)  it,  luuaiug  tltu 
lut  Dapbne  UDidium,  imd  iLe  £jst  Daphnv  Cucoriam. 


902 


PLKTI'S   BA-TUBAt   miATOnT. 


[Bool  xin. 


Bhnibcallod  "tmgioM.""  It  is  similaT  in  nppoiinmce  to  the 
torchintb ; "  a  similarity  wliich  extenila  to  the  Bciod  oven,  said 
to  be  rcmarkabiy  efficimiouB  for  healing  wouiiila  miiilo  hy 
nrrowB.  The  sarao  iahrad  produces  tragacantlHj™  also,  with  u 
root  which resoraHes  that  ot'tho  white  thorn;  it  is  very  muflh 
prtifcn-cd'"  to  thut  whiuh  is  grown  in  Media  or  Ln  Achaia;  the 
price  ut  wbiflh  it  sells  ia  tliree  deniiril  per  pouad. 

OUAf .  37.— XHB  TBAQOB  OB  8C0HPI0  ;   THB  KrWOA  OH  BUYA  J   THE 
OSTSTBl 

Astii,  too,  produces  the  trago^**  or  scorpio,  a  thorny  ebmb, 

destitute  of  kavos,  with  rod  cluB-ters  upon  it  f  liat  are  employed 
in  medicine.  Italy  produces  the  niyrica,  which  some  persons 
CiiU  the  "  Uiniarix ;"  "*  and  Achaio,  tho  wild  bryu.,"  teraarkalilu 
for  the  circumstiiace  that  it  is  only  tho  cultivatotl  kind  that 
bears  n  fruit,  ni)t  unlik«  the  gall-nut,  In  Syria  and  Egvpt 
thin  plant  is  very  n.bimdant.  It  ia  to  the  treca  of  this  iast 
country  f.lmt  we  givo  tht;  name  of  "  unhappy;""  but  yet  thoBO 
of  Oi'oeco  ar»  more  unhajipy  still,  for  that  eounti-y  produees  thd 
tret!  known  aa  "  oslrye,"  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  catlod,  "ostryo,"  " 
u  solitary  tree  that  grows  about  rouka  washed  by  the  vati:r, 
and  very  siinilar  in  tho  bark  aad  branches  to  tho  ash.     It  rc- 

"  See  B.  xivii,  e.  115. 

■^  Hit  says  tIsewWi!  lliut  it  is  like  the  juniper,  which,  however,  in  not 
ttin  ame.  O-uiettinl  tliiiiiciii  th.it  the  Un^ion  ik  tlis  Anilroii«nioii  f«tiHiiiii, 
the  Itypeimm  hircltium  oT  tlie  itiodeni  uotiuiiiiu,  S|)r>-ii{||;<.'l  nlta  iidopiM 
the  wme  opinion.  p6o  u  inoliacd  to  tbink  Itmt  it  was  ii  ntriety  of  tho 
Piltucln  iciitiflcus. 

■*  Dont'B  Uiuni,     Tho  Astragalus  Cteticua  of  LinuBBUi. 

**   lit  iipeaka  orgum  trugauauth. 

**  Set!  B.  ixvii.  c.  110.  Sjirengal  identiilirs  U  uUb  Lha  Salcola  tngm 
rif  Liun.Eas. 

"  PxubaUT  tho  Tamaris  Gullica  of  Liimteus.  Pfo  uiyi,  in  rctstion  tit 
t'm  rayriniL,  Ant  it  woulil  aflom  thai  the  aneiLTU  UKitcd  in  ono  colleclJTo 
flame,  dirvcrnl  plunla  wUioh  rcMmbled  each  othijv,  not  iri  Uiuir  botniiicul 
ulmniRtuTigLics,  but  in.  outitrnrJ  oppGuranuv,  To  thU,  bo  suyii,  is  {iwiii}> 
cba  t»ot  tbat  Diosocrlilea  calls  toe  myrica  a  trvu,  Kavurinu»  a  ht^rb; 
DiMCurirlei  iayii  that  it  i^  fruitful,  NLcantter  annl  Vlmj  calt  it  barren ; 
ViM^l  eallH  it  smail,  and  TheoiibrMttis  m^  l.hut  it  is  Inree. 

"   Fee  thinlts  Ihut  it  is  the  Tamarii  une-iitaliB  o-f  Dclilje. 

*  "  Infelix,"  nicraning  "alorile,"  Ue  wmna  tovty  this  more  partieiilRTly 
iumfrreiico  t^  tho  brya,  which  E-gypt  produces.  Aatoibbuso  of  the  worii 
"  iiiMix,"  eoe  B.  xvi,  o.  4S. 

™  aprfngel  and  Fee  idriitify  thia  with  th*  Oatrya  Tulg/jrisofWilldeniMf, 
Ibft  CarpinuA  ostrya  of  Linncu!!. 


Clutp.  39.] 


TnS  TREB  CALLED  XON. 


203 


Bembles  fhc  pear-tree  in  its  leaves,  which,  however,  are  alittlo 
longer  (iml  thicker,  with  wrinkled  indtMiUliuns  running  down 
thu  whole  length  of  the  It'af.  The  Bcc-d  of  this  tfL^e  reuemblea 
biirky  in  form  and  colour,  Tho  wood  is  hard  and  solid ;  it  is 
Sttiti,  tliiit  if  it  is  introduced  into  a  hotiao,  it  is  pryduttive  of 
pajjiful  deliveries  and  o£  &huckiDg  dt^aths. 

CHiP.  38.  (22.) THB    ■ECO'TTMoa. 

Thtro  is  no  tree  productive  of  a  mors  auspicious  presage 
than  one  which  grows  in  thu  Isio  of  Ll.'9^^o9,  and  ia  known  by 
the  oanie  of  eiionymos.'  It  beiira  some  resemblance  to  the 
pomegranate  tree,  the  leaf  being  in.  size  between  the  leaf  of 
that  flnd  the  leaf  of  the  Inurel,  while  in  shnpe  nnd  aoftness  it 
resemldes  that  of  the  pomogranatfi  tree  :  it  has  a  whit©  hloE- 
Bonif*  by  which  it  im  mediately  gives  na  niftiuu  of  its  dangerous 
properties.'  It  hears  a  pod*  very  similar  to  that  of  Bcsame, 
williin  which  there  is  a  grain  of  qnadrangulur  ahape,  of  coarse 
mttko  and  puiBonous  to  aitimuls.  Tho  leaf,  ton,  has  the  suniu 
noxious  bSects ;  suinetimeB,  however,  a  speedy  alvine  di&chat;ge 
is  found  to  give  relief  on  such  occasions. 

CHAP.  dO.^-TOX  TKEB  CXLLSD  EOX, 

Alexander  Comollus  has  called  a  trea  by  the  nnmu  of 
"  coa,"  •  with  the  wood  of  whiob,  ho  eays,  thw  ship  Argo  was 
biiilt.  This  tree  has  on.  it  a  mietletoo  siiuilar  to  that  of  the 
oak,  which  ia  proof  against  all  injurj-  from  either  fire  or  water, 

'  Or  tho  "liictily  fiftmcil."  It  ^ew  cm  Momit  OrdyiDDUfl  in  L«(bM. 
Sm  ThvuylinintitB.  fi.  ii.  o.  31. 

*  Tlio  EvuayraUB  EiireipiBUi.  or  el«o  the  F.Tonvmiw  hlifoliui  of  bota- 
tlUu,  in  pTohatly  intcndrtl  to  he.  indicated  ;  but  it  is  a  mi»t(iki!  to  wiy  tliitt 
it  is  poiBoticiUB  to  nniruttU.  On  Uio  ooulrary,  F<-ti  (uiy»  llniit  ahcep  will 
fitttEn  vn  it*  It-jms  very  ajierdily, 

*  "  SUlim  pMl^tn  tlcnuuliiuis."  Pliny  UTujwim  to  l)o  in  crrot  hcrr. 
In  copying;  from  Theophrtutiis,  be  loome  tonaTc  found  tho  vatcI  ^ufnc 
u«eil,  really  ia  reFcit-n-eu  t»  n  blnod-reiL  juice  nrhicli  iliatili  fnim  tho  pbnC; 
but  aM  tiie  same  wnrii  aUu  nicinus  ■Uug!it«'T.  or  ileutli,  he  uwm*  tu  Imva 
Ihuiig^ht  ttiat  it  jrf-nlly  Iwuni  tcri-rcniw  tu  Lbe  0'iiii<ii»  qiialiti>i-s  o-f  lh«  plant. 

*  Vie  ocns'in;'*  the  asa  of  lUe  word  "siliqua,"  as  inopprupmW,  b1- 
ttiOD^h  thoiiMrd  duv*  luavmbla  tbut  uf  seaaiHum^  tho  Sciumum  orlsntule 
of  T/inateiii. 

'  IH  ccinin.  Yea  mgp-nfA  (hnt  in  t.bi&  story,  irhich  probably  bcLangs 
to  the  rrgion  of  Fablu,  lotne  Idud  «f  u&k  may  pouibly  be  alliid«d  Ut. 


aM 


PLtinr  a  sxtvius,  niBxoEX. 


[BnakXlTI. 


in  the  mtne  matmer,  In  (act,  as  that  of  no  oth^r  trf<ci  knnwn. 
This  Ire*,  however,  appenrs  to  have  been  known  to  no  otln;r 
author,  that  I  am  aware  of. 

CHAFi   40. — THK   AlthUXCatzJ 

Ifoarlf  all  the  Greek  writer*  interpret  the  name  of  tho  tree 
culled  "andrachle,"  aa  mpaninj^  the  name  as  "  purslain  :  " ' 
wliorcaa  pureUin  is,  in  reRlity,  a  herb,  and,  with  fiii.'  difit-rwnce 
Iff  a  siDglb  lettor,  is  cj.lltd  "  andrttchiie."  The  andrachle  ii»  a 
wild  tree,  wliich  never  grows  in  the  plaiti  country,  and  in  sinii- 
kr  to  the  orbute  tree  iu  appfflTuDco,  only  tlijit  its  leaves  are 
Rinallcr,  und  never  fall  off.  The  bark,  too,  ia  not  roiigb,  but 
might  be  tali€u  to  bo  ffozen  all  over,  ao  truly  wretched  ia  ita 
appcanintit!. 

CDAP.  41. — THB  COCOYflU  J   TDK  APHAECB. 

Similar,  too,  in  leaf  to  the  pa'ceding  tree,  ia  the  o&ocj^b,* 
though  not  so  Eurge ;  it  has  this  pecnliarity,  that  it  loaes  ita 
fruit  while  still  in  the  downy"  state^th<?y  then  call  it 
"  pappus  " — a  thing  that  happens  to  no  othfr  tree.  The 
apharce'"  is  another  tree  that  ia  siniilfir  to  the  aii'Irnelile,  and 
like  it,  beaia  twice  io  thu'  year :  jiiBt  ae  the  gi-njKi  is  beginning 
to  fiower  the  firat  fruit  is  ripening,  while  tho  second  fniit 
rippna  at  the  commencement  of  winter;  of  what  nature  thia 
ti-uit  IB  we  do  not  find  Btated. 

CHAi".  42.^^rMK    FEXULA, 

Wo  ought  to  place  Hit  ferulti"  also  ia  the  nnmher  of  the 
exotics,  and  as  making  one  of  the  trees.  For,  in  fai.t,  we  dis- 
tingui^  the  trees  into  several  different  kinds  :  il  is  the  uatum 
of  Bome  to  have  wood  entirely  in  piano  of  bark,  or,  in  other 

■  In  the  formHr  editions,  "adrnclmt)" — t)ie  Arbtrloa  LntegriFoiiit,  Fife 
Ruya,  end  tiot  the  rlr>>ittus  aijilriichne  of  LmniMis,  aa  Sprccgcl  thinkii. 
^  "  PorL-iUHLii  "     Tlif  Purtiildca  oieriiceu  nf  Linnaeus. 

*  Thi!  Ittius  (lorinuB  of  l.iunwiia,  a  surL  of  iuiitaclj. 

*  Tbie  19  Eot  tlie  f«ct ;  thp  s^cdg  wliun  ripe  are  merely  lost  to  view  to 
tli8  large  tufts  of  ilown  wliii:h  prow  on  the  Btumi. 

'"  Cienerftlly  snppoBcd  ta  ha  tho  game  as  the  dlatpmiis,  mentioned  in 
B.  i»i.  e.  -tS.  Some  wiittrs  idi-iitify  it,  wilh  the  rb)l]iroti  uuguslifolin. 
of  LinneeuB. 

"  Pntbably  Llit  PcniU  cnnuBimia  of  Liiutajiis,  tbu  lictti  or  tbrub 
knoicuiii  "-fuLuiul  giout." 


Ohop.  43.] 


TUS  TlUPblX. 


M-ordB,  pa  the  outside;  while,  in  the  interior,  in  place  of  wood, 
there  is  tt  fungous  kind  of  pith,  like  that  of  the  elder; 
othtrs,  ngnin,  Q»e  hollow  wilhin,  lil«!  llio  reed.  'Ihe  ferula 
gruvis  ill  hot  toHUtripa  and  in  phw-ea  beyond  sea,  the  BUilk 
heinu  divided  luto  ku;>tti'd  joialB.  There  art'  two  kiuds  of  il ; 
that  which  tfrowD  upwards  to  a  great  hiiglit  the  Greeks  call 
l>y  the  name  of  "uurlh&x,""  while  the  other,  which  never 
rines  far  from  the  ground,  is  kuowii  os  lliu  "  nartliecya.'"* 
From  thf  joints  very  largi?  leaves  shoot  Corth,  the  largest  lying 
itearesit,  to  the  ground:  iu  other  rewpecta  it  hus  the  &ume  na- 
ture aa  the  aiii&p,  whieh  it  resemWea  also  in  lis  fruit.  The 
wood  of  BO  shrub  is  lighter  thiin  thia ;  hencf-  it  is  Tory  easjly 
(inrri«l,  and  the  stulka  of  it  make  good  wulking-sticks"  tor 
the  aged. 

CttAP.  43. THB  TBAPali. 

The  Beed  of  thu  ferula  has  been  by  some  persons  calh'd 
"  thapBia;""  decn-ived,  no  doubt,  by  wh«t  is  really  tlie  faet, 
that  tlie  thapsia  is  a  ft?riila,  but  of  a  peculiar  kind,  with  Ivavt's 
like  those  oJ'  fennej,  and  a  hollow  stalk  not  exceejing  a  witlk- 
iD^-stitk  in  leij^h  :  the  seed  is  like  that  of  thu  ferula,  and 
the  root  of  thu  phiut  in  white.  MTieu  on  inciMon  is  mnde  in, 
the  thiipsin,  a  uiilky  juice  oozes  from  it,  and,  when  pounded, 
it  produces  0  kind  of  Juice  ;  the  hark  oven  is  never  thrown" 
uwav.  All  thesu  part^  nf  the  ebruh  are  poiaonuus,  and,  in- 
deed, it  JR  praductive  of  iiijuriuue  uffi'L-lK  to  thom^  engagod  in 
(ligg:ing  iL  up  ;  tor  if  the  slightest  niud  btiuuld  hupiaii  to  bu 
blowing  tuwurdj  them  from  tha  ishrub,  the  body  begins  to 
swell,  and  erysipelas  attacks  the  face  :  it  in  for  this  reueon  that, 
before  beginning  work,  they  anoint  tiic  facu  all  over  with  a 
solution  uC  wftS.  Still,  however,  tJie  medicid  toco  B;iy  that, 
lui.^ed  with  other  ingredients,  it  is  of  coDsiderablc  use  in  tlie 

"  The  Fends  gkuca  of  I.iiinEriis. 

•^  Tlie  PeiniU  iioiiidcii'a  i-f  Litiiiwtis. 

"  Il  ie  iCiil  iiw>d  for  i.lisil  i)1ii]iii*l'  id  thp  soiillt  of  Kiuono.  The  Kumun 
■chcwlnuutvn,  ua  vie  Ituni  (two  Juvciuil.  M»r(ml,  mid  'iiLcre.  cmplo^t^  it 
tor  the  diaEtiecmnnC  of  liierr  scholare.  Pliny  is  in  error  in  rpcliuning  it 
ittiion^  Ihr  iTi;!'*,  it  rt-aWy  Unving  no  prtitnnmiiii*  tii  Ik:  cnntiiJni'ud  bucU. 
-It  i*  iiitd  to  liEve  reiit'ii'Mil  \ia  iituiw  frum   "  t'Kric,"   to  "V-at." 

'*  K;irci));i>l  ihhiki  thut  thin  is  tho  Tlinp^in  aiin1i<|iiutii  ot'  the  IDWltmi ; 
Ijiii  Feu  bikv*  il  to  W  tlie  Tliugwu  villuHa  of  Limiiuiu. 

'*  It  WA£  voluuil,  Liii»iX)ridci  gu)b,  tor  iU  iiilhufUc  p'rcpurtica. 


206 


PLIPT'b   JTatdoal   HISTOHr. 


[Bgoi  XIIL 


treatment  of  some  diseaeea.  It  is  employed  also  for  the  euro 
of  ecuM-liood,  and  tbr  tbe  removal  of  black  ami  bliio  spota 
upon  tlio  skm,  as  if,  infUiiid,  wc  were  reully  at  a  lose  for  reine- 
difs  in  8ucb  caecs,  wilhout  having  rucourso  to  thiugs  of  m 
deudly  n  nature,  Tliese  plajits,  liowtver,  act  their  part  in 
serviiig  as  a  pretext  for  tlie  iiitroductioa  of  noxioua  agents; 
fund  BO  gri?!it  is  tho  effrontery  now  displayed,  (hat  people  would 
absolutely  |iei-suftde  one  that  poisons  arc  a  req^uisite  adjunct  to 
the  practice  oi"  the  medical  art. 

The  tliopsift  of  Africa"  ia  the  moat  powtrfnl  of  nil.  Some 
persons  make  an  incision  in  the  etnUi  at  liarvcat-timo,  and  bore 
}icdc8  in  iho  root,  too,  to  lot  the  juicn  (lowj  after  it  huB  hu- 
cume  quite  dn,',  they  take  it  away.  OthurB.  again,  pound  the 
leaves,  etalk,  and  root  in  a  mortar,  and  aftur  drying  the  juice 
in  the  aiin.  divide  it  into  lozenges. '*  Nero  Cwsar,  at  thu-  be- 
ginnuig  of  hia  roif^n,  (lonfi-iTed  coiisidt-rable  celtjbrily  on  this 
pliint.  In  his  nocturaal  ekirmisbcs'*  it  eo  happened  thiit  be 
reci-ivcd  severfJ  eontustons  &n  the  face,  upon  wliich  he 
unoiHtcd  it  witli  a  Tiiistnrp  compoBed  of  thapsia,  frutikinuonaoj 
and  wax,  and  80  contrived  the  next  day  effuctuaily  Id  girt  IJie 
]io  to  all  rumoura,  by  appeanng  with  a  whole  skin,'*  It  ih  a 
■Wfill-known  fwf,  thnt  fire"  is  kept  alight  remarkably  well  in 
the  hollow  fitalk  of  the  furula,  aud  tliat  for  thia  puri»u3u  tltoBC 
oi  £gypt  ttro  ttiD  beet. 

CHAP.    44.    (23.) — THE  CirPASIS  OB  CIKOMATOK,  OTnEKVnsB 

OPQlORl'ArEVLK. 

In  Egypt,  too,  the  oapparis'*  is  found,  a  shrub  v.-ith  e  wftod 

"  lilbw  tlioThiipMa  pirpuiiiBa  of  Willdunow.  *ir  tbo  TlinpHm  tiltowi, 
fiitiiid  in  Africa  oinl  IIjc  eoiilh  of  Ettrope,  tlmiipli,  m  I'liiiy  sayn,  Ilia 
flmptia  cif  EiirrnK^  ii  mill]  in  its  elli^i^U  coiaiiareil  tvitli  thut  tif  Africu.  It 
U  TOTTiiiioii  OH  tlie  coast  of  Barbary. 

i»  J'uiiitllog.  ■■*  KwtuTiiis  griissulionilius. 

*"  iL  IB  Btill  iisfd  in  Bailinry  At  ilio  tuto  of  Lclttr  and  riu^wi'tTn. 

'"  Tlie  iitfiry  "wnn,  titiit  Pri>ini^tliuUB,  wLiu  bo  skiJt  ILo  lituvciily  flro  from 
Jiipr4<!r,  cuiirealnl  iL  iti  a  tiltilk  i^f  jiiiitlici. 

"  Thii  "  capiiV-tnfr,"  tlio  Coipparis  spinosa  of  Lintimiis.  F^e  BUR^tM 
tlint  PliuT  luny  poKiibly  clliidc,  in  some  of  ftio  feature's  wliii;li  \n:  tii.%tvnhn, 
to  kinde  fcM  knuwn ;  nucli,  for  iiislance,  as  tlio  Capparie  iticrmis  ot  KoiiJi* 
lull,  found  in  Aruliin;  t.lie  Capparia  ovata  cf  DrefuiiUim-N,  limmi  iii  Unr- 
Iiary  ;  ll*  Ciipjinrin  t^innicn.  toiiiid  im  Mount  Siiiai.  aiid  miiiirlinlile  fi-r 
the  RiMt  of  itN  fruit;  cud  Itit-  Ciij'pariN  .^^yplioca  ot  .Luniori;k,  I'ommimfy 
found  ia  I'.gjpi. 


CUp.  4G.] 


llUi   KOYAL  TBOIUr. 


207 


of  much  greatjT  solidity.  'J'lis  aeed  oi  it  is  a  wcll-ltnown 
article  of  food,"  and  is  mostly  gatliercd  together  wilh  lliestulk* 
It  is  BE  well,  howCTor,  to  ho  od  our  guard  BgninBt  tliu  foreign 
kinds;**  for  tluit  ofArsbia  has  ccrlain  di;luU,TitJii8  jirojiri-litifl, 
that  Jrum  Airica  is  injurious  to  lliu  gunis,  oud  ibut  IWtu 
Murmtiriuu  is  prcjudlcittl  lo  tho  fFomb  uocl  catiacs  JlHlultnce 
ia  all  iht;  orgouB.  That  of  Apuliu,  too,  is  productive  of  vomit- 
ing, and  causea  dt'raiigoment  in  the  stoinmh  and  iiitf-atiin-fl. 
Sinnc  persons  call  this  felirub  "  cynoBLiaUm,"^  others,  again, 
*'  ojihiostaphyle.'"" 

CHAP.  ^S.-'-TIIE   BAKIPHi. 

Tlic  Rariphn.*^  ton,  thnt  grows  on  tlifl  banks  of  the  Kile,  19 
en*'  of  tlie  elinib  gcnuM.  It  is  gcniTally  ubuut  two  tuhits  in 
lidght,  aud  of  tliti  Uiiukiiess  of  oiiu's  ihuuib  :  it  Ijoh  tin.-  lulitigo  ' 
of  the  papyrue,  and  is  mten  in  a  sinultir  inaniuT.  The  root, 
in  c:c)ii8equ<3iK.-o  of  iU  cxircmu  liurdui.'E8>  in  uaud  luf  u  Eub»lilutf) 
fur  uharcoul  in  forging  irpD. 

CBAF.  46.    (24.) — THE   IIOTAL   THORIf. 

"We  must  tukt'  curr',  uIbo,  sot  to  oinit  a  ji^culior  i^hriih  that 
is  [iluntt'd  at  Jiub^lon,  tind  only  u^vyu  a  thorny  piiml  Ihtxe, 
as  it  will  not  live  anywhvre  else,  just  in  tliH  saino  manner  m 
the  mistletoe  will  live  nowhere  hat  uym  Ireoe.  This  slimb, 
howevpr,  will  cmly  grow  ii|»i)ii  11  kind  of  Ihorn,  which  is  known 
OS  tho  royal  thom.'^  It  is  awondrrfnt  fact,  but  it  grmiinatea 
the  Tcr}'  same  day  thut  it  has  huen  planted.     This  is  done 

)*  Tho  >Utb  an.^  cced  wrm  triUxi  orjicTdeA.  The  huSt  nr  iuir-Tjmr>dFil 
flowen  of  Uki«  altiuli  :ire  admired  &«  a  picUe  or  Miicr' of  delicati;  HAVuur. 

*>  Vtt!  rRmurki  tliut  thin  ii  not  tiic  truth,  all  titc  kindx  pnMi-wing  the 
BKDM  qualilif*  ThcTU  niiiy.  hovreriT,  liava  bwu  tome  ^'luvnmev  hi  Iba 
mode  of  uiltitig  «r  pivkliii);  tln-ui,  uuil  |>UEnibIy  produrtive  of  nfltiuus 
cffouts. 

**  Praliabljr  from  iU  Ihoms,  tliut  \inng  flie  numc  nf  the  ^wprt-bviar,  or 
dor>roM.  "  "  Scrpi'iit  prajits  " 

*)  Spronfffll  *ii<l  V(o  lalto  Ihii  to  In  thi>  CypcTiif  fiutigiatui  of  Jyinnanit, 
wbioh  Votiiktal  round  in  liii-  rivor  JfLlo. 

*'  Bpinii  ri'pin.  Sorau  writer*  liavo  tonriJ^red  tliis  lo  ba  tho  iame  with 
Iho  CcntauroB  aolntilialia  of  i.innicite.  Sprongd  lakes  ii  to  Iw-  llif  Cnsivdi 
Illifiirmi»  of  Liiitiftnii,  ii  [inrnMLiM]  [>liiiir  of  linJia.  Wu  mtisi  coiidu'dc, 
liuwL'm,  with  F«u,  lUat  bulii  the  tliom  anU  Qtt  jiuiuiIf  lia*e  uot  liitUctta 


[Bwl  XtU. 


at  tlie  rising  of  the  Dog-star,  after  which  it  speedily  takes 
posBeSBion  of  tliB  whole  ttvc.  They  uae  it  in  the  |>m[)iiration 
of  wiae,  and  it  is  ior  Lliig  purjjose  that  it  is  jilaatird.  This 
thom  grow*  at  Athtaia  ulso,  upon  the  Long  Walls  ttteru.*' 

CHAT.  47.' — lUB  CVUSDB. 

Tho  cytiaus*'  is  aim  a  ahnili,  which,  ns  a  food  for  shpop,  liS 
been  fictoUcd  with  wonderful  onroniitims  by  Arietomochus  the 
Athenian,  iitid,  in  a  dry  stiile,  for  SR-irit;  as  well ;  the  same 
liuLhor,  too,  piudgea  his  wurd  tliut  u  jiigurum  of  vfcy  mid- 
dling land,  [iiautL'd  with  the  cytisus,  will  produce  on  ineomu 
of  two  thousund  seeturc^s  por  ttnnum.  It  is  c^uite  as  useful  as 
the  crvTim,"  but  is  apt  to  satiato  more  spoudily :  vury  little  gf 
it  is  aenesaary  to  fatten  cattlu  ;  to  t»uch  a  degree,  indtied,  Uiut 
beasts  of  biirdeu,  when  ft-d  upoa  it,  will  very  soon  take  a  di»- 
hke  to  barley.  There  in  no  fodder  known,  in  feet,  that  is 
priiiJuctive  of  a  grtater  abundance  of  milt,  and  of  better  qiui- 
lity;  in  tho  mudicol  treatrtiont  of  tattio  in  pjirticular,  this 
shrub  IB  found  a  most  i3X(itliL:nt  specilic  for  uvf;ry  kind  of  ma- 
lady. Ev(^n  more  thaa  this,  tb«  same  author  rouomniuiids  ji, 
wheu  flret  dried  and  thon  boiled  in  watpr,  to  be  given  to  nure- 
ing  womtm,  (nixiHi  with  wicD,  in  caseH  where  tho  milk  has 
failed  them :  and  he  eaye  that,  if  this  is  done,  the  inlunt  will 
bu  all  tho  sirouKcr  and  taller  fur  it.  lu  a  green  stiite,  or,  if 
dried,  steeped  ia  water,  he  recoinmendB  it  for  fowls.  Both 
Democrit'W  and  Amtonia<!h«&  promise  us  also  that  bees  will 
never  fail  us  so  long  a»  they  cun  obtiiiu  the  rytisfls  for  fuod. 
Tliere  is  no  iirop  that  we  know  of,  of  a  similar  nature,  that 
coBta  a  amallcr  price.  It  ia  sown  at  tho  aarae  time  as  bjirley, 
or,  at  all  event*,  in  the  spring,  in  Be<?d  like,  the  Icelt,  or  tdsw 
planted  in  the  auLuma,  and  btii'ure  the  winter  Bolst  lee,  in  the  stalk. 
When  Gowu  in  graiu,  it  ought  to  ha  steeped  iu  water,  tiad  If 

"  Tti»  Multron  Ti-iabos.    Sua  B.  Iv.  <t.  11. 

^°  rnm  tho  variiiuA  titatcRiunU  uf  anciciit  authors,  Fiio  lios  nomv  to  iho 
conclunioii  tlbiit  thin  iittirie  waa  g^ivL^n  to  two  tdUtlly  ditferfjiit  prfiiluetionft, 
Tliit  i:yLi>u«  which  the  piicta  Bpc-uk  of  an  ^r^xivM  to  bc«it  rtni  gnuliL.  aud 
■ImoTi,  lia  ta)tu  lu  1k  tke  Mudi<:M^D  ai'boriM  «t'  I.iiinujuii,  known  tu  lu  u* 
MeJic  trt'Wl,  or  luwrne;  whik.  the  ullitT,  u  tci'«  will]  ii  bljict  wolmJ,  bv 
coafiidcrs  i^outiuiil  with  iliu  C)'iiauii  liiliarQum  of  Liauicus,  lt(j  lubuniaui, 
or  fjilft'^ctiony  tr^e. 

*"  A  kiuilufrutchorlare.    S«cB.xt1u, 


Clup.  4B.]  THE   TBEEa   QT  TOE   UZDlTS&iLSEJkS. 


209 


tliere  should  faa^hpeQ  to  be  no  rain,  it  ought  b>  be  watered 
vhen  Bown :  when  tho  plimta  are  about  a  cubit  in  height, 
thi^  are  repbmtcd  in  trenohos  a  foot  in  depth.  It  is  tran»< 
planted  at  tha  equiiioxcB,  while  the  shrub  ib  yet  tender,  and  ia 
threo  years  it  wiU  anivo  at  maturity.  It  is  cut  at  the  vernal 
uquiaux,  whuu.  the  flower  is  just  going  off ;  a  child  or  an  old 
woman  is  able  to  do  tliis,  imd  their  labour  may  be  had  at  a 
trifling  rnUi.  ft  is  of  a  wlute  appearance,  and  if  onu  would 
^lisL  Ui  ispresB  brieEy  what  it  looks  like,  it  i.a  a  triToliated 
shrub,^  with  small,  narrow  leuvtfl.  It  is  always  given  to 
animalsatiutcrrnlaof  a  coiiploof  daya,  and  in  winter,  when  it  ia 
dry,  before  being  given  to  thein,  it  ia  flrat  raoiatuned  with  water. 
TcQ  pounds  of  cjtiBUfi  will  Bii^iti  for  u  horae,  and  for  smaller 
animals  in  prDportion  :  if  I  may  hero  menUoa  it  by  the  way, 
it  is  found  very  proHUilile  to  bow  garlic  and  ouiom  betwet'n 
the  rowB  of  cytisuH- 

This  shrob  has  beea  found  in  the  lale  of  Cythnus,  from 
whence  it  has  been  tninspliuitod  to  alt  the  Cyclades,  and  more 
recently  to  the  citien  of  Crcecp,  a  fact,  which  has  greatly  in- 
creaaed  the  supply  of  chcwgo:  considuring  which,  I  am  much 
surpriBcd  that  it  ia  bo  Taruly  naed  in  Italy.  ITiia  ahnib  is  proof, 
too,  BgaiiL''t  all  iiijurips  from  heat,  from  cold,  from  liail,  and 
IVotn  enovr :  and,  as  Uyginus  adds,  aguiuat  the  depredalionB  of 
the  enemy  even,  thu  wood"  produced  being  of  uo  voluo  what- 
€ver. 

OnAP.    4S.    (25.) TBB    TURKS    kSD    eHBirBH  OF   THK  UESUBS- 

BASBAS.      IQE  PBICU3,  POABOs',  OB  i!OB'lf£a. 

Shrabs  and  tree*  grow  in  the  sen**  ns  well ;  those  of  our 
«ei*  are  of  inferior  size,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Red  Sea 
and  all  tlir  Kasti'ru  Ocean  are  tilled  with  denee  forceta.  No 
other  languQgo  has  uaj  namv  tor  the  gliriib  M'hieh  is  known  tu 
the  Greeks  m  the  "  phycos,"^  Bince  by  the  word  "  alga""  a 

I*  ■'  Fnitcx."  Whtn  spenkinj^  of  it  ob  a  e^rub^  be  Bccnu  to  be  oonfound- 
THE  tha  tree  wilh  tlj«  plant, 

»  Evidently  in  alluBJoti  to  the  tree. 

^  Bu  ulIuJc-B  to  varioos  kinds  of  fucua  or  tea-weed,  nbich  grawt  to  a 
much  loTjreT  BLEc  in  tho  EuUini  bciu. 

»  Thc'Ucditerrunean. 

>*  Whoaoe  tlie  word  "  fucoB  "  o(  the  natarniiiU, 

"  FeR  sii^gF«U  that  this  may  b«  Lho  LamiDikria  aitcchariita  of  LinilKUt, 
lieuig  OTM  of^the  "uIvr"  uftvD  tlirowti  up  on  Uie  coaista  dI' Europe. 

VOL.  m.  S 


310 


PLIBT'b   IfATtrtAL   HI8TORT. 


[Book  XUt 


men  bert  is  generally  understood,  whilu  the  "  phyoos"  is  a 
complete  shnili.  This  plant  has  a  broad  \i-af  of  a  grcon  oo- 
loiir,  whicb  15  by  some  called  "jfrasori,'**^  and  by  otliere  is 
known  as  "  ztiBtcr."*'  Aiiotlifr  kind,"  ugain,  bos  a  hairy  eort 
of  leaf,  vory  aimilar  to  fennel,  and  grgws  upoD  rocks,  while 
that  previously  mentionacl  grows  in  shoiily  spots,  not  far  from 
the  shorB,  BoLh  kinds  shoot  in  the  spring,  and  die  in  uutiunn." 
The  phycos"  which  grows  on  the  rocka  in  the  n>eighbtiarb<MMl 
of  Crete,  is  used  also  for  dyeinj  purple ;  the  best  kind  being 
that  produced  on  the  north  nidu  of  tho  ishind,  whioh  is  the 
case  also  with  sponges  of  tho  very  best  qaulity.  A  third  kind,*" 
H^in,  is  mmikr  in  uppearaiKie  to  grass:  the  root  of  it  is 
knotted,  and  so  is  the  stalk,  which  reaemblea  that  of  a  roud. 

CHAP.   49. — tHr  sr«  BSTOtr. 

There  is  another  Knd  of  marine  shrub,  knoira  by  the  name 
of  "  bryon ;"  **  it  has  tliu  loaf  of  the  luttucL-,  only  that  it  is 
of  a  more  wrinkled  uppearancG;  it  grows  utartr  huid,  too,  than 
tlje  lost.  Far  out  at  sea  we  find  a  fir-trt'*; "  iind  an  oak," 
eauh  a  cubit  in  height ;  shoUe  are  found  adhuring  to  thutr 
branchflfl.  It  is  soid  thut  this  sea-ouk  in  used  for  dyeing  wool, 
und  that  Eome  of  them  eren  bear  acoriiB  "  in  tlit;  sea,  u  fact  which 
has  been  aficertaiaed  by  sliipwrecked  persoiLS  and  divers.  Tliere 
are  otlier  murine  trees  also  of  rt-mai-kiihlc  sizi",  luund  in  tho 
Ticinity  of  Siftyon  ;  the  sea- vine/*  indeed,  grows  everywhere. 
The  sea-fig  **  ia  destitute  of  leaves,  and  tho  hark  is  red.  ITiflre 

»  Tho  "  greon  "  plimt.  »  The  "  girdle  "  ptant 

'"  Till!  FUCDR  bftrimtuis,  pTohnliljr,  of  Linnseu*,  or  cl*a  the  Kucus  eroVJe*. 

*'  Tboy  nee  in  reaiity  moria  lDiig-lir>nc[  iliiiii  thin, 

*'  P^  tvgffOU  t^mt  it  U  thi!  ]ioo«t>Llii  tiiictitriu  uf  T.innKUi. 

**  The  Zuii«ni  woriiut  of  Limiitufi,  ueciordirig  tu  F<<i'. 

•*  The  Olvu  InatUHm  of  tiie  niwieriis,  a  very  iiommon  Bwnwcd. 

**  The  t'xicut  cTwidiA,  Fbr  Biipges!*,  not'nnliki'  a  fir  ia  itppi-unuior. 

**  (j,iicrcnB.  Aci^iiriluj;;  lu  Gmclliit,  tlm  is  llic  t'licus  vriiculniitiiti  of  Ltu- 
MKU.     ItM  hkiM  MZ«  induntol,  gociEwhut  liniiUrl^  to  diMO  of  Ih^  oak. 

"  Polflriiu,  u  quoU.'d  by  Athuuet'uii.  naya  UiaL  iti  tha  Laatcanian  Sea 
then  an  mlci  thitt  oeu  acorns,  on  trbioli  the  tbanniM  (««d  and  grow  hi. 

*"  Oa  tko  uiBtnjy,  Thi^nbrasUis  uy«,  IJ.  tv.  c.  7,  tbat  tho  wa>*inB 
j^m  Menr  theaeu.  fmm  whicli  F£e  is  diHpciftHl  to  coiuidiir  it  a  nbanDraga- 
iiioua  pluat.  If,  ou.  the  oLUvr  husU,  it  ii  rcully  a  furiw,  be  Uiialu  that  Ihe 
Fui:iw  urarius  nuiy  Ix  uraiitt,  the  fcaiciM  of  wbich  leiembld  a  ^pn  in 

■vt      ^"  *pBaU  of  a  imadrepoKs,  Fit  tbinki,  tbe  iddslify  of  whiob  il  ia 


Chap.  51.) 


PU^NTS  OF   TBS   IMttAK   8IA. 


Stl 


ifl  A  palm-tiee  •*  also  in  the  number  of  the  aeft-ehnibB.  Beyond 
the  oolumna  of  Herculbs  there  ia  a  aeu-shrub  that  grows  with 
the  kaf  of  the  leek,  and  otlicrH  with  thoae  of  the  tarrot,"  and 
of  thj'me.  13oth  of  theee  lust,  wLcn  thion*n  up  by  the  tide, 
arc  truusforiued"  ioto  puuiico. 

CHAp.  60. — PI.ANTS   OK  TKt   EBD   SKI. 

Iq  the  East,  it  Is  a  vtiry  remarkable  thing,  that  imufdiutcij 
after  leaving  Cuptos,  m  we  pass  through  lie  dEieerts.  we  tiud 
jiothiog  wbatever  growing,  with  the  exception  uf  the  thorn  that 
ia  Itnown  as  the  "  tbiraly"**  thorn ;  and  this  but  very  mrely. 
In  the  lied  Sea,  however,  there  are  whole  foreats  found  grow- 
ing, among  which  more  particularly  there  are  plants  that  bear 
the  laurel-hurry  an'il  the  olive  :*•  whon  it  ruina  also  certain 
fungi  make  their  api:i(»iFaiice,  which,  aa  eouu  as  tli£y  arc  t{>uche(i 
by  the  rays  of  tho  BUD,  are  turned  into  pumice."  The»izeof  thu 
shru-bs  is  thivo  cubite  in  height;  and  they  are  all  filled  with 
sea-dogs,"  to  guch  a  degree,  Uial  it  U  harilly  safe  to  look  at 
them  &om  the  ship,  for  they  will  firet^uently  s^ize  bold  of  th« 
very  oore. 

CHAP.  51. — PL4!tTB  OS  THK   IKBIAN    HKA. 

The  ofRcers  "  of  Alexander  wha  navi<;iited  the  Indian  bm>, 
have  left  au  tuscoimt  of  a  marino  tree,  the  foliage  of  which  18 
green,  while  in  the  water ;  but  the  moment  it  is  taken  out,  it 

difflciilt  to  (tetotminift.  ProfoMor  PnllM  spen-ks  of  an  Alcirunirliura  ficuft, 
vrhLcli  livca  in  the  MciUtcrranenn  and  in  ths  tuniin,  and  whicU  reiemMes  it 
fig,  and  hm  no  lea  res,  tiut  its  i-iCL'nor  is  nut  rmi, 

*"  Fft)  <iu<:ri»  wlaetlicr  ibJn  nio^  not  In;  ilin  (liirKniiiii  piiltnH  of  Liniiieaii, 
wbich  has  reeeifocl  iis  name  froni  its  resemblaiicL'  W  a  smnll  nulm-tree. 

*'  I'hoBe  three.  Vie  thinks,  are  nrndreporiaor  noophyt**,  whii'h  it  would 
be  iBIii  li>  attempt  lo  idEntity. 

•"  Tlmt  is,  (.iiey  dry  up  to  the  conaislcDCV  of  piimicp, 

'^  "  Sitit^iis."  Uulillo  coiiEidtin  this  tu  i(]«nliciU  witb  hit  Aoactu  »eyul,  & 
tb-omv  tiDo,  cittta  to  ho  BG'&D  in  the  drscrU  of  Afiicm. 

**  f'rnbfibly  roophjtiw  now  unknnwii, 

**  Fie  BuggBit*  thai  he  njay  iilludo  to  thr  Mniirepnra  fiin)>it«a  t>(  Lin- 
rteiu,  tha  Fungus  liipideui  of  Bnuhin,  Thc«t<  are  toand  in  Cbn  ]W  Am 
sad  the  In  Jinn  Oceau  ;  but,  of  ti)iursG,tbe  st«ry  of  their  opp*aranflf  Uuriin,* 
rtdn  IE  fiibulriiis, 

*•  Khnrka  ;  si.-e  B.  it  fl.  70. 

"  The  oumpiuiiuu  of  UQCsiciitUs  uA  i^eorchBt. 


n^ 


MEBrr  a  hatubal  niflTOBT. 


[Book  XIII. 


drie»  tind  ttunB  to  salt.  They  have  spoken  also  of  bulrushes" 
of  stone  bearing  a  stiong  re&emblance  to  real  ones,  which  grew 
along  the  sea-shore,  aa  also  certain  shni'bs  *  in  the  main  sea, 
the  oolour  of  (in  ox'b  horn,  hranching  out  in  rurious  direc- 
tions, and  red  at  the  tips.  These,  they  say,  were  brittle,  and 
broke  like  gksa  when  touched,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in 
the  fire  they  would  beoome  red-hot  Uka  iron,  and  when  cool 
reaume  th«ir  original  colour. 

In  the  same  part  of  the  earth  also,  tho  tide  covera  the 
foreats  that  grow  on  thti  islands,  although  tho  trees  there  are 
■more  lofty '^'  than  the  very  tidiest  of  our  plaues  and  poplara  ! 
The  leaves  of  these  trees  resemble  that  of  tho  laurel,  while  the 
hloaaom  is  similar  to  the  violet,  both  in  smell  and  colour :  the 
berries  reaemble  thoso  of  the  olive,  and  they,  too,  have  an 
agreeable  amell :  thoy  appear  in  the  autiiinn,  and  the  leaves 
of  the  trees  never  fall  off.  IIjh  smaller  onns  ore  untireiy 
covered  by  the  waves,  while  tlie  summits  of  those  of  larger 
Mzi}  protrude  from  the  water,  and  ahips  are  mad-e  fast  to  them ; 
when  tho  tide  tails  tL«  sieHstila  arp  sitnilarlT moored  to  the  roots. 
Vt'e  find  the  eitma  persons  making  mention  of  certain  other 
trepa  which  they  saw  out  at  aea,  whicK  alwayis  retained  their 
leaves,  and  bore  a  fruit  very  similar  to  the  lupine. 

CHAP.  52. — THH  P1ANT3  OF  THR  TEOOtOnTTIC  SKA  ;   THB  WATT*  OF 
1618  :    THE   COABJTO-BLEPHAHOK. 

Juba  relates,  that  about  thp  iglands  of  the  Troglodytw 
there  is  a  certain  shrub  found  out  at  aea,  which  ia  known  as 
the  "  hair  of  laia:'""  he  says  that  it  hefire  fl  strong  resem- 
lllance  to  ooral,  is  destitute  of  leaves,  and  if  cut  will  change 

oolour,  becoming  ipiit*  hlatik  and  hard,  and  bo  hrJttlo  as  to 
Irniak  if  it  Mle.  He  Epeaks  also  of  another  murine  plant,  to 
which  he  givee  the  name  of  "  Charito-blepharon,""''  and  which, 

^  Tie  insatis  H  oonjectnrt'  tliut  this  tdut  he  tliu  Gurgonia  Kinioa  of 
PallttB,  found  lo  the  Indian  Seas. 

"'  One  of  the  Gorgonis,  Vei:  thicks ;  but  Lte  cliOractcrutiM  are  sat  Euf- 
ficiectly  itateLl  Id  tntiblc  ub  to  idcotiry  it. 

»»  A  faljlE  worthy  nf  Siabiid  the  Sfiilor  ! 

"  "Isidts  criaeiu."  Fc'iitnyBtiiiitlhuiG  ovidcutlf  ^lock  uoral,  the  Gor- 
gnnia  anlipathm  of  LiniiiF^tis. 

"  "The  cjtiid  of  the  GraMi."  Fee  is  ilmost  tempted  to  think  that  ha 
KRaOB  red  «oraL 


Cliap-  52.] 


SrMMAKT. 


213 


he  sRya,  is  particulnrly  efficacious  in  lovc-channB.*  Brae^- 
lot^  und  necldaccA  nre  mado  of  it.  Ho  bqj-e  aleo  tlmt  it  in  ecn- 
sible^  when  it  Ib  about  to  be  taken,  imd  that  it  tuntH  as  hard 
afi  horn,  so  hard,  indued,  as  to  blunt  the  odgs  of  irun.  If,  on 
the'otbcr  bimd,  it  ie  cut  before  it  is  sensible  of  tbo  danger,  it  is 
imoiediately  traosfurmed  to  stono. 

ScxuABV. — KcmarkxLblo  ttmts,  QorrutiTCs,  and  ubBcrvuticine, 
four  hundred  oud  bixtj-cight. 

RoUAN  JtOTRORD  QOOTBD. M.    VaTTO,"   MuWaDTlS,"  VlPgil," 

Fabianus,**  Schosu*,'"  Pomponius  Mela,''  Vubius,"  Procilius,™ 
Hyginiis,'*  Trogiis,"  riaudinB  CiMor/*  Comelins  Kepos,"  Ses- 
tiuB  Niger^  who  wTotc  in  Qrock  on  Modicinej  Cassius  Hd- 
mina,™  L.  Piso,"  TuditunuB,"  Anlioa." 

FoKMOH  AOTH0E8  auoTKD.  —  TfaoophntstuB,*'  Horodotue," 
Callisthijnes,*'  Isigonna,"  Clitarchua,"  Aniiximeiies,'*  Dnris," 
JTearcliUB,'"  Oneaicritus,*'  Polycritus,"  Olnnpiociorus,"  Diog- 
netus,"  Cleobulus,"  AnticUded,'*  Chares "  of  Mitylene,  Me- 
mBChmas,'^  Dorotheoa  ^  of  Athens,  Lycwe,'  Anteus,*  EphLp- 

•*  Amnlariis. 

•*  Spatalia,    Armlet*  or  brnMlfU. 

"*  liy  tliis  appBit-ntly  fabulous  story,  one  woulJ.  Im  dIidmI  jnclinfd  to 
tbink  tciitt  he  u  #pciLkiiig  of  a  zoajilivle. 

"  Sn  end  of  £,  ii.  '  "  9<x  cod  «(  H.  ii. 

«  8m  end  of  B  vii. 

•"  I'tpiriuB  FabianuB.    Bee  end  of  Ii.  ii. 

"  See  cud  of  B.  ii.  "  S«  end  of  B.  iii. 

"  FHbiu»  Piclor.     See  Rnii  <i(  B.  i. 


W  Sou  end  of  B.  ¥iii. 

'*  TrogTia  Fomp«iu». 

"  SseeniiofB.  v. 

"  See  end  of  B.  siL 

■'  Sea  end  of  B.  u. 

"  &e6  «md  of  B.  ii. 

••  See  end  of  B.  ii. 

••  Saeecdof  B.  tu. 

"  SfiC  end  of  B.  lii. 

»  See  end  of  B.  -ri. 

H  Sno  end  of  B.  xij. 

«  Sue  end  of  B.  vi. 

»•  Sfleendof  B.  iv. 

**  Sefl  end  of  K  iv. 

I  See  end  of  B.  sii. 


"  Bee  end  of  B.  iii. 
SoG  euJ  uC  B.  viL 

"  See  end  of  B.  ii. 
'"  See  end  of  B,  «i. 
s''  See  end  of  B.  lii. 
S>  Bise  end  of  B.  lii. 

»  See  end  of  B,  xiL 
•'  Soocnd  of  B.Ti. 
w  Bee  end  of  B.  Til. 
•'  See  end  of  Ii,  ij. 
"  See  end  of  B.  lii. 
»  See  end  of  B.  ir. 
"  Sue  end  of  B.  xii. 
••  S&e  end  of  H.  viii, 
*  ScD  end  of  B.  xii. 


214 


FLnrrS  ItATCBA.!.  aiSTOBT. 


[Bftok  xni. 


pus.'  Dion,*  Adinifintiis,*  Ptolemy  Lagiis,*  Marsyaa'  of 
Macedon,  ZoUub^  of  Mocedon,  Dcmocritiw,'  AmpMlouhus,"' 
AlcxandtT  Polyhie-tor,''  AristomachTifi,"  King  Juba,"  ApoUo- 
donis  '^  who  wrote  on  Perfumea,  Horaolides  "  the  [ih3rBiciaii, 
Boliye'"  tbo  pliyaiciao,  Archideoius  "  the  pUyaician,  Diatiy- 
siuB 'Hhe  physiciQit,  Dumoclides '^  the  physicia.D,  liuphron" 
the  phyeiuian,  Mnesidea^'  th©  pliy»iciaii,  Diagoraa '^  the  phy- 
sii^iim,  lollns  ^  the  phyfiicinD,  Hi*raclidGB-'  of  Tarcntum,  Xeiio* 
cnttea  "  ot"  EphesuB. 

»  Sea  end  of  B.  xii.  *  See  end  ot  B.  vill, 

°  Nothing  ccrtiLi II  ie  known  of  tiim:  but  hanppcarB  tvbo  thop^ogTaphcr, 

a  natiTe  o(  Lampsacua.  mnntianed  by  Sttabo  in  D.  xiii. 

*  Sue  end  of  B.  lii.  '  Bee  end  of  B.  tiL 

»  See  end  of  B.  xii.  •  See  end  of  B.  ii. 

'"  Soo  end  of  B.  liii.  "  8ee  end  of  B.  iU. 

'•  X writer  oa  Agrioulturo,  or doiaeatiu  economy;  but  aotliiag  furlhorU 
^knovn  of  him,  "  8oe  end  of  Q.  v. 

'*  Perhaps  the  ftaniu  wrilsr  thai  is  mtnCJuavd  ut  tho  end  of  B.  xL 

■*  Pur  Iwi)  phyeiciiins  of  (liis  iianic,  itc  cud  (if  B  lii. 

M  Oacof  bis  pTflBcnptiona  is.  piuaerre;!  in.  tha  works  of  GoIeD.     Nothing 
«Ue  is  kaoKTi  of  hiia.  '^  $»e  eod  of  D.  xii. 

'"  &CU  ctid  uf  B.  sii.  "  Sei&  end  of  B.  xii. 

w  St-e  «i(l  of  B.  sii.  "  Bee  end  of  B.  lii. 

"  8«  end  of  H.  lii.  "  8m  end  of  B.  xii. 

"  Sob  ead  yf  B.  xU.  "  See  end  vf  B.  xti. 


BOOK  XIV. 


THE  NATCKAL  HISTOET  OF  THE  FRUIT  TREES. 


CBU«.   I    &  i2.  (1.)^-T1IS  SATTEIt  OP  TBE  TIXB. 

rBTJicrrFiCATioK. 


rtS  VODE  0? 


lliose  which  have  been  hitherto  mentinnpiS,  arc,  nc-arly  nil 
of  them,  exotic  trw-s,  which  it  is  impottaihlo  to  rear  in  any 
other  than  thinr  native  soil,  and  whii;h  Jirc  Dot  to  he  mttunilizod 
in  Etmuge  countries.'  It  ib  now  for  tis  to  epcok  of  tho  nioro 
ordinary  kinds,  nf  all  of  which  Ituly  mny  be  looked  tipoa 
aa  more  porti'culuily  the  pareiit.'  'fhogft  who  nro  well  ac- 
qiiainti-d  with  the  subject,  niiiKt  only  bear  in  mind  tJ^jat  far 
the  present  we  content  our&elTCs  with  merely  Blating  the 
different  varieties  of  these  treee,  and  not  the  mode  of  ciiltivating 
them,  although  there  ia  no  douht  that  the  chamctcrifltioa  of  a 
tree  depend  very  considiTKhly  iipwn  its  eiihivation.  At  thia 
fact  I  cannot  sufUciL-ntly  expreea  my  aRtoniEhment,  th&t  uf 
some  trees  till  memory  has  utterly  periehijd,  aad  that  the 
very  names  of  some,  of  which  we  &ad  various  unthon  making 
montioD,  hare  wholly  diBoifpcared.'  And  yet  who  doea  noi 
readily  admit  that  now,  when  intercommiimcRtions  hare  beea 
opened  between  all  part*  of  the  world,  thanks  to  the  mnjeBlic 
Bway  of  the  Roman  empire,  dvilijtation  and  the  arta  of  life 
have  mitde  a  rapid  progress,  owing-  to  the  intenhonge  of  oom- 
modities  and  the  common  enjoyment  by  all  of  the  hlebritigs  of 
peace,  vhilo  at  the  eame  time  a  laultitudo  of  ubjecta  which 

^  Thin  must  be  iiiKlf^TstJiC'd  vith  conuflftTaMc  modifliMtinii — m&ny-of 
the  Lro]))iMiI  Iri-ts  nnd  pknta  Lava  bet-n  natniitlLzed,  and  tboao  of  America 
moro  pBrticulatly,  in  EiiTdpe. 

>  lie  ia  probably  wroog  m  looking  opon  tlie  me  u  indlgenou  to  ltd)'. 
It  wu  known  in  very  carly_  dmee  in  E^rypt  anJ  Orccce,  and  it  is  tinv 
(^cr&lip  cADfiid^rtid  that  it  ia  indigenous  throiighnut  tb<  tract  Hint 
BtrctfihM  to  thr  wuth,  ftDin  the  the  mounlftiui  of  Mftziintlirun  on  Ibc  Cft»- 
man  Ui  tUe  abort*  of  the  P«nijm  Qulf  and  tlie  Indian  Bt-a,  anil  saiiwmd 
ftroueh  Kborauon  nnJ  Cabul  to  (be  bace  of  the  liinmUyM. 

3  Ae  ait  of  pri&tLDj;,  i'6s  remarkt,  utt«rly  prwludes  the  roourreiiH  of 
lueh  R  fut  ■■  tliit. 


FLUTT'B  HJLIUBAL  niSTOBT. 


pBooic  srv. 


formerly  lay  coaceoled,  ore  now  revealed  for  oar  iiidiscriniiiLate 
use? 

Still,  by  HerculeB  I  at  the  preaent  day  tlu-re  are  mmc  to  bo 
fotmd  who  bave  any  acquaintance  with  much  that  hae  been 
handed  down  to  lis  by  tlio  uneient  \vritcps;  so  much  more 
compFeheneire  was  the  diligent  reacardi  of  our  forefuthere,  or 
else  ao  much  more  happily  employed  was  their  industry.  It 
is  a  thauaond  ycara  ago  aiuce  Hesiod,'  at  the  very  dawn,  so  to 
say,  of  literature,  first  gave  precepts  for  the  guidance  of  the 
agriculturiat,  an  esampic  wbich  has  sine©  been  followed  by  no 
small  Qumbeir  of  writer*.  Hence  bave  originated  considerRblv 
luboura  for  ourselves,  seeing  that  we  have  not  only  to  enquire 
into  the  discoverieB  of  modem  times,  but  to  aflcertain  aa  well 
whftt  was  known  to  tho  ancietite,  and  this,  too,  Jn  the  Tcry 
midst  of  that  oblivion  whii^h  tho  heciileflfineBa  of  the  praaent 
day  has  bo  greatly  tended  tu  generate.  Wiiat  causes  thon  are 
we  to  neaign  Cor  this  Ifithac^,  other  than  tho»e  feelings  which 
we  find  actuating  the  public  in  genored  throughout  all  the 
world  ?  New  mannors  and  usages,  no  doubt,  have  now  coin© 
into  vogue,  and  the  minds  of  men  are  occupied  with  subjwt* 
of  a  totally  different  nature ;  the  arts  of  aviirice,  in  fact,  are 
the  only  ones  that  are  now  cultivated. 

In  days  gone  by,  tho  Bway  and  the  destinie*  of  states  were 
bounded  by  their  own  narrow  limits,  and  consequently  the 
geniuB  of  the  people  was  aimilurly  ciroumFwribod  as  well, 
through  a  sort  of  niggitrdliDcas  that  woa  thus  displayed  by 
Fortune;  Lence  it  became  with  them  a  matter  of  absolute 
necessity  to  employ  the  advantages  of  the  UDderatauding : 
kings  innumeniblo  received  the  homage  of  the  art«,  and  in 
making  a  display  of  the  extent  of  their  rcBources,  gave  the 
highest  rank  to  those  arts,  entertaining  the  opinion  that  it  wa« 
through  them  that  tliey  should  ensure  immortality.  Hence  it 
TPaa  that  due  rewards,  and  the  various  works  of  civilization,  were 
displayed  in  such  vast  abundance  in  thuBO  times.  For  thene 
later  agea,  the  enlarged  boundaries  of  the  habitable  worhl, 
and  the  vast  estont  of  out  empire,  have  been  s  positive  ityury, 
BinoB  tho  Censor  has  been  ehosen  for  the  extent  of  hia  property, 
I  tince  the  juJge  has  been  selected  according  to  the  mngiiitude  of 
hii  fortune^  since  it  hoa  beoome  the  fushion  to  consider  that 

'  In  allarion  to  Ih  poem,  tbe  "tVorka  and  Days,"  the  pnttotype  of 
Tirpl'a  Gevrg'iBi. 


Chap.  2.] 


nnt  KATPBi  or  the  tjkt. 


nothing  rcflcptfi  a  higher  mprit  upon  the  magiBtraU^  itJid  Ik^.i 
general  than  a  lar^  ectaW,  einoe  tie  being  dpsticuto  of  heira' 
has  be^un  to  ennfrr  upon  pcreona  the  ver^'  highest  pnwpr  onrl 
influenc'e,  eiuco  legaej'-huniing'  has  bcoume  lh«  most  lucrativa 
of  all  prufesBions,  and  since  it  has  been  considered  that  thv 
only  real  pleasures  are  those  of  posseaaing,  all  the  true  enjoy- 
nients  of  life  hxvD  bi-en  utti-rly  lo«t  sight  of,  nod  all  those  arl« 
which  have  derived  the  namn  of  liberal,  from  liberty,''  that 
greatest  UtsMing  of  life,  have  come  to  doserve  the  contrary 
uppcllation,  servility  alone  being  the-  paa-tport  to  profit. 

This  servility  caph  one  has  his  own  pecnliar  -WBy  of  making 
most  agr&oahlo,  and  of  putting  in  pnititjce  in  reference  to 
others,  the  niotivcB  and  ihe  hopRft  of  all  tendiLg  to  tliu  one 
great  object,  the  acquisition  of  wealtli :  indeed,  we  may  every- 
whero  behold  men  even  of  natundiy  eswillent  quoiities  pre- 
ferring to  foHter  the  viciiMis  inclinations  of  othem  niLher  thim 
cultivate  their  own  taleuts.  We  may  therefore  conclude,  by 
Hercules !  that  plca.inre  hm  now  begun  to  live,  and  that  life, 
truly  BO  called,  has  ceasod  to  be.*  Aa  to  oiirBolves,  however, 
we  shall  oouticue  our  rcsearehes  into  matters  now  Ii>»t  in  ob- 
livion, nor  shall  we  be  deterred  from  pursuing  our  task  by  the 
tririal  nrittire*  of  aorao  of  our  detailts,  a  consideration  which 
Las  in  nu  way  influenced  us  in  our  deeuriptioQ  of  tbo  unimal 
world.  And  yet  w©  find  that  Virgil,  that  most  adniirablo 
poet,  bus  allowed  this  to  indueacohim,inbisoraisBton  toenlai^^ 
upon  the  beauties  of  the  garden  -,  for,  happy  and  grsceful  poet 
as  he  is,  he  baa  only  culled  what  wo  may  call  the  flower  of 
bis  Bubjeot:  Lndoed,  we  find  that  he  lias  only  named'*  in  all 
some  fifteen  varieties  of  the  grape,  three  of  the  olive,  the  same 
nombor  of  the  pear,  and  the  citron  of  ABeyrisif  and  has  passed 
Qver  the  rest  in  siknee  allog«thcr. 

(2).  Willi  what  then  ought  we  to  begin  in  preference  to  tbe 
vine,  tbe  superiority  in  which  has  been  so  peculiarly  con-i 

*  He  iilluilei  to  111?  l(>jr&r^7<huiit«T«  with  whiuh  Srime  slH»ini]ed  in  hi« 
ti[Q9>  Tb«y  nio  s^okciit  of  by  Ssaeca,  Tacilui,  and  JaTOlial,  in  Unnt  of 
•even  re|>rti1>atiiin. 

■  Tlili  Mcns  to  be  the  meaning  of  "  cnptatio ;"  much  like  what  we  ea]| 
"toadying,"  or"too<l-eating."' 

'  Tno  "  litwraU's  wIm,"  wcro  those,  th*  piimiit  of  which  wm  not  con- 
kiidn^d  d«rogiili»iy  to  ihc  dignity  tif  a  bea  luan, 

*  Vita  icHB  dceoit. 
'  UumiUtiw.  "  In  the  Gcor^. 


PtniT'B  IfATDRAL   mSTOET. 


[Book  SiV. 


ceded  te  Italy,  that  in  tliia  one  bleaHing  wo  may  pronounoo  hbV 
ti>  luivo  tiur^KiaBed  thuso  of  all  other  aatious  of  tno  eurLti,  wilh 
tlie  sole  exoc'^tio^n  of  tLiosv  Uml  bear  tbie  Turiouti  peifamuB? 
and  even  ther«,  when  tlie  vine  is  in  flower,  Ihure  ie  not  a  per- 
fume; knQvvn  which  in  exquisite  sweBtiiess  caa  surpass  it. 
The  Tine  has  been  jnsUy  reckoned"  by  the  ancients  among  llio 
trees,  on  nccouiit  of  ita  romariablG  aizo.  In  the  city  of  Popu- 
lonium,  wc  ece  ii  statue  of  Jupiter  formed  of  the  trunk  of  a 
Biogle  vino,  which  has  for  agea  remained  proof  a^inBt  all 
decay ;  untl  tit  Masailia,  theru  is  a  patera  madu  of  tho  eaino 
wood.  At  Afetapontimi,  thi3  templo  of  Juno  hua  long  stood 
sapporled  by  pillars  formed  of  thii  like  materiLtl ;  and  even  at 
the  prewjat  day  we  aecf  ]id  to  tli*^  njof  of  the  temple  of  I>iana  at 
EpbesuB,  by  stairs  constructed,  it  is  saidf  of  the  tnink  of  a  single 
Tine,  thfit  was  brought  Jrom  0)-pru3 ;  the  vines  of  that  i^aud 
often  attaining  a  moat  rcmarlfnble  size.  There  ifl  not  a  wood  in 
exietonee  of  a  more  laating  uatnro  than  this;  I  am  atrongly 
inclined,  however,  to  he  of  opiiiiua  that  thti  material  of  wmuh 
these  vanoue  articles  were  constructed  was  the  wild  vine. 


CHAP.  8.^>T11:E    HATtJBB  OF    THE  ORJLPE,  ARB    THE  CCLHTATIOIT  Of 
TKE  TOE. 

The  eultivated  vine  is  kept  down  by  pruning  eTery  your, 
and  all  the  atrength  of  iho  tree  ia  drawn  as  much  as  possible 
into  the  shoots,  or  else  thro-wu  downwards  to  the  seta ;'"  indeed, 
it  18  only  allowed  to  expand  with  the  vioiw  of  enauring  an 
abundnnt  Bupply  of  juto^,  u  result  which  i&  obtained  in  various 
modes  according  to  the  peculiaritieB  of  the  climato  and  the 
nature  of  the  soil.  In  CEuupaniu  th{!y  attach"  tht;  vine  to  the 
poplar:  embracing  the  tree  to  which  it  is  thus  wedded,  the 
vine  grasps  the  branchea  with  its  amorous  arms,  and  as  it 
cliinhe,  holds  on  with  its  knott<-d  trunk,  tiU  it  ha*  reached  the 
veryBummit;  the  height  being  eometimeB  so  Btupendons  that 
the  vintager  when  hired  is  wont  to  stipulate  for  his  funeral 
pile  and  a  grave  at  the  owner's  expense.      Tho  vine  keeps 

"  Thcophnwlus  rMltons  it  amonjf  the  trwB ;  Cnlnmdltt,  B.  ii,.  ennitd<^ 
it  lo  occapy  a  middle  positinn  betircen  a  tree  and  n  ibrub.  Horace,  B.  i. 
Ode  IB,  call»  it  a  true,  "^  arbor.' 

"  Or  ■■InyeTB,"  " propaginBi." 

'^  Nubunt,  pHiperly  "  fliiiTry."  TIiIb  ii  still  doao  ia  NapUs,  and  otli«c 
pom  cr  Italy.    Iho  UK  of  viae  stayii  tboT'O  wo  uakoawn. 


J 


Chop.  3.]  THE   CDLTIVATIOS   OE   THB 

continually  on  tbti  increase,  aad  it  is  quite  imposcibic  to  eoua- 
rate  the  two,  or  rather,  I  may  say,  to  tear  them  atiunatir. 
ViileriflDus  CornpHua  has  rogairded  it  aa  «n©  of  th«  most  re- 
markable facta  that  could  be  tmneTnitted  to  postority,  that 
single  vines  have  been  known  to  surround  villas  and  countrj'- 
hauBes  with  tlieir  ehoob?  and  creeping  tendrils  ever  on  the 
strotch.  At  Kome,  in  tho  porliuoes  of  Livia,  a  Bitglfl  vine, 
witli  its  Icat-ckd  trcUises,  prottfuts  with  its  shudc  the  walka 
ia  the  opun  air ;  the  &uit  of  it  yields  twelve  umphune  of 
must.'* 

Everywhere  wo  find  tbo  vinet  ovprtoppiag  tlie  elm  even, 
and  we  read  that  OiDeaa,""  the  ambassiidor  of  King  Pyrrhua, 
when  admiring  the  great  height  of  the  xiniis  at  Ariotii, 
wittily  making  Atlui>tDn  to  the  peculiar  rough  taste  of  wint-, 
reinurked  that  it  was  with  very  good  reaaon  that  they  had 
hung  tlic  parent  of  it  on  so  lofiy  a  gibbet.  There  is  &  treo 
in  that  part  of  Italy  which  Ilea  beyond  tlie  Padus,"  known 
as  the  "  riunpotinus,"  "*  or  sometimes  by  !ho  name  of  "opu- 
iu»,"  tbt!  broad  circular'*  etorcys  of  whieh  aro  covered  with 
vines,  whose  branches  wind  upwards  in  a  serpentine  form  to 
the  port  whpre  the  boughs  finally  di^'ide,"  and  then,  throw- 
ing out  their  tendrils,  disperse  them  in  every  direction  among 
the  straight  and  finger-like  twigs  which  project  from  the 
branches.  There  are  vines  also,  about  ae  tall  aa  a  man  of 
niodi;Tatd  height,  which  aro  Biipportcdhy  propa,  and,  as  they 
throw  out  their  bristling  tendrils,  form  whole  vineyards :  while 
others,  again,  in  their  inordinate  love  for  climbing,  combinod 
with  skill  on  tho  port  of  the  propriotorj  will  cover  even  tlie 
very  centre"  of  the  court-yard  with  theii  ahooti!  and  foliage. 

'*  "Muitum."     Pure.unfermeQtaljiiioe  of  thegTflpe. 

'**  8«e  B.  rii.  e.  31.  '>  Italiu  TruQspadaQa. 

^^'  Sen  R.  ssiv.  e.  112.  Ill))  Bnuhiiu  lire  at  opiaion  Lhnt  thii  j«  th>e 
Ami  onolua  of  Willdetiow,  commtm  in  Italy,  and  very  bmoth?. 

^^  "  faliuiiita  to  nrbtm  patula."  lie  prolmbij  alludca  to  tne  braiLcfatt 
«xIeR>dini;  horixoBloUy  from  tke  truak. 

"  '"iDpalmiunejut." 

^  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  whole  at  this  poMare  i«  In  a  mott  cor- 
rupt itatc,  and  wo  cbq  only  gatat  at  iti  mrnainf^.  cilliK  miggcBtj  a  new 
rending,  »bich,  misupporti-if  aa  it  ia  by  any  of  tli*  H38.,  can  only  be 
lOf^rdcJ  ax  fanciful,  and  jicrhnpn  as  n  very  sUgbt  iuiproveTjient  QD.  th« 
ulti'TiypUi  tu  obtain  a  £i>luti<iii  uf  iha  diJQtrulty.  Pliny'i  miUR  object  Hcenu 
to  be  to  ciontmst  the  vinta  that  totniiio  mmi  polu  aad.  tiK  peipendicu- 
briy  ytitix  tiboixs  Uaat  oretp  horizontulLy. 


220 


PHUT  B   BATCHAl.   HMIORT. 


[Book  SIV. 


fio  iiTinieroas  are  the  varictiea  of  the  Tino  Trhiob  even  Italy 
al«ne  presents. 

Id  Bome  of  ths  prtmnccB  the  vine  is  able  to  stand  of  itself 
■without  anyfJiiiig  to  Bupport  it,  drawing  in  its  horiding 
broD-uhcB,  and  makiiig  up  in  its  thickness  for  ita  stuated  size. 
In  other  pkfloe,  again,  the  winds  will  not  allow  of  this  mode  of 
culture,  as  ia  Africa,  for  instaiice,  and  various  parts  of  the 
pro*ince  of  GaUia  Narlioaensia.  These  vineB,  fM^ingprerrntod 
from  growing  beyond  the  first  tranches,  and  henoe  always 
retaining  a  resemblance  to  those  plants  wliich  etand  in  need 
of  the  hoe,  trail  along  the  ^ound  just  Eke  thcra,  and  crery 
hftri!  and  there  suck"  up  Ite  jiiiecs  from  tho  earth  to  fill  their 
grupee :  it  is  in  oouBtn^ueneQ  of  this,  that  in  the  interior  of  j\ij-iott 
the  clusters'*  are  known  t^  exceed  the  body  of  an  infant  in  sixe. 
The  wine  of  no  country  iu  more  attd  than  those  of  Africa,  but 
there  is  nowhere  to  be  found  a  grape  that  is  n^ore  ugrui^aUle 
for  ite  firnmeas,  a  circuuiHtance  which  may  very  probably  have 
given  rise  to  it«  name  of  tlie  "hard  grape.""  As  to  Lho 
varietiei  of  the  grnpp,  although  they  are  rondered  innumerable 
by  tho  size,  the  colour,  and  tho  flavour  of  thu  berry,  they  are 
multiplied  even  etill  more  by  the  wines  that  they  produeo. 
In  one  part  they  are  lustrous  with  a  rieli  purple  cQlour,  while 
ia  aaother,  again,  they  glow  with  a  rosy  UnC,  or  oIhq  are  gloBay 
with  their  verdant  hue.  Tho  grapes  that  are  merely  whito 
or  blaek  are  the  common  sortJt.  Tho  bumnstue'^  swella  out 
in  form  like  a  breast,  while  that  known  aa  tlie  "dactylus,"** 
has  a  berry  of  remarkable  length.  Nature,  too,  diaplaya  such 
variotiea  in  these  productions  of  hers,  that  eraoll  grapea  are 
often  to  be  found  adhering  to  tlie  largest  fines,  but  of  sur- 
paasing  swcKitneaa;  they  aro  known  by  the  name  of  "  lep- 
Ifjrrttgae,"^  Some,  again,  will  keep  throughout  tho  winter,  if 
curej  is  taken  to  hang  them  to  the  ceiling^  witJh  a  &tiiDg; 

'*  Bj  throwine  out  fresli  Blioot*  every  here  and  there.  Fie,  Iiowevw. 
Menu  to  tbink  toitt  te  meaDi  tbat  the  gravies  tiiem(«b«*.  as  tbcT  itaS 
aluiig  the  ground,  BTifik  up  tlicjiiii!B»  Willi  ihcirporcB.  Tliwa  areknnwo 
in  France  oa  "running  linM,"  ami  aro  t'oimd  in  Ucnr  nnd  Anjou. 

'■'"  He  miut  eviiltatly  he  spceking  n(  tlie  size  of  tho  buntAet.  See  tto 
eccooat  of  the  grapes  of  Canaan,  in  NumlierB  ziii.  24. 

"  "  Duriii  atinus,"  or,  according  to  soma  reudiaga,  " dujacinas," 

^  FrgmtlieGceekjdoi>jiiRffr^C,a  ow'b  tent,  mcaiiaiied  byVi^l,  GwTj. 
ii.  102.  =*  Or  flncer-grLipe. 

»  From  the  Rroflk  \inr<ipayic,  "  imall-homud." 

"  PensiU  cuncBoiariiliB  uodo. 


Chitp.  8.] 


THB   OTTLTITATION  O?  THB   TINK. 


221 


while  others,  sguiu,  ivill  ke(::p  by  virtue  af  their  own  natiiml 
freshneBB  and  vigour,  if  put  into  eorUiijn  jun,  wMch  ore  thea 
encloaed  in  dolia,"  and  covered  up  with  the  lenneDtiug  husts 
of  grapes.  Some  grapes  recnivc  from  thi.'  wnokc  of  the  black- 
HiniUi's  forge  that  remarkable  flavour  which  it  U  also  known 
to  impart  to  wint-s :  it  was  the  hiyh  name  of  the  Emperor 
Tiberius  thnt  brought  into  such  great  repute  the  gmpcB  that 
had  hflfiii  8iuok<!d  iu  the  smithieg  of  Africa.  Before  his  time 
the  hlght«t  rank  at  tuble  wae  asaif^id  to  the  grapes  of  Rhie- 
titi,''  imd  to  those  growing  in  the  territory  of  "Verona. 

Raisins  of  the  Sim  have  tho  name  of  "pasd,"  from  baviag 
been  submiUed*  tu  the  inHuente  of  the  sun.  It  is  not  un- 
QonuD'OD  to  pre^rve  grapes  in  must,  and  so  make  tlitim  drunk 
with  their  owa  juices;  while  there  are  some  that  art  all  the 
sweeter  for  being  placed  in  miiRt  afttr  it  has  been  boiled ; 
others,  again,  are  loft  to  hang  on  the  parent  tree  till  a  new 
crop  has  made  its  appearance,  by  which  tirao  they  have  be- 
GQine  &B  clear  and  as  tnuiflpareut''"  as  gians.  A»tringfot 
pitch,  if  poured  upon  the  footstalk  of  the  grupe,  will  impart 
to  it  all  that  body  and  that  fimmoes  which,  when  p!uo*d  in 
Aili»*r  amphorae,  it  gives  to  wine.  More  recently,  too,  there 
JPMHi^  discovered  a  viae  which  produces  a  fruit  that  imparts 
t6  tb  irinti  n  Htrucg  fl.ivour  of  pitch:  it  i^  the  faniou»  grape 
that  conl'cTs  such  celebrity  on  the  territory  ot  Vienne,*'  and  of 
which  ecTwal  variptiea  have  recently  enriched  the  territories 
of  the  Arvcmi,  the  Requani,  nod  the  Helvii:"  it  wria  un- 
known in  the  time  of  the  poet  Virgil,  who  haa  now  been  dead 
these  ninety  yeans." 

Iq  addition  to  these  particulars,  need  I  make  mention  of  the 
fact  that  the  Tine"  has  been   introduced   into  the  camp  and 


**  We  harfi  no  correspondinjt  won!  (at  the  I^tin  "dolinnn."  It  woe 
an  oblong  earthen  vessel,  tucd  for  nmcb  the  miue  purpoM  ns  niir  Tiitx  ; 
ni'W  wina  wu*  ({«nemlly  placed  iu  it.  In  tiiueB  lalur  tliiii  tUa:  yf  Pliny 
the  dolia  ware  mado  «E  nuod. 

*'  RarAmiD  apcuSu  of  Ihcne  ^apu  a&  itjil  {ttairin^  is  His  timn  in  the 
Valtcliiav,  atLil  Tcnuirknble  for  thKir  cicdlemui'. 

^  "  A  pBtientiic."  Bociuise  iLaj  hava  tujfmd  froni  tho  Jictioa  of  the 
heat. 

i*  From  tliB  thioaeiu  of  the  skis. 

*■  fic«  (i. '2-i,  also  it.  siiii.  c, -24.     ^'  See  B.iii  o.fi.and  B.  naiii.o.  24, 

*"  Ue  diL«l  in  the  your  B.C.  19. 

^  A  riue!  sipliag  wiu  the  cbiuf  mark  af  the 'Ceatucioa'e  authority. 


222 


PLUn  S   KATURAl  HISTOKT. 


f  Book  XIV. 


placed  in  the  centurion's  hand  for  the  preservation  of  the 
Buprtmo  authority  oni  command  ?  that  thia  is  tho  high  reward 
■which  eumroons  the  lagging  ranks  to  tho  cjigluB  rmsed  aloft.,*' 
and  that  even  in  ehastisemont  for  faults  it  tends  to  reflect 
honour  upon  the  puniaktuent?'*  It  was  the  viacyard,  too, 
that  first  atforded  a  notion,"*  the  practical  utility  of  which  hoa 
beBQ  eipc^rienced  in  many  a  siege.  Among  the  medicinal  prtJ- 
piir.itnons,  too,  tht;  vine  holds  eo  high  a  place,  tliat  ita  very 
wines  takeu  by  thoinselvoa  ore  elUcocioua  as  remedies  lur 
disease.*^ 

CIUF.  4.  (2.) — KlHEn-ONK    T4HIBTIBB    OF   THE    VXKK. 

Demoeritna,  who  has  di>clttred  thut  he  was  acquainted  with 
every  Tariety  of  the  grape  knoi™  iu  Greece,  is  the  only  person 
who  has  heen  of  opinion  that  every  kind  could  he  enumerated ; 
hut,  on  the  other  hand,  the  rest  of  the  authors  have  stated  that 
thoy  ore  quite  iiinumei'abla^'' and  of  infinite  exti.-ut,  sle  aascrdoQ 
the  truth  of  which  will  be  more  evident,  if  we  only  consider 
tlie  vast  numbtir  of  wines.  1  shidl  notiLttempt,  then,  to  spetik 
of  every  kiuti  of  Tine,  btit  only  of  Ujobs  that  aro  the  most  re- 
markable, seeing  that  the  Tarieties  are  very  nearly  as  number- 
less OB  the  districts  Ln.  whith  they  grow.  It  will  suffice,  then, 
to  point  out  those  which  are  tJie  most  remarkwhle  among  the 
vines,  or  pIso  are  peculiar  for  some  wonderful  property. 

The  very  highest  rank  is  givon  to  the  Aminean*  grape,  on 

**  Tito  rending  "  fktns,"  ha*  been  (ulojted.  If  "lentns"  is  rt'iainH, 
it  may  mDim,  "  priirnotiuii,  alow  tbuugli  it  be,"  for  tile  ivard    "nqiiiU" 

w»B  oVlim  i*ui3  tH)  rionotfl  the  rank  of  tb»  "  priimpilu*,"  who  h&a  tlw 
oliurgo  uf  the  va^ln  uf  the  k-cifa. 

**  B«ea.u86  it  wu*  Uio  privilcsa  soklv  of  tboso  sgldiora  who  were  Ronmn 
citJEens  to  bi^  bcottn  with  the  vine  ni\i\ing. 

**  lie  alludes  lo  IIlo  "  vinca''  tiBcd  in  boaiegin^  towns  ;  tlie  fjrit  notion 
of  which  WBsdsrivrd  from  llielfftfy  roof  iifi'orded  by  tho  vlnca  wlien  crepjiiilK 
on  tliK  tii'lli*  o»i'r-liGad.  it  was  o  mowublfl  niiithine,  uJlurJijig  ii  rygf 
under  whicii  iho  lesiotfPTs  owtecwJ  ihrtniitlTtit  apuiiigt  durls,  stones,  Are, 
und  otlicr  miisiLCB.  Uuw  aides  or  wot  clotbn  couhtittiiod  thf.  ij|ipcrnio«t 
layer. 

«  a.!P  B.  juiiu  c.  19. 

**  Many  jmn  acw.  Iheie  were  in  tlie  (rardons  of  tbo  LiiXfrnbourii  out- 
tlionsanil  fuiiir  hunJn.'d  vorietiea  of  the  Frcncti  grapt^,  itnil  cvon  then  thorc 
wwR  miiny  nut  ut  ho  found  tlioro;  whik.  nl  th*  ftam^  time,  It  wiw  eoti- 
nidered  tliat  the  Frcneh  kinds  did  not  fuTiu  more  tbau  onc-twcntitlh  part 
ol'  tbp  Kpi^cicii  kniiwa  in  Kuiupe, 

^>  TliLtf  fine  woa  said  la  Ik  of  Grooian  origin,  udJ  to  hare  been  cvu- 


Gbap.  4.] 


TABIBTIBS  OX  THE  TIITB. 


account  of  the  body  and  durability  of  ita  wine,  wbiii  improvei 
vith  old  age.  Tbere  are  fire  Vtirietioa  of  the  Amineaa  grape ; 
of  these,  the  emaller  germana,  or  "  sister"  grape,  has  a  smaller 
bcny  tiiaD  the  rest,  and  flowers  more  elrnngly,  being  able  to 
bear  up  ngainat  rain  and  tomprBtuoue  wcatJiLT ;  a  thing  that 
is  not  the  rEise  with  Iho  lttrgT?r  germana,  thouph  it  is  Iurs  ei- 
pgsed  to  dangi^r  when  attachi-d  to  a  tree  than  ^'beo  supported 
only  by  a  trellis.  Another  kiad,  aguin,  has  obtained  the 
niune  of  tht;  "gL'OHjlla,"  or  "  twin"  grupe,  because  the  clusters 
always  grow*"  in  couples :  the  flavour  of  the  wine  is  extrcmdy 
rough,  but  it  is  remarkable  for  its  strengtii.  Of  theae  several 
varieties  the  smaller  one  siiffc-rs  from  the  south  wind,  but  re- 
ooires  nntriment  from  all  the  others,  upon  Mount  Vcfluviiis, 
for  iiiBtanc«,  and  the  bills  of  Surrentiun  :  in  tins  other  parts  of 
Italy  it  18  rifver  grown  excupt  attached  to  trees.  The  flfth 
bind  is  that  known  as  the  lanata,  or  "  wooUy  "  grape ;  ao  that 
w©  need  not  be  surprised  at  the  wool-bearing  trees'^  of  the 
Seres  or  the  Indians,  for  this  grajie  lb  covi^red  with  a  woolly 
down  of  renmrkablo  thickness.  It  is  tlie  firat  of  the  Ami- 
nean  vines  that  ripcna,  hut  the  grape  decajB  with  remurkablo 
rapi^lity. 

The  second  mnk  belonga  to  the  nnes  of  Noroentum,**  th« 
■wood  of  which  ib  red,  from  which  circumfllance  the  vines  have 
received  from  some  the  name  of  "  rubelhe."  The  grapes  of 
ihiE  vine  produce  Icbb  wzue  than  usual,  in  eoascqueuce  of  the 
extraordiufiry  quuntUy  of  husk  and  tees  thoy  thruw  off:  but 
the  vine  is  remarkably  atrong,  in  well  able  to  eUiud  the  frost, 
and  i»  apt  to  receive  more  detrimont  frora  drought  th&n  from 
rain,  fr^im  beat  than  from  cold  j  hence  it  is  that  tiiose  are 
looked  upon  m  the  best  tlmt  are  grown  in  cold  nnd  moist 
localiticd.  Tlmt  vuritty  which  has  the  BUioUest  grape  is  con- 
voyed bj'  u  I'bciMaliuu  tribe  to  Iwly,  where  it  was  grown  at  Araincft,  « 
viUa^o  U  ibe  Fakinmn  distritt  uf  Campanin.  It  u  BUftposcd  la  haie 
bcfn  the  nittrio  ea  tlir  ffrtin  plant  of  the  Fnncli-  The  vtrirtici  mentiubtd 
bj'  Pliny  mbiu  not  tc  liavu  hnea  recogiiiipil  bj  tbe  muduma. 

*"  Vit  (InrE  n-oC  gice  cradit  to  tbiE  statement. 

"  111  allutilon  tu  the  cottoa'tme,  or  ehv  tbc  mulberry  Icaviw  dovct'tU 
witb  iJi-B  cucoiiDR  oT  the  silkwomi.  Sc^c  E,  vt.  c.  20,  anil  B.  iLi.  c.  HI. 
Tlrgil,  In  Ihu  GMraita,  bia  tiif  wr'll-lcnown  line  ; 

"  Villetaquo  ut  fulib  dcpecUnt  teniLii  Sirra." 

"  See  B.  iii.  k.  9.  There  «ri'  niany  riatSj  lUc  wu-ud  of  KhLch  ia  redj 
bot  titit  flpadca  Vob  not  botm  identiliud.' 


224 


fLVax'n  ItATCBU.  HISIOBT. 


[Book  XtV. 


Biilered  the  moet  fruithU  ;  tb<j  one  which  bus  a  jagged  leaf  is 
Ififls  productive. 

The  vine  known  as  the  "  apiana,""  has  ri^ciTed  that  namo 
from  th6  bee,  aa  inw?ct  which  ie  remiirhahly  fond  of  it :  there 
ore  two  vartutitifl  of  this  viae.  This  grape,  too,  ie  covered  in 
its  young  state  with  a  kind  of  dowu;  the  mtiin.  ditlfcrcnce  bo- 
twecB  the  two  varieticB  is,  that  the  one  lii^ous  more  rapidly 
tliun  tke  other,  Uiough  this  laet  ripens  with  condderabUi 
quickne^.  A  cold  locality  k  not  at  ttU  hurtliil  to  tttnn, 
although  t]iere  ia  ciO'  grttpe  ttiat  ripeos  nooner:  the»e  grapea, 
howevL-r,  very  aoon  rot  in  the  rain.  The  winea  prodnced  by 
this  grape  are  Bweel  at  first,  but  contract  a  tougb  flavour  in 
the  course  of  yeara.  Thia  vino  is  ciiltivatod  more  than  any 
other  in  Etruriu..  Thuu  far  we  h»vc  made  mention  of  th« 
more  celcbratecl  vinen  smong  those  which  are  peouliar  and  in- 
digoacma  to  Italy ;  the  rest  have  been  introduced  from  Chics 
or  T hasoa. 

The  Bmoll  Greek**  grape  ib  not  inferior  to  the  Aminean  for 
the  excellence  of  ita  quality:  the  berry  is  remarliably  thin- 
Bkinncd,  and  the  clustor  ao  estremiely  amoU,^  that  it  is  not 
worth  while  cultivating  it,  ejtcept  on  a  soil  of  reitiarkablo 
richness.  The  ougenia,*'  so  oallcd  fhJin  itu  high  qualitiea.  has 
been  iatroduuod  into  tbe  Alban  territory  Irom  the  hilla  oC 
Tauromciiiuoi  ;'*  it  is  found,  however,  to  thiive  only  there, 
for  if  traneplanted  elsewht;r&  it  degencratee  immediak-Ey :  in 
fuot,  there  is  in  some  vines  so  strong  an  attachment  to  their 
native  noil,  that  they  leave  behind  thera  all  their  high  repute, 
and  are  nuTci-  Irunsplanttd  in  their  full  entirety.  This  is  tho 
case,  too,  with  thp  Khtctian  and  the  Allobrogian  grapes,  of 
which  we  have  made  mention  above  as  tlie  pitch-lUvoured" 
grape;  theee  are  justly  deomed  cxcollent  in  their  own  couil' 

•*  From  "  npi","  it  "  hee."  He  sllnidi's,  il.  ig  tlioiielit,  to  the  rauscatpl 
erspe,  fiudi  to  aa-ve  bail  ib  narnn  frum  "  lausuii,"  u  '-Ay ;"  an  iae&ui  wUvU 
IS  grs&Uy  attracted  hy  its  EWo«tncB9. 

^  F£o  il  inclinfl  lo  think  tiuM  he  alludes  In  tbo  viuo  af  Coiiatb,  Itio 
drifid  fruit  of  nhiuti  an  the  L-uinLuU  of  commeroo. 

*•  Kiomtlici  Greelt  ii>ylt'na, 

*■''  Xaw  Tuurmiuti,  tn  Siuily,  whcri}',  V&c  myn.  it  is  itill  to  Ira  round. 
Tba  gnipca  uro  rod,  similar  lo  thoKc  of  Uaecali  nour  i^lna,  and  niiuli 

"  HcaU.     Seep,  22!. 


Cliop.  4.]  TiniETIES  Qir  TUB  TINB.  225 

tiy,  while  elecwbcro  thoy  we  held  in  no  Lsteem  at  alL  Still, 
however,  in  cousoqu'ence  of  their  XLiuarkaljlo  fi-rtiUty,  tiiey 
make  up  for  quality  by  abundance:  the  eugcnia  thrircs  in 
spots  which  aru  Kcorvhlng  hot,  the  llhstliin  vine  in  p!ac?s  of  a 
more  moderate  tempernture,  anil  the  Allobrogian  in  cold,  ex- 
posed situations,  the  &mt  ^teiog  of  a  block  colour,  and  ripeiiMl 
ty  the  ftgoncy  of  firost. 

The  wines  produced  from  the  vines  of  which  wc  haro 
hitherto  made  mention,  even  though  the  grspt-s  are  bUck, 
b(;come,  all  of  theni,  wb«li  old,  of  a  white '"  complexion.  Tlir 
other  TLues  arc  of  ao  note  in  particular,  though  somtitimt^s, 
thanks  to  Bume  peculiarity  either  in  the  climate  or  the  soil, 
the  wintw  produced  from  thera  ttttaiji  a  mature  vld  tcge  ;  »uch, 
for  instance,  aa  the  Fwienian'"  vine,  and  the  liiturigiiui,"  which 
blosgoms  at  the  same  time  with  it,  but  haa  not  ao  many  grapen. 
The  blossoms  of  those  last- mentioned  vin^  nre  not  liuble  to 
receive  injury,  both  bi^aiiw-  they  are  naturally  but  tmiist- 
tury,  and  bavo  tlio  power  of  n'sieLing  tho  iictioa  (if  both  wind 
and  stonn;  still,  howevir,  thu»u  that  grow  in  cold  sputtt  are 
considered  superior  to  those  produced  ju  a  wartn  site,  and  thosw 
found  in  muist  pluses  Bupcriot  to  thoee  grown  in  dry,  thirsty 
localitict. 

The  vine  known  b»  the  "  vxbuIe"  «  •  *  •  *  juoni 
than  abundance  of  fruit,  being  unable  to  endure  the  extreme 
viiriutiuiu  of  the  atmoephere,  though  it  ih  very  well  able  to 
nEand  a  con  tin  nation  of  either  cold  or  hi-at.  Of  this  last  kind 
the  sDtsllcr  one  is  the  best,  but  difficult  to  pkasc  in  its  thoice ; 
in  a  rich  earth  it  is  upt  to  rot,  while  in  a  thin  Boil  it  will  cume 
to  nothing  at  nil :  in  ile  fti^tadioHBueFs  it  retiuirea  a  soil  of 
Buddiiug  quality,  and  hence  it  is  that  it  is  so  commonly  fooiid 
on  the  hilk  of  the  Subiuc  territory.  Ita  grape  is  unsightly  in 
appearance,  but  has  a  very  pleasant  flavour :  if  it  is  not  gathered 
at  the  very  moment  that  it  is  ripe,  it  will  iall,  even  before  it 
decays.     The  extreme  size  of  the  leureH,  and  its  natural  hardi- 

**  /.  «,,  mlo  sbmw  colour. 

*°  Itluu  DMoiinppowd  That  tliic  vice  roaiiTtid  its  niiin«frODi  "fRx,"  the 
vine  dcjKxitiuir  on  unuuiall^  lur^c  qunuiU.r  cf  \«oi. 

"  It  IS  donbtfU  wheihor  tliis  rino  had  ila  nume  from  being  frown  in 
Ihd  diatriot  row  isallt-il  Bowrgps,  or  thut  of  Bniirdtaui,  Uuttichftrnjn  ideii- 
tifioa  il  with  Ihe ptanl  iT^JtUiju. 

^  The  iirigin  of  ita  nuiie  is  luikiLown.     Tlje  text  ii  eridaatljr  dohctiv*. 

Toi-  ni.  4 


226 


PLlHl'a  NATDBAL  mSTOQT. 


[Bo«t  XIT. 


ne&9,  aix}  iU  great  protectioa  afloat  the  diswtroiu  efiecU  <if£ 
hail. 

Tho  gropcB  lainwTi  as  "  lielvolaj"*^  are  remarkable  for  the 
peculiarity  of  tht-Lr  colour,  which  is  a  sort  of  midway  betirc<rii 
purple  and  blatk,  but  vcriea-ao  frequently  that  it  has  mado 
Bomo  peraona  give  them  tlie  name  &f  "  variftnte."  Of  the  two 
Hfirts  of  hclvola!,  the  bkok  is  the  one  gtinerally  proferred  ;  they 
buth  of  thorn  prudncc  vv(;ry  other  year,  but  the  wine  ie  btiet 
when  the  vinlsge  has  ta^en  kas  abunduiit. 

The  vine  thnt  ia  known  aa  the  *'  precia""  is  also  divided 
into  two  varieties,  distinguished  by  the  size  of  the  grape. 
These  vines  produce  a  vast  quaotit}'  of  wood,  and  the  grape  ie 
very  good  for  preserving  in  jars;'*  the  leaves  are  aimiJar  ia 
appearance  to  that  of  parsley."  The  people  of  Dyrrhaebium 
hold  in  high  esteem  the  vine  known  as  the  "  baaUica,"  tho 
same  which  in  Spain  ia  called  the  "  coeolobie.""  Tho  grapen 
of  this  vine  grow  in  thin  clustora,  and  it  can  stand  great  heat, 
oud  the  south  winds.  Thu  wino  produced  Itom  it  is  apt  to  fly 
to  the  head  :**  tho  produce  of  tlie  vine  is  very  large.  Tho 
people  in  8puin  diatinguish  two  kinda  of  thia  vine,  the  onu 
witt  the  oblong,  the  other  with  the  round  grapo ;  they  gather 
this  fruit  the  very  laist  of  all.  Tlic  sweeter  the  cocolobia  ia, 
th«  more  it  is  valued ;  but  even  if  it  has  a  rough  taate,  the  wino 
wil!  become  &w«et  by  keeping,  while,  on  the  other  liand,  that 
which  was  Bweet  at  first,  will  acquire  a  certain  roughneaa ;  it 
id  in  this  laat  state  that  the  wine  is  thought  to  rival  that  of 
Alba,*  It  is  said  that  the  juice  of  this  grape  is  remarkably 
cfflcacioua  when  drunk  as  a  specific  for  diseases  of  the  bladder. 

^  By  till*  ntmio  it  would  be  untlvntoad  thut  tli^y  wr»  r>f  an  irjlor- 
mudi&U  colour  IkIwcuu  rotu  nadwtiite,  u  not  UDComnioD  colour  ia  tho 
grape.   PUnv.  howcvt^r,  says  otherwisn,  anil  be.  is  stiiinurttd  by  Columella. 

^'  C.  Banriu  took  tliis  lo  niraa  oiip  of  the  ^aKitn  currant  tree*,  tbe 
Bibcs  uva  crispit  ol'  LiuEHniB,  cnllod  by  Eauhin  Graggulnria  siniplki  acino, 
111'  olie  i4pini)gH  ntgretVm,  Hut,  as  Fcl'  uliscirvc'^,  the  aucieaU  veie  mil  m> 
ignuruiLt  us  U  uonl'uund  a  vino  with  a  currant-bush. 

'^  Iiike  the  I'orCusaiiee  grupeit  at  the  prtaent  day. 

**  finspcd  and  indented, 

W  Ibi*  vatiiBtv,  aoturtlinR  U>  Christian  do  la  Vpffn,  was  caUimtnl 
nhiinduiitLy  [a  urennda.  The  wurd  otK^aiy  according  t<>  fi^iicu,  uicuat 
cchjVb  comb.     It  ia  mujitioucd  lu  a  Sptaitali  wurd  bv  Columdlu. 

**  Dalcchumijs  Eaya.  that  a  mrailar  mac  was  tnaile  at  Montpollicr,  and 
that  it  WBJ  Bfillihd  "piijuurdnot." 

*•  See  B.  iiiii.  cc  20,  21, 


du-p.  4.] 


TABIBTIBa  OF  TnB  TVSS. 


227 


Tbo  "  iilbucliii"  *  produces  moat  of  ita  finiit  at  the  top  of 
iho  tree,  the  c isula  at  the  bottoio  ;  h«Dce,  when  pl&ated  uround 
the  same  tree,  ia  consequence  of  these  [lecutiantieB  lo  their 
nature,  thty  bf-nr  betwii^en  them  a  two-f«>ld  crop.  One  of  the 
black  grape  vines  haa  boon  called  the  "  inc-rticiila,"  *'  though 
it  might  with  more  propriety  have  been  style*!  the  "sobria;"*' 
the  wine  from  it  ia  r«itiarkiibly  good,  vaid  more  portictitariy 
when  old  ;  hut  though  strong,  it  ib  productivi;  of  no  HI  effetts, 
and,  indeed,  is  this  unly  wiae  that  will  not  cuuse  in- 
toxication. 

The  abundance  of  their  produce  again  rocomniends  other 
vines  to  us,  and,  in  the  first  pluee,  that  known  as  the  "  belveu- 
naca""  Of  this  vine  there  are  two  kiuda;  the  larger,  which 
ia  by  aorae  called  tiio  "  Iticg"  helvennaca,  and  the  smallt'r 
kind,  which  is  known  as  the  "  emarcum,""  not  so  prolilic  as 
the  first,  but  producing  a  wine  of  more  ngrecable  flavour  ;  it 
is  distinguished  by  ita  rounded  leaf,  but  thoy  are  both  of 
theiu  of  alendfsr  make.  It  ia  requisite  to  platiu  forks  beneath 
these  vines  iur  tlie  support  of  thuir  branches,  as  otherwise  it 
would  be  quite  impossible  for  them  to  support  the  weight  of 
their  produce  :  they  receive  nutriment  from  the  breezes  that 
blow  Irom  th«  Bca,  and  foggy  weather  is  injurious  to  them. 
There  it!  not  one  among  the  vices  that  manifets  a  greater 
avendon  to  Italy,  for  there  it  becomes  companitivtly  leafless 
and  stunted,  and  soon  dconys,  while  the  wine  which  it  produces 
there  will  uot  keep  beyond  the  summer :  no  vine,  however, 
thrives  bettor  in  a  poor  solL  OnBcinus,  who  has  copied  from 
the  works  of  Cornelius  Ccleus,  givea  it  as  hia  opinion  that  it  is 
not  that  the  nature  of  this  vine  ia  repugnant  to  the  climatt' 
of  Italy,  but  thut  it  is  the  modo  uf  cultivating  it  that  is 

••  Probatily  from  "altjiis,"  "wliiti>."  Poinsiiiot  tbinks  that  it  may 
ban  boun  so  isdk<]  iivia  the  Celtic  wurd  nfA,  ut  <i^i  a  mouutuiu,  luid  ihai 
it  grtrit  on  elL-vati'il  hjiaU.    This,  tiowov«r.  is  probably  funoil'uL 

"  CftUc.lI  bj  the  Orveka  afiUfutroy,  itam  its  oompurativoly  haimUss 
qualitiei. 

**  Or  "iobef  "  vino. 

"*  Uardouin  uiys  tbat  in  hie  lima  it  wu  still  «idtivalcd  sbmit  Kiieunta, 
in  iTit  Komaii  Stulca.  F«e  thiiiks  that  it  may  bo  one  ftf  thfl  olimbiog 
vines,  supported  by  forks,  cultivate!  in  tij*  tLTitttil  proTiiicci  of  Fniuec. 
S«?  nl»o  il.  utiii.  c,  19,  a&  to  Ibi?  eHV'tU  produKud  by  its  -winu. 

**  PuiaBiart  gUcB  a  CcUo-Scytliuu  wigia  to  ttU  word,  ant!  says  tint,  it 
means  "iiijurou  by  hg&."  'Ihit  ap^eati  to  be  Buppuirtvd  ia  aumu  nwiuuic 
by  what  ia  elated  btlow. 


228 


PLTHT  8  HiTUEAL  UISTORT. 


[itfiokxiv. 


wrong,  and  tTio  anxiety  to  force  it  to  put  forth  ita  shoots;  a 
mode  of  treatment,  ho  thinlis,  whJcH  absorbs  all  its  fertilitT, 
unless  the  Boil  in  whiuh  it  is  planted  happens  to  be  remitrkably 
rich,  and  by  it3  support  prpvcnts  it  from  being  PxhiniBtcd.  It 
is  fiftid  thai  thia  vino  is  nover  carbimcSed,"  a  pemarkablo  qua- 
lity, i{,  indeed,  it  really  is  thu  fact  that  there  ia  any  vine  in 
existence  that  is  exempt  &om  the  natural  in^uencee  of  the 
oUmate. 

Tile  Epionia,  by  some  called  the  "  spinea,"**  is  able  tob*»r 
hcnt  very  we]l,  and  thrives  ia  the  autumn  and  rainy  weather : 
indG(^d,  it  is  the  only  one  among  all  tho  rities  that  does  woU 
amid  fog»,  for  which  reason  it  i«  peculiur  to  the  territory  of 
Ilftvenna."  The  venicula"  ir  one  of  those  thnt  blossom  the 
strongest,  and  ita  grapt*  are  piirticiilarly  well  adapted  i'ar  pro- 
Herviag  in  jara.  I'he  Campanians,  howiover,  prefer  to  give  it 
t]i«  name  of"  Bcireula,"  while  others,  again,  call  it  "  stacula." 
Tarracina  haa  a  \ine  known  as  tho  "  jiuiniwaua;"  it  has  no 
ciualities  oE  its  own,  but  baa  charnoteri sties  just  according  to 
the  nature  of  tlie  soil  in  which  it  is  planted :  the  wine,  how- 
ever, if  kept  in  the  earthen  caaks  *"  of  Surrentum,  is  remark- 
able for  it«  goodnesa,  that  is  to  Bay,  aa  far  south  as  VesnviM. 
On  amTing  in  that  distrii^t,  wo  lind  the  MnrgLntina,"  the  very 
bent  among  all  thoeo  that  come  froai  Sicily.  Some,  indeed, 
call  the  vine  "  Pompeiana,""  and  it  is  more  particularly  fruitfal 
when  grown  in  Latium,  just  as  the  "hopconia'*'^  is  producti\-e 
nowhtrc  but  in  Campanift.  Of  a  contrary  nature  ia  the  vine 
known  as  the  "  argeioa,"  and  by  Virgil  called  "  argitia  i*'" 
it  makes  the  ground  all  the  more''  productive,  and  is  remark- 

*•  Seo  B.  ivii.  c.  37. 

**  Or'Mliorny"  nne.     P6e  queries  why  it  abould  be  tbai  called. 

"^  This  buniiil,  munliy  loc&IIly  was  nut4>d  tm  tbu  biidiiese  of  it«  ^ttpot, 
nnd  cons^quentlv  ofita  moo. 

""  Fltirdouin  nhinksthnt  tliisistlie  "Mano  mirra"  oF  tdo  Venetiuii: 
wUftWOt',  periiaps,  it*  ancient  name, 

1"  "TnjitiB."      See  B,  nxv.  c.  4G, 

'"  From  Mnrpivntum,  iu  Skily.     Sso  E.  iii.  0.  11. 

^'  From  I'ompoii.  aftcrwnnU  Aeettoyei.     See  B.  iii.  C.  9. 

''  Bardouin.  m  Feu  thinks,  «itbout  good  reosan,  idendflM  this  m'th 
thn  "  .^relaca"  uf  Coluruella, 

"  OvDtgirs,  ii.  99. 

'■<  Tbia  aeuiTia  ta  \ni  Iha  mGaain^  of  "  ultru  solum  Imtim  fncit,"  Tbcm 
tTra  litas  bavG  been  introduced  bjr  Sillig,  from  one  of  tbs  MSS.,  lor  tho 
futt  titne. 


Cliftp.  4.] 


TiBlETtES   OF   THE   YOTB. 


229 


ably  stoat  in  its  r&stistance  to  rain  and  the  ctTocls  of  old  age, 
though  it  will  liatdly  produce  wine  every  year  ;  it  if  remark- 
ablp  for  the  «bun(lKiit  crops  which  it  iwurs,  though  the  grapes 
are  held  bat  in  SToall  cattem  for  eating.  The  vine  knona  as 
the  "  metica"  laBts  woll  for  years,  and  offers  a  suocessfiil  re- 
eietance  ia  all  clionges  of  we&thor ;  the  grapo  is  black,  and  the 
wine  as-uuniflB  a  tawny  huQ  when  old. 

(3.)  Thu  Yoriotics  that  havi!  beea  mentionpd  thus  far  ani 
thoBe  that  ara  gifuerally  kauwn ;  the  others  hcluug  tu  piTuliar 
countries  or  indi\'iduaL  localities,  ordse  are  of  ttmixednatare, 
the  produce  of  graCtiug.  niUB  the  vine  known  as  the  "  Xutler- 
nis,"™  is  peciiEiar  to  the  didtriii.-tH  of  Btriiria,  aiid  bo  loo  is  111* 
vine  that  bears  the  name  of  "  Hai-entia. '*  At  Arretium  the 
talpono,  the  etesiacii,  luid  the  consemina,  are  particularly  ux- 
eellent,"*  The  talpona,'^  which  is  a  black  gmpo,  produccjs  a 
pale,  Htraw-coloured"  must  1  the  etefriaca'*  it;  apt  to  deceire; 
tfau  mom  the  wine  it  produixis  the  better  the  (juality,  hut  it 
.'JB  a  remarkable  fuet,  that  juitt  as  it  hua  roatlii^d  that  paiut  itB 
'  fecundity  ceiuici)  altogether.  The  conscTninu  ^  boors  a  black 
grape,  but  iU  wine  will  not  keep,  though  the  grape  itself  is 
a  most  excellent  keeper  ;  it  is  gathered  tifteeii  days  later  than 
any  other  kind  of  grape :  this  vine  ia  very  fruitful,  but  its 
grape  is  only  good  tor  eating-  The  leaves  of  this  tree,  like 
those  of  the  wild  vine,  turn  the  colour  of  l>lc«d  just  before  the 
fall :  tlie  same  is  the  case  also  with  »oinu  "  other  varieties,  bnt 
it  is  a  proof  that  they  are  of  very  infurior  quality. 

The  irtiolii*'  is  a  vine  peculiar  to  TJmbria  and  the    terri- 


Ts  Huiluiiin  tlunlu  that  it  ts  so  culled  from  Tudvr,  a  tvira  of  StrariA. 
Sen  li.  lii.  a.  It). 

"  Siliig  auffgcBU  ttiBt  the  rcadioj  heio  ifl  cnmint,  and  that  Pliny 
meuLS  to  Eiiy  tliut  tho  villi;  cullfil  Flocuntia  is  parti  cull  irly  excellent,  kji-J 
mrrcly  tu  iUlF  tliac  tliM  tnlpoDa,  &';.,  »te  peculiar  to  Arn<tiunL;  foi,  »i 
liv  safe,  Epttikiuii-  dirccily  ufterwftnU  m  (li£pitnis«iii«nt  cf  thum,  it  u  nut 
likely  lie  wduU  jitonnuficf:  thcni  "  opima."  of  "  first-rate  quality." 

"  From  "  tulpa,"  a  "■  mole,"  in  cotiKuncuce  o(  its  btiuk  coloar. 

«  "Album." 

''  l^bably  w  culled  frnoi  thGEt.BBion  vrinils,  whicli  impmri^ilitc  ci'o^tb. 

*■  Forbapa  menniD^  "dimblc-sc-cilc'ii."  Wo  muy  Ihtu  reiiuirk.  that  the 
winisa  oflStacao]',  thouf^h  held  in  Liitlu  esteem  ia  aucicnt  times,  aro  bighlf 
otoumcil  at  the  priiatnt  liny. 

^*  Tbo  iL'avra  uf  moHt  Viirictira  tiim  red  jiut  before  the  fitll, 

^  And   UitCGJlu  tbinlu  tbat  Ibii  ia  tbe  kind  boia  wbicb  Hie  raiaiiu  of  the 


PUNT  S  KATTBAL  BIBTOBT. 


[Bwic  xrv. 


torica  of  Mevaiiia  mid  ricenmn,  whilQ  the  pumula"  belongti 
to  AmitcTnuiii.  la  the  etuno  districte  we  iiii<l  tho  viuo  coiled 
banDaaica,"  which  is  very  deceplive.  thotigh  the  people  are 
remarkably  fond  of  its  fruit.  The  luunieipiiL  town  of  Tom- 
peii  has  given  its  name  to  the  Pompeia,*^  although  it  is.  to  be 
Ibimd  in  greater  ubundance  in  the  teiritoty  of  Cluaium.  The 
Tiburina,  also,  is  so  called  from  the  municipal  town  of  Tibfir, 
although  it  is  in  this  district  that  thry  hare  lately  discovered 
the  gmpe  Imown  aa  the  "olenginea,"  from  its  strong  resem- 
blance to  an  oUtb  :  this  being  the  rery  last  kind  of  grapa  that 
hafi  been  introduced.  Tlie  Sabiucsandthe  Lanrcntpa  are  thti 
only  people  ac(]iiainted  with  tho  vinaeiola.*'  Ae  to  tho  vines 
of  Slount  Gaurus,*  I  am  aware  that,  as  they  haTO  been  trtins- 
pluuted  from  the  ralernian  territory,  tliey  bear  the  name  of 
"  Falemian ;"  but  it  is  a  fact  that  tbo  Palernian  vine,  when 
transplanted,  rapidly  degenerates.  Some  persons,  too,  have 
made  out  a  Tarentine  variety,  with  a  grape  of  remarknblo 
swcctneag:  the  grapes  of  the  "capnios,"*"  tho  "bHcconiatis,"" 
and  tho  "tarrupia,"  grow  en  the  hills  of  Thurii,  and  are 
never  gathered  liU  after  the  frost  commoncos.  Pis»  enjoys 
the  Fanan  vine,  and  Mutina  the  prasiniaD,*'  with  a  black 
grape,  the  wine  of  which  turns  pale  within  four  years.  It  is 
a  veiy  remarkable  thing,  but  there  i*  a  grape  here  that  turns 
round  with  the  aim.,  iu  its  diurnal  motion,  a  circumstance  ixom 
which  it  has  received  the  name  of  "  Btreptoe."  ■*    In  Italy,  the 

ttnn,  comniDn  in  Italy,  and  more  partlsuliulyiii  fke  Valley  of  Bevagna,  the 
Mevsnia  of  Pliny,  we  mftde, 

"  I'erhaps  from  "■pmiiilio,"  a  dwarf. 

w  The  "  royal "  vine,  aocording  to  Poinsinet,  who  would  deiivo  it  fioin 
the  Sckvonio  "  ban." 

"  Prtrioiiiily  muntiiined.  p.  228. 

•*  The  rpsidcnoc  of  Hoinr*,  now  Tivoli. 

»■"  Bttcciui!  sftjs  thflt  tlio  irineof  thi»grap«  wa«  thin  lilce  if ater.  ami  that 
the  vma  wm  trained  on  loflj  trees,  a  nuidB  of  rulfJTation  itiU  folloifGd  in 
the'  TLcinily  of  Iltxno.  Laurcntum  trus  ^ituuto  within  a  short  dist&Dce  of 
it.  near  Oiitia. 

»*  Sec  B.  iii.  c.  9. 

*■  8n  called  from  the  Bmolcy  or  intennediate  oalour  of  its  grapei.  Ffe 
■UggCKCa  that  this  may  bo  the  tlow-Tipening  grape  of  Frauoe,  collad  the 
"t^irius,"  cr  "roirnna  de  coq." 

**  Poiaibly  meaning  the  *'  moitthfnl." 

*■  Perhaps  io  called  fiom  Prusa,  in  Sithjuo,  A  diBtrict  whieh  bote  M* 
IflUfiiit  grape*. 

•"  Or  the  "  tunung  "  grape.    A  flibiilous  rtoiy  no  doubt,  origmBting  ia 


Chap.  4.] 


TABIEITXS   OF   TITK   TINS. 


231 


(iallic  vine  is  a  great  favourite,  while  Wyonfl  the  Alp't  Ihat  of 
Piceoum"  is  preferred.  Virgil  has  mnde  lutntion**  of  the 
Ttiitsian  vine,  the  Mureotia,  the  In^E-a,  an<J  several  other  forcigri 
varieliftii,  wliich  are  not  to  bo  fwuiul  in  Italy. 

Them  are  some  vincd,  again,  tlmt  mo.  rcmnrlcablc,  not  for 
their  wint-,  hHt  for  their  prapps,  such,  for  inatance.  as,  tho  am- 
hrosiH,"oneof  the  "  duracinufl  "••  kind,  a  prnpc  which  requinai 
no  potting,  hilt  will  keep  perfpctly  well  if  left  on  the  rine,  so 
remitrkahli?  ia  the  atrcngth  with  which  it  is  rnrlowed  for  with- 
staadiag  the  efi'ects  of  mid,  lioat,  and  eturm^  wn^thcr.  Tho 
"orthampeloB,'""  too,  is  a  vine  thut  reqiiireK  neither  tree  nor 
stay,  as  it  is  well  able  to  eustain  its  own  weight.  This,  how- 
ever, i«  not  th«  I'-use  with  the  "  dactjrliB,"  "  the  stom  of  which 
is  no  thicker  than  the  Rnger.  The  "  ooiuinbina""  is  one  of 
thoM  with  the  finest  clusters,  and  still  more  no  is  th«  puri)]e 
"bimammia;"  it  dotsnot  bear  inclit8ti>rs,'  but  only  secondary 
Ininches,  There  is  the  triptdanca,'  too,  a  name  which  it  owes 
to  the  length  of  its  cluaters,  and  the  pcirpiilfl.^  with  it.*  fthrivclled 
berry ;  the  RhHilicn,'  too,  bo  called  in  tho  Maritimri  Alps,  ihnugh 
very  different  from  the  grape  of  that  nuuio  whiuh  is  bo  highly 
eetmned,  and  of  which  we  have  jirc^-iouBlv  ejjoken ;  tor  in 
this  variety  thoclustoraare  small,  tho  grapes  iic  closely  packed, 

th>>  namp,  pTnlwblf.    F^i?  mi-^QmU  thnt  it  mny  liavc  nciffiiiiatc*]  in  t1)»  nnt 
DiiLwiiitiijii  pmciiw  of  Uitiifjr  tiin  bunches  hung  after  lliej  wmd  ripe,  naJ 
th«n  twisting  llieni,  vhich  was  thoiij;lit  to  inorcoie  ihojuioa. 
*■  In  thn  irrndrm  Mftruhra  of  Ancoiia. 
*•  (joorg^ici,  ii.  01.  tt  tt<i. 

Sunt  'FliBtiii:  Tit«&,  aunt  et  Marvotidea  aLb»  : 
•  •  •  •  « 

Ft  pDMD  FiilliiL  udlior.  t«iiiiiH|uc  I^tcm, 
TtaUtura  [>L>di«  olim,  riactura(]ac  lin^iuua^ 

Puspnrra?.  I*reciiDquo 

>*  A  iDiUUfail,  F6e  tUinlu. 

^  Oc  "hard-bcrriKl."  F^e  thinlu  tliat  tlic  maroqiiin,  or  Uorooeo 
an^  nailed  lb«  "pivd  da  jJouJe"  (ui  fowVe  iwi),  at  Moulpdlior,  may  be 
Sia  dtmtdniis. 

"  Ot  "ojirigbt  Tine."  In  Anjaa  oail  Ilerault  tbe  riiiM  are  of  iimUM 
charactor. 

»•  Tho  "fingnr-lika"  Tin«,  «»  Tlie  "piceoa"  vino, 

'  TIioukIi  '"'fy  fruitTul,  it  due*  oat  bear  iu  largo  clutttn  (racoini),  but 
only  in  srriaU  bniachca  (uvd). 
»  The"llirM.fnot"rin4), 

*  Perhaps  raeaning  the  "  ntah"  grape,  from  iti  ■briftll«l  appcunUGS. 

*  See  c.  3  of  lhi«  BmV. 


i 


232 


PUNT  a   JlA.tURsJj   niSTOET. 


[Book  SJT. 


and  it  produces  'but  n  poor  wine.  It  has,  however,  the  thin- 
ncRt  akin  of  all  the  gpapee,  and  o  single  Rtone,'  of  Ttry  dinii- 
nutivo  sizPj  which  is  knuwn  aa  tho  "  Cbiun  ;"*  one  or  two  of 
iL-e  grapes  on  the  clustur  are  remarkubly  large.  There  Is  also 
the  black  Aminean,  to  which  the  name  ol'  tjjriaca  is  given : 
th«  Spanish  rine,  too,  the  v^ry  best  of  all  those  of  iiiieriui' 
(^utdity. 

The  grapce  that  are  known  as  escariBC,''  ore  grown  oo  Ixt-l- 
lise.s.  Of  the  duracinus*  kind,  there  are  those  known  as  the 
white  and  the  btnck  Tmctioa  ;  the  bumaetus,  too,  ia  aimilatly 
distmguishBd  in  colour.  Among  the  viaiis  t-iio,  that  havo 
not  06  ytit  boon  mcntiomKi,  tfapro  aro  tho  J^gian  atd  the 
KhodJELEi*  kind:),  as  itlsa  the  imcialia,  bu  mlltid,  it  would  seem, 
from  its  grape  being  ua  ounce  in  weight.  There  is  the  luciuu'" 
too,  tho  blackest"  grape  known,  and  the  stephjuiLti*,"  the 
cluBters  of  which  Nature,  in  a  sportivo  iiitrod,  has  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  garland,  the  Itinves  being  interspersed "  among 
the  grapes;  thi-re  Lire  the  grapes,  too,  known  as  the  "torenMS,"'* 
and  whio-h  quickly  come  to  maturity,  recommend  thBrnselvea 
to  the  buyer  by  their  good  looks,  and  are  easily  carried  &om 
jjlaetj  to  place. 

On  the  otlier  hand,  those  known  as  the  *'  oinerea"'*  uro 
condemned  by  their  very  looks,  and  so  ar<!  the  rahiiBcula  "  and 
the  aeiausca;  "  the  produce  of  the  alopecia,"  which  rosii^mblns 
in  colour  a  fox's  toil,  is  held  in  less  diBcetocDi.  The  Alexon- 
drina '"  is  the  name  of  a  vine  that  gi-ows  in  the  vicinitj'  of  I'lia- 

'  Tlio  ordiaary  number  of  pips  or  stonus  is  five.  It  U  uilil'am  ihai.  via 
find  hut  one.    Virril  miinlions  ihii  ^pe,  Ocorg,  ii.  9o. 

'  "Chiuai."     THi*  rtading  is  doubttQi,     Ffc  says  that  hcttreen  JTarni 


anJ  Temi,  eight   leagues  frfim   Sntilt'to,  a  smnl]   grnpe  ia   fonaJ,  williuUt 
■tiinp.s.     It  ix  called  "uva  passB,    or  "pt 


'  ptUHeriiia,"     So,  ton,  the  Sultmu 


'  "Orown  for  llio  tabic."  *  Or  "hard-berry," 

*  MuBtioned  by  ^^rlfil.  ftoorg,  U.  101,  '■"  IJr pitch-^pe. 

"  I'trbftps  the  "noirnnu"  or  "teiaturier"  of  Iho  French. 

I)  Qr  "  pitljuid-thiHlBti'd  "  vine. 

'*  Keo_»»y»  that  this  is  Boroetimes  ncuideofally  the  oose,  bttt  ia  not  the 
chanuilunstii:  oia.ay  voriuty  now  kuuvru. 

'*  Or '•tn,•lTkl:^Jr^lpBB.'■ 

"  The  "  Mh-coliiiitiM;!."'  '*  Thn  "  TUSfU-t-iittlonred." 

"  Trahftbly  ao  crillei]  from  its  grey  coli;uf,  liko  that  of  tLu  uis. 

I*  Or  "fin"  Tiue.     Till*  variety  i»  unltnown. 

'*  So  CHllrd  from  AIcKandrio,  ia  Ttcob,  not  in  Eg'ypt.  Pkcdiicni  YfM 
in  tha  Ticiaity  of  Moiuit  Ida. 


Chop.  &.} 


LcnxuftE  or  the  visl 


locra :  it  is  of  stunted  growth,  Bsd  bos  branches  b  cubit  la 
length ;  the  grape  is  black,  almut  the  size  of  a  bean,  wilh  s 
Wrry  that  ie  »>ti,  and  remurkabJj  small :  the  olnitcn  hang  in 
a  slnnting  diiTiction,  and  arii  remarlcably  nwDot ;  the  loaves  are 
amall  and  round,  without  any  diTiaion.*'  Within  tho  last 
■Bven  yearn  there  has  been  introduced  at  AJha  HclTioj"  in  the 
,  jmvince  of  Oallin  Xnrbonenaia,  a  vine  which  blossoms  but  a 
flhtglc!  day,  iinil  in  consequently  proof  againnt  nil  noddcute: 
thi!  uami!  ^iven  to  it  in  "NarboniL'a,"  luid  it  is  uuw  planted 
thmighout  the  whole  of  that  province. 

CHAP.  5.  (4.) fiEM*RK*n!.E   FlCia  COXXECTEO  WITH  THK 

ocLTcaE  or  tob  vise. 

The  uldor  Cato,  who  w«s  rendered  more  particalu'Iy  iUus- 
trt<iiJ8  by  his  triumph^'  and  tlie  cen8t>r*Iiip,  imd  even  more  so 
by  his  literary  lame,  and  the  precepts  whii-h  he  has  givea  to 
the  Itomnn  people  upon  every  subject  of  utility,  and  the 
proper  methods  of  cultivation  in.  partinolur  ;  a  man  who,  by 
the  univertwil  imnfessiun,  waa  the  firal  hnshandraan  of  his  age 
imd  without  a  rival — has  itii'Utioiic.-d  u  few  varieties  only  of 
the  vine,  tho  very  nami^s  of  some  of  which  are  by  tliia  utterly 
forgotten."  His  Rtatennyit  on  this  subject  deserves  our 
sepuratu  couHtJiTation,  and  requires  to  he  quoted  at  length,  in 
ordt-r  thtit  \va  may  mulio  ourselvca  aequaintcd  with  the  differ- 
ent varieties  of  this  tree  that  were  held  iu  th«  higheet  OBtecm 
in  tiie  yeiir  of  the  City  of  llome  (300,  about  the  time  of  the 
capture  of  CurthitKO  and  Corinth,  tliu  period  of  his  death:  it 
will  show  too,  what  great  advanr^^a  civilisation  haK  iiiude  in 
the  huit  two  hundred  and  thirtyyeoFB.  The  following  are  tho 
remarks  which  he  hos  nmdo  on  the  subject  of  tho  vine  and  tho 
grape. 

^  A»  tlie  ImTcn  of  tlio  vino  am  universally  (livittwl,  it  haabcenwHMidcred 
by  many  of  the  Mmmcntnt'm  Hint  thi.t  is  nut  in  nttlity  a  tids,  but  tlio 

Athlltiiil  vira  iirri  of  LiDiiiBU".  The  fruit,  liiinivtT,  nf  l.lut  criiaiCL-oiui 
pluit  is  remarltalil/  acHil,  uml  nol  «we«t,  u  t'liny  ttalve.  Fie  lejovU  Ibis 
Bolutioa.  ^ 

**  Anbenai,  In  t1i<!  Yirnrau,  ncconliiig  to  ITardonin ;  Alps,  ncoording  to 
Bratier.    We  rniut  r^jpot  this  nwwrti™  at  fnhuluus, 

'*'   In  n.r..  1H4,  fur  hui  iiiiwr-uicii  iw  Spain. 

■3  Mode  of  c*lturi',  loc-ulity.  cltiimti^,  aixil  othnr  ettrnni'otn  circuiii*taiic«»i 
work,  DO  dotibt,  bq  aaUre  changv  in  t1i»  nnturs  of  tbe  vlav. 


PLIHt's  SATOHAL  HrSTOBT. 


fBook  XIT. 


"  Where  the  site  is  conaidcred  to  be  most  faroumMe  to  Uie 
growrth  of  the  rinc,  and  exposed  to  tho  warmth  of  the  sun, 
you  will  do  well  to  plant  the  email'*  Aminoan,  as  well  om  the 
two  eugeriia,**  and  the  Bmallor  helvia."  On  thti  otlier  handf 
where  the  eoil  ia  of  a  tlensor  nciture  or  more  oxpoHt>d  to  fogp, 
the  greater  Amiueau  should  be  planted,  or  else  the  MurgcD- 
tine,*''  or  the  Apician  of  Lucania.  The  other  varietieb  of  the 
grape  are,  for  the  moat  part,  adapted  to  uny  kind  of  soil ;  tiiey 
arc  best  prestjn'cd  in  u  kira."  'ITie  best  for  keeping  by  haagr 
ing,  are  the  duratiniae  kind,  the  p-eater  Aniinean,  and  the 
ficantian ;''  these,  too,  will  make  excellent  raisins  for  keeping 
if  dried  at  the  blncksmith's  forge."  There  are  no  precepts  in 
the  Latin  language  on  this  subject  more  ancient  than  these,  so 
Boar  are  we  t«  the  very  eonimencement  of  all  our  praclii^ 
knowltadge  !  The  Amineaii  gnip«,  of  wliieh  ntfatiou  liufibcea 
Ejade  above,  is  by  Vorro  colled  the  "  Soantian." 

In  OUT  own  times  we  have  but  few  instaneeB  of  nnyconsum- 
jnsle  filiill  that  has  bevn  manil'estod  ui  ri'fereiice  to  th:s  subject : 
the  less  excuse  then  should  we  have  lor  omitting  any  particular 
■whiL'h  may  tend  to  throw  a  light  upon  the  profits  that  may 
te  derived  from  Iho  culture  of  the  vine,  a  point  which  on  nil 
occasions  is  regarded  as  one  of  primary  importance.  Aciliin 
Stiicnelus,  amim  ofpleheion  rank,  and  the  sou  of  a  freedinan, 
acquired  ver^'  eonffiderable  repute  from  the  cultivation  of  n  vine- 
yard in  the  territory  of  Nomcutum,  not  more  than  Bixlyjugera 
U  extent,  and  which  bo  finally  Bold  for  four  Luitdred  thuUBond 
Beaterces.  Yetulenue  ^giolus  too,  a  freedmun  as  well,  ao- 
qmred  very  considerable  note  in  the  district  of  Littrnum,'"  in 
Campania,  and,  indeed,  received  a  more  extenaivo  share  of 
the  public  favour,  from  the  fact  that  he  cultivated  the  spot 

**  ProbaWy  tho  first  or  the  Ave  that  he  fan*  muitio-ned  in  c.  4. 

**  l[e  bai  only  nnuilionod  unn  tort  iu  o.  4. 

»•  See  0,  4.  "  See  e.  i. 

*■  We  hnve  no  porrrgponiljng  word  for  I.liJa  beremge  in  the  English 
liiiiTuagD — a  tliin,  puor  lifjuor,  niii^e  bj  ptitiring' nnU'r  on  the  huillu  and 
■UIkh  itftor  buing  fully  pretsi-d,  uUowing  Uiitm  l-u  B-onk,  [iregging  thocn  R^n, 
■ad  tlieii  fvrmuuliag  ilie  liquor.  It  wns  atao  colkd  "  vinuia  operarium,' 
or '"  labuurcr'fi  wiae."  Ah  atiiicd  in  the  prcseal  inBtuii4.-c,  grupcs  wcro 
somutimea  fitAred  in  it  for  k-eoping. 

*>  A  riiriety  of  the  AmiDean,  as  ctated  bcloir. 

•  S«e  B.  ill.  Q.  9, 


I 
I 


which  had  hcen  thp  plane  of  flxilo  of  Scipio  Afrlcaoms."  The 
grcatu&t  ct'lolpiity  of  all,  huwevcr,  was  that  which,  hy  tbo 
agency  of  the  same  StheueluB,  was  accorded  to  Ebemmius 
Paltetnoi],  who  was  also  equally  fcmoUB  as  a  leamcd  gram- 
mariiui.  This  person  liought,  Bome  twenty  years  ago,  aa  estate 
at  the  pnVe  of  sii  hundred  tbousimd  scBferces  in  the  sntne 
district  of  Xomcntutn,  about  ten  miles  disfunt  from  iho  City  of 
Rome.  The  low  price  of  property*'  in  tlie  suburbs,  on  erc-ry 
side  of  the  City,  is  well  known  ;  but  in  thatqnartcT  in  particu- 
lar, it  had  (leclinGd  to  a  most  rtmsrknhle  extent;  for  the 
«ltate  which  he  puirhased  hiij  la-L-ome  dtteriorated  by  long- 
continued  negWt,  in  addition  to  which  it  woe  situate  In  the 
Tcry  worst  part  of  a  hy  no  mtaiis  i'avourite  locality."  Such 
was  the  natnre  of  tlie  property  of  which  he  thue  undertook  llie 
cultivatioTi,  not,  indeed,  with  aoy  commendable  views  or  inten- 
lionB  fit  first,  hut  merely  in  that  spirit  of  vanity  lor  which  ho 
"Was  notorious  in  so  rcmnrl;nblc  q  degree.  The  Tinpyarrfp  were 
ol!  duly  dre&sed  afresh,  and  hoed,  nndcr  the  Biiperintcudenceof 
t^thcoieluB  ;  the  result  of  wliii:h  was  thiit  Fidienion,  while  thus 
playing  tho  husbandman,  hroug-ht  this  estate  to  such  an  almost 
incredible  piteh  of  perfcctioa,  that  at  the  end  of  eight  years 
the  vintag"o,  aa  it  hung  on  the  trecB,  was  knocked  down  to  a 
purcbaiKr  lor  the  Eum  of  four  hundred  thousand  seeterceB; 
while  all  the  world  waarmming  to  behold  the  heaps  upon  heaps 
of  grapes  to  be  w<^n  in  thesis  vim  yards.  Tlie  neighbourH,  by 
way  of  finding  some  escu&e  for  their  own  indolence,  gave  ah 
the  credit  of  this  remtirkablo  Bucceaa  to  Falemon's  profound 
erudition;  and  at  Inat  AntiEcus  SenDna,"  who  both  held  the 
highest  rank  in  the  learncil  world,  and  an  amount  of  power  and 
inBueuce  which  at  last  proved  too  much  for  him — this  ^ame 
Beneca,  who  wae  far  from  being  an  admirer  of  frivolity,  was 
seized  with  encii.  vavt  admiratioTi  of  this  eatate,  as  not  to  feel 
ashamed  at  conceding  this  tictory  to  a  man  who  was  olher- 
wific  the  object  of  his  hatred,  and  who  would  be  sure  to  make 
the  Ti-iy  moet  of  it,  hy  giving  him  four  times  the  original  cost 

■>  The  elder  AAriimntiH.  ITe  rotircd  in  volustary  oitle  to  his  coustrj- 
ttat  at  Lit^rGum,  vcbeit  he  diisl. 

"  Mcrcid. 

"  Tiip  miggiiBtion  of  Silli^  ha  bnen  Bi!optin!.  for  tho  ordinary  readinp 
ig  evidipnllj  ijotrupt,  aTid  abiurd  as  well — ■■  doi  in  tlit  vury  worst  part  0/  a 
favourite  louultly  " — jusl  t1is  uuiivurHu  uf  tho  itIioIl'  tCQor  of  the  story. 

^  The  pkUoeo|ih«r,  and  tutci  of  Hero. 


2se 


PLtSTB  TfATDBAL   lUBTOttr. 


[Book  SIV. 


for  tliosc  very  vincj^urda,  and  Lliut  wilbia  ten  ^ara  from  the 
time  that  be  had  taJten  lh«ni  imder  his  mouttgeiaeDt.  This 
WHS  nn  cxamplw  of  good  husbandry  worthy  to  be  piit  io 
[iracticc  opoa  the  lands  ot'Csccuba  an<l  of  Setia;  for  since  then 
these  same  lands  have  many  ft  time  produced  as  much  as  seven 
ctUei  to  the  jugenim,  or  in  other  words,  out  hundred  and  forty 
amphnne  of  must.  That  no  ono,  however,  may  entertuii)  tho 
lielief  that  ancient  times  were  surpaBSed  on  this  occasion,  I 
would  remark  that  tho  Bamo  Cato  bus  stated  in  his  writinga,  that 
the  proper  return  wua  seven  cidoi  to  the  jngeruin:  all  of  thura 
BQ  many  inetun^ea  only  tending  most  convincingly  to  prove 
that  thu  sea,  which  in  our  mshncBS  wo  trt8pa«8  upon,  docs  not 
maku  a  more  homiteona  return  to  the  nit  it:  bant,  no,  not  even 
the  merchandize  that  we  seek  on  the  shores  of  the  Ked  and 
the  Indian  Scaa,  than  doca  a  well^ljll&d  homeatcad  to  the 
agrioulturiat. 


CHAP.  6. — THE  MOST  ANCIEST  WTKBS. 


The  wine  of  Mnronea,"  on  the  coafit  of  Thrace,  nppeara 
have  been  the  moat  cclobrated  in  nncieat  timcH,  as  we  learn 
from  tho  writings  of  Homer.  I  dismiss,  however,  all  the  fa- 
bulous stories  and  various  traditions  which  we  find  relative  to 
itB  origin,  cxaopt>  indeed,  the  one  which  etatt'a  that  AriBtiens,'*  a 
native  of  the  boiuo  oountry,  was  tho  Gi'st  pcruoQ  that  mixed 
honey"  with  wino,  natural  productioiiB,  both  of  thi^ni,  of  tbo 
hightst  degree  of  exeellenee.  Homer'*  has  atated  that  the 
Haroneau  wine  was  mixed  with  water  in  the  proportion  of 
twenty  measures  of  water  to  one  of  wino.  The  wine  that  is 
still  produced  in  the  same  district  retains  all  ila  former 
strength,  and  a  degree  of  ■vigour  that  is  quite  insuperable," 
Kucianus,  who  thrice  held  the  consulehip,  and  one  of  our 
most  recent  authors,  when  in  that  part  of  the  world  wbs 
witness  bimeolf  to  the  fact,  that  with  one  Bestorius  of  Uiis 
wine  it  waa  the  cuetom  to  mix  no  less  than  eighty  sextorii  q( 

^  Siiid  to  have  bevn  bo  coIKvl  from  Muroo,  it  Vmg  ot  Thrace,  who  dvelt 
in  thn  vidiiJI;ir  of  tho  Thrncian  lemanu.  See  B.  iv.  c,  IS.  Homer  mra- 
tiim*  tliia  mat  in  the  Odyeeev,  B.  \s.  c.  Iff7,  *t  i'f.  Tt  was  red.  hftnpy- 
•wvet,  Eragrant.  The  place  ia  sttU  called  Marogtin,  in  llouoiulia,  a  couDUy 
Uiit  ninra  of  whlcti  are  still  mucb  luteerncil. 

"  See  B.  tU.  o.  57-  ^'  Thus  mnking  "multum." 

«  B.  ix.  c  208.  »  IftdoBituM. 


« 


Chap.  6.)  TDX  UOST  JUfCtZlTF  WIICES.  237 

watEir:  ho  statue,  uleo,  that  this  wine  is  black,^  hoe  a  Btrotig 
bouquet,  ft&d  is  till  the  richer  for  beiiig  old. 

The  Pramniaii  wine,  too,  whioh  Homer"  has  also  sinularly 
eulufrizer],  atill  retains  its  ancient  fame  :  it  is  grown  in  the 
t/'iritOTy  of  SiDymii,  in  the  TJcinity  of  the  ^rine  of  the 
Mother"  of  the  fnids. 

Among  the  other  wines  now  known,  we  do  not  find  any 
that  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  in  ancient  times.  In  the 
year  of  tho  oonsulship  of  L.  Opimius,  wh^n  C.  GracchiiSj'* the 
tribanc  uf  the  people,  cng^aging  in  sedition,  waa  eloin,  the 
growth  of  every  iviue  wtia  of  the  very  highest  quality.  In 
that  year,  the  weather  woe  romarliftbk  for  its  »ercneneBa,  and 
the  ripening  of  the  grape,  the  '■  L-octura,"*'  as  they  cuU  it, 
was  fiiUy  effi'cled  hy  tlif  heat  of  the  Bun.  This  wn*  m.  tho 
year  of  the  City  633.  There  are  wines  still  jireserved  of  this 
year's  growth,  nearly  two  iiun^d  years  ago;  they  have 
aaamned  tho  consiatency  of  honey,  with  n  rniigh  taatc;  for 
fiuch,  io  fact,  is  tho  nature  of  wines,  that,  whtn  extremely 
old,  it  is  impoaaible  to  drinii  them  in  a  pure  state ;  imd  tht-y 
require  to  bte  mixed  with  water,  as  long  keeping  renders  them, 
intolerably  bitter."  A  very  snudl  f{ua]itity  of  the  Opimian 
wine,  mixed  with  them,  will  eulBec  Ibr  th«  Bcosoning  of  other 
wince.  Let  ub  suppose,  uccordiug  to  the  estimated  value  of 
these  wines  in  those  day*,  that  the  original  price  of  them  was 
oce  hundred  weBterceB  per  amphora  :  if  we  add  to  this  *ix  piT 
rent,  jier  annnm,  a  tegaj  and  moderate  interest,  wc  shall 
then  ho  ablo  to  ascertain  what  was  the  oiact  price  of  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  amphora  at  the  be^ning  of  the  reign  of 
Caius  Ca>sar,  tine  son  uf  GenaanieUB,  one  hundred  and  Bucty 
years  alter  that  oonHuIship.  In  relatioa  to  tliis  fact,  we  have 
a  remarkublo  instance, **  ^vhc-n  we  coll  to  mind  the  iil'e  uf  Fom- 

K>  By  '*  black  "  wicM  hs  mwuis  tliose  that  tiarl  the  frame  cnloiir  a*  our 
port.  *'  11,  XI.  «38.     Oil.  X.  234. 

**  CyWlo.  A  wine  cnlled  "  PtAmnian  "  was  also  grown  in  thfl  inland  of 
Itariii,  ill  r.i>slinA,  und  is  the  tcrritoi';  of  Epbeaus,  The  Bchnlinjt  on  Ki- 
candur  tava  Ihtit  tbe  gru'pe  of  Ihn  p^rtbiii  -was  uted  in  mabJU^  it.  Oi<]»- 
noridiyi  miV"  tiint  it  whs  a  "  prfitropum,"  ffiret-clnss  wine,  rniidc  of  tlit  jiiire 
ihm  Toluntanly  iiowcd  frnm  the  fe'ni|jes,  ia  cuain,-i)iinic«  of  tlwir  own  pcw- 
lurc.  *^  II. c,  121. 

*»  "fiooking,"  Uwrallir,  nr  "boiling." 

"  Tbtt  winca  of  Burgiiudy,  in  puticular,  bMcniie  bitter  when  extiemelf 
old.  «  See  B.  Tii.  c.  18. 


i 


H 


238 


PUHl'a   HATOEAL   HWTOaT. 


[Book  XIV. 


poniua  Secundus,  the  poet,  and  the  banquet  whicSi  h«  gave 
to  that  prince*^— 90  enornioiis  is  the  capital  that  Ilea  bnried  in 
our  cellflrs  of  wine !  Indeed,  there  Je  no  one  thing,  the  Talao 
of  whioh  more  aensibly  LrtcreafiCft  up  to  the  twentieth  yecir,  or 
■which  dccrcasea  with  greater  nipiiUty  after  thiit  pctricKj,  Biip- 

EDHiiig  that  the  valaa  of  it  ia  aot  by  that  timo  greatly  ea- 
aQced."  VL'ry  riirely,  indeed,  up  to  the  preseut  day,  has  it 
been  known  for  a  eingle**  piece  of  wice  to  goat  a  thousand 
fii^steroes,  except,  indoud,  when  »uc!ii  a  sum  may  have  'bot.in  paid 
in  a  lit  of  extravaganiie  aud  defaaucliery.  The  people  of 
Tienne,  it  is  said,  are  the  only  ones  who  have  set  a  higher  price 
than  this  upon  their  "  picata,"  wines,  the  vftriouB  kinds  of 
which  we  havo  nlready  mentioned ;"  and  this,  it  13  thought, 
thoy  only  do,  vying  with  each  other,  and  infiuanccd  by  a  Bort 
of  national  aclt'-CHteem.  This  wine,  drunk  in  a  cool  state,  ia 
generally  thought  to  bo  of  a  ooidei"  lempentture  than  any 
oLboi:. 

CHAP.  7.  (3.) — THE  HATtJRE  OP  TFIBES. 

It  is  the  propocty  of  wine,  when  drunk,  to  cause  a  feeling 
of  warmth  ia  tku  ioterjor  of  the  viseera,  and,  when  poured 
upon  the  exterior  of  the  body,  to  be  cool  and  refreshing.  It 
will  not  be  foreign  to  my  purpoBe  on  the  preaent  occasion,  to 
Btate  the  adri-pp  which  Androcydes,  a  mim  famous,  fnr  hia 
wisdom,  wrote  to  Alexander  the  Great,  with  tlie  view  of  ])ut- 
ting  a  chc-ck  on  his  iutemperanoe  :  *'  When  you  are  ohoat  to 
drink  wine,  0  king  !"  said  he,  "remember  that  you  are  about 
to  drink  the  blood  of  the  earth :  hemlock  is  a  puliiou  to  man, 
wine  a  poison*^  to  heniloi-k."  And  if  Alexander  liad  only  fol' 
lowed  this  advice,  he  certainly  would  not  have  had  to  answer 

"  Caligala. 

**  By  wime  rMnarkaMe  and  peculiar  quality,  such  as  in  tlip  Qpimian 
wine-  **  "Tc-stn,"  moaning  the  am ji hum. 

^  Sdo  c.  3  of  the  present  Bouk,  wlmrs  tii«Kt  "  picatu,"  ur  "  pltohod- 
wines,"'  hAVo  invn  further  «l(*tirib<^d. 

•'  On  the  coulrarj.  i'6c  wij*,  Ibn  iMldest  winei  are  tlioiie  tltst  contnin 
the  IrtiDbt  ulcohol,  wtiervas  thoiL-  uf  Vieniie  (iu  modem  Danphinf]  uuatiua 
mgro  tUan  tb<j  rnsiiority  of  wines. 

^''  Ho  iniplieB  tliut  wino  is  na  aatiilnta  tu  the  puii<.inoii3  ^rTticts  of  hem- 
Infk.  Thifl  is  not  the  caar,  but  it  U  laid  by  butub  that  vinegar  ia.  It  U 
t\ivi  nUnt  hi'mliicli:  (cicubi]  thut  ia  mciint,  unit  ii,>t  the  futol  dmiiffht  Ihiit 
VM  uruuk  by  SocralM  and  Pliilopaiweu.  See  fuitUur  in  fi.  xaiii.  a.  "" 
and  B.  skt.  c-  &3. 


Ufa^.  8-1 


»IETI  KCfDB  or  wnrss. 


239 


I 


for  slaying  his  friends**  in  his  dnmlien  fits.     In  feet,  we  may 

feel  ourselres  quite  juatified  in  Biiying  Lhut  there  is  nothing 
more  uaefu]  than  Wine  for  fittengthening  the  body,  -ffliile,  at 
tho  same  time,  there  ia  nothing  more  pemiciouB  as  a  luxury, 
if  we  are  not  on  our  guard  againat  exceds. 

CKAP.  B.  (6.) FIFIT  KiHSB  OP  eKNBJtoca  wnTBS. 

THio  can  entertain  a  donbt  that  some  kinda  of  wine  nro 
more  agreeable  to  the  palate  than  others,  or  that  even  out 
of  the  vpry  some  vat"  there  nra  occaaionally  produced  wineft 
that  aro  by  no  moms  of  eqiml  goodness,  the  ona  bt^ing  much 
BUperior  to  the  other,  whether  it  in  that  it  is  owing  to  the 
cask,"  or  to  some  other  fortuitous  circujnBtanct!  ?  iet  each 
person,  tlicrofore,  comLituto  himself  his  own  j  udgo  as  to  which 
kind  it  ia  that  oceupiea  the  prc-emiiitncie.  Livia**  Augusta, 
who  lived  to  lier  eighty-aecond  year,*'  attributed  her  longevity 
to  the  wine  of  rueinum,'^  as  she  never  drank  any  other.  This 
■wine  is  grown  near  a  bay  of  the  Adrialie,  not  far  from  Mount 
Tima^'UB,  upon  a  pioco  of  devoted  rocky  ground,  where  the 
eoa-breuze  ripeuB  a  fuw  grapes,  the  prtjduce  uf  wiiiuh  fiiippliea 
a  few  amphorED  ;  there  in  not  a  wini;  that  is  deemed  euperior 
to  this  fur  medicinal  purpoaee.  I  am  strongly  of  opiniou  that 
this  is  the  same  wine,  the  produce  of  the  Adriatio  Qulf,  upon 
which  the  Greeks  have  bestowed  such  wonderful  enconiiams, 
under  the  name  of  I'rietetianum. 

The  Ltte  Emperor  Augustus  preferred  the  Sctinum  to  all 
othora,  and  nearly  all  the  emperors  that  havo  succeeded  him 
have  followed  his  example,  having  learnt  from  actual  expe- 
rience that  there  is  no  danger  of  indigestion  and  flatulence 
rcBuIting  fi-ora  the  use  of  Ibia  liquor  :  thifi  wino  is  grown  in 
the  country**  thut  lies  just  above  Forum  Appii.*"  £q  former 
times  the  Ctecubum  enjoyed  the  reputution  of  being  the  most 

"  Clilua  aad  Cailisttfiics.  ■"  LacuB. 

•*  The  UsU  or  amjihora,  mnite  of  eiurth. 

**  Ai  the  wifH  uf  AugiMtu*  is  mtiiuit,  thb  Toatltng  appean  iiTEiemlilE  to 
"  Jttlw." 

*  Dicn  CaisEus  bhvb  "  oighty-siill." 

"*  Sm  B.  iii.  V.  2'i,  and  1).  xvii.  t.  3.  Fuctnum  was  in  Ittrio,  and  the 
district  ia  said  Btil]  »  pniduee  good  wine  i  accaiilitig  tu  Ualecbdmps,  the 
plitM  1*  cnlli'ii  I'izxiiio  tt'Intiin. 

**  Tlia  liiilB  of  Selia,  liioVinf;  down  n a  the  Poiuptiiie  M.arsheB7  now 
gmxn,  tliti  winooTwIiictiis  uf  uoiepute. 

<u  See  B.  lii.  «.  0. 


S40 


FLUTY  8  BATCKU.  OIBTOllT. 


[Book  xra. 


ftSt^rous  of  all  the  winat;  it  wns  gro\«-fi  in  Romo  mfmhy 
mrampBj  planted  with  poplars,  in  the  vicinity"  of  the  Gull'  of 
Amj-clflc.  This  Tincyord  has,  however,  now  (iisoppeared,  the 
result  of  the  carcile8BTie68  of  the  cultivaCor,  combined  wirfi  its 
on'ii  limited  o.£t(;nL,  ani  the  works  on  tliu  viinul  which  Nero 
uoiumcucud,  in  order  to  provide  a  naTigudoii  team.  Lake  Aver- 
QU8  to  Oetia. 

The  seeorid  rank  belonged  to  the  wine  of  the  Falemian  ter- 
riLory,  of  whivh  the  I'uuetianuin  was  the  moEt  choice  Tadet>' ; 
the  njsult  of  tte  tare  and  skill  erapluyud  upun  its  ciiitiv»tion. 
This,  however,  has  also  degenerated  very  conaidernbly,  in  con- 
Heq^uence  of  the  growers  being  more  solicitous  about  quantity* 
than  quality.  The  Fnlemian*'  vineyarda  begin  at  the  bridge  of 
Campania,  on  the  left-hand  as  you  journey  towards  the  Urbana 
Coloiiia  of  Syllfl,  which  was  lately  a  township  of  the  city  of 
Capua.  As  to  tho  Faustian  vintyards,  they  extend  about  four 
miles  Irom  a  village  near  Ciodieia!,''  the  same  village  being  six 
mileB  from  Sinuet^sn.  Thcro  is  now  no  wine  known  tbut  rajiks 
higher  than  the  Fuleminn  ;  it  is  the  only  one,  too,  among  M 
the  wines  that  takes  fire  on  the  application  of  flame.'*  There 
ore  throe  nirieties  of  it — the  rough,  the  sweet,  and  the  thin. 
8onie  pci-sons  make  the  following  distinctions  :  the  Cauciutim, 
they  say,  prows  on  the  Bummit  of  this  range  of  hills,  tho  Faus- 
tianum  on  the  middle  slopes,  and  the  Falernum  at  the  foot: 
the  tbct,  too,  should  not  be  omilted,  that  none  of  the  grapes 
that  produce  those  more  famous  winea  have  by  nay  m&anB  an 
agreeable  flavour. 

To  the  third"  rank  belonged  the  rarioUB  wines  of  Alba,  in  tho 
vunuitj  of  tho  Cit)',  remarkable  for  their  sweetness,  and  sotne- 

*^  Bob  B.  Hi.  c  B.  BrliTorn  FuiK^i  and  8>>tia;  u  Incatitf  now  «f  no 
ipputt-  fur  ituwiiiei.  In  B.  ixivi.  c.  19,  I'liuy  suyi,  ibut  lliu  OKCubu  tIm 
WM  DXtmut :  liul  in  B.  xvii.  v.  'i,  he  m^i  tbat  io  tbe  FoBLptinfi  MankM  U 
was  to  be  fuuad. 

"  Thi«  wn*  thacosc,  it  has  been  iaiuarko(I.witliMa:d<^ira«>nit  years  aira. 

*'  Tliii  U  t1i«  most  crlebTateil  u('  «il  tho  ancient  wlnus,  at  being  more 
eepwd^y  l\v3  thpoin  of  th*  pimu. 

^  Sw  B-  si.  c.  97.  Till'  «dae<  of  thu  Ful'Taian  difltriot  are  no  lenrtr 
held  in  any  cstooni ;  iadood,  all  the  Campanian  wui»  ure  sour,  and  a  a 
(liB<gTVinl>lc  flavour. 

^  It  appeara  tO'  hare  been  exceedingly  rii:ti  lu  tilmliol. 

*  But  in  B.  zxiil.  c.  20,  he  uulr^iis  ilir  Ant  r.-ink  (o  the  Albantm ;  pot- 
'  bUt,  Itowever,  u  a  modicinal  ^nnn.  The  winea  «f  iMtttm  we  no  lai^e> 
lieldin  cttcem. 


Ch^,  S]  TITTT  ETITBa  OF  TrtWKa. 

tinicB,  thougEi  nircly,  rough"  as  wcU:  the  Siirrentiiic"  winos, 
also,  the  gruwtb  of  only  stayed  rine.1,  which  are  especially 
recomracndetl  to  inviilidx  for  Uiirir  Oiinni^Ks  itud  Hhi-ir  whole- 
eolnf^Des3.  Tiburitis  Gcesar  U9t'<i  to  say  that  tho  ph jsicians  had 
conapirt'd  thus  to  dignify  tho  Surrontinum,  which  was,  in  feet, 
only  onothtr  'aa.m&  for  gL'nerous  vinegiir;  whil'P  Cains  Caesar, 
who  HUccoodetl  htm,  gavi?  it  tho  name  of  "noble  vuppa.*'** 
Vying  in  rt'palation  with  Ibesu  aro  the  Uassic  wioeE,  from  thu 
spots  whit'li  luuk  from  Muunt  Guurus  towards  PuteoU  and 
BaiiB.™  Ab  to  the  wineg  of  Stata,  id  the  vicinity  of  Falcmuni, 
there  is  no  douht  that  they  lonncrly  held  Iho  very  highest 
nukk,  a  fnct  which  proves  very  tltjarly  that  every  disti-ict  bus 
its  own  peculiar  epochs,  jijat  as  all  other  things  have  their  cine 
and  their  de'-adence.  TheCfllenian"  wine.i,  too,  from  the  aamu 
neigh bourh nod.  nnod  to  be  prt-fi^rrcd  to  those  hist  mentioned, 
08  al&o  ihci  Fiindfinian,"  the  produce  of  vines  grown  on  atays. 
or  else  uttuchid  to  Khruhe.  The  winea,  too,  of  VeliUrnnnr' 
and  rrivema,'"  which  were  grown  in  the  vicinity  of  the  City, 
used  to  ho  highly  tisteemed.  Ae  to  tiiat  produced  at  Sijnia,'* 
it  is  hy  fur  too  rough  to  be  nsLd  as  «  wine,  Wt  is  vtiry  tisoful 
as  an  astri»gr<n1;,  and  is  coniw>ciucntly  reckoned  among  ihc 
medicines  for  that  purpose. 

The  fourth  rauk,  at  the  public  banquets,  was  given  hy  Die 
lute  Sntperor  Julitis — he  was  the  first,  in  fact,  that  brought 

tf  Sno  B.  xiiii.  c.  21. 

•*  From  Surrentum,  ihe  Tiroranutory  Cnrmiofr  tho  loiithcm  horn  of  tha 
Bay  of  Nnplti*.  Oviil  and  MMtinl  sprak  in  prnisc  of  thcM  wHim;  thoy 
Wert!  dejlilutc  uf  richiiian  anJ  vtrjt  dry,  in  i^oaaeijiwiio.'  of  wbicU  Uity  re- 
•]iiir«d  tw*mty-flTe  yoam  tn  rin^n, 

*»  Or  "  dfiul  viniijur."  "  Va|>p«"  wn«  vinp^ai  njuwod  to  tbo  air,  and  « 
(le«tilut«  of  iu  pTopertiiM,  and  quite  iaBi[>id, 

^''  l^Koellmt  trincii  an  itiU  nrodur.i'd  in  thcrii-inityAftbii place.  Mnf- 
■icam  was  one  of  t1io  porfbmM  wiiiea.  Gmiriu  itdcll  piyiduccd  Uib  "  Gau- 
ranum."  tri  imiill  ijiiiiniity,  lint  of  hiirh  quality,  full-hniiji<'d  stid  iliick. 

'■  For  (.bo  Caltoian  UilK  wo  B.  ui.  o.  E> ;  »e^  also  B.  sxiLi.  c.  12,  fur 
tomv  ftiriliu  ai:uouBt  of  tbo  wines  of  StaLa.  Tlio  winee  of  (bU,  diArict  aic 
now  hold  in  na  eBteom. 

"  From  FiiniJi.     Sue  It.  iii.  C   9. 

"  Now  Caalel  Uul  VuHiirnii :  alUiniipti  coTerri]  witb  rineyHrd*,  ite  vrimn 
are  of  no  n£):oniit.  Tliis  nmu  nlwayatJiHleHj  at  if  mixed  with  Bvniv  foioigu 
iiub«tance. 

''*  Now  Pipcrao.    It  wna  a  thin  and  plcaaant  wine. 

"<'  Xow  Sitgai,  in  Urn  States  of  tbo  Church. 

TOL.  in. 


plist'b  nattteal  hibtoht. 


[BrwltXfV. 


thorn  into  favour,  as  we  S»d  fitattcl  in  liiis  Letters'* — 'to  the 
Mamertine  wines,  the  produce  of  Ihe  country  ir  the  vicinity' 
o(  Mf>»!iaHa,"  iu  Sicily.  The  finest  of  thp»e  was  the  Potu- 
laniini,"  80  called  from  its  nriginal  cultiv«U>r,  aud  grown  on 
the  spots  that  lie  nearest  to  tlie  mainland  of  lluly.  The  Taa- 
romenitunuin  also,  a  wino  of  Sicily,  fnjoya  a  higli  rejmCe,  and 
fluggone"  (if  it  arc  oeciisionfilly  pushed  off  for  Mainortimim. 

Anionfr  the  other  winps,  we  find  mcntiosi'd  upon  the  Upper 
Sea  thoso  of  rrtctutia  and  Ancona,  as  also  thoae  linown  ns 
the  "Palmonaia,"*^  not  iinprobnbly  bocniiae  tho  duatw  springs 
JVtwn  a  single!  shoot."'  In  llie  interior  wu  find  the  wiiica  of 
C'a'dKim''' ttiid  that  known  a»  Itie  Jltecfinatian,'^  while  in  Iho 
territory  of  Verona  th^ra  are  the  Itlitctiim  winoB,  only  inferior, 
in  Ihti  eiitiniation  of  Virgil,  to  the  Falcruiaa,*'  Then,  too,  at 
tho  bottom  of  the  CJulf"  wv  find  thu  wines  of  Adriu.*  On 
the  shores  of  the  Lower  Hwa  there  are  Ihe  L^tLuieagian" 
wines,  the  Grariacan,**  and  tho  Statoni^n  i*^  in  litniria,  tho 
winca  of  Lurm  hear  away  the  ptilnj,  and  those  of  Genua'*  in 
Ligurtn,.  Ma^silia,  which  lies  bLtwcen  the  Pyrenccg  and  the 
Alps,  produces  two  rnrifties  of  wine,  one  of  which  is  richer 
and  thicker  than  tho  otbor,  and  ia  used  for  seasoning  other 
wines,  being  generally  known  na  "Buoooauin.""     Tho  Tepu- 

"  WiilUm  to  tiie  Simate,  nUo  to  Cicero.  "Wu  learn  from  Suetonius  that 
Chey  wurt  partly  wriilrii  In  ciplirr, 

''''  AlrflsitLD,  &l  tlii>  preiw:n[  day,  cxporu  wuies  of  Tcry  pio(\  i]iutlity,  and 
irbith  attaisi  a  great  age. 

"*  It  waa  sound,  light,  and  not  witbaiit  hoAj. 

'*  "  LuKBiiW-"  TliH  «aine  sjiot.  now  Taoriiiina,  in  Sieily,  hstween  Citnni;! 
U)4  Mtifr&iya.  itiU  proilucei  i^xticlleiit  -wines. 

*^  Srw  R,  lit,  (!.  18.  V6<t  eaya  that  thin  la  thought  to  have  been  tlia 
wine  of  Sjrol,  of  laat  century,  grown  nwir  Anfonn. 

"  "  I%lnm."  Notwitb&LaudiiiK  tlii*  sii^eentiiin,  it  i*  mnte  genenlly  «ii|i- 
pciaod  thnt  tlif  j  Imd  tl](<ir  iiiuue  from  ihe  place  called  Piilina,  npar  Marono, 
OQ  ihe  Adriatic.     Its  niuua  are  still  canaiikroil  v!  u^rcobli:  ftavoiiT, 

"■-  The  wtnM  of  inodflrn  C«Ecaa  enjoy  no  ropiite,  owing,  ptuiiably.  to  tho 
mode  of  aiuking  Lhim. 

**  Probaljly  SCI  i-allo(l  bocauso  it  was  bronelit  into  fashion  hy  Mawona*. 

**  Sue  Oeur(^.  li,  9.5.  The  wiiieu  of  tho  'iyrol,  the  auciont  Ilhimia,  eri 
itill  conaidereti  as  of  ciCH^llrnt.  qwditf. 

•*  Uf  AJriik,  or  the  Adnalio  Sua, 

••  Sue  II,  iii.  L-.  2(i      TlicM  wines  arc  of  liltlo  repute. 

"  In  Ijilium.     Suo  H.  iii.  o.  9. 

**  From  GruviiciE.    Sao  0,  iii.  o  8. 

■  See  B.  iL  c.  M,  Ct.  iii.  o.  0.  and  R.  x«vi.  o.  49. 

•"  Tb^^wiflc*  of  Urjnoa  saoat  niidJlinjuimhty  only,  snd  but  little  known, 

"  Or  "juioy"  wjae. 


Chnp,  8] 


rtrrr  orroa  op  wrfEH. 


94S 


tation  of  tlio  wine  of  Bpt^rrw**  does  not  extend  beyond  the 
(rallic  territories  ;•*  and  as  lor  llie  otliorH  tliat  arc  prwluced  in 
Gallia  Narboncnais,  nothing  can  lie  positively  staled,  fur  tlio 
gToWflfB  of  ihtit  coufilry  htive  tjbH.>liittilj-  pstabliahcd  mtmuliM.-* 
turii-B  for  tho  purpose  of  ndullrrution,  wht-rc  they  give  a  dark 
huB  to  tl«!ir  wiiits  by  iJie  agency  of  Rniokis;  I  only  wish  I 
coald  iv.y,  too,  that  Uuy  do  not  tinploy  i-arioua  hfirba  iind 
noxious  drugs  for  the  same  purjjoBt;  ;**  iudtud,  thifw  cIcaltTB  are 
even  known  to  use  alops  for  the  puriwse  of  hei^htouing'  the 
flavour  «ncl  improring  the  colour  of  their  wioca. 

The  regiaus  of  lUiIy  tluit  are  lit  a  gR-ntpr  dietaoce  from  the 
Aosoniim  Soa,  are  not  without  lliyir  wiiieR  of  not*-,  such  tia 
those  of  TaTfntiim,"  8i?mlJa,'* and  Consontia,*^  and  Ihcwc,  agulii. 
of  Tempsn,  H;ibia,  and  LuL-nniu,  among  which  the  wincB  uf 
Thurii  hoM  tbp  prc-f  mincnoc.  But  tliO  most  cdcbrntod  of  all 
of  them,  owing  to  the  tact  that  Mi-ssnln*  uwd  to  drink  it,  nnd 
was  indehtod  to  it  for  hia  t'xccUout  health,  was  tho  wine 
of  Logani,*  whiuL  wan  grown  not  far  from  (Jrumcnlum.'  In 
Campania,  more  recently,  new  gix»wth*  uinlur  new  uunies  have 
piiined  considerable  credit,  either  owing  to  carcftil  cultivntion, 
or  elwj  to  eome  other  fortuitoue  eircumfilanoes;  ttuis,  fur  in- 
attmce,  wo  find  fcur  miles  from  Neajwlie  the  Trebelliiui,''  near 

"  Now  BMSieTS.  in  the  soutti  of  France.  The  winffs  o(  tbii  part  wo 
cfrtWidcied  Mwllont  at.  the  prMrnt  (inv,  Tiint  of  I'toh tijjniin  pr«ws  In  it* 
vicinity.  Ft-p  )«  indiiiod  tu  Hunk,  fiom  I'lraj's  rctnoiVs  huro,  that  tlie 
nnflipntii  fttiit  the  mod»m«  differed  witimly  in  thVir  nntiun*  m  to  wli«t  ci>»- 
ttitut«<  ipioi  OF  IkiiI  wiiii.'. 

**  He  moans,  hcvoiid  moiiern  Provoaca,  and  lAii5il«t!oc :  dictrictt  fa- 
Diotu  for  their  rxof  Jlcnt  Trine*,  morr  piirririildrly  thr.  Iniur. 

•*  FefdwiiLiull  tliisquilt  jnirrbdihlu.  Our  EaKliib  eijwrrknoe,  howerer. 
ti-IU  on  thit  it  i*  hr  ni>  mi»>uw  m  ;  miirii  of  Ihp  wirm  that  ]>  iWaai.  in  llii» 
cniiiilrt  it  indebtcu  for  dnviur  n*  wull  lu  nilinir  tu  aiiylliiiiK  bul  llio  gntpo. 

*•  The  nine*  of  mmlfm  Otrunto  iii;  oriinarily  of  ?uod  quality. 

•*  Bftcejiii  r^odi  "  Sefctriniiinft,''  buli*  prnlmbly  wrnne:,  if  Jn^  i»  not.  it 
might  allude  to  tbp  place  miw  Uiidwti  a*  Sun  Savurillu,  aiiJ  i^hi'.'ti  jUudiiBm 
cX'ji'Uent  winr-,  F^l-  tliinks  thttt  tlwsp  wiiit*  win*  pruivii  in  th«  Ufriioiy 
of  Sulcrno,  which  Rtiil  cnioy*  mldprity  for  it*  muw;kiti:I  wiatai, 

^  See  B.  iii.  o.  10.  Tlie  winc-s  of  m^diim  Cohhu  still  i^ijoj  a  bi^h 
Tepntfltian 

M.  Vuleriu!  Manilla  CoTTinu*,  Lke  writer  and  porttiian  ot  AugiisluL 
Swendof  B,  ii. 

**  A  plucR  euppc.ted  to  luiv«  bvua  sttiiaWJ  nuitr  Tliuril, 

1  8m  B.  iii.  c.  IS. 

*  Said  by  Gali'n  to  lie  vi-ry  wliolii'iio'nic,  n*  well  an  pLcount.  The  win« 
of  the  licinity  of  Napjtii  ae  atill  litJd  in  liigh  tetiuuu, 


B   2 


244 


PLnrr's  ifATtroAi,  history. 


[Boak  XIV. 


Capiia  the  Cnuline,  *  wine,  and  the  wine  of  TretulB''  grown,  in 
Ibo  ttTritwry  so  cidhd,  thongh  but  of  a  oymmon  sort :  Campania 
boasto  of  ait  these,  aa  well  hb  of  htr  I'lifoline*  wuiee.  A,^  to 
the  wiaea  of  Pompeii,*  thoy  have  arrived  v-t  thi^ir  full  perfecliicin 
in  Um  yrars,  after  whi<;ti  they  gain  iiolhiiijg  iiy  flge  :  they  are 
found  also  to  be  productive  of  headache,  which  often  lasts 
so  long  as  the  sixth  honr'  of  the  next  day. 

These  niufltraUons,  if  I  am  not  greatly  mistaken,  ^111  go  far 
to  prove  that  it  is  the  land  and  the  Boil  that  ie  of  priraary 
i mportancf,  and  not  the  grapo,  and  that  it  is  quitu  euperQuouH 
to  attempt  to  enumtrato  all  the  varietiea  of  every  kiod,  Rccing 
that  thu  same  vine,  traDsplniitcd  to  several  places,  is  productive 
of  fcatiircB  and  charucteristicB  of  quite  opposite  natures.  The 
Tineyai-ds  of  Lalotanum"  in  Spain'  are  rt'inuriable  for  thn 
abundance  of  irine  they  produce,  while  those  of  Tarraco'"  and 
of  Lauron"  are  estepmed  for  the  choice  qualities  of  their 
■winoB :  those,  too,  nf  the  Balearic  Isles^*  nro  often  put  in  coici- 
paristm  with  the  very  choicest  growths  of  Italy, 

I  am  by  no  mcitns  unawnro  that  moat  of  iny  readers  will  be 
of  opinion  that  I  have  omitted  a  vast  nurabrr  of  wines,  seeing 
that  every  one  hna  his  own  peculiar  choice;  so  much  »o,  that 
wln)r«ver  wo  go,  wc  hear  tlic  santo  etory  told,  to  the  effect 
that  one  of  the  irtedmca  of  the  lute  Kuiperor  Augustus,  who 
was  remarkable  for  his  judgment  and  his  refined  taite  in  wines, 
while  employed  in  tasting  for  hi&  maslier'a  table,  made  tliii 
ohsorvution  to  the  master  of  tho  house  where  the  emperor 
was  stayin*,  in  reference  to  some  wine  the  growth  of  that 
particular  tountry :  "The  taste  of  ihia  wine,"  eald  he,  "is 

»  Onlcn  Biiys  that  it  was  very  similar  to  thfl  Falemifin. 
'  Sfi!  }l.  iii.  t.  a. 

*  Tlif!  Tnfntine  territory  was  in  the  vieinilr  of  ('iimn.  It  in  powiiWe 
thkt  the  wino  ain^  Itiire  lad  iu  namn  IroTn  tokiiii;  lliri'o  ycurH  lo  ovra«  to 
muLunlyi  or  piWIil;  it  whe  owin^  tg  some  pccuLiarity  iii,  tba  ihui. 

*  Tlicy  hai'o  hcuri  ulrtiudy  itieatiuncd  iit  c^  4.    Sea  fi.  iii.  a.  Q. 
'  Twclvo  o'clock  ia  t-lie  rlov. 

*  Hfe  B.  iii.  V.  i. 

■  In  Catolonin,  wbicli  itill  produces,  abundunce  uf  nine,  liut  ia  gcncnl 
of  Inferior  lepulu. 

'"  The  winps  of  Tairaj-tmn  are  still  MiMidfiwl  gttotV 

"  A  plAM  in  the  province  ol  HiBpuiiia  Ton-acoflBBais,  )l«itroyed  by  Sei'- 
tdriui. 

'^  lliey  aLIII  enjojr  a  Iiieli  repute.  TLie  fama  of  tb^ir  Mulvuijuo  hu 
extended  all  avei  tW  wwlJ, 


d 


Chap.  9.] 


roBEtax  vrnrn. 


£45 


DOW  to  mo.  and  it  is  by  no  mt'aiia  of  first-rate  (joaltty;  lie 
emperor,  liowevcr,  you  will  nee,  will  di-ink  of  uo  olher."" 
Indeed  I  hare  no  wish  to  deny  that  there  may  if  othei'  winca 
dcaerving  of  a  vfliy  high  reputation,  but  those  wliicli  I  here 
already  enumerated  ave  tho  rarietit^s  upon  the  excellence  of 
which  the  world  ia  &t  preaont  agi-ced. 


CHAP.  9.  (70 — THmTr-EGBT  VAMBTIBS  OF  FOEEIOJT  WU!KB. 

We  will  now,  in  a  Biinilfir  manner,  give  o.  description  of  tlie 
varieties  fovad  in  the  part*  l>c-yvad  sea.  AEler  th«  wines 
nipntioned  by  Homer,  and  of  which  we  have  already  spoken," 
those  held  in  till;  highest  esteem  were  the  wineB  oT  Thasos 
and  Chios,"  and  of  the  latter  morcpnniciilurly  iJic  sorl  linown 
as  "  Arriaium."'*  By  the  side  of  thcao  has  been  placed  the 
wine  of  Liiebos,"  upon  tho  authority  of  ErafiistratuH,  n  lUmuuii 
physician,  who  fioiirished  about  thci  year  of  tJie  City  ot  Itonie 
450.  At  the  present  day,  the  most  cateemed  of  all  is  the  wine 
of  Clozomentc,"  Binco  tht<y  hava  Learned  to  season  it  mure 
£paringly  with  sea-water.  The  wiae  of  Lesboe  has  Qutarally 
a  taste  of  sea-water,  Tliat  from  Mount  Tmolus"  is  not  so 
much  eatvemed  by  iUelf™  for  its  quiUitieB  as  a  wine,  aa  for  it« 
peculiar  sweetuess.  It  is  on  account  of  this  that  it  is  mised 
with  other  wines,  for  the  purpose  of  modifying  their  hiirsh 
flavour,  by  imparting  to  them  a  portion  of  its  own  eweetness ; 
wiiilo  at  the  same  tiino  it  gives  tlu-m  nge,  for  immcdiatt^ly 
alter  the  mixture  they  sppear  lo  he  much  older  than  they 
rouUy   urc.     Kext   in   OKteum  alter   theea   ore  the  winee  of 

"  He  iticaaB  to  lUuitraCe  tlie  capricioue  tutes  Oiat  eiisled  u  to  the 
mtrito  ftf  wines.  "  In  e.  6  of  ttu  Book. 

"  Ttiu  CLiun  lii;ld  the  firet  rank,  Ibe  Thflsiitii  llie  second. 

"  From  Airitiuni.  or  Aitii^iuni,  h  ]^\Uy  distnct,  in  the  centre  of  tlie 
iduild.     TIlO  wins  of  ("liios  sLill  ruluius  ila  ancieiiit  I'ol'-liriLy. 

■'  II  ^aa  reniarkablo  far  its  EWectncu,  and  aromntict  were  HometiTDci 
niixod  with  it.  nomer  cnlls  it  bomili^t,  Lesboi  still  ptodncM  choio* 
wiuD*. 

"  Near  Smyma,  J'TOlinhlj"  sitniluT  lo  tlie  PfRmnisn  wine,  mentiuned 
ui  c.  6. 

"  Set)  B.  T,  c.  30.  Thii  wind  is  tncntionrd  ngnin  in  ihe  next  pnge  ;  It  iB 
generally  Ihnuglit,  thret  he  ia  wrong  in  mnkine  theTniQliteBainTtLc)  Meio- 
gitca  dittinrH  winti,  for  lliey  arc  auppoiM.'d  to  aarc  hfcn  identicjil. 

'X'  If  drunk  bj-  lUeif,  And  uut  u  n  flifouring  iar  utUur  wiiiei. 


246 


PLTsr's  KAtriLtL  MrsTOTir. 


[VoaV  sxe. 


Sii-yon,"  Cyprus,"  TtlnieBBUs,"  Tniiolia,'*  I3Drytu£.'*Tyrt;,'* 
uuJ  Sctbcnuya  ;  this  liiHt  is  gruwa  in  Egj-pt,  being  the  produoe 
of  ttree  larieties  of  grape  of  the  very  highest  quality,  Jcngwn 
na  the  Thasiun,"  the  ajUialuB,"  and  tlie  peucj.-."  Npxt  in 
rank  art^  thti  liippodamantian*  wine,  the  Mystic,^'  the  can* 
ihariU','*  the  prfltropum"  of  Gnidos,  tho  wine  of  the  oatftce> 
caunipnf,**  the  Pctntan,**  and  the  Myconinn  r*  aa  to  the 
Mt-aogitic,"  it  hns  been  found  to  give  hcad-adhe,  whilo  that  of 
KpheBua  ia  far  from  wholoaome,  bting  BoasonL'd  -with  sea-water 
und  delrutum."  It  is  Baid  that  tlio  witu;  of  Apamea*'  ia  re- 
murkubly  weU  udupted  fur  making  iimlsuni,"'  like  that  of  Prts- 
tiitia  ia  Italy :  for  this  w  a  quuMty  peculiar  to  only  oertuio 
kiuds  of  wiu«,  the  mixture  of  two  ewmt  liquidii  being  la 

'"    Biu.'vhus  hwil  a  temple  t.liere. 

■■"  Tli«  wines  of  CjpruB  a,iv  lUo  mmt  clioii!?  erf  lUI  tbe  Grecinn  win.os  at 
tli«  prvient  duy.  ^  Id  I.tl-iji. 

"■"  In  Syria.  Wino  U  no  longer  made  ih«ni,  but  tho  grapw  ar«  excel- 
lent, nnd  iiro  dHcd  fur  raiinui. 

^  iitiw  Bi^yriiut.  It  dixa  uot  fldem  tliat  wine  ii  made  tbere  now.  Tlia 
fTahonuiLui  religion  n.ty  bave  teuduil  tu  tho  extinclioii  uf  many  ijf  tboM 
winw. 

-'  At  Hts  villb;^  of  Sour,  on  tUo  liu  of  ancient  Tyio,  the  grape  U  only 
oullivHb'il  for  raihiaH. 

'''■  Sue  sUo  c.  22  :  probably  introdiioeil  from  Thaso*. 

•*  The  "emuliy"  ((rapu.  "^  Tliu  "pitrliy"  irrnpo. 

*  A  strong  winr.  Hardouin  thinks,  fcotn  wlicnoa  iu  dame — "rtrong 
eiinngh  ti  S11M11P  a  hrifsr," 

^*   From  llip  inn.iU  iiland  of  Mystus,  near  Ci-phHllunia. 

^  So  crUoiI  frnro  the  rine  tho  name  nf  whifli  was  "  cBDthftreiw," 

"  Mudi',  HBelrefuly  slutEpd,  from  tbu  juliw  t)i&t  9ow«d  apontuuixjuiily  tnia 
tbiu  grspes.   SB'S  uIbq  p  2^0. 

**  Or  the  "burnt  up"  coiintTy,  n  loltanii!  dietriet  of  Mysin.  whirh  still 
rftniiis  ite  iincient  fanio  for  its  vine.  Virg'il  iilludLH  to  t\\U  wine  in 
G«org.  i*.  1.  380:  — 

— Cups  Miecinii  CBroheaiiL  Itaiicbi. 

^  Perhnpt  frum  I'Hra  in  Arabiu:  tlivugU  ¥{-a  euggvsta  Petn  in  the 
Biilcaric  Islands. 

^  Sb6  B.  iv.  c.  22.  In  tlie  iiiand  of  Myconos  in  the  Archipelago  nn  es- 
nllant  winu  in  still  frown. 

"  Froni  Mount  Miisogis,  which  diTidi-ft  tlie  tributiiric-B  of  tho  Cftygtcr 
frum  thoM  of  thd  Hwiudiir.  It  is  ^uiurully  uvocidaud  lliu  Huno  u  tliu 
Tnioliites. 

'"  Muit  <ir  grtpH'juico  bcilcd  dcwn  to  ono  bnlf. 

w  Sue  B.  T.  e.  29. 

K  *-'  Unlflnm,"  or  honied  wine,  wm  of  two  kiude;  boney  BtlXAlt  viUl 
vine,  and  boney  mixed  with,  mutf  or  grupu-juicu. 


•ALTBD  WtKES. 

general  not  atWiKlrd  with  gond  rrsuUs.  the  proljigion"  is 
quite  gouv  vut  of  date,  a  vrinv  wbicb  Uii-  Bcboul  of  AsclepJudfS 
has  reclioDed  a.s  nvxt  iu  mi-rit  to  thotv  of  lUtly.  Thu  pliyaiuiua 
ApollodoniB,  in  the  work  which  he  wrote  recommending  Kiu^ 
Ftoli^my  whi)t  wine»  in  purtiL-uW  to  drtak^tur  in  liin  lime 
the  winea  of  Italj^  witc  imt  gen*Mrally  known — lias  ajtokta  id 
liigh  terras  of  that  of  NaspoTciiie  in  Pontua,  next  to  which  he 
places  the  Orctic,"  and  llu-n  tho  (Encutittn,**  tli«  Leut^diun,*' 
the  Amhracicitio,**  and  thePeparetliian,"  to  whith  laflt  he  gives 
Ihe  pmf«renc!o  over  all  the  reetj  thutigh  he  alatcB  that  it  en- 
joj'ed  an  interior  rfputiitiun,  t'roui  the  fxiet  uf  its  not  b^iug 
KonsidtJicd  &t  for  drinking  until  it  bud  been  kept  bix  yean. 

CHAP.    10,  (8,)^ — SETBS  KINDS  OP  8AI.TRD  WIJJM. 

Thus  far  wo  hiivo  trx'ated  or  wines,  the  goodaess  of  whith  is 
due  t*>  the  cnuiitiy  of  their  growlli.  In  ■Oreece  the  wine  tli»t 
in  known  by  the  name  of  "  biun,"  and  which  in  KdminiHt^'ied 
for  its  corative  qualines  iu  Bi?vcrfil  muladies  {&6  wc  Khnll  hiiTc- 
occasion  to  remark  when  we  come  to  Epeak  on  the  Bnlrjpet  of 
Medicine"),  hna  beim  justly  hdd  in  the  very  highest  t>»te*'in. 
This  wine  is  made  iu  the  following  niimiier:  the  grapes  are 
plucked  before  they  are  quite  ripe,  and  then  dried  in  a  hot 
Bun :  for  three  days  they  are  turned  three  times  a  day,  and  on 
the  fourth  day  they  are  pressed,  til'ter  wliieh  thu  juice  is  put 
in  esaks,  **  and  hi\  to  Require  age  in  the  heat  of  the  sun.'* 

TliP  ppople  of  Cob  mix  sea-wutet  in  large  qmmtilieti  with 
their  wincjn,  nu  iuveution  which  they  first  knimcd  I'roin  a  uliive, 
who  adopted  this  mfthod  of  supplying  the  dedcienny  Uiiit  hud 
heen  caused  by  hia  tbiflvi&h  propeusLliea.  When  this  is  mixed 
with  white  nuiat,  the  mixture  receives  the  name  of  "leu- 

*'  From  iu  Grefik  nunic,  it  wonld  seom  t«  mosa  '■  of  Rnt  qiiolity," 

*'  Sn  cnllol  from  a  place  in  Kuhoiii.  the  mixli'm  Negrapunt.  See.  B.  i*. 
o.  20.      NcgTurxittl  pnnlucL'H  guud  winee  at  the  prcMtat  dnj. 

•*  The  lorsfit)'  i"  lUiknown, 

**  t'rum  Lutiuiidia,  or  I.*Qt!iit«  ;  see  B,  iv.  C.  2  ;.  the  viae  wiis  \My  ahiin- 
dant  thFTo. 

*"  Frnm  Amlirnnin.     St«  B.  iv.  c  2. 

•*  Kritm  tliL'  inldiii]  of  Fefnirctlius.  S^e,  B.  i».  c.  23,  wticre  lie  taj'n  that 
from  iu  afc-untlmtcn  <>{  v'wes  it  was  tiiUwl  iroivfic,  nr  '*  EfpinM." 

"  E.  uiii.  V.  1,  and  c.  20.  "  '*  CiMiis." 

**  Tiv  rcraurlu  Lltut  ibio  motliod  ia  still  udupUil  in  making  HTvnU  of 
Lbc  liqiioiirs. 


340 


prnfr'9  KAnmAt  htbtorv. 


[BcwkXTT. 


cwoiim.""  In  nthcT  conntrioa  tigain,  tliey  follow  a  BimSliir 
pliui  ia  making  a  wine  called  "tethitkEsomenoTi.""  Tbty 
muko  a  wiut;  iilao  Uquwh  as  "thalaasitoH/*"  liy  placing  vessuU 
i'ulloEinust  in  the  sea,  a  method  which  quickly  imparts  to  tho 
wine  all  the  qualities  of  old  age.'^  In  our  own  coiintry  too, 
Cato  has  sliown  the  method  of  iiitiking  Italian  winp  into  Coan  : 
in  addition  to  the  modes  of  ]ireparatioii  above  stated,  he  telb  us 
that  it  muHt  be  left  exposed  four  years  to  the  hcnt  of  the  sun, 
in  order  to  bring  it  to  maturity.  The  RhodJftn*'  wine  is 
similar  to  that  of  Cob,  and  the  Phorintan  is  of  a  still  saltiT 
Ihiviiiir.  It  ia  genoraily  thought  that  all  the  winca  from 
biyond  at^a  arrivu  at  their  middle  Btute  of  maturity  in  tbu 
doui-gt*  of  six"  or  seven  years. 

CHAP.  II.  (9.) — EroBTEinff  vAfintTRiJi  or  swracT  wnra. 

BAJanr-wntE  and  ttepskma. 

All  the  luscious -wines  liavc  but  little"  aroma :  the  tli inner 
the  wice  the  more  aroma  it  hos.  The  cn!f>m-a  ofwincBarR 
four,  white."  brown,"  blood-coloured,"  nnd  black."  Paythiimi" 
and  melampsytliiiirn*'  are  vurieties  of  roiaiu-wine  which  havo 
the  peculiar  flavour  ol"  the  grapn,  and  not  that  of  wine.  Scy- 
beliLea"  ia  a  wiue  grown  In  Gaktia,  and  Aluntium"*  is  a 
wine  of  Sicily,  both  of  which  have  the  flavout  of  muUiim/* 

'"  'WTiite  wine  of  Con.  F^d  thinks  Ihat  Plinv  mcaiis  to  sa*  ttiat  tbe  Ml 
water  Pirn*  Uio  miwl.  nf'a  white  or  pale  straw  colour,  find  is  of  ojiinicin  tliul 
he  lias  Iji^ni  wrniigly  inroriiiuil. 

■"  "  Sca-n ater  "  wiue.  *'  "Sea-BDasoned"  wiin". 

'^  7io  snye,  thai  If  th*^  \fBse}t  were  oloard  hfrrncticully  this  woald  hari* 
little  or  nil  AppTf^ciithk  'cBVet ;  if  not,  Lt  tvuulil  liMid  to  e\un\  th«  vhT\'\ 

*'  Atlifn»ii4  %nya  thnt  tlip  Ehodiun  wine  will  not  mix  xu  iir-W  with  ws- 
wnhir  OS  tlio  Conn.  Fee  romurkii  i1i»t  if  Ctit'.'s  pUn  w«re  fulloned,  tti« 
wine  ■wrtiilJ  liccoms  vincptr  hug  befwu  ttiP  cn'l  ofihr  four  yvun. 

"  Sillig  thinks  that  lUe  pri'iii^r  rtmlina:  is  "in  bU"  only. 

*«  TliL'  Bwi-cl  wiiu'i,  in  raciicm  tiniM,  nave  ths  must  hoiiiiii^t  or  nrontit. 

*i  "  Albiis."  nsle  struw-caloar.  **  "  Fulvns,"  auiburiiolttur. 

"*  Uritht  and  gWwiiig,  iile  Tgibt  afld  Burgundy, 

*"  "Sigcr,"  tU:  colourof  »ur  port. 

B'  Sunpusiid  to  ha  a  spmM  of  I'ramninn  wino,  mmtionrd  in  c.  6,  '  Tliij 
TU  uaea,  OB  H\io  (he  Amiiifrin,  fnr  injikiug  (imphactuni,  lumcntionoJ  in  0. 
lii,  0.  flO.      Sc-e  also  t\  Ift  of  thi»  Buuk. 

«  ■'  hliurk  pnytkiiin  " 

*•  Mentioned  by  Gnli-ii  iimotiit  the  sweet  wincfi, 

**  See  D.  iiL  e.  14.  Hav  SulunH  in  Sicily,,  which  prodacei  cxcoll«nt 
•ina.  ^  Jlouiod  wino. 


Chap,  It.]  TAGtETIBa   OP   BlrttKT   WIMi.  34D 

As  to  sirBpam,  by  nonie  known  ns  "liepienm,"  and  -wliicli  ia 
otir  langTjagc  ia  called  "  mijia,'""  it  is  a  proiiuct  of  art  i\tiA  not 
of  Nature,  being  prepared  from  must  boiird  down  to  ono-third  : 
when  must  13  boiled  down  to  onivhulf  only,  wb  give  it  tbo 
name  o(  "  dufruLtim."  All  tliL'BC  mixtures  hnvo  been  d»- 
viaed  for  tbu  udultvnition  of  bonify."  As  to  tbose  vwriotips 
which  we  havo  previouiily  ttniutiuni.'d,  tbuir  niLiita  Ji-ut'ud 
upon  the  ffrape,  and  the  soil  ia  whitrh  it  IB  grown.  Next 
alter  the  ntieia-wine  yf  Crete,"*  those  of  Cilicia  and  Afrtcu  (in> 
hiild  in  tiie  highoat  tsU-*™,  twth  in  Ilwly  us  well  as  the  ad- 
joining pruvinces.  It  is  well  known  that  it  is  made  of  a  grape 
to  which  tho  CTrtfkaliiiyegJvca  tile  name  of  "  etica,"  and  whicb 
hy  us  ie  onlM  "apiana:"™  ii  is  also  made  ol  the  ficirpHla." 
The  grapus  are  Ifift  on  the  vine  to  dry  in  the  tun,  or  eluo  are 
builed  in  the  dulium.'"  Komu  ponsomi  uinku  thia  wine  of  the 
sweet  and  eitrly  white"  grapo :  tliey  kavo  the  gi-apes  to 
dry  in  the  sun,  until  they  hare  lost  pretty  nearly  hall'  their 
weight,  after  whith  they  crush  them  anJ  subjuct  them  to  a. 
gi-ntie  pttiwure.  Thi-y  tiu-ii  draw  uif  Uie  jiiiiv,  and  add  to 
the  pulp  that  ia  left  an  iii\ual  (jmiiitity  of  well-water,  the  pro- 
duct of  which  13  raisiu-winc  of  iiCcoud  quality."  The  more 
cjirpful  makers  not  oitIv  do  this,  but  Uike  «ar«  nUo  bIVt  drying 
the  grajKiS  to  remove  the  atnlkn,  and  then  slf^ep  the  raisins  in 
wino  of  good  quality  until  they  swell,  after  which  thej-  prr^sa 
thom.  This  kind  of  raisin-wine  is  pri-furrcd  to  idl  others: 
with  the  addition  of  wator,  they  follow  the  tavae  plan  in 
making  the  wins  of  acuond  ijimlity. 

The  liiiuor  to  which  tho  (iruL-ka  give  Ibo  namo  of  "  aigloa- 
coe,""  ie  of  middle  quality,  bttweeu  the  eirops  and  what  is 
properly  called  w^ine  ;  with  us  it  is  culled  "  semper  musUim."" 
It  is  only  made  hy  nsiag  great  precaution,  and  taking  Cure 
that  the  must  docs  not  fttroient ;"  such  being  the  state  of  the 

*  Tliii  wan  *viilettt:ty  n  kind  of  prep*  sirop,  or  gntpajrlly.  "Hub" 
is  iwrhap*.  lu  Ilurdoulu  «ii)i;|featii,  a  ant  iimppMip'riiiti!  iiiinit  I'ur  U. 

"  Wtaon  cold,  they  ■would  havfi  nearly  titf.  mmt:  coiiBieuin-oy. 

**  The  rA»in  wiae  ot  Cuir  wiu  ttin  nuntl  ]im>*'l  of  nil  m  a  aliuii. 

••  Meiilion«l  in  c,  4.     Prubably  a  miiscmtt'l  gni[>a. 

iv  So<  c.  i  of  thif  liook. 

n  Or'*v>t."  THc  liuniinonpoadlnj;  was  "oleoj"  which  WOTild  imply  that 
Lhsy  were  planed  iolo  builia^  od.  Columella  rnvoun  llm  Ult«r  rcadiug, 
U.  sii.  c.  IS.  ^'  TliD  rooming  i-i  prubahLj  di'reottTn  heru. 

'*  PaMum  aMundaTiani.  '*  Or  "alnajB  •wcct." 

"  "  Always  miuu"  "  t'orruro,  "boil,"  or  "eff«r»«cB.'* 


ITJXT  a   KATtfRlT.  niBTOBT. 


[Book  XIV. 


must  in  H&  tran^fgramliuu  into  wine  To  uttoiu  Llib  ulijuct,  the 
must  is  tukua,  from  tba  yoX  and  put  iatu  casks,  whiub  uri>  iin- 
ni-jdiately  plunged  into  waWr,  and  there  letl  to  remaia  until 
the  winter  ft(J]»^i(^e  is  past,  and  fruety  wenther  Uas  made  it« 
iippcarr.ni-e.  Thixe  i»  another  kio^,  liguiii,  of  niLtumlaiglciicoa, 
■which  is  kniiwn  in  tho  province  of  Narbonensis  by  the  nuaui 
of  ''  d'jliie,""  nnd  more  particularly  in  the  diatrict  of  the 
Vooontii.  In  order  to  TDafeft  it,  thtv  k«pp  tho  grapo  hanging 
on  the  tree  fiip  a  onnsidcrahle  tiTne,  taldng  can'  tx>  twist  llie 
stalk.  SoiDp,  agriin,  inakp  an  inciBion  ia  the  Ixairing  shoot,  as 
der,'p  an  the  piUi.  m^IuIp  othera  leave  the  grajjee  to  dry  ou  tiles. 
The  gnly  grap",  however,  thfit  is  used  in  tlieae  various  [>ro- 
cuEses  is  thut  of  the  rine  kiiowQ  as  the  "  bclvi.'fliiaca."^* 

Some  persons  ndii  to  tlio  list  of  lltusb  sweet  wine?  that 
kaown  aa  "  diar'iiyton..""'  It  i^  made  by  drj'ing  grapes  ia  the 
Buo,  and  then  placing  them  for  seven  days  ill  a  closed  place 
upon  hurdlea.  s>jiiue  sevea  feut  fr'>in  tho  ground,  cat5  being 
tiiktn  to  protect  thcrn  at  night  from  the  Acws :  on  the  eighth 
day  they  are  troddun  out :  this  method,  it  is  aiiid.  prcHluoes  a 
lL(|uor  ol'ssquifiite  bouiiaet  and  flavour.  Tho  liquor  kaown  aa 
melitites""  ia  aLno  one  of  the  sweet  wines  :  it  ditfers  from 
roulaum,  ID  biniig  made  of  rauat ;  to  ilve  coajfii  of  rough-flii- 
vourod  must  they  put<tiii>  congina  of  honey,  uud  one  cyathus 
of  Golt,  and  thoy  are  tliiiiu  brought  to  a  gentlo  bt^il :  tids  mix- 
ture is  of  a  rough  flavour.  Among  thewc  varielit^s,  I  ought  to 
place  what  is  known  a«  "  protropum  ;"*'  sai^h  being  the  name 
given  by  momo  to  the  m^ist  that  rims  spontaneously  fi'om  tiie 
grapea  before  thc-y  are  trodden  ont.  Directly  it  flows  it  is 
put  into  flaggons,  and  allowed  to  feriopnt;  alter  which  it  ia 
left  to  ripen  fur  forty  dityB  Id  a  Bummereun,  about  the  rising 
of  the  Cog-star. 

"  "Swc«"  drirlt.  fee  ieemetn  Ihink  t;hn,t  thin  Bwwt  win  o  racist  have 
bei'n  iometliinj^  similar  to  dmmniiKtio.  Tlnrduuiu  saja  tliat  it  cumipuiidB 
tn  t^a  Tin  doui  d'9  I.iiu<jux,  or  blauquiitte  da  LliuouIs,  dud  the  via  Mw- 
cut  d'Azik. 

"  See  c,  3  of  Ihie  Book. 

■iU  If  Poiirtd,"  nr  ■■'  gtruined  throngh." 

■*  "  Uuuey  wiiw."'  A  diBagmflubla  niedicsment,  F6e  thiolts,  rstlier  tlian 
a  mm. 

"'  Somewbat  jiiuilur  to  (Tic  viii  Jo  premiuro  jjouttP  of  tha  Froncb.  It 
wo-Qld  scorn  to  ban  been  morii  o^  a  liqaoar  Xhau  u  wiuu.  Tcbiy  is  tnoile 
ID  •  tcmcurbftt  umilftr  manner. 


CUp.  13.]     TTHEN  ynssa  WEUK  nUBT  VAVI  ik  itilt. 

CHAP.  12.    (10.) THB.KB  ViBlRTIbl  OF  BECOyD^KATK  WI:IB. 

Those  cannot  propt^rly  be  termed  winca,  which  by  th« 
Greeks  are  known  under  tJie  ntime  of  "  deutem,'**"  and  to 
wbich,  in  common  witli  Cato,  ■wo  in  luly  give  the  name  of 
"  toru,"''  bviiu»  nittde  from  thu  hunks  of  grupt»  etecpcil  ia 
water.  Still,  howovfn-.  thia  bevuruge  ie  rtck^iutd  as  tuiikin^f 
ouu  ul'tlie  "  liibuunjrs" *"  wint-s.  TUuruaiv  iLi-lc  vaiioUu*  uf 
il:  the  llrst"  m  mmie  iu  thi^  IbUowmj;  maDuer: — Altvr  ikn 
must  ia  druwn  uff,  uae-tcnth  ut'  iu  omuutit  iu  U'uU-r  is  addt^d 
tu  Lht)  hueks,  wliicli  uru  Ihou  K-lt  U>  suitk  a  duy  and  a  uighl, 
and  then  are  a^aiii  nulijtnited  tu  prexaure.  A  ae^xtnd  kiud, 
thut  which  the  UruL'ka  are  in  thu  luibit  of  muking,  in  iircpurcd 
by  addiag  on^^lhird  la  water  of  thi'  quanritr  of  must  Uiat  ha(< 
LJI^eo  drawn  off,  and  after  submitting  the  pulp  toprriasuru,  tli« 
■fMiUt  is  Riduci'd  by  boiling  to  uuc-Uiird  ui'  iis  urigiuul  qutui- 
tity.  A  tliird  kind,  u^^uiii,  is  prcsiiod  out  Iroui  thu  wiuc-itius; 
Cuio  gives  it  tlw  naitit:  ui'  "  iiecKitum."**  is-^ae  of  tbuse  be- 
vut^gua,  howuv«r,  wiU  keup  fur  uuru  Lhan  a  eiQgle  yt;ur. 

COAT.   12-    (11.^— AT  WHAT  FEKIODOEXKROUH  WJXSa  WKBK    MIBMX 
CUHUOKLT  UAUK  IS  itALV. 

While  treating  of  these  TuriouB  details,  it  occnrs  to  mo  to 
nui-nlLon  thnt  of  the  t-igtity  difFeront  kinds  throughont  the 
whole  earth,  whicti  niuy  with  propriety  l>o  reckoned  in  the*! 
cloBs  of  gcni-roua*'  wines,  fidly  two  tliiniB*  uru  the  pniducc 
of  Ituly,  whicdi  consi-tiucmly  iu  lliii*  rLnpuct  far  BuriJasBLB  any 
uther  couDtry  :  aad  oa  trueiag  tbis  subject  somewhat  higher 
up,  the  fact  §ngg('Bt8  itself,  thut  the  wiiiM*  of  Italy  have  not 
Ittva   in  any  greut  fiivuut  Irom.  an  early  period,   their  high 

•>  Or  "wcinid*'  prrj*  wino).  ••  Dc  Ku  Rusl.  c.  1B3. 

•*  ViniuQ  opi-mriuiii. 

"  Thi»  nivtimd  i»  still  aJopUil.  Ffo  t-ity%,  in  nitliiig  "piquott*,"  « 
"sinoll  wini'."  iliroii^iout  rausiof  the  cuuuiHcb  i^fEuruiMi. 

"  Or  "  viau-i«c  dnuk."  tt  would  make  oa  adi  bcvengt^  of  diuigroc- 
Hbla  buit«. 

■"  "  >'ub<lia."  In  c.  29  b«  ipeaks  of  195  kind*,  and,  reckoaing  all  Lhi; 
varieCict-  iluublc  tliut  uiiiiibcr. 

"  Via  obHurvi's  thut  iho  varintl^iR  of  the  modRra  wines  art:  ;^nite  innu- 
meruMc  Hi;  n^murlis  u1<d  tliiit  J'bny  dots  nut  t.ptak  nf  tlie  Aiiucic  wintm 
lucutiiriivil  by  Atliiuieua,  iirhicb  wurc  kept  in  lurgu  boUlM,  bung  in  thin 
i^hinuLnf  cnmc-t ;  vtUrru  tha  li<(Uid,  by  evnpuffntiun,  ucauinsi  the  cuiuiaUinii]' 
of  ulu    The  wioM  ui  otiior  ccauu-ioi  ofidtiutlj  wocoiticle  known  to  Pliaj. 


TT.rSf'B  WAT0BAI,   SISTOHr. 


[Itooit  XIV. 


t 


TL-piite  haviag  oiily  been  acq^airud  bIugo  the  six  liutiiltedtb  year 
«f  the  City. 

CnAP.   14.    (12.) — THE     IltSPKCTION     OP  WISE   OttDFEED    BT    SJSH 

ItomaluB  iTidde  libationSj  not  witli  wine  but  ^rith  milk;  a 
fact  wliich  is  fidly  established  by  the  religious  ritos  which 
nwo  their  foundation  to  him,  and  are  ohserTcd  even  to  the 
tiresent  day.  The  Posthumian  Iaw,  promalgatpd  by  King 
SuTnn,  has  an  injnnction  to  the  following  effiict: — ••  Sprinkle 
not  the  fiuiLTa!  pyre  with  wine ;"  a  law  to  which  he  gave  his 
eaHction,  no  doubt,  in  ^onsoquonce  of  tho  rcmurkiiblu  scuroity 
of  that  commodity  in  those  days.  By  the  Biiiiie  law,  he  oko 
pronounc^-d  it  illegal  to  make  a  libation  to  the  gods  of  wine  tbut 
waa  the  produce  of  aii  uupruDed  vine,  his  ohjc-et  Wing  to  compel 
the  husbaiidinon  lo  prune  thoic  rines ;  a  duly  which  they 
Bhowed  thomst'lveB  reiuctiuit  to  perform,  ia  consequence  ofthc 
danger  which  attended  climbing  the  trees,"'  M.  Varro  in- 
forms us,  that  MezentiuB,  the  ]dag  of  Etruria,  nuc^oured  the 
Ku-tali  against  the  Latini,  upon  condition  that  ho  Rhouid  re- 
ceive all  lh«  wine  tliat  was  then  in  the  ttniiory  of  Latium. 

(13.)  At  Kome  it  wiia  not  lawftil  for  wuinwi  lo  drink  wine. 
Among  the  various  anecdotes  flonuected  with  this  subjoct,  wo 
find  that  tho  wife  of  Egnatius  Mcccnius  •"  was  slain  by  her  hu8- 
b'liud  with  aetick,  because  nhuhad  drunk  aoiue  wine  from  the  Tut, 
and  tliat  he  was  absolved  from  the  murder  by  Romulus.  Fabitu 
I'ictor,  in  Ills  Book  of  Annals,  iias  stated  that  a  ciJtoin.  lady, 
for  having  opened  a  purse  in  whith  the  keys  of  the  wine-cellar 
wore  kcp^  was  starved  to  death  by  her  family :  and  Onto  tell* 
ua,  that  it  was  the  usage  for  the  male  relativeB  to  give  the 
ftimalcB  a  kiss,  in  order  to  nscflrtaiti  whether  they  Hineit  of 
"  tometum;"  for  it  was  by  that  liaiue  that  wine  was  then 
knowii,  whence  our  word  "  tciaulcntia,"  sigoilying  druukto- 
aesa.  Ca.  Doniitius,  the  judge,  once  guve  it  as  hia  opinion, 
that  e.  cortiiin  wom-un  appearud  to  liira  to  have  di-uok  more 
wiutt  than  wa«  reipiifii-te  for  her  health,  and  without  the  know- 
ledge of  her  husband,  for  which  reason  he  condemned  her  to 
loae  her  dower.     For  a  very  loug  time  there  was  the  greatest 

*"  "  Cirnt  pcrituta  nrbiuli."    Tliis  is  prububly  tbe  mnooiag-  of  this  nrf 
eLliplical  pasnii^i;.     See  p.  218. 
■"  Calbd  tlotdlus  bf  Valerius  Moximiu,  H.  vi.  c.  3. 


^ 


WINKS  OP  TBI  A5C1EHT  BDMAITB. 

i-couuiuy  maoifi Gk- J  at  lUime  io  the  uk  of  Ihis  article.  L.  Va- 
piriuK,"  the  geoerul,  who,  on  one  occasion,  commatideil  ngnitiHt 
th«  Sam nites,  when  about  Ut  engngp.vowi^d  lUi  ofti'ting  to  JupiU-r 
offlwnfiUcupfuUor  wine,  ifheshonldgain  the  victory.  In  lact, 
among  the  gilts  pretwtntcd  to  tlie  gods,  we  find  mentioa  made 
of  offerings  of  sexturii  of  milk,  but  never  of  wine. 

The  same  Onto,  while  on  his  voyage  to  Spain,  from  which 
he  alterwanls  ntumed  triumpljimt,"  would  drink  of  no  othtr 
winu  but  tJiut  whieh  way  wrvi-d  out  to  the  rowers — very  dil- 
ferent,  indeed,  to  the  conduct  of  those  who  are  in  the  huhit  of 
giving  to  their  gueeU  even  infurior  wine  "  to  that  which  thi'y 
drink  thcms'jlvee,  or  else  voulrlve  to  ftubstitute  interior  la  the 
course  of  ttie  reimat," 

CHAP.  1^. — WISM  DIIDIIK  BT  TUB  ANCIERT  BOXAKI. 
The  wint-s  lliut  wero  the  mont  oetremcd  among  tho  smejont 
TlomaoB  wcro  thot*  iK-rfumed  with  myrrh,"  as  racniioiiod  in  the 
plwy  of  Plautua,  entitled  the"  Pereiaii,"**  though  w€  tlncj  it  there 
elated  that  ciUitiaufi "  ought  to  be  added  to  It.  Uence  it  i«, 
thut  some  pi.T»oui!  tire  of  opinion  that  they  were  pMrticadarly 
fond  of  aroiualitea:"  but  fubius  JJoHBennuR.  qiiile  decide* 
the  que^ition,  in  the  following  line:  — "  I  sent  them  good 
wine,  riiyrrh-wiiif ;""  and  in  his  piny  culled  "  Acharistio,"  we 
find  these  wordu — "  Tlrmd  and  pearled  hurley,  myirk-wine 
too."  I  find,  too,  that  Scasvola  and  L.  -•'Elina,  and  Atcins 
C'apito,  were  of  the  Btimo  opinion;  and  tlien  we  rend  in  the 
play  known  Hs  the  "  PepiidoliiB:"' — "  But  if  it  ie  renTiiaitc  for 
liiui  to  draw  forth  what  ie  sweet  from  thu  place,  hsxs  he  uught 
uf  thatK'  to  which  Cburinus  makes  answer,  "  Do  you  ask 

•i  S*B  B.  xrii,  0.  11. 

»•  OviT  tho  CehiI»ori. 

«"  Thr  younfirr  Pliny,  B.  tl,  Ep.  2,  cfiMnrw  thi«  Ktingy  i»rectiee.  Sec 
dM  IkfartioL  K.  iii.  Kpij;.  60. 

**  That  Uii«,  liowrrct,  wna  iinl  iinromnwtil)'  dnnr,  wr  maj  judgr  from  th« 
remark  niaiie  by  ilie  ^ureinor  of  ibo  foast,  Jiitiii  li.  10,  to  tbu  bnde^om. 

•>  CnlliMl  "  raTrttiinii."  Kfc  rt^miirk*  thnl  ihc  lliivoiir  of  raj^irh  is  nnrid 
and  bitter,  its  ojoar  dtrnn);:  nml  difiajrretaMc,  and  uiyt  that  it  ib  diUlculL  m 
conuivA  how  thf  nncirnt*  could  drink  WLtii;  with  Ibmubittiincciciwlutiiin, 

*•  Ab  tlio  "Ptrnu"  hn»  tonm  down  l»  tw,  wn  Bud  an  inonliwi  of  loynti 
in  lb*  pawKgo  alliuJcd  to. 

■I  Se«  B.  xii.  c.  19.    TUi>  h  nie<atioaed  in  tbe  Tens.,  A.  i.  bc.  3, 1.  7. 

••  Arumatiu  or  wrtiiined  wiiioa.  "•  MarrtiiiiRm. 

>  TheC'hoat  arlmpo«lor:  aplBj'orPUutin.   Be«A.^.K.*,l&l,etug. 


I 


2.S4 


PLIKT'a   NATITItAL   mSTORT. 


[Boot  XIV. 


tlie  question?  He  has  mjirh  wme,  raiain  wine,  defrutum,' 
aod  houoy  ;"  from  which  it  would  appear  that  myrrk  wise 
was  aol  uuly  rtiukoiiud  tuuviig  Ikt:  wiuvs,  but  amoag  the  eweel 
wines  too. 


CHAP.  16.  (14.) — SOME  RE-M:*RSAPtK   FiOTS  COXysCTED   WTtH 
WIJlM-LOlXa.       THK    OI'IKIAN    WI^K. 

I'hii  fact  of  tho  existence  of  the  Opiraiaa  wine  gis-cs  ua* 
daubttjil  {irooi'  lh.it  tlit^if  it'erEi  wiiie-LmilK,'  uud  tJitit  wine  WfL> 
racked  utf  iu  the  year  of  Same  033,  Italy  bang  alnwly  ali\-o 
to  the  blcdsinga  she  enjoyed.  Slill,  howevtsr,  the  sevtral 
varit'liea  that  are  now  bo  cLihibratecl  were  nut  bo  in  those  days; 
iind  hunuo  it  is  that  all  tlm  wince  that  wore  grown  ut  that 
period  have  only  the  one  generiii  name  of  "Oplmiun"  winc», 
Uroux  th«  then  tuiisul  Opimiija.  So,  too,  for  a  long  time  aiXet- 
wards,  and,  iudi:t.'d,  so  ktu  us  the  times  of  oar  graudfatUcts,  tho 
win'CS  firoui  Leyaati  sen  were  hidd  in  tlia  hight'st  esteem,  eTL'ii 
though  Fidornian  was  iLli'ea.dy  knowiif  a  I'oct  whith  we  learn 
lioia  the  line  of  the  Comic  writer,*  "  I  ahoU  draw  five  cupa  of 
Thufiian  and  two  of  Faltruijin." 

V.  Liciuiiis  Oriissns,  nod  L.  JiiKiis  Ciesar,  who  wt-ns  Cen- 
Bora  in  the  yoar  from  the  Uuitding  of  thu  City  (565,  iasuiid  ua 
odidt  forbiildiu<;  tliu  sale  of  either  GrL-ek  or  Ainiiiean  wine  nt 
a  higher  priw  than  cig-ht  obbbs  liie.  quadmuUil^ — fur  Buuh,  ut 
tuct,  are  thl^  oxa<;t  words  of  tlie  edict.  Indwd,  the  Ovivk 
wines  Wi^i'e  so  hij^hly  vulutd,  that  uot  muru  than,  a  ungle  cup 
was  served  to  a  guesl  daiiug  the  rcpunt. 

0H4P.   17- — AT  WnAX    rCKIOD   FOUR   KIXUS   OF  WTSB  WCKE   riHHl 
8KHVED    AT    TABLE. 

M.  Varro  gives  us  the  following  Rtateraent  ag  to  the  Tirmc£ 
that  were  held  in  the  highest  esteem  at  tiiblu  in  hia  d*j-: 
"  L.  LnoulluBj  when  u  hoy.  never  atiw  an  cntt*rlaJnment  at  his 
father's  houBe,  howLver  sumptuous  it  might  be,  at  which  GrfHik 

*  Must  boilud  Aiiwn  1.1)  !itiir  iis  nriginiil  quantity. 

*  Aputliucuit.  'Hie  "  ajiuthe-uie  "  wuie  fouiuj  ut  iliu  top  of  the  house,  in 
wLiiuh  tbe  vinae  ■vara  pliiiiL>d  for  tho  purpotie  a(  sDiL^oniiig,  Sumetiitiai  a 
ourrrnt  of  smoki)  -Wiis  diivctL^i  l.hrjugli  l.lium.  Tliey  vare  qiiito  diitinol 
from  the  "  cmIIh  viiiarm,"  ur  "  witK-'-ctrllur,"  The  0[ii'iiiui]  wine  '\a  ineu- 
tinned  in  c.  i. 

*  this  writut  U.  unkaowD.  >  Or  smplLora. 


Chap  18.] 


trSEH    OF    THE    WII,U    TISB. 


2U 


wine  was  hundcil  round  more  llum  once  during  thp  Tcpast: 
vhen'-iifi  111?  kiiuiBcir,  whrii  liu  rctumt-ij  Iruiu  Ai:4it^  ilistnbutMl 
-flqaWgt^'iS  amuug  tliu  ptu^lu  nii>ru  thuii  ti  ]iuiidr<;d  thoueiitiii 
oongiuriii^  of  tlie;  camo  wim;.  C.  StuliiiB,  wliuui  wf  haru  soea 
Fi'ivtur,  ik^d  to  »uy  that  Chiau  wiikj  uuvcr  eiiUrivd  liU  bouse 
udUI  bJ8  physician  prescribed  it  to  him  iVir  the  cardiac^  dis- 
euse.  Ou  ttiu  olhcr  hand,  llorU'nsiiis  Ibfl  tuu  tliousund  caelu 
of  it  to  his  hfir."     Suub  is  l.liir  BliituiULUt  raimlu  by  Vurro, 

(15.)  And  bt-sides,  is  it  not  u.  wtll-knuwn  fjtct  Uiatt  Cwstar, 
wLen  iJictator,  at  the  btmiiUL-t  given  uu  the  occasion  d1"  hia 
triumph,  allotted  to  oflch  tabic-  an  mnyhttTH  of  Fitlirniua  Jiml  h 
cudus  of  Chian?  On  iho  ocntision,  loo,  of  his  Triumph  lor  hia 
rietories  in  Spain,  ho  put  bcSbrv  the  j;iii!hU  bmh  Chimin  as  well 
^  Falcmi&n ;  uud  aguiii,  ut  iht>  bttiiiiuvt  given  *»i  )iia  ihird 
'gnsulehip,*  he  gnve  Fulcmiuit,  Chian,  lA'tbian,  imii  Mniuir* 
tine ;  indeed,  it  is  generally  agrei'd  thai  this  was  the  Qiht 
occasion  oil  which  four  difllront  kin<Je  of  winu  wvrc  Bcn'ed  dt 
tuble.  It  was  niter  ibis,  tbeu,  thut  it!l  tliti  other  m<r\*  ranio 
into  unch  ve:ry  high  repute,  soniewht^ru  about  the  year  of  the 
City  700. 

CHAP.  18.  (150 — ""^   '"-"'f^S   t*!'  ''"'''  ■W'l*   TTfR,      TTHIT  mCES 
AAB    NMirnALLV    TUB   CUI.U)!!^    OF    IIX. 

I  nm  not  auriirised,  then,  tiiul  for  these  muny  ngee  there 
have  bei'u  inviintfd  aliiioet  tnonmeruUe  viirittica  vl'  urdfiuiul 
wiuL'B,  of  which  1  shall  now  make  stinie  ni>entiDn ;  th«y  arti  till 
of  them  einpioyed  for  nit<lii:iniil  piir^Dses.  We  have  already 
stated  in  a  loniier  Bnufc  hiiw  omphiii^iimi,*  which  is  used  for 
nnjpjints,  is  made.  Thifi  Ciqnor  known  as  "  (Bnantiiimim  "  is 
niiidt)  from  the  wild  rino,'"  two  pounds  of  the  flowers  of  which 
UFC  6t<>cpcd  in  acddus  of  nniKt.  Hiid  are  then  chtLogcd  at  tha 
end  of  thirty  days.     In  ailflitioa  to  thin,  tho  root  und  tht 

<  ToMcti  containing  a  eongiiu,  or  the  cightli  of  no  ampboriL,  ncutily  mx 
pints  iinglisli. 

'  Aa  lo  [bit  mjtladf,  fita  B.  li.  o.  Tl. 

•   B.C.  iS.  *  B.  xii,  c.  61. 

"  Or  "InlintiBii."  "(Eoanthiniim  "  mcuiia  "mudtof  vinofli>wrri,"  TIib 
wilil  villi'  i«  nuL  a  dixtinct  *\i«a<.»  frniii  l\ve  cultivated  tine  :  it  )■  onljr  u 
uoripty  of  it  kmiwn  in  liiiliuiy  hi  llti-  Vitiji»ilv('Blris  liibnisL-a  (if  f^) urn o fori., 
F^u  Uibiks  tbiLt  a*  iht  must  ooulil  otily^  1)6  uai-i  in  uuVuuiu.  whuu  thu  wild 
vino  irw  not  Eluwnrinj;,  tlio  flownn  uf  it  muat  have  b««o  dried. 


356 


PLTST  8  MATITBAt:,  QIBTODT. 


[BookXIT. 


Luslis  of  the  grajies  nrc  cmployi^d  in  tlrpssing  leather.  The 
grapes,  too,  a  little  after  the  bloMom  has  gone  off,  are  ain- 
giilarlj"  cffipaciiius  as  a  apeciftc  forflonliug  the  fevcriBh  heat  of 
the  body  in  certain  maladies,  being,  it  ia  srud,  of  a  nature  re- 
mnrfciibie  far  extreme  coldneas.  A  jiortion  of  these  gnipra 
wither  away,  in  conKcqBcnco  of  ihtJ  hi-ut,  before  the  rest, 
■which  aro  tlmnLO  calii'd  solstitial"  grapes;  indeed,  the  whole 
of  them  never  attain  maturity;  if  one  of  these  grftpws,  in 
an  unripe  statci,  ia  given  to  a  hnrn-door  fowl  to  ewt,  it  is  pro- 
ductive oi'  a  disHlte  to  grapoK  for  tlie  future.'* 

CHAP.  19. — RixTr-sii  TAttrrpiEft  op  abtipictal  wura. 

The  first  of  the  artifloiiil  wines  has  wine  for  its  hasia ;  it  ia 
called  "  adynamon,"^*  and  is  made  ia  the  following  msnot-r. 
Twenty  st'xtarii  of  white  must  are  boiled  doivn  unth  half  that 
quantity  of  water,  until  the  amount  of  the  watfr  is  lost  by 
evaporation.  Somt^  persons  mix  with  the  must  ten  sextarii  of 
aea-wfltcT  and  lui  equal  quantity  of  rain-water,  and  leave  tha 
whole  to  evaporatt!  in  tha  sun  for  forty  days.  Thia  heversgo 
ifl  givon  to  invulida  to  whom  it  is  appi^shcndiMl  that  wine  may 
prove  injurioiiB, 

The  Tipxt  kind  of  artificiul  wino  is  that  mode  of  the  ripe 
^rain  of  millet  ;^''  a  pound  and  a  quarter  of  it  with  Lho  slxaK' 
ia  Bteciied  in  two  congii  of  must,  and  tho  mixture  is  poured  off 
at  the  end  of  six  mouths,  We  have  already  atuted"  how 
various  kinds  of  wine  are  made  from  the  tree,  the  nhnib,  and 
thp  hcrh,  respectively  known  as  tho  lotus. 

From  fruit,  too,  the  following  wines  are  miule,  to  the  list  cf 
which  we  shall  only  add  some  necessary  explanations: — ^Fiwt 
of  all,  we  find  Che  fruit  of  the  palm'*  employed  for  thispiir- 

"  "SohtitiiiiM,"  nMimwe  thpy  withstand  the  heal  ol' the Bolstice.  Mnr- 
CCllllH  Emplriciw  culla  llic m  *■  CauiKuUili,'"  buciuimi;  thrj-  b!:i[r  (he  LvHt  of  thr 
Dojr-nlnr. 

"  FCf  reraniki  thuL  this  nsserlioa  i>  qtiUo  crrociuuus. 

'*  From  tho  Greek,  mcaainf;  ■'  withnul  etron^Lb,"  Tho  tniihirc,  V(t 
TCmarkft,  woiilil  appi-sr  U>  bi>  ntithcr  pnUhk  mir  nhak'sumu. 

"  .Seci  B.  xsiii.  e.  24.  A  kirnl  of  bieer  niiKhl  ho  roada  with  it,  Ffe  •o)'* ; 
but  this  mixture  niust  liare  heen  very  unpuliitftblG. 

>'  3ee_!t,  xiii.e.  32. 

'*  A  vinouadrinlt  iiinyhemnilp  in  iHn  manneT  herEatatMl;  hut  thennlicu 
vine  tit  ihe  peojilLS  nt  Aaia  and  Alii<ui  is  only  lande  of  tliu  fixaieatca  t:i.p 
of  the  ttee,    Sc«  B.  nii.  c,  9. 


I 


pora  liy  the  FurLluaim  as  wvU  us  liiu  IndiiUfi,  and,  intleod. 
ttiroughout  oU  tlic  couDtrics  cf  ttio  £ast.  A  inodius  of  tho 
kind  of  ripe  dnte  called  "  thydieie"  ^"  is  added  to  three  congii 
of  water,  and  ofter  being  stepped  for  Bome  time,  they  are 
»iubjcct*id  to  pressure.  Sjtilcs""  ia  ft  preparation  *imilaTly 
made  from  figa :  aorac  pfiinons  call  it  "  pftlmipriniuin,""  olhera, 
again,  "  catorchitt-8 : "  if  Bwcttness  ie  not  the  maker's  olijcct, 
instt-ad  of  vrXict  thore  is  added  tha  aame  (i^iinDtity  of  husk 
juice"  of  ^ipos.  Of  the  Cyjniaa  fig"  a  very  DJiccllpnt  vinogor, 
too,  is  made,  and  of  tliat  of  Alexajidria'*  a.  still  supeiior. 

A  "wino  19  made,  too,  of  the  pods  of  the  Syrian  carob,"  of 
pears,  und  of  all  kinds  of  applpB.  That  known  «s  "  rboites"'* 
is  nittdo  from  pomegranates,  aod  other  varielieit  ant  pri?p3n?d 
from  corbels,  modljirs,  eorb  apples,  dripd  iniilbCTTie*,  and  pine- 
nuts  ;"  these  loAt  ftro  left;  to  stpcp  in  must,  and  ore  then  prcssM : 
thn  others  prodiiff  a  swett  liquor  of  thprneclvca.  Wo  shall 
have  occasion  bi>foru  long:  to  ehow  how  Cato'*  has  pointed  out 
the  method  t>f  making  injTtites:-*  (he  Greeks,  liowovir,  adopt 
a  difEtrent  metlioJ  in  makiug  it.  They  firet  boil  tender  sprigs 
of  myrtJe  with  tho  leavee  on  La  white  musl,  and  after  pound* 
ing  Iht-m,  lioil  domi  one  pound  of  the  mixture  m  three  coogji 
of  niiiBt,  until  it  is  rfduced  to  a  couple  of  congii.  The  be- 
verage that  is  prepared  in  this  maune^r  with  the  berries  of 
wild  myrtle  ia  known  a*  "myrtidaaiim;""'  it  will  stain  th» 
hands. 

Among  the  garden  plants  trc  find  winea  made  of  tho  follow- 
ing kinds :  the  radish,  asparagus,  cunila,  origftnum,  parsley* 


'*  Ke  EUTB  "caryoiic,"  and  nnl  chytliBBv,  in  B,  liii,  c.  i.    The  modios 
— [  Rnmething  mnre  t.hun  nnr  pick. 
'  From  the  Ot-ect  wukij,  a  "  Qk"    Tliii  wino  wiw  mftAn,  V(o  thinks, 
tiom  lln?  inrotiocp  oT  snttie  Tftricty  of  tho  Bycamottf.     Bye  B.  xiii.  o.  H. 

"  "  rnrae  psliu"  apparently. 

"  TorliTUTii,  probably :  lb«  Bscond  Bquetaing. 

w  Sto  B.  siii,  0.  15.  "  Sec  B.  riii.  c-  14. 

"  Hee  H,  ii:i,  c  18, 

'*  Fruia  pia,  a  "pomegmiinlti," 

^  JJidwraridu*  crdls  it  '*  ^trabilitiit,"    T4<!  says  that  ihoy  coulU  bo  of  an 
wtrlce  in  prodadng  a  viofttu  tlriak. 

»»  Sou  H.  XV.  c.  37.  "  Or  "mynls  vine." 

**  Myrtle  will  not  make  a  wine,  but  ■implyamedicaniEait.in  vbic^ittice 
i»  tbc  mtrnftmuni. 

VOL.   III.  B 


seed,  abrotonnm,"  wild  mint,  nip,°*  catmint,,'*  wild  thyme,*' 
and  horchound."  A  couple  of  handfula  of  theee  ingriMlieiita 
are  put  into  a  caduB  of  nnjst,  as  ateo  one  Bcxtariua  of  sapa,"  oud 
half  a  Bextoiius  of  aea-watur.  A  wine  is  outde  of  the  nayhew  " 
tarmp  hj  adding  two  drachms  of  aaphew  to  two  sextarii  of 
must-  A  wine  Is  made  also  irom  the  roots  of  squills.'^"  Among 
the  0owerB.,  that  of  the  rose  furnisheB  a  wine ;  the  leaTCs  are 
put  in  a  linen  cloth  and  then  pounded,  afteT  which  they  are 
thrown  into  must  with  a  small  weight  attached  to  make  them 
Kink  to  the  bottom,  the  proportion  being  forty  drachms  of  lcav<-s 
to  twenty  sextarii  of  miiat ;  the  vessel  in.  which  it  is  kept 
muflt  not  ho  opcnoil  before  the  end  of  three  montha.  A  wine, 
too,  ia  made  of  Gallic  nard,^  and  another  kind  of  the  wild** 
Torioty  of  that  plant. 

I  mid,  also,  that  Toriotis  kinds  of  aromatites"  are  pre- 
pared, cUffering  bat  Tery  Uttle  in  their  mode  of  composition 
from  that  of  the  unguents,  being  made  in,  the  first  instance', 
aa  I  have  already  statedj*"  of  myrrh,  and  then  at  a  later  peri(jd 
of  Celtic  nnrd,"  calamus,  and  aspalathus,**  of  which  coki-s  aru 
made,  and  are  then  thrown  into  either  must  oi-  sweet  wine. 
Others,  again,  make  these  wines  of  calamus,  seented  rush," 
costtis,'*  Syrian  nard,"  amomum,**  cassia,*"  cinnamon,  safiVon,'" 
pokn-dates,  and  foal-foot,"  all  of  which  ore  made  up  into  caki^ 
io.  a  similar  maimer.  Other  persona,  again,  put  half  a  pound 
ofnord  and  malobathrimi'^  to  two  congii  of  muBtj  and  it  is 
in  this,  maauor  that  at  the  present  day,  with  the  addition  of 


Artomiaifl  abrotoaam  of  Liaaxus. 

Ncpeln  caUiis  o(  LIbiibim,  '* 

Marrabium  vulgnre  of  LiniiteBS. 
(irapc-juicc  boiled  Jovm  to  oiio-tliird. 
llrasaiai  napUA  of  Liiiii«Lu, 
Nftrdiis  Gallicog,  or  Valeriafla  Cellicu 
Niuxlus  sjlieetria  or  boccailB. 
lao.  15  af  this  Book. 
ConvotvoJiia  spj>pariu*  of  Linflteas. 
Andropagun  scbteiiantLm  of  Linaieus, 
Gosliu  ludicua  of  Liaaseus, 
Andropogoa  Doitlus  of  Linnjetig. 
Sue  B,  xiii.  c  2.  *» 

Orocna  eativuj)  uf  Liimsua. 
Anaciim  Eurnfiiuuni  of  LijuKeiU. 
See  B.  xii.  u.  50, 


"  Sula  graTPoti-ns  of  LinnffiUi. 
Tkymu^  gerjiyllLini  ol'  Lmnioui- 

"s  ScilU  mnritm  of  liunKot. 
of  LiaDKiu.    Seij  fi.  lii,  c.  26. 

*'  Aromatic  wiiw* 

"  VuLeiiaaa  Celtict. 


Sc«  B.  xii.  C  U. 


pepper  anil  lioney,  the  wince  are  mndD  by  some  known  as  oon- 
lectioji  winofl."  and  by  ottera  n3  ppppiired"  winoB.  Wo  find 
mculioD.  made  of  noctarites  also,  a  beverage  extracted  from  a. 
lierlj  known  to  some  ofi  "  heloiiioa,'*"  to  others  aa  "  Me- 
dica,"  **  &ud  to  others,  again,  as  eymphytoD,"  Idojo,  Orestion. 
or  uectaria,  the  root  of  which  is  added  in  tho  proportion  of 
forty  druchme  to  six  soxtani  of  mnst,  being  lirat  aimilurljr 
placed  in  a  lirt^n  clotb. 

Afl  to  other  kinds  of  herbs,  we  find  wormwood  wine,"  made 
of  Pontic  wormwood  in  the  proportion  of  one  pound  to  forty 
Bextarii  of  must,  which  is  then  boiled  down  until  it  is  reduced 
to  ono  third,  or  else  of  slips  of  wormwood  put  in  wine.  In  a 
Bituilar  mauntir,  hyssop  wine""  is  mude  of  Cilidan  hyssop,*"  by 
adding  three  oudccb  of  it  to  two  coagii  of  must,  or  else  by 
pounding  tlueo  oimaea  of  hyssop,  and  adding  th^u  to  O'DO 
congiqa  of  must.  Both  of  these  wines  may  be  made  also  in 
another  method,  by  eowing  tLiiae  plants  around  the  roots  of 
vines.  It  is  in  this  mannwr,  too,  tliat  Oafo  tells  ua  how  to 
make  hellebore*'  wine  from  black  hellebore ;  and  a  frimilar 
iHEithod  ia  used  for  mftking  scammony'^  wine.  The  vino  hoa  a 
rKraarkabk  propensity*'  of  contracting  the  flavour  of  any  plarE 
that  may  happen  to  be  growing  near  it ;  and  henco  it  is  that, 
in  tho  murehy  Iiindg  of  Putavium,  the  grape  has  the  peculiar 
flavour  of  the  willow.  So,  in  lik«  manutr,  we  find  at  Thasos 
hfUebore  planted  amouj;  tho  yincs,  or  o!so  wild  eacumber,  or 
BcaaimoDyi  Iho  wino  that  is  produced  l^om  iheao  vinea  is 
known  by  the  name  of  "  phthoriiun,"  it  bein^  productive  of 
abortion. 


=°  Condita.  "  Pipcmtt. 

"  Inula  hi'lutiioni  of  Liuniens.     Soo  B.  ui.  c.  t(I. 

*■  Mtdiraigo  ^aiUn  ofLiiinwus. 

^  Bympiijrtnm  ffflkifliili;  ul'  Linweufc,  bting  all  different  Taiivtio. 

^  "  Abiinliiitcs;"  raatlu  of  Ibg  AttcmiBm  PoDticu  of  Linnuiu.  A  medi- 
cinnl  vitLc  JB  shll  prepared  witb  wormwood ;  and  "  ujiainthc,"  a  hijQcur 
much  ealcumed  m  b'riuicfl,  is  madu  from  it. 

""  HTBaojiifes, 

40  H}'StMjpit«8.  of&dnulu  of  Lmuicus. 

"  HtW^brntu.  "■'  ScaiomthniteB. 

"  Fee  Mja  that  this  is  not  the  fact;  and  queries  whether  the  vulgar 
notian  etill  vntertninL-d  on  this  Eubjert,  m&y  not  be  traced  up  to  our  auLtior. 
It  is  a  ticit  uncuni.m>Qii  btjUcf  that  rosea  ameli  all  the  sweetei  if  wcidDji  sto 
plaatcd  near  tliem. 


^260 


ptnrt'a  WiTpaAi  bistort. 


[Book  Xn'. 


Wines  ore  made,  too,  of  othec  herbs,  tho  nutiire  of  which  ■will 
bo  mentiuaed  in  their  respective  places,  the  ata-chiiH"  for 
instantH!,  tiio  ruot  uf  gDiitiun,"  Uagurigaaura,'**  [litlany,^  ibal- 
iugt,'=*  daucus,*'  elelispbaoua,"'  pimiut,''  acoruB,"  conyza,*' 
thymo,'*  mandragore,'"'  and  Bweet  rush."  We  find  the  nanKn 
nientioiieij,  alto,  i>f  scy;!iuuci,^  itiroiiKOis,  utid  Icctiupkagitv)), 
eompounds  of  wbich  thu  riiceijit  is  now  lost. 

The  wines  that  are  infl<k  trora  iho  shrube  aro  mostly  ex- 
tmcted  from  the  two  kinds  of  cedar,'"  the  express,"  the  laurul,* 
the  juniper,*'  the  terehintii,^  and  in  Gaul  the  li'Dtiek.'*  To 
mEike  these  winee,  t!i(?y  lioil  titlitr  the  bcrricH  or  thu  new  wood 
of  tho  Bhrub  in  must.  Tlicy  emptuy,  ulso,  tho  wood  of  tlie 
tlwiirf  olive,"  the  ground-pine,"  aad  tlic  germander ""  for  a 
Bimilar  pui-pose,  adding  at  tho  aamo  timg  tui  diaoluiu  of  the 
llowur  to  a  oongiuB  of  must. 

**  Laveiidulti  itcEthw  of  Linnaos.     See  B.  xivii.  c.  107. 

**  Gtuliiuia  lutca  of  Liiuiiuiia.  Bei:  B.  xiv.  c  34.  (icatiklL  viite  it 
biill  njuJu. 

"*  Tlivmus  tra^orieanum  of  LiiinicuB.    Sec  B,  ix,  c,  B8. 

•'  On'gnimm  dielnmnus  of  Linnfftiw.     See  B.  ixy.  a.  liU. 

"  Asnmni  Eiinipwiim  cit'Linnn-iw.     Sec  B  xii.  e.  37. 

'■'  Ciuery,  if  nut  iiunxiV?     Mei;  B.  xtv.  c.  64. 

'"  A  variety  of  eulvia  or  sa^n :  h  will  bu  oiijiitioned  again,  ftirther  on. 

''  Lurrpittnm  fairBntum  vt  Linnnctia.     See  B.  xkv.  to.  II,  12,  mtd  13. 

^  Acorus  talanius  ol  LiuivKUs,     Sec  B,  xxv.  c.  100. 

^^  See  B.  «ii.  C   3'2.  ?•  See  f).  inri,  C-  31. 

'*  Atrnpuniinaucliagorauf  Linnffitiii,  TUi*  wiuo  would  But  na  a  mirwiti'; 
]K)iBan,  il  wauld  apiwur. 

"^  Audropogou  Buhmuontliae  of  LinncuB.    Sot  B,  ssl.  e.  72. 
''  Tlu'  urigiD  and  jiicttDiiig'  of  tb<j»(.<  nnmoB  aro  unknown. 

''*  See  B.  xii.  o.  11.  Juuiferus  Lycia,  and  JutiipErus  FlucniaeR  of 
I.iniueus. 

'"  Cnprewns  scmpprriKTis  of  LinHKus. 

""  Laurus  iiabLliB  i>f  I.inii»iiia,     Sl'b  B.  xv.  c.  29. 

*'  Jriiiipi^rua  cnmmuniB  of  LinniBiis. 

"  8iw  It.  liii.  c,  12.    Tlie  I'isijidft  tercUnltiiis  of  Liniiirus. 

"  Sea  B.  xii-  0.  88.     Tho  Pistauia  lentiBcUB  of  Liiin^rxH  ^_ 

•*  "  CtaiuoJteB."   ThoGriiiiiiuuCQidium,  I>iipLuuCuiiliuTii,  aiidDnytin* 
OReoruRi  of  Linnaiw.    Sec  It.  xiii,  c.  'ia.    VenomouB  [iIildIb,  wliich,  Uikcti 
eroallf,  would  lie  proJnctivc  o-f  djingcrows  rftsuH*. 
■  ChuDMepitrjB.     The  Teucriiun  oiittnifcpitrjg  of  LinnsBUS.     Ste  B.  xjr. 


*  ChamicdryB..    Tho  TeuOTiora  tlianiEedrys  of  Linaieiw. 
e.  SO.    Uioscanitos  mentiona  most  uf  diesc  so-iuillcd  viu'it. 


See  B.xxir. 


Chap.  SI.] 


OXTU£XI. 


SHI 


» 


CBAr.  20.  (17.)~HTI3RrtMKLl,  OR  mXHTHATOX. 

There  U  a  wine  ulao  mndc  solely  of  honey  anil  watpr."  For 
this  purpose  it  is  recommended  tliat  rain-wiitcr*'  should  tie 
kei>t  for  A  period  of  five  ycure.  Those  who  shew  greater  skill, 
content  themeelveB  with  tnking  ihe  wat*ir  just  after  it  hn^ 
ftiUcDf  and  boiling  it.  down  U>  ooi?  third,  to  wliJth  ttpy  llit-n 
add  one  third  in  quantity  of  old  hoai;y,  acid  kctp  the  mixturL' 
exposed  to  the  ru.ys  of  a  hot  sua."'  for  £<a\y  daya  alter  tbu 
riring  of  the  Pog.Btar ;  othere,  however,  rack  it  oft'  in  the 
course  of  ten  days,  oiiJ  lightly  tank  tht;  Tfssc-Is  in  which  it  is 
kept-  This  l;«vtT(ige  is  known  as  "  hydroineli,"  and  witli  age 
acc[uirea  the  flavour  of  wine.  It  is  nowhere  more  highly 
esteemed  tliaa  in  Phrygia.'" 

CHAP.  21. OXIMEU. 

Vinegar"  erea  has  been  mixed  with  honey;  Dolhing,  in 
fact,  has  been  loft  untriod  by  man.  To  this  mixture  the  name 
of  oxymeli  has  been  given ;  It  is  L'Oinpomided  of  ten  pound?  of 
honey,  five  semi -sex  tarii  of  old  rinegor,  one  pound  of  sea-salt, 
and  five  sextarii  of  rnin-wAttr.  This  is  boiled  gpntly  till  the 
mixturo  has  hnbbled  in  the  pot  aomc  ten.  times,"  after  ■which  it 
is  drawn  off,  n.nd  kept  till  it  is  old  j  '*  all  these  wines,  how- 
ever, are  condemned"  by  Themison,  on  author  of  high  antho- 
rity.  And  really,  by  Herculijsl  tho  use  of  them  docs  ap- 
pear to  bo  Bumowhat  forcod,"  unices,  indueil,  we  are  ready  to 
raaintain  UiHt  iheee  tiromatic  wines  are  so  many  compounds 
taught  U9  by  Nature,  as  well  as  thone  that  are  mauuliujturod  of 
perfumos,  or  tbiit  shrubs  and  plants  have  been  gL^nerated  only 
for  the  purpose  of  bfing  swallowed  in  drink.  Howtver,  ail 
these  particulars,  when  knotvn,  are  curious  and  iuterc»tiiig, 
and  show  how  sncceBst'hUy  the  human  intellect  has  pried  into 
evfry  Benret. 

"  Mfod,  or  mcthfitliik     Srw  Tl,  iniii  c,  51. 

••  TbCTo  i*  no  prfmnd.  Fit  »ajii,  Tui  thh  rccomxDtilidation. 

••  SUV'SI  an  now  used  f«r  lhi»  ]iurpo9r. 

M  **  Efdronieliini."  on  ihi-  uibur  tuuiil,  rna<1c  tit  vaUxr  sad  ftpplm,  wu 
the  Mldo  H  OUT  mtKlcm  cirlcr.  °'  8ee  11.  xxui.  a.  S. 

"  "SuWerstfiittia,"     "  Ju»t  noma  on  the  boil." 

*i  The  nxynLcl  a(  mndrrn  timei  voatains  ao  lalt,  mid  U  odj  used  Bl  a 
mediisiiueuL 


^  At  drinks,  no  doubt;  and  with  good  rcusoR,  oa  to  most  «f  tbcra. 
"^  CoutuB. 


PLXprr's  5ATU1UD  HiaToai. 


[Bwk  XI  ST. 


None  of  these  wiuce,  howewjr,  will  keep  beyond  a  year," 
vith  the  aoLe  exccptivo.  of  those  which  wc  have  spuken  of  u 
nwjuiring  age  ;  many  of  theee,  itidet-d,  there  can  be  no  doabt, 
do  not  improve  after  being  kept  so  little  aa  thirty  days. 

CBkT.  22.  (18.) TTTELTE  Kimi9  OF  WINE  WITH  MIEACFLOCa 

PHOPKETJFia. 

There  are  come  miraculoaB  properties,  too,  in  certain  innos. 
It  is  sidd  thftt  in  Arcadia  there  is  a  wine  grown  -wluch  is 
prodiictire  of  fruitfiilnesa'"  in  women,  and  of  madnuia  in  men ; 
while  in  Achaia,  and  more  OHpectnlly  in  the  vicinity  of  Cary- 
nia,  there  ia  a  wine  which  causes  abortion  ;  an  effect  which  is 
pqimUy  prodnced  if  a  woman  in  a  state  of  pregnancy  happens 
only  to  cat  a  grope  of  the  vino  from  which  it  is  grown,  although 
in  taete  it  is  in  no  way  dilferent  from  ordinary  grapee :  agoin, 
it  IB  confidently  a&acrted  that  those  who  drmk  the  wino  of 
Troezen  never  bear  children.  Thasos,  it  is  aaid,  produces  two 
varieties  of  wine  with  (iiiite  oppoeite  pi-opertiea.  By  one  kind 
Aleep  ia  produced,*"  by  the  other  it  is  prevented.  There  is 
also  in  the  anine  island  a  vine  known  as  ihe  "theriaco,'""  the 
win$  and  grapt's  of  which  are  a  Cure  for  the  bites  of  serpenta. 
The  lihnman  vine'  also  produces  a  wine  with  the  smdl  of 
frankincense,  with  which  they  make  libations  to  the  gods,  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  produoe  of  that  known  as  "  aRpendios,*" 
is  buniBhed  from  all  the  altars :  it  ia  eaid,  too,  that  this  last 
vine  ia  never  touched  by  any  bird. 

The  Egyptians  call  by  the  name  of  "Thasian,"'  a  eertnin 
grape  of  Uiat  country,  remarkable  for  its  eweetness  and  it» 

•*  Otirmodicinal  wine«will  mostly  keep  longer  tkaTi  tTiis,  owing- probably 
to  the  diffbrence  in  tlic  mode  o(  making  Uae  naL  wiaee  Cbat  form  tkcii 

hMU, 

•"  Thcro  is  liltle  doubt  that  Hits  ia  fjibTtloua  :  wine  taken  in  exCMi,  we 
k'inw,  is  proJuctive  of  Iom  of  tlic  gBCi.i?a,  frenij  Id  tb«  ihapo  of  delirium 
trvuiuus. 

'*  ThiA  is  not  unlikdy;  for,  aa  YCte  remarks,  the  red  wines,  conbdning 
a  large  propurtioo  of  aicohol,  act  ti[M>n  tbu  brain  and  promntr  .«Lecp,  whllo 
tie  wUite  winia,  charged  with  caibwuic  gsa,  are  productive  of  nakcfolncM, 

°*  Or  Uealiiig  vine.     Sae  B.  ixiii.c,  11, 

'  "  LibaniuE."  Frobubty  iaeca^Q  vea  put  m  this  win«,  to  produce  the 
daTOBr. 

'  From  i,  "  rot,"  dJid  irrivlttv,  "  to  make  Hbatiftil." 

'  Bee  g.  9  of  thiji  Book.    It  va»  intaodoced,  protubJj,  from  'f 


Thuo*.       M 


Chap.  24.]  HOW  UU8X  in  f  B£?AltSI).  263 

lEtxative  qualities.  Oo  the  other  hand,  there  is  in  Lycia  a 
certjtin  grape  which  proves  aBtringent  to  the  Btomacfa  when 
relaxed,  Egypt  has  a  wine,  too,  knOwB  as  "  ccholas,*'*  which. 
la  produttive  of  abortion.  There  are  some  wines,  which  at 
the  risiBg  of  the  Dog-atar  change  their  nature  in  the  wine- 
lofU'  where  they  are  kept,  and  afterwards  reoorer*  their 
original  quality.  The  same  is  tl]e  caae,  loo,  with  wines  when 
coiriod  acroBs  the  seas :  thuse  thut  are  able  to  withBtoud  tLc 
motion  of  tlic  waves,  appear  alWwords  to  bo  twioti  a&  old ''  as 
they  really  are. 

CBAP.  2S.  (19.) ^WHAT  WDJES  IT  IS  HOT  LAWFBI  TO  USE  UT   THE 

SACEED  lUTES. 

Ab  religion  is  tho  greut  basia  of  the  ordinary  ueoges  of  life, 
I  shall  liere  remurk  thut  it  is  coneiden-d  improper  to  ofTcr 
libations  to  the  gods  with  any  winee  which  are  the  produce  of 
au  unpriuied  vine,  or  of  one  thai  has  beun  struck  by  lightning, 
or  near  to  whieh  a  dead  man  has  been  hung,  or  of  grapca  that 
hare  been  trodden  out  by  eore  feet,  or  made  of  mu&t  from 
hu^  that  have  been  cut,*  or  frona  grapes  that  have  been 
polluted  by  the  fall  of  any  unclean  thing  upon  tbcm.  The 
Greek  wines  are  excluded  also  from  tho  sacred  ministrations, 
because  they  contain  a  portion  of  water. 

The  vine  itself  ia  soinetimps  eaten;  the  tops  of  tho  shoots* 
are  taken  off  and  boiled,  and  arc  then  pickled  in  vinegar " 
and  brine. 

cnip.  24. — HOW  MUST  ta  itbcallt  prepared. 
It  will  he  aa  well  now  to  make  somo  mention  of  the  methods 

*  From  It^dWii,  "to  dort."  *  ApoULene. 

*  He  ftUudet  to  tbc  working  of  intu.'s  iu  periodi  of  eitreme  bent ;  kIso 
in  the  spring. 

'  Of  our  ni(i(3ern  wines,  Mail eira,  aitj  Bourdtunx  Improve  by  lieing  carried 
d'L-roM  ma.  Burguniiy,  it'  uny  tliiog,  ilaUrioratca,  hy  the  lUminuliua  of  its 
bouquet. 

*  After  the  grapes  hail  boen  trodden  and  preaaiid,  tbe  huiks  wera  taken 
oat  and  Ihttr  vdgi^a  cut,  tiod  then  again  Biibji>cted  to  prewure  :  the  remit 
wmkQuwn  aa  "  torti»uin,"  or  "cinjiUodBi^oni,"  a  win«  of  very  iafeiioi 
(juaiitv, 

I"  Hu  alludes  to  the  young  shoota,  which  have  aa  agrocable  adidit;, 
owing  to  Eicetic  and  tortam  miii. 
'"  Aci^ltD  oi^id ;  thR  result,  do  doubt,  of  th«  faulty  vioie  of  maniifHetura 
universatty  pt^rdeat ;  thL-ii  winas  contaiond  evidoatly  but  little  kIoqIiuI. 


264 


tuhtc'b  yiATVKAh  uiaranr. 


pJookXlT. 


used  in  preparing  wines  ;  indeeri,  several  of  ihc  Gpeelts  have 
wrillcTi  Bcptirate  trcatitvBa  un  this  enbJRut,  and  huvo  madd  a 
complete  art  of  it,  bucIi,  for  iaatauee,  aa  Euphiuoius,  Aristo- 
macnus,  Commiadce,  aod  Uiccsiua.  The  people  of  Africa  arc 
in  the  liaLit  of  iiiputrtLliziiig  auch  acidity"  as  miiy  Ije found 
wiUi  gypstun,  mid  in  somo  parts  with  lime.  The  people  cf 
Greece,  on  the  ot.hcr  hand,  impart  briskness  to  their  "WinM 
when  too  flatj  with  pottera'  esrthj  pounded  murHe,  enlt,  or 
■fioa-wfiter  ;  while  in  Itnly,  again,  brown  pitch  h  used  for  that 
purpoae  in  Bome  parts,  and  it  is  the  wniTerwU  praetitc  hotb 
there  as  well  ae  in  the  udjoining  pro^-iucea  to  season  thtir  now 
wines  with  roein  :  Bomctime^,  too,  thoy  ecason  them  with  old 
wiue-loes  or  vinegar.'--  They  make  various  modicami-TiU,  also, 
for  iliii  purpose  with  the  must  itself.  They  hoil  it  dcn-«  till 
it  becomes  quite  sweet,  and  has  lost  a  coaBiderahle  portion  of 
its.  strength ;  though  thus  prepcired,  they  say  it  will  nevar  Jflst 
beyond  a  single  year.  In  some  placca  they  toil  dowi  Iho 
must  till  it  ■becomes  aapa,"  and  tlicn  mix  it  with  tli<:ir  mnes 
for  the  purpose  of  modifying  their  haruhness.  Both  for 
these  kinds  of  wiucs,  as,  indeed,  all  others,  they  idways  employ 
vessels  which  hn-vc  thcmeelves  received  an  inner  coat  of  pitcit ; 
the  method  of  preparing  them  will  be  eot  forth  in  a  succeeding 
Book.'* 

CHAP.  25.  (20.) — pnca  AJfo  BErni. 
Of  the  trees  from  which  pitch  and  rcain  distil,  there  an 
somo  which  gi-ow  in  the  East,  and  others  in  Europe ;  the  pr«- 
viiiefl  of  Afiitu,"  which  lies  between  the  two,  haa  also  somo  of 
both  kinde.  la  the  East,  the  very  beet  commodity  of  this 
kind,  and  of  tho  finest  quality,  is  that  produced  by  tlie  t«rc- 
binth,'*  and,  next  to  it,  that  from  the  leutisk,'^  which  is  also 
knownus  theraaatich.  Thu  next  in  quality  to  thesi^is  the  juico 
of  tho  cypress, '"  being  of  a  more  acrid  flavour  than  any  other. 

'^  See  B.  ssiiL  o.  24,  and  B.  isxvj.  c.  JS. 

"  A  process  veif  likely,  as  Vie  remarks,  lo  tnni  tlie  viaes  spocdilj  U 
^inegiir. 

'^  Down  to  oDO-tliiid,  Ihk  ptuelico  of  using  lioilcd  mpu-juiue  mji 
■euoi'iiu^,  is  Btill  fuUowed  la  Spiua  ia  muking  Bocneof  the  Uquetire;  but  tl 
is  not  gcacriilly  rocomTncndod. 

'*  B.  T»i.  c.  21.  "  A^ia  Minor,  nniucly, 

'«  B.  liii.  c,  12.  "  U.  lii.  c.  »*. 

"^  It  |jiuilucea  but  ft  vecy  miiLute  q^uuility  of  rsEJn,  wluclt  tana  longer 
ail  artiale  of  commerce. 


J 


Chap.  £5.] 


PITCH  iJsii  usais. 


All  the  above  juices  iiru  lii)iii(l  and  of  a  rcsinoue  nature  odIjt, 
but  lliut  of  the  cedur '"  ia  (-iini|iuratWe[y  thick,  u.ud  ol'  ii  pnipor 
consistfincy  for  making  pitch.  l*ho  Arabiari  resin  '"^  is  of  a 
pule  colour,  hua  uQ  ucrid  san:\l,  nnil  its  I'limee  aro  sti^iag  to 
those  employed  in  lioiling  it.  Tbut  of  Jiidien  is  of  n  iiun]«r 
□bturs,  aiiit  hii8  a  sLruuger  emclt  thiia  tliaL  t'tMxa  ihe  terubiutlr' 
eTtifl.  The  Syrian  ^  rtsiu  bus  all  the  uppvuruncu  of  Attic 
liQuty,  but  liiut  of  Cyprus  ie  supecior  tQ  any  other ;  it  is  the 
oubur  of  honey,  and  is  ui*  a  solt,  dcehy  natuixi.  Tlio  resin  o£ 
Colopiiou"''  is  yellower  Uian  Uio  ulhiT  vurii'li(.-8,  but  whou 
pouudi^d  it  liii'us  white;  it  hwt  a  stilling  siit^ll,  for  whiclt 
reoaon  the  perlumers  do  nut  employ  it.  That  prepared  in, 
Asia  from  the  produce  of  the  pitch-tfCH;  is  vury  white,  and  is 
known  by  the  name  of  "  spngna." 

All  tho  rt-sina  aro  solubln  in  oil  ;**  aorne  pcraoua  are  of  opi- 
□ion  ako  Itiut  pottt.-n>'  nhulk  may  bumi  dibsolvbd:'^  I  fed 
aBbannfd "  to  avow  ihat  tho  principal  esteem  iu  which  the 
resius  ai'e  held  umoug  us  is  as  dvpilatoritra  lut  tdung  tbd  haii 
ofi'  rut^n'a  buiUi-s. 

Ths  niBtiioit  itHed  for  aeaaoniiig  ^rinca  is  to  sprinkle  pitch 
in  the  must  duriug  the  lirst  ttnncntaLion,  which  neTor  lusts 
beyond  nuif  days  ut  lUt;  nMiMt,  m  that  m  Imuquitt  i»  iuipurlt'd 
to  tlie  wine,-''  with,  in  some  degree,  its  own  peculiar  piquancy 
of  flavour.  It  ia  gcnerully  considered,  that  this  is  doiiL-  mu(!C. 
e.Teclufdly  by  thij  use  ol"  raw  llower^  of  rcein,  which  imparls 
a  uuntiidemblu  degree  of  briHkueE.s  to  nine :  whik!,  ou  tliu 
ulliur  liimd,  it  is  thought  that  cr}ipula^  itself,  if  uiixud,  tuudu 

'B  5e»  II.  xii).  c.  U,  ami  0.  ivi.  c.  21.  Not  tb«  oedor  of  LftumoD, 
prolKiUy,  wliich  «ul/  givuit  h  my  suiuU  quuitily  ul'  a«iii>  liul  uau  ttt  Um, 
]uui]i<;ra. 

>"  I-oo  Kagfcstj  that  this  nn/  bmo  been  thu  rain  of  Iho  AraUina  tcri- 
bioih. 

■'  Hf«  II.  iiiv,  c.  22. 

"  ]V-r[iit|<i(  rruiii  tbu  PUtacia  U-ntbiiillim  of  LiuntBii*. 

^  This  was  mtuitf  from  the  Lrrcliinth :  but  thu  modcni  Kua  of  Colw^ilioa 
U  cxlni(UKl  from  ritnotien  of  tho  ouoifcno. 

»>  Sm  B.  liiv.  e.  22. 

'•"   Knrlhx  iirn  unl  idUiUr  in  oiU. 

*'  As  beinc  a  niuik  of  ojui'iu'I  eSTominacy. 

*''  TliD  muter  tlic  qiiaaiiiy  u/  uleuhol,  itio  luoru  rt*iu  iba  viae  would 
bi  able  to  aM  in  aoltttton. 

-•  8oeB.xvi,c,  2'2, 

**  "  C'rai>iilii"  iiropcrly  iiiL-au*  hfind-nclur,  and  what  is  not  uncommuiily 
known  n  "su^iljieM."     lUsinoil  wiuo  vriu  tUought  to  bo  piuLluctivii  ut 


366 


Pirax'S  HiTCEAl  niaTOBX. 


[nook  xn". 


io  mifcigntc  the  liarehncBg  of  the  wine  and  subdue  its  aaperity, 
and  when  the  win.o  is  thin  and  flat,  to  give  it  additioiial 
strength  and  body.  It  \s  in  Liguria  more  particularly,  and 
the  districts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Padus,  that  the  utility  is 
recognized  of  mixing  crapula  with  the  must,  in  doing  which 
thia  foUowing  rule  is  adopted :  with,  winee  uf  a  Gtrong  and 
generouB  nftturo  they  mix  a  larger  quontityf  while  with  those 
that  are  poor  and  thin  they  use  it  more  Bpariagly.  There  are 
eomo  who  would  have  the  vnne  seoeoned  with  both  crapula 
and  flower  of  rwBin  at  the  aamp  time,"  Pitch  too,  whca  used 
for  tbiB  purpose,  lias  much  the  samo  properties  aa  most  when 
BO  employed. 

In  Bomo  places,  the  mast  is  aubjeot  to  a  spontancouB  fcrrncn- 
tation  n  second  time  :  when  thia  unfortunately  happens  itlones 
all  its  flavour,  and  thtin  rcticivea  thonamc  of  "  vappa,""  a  word 
which  IB  applied  as  on  opprobriouB  ap]]ellation  even  t«  worth- 
leBB  men  of  degenerate  spirit:  in  vinegar,  on  the  other  hand, 
uotwithBtandiog  its  tort  aad  acrid  taste,  there  arcj  very  oou- 
Biderable  vii.tuea,  and  without  it  we  shcrnld  miss  maay  of  the 
comforts  "  of  civilized  life. 

In  addition  to  what  we  have  already  stated,  the  treatment 
and  preparation  of  wines  are  the  object  of  such  remarkable  at- 
tention, that  we  tind  some  persons  employing  ashes,  and  others 
gypsum  and  other  Bubatanees  of  whieh  wo  have  already** 
spoken,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  its  condition :  the  aahea," 
however,  of  the  ahaote  of  vines  or  of  the  wood  of  the  quercna,  are 
iu  general  preferred  for  this  purpoeo.   It  is  recommcndL'd  alsa, 

those  (ffacto,  and  hence  obtaineil  the  nnnie.  Thia  Idnd  of  wino  wna  used 
iUelf,  as  we  »ee  aboTn,  in  Btasonia^  tlio  othrr  kicds.  i'&e  rttuurks,  tbat 
is  ritality  re&ins  have  no  »ticb  clfcct  as  imparling  body  to  vrcak  winra. 

"  Tlie  whole  of  thh  passage  is  hopelesiiy  corrupt,  and  we  osn  only 
gucBB  ai  tho  meaning. 

3-  Wo  bnTe  already  slated  that  "  Tappa  "  is  properly  vinagur,  whieli 
hits  b*en  ciposod  to  the  air  and  has  lost  its  tlurour.  In  this  ftf-sli  chr- 
mical  cbimgii,  whii'li  he  calls  a  second  femientaLion,  the  wine  bt-coniiM 
vinegar;  and  probaWj  in  tlie  case?  bti  msntioaB,  for  some  peouljar  r«asoa, 
itaepecdf  truasitida  to  "vappa"  couJi]  not  bo  arr«at«d, 

^  Mixed  willii  water,  it  was  the  "poscn,"  orcnmniDndrinkof  t^ie  Romon 
joliliun ;  nnd  it  wna  Used  eiteagivdy  botii  by  Uireck^  and  Romana  in  tbcir 
4XH>k.uig(  and  at  meala. 

«  In  c.  3*. 

*>  B)r  the  mixture  nt  uhca,  F^b  eays,  the  imes  wotUd  lose  thair  goIoqi, 
and  tuTfi  a  dote&tablo  sUuUno  flavour. 


Chap.  25.] 


piTcn  \KD  BEsnr. 


m 


la  take  sea-nrater  far  out  at  sea,  and  to  keep  it  in  reeerve,** 
to  be  employed  for  this  purposii ;  at  ali  cTents,  it  osigbt  to  I>e 
taken  ap  in  the  nigfit  aiid  diiring  the  summer  8oUt.LW-,  while 
the  north-east  ■wind  19  blowing  ;  but  if  token  at  tho  time  of 
tlie  \-intage,  it  should  be  boiled  before  being  u&ed. 

Tho  pitch  moat  highly  tiateeiaed  in  Ibily  for  preparing 
VGRsetH  ftr  Btoring  win*',  lb  tliat  which  comes  from  Enittium. 
It  IB  mada  irom  tho  it-siu  that  distibs  Ixom  the  pit'uh'tret' ;  that 
which  is  used  in  Spain  is  held  ia  but  little  eateem,  being  the 
proiluce  of  the  wild  pine  ;  it  is  bitter,  dry,  and  of  a  diBagroe- 
ablo  BraoiL  Whilt;  spviiking  of  the  wild  treea  in  n  s«ei:eeding 
Eook,"  we  shallmakemenlionorthediffereTit  varieties  of  pitch, 
and  the  methods  used  in.  prepaiiug  it.  The  defeat*  in  rcain, 
besides  those  which^  we  have  already  mentioned,  area  certain 
degree  of  Bcridity,  or  a  peculiar  smol^'  flayonr,  while  lie  great 
fiiult  in  pitch  ia  tho  being  OTer-bumt.  The  ordinmy  test 
of  ii^  goodntBB  is  a  certain  luminous  appearouco  when  broken 
to  pieces ;  it  ought  to  stick,  too,  to  tho  teeth,  with,  a  pleasantt 
t«rt  flavour. 

In  ABia,  the  pitch  which  is  most  esteemed  is  that  of  Mount 
Ida,  in  Greece  of  Pteria;  but  Virgil**  gives  tho  preference  to 
the  Narjcian '"  pitch.  The  mori3  careful  makers  mix  with 
the  wine  black  mastich,  which  comes  from  Pontns,*^  and  resera- 
hlcB  bitumen  in  appearance,  oa  also  iri8".root  and  oil.  As  to 
coating  the  vcsaela  with  wax,  it  has  been  found  that  the  wine 
is  apt  to  torn  acid :"  it  is  a  better  plan  to  put  wine  in  veBst-la 
that  have  held  vinegar,  than  in  tlioae  which  have  previously 
eontaincd  sweet  wine  or  raulBiun.  Cato"  reeommcods  that 
■wines  ftliould  be  got  up— twjtMWftor*'  is  his  word — by  putting 
of  lie-ashee  boiled  down  with  defrutum,  one- fortieth  jiart  to  tho 
cnlcuB,  or  else  a  pound  aad  a  half  of  salt,  with  pounded 
marble  as  well :  he  makes  mention  of  sulphur  also,  but  only  gives 
the  very  last  place  to  rosin.  "When  tho  fermentation  of  the  wine 
IB  coming  to  an  end,  he  recommonds  the  addition  of  the  must 

"  A  perfect  absurdity,  F^o  remarlu. 
Iff  B.  xvi.  oe,  16—23. 

>*  ButcniDSB,  (iTincu,  and  a  dUagrccalilo  nncll. 
"  lirotg.  ii,  4i]8.  ^"  Sm  B,  iv.  e.  12. 

*'  S™  B.  xii.  e.  SO,  "  Sco  B.  sji.  e.  18. 

*>  Itrm'  (TAX,  Ffie  rsiiMrks,  irouLd  nut  Inivu  thii 
vcuolt  vould. 
*<  Ue  B«  B.U11.  c.  IZ. 


B68 


fLnsT  s  kattjeai,  bistobt. 


[Book  SIT. 


to  w>uch  he  gives  the  name  of  "  tortivam,"  "  meaning  that 
wliich  ieprppHt-d  out  th«  very  last  of  all.  Fur  the  purpose  of 
colouring  wiuc  wu  also  add  curtain  subsUuiL-cB  tias  sort  of  pif;. 
meat,  and  these  bave  a  tendency  to  give  it  u  body  as  wdl. 
;  By  such  poisonous  eophistications  is  tbis  tevcrago  compt-lkd 
I  to  Biiit  our  tii«te<4,  and  then  we  are  Burprised  that  it  is  iajii- 
rioUH  in  its  efrLcts ! 

It  is  a  proof  that  •wins  is  beginnings  tn  tnm  buJ,  if  a  plate  o( 
\owi,  on  heiag  put  in  it,  changt-a  its  colour.* 

on*p.  26. — vrsEQAH — lees  of  wixx. 

It  19  n.  peculiarity  of  wine,  amon;;  the  liquids,  to  become 
mouldy,  or  else  to  turn  to  vinegar.  There  are  whole  volumea 
whifth  treat  of  the  various  ineihods  of  preventing  this. 

The  leea  of  wine  when  dried  will  tiike  fire  and  bum  without 
the  oddition  of  fuel :  tho  aaht)&  so  proJucod  have  very  much  the 
nature  of  nitre,"  and  Biiniliir  virtues  ;  the  more  so,  indeed,  UiB 
more  unctuous  they  are  tu  tlie  touch. 

CaiP.  27.  (21.) — WINB-VESBBLS — WXtTE-CELLiaS. 

The  vnrious  methods  of  keeping  and  storing -wines  in  the 
cellar  arc  very  different.  In  tho  vidnity  of  tho  Alps,  ihey  put 
their  winea  in  wnuden  vtesela  hooped  around  ;"'  during  their 
cold  wintora,  tboy  even  keep  lijjbted  fires,  to  piotect  th«  wines 
llroui  the  tifcuts  of  tho  cold.  It  is  a  singtilnr  thing  to  nota- 
tion, but  still  it  has  been  occaBionally  aeen,  that  these  veswls 
have  burst  asunder,  and  there  hns.  stood  the  wine  in  frozen 
masses  ;  a  miracle  almost,  aa  it  is  not  ordiniirily  the  nutore  of 
wino  to  freeze,  eold  having  only  the  fflbct  of  benumbing  it. 
In  TDoro  temperate  cUmatLB,  th<.y  place  their  winea  in  dolia,* 
vhich  they  hury  in  the  eartH,  cither  wirering  them  ontircly  or 
111  part,  ai-cordiug  to  the  teiapcraturo,  Sumetimes,  again,  they 
expose  their  wines  iu  the  open  air,  while  at  others  they  iiro 
jjlsiood  beneath  sheds  for  protection  irom  the  atmosphoru. 

**  The  stGnnd  "  BqueeaiagB," 

*•  If  the  wine  ia  turning  t*  vinsgar,  (iibncotato  of  fead  irill  be  f&med. 
*'  Tley  are  tnrtrni™,  onrl  huve  no  dlliiiity  ut  nil  wilh  nitr*. 
**  Cub,  ia  faL't^fiimilur  to  tV>»e  osi'-l  in  FVunce  id  Cbo  [Jfewiit  iaj.    Ia 
Spun  th«f  uso  earthiMi  jiir£  anil  tlio  ekmn  of  iiaimult. 
-"  OUoog'  vurthra  vwitb,  luud  w  vues. 


Chap,  a?.] 


TrrSE-TESSELa. 


269 


The  following  are  runang  tho  rulrs  giTcn  for  the  proper 
managemimt  of  wines; — Oii«  nidf  of  tEio  wimsecUar,  or,  at 
all  cvcala,  the  wioJows,  ought  to  fiico  the  nurth-cafit.  or  at  leaRt 
due  east,  All  diiugliillB  and  roots  of  ticcs,  unil  i^iverythiiig  of 
a  repulsive  smell,  ought  tw  be  kept  at  as  great  a  di^lance  us 
posBiblp,  w-ini.'  being  very  upt  to  contract  an  odour.  Fig-treta 
Too,  either  wild  or  oiiHivat*-(l,  ought  not  to  ho  plimfed  in  thw 
vicinitj-.  InlciTals  alioiild  also  be  left  bctwoon  the  Tcssels, 
in  order  to  prc^vent  infection,  in  case  of  any  of  thorn  turning 
had,  wine  boing  rcmarkubly  apt  tf>  hcen'me  tnintod.  Tho 
shape,  too,  of  tho  veesels  is  of  coiisidiTahla  imporUincD:  those 
that  arc  bcoiid  and  hellyinfj*'  nro  nut  ho  good."  Wofiiid  Itro- 
commend«d  too,  to  pitoh  them  immediately  aftt-r  tlie  rising  of 
iiw  Dog-star,  and  ttiun  to  wash  them  either  with  Bia  or  salt 
wal»T,  ader  which  Ihoy  should  be  aprinldod  with  the  ashes  of 
tree-shoots  or  else  with  pottoi^e'  earth  ;  they  ought  then  to  be 
ctconc-d  out,  and  perfumed  with  myrrh,  a  thing  whieh  ought 
to  he  frequently  done  to  the  wine-cellars  an  well.  "Weak, 
thin  wines  should  he  kppt**  in  dolia  sunk  in  the  ground,  while 
thoae  in  whieli  tlie  strongor  onea  are  ktpt  aliouJd  he  more  ex- 
posed to  the  air.  Tlie  vesBi-la  ought  on  no  account  to  be  entirely 
filled,  room  being  l«fl  for  seasoning,  by  tiiising  either  nu^in 
wino  or  tlsi' dLfrutmn  flavoured  with  eaffrun;  old  pitch  and 
sapa  are  eometiiiies  used  for  the  mmie  purpose.  'Die  lids,  too, 
of  the  dolia  ought  to  be  scawned  in  a  Biuiilar  manner,  with. 
the  additiou  of  mastich  and  Brutlian  pitih. 

It  is  strongly  rfMx>mmcndfd  nevi-r  to  oppn  tho  vesside,  ex- 
cept in  fine  weather;  nor  yet  while  a  south  wind  is  hiowiug, 
or  at  a  full  moon. 

ITie  flower"  of  wine  when  white  is  looked  upon  ne  a  good 
sign  ;  hut  when  it  is  red,  it  ia  had,  unless  that  should  happen 
to  be  tho  colour  of  the  wine.  Tho  veBnelB,  too,  ebould  not  he 
hot  to  the  touch,  nur  should  the  covets  throw  out  a  sort  of 
sweat.  YThen  wine  very  fioon  flowers  on  the  surface  and 
emits  an  odour,  it  is  a  sign  that  it  will  not  keep. 

As  to  deihitum  and  sujiti,  it  is  reconjmcndcd  to  corainonce 
hoiliug  them  when  there  is  no  moon  to  he  seen,  or,  in  othi^r 

"  "  VentiTKrsa."    He  meHns  "  round.'*        "  Ab  obloti*  onw,  probalily. 
*'  ^Tiilu  fermi.>alin^,  and  btibre  ratting'  off. 

**  Ftufi  viui,  lUe  Mj-uudurmii  vlui  uf  Duioiuaic^ros,  a  mould  w  pdUcuLe 
which  fgrau  ou  tbo  lurTaco,  and  aftorwards  MLs  aad  ia  tield  in  Eutpunitiuii. 


wordii,  at  tho  conjunctioTL  of  that  plnnet,  and  at  no  otlier  time. 
Leaden"  veBsela  eliould  bo  uscrl  for  this  piirpose,  and  not  coppoi" 
ones,  and  wtiloutd  are  generolty  tlirown  into  them,  tcom.  a 
nottOD  that  ibej  abBorb'^  the  snioko.  In  Campaniti  they  ex- 
pose the  reiy  liacBt  wines  m  casks  iu  the  open  air,  it  being  Uiu 
opinion  that  it  trindB  to  improre  tho  ■wine  if  it  ia  exposed  to  tliu 
action  of  the  sun  and  moon,  tho  rain  iind  the  winds, 

CHAP,  28.  (23.)^»BinfKENirE8a. 

If  anyone  -wUl  take  tho  trouble  duly  to  consider  the  matter, 
he  will  And  that  upon  no  one  aulijeet  is  the  industry  of  man 
kept  more  conBtuntJy  on  the  alert  than  upon  the  making  of  viae; 
OS  if  Nature  had  not  given  as  water  as  a  beverage,  the  one,  in 
fact,  of  which  all  &ther  animals  molse  use,  "We,  on  the  other 
hand,  orta  go  so  far  as  to  make  our  very  boasts  of  burden 
drink**  wine  :  ao  vast  are  our  efl'orts,  ao  vtuit  our  labours,  and 
80  bouadless  tho  coat  which  wo  thus  lavish  upon  a  liquid 
which  deprives  man  of  his  reusoa  and  diivcs  kioi  to  freazy 
and  to  the  comroisBion  of  a  thotiiBancI  crimes !  So  great,  bow> 
ever,  are  its  attractions,  that  a  great  part  of  mankind  au-e  of 
opinion  that  there  is  nothing  eli5e  in  life  worth  living  for. 
Nay,  what  is  even  more  thsm  this,  that  wc  may  ho  c^nabled  to 
Swallow  all  tho  more,  we  have  adopted  the  plan  of  diminishing 
its  strengtli  by  pressing  it  through'''  filters  of  cliJth,  and  havn 
devised  nmneroUB  inventiona  whereby  to  create  an  artificial 
thiTBt.  To  promote  drinking,  we  find  that  even  poisonouH 
roistures  Lave  baen  invented,  and  some  men  are  known  to 
take  a  dose  of  hemlock  before  tbty  begin  to  diink,  that  they 
may  huvo  the  I'ear  of  death  before  them  to  make  them  take 
their  wine  :*■'  others,   again,  take  powdered  pumice"  for  the 

**  VtustU  of  lead  are  never  used  f(ir  this  purpnae  at  the  present  day ;  u 
that  niptal  would  oiiifiie  too  r»pidly,  and  liquidB  would  huve  kibhI  diffl. 
culty  ill  coming  to  a  l)oil,     A  siuw  firo  muet  uaTebe<"ii  used  iiy  tlii;  :in(.'ieaU. 

'"  They  wBiu  tbouglit  to  fnvQ  a  bud  liar-aur  tu  ihi  eapa  or  ilefiutnm, 

■"  A  lueci!  jiuurilitj,  oe  Pew  rtmorks, 

*  lie  dots  not  Btati.'  the  raasun,  not  does  it  nppenr  tu  be  known,  Al 
tho  priiSbnt  day  warniL-d  wtne  is  sumulimes  trivoji  to  a  jaded  liarwi,  to  ]iiil 
liim  on  his  legs  again. 

*'  'niough  jiTactised  by  tboae  who  wished  to  drtak  lai^ly,  tUi*  was  oon- 
iidcred  to  diminiah  the  tfavnur  of  deiieato  winoB. 

'"'  Bee  B,  iiil.  c.  23,  and  H,  xirt.  c.  !)5 ;  also  c.  7  rf  the  pri'icnt  Book. 
\l'be  is  no  longer  coiuidt-rcd  au  &utidijitL'  to  cituta  ox  licniluuk. 

<>  San  B.  xuri.  c.  42. 


Oh>^.  28.] 


DRITBKKNH-Esa. 


► 


same  purpoee,  and  ToriouB  othi^r  mixtDics,  vbich  I  Bkould 
itiel  qtiiUi  itshamdtl  luiy  further  to  colorge  upon. 

We  see  the  more  prudent  amoiig  tbose  who  are  gjvcD  to  this 
bsbithave  theniBelvea parboiled  in  bot-batbs,  (turn  wKijicethey 
are  caJTicdawuy  bitU' ilcad.  Others  tlicre  are,  agaio,  who  can- 
not wait  till  tbey  have  got  to  the  lianqueting  couch,'"  no,  not 
BO  much  oa  till  tbey  htiTc  got  their  shirt  on,"^  but  all  naked 
and  panting  as  they  are,  tho  in&tAnt  they  leave  the  bath  they 
seize  hold  of  large  vcbscIb  filled  with  wine,  to  show  off,  aa  it 
were,  their  mighty  powers,  and  bo  gulp  down  tlio  whole  of  the 
Gonttints  only  to  vuuit  them  up  ogaiEi  the  very  n&xt  moment. 
Thia  they  will  repuat,  too,  a  eeooiid  und  even  a  third  time, 
juat  as  though  they  had  oaly  boon  begotten  for  the  purpoee  of 
wasting  wiue,  und  as  if'  that  Eicjuor  could  not  be  tlironii  away 
without  having  first  passed  through  the  human  body.  It  is 
to  encourage  habits  such  ns  these  that  we  have  introduced  the 
athletic  exerciaos"  of  other  conntries,  such  as  rolling  in  the 
mud,  for  inatojifie,  and  throwing  the  arms  back  to  ahow  off  a 
bmiivny  ntck  and  «heat.  Of  all  theee  exertiiBes,  thiistj  it  ia 
said,  ia  the  chief  and  primary  object. 

And  then,  too,  whut  veBsels  are  employed  for  holding  wine  ! 
carved  oU  over  with  the  representuttous  of  adulturous  Lutrigues, 
as  if,  in  fact,  druokenneaa  itself  was  not  Bufllcieutly  capublu  of 
t«tichiog  U9  lessons  of  luHtfulnesa.  Thus  we  see  wines  quaffed 
out  of  imptirities,  and  inehriety  invited  evL-n  hy  the  hope  of  a 
reward,— invited,  did  I  say? — may  the  gods  forgive  me  for 
saying  so,  purchaaed  outright.  Wo  find  one  person  induced 
to  drink  upon  the  condition  that  he  bIiqU  have  as  much  to  eat 
83  he  has  pre^ionsly  drunk,  while  another  has  to  quaff  as 
many  cups  as  he  has  thrown  poiulH  on  the  dice.  Then  it  ia 
that  the  roving,  insatiate  eyes  are  setting  u  pneo  upon  the 
matron's  chastity;  and  yet,  heavy  as  they  arc  with  wine,  they 
do  not  fail  to  betray  their  designs  to  h*r  husband.  Thea 
it  is  that  ail  the  secrcls  of  the  mind  are  revealed ;  one  man  ia 
rd  to  disclose  the  provisions  of  hia  will,  another  lets  falZ 
a  expression  of  fatal  import,  and  so  faiU  to  keep  to  himself 
words  which  will  be  sure  to  come  home  to  him  with  a  cut 

"'^  This  Bcemn  to  br.  t!io  meaning  at  "  Lcctom ;"  but  tbc  paxaa^  is  ott- 
SCurr.  ''  TunJuuiu, 

'^*  ITe  lalirixo,  prulmhl;,  some  kind  of  gymnastic  E'XcreiAos  that  had 
bwninUoduc»idtoprguiuUi'tbcsjt(.«dy  piissEigu^rclJtiniuvtluoughthft  bud?. 


thtSX  «  SATCOU.  UlSTUBI. 


[BooiXTT. 


ireDu    ■ 


throat.  And  ho-vrinanyamanhaamel;  hia  death  in  this  faahion! 
Indeed,  it  Ims  liecomo  quite  a  common  proverb,  ttidt  "  in  irine" 
tbwe  19  truth." 

Should  lie,  howercr.  fortunateljr  csuspe  all  tlicse  ditngfirR, 
Uiti  druakiird  ocvur  bebulda  thu  lisiag  uun,  by  wliicU  Lib  life 
of  diiukiug  is  mude  all  ilio  ehortvi'.  frona  win«,  too,  comet 
that  pallid  hue,**  those  dropping  fj-elids,  thosy  sore  eyes,  those 
tivmiilouB  hauds,  uaable  to  hold  with.  etfJiuliuL-ss  the  o 
liowiug  vessci,  condign  punish imyit  in  the  shape  of  s\mp 
tatcd  by  Furies  during  the  rfstlcas  night,  and,  the  aup 
reward  of  inebriety,  those  dri'iitus  of  moustroii&  lustfuliietia  and 
of  forbidden  delights.  Then  on  tlio  nest  day  thero  is  the  hreatJl 
reeking  of  the  wine-caak,  and  a  nearly  total  oblivionsnesa  of 
(.■verytliingt  trom  theanniliilutiou  of  the  powtra  of  the  nitimory. 
And  this,  too,  is  what  thoy  call  "  Boizing  the  momentu  of  life!"*' 
whereas,  in  reality,  while  other  men  lose  the  day  th»t  hus  gone 
before,  the  driBkcr  has  already  lost  the  oue  Uiat  is  to  come. 

Tiiey  fii'st  began,  in  tlia  reign  ol'  Tiberius  Claudius,  eome 
forty  years  ngD,  to  driuk  fiisting,  nud  to  tiiko  whets  of  wine 
htforc  meals  ;  an  oulkndifiK"  fashion,  however,  (snd  only  pa- 
tronized by  pTiysicJatiB  who  wiahed  to  recommend  themaclvea 
hy  the  introduction  of  some  novelty  or  other. 

It  is  in  the  esereiHG  of  their  drinking  powcre  that  the  Par- 
thians  look  for  their  fiharc  of  lame,  and  it  was  in  this  that 
AliOibiiuleB  among  the  GIreeka  earned  hia  grout  repute.  Among 
cursulvce,  loo,  .NovcUius  TorquatoE  of  Mediolouum,  a  mou 
who  hold  all  the  honours  of  the  slate  from  the  prulecture  to  tho 
pro-consulate,  could  drink  off  three  coagii'*  at  u  single  draught, 
u  fi'at  frr>in  which  he  ubtaiued  tha  tiuroame  of  "Trioon- 
gius:"  this  he  did  befoi'o  the  eyes  of  the  Emperor  Tiberiiu, 
and  to  hia  extreme  snrprifle  and  astonishment,  a  roan  who  ia 
his  old  age  was  very  morose,'"  and  indeed  very  cruel  in  gcn*- 
ral ;  though  in  his  younger  days  ho  himself  had  huen  too 
much  addicted  to  wine.  Ind'cod  it  was  owitig  to  ihut  reeom- 
mendutiou  that  it  waa  generally  thomfht  that  L.  Kso  wa* 

"  "  In  vino  Veritas." 

"^  F^L'  rcomrUt  Chut  this  is  one  ^roof  ttiul  the  wina  trf  (ho  oiivieati  KDi 

fBipntifllly  different  in  iu  tiaturo  from  aurs.  In  out  day  wiuo  gives  nay- 
thing  liul  a  "  piiliiil "  hue. 

«'   "  RajjCTH  titam,"  "»  See  B.  xliil.  e.  23. 

•"  Tiirac  giUoftn  and  thrao  piats ! !  Ttcre  must  fawo  boon  »nie  jngglcrj 
ia  tbb  perrurnaneo. 

■>"  I'rububl)'  towEUdd  thoso  guilty  of  cxccmcs  in  wiac. 


flflyctcd  Tiy  liim  to  have  tlie  chargft  and  custofly"  of  tlic  Citj*  of 
Itome;  he  having  krpt  up  r  driuking-bont  at  the  reeitlttnce  of 
TiWrins,  just  after  lie  had  bwuoine  emperor,  two  days  uiid  two 
ni^ht«  without  iuUrmiKsion.  In  nu  poioti  tou,  wus  it  gi>ur- 
rally  said  that  Drn^s  Ctenar  took  aiVr  bis  i&i\ivi  'I'il'trius 
mnn?  than  tliis."  Tornuatiis  had  the  rather  uncommon  glory— 
ior  this  »clenr«,  too,  18  rtgiJalfd  by  peoulisr  laws  of  its  own — 
Df  never  being  known  to  stammer  in  his  ipeecb,  or  to  rehore 
the  stomach  hy  vomiting  or  urine,  while  tngagi>d  in  drinking. 
He  wafi  always  on  duty  at  tbe  morning  giiiird,  was  able  to 
empty  the  Lirgr-at  reeBel  at  a  single  draught,  and  yet  to  lake 
more  ordinary  cups  in  addition  tiian  any  ons  else :  he  was  tJ- 
Wuys  tobe  irnpLiciily  depended  upon,  too,  fur  being  able  lo  drink 
ipithout  taking  breath  and  witbout  ev&r  spitting,  or  so  mutb 
■B  leaving  enough  at  the  bottom  of  tite  cup  to  make  a  ptash 
Djion  the  pavement ;"  thus  showing  himsvlf  aa  exact  ohserFcr 
pf  the  regulations  wliieb  have  been  made  to  prevent  all  uhirk- 
bg  on  the  part  of  drinkers, 

Tergilla  reproiiches  Cicero,  the  eon  of  Varcua  Cicero,  with 
wing  in  the  hahit  of  tj^ilting  off  a  couple  of  congii  at  a  singli; 
Branght,  and  with  having  thrown  a  cup,  when  in  a  slate  of 
drunkcnncM,  at  M.  Agrippa  i"  such,  ia  tbct,  bi'ing  the  ordinary 
result*  of  intoxiejition.  Jlut  it  in  not  to  be  wondi-red  at  thdt 
Cicero  was  deeirous  in  this  rtspect  to  edipae  tbi;  fame  olil, 
Anlooius,  tbii  aiurcl<^rET  of  his  father ;  a  uiaa  who  had,  bifum 
thy  time  of  the  younger  Cicero,  shown  himself  so  txtxvoiely 
anxious  to  maintain  tlie  superiority  in  this  kind  of  qrialilic*- 
tioDj  thitt  be  bad  even  goni.-  «o  far  a»  to  publis.)i  a  book  upon 
the  aubjert  of  hi«  own  drunkenness.'*  Daring  tn  this  work  ti 
speak  in  hia  own  defence,  he  has  proved  very  Hutdafactorily,  to 
lay  thinking,  h«w  many  wert^  the  tt-ils  he  had  iudictL-d  upon 
the  world  through  this  aame  vice  of  drunkenneBH.  It  was  hut 
a  short  timL<  before  the  buttle  of  Actiuu  that  he  vomitud  forth 

_     ^'  A«  Prrefictus  CrUis.  '■  I^ve  oT  drinking. 

b  "  The  muilfc  of  tilting  whrtlier  any  "hdijluiM"  wrri^  left  or  not.     It 

■roi    tbia  cuHtoTH,  pri)tKttily,  Ihut   gave  iiie   tu  the  furuurLtL-  gAOU   uf  tbu 

■   ^*  I>r.  Uiildleton,  iii  tii«  Life  of  CiocTO,  in  bis  unlimited  partiality  for  tbu 
^.imiljr.  ((Wilus  tlri)  a*  au  iiuUiu'v  of  uuurui.*!.-  hiiiI  tii^li  Gpint, 

^'  According  to  I'aloroitLu^,  he  v^iitmd  of  dtiviiij^  about  in  a  chariot, 
i-ri>vrnn'l  wilh  iry.  u  pildcn  goMut  iii  bin  liaii'l,  uud  drtssul  likt  UimcLui, 
by  wliivli  tilLn  be  cirOtn^d  btiuauU  tu  be  ailJi'uut^ 

\itL.   lU.  J- 


274 


PT,n»T'fl   KATCBAL  HlflTOET. 


[Book  XIV. 


thia  booli  of  liis,  from  which  we  hav^e  ao  grout  dUHculty  in 
comitnj  to  tlic  codcIumod,  tliat  dnuik  as  lie  aiready  wuis  with 
the  blood  of  hie  Celion'-citizena,  the  only  r«siilt  was  thitt  lie 
thirsUid  for  it  fill  the  more,  For,  in  fact,  such  is  tho  iufalUble 
eharacteriatir-  of  drunkenncBa,  tbi;  more  a  person,  is  in  tiiu 
habit  of  drinlcing,  the  more  rugiT  he  is  for  drink :  and  tlic 
rirnurk  of  the  Suytliian  ambttsRador  ifi  as  tnie  as  it  ia  well 
known — the  mote  the  Partbians  drank,  the  thiratier  they  ven 
for  it. 


CRAP.  29'. — uaooBS  wiin  the  stbkjioih;  os  wipk  sllse  kjiok 

T1"A.TEJ(  4S0  C«K^. 

The  people  of  the  Wt-stem  world  have  also  their  intozi- 
eating  drioka,  made  froiu  com  steeped  in  wuter.™  The*" 
beveragCH  avo  prepaitd  in  ditferent  ways  throughout  Oaiii 
and  the  prorincfcs  of  Spain;  uuder  different  names,  too, 
though  in  their  results  they  are  the  aame.  The  Sp(uii«h 
provinces  hare  even  taught  us  the  fact  that  theae  liquora  nre 
capable  of  btioi;  kept  till  they  have  attained  a  eaii»idQni,Mc 
age.  Egypt,''  too,  has  invented  for  its  ust"  a  vtTy  similar  btivc- 
I'Hgo  innde  from  corn;  indt'od,  in  no  part  of  the  world  is 
dmakunaeBS  uver  at  a  Ijss.  And  theu,  besides,  thi-y  take  these 
drinks  uuoiixc-'d,  iiud  do  not  dilute  tlu'iu  with  water,  Uie  wuy 
that  wine  is  modiiiBd ;  and  yi.'t,  by  HercuWe !  one  reully  uiiglit 
havp  supposod  thut  there  tin?  earth  produced  uothing  but  corn 
for  tho  people's  use.  Alas!  what  wondrous  ekill,  and  yit 
how  misplawd  !  mcana  hnve  absolutely  been  dJicovcred  tor 
getting,'  dmnk  upon  water  even. 

There  tire  two  liquids  that  are  pcculiaily  grateful  to  tlia 
human  body,  wiuo  wilhin  and  oil  without;  both  of  tliera 
the  pii>dui:e  of  tr^t>,  and  most  t;xcelleut  In  tht'lr  respectitv 
kinda.  Oi),  indeed,  we  may  pronounce  an  absolute  Dvcessar;, 
nor  has  maJikLud  been  slow  to  employ  jill  the  arts  of  iuventiuQ 
in  (he  niftjig  fact  lire  of  it-  How  much  moi-e  ingenious,  how- 
ever, niitn  has  showu  himself  in  devising  vaiious  kind»  of 
drink  wUl  be  evident  from  the   foot,   that  there  ore   uo  leas 

"  ITd  ullmlci  to  I>eer,  or  rat.hir  awect  wort,  for  Imp*  were  not  vaod  tiU 
the  luttiT  put,  priibitbly,  of  ihv  oiiildle  Hgea.  Lupines  were  gome  times  lued 
for  jlHVouTiigg'  bwr, 

^  DiuduTUB  Stcu^ia  says  tbiit  tlie  Egyiitiuu  beer  wtu  nuarly  o^iul  U 
iin&e  in  Btnat^h  and  flavour. 


BDUM&DI. 


tlian  one  hundred  and  mnety-five  different  kinds  of  it;  in- 
di^d,  if  sll  the  vari«ti>ca  are  reckoned,  Ihty  will  aiDuimt  to 
neuriy  double-  tliiit  Dumbtr.  Tlie  varioua  kindn  of  oil  are 
inu€b  I<!H8  nuniprouB — w«  aball  proceed  to  give  on  account  uf 
tlium  in  the  tullowiug  Uook, 

StnniAKT.^Ilciniu'kablu  liutB,  narrativeH,  und  ubBctTatioDH, 
five  huudrud  and  Urn. 

BoMABf  ACTHoas  QC«TK&. — ComoliuB  ValtrianiiB,'*  Virgil," 
Celsu*,*  Cutw  the  Ctusor,*'  Sascrna,"  (wUkt  uu<i  sou,  Scrol'u,'* 
M.  Viirro,"  1>.  Siltinua."  Prtijius  Piolwr,"'  Tr.jgu*,"  HjginuH,"" 
FUecua  VcrriuB,*"*  Oncciuua,""  Julius  Attiuus,*'  Coluiin)ll«,*' 
Mossurius  Siibimis,"*  reuL-ftttLlft,"  Tergillu,"  Mucc-ius  riauiuSf" 
FkviuB,*'  DossonoUB,**    Sca^rola,"    ^lius,'    Attiua   Cuiiilo,' 

'*  8oe  end  uf  B.  lii,  '*  See  enJ  of  B.  m 

w  8w  end  tf  B.  Tii.  »'  Sm  aiU  of  B.  iii. 

w  Sl-o  *nd  of  B.  L  "  tsiT  cad  of  B.  si. 

•*  See  «nd  o!  B,  iL 

^  I>Gciciiii  Junius  Silitnm.  TTf  wtis  commiwianci]  by  the  lonBte,  about 
II.C.  116,  to  iruutlul'.'  iiiUi  Litliu  Uic  twi^uly-cLgbt  hwlu  ot  HtgQ,  tl)« 
Carthagmiiui,  on  Aj^ricultiire.     Sm  U.  zriii,  u.  a, 

**  St-o  end  of  B.  X.  '•'•  &»»■  end  «f  K.  «ji. 

"W  Bee  en<j  ofU.  iii.  »•  Buu  iiid  of  B.  iU. 

^  JutiuE  OriGGiauji.  He  wu  c-no  of  llii:  nwni  di^tiiiKuitliud  oratore  of 
his  time.  UaTiDg  rvfuied  to  uci'ttsc  M.  .fiLliiw  Siluiiuu.  h<!  u-u^  put  tuduulb 
A.D.  39,     He  wrule  n  work,  in  iwn  buuk»,  on  Ihf  ciiiturv  of  the  vine. 

•"  lie  wan  41  txfiilempoj'iify  of  I'rlniig  luid  Coluwuilii,  the  InLttr  ii(  whom 
■lates  Ihut  be  wrotv  a  wuik  on  a.  peouliitr  iii^tlux]  iif  (;iiluvHLm(r  ibit  «in«. 
Sot  ulip  if.  xfii.  V.  18.  ^'  Sue  ci.iii  of  B.  viii. 

**  See  end  of  K  vii,  *•  Sew  uiid  of  B.  »iiL 

*'  Nothing  it  known  of  him.  He  miijr  pouihly  ha\n  written  on  Bne- 
bAiidrjr.  »tid  ■■L-eriii  ix>  iiorti  »ptvlniii  iu  diipjiUMi  ut  Itiu  sun  of  Ciceto.  See 
e   yfl  of  the  prwent  Book. 

^  Tbu  riLiiious  Rutnsii  Caodo ^l,  Wm  k.C-  184.  Twunty  of  hboome- 
dit'B  &ro  still  in  ciiet«ii4;u. 

^  For  AlAuB  f  lavitift,  Bee  end  of  B,  is. ;  fur  CoGins  I^IavIue,  bgq  end  itt 

D,  Ml. 

"«  Or  Dorsimn  Fnliiiis,  uii  nnciuDt  ('innii:  droraalut,  feiimred  Wyilornre 
for  ibtf  bml'-ynL'ry  uf  Im  cburacUTS,  nud  liiu  ouMfSSiiow.  of  liis  pioductioui. 
In  the  iSvb  Chbiptrr  ut  r.bia  Ihmk,  J'liny  quiit™  u  liii«  Itum  tiia  ^Manjlit. 

*  Ct  Muiiu*  ^tiiDViiU.  ccniul  n.c.'lia,  mid  itesaaaiuflUd  hf  C.  Fkvim 
PtiubriA,  baviu^  bwn  pruMrihi;d  lij  \\iv  Mariuu  IlitLiun.  Jio  wmlc  sevttul 
Worka  un  tliv  Rumnii  law,  nrid  riveru  w-jb  iu  Iht.'  iiLimbfr  uf  bit  diaui|jlrii. 

*  Sextii*  .£Iiu*  rurtii*  Ctiluit,  n  cnlcbiiitnd  j uriBi^uuiult,  and  vuiuul  u.c^ 
I9tt.     He  wrul*  u  wurk  uii  tliL  T^^uLvv  Xublia. 

^  See  end  of  B.  iii. 

t2 


276 


PLIST  a   ITATCttAT.    HI8T«nT. 


IHnok  XIV, 


Cotta  Meemliniifi,  L.  Ftso,*  rompeius  Leniciu,*  Fubiaaiu,' 
Heztiiu  Ni^,'  Yibiiu  Buhu." 

POHEIOH    ATTTHOM    QPOTHD. HoBlod,*    TheophrSBtTlB,"  Al»- 

totle,"  Dpmi>critii8,'-KiDg  Hi«T3,"  King  Attalim  Philometor," 
Archytaa,'*  Xenojihon,'"  Amphilochus"  of  Athens,  Anaxipolis" 
of  ThiiBOH,  Apollodonis'*  of  Lemnos,  Aristophanes'*  of  Uilctm, 
Antigonufi"  of  CvmtB,  Aguthoclcs"  of  Chios.  ApoUoniw^  of 
PergainuB,  Ariatflndr-r'*  of  Athens,  BotryB"  of  Athens,  Bacchias* 
of  Miletus,  Bion"  nf  Soli,  Chaerpa*  of  Athene,  Chwristu^of 
Atlienn,  Dioiiorus'*  of  Pricne,  D'lnn'^  of  Colophon,  Epi^'iia^ 
of  Ithodes,  Euttgon"  of  Thaaoa,  Euphronius"  of  AthenR,  An- 
drotion'"  who  wrote  on  agriculture,  iKschnon"  who  wrote  on 
ufiricidtnrp,  LyBimufhu*"'  who  wrote  on  aBrii'ulture,  Dio- 
nynius"  who  transliiteil  Mago,  Diophan€'B"  who  rriHrln  sJi 
Epitome  of  the  work  of  DionyaiuK,  Asclepiadea*"  the  PhyakidB. 
Oncfticritus,"  King  Juba.*' 

'  Hon  of  Orrinus  MwaaU.     Ite  appfan  M  have  bfiCQ  Q  rnui  of  bad  re- 
puM  :  fif  hi*  writings  notlitng-  ieems  tri  be  known. 
'  Se«  «n(l  uf  B.  li. 

*  A  ftrnpilmnn  of  Pampcy.  hy  wlime  cntTunimd  he  tniiiaUW  into  Lslin 
i'tif  work  of  MithriilaiM  on  PciisDn*.  Aft^r  Pompejr's  doatli,  hfl  nuunUiiiiMl 
liims'-ir  by  kiyiping  «  Rchpnl  nt  Knmc. 

*  Vax  l-'ahi»nu»  Pupiriu*,  noe  end  of  B.  ii.  Fftbmriiw  Snbincia  it»a|i- 
powd  lir  hnT»  bei>n  th^  Mime  pcTwin. 

'  Si-o  nnJ  uf  li.  lit. 

*  He  i*  raantioncd  hy  tbe  elitt  Seneoo,  but  Dotbin;  wbat«v«r  1b  knemi 
nfbim. 

*  Si-B  em)  n{  R.  rU.  '"  Sep  enil  of  B.  iii. 
"   .See  vv'l  of  H,  ii.  "  Re«  nnil  nf  H.  ii. 
"  8«t  cRiJ  of  B.  viil.  '*  See  enii  of  B.  viii. 
'ft  &w  end  of  B.  »iii.  ^»  Swi  end  of  B.  iv. 
"  Spb  «nil  of  B,  viii.  '»  See  end  ftf  B.  viii. 
'•  8i*  eiinl  «f  B.  riii  "  See  end  of  B.  Tiii. 
"  Sw  end  of  B.  idii,  *  Bw  end  of  B.  riii. 
"  See  iTi4  of  B.  »iii.  **  See  end  of  B.  nil. 
"  See  uud  of  If.  xiiL  *"  9oe  end  of  B.  Hii. 
n  fi<-p  riid  of  B.  vi.  ™  Sec  Mid  of  B.  *in. 

**  SnppDeed  to  hiive  been  kwrttCT  on  AsTJ-ciillnra,  buL  nrilhing  fwrlW  il 

knfiivn  of  him.  *"  Sm  end  «f  B,  riii. 

M  Svs  end  uf  B.  *iii.  "  8co  L'ud  of  B.  iL ' 

•*  8«B  end  of  B.  t.  **  Sob  ond  of  U.  tlii. 

••  S<ie  mil  of  B.  Tiii,  »  K.«  Mid  of  B.  *iii. 

"  See  end  of  H.  riii.  *"  Sin^  enil  of  SI.  lii. 

*•  Sm  end  of  B.  viii.  *"  S™  cind  of  B  vii. 

*>  3<^«  end  uf  B.  ii  <■  See  end  of  B.  t. 


TDE  NATCttAL  HISTOKV  OP  THE  PRCIT-TRKES. 

CHir.  1.  (1.) — THB  OLITK. — HOWLOKQITSXItiTRDOKLTlXQRBKCK. 
AT  WHAT  PBEIOB  IT  Vh»  TIIWT  IHTKOllDOEB  ISTO  ITALY,  aM15, 
Aim  AFKlCA. 

TnitoriiBASTus,'  one  of  Uic  most  famous  among  the  Greek 
■writera,  who  floimBhud  about  the  year  -1-10  of  thu  City  of 
BooM!,  tag  asserted  that  the  olive''  dm»  not  ^row  at  a  iUbuuicu 
of  mure  lUnn  forty*  mites  from  the  swii.  Fen(.>«t(.-Uti  tt>Uii  us 
4hat  in  thu  year  of  Rome  173,  being  the  reigu  of  T«rquiiuu» 
■Priscua,  it  did  not  exist  in  Italv,  Kjmifi,  o^r  Afrit^a;'  '»-hei\--n» 
at  the  present  day  it  has  cpoaaed  the  Alps  crcn,  and  has  b«m 
introdut-f  d  iQto  Uie  two  prorinws  of  Gniil  and  the  middle  of 
^puin.  1ji  Uit  yeur  of  Rome  505,  A|i{itiiH  Clatirlinx,  ^randion 
«!'  Appios  Claudius  Clccus,  uod  L.  JuuiuH  bcicg  cuiikuIhj  twelve 
.pniinds  of  oil  swlii  for  an  qb  ;  and  at  a  later  period,  in  thw  year 
6A0,  M.  Kfiue,  sou  of  Lucius,  tbo  curulc  aedilc,  n-giilfttfrd  the 
'  price  of  olivo  oil  at  Komu,  at  the  ntte  of  ten  pounds  for  tlie  as, 
'for  the  wbolti  year.  A  persoa  wiEl  be  the  has  etirpnij(.'d  at 
this,  when  he  k'urns  that  twenty-two  years  after,  in  the  third 
considHhip  of  Cn.  PompL'ius,  Italy  was  ublu  Co  export  cli^e  oil 
to  the  provinr.c«. 

Hesriod,'  who  looked  upon  an  acquaintance  with  agriculture 

'  Hi»t.  Plant,  iv.  c. 

'•  Tbc  Otea  Kiimpiwi  of  I,inii»n«.     Sue  B,  xa,  c.  31. 

>  Tliii  liu>  niA  bi'cn  vUvrivd  tu  bv  lla«  fuel.  It  bu  been  knovn  to 
grail  in  aiKiient  MciopoUmia,  mo-rs  than  ona  buadred  leo^M  Iro-ro  tlir  c^a. 

■•  It  in  «iippo«rd  that  it  »  iiwlieflnon*  to  Asiii,  whmco  it  wta  introducttl 
into  Africa  and  the  South  of  hnnifv.  Tlmre  i*  Utile  doubt  that  long 
befor«  the  jx-rioil  tnpntiriiiiod  by  I'linj.  it  wn»  grown  in  Atticti  by  the  Cm- 
thaginiani,  and  in  Ibi-  South  uf  Guul,  at  die  culuiijr  of  UuiUia. 

*  Tbia  work  {if  IlcsioJ  it  no  ton^or  in  cii^tenco ;  but  ttiA  uurtion  in 
eiaggetatcd,  ercn  if  h«  alludes  to  t)tc  growth  of  the  Itm  frrmi  need.  Few 
remarki  that  a  mui  wtio  hut  lown  the  olire  at  twsiity,  ma^  gutltur  excoi- 
lent  fruit  bcfora  hn  artirna  nt  uld  a^.  It  is  more  gna^rally  pn>iiiif;MM 
by«Upt  01  Mti.  If  the  triinii  is  dortroyed  by  anNidout,  tbu  ruoU  nlU  ibrov 
out  muih  luckflra. 


2-8 


PLrax'a  SixnaiL  histoet. 


[Book  XT. 


lift  candiicive  in  the  very  highest  degree  to  the  comforta  of  life, 
has  declared  that  tlic-ro  was  no  one  who  had  ever  gathered  fruit 
irom  the  olive-tree  that  had  heeii  eowu  by  his  qwq  haads,  eo 
plow  was  it  iu  n^aching  maturity  iu  those  times ;  whereas,  uow 
at  the  precent  dny,  it  is  Buwn  in  niirBtriea  even,  and  il"  triiQS- 
planted  will  hear  fruit  the  feUowing  year, 

CEAP.  2. TUB  WATtTRH  OP  TUB  OLIVE,  AWD  OF  ITEW  OlITB  OJU 

TahiaauB  maiDtaiiiB  that  the  olive  will  grow*  neither  iu 
very  ookl  cUtEtttua,  nor  yet  in  very  hi>t  ones.  Vii^il'  hiui 
mfntioned  three  varieties  of  the  olive,  the  orchiten,'  tlm 
radius,"  and  the  posia ;  *  and  says  that  they  require  no  rakinjc 
ftr  pruning,  nor,  in  fact,  any  attentioa  wlmtever.  There  is  nn 
(louht  that  in  tho  ease  of  these  plants,  soil  and  climnte  are  the 
thinga  of  primary  importttiicGi;  but  still,  it  is  iinual  to  prune 
them  at  the  Bfwnf}  time  as  tho  vine,  and  they  are  improved  by 
lopping  between  them  every  here  and  there.  The  gutheringoC 
the  olive  follows  that  of  thp  grape,  and  there  ia  even  a  greatur 
degree  of  akill  rerjuired  in  preparing '"  oil  than  in  making 
wine;  for  the  very  same  oUvefi  wtU  frequently  give  quit* 
different  results.  The  first  oil  of  all,  produced  from  the  raw  " 
olive  before  it  has  begun  to  ripen,  is  considered  preferable 
to  all  the  others  in  flavour ;  in  this  Itind,  too,  the  first  ^'  drop- 
pings of  the  press  are  the  most  esteemed,  diminishing  gradually 
in  goodness  and  value;  and  this,  whether  the  wicker-work'' 
basket  is  used  in  malting  it,  or  whether,  following  the  mare 

^  This  is  the  ca^.  W«  may  rEmnrk  tlint  the  tree  will  grow  in  Hii 
crinntry.  but  the  fruit  never  camea  to  tnuturitf. 

*  '"jpnrg.  ii.  85,  also  ii.  420, 

'  Frobublf  tli«  Oloa  mnxiniD  frnvtu  of  Toiimerort.  It  liu  its  ll*iu 
fram  tht  litnek  op^ic,  tho  "  teBtia,"  a  narae  by  vliioh  it  Iji  still  knoiro  in 
Bom«  parts  of  I'rovcnei!. 

*  Or  "sliuttle"    olive     PtolmUjlj'  Ilie  inodcrD  ptckolinH,  i>r  long  oliro. 

*  Pr-.ibnbly  Ute  Olea  meiliu  n.itmida  pr^raioi  of  Toumerort.  It  li 
■llfhtlT  bitter. 

""  Tbit  iiB  ta  macli  l.he  caso,  that  thnugli  the  olives  of  Spain  atui  I^}^ 
tuziil  ate  amonp  tliB  finest,  their  oils  are  uf  the  very  worst  qunltty. 

"^  It  does  not  appiiir  thnt  lb.Q  inotLnd  of  prepiiriiig  oil  by  thanMio' 
liailiiig  wator  wiu  koown  tn  the  iLncient*,  Unripe  nlivei  pfouooe  aa  t% 
celleat  oil,  but  ia  vurjr  aniall  qusutidea.  Heac«  ihe;  are  nrely  lued  la' 
tha  pnrpost. 

■^  CbIM  "virgin/  0F*'DatiVD"  oilinFnuic]A,andVGTyhighljeitocnked. 

"  Sporttt. 


(recent  plan,  the  pulp  is  put  in  s  rticlc  strainer,  -^-ith  dbitow 
lipik(?n  (iml  iiiUTnticvii,"  The  rip(T  tlic  terry,  the  mnrv  unctu- 
ous the  juice,  nnd  ihe  \f»»  agrepablt'  the  tiutti'."*  Tn  obtain  a 
Tcmilt  both  abundant  and  of  excellent  flavour,  the  beat  time  ta 
gnther  it  ie  when  the  berry  is  just  on  llio  point  of  lureing 

t  black.  Id  this  alate  it  is  called  "  druppu"  by  ua,  by  the 
Orwks,  "  drypL-lis." 

In  addition  to  these  di^tinotions,  it  is  of  importanco  to 
obserre  whether  the  berry  ripeiiB  in  the  press  or  while  on  thg 
brunch ;  whether  the  tree  has  bn-n  watrrtti,  or  whetlii-r  the 
fruit  liati  been  nurtured  Hwiely  by  its  own  jiiictsi,  miiI  has 
imbibed  nothing  else  but  the  dewa  of  heaven. 


CHAT.  3.  (2.) OUTB  OIL  :    THE  COrSTBIES  IS  WllICO  IT  la 

rUOUDCKD,  A»D  ITS  VAULlOUS  UUAUIII^. 


It  is  not  with  olire  oil  aa  it  ia  with  winr,  for  hy  age  it  ac- 
Diiires  a  had  flavoar,'*  and  ut  the  I'uduf  u  year  it  is  already 
dI<1.  l*hi!(,  if  rif;hUy  understixid,  ia  a  wiao  provituon  on  liia 
partof  Jtiiturc:  wine,  which  is  only  produced  for  the  drunkard, 
■he  has  seen  no  neceBatty  tor  ue  tu  ueu  when  new :  iitdet'd, 
by  thu  lino  Hiivour  which  it  acquires  with  agi-,  elie  rather 
invites  uHtokvcpit;  but.  on  the  other  hand,  she  has  not  wiUtd 
that  wo  FthouLd  be  thus  sparing  of  oil,  uml  mu  bus  rendered  its 
uee  comiDou  and  universul  by  the  very  nect»sity  there  ia  of  uung 
it  whilo  fn-sli. 

In  the  production  of  this  blessing  m  welt,"  Italy  holdi  the 
highest  nuik  umong  nil  conn  tries,'*  and  more  particularly  Lho 
t*Tritory  of  Vcnafnim,'*  that  part  of  it  iu  ospeLiul  which 
produces  the  Liciniun  oil ;  thu  i|uijiilic<a  of  whidi  huvu  eeulcniKl 
upon  iha  Liciniufl  oUvo  tb?  very  high««t  rtnowa.     It  ia  our 

"  "  £xihl>'it  TP^ilis."  A  kinJ  cf  wowiua  itr«lner,  apparontly  tadiit^d 
tontnneda  the  wicker,  or1iuekL-i  smititi. 

'*  It  b  iDnrc  insipid  the  ripi.r  iht  fruit,  anil  the  leas  Ddorous. 

'•  By  abwiriiimt  lU«  oifKtii  of  tte  nir.  It  maj  he  pri-st-rrtil  two  Ot 
three  yPHFK  I'Vrn,  in  veutis  biiriaaticiilly  dum],  Tlie  oil  of  Frsuic*  IcL-rpi 
bi-ttcr  thuii  nny  ol1i«r. 

"  Aa  well  u  tke  grapf. 

>*  Id  crniMqaf-nce  u(  tha  faaitj  mode  of  mannfactiire,  tho  oil  if  Italy  is 
BOW  inferior  to  tliht  of  Kronve.     The  oil  of  Aii  i»  partiiiulatly  lalieniwl 

'•  In  Coinpiuiiii.  Sn>  B.  xrii.  a.  3.  Itotaw  lunl  Mnrtinl  .p.uk  in 
praiw  of  lb»  VcnulViia  olirn.  ITaiJattia  »uggc«t«  that  Liciniua  Cnmua 
may  hare  iatroJuuiil  the  Liduiaa  ulivv. 


260 


PUSt  S   SATnBAl   niSTOBT. 


[^ 


IV. 


tjDgucDts  whidi  littvc  brought  this  oil  into  euch  great  eeteeni, 
th«  peculiar  odour  of  it  adaptiog  itself  so  well  to  tl]«<  full 
dtfVBlopomeutof  thtirquolilivsj  at  the  same  tiniv  it*  Jclicjit*?  tlii- 
TOiir  equally  etilist^  the  palate  in  its  behiilf.  In  addition  to 
this,  hirds  will  never  touch  tho  berry  of  tho  Licininn  olive. 

IText  to  Italy,  the  oonl<*Bt  is  mGintuint'd,  and  on  verj'  equiil 
terms,  betwren  the  terriloriRS  of  IhQ'iii  and  of  BtBtLca.  'fbfl 
n<?xl  mnk  for  excclicnua  is  claimed  by  the  other  provintjee  uf 
our  Empirii,  with  lh«  (;xcfti>tioa  of  Airica,*"  the  soil  of  wbicb 
i»  bettttr  ada[)ti:'d  for  groin.  That  country  Nature  boa  given 
cxdiisively  U)  the  ccri'uls;  of  gU  and  wine  die  hue  all  but 
deprived  it,  Beciiring  it  a  §Liffiuient  ehare  of  renown  by  iu 
Kbuntlant  harvests.  A»  to  the  remaiDiiig  particalars  connected 
with  the  olive,  they  are  rfjlkte  with  erroneous  notions,  and  I 
shuU  have  occasion  to  show  that  there  is  no  part  of  our  ogri- 
niltnral  economy  upon  which  people  hsTe  been  mam  gene- 
rally mistaken. 

(3.)  The  olive  ie  oonapoEwd  of  a  ntone,  oil,  flcah,  aad 
■murca  :*'  the  last  being  a  bitter  liquid,  principally  composed 
of  water ;  honce  it  is  that  in  sunsoos  of  drought  it  is  less  pltm- 
tifiil,  and  more  abtimiant  when  rains'*  havo  prevailed.  The 
oil  is  a  juice  peculiar  to  the  olive,  a  feet  more  partioularly 
ctat^  in  referenoe  to  its  unripe  state,  as  we  have  already 
mentioned  when  speaking  of  omphaciiim."  Tliis  oil  cootinuKi 
on  the  increase  np  to  the  rising  of  Arctunia,'*  er  in  other 
words,  tho  Bixteenth  day  before  the  calends  ofOetober;'^  ftfttr 
which  the  increase  is  in  the  fttone  and  the  flesh.  When  drought 
has  b^n  ibUowcd  by  abimdatit  ruine,  tiii  oil  is  spoilt,  and 
lurnB  to  amurca.  It  is  the  colour  of  this  omurca  that  miikcB 
Ihw  olive  turn  black ;  hence,  when  the  berry  is  just  beginning 
to  turn  that  colour,  there  is  but  little  utnurca  in  it,  and  before 
that  period  none  at  all.  It  is  an  error  then,  on  the  part  of 
personSj  to  suppose  that  that  is  the  commencement  of  maturity, 

*"  The  heat  of  Africa  ie  unravonrnlile  to  tho  olii-o. 

"'  The  feecw,  marc,  nr  lee*.  This  is  a  cnido  juic*  cftnl^ned  in  the 
C*llular  tiasiie  of  lh«  IVuit,  known  us  t'iriiiinn  or  Mortipfjfflk. 

^  Tliis  h  owing,  PSe  sayi,  to  a  w^rt  of  fi-iTnicnlatiiia,  whioU  attin  tfie 
tiuuG  of  the  ctlU  voDtoiiiiag  the  oil,  dispkcus  iho  conslilii>ciil  nlotneiiU, 
and  forms  nLhiTS,  aiicti  as  mucuB,  tagar,  acctio  acitl,  ammoniuc,  tus.  'WlicQ 
tipe-,  the  olive  coniaiiis  four  oils  ;  tbat  of  the  akin,  the  dcBh,  the  Ctonc. 
Olid  tha  kernel. 

J»  In  Tl.  IU.  r.  6(1.  »  See  B.  i»iii.  C.  74. 

**  Ifllli  wf  Si'puniber. 


1 


Chftp.  i.] 


FIfTKEN    VAIUETIKB  Or   OLITRa. 


which  is  in  reality  only  the  near  approach  of  corniptiou.  A 
HRCond  error,  too,  is  th«  sitppuMtion  ihut  tiie  oil  incrouwa  pro- 
portionable to  the  llesh  nf  the  bi-rry,  it  hi^ms:  the  fact  thul.  Iho 
oil  La  all  tBc  time  UDdtTgoinguchnngcinto  firah,  andthf;  stooo 
iH  growing  iBTgw  ftud  larger  witliiu.  It  ib  for  this  reason 
more  purticuUrly,  that  care  ta  tukcn  to  wutcjr  the  tree  at  this 
penod ;  the  real  n^sult  vf  ilU  tliis  ciiro  imd  attoiition,  us  well  ua 
of  the  iiiU  of  copious  rains,  beiag,  that  the  oil  in  rcidity  is 
absorbi.''d  as  thu  bvrry  incrt'iiseB  Id.  size,  unless  fine  dry  weather 
should  happen  ta  eat  hi,  whinh  natundly  t>>itdH  to  Coatroct  the 
volmni-  of  thi-  fruiL  According  to  Thnoplirastus,"  heat  is  the 
',  primary  cjtuse  oCtho  oleaginous  principle ;  for  which  n^asoo 
lis,  that  ill  tho  presBeB,"  and  in  the  cellars  ctcd,  gnat  fires 
'  are  lighted  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  oil. 

A  third  trror  urisea  from  mispluued  ecuuomy;  to  spare  tfaa 
expeoec  of  gathering,  people  ure  in  die  habit  of  waiting  till  the 
berry  falls  Irom  tlie  tree.  Others,  a^uiu,  whu  wlsli  to  follow  a 
middle  course  io  this  respect,  bent  the  fruit  ofl'  with  poles,  »[id 
HO  inllict  injury  on  Um  In-e  and  ensure  loss  in  the  succeeding 
year;  indecdj  there  was  a  very  ancient  reguhLtiuii  in  cxistttQce 
relatiTe  to  the  gathering  of  the  olive — "Neither  puU  nor 
beat  the  olive-tree.^"'  Those  who  would  ohserve  a  still  greater 
degree  of  precaution,  aCrike  the  brnnchca  lightly  with  n  reed  on 
one  aids  of  them ;  but  even  then  the  tree  is  rerluDed  to  benring 
fruit  but  once  in  two  years,'*  in  consequence  of  the  injury  done 
to  the  budfl.  Not  less  iujurious,  however,  aru  the  msults  of 
waiting  till  llie  beniea  tall  Irom  the  tree  ;  for,  by  remaining  ou 
it  beyond  the  proper  time,  they  deprive  the  crop  that  ta  coining 
on  of  its  duo  share  of  nutriment,  by  occupying  its  plaee:  a 
clear  proof  of  which  ift,  that  if  they  are  not  gathered  before  the 
■west  vriodfl  prcviul.  they  are  found  to  have  acquired  renewed 
strvogth,  and  are  all  the  lal«i  before  they  Soil. 

CHAP.  4. nPtEEN  VARIBTIHa  OF  or.IVBB. 

The  flnt  olive  that  is  gathered  after  the  autumn  is  that 

»•  DBCuuiiis.  B.  i.  C.2M. 

*  This  tatinct  ponsilily  incttase  tlia  oil,  liut  it  wimlil  rciiJtr  iL  \oan 
fluid,  ami  iheroby  fscilitftty  iu  isenpo  ffura  tlio  ai'lls  of  tlie  berry. 

»  Hut  Ca-to,  &i  Rust.  o.  HI,  uUd*  tUa  TUry  siraificuat  worJ»,  "  Injiuiu 
Oamiai  aiLt  cuaUxjia."     "  Withuut  the  Icava  of  tho  owner  or  thu  kci'por," 

»  It  ii  fouud  that  thA  oWiL,  nftur  an  nliundutit  wiajwn,  will  nftl  bear  ia 
the  followiag  ;«sr;  prubably  tbe  result  of  «jitisii*tioii. 


t 


PLIHT'b  ITATDBAI,  HIBTOKT.  (Book,  XV. 

known  as  the  "  posia,""  the  berry  of  which,  owing  to  a  vicious 
method  of  cnltivntion,  and  not  any  fault  on  the  pnrt  of  Nn- 
Xrare,  has  the  raoBt  flesh  upon  it,  Ntxt  to  this  is  the  orchitM, 
which  contains  the  grcuteat  quantity  of  oil,  and  then,  aft«r 
that,  the  rodiuB.  As  thcBe  arc  of  a  peculiarly  clilicate  natarei 
the  heat  very  rapidly  takes  nffeut  upon  them,  and  the  amiirca 
they  contain  caiiBcs  thorn  to  full.  On  tho  other  hoaJ,  tlio 
gathering  of  the  tough,  hnml-Bkinncd  olive  is  put  off  »o  late  &s 
the  mouth  of  March,  it  being  yve\l  able  to  reeist  the  eOccts  of 
inointure,  ami,  conBequcntly,  very  Binnll,  Those  vnrietit's  known 
as  the  Licinian,  th<?  CominLan,  the  Contian,  and  the  Ser^an, 
by  the  Bahinca  ciklled  the  "royal"*'  olive,  do  not  turn  blnek 
brforc  the  woBt  wind!?  prevftil,  or,  in  other  words,  before  the 
Risth  day  before"  the  ides  of  Febmary.  At  this  period  it  is 
generally  thought  thut  they  begin  to  ripen,  and  us  a  moat  €X- 
c<!Uent  oil  ia  extrftctod  from  them,  experience  would  seein  to 
give  its  support  to  a  theory  which,  in  reality,  is  altogeClier 
WTong.  Tlie  growers  say  that  iu  the  same  degree  that  Cotd 
dttainishes  the  oil,  the  ripeness  of  the  berry  augment*  it; 
whi?rea9,  in  reality,  the  go&dneas  of  the  oil  is  owing,  not  to 
the  period  at  whioh  the  olives  fire  gathered,  but  to  the  natural 
propei-lies  of  this  pcciiliiitTariety,  inwbichthe  oil  is  remark' 
ably  slow  in  turning  to  amurca. 

A  similar  error,  too,  is  committed  by  those  who  Itcep  the 
olives,  when  gathered,  upon  a  layer  of  boards,  and  do  not 
prcsB  the  fruit  till  it  has  thrown  out  a  sweat ;  it  being  the 
fact  tbat  eveiy  hour  lost  tend*  todirainieh  the  oil  andiocreasti 
the  amurea:  the  consequence  is,  that,  aecording  to  the  ordi- 
nnrc  eomputfltion,  a  moiliua  of  oliTes  yields  no  more  than  sii 
pounds  of  oil.  No  one,  however,  ever  taltcs  account  of  the 
quantity  of  amurca  to  eaoertain,  in  reference  to  the  same 
kind  of  berry,  to  whut  extont  it  increasos  doily  in  amount 
Then,  again,  it  ia  a  very  general  error**  among  pmctioal  per- 
sons to  suppose  that  tho  oil  increaseB  proporlionably  to  tlio 
increased  size  of  the  berry  ;  and  more  particularly  ao  when  it 
is  Bo  clearly  proved  that  such  Is  not  the  case,  with  reference  to 

">  Mfirc  corammil^  spelt  "pniifia." 
•'   "Rc^iB,"     itm  impossihle  to  idciilifjr  Ihtse  Tiirietie*. 
'»  Stll  of  February. 

IS  This  a!8eition  of  PtinT  Ja  not  generally  true.    The  Iftrga  olttM  at 
S)uiin  field  oil  very  itleutituil)-. 


Chap.  4.]  FIFTCE;I   VAUETtES  07   OLTTES.  2S3 

the  variety  Itiioivn  as  the  royal  olive,  by  some  called  mojoriim, 
and  by  othere  phjiulia;**  this  berry  bviag  of  the  very  litrgvBt 
size,  and  yet  yielding  u  minimum  of  juice.  In  Kgypt-,"*  Wo, 
tho  bcrriL's,  which  arf  romarkahly  meitty,  are  found  to  produce 
hut  very- littlu  oil;  while  thosQ  of  Diecapolis,  in  Syria,  ore  so 
BxtrBRiely  Hmall,  that  they  are  no  biggtr  than  a  taper;  and 
yut  th«y  urehiglily  esteemed  for  thuir  ficHh.^  It  Ik  for  thia 
reason  that  thu  oliv^  frvui  (he  parls  bcyuud  pwi  are  preftrrtd 
Ivr  table  to  tboatr  of  Italy,  though,  at  the  eame  tioie,  they  uru 
v&fy  iiil'i-iior  to  thorn  lor  uiakitig  oil, 

Jjn  Italy,  ihoBv  of  Piceuum  utid  of  Sidicitta"  are  Gonsidcred 
the  he^t  for  table.  These  are  kept  upitrt  from  the  others  and 
Steeped  in  salt,  after  which,  hke  olbtnr  olives,  they  aro  put  in 
aiQurc!a.  or  else  boiled  '»*ine ;  indeed,  Houre  of  them  are  left  to 
fluat  awlely  in  Ibtir  own  oil,^  without  any  adveiititious  raodu 
of  preparation,  and  tire  then  known  aa  col^-mbadcB :  Boniotimus 
thf  bt<rry  is  crushed,  and  then  Bcawned  with  gretn  herba  to 
Huvour  it.  Even  in  an  unripa  gtttte  the  olivo  in  rendered  lit 
for  eating  by  bting  wprinkted  with  boiling  water  ;  it  ia  quit* 
surprising,  too,  how  readily  it  will  imbibe  sweet  jnices,  and 
retain  un  advEntitio^us  flavour  from  foreign  subBtiinocg.  With 
this  truit,  aa  with  tho  grape,  \hcrp  are  purple'*  varictipB,  and 
the  posia  ia  of  a  eompluxion  approaching  to  blatk.  BmdeB 
those  already  meutioued,  there  are  thesuptrba'"  and  a  remark* 
ably  luBciuus  kind,  wliich  drii-a  of  jtaeif,  and  is  even  sweeter 
than  ttie  raisin :  this  last  vahety  is  extremely  rare,  and  is  to 

*'  I'roWUly  aniHinber  of  Llie  varidj- known  to  natiirRli»ti  m  the  Oki 
fruntu  nitron,  uanj«<  urnsaa,  of  Toumuiurt  tliv  royal  uliw  cir  "tHpnrld"  of 
the  I'Vnnrh.  Thu  niLtne  is  thuu^hl  to  b<!  (mm  tbo  Greek  pdvl^oc,  the 
fruit  beinic  i^atiMiiicrc'd  tbIu-gIcm  fivia  it*  paucity  af  oil. 

**  ThwB  are!  but  fi:i»  oliK(;-Ire<;»  in  tithtr  hlgrpl  or  Dacapolis  at  Ihu! 
pr«MDt  day,  and  no  atU'iiijiM  am  iinuiv  V)  extract  uit  ham  tLeia, 

"  "  Ctrnis."     He  gives  tii\»  amau  U>  tbv  goliil  patt,  ur  [Hiriuarp. 

"  8«a  B.  iii.  c.  9. 

*  TbMO  methoila  arc  not  Bciw  ttdiinU'd  for  prewrving  the  nlivs.  The 
fruit  an  firtl  w(tali«ii  iu  an  alkulijie  tuliiliuii,  anil  tlien  jilnucul  lti  salt  Mid 
wntvr.  T)i>>  uolymlmi  wm  to  uuited  from  tiAvfifiaia,  "to  Bwim,"  in  ita 
own  oil,  Dttmely,  i>ioswridu8  ddsiaul*  un  ihe  louditinal  propcuun*  of  t)ie 
oolynbailoi.     U.  i.  c.  ilO, 

«  Tbere  &Tfi  Mvoral  varietioa  kTiown  of  this  colour,  juid  mnreportiuukrly 
the  fruit  <if  tbL-  Olea  stto-nibuus  uf  (Jouun. 

^*°  The  Spuiicb  ulivH,  Uarduuiaaavii.  t'ie  tliink*  tbnt  ttie  name  "»upor- 
amf"  "havglit]',"  ii  given  figuratiTely,  &•  meaniiig  rough  uid  auit«ru. 


2S4 


PT-rai's  Sixinu.!.  histost. 


[Book  IV. 


be  finmd  in  A&ica  and  in  the  -ncimtjr  of  Emerita"  in  Liui* 
Unia. 

The  oil  of  the  olive  ia  prevented  from  getting**  thick  lad 
runcifl  by  the  admixture  of  salt..  By  making  uu  luciuou  in 
the  l)urk  of  llie  tree,  an  aromatic  oduur  may  be  imparted"  to 
the  oil.  Any  other  moilo  of  aeaaoniag,  Buch,  for  insLnocc,  m 
those  used  with  rcferuQce  to  wine,  i«  not  at  nil  gratifying  to 
Uie  palate ;  nor  do  we  linil  bo  mnny  ^Mi-oties  in  oil  as  tllcrt 
are  in  the  produce  of  the  grape,  there  heiug,  in  general,  but 
tlirce  different  degrees  of  goodneea.  In  fine  oil  the  odour  is 
more  peaeLruting,  but  even  in  the  very  best  it  is  but  short- 
lired. 

COAf.  5.  (4.) T0K  KATtml  0?  OtITE  Otl. 

It  is  one  of  the  propertiet^  of  oil  tt  import  warmth  to  tlie 
body,  ttud  to  proteut  it  aguinst  the  action  of  cold;  wh^ile  at 
the  same  time  it  promotes  coulu^^as  in  the  head  when  heated. 
The  Greeks,  those  purenta  of  all  vices,  hiive  abused  it  by  mftk- 
ing  it  minister  to  luxury,  and  employiug  it  commonly  in  the 
gymniifiiiun :  indipd,  it  ie  a  well-known  fact  thut  the  gover- 
nors of  those  cstabtiHhmcnt*  have  sold  the  scrapinga**  of  the 
oil  used  there  for  a  sum  of  eighty  thouaand  eeBtero^.  Tho 
nittjeaty  of  tlie  Romau  Bwiiy  hoB  conferred  high  honour  upon 
tliu  olive  :  crowned  with  it,  the  troopa  of  the  Equestrian  ordur 
lire  woat  to  dtlilo  upon  the  ides  of  Juiy;**  it  is  used,  too,  by 
the  victor  in  the  minor  triumphs  of  the  ovation.'*    At  Athena, 

*'  The  olirei  of  the  present  Merida,  in  Spain,  are  of  a  rau|;h,  diaagrrr- 

at'le  AnYour. 

*'  This  Beeiiii  to  kn  Ebc  mcatiinf;  of  "  pin^nia ;"  but,  oi  Tit  otmma, 
«iU  "KQUld  hfiTo  no  mth  effect  na  bere  stated,  hut  would  IrapsTt  a  ^wtgn^ 
able  flavour  to  the  oil. 

**  h'it  rc^uidg  thb  niecrt.ioEi  as  quite  TaltulDUR, 

^  It  nilt  lo?  atati-d  in  fi.  iiviii.  «.  13,  to  wliut  purpoMt  thia  abonutmblii 
ugJluijliDii  of  Sllh  Wfts  BjiplirJ. 

*'  ISih  of  July,  lie  allodea  to  tlie  ing[>ection  of  (Tia  Eqiiilra.  whiob 
ariginnWy  luilnngrii  to  the  Cen»ora,  lut  afterwards  to  the  Knipuriore.  On 
ihia  cicnuion  tlitre  whb  "raLi)j[iiltio,"  oi  "review,"  iLntl  llwjn  a  "tmia- 
■mctin,"  or  '' pn>0(*«ion  "  of  the  iiorsnintiil. 

^  Tho  uvutiuii  wui  a  Imii'r  triuuiijih,  at  wliiuh  the  kiiuera!  usterod  cko 
dt^  Dut  in  a  chariot,  but  oa  fnol.  In  ULdt  timea,  hoirevor,  the  Tio^ar  en- 
ti^red  on  hnrsutHti^k  :  and  a  irrcath  ttt  tnyrt.lc,  aomGliiui:!  IaaTi<l,  wria  wmn 
b;  bim.     For  furLhei  puboiLlars  na  to  Uio  oiatioo,  aau  c  S4  of  the  pmrM 


Cha}.-.  <.]  coLTcnt  or  tub  oi.tts.  2H5 

also,  they  nre  in  the  hiibit  of  crowning  th*-  comiueror  with 
olive  ;  and  at  OIjmi>ia,  the  (Jruuks  uaipluy  ibv  wild  oUtc*''  for 
a  simitar  purpose. 

CHAT.  6.  (S.) — THE  cn-TTHlt  Of  THB  OIJTB  :   ITB  II6BK  OP  TaS- 
SKKTATtON.       TUK  UL-TUOD  OIT  iUKlSG  OUTE  OIL. 

Wewill  now  procet-d  to  mvntion  tlie  precepts  giviTi  hv  Cato** 
in  relation  to  Uiis  mibji-nt.  Uj)oii  a  wann,  rich'*  soil,  hu 
reoommencls  ua  to  sow  tlio  gri-aler  radius,  the  Salentina,  the 
ortbiles,  tho  posia,  tht-  Sergian,  the  Comioian,  ond  the  alhi- 
cera;**  but  with  a  rpmarkahlc  dcigrcc  of  pru(if?nrfi  he  addn, 
that  those  rarietii's  ought  to  lie  pIuuttKl  iu  prefi'pi'»»34'  wliifh 
are  txjDEidLTfd  to  tliiivc  buat  Id  the  nii^hbouring  localities,  lo 
a  cold*'  and  meagre  soil  he  saj^a  tliat  the  Licinian  olire  shoulrl 
be  plauted ;  and  bt*  infuniiit  us  tluit  «  rich  or  hut  itoil  biiit  tliv 
effwt,  ill  this  Jfwt  variety,  tit  Hiioiling  the  oil,  while  the  tree 
becoiuos  exhausted  by  ila  own  fLTtility.  and  is  liiiblc  to  he 
attacked  by  a  sort  of  red  moBS."  He  states  it  as  his  opinion 
that  the  olive  p^nndR  ought  to  have  a  westcni  aspect,  acil, 
ind£«d,  he  approvuB  of  no  otlitr. 

(6.)  According  to  him,  tlie  best  mcth^id  of  ppeaerving  oHtcr 
is  to  put  tho  orchitee  and  the  poeia,  whik  g^n-fo,  in  a  stroRg 
brine,  or  cImj  to  bniiBo  thorn  first,  and  pnjw,'rvc  tht-ai  in  niustith 
oil."  The  more  bitt^'r  the  olive,  lie  wiys,  the  better  the  oil ; 
but  thej"  should  be  gathered  from  the  ground  tho  vtry  moment 
they  Ml,  and  washcil  if  they  are  dirty-  He  saj-s  that  three 
day*  wiU  lie  quite  ftuflicic-nt  tor  drying  them,  and  that  if  it 
is  I'rofity  weather,  they  ahoiild  he  pressed  on  the  fourtli,  core 
being  talc^^n  to  sprinkle  them  with  ntilt..  Olives,  he  inforrns 
Uft,**  lose  oil  by  being  kept  ia  a  bourded  etorv-room,  and  deJe- 
rioiate  in  quality ;  the  eame  being  tho  caco.  too,  it  tho  oil  is 

"  Or  "  oImwUt."  •*  D.'  R«  Rtut  c.  6. 

"  A  midOliiLg  oreven  pm>rBoi]  uclios^n  fur  tli£ oIlvl' &l  tbupriaoDt  Oay, 

*"  ApparoDlly  mcnmng  itir  "  ivliitc  win  "  olive. 

**  In  vrttun  t^uunlrie*,  u  al\e  etpoBciil  to  itxv  nurtb  is  choMn:  in  'COlileT 
nnm,  a  lite  whiuh  furoi  tlip  mulh, 

•*  See  B.  iviL  c.  37.  Tlii)  muea  has  not  boen  Wenlifled  with  prccJnon ; 
liut  the  leaf  o[  thf!  olivii  u  tilicn  attacked  hy  un  rrymphu*,  koown  to  aatu- 
rallstsaitiifi  Alphitom«riiha«iinmnni»;  but  it  iswhiti-,  not  ^f  stmj  colour. 

**  F£e  qucrita  havf  an y  one  could  pn^iMy  cat  nlivr-x  ihat  hiicl  Wn 
ttceped  in  a  mIuLIoil  of  moalivlt.  Tlie;  mint  ba«c  buL-ii  DaucLigui  ia  Uis 
Mtroa*.  M  I>B  K«  Ruit.  o.  64. 


•2S6 


PLINT'S   HATimiL  HTBTOKT. 


[Bool  XV. 


left  with  the  amurca  and  tJte  pulp,"  or,  in  other  words,  the  tlfsh 
oi'  tlic  olive  that  ioraie  the  r>t;giduu  unci  becames  the  dregs. 
Por  tbis  reiuoii.  lie  rt;uQiQiD>t^u(ls  Ihut  the  oil  ahu<iild  Lk.'  puuTMl 
off  several  tlniQH  iu  the  t\ny,  aud  iiina  put  into  vchsuIk  or  cuul- 
drons"  of  lead,  for  topper  vtssela  will  epoil  il,  he  Biiyu.  All 
th<!ae  operations,  tiowt-vt-r,  should  be.  cjirriod  cm  with  pi-cKao 
heated  4ind  tightly  closed,'^  iind  exposed  to  the  uir  ua  little  a» 
poBriible — for  whioli  rc-iison  he  r(!«ijmDii»ndn  that  wood  should 
iJBver  he  cut  there,  the  most  convenient  fuel  for  tht  fires  hptag 
the  etones  of  tho  iHirri^s.  From  tho  cuiiIUrun  tlie  oil  iiliould 
be  poured  intu  vuts/''  in  order  that  the  pulp  nod  the  amurun 
may  l:>e  diBtitgagi^d  in  a  (^oliditied  form:  t<>  effect  which  object 
the  TcsBcls  should  be  ohuaged  as  often  tis  coiivyoH-nt,  whilu  at 
the  eame  liiue  iLi;  osit-.r  b:iskutfi  should  be  carefully  cleaned  with 
a  sponge,  that  the  oil  niuy  run  out  in  aa  dcuu  and  pure  a  state 
as  passible. 

in  later  limes,  the  plan  hns  been  adopts  of  invariably 
crushing  thu  olivusa  lu  hoUing  water,  and  at  ouce  putting  thwn 
■wholo  in  the  preas — a  rtitithud  of  i;(fi?ctuidly  extmolmg  the 
amuroa— uud  theu,  uftor  oruEhing  them  in  the  oil-piv^a,  sul^ 
jwctiug  tiiem  to  pressure  onco  more.  It  is  reooramundi-d,  tiiat 
not  more  than,  one  huudri'd  modii  ehouLd  bi;  preyed  ut  one 
time  :  the  a:ime  given  to  tins  quantity  is  "  fsLctus,'"*  while  die 
oil  tbiit  flows  out  ut  ihi^  firfit  prussurt.-  is  cnllvd  tho  "  flos."* 
Tour  wen,  working  ut  two  jiresaea  day  und  night,  ought  to 
be  able  to  press  out  three  fuctTiK«  of  olives. 

CnAP.   7.  (7-) KOllTr-KIOm  VAKUtriKS  OF  AKTTKICIAL  OIT.S.      THK 

CICU8-TKKK  OK  CKtirOK,   OK  SIM,  OB  SKiA M LTl. 

In  thoHe  times  artificittH  oile  had  not  heen  introduced^  mi 

u  "Frucilius,"   Tliuopinionuf  Pliuy,  tJiut  olhwdi'ieriorntelij'lieiiigkft 

in  Oie  B(iit«-ruam,  U  (.win:(it:ri:d  to  bu  well  fouailod ;  ciie  ulivcs  bdu^  api 
to  frrmcnt,  to  tti(*  di;t''rii>iittioii  of  tti-'  oil :  nl  tliii  same  dmu,  ho  is  wnwf 
iil  ftuppusing  lliiit  llif  miiiiiiiit  iif  oil  Jimiiiibliuft  by  kLtpiuf;  tiic  benica. 

*^  "Cdrtiuoi."  ir  W«  miiy  jiiil^'ofriLim  tbeiuniUitliCKCVeiuoIswiire  threo* 
fueled,  like  it  tri[i4d, 

'"  Tiiei'e  aro  no  ^nd  grnauAt  for  thie  recomniendutios,  wliU'h  if  Ixwd 
an  Ctia  enuotuuH  «un|jwiiiiiiu  tlml  litmt  uii;i''(;iisos  ilio  cii  in  tho  berry.  Tbe 
free  cirDuktiuu  uf  lIil-  liii- u\mt  o'lf^hl  nut  to  be  rcBtrinUd,  aa .  nothing  m 
g;iiaHiI  by  it.  In  |2riiprHl,  lliv  iiiclbitJ  uf  vtti'uctiiig  tho  nil  ia  Lb«  HiCni! 
with  tlifi  iiiudvi'ui  us  witli  llui  ucii;iijutD,  ttiuugb  Clic^n  U(t  did  uni  amplvy 
iLv  uid  of  binliaic  wuUt.  *    L>ibnt. 

"  A  "itialiut;,"  1(1  ••  btituii."  »  Ut  ••fltiwer." 


hbiicb  it  ie,  I  euppow,  t>iat  ve  find  no  mention  made  of  them 
by  Cuto  ;  at  tUu  jjri«i'ut  daj'  the  varieties  nnt  vtry  imritToue. 
Wc  will  first  upcuk  oflliuet;"  which  uro  j»roduw5d  fi»m  trees, 
and  among  tlit*m  more  particuluriy  tiic  wiid  uJivc.'"  TJiJS 
olive  ifi  BDiall,  and  much  more  bitter  than  the  cultivated  oav, 
and  hcncfl  ita  oil  is  only  Usui]  in  uicdi(.-iuul  prvpHrulioiis :  tlia 
oil  that  beitra  the  cloMHt  rpeenibtimcfr  to  it  in  thnt  cjclnwtwd 
from  the  chiimplfett,"'!!  Bhnih  which  grows  among  the  iw.!;*, 
and  not  more  th»n  a  palm  iu  height;  the  leaves  and  herriea 
being  similar  to  those  of  the  vrild  olive.  A  tltird  oil  ia  thtit 
made  of  the  fruit  of  the  ciiiws,*'  a  irtc  which  grows  in  Egjpt 
iu  greut  abundance ;  b;'  »ame  it  i^  kuuwu  us  crutun,  by  others 
;is  siii,  and  by  utlicrK,  oguin,  ae  wUd  scGamuxn :  it  is  not  so  very 
Imig  sincie  this  trew  wiia  fii-st  iutrodiici^  \kk.  ]ci  Spiun,  two, 
it  shoots  up  with  great  rapidity  to  the  size  of  tlte  ulive-trwo, 
having  a  stem  like  that  o(  the  luriiU,  thi^  li-ufut'  thu  vine, 
and  a  ae-eA  that  bears  a  rt'scmblnnci:^  to  a  smnll  pule  grape. 
Our  |)caplo  are  in  tho  habit  of  culHiig  it  "  ridnun,"'*  trora  the 
reavinblanee  of  ihe  scud  tu  ihut  iiiju-^cl.  It  le  boiled  in  wuter,** 
und  the  oil  that  swiiiiB  on  the  aurJ'itce  is  theu  Hkiiumi-d  od*: 
but  in  Kgj'pt,  vrbi-rc  it  grows  in  a  greater  ubuuduuL-e,  th«  oil  ia 
cxtracUfd  without  employing  either  lire  or  water  for  the  jiar- 
pose,  the  w^d  being  ili-»t  sprinkled  \vitli  ault,  and  then  sub- 
jected to  pressun? :  eaten  with  food  this  oil  is  repulsive,  but  it 
is  very  useful  for  hui-aing  in  lamps. 

Amygdalinum,  hy  some  peraons  known  as  "  mctoiiium,"" 

"  II  may  bn  remiritr^,  Ihnt  in  this  Chnpter  llinjr  totully  cnnfounda 
SxpA  oils,  vulutile  uils,  and  mmiicinal  oiln.  Tlio*.-  ia  Ihe  list  wliidi  he  Lure 
piipH.  Rnd  whiclL  Bje  not  uiliuiiviiG  oi]tio«(l  in  Ibo  Kuteip  may  Iw  cmuiilered 
X'»  bi^li>i]^  to  lliiB  last  cIhsb. 

*>  Tlic  L-li^tcT  fumiiilicfi  but  littlci  vil,  and  II  li  (t'ldum  oxtruvtdd.  Tht 
oil  is  thiuotr  thnn  oniiiiuty  nWri-  w\,  iinJ  iiiia  a  ifUoujtw  udiiur. 

"  Tho  llnphiiu  CuL-utuiEi  uuj  DnptiiLii  Caidmni  ut'  bolauists.  Son  R 
xi!i.  c.  Do,  aUu  B.  xxiv.  c.  B3.  i'ie  doubu  if  ca  ail  wtu  cTer  uiR<It)  froia 
tlie  chmneltt^. 

"  See  B.  xxlii.  v.  41:  the  Hii^inuK  cDDimuiiut  a(  Lhiuiuiu,  wlieh, 
ftbonndfl  ID  Egy]il  at  the  pruBLOt  <i&y.  'flicngli  it  apnriirs  (o  liavc  beaa 
f'>riii(<rl]'  comrtirriL's  u».'iL  Tur  tli£  tuldi.'.,  al  tin-  jihtIi'IU  iI.i]'  ihi^  oil  it  mly 
kiuiwn  «>  "  tiAlor "  oil.  u  ulruii^  pLirgutiti*.  it  i»  onr  nf  tlii'  fixid  •'iit«.  Tbc 
JoHl  aad  Abys&iDiiLti  (.'liiiEimuii  in)'  tbat  it  wm  uiii]<.-r  tlii>  true  llut  Joiuih 
MuL  **  A  "tick." 

*i  Tlii<  methoil,  P£c  sayi,  iit  still  punuvd  in  Aiucriuu. 

■^  tjAi;  li.  xiii.  c.  2.    One  of  Lbc  oicd  oiit. 


rhiyj  B  KATUBAt  Hi«Toar. 


[Rook  XV. 


It  WIti*  of  tntttv  ainionda  dried  and  bimtcn.  into  a  cake,  aSU-r 
vhlfih  thoy  are  tti^cped  in  wat^r,  acd  th>cD  beaten  again.  J^n 
oil  ia  extracted  from  the  Imirel  nlsti,  with  the  aid  of  olive  oil. 
Skmo  persoDB  use  the  berrlee  only  for  this  [lurpoBe,  while 
oUun.  i^n,  citipby  the  Ivuvee^  and  ttie  guter  slua  of  tito 
berriec:  Bome  add  storax  alsg,  and  othev  odoriffroiis  gub- 
atunOm  The  l>Li<t  kind  for  this  purpi>ge  is  the  bmnrl-lctaved  or 
wihi  laurel,"  witli  a  black  berry.  The  oil,  too,  of  the  blat-k 
mjrrllo  ie  of  a  aimilar  uuture  i  that  with  the  broad  leaf"  is 
rookoood  oiso  the  best.  The  berries  are  first  apriakled  with 
■WMin  wiiteT,  and  then  beaten,  aft^r  which  they  aro  boiled: 
■oine  pnrBoiiH  t«k«  thfl  more  tender  leaves,  and  boiL  there  in 
olire  oil.  aud  tlien  BiibJE^ol  th^m  to  prcaBurc,  whil<'  cithurs.  iigoin, 
dU-cp  them  in  oiU  and  leave  ilie  mixture  to  ripen  iu  tho  sun. 
The  same  method  is  also  adopted  with  the  cultivated  myrtle, 
but  the  wild  variety  with  snioU  berriofl  ie  getif^raUj"  preferred ; 
by  i«otne  it  is  known  as  the  oxyroyraine,  by  otliera  ;is  the  clw- 
msoinyniine,  mid  by  otiiera,  again,  aa  the  acoron,"  t'roni  it* 
strong  reBfimblflnofl  to  that  plant,  it  htfing  Khortand  brnnching. 
An  oil  is  made,  too,  fmra  the  citrua,"  and  from  the  cypres; 
also,  from  ihe  wulnut,"  and  known  by  the  naitio  of  "  caryi- 
iion,"'*  and  from  the  friut  of  the  cedar  being  genonitir 
known  as  "  pissLdteon.""  Oil  is  exlraoted  from  ihe  grain  of 
Cuidus,^*  the  seed  being  first  thoroughly  cloanud,    imd  then. 


The  bumvi;  gire  b|  dvcocliou  a  Axed  dl.  of  gm:un  colour,  iwwt. 
rirernui.    'I'lie  ciits  in  g<!ni:Tal  h«rc  spoken  af  by  I'lisy  as  exLrsct«l 


I''  An  eu^Dtinl  uU  nmy  be  extritct«>(]  from  «i^1i«r)  it  h  at  acrid  taiUi 
gTcvn,  Rni  aroutaliu  ;  but  dor »  iiH>t  sctun  to  hovu  buoit  knQwn  to  tbe  sm- 
dtntt. 

and  cidoTirernui. 
from  tlie  Jiiiirel,  ere  mediciriiiL  uils, 

*"  Tile  Jjiiinw  IjiafoliM  .if  ilauhin. 

"">  The  U}Ttii£  liitiftiliti  Ruitiiiiiu  of  B^iiiliin.  It  jicMs  m  euMntial  oil, 
and  by  its  dcuociioii  miglit  dvuuflxi'il  oil,  insitiaLl  quunlit)',  liut  mj 
ftdufifefoun.    Ad  boikcl  with  Aiva  uit.  he  tremta  it  as  a  voUtilo  oil. 

'I  See  B.  XXV.  c.  IflO,     This  nij|Ttl«  is  the  Rusctiia  orulc-ntnt  of  tAanm'i*. 

'*  See  B.  liii,  c.  29,  and  B  xxiii.  t.  46.  A  viilatik'  oil  mi)('il  be  «!»• 
Irnctod  from  tlif  ciuiis,  if  uiw  of  thi'  tliuyic,  as  alio  ftnrn  llie  cypiw«. 

'-I  Sae  U.  xxiii.  c.  45.  IL  ii  a  QivJ  oil,  b^U  guosideritlly  mud  in  »aiDe 
purti  of  l^urope, 

J*  From  tlie  Greet  xapira,  h  "  Wilbiut." 

J*  Titch  oil."     SiiH  B.  liiv.  e.  LI.     IT]!*  would  be  a  Tehtilo  oH. 

f*  8ee  D.  niii.  c,  46,  nisi)  B.  xiii.  c.  3ft.  F^e  ie  of  opiniini,  (hal  u  no 
tijtfd  oil  cun  bi!  (JitruBttd  from  the  Ikaphne  Cnidiii™  or  llupluw  (^aecnim, 
i'Liny  niuat  alliiili  to  a  mcdlciaid  corapoiitiou,  likv  ibu  oU  of  wild  uytdv, 
piKViouily  iiieationftd. 


Ch^  7.] 


AUTEFICIAI.  Onfl. 


289 


pounded;  and  from  maBttch"  also.     As  to  the  oil  called 

"  cyprinam,""  and  that  extrdctpd  from  t3n;  Egyptiiin"  "beny, 
■we  hare  already  mentioned  the  modo  in  which  they  are  pro- 
pared  aa  perfumes.  The  Indiana,  too,  ore  aaid  to  extract  oils 
fejui  tho  chcaniit,""  BOBanmm,  und  rice,*'  and  the  Ichthy- 
ophagi  "  ftora  fish.  Scurcity  of  oil  for  the  sapply  of  lainpa 
eometioicE  compels  ue  tonialcc  itfromthoberrius^  ot'theplEuie- 
tree,  which  ar^  first  sU'eptd  in  suit  mid  wutcr. 

CBnaathlimm,"  agiiia,  is  mado  from  the  ccQimthe,  aa  we  hare 
already  gt;itt>d  when  Epcakiug  of  ptrfumes.  In  making  gleu- 
ciiium,^  tiMht  is  lioiltid  witli  oU-T-e-oil  at  aslowheiit;  Bome 
panons,  lioweTtr,  du  not,  employ  lirfi  in  inaldTig  it,  but  leave  a 
TOBSf],  filled  with  oil  itnd  must,  surrounded  with  gntpo  huslce, 
for  two  iind  twenty  ddjB,  tnkiog  care  to  stir  it  twi^'*  n  dny  : 
hy  the  end  of  that  period  the  whole  of  tho  must  18  imliibeil 
by  the  oil.  8omo  peraona  mis  with  this  not  only  sampau- 
chom,  but  peri\inieB  of  elill  greiiter  price  :  that,  too,  whii;h  is 
used  iu  tho  gymiiaeia  is  sceutod  with  pcrfumeB  as  well,  but 
thoBO  of  Ihevcry  lowest  quality.  Oils  uro  made,  too,  fromus- 
palathus,*"  from  calaaius,"  balsamuiu,'*  carJamum,"  melilot, 
tiullic  ntLfd,  panns,"'  sampauchuio,'"  heleoium,  and  root  of 
ciuDumomum,"  the  plants  being  first  left  to  steep  in  oil,  and 
then  pressed.  In  a  similar  manner,  too,  rhodinum*'  is  made 
from  roses,  and  juncinum  from  thesweet  msh,  hearing  a  rcmark- 
uble*^  resemblance  to  rosc-oU:  other  oils,  again,  are  extraett^d 

'''^  A  Sxti  oil.  Bee  B.  xii.  c.  30.  Tb«i  lefrilfi  wore  used  for  making  it- 
Sen  B.  jiiii.  c-  46. 

'"  S«e  B.  xii.  Q.  Si,  and  B.  sziii.  c.  45.  The  learoe  of  the  Liiwaoiii& 
are  Tmr  odorifuToiis. 

™  Tnt  mjrobalaQus,  or  bea.     Sm  B.  kit.  c.  4C,  and  B,  iiiii.  o.  46.  | 

*'  Ncithor  the  eiiauut  nor  rice  prodaco  iiny  kind  ol'  tixril  oil, 

81  6«e  n.  rrii  c.  13.  I 

">  Or  Fi^h-cBteTs.    8«e  B.  xxxIL  o.  Z%.    This  Is  one  «f  the  Qui  nili. 

'*■'  In  rcnljty,  ilo  fixed  dU  cua  be  nbulned  fTam  Asia. 

*'  Or  wild  vine.    See  D.  lii,  c.  61,  and  B.  liii.  c.  2. 

•"  Nut  an  oil, so  tiiuchasa  aiediuinal  preparation.  DiosccrldMinpntioiw 
ua  componc^nt  pftrts  of  it,  omphaciun),  svievl  msb,  Celtic  uard,  s^palaltuK, 
cuBtua,  aad  uiusi.     It  rt^iieivi'u  iu  tiuniu  from  yXitijco^i  "laust."' 

••  The  ConvoivulM  scopariias  of  Liimotus.  Sea  li.  xii,  c.  62,  and  B,  xui. 
e,  a.  "  Sue  B-  xii.  c.  Ba. 

w  8i«u  B.  rii.  c.  Si,  and  B.  liu.  c.  2.  '*  Sl«  H.  lii.  c.  2a. 

«  Sec  B,  lii,  0.  57.  *'   See  B.  liii.  c.  '2,  p.  163. 


«A«* 


Sdo 


ILUTT'S  HATiniAI,  HISTOBT. 


ptontXV. 


from  henbane,'"  lupines,**  and  aarcissiis.  Gi^at  qutLutitisB  of 
oil  are  maide  in  Egj^rt,  too,  of  radish"  laeed,  or  else  of  a 
cumiuoiL  grass  knoiini  there  m  chMtiiJon."  SpBannini"  atsa 
yields  an  oil,  and  so  does  the  nettlo,'  its  oil  being  knovn  as 
"  enidiniun."'  In  other  countrieSj  too,  an  oil  is  extractwi 
from  lilies*  left  to  steep  in  the  open  air,  nnd  sabj«ctod  to  the 
influence  of  the  sun,  moon,  and  frosts.  On  the  borden  of 
Cappadoclu  and  Qulatia,  lliey  moke  oa  oil  firom  tha  horbs  of 
tho  country,  known  as  "  Selgicum,"*  rcrawkaUy  useflil  for 
etrengthc'uiug  the  toudocs,  Einulor,  in  fact,  to  thut  of  IguTtiim^ 
in  Italy.  F.mm  pityh  an  oil'  is  extracted,  that  is  known  aa 
"  pissinura;"  it  is  nmde  by  boiling  the  jiitch,  and  qtntading 
fleeces  over  the  vessels  to  catcli  the  sleam,  and  then  wring- 
ing thtim  out :  the  most  approved  kind  is  that  which  comos 
from  Bruttium,  the  pitch  of  thut  coiintry  htJng  remarkably 
rich  and  ruainous :  the  ooloiir  of  LhtR  oil  ia  yellow. 

Thoro  is  tin  oil  that  growa  epontaneou^ly  in  the  mnritune 
parts  tif  Syria,  known  to  us  as  "  (jlfBotni^li ;""'  it  is  an  unctuous 
Hubgtanco  whu;h  distils  from  certain  trees,  of  a  thickfff  consis- 
tency than  honey,  but  Bomewhat  tliiniiLT  thun  resin ;  it  haij  a 
awect  fluTOurj  nnd  is  employed  for  mc^cinal  purposes.  Old 
oUre  oil'  ia  of  use  tor  snmp  kinds  of  maladiee ;  it  is  thought  to 

"  EyascjamttA.  \  medicinal  oil  h  still  c^tti'actcd  fr«m  it.  See  B.  ixiii. 
o.  49, 

"  'Diift  mcdieinal  oil  iKiin  ImigpruKed.  Thu  Lupiuiu  albiu  wa>  ibrtaeilf 
ItuM  in  grcutfi-  esti.-eiii  ctmn  ii  is  now. 

)^  Tliv  EiijihanuB  eativua  of  LinnieuB.  See  B.  xix,  o.  26.  TUt  Is  one 
of  Clio  filed  oils ;  varieUuB  of  it  urc  rapG  oil,  lud  colxa  oil,  now  to  esUa- 
(ivEly  used. 

"  From  tlje  GiBek  ^'''""''■fi  "  graiB."  Tbii  raeditinnl  oil  wciiili)  be  Ir" 
taJlv  williout  piiwM  thr  iffi-ct, 

"  A  Jixed  oil  is  etlU  citi'iii.'Uid  in  Egypt  From  tlio  ^rniu  kitowa  at  giW'- 
mam.  '  Sl-c  B.  xsii.  c.  Ifi. 

*  i'lata  (I'ti?!). a  "nettle."  Tli?  netUe,  or  UrtiiA  urcnsof  UnaiuutL,  hni 
no  atcD^ciiu  prindjilos  iu  itN  gc«d. 

*  Lily  oil  is  sliU  usud  ax  u  uLixliuiiial  oompoiitioa ;  it  ti  made  from  tb^ 
pctnU  or  thd  nhitc  lily,  Ltlium  candidum  of  Linmous. 

*  Vtam  HelgB,  a  luwu  of  I'jiiidta.     S<!e  U.  jxiii.  t.  i9. 
'  See  a.  iii.  c.  9,  and  U.  kxiii.  c.  i'3. 

'  A  voliLtila  oil,  raiiod  with  a  hiurII  pifiportioD  of  «isp]TennuitiQ  oil  anil 
carbon. 

■*  "  Oil-honey."  ProbuMy  it  torubialliino,  or  oleo-raain.  See  B.  xiiii. 
£.£0. 

*  WJirn  rancid  ftiiJ  onyifi'iii:;™!  I>y  nge,  it  liai  iiii  irritiittng  (jimlity,  a.ni 
nuiy  be  found  useful  for  bcrpvliu  diseiuca. 


Chap.  8,] 


be  particTLlarly  UBeful,  too,  in  the  preservation  Qf  ivory  from 
dccuy  :  *  ut  ill!  evuQt»,  the  atatue  of  Saturn,  at  Itom^r  ^  ^ed 
inth  oil  in  the  interior. 

'  CHAP.  8.  (8.) — iMCaCA. 

But  it  is  upon  th.e  praises  of  ftmurca'"  more  particularly,  that 
Cato"  has  onlsirgod.  He  rfcommenJa  that  vats  ond  MBk*" 
ibr  keeping  oil  should  be  first  senanncd  with  it,  to  prevent 
thero  from  aoaking  up  the  oil ;  and  he  telle  ub  that  threahing- 
flooFH  should  be  woU  rubbed  with  it,  to  ktep  tiway  unts,'- 
and  to  prevent  any  chinks  or  crannies  from  boiiig  left. 
The  mortar,  too,  of  walln,  he  Eays.  ougiit  to  be  seasoned  with 
.it,  as  well  as  the  roofs  tuid  doors  of  groimrios  ;  and  h«  recom- 
jaetLds  that  wardrobes  should  be  sprinkled  with  aiuurca  as  n 
Jirtservative  agatnal  wood-worma  aud  oUier  noxious  insect*. 
He  says,  too,  thut  nil  grain  of  the  etreala  should  be  steeped  in 
it,  and  spcalts  of  it  aa  efficaciona  for  the  cure  of  mahidioa  in 
Citttle  aa  well  as  trees,  and  as  useful  even  for  ulceration,!  in. 
Hie  inside  aud  upon  the  fuce  of  inim.  Wo  hum  from  him,  oImj, 
that  thongs,  all  articles  made  of  leitther,  sandals,  and  axle- 
treoa  used  to  bo  luiomted  with  boiled  lunurea;  which  wn.* 
emploj^ed  uliso  to  prtaeiTo  copper  vi^ssda  against  verdif^reasL-,'* 
and  to  give  them  a  bctt^T  colour  ;  as  also  fur  the  seasoning  of 
all  utensils  mude  of  wood,  as  well  as  the  eurthen  jars  hi  whi(«h 
dried  figs  were  kept,  or  uf  sprigs  of  mjTtle  with  thB  Iftavee 
and  heri'ic-a  on,  or  any  other  lulieles  of  a  similar  nature :  in 
addition  to  whith,  he  osRcrta  that  wood  which  hos  been  stt-cped 
in  umurea  will  bum  without  producing  a  slifiing  Binoke.'* 

According  to  5t.  Varro,'*  an  olive-lree  whiih  hoa  bi*u 
liuked  by  tlio  tonguu  of  lIib  Etie-goat,  or  upon  which  atic  hufi 

*  II  very  pwbftbly  will  huTo  this  effect ;  hut  at  tho  eipttmo  of  the  eoloat 
of  Ibo  ivory,  wtikh  Tery  hjuh  will  lum  jclluw. 

'"  ]t  liiu  i[iiiti>  lost  iis  ulirie^it  [i>put«  :   iha  nnlv  liie  it   is   aon  [jul  tu  ia 
the  niaiititiictuiv  uf  ua  lofcijur  sdu]i.    Sec  B.  xxiii.  u.  31, 
"  Di-  Ru  HiiBl.  cu.  13U.  it^n. 

"  rJ&lia  and  caili.    yfu  oliserrcs,  tbitt  tlii*,  if  i3onii  ivitli  tho  moiltm 
tlf,  wuiild  buve  a  kntli'nt^  (o  mnk^  the  tiil  tuni  rm^dil, 
_  On  the  KiiiLrarj-,  f  bh  is  mi:liiu<d  to  think  it  would  ouraot  tll«m,  from 
nnRlln^inotis  |.>r'a[iL'rtivs. 
"  Oirii)  vH,  itiwuTM,  km  a  toiuk'scjr  (o  gonoruto  Turdifreaae  in  cnpptr 
venoli, 
"  Thia,  OS  ¥66  rtnatlcs,  is  inubably  so  ulisurd  u  cot  to  be  wottL  dU- 
[eiuaiitg.  ''»  U.B  Hint.  ii.  i.  c  3 


292 


yturr's  hatcteat.  btstokt. 


[Book  IV, 


browsed  whea  it  was  firBt  budding,"  is  Bure  to  be  barren. 
Tlins  much  in  rcfvrcnco  to  tbo  olivo  and  the  oils. 

CH*P.   9.  {9.}— TUB  VABIOTIS  KDTDB  OF    FBmT-TEEE3  ASK  TSSIK 
NATBKfta.       FOrE  TAlUETrES  OK  PIMB-SUTS, 

Tho  other  fruiu  found  on  trees  can  hardly  bo  enumeratwl, 
from  their  diversity  in  shape  nnd  figure,  without  reference  to 
their  different  flavours  and  juicos,  which  huve  again  been 
modiiiud  by  repeated  oombinntioDS  and  grafttuga. 

(10.)  The  lurgL'st  fruit,  and,  induud,  the  one  that  hangs  at 
tho  greatest  height,  is  tlie  pine-nut.  It  contains  nilhiitaa 
uumher  oi'  Hmall  kernels,  enclosed  in  arched  beds,  und  corcrcd 
with,  a  coat  of  their  own  of  rusty  iron-Loloor ;  Naturo  thus  mani- 
festing a.  inarreUtnis  degvuB  of  care  in  providing  its  Reeds  witli 
a  soft  reteptarlp.  Another  variety  of  this  nut  is  the  terea- 
tina,"  the  shfell  of  which  may  be  broken  with  the  fingers ;  and 
hence  it  becomcB  a  pr^y  to  the  birda  while  still  on  tlie  tree.  A 
ihinl,  again,  in  Ituown  aa  the  "  aappinia,""  bting  the  pn>dtioe 
of  tho  cultivated  pitch-tree  :  the  keroela  are  eneloacd  in  a 
Ekin  more  than  a  ^hell,  whieh  is  bo  rt-mtirkably  soil  that  it  is 
eaten  togelber  with  tto  fruit.  A  fourth  vmoty  is  that  known 
ail  the  "pityis;"  it  is  the  produce  of  Ebo  pmoBter,**  and  is 
remarkable  m  a  good  tipeciAc  lot  coughs.  The  kemols  are 
wometiines  boiled  in  honey"  among  the  Tauriui,  who  then  call 
them  "  aquiceli,"  The  conquerors  at  tho  Isthmian  games  arti 
croftTicd  with  a  wreath  of  pinc-leavcs. 

CHAP.    10.    (11.) — TDK  ODIXCB.      POUB   UNDS   OP   CIBONIA,   AKB 
POPS  VAIIJRTIE9  OF  THE  B'tUTJTB&A. 

Next  in  size  after  these  are  tho  fruit  called  by  us  "co- 
tonea,""  by  the  Greeka  "  Cydonia,"  "  and  ftrat  introduced 

"  If  ihz  bappens  lo  have  destroyeiJ  Ibo  buds,  but  not  othcnrue. 

'*  Thu  Pinus  cumbTo,  probably,  of  Linnieus. 

'■  Sue  B.  iti,  c,  2M.  I'be  iiuU  of  the  pme  aie  sweet,  ani  ba»«  bh 
agreenlilo  daiour. 

""  Probably  tbe  wtld  piuo,  tlie  ?iau»  lilveattis  itf  (Le  modenu.  V"i 
miU  OTD  sli^ntl^  rcEinaua. 

^'  Nbithii.'r  till)  Tiijr>plc  of  Turin  lioi  of  hdj  oDitT  [tloco  aro  known  at  llw 
present  daj  b>  mA«  Uiii  prujinruLiuu. 

'"  The  iiuincd,  tho  I'iru*  Uyiioiiiii  of  Linnroas, 

^  From  Cydoaia,  a  city  of  Crota,  Tliu  Lutiu  nmae  is  only  a  curruptiMi 
uf  ibc  Greek  oDo .  in  Eaglund  tbey  wers  fonnorly  colled  "  malicoto&es.'* 


Cluf.  II.] 


BIX  TiaiSTIES  OF  TUB  PEAOn. 


293 


from  tb@  island  of  Crete.  Thase  fruit  bend  the  bmnoliea  with 
their  weight,  aaU  bo  tcuil  to  impede  the  growth  of  the  paceat 
tree.  The  varieties  aru  Eumerous.  The  chijaomtiiuiu "  it 
matlcfd  with  indentations  down  ib,  acd  haa  a  colour  iucUuing 
to  gold  ;  tho  one  that  is  known  as  the  "  It;ilian"  quinue,  is  of  r 
paler  tompkiioHf  and  has  n  most exqaisiteBm all:  tho<]uinefc8 
of  Neapolia,  too,  are  held  in  high  esteem.  The  smalkr  Tarie- 
ties  of  the  quince  which  axe  known  as  the  "  Btmthca,"°*  havo 
a  more  pungent  Fnncll,  but  ripen  Inter  than  the  others;  that 
called  tht!  "  mustoum,"**  ripens  the  soonest  of  nil.  The  coto- 
neum  engrafted*''  on  tho  Btnitheum,  baa  prodHotid  a  peculiar 
Variot}',  kjjown  u&  the  "Mulvianum,"  (he  only  one  of  them 
all  that  ift  enton  raw.'"  At  the  present  day  all  those  varieliea 
are  kept  shtit  up  in  the  anteeluunljLrB  of  great  men,*  where  they 
leceive  the  visits  of  tbitir  courtiers;  they  lire  bung,  too,  upou 
the  ataUicft*'  lliat  pass  the  niglit  with  ua  in  our  charnhfira. 

There  is  a  staall  wild"  quince  also,  the  Binfll  of  which,  next 
to  that  of  the  atrutheum,  is  tho  most  powerM;  it  grovs  in 
the  hedges. 

CHAP.  II. — ElIX  TABIETIEa  OF  THE  PBirH. 

Under  tbe  ht-nd  of  apples,^  we  inclndo  a  rariety  of  fruits, 
although  of  an  entirt-ty  different  natare,  such  ns  the  I'ersiuB  " 
apple,  for  instance,  and  the  pomegrounte,  of  which,  when 
Speaking  of  the  tree,  we  have  alrtiady  emimrralcd'"  nine  va- 
rieties.    ThQ  pomogranato  has  a  Boed  within,  enolused  in  a 

**  Or  "  golden  apple,"  The  quince  waa  sacrad  to  Twiiis,  nod  was  an 
imblmo  oflove. 

"^  Apparently  nieaning  tile  "  sparrow  quiDCO."  DirtMoriiici,  Oalen,  ami 
AtheTiH^'iia,  hnwever,  say  tlint  it  was  u  large  variety.  Hy.  if  in  BU(;h  cn»v, 
it  might  Dot  lOF'Bn  the  uiitirli:})  (|umce^ 

**  "  Early  ripcnur," 

*^  Quincce  are  not  p'a.ftod  an  quinoM  at  iho  proBont  day,  but  the  pear  ii. 

**  Fee  BU^gtsta  Uiat  tbia  is  a  kind  of  podr. 

^'  Probably  on  accoiuit  of  the  fragtonte  of  Llmir  scfnt. 

^  Wb  learn  from  oiliei'  sources  iluit  the  bed-abiutibert  wexo  frequently 
omanittiiled  with  lUtui^a  of  tLe  iliTiQiliuB, 

^*  Tbo  Mnla  cotonpa  aikuBtris  of  Btuhiii ;  tie  Cjd<inia  fiil^riA  of  mc- 
dem  botanitta. 

*  "Mala."  The  term  "niiilTim,"  sompwhat  similar  to ''pome"  with 
vt,  WM  Applied  to  a  nmii)>ur  of  di^vr^at  fruiu :  the  anuig«i  the  citroa, 
,&ii  pomii||;Tanui<j,  tbe  aprivut,  uud  okljV'r^. 

»  Or  puck.  M  Sw  B.  ziii.  c.  34. 


294 


PLntT  A  IfATUttAL   HJSTOET. 


[Book  IT. 


ekin;  the  pcaoh  has  a  etonc  inside.  Some  among  the  peare, 
also,  known  as  "  Ubrolia."  ^'  tkow,  hy  Umir  name,  wfamt  8 
reuiurkable  woiglit  tlity  attain. 

(L2.)  Aiaung  the  peaclies  the  palm  muat  be  awarded  to  the 
duracinuB :  "  the  Onllic  and  thu  Asiatic  peach  are  dietiDguished 
r(!!*pcct)Tcly  i>j-  the  nrmiiis  of  tbc  ctumlTic's  of  their  origin. 
They  ripen  at  thi>  end  of  autnmTi,  though  some  of  the  early" 
lands  are  ripe  in  th«  summer.  It  is  only  within  the  laet  thirty 
years  that  thcsi;  Inat  have  been  introduced;  originally  they 
were  sold  ut  the  price  of  a  denarius  a  piece,  Tboae  known  as 
tht!  "fltipernatia""  come  iirom  ihts  eountiy  of  the  Subines,  Imt 
thti  "  popularia"  grow  cveiywhore.  This  is  a  very  bormtc^ 
truit,  and  a  pHtticular  favourite  with  iiivalide  :  Eome,  in  &ct, 
Iiiivo  sold  bui'oru  this  us  high  as  thirty  sosterces  apiece,  a  price 
that  has  nevei-  been  exceeded  by  any  other  tiniit.  ThisL,  too,  ia 
the  more  to  he  wondered  at,  ua  there  is  none  that  ia  a  vorae 
Itppper  :  for,  whon  it  is  once  plucked,  the  longest  time  that  tt 
'\nll  keep  is  a  oonple  of  days;  ajid  eo  sold  it  muet  be,  fbtob 
what  it  may. 

CE.IP.   12.   (13). — rwTLVE  xiBriis  Of  PtTfMB. 

JTest  comeB  a  vast  number  of  varieties  of  tlio  plom,  the 
parti-coloared,  the  black,'"  the  white,**  the  barle^'^'  plom— 
80  culled,  because  it  ia  ripe  at  b^ey-harrest^and  another  of 
the  same  colour  as  the  laat,  liut  which  ripens  later,  and  is  of  » 
Wwer  size,  generally  known  as  the  "aainina,""  from  the  litil* 
eateem  in  which  it  is  held.     There  are  tha  onycluna,  too,  iho 

^'  Or  "prmnd-weieht"  jiciirs:  thfl  Pinis  Tolemnof  LinnreuB. 

*"  Ot  "  liaid-'berry" — pmbnbly  in  rcfei-eaco  to  the  tircunesB  of  tbe  fladi. 
It  is  gcncrnllj  thouglit  lu  be  tlie  nei^Lorine. 

"  "  Prseuuciii."  ic  is  g-oneriilly  thniifjhf.  t.hat  in  fhl»  nnina  onginitrt 
the  word  "Lipneot,"  ths  I'ranue  Armtiiiiiies  o!  Linnmiia,  TLore  ia,  ho- 
over, an  ea;j]'  putoh  tliut  ripens  1);  tbo  nidiUo  of  July,,  though  itis  vurj 
doubiful  if  it  was  known  lo  I'liny. 

"  "From  aboTf." 

*"  PerliBM  the  Pmnui  img^nrica  of  untnialistB,  the  blaok  daniBsk  plum; 
ot  like  llici  PmnuB  perdrigijuu,  tlio  pi'rdngun. 

*"  Probably  tlic  rrunuE  guliitensis  of  naturoliata. 

"  "llordfioria :"  the  I'mnua  praxioi  uf  luituraliit*  j  prabably  om 
hfirvcRt  pluni. 

*^  Or  "  !iBs">p£um.  The  Priiniu  aoinaria  of  natmalitta  ;  tliD  tbvnj 
pltua  of  tba  Frcovb. 


J 


eerina,**  — more  ertcemed.  and  lie  purple"  plain  :  the  Arme- 
niinij**  aim  an  exotic  from  foreign  parts,  the  only  one  ftmong  tho 
plums  thiit  reiiommends  itself  by  ite  smell.  Tho  plum-tree 
grafted  on  the  nut  cxliibita  what  wc  may  cuU  a  pieco  ol"  impu- 
d^acti  quite  its  own,  for  it  produces  a  fruit  tbat  Iiti^  all  the  ap- 
p«aran(;o  of  the  parent  stock,  together  with  the  juico  of  tha 
adopted  fniit :  in  coaeetiiieiice  of  its  being  thua  oonipoundcd  of 
both,  it  18  known,  by  the  iiaraeof  "nuci-pruDa.'"*  Nut-prunee, 
aa  well  as  the  peach,  tho  wild  plum,"  Rnd  the  cerina,  are  often 
put  in  casks,  and  sd  kept  till  the  crop  comes  of  Ibe  following 
yeirf.  All  the  other  rarieues  ripen  with  the  greatest  rapidilyr 
and  pass  off  just  as  quickly,  Ifore  recently,  in  Btetica,  they  have 
hiL-gun  to  introduce  what  they  call  "nmlina,"  or  the  fruit  of 
the  plain  engrafted  on  the  applc-ti'eD,**  and  "  amygilalina,"  tho 
fruit  of  the  plum  en^Tulted  on  tho  almond-trvo,"'  the  kernel 
found  ia  the  Btone  of  tliu&e  last  being  that  of  tlie  almond ;"  in- 
deed, there  is  no  specimen  in  'whiok  two  fruits  huve  boeu  mora 
ingeniously  combined  in  one. 

Among  the  foreign  trees  we  have  already  spoken"  of  the 
Daniascene''  plum,  so  called  from  Damascus,  in  Syria,  but 
introdnccd  long  since  into  Itiily  ;  though  the  Btone  of  Ibis  plum 
is  largfT  than  ubuuI,  and  the  flesh  sniuller  in  quaulity.  Tliis 
plum  will  never  dry  so  for  as  to  wrinkle;  to  effect  that,  it 
needs  the  sun  of  its  own  native  country.     Tho  niyxa,"  too, 

*^  Or  •■  WAX  plum."  The  rnimts  cereoln  of  nUunlists ;  the  mirabcll« 
of  tht)  French. 

"  Ptissihly  the  Pnmiia  Bmicleata  if  I,afnarck.:  the  tnymWan  of  the 
i'reaoli.     Muny  vurieties,  liowirvcr,  aie  purplu, 

^  There  am  two  o[)iaionB  '.m  this  :  thut  it  is  the  Pruaus  ClsiidirULa  of 
XjimiiTtik,  thu  "  ilunc'  Clniiido  "  of  tba  Frt'Eiuli ;  or  eliiu  thut  it  in  idrntirAl 
'a  [lb  tho  ajiAcfit  already  uientiaaL'ii,  risaiarkalilo  fO't  tho  swtetiitaa  of  iu 
Kind].  "  Or  nuUpTunc. 

^'  The  Prunus  Insititia  of  Linnieui, 

^^  ThorwulCur  thU  wuuld  oul]' bu  n  plant  Uku  tbnt  of  llio  trco  from 
Kliicli  tli<i  ^(l  witB  cut. 

*"  Tho  iFinio  IU  with  I'tfcrpnce  to  the  gmrt  on  the  apjilp. 

**  ThU  i«  proliulily  quilr  fabutuiu.  "  11.  Mxi.  c.  10. 

**  Tho  Pi'uaus  i'muasucna  of  the  n^turnliat*  ',  our  coronnHi  ilarasffn,  with 
its  uumertfuf  vuriutiuB, 

^  Probably  the  Cordis  myia  of  LinDmus ;  thn  Sc1»ttier  of  the  PrencH. 
It  lifta  a  \isi:ouB  puip,  and  ia  much  uetn)  a&  a  pectoral.  lit  groim  only  iu 
Syriu  aiiJ  lipypi '.  "inl  htnca  Feo  is  incliited  to  reject  whui  Pliny  say*  at 
tu  its  nut.ui'ulientJ'DtL  at  Komr,  uid  the  aucoual  ho  gittA  u  to  its  hoiug  eu- 
grafted  OD  the  sorb. 


295 


FLDTT'B  KATUEAL    HlSTOEy, 


CBiKjkXT. 


may  ho  mentionerl,  m  bemg  the  fellaw-cotrntryman  of  the 
Damascone:  it  Las  of  late  Soen  introducud  iatu  Ikime,  tuiil 
has  bei^n  grown  engrafted  upou  the  sorb. 

COAP.  IS.—TOE  PEACE. 

The  name  of  *'  Peraiea,"  or  "  Pendan  applo,"  girou  lo  Has 
fruit,  iVillj-  proves  that  it  is  an  ©xotio  in  both  Greece  as  'Well 
as  Asia,"  mi,  tlmt  it  was  first  introduced  from.  Pf^rsie.  Aa  to 
the  wild  plum,  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  it  will  gruw  aaj'- 
where ;  and  I  am,  therefore,  the  more  surprised  that  no  men- 
tion hrjs  bMn  miide  of  it  by  Cato,  more  partiealarly  aft  he  hii* 
pointed  out  the  method  of  preRerving;  eoveral  of  the  wild 
fraits  as  well.  As  to  tho  peach-tree,  it  has  b(!cn  only  intro- 
duced of  late  yeurs,  and  with  coDsidurablb  diffioulty;  »a  much 
ED,  thut  it  ia  pi[>rfL'Gtly  barren  in  the  Ide  of  Ithodos,  the  first 
testing-place*"  that  it  found  afttr  loaving  Egypt- 
It  ia  quite  untrut  that  th(i  peach  which  grovrs  in  Persia  i» 
poiaonoua,  and  produces  dreadful  tortures,  nr  that  the  kings 
of  that  country,  from  motives  of  revenge,  hud  it  transplanted 
in  Epypt,  -where,  through  the  nature  of  the  soil,  it  lost  all  its 
evil  propcrtipH — for  we  hnd  that  it  19  of  tho  "  pcraca"^  that 
tlie  morti  ctirefal  writers  have  staled  all  this,**  a  touUly  different 
tree,  thti  fruit  of  which  resembles  the  red  mysa,  and,  indeed, 
camiot  be  aucceaafuUy  cultiriited  anywhere  but  in  the  East. 
The  learned  have  aleo  maintained  that  it  waa  nut  iutroduoed 
irom  Pfliela  into  Eg^'pt  with  the  view  of  iufliotiug  pamshmect, 
but  say  that  it  was  planted  at  MemphiB  by  Perseus  ;  fur 
which  reason  it  was  that  Alexander  gave  orders  that  the  Tic- 
tors  should  be  crowned  with  it  in  the  games  which  he  insti- 
tuted there  in  honour  of  his*' ancpstor :  indeed,  this  tree  hiB 
always  lettves  iind  ftuit  upon  it,  growing  immediately  upon  tbe 
othoni.  It  miiEt  he  quite  evident  to  every  mw  Uiat  all  our 
plums  have  boca  introduced  Buieo  the  time  of  Cato,** 

»•■  I.  «.  Asin  Sfinor.  *■"'  Hospitinm. 

*  SeoB,  lili.t,  17.     The  Jklamitea -."Rgyptijien,  of  Di;liIlB. 

*'  It  wiw  this  proiwililj',  and  not  tbe  pruch-trBa,  that  wuulJ  nut  bfar 
Ihut  ia  ttie  lAn  of  Khudesi. 

*  Pcrsoin. 

>*  F«e  Tcm&rku  that  tbp  wild  plain,  the  Prtinas  lilTeatna  or  iuitit^  of 
IdnikBa*,  was  t^  b«  foond  in  Italy  Mmh  the  dajra  of  Cabt. 


Cbap.  15] 


PEUITB   HECBSTLT  ISTllOOCaCD. 


899 


CUJtr.  14.  (14.) THlRTt  DTFraRintT  KIHB3  OP  POSreS.      ATWHiT 

PKUOn  FOBGION   FKCITS  WUBE    tlWlt  IMHOUUCKD    INTO   ITALT, 

AKB  wmaicE. 

There  are  numerous  varieties  of  pomes.  Of  the  citroa**  wo 
have  already  made  mentioa  when  dL'SL-nbiog  ita  tree;  Oie 
Greeks  gave  it  tho  name  of  "  Medicn,""  from  ite  native  Coun- 
try. The  jujube^-trce  and  tho  tuter"  are  oqnally  exotics; 
indeed,  they  haw,  both  of  them,  btca  introduced  only  of  late 
years  into  Italy ;  the  luttc-r  from  Africa,  the  former  from  Syria, 
St'-xtns  Pnpiniiis,  -whom  we  have  seen  coubuI,"  introduciiMl  iii,p.ni 
both  in  tJiu  lutt«r  years  of  the  reign  of  Auguetus,  produced 
from  tdips  which  he  had  gronii  within  his  camp,  lite  fruit 
of  the  jujuhe  more  acitrly  resimkhles  a  bgrry  than  an  apple : 
the  tree  seta  off  a  tt.Tracc"  remarkably  wc'U,  and  it  ie  not  un- 
common to  see  whole  woods  of  it  climbing  up  to  the  very  roofs 
of  the  boui£a. 

Of  the  tuber  there  nre  two  vnrietiea;  the  white,  and  theono 
calltd  "  syrjciim,""  from  its  coloiir.  Those  fruita,  ton,  may 
he  ulmost  pronomniGd  axotic  which  grow  nowhtTo  in  Ilulyhut 
in  the  territory  of  Vtrona,  and  are  kiiown  as  the  wool-fruit.'^ 
They  are  covered  with  a  woolly  down ;  this  is  found,  it  is  true, 
to  a  very  coiisidcnible  extent,  oh  botli  tho  ttriithcum  rariety  of 
quince  and  the  peach,  but  still  it  has  given  its  name  to  this 
particTdar  fruit,  which  is  recommended  to  us  by  no  othec 
remarkable  quality. 

CHAP.  15. TUB  FBUITB  THAT   DATE   BEEH   MOST   BECBNILX 

UtTHopUCKn. 

'Wliy  should  I  hceitatu  ta  make  bome  mention,  tew,  of  other 

••  Sro  B.  lii.  c.  7  "   Of  Mt^lia. 

"  It<  fruit  win  ripen  in  Franco,  «a  fur  north  aa  Toutb.  It )«  the  Zhy- 
pliusvulgurUof  LaviaTuk.  It  rcsuinbUs&fiDEill  plum.iuid  isBDmetimce  luvd 
as  a  awG»tmeae.  The  coiifntlion  aM  as  jujube  pu-ib!  \t  not  th.ii  dried  jdljr 
of  thi«  fruit,  hut  merely  gum  (irfiT)ic  oimI  supnr,  rclourad. 

"  A  variety  of  tb&jujulm,  Fuc  is  inclined  to  thinJt.  A  nut*p*ach  liof 
mltn  benn  siigeetteiJ, 

"  A.U.U.  "79.  ^^  Oi  perbap* umbiuikiociot :  "agger." 

>*  A  reddiiih  colour.  For  the  contp'oeicion  «f  this  wilour,  see  B. 
TUT.  «.  24. 

•''  "  Lotiata  ;"  perhaps  rMTicr  tho  "downy"  fruit;  a  vorictv  of  (|UtDce, 
F^  tliinks.  I'liiiT  j>i(illiably  liad  never  nuea  thi»  fruit,  in  hit  upitiiun, 
and  "nly  epcaii*  nftur  V^irgii,  Eul.  ii.  1,  51,    "  Ipse  ogo  coua  legatu  teaeia 

lllUUglllt'  Rlfllfl.'* 


296 


P1TBT*8  NiTTEAX   BISTOBT- 


[Bool  XT. 


Tarieties  by  name,  seeing  that  thty  hare  conferred  cTerlairting 
remembranco  on  those  who  wcro  the  first  to  introducu  them, 
OB  having  rendereii  same  service  to  their  ftllow-men  ?  Unlese 
I  am  very  much  mietaken,  un  enumeration  of  them  wiU  tend 
to  tlirow  Bonio  light  upon  the  ingenuity  that  is  dl^pluyetl  in  tho 
art  of  grafting,  and  it  will  bt-  the  more  ejieily  unileratood  th«t 
thoTe  is  nolliing  bo  trifling  in  itself  from  nhich  a  certain 
amount  of  celebrity  CQiiTiot  he  cDSBTcd.  Hence  it  is  t1iat  we 
have  fruits  wliich  derive  their  names  from  Matius*  Cesliui, 
Mnllina,  and  Scandiiis,  **  Appinsj  too,  a  mpmhcr  of  the 
Clau<3ian  familyj  grjifttid  the  qiiiiicc  on  the  Sraudian  fruit,  in 
conBe<juflace  of  -which  Uie  product;  is  known  na  the  Appian. 
This  fruit  has  the  smell  of  the  quince,  and  is  of  the  same  sizo 
a£  the  Bcundiaa  uppio,  oud  of  a  nKlily  colvar.  Let  no  oa«, 
however,  imtigiue  that  this  name  was  merelv  given  in  ii  gpuil 
of  flattery  to  ttn  illustciouB  family,  for  there  ia  an  apple  knowa 
fts  the  Sceptiim,'"  which  owes  it.'?  name  to  the  son  of  a  freed- 
man,  who  was  the  first  to  introduce  it :  it  is  remarkable  for 
the  roundnosa  of  its  shape.  To  those  already  mentioned, 
Cato"  adds  the  Quirinian  and  tlic  Seantion  voi'ieties,  which 
last,  he  Bays,  keep  reniarkubly  well  in  lor^  veseela."  The 
latust  kind  of  all,  however,  that  hdt  been  intrudncod  ia  the 
BniaJi  apple  known  as  the  Petisivn,'^  remarkable  for  its  delight* 
f«l  flavour :  the  Amtrinian"  apple,  too,  and  the  UtLle  Greek.'* 
iiR-vf:  conferred  renown  on  their  respective  countries. 

The  remaining  varieties  have  received  thoir  name  from 
voriouB.  circnmslances- — the  apples  known  as  the  "geraoUa"'* 
are  always  found  hanging  in  pairs  upon  one  stalky  like  twins, 

••  8o«  B.  lii.  c.  6.  The  Mfl-tian  and  tbe  OesHan  apple  are  thoueht  fcy 
Dalet-hamps  t&  have  bean  the  Frennh  ''  coiirt^penriu,"  or  "  ihort  iialk," 

"  Tbt  Scundian  is  ihnuehl  to  have  been  n  wiiitoT  pear, 

''"  Adrian  Junius  takes  tiiia  to  bo  the  "  kera-appel '  of  tUo  FkmiBJi. 

"  De  Eo  Rnst.  cc,  J  anil  143.  "  Dolia. 

""  Harduuin  says  Ihttt  thii  ii  the  "  Pomnne  d'api "  of  the  French  ;  it  i« 
iJiB  "  Ccnirt-ppiidii"  with  Adriiin  Juniuit. 

T  'Ebe  *'  Puoim^  in  &aiut  Thomas,"'  intcording  to  Adrian  Juaiui :  Dile- 
chiuntNiiileDtiAeBit'nith  the  pomiueiloGraiivi.  Stw  Ii.  iii.c.19.  andcc.  17 
unit  18  cf  thti  proBcnt  Book. 

'"  "  Uncculfi."  So  colled,  perhaps,,  from  Toventum,  situated  in  Magai 
Grscria. 

'*  Twiufi,    TJm  variety  is  uaknowu. 


rfL 


Chap,  Ifi.]  TBCrra   EECEJnXT   rNTRODUCBD. 

and  never  growing  Hing]y.  That  known  as  tbe  "Byricum"" 
is  so  culled  from  iLs  colour,  -wbilo  the  "  melapium'  "*  iaa  iU 
name  froiu  its  Btroug  nssemb-lance  to  the  pear.  The  "  mus* 
teum"  "*  was  BO  called  from  the  rapidity  with  which  it  ripens ; 
it  is  the  mttlimelum  of  the  present  day,  which  derives  its  ap- 
pelktion  from  ita  flavour,  Iwing  like  that  of  honey.  The 
"orbiciilatatn,'""  again,  i8  60  ciilled  from  ita  shape,  which  ii 
exactly  spherical — the  circtimstunce  of  the  Grt'cka  having  called 
it  tJie  "  ippiroticTun"  provea  that  it  tame  originally  from 
EpiruB,  The  orthomastiuTn*'  has  that  pfculiur  tippclliition. 
iVom  ite  resewihlancG  to  a  teat ;  and  tlie  "  epadonium.""  of  the 
iJelgoe  13  so  nickDumbd  from  the  total  aheence  of  pips.  The 
inelofolium^  has  one  loaf,  and  ou^asioually  two,  shooting  frum. 
the  middle  of  the  ixult.  That  known  as  the  "  piumueeum"  ** 
ahrivBls  wi  th  the  greatest  nipi-dity ;  while  the  '*  pulmoneum"  "* 
has  a  Itimpieh,  swollen  appearance. 

Some  apples  aro  jiist  the  colour  of  blood,  owing  to  an  original 
graft  of  the  mulberry ;  but  they  aro  all  of  thom  red  on  the 
Bids  "which  ie  turned  towards  the  sun.  There  are  Bome  small 
wild  ••  ftpplea  oIbo,  remarkable  for  tlieir  fine  flavour  and  the 
peculiar  pungency  of  their  Bmell.  Some,  again,  ore  so  re- 
markably "  Bour,  that  they  arc  held  in  diteateem ;  indeed  their 
acidity  is  bo  extreme,  that  it  will  oven  take  the  edge  Irom  off 
a  knife.  Itio  worst  apples  of  aU  are  thoBe  which  Irom  their 
mealineas  have  received  the  name  of  "iarinacea;"""  they  are 

"  Or  "wd"  apple.    Thoi*d  caWlleof  the  French,  aaotding  to  Hsr- 
QiniiD ;  the  Porotne  BUEiae,.  according  to  DAli.'i^lmrDpa. 

'*  Tlw  Giraailotte  of  tlie  French  ,  the  appcl-h«Gi»ii  of  the  Dut«h. 

W  The  "ejuly   ripener."      DalwhampB  idimtiftui  it  with  tho  poiam« 
Baiut  Jean,  tiie  apple  of  St.  John, 

flo  TLe  Pommo  toae,  or  roae,  npple,  accoTdiiig  to  DalfchdimpB. 

*'  Or  "erect  teal."    The  rommi!  tapontiti  of  tlio  French,  anmiiliDg  to 
Dulechetups. 

•*  Or  nunuch.    Tha  Passo  porame,  or  Pomme  grilliitte  of  tbo  FrBQclt. 

^  Or  "Ieiirw)pl«."     KguMtnnrki  that  thiBuccaeioniiUy  happens,  biittlie 
apple  docs  not  form  a  distinct  variety, 

"^  The  Pommi;  ponuete,  acourding  to  Dalechnmps:  the  Fomme  galio 
of  Pnovcace. 

"  Or  "  lung"  applo.    The  Pomme  folana,  aucording  to  n&Iechninpi. 

8»  The  Pirtifl  matus  of  Ijnoieus,  the  wild  apple,  or  estrasTiiilkiQ  of  tb« 
Fancb, 

*'  It  ii  doubtful  whether  he  does  not  aUude  here  to  a  peouliai  vmetjr. 
ft  "  Or  "mealy"  apple*. 


i 


«M 


ILm  8  SAXDKAt  niBTOBT. 


[Book  XV. 


Ihc  fi.rst.,  howcTcr,  to  ripen,  and  ought  to  bo  gathered  ta  sooq 
as  possible. 

CHAP.  16.  (15.) — ^FOKTT-OKB  TABJETTES  OP  THB  PEAS. 

A  similar  degree  of  precocity  haa  caused  the  appellation  of 
**8Uperbuin""to  be  given  to  one  Bppcics  of  tha  pear:  it  ia  a 
Bmall  &uit,  but  ripens  with  remurlvable  rapiili^.  All  tho 
■  vorid  ore  extremely  piictiftl  to  tho  CrufiCumian^poar ;  and  next 
to  it  ooiQiOB  the  Falcmian,"  bo  called  from  the  drink"  wUidi 
it  uSbrds,  Eo  abundant  is  ita  juioe.  This  juice  is  known  by 
the  name  of  "milk"  in  tho  variety  which,  of  a  black  colour, 
ia  by  some  called  the  pear  of  Syria.*"  The  deuomuiBtiunit 
pTen  to  the  others  vary  according  to  the  respective  localitieaof 
ttieir  growth.  Among  the  prnvB,  thenamesof  which  have  been 
adopted  in  out  city,  the  Becimian  pear,  and  the  FsQudo- 
Dccimion — au  oflshoot  from  it — have  conferred  coneidcrable 
renown  upon  the  name  of  those  who  introduoed  them.  Tha 
Bamo  is  the  casQ,  too,  with  the  variety  known  as  the  "Dola- 
b«llJan",""  rcmarkabk  for  tho  length  of  its  stalk,  the  Pom- 
potiiaa,'*  aumamed  the  maonuosum,"  thy  Licerian,  the 
Beviao,  the  Torranian,  a  variety  of  the  Sevian,  but  distiu- 
guiahed  from  it  by  the  greater  length  of  the  stalk,  the  fa- 
vonian,""  a  red  poar,  rather  larger  than  the  8Hpcrbum,togiellier 
with  the  Laterian**  and  the  Anicitin,  which  come  at  the  end 
of  autumn,  and  ore  pleasant  for  the  acidity  of  their  flavour. 

*"  Or  "proud"  jiwir,  Tho  Pftite  nia»(aid.iJle, auooTdiiiB  to  Dalecbamf*. 
^Adrian  JuEiUB.  ioy«  tlat  it  is  the  water-ptiere  of  the  Dnfcti. 

^  From  Cnutaiaium  in  Italy  ;  Cb<j  Poire  perlu,  oi  peurl  pi-or,  acGordia^ 
to  Daleulmtnjw :  tbe  Jacob's  poem  of  tlie  Flfmiielj. 

*'■  Tlio  roiTe9ii-erfe,«r "iugai.peftr,"R[!Cortlia6lolIiirdQuin; theDerga- 
faiottc,  ai:ui)rdiii^  to  Daliiclianip. 

"  "  fntu."      He  would  sppeiir  to  aUiidc  to  the  mmnifacture  of  perxT. 

**  Tliu  Syrian  fv&i  a  vommeiideil  by  Murtiali  it  hiu  not  iteeu  iuuuUned, 
howoror. 

'"■  TLe  Pniro  imuof,  flcc<irding  to  Dali>chainp3,  Adrian  Junius  says  that 
it  in  tho  Eni^ekcbe  braet-peere  of  the  Flemish. 

•*  Tho  Pinii  FomTioiniift  of  Linnwus.  Dalpflianipg  fdc-ntifleii  it  with 
the  Bon  elirEttuQ,  una  Adi'iau  Junius  is'itb  tlio  T&llul-ptieio  of  dio  Flcmisti- 

"  Tho  "  broaet-fonned." 

■^  The  rirui  Fnvaiiia  of  LiniiKiis :  the  Gtobm  poire  nuseadoUe  of  ^a 
French. 

•*  TLe  Poire  preroit,  aflcording  to  Dalcchamps. 


Chap.  I  a.] 


TjUUKTIks  of  the  PEAB. 


801 


One  variety  is  known  qs  tho  *'  Til>eiiaa,""'  from  its  having 
bet>n  a  particular  favonrit*  with  tiie  EiDperor  Tibtirias;  it  is 
more  colour i-'iUiy  Uiw  (tun,  and  gruwa  to  a  larger  size,  othenria* 
it  would  be  identical  -wilh  the  Licr-riua  variety. 

The  followiog  kinda  receive  thoir  respective  names  from 
their  native  couiilricai  the  Amertniftn,'  Uie  latest  pear  of  all, 
the  Piccutine,  the  Numantiiifl,  the  Aloxandriflc,  tho  Nuini> 
ilian.  tho  Gruek,  it  variety  of  which  is  tlu.'  Tarentine,  and  the 
Signine/''  by  some  cidled  "  ttJfttaceunif"  frum  its  eolour,  like 
earthenware ;  a  reason  wbioh  has  also  given  their  respective 
namca  to  tho  "  onychino"  *  and  the  "purplti"  kinds.  Then, 
again,  we  have  the  "  myrapiiim,"*  the  "  laureum,"  and  tho 
" nardixram,"*  so  called  &om  the  odour  they  emit;  the  "  hor- 
dearrum,"*  from  the  season  ut  which  it  comes'  in;  and  Iha 
*'ampullftcc!mi,"  "  so  called  from  \Xs  long  narrow  nwtc.  Those, 
again,  Lfmt  arc  known  cia  the  "  Coriolanian"  *  and  tho  "  Brut- 
ti&n,"  owe  their  names  to  the  places  of  Uicir  origiu ;  added  to 
which  wo  have  the  cucurbitinuni,"'  and  the  "acidulum,"  so 
named  from  the  auidity  of  iU  juice.  It  la  i^uito  uncertain  for 
what  r«;i8o«  lh«r  reepectivt)  names  were  given  to  Ihu  varictiea 
known  as  the  "  barbaricuiu"  and  the  "  Venerium,"  "  which  last 
is  known  also  as  the  "  coloratura ;" ''  the  royal  pear''  too,  which 

■■  Thn  PoiTP  fori,  according  to  Dalechamps. 

'  Tho  Saint  Ttuinna'it  petr  of  the  l"'kcniali. 

'  Tho  Poire  cliat  of  tho  Frenoh.aceordintrtoDalwIiflinjM;  Uic  Riet-pecre 
of  the  Fltmish, 

'  "  Lika  onyx  "    Tbo  OiiiEsc-itiadai&p.  nccortling  tu  Dalecliampiv 

^  Tku  OiilvrHii  roiut,  nccuTiliDg  to  iJulcvbuiups.  Pcrhups  the  Boirv 
d'umbrc,  or  aiiibtr  pwar,  of  i\ie  FrEaiuli. 

'  Tliu  ruiriT  il'iirgv'ut,  or  tilvcr  pvur,  tKOTfiing  to  Dolocfaurnps. 

•  Or  "fmrlcy  pt'ur,"  Thel'uira  jieSiiintJ^iui,  uiiordiajrUiDnluciftiBp*; 
Ibe  musquclffl  or  muacadeiln,  necording  to  Adtian  Jnnitwi 

J  Carlty-tHrn-st, 

•  So  -^^idlcd  from  its  respmlilBrice  to  tlie  "  ampulla,"  a  big-helli*d  vewul 
with  a  Emiili  utck,  iiltiuiifii'd  wiilj  tlii;  I'uiro  d'aHfriiiito  by  Utilwjbiunpa. 

"  TliD  Poire  du  jaloUBic,  luicording  U>  Dalcichamp*. 

*"  Ur  gouni-pcnr.  ThJa  is  the  "  iahiiut"  rucarding  to  Adrinn  Jnniiut, 
thA  Puite  coiu'go  of  Dall'l't:lLcnp^  and  the  Poirit  d-e  iitrtiau,  or  de  uaiupaue 
of  othnrs. 

"  TbG  Poire  do  Venus,  aooordio^  to  Adrian  Junius ;  the  Poiire  aocioLe, 
occordin^to  Diilcchatnpe,  "  Coloured  roar. 

^^  "Iteginm,"  ThorairBcnnno^nfilB.aMordinK toDolMnainpailheMit- 
peeWpcert]  «f  the  FlemUb,  uoouindiDg  to  Adriiui  Juoiiu. 


1 


» 


Zf)2  VUSj'a  XATTTBAI.  HTSTOnT.  pB*P*    | 

has  a  remark  iil:>!y  uliort  stiillt,  and  will  Btttnd  on  its  «^'?"'j' 
the  putriciiini,  Hiid  the  votonium, "  a  green  oblong  KiM.  « 
addiUon  to  th.!*ft,  Virgil"  hjw  maiJe  mention  of  apeorcalWtt* 
"  vnlrrnm,"'^  n  iijiino  whit'h  he  hue,  borrowed  firom  Cato,  »» 
mal(4-H  irwiition  alao  of  lunds  known  a»  tho  *'  flemenUme 
iLud  the  "  niUBtcom."  " 

CWAP.   17-— TIUTOCS    MPTHftDfl   OT   fllUFTlNH  TttEE8.      EXPUTMB 

w>ii  ijonnnifo. 

Thin  hraTK^h  ofciviliKcc!  litM  hus  long  since  been  ^^^S^^ 
thn  Tcrj-  liiKhcBtpitth  of  ptTfectJon,  f..r  man  has  left  nothing 
uritriM  hfiri).     ITcnoo  it  in  that  wo  find  Virgil™  speaking  « 
Itratliiig  tills  nut-lriM!  on  the  arbutue,  the  apple  on  the  plffl«i 
nud  thu  clifrry  on  tliti  i-lm.     Indeed,  ibore  is  nothing  furthM 
in  thin  dt-ptirtmuut  that  enn  posably  be  duviftod,  and  itw* 
long  tinir  hincit  iiny  mw  vuriuly  of  fruit  has  h&en   diacovo™* 
Itidigiouu  fterLipltiB,,  Unf,  will  not  allow  of  indiBcriminate  grtSt- 
ing ;  tJiwH,  fnr  m&tftiico,  it  i»  not  pprmittod  to  graft  upon  w 
thorn,  for  it  ia  Ti«t  poBy,  br  any  mode  of  expiation,  to  utoiJ 
tliw  diJsuHtrons  olft'iitfi  of  ligiitning;  and  we  arc  told"  thai  tt 
many  us  aru  the  kiniis  of  trees  that  have  been  engrafted  on  the 
ilirirti,  Bo  many  iirw  llic  thunderbolts  that  will  be  hurled  ngainit 

ttliat  fl]i«t  in  It  Binglc  Slash. 
The  form  of  tlio  pear  is  turbinated  ;  the  Ifltor  Itinds  remaiit 
on  ihi-  imrtMit  troo  till  winler,  when  they  np«i  with  tliu  frostj 
Hiiuh,  for  iuHtnnoo,  as  the  Greek  Tariety,  tlie  arai>uUaceuin,  and 
the  Irturcym;  ihi;  saiTK!,  too.  with  tipples  of  tho  Amerinian 
and  Um  8i;uudian  luuds,     Applea  and  peara  are  prepared  ftr 


"  Tbfl  Poii'e  wrUjiii,  aoocrdiug  to  BAlwhamps- 
*»  Oi-«rKii»,ii.  8?. 

'•  "A  hmuU'iil"— jjnilialilyibo  pftunil  or  pound  M  penr:  the  B«rg«ii»otti*, 
•MOrding  to  llniJuuiiij  ibo  Bua  ctuctjcn  or  summer,  acconliug  w  A^g* 
Juttiu*. 
'^  Ho  Be  Ru«t.  c.  7.  is  Or  "  Seedling." 

Tke  "early  ripentt."    Pfo  KnfEgeatB  thai  ihia  amv  be  &  rant 
dMiion. 

QiwnnM,  ii.  BB.    This  aintenicnt  of  Virpl  miul  bo  TVgard«<l 
fiufiiux  fai>iii^  impnivticable  wttb  trees  not  of  tho  mue  bmily, 
*>*•  •wmtHAil  cvun  thc«L 

u  iifvtwbly  tamo  snpmtitiun  taught  hy  the  aaptn  tar 
nug  tbDic  pr£ifi:»tua  m  ocLlitiuoLil  uiyttcrj  wd  a«e. 


* 


Chap.  IB.] 


UODX  07  EEErlHQ  TjLBIOtIS  FHtTITS. 


303 


kocpmg  juet  like  grapoe,  aod  in  as  amay  different  wsys;  but, 
■witli  th«  exception  of  plums,  they  are  tJie  ouly  fruit  that  are 
storetl  in  caski,"  Apples  ami  pean  ha%'e  certdn  Tinoas'* 
propoTlit'B,  and  liltc  wine  these  drinks  are  forbiddtn  to  invalids  by 
tbe  phyaiciauB.  These  frnite  are  sometimes  boilod  up  with  •wine 
jind  water,  ami  so  make  ft  preGervu**  thut  is  eaten  with  bread  ; 
ft.prop»ratiou  which  is  ncvpr  made  of  any  other  fruit,  with  tht) 
exccpticia  i)f  the  quinces^  known  as  the  "cutoneuiu"  and  the 
"  Htnitheian." 

OHAP,  18.  (16.) — THB  MODE  &P  KEKPIBO  TIBIODS  FSJJTTA  AlTD 

IOBAPGB. 
For  the  better  presetring  of  frnits  it  is  imiversally  recom- 
mended that  the  Btoreroom  should  he  situate  in  a  cool,  dry 
spot,  with  a  wcU-liourdtd  lloor,  and  windows  looking  towards 
Ine  north  ;  which  in  fiue  weather  ought  to  h<i  kept  opun.  Curu 
dwnld  aleo  bo  takvu  to  kwp  out  the  aoolli  wind  by  winrlow 
panea/'^  whiloat  the  samt  tinifl  it  should  b*  boraein  mind  that 
8  norlh-cftst  wind  will  ahrivel  fruit  and  make  it  unsightly.  Ap- 
ples are  gathered  alter  the  autumnal  equinox  ;  but  the  gather- 
ing ahould  never  begin  before  the  sixteenth  day  of  the  moon, 
or  bel'ore  the  first  hour  of  the  day.  Windfalls  ahould  alwaya 
bo  kopt  B(3pamt«,  and  there  ought  to  be  a  layer  of  etriiw,  or 
elau  mats  or  chaff,  phiced  buitiEuiLh.  They  ahould,  alao,  hu 
placed  apart  frym  each  otb«r,  in  rows,  bo  that  the  air  may  cir- 
culate freely  betwuen  them,  and  they  may  equally  gain  the 
beneiit  of  it,  Thi;  Ameriniaa  apple  is  the  best  kei-p«r,  thu 
melimelam  the  vury  worst  of  all. 

(IT.)  Qainocs  ought  to  be  stored  in  a  place  kflpt  nerfectly 
closed,  so  UB  lo  exclude  all  draughts ;  or  olao  they  uiouid  bo 
boilod  in  honey"  or  soaked  in  it.     Pom.ognuiat«a  are  mado 

«  Cwiis. 

"  Htt  prolablr  aUiidca  hen  to  cider  and  [itrry.  Sec  p.  300,  aad  B.  mii. 
0.  62. 

"  "Pulttwctarii  i-icein ;" pi-iipirly  "aaubstilnte  foi  jiulnifiitmiiiii,"  whielv 
was  niiythinfr  eutru  witli  Lrnud,  Kutli  us  meat,  vt'gc'Uiblis,  &i;.  Ho  alludeis 
u  mo/'ainluiV.  Tbe  t'ruuuli  ruUint  Jii  a  sonicifliui  umilar  piepatauun 
frum  |>ears  luul  tjuinuw  buJldl  in  new  wine, 

»  "  Spcciilaribua,"  Ho  alludL«  tn  windows  of  iransparont  itone,  lapia 
niRcnLiHit,  nr  iinuu;  trinilnwa  iil'  et(i»s  being  iinibflbly  uiik.iion'D  iuLis  tiiuti. 
Iht  uMli[iiiry  wiuduwi  wure  mufL'l}'  tipenings  do^i'd  widi  skutCen.     Svu  B. 

XilYl,  c.  -15. 

^  He  aiast  allude  to  a  luiid  of  qtuaue  miuouilado. 


JM 


ri.ars'a  SATTRAL  nrsTOBT. 


[Book  XV, 


hard  and  firm  bj  b^ing  first  pot  in  boiling '^  ceo-watcr, 
then  hfl  to  dry  for  three  dsys  in  the  Bun,  caxc  being  tabeo  Out 
the  d«vB  of  the  night  do  not  touch  them ;  after  which 
are  bung  up,  and  when  wimtt-d  for  ww,  washed  vith 
water,  it.  Varro  *  rMomrapnds  that  they  should  be  kept! 
large  ven^  filled  with  sand  :  if  tiiey  arc  not  Hp«,  he 
tliat  &ey  sboald  be  put  in  pots  with  the  bottom  broken  out, 
and  then  buried**  in  the  earth,  all  access  to  the  air  bdng  cue- 
fully  shut,  and  care  b^ing  first  taken  to  cover  the  stalk  vith 
pitch.  By  this  mode  of  trBBtment,  he  aasorea  ns,  thejr  will 
attain  a  larger  eizD  than  they  would  if  left  to  ripen  on  the  tree. 
Ab  fur  the  other  kinds  of  poiaes,  he  says  that  they  should  be 
wrapped  up  aeparetcly  in  og'kaTcs,  the  windfalls  being  care- 
fully excluded,  and  then  Btortd  iit  baskets  uf  osier,  m  dm 
covCTPd  over  with  potters'  earth. 

Pears  are  kept  m  earthen  vegaels  pitched  inside ;  when 
fiUed,  the  Tesselit  are  rtverw-^l  and  then  bnried  in  pita.  The 
Tarcntine  pc^ir,  Varro  anys,  is  gathered  rcry  late,  while  the 
Anicion  keeps  very  well  in  raiain  wine.  Sorb  apples,  too,  ara 
einiilarly  kept  in  holes  in  the  ground,  the  yessel  being  tamtd 
upsidedowQ,  and  a  layer  of  piaster  plaeed  on  the  lid:  it  should  be 
buried  two  feet  devp,  in  a  suany  spot ;  Borbs"  are  also  hung-,  like 
gr&pes,  in  the  irnudc  of  large  voaels,  together  with  the  hranchoi. 

Some  of  the  more  recent  author;  are  found  to  pay  a  more 
scrupulous  decree  of  atteutton  to  these  various  particulsrv,  and 
rt^comrat-nd  that  the  gathering  of  grapes  or  pom€#,  which  m 
intended  for  ket^ing,  efaonld  take  -place  while  the  moon  is  on 
the  wane,"  after  the  third  hour  of  the  day,  and  while  thfl 
weather  is  clear,  or  dry  winds  prevail.  In  a  rimilar  manner, 
tite  Miectioa,  they  say,  ougbl:  to  be  made  from  a  dry  spot,  and 
the  fruit  ahould  be  plucked  before  it  is  fully  ripe,  a  mooieitt 
being  chosen  while  the  moon  ia  below  the  horizon.  Grspti, 
they  Bay,  should  be  wiecled  tliat  have  a  stroag,  hiird  msllet- 
Btidk,  and  after  the  decayed  benies  have  bet-n  careliilly  iv 
morod  with  a  pair  of  scissors,  they  should  be  hung  up  inidd«  of 

**  JU  F£«  rcnurb,  tha  ^it,  if  tj>:al£d  Uios,  would  won  Iom  all  the 
WMWrtia  fat  which  it  is  valued. 
»  DeKc  Runt,  a  I.e.  69. 

**  A  fao]tf  jjruceedini;,  liowercr  dry  it  HTBt  he. 
»  This  fmii,  F&  romarks,  keep*  but  iaiifferently,  and  toon  btenwi 
•oft,  vinoiu,  tuid  ati  j. 
»  Jia  abninl  supEnUtion. 


Chap.  18.]  UODK  or  KUriSO  TABI0D8  rstTITS. 


305 


I 


a  1arg«  T(«sel  vrhich  has  just  beea  pitched,  oar«  being  takes  to 
close  aU  aecese  to  the  south  wind,  by  coToriiig  Ihv  lid  with  a 
coat  of  plcuter.  The  aome  mctliod,  they  any,  Ahould  be  adopted 
for  keeping  sorb  applce  and  pears,  the  stalks  being  carofiilly 
oorered with  pitch;  pare  ehould  be  taken,  too,  tliat  the  res- 
Ecb  are  kept  at  a  distance  frvm  watiT. 

There  urv  eonia  pursous  who  adupt  the  ftjUowiug  method  for 
pre«ervJQg  graiics.  They  take  them  off  together  with  the 
branch,  and  place  them,  wbilo  Btill  upon  it,  in  a  layer  of 
plaster,*"  taking  care  to  fasten  either  end  of  thi-  branch  in  a 
bijJb  of  KHiill."  Others,  again,  go  bo  far  aa  to  piaee  iht-ni 
within  Teoeela  containing  wine,  taking  care,  however,  that  Hit- 
grapes,  as  they  hong,  do  not  touch  it.  Some  persona  put 
apples  in  pl<n*s  of  earth,  and  then  leave  them  to  float  in  wine, 
a  method  by  which  it  is  thought  that  a  vinous  flavour  j»  im. 
parted  to  them  :  while  budil'  ihiiik  it  a  better  plan  to  ])reaerve  all 
ihtso  kinds  of  fruit  in  millet.  Most  people,  however,  oontont 
themeelves  nilh  first  digging  a  hole  in  the  ground,  a  coupli!  of 
feet  in  depth ;  a  layer  uf  sand  is  then  placed  at  the  bottom, 
tmcl  the  Iruil  ie  urruuged  upon  it,  uid  covered  witli  an  earthen 
lid,  over  whivh  the  etirlh  is  lliruwQ.  Some  persons  agaiu  oren 
go  so  for  OS  to  gire  their  grapes  a  coating  of  potters'  chalk,  and 
then  hang  them  up  when  dried  in  the  sun ;  when  required  for 
use,  the  chalk  is  removed  with  water."  Apples  are  also  pre- 
iwrved  in  a  similar  manner  ;  but  with  them  wine  is  employed 
for  getting  off  tlie  chuLk.  Indeed,  we  find  a  very  Mioilar  plan 
pursued  with  apples  of  the  finest  quality ;  they  hare  a  coating 
hiid  upon  them  of  either  plaster  or  wax ;  but  they  ore  iipt,  i£ 
not  quito  ripe  when  tliis  was  done,  by  Uie  incivase  in  their 
fdze  to  break  their  easing.'-*'  When  apples  are  thus  jjropared, 
they  aro  always  laid  with  tlie  etalk  downwards.*  Some 
persons  pluck  the  ajijdo  together  with  tlie  bnineh,  the  ends  of 
which  they  thrufit  mto  the  pith  of  elder,*"  and  then  bury  it  in 

*^  A  method  not  unEikdy  lo  upoil  the  gnpe,  baia  the  difficullj  ofn- 
tBtmtig  tin  coat  thui  giirat  to  iL 

*>  A  Tcry  thtaii  nolion,  as  Ffis  oUerroi.  To  keep  fruit  in  nulUt  m 
alo  coadduied. 

>•  Wbieb,  of  oonrsp.  mti*t  dertmonte  the  flaToar  of  the  ^pc. 

•*■  ll  ia  tfcnbtful  irttirjr  will  in<'Ti-iu«  i'l  »iX'',  vina  imea  ilii.ltH. 

»*  Tbe  modera  auUioritie*  tmonitueuii  iLf  jinxbt'ly  opi>oMU-  pUn. 

***  Ai  aUivtl  u  tbv  aw  of  tbn  bulb  ofiquill. 

TOL.    lU.  X 


PUNY  S   HATURAL   lUSTOST.  [Hook  XT. 

Uio  way  alroady  pwintfd  out.*°  There  are  eomo  who  assign  to 
each  upplu  or  puar  iU  ecparate  vessel  uf  day,  and  after  cunv 
fully  i^itching  the  coTer,  euclose  it  agaiu  iu  u  larger  vessel : 
oecuBionally,  too,  the  fruit  is  placed  on  a  layer  of  flocks  of 
wooi,  or  else  iu  baskl^ts,*'  vnlh  &  lining  of  chaff  uad  clay. 
Other  persona  follow  a  similar  plan,  but  use  cwrUiea  plutcs  for 
the  purpoBB ;  while  others,  aguin,  employ  the  sume  melliod, 
but  dig  a  hole  iu  the  eurbh,  and  after  placing  a  layer  uf  koA, 
lay  the  fruit  on  to[)  of  it,  and  thta  covor  the  whole  wiih  dr>- 
uarUi.  PeraoDB,  too,  aro  sonietiiues  known  to  give  quiucea  a 
coating  of  Footio  '^  wax,  and  thea  plunge  iht-m  iu  htnu;y. 

Columella"  iulvrms  uh,  that  fruit  is  kept  by  buiug  cureftilly 
put  iu  ywtlwjn  v«83el»,  which  then  recisiV'e  a  eouting  of  pLti:h,  and 
are  placed  in  wella  or  cisterns  to  sink  to  the  huttom.  Ihe  peoplu 
of  maritime  Liguria,  in  the  rioiiiity  of  the  Alps,  first  dry  tbeii 
grapes  in  the  Bun,*°  and  wrap  them  up  in  bundleH  of  ruslivu, 
which  are  thon  covLTud  with  plaster.  The  Grtelfs  follow  a 
fiimilar  plan,  but  aubstitut*  for  ruahta  the  iuavos  of  the  ijkne- 
li-ep,  or  of  the  vino  itBclf,  or  else  of  thu  fig,  whioh  they  dry 
for  a  giiigle  day  in  thi'  ehade,  and  tlivn  place  in  a  tiusk  in 
ulternato  layers  witli  husks"  of  grapes.  It  i»  by  lliis  method 
that  they  preserve  the  grapes  of  Cos  and  iluryluis,  which  arc 
inferior  to  none  in  awwtauas.  Some  persons,  wheu  thus  pn- 
piiring  them,  plunge  the  grapes  into  lie-ashes  Uie  moment  tiiar 
take  them  from  the  vine,  and  then  dry  them  ia  the  sun;  they 
thtn  steep  them  iu  warm  wattr,  after  which  they  put  them  to 
dry  Bgnin  inthosiiu:  and  last  of  all,  ae  already  mentioned, 
wrap  tliem  up  i»  buiidl-u-a  foiToed  of  layers  of  leaves  and  griqie 
liuske.  Thete  ai'o  some  who  prefer  keeping  their  grnpca  in 
sawdust,'^  or  else  in  shuvinga  of  the  fii--tree,  poplar,  imd  oah ; 
while  others  think  it  the  btwit  plan  to  liung  Uieni  up  in  the 
graniiiy,  at  a  careful  distance  from  the  apples,  dii'tetly  after  the 
gathering,  being  under  the  impression  that  the  very  lx«t  cover- 
ing for  them  UB  they  hang  is  tlio  dual**  that  ruituraUy  ansae 

••  Itt  ajvit  two  ffeet  docp,  &v.    Sue  obflvo.  ^  Came. 

»"  Sm  K.  xxi, «..  1&.  "''  Du  Ro  Rial.  B.  xii.  e.  13. 

*"  ThMo  must  make  msins  ot  tho  auii. 

*i  Tbue  inuit  have  Uh-ti  iiuilccllj  dry,  or  cUd  Ihoy  would  tend  to  M 
the  gnp«a  Or  nu>ia«. 
*>  Calamong^  fur  ioitnnw,  U.  xii,  n.  43. 
"  Tlic  dun  is  in  rvalit)'  very  lialik  Ig  ii|>dU  tlie  fruit,  from  tbc  tooid^ 


Ch&p.  19.} 


I 


t 


from  the  floor.  Qrap<*8  fire  effectually  protected  ngamst  ths 
ottocUs  of  wasps  by  being  sprinkled  with  oil"*  spirted  from  the 
mouth.     Of  palm-dates  we  Imve  ttlready  epoken." 

CBtr.  19.  (18-3 — TWENTT-piME  tieiehes  of  thb  pw. 

Of  »II  the  remniuiDg  ihuts  that  are  iDcludod  uodor  thu 
name  of  "  pomes,"  tiie  fig'*  is  the  largest :  Bome,  indeed,  eq)ial 
the  pear,  eyciii,  in  size.  Wc  lmv«  alroady  moutionud.  while 
treating  of  the  exotic  fruits,  the  miraculous  productions  uf 
Egj-pt  and  Cyprus'*  in  the  way  of  figs.  The  Eg  of  Mount 
Ida*'  is  red,  mid  Iho  size  of  an  olive,  rounder  however,  and 
like  a  medlar  in  flftvour ;  they  give  it  the  name  of  Alex- 
andrian in  those  parta.  The  atcm  is  a  cubit  m  thic-kncBS ;  it  is 
branchy,  has  a  tough,  pliant  wood,  ja  entirely  dtatitute  of  all 
milky  juice,"  and  has  a  gix-en  bark,  and  leaves  like  those  of  the 
luideji  trep,  bat  soft  to  tha  touch.  OousicriluB  status  that  iu 
Hyrcania  the  figs  are  much  Bwewter  than  with,  us,  and  that  the 
trees  are  more  prolific,  Boeing  that  a  single  tree  will  heia"  aa 
much  as  two  hundred  and  seventy  modii**  of  Iniit.  The  tig 
]iaa  been  introducfd  into  Italy  trom  other  countries,  Chalcis 
and  Chios,  for  instance,  tlie  varictiuB  boiDg  very  nnineroua : 
there  aro  those  irom  Lydia  also,  which  are  of  a  purple  colour, 
mid  the  kind  known  as  the  "mamillana,"'*  which  is  verj- 
similar  to  the  Lydiaa.  The  calliatruLiuic  arc  very  little  supe- 
rior  to  tlie  last  la  lluvour ;  they  uiv  the  coldest  by  nature  of 
all  the  figs.  Ab  to  the  African.  %,  by  many  people  preferred 
to  any  other,  it  has  bcL'ii  luiide  the  subject  of  very  cousidor- 
ablo  discussion,  as  it  is  a  kind  that  has  been  introduced  rerj' 
recently  into  Africa,  though  it  bears  the  name  of  that  country. 

with  which  !t  Bdlinrcs.  In  all  U'kisc  mirtlioih,  little  ntUnlioa  would  seem 
to  be  pujit  to  Ibc  rctcntian  of  the  rlavour  of  the  firiiitt. 

'**  A  iltUiitiil)le  iirnctiiT.  F6t-'»ayii,  as  the  nil  raakt^a  an  indtlitle  muk 
on  the  e^Lpe,  ntiiS  gites  it  nn  itbomianble  fluTgiiT.  tt  in  the  Iwii  aietho'd 
to  put  llic  fruil  lit  m^  of  [iiipiT  or  liuir. 

•♦  8onB.  siii,  c.  It), 

**  Tliero  are  alxiui  fi»tv  rniietips  now  kn^wn. 

"  B.  xiii.  t.  H,  la.     These  nrn  Ilie  Ficu»i  sjcoiripms  af  LiciDKiiE. 

"  InTruaa;  uiilled  tlie  .Vieiaridti:ii[  fig,  frutii  the  city  i>f  Aluxniidriri 
'  *  tliere.  F6o  doubt*  il'  this  wns  ronllj'  u  lig,  und  Boggcsts  that  it  aiig^l  bu 
th*  fruit  of  H  Tsriiiiy  i>f  Dioepyroa. 

**  No  flg-trsB  noir  known  is  dwtitiitc  of  ttuA. 

**  F6e  tTMlB  this  u  aa  csaggcTatlan. 

w  From  "  mamiUa,"  k  teat. 

x2 


SOS 


M.EST'B  NATUaAl  histoht. 


nioali  XV. 


As  to  the  fig  of  Alcsondrifl,*'  it  ia  n  blaci  variety,  with  the 
clult  iaelifling  tu  whito;  it  hai>  had  the  nuuio  givun  tu  it  ttt 
thfl  ■"delicute"*'  fig:  the  Khodiau  iig,  too.  aiid  tbo  Tibuitine,*' 
one  uf  the  early  Itiiuls,  mv  black.  Some  of  them,  again,  bear 
the  tuimtr  of  tht"  persons  wdo  were  the  firnt  to  introitmc  tbcm, 
euch,  tor  insrbuicp,  us  Ih^.  Lilian'"  ami  the  Pompeian"  figs :  this 
Tasl  Toriety  is  the  best  for  drying  in  the  stm  and  keeping  for 
1150,  from  year  to  yeiir;  the  same  is  the  case,  too,  with  the 
mujisca,**  iind  the  kind  which  hna  a  leaf  spotted  all  ovop  liko 
the  reed."  Thort  is  alao  the  Htrfiulaaeon  fijj,  the  albicerata," 
end  the  white  nratia,  a  very  lai^o  vurifty,  with  an  extcemely 
dtDUDulive  stcdk. 

The  earliest  of  them  all  is  the  porpbyritis,"  which  bas  a 
stulk  of  remarkable  length  :  it  is  closely  tbliowcd  by  the  popu- 
laris,*"  one  of  the  very  smallest  of  the  figs,  and  80  called  mini 
the  low  cstoem  in  which  it  ia  held  :  on  the  other  hand,  the 
ehclidoniu"'  ia  a  kind  that  ripens  the  last  at'  all,  and  to- 
wards the  beginning  of  winter.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are 
%ri  that  tu:^  at  the  somu  time  both  lute  and  early,  as  tliey  bear 
two  crops  in  thm  year,  one  white  and  the  other  black,"  ripen* 
ing  at  harvest>tinie  and  vintagtt  respeoUrely.  There  is  aautber 
late  fig  alao,  that,  has  rewived  its  name  frojn  the  Bingular 
liardiiLSS  of  its  skin  ;  one  of  the  Chalcidian  yarieties  bears  M 
many  as  three  times  ia  the  year.  It  is  at  Tarentum  only  tJiat 
the  remarkably  sweet  fig  is  grown  which  ia  known  by  tho 
name  of  "  ona." 

Speaking  of  figs,  Cato  hag  the  following  remarks ;  "Plant 
the  hg  called  tht  'marism'  oii,  u  chalky  or  opca  site,  but  for 
the  African  variety,  the  Uerculanetiu,  the  Kugimtine,"  the 

"  In  Egypt.     The  Figiie  serrantine,  or  coidclicro. 
"  '•DtUcuta."    Tiie"bon-bpiii!ljB." 

^  F£c  tug^QsU  tliBt  t)iis  Kiay  have  bH>i'n  the  floiall  early  fig, 
^  From  LniLi,  iIig  wift-  at  AugUBliw. 

Kroru  I'uTupaiua  Mapiiua.      m  Appaicntly  mtanin^  tbo  "mamli"  fljf. 

Tlio  Lsoiiiiiuii  rti-d,  Tlieopliraatiis  says,  II.  iv.  a.  13. 

Tlie  "  white- wax"  fig. 
**  Tve  unetie*  wli-Htbrn  it  may  not  h^  tlie  Oroisa  buutjuottVk 
"^  Or  "  people'*"  fig.    Tlit  sotall  uarly  wlit*  Hg. 
''  Or  "aivallow"-%, 

*'  Or  it  may  mean  "whitfland  lilacli,"  that  being  Ito  oalonr  of  tha 
li^,      Su«ll  a  vnricty  i«  tlill  ktinwii. 

'*  A  Spaajsb  <riuitty;  tliose  of  tLe  buuUi  of  Spaia  aru  vuy  biglili 
.'stcemijd. 


Chsp.  2ft,]         ABECOOXES  COySECTBD  WITH  THE  110.         309 

winter  fig  and  the  hkck  Tctflnian*'  with  a  long  stalk,  yon 
ratist  seleul  a  richer  mil,  or  else  a  griiiind  well  manured." 
Stnce  his  day  thcw;  hiive  bo  mtmy  namea  aud  kinda  c^ine  up, 
that  evtQ  on  ttiting  this  subject  into  couaiikration,  it  must  be 
Qppareut  to  tiTi'i y  odq  how  great  ure  tbt;  cLuugcs  wliicti  havv 
takE'Ti  place  in  civilized  life. 

Them  »re  %<.-int.er  figs,  too,  in  aorae  of  the  provinces,  the 
'  Mce^ian,  for  instance;  but  t-hey  lire  made  bo  by  Hrtilicial  meflns, 
Huch  not  being  in  reality  ihrir  nature.  Being  a  small 
Tftric-ty  of  the  fig-tree,  they  covtr  it  up  with  manure  at  the  L-nd 
of  autumn,  by  which  meanB  the  friut  on  it  ia  oTcrtaken  by 
winter  wMlfl  still  in  a  rtccti  Btatc  :  then  when  the  woalhcr 
becomes  niilrler  the  ft-uit  is  uncovered  along  witii  the  tree,  nud 
60  restored  to  light.  Jubt  ae  though  it  hud  tMUie  into  birth 
afresh,  the  frnit  imbibes  tbo  httit  uf  the  new  sun  with  tiiv 
greatest  avidity— a  ditftrent  nun,  in  tact,  tn  that"  which  ori. 
ginally  gate  it  life— and  Bf>  riiK-us  along  with  the  blossom  of 
the  coming  crop ;  thus  attaining  maturity  in  a  year  not  its 
own,  and  this  in  a  country,**  too,  where  the  gjwateat  cold 
preTOJla. 

oiuP.  SO. — uiiroiLicii.  AXEcsojEa  cokitecikd  iiith  tub  n^. 

"The  mentifin  by  Cuto  of  the  variety  which  bears  the  name 
of  the  Afiricaii  fig,  strongly  recalls  tj^  my  nnud  a  remarkablo 
Jiict  connected  with  it  and  the  uountry  from  which  it  takes 
its  nuiuu. 

Burning  with  a  mortal  hatred  to  Carthage,  an xiouH,  too,for  the 
safety  of  his  posterity,  nurl  exclaiming  at  evtry  sitting  of  the 
seiiate  thut  Coithagc  must  be  destroyed,  Cato  one  day  brought 
with  him  into  the  Senate-houae  a  ripe  fig,  the  produce  of  that 
country.  Exhibiting  it  to  thi;  assembled  senatora,  "  1  ask  you," 
Baid  he,  "  when,  do  you  siippose,  this  fruit  was  plucked  fro?Q  the 
tree  ?*'  All  being  of  opinion  that  it  had  been  but  lattdy  gathered, 
— ■'  Know  then,"  was  his  reply,  "that  this  fig  v/iis  plu«kc-d  at 
Carthage  but  the  day  before  yesterday**— «o  near  is  the  enemy 

"  The  mndern  "hlMlt"  tii;, 
■^'  Thf  »iin  or  tht  fomirr  jenr. 
*•  In  MimJU'^thB  [irein?Dl  SurTia  and  Bulimia. 

*''  AllolhOT  war  immiil   ti>   have  ortRinnUil   in  tbis   friiit.     XeTI«  n-iis 
tcmpli^l  hv  iliu  Ane  Has  of  Athucs  to  midurtuki]  ibo  iuvusiua  of  Gteeee, 
■"  "  Xdrdum  onto  diem."    In  dating  &odl  bu  eseat,  the  Komans  in* 


310 


PLITIY  8  NATUKAL  HI3T0BT. 


[DookXV. 


to  our  walls."  It  was  immciliatflj'  after  this  occurrence  that 
the  third  Pmiio  war  commenced,  iu  wlilch  Cortha^  wiu 
destroyed,  though  Cato  had  breathed  his  last,  the  year  o£i&c  tbil 
event.  Iii  this  trait  which  aro  we  tlie  most  to  admire?  was  it 
ingenuity^  aud  foresight  on  his  j>art,  or  was  it  an  acuidont  tiiat 
was  thiia  aptly  tUTDed  to  advantage  ?  which,  too,  is  the  moat 
surprising,  tho  extraordinary  quiciltnesfi  of  the  paestigo  which 
muBt  have  been  mjidc,  or  the  bold  daring  of  tlie  man  ?  The 
thing,  howoTcrj  that  is  the  moat  aatoaiBhiog  of  all — indceil,  I 
cao  ooiieeive  nothing  more  truly  man^ellouB — is  tiie  fact  that  u 
city  thus  mighty,  the  rival  of  Rome  for  the  sovereignty  of  tha 
world  during  a  period  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  years,  owed 
its  f^  at  last  to  aa  illustration  drawn  I'rom  a  single  fig  ! 

Thus  did  this  fig  effect  that  which  neither  Trobin  nor  Thraai- 
mcnus,  not  CannE  itself,  graced  with  tiie  entombment  of  the 
Roman  renown,  not  the  Punic  camp  entrenched  within  thnse 
miles  of  tho  city,  not  fvcn  tho  disgrace  of  seeing  Hannihal 
riding  tip  to  the  CoLlino  Gate,  could  Buggcat  the  means  of 
aeooiupUshing.  It  was  left  for  a  tig,  in  the  hand  of  Cuto,  lo 
stow  Flow  near  was  Carthage  to  the  gales  of  Komo ! 

In  the  Foram  even,  and  in  the  v^ty  midst  of  the  Comitium.™ 
of  Bome,  a  fig-tree  is  carefully  oultivated,  in  memory  of  the 
uongecralion  which  took  place  on  the  occasion  of  a  thunder- 
bolt'^'  which  once  lell  on  that  epot;  and  still  more,  as  n  me- 
morial of  the  lig-troG  which  in  former  days  overahadowed 
Eorauliis  and  Remus,  the  founders  of  our  empire,  in  the  Ln- 
percal  Cave.  This  tree  received  the  came  of  "rnminalifly" 
t^om  the  circumstance  that  under  it  tho  wolf  was  found  giving 
tho  breast — rumia  it  was  culled  in  fhoao  days — to  the  two 
infants.  A  groap  in  hronze  was  afterwards  erected  to  eon- 
Kecrate  the  remembrant-e  of  thia  miraculous  event,  as,  through 
tho  agency  of  Attua  Nnvius  tho   augur,  tho  tree  itself  had 

eluded  both  days  is  tkt)  com^uta-tiou ;  tUe  one  tbcy  dutuil/rotn,  ttsA  the 
>\aj  n/,  the  event. 

■**  la  BvoJin^  Tor  thu  %,  anil  thinliia^  of  tlis  iDGthod  of  ipcaViag  to 
tlio  fiirliiig:^  oihii  ffllnw-iiouni.r)Tiicii. 

^"  A  place  iatho  t'oiom,  whiire  public  mcetuig»  were  hc.Ul,  nnd  cortaia 
offeoces  tried. 

^^  He  uUudfiB  to  the  Puteal,  or  ertloseci  sjium  in  tlin  Fnnim,  cnniiecnited 
liy  Sci-ibaniiig  Libo,  in  cjonscquvnct;  of  the  s^nt  having  been  Stcuok  bf 
It^hlaiug. 


C&FBIFIPATIOX. 

]>iiii»ed  spontanefinslj-  from  its  original  locality"  to  the  ComE- 
tium  in  the  Forum.  And  not  wJtliowt  some  dire fiil  preen^  is 
it:  that  that  tree  hm  witb^tvd  away,  though,  ihanka  ta  Iho 
euro  of  the  prieethowd,  it  has  bica  since  roplaccJ." 

There  wuB  uBotlier  llg-lree  also,  befwre  the  totnple  of  Sa- 
turn,^' which  was  removed  on  the  occasion  of  a  Bafrifice  mad© 
by  the  Vtatal  Virgins,  it  lieing  found  thnt  it-a  rflots  were  gra- 
dually nndermining  the  sfAhie  of  the  god  Silvanus.  Another 
one,  accidentally  planted  there,  flourished  in  the  middle  of  tha 
Fotnm,^"  upon  the-  vivj  Bpot,  too.  in  which,  when  Irom  a  dirc- 
fal  presage  it  had  been  foreboded  thiit  tliu  growing  empire 
wiiH  about  to  aink  to  its  rery  fouudatioiis,  Curlius,  iil  thl^  pric9 
of  an  ineatimublD  tren&urti — in  otlier  words,  by  the  pocriflco  of 
each  unbounded  virtue  and  pioty — redeemed  hie  couutrj'  by  a 
glorious  death,  hj  »  like  nccident,  too,  a  nue  und  an  oUvo- 
tree  have  sprung  up  in  the  same  spot,'*  which  have  ever  since 
been  carefully  tended  by  the  populace  for  the  agTMable  shade 
which  tlicy  afford.  The  altar  that  onro  stood  there  waa  after- 
warda  removed  by  order  of  the  deifiod  Julius  Coesar,  upon  the 
occasion  of  the  last  spectacle  of  gladiatorial  combata"  which 
he  i^TC  in  the  forum. 

CBAT.  21. CAPEinCATIOS. 

The  fig,  the  only  one  among  all  the  pomcft,  haatenato  maturity 
by  the  aid  of  a  remarkable  prorisioQ  of  Nature.  (10.)  The 
wild-flg,'"  known  by  the  name  of  "  caprificuB,"  never  ripeno 
itself,  though  it  is  ablo  to  impart  to  the  olhere  the  principle 
of  which  it  is  thus  deatituto ;  for  wo  occasionulEy  find  Nature 
inaking  ft  triLiisf*a'  of  what  are  primary  causes,  and  being  gv^ne- 
I'ftted  from  decay.     To  effect  this  purpose  tho  wild  tig-treo 

""  On  the  lianka  of  tlio  Tiber,  dbIow  tho  ralulinu  Mount.  Tlic  wlola 
of  tliia  pHRss^n  is  in  a  most  corrupt  «uiIg,  nad  it  in  ilifticait  to  eitincl  a 
meuuing  fruni  it. 

f^  Tly  slips  fnim  the  old  tree,  as  Tacitiu  Memi  to  toy^"  in  iio«o»  r<»tu* 
revivisciaret," 

"  At  tho  foot  of  tlifi  Capitoline  Tlill. 

i»  Prohfthty  neat  nrhtre  the  Curtiua  Lacus  had  atond  in  the  ently  dnjsoF 
Rome.  The  Btoi^  of  Mrtiiii  CiiTliaa,  who  lenpcd  into  tiic  yawning  gulph 
in  the  Formn,  iu  ordur  to  sava  Uw  coimtrf,  i*  Viwnn  to  e»PTy  clamii^al 
roBiJpT. 

"  Tho  Fcruiii.  ""  Sen  B,  lix.  C.  6. 

"^  Thfl  FiciuB  Caricn  of  Linnoeiu.  It  doa  boar  fnut,  thou£;h  isiall,  Bod 
(liaagfMahlc  ta  tliD  taatti. 


'8   HATrEAt 


produces  a  kind  of  gnat.''*    These  inBects,  deprived  of  all  sui- 
tonnnce  from  tht-ir  parent  tree,  at  the  moment  that  it  ia  has- 
tLTiing  to  ruttctiti€tiB  anil  dticay,  wing  thuir  Eight  to  olhtrs  of 
kindi-cd  thou^'Ii  cultivut'ed  kmd.     There  fetiduig  with  avidity 
upua  the  &g,  thuy  p<3ii&trato  it  ia  Dumerous  places,  sad  hy 
thus  making  thuir  way  to  the  iuside,   open  tho  pores  of   tlie 
fruit,"'     Thu  moiDent  they  effect  their  entrance,   tlio  heat  of 
the  »un  finds  odmis^ioti  too,  and  through  the  inlets  thus  mado 
the  fecundating  air  ia  introduced.      These  imects   speedily 
comiune  the  milky  juice  that  coiistitiites  the  chief  Biipport 
of  tho  fruit  in  its  int'nnt-"  state,  a  result  which  would  oLhpj- 
wiao  be  spontttnoouBly  efibcted  by  absorption  :  and  hence  it  is 
ibut  in  the  plantations  of  figa  h  wild  fig  is  usually  allowed  lo 
grow,  heing  placed  to  the  windward  of  tbo  other  trees  in 
order  that  Uie  breezes  may  bear  £rom  it  upon  them.    Improving 
upon  this  discoYfiy,  branohi^s  of  the  wild  Hg  uro  sonietiincii 
brought  from  ti  distance,  and  bundles  tied  together  ai-s  plaeed 
U[K)n  the  cultivuted  tree.     This  method,  however,  is  not  necea* 
sary  when  the  trees  are  growing  on  a  thin  soil,  or  on  a  site 
nxpoaed  to  the  north-east  wind  ;  for  in  thiesc  rases  the  figs  will 
dry  sponUuiooualy,  urid  the  clefts  whi^ih  arc  made  in  tho  fruit 
cffefct  the  BaiiiQ  ripening  process  which  in  other  iustonees  ia 
brougbt  about  by  the  agency  of  thcao  insitcts.   Nor  is  it  requisite 
to  adopt  this  plan  on  spots  which  tuu  liable  to  dust,  such,  for 
instiiDw,  as  i«  geueruQy  the  easo  with  lig-U'ecs  plantod  by  tbo 
side  of  much-frei^uented  roads :  the  dust  having  the  property 
of  drj-ing  up"   Qie   juict's  of  the  fig,   and  so   ab&orbing  Iha 
milky  humours.     Tliere  ia  this  superiority,  howevrt',  in  an  ad- 
vantageous site  over  tbo  metboda  of  ripening  hy  the  agency  of 
(luBt  or  by  eaprifieation,  that  the  Unit  is  not  ao  apt  to  fall ;  for 
the  mccrction  of  tho  juices  being  thus  prevcnt&d,  tho  fig  ia  not 
no  heavy  as  it  would  otherwise  be,  and  tho  branchca  are  lees 
hritUQ. 
All  Sgs  ore  soft  to  the  touch,  and  when  ripe  contain  grains*' 

'*  ThiHiMeoiiB  onoof  ihe  nymeaopters ;  tho  Cj-nipa  I'imw  of  LiTHimua 
udFabriciiM,  Thtn  Lsanothci  ia^egt  of  the  some  geous,  but  sot  m 
•well  knuwn. 

•**  h'Av  obwrven  Lh.tt  tho  capriGcntion  nccelcrntr*  tlie  nfeupatt  of  the 
fruii,  bui  nt  iha  «iptnm.<  of  tlic  fluvuur.     Fur tiiu  uumc  puiposa  tLo  uppeT 

'inWd  quill. 
I  ia&incy  of  tbo  fruit." 

^  IVumenla. 


port  of  tlic  Q^  U  uhcrj  pricked  with  a  point 
"'  ■'  Infantum  pumi  " — litcrolly,  '■•  t.tie  in 
*>  Focdunies  Che  truth  of  tlia  mteitioa. 


Obap.  2U] 


Cli>BIFICAT10S. 


313 


id  the  interior.  Tlio  juiuc,  wtiuu  Uiu  fruit  Ja  ripcuui!^,  has  Uio 
taate  of  milk,  and  when  dead  ri^xs  thitt  of  honey.  If  left  oa 
the  tree  they  will  grow  old ;  and  when  in  that  state,  Uiey 
dietil  a  liquid  that  flows  in  tears"  like  giim.  Those  that  are' 
more  highly  esteemed  are  kept  for  drying,  and  the  most  np- 
proved  kinds  arc  put  away  for  keeping  in  baeketa.**  The  flga 
of  the  islunil  of  Eliusus  *  are  the  teat  ns  well  as  tho  Ini^st, 
and  nest  to  tht-ra  uro  thnec  of  Mjiini(!inum .'^  Where  figH  nra 
in  prnat  ahiindance,  as  in  Asia,  for  inntaTHje,  hng[!  jara** 
are  Hllt^d  with  them,  aitd  at  Kuspino,  a.  city  of  Aftico,  wo  find 
casks  "  used  for  a.  similar  purposo :  here,  in  a  dry  ettite,  they 
an;  extensively  used  instead  ot  bread,*"  nnd  indeed  as  u  gi^ner^ 
articli!  of  iirovisiGU."  Cuto,"  when  laying  down  eeilain  dtjfi- 
nito  regulations  for  the  support  of  labourers  employed  in  agri- 
culture, recommends  thut  their  supply  of  food  should  bo 
IcMPtied  just  at  thn  time"  when  the  tig  is  ripening:  it  has 
heen  a  pka  adoptnl  in  moro  recent  times,  ta  find  a  sulmtituta 
for  8ult  with  cheeau,  by  eiiting  fn'sli  tigs.  To  this  ulasft  of 
fruit  belong,  as  wo  have  already  mcntioii^d,^'  the  cottiuia  and 
thecariea,  together  with  the  cavnea,"  which  was  productive  of 
BO  had  »u  omen  lu  JC.  Crassus  at  the  moment  when  he  was 
cmbarkiuj;'''  for  his  expedition  aguia^t  the  Farthiaiis,  n  dealer 
happening  to  he  crying  them  just  at  that  very  moment.  L, 
Vilfllius,  wlio  was  more  recently  appointed  to  the  eensoi- 
ship,"  introduced  all  these  varieties  Imm  Syria  at  his  country- 
sent  at  Alha,*  harin?;  acted  oa  legatua  in  that  provinco  in  the 
latter  years  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius  Coceor. 

**  A  tnixtare  of  lbs  lu^r  of  thu  fiuit  with  Xhe  milky  jiiiiy  of  the  treo, 
wbich  u  8  ■p*oiw  af  caouicboiir.  m  j^apti*. 

**  Sou  1i.  iii.  u.  11.  TheBulvurJu  Itlcsitill  jniHliuogriHit  quunUtimof 
excclli-'at  dried  figs.  *^  8«e  D.  iii.  a.  17. 

**  Orcm.  •*  Oo(Ji. 

■  *■  Oroand.  pfrhfip*.  into  ft  kirnJ  of  (lour, 

■  *'  Opnnii  rurm.   "  (ypinniiiiii"  wiix  anjthin);  eatm  with  bread,  sucto  as 
r     ve;teUbloa,  mcnt.  antl  fUli,  (at  luuiaiicc!. 

«  I)c  Itv  Biini.  c.  'i6. 

■*  Betaoic  they  ^ould be siure,  nnitr  any  cirenniitafms,  to  Mt  plenty  i>f 
then.  '•  8oaB.  liiLc.  10. 

•*  Tli"!«c  were  so  Kullai!  Prom  Cmmui,  n  cilyof  Curia,  famoit*  for  itadrlcd 
dij*.  I'mnoiii: neil  "favnuiw,"  it  wonld  loimd  lo  th« superslitluiu,  "Cavo 
lit!  eoi,"  "  Tuku  cure  tlmt  you  go  nol." 

*•  At  BnindiuuiD,  "  a.c,c.  801. 


t 


,  314  MJirr'S  jrjiTij&At  BtsionT.  [B«)kI^*. 

ODAP.  22.   (20.) — THREE  TAItTRTIEB  OP  IHF,  UBDLAB. 

Tho  medlar  nnd  the  sorli  **  ought  in  propriety  to  be  ranked 
under  the  hood  of  the  apple  and  the  penr.  Of  the  medlar' 
tJicro  are  three  vari*ti«Sj  the  anthodon,'  the  Betania^'  and  b 
third  of  infoiior  quality,  which  boara  a  etronger  resemblance 
to  tbo  anthcdoR,  and  is  known  as  tiie  Gitllic'  kind.  The  Beto- 
nia  U  the  lurgest  fruit,  imd  the  palest  iu  colour ;  the  woody  se«d 
in  the  inside  of  it  is  Boftcr,  too,  than  in.  Uio  others,  which  are  of 
smaller  «izo  than  the  geta&ia,  bat  superior  U>  it  ia  tb«  fragrauce 
of  their  smell,  ud*!  in,  being  betttr  keepers.  The  tree  itself  il 
one  of  very  ample'  dimensions  -.  tito  leaves  turn  r<?d  hefore  they 
fnll ;  the  root*  ore  numerous,  and  penetrtito  remarkably  deep, 
which  ronderfi  it  almost  imposirible  to  pnib  it  up.  This  tree  * 
did  uut  exist  in  Italy  in  Ciila's  time. 

OfilF.  23.   (21). — POim  VABIETIEB  OF  THE  mSS. 

Thcro  nro  four  TarieticH  of  Iho  Borb :  there  being  eomo  that 
hcive  all  tho  roundnoBs'  of  the  npplc,  while  others  are  coDical 
like  tho  pear,^  and  a  third  sort  tare  of  an  ovui'  shape,  like 
Boino  of  tho  apploa  :  these  InBt,  howaver,  oio  apt  to  be  remark' 
ably  acid.  The  round  kind  is  the  best  for  frograuce  imd 
BweetneBs,  the  others  Laving  a  uinouB  flavour ;  the  finest, 
however,  are  those  which  have  the- stalk  surrounded  with 
tender  leaves.  A  fourth  kind  ia  known  by  tlie  namo  of  "  tor- 
minQlia:'""  it  is  only  employed,  however,  for  remediAl  pur- 

"  The  sorb  belongs  to  the  ^oims  pirns  of  ths  nntnmliGti. 

'   Th<!  Mespilna  g('rinnni<:ii  of  tbc  botanists. 

'  The  anaralier,  a  Irm  of  the  loatti  of  Eiuope,  tb«  Mnpilne  apU  folio 
Iftciniitto  of  C  IJauhhi. 

>  Ihn  MGBj>tliis  ItaUca  folio  laiuino  aemto  of  C.  Baiibin,  the  Mpsjilluii 
eoVmuieter  or  J.  Hnnhin. 

*  Ila  identity  IB  mntlcr  of  unMrtamtj-;  but  it  has  been  tlLotight  lo  b»t!ic 
CtnliPgiM  oiyiicunLha  of  modern  botdnists. 

*  %  ''am]jliwiinu»,"faemuBt  mt-'itn  tkfltit  Bpreadsgut  vuyiBucbinfiD- 
portion  to  its  bcig'ht,  as  it  is  tnor<!iy  a  shrub. 

<  I'^  thinks  it  a  troo  indigenous  to  the  north.. 
'  The  orJiftHiy  Bnrb-niiplm  of  liorticulturista. 
'  The  «orb-peivr. 

*  Varying  but  little,  pToliabljr,  from  tho  conunoa  sorb,  the  Solbuadomw- 
tiiitt  of  I.innieiiij. 

"^  F^u  is  inctinod  to  fhink  thot  it  is  the  Sttrbu*  tcrminalis  of  Lmnnrck. 
AoguiUam  tbiiilu  that  11  is  the  Crataig^  of  Xheoplinutus,  ooDaidtiivd  i>j 


Chap,  ii.} 


TAEIETIES   OP   THE   STIT. 


315 


posea.  The  tree  is  n  guod  bemrer,  but  doea  iir>t  reaembto  the 
other  kinda,  the  leiif  liting  seoi'ly  that  of  the  plane-tree  ;  the 
fruit,  too,  is  parti^^iUarly  small.  Cato"  speaks  of  sorbs  being 
prcsoTTcd  in  boUei  wiue. 

CHAP.  24.  (22.) — MHTB  rAanrriFB  of  tite  rnrr. 

The  walnut,  "  which  trould  nlniost  eliiira  precodcnce  of  the 
Borb  ii»  Jtizv,  yields  the  palm  1j)  it  in  reference  tw  the  eBteem" 
in  whicii  they  ore  respectively  held ;  and  this,  altliangh  it  ia 
BO  favourite  im  acoompfininiont  of  the  Fesccnnine^*  gongd  at 
nuptials.  This  nut:,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  very  coBsidt-rnbly 
smaller  than  the  pine  nut,  but  the  kcnml  is  larger  in  jiropor- 
tion.  Nature,  too,  hm  coiiferred  upon  it  a  peculiar  honour,  in 
protecting  it  with  a  two-fold  covering,  tho  fifst  of  which  forms 
u  hollowed  cushion  for  it  to  rest  upon,  and  tho  frccoad  is  a 
woody  ehcll.  It  is  for  tliia  reaaoa  that  this  Ciuit  has  been 
looked  upon  as  a  symbol  conaccraled  to  marriage, '"  ita  oil'. 
spring  being  thus  protected  in  such  nianifold  wa}'S  :  an  expla- 
nation whif-h  bears  a  mnch  gwatcr  air  of  probability  than  that 
■which  would  derive  it  from  the  rattling  which  it  makes  when 
it  bttundfi  from  tiie  floor."  Tho  Greek  names  tint  have  been 
given  to  tliis  fruit  fully  prove  that  it,  like  many  others,  has 
been  originally  introdueed  from  Pereia;  the  l>eat  kinda  being 
known  iu  that  languaga  by  the  naoios  of  "  Pcriiiuum," '^  and 
"  basilicon;"'"  these,  in  fact,  being  the  aamee  by  which  tJioy 

Sprcn'gfd  to  1>o  identical  with  the?  Cratic^uj  azurolua  of  Linnsns,  In 
npcTjin^,  tlic  froit  nf  the  iinrh  undt'Tgoi^s  a  tort  of  YJiious  fmncntation: 
liene«  a  Iciiid  or  ciiltr  matlu  of  it. 

"  Be  lla  Ituat.  cc.  7  anil  145.  ''  Tim  Jttj^lans  rcgia  of  Lilin»uj, 

"  Tastes  Lutc  proljably  alU^red.  linw  tliis  was  wril-lon, 
'*  TboiD  wore  ruJo  and  vomcttmt's  obeceac  song?  «uine  at  fcstirulB,  and 
more  p&rticnloily  marria^CiB.  Wliilu  itLGse  Eoa^s  were  being  sung  ottho 
dnor  oTthentipnnl  clinni&er.  it  wm  ttio  custom  Inrlhohuslvaiid  tDaeminlilc 
■waluuU  amonH  th«  toudr  ptnpk  oBsembleil  tlit^re.  Thd  wnlaut  is  the  ant 
menti'nn'iil  in  SDlamoa'a  Song,  vi,  11, 

'*  Or,  rati  re  probably,  firum  the  union  of  tlie  twopoitionsof  tlie  inner  Hhell, 

'■*  "TripTiiiiiimsDiiiviiira;"  inipljinRlhatitwnscnnsiiifred  snerpd  lomnr- 

ridge,  tram  the  u&e  mnde  of  it  liy  Ihi^  friends  of  Ihic  liridRgronm  vhea 

tliruwa  TioleDtlr  agsiiist  llit>  nuptjul  cbambcT,  with  Die  tlev  of  dtumiing 

th*  CiES  "f  the  bride.     A.  vory  .ibsurd  tiotioii,  to  idl  appuarwipft, 

"  Tbo  "  Pvniim  "  aut. 

IB  The  "king's"  nut.  Tlie  walnut-trsfl  still  utr>andB  in  Prraia,  imd 
u  found  wild  on  the  alopcs  iif  the  Hiicutlaya. 


316 


pinrT*a  katubal  nisTonr. 


[Book  XV. 


were  fir«t  known  to  its.  Tl.  is  goneruUy  agreed,  trw,  tJiBt  oiie 
peouliar  varipty  has  dii-ivctl  iw  wuiiu  of  "  euryon,""  from  tiiu 
he»da{]lie  wlticli  U  is  apt  to  ptodaes  by  tto  pungeJicy"  li 
its  smell. 
I  The  greon  shell  of  the  waliitit  is  usurl  for  dyeing*'  wool,  tai 
thn  iiuLs,  wliiUi  ftill  Euiall  lud  juat  derclopiog  thvmselres,  are 
cmpluyed  for  giving  a  red  hue  to  tli«  hiiir  :^  a,  diaoovcTy  owioj 
to  the  staintt  which  they  leave  upon  the  luinds.  When  olj, 
the  nut  becomeji  more  olfftginous.  The  only  difTerrnce  in  the 
itevpral  vttrietica  Ninsists  in  the  relative  hardnftaa  or  l>ritllt>iits> 
of  the  shell,  it  being  thin  or  thick,  full  of  compartmr-nU  or 
smooth  and  uniform.  This  is  the  only  firuit  that  Nuttm  bu 
enclosed  in  n  covering  formed  of  pieces  Boidereil  together;  tbe 
tihall,  in  fnDt,  forming  a  couple  of  bouts,  while  the  kcmd  a 
divided  into  four  sepitnite  coiupartmenta''''  by  the  intervtnUxm 
of  a  ligneous  mvnibrauo. 

In  all  the  other  Itinds,  tbe  fruit  and  the  BhelL  respealiTcIy 
tm  of  one  solid  piecOh  as  we  find  the  case  wil.h  llie  buzcl-nilt,'' 
and  anothi^r  variety  uf  the  nut  Ibmiflrly  known  tm  "Abd* 
Ibn,"  "  from  the  name**  of  the  district  in  whith  it  was  first 
produced :  it  was  first  introduced  into  j:\jiin  and  Greece  from 
Pontile,  whence  the  name  that  ia  Bom«liinfs  given  to  it — the 
"Pontic  nut."  This  nut,  too,  is  protected  by  a  soft  beflrd," 
but  both  the  ebcU  and  the  kernel  are  roiujd,  aud  funn»I  of  s 
single  piece:  these  niita  are  sometimes  roasted.*  In  Hui 
midiJIo  of  the  kernel  we  iind  a  gonnen  or  navel. 

A  thirtl  claas  of  nuts  lb  the  Blmond,'"  which  liaa  an  ouUf 

'•  Irnplj-ins  that  it  comes fron  tbe  tirpek  sripHv  "tlift  head."  Soattiy 
laoiosieU  think  t.biit  it  ts  Irtini  fUe  nello-Scrtluun  tarw,  a  boul ;  suob  bcug 
thfi  snape  of  tho  two  pens  of  ths  inner  shelL 

■"  U  i^  ttill  a  C()iniit<L>u  autiuu,  F^  s^yi^  tb&t  it  u  kig'bly  JDJurioBi  u 
sleep  beneath  a  walnut'irc«. 

-'  It  ia  still  Ttfi«d  for  this  puqtoac. 

"^Eei!  liuir  was  Bitmiied  liy  the  Roraans.  Tbe  KoiMua  fi'mclet  Mcd 
this  juice  sixo  I'm  dj+iing  theit  linir  whim  griiy. 

**  Thiiy  are  nut  tulirthj  sepuntlu. 

"  Tbo  Corj'lua  aveUmia  ratixiniEi  of  Willtlonow. 

»  Th.1  ftlberl,  the  Ccryliis  lubulftsa  ot  WUI-lauow. 

*  Abtiliiiimi,  ill  CHDj|)[iiii*.     Spa  B,  iii.  c.  9. 

*'  Tlie  ilown  Hin  thfi  nut,  is  more  apiiBri'iit  wrlwii  it  i<  fousf  ;  bill  it  it 
eudly  ru1)boil  oft*.    Tbo  uiitet  aout  is  prcibnlily  in«ant. 

°"  Huad  aat£  nre  guim^itnii;^!  roustL-d  iu  Humu  puitfi  of  Earope,  but  not 
witb  na. 

'■"'  'J^be  Amygdaliu  communis  of  Lioansui 


covering,  similar  to  that  of  the  TralBut,  but  thinnfr,  witli  a 
PMond  ooot  iu  the  shape  &f  a  shcU.  The  kernel,  however,  ia 
unliko  that  of  the  waliiiit,  in  rcRpeot  of  its  brood,  tlttt  shape^ 
its  itriDncES,  and  tho  eupnrior  tsBlineea  of  its  flavour,  ^t,  is  a 
matter  of  dvubt  whether  this  trte  waa  in  cxiatcnco  in  Italy  in 
the  time  of  Cato  ;  we  find  him  epeakiug  of  Oreek  nuts,**  but 
there  are  souie  persona  who  think  that  these  belong  to  the 
walnut  cluss.  Ei;  makes  mention,  nlso,  of  the  hazel-nut,  the 
calva,"  and  the  PrffitieatinD*'  mit,  which  List  he  pruisea  beyond 
oil  Other*,  antl  says"  that,  put  in  pots,  they  may  be  kept  fresh 
and  gwpn  by  bnrying  them  in  the  earth. 

At  the  prcaent  day,  tho  nlmondB  of  ThfiBos  tmi  those  of 
Alba  are  held  in  the  higheat  cBteunj,  as  nlso  two  kinds  that 
are  grown  atTarcntum,  one  with  a  tJiin,*'  britlit;  ahull,  and  the 
other  with  a  harder"  one:  these  last  are  remarkably  large, 
wnd  of  an  obking  shape.  There  is  the  almond  known  as 
the  "  mftliu.^a,"-'*  also,  which  breaks  the  shi-U  of  itstlt  There 
are  some  who  would  concede  a  highly  honourahle  interpreta- 
tion to  the  name  given  to  the  walnut,  and  aay  that  "  juglana?' 
means  the  '*glan«i,"or"8e.orD  of  Jove."  It  is  only  vtry  lately 
that  I  heard  a  raaii  of  consular  rank  deiilarp,  that  he  then 
had  in  his  possesaion.  walnut-trees  that  bore  two"  crops  in 
the  year. 

Of  the  pistachio,  which  belongs  also  to  the  nut  class,  wo 
have  already  flpokea**  in  its  ajvpropriate  place  :  V'itelliua  intro- 
duced tliiii  tree  into  Italy  at  the  Bumfi  time;  as  the  others  that 

w  D«  S.V  Ra»t.  c.  S.  Seme  tfiink  that  tbia  wiu  the  bitter  Rlmosd  ;  and 
the  word  ■■uoriore,"  used  by  I'liu)',  vould  slmost  vxm  to  imply  thyt  such 
l«  the  date. 

"  Apparently  tho  "^mdoth"  or  "bald"  in:t,  Maj  not  a  Tarioty  Bomo- 
tliin^  hio  tUc  uickiiry  nut  nT  Amoritu  be  n]tiin.t  f 

"  Pnita*  «iiT"  that  a  kind  ur  nut  w!t«  m  cailw),  becanne  tbe  PrciieetinM, 
wltvu  Wii^uiC  by  Uaiiaibul  at  CmJliuusi.  aii1i«Ultil  upon  Ihi-m.  Sje 
I.ivy,  11.  xxUi.  ¥6^  conndcra  it  only  au»tllitr  name  hr  the  caiumoa  liasul 
iial.  "  He  Re  Ilii»l,  c.  1*5, 

»'  Thu  BofL-sLuHpiiI  ulnninil,  or  yrtD-'itix  aJuauoA  of  the  Frencli;  the 
JLmyffduius  cnmmuais  fragUiu  of  naturalUts. 

?*  Thi»  liut  vuriiity  Hixi  not  uevta  Iti  bavu  been  ideutlfled :  iha  bard- 
aSmonda  do  not  appear  to  be  larger  than  tho  othtn. 

^  Oi'  "  eott "  alniiintJ,  a  \itr\e\y  (inly  tif  the  Amygilfikie  frflRiUi. 

>*  There  is  littlu  doubt  ttiat  1''^d  U  riftlit  in  liin  uNiierttoii,  tliiit  t)iii  great 
TKriODDgo  impoKod  gn  Qur  author  ;  u»  uo  treea  of  tbis  family  am  kuuna  to 
bear  two  erujis.  ^^  B.  xiu.  v.  10. 


318 


ri,nrE  9  KATUJiAi  msTOBT. 


[BoukXV, 


■we  meiitiontd  ;^  and  Flacciis  Pompeius,  a  Roman  of  Eques- 
trian i-ank,  whd  served  witii  him,  introduced  it  at  the  same 
period  into  Spaiii, 


caAP.  25.  (23.)^EiQnTKEK  vabibties  of  the  ciieskdx. 

"We  give  tlie  mtme  of  nut,  too,  to  tbe  cheanut,"  although  it 
would  seem  niore  property  to  belong  to  the  acorn  trilje.  The 
chesnut  lina  its  a.irmour  of  defrnce  in  o,  shell  briatlinff  trith 
pricld«s  like  the  hedge-'hog,  an  envelope  which  in  the  acorn 
ia  only  partially  dcvetopt-c!.  It  is  reaJIy  Burpriaing,  however, 
that  Kattire  should  havo  iiikfiii  Buch  pains  thus  to  conceal  an 
object  of  80  little  value.  "Wo  eometintea  find  aa  many  as 
three  nuts  liieneath  a  single  outL«r  ehfU.  The  akin"  of  the  nut 
is  limp  and  flexiljle :  there  is  a  membrene,  too,  ivhich  lies 
next  to  the  body  of  the  fniit,  and  which,  both  in  this  and  in 
the  walnut,  spoils  tlie  flavour  il"  not  taken  off.  Chesnuta  are 
tlio  moat  pleasant  eating  when  roasted  :"  they  are  eometimes 
ground  also,  and  are  eaten  by  women  when  iiiBting  for  frU- 
gious  ecmples,*"  iis  beariug  Bonie  resemblance  to  bread.  It  is 
from  Sardt'3"  tliat  the  ehcBnut  was  fii-et  introdticed,  and  hence 
it  19  that  the  Greeks  have  given  it  the  name  of  the  "  Sardiim 
acorn;"  for  the  name  "Dioa  balanon"  *^  was  given  at  a  latuc 
period.  alUii  it  had  been  considerubly  improved  by  cultivation. 

At  the  prt'Hont  day  there  are  numeroiia  varieties  of  the 
chesaut-  Tliose  of  Tarentum  aro  a  light  food,  and  by  no 
itieuns  diiHeuU  of  digestion;  thej-  are  of  aflat  shape.  There 
is  a  rounder  variety,  known  as  tho  "balanitis;""  it  is  very 
easily  peeled,  and  springs  clean  out  of  the  ahell,  so  to  Bay,  of 

*"  Tn  <:.  uti.  of  this  BooV. 

'"  The  Ireo  h  tbe  Fngus  cnsfaiipa  of  LirniKU*.  *'  Ooiiex. 

'*  Tli^'  LMmrtiuii  tnudo  uf  eating  it  at  tlti  prvsent  day.  Tho  Itnliuiu  ■Ini 
tnkoolT  tliQ  ikin  and  diy  Una  aul;  tbiis  ki.>epiiig  it  from  yuiir  to  year. 
Wlicn  required  I'lir  valJn^,  it  it  »ofien«d  Iw  ibc  sttnm  i»f'  boibug  wntcr. 

"  tiot  impruliably  taid  in  ailiisioii  to  tlie  fusU  intrixluced  bj>  ibe  Jews, 
who  had  b«poi"Q  very  niimeroHn  in  Homo. 

*•  It  wiLn  sainl  to  Lave  oomc  from  Castana,  a  cilv  of  Foatus,  wkcaiMr  ii« 
name  "  Casiaatin."    It  ta  probalily  iniligciHuis  to  liiiropc. 

*»  The  Gnwk  for  "Jovfi's  acorn." 

*•  Or  "acorn  chesnut,"  I'be  wrnie  variety,  Vie  aayi,  tliat  i>  found  ia 
tb*  Ticiaiiy  of  Pflrigueux,  EiaaU,  aeurly  louiid,  will  wiUioiil  any  particukr 
fltivvur. 


its  o'n-ii  Acoord.     the  Sakrion*^  cheanut  has  a  BmooUi  auk^r 

BhcH,  vhilo  that  oF  Tari^Qtum  is  nut  so  caailr  handled,^    Tlie 

,  Corcllian  is  more  highly  eBleemed,  ua  ia  the  Ktexcian,  whicli  is 

'.an  oS»tioot  from  it  producod  by  u  mcthud  upon  which  we  shull 

ihave  to  tnlargf  wIilh  we  come  to  apviik  of  grafting.""    This 

laflt  has  a  red  skin,*'  which  causes  it  to  be  preferred  to  the 

three-cornered  chesmit  Rnd  our  black   common  sortB,   which 

lire  known  lia  "eocttTas.'""     Tarentuni  and  Neapolia  in  Cam- 

puBJa  are  the  most  esteemed  locahlica  for  tho  chL'§aut:  other 

kinds,  again,  are  grown  to  feed  pigs  upon,"  the  skin  of  which 

ifl  roTigt  and  folded  inwards,  so  aa  to  penetrate  to  the  heart  of 

•tlie  kernel. 


CHAF,  26.  (24.) — THS  CAAOB. 


|U1 

■     Tho  Cfipob,*'  a  Iruit  of  rctnarkablo  awectnPBS,  docs  not  ap- 

rpear  to  ho  80  very  dissimiLar  to  the  cheenut,  except  Ihiit  the 

'  ekiu"  is  eateit  ub  well  us  the  iLside.     It  is  Juist  the  length  of 

a  finger,  und  about  tho  tbit-kovss  of  tho  thumb,  being  some^ 

times  of  a  curved  shape,  like  a  sickle.     The  acorii  cannot  be 

reckoned   in  the   nninber  of  the   fruits;  tto  shall,  therefore, 

of  it  along  with  the  trt<«s  of  that  class." 

OlUr.  S7.-^HB  FI.E3HT  FBTJITB.      THH  KTJLBBEBT. 

The  other  fruits  belong  to  the  fleshy  kind,  and  differ  both 
ID  the  shape  and  the  Utah.  The  fleah  of  the  various  ber- 
ries,** of  tiiQ  mulberry,  and  of  the  arbute,  are  qwite  dLl'- 
ferent  from  one  another — and  then  whnt  a.  difference,  too, 
between  the  grape,  which  is  o-nly  sldn  and  juice,"  the  myxa 
plum,  and  the  Scsh  of  seme  berries,^  such  as  the  olive,  for 

*>  The  Cancbebnc  chuunt  of  Perigiicai,  V6o  saya,  answecs  b>  thia 
descriptian. 

'"   On  eccivunt  of  tho  prinkles  on  (io  ontor  ahi?ll.  *»  B.  XVli.  0,  26. 

*  F«e  Bayg^  tiiat  tUe  tuyal  whim  tlitanut  of  the  vicinity  o(  Poriguoux 
aii*wcn  to  thia.  "  "  Ijciling"  chesnuis. 

"  Hq  alludee  to  wild  or  harsii  etatnuU,  probnlily. 

"  SceB.  liii,  c.  J  6. 

>•'  This  ikin  ii  nut  eatable.     It  is  SbrauE  and  wtrinnDt. 

«  lu  ».  svi.  c-  a. 

••  "Adniti."     Tho  gTupp,  iry-berry,  tjdcr-borry,  and  othen. 

*■•  "Inter  culpin  aiJcuumijTia." 

**  BoGcis.    Some  coufiuioa  is  created  b|  the  non-euateoco  of  KnglijJi 


i 


PLnir'3   NATITEAL   HIS  TOR  7. 


[Ecwt  sr. 


jnstflncel  In  the  fleah  of  the  nralbDiry  thi^e  ia  a  jaine  of  a 
TinouB  flavour,  aud  the  t'niit  asgiimeft  throe  cliffcTcnt  colours, 
bting  lit  firpt  whit<^,  then  roil,  und  ripe  wbon  blncfc.  The 
niuthcrry  blossorae  ouc  of  tho  very  last,"  and  yet  is  among 
Ihu  fiisl  to  ript'u  :  the  jiiice  oi  the  liuit,  whtn  ripe,  will  etaiu 
the  Lauds,  but  that  of  the  imripe  fruit  will  remove  tho  marks. 
It  is  in  thiR  tree  thut  human  iDgeuuity  has  c-fEi-cted  the  least 
improveitient™  of  all ;  there  are  do  Yorifitiea  hert;,  no  modifica* 
tiuns  etfetted  hy  gr;irtiiig,  nnr,  iu  fiict,  any  uth&r  im [irurtmiHlt 
except  that  the  size  of  the  fruit,  by  carttul  management, 

be*n  increased.  At  ItomE^,  there  is  q  distinction  made  bet     

the  mulbcirrics  of  Ostia  and  thnse  of  TuHculuni.  A  variety 
growB  ahio  on  braniblcB,  but  tliG  flesh,  of  ttic  fruit  is  of  a  v«iy 
differBnt  nature." 

OBiP.  28. — THK  FEUTP   OP  THE  AUBCTOS. 

The  floah  of  tho  grnund-atrawhcrry*'  is  very  different  to 
that  of  the  arbute-trec,"  wliltih  is  of  a  hindrotl  kind  :  indeed, 
thifi  is  UiB  only  iaBtiiuce  iu  which  ivc  And  u  similar  fruit  grow- 
ing upon  0,  truo  and  on  tho  ground.  The  true  is  tullc-d  and 
buehy ;  the  fruit  UikeH  a  year  to  ripou,  tho  bloBSoma  of  the 
yoimg  fruit  fl.owering  while  that  of  tlio  preceding  j*uar  is 
arriving  at  maturity.  Whether  it  i»  the  malo  tree  or  llic 
female  that  is  unproductive,  authors  nre  uol  gL-nerally  agreed. 

This  is  a  fruit  httld  ia  no  est«um,  in  proof  of  which  it  h&» 

vfotia  (o  ilynnte  the  diffiTgnw  between  "  acinus"  »nd  "  Ijowa-"  The  lut- 
lor  is  propurly  tliu  "  Imjit}'  ;"'  tho  grape  buiiig  [ho  tvpt  ol'  tlio  "  miiuiis," 

*'  See  B.  xvi.  c.  41.  Th(!  roHlbi?rry  is  thii  Mnnw  iiijra  of  modora 
niiluraliats,  II  is  generally  tlioufht  tlifit  lliis  was  ItH!  only  variety  known 
to  tlir  nntianU ;  but  J'^l;  queries,  fiom  tli«  iili>ry  «f  r|c-ii!tiiu(i  nml  'I'liinh', 
■which  rep reieiil*  the  niulb^'iTy  as  changing  from  whit"  to  bk«nl  colour, 
Oiat  dia  iv)iit?  m'llbiTrf  wnfl  ni/l  uiikwivii  to  lti(.-m  ;  but  lUruugL  sumi; 
caiioe.  now  unknown,  wa*  ifiadually  lust  a«El>t  "f- 

'"  Thi»  ia  ftiil  Uip  «a»e  witti  thu;  miiltii-ITy, 

"  fiw  B.  \\i.  (!.  71,  nod  B.  xxiv.  e,  7».     II<j  ulluilea  to  the  lilaekbcTr^. 

"■  Tbi' coiDtnon  sCrBwb(<ny,  tlie  PingarLn  vi^'o  ot'Linnntis.  &oe  R.  IU, 
c.  50.  A  nadre  of  tiui  Alps  tiuJ  tliu  hrtnia  of  Oaul,  it  was  tuiknowa  to 
t)u  Greeks. 

**  The  Arbutus  Tiaedo  of  LitinftU*.  It  ia  otifl  of  lbs  GricnrMili«  tron, 
aai  itit  froit  benn  a  i^jasiilr-nibleri'iiemblBnce  to  tlic Btrnvrberry— utlK^rwiMi 
Ibcro  18  not  flip  «li;rlvtpst  iilTiDily  IwtwteTi  lln'ra.  Tlie  tasti;  of  iho  crbute 
i*  poor  indtioii,  cuuipuied  v>  tliat  t/C  iho  slntwberry. 


Chap.  29.]         BELATIVB  NATUBSft  OP  EEttBY  FSriTa. 


321 


gained  ita  namo  of  "uiwiilo.""  people  being  guucnilly  oou- 
it;ut  with  ^ting  but  oae.  The  Oreeks,  bowevt^r,  have  found 
for  it  two  nftnie* — '*  conuiran"  and  "  lUftnecylon,"  from  which 
it  would  appcut'^  lliat  th«-re  art  two  vnrJeliv*.  It  hiw  abu 
with  U3  another  naroo  besides  that  of  "  uncdo,"  being  knoivn 
iU»o  as  the  "artulus."  Jubit  stutca  that  in  Aruhiii  ihia  tree 
atLaiuH  the  height  of  fifty  cubita. 

ca4P.  29. — mt  BELiiivE  jcATcaBa  of  BEiiEr  retsm. 

There  ii^  a  j^reat  differencti  ultio  iimaiig  the  TuriouH  acinua 
fhiit^.  First  of  ell,  among  the  grapes,  we  find  cousiderubtt: 
dilftirence  in  respect  to  thiir  tintiutsi;,  tho  Ihiuuesa  or  thick- 
ness of  tho  skin,  and  the  etone  iiisidu  the  iruit,  which  in  eome 
varieties  is  I'ttmarkdhly  small,  and  in  othera  even  ilouble  in 
immhec :  Iheso  last  pruducing  but  very  iiltle  juico.  Very  dif- 
ferent, ftgnin,  (ire  tho  berripfl  of  the  ivy*"  aud  the  cldor;*  tui 
dlao  those  in  ihe  pomegronaU',''  tliest'  being  the  only  onea  thitt 
are  of  aii  angular  sfm[)u,  Tht;ao  last,  uJai>,  Imvo  not  a  mem- 
Lmne  for  a&eh  iudividutU  grain,  but  one  to  lover  them  iill  in 
coiamDu,  and  of  a  pale  coluur.  All  theeu  iruits  uonsist,  Uio, 
uf  juict3  and  flesh,  and  those  more  parldoulurly  which  havu  but 
siniUl  Bcods  iiiude. 

There  are  great  varietifS,  too,  among  the  berry'"  IVuits; 
the  berry  of  tho  olive  heiug  quite  dilVrn^at  Iroai  tliiiL  of  Ihw 
laurel,  the  berry  of  the  lutua"  Irom  that  &f  the  cornel,  luid 
that  of  the  myrtle  trom  tho  bcrrj-  of  tho  leiilisk.  Thu  herr;% 
however,  of  the  aquifoUum'*  aod  tho  thorn''  is  quite  dwlitut'; 
of  juice. 

Tho  cherry"  or-ciipicB  a  midillc place  bclwcen  tlio  berry  and 
the  aciuua  fruit ;  it  is  white  ut  tii'jtt,  wJiitli  is  the  oaso  ulw> 

**  H;>  sii|2K*^tJ  tl'"'  h  U  su  vallvd  from  "■  uiiuui  uJu,"  "  I  cut  liut  onti ;" 
ft  taihir  fauciful  utyraology,  it  wuuld  scim, 

"^  Tilts  supposiiion  Js  uiit  irjirciLulai],  from  Tiiontly  the  ttuit  (i(  iliere  bein; 
liTiiTiames.  "  Seu  B.  x*i.  u.  H'i. 

»  Sim.  B.  niv.  c.  36.  m  Sea  B.  iiii.  o.  34. 

'"  "  BiiGcic."    Berri«a,  properly  go  called. 

^'  The  Ccltis  .^ugI;Tlllis  uf  Linii.Tiun, 

'*  ^u|)pAfl«d  by  6iime  111  tw  tlw  liolly.    Sea  B.  ixv.  o.  72. 

'"  He  ailiiiiw  111  a  variety  cf  the  t^nittPgiw. 

"  Thp  Crrusm  tulifuriB  uf  iiiuilttni  boUiiiBlM  It  issaiil  to  ImecibUiiiitMl 
iw  name  froni  L'onuiu,  ia  Aain  Miuorj  wljvrc  bucullus  fuiiiiJ  \u 

T0£.  m.  X 


SS2 


PLTtnr^B  NATDBAL  BIflTOBX. 


[D«t.k  XV. 


with  nearly  all  the?  brrrifs.  From  ■white,  some  of  tbc  Wme* 
pass  to  green,  th,c  oUrc  and  tho  laurel,  for  instance  ;  while  in 
the  mulberryj  the  cht-rrj',  and  llic  oornol,  the  cliimge  is  to  rod ; 
and  Hwn  in  eonie  to  bluck,  as  wUh  the  nmlbeny,  the  ohctry, 

utid  the  olive,  fur  iustancu. 

CHAP.  80.  (25,)— HTHE  yXBJSTtSA  Oy  THB  CHEBBT. 

Tho  cherry  did  not  exist  in  Italy  before  the  ptu-iod  of  the 
Tictory  grained  over  Milhridatcs  by  L.  LuquUub,  in  the  year 
of  the  City  C80.  He  was  the  firet  to  introduce  this  tree  from 
Pontus,  and  now,  ia  the  coursn  of  one  b-uiidred  sod  twenty 
yearn,  it  has  travelled  beyond  the  Ocean,  and  arrived  in  Bri- 
Utntiia  even.  The  cherry,  as  we  have  already  stated/*  in  spite 
of  everj'  care,  it  has  been  found  imposeible  to  rcor  in  Egypt. 
Of  this  fruit,  that  known  aa  the  "  Aprenian""  is  the  reddest 
vnrtpty,  the  Luladan"  heitig  the  bhitliest,  and  the  CacciliaTi'* 

tiLTli'Utiy  round.  The  Juuiitu.'"  eherry  has  tm  agreeahle  flavour, 
>ut  only,  Fo  to  say,  when  eaten  bcneatli  the  tree,  tis  they  are 
Bo  rcniiukably  delicate  that  they  will  not  hear  carrj'ing.  The 
highest  rank,  however,  haa  been  awarded  to  tho  dunicicue*' 
Taiicty,  known  in  Campania  as  the  "  Plinian"*^  cherry,  and  ia 
Helgicjii  to  the  Lusitaniuu*'  cherr)',  as  also  to  one  that  grovs'S 
on  the  banks  of  the  lUiemts.  This  lust  kind  has  B.  tliird 
colour,  being  a  mixture"  of  bhicb,  red,  acid  green,  and  line 
always  tho  appearance  of  being  just  on  the  turn  to  tipeiiini;. 
It  ia  Jess  iban  five  years  Bince  the  kind  known  iis  the  "  laurel- 
chorrj'"  was  introduced,  of  a  bitter  but  not  unpleu^nt  Savour, 

*'  IIv  must  slhidi<  to  ivliut  bo  Inis  eCuUkI  in  1).  sii.  c.  3,  for  ha  has  do- 
wtcTP  said  ihal  Uit'  clicrry  will  not  ^rnw  in  Kpitii,  It  is  said  llmc  tho 
clicny  in  not  In  bp  fuund  in  J-lgypt  nt  thi'  prwciit  uwy. 

^*  Tilt  ^otte  cherry  of  the  Krericli,  llm  muMiai'd  of  the  Eiigliali. 

"  A  variely  of  the  nia;!Zai'd,  F^e  thinks. 

T*  Sonic  lute  tliifi  for  the  Ciifasus  JuHatia,  ibe  gniptiier  of  iho  FrOQob, 
our  white  hoart :  -othcra,  u^Ut  tor  tb«  miTiaicir.  our  aiorcH'O 

_'"  It  is  niijft  peiitnilly  thought  tlmt  tlii*  19  tlie  CKniam  avium  of  boto* 
Tiitlt,,  our  morcilii,  wLicf]  is  a  verj'  (puder  tljury. 

""  Or  "  hard  berry,"  tlia  Primm  UigwuHa  gf  Lintiwu*,  tho  r«l  tiga- 
roon. 

*i  Ffeqacnci  wbethorUmnyadit  haverBwirfld  its  nameof '^riiniatu" 
in  campLimfnt  la  niir  aulbor,  or  rjiic  of  liia  t'umily. 

'-  Haidouin  Ibijika  tb4it  Ibia  l^uvtugucau  chcixy  ia  tlio  griottc^  or  OUUt- 
2ai4. 

"*  2^0  goqIi  clierrj-  ia  kaow^i  at  tlie  present  iaj. 


Ctiop.  330 


UrFFKEEKT   FLATitURS   OF   JPICES. 


323 


I 


lli(3  produce  of  n  graft"  upon  tlic  laurol.  The  Macedooitin 
tlitiTy  grows  OD  a  trc«  that  is  vtry  small,"'  niii]  rarely  cxcec-dg 
tlirce  cubits  in  lieiglit ;  wliile  the  chaiaicci'raBus"  is  bUU  Bmaller, 
being  but  a  mere  shrub.  The  chtiry  in  one  of  liu  first  tn'L's 
to  retoinpPiiBc  the  cultivator  with  ita  yearly  growth  ;  it  loveB 
cold  ItJCiJitit'S  unii  a  site  eijioeed  to  the  north.*'  The  fiuit 
arc  somctinics  dried  in  the  sun,  and  iirt'scrvvd,  like  olives,  in 
casks. 

CHAP.  31.  (26.)^-xQB  couHEL.     Tan  le^tisc. 

The  eamc  degree  of  caro  is  expended  aUn  on  the  cultivatiuii 
of  the  cornel"  and  Ihe  leiitislc  ;*  that  it  may  not  bo  thought, 
forsooth,  thftt  there  is  anytjiing  that  v/as  not  mndp  for  the 
craving  appetite  of  man!  Various  flavours  are  blrndei]  to- 
gether, and  one  h  cooiptUfd  lo  pleufio  our  palates  hy  the  iiid 
of  another — hence  it  is  that  the  produce  of  diH'treEt  liinds 
nnd  various  climale9  are  so  often  icingled  with  one  aTiother. 
For  uue  kind  of  food  it  la  India  that  wo  Bummon  to  our 
iiid,  and  then  for  another  we  hiy  Egypt  itnder  contribution, 
or  flae  Crete,  or  Cyreae,  every  country,  id  fact :  no,  nor  dges 
inaTi  aticlt  nt  poisnns*"  even,  if  he  can  only  gratify  hia  longing 
to  devour  evrrylhiiig:  a  thing  that  ■will  be  still  more  cvid<-Tit 
■when  we  come  lo  treat  of  tlie  nature  of  herbs. 

CJ9AP.  33.  (27.) — TQISTBBS  SirPEBEM  FLATOUUSi  OF  JUiC£tl. 

SVhik'  upon  this  euhject,  it  may  he  as  well  to  eta ti*  that 
Ihcre  are  no  leas  than  thirteen  different  flavours*'  belonging 

"'  Sutili  u  praft  i*  inipotaiblc ;  Ihe  laiuiii-chairf  miwt  have  hud  lomc 
otlinr  origin. 

*>  Fl'C  siiffpusls  liiftt  this  m.iT  lio  tlic  early  dwarf  cht-rry. 

*•  Or"p«iind-clicTryi"  a  ilwurF^viri^ly,  if,  iodced,  i(  was  n  cheirj-lree 
rt  all,  nf  wbicli  l*'Se  e»|ircsacii  nuiiiy  doubt. 


Thii  eipkiM,  Fi-w  w»v»,  why  it  will  nnt  ^w  in  Egypl. 
Tbo  CuTiJU«  mas  of  LliLJiuitu.    Thti  &ait  of  tbe  twrnA  liat 


a  Urt 


^oiir,  hur  tfi  niil  flat.en  in  niodnrn  Europe,  exorpt  by  soliofll-boj-s. 

*"  Tliat  jiroilui-t»  mimtlcli.     Hfn  H.  lil.  c.  36. 

"*  Up  iilluile^  mare  eap^L'ioUy,  prliapa,  to  Itic  lUc  of  ciciito  or  hemlnck 
by  dnmkards,  wlio  lool^sid  upna  it  as  aa  antiduLs  lo  tbo  uflecta  of  wint:. 
Sea  a,  xiv.  <i,  7. 

*i  Vce  ri'DiarlcE,  that  ia  thta  tDnmcratioa  Ihoru  h  no  metbod.  Lincuju 
rDUTueratM  e\nv«a  principal  fluvoura  in  Ihn  vegiiUbk  kitigiloni— dry  or 
iniijiid,  ai{tieuuB,  \nsi,'oiii,  fait,  aerirl,  etjplio,  awi-ct,  fnt,  Miti-r,  onid.  aii^ 
uaufis&uc  i  Lbcse  tcrius,  trnwuver  seem,  8ome  of  tiicm,  lo  be  very  iudciinitc. 

x2 


in  common  to  the  fruits  and  the  varioua  juices  :  the  sweet,  the 
luBciouB,  the  unctugus,  tVio  bitter,  the  rough,  th«  utrid,"'  th« 
pungenl,  the  sbarp,  tlie  Boiir,  tUid  the  siiJt ;  in  adiiitioti  U> 
which,  there  are  tiirec  other  kinds  of  flavours  of  a  natute  that  i» 
truly  singukr.  The  first  of  ttcae  luat  kinds  is  that  flavoor  in 
which  stvernl  other  Hutouts  aro  united,  (is  in  wine.  Cor  in- 
BtiiDce;  for  in  it  wo  wo  Beneihle  of  the  rough,  the  pUDgent,*' 
luid  th<!  Lusciouei,  itll  at  tbo  eamo  moment,  and  all  of  iheni 
flaToura  Ihiit  belong  to  other  eubstances.  Tlie  hououd  of  ihiW* 
tiuroum  is  thul  iu  which  wc  are  eensiblo  at  the  samo  iuKULDl 
of  a  llavour  tliat  belongs  to  imother  substttnce,  and  yet  of  oat 
that  is  poGuliur  to  the  hinlividuul  object  of  which  we  are  tast- 
ing, such  U8  that  of  milk,  fur  iusUuitet :  indi-ed,  iu  milk  we 
cannot  correctly  say  that  tliore  is  any  pronounced  flavour  tliut 
is  i>ither  sweet,  or  mjctuous,  or  luaciona,  a  fiort  of  smooth  taatu** 
in  Uie  mouth  being  predominant,  which  holds  the  place  of  a 
aote  decided  flavour.  Tlio  third  instance  is  that  of  water, 
which  has  no  flavour  whatever,  n»r,  iiidocd,  iiiiy  flavoriring 
I)rinoiide;°°  hut  still,  this  veiy  aliHente  offluvour  is  cunwdered 
Its  coDstittiting  one  of  them,  nnd  forming  a  peculiar  c!ut«**  uf 
iteelt";  bo  much  bo,  indeed,  that  if  in  water  any  taste  or  flavour- 
ing pri&eipio  is  detected,  it  ia  h)oktid  upon  as  impure. 

Iq  the  perception  of  uU.  tliese  various  flavouris  the  emuU 
plays  u  Tory  considerable"  part,  there  beiug  a  very  gfent 
affinity  between  Uteni.  Water,  however,  ia  properly  quite  in- 
odorous :  and  if  the  h^aet  uniell  is  to  be  perceived,  it  is  not 
pure  water.  It  is  n  singular  thing  that  three  of  tito  principal 
elBmentfl"  of  Nature — water,  air,  and  fire — should  hnveneittier 
Idsto  nor  smell,  nor,  indeed,  anyflavonring  principle  whatevM. 

*^  It  leijaires  con^iilerable  dieccTnmftit  to  apjitopriaic  niccljr  its  Engliah 
synonym  to  these  four  varieties  of  tttsti'!!,  "ucnr.  HrudiH,  ncurling,  fctiii 
aciilug,"  more  *sppcially  wlien  we  finil  that  llira  "bill*!'"  and  tlie  "rougli" 
are  otoupipd  nlreocl;  Ijy  tlie  "  umiirufi  ''  niiil  tliu  "  husUtik." 

**  In  allnaion,  pniiiBi)!^,  to  tte  pungency  of  the  aiuma  or  boogiwt. 

*'  LcnitJilL*. 

*  Tliii  SL'iinis  til  bg  the  raeaniiLtr  of  "  »ucou«.*' 

••  Tha  "  insipiit." 

"  Tliit  i»  M  niuvU  tlm  ciieii,  that  tlio  must  aaruRdiu  Ricdicine  tniiT  W 
(ukfn  almoet  with  impunity— ^  I'tir  bb  usto  ia  concemad — by  IiKtitl;  jiitoi- 
inc' the  nuntrila  vVAc  tiibiu^  it. 

"  F*«  reiniuks  tlial  lliiu  m  (me  of  Bre,  diid  of  iliatilW  or  nerfiiclly  pui* 
water;  but  that  phyvlulogi^ts  un- uuivuniilly  agrgcxl  tbat  tlie  air  liua  lit 
««a  pooitUu  diutll. 


Cliftp.  S3.] 


COLOrit   AJCD    i>XELL   OT   3UICSB. 


\ 


CRAF,  33.  (28.) TUB   OOLOtTK  ASD   61IIIU.   OF  JTICM. 

Among  the  juices,  tTiosd  of  n  vinouB**  flnvoiir  bcloug  to  the 
pear,  the  miilhf'n'y,  and  the  mjTtlc,  and  not  to  Iho  grape,  u 
very  eingulnr  fact.  An  unctuous  lasto  is  dLlcctod  in  the  olivp,' 
the  lauj't:!,  the  wnlnut,  and  the  almond  ;  EwcetoLPs  exists  in 
the  grape,  the  %,  and  the  d«tp;  ^hitein  the  plum  cIabs  we 
find  a  watery"  juice.  There  is  a  considemlile  difference,  too, 
in  the  (loloiira  agsumi-d  hy  the  TarioTis  jnit-es.  That  of  the 
inulbony,  tliechei-ry,  Uie  corni*!,  and  the  hlack  gnipe  resem- 
bles the  colour  of  bluod,  wliile  in  the  white  grape  the  juice  is 
white.  The  hwmoiir  found  in  the  ftuminit  of  the  fig*  is  of  a 
milky  nature,  hut  not  so  with  the  jirice  found  in  the  hody  nf 
the  ffuit,  In  the  apple  it  ie  ihci  colour  ol"  foam,*  while  in  the 
DBBoh  it  is  perft-ctly  culoiirk'ss,  and  this  ia  the  ca&o,  too,  with 
tht  dunicitius,^  wbicb  ubouada  in  juice  ;  for  who  can  say  that 
he  has  t-Tw  dotu'eted  any  colour  in  it  ? 

Kraell,  lijo,  preseiile  its  own  pcuuliar  marvels;  in  the  apple 
it  is  {lungent,'  and  itis  weak  in  the  peach,  while  in  the  sweet^ 
frnitfl  wo  perceive  none  at  uil :  bo,  too,  the  swetft  wines  are 
inodorotiH,  while  the  thinner  ont'S  have  more  nroma,  and  arc 
niudi  sooner  fit  ior  use  tlian  those  of  a  thicker  nature.*  The 
udorifcroMB  fmits  ore  not  pleasing  to  the  palate  in  the  tjime 
degree,  seeing  that  the  flavour"  of  ihem  does  not  eomo  up  to 
their  siatll :  henee  it  is  that  in  thu  citron  wo  find  the  emtll 

™  All  fniiU  iliul  aio  lirli  In  miKnr  iinJ  aiiiiiline,  Fve  ssvii,  rilhei  have, 
or  actinia'  ia  lime,  b  viuuiu  flu^uur,  1)y  cbu  duvvbpirivnt  ul'  u  vex liiin  >)uun- 
tity  Qriili!()1icil. 

*  Id  the  fniil  with  a  fixed  oil,  thia  principle  iumm)^,  wbcn  the;-  ar^ 
ripe,  Ul  the  murihi^fimiijii. 

'  lie  niu«t  nitaii  a  ihinmr  jiiioe,  thoiif^h  still  cwont. 

*  AlKiut  Iho  pLJimcIu  or  rtulk  of  Liiu  iig.  Tlw  juice  li«re,  Fve  wi«.  i«  « 
real  «igar.  of  tlif.  oami?  nmun-  as  tlmi  whidi  cirtulaWK  tliruudiiut  the 
whole  l^ciE;  Lbcjuicu  in  ttti:  interior  of  wimh  is  prvduuud  by  naotber  order 
o(  reisels 

*  TltB  JTiicp  in  only  foamy  whrn  tlin  vinoiB  fcmicntatiiiii  is  caUlili»heil. 
It  liui  tbnt  Ji[i|)imriiiivi!,  Iiowut^t,  whuu  tku  friiic  is  bittun  wLOi  tlin  Uuih. 

*  The  "  bai'd-bcrT)',"  or  uc atari ne. 

"  In  the  tentt.  of  aTnmatit:,  or  {ii-nrCmting. 

'  lie  urobnUy  mcuus  ibaae  uf  u  luactaiu  ot  (imp;  nnturc,  withnut  any 
oitiditT  vbntcvtir. 

■  lleeeenj*  to  nicau  ibat  the  ttiok,  luscim"' wio"  rcqitiru  longer  ki'e]i« 
iiij^,  before  ihoywlll  ^luiiiyuromuitl  sU.  'fhia  would  uc  iom,  prolMhIy, 
at  tlia  «ip('iiB6  of  thiiir  swfictntss. 

*  Or  he  may  iduiui,  that  a  Cue  Savour  biiiL  a  Anc  cmcll  cmoot  eo-nisti 


[Bftok  IV. 


Bo  extremely  p^?I»'t^!llLng,"' and  the  taste  aour  in  tho  highest 
degree.  Somelimes  LIk;  emell  U  of  «  Tiioro  delicate^'  nature, 
as  in  tho  quince,  for  instaucc;  nltilo  tke  £g  Tia&  ao  odour 
■whtttfiver. 


cnAr.  34.— TUB  taiuous  satpkeb  op  vault. 

Thus  muoli,  then,  for  the  vflrloua  ohisses  ani]  kinda  of  firult : 
it  will  b<>  as  wtU  now  to  cliissiiy  their  various  mitures  witJiin 
a  morQ  limited  scopo.  Soino  fniita  grow  in  a  poJ  whicli  h 
sivfut  Ltadf,  iind  canifiina  a  bitter  eeed :  whtretts  in  most  kinds 
of  ft'uit  the  seed  is  agreeable  to  tlio  palate,  those  which  grow 
in  a  pod  are  eondemned.  Other  fruits  aro  beriios,  with  tlio 
Htuuu  within  and  the  flesh  without,  as  in  the  olive  and  the 
cherry:  others,  ikgriiu,  hard  the  berry  within  and  the  sUma 
without,  the  caw,  as  we  have  already  stated,  with  the  berries 
that  grow  in  Egypt." 

Those  fruita,  known  as  "  pomes/'  have  the  same  cbaTftct<*r- 
ifitica  as  tho  berry  fruits ;  in.  some  of  thnni  wo  find  iho  body  of 
the  fruit  within  und  the  ahi-U  without,  ai^  in  tlie  nut,  for  ox- 
amplu  ;  others,  again,  have  tho  mtnit.  of  tho  fruit  without  and 
the  sli oil  within,  the  peach  and  tho  plum,  fur  instoitoG:  tha 
ri-f^iso  part  being  thua  surrouudod  with  tho  tleah,  while  io 
othet  fruits  the  flush  is  sun-ounded  hy  tho  refuse  part.'* 
nuts  ave  enuloBed  ic  u  shell,  chosnnts  inaekin;  in  chesniiU 
Iho  ekin  is  taken  oft',  but  in  modlurB  it  is  eatcji  with  tho  real. 
Acorns  are  covered  with  a  crust,  grapea  with  a  husk,  and 
pomt-granotes  with  a  skin  and  an  inner  inemhrane.  The  mnl- 
bony  is  coioposed  of  llcsh  and  jiiinn,  while  the  cherry  oonmsts 
of  jiiioa  aud  ekin.  In  some  fruits  tho  flesh  eoparates  easily 
from  the  woody  part,  the  walnut  and  tho  date,  for  instanoc; 
in  others  it  adheres,  as  in  tiio  case  of  tho  olive  and  the  laurel 
heny:  Bome  kinds,  n;;aia,  p«rta.k(!  of  both  natures,  the  peach, 
for  example  ;  for  in  tlia  doracimis"  kind  the  itesh  adhi-res  to 
the  stono,  and  cannot  be  tora  away  from  it,  while  in  the  other 

1"  TTio  rcadinf  here  stiouW   tw  "  &onCisBimuB,"  probalilT,  instead  of 
'  acemran*."    The  odoiir  exist*  in  tho  rind  of  Ibc  citron  and  in  thp  outer 
■t  of  the  niiinue  ;  if  llitae  are  removed,  the  frnit  betoineg  inodoiong. 
"  "Tenuis."     He  miiy  pcuBibly  niann  ''Faijit," 
'^  Tliti  frait  of  Chs  tea,  oi  myraljuliuim,  ibe  Bulauitcs  JEg^iptiaco,     See 
B.  xiii.  PC.  17  and  IQ. 
"  Vitimn.  "  Hard-herry  or  nooiarine.    Soe  c,  II. 


sorts  they  are  ftnsily  Bciiarated.  In  some  fruits  tljcro  is  ni> 
stone  or  shell"*  either  within  or  without,  one  variety  of  tbo 
date,'*  for  instance.  In  eome  kinde,  again,  Ihe  shell  is  eaten, 
just  the  Burnt!  ua  ihfl  fruit ;  tJiis  we  have  alrciwlj'  mentionod  us 
being  the  caao  with  a  vimiitj-  at'  Ihe  almond  fouii>d  lu  Egypt." 
Some  fruits  havu  ua  tin;  outsido  a  twofold  refuse  corering.  thtj 
cheeQut,  the  ulmuud.  und  the  -walnut,  for  example,  ^oim*. 
again,  are  comjioNed  of  three  se[>Rrate  pitrU — the  body  of  th« 
fruit,  then  a  woody  shell,  and  inside  of  thcit  a  kenivl,  ns  iu  Urn 
peiich. 

Some  fmits  grow  clo»eIy  paclted  together,  eiich  as  giupes 
and  sorbs:  these  last^  just  Itke  bo  many  grapes  in  ft  cluster, 
cling  round  the  brunth  ttnd  bend  it  downwards  with  their 
weight.  On  the  other  hand,  mme  fruits  grow  aepnrutcly,  at  a 
diaUinco  from  one  another;  this  is  the  imbo  with  the  pmch. 
Some  fruits  ure  enclosed  iu  a.  Burt  of  matrix,  as  wilh  the  grains 
of  the  poiucgranate:  some  hang  down  from  a  etalk,  sudi  oit 
th«  pear,  for  in&timce:  others  liang  in  dusters,  grupcs  und 
dates,  for  exauiplo,  Othei's,  again,  grow  upon  stailts  uiid 
bunches  united :  Ihia  we  find  the  case  with  the  bemcs  of  the 
ivy  and  the  elder.  Some  udliete  eloae  to  the  brunches,  like 
the  lnurul  berry,  while  olhev  varietiea  He  close  to  thp  bruiieK 
or  hang  from  it,  as  tie  coae  may  be  :  thus  we  find  in  the  olire 
some  fruit  with  short  stoUta,  and  others  with  long.  Some  fruits 
grow  with  a  little  calyx  at  tlie  top,  the  pomcgranato,  for  ex- 
ample, the  medlar,  and  tho  lotus'*  of  Egypt  and  the  EuphrateB. 

TbuQ,  too,  as  to  the  vurioue  parte  at  fruit,  thvy  are  hidd  iu 
difforent  degrees  of  csti-eni  according  to  thoir  respective  re- 
commendatiooB.  Id  the  date  it  is  the  flesh  that  is  usually 
liked,  in  those  of  Thebais  it  is  the  cnist;"  the  grapu  and  llm 
caryota  date  are  cBtecraed  for  their  juice,  thepear  and  the 
up[je  for  tlieir  firmness,  the  mclimelum^  for  its  eoft  meat, 

"  Li.gnum'  literftlly,  "wood,"  "There  isnowrtoiT,  Hlhcr  ■within  or 
without."     He  huM  oae  nni?ergal  name  fur  what  wl-  call  Bliell,  iced,  sloiiea, 

14  TliG  "B})adD,'*  or"eunuoh"  dute.    See  B,  xUi.  c.  9. 

1^  See  B.  xiii.  c.  17.  The  fruit  of  llie  bia  it  aLludiid  to,  but,  lu  Fi'a 
obBBrPBB,  Pliny  is  wrtmg  iu  cxiiliii^  ii  an  almond,  as  il  is  a  iiuipy  trail. 

'•  'ITic  Xymphocn  uclumbo  of  Linnreus. 

'^  Or  &li<^ll,  wliioh,  SB  1''^  Euuarica,  participates  bat  rery  little  ia  tho 
pmpertin  of  the  Hc'bIi. 

*^  Or  *'  iu>ai;^  "  uppk ;  see  0.  If  of  Hat  Book. 


329 


fli:tk a  yjncitti.  HiBtoar. 


[Bffok  IT. 


fe 


the  mulbrrry  for  its  cartilu^noua  consistency,  and  nuta  for 
thfir  Itemtils,  Some  fruits  in  J^gyjit  are  eetuL-nicd  lor  their 
pkin;  the  oarica,^'  for  instniiee.  This  bIob,  which  in  the 
grucn  ijg  is  ihi-owa  awuy  us  bo  much  refuse  peeling,  when  tho 
lig  IB  dned  is  very  highly  efelwnied.  In  the  papj-nw,^ 
the  ferula,*'  and  the  white  thorn  ^  the  stHllt  iUelf  consttitutrt 
the  iruit,  and  thu  shoot*  of  the  fig-tree**  aro  similarh: 
imploypil. 

Among  the  shruha,  the  fruit  of  liie  ftftper"  is  eaten  nlong 
with  the  stalk ;  find  in  the  cfirob,"  what  is  tho  part  tJint  is 
eaton  hut  en  miirh  wood?  Xor  ought  wo  to  omit  onti  pecu- 
liarity that  esials  in  tho  Bccd  of  this  fruit — it  can  be  cullt.-<l 
niiUuT  (Leah,  wood,  uor  oiLttilug^,  imd  yet  no  other  name  bus 
btmii  fuund  lor  it. 

OHAP-  35.    (29). — THK   UVGTLE. 

The  nature  of  the  juices  that  are  found  in  the  myrtle  nrfl 
parti(:ulurly  reinarkablf^  for  it  is  the  nnly  one'*of  nil  the  trees,  thu 
lii'irit'S  of  which  prudueo  two  kinds  of  oil "^  aa  well  ua  of  wine, 
besides  niyi'tidanuni,*"  of  which  we  have  already  spoken.  The 
berry  of  this  was  ols?  put  to  another  use  in  aneieut  timei),  tot 
licfore  pepper"  wtus  known  it  wna  employed  in  [ilaee  of  it  its  u 
K-uiJuiiiug ;  so  much  «o,  iudcL-d,  that  a.  uluilij  has  been  derivud 
from  it  for  the  highly -seasoned  dish  which  to  this  day  is  knewTi 
by  the  namu  of  "  myrUtum.""  It  is  by  the  aid  of  these  ber- 
nf-s,  too,  Lhfit  the  anponr  of  the  flesh  of  the  wild  hoar  it 
improved,  and  they  generally  form  one  of  the  ingredients  in 
the  fliiTouring  of  our  naucfts. 

CH»P,   36,— nIBTOKlCAL  ANECBOTRS  HEI.ATITK  TO  THE  MTSTLB. 

This  tree  was  aeen   for  tiie  lirst  time  in  the  regions  of 

"  Or  "  Camn  "  Bg.     Sue  e.  I»  of  tliia  Book. 

«  Soe  B,  xiii.  c-  11. 

"  Spb  Jl.  liti.  o.  42,  and  B,  is.,  oc.  9  !ind  23, 

»•  See  B.  liii.  c.  26.  and  it.  t-ay.  c.  66. 

"  See  B.  siii.  o.  22.  Ftc  mrwiks  thst  il  is  »inptiliir  how  tbe  ndtaU 
cnulil  cnt  the  hrnncliea  at  [he  fig-tree,  tUe  jniiMi  bain^  ai:tiuiUy  ti  poiioii, 

*>  See  B.  »iii,  c.  44.  "  Seo  c,  2fl  mf  thi*  Book. 

"  Hs  19  Bfrraig  1  tliB  sumo  h  the  ciue  wilt  tlie  byrrias  of  lliB  Utml,  Vii, 
indeed,  mimy  oIIiit  kiiiihi  o^  bcrrica. 

"  Son  a.  7  af  thii  Book.  «>  See  B,  xir.  c.  9. 

"  Sl-c  B.  lii,  f..  14. 

"  A  ktuJ  of  sausage,  unuoned  with  myrtts.     See  nUo  B.  xxvil  o.  40. 


Chnp.  36.]         A^lECDOTSB   BELATITE   TO   THE   UTRTLE. 

Europe,  whick  eotDtocnce  on  IhiH  side  of  llii:'  CeramiiaD  moan- 
toins,"  growing  at  Cirocii.**  near  the  tomb  of  Elpenor  there  :  "• 
it  stiill  retains  its  Greek*"  iiame,  whtcli  clearlj-  proves  it  to  be 
an  exotic.  Thote  were  mytllca  growing  on  tht-  site  now  rccu- 
piod  liy  Kome,  at  iho  Umo  of  its  tbuudation ;  for  a  tnwlition 
exists  to  tbe  cliVct  lliut  Uiu  Kumuug  and  the  Sabiaos,  aflur 
tKey  had  intended  fighting,  on  account  of  the  virgins  wbo  had 
"been  rnvisiicd  by  tbn  former,  purifiwl  tlicmst>lvee,  first  laying 
ilown  their  iLmi»,  ivttli  spiigs  of  myrtle,  on  tin;  very  bbiho  spot 
which  is  now  oncupted  by  the  Btatues  of  Venus  Cluacina;  for 
in  the  ancirnt  Itmgiiuge  "  cluerc"  moans  to  purify. 

This  tree  le  employed,  too,  for  a  species  of  fumigation  ;"  bting 
aelecttd  fur  tliat  purpose,  beeauao  Venus,  who  prusiJis  over  all 
unions,  is  the  tutelury  divinity  of  the  tree."'  I  am  not  quite 
Bure,  too,  whether  tliis  tree  was  not  the  very  first  that  was 
plunted  in  the  public  places  of  llome,  the  result  of  some  omi- 
nous presagB  by  the  aitu;iu's  of  wondrous  import.  Tor  ut  the 
Temple  of  (iiiirinua,  or,  in  other  words,  of  Itomulus  hiraseif, 
one  of  the  incBt  ancient  in  Home,  there  were  formerly  two 
inyrtle-tpees,  which  grew  for  a  long  period  just  in  fi:t)nt  of 
the  temple;  one  of  iheBo  was  cjiiltd  the  I'ulneian  tree,  the 
other  the  I'lcbeiiin.  The  Pntncian  myrtle  was  for  many  yenrs 
tlio  superior  trtic,  full  of  sap  and  vigour ;  liidcwl,  eo  long  as  the 
SeuaU)  inaintaiued  its  Huperiorilj,  so  did  the  tree,  heiiig  of 
large  groivth,  while  the  Plebeian  tree  presented  a  meagre, 
Blirivelled  appfarHiicB,  In  later  times,  however,  the  latter  tree 
gnined  the  superiority,  and  the  Patrician  myrtle  began  to  fait 
just  at  the  period  of  the'"  Marsic  War,*^  when  the  power  of 
the  Senate  was,  so  gi'eatly  weakened  :  and  little  by  little  did 
this  onoc  majeBtic  tree  sink  into  a  etate  of  utter  exhaustion 
tuul  sterility.     'Ihoro  was  an  ancient  altar"  also,  consecrated' 

^  lie  means  the  AcroceTauoiazi  cbaia  ia  Epiriu,  tncntiocpd  tn  B.  iil. 

"  See  li.  iii.  c.  9. 

"  He  was  one-  of  the  coropanioDs  of  UlyHsea,  fabled  by  Homer  ani  Ovid 
to  hare  been  trmtaformcd  hv  Circe  intoa  jwiuo 

"  Mvpaivf  waa  ila  (IruA  u.iiine.  "  Sob  B.  ixv.  c  69. 

'^  SeoB.iii.L'  2,  Ovii^  Fasti,  B.  IT.  1.  15, /iwj.,»i)-»  that  Venus  con- 
trxled  hitMif  from  the  guzo  of  tbt:  Satyrs  bvhiitd  this  treu. 

*'  Either  thii  stury  U  untruo,  or  wc  huvo  a  right  no  auspinit  that  Bomc 
undnrhunil  f^caoy  ttm  amployod  for  the  purpom:  of  itoposjng  on  the  eupur- 
■titiuus  crcdiihtyof  the  RcininD  pooplr. 

•0  Or  Scwial  War.     See  B.  ii.  t.  86, 

"  Nwi  the  altar  of  Consue,  cloiu!  to  the  tO'eta  of  the  Circos. 


330 


pinrr  s  NATCnAt  niaTOHT. 


[BmIXV, 


to  Vfous  3fyrteu,  known  at  the  present  day  by  the  name  of 

CHAP.  37.— laETKS   VAHIETIE9  Ol"  THE   MritTLE, 

Cato"  makeB  montion  of  three  vurielioa  of  the  myrtle,  the 
hlaok,  white,  and  the  couji^iila,  pt-rhapa  bo  called  from 
its  roferience  to  conjugiil  uuiuns,  and  bctoagiiig  to  the  sutnc 
Bpecica  oa  that  which  grew  where  Ciuaciiia'a  stutaea  now 
stand :  at  the  prcBent  day  tlto  varieties  are  differently  distiii- 
guiahud  into  the  cjultivattid  aad  tho  wild*^  mjTtle,  each  »f 
which  includes  a  kind  with  a  lai-go  lent'.  The  kind  known  as 
"  oxymyrsints,""  heloogs  only  to  tite  wild  variety  :  omiimeBtaJ 
gardeners  classify  aevcrtd  vflrieties  of  the  cultivated  kind  ;  the 
"  Tarentino,""  they  apeak  of  na  a  royrtlo  with  a  small  k-uf, 
tha  myrtle  of  thia  country  "■  aa  haritig  a  brchad  leaf,  and  iha 
hefiastieha"  aa  being  very  thickly  coverad  with  leuves,  growing 
ia  rows  of  six  :  it  is  not,  howover,  mado  any  use  of.  There 
are  two  other  kinds,  that  arc  bruuuhy  and  well  covered.  In 
my  opinion,  the  conjugulii  is  the  same  that  is  now  called  the 
Ittiman  myrtle.  It  ia  in  Egj'pt  that  the  myttle  is  mu»t 
odoriferous. 

Cuto"  has  taught  ua  how  to  make  a  wine  from  tho  black 
myrtle,  by  drying  it  thoroughly  in  the  shade,  and  then  putting 
it  in  must :  he  says,  also,  that  if  the  berries  are  not  quite  dry, 
it  will  produce  an  oil.  Since  lua  time  a  method  lios  been  dis- 
covered of  making  a  pale  wine  from  tho  white  variety  ;  two 
aexLorii  of  pounduil  myrtle  arc  steeped  in  thitie  aemi-soxCarii  uf 
wirne,  and  the  mixture  is  then  aubjeoted  to  preaanre. 

The  leaves'"  also  are  dried  by  Ihemselvea  till  they  are  capa* 
ble  of  heiny  reduced  to  a  powder,  which  ia  used  for  the  treat- 
Toont  of  aort-a  on  tlie  hiunan  body  :  this  powder  is  of  a  slightly 
corroBLTe  nature,  and  is  employed  ulso  fur  thei  purpose  irf 
cbecking  the  per9[)irutiOD.     A  thing  tliat  ia  stiU  iQoro  re- 

'*  Do  Ite  Eiiflt.  e.  8. 

"  Tlie  aO'.'CulL-iJ  wild  myrtle  does  not  in  roalit;^  belong  to  tlie  griiui 
Mjrtus, 

"  See  B.xiiii.c.S.I;  the  Riweasoculeatasof  thoJUmilyof  tie  Jjpiiragwi. 

"  The  oomraon  myrtle,  Itjrtus  eommiini*  of  tlia  [luLuriiliiU. 

'*  Or  Koman  myrtlo.  a  variety  of  tho  Myrtiia  communia. 

"  Tlio  "sji  rtiw"  mjTtle.  Y6a  tliinlu 'that  it  bclwigi  to  the  KyrliU 
ani^tifoliu  Elmtita  of  BauUin. 

w  1)9  Ut,  Uu»t.  125.  *»  Sev  B.  ixui.  c.  81. 


J 


I 


THB  MYB'tLB  TJBED  R  OTATIOSB. 


markable,  Uiis  oil  i$  poBsesseil  of  a  certain  vinoua  Jiavour, 
Lcitigi  at  the  same  tim-e,  of  an  iiQctuouB  nature,  nnd  rtmarknbly 
efficacious  for  impro«Eg*"  winoa.  When  this  ia  done,  the 
Trine  strainer*'  ia  dipped  in  the  oil  before  it  is  used,  the  result 
of  which  la  that  it  rtituina  the  leea  of  the  winv,  and  allows 
nothing  but  the  pure  liq^uor  to  eBcapc,  while  at  the  Bame  tinie 
it  acuompomcs  tho  wine  anil  vausts  a  marked  improvement  in 
its  duvoiu'. 

SprigB  of  myrtle,  if  carried  by  a  person  when  travelling  on 
foot,  are  fouad  to  bo  very  refreshing*'  on  a  long  journey. 
Rings,  too,  made  of  myrtto  wLi(;h  has  never  been  touched  by 
iron,  ore  an  excellent  specidc  for  swoUinga  in  the  groin.'^ 

CHAP.  36. — THB  iTTHTLB  TOED  AT  EOMB  TS  OTATIOWS. 

The  myrtle  has  played""  ita  purt,  also,  in  the  successeB  of 
war.  Postbumiu9  Tubertna,  who  gained  a  victory  orcT  the 
Subines  in  bis  consulship,"  was  the  tirst  penwn  who  entered 
the  City  enjojniig  tho  honour  of  ou  ovatiou,'*  for  having 
acbieved  this  Huuuesa  with  caso  and  without  bloodshed:  upon 
whioh  oocasion  bo  mode  hla  entry  crowned  with  the  myrtle  of 
Venus  Victris,  and  thereby  tendered  her  tree  an  objeet  of 
regard*^  to  our  enemies  evtn.  Ever  since  this  occasion,  the 
wreath  of  those  who  have  enjoyed  an  ovation  has  been  made 
of  myrtle,  with  the  exception  of  M.  Crasaus,"  who,  on  bis  i-jc- 
tory  over  tho  fugitive  slaves  and  Spartacua,  mado  his  entry 
crowned  with  knrcb.  MassuriuB  inl'ormB  us,  also,  that  Bomci 
gt'ncrals,  on  tho  occasion  of  a  triumph  even,  hare  worn  a 
wreath  of  myrtle  in  tho  triumphal  car.     L.  Fi&o  states  that 

*"  A  cew  proof,  m  Ffe  n'Tniirka,  that  the  sneients  hail  ppciiliar  notion* 
of  ihQit  own,  m  to  the  Uiirour  uf  wiuc ;  mjrUe  b<ernH.-B,  lie  suj»,  ituuU 
impan  lo  ti'inii  u  doteaUiblu  aroiiiutic  Qavaur. 

"  "Saecis:"  the  HtniinrT  bring  mwilc  of  cloth.     See  B.  xit.  e,  28. 

"  Tliuj  would  be  of  Ho  asaiitbiivuo  nliatiivui,  and  Lhls  slatcnifciit  is  on- 
liruty  fictitious. 

^  lid  iimj  possibly  meon  hernls. 

^  In  ndilitioD  to  all  th»ai;  imrticiilarg,  tie  might  liave  *tQtcd  thnE  the 
Lar«3,  fir  bfluscliulil  f^nsh,  wen.'  crown.ii  with  royrUc,  and  that  it  waa  nul 
HLlDwed  to  entiir  ths  Tctnpk'  of  Ilonu  Bmi, 

»  A.i-.r.  2fil. 

**  Soe  the  Not^  lo  o.  3fl  of  thie  Book. 

*^  BoeoiUDthe  enemy  would  bo  l.tililH'lytoeavyuBabloodleM  tiiumpli. 

**  Hedisdatncd  tie  amm  timtitile  niyrtlo  l'ru^vll,  anil  intrigued  lucccaa- 
fidiy  with  the  Senote  to  allow  him  to  wear  a  wreatli  of  Jaurel. 


332 


PLISt  S  WltCftAL  niaiOBT. 


[Bof-k  XV. 


Pupinus  Maai),  "who  woa  tlio  first  to  L-njoy  a  iximnpli  for  a, 
Tictory  over  the  Marsi— it  was  on  the  Alban  Uouat" — vt» 
in  the  habit  of  attending  qt  the  gamta  of  the  Circus,  wcaxinir 
a  wreath  of  myrtlo :  he  wits  Xhe  maternal  grandfather  of  tlie 
second  Rcijiio  AfriciiDiis.     Marcna  Valerius*'  wore  two  wreiitlin, 

of  laurel,  the  other  of  mjTtle;  it  was  in.  Doneequeitcc  of 

jw  wliioh  he  had  made  to  that  effect. 

CHAP.  89.  (30.) — TOK  laurel;  thibtebpt  taeietibs  op  it. 

the  laurel  k  ospcciolly  conancmtod  to  triumphs,  ig  remarkably 
ornamental  to  houses,  and  gunrda  the  portals  of  tnireraperor3" 
and  our  pontiffs ;  thei'ii  eusjK-adud  (done,  it  jfriiees  the  pidacp,  and 
is  evwr  o]i  giii^rd  before;  the  threBhold.  Cato**  epe-itka  of  two 
varieties  of  this  tree,  the  Delphic"'  and  llie  Cyprian.  Fonipeiua 
LoiiaaiiB  has  added  another,  to  whieh  lie  hsR  given  the  mune  of 
"  muatnx,"  froTTi  the  eircumstanee  of  its  hemg  used  for  putticJK 
undnr  the  cake  known  by  the  name  of  "  nm§taceimi.*"*  Jie 
6iiya  that  this  variety  1ms  a  very  large  leaf,  flaccid,  and  of  u 
whitish  hue ;  that  the  Bclphio  laurel  is  of  one  uniform  colour, 
greener  than  the  other,  with  berries  of  very  large  aizc,  and  of 
a  rod  tint  approaehing  to  (jreen.  He  says,  too,  that  it  is  with 
this  laurel  that  the  victors  at  Delphi  "*  are  orownod,  and  warriors 
who  enjoy  the  lienoure  of  a  triumph  at  Ronn-.  The  Cypriua 
laurel,  ho  Ray»,  has  a  short  leaf,  is  of  a  hkekish  dolour,  with 
an  imbricated*'  edge,  and  crisped. 

*■  Tlx!  S^nntii>  ri'fiiBQi]  ttiiti  a  tniiiiiipb;  anil  he  arcorttingly  c«lohrtt»ii 
one  oa  the  Allian  Mouat,  «,t'.  2.11.  raulus  Biniwiiis  mya  that  liit 
iPMon  UiT  wririn^  n  tnj'rtlt.-  crown  was  liis  victory  uvur  tho  CorsiciuiR  on 
lim  Myrtlu  Plains,  tliough  wlicrc  Ibcy  ^<i'cra,  gr  what  victorjr  is  alladed  lo, 
IB  not  KUaivn. 

*>  Till?  lii-otlier  of  Vuleiiiia  PiiblicoJa. 

■'  \Vt  karn  trora  tw>)  paesB^es  in  <">rid  th»t  tli«  I&nrel  wu  nnnM 
over  tbc  ^nie«  of  the  cmiirriire,  This,  oa  Feu  rvrau^  VU  dons  mtn 
rciwoM  :  because  it  -n.ts  Jwkpd  mnn  (is  ft  proUetion  a^DSt  Ii|^tnlllg,  ud 
Ticciiuiie  it  waa  coBBidcred  an.  nnfilem  of  iiiiiuoi'talitj. 

«  Do  Bo  Eitst.  133. 

**  Or  "  lauicl  of  Apollo ;"  it  was  into  this  tree  ITint  Hapbnc  wot  frbUd 
to  have  Ixicn  flhnneta     See  Ovid'a  Mot.  B.  i.  I,  Dfi7,  ti  wy. 

"■^  Cdto,  DeRe  Eftist.  c,  121,  tbUs  ua  that  ttiiBcalte  was  made  of  fine  wbwt, 
uiiul,  aniae,  cummin,  aaet,  t^liepse,  ami  Bcrspeil  Iniircil  Bprig-^,  Laiiri^I  lc«n* 
were  plni»il  iiiiilcT  it  TClii:^n  biikcJ.  Tbie  taixtui't:  was  cuusiderud  u  light 
hoi,  g<Jod  for  tUv  slQiuiiob  ! 

»  At  iho  I'ytliian  Guikks  uekhrateil  tlicra. 

"  McJtaing  Uiot  it  oarvee  at  the  edge,  eoraethin^  like  a  p^t-hooM. 


Since  his  tini«,  howtvur,  tho  Tuxietics  have  considerably 
augnieated-  There  is  tli«  tinus"  for  inisUncc-,  by  some  eoii- 
sidfred  as  a  Bp^vies  of  wild  laurel,  wiiile  olhere,  again,  rega-d 
it  a8  a  tree  ol'  a  ai^pui'ttto  class ;  indcitd,  it  riwa  dill'cr  I'rom  the 
laim-'l  as  tu  tlie  colour,  the  beiT)-  being  of  an  azure  bltie.  The 
royal'*  taurol,  too,  has  siiwie  beeu  added,  which  has  of  lata 
beg'un  to  bo  known  as  tho  "  AugTiRloB ;  '*  both  the  tree,  a% 
•wijU  as  tlin  li^uf,  are  ut  rBm^rkublu  aize,  ujid  the  btxricB  have 
not  th(3  UHUiil  rnugh  timle.  Sumo  Buy,  huwevor,  thiit  themyal 
hiurel  and  thv  Augu^tiin  urn  nut  ttio  Biime  trt«,  imd  make  out 
the  Ibrmcr  to  be  ci  peculiar  kind,  with  a  leaf  buth  lougvr  aud 
brotider  thuii  thiit  oftht!  AuguBtuu.  The  siimt'  uutliurb,  aliiu, 
make  a  ptculiar  species  of  the  hacalia  \.hv  coitiinoucst  luurtl 
of  aJl,  and  the  one  thut  bears  the  greatest  number  uf  bpri'ii.-s. 
With  thcEi,  too,  the  barren  laurel™  i«  the  laurel  ol"  the  tri- 
umphs, niid  thiy  any  that  this  is  th«  one  that  is  used  by  wur- 
riora  whon  cnjoyin™;  a  triumph — a  thing  ibat  aurpiiBes  me 
very  Touch  :  iidIuks,  indeed,  the  asu  of  it  waa  first  introduced 
by  the  lute  Emperur  Augustus,  aud  it  in  to  be  euUBidored  ua 
the  progeny  of  ihttt  laurel,  which,  aa  we  shall  just  now  httvo 
DCcaetoa  to  mentiou,  was  ^ent  to  him  fruiu  hvuveu ;  it  buiug  the 
inniallvst  ol'  thum  ult,  witlt  uunspud^  short  luut',  lutd  very  mniLy 
to  bv  iiit't  with. 

In  ornamental  gardening  we  uIbo  find  the  taxa'"  employed, 
with  a  »mull  leaf  sprouting  firom  Uiv  middle  of  thv  Ivaf,  mid 
forming  a  fringe,  as  it  wt-ri',  hanging  fiom  it ;  the  apadonia,'^ 
tan,  without  this  fringe,  a  Irde  that  thrivea  remEirkably  well 
in  the  shade :  indeed,  however  dcnsw  the  shade  may  be,  itwiU 
soon  cover  tlie  spot  with  its  shaotB.  There  is  iJie  chazniB- 
duphne,™  also,  n  Bhrub  thut  gruwa  wild ;    the  Ali'xandrian^' 

*'*  Or  tine  tret,  the  VihiiTniitn  tiuiiB  or  LimiEEiii,  oai  of  tlii>  caprtfolin. 
It  IK  aol  Tvckoitoil  ijs  uue  t>l'  ihu  lumule,  t!iough  U  hat  niauy  of  live  sutuv 
chsTacicriBtivB.  '^  Kc^a. 

*■  Tlic  biirrnn  linrrl  i)f  i\ns  triutnptift  vriu  Ebe  Lmirus  nobilU  of  LiniiKiis, 
whioh  las  unlj  ihkIc  Howri-it. 

T»  Thn  Ijiarim  viil^nrii  folinnininleto  of  the  ParUian  IlorUu,  F^  siijs. 

'1  Not  a  iMuroI,  uu-t  yet  a  ditocylariun.  F^o  lays  bui  (■ti?  ut  ibe  Aapn- 
ragea,  probnbty  ihn  Kwkhb  by]ji>gluicuai  vi  Linoieiu,  suiuutimcit  knowu. 
howeviar.  as  tha  AKsHndrian  Viirol. 

'"  tlf  "cuii'ich"  liiiirti ;  a  viintty,  pcobiibly,  of  Ihr  Lnuriis  nulnli*- 

^  TUc  "giomii3  liiurtit  :"  ac^urdiiig't'J  Sjn-engL'!,  liiin  la  tLu  Uuscaa racu- 
0104118  of  LmnipiiB.      Saa  S   ixiv.  r.  ttl. 

^^  Kruiii  AlvxiLutirk  LnTruuB:  thu  RusnusliypupIiyUuiu  uf  LiaoKue,  it 
k  luppoaod. 


334 


pLimr  ft  BATuaAL  irrsToaY. 


[Book  ST. 


lAorol.  by  some  known  as  tbe  Idean,  by  others  as  th«  "Jiypo- 
pIoLlion,"''"  by  others  aa  the  "  CHrpopliyllon,""  nnd  by  others, 
iigain,  OS  the  "  )iy]ir:latf9.""  From  the  root  it  tlirows  out 
branches  three  quarters  of  a  foot  in  length  ;  it  la  much  usfJ 
in  ornamental  gardening,  tmd  fiir  making  -nToftthft,  and  it  has 
a  mnrc  pnintod  leaf  than  that  of  the  rajTtle,  mid  unperior  to  it 
in  BLifLnoaSj  whiteue&B,  and  size  :  the  seed,  wliich  iice  bi'twecn 
the  leav(.-8,  ia  red.  This  luat  kind  .grows  in  great  ubuudwHsi) 
on  Mount  Ida  and  in  the  yioinity  of  Hcraclea  in  Pontus :  it  is 
only  fgiind,  however,  In  moimtuitious  dialriuts. 

Tlio  laurel,  too,  known  ns  the  dtiphnoidcs,'"  is  a  variety  that 
haa  received  many  difl't^rent  names  :  by  »ome  it  ia  callt^d  tlje 
Pelaegian  kurel,  by  others  tlie  Buthaloii,  ond  by  othem  tlia 
st«phanon  Akiandri/*  This  is  also  a  branchy  snmb,  wiUi  a 
thicker  and  softer  leaf  than  thai  of  the  ordinary  laurd:  if 
toatud,  it  leaves  a  burning  aensiition  in  the  mouth  ond  throat : 
the  borriea  aro  red,  iaoliiiing  to  btaek.  The  nncient  wrileni 
have  remarked,  that  in  their  time  there  was  no  apccies  of 
luurel  in  the  island  of  Cor-^ica,  Since  then,  howevoi',  it  has  been 
planted- there,  and  bas  thmcd  well. 

CH*?.  40. — nrsTOErcAT,  AsrEfmoTES  cossECrRn  wixn  the  ■lxvs.B.. 

^liiB  tree  is  eTublematicoI  of  pence  :*"  when  a  branch  of  it 
is  extended,  it  is  to  denote  a  truce  between  enemies  in  arms. 
Tor  the  l^;mnnH  more  purticiiiai'ly  it  is  the  messenger  of  joyl'iil 
tiding,  and  of  vittory  :  it  accompanies  tlie  despatches"  of  the 
general,  and  it  deeoratea  the  lances  and  iavolina  of  tlie  aoldicn 
and  the  fascee  whicli  jirLceda  their  ohief.  It  is  of  this  trno 
that  branchea  ai'e  depoeited  on  the  lap  of  Jupitor  All-good  and 
Ail-gTcat,*^  80  often  as  sorae  new  victory  has  impaitcd  um- 

M  "Tho  tongue  l)plnw."  Tbia,  Fee  jaatly  eaj's.  would  appoor  lo  U 
a  more  nppropriat*  nMiiefor  tlic  Uiji,  nientiiniod  uhov*. 

"■  Froin  t|]i!  blrry  lichi;^  altucbcd  tu  IheWf. 

'T   "  The  tlironter  nut  I'riiiiii  'helow,"'  cflrliiips. 

f*  Sproii^i-1  tLiiiks  tiiiit  it  is  tlie  Cluiuuns  vi(.iilb;i  uf  I.iuuiciu.  Fiicl)- 
sini  idi^nCim^  it  vith  the  llapbno  Imrrcolnof  Linnioun;  and  1''^  tlualuil 
mtr  he  cithnr  IhAt  or  tiit  Vaplme  mcuream  at  LmsKua. 

f"  "  Crown  of  All' Hinder."  ' 

^  Curioudlf  enougli,  il  h  generally  considered  noiK' ■Dorexn^gestiM  of 
war  llino  of  [ipacE'. 

*i  Tbe  dcMpitLclieB  were  wrapped  in  laurel  Icavet. 

**  Optimus  Maiimus. 


Chop.  iOO        ANECDOTES  COKSECrKD  TnTH  THE  IllTEEL. 


vemil  gladnefla.  Tliia  is  done,  not  tecauafl  it  is  alwaj's  green, 
nor  yet  becauBQ  it  is  an  cinbLem  of  pi-sico — for  in  botU  of  tboau 
rospocta  the  olive  ■woiUil  take  ttie  iir^-cudtiiice  of  it — but  because 
it  is  the  most  beauteous  true  on  Mount  iParnasHua,  and  was 
pleasing  for  its  gracefulness  1o  Apollo  t-rt'M  ;  ii  ilvity  to  wliom 
thfi  kinga  of  Rume  sL'iit  otferinga  at  an  early  pciriod,  ft9  we 
learn  from  the  cnw  of  L.  Ttnitua,'"  PDrhaiis,  too,  honour  is 
more  particularly  paid  to  ihia  tree  bccuuse  it  tv«s  there  that 
Brntus"  earned  the  glory  of  aascrting  hia  eountry's  )iberties, 
wlion,  by  iho  direction  of  tho  oracle,  ho  kisacid  thitt  luitrel- 
bearing  Bull.  Auuther  reiiftoiij  too,  niny  bo  the  fact,  that  of  all 
thu  shrubs  that  are  planted  and  received  in  our  liouses,  this  is 
the  ouly  one  that  is  ucver  stniclt  by  lightning,*'  It  is  for 
tht^se  rwtsoue,  in  my  ojiinion,  tliat  tlie  post  of  honour  lias  been 
awarded  lo  the  laurel  niorc  particularly  in  triuniplis,  and  not, 
as  Maflsnrius  tmys,  bccAUsp  it  was  nued  for  the  purposes  of 
fumigation  and  purification  from  the  blood  t»f  the  enemy. 

In  ttddition  to  the  ubove  partieulLira,  it  la  not  pc-rmitted  to 
defile  the  luurei  and  th«  olive  by  applying  thein  b)  profane 
uses ;  80  much  bo,  indeed,  that,  not  ewu  for  the  propitialiou  of 
Uio  divinities,  ebould  a  fir?  be  ligbU-d  with  thorn  at  ■either 
altar  or  flhrine-"  Indeed,  it  is  very  evident  that  the  laurel  pro- 
teeta  against  such  usage  hy  crsekbng^  as  it  does  in  the  fira, 
thux,  in  a  manner,  giving  express»ion  to  its  abhorrence  of  such 
treatment.  The  wood  of  tliiis  tree  when  eaten  ia  good  aa  a 
specific  for  internal  mDhidies  and  affections  of  Ihe  tiinewa.^ 

It  ia  siud  that  vihan  it  thund&rcd,  the  £mperor  Tiberius  was 

"  L.Juntai  Itratiii,  thcnfpfaEwnfTnniui'n.  Pliny  allnJesto  th«in«B(n^ 
wot  lo  Delphi,  (w  tite  purpme  tif  vuiisiiilQiig  tiie  uiiidv  on  n  serpent  bving 
pcen  in  ttic  royul  pilwv. 

*•  IleallufleBtothecircumBlan'C-cof  Oie  [imat^'w  being  aaked  wlmebould 
reign  aC  Romu  nfitr  Tiirmnin ;  upun  whiph  she  answortd,  "  lie  whrj  flret 
IdlMA  hi»  tiidtbcr  ■"  on  which  l!rutUH.  tlw  KujipusL'd  idiut,  Rtumhlvd  to  the 
pDUtid,  aiiil  kiased  the  enrth,  Llir.  innthiT  of  nil. 

^  A  merf  abtwdity  ;  ti\>t  snme  haa  beta  ficiid  of  ttti  tceoh,  and  ^th 
e^ual  veruDitT. 

*»  He  mskos  a  distinction  between  "altar"  taiA  "sra"  licre.  The 
forntn'  wits  the  utiar  of  th»  supcriur  Divinities,  the  lutlcr  of  th«  iupeiiur 
Auil  iiifLTi-or  fiH  will!, 

*f  Tlio  cmctling  of  tlin  iHTiri'l  i«  cai«f>d  hy  ifffnrt*  of  tlie  csspnfia]  oi!  to 
escape  tivra  tbo  purcuutfum  or  ct-'llulrir  tisiui)  of  tliu  IuilT,  wkiob  il  bruuU 
with  eogtiJaablu  violunuw  wlica  humijig, 

<"  Xorromnu    See  B.  xsiii.  c.  &0. 


L 


336 


PLINT  8   SATUKAI.   HI9T0BT. 


[B«A  XV. 


in  the  habJt  of  patting  on  a  wreath  of  laurel  to  allay  his  ap- 
prehfiiBioiia  of  dlsiistruus  effects  from  the  lightuing.*"  Ilicre 
are  also  some  remurkjible  f'licts  coEcected  with  the  laurct  in 
tho  history  of  tho  latt?  "Emperor  Augiiatiie:  ouee  while  Liviu 
Dniftilla,  who  iifterwarde  on  hir  murriagu  with  the  Ktnjicror 
asKUmud  the  name  of  Aiigiista,  uC  the  tttitti  thut  ehc  tuf 
afflunoed  to  him.  was  sejitett,  thyrc  fell  into  her  lap  «  hen  of 
ru'inmluible  ^vhitencsN,  which  an  eiiglu  let  full  from  aiolt  wil)i- 
out  its  rect'ivin^  Lh»  &ligbtL'&t  injury  :  oit  Livia  viewing  it 
without  any  symptoiDBof  aliinn,  it  was  diseoverfU  that  ininnJi; 
wiu*  addt.-d  to  miracle,  and  that  it  held  in  it^  hunk  a  hraiicK  of 
laurel  covered  T,vith  berries.  The  aruspii^es  guve  orders  that 
tlie  hen  ftnd  her  prngeny  Bhcnild  be  omefully  prestrved,  ant] 
th(!  branch  planted  Jitid  tencll^d  with  rpli^ioua  care.  This  was 
iLflcordingly  done  al;  tho  country-housia  belonging  to  the  Ca3surt), 
on  the  Fluminiun  Way,  near  the  haiike  of  the  Tiber,  ci|;hi 
miles  Irom  the  City  ;  from  whloh  clrcumatance  that  rood  has 
since  receivod  the  title  "Ad  galiina*.'""  I'rom  the  brancli 
tbtre  has  now  arieiai,  wondrouK  to  relute,  ijuit*)  tt  grurv;  and 
Atij^stiiiii  Cicaar  afterwords,  when  n&lebrating  a  tiiumpli,  held 
n  hranth  of  it  in  his  hand  and  wore  a  wreath  of  this  laurel  on 
hia  head  ;  since  which  timi"  all  thu*  fiu<;ccedinir  emperors  hare 
followed  his  exnraple.  Hencr,  too,  hna  originated  the  custom  of 
plnnting  the  hrittichea  which  they  IniTe  held  on  these  occasion^ 
and  wo  thua  see  gnjvea  of  limi'id  still  csiatiug  wMoh  owe  their 
raspective  names  to  this  tdr^iumstauce.  It  was  on  the  abar« 
occasion,  too,  that  Bol  improbubly  a  change  was  efi'ected  in 
the  usual  laurel  of  the  trinmph."'  The  laurel  is  the  only  one 
among  tlie  trees  thut  in  the  Latin  liinguago  hiM  given  vi 
appelliition  to  a  man,*'''  and  it  is  the  only  one^  the  leaf  of  which 
bus  n  distinct  nnmo  of  its  own, — it  being  known  by  the  name 
of  "Inuroa."  The  mime  of  this  tree  is  still  retained  by  one 
jiluce  in  the  city  of  Komu,  for  we  find  a  apot  on  the  AvcntiDC 

"  SuetOTiiuB,  0.  M,  conlinns  fliis.  Fee  say&.tliot  the  sunie  aopetsliliiMi 
Stall  <-xi»ts  in  some  parU  of  i'rauw.'.     6«e  J),  li.  e.  fi6. 

*>  '-The  Poultry"  "i  S.-o  e.  .19  of  tl.i»  Bwk. 

"  ScB  B.  siii.  c,  3.  As  Poineiaet  nmnrlts,  ihls  ii  not  nlrictly  Wit; 
the  naiuo  "  Viaucfiua "'  most  probably  cumt  fruni  "  vlnou,"  a  meviiri. 
KsDiGToua  tinrnw  wcito  d«>rtTod  aiia  from  secda  and  vcgtrtahUii ;  l^w, 
Oiaerch,  and  LactiioA,  for  instaniUc,  anioDg  a  liott  o(  others.  "  Scii>itf,"  U>»t 
moaoi  a  "■  walkin^-ttiuL" 


BrMlfABT. 


337 


Mount  etill  hnown  ty  the  name  of  "  Loretum,""  where  for. 
merly  n.  luiirel-grovo  existed.  The  laurel  h  employed  in 
jiurilicati'jna,  imil  wb  may  hero  mcuLioD,  innidentiilJy,  that  it 
will  grow  from  slips'" — thougli  LomocriCus  and  Th«t>phniatua 
have  expressed  their  doubt*  as  to  tlittt  fact- 

Wo  sbaU  now  procc'cd  to  epe-ak  of  the  forest  trees. 

SiTJTHAaY. — RcniBj'kublQ  fucte,  oumitivt«T  and  abservadona, 
one  LuiidL'eil  and  twenty. 

HflMAS  ArrnOKS  fl-pftrEii. — Fenoatello,**  Fahidnus,'*  Virgil,*' 
Com.  Vajprianus,"*  Celaiia,"'  Cato  the  Cpnstor/  Sofleraa'  father 
and  8on,  SciofUf'  M.  Varro,'  D.  ROomia,'  Fabiiis  Pictur,*  Tro- 
yus,'  Fyijiiiua,*  riuceus  VerriuB,'  OraicLiiiis,"*  Atticus  Julius," 
CwluraeUa,"  Masauriuii  aabinua,"  TergiUa,'*  Cotta  Mesaidinus," 
L.  Piso,'''  PompeiuB  LeuiGus."  Maccius  PkutuB,'^  Fluvius," 
DoesBRiis,'"  ycwjvula,"  ^Uus,^  Att'ius  Capito,"  Si-xtiuH  Niger,^ 
"Vibius  Jtufiia.** 

FoKEioK  AcxnoRs  QnOTTD. — Aristotle,"  Dcmocritn^,"  King 
llicro,'^  Kitig  Attalua  Pbiloniol«r,"*  Arnhytes,*'  Xenophun," 
Amphilochus**  of  Athens,  Anaxipoliff"  of  Tbasos,  Apollodoms** 
of  Lcmnoe,  Arifitophanea-''*  of  Miletus,  Antigonus**  of  Cjtmb, 


•^  Thfl  "lanrel-grove." 
•*  Sec  end  of  B.  Yiii. 
»'  Seo  end  of  B.  rii. 
w  Sev  mil  of  B.  rii. 

*  Sec  end  of  B.  z. 

*  S«s  cud  of  B.  iL 
«  See  tud  uf  B.  s. 

*  See  end  of  B.  iii, 
w  Sco  end  of  B.  xi?. 
'*  See  end  pf  E.  viii. 
^*  Sco  ctid  of  B.  xiv, 
"  See  end  of  B.  ii. 
"  .Sen  fail  &f  B.  xiv. 
»'>  Sec  cud  of  B.  xi\. 
»*  See  end  of  B.  xiv. 
>'  &ie  cud  of  B.  xii. 
M  See  e.ni  of  B.  ii. 
"  SoBeodor  B.  Tiii. 
*'  Se*  eod  of  B.  viK. 
"^  8oe  find  of  B.  Tiii. 
*•  Sse  "Mi  of  B.  YiiL 
*>  Bee  end  of  B.  Tiii, 

VOL.  in. 


••  Sec  B,  xTii, 
**  She  end  of 
M  See  end  of 
'  Sue  end  of 

*  Seo  tud  of 

*  See  eud  of 
'  See  end  of 
»   St:e  end  of 

"  See  end  «f 
*»  Sse  ond  of 
'*  Sm  end  of 
"  Sec  end  of 
'*  Sco  end  of 
»»  Seo  end  «r 
w  See  sod  of 
w  See  end  of 
"  See  en^  of 
=■  See  end  of 
*'  Sbg  end  of 
ss  Sue  und  of 
■*  See  end  of 


.  0.  11. 

B.  ii. 

B.  iki. 
B.  iii. 
K  si. 
B.  xi». 
B-Tii. 
B.  iii. 
n  »ir. 
B.  Tii. 
B.  xiv. 
B,  xiT. 
B.  iii. 
B.  riv, 
B.iii. 
B.  xiv. 
B.  ii. 
B.  »iu. 
B.  i». 

B.  Till. 
B,  viii, 


338 


PXIHX  a  BAlDajO.  lEIflTOBX. 


[Book.  XV. 


Ag»UiocleB"  of  Chios,  ApoUooiu*'*  of  Pefgamna,  Aristander** 
of  Atheua,  Bacehius"  of  Miletus,  Bion"  of  Soli,  CLa;r(>aa"of 
Athens,  ChtEriBtuB"  of  Athens,  Diodorus"  of  Priene,  Dion" 
of  Colophon,  Epigenoe"  of  Khodea,  Euagon"  of  Tbaaoa,  Eu- 
phroniuB'"  of  AlbidiH,  Androtion'"  who  wrote  on  Agriculturu, 
^Bchrion'"  who  wrote  on  Agricultuie,  LysLmachua*'  who  wr«te 
on  Agaculturi',  Dionysius"  who  trtmslated  11  ago,*'  Dinpliaiies*' 
who  made  auEpitouio  wf  the  work  of  Dionysins,  Aaclepiades" 
Ite  Phjsiuian,  ErnaifiU'atuB'*  the  Physiciaa,  (Joinmiades*'  who 
wrote  on  the  preparation  of  WineR,  Aristomachua"  who  WTOtC 
on  tfie  Bflme  subject,  Hioesius"  wlio  wrote  on  the  same  3ti1;geot) 
ThemiBo"  the  PLyBJeian,  Onemcritiis,"  "King  Juba.** 

"  fiwecdof  B.  Till. 

'''  Sua  ond  of  B,  WiL  '^  8c«  end  of  B.  vui> 

«  See  Md  (if  B.  viii.  *'  Stu tr\A  of  H.  vi. 

"  &ee  end  of  B.  viii.  "  See  cqO  of  U.  ii». 

**  Eb  is  meittiuned  uIimi  (it  Varro  nnd  ColuniuUu,  as  &  wrihtr  apon  »gn- 
ciilturPT  but  all  further  paiticulars  of  liim  ai*  unknown. 

"  Sow  «ml  of  B.  Tiii.  «"  S»e  end  of  B.  ti, 

•'  SoQ  end  of  L.  I.  "*  See  *nd  of  D.  viii. 

"  8co  end  of  U.  viii.  "«  Bee  CTurt  of  II.  yiii. 

"  See  eud  of  B.  yiii.  •»  Ste  end  gf  B.  iti. 

**  Sw  end  of  B.  nii,  **  800  end  of  B.  viii. 

»  See  end  of  B.  vii.  >•  Sec  end  of  K.  xi. 

"^  Hcyond  what  Plin;  hero  wys,  nothing  is  koowu  of  kiin. 

"  S^eendof  B.  jri.  ^^ 

"  A  pbysicinn  mhu  lived  probably  at  tbe  end  of  ttii.-  flmt  cvnCaiy  mT 
He  'wiuu  disciple  iif  Erasistniliia,  orid  foundtd  a mpdical  school  aiSmyrriH. 
He  IB  qu&tedb]-  Atlicuteus,  and  inB.xxvii.  c,  H.  Pliny  Qdl.<  him  "aphy- 
siftian  of  no  smiil]  authnrily."     He  McmetohuveboenaTolLtmmuiuwntnii 
hut  none  of  hi»  wnrks  bavc  surviYcil 

•»  8ra  CD<J  of  B.  ii.  0"  See  «nd  »f  B.  li. 

•2  See  end  of  B.  v. 


I 


I 


TtTE  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  FOREST  TREES. 

CHAP.  I.^^XDUXTKIES  JDAT  HArK  NO  TRKBX. 

"Wb  have  giren  the  preccddncG  in  this  uccouut  tu  the  fruit- 
treea  nod  others  which,  by  their  delicious  juicea.  first  taught 
moQ  to  give  a  relish  to  hb  food  tmd  the  various  bHidcdU 
rwiuisite  for  his  sufitt-natice,  whcthit  it  is  thjit  they  gpooUui^ 
ously  produce  tittmi  ddlighll'ii]  Havoum,  or  wbi'lher  wo  Iiave 
impartad  them  hy  the  mcUiods  of  udoption  and  iuttnaarriage,' 
thu9  hestowing  a  fuvour,  as  it  were,  upon  the  rerj-  bcoats  and 
hirda.  The  next  thing-,  then^  would  he  to  Bpt-jik  of  the  glandi- 
feroiia  troen,  the  trees  which  profferetl  the  earliest  nutrimpnt 
to  th*:  uppetito  of  mau.  and  pruved  thtmselFcg  liia  foster- 
jQothcrs  ia  hia  I'cirlom  ttud  mvuge  state — did  I  not  feci  myself 
ooDEtrained  on  this  occuEiiuii  to  make  Bome  mcDtiDti  of  the  sar- 
priKJ  whii^li  1  hare  fidt  ou  tiiidixig  hy  uctuul  ixpracnce  what 
is  the  lify  of  mortals  when  they  iuJiubit  u  eouatry  that  is  with- 
out either  tree  or  shrub. 

(I.)  I  have  aheady  stated'  that  in  the  Etist  many  nationa 
that  dwell  on  the  ah^R-s  of  tho  oct-aii  aro  placpd  in  tliisnoces- 
eitoua  state  ;  and  I  myself  liave  pt-rsoually  witnesswl  the  con- 
dition of  the  Chauci,'  both  the  Greater  and  the  Lcaacr,  sibrnle 
in  the  regions  of  the  far  North.  In  those  climflte&  a  vast  tract 
of  land,  invaded  twice  each  day  and  night  by  the  overflowing 
wavoH  of  the  ocean,  ojjcub  a  (luostion  that  is  ctiTnallv  proposed 
to  us  hy  Nature,  wht-Umr  these  regions  aro  to  be  looked  upon 
us  beloiigiog  to  tho  loud,  or  whothui  &s  himug  a  portiua  uf 
tho  sea  ? 

Here  a  wretched  race  is  found,  inhahiting  either  the  more 
elevated  spots  of  land,  or  else  eminencus  ortiticially  constructed, 
and  of  a  height  to  ivhiuh  thie.y  know  by  experience  that  the 
highest  tides  will  never  reach.     Here  they  pitch  their  cabins  ; 

'  tha  nictbotk  of  ifi-uftinfr  mid  itiomlatton. 

'  B.  zin.  e,  50.     Lhtj  dwell  bctwiH^a  the  Ems  and  tbe  Elbe. 

»  8cc  U.  i»-  c.  2ff. 

2  2 


340 


PLTin'a   HATUKAt  DISTORT. 


[Bot-k  XVI. 


and  when  tlie  waveB  caver  the  BurroaQding  oountry  far  and 
wiile,  likt!  at  many  mariaere  on  bt^ai'd  sLip  aro  tht-y :  wlicu, 
ftgtiui,,  thci  tide  recedes,  their  condition  is  that  of  so  mauy 
shipwrecked  nn?n,  and  iLFoutid  their  cutUig«s  they  pursue  the 
fish«i!  a8  they  mnkci  Uieir  ciscnpe  with  the  rrccdiiig  tido,  ll  is 
not  tbtir  lot,  like  the  adjoining  nationSj  to  keep  any  ilocks  for 
Buatenancc  hy  their  miUc,  nor  even  to  maintinn  a  warfare  wild 
wild  ticnBte,  every  ahnih,  flven,  being  haniehed  afar.  With  tio 
sedge*  and  the  rushes  of  the  marsh  t)icy  inake  cords,  and 
with  theee  tliey  wtiav-e  tin:  nets  empluyed  ia  the  capture  of  Iht- 
iitih  ;  they  (a»hion  the  mud,^  too,  with  their  huudH,  and  drying 
it  by  th(>  help  of  tlio  wiuds  more  Ihim  of  the  sua,  cook  their 
food  by  ite  aid,  and  bo  warm  thwr  eatrails,  trozcD  as  thfy 
lire  by  the  northern  l)hist;i;  thtir  omly''  di-ink,  tuo,  ib  rain- 
water, which  they  collecl  in  holes  dug  at  the  eiitrance  of  their 
abodes  ;  nnd  yet  tiiese  nations,  if  this  very  day  they  were  van- 
qniflhed  by  the  Boman  people,  wo)dd  escluira  agoinat  being 
roducod'  to  slavery  !  Be  itao,  then — Fortiini)  i&  moat  kind  to 
lutuiy,  Juat  wkcB  ahe  means  to  puni^  theiu.* 

CUir.  2. WONDEEB    COHHECTBD  WITH    TBEES    DJ    THE    HOBTHHILS 

KCGIOSS. 

Another  marvel,  too,  conn^.ted  with  (he  forests !  Thoy 
cover  all  the  rest  of  Germuuy,  and  hy  thr  ir  pliade  augment  the 
(Mild.  Hot  the  higliest  of  ttiuga  ull  are  tkuse  not  fur  diataiit 
from  the  Chuuci  tilrtndy  mentioned,  and  moiu  particularly  m 
the  vicinity  of  the  two  lakes"  there.  The  very  shores  are  lined 
with    oaks,'"  wliick  mimil'est  &n   extmordinary   eagemeas  tu 

*  "  TJlca."  TIiIb  xppeitn  to  be  a  ^er&I  nnmo  for  all  luads  of  aqiutic 
b(i»h-wiil<ir  pluiLta ;  ua  "a!j:ru"  ia  Cb&t  oi  tha  variouE  MQ-vreeda. 

*  He  alluiiifl  to  tnrf  for  Hfing;  iHe  Harow)  tiirfa  of  the  natlirali«t». 

*  Of  courtto  Ikis  itpiitiL'a  onl/  Id  Uidm  who  ilnclt  dciu  Ihi:  nax-atiora,  and 
nnt  tliusc  mure  iulanil. 

^  Guiutiiu'Jia  muiarks,  ilat  Vliay  doca  not  lieie  beoi  in  mmd  tbd  svmU 
uf  liber  tv'. 

*  So  Laheriiu  suys,  "  Fortunu.  multis  purccTe  in  pccnnm  njlet;"  "P&I- 
tunc  ii  tiic  taring  of  matLV,  tvlitu  s.lj>v  meaiia  to  puui^li  thctn." 

*  He  alluilts  to  tho  vicmity  uT  tlie  Zujdyr  Zuo.  See  U.  iv.  o,  29,  Tht 
ipcrt«  trWre  the«e  furusi«  uttceatuud  aru  uow  cultivakd  plidiu,  coTered  vHb 
f  illiLgeB  and  other  vfi^rVa  of  the  induEtrf  af  man. 

"1  "Qneroua."  We  sball  sc-c,  ia  tiiutoiu-stftflJiiBlioolt,  that  itaidenlit] 
Lu  not  b<;eu  aatisfacl<)tilj  eaUiblixliuil. 


Chap.  S.] 


THE  iCOBS   OAK. 


Dttttin  their  growth  :  imdennined  by  the  waves  or  uprooted  by 
the  hlastB,  with  tlieir  entwining  roots  they  carry  vast  foresla 
along  witii  them,  and,  thus  balancod,  stand  ujiriglit  ns  they  float 
along,  while  th<^y  spread  afar  their  hugo  brnnchca  like  the 
li^n^  of  so  ninny  shipR.  Many  is  the  time  that  these  trees 
have  struck  our  flreta  with  »lnmi,  ■when  the  wbtts  have  driTen 
ihem,  almost  piirtjosely  it  would  eqvox,  a^aiast  their  jtrows  as 
Ihoy  frtood  at  auchcir  io  tho  nigtit;  and  the  men,  de&tiluto  ut' 
nil  remedy  and  resource,  have  hud  tu  uugago  ia  u  naval  com- 
bat with  a  forest  of  triies ! 

(2.)  In  the  aaiiio  noithem  regions,  too,  in  the  Here)' nian" 
Forest,  whose  gigantic  oaks,'*  uninjured  by  th**  lapse  of  age*, 
und  contempoiury  with  tJio  crcRtion  of  the  world,  by  their  oeer 
npprooch  to  immortahty  surpMB  all  other  marrela  Imown,  Not 
t-o  speak  of  other  mailers  Ihut  would  eurpass  all  belief,  it  ia  a 
weil-liTiuwn  fact  thut  tliL'ir  roots,'*  as  they  meti  together,  up- 
lumvc  vast  biUt^;  or,  if  tho  earth  happens  not  to  a<!cumukte 
with  thetD,  rise  aloft  to  the  very  liranches  even,  and,  as  they 
fontend  for  iho  mastery,  form  arcuden,  like  so  many  poilals 
ttirown  op(!ii,  and  largo  enough  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  a 
Etiufldron  of  horse. 

(3.)  AH  these  trees,  in  general,  belong  to  the  glaniUferoiis 
class,"  and  have  ever  been  held  in  the  highest  honour  by  the 
Itoinan  people.  ' 

CHAP.  3.  (4.) tWF.  XnOTOI  OAY.      TnE  OTIC  CROWS. 

It  ia  with  the  leavea  of  tbis  class  of  trees,  that  our  civic 
crown  is  Jiiade,  the  most  glorious  rewcrd  that  ean  be  bestowed 
on  military  valour,  and,  for  this  long  time  past,  the  emblem  of 
tho  imperial"  clomeucy  ;  since  the  time,  in  fact,  when,  aftw 

"  8co  B.  iv.  v.  28,  finil  llio  KoLe,  V.il.  i.  p.  31S.  Tli«  villHifo  of  Uer- 
oin^n,  near  Waldiao,  ia  aiippoBcd  to  Tetmn  lIio  ancient  name. 

'^  "  Rohora,"  It  will  lio  t\-^n  in  this  Book  tlini  the  robur  bo«  not  bwjn 
i'itnlifieJ,  aiiY  rtiHte  tiiau  tlie  quvrcus. 

"  Ken  tiwits  this  »lory  n»  utterly  fabulous.  Tim  Timnchnu  pf  (he  t'icug 
Iiidkit  j^row  duwlUl^'UTds,  uiiil  so  fuiu  un.'adGi  cuTtuiuly ;  but  Huch  ia  nut  tliu 
ciuie  witb  any  Etiropcnn  irce. 

'*  Ni't  only  oalts,  bul  u  vnriely  of  othw  trees,  were  ineliiiifid  iindcr  thi» 
RunnH  by  tlie  aiiciLTits;  Ihp  "frlins"  L'mbruciiiig  nut  only  tlie  aconi,  liul 
tlio  magt  iif  the  lit^L'cb,  and  tho  hunL  fruLta  ut'otltur  tri.'o^, 

^  Ho  ullmite  to  the  truwa  of  oak-li-aves,  which  wus  iuspeaJud  oa  Ilio 
giitrs  b(ifor«  tin)  jaLicc  of  the  om  jiiTori.  A  uivie  crown  had  bcou  voiod  by 
tha  atnaio  in  J  auua  CBumr,  oa  itia  groaad  at  tiuving  b&vimI  hia  eauntry. 


342 


ytlPT  8   BATCTLilt   HIBTORT. 


[Book  XVI, 


thp  impiety  of  civil  war,  it  was  first  dPtmed  a  meritt^rioiu 
action  not  to  shed  the  blood  of  a  fcHow-citixfn.  Far  inferior 
to  thifl  in  rank  nre  tlie  mural'*  crown,  the  vailor,"  and  the 
golden"  one,  superior  tliough  they  may  lie  in  the  vulue  of  tho 
matc^rid  :  inierior,  too,  in  merit,  is  tbu  roati'dte'"  cruwu,  ihougli 
tjiiuobled,  in  recent  tinxjs  more  particularly,  by  two  g^reat  uooieti, 
tho9e  of  M,  ViUTO,'"  who  wa^  presented  witli  it  by  Pompeius 
Mrignus,  lor  hiH  great  achicToments  in  the  Pimtic  War,  and  of 
II.  Agrippfi,  on  wlioai  it  was  b^atuwed  Iiy  Cxsar,  at  the  end 
of  the  Sicilian  Wur,  which  was  also  a  war  against  piratt-a. 

In  formtr  days  tlie  beuks-'  of  veBseliS,  fastened  in  front  of  tlie 
tribunal,  graced  the  roruni,  and  seemed,  hb  it  irerc,  a  crovn 
placed  upon  the  head  of  th<?  Itoman  people  itself.  In  latff 
timca,  hawBvor,  they  begun  to  be  polhzted  untl  trodden  und^r 
foot  nmid  the  eeditiotiR  nioTonients  of  tho  tribunes,  ttie  public 
interest  waa  sacriliced.  to  private  advantage,  each  oitizun 
-Bought  sokly  hia  own  advaDccmcat,  and  everything  looked . 
upon  UH  holy  was  aluiudwiii-d  to  pi-ofanatiun— bIiII,  fruni  amid 
all  this,  th(i  lioHtra'''-  emerged  once  again,  and  passed  from 
boneath  the  feet  of  the  citizens  to  their  heuds.  Augustus 
presented  to  Agrippn  the  i-o3trato  crown,  while  he  Uuns«llf 
received  the  oiTifl  crown^  at  the  hands  of  all  mankind. 

CHAP.  4. IBB  OaiOra  op  THK  PaESENTATION  OP  OBQWKB. 

In  andent  tdmea  crowns"  were  presented  to  nono  but  a 

"^  GKsa  to  tlio  firat  taan  wlio  scaled  tie  wall  of  a  belief^  place.    Tt 
WBii  mnrte  of  g«l(li  and  detonitcd.  with  tiirrpts. 

^^  Givca  tu  tbe  Gnl  suIiIiimt  who  surmounted  the  tiiIIuiii   ut  cntresc))> 
msnta.     It  was  aiaAa  of  gohi,  uml  oniBiucuted  wit.b  "  vull:,'*  or  pu.li(udi.«, 
"  One  of  iLq  variBtiea  uf  the  triuuijihal  crowD  was  lliu  "  corgim  bumb,*' 
i)r"Eoliilou  criiwn." 

'"  ilndo  (if  gald,  and  dc^inrated  with  tbn  "noitni,"  or  '"btsiJre"  of  riiiat, 
">  See  B,  vii.  c.  31. 

"  The  cralur's  sUy^u  in  tbe  Forum  wris  tleeorntfld  wilti  thn  "  roetra,"  vt    > 
"  of  the  sliififtof  iheABtiatw;  benco  ilriiuciTed  ibo  namoof  "Bc*- 
Tlie  lociilit^oFttio  Ko«tni  vma  vh&itg*2d  by  Julme  Csigar. 

Alluding  to  thu  pMstitutifin  fif  the  Ritstra  by  tho  tribauoa  aad  alhen 

nr  the  piirpiiscs  of  Heilitinn,  and  the  pri^jeDtatiun  by  Augiutua  of  tho  rot- 
Irste  CTOwii  lo  Agrippa. 

^  Which  wn8  8ii*pciidrd,  fisalroiidy  mBB.tifiri«i!,  ut  tbo  p'tttu  uf  hU  paliM. 
•*  .■VthensiiH  aiid  Fuhiu*  Piulur  auy  tliut  .JiiiiKS  wnn  tht:  lint  wcariT  ot  u 
eravn :  Pher<^c}'ilc£  aaya  it  was  Sinturn,  JJiodarus  Sioulua  Jupiter,  and  Leo 
.^gyptia^UB  Iiu,  who  wore  one  of  whciC 


Chap.  6.] 


PEBSONS   CBDWNBD   WITH   LEAVES. 


343 


I 


I 


dhrinity,  hc-ofie  it  is  that  Homer"  awards  them  only  to  tha 
gods  of  hoaven  imd  to  the  ontire  anoy ;  but  ncvi-r  to  an  indi- 
vidiial,  howerer  great  his  nchifTPUients  in  bottle  may  have 
been.  It  ia  8aid,  too,  tlint  Father  Liber  waa  the  first  of  all 
who  plsffid  a  tirown  on  liis  iead,  and  that  it  W88  made  of  ivy.^ 
lu  fluccucding  tim{»,  thueu  c^ngu^d  in  sai;!rifii:es  in  honour  of 
the  goda  hegeui  to  wear  them,  the  yietims  btinj;  decked  with 
wrettths  a*  well.  More  recpntly,  agifin,  they  wctb  employed 
iu  llie  eacred  games  ;^  and  at  the  ptegent  day  they  are  be- 
6towed  on  auch  occhsiodb,  not  upon  the  victor,  indeed,  but 
upon  hia  country,  which  receives,  it  la proclaimed,  this  crown  at 
his  hands."  Hence  arose  the  iiBfige  ot  conteiTing  wroaths  upon 
warriors  when  abont  to  enjoy  a  triumph,  for  them  to  eonse- 
crato  in  the  templea :  after  which  it  became  tlie  cuatom  to 
present  them  at  our  games  It  would  be  a  lengthy  matter, 
and,  indeed,  foreign  to  the  purpose  of  this  worU,  lo  enter  upon 
a  discuesion  wlio  was  the  first  Boman  that  received  each  kind 
uf  crown ;  in  fact,  they  w«re  aeriuaiutgd  with  none  bat  such  tSf 
were  given  as  the  reward  of  nijlitjiry  prowess.  It  ia  a  well- 
known  fact,  however,  that  this  people  has  more  varieties  of 
orowns  than  those  of  all  other  nationa  put  together. 

CHAT.  5. — PEKSOKS  PBESKRTED  WITH  A  CHOWK  OP  LBAVH8. 

BomuIu9  presented  Hostua  Hostilius*'  with  e.  erown  of  leaves, 
fcr  being  the  firat  to  enter  Ficlense,  Tliie  Hoatua  was  the 
grandfather  of  King  TuUus  Hoetilius.  P.  Deciua  the  elder, 
the  military  tribune,  was  presented  with  a  crown  of  leaves  by 
the  army  whieb  had  been  saved  by  his  valour,  under  the  oom- 
mond  of  Comelius  Cossub,"  the  consul,  in  the  war  with  the 
Sanmites.  This  crown  wa«  made  at  fir9t  of  the  leaves  of  the 
holm  ouk,  but  atterwarda  thoac  of  the  a'senlus*'  were  pre- 
ferred, lui  being  a  tree  sacred  to  Jupiter:  this,  however,  was 
ftoon  employed  indiiferently  with  the  querous^  according  aa 

*<  IL  xiii.  726. 

"  B«c  M.  ai  ttnd  35  of  the  prcafiBt  Book. 

*■  Thi!  Olvnipian,  Pythiim,  Irthniiflii,  and  Kenuenn  ganiM. 

»  8e«B.'vii.  V.  27. 

x*  He  U  eallbd  Tullua  SusUUua  by  Diauyiiua  of  HnliciLniascuE,  the  Enrae 
na  his  ETanilsiiTi, 

*•  A.u.c.  ■111.  Tlia  loavM  of  the  holm-eak  wore  employed  by  Eomdui 
on  llif  oix-aBiua  aboic-mcotioiied. 

^  Thete  varieties  of  tbd  oak  will  bs  couidcred  in  the  nent  chap'tet. 


Pitch  inigTit  happen  to  preaent  itself,  the  honournhle  disHnctioo 
given  to  the  acorn  being  the  only  tiling  obaerved.  Bigorona 
laws  were,  however,  enacted,  to  mfiintEuii  the  lofty  glories  of 
thirt  wreath,  by  which  it  was  platiod  upou.  nn  e^iuaHty  even 
wit.h  the  Buprcrae  honoura  of  the  wreuth  that  is  given  Jiy 
Gwcce  in  presence  of  Jove"  himseLJ',  and  to  receive  which  Uiv 
exulting  city  of  the  rictor  is  wont  to  hreak"*  a  passage  through 
ita  very  wails.  These  luws  tare  to  the  effect  that  the  life  of  a 
IVUow-citiien  muat  be  preserved,  and  au  enemy  slain;  tliat 
the  apot  where  thia  takes  pliice  must  have  been  held  by  the 
enemy  thtit  afime  day;  thnt  the  portion  saved  Bhall  admit  iIk; 
fact,  other  witneases  being  of  no  use  at  all ;  and  that  the  person 
saved  shall  have  been  u  Homau  ritizon, 

To  ppeeerve  an  ally  merely,  even  though  it  should  he  Uio 
life  of  a  king  that  is  so  saved,  confers  no  right  to  this  high  re- 
ward, nor  ia  the  honoiu"  at  all  iEcreused,  even  if  it  is  the 
Boman  general  that  has  been  thus  prtaerred,  it  being  the  in- 
tention of  the  framers  of  the  law  that  it  should  be  the  »taAn* 
of  the  citizen  that  is  everything.  When  a  mim  baa  received 
this  wreath,  it  is  hia  privilege  to  wear  it  for  the  rest  of  hiB 
liic.  When  he  niakofl  hiR  appearance  at  the  celebration  of  the 
gamesj*"  it  ia  cuatimary  for  the  Senate  even  to  rise  from  their 
Beats,  andhehasfchorightof  tflking  bia  seat  next  to  the  Benatois. 
Exemption,  too,  irom  aU  civic,  duties  is  conferred  npon  him  as 
well  as  Ids  father  and  his  father's  fulhcr.  Siccius  Dontatua,  as  we 
have  already  mentioned'"  pn  an  appropriate  occasion,  rucciwd 
fourteen  civio  erowne,  and  ManliuH  Capitolinua"  bIx,"  one, 
among  the  rtatj  for  having  saved  the  lifu  of  hia  general,  S«r- 
viliiiB.  Scipio  Africanua  declined  to  accept  the  citic  crown 
for  having  saved  the  life  of  hia  father  at  the  battle  of  Trvbia. 
'Ilmea  thcac,  right  worthy  of  our  everlasting  admiration, 
which  Kccorded  honour  alone  as  tlie  reward  of  exploits  N 
mighty,  und  wliich,  while  other  crowns  were  recommended  by 
being  made  of  gold,  disduiued  tj  set  a  price  upon  the  eaiety  of 
a  citixon,  and  loudly  proclaimed  thoroby  that  it  ia  unrighteous 
to  aave  the  life  of  ti  man  for  motives  of  lucre. 

=^''  At  the  CHympJe  aimta.  eeltbrttted  iu  liuDour  of  Jupiter,  At  Olympia 
there  was  ft  atotuc  of  tliat  goil.  owe  of  Hw  mHster-pieiifis  nt'  I'hidim. 

**  Iiii.}jl_T!ug  ttierL'b)-,  that  Itic  n'tj  ttiat  could  proilucQ  B  nuul  ivUo  OOald 
6o  iliEUtiguieli  him&clf,  stood  in  no  iumi  uf  wiiUs, 

™*  Iu  tiio  Cixous,  *i  In  B.  vii.,  c.  29. 

3'  B.  vii.  c.  2S. 

»  Livyaaja eight.  IlaiovedthelifeofSemliiiB.lheMaatergf thaHorefc 


Cbsp.  «■) 

CBA?.  6.  (5.) — THIETEES  VjlEiniES  OF  TUB  ACOIDI. 

It  ia  fi  well-Tsiioivu  fact  that  acorns'*  at  tliis  very  day  con- 
bUIuIq  tho  weallii  of  manj-  naticua,  und  that,  too,  CTfO  amid 
these  times  of  peaoe.  Stimetimps,  also,  when  tbero  is  u  scurcity 
of  com  they  are  (Jned  and  ground,  llie  meal  Lein^  employed 
fur  making  a  kind  nt'  Vircad.  Evi-n  to  tliia  Tri^ry  day,  in  tho 
lirovinfles  of  Spaia,*"  we  find  tlio  acorn  introduced  at  table  in 
tho  EccoBd  course  :  it  is  thoufjht  to  be  sweeter  when  roaated 
in  the  oshcs.  Hy  tho  law  of  thp.  Twelve  TahU-a,  there  is  a 
jiroTision  nmde  thut  it  Bhiill  liis  lawful  fur  u  man  to  guther  his 
acomtt  when  thiiy  have  fulK^n  ujn-'U  tbij  lauil  of  unolhor. 

The  vuribties  of  the  gluiidifi.Toua  trees  ura  Qunierous,  and 
they  ore  found  to  diilor  in  fruit,  lociility,  eex,  uiid  tuste  ;  tho 
uuom  of  the  beech  having  on«  s!i;ijje,  tlmt  uf  the  qnvrctia 
another,  and  that,  again,  of  the  holm-oak  another.  The  r;irious 
species  also,  iimong  themselves,  offer  a  considcrahle  number  of 
varieties.  In  addition  to  this,  norae  of  these  trepn  tiro  of  a 
wild  nature,  whila  the  fruits  of  others  are  of  a  less  acrid 
fliivour,  owing  to  a  m-ore  ciareCul  cultivation.  Then,  too,  thcro 
is  a  difference  hetween  the  varieties  which  grow  on  the  moun- 
taiufi  and  those  of  the  plains;  the  tnalea  differ  from  the 
ffwuies,  and  thwe  tiru  L-unsiderublo  mudiftcutions  in  the  flavour 
of  their  fruit.  That  of  tho  beech  "  is  the  Fweetest  of  all  ;-80 
much  so,  fhnt,  according  to  CornyliuB  Alt'X-indtT,  tlie  people  of 
the  city  of  Chios,  whfji  bcsii-gcJ,  siipportidtheni?K?lvrs  wholly 
on  mast.  The  different  rarietics  cannot  possibly  be  diitin- 
gulahcd  by  tlieir  reBpective  names,  whicli  vnry  according  to 


*"  "Olandes."  Under  this  numc,  for  whichwe  ilu  not  appeur  tolmvBanjr 
Engli»}i  wiuhnlpiit,  wrre  iricluckO,  jis  nlrGuily  mcntionpil,  nnt  only  tlis 
acoiii  of  the  ouk,  but  ^1ie  nut  ai-  iiis^t  of  iht  ovecb,  and  [imliulfU  ttioBt  of 
the  ban)  or  Itvmvl  fruiu.  In  tlx;  prrsviit  inMimci;  Flinv  probitbly  ulliali^ 
only  to  the  IVuiC  of  ihe  uak  and  tlio  bei^ch.  ^it^onu  (im  nnL  liulc  iwod  aa 
an  Jirtidn  of  fond  in  tbcRC  dnjs.  Itoiialed,  tbt^  licivc  boon  piapaaed  at  a 
kulutil.utd  fill  euJTi't?. 

*'  Thn  iKorn  of  the  (Juitciib  ballota  of  LinniBUs  ii  piobftbly  mtiuat,  %'liiuh 
19  sl.ill  tuuuU  uttid  in  tlie  pruviiiuu  of  Sutiimuuuu,  und  forms  ak  u^Tcenbla 
article  of  fnoHj,  T]ui  acorn,  l''£o  kuj'c,  utintiiins  a  Rnnaidcirabln  pro^ioirlioR 
of  «ul^(;llfl^]lO  miittiT,  mid  is  better  roastL'i  Jn  Uic  uslios  tlinn  ItnilcU  in  wntor. 
IL  in  iiot,  lion«<vi*r,  uard  iUt  ik  di'ssi'i-t,j]i»  in  the  liiiic  of  llie  Hoiiiaas.  Thcia 
BooruB  at«  Bulil  ut  msrki-t  in  AnJuliub  in  ihe  motiUi  uf UiTtnlK.'r. 


*'  So  far  as  it  gow,  ttio  kminl  of  ihe  tiii»t  or  b't^eb-uul  in  aol  unpa- 
UtabU' ;  bat  in  the  l^'lisli  bcvuli  it  is  say  dinuuuUve. 


348 


TLIST  B  ITATCEAX.  lUSTOSr. 


[Book  XVI. 


their  sercral  locslitidB.  The  qTierciiB*^  and  the  robnr**  we 
see  growing  ovcrj-whcre,  but  not  so  with  the  ncBcalufi  ;"  wMo 

a  foiu"th  kinil,  known  as  thccerrua,"  is  not  bo  much  oa  known 
l.hroughout  the  creator  port  of  Italy.  We  ehuU  diatiiiguish 
ihom,  thiirelbre,  by  their  chiiracteristic  fetttun-s.  and  wliea 
ciT'CUiiiBtaiici'a  render  it  DecesBary,  ehall  gire  theii'  Urcek  names 
as  well. 

CHAP.  7.    (6.) — TQE   HEBCn. 

Tho  acorn  of  the  bnecli"  is  aimiilar  in  appearance  to  a  bemelf 
encluaed  iu  a  ehell  of  triangular  bhnpC'.  The  leui'  i&  thin  uud 
on©  of  tho  very  lightest,  is  similar  in  appetiranoe  to  that  of  tbe 
poplar,  and  turns  yellow  with  remarkable  rapidity.  From  tho 
middle  of  the  lenf,  and  upon  the  upper  side  of  it,  th«re  mo»tiy 
shoots  a  little  green  berry,  with  a  pomteil  top.*'  The  beech  ia 
particularly  agreeable  to  mt3  nrtd  mice ;  Had  hence  it  ia,  that 
where  this  trto  abonnds,  those  creatures  are  sure  to  be  plcn- 
tiftil  ftlso.  Tiie  learea  are  alao  very  fu1.tt>-ning  for  dormioe, 
an.d  good  for  tbrtighes  too.  AJmoet  all  trees  hoar  an  a%'i?rage 
crop  but  onoQ  in  two  years;  this  is  the  cose  with  the  buoob 
moro  purticuliirly. 

CHAP.  8. THE   OTSBE   ACOKNS WOOD    BOB   rtTSL. 

Ite  other  trees  that  bear  aconis,  properly  ao  called,  are  the 

"  Tlie  word  "  qQernia  "  is  frequently  used  as  a  general  Tinra*  for  llis 
Duk ;  lint  tliruiighuut  the  present  Wvok  it  is  most  cmplHuj't-d  n<i  mviuiLQe  ■ 
distinct  vuriety  of  tile  ouIe,  vdv  of  ths  Inrgnr  kkds,  >'{:esay!<,  GUiilBnawmn? 
tn  the  QiinrouB  TnccoiQKii  of  Lumncclf,  tim  QuerouB  robur  of  1.iTiTm.in>i,  uj 
til*  HouTTfl  of  thti  Frrndi, 

*■"  This  niso  has  hera  mucli  employed  ns  a  general  naian  for  the  oak  ;  liut 
licro,  aad  iu  oilier  parte  iif  this  Uuok,  It  ia  a{>plieii  tn  on-o  rari^ty.  V6r 
thinks  that  it  aoswors  to  ttiQ  Uudkus  sesijilLlluru  of  SJnitli,  Bontetiinet  »bu 
Dolled  "rouTra"  by  the  French. 

**  The  Qurrcus  W8«u1iis  «f  I.innfciie.  Tt  is  nnt  iniprcibiibl(<  tbat  Ihii  oak 
is  s  (lifFLTEut  trpc  from  the  "iEsciiliu  "  of  lloracu  and  Virgil,  which  mi 
perhaps  either  a  walnut,  or  a  variety  of  llie  beech, 

"  it  tiiiB  bo(!Q  suf^eat*d  that  this  i«  the  flnme  with  the  Ciii<-roTii9  cetrnaaf 
LicniDiiai  Ftud  the  tjuorcua  c-rintta-i^f  jjamArcl:,  the  gland  of  whii'li  in  ptueed 
in  n  prii'kly  cupulc.  It  ia  rnrely  found  in  Friinci::,  hut  it  often  to  ho  met 
with  in  PiedtuuDt  mid  IL«  ApuiininEs. 

'^  The  FitgiiiiilTttlica  of  Lamafck'  Itt  Latin nRnie,"fftff(u,"t>n]ppMed 
to  have  been  dtrivod  frooi  iht  GntiY  fayi-J,  "  to  «iit."  An  oil  ii  cstiiiaUd 
from  the  tuurus  at  nuts,  lUnt  is  much  used  in  aome  parts  of  France. 

*'  IIo  epeaka  ptohably  of  one  oX  the  gaDs  which  ore  found  Rttncht^  to 
the  leaves  of  the  furcit  tieea. 


Cbap.  8.] 


VttS   OTirEB   ACOHNS. 


robiir,  the  DDsculns,  the  cerms,  the  holm-oak,"  and  the  c»rk- 
tre*:*"  it  is  CQntuioed  in  a  riwUcd  calyx,  which  ombracea 
more  or  less  of  it,  according  to  the  several  varieties.  Tlie 
leaves  of  the^  trees,  those  of  the  holm-oak  excepted,  aro 
weighty,  pi'lpy.  ^^^E'  ^^'^  .i^So'*'  "*  tho  edges,  and  they  do 
not  tiim  yellow  heforc  they  Ihll,  as  with  the  boech  :  they  are 
also  longer  or  eliorter,  ea  tlie  case  may  be. 

There  are  two  kinds  ^  of  holm-onk;  one  of  them,  which 
belongs  to  Italy,  h(i3  a  leaf  not  v<^ry  iiTihlto  thftt  of  the  olive ; 
Bomo  of  the  Greeks  givo  it  the  name  of  "  milas,'""  and  in  our 
provincea  it  is  known  as  thu  aquifulia.  The  aiiom  of  thesp 
two  kinds  is  shorter  imd  more  elendi^r  than  in  the  others: 
HoDicr'"  calls  it  "  acyloe,"  and  by  that  name  distinguiahea  it 
from  the  ordinary  acorn  ;  it  18  gcaorully  said  that  the  male 
tree  of  the  holm-osik  Wars  no  fruit. 

The  beat  acorn,  and  the  very  largest,  is  that  wliich  grows 
up&n  the  quercus,  and  the  next  to  it  is  the  fmit  of  the  reecu' 
liis:  that  of  the  robur,  ngain,  is  diminativc,  and  th€  frait  of 
the  cemiB  has  n  meagre,  wretched  look,  being  enclosed  in  a 
ciilyx  covered  with  prickles,  like  the  outer  coat  of  the  ches- 
nut.  With  lelercnco  to  the  ueom  of  the  quercns,  that  which 
grows  upon  the  female  tree"  ia  sweeter  and  more  tender, 
while  that  of  the  male  ia  more  solid  and  compact.  The  nconi, 
however,  of  the  latifoliu"  ia  the  moet  esteemed,  an  oak  so 

**  "Ilei,"  Fp<!  thinks  thtii  the  THrictics  known  us  thp  Priniw  and  tbo 
Ballota  wtre  ofitn  confomided  by  ttiu  wiicieiiU  with  iho  "  ilfs  "  or  "  holm- 
oak."  Tliia  tree,  hu  says,  bun  ao  rracmlilaaco  to  tLt  orJinuiy  wik,  cx<ri;pt 
in  the  UoasnniB  nnd  tha  fruit.  It  b  tUo  tlci  of  LiniiiL-us,  the  "  yeufie,"  or 
"  grenn  oak,"  of  the  F>cncb. 

"*  Thi!  tlucrciiB  siiliGi  of  Linnitms  ;  it  is  found  moie  puticnlarly  in  tbn 
ileportiiit-nt  of  tlie  Laiides  in  Fiance. 

^  As  F^  remarks,  Tliny  i«  clcurly  in  cnox  hsra;  unc  kiail  bcia^  thi; 
TtTitabIc  iiuM  >nr  brim  oitk,  the  oitmr,  thu  aqiufolium  or  huUy,  quite  ik  dif- 
fOTent  troc. 

•'  TlitKinilftiorintlftiwiuariailUolm  oiik,Imt  theoqutfolja  wisthe  JwUy. 

^  Od.  xi,  242.  F^o  remark*  thsit  the  horry  of  tho  liolly  lias  aa  reseni- 
Muncu  l«  the  uupm  whatt^i^r,  ani  \w  iniy»  thiit  this  Btnltmrnl  of  I'Hny  nl- 
tno«t  Leadfi  him  to  tliink  that  the  Bccond  vfiriety  hert  mni^ctioned  by  him  wtts 
not  in  rtnlity  Ihe  hully,  Ijut  q  rOTicty  nf  the  ({umTMiH. 

••  F^  ubseiTsa  ttial,  properly  aptakiug,  ihi^re  i>  no  sax  in  tie  oak,  tlia 
iadlTJlluals  btinj^  neitht^r  iDJiIi'  nor  ft^miile.  The  Flora  Dunica  >inweveT,  nit 
k*  obwrvufi,  ^lvi-s  the  iiumu  t>t "  Quuiona  f«craina"  tv  tLi-  Quurciu  lawnioHU 
of  lamarck. 

'^  Or  "  hroud-losvcil"  oak;  one  of  the  varieties  of  the  Quercos  BcMili- 
florn  of  Smith— Kw.  Jirit. 


PLnfr'B  BATFBACi  HIBTOlit.  [Buot  XVT. 

ciilkid  from  the  rumarkatlc  broadueas  of  its  JeaTcs.  Tbe  acorna 
differ  also  nmong  theuist'lvea  iu  size,  and  the  CDtiiponiUve 
finenL-as  of  the  outer  fihell ;  as  also  in  the  ciccumfitance  that 
some  bjivo  benpicfh  the  shdU  n  roiigli  coitt  of  a  rusty  colour, 
while  i&  otliora  a  wtiita  flesh  immediRtoly  presents  iUfclf. 
Thosp,  too,  are  moro  particularly  eateeined,  the  two  extre- 
mities of  the  uut  of  which,  taken  length  wise,  are  as  hard  as  a 
etoue:  and  it  i&  roBeidRred  jH-eferuble  that  tliis  pecullaritj' 
should  preaont  itself  rather  in  this  shell  than  in  the  fleah  :  in 
eitJier  ca&e,  however,  it  only  esitita  iu  tlie  fruit  ol'  the  malu  tree. 
In  eome  kindsr  again,  the  ucorn  is  orid,  in  otheiv}  round; 
wiiUe  in  others  it  is  uf  a  more  potuted  form.  Thu  colour,  too, 
varivB  considcnibly,  accordipg  ns  it  is  b];iclcer  or  wliiter  ;  this 
taat  heiug  held  in  the  highest  esteem.  The  extremities  nf  Uiu 
atom  lire  hitter,  hut  the  flcah  in  the  middle  of  it  is  sweet;" 
finothcr  difference,  too,  consists  ia  thft  comparative  length  or 
shortness  of  the  stalk. 

Ab  lor  the  trees  thoraBolvee,  the  one  that  hears  the  acorn  of 
largest  aizc  is  knuwii  hb  Die  "  hL-merifl;"'*  a  ftiimll  troo  with 
a  thiuk  bueby  foliage  all  around  it,  imd  often  hollowed  at  tliL' 
place  where  tho  Iraach  is  joined  to  the  trunk.  The  quereus 
has  a  Btrouger  wood,  uud  kss  suaceptible  of  deeaj ;  this  ulao  is 
a  very  branchy  tree,  but  is  niuoh  taller  tlian  the  laat,  whtk 
tlie  trunk  ia  eonsidarahly  thicker.  ITie  ffigilops,"  However,  id 
tiio  highest  of  them  all,  and  is  ranch  attached  to  wild,  unculti- 
vated apots.  Next  t«  this  in  height  is  the  latifolia,  butit« 
wood  is  far  from  beiiip  so  useful  either  for  building  purposM 
OT  for  charcoal.  When  rough-htjwn  it  is  very  apt  to  spoil, 
hence  tt  is  that  it  is  generally  uaed  iu  an  unb(!wn  etate.  As 
eliureool,  it  is  coiiBidcrcd  only  eooaomical  iti  Binelling  coppor; 
for  the  moment  the  workman  ueoses  to  blow,  thu  tirti  dicB  oitt, 
and  hence  it  requires  to  be  repeatedly  rekindled  ;  whilo  at  tliu 
tutme  tlnii!  it  gires  out  greut  cjufuititicB  of  sparks.     Xhu  host 

*•  This  etnfcinimf  is  iTimtTary  to  ponpral  "Jitperionoe  in  raodmi  tinei. 
tliu  flusuiir  i)f  lUu  ui'urii  ln.'iuit  iiiiilWiiily  iwriil  iinil  bilUT  tiiroajfhoni.  It 
ij  not  impoFiiiblcr  bowcvcr,  Chat  ths  davour  may  Imvc  ln^on  marc  pii]ulali1« 
ia  anciimt  Limes. 

**  A  variety  of  tho  common  oalt,  the  Quercna  racHinoBa  of  Lamarck; 
SpretiRiil  liika*  it  to  li»  Che  (JurrRiin  tiiillolin  uf  DrsriiuLiiiiiTO, 

^'  The  Uucrcuti  )Cf;ili>p6  of  l.iiiriit:uK.  It  is  u  uulivc  v!  Piedmont,  soma 
]mrta  of  f tul)',  iuii  tiii:  inhuJ  vl'  Vnte. 


WOOD   FOB  irCBL. 


charcoal  is  that  obti^aed  from  the  wood  of  young  trooe." 
Square  billets  of  wood.  Dewly  cut,  are  piled  compactly  together 
with  clay,  and  built  up  in  th^^  form  of  u  chimuuy;  the  pile  is 
then  set  fire  to,  and  inrisioiiH  are  made  in  tLe  cont  of  clay  ns  it 
gradually  hardensj  by  the  aid  of  long  polca,  lor  the  piirpose  of 
letting  tho  moisture  of  the  n-ood  cvitpornte. 

The  worst  kind  nf  all,  however,  both  for  timber  and  for 
malting  charroaJ,  ia  the  oidt  known  aa  l\ia  "  huliiihlasos,"**  tho 
bark  of  which  ia  remarkably  thick,  and  the  trunk  of  caneidcr- 
uble  size,  but  mostly  hollow  and  ^iioiigy  :  it  ie  the  only  orio 
of  tliis  epctiios  that  rots  while  the  tree  is  still  alive.  In 
additioa  to  this,  it  is  vtry  frcijacnlly  struck  by  lightniu)!;, 
although  it  is  not  so  remarkably  lolty  in  height;  for  thi« 
reason  it  is  not  considered  lawful  to  emjiloy  its  wood  for  thti 
purposes  of  fiaci-ificG.  It  is  hyt  rurely  that  it  bears  any  flcoms, 
and  when  it  dots  they  are  bitti-r  ;  no  animal  -n-ill  touch  them, 
with  t)ic  ftolo  exception  of  awine,  and  not  t'ven  they,  if  they 
can  get  any  other  food.  An  additional  rcasoa  alao  for  ila  la- 
tlusion  from  all  rL'UgiouB  wremouiuU,  is  tho  ■cireu.m&tance 
that  the  lire  is  very  apt  to  go  out  in  the  middle  of  the 
sacrifice  whciD  the  wtiod  of  it  is  UBt;d  fur  fuL-l. 

Tho  acorn  of  tho  botich,  when  giviu  to  swine,*"  maUos  them 
brisk  and  livi^ly,  and  rundets  tlie  Hosh  tender  for  cookiug,  and 
light  and  easy  of  digestion ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  Uiat  of 
the  holm  oak  has  the  effi'ct  of  making  them  thin,  pallid, 
meagre,  and  iuuipish.  TKio  ncom  of  the  tiucrciis  is  of  a  broad 
shape,  and  is  the  heaviest  aa  well  as  the  sweetest  of  llicm 
all.  According  to  Kigidiua,  tlio  acorn  of  the  ccrrua  occupies 
the  noxt  rank  to  this,  and,  indeed,  thcro  is  no  acorn  that 
renders  tho  flush  of  awine  more  firm,  though  at  the  flarao  time 
it  IB  apt  to  impart  a  cortaiu  degree  of  hiirdueas.  The  same 
author  assureti  us  uluo,  that  thu  acorn  of  the  hoim  oak  19  a 
trying  diet  for  pwine,  unless  it  is  given  in  very  small  quau' 

*•  Plmy*9  hccovrC  of  making  ehurpool  ia  durivcd  from  Thfloiihinatus, 
B.  iii.  c.  10.  F^  roninrkfi  that  it  difiVrii  liUle  fiam  tlio  mct-hud  adopted  ia 
Franco  at  the  pmBcrit  day. 

*"  Tie  QuercuB  UisDuiitcn,  pruItaWj',  of  Laiaanfk.  of  whitiTi  FiJo  think» 
tho  Qtictku*  itscudfi-Btjijci'  "f  iJwriMitiiijms  i^  u  varicpf;  it  is  Ibnail  ia 
GrfCM  ami  na  iha  shotei  of  iW  Moditcrranean.  noar  Gibraltar.  Tha  Grecic 
nartiii  sigriilies  the  "*fu  corli.t.iii^e," 

^  The  Hlalemfint  liere  BiTi.'n.  as  to  the  effect  of  Ijepuh-niast  oTi  twine,  is 
destitute,  f  go  lemmrks,  ofall.  tbiuiilnUoa.  If  fed  Wpflft  it,  tilcir  flwtl  will 
naturuUy  bii  uf  a  vjIk,  sjiuugy  tuitiue. 


SSO  PLISr'B   KATITBAL   HI8T0ET.  pJook  V>1. 

titivs  at  B  time.  He  says,  too,  that  thig  acom  is  the  lust 
to  fall,  aad  that  the  flteh  of  Bn^ine,  if  ft'd  uprm  the  ooonu 
of  the  lEBculiiB,  Iho  rohur,  or  the  cork-tree,  will  be  of  a 
spongy  nature. 

CHAP,  9. — laX  tHUfSVI. 

AH"  tho  glandiferous  trees  produce  the  gall-nut  as  well: 
(hey  only  bear  acoraa,  however,  in  alternate  years.  The  gall- 
nut  of  the  hemeris"*  is  consideruii  the  ehokeat  of  all,  and  the 
best  adapted  for  the  preparation  of  leather :  that  of  the  lati- 
fuUa  closely  resembles  it,  but  is  somewhat  lighter,  and  not  hy 
any  moans  bo  highly  approvi^.  Ihis  last  tree  produces  the 
block  gall-nat  also — tor  there  aro  two  varietieBof  it — this  Ifi^t 
huing  dpetaed  prelerahle  for  dyeing  vool. 

t?.)  The  gall-nut  hegioa  to  grow  just  as  the  Bun  is  looving 
the  sign  of  Gemiiii,*^  and  alwaya  burata  forth  in  ils  entirety  in  h 
single  night.*'  The  white  variety  grows,  too,  in  a  single  day,  hat 
if  the  heat  happtna  to  overtake  it,  it  ehrinks  imTucdifiteiy,  and 
never  arrives  at  its  proper  size,  which  ie  about  that  of  a  bPao. 
The  blaek  gull-nni:  will  remain  green  for  a  longer  period,  ami 
sometimes  attains  the  size  of  an  apple'^  even.  The  best  kind  is 
that  which  comes  from  Commageoe,"^  and  th-e  most  infcriot 
are  those  produced  by  the  robur  :  it  may  easily  bo  tested  hy 
means  of  uurtaia  bolos  ia  it  which  admit  of  the  passage  of  the 
light." 

CBAP.  10. OTHEB   rBO&UCmOKS   0»    THESB   TRStB   BXftlDES  TBI 

ACORN. 

Tho  rohur,  in  addition  to  ita  &ait,  has  &  ^rciat  nnmlier  of 
other  productions  :  it  boai's™  tho  two  varieties  of  tho  gidl-nut, 

*'  Tbia  assertion  is  pnrhnjis  too  gnticrsl;  gvU-iiiits  are  prod iiot-il  m  fwy 
(mall  quantUk's  by  ihf'  liulwi-uiik. 

^  A.  varioty  of  lins  tlui^iniis  raoemnaa,  whioh  produoeis  tiie  gtctin  yalU 
lint  at  Alejipia,  ugiiisiderKil  iii  mailcvn,  u  in  anucat,  times  tbc  cliuiiievt  iu 
(junlily. 

"*  Tlieiiphrastics  says  the  niirl  of  Juae. 

**  list  erywCli,  iu  lealitj-",  ts  aui  to  rapid  a*  thU. 

'^  Sucn  a  thiag  is  ii<<vur  secel  at  tlie  prcBcnt  day. 

"  111  Sifria.     Wc  !m\e  nicjilinned  ttic  galls  of  Alrppo  in  Nola  82. 

"'  Tliis  IS  thu  Kflsc  wlieii  ihv  luside  hiis  been  paten  nway  by  Ihc  hisect 
tliat  hrBLtis  tliGie  I  iiT  i!i>urgB,  in  sucb  cusc  it  is  liollow,  li^lit,  aad  wurtlilct*. 

aa  lii^  luidean  v/atv  udi  u^iuru  tlutl  tie  gull  wiu  protlucc  J  tiom  tiie  tgp 


Cbaf.  11-1 


t 


and  a  pnodaction  wLich  closely  reaembli^B  tlie  nmlberxy,*  ex- 
cept that  it  difiera  frota  it  in  being  dry  aad  bard  :  for  tliu  mcwt 
part  it  bears  a  resembittncc  to  a  buB'a  head,  and  in  the  inside 
there  is  a  fruit  very  BimiLir  to  the  etono  of  the  olive.  Little 
halis^"  also  are  fouad  growing  on  the  robur,  nut  unlike  nuts  in 
app(>arance,  and  containing  within  Uiem  a  kind  of  soft  wool, 
which  is  uBuii  for  buniing  in  Ittmps  ;  fw  it  wili  kcap  burning 
without  oil,  whitjh  is  the  casw  also  with  the  bltick  gull-nut. 
It  bean  anutber  kind,  too,  of  Uttlu  bidl,  cohered  with  hiur,''  but 
us«l  for  no  purpose:  in  spring,  ho  wevir,  this  contains  a  juice  like 
hunt;}'.  lu  llie  hollows  fonnwi  by  the  union  o^f  thu  trunk  uud 
branches  of  this  tree  there  arefonnd  also  small  round  bidls," 
which  adhere  bodily  to  the  bark,  and  not  by  means  of  a  stulk : 
(it  the  point  of  jnnotioTi  thfynn^  whitp,  but  the  rest  of  the 
body  is  Bpotl<!d  all  over  with  black  :  inside  they  are  of  a  scarlet 
colour,  hut  on  opoiing  tliem  thuy  arc  found  to  be  cmpt^,  and 
are  of  a  bitter  t^tc. 

Sometiines,  t^o,  the  robur  bears  a  kind  of  pumico,"  as  welt 
aa  little  bulle,  whish  are  formed  of  tliu  k<uvoa  roUod  up ;  upon 
the  veins  of  the  leaves,  kio,  there  are  waterj-  pui<tuli«,  ol'  a 
whitiah  hue,  and  transparent  while  they  are  soft;  in  these  a 
kind  of  gnat''  is  produced,  and  Ihcy  come  to  maturity  just  in 
the  same  way  that  the  ordloury  gaii-nut  does. 

CIUP.  11.  (8.)^M;AcnuiB. 
The  robur  Iwars  uachrj'B,'^  too  ;  euuk  beiu^  thu  name  giren 

nf  the  cpiips,  <]('r>u«.itecl  upon  t1it'  l«iaf  t>i  baik  oT  tlie  tiw.  !I^  and  gallio 
luid  itru  its  principal  (^'jtiipvauat  purtit. 

••  A  miliBlunoe  qiiJto  unknown  nuw ;  but  it  is  very  doubtful  (f  Pliny  is 
Hglitly  iufornicd  liero, 

j"  A  run^niis  giiU,  proiluted  by  tlie  Cynips  furigosa.  It  is  nut  used  Sor 
liny  d(inLentio  |"i>irpo«p  al  th«  prnt^int  day. 

"  This  kiud  <tl  gull  is  now  unkuuwu.  F^*  qucBtiens  tt*  assertion  about 
iu  juice. 

"  Tho  Oynips  qncrcn*  baeMmm  flf  IJnni«ii9.  oive  af  the  wmmon  pill§. 

'I*  Tho  root,  cyiiipB,  tlii!  UyaipB  rii,ii[i;um  uf  Fuuicroi,  proJucBs  tbrae 
colli,  which,  lia  near  the  root,  uufl  hnTe  tlio  8upciinioi;e  of  ligneous  iiiido- 
aitiot.  It  is  baidcir  tLimwooti,  and  CQntaius  uuIIb,  in  whicli  \he  lunauf  tbti 
iD«:«t  licB  ooilcd  up. 

^'  This  is  a  proof,  fts  Tit  rtmiwlcs,  Ihnt  tlio  rmiients  fcnd  ohs^rred  the 
psiiloncv  of  the  t)ii)pt ;  though,  at  iho  &ame  limti,  It  ia  equally  evident 
that  tkey  did  not  know  tho  imprirtuit  part  it  avis  in  the  formatiQii  of  thu 
gaU. 

'■  This  word,  aa  employed  by  Thcoplirostiu,  means  a  catkin,  tko  Julua 


• 


352 


PtlSr  8  BATUEi!.  HIHTOET. 


[Boole  STT. 


to  a  stDJil]  roimd  ball  that  b  cmpbyod  in  modicine  for  ita 
caustic  propi-rtics.  It  grows  on  the  &r  Uk^viiae,  tho  lanh, 
the  yitdi-tree,  the  linden,  tlie  nut-tree,  and  the  plane,  and 
remains  on  the  tret-  tlirnnglioiit  the  winter,  after  thp  k-aves  bave 
jyien.  It  contains  a  kcnicl  vtry  aimilxir  to  that  of  the  pint- 
nut,  and  jncreasos  in  si-ze  during  the  winter.  In  spring  the 
ball  opens  throiighoiit,  and  it  tiuaUj'  drops  wbfln  the  leares 
arw  Ix'giiiiiiug  tu  grow. 

^udi  i»  tlkc!  multiplicity  of  tlio  proditcts  borne  by  tho  robtir 
in  addiUoQ  to  its  ftconie ;  and  not  only  these,  but  mHshroouiB" 
as  well,  of  better  or  woret;  qunlity,  tLc  meet  recent  stimulautB 
that,  have  Ut&n  disuovered  for  t!ie  appL^littt  j  these  last  ar-o  Ibund 
growing  about  ita  roots.  Those  of  the  querciiB  are  thu  most 
highly  cstet-mcd,  whi]<?  those  of  the  tobur,  the  cj-press,  and 
tbc  pine  are  injurious,"  Tho  rohur  prodacc-s  rnistlttoc'*  also, 
and,  if  wo  may  beliove  Hcsiod,"  honey  as  well ;  indeed,  it  Ja 
a  woU-kDown  (itct,  t  hut  u  houcy^-like  de  w  lulling  from  heaven,  aa 
we  liave  already  mentioned, "'  deposits  itself  upon  the  leavesof 
thiB  tree  in  preference  to  tboee  of  uuy  other.  It  is  also  well 
known  that  the  wood  of  this  tree,  when  burnt,  produces  u 
nitrous"  ush. 

atnoDLnmol'tJic  botimista;  but  It  b  doubtful  ifPlitiyattacliea  ttiiamc&ntnc 
to  tb<i  vinii,  aa  tbe^  limu  or  liorlcn-tren  lias  nn  cntJiiu,  liut  an  inflot«M:cn«< 
i)f  a  liiEFn'cnt  charaiittr.  It  in  uot  iuipruhiibln  Lbu.t,  under  tiiig  nanio,  he 
al!iiil<«  to  giiri'B  vicirswienc"*, 

"t  ThcBu  wure  tlie  "  boU'liis"  rinil  t.lii;  "  Miiiilu§  ;"  tbp  Inst  of  «hich  leetn 
only  to  ImTo  bovu  recently  iiiLrotluuucI  nt  uiUc  in  tUe  limv  of  Pliny.  Sra 
U.  xxii.  c.  47. 

'"  lie  olludea  >olGaTly  to  Fiiniti  of  riiliiuilly  different  Qualltlrs,  u  tha  na- 
ture of  the  CrcR»  Iwiicutb  wliiuB  llicy  pruw  eunnut  poasilily  inttueuce  thuni, 
anyftirtliei  than  by  tbe  vnnems  jiropurliiiii*  nf  hIkmIp  thi  y  ^iffiml.  The  toil, 
linwmcr,  eicrBiKr'H  arcat  inilueiiue  on  Ibu  quuiily  of  tlti-  luiiKut ;  f^rowing 
upon  a  hill,  it  may  oo  inuoxiuuB,  nfaile  in  u  w^I  i^il  il  miiy  be  pruducdv* 
J  dcuth.  '•  gc<t  m.  93,  94,  and  9fi,  uf  Uus  Bvolc. 

!«  ■\Vurka  and  Dayfl,  1.  230, 

*"  Plinv  BcuniH  Lii  liuve  bcre  titken  in  a  litend  sfmte,.  what  baa  htxa  nid 
figuraiixcly  by  Virgil,  KbI.  iv,  1,  26  : 

"  £l  Jurw  (]ueri:ii^  £uilubnat  loaciilB  mella ;" 
and.  by  Ovid,  in  rtktjon  to  tho  Goldi'n  J^^(|,  Mat.  i.  113 : 
"  FluKiiiiiie  de  viridi  etilliilxint  iliM  mcHa," 
F^  lemarks.  tbal  wu  unil  on  tliu  linf  of  tbe  linic-lrec  a  thin,  tuunry  <!«• 
posit,  Ii^ft  b;  inseiiU,  and  IhuL  &  cpeuiea  of  roannu  exudes  frorii  tlic Conifem, 
us  uleu  (ho  bnrli  of  thc'  leuvL    i'liis^  lionevcr,  U  nera  tii«  oa^e  wiUi  tbe 
ualt.  ^'  B-  xi.  0.  12. 

*•  By  this  nord,  Fiic  obserreB,  ve  mu^t  not  uadnrstond  tbe  word  **  aitn^" 


Chap.  12.1 


AQiUUC. 


S53 


CHAP.   12. IHK  SKllKES  &£UUT. 

The  holm  oak,  however,  by  its  scarlet  biirrj-"  lilotte  chal- 
lei^u  compotjtion  with,  all  these  mimifoM  productions.  This 
grain  nppoars  at  first  sight  to  ha  a  roiigliiifiea  on  the  fiurface  of 
tlm  tree,  as  it  were,  a  Bmall  kin*!  of  tlio  aiiuilolia'"  variety 
yf  holui  oak,  knowu  us  tho  cusculium.'''*  To  llio  poor  in  Spain 
it  furDisbc-9"°  the  meuua  of  pujiug  one  half  of  th<.'ir  tiittulL-. 
We  have  already,  wheu  speaking"'  of  the  purple  ff  the  inurcx, 
mentioaed  the  best  methods  adopteii  for  csiiig  it.  It  is  pro- 
duced also  in  Giilatiu,  Aiiica,  Piaidia,  and  Cihuia :  the  ntust 
inferior  inx\A  ia  that  of  Sardinia. 

CQU*.  13. A6AIUC. 

It  is  in  the  Gallic  prorinoea  more  particularly  that  the  glan- 
diferous tives  produce  agaric  ;'*  such  heiog  thw  name  givon  t»» 
a  white  fungus  which  has  a  strong  odour,  and  is  very  useful  as 
an  antidote.  It  grows  upon  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  ginw 
out  a  brilliant  Ught**  at  night :  this,  indeed,  ia  the  sign  by 
Vhioh  its  prc'scnw  is  known,  and  by  the  aid  of  this  light  it 
may  be  gathered  during  the  night.  The  ii>gilopa  is  the  only 
one  among  the  glandil'erous  troes  that  bears  u  kiod  of  dry 
clothf*"  covered  witli  n  white  mo9.'»y  shag,  and  this,  not  only 
attached  to  the  bark,  but  liangiug  down  from  Uie  brauuhts  as 
wvll,  a  eubit  even  in  length :    tliis  euUtiince  hus'  a  8ti-;>ug 

in  thfl  Modera  ai-itet:,  bat  t'he  Kub-curbuiiiite  nf  potash ;  wtiilu  tite  a*li««  of 
tr*i«  gruiring  en  [.lip  ibiirea  uf  the  diri  produce  a  aiib-i^arbonattt  of  sonJa. 

•^  "  L'owiiB."  Tliis  is  not  II  ifiill.  ijut  thtdUtriiiltJi.!  tuily  uf  kii  iiiwi't,  lll« 
Lenne«,  whitli  ^owi  oa  &  pocdiai  mk,  tlie  "  (iuurcu*  cutcifgra,"  fouad  in 
the  Boatli  of  Eurojie. 

**  We  liHTc  prerioveljr  mcndcncd,  tiat  he  Moma  to  hAve  oonfoiindcd  tUe 
tully  with  tie  holm  oak. 

'^  I'oiijsiiLet,  latLer  aboiirdly,  m  it  would  appear,  Bndi  in  thin  vtai  tbe 
origin  of  our  word  "i'fiehir««I." 

_='  The  kurm OS  berry  is  but  litilousBd  ia  Spain,  or,  indeed,  anyvlieie  doe, 
eince  the  dismrc'ry  ol  tha  cocLiiiciil  of  Amcncii. 

^  B.  ix.  0.  65. 

^  Not  Use  white  114,1100,  P^  s&ys,  at  modvrn  pkorraney ;  but,  a*  00  Iditd 
of  agnric  is  fixuiil  ia  tlie  ouk,  it  data  aut  scLm  postlbl«  ui  idiatufy  it.  Sve 
B.  w. «.  57. 

™  It  is  sridont  that  aft  funpis  would  givo  out  phospborie  light ;  hul  it 
may  bavA  tcEuIted  frnrn  olrl  wood  in  h  itiite  of  decumpiisiljcjii, 

"^  It  it  pj'oti]'  oleur  thai  oci;  uf  the  UlIii^ils  of  the  ^epus  umiea  ia  }unv 
refierrnd  to,     Aioaduc,  or  GermuL  tiaJor,  aennu  wjaiewhat  aimiluj. 

roL.  ni.  A  A. 


iHi 


fust's  KATUEAl   HlSTonT.  [Book  IVL 


odotir,  aa  wG  'huve  alrQudy"  stuteil,  vIiqu  fipcukiug  of  Uie 
ptirfumcs. 

The  cork  is  but  n  very  s^iall  tree,  and  ita  acorn  is  of  tii« 
rery  worsL"  ()iiEility,  nod  rarLOy  to  be  found  us  well ;  the 
bark"  ia  its  only  usoful  [iroduct,  bting  reiciu-kably  thick,  mul 
if  reni«v£id  it  will  grow  agfiin.  When  atraitoncd  out,  it  hns 
beon  known  to  form  ptaiiks  tia  mudh  as  ten  feet  eqimre.  Thia 
flubfttimoo  is  cinployt'd  more  particularly  attacvhed  as  a  bnoy 
to  the  ropoB"  ol'shipa'  iLntihora  and  the  dmg-neta  of  Q^termtio. 
It  is  eDi[jIuyed  aleo  for  the  bungs  of  ca&ks  and  03  a  mftteriul 
for  the  winter  eliucs"  of  femati's  ;  for  wbicb  rettsou  the  Greeks 
uot  iuappropriatvly  caU  them**  "  tbf  bnrk  of  a  tree." 

Tlieri!  MB  aoDue  writers  who  speak  of  it  as  the  female  of  tlie 
holm  oak;  und  in  the  fiountnia  where  the  holm  docs  not 
grow,  they  Biibititntc  for  it  tlio  wood  o(  the  cork-tree,  mors 
pnrticularly  in  cartwriglits'  work,  in  the  vicinity  of  Elia  and 
Lacu^dtomon  for  inaljinco.  The  oork-tree  doRH  not  grow  ihrougU- 
out  the  whole  of  Italy,  and  in  eo*'  part  whatever  of  <3auL 

CQAP.    14.  (9.) — TKKBS  OF  WBICU  THR  dAEJt  IS  USKD. 

Tho  baric  nleo  of  tlio  heech,  tlio  limo,  the  flr,  and  the  pit^^h- 
trbfl  is  extenaively  used  by  the  peasantry.  Puunicrs  and 
baakels  arc  mudo  uf  it,  us  also  the  large  flat  hiUuiicrH  which 
OTD  employiid  fur  tke  oarriage  of  coru  and  gi'upus:    roofs  of 

"  B.  xii,  fl.  50 

"  Oil  ilio  Qontrary.F^e  Bap.thenoornof  ihoQueToiiasnhBridnf  Biwcei 
anil  ii^rcQiible  tliiv,>ur,  und  is  much  sn^iight  ns  a  (iiotl  for  pi^a.  The  Laioi 
of  Bajouie  are  mud  la  owe  ihulr  tiigU  rvpuUtiou  lu  tUe  uioriui  of  the  wrk- 

"  Tlie  word"  cork"  Uulearljr  derived  Trom  tho  Ltljn  "ccrtox,"  "b«A" 
See  BfcltmttiiD'g  Ui^luxy  of  Iiivc'iitii>iis,  V.  i.  p.  yif},  H  tcq.,  Sohiit  Ji^lka, 
foi  a.  \iiTy  iiitei-eKliiiig:  aimouitt  ut  thi>i  iroo. 

■*  Tliis  piLsa.igc.  the  iii<-[ining  of  wi]ii.'h  is  so  ubvions,  is  diMUated  itt  *03m 
lerngti  bj  llecknianii,  Vol  i.  ])ji.  321,  3'J2. 

»*  It  ia  aiill  cinplnjyed  for  ninkitig  solw  wkicb  are  JniMiTioui  lo  th«  wrt. 

*i  It  in  duuTjtfsil  whciber  tliis  name  wiis  given  to  tliu  «hinw,  or  tlie  It- 
malos  nha  vrnrc  lh«'m,  and  we  hnv^  ihorcfciro  pruacTrcd  the  doubt,  in  the 
ambiguous  "  thiim."  BuvkTnniiii  ulao  di5iiiias(»  l.liis  pns^ti^p,  p.  321.  E( 
inftrrmx  ae,  p.  3'22,  that  tLa  Uomuii  Ibulu-a  wtio  wislicd  lu  uppenr  tullpr  tliiui 
t)>f<y  rually  wtie,  iv^fa  In  Lhn  habit  of  putting  plenty  of  cork  under  liiv-i>' 
sole's. 

*'  At  the  present  day,  it  ^rawa  iji  iht  greatest  obuadance  iu  France,  lit 
LiiDdos  more  partioululy. 


Clwp.  IB.] 


TEE   riSB. 


SflS 


I 


cottages,*^  too,  Bie  mode  of  this  luateritil.     "Wlien  a  spy  haj 

"been  sent  out  he  often  leaves  intbrniation  for  his  geiifiral, 
vrttteD  U]iou  t'msk  burk,  hy  cutting  letters  ia  the  |)iirts  of  it 
that  aro  lii<.'  m<jBt,  juicy.  Tbw  biult  »t  tlic  Uoch  is  also  em- 
ployed for  religmiH  purposea  in  certain  sa-jred  ritfs."  TijJe 
tree,  hi>w«Ter,  wIk-ii  de^ rirod  of  its  bui'k,  vili  tiut  survive. 

vuik:  i5.  (10.)— KiusuU!*. 

The  best  Bhing'ks  aro  Ihoso  made  of  tlie  wood  of  the  robur ; 
tlie  next  beat  kieiug  those  liiriiished  by  ;ht;  uthur  g-landiferous 
UeeB  and  tlie  beech.  Thusu  otoEt  eufiily  made  ari^  cut  I'ruiu 
the  wood  of  tlie  rt-sinuus  trees,  but  they  do  not  last, ' 
with  tho  escL-ptiou  ut'  those  made  of  pine.  CorneliuB 
N«pQt  informs  us,  tbat  Rome  was  roofed  soltly  with  Bhingli;? 
down  to  the  time  of  the  war  with  Pyrrhiis,  a  jteriod  of  Jbup 
hundrtd  and  seventy  yeara.  It  is  wc-U  Imown  tlmt  it  was 
remarkable  for  tlic  fine  forests  in  ite  vicinity,  f-ven  flt  the 
prcsunt  duy,  ilm  name  uC  Jupitc-r  Pugutidus  [iolqIs  out  in 
what  locality  thero  stood  a  grove  of  beeches ;"  thu  ftuLTijuo- 
tulim  Gal*!  ebowe  where  tho  quorcus  once  etood,  and  the  Vi- 
inisal  H'll  18  tbe  spot  whera  the  "  viniL-ii"''  was  sought  io 
ancient  times,  In,  many  other  parts,  too,  there  were  grovee 
to  be  found,  &nd  Bomt'tioiea  aa  many  as  two.  Q.  HortensiuB, 
the  Dictator,  on  the  a,eoe8»ion  of  tbe  plebci-ins  to  Ibe  Jitnt- 
culum,  passed  a  law  in  the  j5?aculetum,'  thut  what  the  ple- 
beians hod  Goactud  ghould  he  binding  upon  every  Itoman 
citizen.'^ 

DGJlP.  15. THR   rlKB. 

In  those  flays  they  nigordcd  a.*  exotics,  bocanee  tlicy  did  not 
exist  in  tlio  vicinity  °  of  the  City,  the  pine  and  the  fir,  as  woU 
as  all  tht!  other  varieties  that  produce  pitch  ;  of  which  we  ehtdl 
now  proceed  to  £peak,  in  order  that  tho  method  of  seasoning 

**  This  is  stiU  die  aum  ia  same  of  the  poorer  protincc*  of  Spnin. 
»•  As  Fie  i«niark&,  Mats  ii  no  longer  tba  iJinnit/  in  honour  of  whom 
cha^al^U'ni  are  tiiiceJ  on  ibn  bui'lt  ol  ici-es, 

*  On  ttio  conlrnrjf,  F^o  aays,  liiu  luiiii-uui  wood*  am  tlie  most  proof  of 
all  aa'itin»t  iJiv  actinti  of  thi*  air. 

1  Fmtiu  *a}s  thai  ihu  Ftti^utul,  a  Glicino  of  Jupiter,  vae  so  oalled  ttua 
a  bOGcti  troo  [fa^s)  tliat  atooil  Ih&nu,  and  was  buccehI  to  ibut  guil. 

*  l)r  OHirr. 

*  Oi  "pkutatlon  of  ihe  ittculuia,"  *  a.c.c.  367. 

*  i'it  nguitLt  tbut  lu  an  oxtiemely  dotditful  asiertioo. 

A  A.  2 


3.*i6  flint's  iTATFKAL  nrBTOKT.  [Boolc  XTT. 

wine,  fpom  tlis  rery  flret,  may  tc  fully  known.  "WherMii 
therr  are  Bflveral  ttraong  thti  Irwa  alren*]^  meniioncd  in  Asia 
or  tlifl  East,  that  produce  pitch,  in  Eiir^iK!  there  ura  but 
six  varieties  oi'kiiidrvd  trut-s  thut  supply  it.  In  this  namU'r 
there  are  the  piae^  and  the  pinaster,*  which  have  long  thin 
leaves  like  hair,  imd  point""!  nt  the  ^nd.  Ite  pine  yields  the 
K'iwt  resin  of  them  idl :  in  the  pine  niit,  iniir.ed,  of  whicb  we 
hare  previously  apoltcn,'  it  ia  aomotimcs  to  be  fouud,  but 
hardly  in  sufficient  quantities  to  ■warraat  ub  in  reckcminK  thu 
pine  among  the  rci^inans  trcca. 

CHAP.    IT. THH    PraASTER, 

The  pinaster  h  nolliiDg  else  bnt  a  wild  pine  :  it  rises  to  a 
SUTpriaing  height,  and  thi-ows  out  branches  from  the  oiiddle, 
just  ns  the  pine  does  Irom  the  top.  This  lie*  yields  a  more 
(iopioufl  supply  of  resin  than  the  pine :  tho  mode  in  which  Uiih 
is  done  wo  shall  st-t  forth  '"  on  a  future  oenasion.  It  grows 
ttlao  Lu  fliLt  i'oiintn<.'a.  Many  piioplu  think  that  this  is  the 
SBOic  tree  that  grows  ulcjug  the  shores  ol'  llidj,  und  ix  knoim 
as  lie  "  tihuluB ;"  "  but  this  last  is  Blender,  and  more  mm- 
pjwt  thra  the  pine;  it  is  likewise  Tree  from  knota^  and  hencti 
IB  usediu  the  construettuu  of  light  gallics;"  they  are  both  almoBt 
entirely  destitute  uf  resin. 

CHAP.   18, THE    riTCH-TREE:    TBR    FIB. 

The  pitch-tree"  lovea  the  mountain  heights  und  cold  loca- 
lities. Tliia  is  a  funoreal  tree,  and,  ua  an  emblem  of  death,  in 
placed  before  the  door  of  the  deeouacd,  and  is  left  to  grow  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  funeral  pile.  Still,  howi;Tur,  it  is  now 
some  time  since  it  was  admitted  into  our  gardens,  in  consc- 
qmenco  of  the  facility  with  wliich  it  is  clipped  into  rutiviu 
fihappA.     It  givea  out,  coneiderahle  ipmntities  of  reein,"  wbicb 

'  Tlio  Finus  pinea  of  LinnFoua,  tbe  cullivaind  pior, 

'  Tlie  Pinui  HiLvr«[.riii  of  Liiinieiis,  tbu  itilil  piUo;  tlitt  Puiui  mKritJinaiif 
Lnmarck  ii  a.  viirietj  uf  it. 

*  0.  S.V-  g.  5.  10  In  u.  23  of  this  Book. 

"  A  vwrietj;  of  the  Knns  sikestris  of  LinuiEui. 

"  "  Libumica;."    See  B.  ix.  oc.  5  and  iS, 

"  The  Abita  eicdsn  of  Dee4ii<3i>ile — tbu  iWw  or  Faux  aapm  (bba  tr) 
uf  tlie  FrcDcb.  TliU  treu,  liuwevur,  Iibb  not  tlie  pectiva'tnl,  or  cODib-Utv 
Isaf,  KientiiHiHtJ  by  Pliny  in  c.  3S. 

'*  It  ia  itill  knuvra  in  cuiQuerVB  as  "  false  inceoss  ('  imtl  is  often  edIiI 


awp.  uj 


THE   lABOH. 


357 


is  intf  nning^lE'il  vith  irhite  granulatioos  like  poarls,  and  so 
similar  in  appearance  to  fironkiuci^nse,  that  when  mixcil,  it  in 
impoasiblo  to  diatinRniah  them;  hence  the  uiliilttT&tions  wc 
find  pracdecd  in  the  ISepksia."  All  tliis  class  of  trees  ha^e  a 
nhort  briatly  lonf,  thiitk  and  hard,  like  thut  of  the  cyprose. 
The  bronchc-e  cf  tliu  pitch-trco  aro  of  moderate  size,  and  cx- 
tt-nd  ixom  almost  tho  very  rout  of  the  tree,  adhviiog  to  thd 
sides  like  so  many  anna  :  the  same  is  the  case  wilh  the  fir," 
the  wood  of  wliicli  is  held  in  great  e-stet^ra  for  ship-building. 

This  tree  grows  upon  the  Humoiits  of  lolty  ciounlaiaa,  us 
though,  in  fact,  it  had  an  antipathy  to  th«  sea,  and  it  does  not 
at  all  differ  from  the  pitth-trc-e  in  apppurance :  the  wood  is 
also  very  higUy  esteemed  tor  (he  conslruction  of  mftcrB,  and 
many  othur  appiianLts  of  life.  A  flow  of  resin,  which  in  ihe 
pitch-tree  eoustitutea  its  grcdt  merit,  is  looked  upon  a»  a 
dofoct  in  the  £r,"  though  it  will  geaurally  exudo  in  some 
sniiill  quantity  on  exposure  of  the  wood,  to  the  action  of  tli» 
Bun.  Oa  tlie  other  hand,  the  wood  which  in  the  lii-lxee  in 
remarkably  fine,  in  the  pitch-trte  is  only  ii»od  for  muking 
ihingloa,  Tats,  and  a  few  other  articles  of  joinem'  work. 

cnAp.  19. — ^TttE  ULBCU  :  r^x  toech-tbsb. 

The  fifth  kind  of  rceinuua  tree  haa  the  same  loi^alitica,  ani 
isTcry  gimCiir  in  appenranee;  it  is  known  as  the  larch.''  Tho 
wood  of  this  tree  h  far  more  valuable,  being  unimpaired  by 
tim?,  and  proo^f  ngnirist  all  di-cay ;  it  is  of  a  reddish  colour, 
and  of  an  acrid  sraeil.  lle^n  '"  flows  from  this  wood  in  still 
greater  quantities;  it  is  of  the  colour  of  honey,  more  -mcona 
than  the  other  varietiee,  and  never  tnnis  hard. 

aa  inctn»e  fat  lbi>  rites  at  Ihf  ItttDiuii  chuti'h :  wbilu  somf^timm  it  is  piii' 
posuly  oaaplfiyed,  s»  titing  c)ieaii<-r. 

"  A  gri>al  itreM  ill  Onpiia,  wbicliooiuiit«ditnt{riily  of  thesfaopsof  sotlcn 
of  anziuate  and  pcrfiimw. 

'■  It  buci  the  iame  pyiiimidal  form  as  t^e  ptoh-trcs.  It  is  still  much. 
meij  in  abip-builiiing,  bolb  iut  if.sr  risinoLu  ftn-i)  iliuiiMu  qualities  unci  the 
liglitnegB  of  the  yttiiiii. 

"  The  pTFsonRii  fiS  rtain  is  net  lonkcil  unnn  ns  nny  (l«r««l  in  the  Si  at  llie 
jnvKal  duy.  It  proJuoes  vrhtt  is  kuonru  m  ctnunwrut  m  "  StroBbuurg  tui- 
p«iititte." 

"*  The  AbtM  larii  of  Linnieui,  and  Ihe  Liiris  Euiopwn,  it  is  Uwaplit, 
of  Docandolle*. 

"•  It  i<  iJie  Venioe  tarpentincof  comnierce.  Etioli  tieewill  fuiniah  tttrt'a 
«r  «igbt  poiULd»  ttuvh  yeiir  i'ui  bjilf  b  ouulut/, 


PLTBT  B   FATCSAI    ni&TOBr. 


[BooliXn. 


A  sixrti  vari(?ty  is  the  toruh-tree,*  properly  bo  caUed, 
■which  gives  out  more  resin  than  any  of  the  othera,  with  the 
exception  of  the  pitch-tree ;  but  its  resin  is  more  liquid  thaa 
that  of  this  last.  The  wootl,  too,  of  this  tree  is  more  particu- 
larly omployert  for  kindling  fires  and  giving  torch-light  in 
relijioua  ceremaaials.  Of  this  titje  it  i&  the  male  only  that 
hears  what  is  kaown  to  the  Oreeks  by  thu  namu  of  "  ayce,"" 
remarkabli;  for  its  extiviuely  powwtiil  odour.  When,  the 
larch"  IB  chan^d  into  tho  torch-true,  it  is  a  proof  that  it  ii  in 
a  disoaeod  Btato. 

The  wood  of  all  these  trees,  when  set  fire  to,  gives  out  tm< 
moderate  volumefi-of  sooty  9inoke,^Qnd  sputters  every  novand 
then  with  a  eudd^n  crackling  noidp,  while  it  sends  out  red- 
hot  chnrpoal  to  a  conBidcraMo  diatitnce — with  the  boIg  esoeptioii 
of  that  of  the  larch,  whi-uh  will  riflilher  biira^  nor  char,  nor,  iii 
fact,  8iili'er  any  nioro  froio  the  action  of  firo  than  a  alone.  All 
these  tree3  are  evergreenB,  and  are  not  easily"  distinguished 
by  the  foliage,  even  by  ttiOB«  who  iire  heat  acquainted  with 
them,  so  nearly  related  are  they  to  one  another.  The  pitch- 
tree,  however,  is  not  so  high  ae  the  larch ;  -which,  again,  ia 
stouter,  and  has  a  smoother  hack,  with  a  more  Ttlvety  leaf, 
more  unctuona  to  the  tonch,  thicker,  and  more  soft  and  fl.«d- 
ble.^  The  pitch-tree,  iigain,  has  a  leaf  more  apareely  scattetod 
and  drier  ;  it  ia  thinner  also,  and  of  a  colder  nature,  roughs  all 
over  in  appearance,  and  c-overod  with  a  reainous  dopoait :  Uib 
wood  of  this  trco  ia  most  like  Hint  of  the  fii'.     Thii  larch,  wliun 

™  It  ia  doubtful  it'  tlia  tK^a,  or  torch-tree,  'hm  l>M>n  iiienliliied.  Sflmi 
tAko  it  to  he  iho  Pinua  tnaglio  of  Miller,  the  tnrf  fi-pinc  nf  llic  FrvutL ; 
nthers,  egsin,  suggest  thai  it  is  the  lamo  as  tliG  I'inus  camltro  of  tbe  bo* 
tanisU. 

*'  So  CBllft!  from  its  reBsmhluiice  lo  a  flg-.  P^  says  tbat  Uiere  ia  Uttlt 
doubt  tbiit  thid  pretended  fmit  was  morvlyn  resitLotu  sevruUvn,  wfcinb 
bftri^ttns  laid  aiiBiirnc&  the  fnrm  v-f  a  %. 

"  Hb  somuwhat  luistrflQaliites  n  pn.iwge  of  Theophriistns  here,  wboi 
without  LrunsFurming  the  LurcU  into  unoLliei  tr««,  says  tliiit  ic  ui  a  (i^  of 
disease  ia  the  luruli,  whtu  ibi  stiorettiKis-aroaugniiiutLiI  to  auoli  a  d«{ie« 
iIj&L  it  »etims  ti>  turn  tUelf  into  resin. 

"  The  iamp-blni'fc  of  comniBTco  is  made  from  the  aoo-t  of  lh«  pitifl. 

)*  This  stiitemcnt,  though  aiipporrcd  lif  thul  of  Vitrum&,  El.  ii.  c  9,  ii 
quite  eifoueoua.  The  wood  of  thv  brch  gives  out  more  hc^iit  tliui  Uuit  of 
Ine  Hr,  nail  proitucos  more  li?*r  cool  ia  proportion, 

**  This,  ¥4c  rtraatlis,  is  the  fact. 

**  This  dt'sciiption  ia  inexnct,  nn<l  wo  eliauld  have  some  difflcult]'  to 
reoogninng  h^rs  tiie  larch  u  knowa  to  us. 


the  roota  are  once  burnt,  will  not  throw  oat  fieeli  aboota, 
which  tho  iiitnh-tjee  will  do,  as  whr  found  to  be  Vhc  case  ia  iho 
islaad  of  Lcaboa,  niter  the  I'yrrhaiiui  gruve  had  been  burnt 
there. 

In  the  same  species  too,  the  variety  O'f  sex"  is  found  to  con- 
stitute a  consiilerable  difference :  the  male  is  the  ehgrler  tree, 
ftnd  has  a  harder  woorl ;  while  the  female  is  taller,  and  beara  a 
leaf  more  unctuous  to  the  feel,  smoDth  and  free  from  all 
rigidity.  The  wood  of  the  male  tree  is  hard  and  awry,  and 
consequently  not  so  ircll  saited  for  carp^ent^rs' TTork ;  while 
that  of  tho  femule  in  eoftpr,  as  may  be  very  eofiily  perceivpd  on 
iho  apiilieiition  of  the  asf,  a  test,  in  fuet,  wbith,  in  every 
variety,  immediately  nhows  us  which  trees  are  males ;  the  axe 
in  Buch  case  meutiuj;  with  a  greater  ruBiatimce,  falling  with 
a  louder  noise,  and  bting  williJrawn  from  the  wood  with  eoa- 
sideraldy  greater  difSeiilty :  the  wood  of  the  male  tree  is  more 
piirched  too,  and  the  root  is  of  a  blacker  hue.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Mount  Ida,  in  Troas,  the  cirCTiroBTnnre  whether  the  tree  grows 
in  the  raoiinlain  districts  or  on  thu  si^a-aboro,  maUea  another 
considerable  ilifTijrenctt.  In  Macedonia  and  Arcadia,  and  in  tho 
neighbourhood  of  Kiis,  the  names  of  the  several  varieties  have 
been  totiilly  altered,  and  it  has  not  been  agreed  by  authors 
which  narao  ought  to  bo  given  to  each :  we  have,  therefore, 
contented  ourselves  with,  employing  the  Roman  denominatioOB 
solely. 

The  fir  ia  the  krgest  of  tbeiD  all,  the  female  being  the  taller 
of  the  two;  the  wood,  too,  it.  softer  end  more  caBiIy  worked. 
This  tree  is  of  a  rounder  form  than  the  others,  and  its  leaves 
arc  closely  paelied  and  fenlhered,  so  aa  U{)t  to  admit  of  the 
pasange  of  rain  ;  the  appearanco,  too,  of  the  tree  is  idtogelher 
more  cheerful.  From  the  hranehea  o£  tliese  diffenuit  varieties, 
with  the  solo  cxeepliou  of  the  larch,*  there  hsBg  oumbers  of 
Bcaly  mite  of  compact  sliape,  like  bo  mimy  calkins.  The  nuts 
found  upon  the  maJe  lir  have  a  kernel  in  the  fore-part,  which  is 

*'  Tiinj  u  in  tmst  here,  Qitn  hthg  no  distinction  af  aei  ia  the  eoni- 
fcroii*  Ireeg.  All  Hint  ie  rflwtes  rrlotive  to  the  differencM  hctweMi  the 
mall!  and  fuinnli!  jiiiip  is  oonaenurntly  fu]»o.  He  lias,  huwaver,  in  Ihii  in- 
■Unoe,  only  perpi  timti^d  an  rnoiiuous  Diiinion  of  TliFopti  rust  ill. 

••  Tbii  «  iiu  t;!Tiiti«ms  BtatoaiLinl.  Tlia  lurcli  lia&  iu  cone,  m  "tH  u 
the  rest.  It  it  po»iibl«,  however,  that  iu  sidbU  size  moy  hnyv  cauJ>t^d  it  ta 
be  6T«tloaked  bf  Flin/. 


360 


TirsT's  sATcaiL  nisTonr. 


rsool  XY[. 


aot  the  cnac  with  tbosc  on  the  female  tree.  In  tlie  pitch-tree, 
again,  these  keraols,  which  are  very  smiUl  and  black,  woityiy 
the  wbolo  of  the  calkin,  which  is  Btnaller  and  more  slendf* 
thtiD.  in  the  other  varieties;  hence  it  is  that  the  Greeks  oa!! 
this  tree  by  the  nnme  of  phthirophoron.'*  In  thia  tree,  too,  the 
Qnta  Dtt  the  mole  ura  more  comprcSBed,  and  lees  moist  witb 
rcein. 

CSiF.  20. THT£  TKW. 

Kot  to  omit  aay  ono.of  thera,  the  yew*'  is  similar  to  these 
other  trees  in  general  appetirauco.  It  is  of  ti  colour,  however, 
but  alightly  approaching  to  greeu,  and  of  a  HlcndtJr  form;  of 
sombre  and  oiuinoiia  aspect,  nnd  r^uite  deBtituts  of  jutce  :  it  is 
the  only  one,  too,  among  them  al!,  that  bears  fl  berry.  In  the 
mule  Iree  the  frnit  ia  injimoua ;  indeed,  in  Spain  more  particu. 
larly,  the  berrica  contain  a  dotidly  poiaon."  It  is  an  as(v(>rtaJncd 
fact  that  Iruvullers'  vessela,^-'  made  in  Gaul  of  this  wood,  for  Uie 
purpose  of  holding  wine,  have  ctiased  the  d(>ath  of  those  who 
used  them.  Sextius  »aye,  that  is  Greece  this  tree  is  known  by 
the  naiae  of  "saithix,"  and  that  in  Arcadia  it  ifipoescgaed  of  no 
aetlve  a  poison,  that  those  wEio  sleep  hcaeath  it,  or  even  take 
food"  thtre,  ai"©  sure  to  meet  their  death  firom  it.  There  are 
authors,  nho,  who  assert  that  the  puisons  which  we  call  at 
the  present  day  "  toxica,"  and  in  which  arrows  are  dipped, 
wore,  formerly  called  toxica,'*  from  this  tree.  It  has  been 
discovered,  also,  tJiat  theee  poisonous  qualities  are  qoite  neu- 
tralized by  driving  a  copper  nail  into  the  wood  of  the  tree, 

*'  Or  "louflc-bBariTig,"     As  Tie  snya,  it  in  diffiealt  to  see  the  ntmlogy. 
*"  Tlic  Tasos  baccataof  LiiLneua.     ITio  auooimt  Uwu  gi?en  is  lq  gf Derol 

"  Tt  is  aiipposetl  tliiit  Pliny  deriTes  fUia  nfilkm  »  to  tin;  ji'w  berry  frum 
IuUm  C*«:ir,  n-lin  says  thai  "  Cativuluua  Ivilltid  liimaelf  wilh  ilie  yew,  i 
iroc  which  j^rowa  in  errtal  abimdaiico  in  Giiul  anJ  Otnnwiy."  It  is,  ho*- 
mr,  Duw  kiguwD  that  llie  herty  ia  quite  inoiix'iiGiua ;  tiit  tho  U-nvc«  and 
■bnote  ii«  (IcilriiKUse  of  Hiiiiual  iiCe. 

*'  "  Viatotiu;"  probftljl)'  not  unlikB  our  IraTpllIrjg  floila  and  [wckct-pii- 
toN,    Tliw  stn-trmimt  raodo  by  riinj"  ia  ncit  at  nil  improhablo. 

'^  Ttiii  stateni&m  Joes  not  dcwrvB  a  serioua  (lontradiotioii. 

**  Tt  it  not  imnrobQhk,  howe»er,  ihnt  tHov,  an  "arrow,"  ia  of  oWrt 
date  IhuL  '^tUUB,    lueigiiifpng  tiie  name  of  tbe  yew. 


Chap.  22.] 


HOW   THICK  PITCH   13   PREPACED. 


CSAP.   21.    (U.)— MKTnolB  OP   HAKIXO   TAi! BOW  CKfRTTM    IS 

HADE. 

Ie  Europe,  tar  ia  extracted  from  the  torch-tree"  liy  the 
Eigcncjr  of  fire ;  it  is  omplnyed  for  conting  ships  and  for  mony 
oLhtT  useful  purposes."  The  wooil  o-£  the  trco  is  chopped"" 
into  small  LUlcts,  and  then  put  into  a  faniacp,  which  is  hc-iittid 
bj"  fire*  lighted  on  t-vcry  fiide.  The  first  ateam  that  exudes 
flgwa  in  the  form  of  water  iuto  ii  reservoir  made  for  its  recep- 
tion: in  Sjria  this  substance  is  known  as  "  ccdrimn  ;"'*  and 
it  posaeiises  such  reniiirkable  etrength,  that  in  Egyjit  the  bodie* 
of  the  dead,  afttr  being  stttiped  in  it,  are  preserved  from  all 
oorrnption." 

CH-tP.  22. MKTaOI>9  BT  WHICH  TBICH  PITCH  tS  FRKPASED. 

The  liquid  that  follows  is  of  a  thicker  conBisteocy,  and  coq- 
rtitntea  pitch,  properly  so  called.  This  liquid,  thrown  again 
into  a  hrai^on  cauldron,  and  mijtpd  with  vincgtir,  becomes  Htili*^ 
thicker,  and  when  left  to  coagulate,  rcceivps  the  name  of 
"  Bmtiian"  "  pitch.  It  is  used,  however,  only  for  pitching  the 
tnsido9  of  doliu"  and  other  vessels,  it  diU'criug  from  the  oihcr 
kinds  in  being  mtiro  viaoons,  of  n  redder  colour,  and  more 
anctuous  than  ia  usually  the  cose.  All  theeo  varieties  of  pitch 
ui'e  prepurwd  fipom  tlio  pitch-true,  by  putting  ri'd-hot  atones, 
with  the  rei9inouB  wood,  in  troughs  made  &f  etning  onk ;  or 
if  these  troughs  are  not  attaioahle,  by  piling  up  billets  of  tlie 

*^  NumoroTisviij'i-eties  of  tli«  coniferw  supply  TiH  Willi  tisr,  ami  Plinv  ii 
in  error  in  d«tiviti^  it  eokly  iiata  the  lotcb-truc.  tb^  Pluub  muftliD  of  liti- 
Dnni.  "  Sue  B.  ttiv.  o.  33, 

"   II  is  KLill  ohtaincii  in  a  similur  vay. 

"  Fi*«imimrlii,  that  rliny  i»  in  j-rror  bero;  this  red,  vnttery  fluid  fnmiEd 
in  tlie  extruetimi  oT  tar«,bviiiK  «)uitu  a  ililTureTil  tiling  fiom  "(wdnuci,"  Dm 
eikitrtm  OT  kitreni  of  tha  .Gratis;  wbicli  is  not  Imiirobulil)'  mudc  froiii  h 
atAar,  or  psthnfia  Lbn^  -luiiipMUit  Phaiiiora,  called  "  C'cdnia ''  by  ibe  two 
Banhins  anil  ToumefoTt.  I(n  kivs  tltnt  it  is  not  likely  tlint  titp  Egrptiana 
wnulJ  mn  Ihinrral  lulininnce  for  lliP  pliqiospaf  jirew-rTUiff  tiled rad,  nliiirg'i'd 
as  it  ii  with  empyreuiuatLO  oil,  aitd  <lL>«titulij  of  all  prnporlk's  [frmliiiE  in 
rnim.  "^  Sco  B,  xxi.  u,  3,  and  B.  x»i».  e.  2a. 

*•  This  ia  itnpraeCJ'ttablQ :  noiilici  vinegar,  winr,  nor  wn-tcr,  will  rainglo 
ilh  pilch.  'riiMC  r«»in*,  hAtrtvc^r,  if  ttirrnl  up  hriskly  in  hot  iratei,  be- 
come of  a  pakr  colour,  aiiU  a^iuin^  un  ailditiunRi  «itp|ili<DrM. 

*^  I'ccliBnit  to  ciilW  From  t'l-ihcbriii,  3  country  wlirra  itii:  piae  abcuitdetl, 
snd  pait  of  which  vas  called  UiuUium. 

*'  Or  wioo-viiu. 


* 


t 


31)2  rilHT'S  HATCBiL  HI8T0BT.  [Book  XYT. 

woa^I  in  the  method  erapluyed  for  the  manufiictare  of  char- 
coal.*' It  is  Uiis  i)itj:li  that  is  used  for  senaoumg  mne,  bt;lQg 
first  pounded  and  reduced  to  (i  fine  powder:  itia  of  a  blacker 
colour,  too,  than  the  other  sort.  The  eame  resin,  if  bo-iled  gently 
■with  water,  uiid  then  strained  off,  becoEics  vimioHP,  and  nwiimes 
a  red  colour;  it  is  tiien  knomi  as  " di&tillijd"  pitch:"  for 
mitkiDg  this,  the  refuse  portions  of  tbc  rcfiia  and  Iho  hark  of 
the  tree  aro  generally  Bclyctcci. 

Auother  method  is  adopted  for  the  maniifacluro  of  that  used 
ae  crapula."  Itaw  flower  of  resiu  is  luittu,  direct  from  the 
tree,  with  a  pleofciful  sprinkling  of  Bmall,  thiu  chips  of  the 
wood.  Tliese  are  then  pounded**  down  and  passed  through  a 
sieve,  after  whidi  they  are  steeped  in  water,  which  is  heated 
till  it  comes  to  a  boil.  The  nnctinua  portion  tlint  is  extracted 
from  thift  ia  the  best  resin  :  it  ia  hut  rarely  to  he  met  with, 
and  then  only  in  a  few  places  in  JUdy,  in  the  viuinity  of  the 
Alps:  it  is  in  com^idemble  requi^at  for  inbdiciiinl  purposes. 
Tor  this,  they  generally  boil  a  congius  of  white  voBin  to  two 
eoDgii  of  ruin- water  : "  Bome  persons,  however,  think  Lt  better" 
to  boil  it  without  water  for  one  whole  day  by  a  bIow  lire, 
taking  care  to  ase  a  vessiel  of  white  copper."  Some,  again, 
are  in  the  habit  of  boUing  the  resin  of  the  te^rebinth"  in  a  fiat 
pan"  plnced  upon  hot  SBhcs,  mid  prefer  it  to  any  othir  kind. 
The  reain  of  the  mastich.*'  ia  held  in  the  next  degree  of  esti- 
mation.*' 

^  See  o.  8  of  the  prctont  Book. 

"  Stillaticitt.  "  Sffl  B.  xiT.  c,  25. 

**  Thii  f>p(ration  Temnvwi  ftorn  thu  pitcli  «.  gnait  portiiitn  of  il«  eumtul 
oil.  and  dlBe]igii^t!s  it  of  aay  i-xlraatouii  builit^a  tliat  luuy  haw  Iccn  miud 
witb  it. 

"  Fee  rj'inftrks  that  tlicrc  is  no  neeeraily  for  tliis  stkclion,  thmifh  no 
doiilit  ruin- irater  la  Hiipcrior  to  epring^  or  d^tem  wnter,  tor  ttitat  purpoira, 
fToro  it*  )iuldin[r  nn  terreous  utlta  in  soluliua. 

**  Thiiwoiild  cnlnur  tiiereBiu  mors  Rliongly,  F£e  snyi,  tin j  give  it  R 
^littui  degree  uf  fTitibiiity. 

••  Sm  B.  miv.  c.  20.  "  See  li.  xiv,  c,  2u,  and  B.  iiiT,  &  21 

*■■  "  Snrlago,"  Geucrally  undersLond  ta  b«  the  snrnd  us  iiur  frying-fia. 
P^e  Teraark*  tbnt  tbii«  tnethoil  would  ntuit  iiicvit^tb-ly  cniiii-  tlic  tna«,  m 
fuEJon  .to  ijriilt.fi ;  Ru-d  shciiJd  bilbIi  not  be  the  rnsE,  a.  <:oU>vrpA  Tfiia  vrcniLd 
bo  the  i«8uU,  coIouTsd  with  a  large  quaatity  ofvuTbon,  Uid  ilvtlituto  of  ill 
the  MRcntial  oil  that  the  leaia  oHginuIly  cotlainod. 

«  Ste  n.  liv.  e.  20, 

^  The  t'lr^liinttiiac  nf  the  mnstich,  Fi5e  brjb,  it  an  oUo-ieno,  w  ia 
oilier  WDrtih,  compuaed  of  aji  essential  oil  and  a  resin. 


Chap.  23.] 


HOW   BEBfN   IS   PBKPJkSEO. 


3G3 


I 


cH*?.  2S,  (IS.J — BOW  lira  Bssm  cahko  zopissa  re  j-uspjiked. 

We  must  not  omit,  too,  thnt  ihe  Greeks  call  by  the  name  of 
ropisaa**  Uie  pitch  niised  with  wax  whii^li  has  hoen  scraped 
from  off  the  bottoma  of  Bca-going  ships  ;"*  for  there  is  nothing, 
in  fact,  that  has  bfen  left  untried  by  mankind.  This  composj. 
tion  in  found  much  more  efficient  for  all  tlioso  purposes  in 
which  pitch  and  resin  are  ctnploj-ud,  in  conBequraoe  of  the 
Buperiar  hurdnesa  which  has  been  imparted  to  it  by  the  eea- 
etUt. 

The  piteh-tcee  ia  opened"  on  the  side  that  facea  the  ftiui^ 
not  by  moims  of  an  incision,  brat  of  a  wonad  m»de  hy  the  re- 
mcfval  of  the  bmk:  this  opening  being  geuerally  twD  iect  in 
width  and  one  cubit  from  the  ground,  at  the  yery  least.  The 
body  of  the  tiee,  too,  ia  not  spared  in  tJiis instance,  as  in  others, 
for  even  the  very  chips  ft-om  off  it  are  considered  as  having 
their  use ;  IhoBe,  however,  from  the  lower  part  of  the  tree  are 
looliod  upon  as  the  best,  tlm  wood  of  the  higher  parts  giving 
the  reein  a  hitt«r'^  taelc.  In  a  short  time  all  the  rcfiinona 
juices  of  the  entire  treo  come  to  a  point  of  conUuence  in  tha 
wound  80  infiiuUnl :  tho  sanifi  process  is  adopted  ubo  with  the 
torch-tree.  When  the  liquid  censes  to  flow,  the  tree  jb  opened 
in  a  similar  manner  in  some  other  part,  and  then,  again,  else- 
where :  after  which  the  whole  tree  ia  cat  down,  and  the  pith"* 
of  it  is  Used  for  blU'ning." 

So,  too,  in  Syria  they  take  the  bark  from  off  the  terebinth; 
and,  indeed,  in  those  parts  tiicy  do  not  spare  even  the  root  or 
bTQnohft'i,  although  ia  general  the  rt'sin  obtained  from  those 
parte  is  held  in  diBeKteuui,  In  Hucedoiua  thoy  subject  the 
whole  of  the  mult  larch  to  Uie  a;otioa  of  fire,  but  of  the  female  *° 

••  ApparenUf  medning  "boiled  pilch." 
"  8«  B.  xiiv.  0.  26. 

*'  Thii  account  linB  b«oi]  borrowed  from TTifloplirnrtuB,  Hisrt,  PInnt.B  ii. 
e.  ii-  The  moilem  mrtlitnl  of  usiructin^  the  rpsia  pI  the  jiine  is  vcrj 
•imilar,  "  Tliiirt'  is  do  foiinduliuD  w)iHte*er  fur  tliis  Elaif^mciit. 

**  Th*  pitli  of  thn  piiin  cinrot  he  K'-piualet]  from  the  wood,  and,  indecl, 
il  not  CQiily  di»tiii}piuhiid  from  it.  We  says  tliat  in  soTne  of  thwo  trees 
maeaoB  of  rrain  arc  fuunil  in  ihd  ciivitiea  which  run  lonKitudinrdly  vrith  the 
fihrra,  iind  quftriee  whether  this  may  not  be  the  '■  narrow  "  or  "  pith  "  «f 
the  lri*9  menfianed  by  Pliny.  *■  As  a  torch  Or  ■ftundle,  pntbablv. 

*'  Thin  JiHsiun  or  [}it-  lurch  into  texet,  ii»  prerioualy  iiioutioiiei),  i«  ooty 
faQoinil,  and  haa  bo  Fouadntinn  in  fact.  The  result  of  this  Dpcratiun^  V6« 
iBji,  woutJ  be  only  a  tuit  uf  tar. 


3M 


PLISI  B  BATDim.   HISTOaT, 


[Boolt  XVI. 


only  the  roots.  Thcopompua  has  stated  in  hu  writings  that  in 
tin:  territory  of  the  ApolloniatcR  thtrii  is  found  a  ki  nd  of  mineral 
pilch,"  not  inferior  to  that  of  Macedonia.  The  beat  pitflh** 
everywhere  is  that  obtained  from  trees  jdiinted  on  sunny  spots 
vitb  a  nortb-cost  n^^^ct ;  while  that  wtLich  is  produced  from, 
more  shaded  localities  has  a  disagreeable  look  and  a  repulsire 
odour.  Rtch,  too,  that  is  produced  amid  the  cold  of  winter  is 
of  inferior  quality,  being  ic  smaller  quatitity,  too,  and  compara- 
tively colourless.  Some  persons  arc  of  opinion  that  in  moan- 
tainou3  localities  tliis  liquid  is  jiroduced  in  the  greatest  flbun- 
dtmoc,  find  that  it  is  of  superior  colour  and  of  a  sweeter  tasto 
and  has  a  finer  smell  so  long  as  it  remains  in  a  stato  of  resin; 
hut  that  when,  on  t.ho  other  hauil,  it  is  Bubj^tcd  to  boiling,  it 
yields  a  Bmallcr  nuiuiliiy  of  pitch,  becuiiso  so  much  of  it  goee" 
off  in  a  serous  fthape.  Tlioy  say  that  the  rewnous  trees,  too, 
tbut  grow  on  mountains  oro  tMnucr  thuu  thoeo  that  uro  found 
on  ])!ain8f  but  that  they  nt'e  apt,  both  of  them,  to  be  unpro- 
ductive in  dear,  drj-  weather. 

Some  trees,  too,  afford  a  flow  of  restnoui  juice  the  year  after 
the  incision  is  made,  some,  again,  in  the  second  year,  and 
othera  in  the  third.  The  wound  so  made  is  filled  with  resin, 
but  not  with  bark,  or  hy  the  cicatrization  of  the  outer  coat ; 
for  the  bark  in  this  tree  never  unites.  Among  theae  raiie- 
lies  some  authors  have  matto  Uio  eappium"  to  constitute  s 
jmculiar  kind,  becauBe  it  is  produced  from  the  seed  of  a  kin- 
dred variety,  as  we  have  already  stated  when  apeaking  of  tbo 
nut?"  of  trees ;  and  they  have  given  Ihu  nanio  of  laoda*  to 
the  lower  parts  of  the  tree ;  although  in  reality  tliia  trco  is  no- 
thing else  but  a  pilch-tree,  which  hy  careful  cultiyation  lias 
lost  eomo  studU  portion,  of  its  wild  character.  The  iiamu 
"Biippinua"  is  also  given  to  the  timber  of  these  trees  when 
cut,  «8  we  Bhali  have  occasion  tO'  mention"''  hereafter. 

*'  See  B-  XQT.  a.  61.  Ttv  aUudes  to  llii.-  bittintrn  ktiowa  as  asptiall, 
iiitunsn  nf  Judica,  rainerAi  pitoli.  mnimtain  pitch,  multbt^,  piMalphate. 

■•*  Tliosp  pfttliculars,  borrowed  (rorn  Theojjiiruatuit,  Bri?in  general  CArrML 

^  Tltii  in  nuL  lh«  hfX;  the  pes^ntial  oil  in  which  Ui6  rtnn  so  f^mtlf 
Alwunds,  bMomes  Tolaiilu  with  rcnuirknblt  I'lu.'ility. 

"*  Moat  probiibiy  oDcaf  the  vaiivitni-aurilie  piue;  )iui  Lbflmoija  in  witiali 
Flinv  tiipreiiiui  liimtulf  ructluri  it  impiisHibls  lo  identify  It  witJi  uttT 
prcmiion.  «  B.  xv,  c.  ft, 

"  The  name  biiTUi!  ulso  hy  tho  tarcb-irett. 

*r  Sue  u.  T6  of  this  liuuk. 


J 


CbAp.  W.]  rorit  TABIBTIBS  OF  THB  ASH.  3fi5 

CHAP.  24.  (13.) — TlUtK  THK  WOOD  07  WHICU  IE  BtOELI  TAICED. 

roufi  TMtirnES  of  tde  ase. 

It  is  fur  the  Baku  of  their  timber  that  Nature  haa  created  the 
other  trees,  and  more  jmrLicularly  tlie  ash,"  whieli  yields  it  ia 
greater  abimdunce,  This  ia  a  tail,  taporing  tree,  with  a 
fcather-Iikc  leaf:  it  has  been  (pratly  tnuoMcd  by  tho  encc^ 
miums  of  Homer,  and  the  fact  that  it  formed  the  spear  of 
AchillcB :  *■  the  wood  of  it  is  employed  for  numerouB  purposea. 
The  flsh  which  grows  iii>on  Mount  Ida,  in  Ttoqs,  is  so  ex- 
tremely like  the  cedar,'*  that,  when,  the  baik  ia  remored,  it 
■will  deceive  a  purthascr. 

The  Qret^iiB  have  diatinguiahed  two  vnrietiea  of  this  Iree, 
the  one  long  and  without  knots,  the  other  abort,  with  a  border 
wood,  of  a,  darkur  colour,  and  a  ieiii  like  th&t  of  the  laurel. 
In  Macedonia  they  give  the  name  of  "bamelia""  to  «n  ugh 
of  remarkably  large  size,  with  a  wood  of  extreme  flexibility. 

JSome  authors  hare  divided  this  tree  into  several  varieties,  ac- 
cording to  thfi  localiiiee  which  it  inhftbits,  and  say  that  the 
ash  of  the  plaiDB  has  a  spottod  wood,  while  that  of  the  moun- 
tain ash  is  nioro  compact.  Some  Greek  writ«s  have  atated 
lliut  the  leftf  of  the  uafi  is  poisonous'*  to  hoasta  of  burden,  bat 
harmlesB  to  all  iho  animale  that  mminate.'*  The  leaves  of 
thia  treo  In  Italy,  however,  are  not  injuriouB  to  beasts  of  bur- 
den uven;  so  far  from  it,  in  fact,  that  nothing  has  been  foaiid 
to  act  aa  so  good  a  spceiflc  for  the  bitos  of  Berpeats"  ue  to  drink 
the  juice  extracted  from  the  loaves,  and  to  apply  them  to  the 
wounds.  So  great,  too,  are  the  virtues  of  this  tree,  that  no 
serpent  will  ever  I'm  in  the  Bhadow  thrown  by  it,  tither  in  thu 

*  He  Jo<.>»  cot,  (pcrak  in  tluB  placo  of  tho  "oniiis"  or  " mouiilttiii  wh  j" 
nor,  na  F£e  obaun'M,  Ams  be  niccticm  tb(i  u^g  of  the  bttrk  ot  the  sab  as  a 
/cbrifugp,  or  of  ita  leaves  ai  t  jiurgatiTe.  Tbis  aib  is  tho  Fruians  cx- 
cclrior  of  Det iiniiulleg.  "  I!,  xxiv.  277. 

"'  Plinj  makrE  »  minlale  here,  in  topying  tnja  fhaophrmtm,  who  titjM 
tbsl  it  i«  tL*-  yew  ihiit  bcnrs  m  etroac  a  rts^mblaiiec  lu  tLe  c*'ikr, 

"  Or  "hull'B-asli."     Thia  vEritty  cote  not  Bctm  to  have  beer  iderttiftfMi. 

■'  This  AUIcDicut  Te*tilU  from  liis  mininterprttatiou  of  the  Inngiingr  of 
Ttacophrostiis,  wlio  is  Tuully  Bpi:'akiiLg  o(  ibe  yew,  which  Vhay  uiisUke« 
for  tJie  ash. 

'^  Miller  BEserts  tbat,  if  gUen  to  oows.thU  le&f  will  impart  a  bad  flavoar 
ti}  the  milk;  a  Btatcmcnt  which,  Ffc  tays,  is  quilu  iiiwmcL 

'*  A  merely  fBntiful  Tii>Uon,  wilhfliit  uppan^ntlj'  the  elif^hlMt  foundation : 
the  samf,  tuo,  may  be  s»icl  of  the  nllc^cT  atttij^mlli)'  of  Ltie  actpcut  to  Uur 
bccch-treo,  which  is  ccither  Tenomous  nor  udunftroot. 


36$ 


FLC4X*8  ItATOBiX  ElSIonX.  [Buol  XTlI 


morning  or  tlie  evening,  lie  it  ever  so  long ;  indeed,  they  will 
cIwayB  keep  at  ihe  greatest  possible  dislanco  from  it.  We 
Btate  the  fnct  from  oeukr  doroonatrstion,''*  that  if  a  ecrpent 
and  a  liglited  fire  are  pkccd  witliin  a  circle  formed  of  the  leaves 
oEthii  ash,  tho  riptiiG  will ijithcr  throw  itHcU'iuto  tbe  fire  thim 
CQCounter  Uie  Ituves  of  tUe  ti'ee-  iiy  a  wonderful  prttrieion 
of  Nature,  thn  ubIi  has  been  made  to  blosaom  before  the  ser- 
ppiits  Iciive  their  holes,  and  thu  fall  of  Its  leaf  doe-g  not  tuke 
jjilaee  till  aftwc  tUej  liavw  retired  fur  Ihtj  winter. 


CRJLP.  25:  (14.) — TWO  VABIBTTKS  OF  TBX  IDTDZK-TKltE. 

In  the  lindea-tree  the  male'*  and  the  female  are  totally  dif- 
fercut.  In  tbe  male*  the  wood  is  luird  and  kaolty,  of  a  roddor 
hue,  and  with  a  stronger  sm«U ;  the  bark,  too,  is  thicker,  and, 
when  taken  off,  has  no  flexibility.  The  male  bears  neither 
seed  nor  bloRaom  as  the  female  doea,  the  trunk  of  which  is 
thickor,  anJ  the  wood  white  and  of  oxcdlcnt  quality.  It  i«  a 
Bingiilar'"  thing,  but  no  animal  will  touc^h  the  fruit  of  this 
tree,  altliough  tho  juice  of  the  leaves  and  tho  bnrk  U  sweet. 
Itotween  the  hark  and  the  wood  tlieru  aru  a  uumber  of  UllD 
Goats,  fornnicl  by  the  union  of  numerous  fine  merahranea;  of 
tli^ee  they  make  those  bandfi^'wbicL  are  known  touaiw  "tilias." 
Tho  finer  mninbraueEi  are  called  "philyrat,"  and  oro  readcred 
futuouis  by  the  h«uouruble  mention  that  tiie  aucicnta  hare 
made  of  them  as  ribhouB  for  ^nteatliB^'  and  garlands.    Tbo 

'*  Thii  story  of  Pliny  has  be'en  oorroTinraleii  by  M.  df»  Veronc,  anil  u 
strcngtj  coiitrsulitit^-ii  by  Cameratiiis  miil  CIiiutrs  •  with  M.  V6v,  than.  *n 
miiEt  kare  ii  h)  llic  roaaer  to  iud^  wliich  ia  ttio  most  likely  to  bo  tpi^lnof 
tLu  truth.  It  is  not  inprnliaiile  that  Fliiuy  lunv  hiirc  licnn  impoacJ  upon, 
EU  Ills  ci'Ltiiility  would  tiot  al  all  timca  prcdndi.'  Lim  hum  being-  diiped. 

"  Tlicru  i^  ni)  luch  (iiitinction  iu  tlii:  liciSen  or  lime,  ns  tlio  ttoiren  u* 
biprmaiiliroditii'Lj,  TIict  nro  ni'-'relv  tivu  vatiptiea :  tlie  male  'if  I'liuy  hiasg 
till!  Tiilu  miurupl) ylln  of  Dcciui^d^lW  iind  it  vum'ty  <.■(  tlig  Tilin  Euiapat 
vf  I.innieiiB;  and  tho  (unidu  tn'iiig  lUe  TOia  pktyjikylloj,  anuthtr  Tsnety 
of  Ilic  Tiliii  Enropffia  uf  I.iinjieus, 

"  Not  at  all  singular,  l'"eo  says,  llie  fruit  being'  dry  anil  insipid. 

'■  Tn  France  tUesc  cottis  are  still  luniiu,  ami  are  Ubt'J  for  wcIl-npA 
vbeat'Elieiifb,  ^c.  In  the  uotih  ol'  Ftjuiko,  tuo.  brconi*  utii  made  of  ih« 
flULnr  liurk,  luid  tlia  etunii  is  ibe  eaeo  in  Wc^tpbaliai 

'*  Se-a  D.  iii.  c.  i.  Oviil,  Fufiti,  R,  s,  I,  1337,  ii[>fluk»  of  the  tovcUen  it 
diunki^a  baui[uiiU  biuduij;  Uitur  li&ir  witli  ttia  j^bilyra. 


Ch^.  28.]  TAIUETIM  OF  TIIK  MAPLH.  3(i7 

wood  of  Lliis  tree  is  proof  against  the  attacks  of  wormi : "  iL  is 
of  moderate  lieight"  onlj,  liut  of  \wrj-  considerabLe  utility. 

CHAP.  26,  (IS.) — TKtt  TinrBTiEB  op  the  KArLJi. 

The  maple,  which  is  pretty  nearly  of  tho  samo''  fliie  tu  t!ie 
lime,  is  iiit'L'riwr  to  the  citrus"  only  for  tho  hftuutj  of  its  wood 
whon  employed  for  cuhiiict  work,  aud  the  cjtqiiisitii  flniRh  it 
udiuite  of.  Thuru  uro  nuinvroua  varicltL'ii'^  of  this  true;  the 
light  niqdti,  remurkuhle  for  Ihii  extreme  whitencBB  of  its  wood, 
in  known  as  the  "  Ghdlio"  "•  maple  in  Italy  beyond  llm  I'lidus, 
heing  a  native  of  the  couutries  bt-yond  the  Aljta.  AnoLhur 
kind  is  covured  with  wavy  »pot»  ranuiug  ia  all  direuUona. 
In  coiiHtiri^UL-Qcc;  of  ila  superior  heaiity  it  has  retjcivud  ite  utiaio,** 
from  iU  strong  resemblunce  to  the  murks  wliich  iire  iwvit  io 
the  tail  of  the  peacock ;  the  finest  kiiida  aru  iboae  which  grow 
in  ttitria  oind  Itbietia.  Ad  in&rior  8ort  of  maple  is  known  u 
"cniseivnnium.'*^ 

Txio  UruL-ks  difttingiiisli  the  varieties  aceonling  to  their  re- 
epeotivo  localities.  The  niaplo  of  the  plains,**  titey  eay,  ia 
white,  and  not  wavy ;  thoy  give  it  the  name  of  "  gliuwa." 
On  tku  other  hutiil,  tho  muunlauu  muplt:,**  tlivy  Guy,  is  of  a 
ittoro  Yiuiegutcd  upjieuraucu,  and  harder,  the  wood  of  the  mule 
tree  being  more  particularly  bo,  and  the  test  adapted  fur  spc- 

■  "Tereiio,"  If  iio  iiieQiis  under  (hi»  Tiflme  to  iDcluiie  thiit  tineu  m 
WoU,  the  UHC'ttii>n  is  fur  luo  g<:ai:ral,  ns  lliU  %(>c)d  ix  enwa  nwu;-  br  iutocu, 
thou^  more  aluwly  tbui  tliu  nujnnty  of  tlic  aon-rcaiiioui  wuo^.  It  it 
Home  times  pcrfnmtcd  (iiiito  througli  bv  the  Lirvn;  of  ihc  byirhuj,  our  desUt- 
watuh. 

"  Tliis  in  inrnnect.  It  altiins  tt  very  cnnaidcntblc  I'inight,  aud  tome- 
Uini*  VI  L-iiurmuus  «ixc.  Tlia  trunli  Is  kuovra  tu  groir  U)  lu  iMuvb  u  for;y 
or  fiftr  fu<jt  in  druumfcrciicv. 

"  The  miijili'  u  rauch  Iiun  In  aiu  thui  vbat  the  lime  or  \iadtn  really  u. 

«  8r^B  B.  liii.  e,  28. 

**  Via  «j«  tiicri;  nrc  but  Ore  vxrii'Lici  uf  Uie  nmjilt  known  in  Kianoe. 
Ue  dciabtj  vltether  the  umiiiuDti  mupli.',  the  Acer  Gumpmtre  iif  Liuiiiciu, 
vu  known  W  (be  anuionU. 

**  Fi-a  idcBlJtli'a  tt  with  the  ABeipMudn-ptatanui  of  Linnaoiti,  thrt  A«r 
mantsnuni  wiiidiilum  of  <!.  Hunbin.     Tbi»  tim  in  rml  unftimniiiTi  in  lljily. 

"*  "  Aciir  [lavoriiiCBuin  :"  "  poiicoi't  iiia|jlB,"  lie  givutaatiuilaiuccount 
of  ibo  spots  on  Ibfl  vnott  ot  tlm  uLriu,  it.  ziiL  o-  111- 

•^  Or  "tlcck-yuiiwd"  Hiiiiib. 

■"  SiippOMd  by  K6e  lo  hu  iub  Acer  Moitupcuukcui  of  Ltoajsua,  also  the 
Acer  triiuDuin  of  LinniEuti. 

"  A  Tuiuty  of  tUe  Acsr  pieuilo-pUtftiiui  of  Liniueui,  according  to  F^. 


PLDTI'g  HATCBXL  HISTOBr.  [Do&k  XVI, 

cimens  of  ctc^iuit  wurkmaDBhip.  A  third  hind,  a^in,  accord- 
ing to  tlie  Greckn,  ia  tlie  zygia,"*  witli  u  rutl  wwni,  vbioh  is 
easily  split,  and  a  piile,  lougt  liai-t.  OlLf  r  authoi-s,  howeTer, 
prefer  to  moke  of  this  loitt  a  pecaUM*  species,  and  give  it  in 
Ltitia  the  niiino  of  "  ctirjniiuB." 

CHAP.  27.(16.) — BBFSCTJf:   MOLtHRCDM  ;  THEBTAPOTLODEItlUlOT. 

But  the  moet  b(uiuliAil  feature  of  all  Id  tlic  maple  is  ythaX  it 
known  as  >irugcain,  and,  even  more  particularlj-  90,  tho  mol- 
luBuum.  These  aro  botli  of  them  tulieroaitica  of  this  tree,  tiie 
bruBtium  preseotiBg  veiua  mofe  violmitly  cuutortecl,  wUilo  thoee 
of  the  monusciiia  are  disposed  in  a  more  eimplo  tmd  uuit^rm 
manner:  indt^ed,  if  tLis  hist  were  of  euMuiuiitly  large  size  to 
admit  of  tubies  being  niiide  of  it,  thitv  is  no  duubt  tlmt  it 
would  be  preferred  to  llie  wood  of  the  citrus  even.  At  Iha 
present  day.  however,  wo  find  it  but  little  used  except  for  the 
leaven  of  tablets,  or  tin  a  veaetr  for  oonchea,*^  Tuberosities  aro 
nlao  found  on  the  aldtT,"  hut  aa  much  inlurior  to  thoao  already 
raentioned,  lus  ihu  u!d<T  itai^if  is  to  the  mapla  In  the  maple 
thfi  mole  Lj'cc"^  Ih  Uio  &i-st  to  blossom.  The  trons  that  tVcquunt 
dry  Bpote  iu;e  prefiirrcd  to  ihose  that  grow  lil  wutery  Ittoalities, 
ichich  iB  th€  eaan  iilso  with  tho  ash. 

ThcTL'  in  hand  in  the  couutriuB  beyond  the  Alps  a  tree,  Ui^ 
wood  of  whioh  ia  rery  sLmilar  to  that  of  tli«  wbit«  maple,  and 
which  IB  known  as  tb«  staphylixlcndron."  Thi*  tree  bean  ik 
pod"  in  which  tiiete  is  found  a  kemelj  which  has  the  flavour 
of  the  hazel-nut. 

CttAp,  2S. THKEE  VABIEXIX8  OF  THK  UOX-TKKJS. 

One  of  the  most  highly  esteemed  of  nil  the  woods  u  the 

'*'  The  Cur|iinus  bctutus  of  LinniuUB ;  the  >iorn-lirain  or  j'okc-rlni. 

•'  "  8iliciij«."  Tiiia  wonl  appi-HT«  In  im  Bijitftim-d  by  the  iiocom]iiiri\'iQj[ 
word  "  Inraimi* ;"  Init  it  is  nry  d«uLn.Hil  wimt  i*  ttiu  utirrvt't  [vibdiuj^. 

"*  Thfl  Ainua  glutinoBa  at  DecandoUcH.  Ia  0.  aS,  Pliny  SBya,  Tory  in- 
co-tTc'ctly,  tba.t  tlic  ulJi-i'  has  11  rLnuirLilily  l.liii'k  Inif ;  luid  In  c,  4&,  witb 
Vliihl  iiicurrui'tnuM,  llmt  it  hiMT»  ueithur  aotiil  iiui  fruit. 

>**  F^B  ubavrros,  tkiit  it  ts  iiicx)rTM.'t  Ui  uiy  tkat  the  male  trco  bloMoau 
b*rotu  iba  femals,  if  suiil)  u  Pliny's  m«iiiintf  We, 

**  .From  tliB  (Jraelt.  meaning  "11  Iteb  wtLh  cluitera."  IlialbeStaphjUa 
ptnnatJi  of  Linnasud,  the  wild  or  fulae  pisHwhio  of  th6  Frouch. 

">  ■'  SilimijL"  This  term,  Fee  »aja,  is  vury  iiiiippnipridle  to  the  frah  of 
tbiii  tree,  which  U  coatained  in  a  ni<.-ciili[auuuH  i:apsuJ«.  Ihs  knuol  itoilfi 
and  Iluh  tli«  U^to  of  (be  almunil  moia  thun  the  nut. 


Clmy.  33.]       TirnEE  tasieties  or  thb  boi-tqke. 

Wx,"  Imt  it  ie  Belciom  vein^ict,  and  then  only  the.wooii  of  tliu 
rwt.  la  olhvT  ruBpecte,  it  h  a  wood,  so  to  eay,  of  qiiu;l  and 
uapreteudiog  appfuj-iiuve,  but  higKly  estuomeJ  Cur  u  curhuu 
dcgrtio  of  htirdatas  and  ite  pallid  hue;  thfl  tree,  too,  is  veiy 
extenfiively  cmployi-d  in  ori)uiti<-iit»l  giirilfmni^;.'^  Tlitrt-  ant 
ihtcb*^  raxioUca  af  it.:  thn  IJalUi;"' box,  whio^  is  trained  to 
Bb.oot  npwitrds  in  u  pymraidal  form,  find  atuina  n  very  cuUBi- 
dcraUo  hiAight;  tlie  (deusler,'  whiuh  is  coiidomned  as  buing 
utUirlj  wurthlcsa,  und  emits  a  di^agnienbtu  udour ;  and  a  third, 
iuiuwa  as  ilit  "  ituliun"  box/  u  wild  vumiy,  in  my  opinion, 
'which  has  been  improTcd  by  cultivation.  This  last  spruads 
inurti  than  tho  c^thtTs,  and  fortus  u  Uiick  faodgu :  it  la  itu  L>v-ur- 
green,  und  is  eiisify  clippt^d. 

Tho  box-tree  abouiiJa  on  the  Pyrenaan'  nuigfl,  the  moun- 
tains of  Cylorua,  and  the  country  about  iieituynthus.'  Th« 
trank  grows  to  the  largosC  size  in  th&  island  of  Cowicn,*  and 
ila  bluBsom  is  by  no  itimms  dospieablu ;  it  ii  [his  that  causes 
the  lioney  Ihuj-c-  to  be  hiiUiv."  Thu  seed  of  tho  box.  is  hidd  in 
uveniou  by  all  aniiDals.  That  \vhi<:h  grows  upon  Slount 
OlympuB  iu  Muvedoata  is  not  more  slender  tiiuu  tht'  oUiirr 
kinds,  but  the  Uvu  is  of  a  more  stuutbd  gixjwtb.  It  lovt^a 
spots  exposed  to  the  cold  wuids  and  tiie  sun  :  in  fire,  too,  it 
iDHiiifusta  all  tho  hardm-ss  of  irou  ;  it  giTea  out  no  ti;tme,  and 
ia  of  no.  Q9c  wliaU'ver  tut  the  niannfacturc  of  cKarooal.' 

**  Tbo  t'.uxus  BempurTirons  of  Liiiutcus. 

"  Jt  i«  Ktill  cii.pnsniJ)'  iiBKd  foe  a  jifiiiUr  parpoee. 

"  Thfrc  11111  only  twri  ^jicfii-a  imw known  ,  iJmt.  prcvinunljr  mentioned, 
a.nd  the  Uuxiu  llali;uru:4t  of  l^tunaruk.  The  ttral  lb  Jividctl  intu  ike  fuur 
vjrictiit,  nr)>i)retii.^nnH,  !ingiiKtit~>ijL],'i,  siLtTruticusa,  and  niyrtifiilin. 

"  Tim  Utixiin  »urri}iurv!i\'iu  of  Liunwun  ;  tmj  LOiumuii  in  tl«i  •outh  if 
Fruace,  nad  <>n  ibi)  bank*  •>(  llic  L<?in;. 

'  It  it  ilaubtt'ul  it'  thu  ii^  a  bui  at  nil.  The  wild  ulive,  m^nllaned  in  K. 
sv.  c.  7,  liiui  thE  aaiae  numei  ali  tiic  Tailclioi  nf  thu  Ik>i  emit  a  diwi^ive- 
uIiIr  ttinuU. 

^  A  vuriftj'  of  the  Butua  tempernnna,  the  utmii  an  tbn  Huku>  itiiffruli- 
cm  i>r  LitiuarcL. 

»  Thf  I'yrcnfan  box  is  moBtly  of  th«  arbcircMwiU  kiiiil, 

'  In  riiij-i,'ii.,     Bti;  U.  V.  c.  ■HI. 

■^  Tiie  wiHirtscaut  VHiiwt)', 

"  Tliii  ia  doulilal  bj  i'ie,  but  it  is  by  du  ni«an<  imjiuiuLblr.  In  Penn- 
Rjlraaia  the  bi.t«  iwlloul  a  pnitonoiu  taoiiL*}-  fruia  thn  KliIiiiia  intifoltu. 

'  A  TCiT  gu4id  ubLirc'iitd  itii^lil  bv  tiitiau  fruiu  it,  li<ii  (}i(i  wuvil  i«  too 
raluttble  /of  such  &  purposu  It  biuaa  ^vitll  u  bri^lii,  gIvu  llam{',  and 
tbruws  out  A  o(>lJAuii!iitb>i)  bi^l, 

\0L.   111.  B   B 


3:o 


PLISY'S    SATiniAL   HISTOHT. 


[Book  XTL 


CHAP,  29,   (17.) — PUntt  VARIETIES  OP  TUB  ELM. 

Midway  botwcon  tho  preceding'  ones  nnd  the  frait-trws 
RLundB  tlio  «]m,  pirUikin^  at  tho  nature  of  Uie  former  in  im 
wood,  aud  lieiu^  ukiii  to  Lhu  latter  in  Lbe  Meadship  which  it 
nmnitestd  tor  the  vine.*  The  Greeks  distinguish  two  varietius  <i( 
this  tree  ;  tho  inount.ftin'^  lIki,  which  is  tlic  Inrger  of  the  two, 
and  that  of  tlie  jiluins,  wtiich  is  more  ftlinibby.  Italy  givet 
thfl  namoof  "  Atinia"'"  to  the  more  loftj' kinda,  and  gives  tlie 
prff^roncfl  to  thciso  which  ore  of  a  dry  nature  and  will  not 
prow  in  damp  lociiIitieB.  Another  variety  ie  the  Gallic  elm," 
and  a  third,  ihGltaliau."  with  leaves  Ijing  doscir  togothor,  and 
epringiitg  in  greater  mimbcre  from  a  aiiiglc  etallt.  A  fuurtli 
kind  25  tho  wild  dm.  Tlie  Atiuia  dues  not  produce  any 
Bamara."  thut  being  the  name  given  to  the  seed  of  the  elm, 
All  tha  elnja  will  grow  from  slipa  or  euttings,  nnd  nil  of  thoiii, 
Tvith  the  exception  of  the  Atinio,  moy  be  propagated  irom 
seed. 

ODAT.  30.  (18.) THK  KAIUBES  OF  THE  TAKIOCS  laSES  ACCOHSINO 

TO  TUEIB  LnClLlTlES  :    THK   UODKIAIN  TEEES,    AHD   THE   IKKXX 
OV  TflR  PL*1H. 

Having  now  made  mention  of  the  more  remarkable  (ret*,  it 
remains  for  me  to  slate  some  geoeral  facl^  countcted  with 
them  all.  The  cednr,  tho  laruh,  the  torch-tree,  and  the  other 
rosinous  trees  profar  mountainona  localities:"  the  same  is 
the  case  also  with  the  aquiColia,  the  box,  tho  holm-oak,  thfl 
juniper,  the  tcrchinlli,  the  poplar,  the  wild  mountain-ash,  and 

'  Attboiigli  fin  toramon.too,  witli  oilier  LrcM)  it  is  hspiI  im  n  snpport  for 
(Ije  \inK.  iixai.  docs  ant  anj  the  marc  make  it  of  tlic  bhwc  uutiuc  m  tb( 
Cm  it- tract. 

>  The  Ulm<u  effiua  of  Willdenow  i  thetHniiM  tDontanaof  SDOitli :  fbr. 
Srit. 

'"  Tho  UlmuB  campcEtris  of  Lirnimui;  tho  TTlnmB  marita  nt  other  ht- 
lihwis.  "  Thw  ordiniiry  elm,  Fee  thinks. 

1"  A  yarltiv  of  l)ie  UJmuB  oininEslris,  probaiily. 

•*  Tliis  imran  is  iti  LI  prcBcrveJ  Ijv  lotanisU  i'Uny  in  incorrect  in  MjhiK 
that  tho  lui'ge  olm  proi.Iui.'i'g  no  naeA,  iht'  only  (.iifurcauc  hving  xhaX  tii*  aiwd 
ia  Birmllar  tlian  in  Itic  other  kinds.  CuluniHlo,  B.  t.  h.  6,  contradiata  tht 
•tnicTnent  lifre  n^llll•^  liv  Pliny,  but  aaya  thut  it  appean  to  be  sterile,  in 
coinjaridon  with  thi;  utliera. 

1'  The  riimi  maritiaiii  of  Linnsaa,  wljtab  produce*  tb<i  groater  p&itof 
tho  TO»ins  Ti&od  in  Fra7i(«,  U  found,  howtvoi,  iu  ^lut  abuitdiuioc  in  tbt 
fiat  couDtry  of  the  Luidui. 


Chap.  SO.] 


SATUURa   OF   TAnroUS   TAEEa. 


I 


the  yolte-elm."  On  the  ApenoineB  there  U  also  fouad  a  ihiub 
Icnown  as  the  "coMduk,""  t'uiuoiw  fur  imparling  to  cloth  u 
purple  colour  liUe  that  of  llie  mur<!jc.  The  tir,  the  robur,  the 
chcnniit,  iho  lime,  the  liolm-oalc,  and  the  cornel  will  grow 
W[ua]ly  well  oil  monnUtiii  or  iu  vulloy;  while  the  maple,"  the 
ttsh,  tUu  B^rvico,  tbti  lindfii,  and  the  cherry,  more  piiriicularly 
prefer  a  wiittry  sjjot  on  iha  slopo  of  a  hilly  declivity.  It  is 
not  often  Ihitt  wo  »ee  the  plum,  the  pirinif^unatCj  the  olivt, 
the  wulttut,  the  umlbcrry,  or  the  elder,  growiiifj  on  iiii  elevatpil 
site:  tin-  cornel,  too,  the  hiizifl,  i\\v  qiiercus,  the  wilti  ash^  the 
maple,  the  a.>«h,  the  heech,  ttrid  the  yote-elm,  descund  to  the 
plains;  while  the  elm,  tlio  apple,  the  pear,  the  hiiird,  the 
myrtle,  the  htood-red"  shrub,  Iho  bolm-oak,  nnd  the  brooms '" 
that  ure  Gmployecl  in  dyeing  oLoths,  all  of  them  aspire  to  a 
more  eleynted  locfdity. 

The  sorb,'"  and  even  atill  more  the  hireh,"  ar*  fond  of  a 
cold  site;  thi:s  hidt  Ib  it  Dutive  of  Uuul,  of  singular  whitL'Uiw 
and  slender  shape,  and  rendered  terrible  as  t'orming  the  t'ascea 
of  the  magistrawy.  From  its  flexibility  it  is  employed  uhw  in 
making  cin;lets  aLd  the  rib*  of  pHunit^rB.  In  Gaul,'*  too,  ihey 
extract  a  bitumen  from  it  by  boiling.  To  a  oold  site,  aleo. 
belonga  the  thorn,  which  sfl'urds  thii  most  aaspidous  lorchca" 

'=  Oa  tliecoJitmry.  the  yolcc-olm,  oi  horn-boani.  ciowsiilaLOBt  oacluai*oIy 
on  the  pinion :  an'i  ibr-  saiw  witli  thi^  cornel  iinii  the  poplar. 

'•  Tlie  ninis  tutinua  of  Litimeus,  ttiu  fustic.  See  H.  siti.  p.  41.  Thi«, 
linwernr,  imn.irts  n  yellow  cnlniir^  whilr  I'Imy  Kjipuka  of  a  [lotple.  It  bus 
iR'on  tHurkil,  llowoTOT,  llml  [he  ruol*  of  si  pro<!u-ce  »  fine  red,  There  is 
no  trot)  ill  }£urupD  that  prL>dtic<?i  u  pur|>li'  fur  il^teiug. 

*'  'I'hn  maple,  (lii;  oak,  und  Dm  KurvioS'tieu,  are  as  ofion  foaad  ia  tlig 
[)liiiQ»  ta  ou  tlio  hills 

'"  Sv.e  c.  43,  ami  D.  xx\v.  c.  AS.  Tlie  Cornu*  wiiigiiin«  nf  Liniifciis, 
the  blood-rwl  romi'l  ;  tlic  brani^hts  of  which  nro  rud  iti  llie  wmtiT,  siid  lli« 
fritit  fillud  Willi  alihidil-TLii  juiu*).  TliU  is  probahty  tWwmeihrub  as  the 
nialB  orach  marilioiicd  fiii'thor  on  by  PLiny. 

'"  Tte  Gr-nin.a  tifiiii«ri«  tit  lAnnmta,  or  "dy-srs""  broom. 

="  Or  "  aetviM-[r.;f>,"  the  Sorhiw  dom«8lica  of  Linninua.  It  ihriTM  jurt 
(\E  well  in  n  warm  loi^ulily  as  a  cold  oti<i. 

"  Tlia  Hnala  alba  nf  Linmviw.  It  wns  sn  ohjnfl  of  tPtrir  nut  only 
in  the  tinnda  at  tlia  ItomuD  li'ctor,  btit  iu  tUusi;  of  llie  wdiigozne  aUii, 
nnd  is  Biill  to  coma  niicnt.  Ucnco  it  ins  furmixl/  aivkaiiDied  "Arbor 
wipipntinf,"  the  "  irtx  of  wisdo-m." 

*•  Tliia  IS  no  lungur  d»iw  in  rmneo,  l»«t  it  is  in  Biwsin.  wherr  ihf.y  »1- 
traet  from  it  an  Bmiiyreuitiiitio  ail,  wliiuii  iaused  ia  pr<-piLricigllua*iii  liiatliur, 
and  wtiicli  iinparU  to  it  its  sgnwahie  smulL 

"  BtjiSv  butli  uf  wLoBe  jtarciiU  were  eaciiriujf,  usud  lo  c^jry  bcfuru  tlio 

n  a  2 


372 


rLINC  H   HATCTBAL   HISTUUT. 


[Book  X\t. 


ef  all  &T  the  nnptiat  ceremonj;  ft«m  the  eirciimstanc^,  sa 
MaBBorUis  aaaurcs  ns,  that  the  eln.'phi>rdB,  on  the  occwion  of 
tho  mpc  of  tho  Sabine  women,  mme  tht'ir  turclics  of  the  wood 
of  thia  tree  :  at  the  preai-nt  clay,  hoWLM'er,  the  woods  «f  the 
yoke-elm  and  tho  hazal  uro  mtxn  geutirully  uoiployctl  fur  tliu 
p'jrpose. 

OQ-ii*.  31.- — TRKE8  wiircn  Qnow  ON  A  nnv  son,:  tdobb  wmmi 

AltR  rODND    IN  WHT    L0C4ilTiE9  :    THOHK  WHICH    AKK    POPKD   n 
BOTH  nraiFPHRBNTLT. 

The  cyprcsfl,  the  walnut,  tlie  nhi^aut,  and  the  Inlmronin,** 

aro  averse  to  water.  This  lust  trco  is  also  a  liutivu  of  tin 
Alps,  and  fiiu-  Irom  gunuraliy  kiiuwii :  tbe  wood  is  hard  mi 
wliite.^  and  tho  flgwere,  which  are  a  cuhit"  ui  lon^th,  do  bee 
■w'iU  evtr  tijuch.  The  ehnib,  tuo,  known  as  Jiipitttr'B  beurd," 
mariit'oKtM  tin  cqviai  diiilikti  to  wuter :  it  is  ot'len  cli|]])»d.  And  it 
employed  in  ornameutal  garduuiiig,  being  of  a  round,  IxiahT 
f'tToi,  with  It  MilvLTy  Ifitf,  The  willow,  the  alder,  the  poplar," 
tlio  sili-r,''  and  the  privet,"  so  extenBLvuly  empIuyLHl  for  niiikijg 
tullios,*'  will  unly  grow  in  damp,  wati^y  ]pluct.-ii ;  whiuh  ia  tku 

bridi!  a  toruh  gf  white  tiiora.  This  llioru  was,  not  impnibriLlj,  tho  "Cra- 
tmjiras  DSyjLcantliu"  of  LiuLRUit,  wljiuli  bears  n  nUite  fiuwcr.  Sec  B.  xsii. 
t  66. 

**  TKi-'  Cytiitui  lubiiruuni  of  Linnvus,  iilau  kuuwn  M  "  fdac  thouy,"  itill 
a  native  of  lh«  Alp*. 

'*  Rut  bln<;klii1i  iit  titi!  c(^nlrc;  wlionoo  itn  natnc  o£tal»ii  vbony, 

"  Mi'ttEiiii^  the  oliifii&ra  ut  tho  fluw»r». 

"  Till:  Antliylliii  bntbn  Jorio  nf  mailuin  b-tituniiitH.  The  Imvu  hare 
xtpaa  tliE'iti  a  silvtrjr  dowu,  wLcitco  tb«  nciitio  "  urgytoptijUo,"  ^ven  Co  il 
bj  Mft-ndi. 

■^  But  in  Q.  30,  ti»  says  tliat  tlie  popl&r  grom  on  htUy  or  momiuiiaom 
decUritioa. 

''■'  Ihia  tree  has  not  bcun  stLlisfdctarily  idoniified ;  bat  Pfe  is  of  optRtao 
that  it  is  ^rrihnhly  n  Tniictv  of  the  wilh^,  tbn  Halix  ntEllina  of  LiiuuBui. 
Sprciipel  tliints  Lliflt  it  is  tlie  Siiliit  ■tapripiL 

"^  The  Lii^iistTiim  vulgare  nf  T.iiiiiniui       li  lins  hlack  frnit   nnd   a  wllitt 
fluwui,  uid  is  ruiiduruil  luiuous  bj  the  lin<is  ul'  Virg:il — Evl,  ii.  17  : 
"  0  formoac  pn-ar,  niiniiini  nt  erode  eoLuri ; 
Alba  ligiiati'it  tn<luDt,  rncciinkii  iiigm  IvKuntur.*' 
It  ii  lendt^tU  this  jiutiipoiiitiuu  lliat  hat  pruiuptcd  Pliu?  to  mrutJnu  Uiic 
Tiirniniuiii  m  llic  aii(!i:«L'iIiUK  pjusucc.      la  B.  xij.  u.  J>1,  und  H.  xxiv.  o-l^< 
Tlin^  seiTiiig  iiiullneU  to  cuiiruuud  tbia  blirub  with  tli^  Cypni*.  Lliu  Lavnctia 
inLTFnia  of  Lianxiit,  tho  Heitnti  of  tlio  eaitl,  n.  tthtnU}'  ilitrLfnt  plunL 

"  Wo(id«n  talLios  nsi^i  hv  piiliLiooffiuuta  iiikeieping  lUmraccountai'niqr 
vw«  employod  till  the  middle  iLg«a. 


'^mp.  430 


TH«   RHODODWrOHOS. 


373 


can  olsoffith  tlio  vncciniiim,"' grown  in  Italy  for  drugging  our 
dftTce/^  and  in  Oaiil  tor  tJit  jinqjose  of  (It,  einR  the  garrueubi  of 
alaves  u  purpln  oolour.  All  thosi)  tr«rH"' wKicb  aro  common 
to  tiio  muuutiiiiiB  und  the  pluiuB,  grow  to  a  largor  size,  and  are 
of  more  comely  appeuruuco  when  grown  on  iliu  pluinFi,  while 
tliciae  Ibuntl  on  the  momntains  have  a  lif'tl'.'r  ivuod  mid  luoru 
li:ivly  winod,  with  Lbo  uxcfption  of  the  apple  and  the  p^'ur. 

nr*p.  S2.  (19.) — ditbioh  of  tbrm  ikto  v*mora  bfbcies. 

Tn  addition  to  these  parlicnlfirs,  same  of  tlio  trpes  loit  thfir 
leitves,  while  otht-ra,  ngnin,  ore  ertr^iwus.  Before,  however, 
we  trL'flt  of  thia  distinction,  it  will  ho  necnarory  first  to  touch 
uiwn.  another.  Tlirre  arc  soniu  tifca  thiit  iiro  ulLogmhtT  at'  a 
will!  nature,  white  tliere  are  otht-rs,  ngiiin,  thai  hit  niore 
oivilized,  such  being  the  names^'  by  which  man  h«8  thought 
lit  tu  di still i^uisti  the  tiiirs.  IndcmJ,  Uiuee  lost,  which  by  fht'ir 
ti'iiitK  Of  nQuiv  "thvT  Vx-'m-iicial  property,  or  clw-  by  ihv  sljiido 
which  they  aflord,  r!iow  themaflveH  the  benelactor*  of  man, 
are  not  inappropriately  called  ' '  civilized  "  "  tree*. 

oaAT,  SS.  (20.) — TRKBs  WRicn  no  rot  m«"B  reinR  muAOit, 
TflR  Il^nllOl>^■.^DB^N.     tkeeh  wnicn  va  Kot  lobe  thk  wii*}1.k 

OP  TIIKIB  KOLIASR.       PLACES  IH  WHICH  TTIEIIE  ABE  SO  TBEEH. 

Belonging  to  tbis  last  clasa,  there  are  the  fuUowing  Iret's 
whioh  do  not  lose  their  luavcB :  the  olive,  the  Jaund,  thu 
palm,  the  myille,  the  cypivsu,  the  pine,  thu  ivy,  the  rhodo- 
d«lLdron,'^  and,  although  it  may  be  ralber  called  u  herb  than  a 
tree,  the  BaviiL."  T)ie  rhododondron,  iib  its  name  indicolMi, 
comes  from  Give™.  By  some  it  is  loiftwii  ia  the  TK^riiim,-" 
and  by  others  as  the  rhododnphne.     It  is  fin  evergreen,  bear- 

•»  "Du:  Primus  nralittlc'b,  DesfonfjiiiiffiBfly*;  hut  F-rc  iilmtilifs  it  with  the 
black  l)o»l.ti-lw^rry,  ur  wlmrtli^Wry,  utill  citllui!  ''vuctet"  in  Fiarirc^  It 
ituH  BoL,  bdwi'vur,  tcfofi,  a»  I'tiny  sayR,  in  watery  pliici>'»,  hut  In  WDoda  and 
ttn  abmtibf  hills.  *•  Sio  B'.  xxi.  c  f>7. 

»*  TbuBc  nli«ci-¥fttiotii,  F^o  saw,  ftro  hon-owfid  frura  ThcopbmslttFi,  Hwl, 
Haul.  B.  iii.  i:.  *,  jtnil  nn;  fminil'd  i.n  tratli. 

J*  ■'  Sil««*l.ri'«,"  aiiU  "  urbaiiifti'S."  '*  FrbniKL' 

"  Tb"  IfKriou  olestnilcr  of  LiiiiiKui;  llm  Unre!*roie,  nr  ruet'  nf  St.  An- 
thony  of  the  Fri;iii;bj  kbui.  »mw  cUbWiiI  rLwniblnnue  in  xlie  (tlive-lrec. 
but  iiali^fu  that  of  tba  l&urul,  and  iu  ^Sower  very  limLliir  to  tliutor 
thu  ruHlr. 

»  Sec  B.  xx'w.  e.  61.  '»  "NerLon"  is  the  Greelc  nume. 


I 


3/4 


PilBT  a  KATBSAI.  aiSTDEI. 


[Bonk  XVI. 


iiif;  a  strons  rrseniblanco  tj  the  roso-trep,  and  throwing  out 
miRierous  bruQciivs  I'rucii  Uie  stem  ;  to  bchsta  uC  buril«q,  goat^, 
xnd  sheep  it  is  poisonomi,  but  fur  mail  it  UiinaDlidQte*"  agaiiut 
■  Tcnoin  of  HTppnts. 

(21.)  The  following  among  tbn  forest-treos  do  not  lose  their 
Efl  :  the  6r,  the  larch,  tiio  piniLstiT,  the  juniptT,  the  cc-ilar, 
the  tiTebinlh,  the  box,  the  holin-yak,  the  nqiiilolin,  thy  cork. 
t\w  yew,  and  iba  tamariak."  A  middlti  pbce  between  ifiij 
(•vurgi^fna  antl  tlioao  wliiiih  are  not  bo,  is  opeupied  bj  the  an- 
dnibldu''  in  (jrecut',  iind  by  the  urbutua"  io  ail  purls  of  thv 
world ;  as  they  Iobg  all  iheir  I'Careft  with  the  vxception  of  thoBe 
on  Iho  top  of  Iho  trw.  AnaoDg  c«tam  of  the  shrubs,  too,  tbo 
limmble  ami  the  cal:iuius,  the  leaves  do  Hot  full.  In  thti  territory 
of  Thurii,  whiro  Sjharia  formerly  stood,  from  the  city  there 
WAS  a.  single  nnk"  to  bo  seen  that  uever  lost  its  leaves,  and 
■ni>ver  uaod  to  bud  before  mifUiimmer:  it  in  a  siuguhir  thing 
that  this  fflpt,  n'hifih  h:is  b<?en  so  often  alluded  lo  by  Lhe  Greek 
writers,  should  have  been  pussed  over  iu  gileuce  by  our  own." 
Indeed,  bo  reoiia-kable  are  the  virtues  that  we  fiod  belonging 
lo  some  loodities,  that  about  Mfmpliis  in  Jigypt,  and  at  I'Ue- 
phantina  in  Thebais,  th«  lensijH'*  fall  fi-oia  nouo  of  tbo  Uaat, 
not  the  vine  eren- 

CHAT.   34.   (22.) — IKE   EfATURS   OP  THE   LEAVER   WHICH   WmHB 
ACTD  FMJ.. 

All  the  trees,  with  tho  exception  of  those  ulrciidy  men- 

"'  It  hna  peitain.  dangerous  projiertipa,  whith  tanse  the  herbittoroii*  «ii- 
mati  to  aToii3  taucbiQg'  it.  it,  nctH  strmigly  on  tlie  miiBuiilnr  cyxtein,  aa<l, 
as  F^ii  rEinnr![8,  iispti  lis  aa  aiitiJote  to  tlio  slings  of  serpents,  it  is  not  un- 
yrobsitlo  thut  its  iiJl'ct't  ffoulil  be  the  win-st  cf  the  »wo. 

"  Sflc  L).  siii,  c.  37.  Tlin  tamarisk  of  tlio  modi^rnn  is  no*  itn  eTCTpTcno, 
wliicli  lias  fB.UBeii  writcra  to  ilouht  if  it  is  Jilpiitical  wilii  tlio  tamumtiui  of 
till!  imcLcot*,  a.i]J  lo  be  diapoHod  to  ioolt  for  it  atnoiiH?  llie  Urgt.'r  cricm  nr 
li"?atli",  Tlie  IraTca  of  the  Inrch  fiiU  every  year ;  ^^(^»e  of  tii«  '.'tlier  otbc* 
gr4)L'u«  moEtl;  e'cry  two  »r  Ibrce  years.  •»  Hm  U  xiii.  c,  10. 

^'^  See  D.  xiii.  c.  40.  This  iisserlion  of  PUny  ib  erroneoufl,  as  fhiiit  IreM 
Arc  in  reality  (!ver^ei^^ns.lJtoiigh  all  tn^M  of  LbjitoluHue  tiablc  toIgMtheLT 
l^iHVHS  lliruugb  ctrlaii]  maliirJics. 

"  "tJuerBiiJi,"     Tlie  ilux  at  linlm-(n»li  is  Hn  evergrinea. 

**  Pliny  it  in  error  here.  Vurro,  Do  Jle  Rust,  ii,  i.  «.  7,  Itaaoiadc  tnai- 
Uon  of  this  tiee. 

w  'ITifl  hot  climatM  pnascas  a  erontpr  nnmbr^i  of  ovc^rffreenn  than  tho  t«n- 

Ctc  reffioR*,  but  not,  of  thu  bomii  ti|i«uiea  ur  ^uui,     rluc  (iaw  Uinuiably 
I  il«  learn  each  jrtdir. 


^ 


Cliap.  S6.J       THEKS  WITS  IHATXa  OF  TAHIOCa  COLOrRS. 

tioQod — a  liet  wliich  it  would  be  tcdiotis  to  cDumemte — Ioeiu 
Iheir  leuveei.  tiad  it  has  bei'a  obet:^rvtjd  tbat  the  Ivuf  dues  nut 
dry  up  and  wither  luilesH  it  is  thin,  broad,  and  soft;  while, 
on  the  other  liond,  tho  lenvi-a  that  do  not  fall  are  those  wliicJi 
are  fleshy,  thick,  and  narrow."  It  ia  an  erroneous  theory 
that  the  leaf  JoeS  not  &l11  in  ihoee  trees  the  juices  of  which 
are  more!  uoctuoua  than  the  rest ;  for  who  could  make  out  that 
such  is  tho  caao  with  tbu  hoLm-osk,  for  iostuuce  ?  TimtGua, 
the  mathemuticiau,  ia  of  opiuioa  that  the  leaves  lull  whilu  thu 
SUB  is  pusBiiig  through  the  sign  of  Suorptu,  buing  uctcd  upoL  by 
the  taflucncee  of  that  lumiiiary,  atid  a  certaiu  tbiioiu  which 
exists  in  the  atmosphere :  but  then  we  havQ  a  right  to  wondur 
how  it  is  that,  the  same  reasons  cxietiiig,  the  eaiue  iuiiu«:Qca 
is  not  exercised  equally  on  nil. 

Tbe  leaves  of  moet  treea  fall  in  autuom,  bat  in  eome  at  a 
litter  [leriod,  rtbtnoining  on  the  treo  till  the  approLL-h  uf  winter, 
it  making  no  diiTt^runoc  whether  they  havo  germinated  at  an 
earlier  period  or  ti  later,  seeing  that  some  that  are  the  vory 
firat  to  hud  are  among  tiie  last  to  lose  their  leaves  —  th« 
almond,  the  ash,  anil  the  elder,  for  instancfc ;  the  mulbt-rry, 
ontheMber  hand,  buds  the  loet  of  all,  and  loBea  ita  \tavt$ 
among  the  very  fiwt.  The  Hoil,  too,  exercises  a  very  consi- 
derable ioiluence  in  this  reepcet:  the  teaves  falling  sooner 
where  it  is  dry  and  thin,  and  more  purtieiilarly  when  the  tree 
ia  old  :  iadccd,  thcro  are  many  trees  that  i^ise  them  botoro  tbu 
ft-uit  is  ripe,  aa  in  the  case  of  the  late  Hg,  for  iaetunce,  and  tho 
winter  pear ;  oo  the  pomegranate,  too,  the  fruit,  when  ripe, 
beholds  nothing  but  the  trunk  of  the  patent  trpe.  ;Vnd  not 
even  upon  tho&o  treos  which  always  retain  their  foliage  do  the 
same  karea  always  remain,  for  as  others  shoot  up  benealti  them, 
the  old  leaves  gradually  wither  away :  this  t^es  place  about 
the  aolBtibe»  more  partiuulurly. 

CHAP.  35.' — TBEES  WHICH  HAVE  LEAVES  OP  TAElOrS  COLOWHS; 
TBEKS  W]IiI  LEAYKS  OF  VAJUOOt)  dflAFUa.  TKltEK  VAhlKTriM 
or   THK   POPIAII. 

The  leaves  continue  the  aame  upon  every  species  of  tree, 
"  Tbi*  Last  iLMOitiOD,  F^  laji,  IB  far  from  trae^  In  rdntioii  to  ibc  coni- 


376 


PLIST  B    NATL-BAI.    HISTQRT. 


[BooV  XVT. 


wiLli  the  exL'eptiim  of  the  poplar,  the  ivy,  and  tho  croton, 
which  we  have  tilrt;aiiy  nmulJuued  us  bring  called  (lie  "ciCU8."" 
(2S  J  There  are  three  kinds  of  poplar ;  the  while,"  the 
blmsk,"  and  tht*  ono  ku-own  ti3  the  Libyiiti*'  poplar,  with  Hvt-ry 
cliiiimutive  leaf,  and  Hxtnimely  black  ;  mutih  CBlteracd  also  fur 
UiQ  iuaip.  wtiiuli  ifrow  from  it.  Tho  whito  poplar  han  a  pitrti- 
coloured  leaf,  wnit«  oa  the  upper  side  and  grccii  ln'noatli. 
This  jiopliir,  as  also  the  bliick  variety,  and  the  croton,  bavo  a 
roiiudf  J  leaf  wheji  ycumg,  as  thougli  it  haii  Wta  dt'strribed  wilJi 
a  pair  of  compasaeB,  but  when  it  becomes  oliier  the  lt«tf  throirs 
out  angular  pvojoctions.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Itaf  of  thu 
ivy,"  which  is  an^iiltir  at  first,  bdconies  rountlcr,  the  older  the 
tree.  From  thti  leaves  of  tlie  poplnr  Ihi-ni  fjilla  a  Tcry  ihictr 
down  ;**  upon  tlio  white  poplar,  whidi,  it  is  said,  has  agrenter 
quMLtity  of  leaves  thuu  Uio  otbi're,  this  down  is  quite  whiu-, 
rwembling  locks  of  wool.  The  letivts  of  the  pomegranate  &iid 
tbu  ollnond  are  red. 

CEAP.  S6. LEAVES  WHICH  TPEff  EOCHD  BTEBY  YELR. 

V?f,  find  n  most  rpmarkable  and,  indeed,  a  mftrvellons  pwiili- 
arity"  existing:  in  the  elm,  the  lime,  the  olivp,  the  white  pop- 
liir,  nncl  the  willow ;  for  immediately  alter  tho  sammcr  soUtii.'e 
tho  lerives  of  thrao  trees  turn  completuly  nmiid ;  indeed,  vc 
hiwe  no  sign  which  iudicatt'B  witli  groatcr  c«rLainty  that  that 
period  has  past. 

(34.)  These  treea  also  present  in  their  learea  tlie  &aine  dif- 
ft?renc6  that  i«  to  bo  of)norveil  in  those  of  all  the  rest:  the 
underside,  wMi:h  looka  towards  the  ground,  is  uf  a  grseo, 

'*  8m  B.  xr.  0.  7.  i' Tho  Populitt  ^In  of  Lionsiu. 

**  The  Pnpiiliis  nijfra  nf  T.ibiiiibub 

')  Tho  I'uiiiilu*  Iri'miiliL  of  Linnsiis.  TIiis  itaCcmeut  sa  tO  tilt  Icatw  of 
the  poptitr  is  v«ri9vil  b;  niodoni  experience. 

"  '\  hiR  rifirsi  not  npjicar  to  lie  ciiully  corruRt  aa  Co  tUe  iTj.  Th«  iMra 
an  lb«  fawufT  «iifli«r»  «r  the  "Id  and  Rlcrilc  bmnchc-*  ara  diritlad  into  tfane 
orfivn  rpgiilnr  U>hi4,  whilii  Lhuse  whicb  ata^  on  tliu  branulicc  dwtiD>J 
to  bvdT  t1l«  bloMnniB  are  ovbIs  it  Luicf^olatrtl  ovilIx  in  uliiipa. 

'^  It  \u  not  frdin  [be  1cbvi.«,  but  Crooi  tbu  fltuitortbu  tree  that  this  deva 
falls ;  the  sot.iis  bijing  cnr<iluped  witb  a  cottouy  tubiCiuuiii.  Thid  P^f* 
i«  hnpclMsly  crtrriipt. 

1^  &CV  B.  xviii.  c.  68,  where  he  cnlarpeS  »till  fiitllicr  oa  thU  am-rtiA 
niTiiii'iirity  i  he  borrows  bii  8t«Uia«nt  irom  Tbeujibrnalus,  Uut.  I'UnL 
if.  i.  c.  16. 


Cbap.  SB.] 


TACTS  COSTTECTHD  WITH  LEATEa, 


;i77 


gmaey  colour,  and  has  »  smooth  surfute  ;"  while  the  vpins,  the 
callous  still,  and  tlie  uxtictilutionB,  lia  upoo  Uie  ujfpcr  Sica,  IIjo 
veiRN  ninking  icciiiionii  iti  the  pails  bfneatli,  like  tliose  to  lio 
seen  iipoii  the  huiiifin  hand.  T!io  Icu-f  of  Ihe  olive  is  whiter 
ahove,  ind  not  so  smooth ;  the  same  ia  the  case,  too,  with  thttt 
of  the  ivy.  The  IfJivea  of  all  trees  turn"  overy  day  to. 
■vt'tirda  the  siin,  the  object  being  that  iho  untkr  aide  muy  be 
warmed  by  its  heat.  The  upper  surt'tico  of  ihtin  nil  has  a 
down  upon  it,  in  howcTur  smull  qumitity  it  may  bo  ;  in  some 
flOuutriEs  this  dawn  ifl  used  as  a  kind  of  wodI."* 


CRAP.  87. — TUB    C*RE   BESTOWER   OV   TSS   LBIVKS  OF   MS  PALU, 
AMD  tut:  LBEB  to  which  they  are  iPPLIKD. 

We  have  already  said*'  Ihitt  in  the  East  atrong  ropes  are 
made  of  the  leiives  of  the  pfiltu,  Mad  that  they  ure  improved  by 
lying  in  the  water.  Among  oiirsdvoe.  too,  tlio  leaves  of  the 
palm  arc  geriLTaily  plocked  imnieiliately  after  harvoat,  thobewt 
beiug  tittis<;  that  Iiuvo  no  diyieioofi  in  them.  Theire  leaves  are 
loft  to  dry  under  cover  for  four  days,  niter  which  they  are 
epreud  out  in  the  «un,  Rod  left  out  in  tlie  optrn  air  all  nighty 
uU  they  have  bc^come  quite  white  and  dry;  after  this  ibvy 
are  split  before  they  are  put  to  any  ubo. 

cn*T.  38. — asiuiKiBut  facts  costrtcTsiy  wrttt  lbatrb. 

The  broadest  leaves  are  those  of  the  fig,  the  vine,  and  the 
plane;  while  Ikose  of  the  myrtle.,  tlie  potne-gruDalo,  and  the 
olive  Rre  nnrrow.  The  leaf  of  the  pine  and  the  oodar  ia  fine 
and  reseinblte  hair,  whilo  that  of  the  holly  and  ouo  variety  of 
the  hulm  oak*"  is  prickly — indeed,  in  the  juniper,  we  liud  a 

^  TliDN  Ktatcments  are  quite  confvnmtbla  with  tb.e  laat. 

**  Thin  iitu.Uraii&L  it  quttu  Itui!,  su  fur  iu  tlic  Titut  that  l.he  lomM  bnrt 
not  the  samo  ponitioD  in  thu  dnj-timc  at  during  (he  nig;hl ;  Cijo  chaa^ts  uf 
|H«Uiai]  v«ry  amstlr,  liowutHr,  in  tlie  diffiTeiitlttnils.  It  tsgi-iwrullj  LliougLt 
tliaC  an  or^ato  imbtbility  in  ih«  cauui  of  lhi«  pbiinumcacn. 

"'  TUiacesutvlu  tlm  mvauiag  uf  "  lu  oliia  gnintium  liuia  cat."  II« 
alladee,  prcbably^to  cattmi  m  silk :  sen  B.  vi.  c.  20.  HtunbLTf;  tnlLi  ui  that 
at  BMtdasoud,  naar  the  Cape  of  Good  Hujiv,  there  grtiwi  sa  ihick  a  down 
pu  Lhe  BuplerriLni  gigitnt^iiiii  ot  Lamari'k,  that  it  is  <!tiipli<ytid  lu  Jaiitutd  it 
Hirl  ii'f  white  TeLvut,  iuid  in  usoU  for  bunuets,  gloves,  Efa>ckiugs,  &c. 

»  B,  ^iii-  C.  7. 

«  "Guowe Uicoia."  ItlaactiiiLprobiiUutliatlkiibercrafuntatboTuriiity 


373 


PLim'a   BATCBAt  HESTOUy. 


[Btwkin. 


thorn  la  placft  of  a  leaf.  The  leaf  of  the  cypress  and  the  tant4- 
risk'"  is  flealiy,  and  that  of  the  aider  is  remurlcablo  for  itt 
lliickiiesa."  In  the  rocA,  tho  willow,  and  the  pjilut,"  the  leuf 
U  lotig,  and  in  Lhc  latter  trco  it  is  double  as  wA\ :  tlmt  of  the 
pear  ia  njiundud,  and  it  is  pointed  in  ttie  u|>ple.**  In  the  ivy 
tha  leaf  ia  angular,  and  in  the  plane  divided-"  In  tha  pitoh- 
Irtiti"  itnd  the  fir  the  leaf  is  indented  like  tho  let-tb  uf  a  comb; 
wliile  in  the  tobar  i6  is  ainuoua  on  the  whole  of  the  oiit^ 
margin :  in  tlie  hrfimble  it  haa  a  etpiny  Burfuce.  Id  some 
plants  the  leaf  has  the  property  of  stiojring,  the  aettlfl  for  in- 
ataocc  ;  whilu  in  the  pine,**  tho  pitch-treo,  the  fir,  the  larch, 
the  cedar,  uud  tliti  huUy,  it  is  prickly.  In  tliQ  olive  luid  the 
holm-oak  it  has  a  short  BlaLk,  in  the  vine  a  lung  one  :  in  the 
pwplur  the  stalk  of  the  leaf  is  idwajrs  i^uivering,"  and  tho  ieavts 
of  this  tn?e  are  t]je  an]j  ones  that  make  a  crackling  i)oii)ti°* 
when  coming  in  contact  with  another. 

Iti  one  variety  of  the  apple-tree"*  we  find  a  small  leaf  pw- 
tniding  from  tho  very  middle  of  the  fruit,  Botnetimcs,  indeed, 
a  coaple  of  them.  Then,  again,  in  eome  troi-s  the  leaves  are 
arniDged.  all  rouad  the-  bmnchcB,  and  in  others  at  the  ex.treiiiitio8 
of  them,  while  in  the  robur  th(.>y  arc  found  upon  the  trunk 
itBcLf.  They  ore  sometimes  thick  and  uIobd,  and  at  othpm 
thiuly  soattwred,  which  is  more  particularly  the  ease  wLure  tlio 
leaf  is  large  and  broaii.    In  the  myrtle'"  they  are  ajTiimotrically 

of  tlie  holm-oak  vhich  he  haa  previoiislv  culbd  "aquifolin,"  apparent]]' 
euufunnding  it  wilh  tlio  hollj,     See  c  8  of  Uiis  Uuolt. 

«  See  B-  siii.  e.  37, 

*■  This  miut  be  andcrfitoorl  of  the  pung  Icnf  or  the  nlder,  which  hu  ■ 
wrt  of  thick  guramj  »iiraiali  gn  it. 

•»  B.  xiiL  0.  7. 

"  I).  XT.  c.  IS.  Pliny  IB  not  correct  bcTe;  the  leaf  of  Ihe  pear  is  otqI 
or  Libceoliilvd,  wbilc  that  of  thoapploiB  oral  and noiaovrhat  angulur,  Ihou^lc 
not  flKMCtly  "  luucroJiaU,"  or  sharply  poiiiti'd. 

•*  Not  eiaclly  "  disideJ,"  hut  Jlinagty  loW. 

**  If  tliia  ig  the  ease,  the  pitch-lreu  uua  hardly  l«  iJvnlioul  villi  the 
flkUe  fir,  the  Ahios  eiocUa  uf  DGcaadoltcA.  S^u  c.  LS  uf  tbia  Book,  ud 
the  Nute. 

**  This  paasage  wouU  he  a.p1  to  misleiul,  did  we  not  kaoiv  that  ihe  leavd 
of  tho  coil) tV'roiu  truuB  iii^o  ini/iLl.iDiied  arti  nut  priiikly,  iu  Uiu  mtme  «odh 
as  lUose  of  the  holly,  which  are  u^^e^l  with  verj  Ibrmidnblp  wcupoiii. 

"^  More  purticuiarly  ia  thu  Pajjuiiu  trumala,  the  "  quivuriii|f"  poplar. 

•*  Crfipitontia. 

■*  Suu  U.  IV.  G.  15.    Not  a  speciea,  hut  an  a4''i:idi:!ntal  mariKtronty. 

''"  See  B.  iv.  c.  37,  where  he  speaks  of  the  EeiwUch  myrtla. 


Clisp.  3S,]  Oai>£I£  OS  TU£  PBOCyCTtOK  OF  PLAKTS, 

niranged,  in  tie  'box,  concare,  and,  upon  iho  apple,  scattered 
witliout  any  oi-der  or  rcffiiluril.y.  In  the  apple  and  the  ptor 
"^o  find  Buvcnil  luitrea  i&auing  Iroin  the  saxaa  stalk,  and  in  tho 
elm  and  tlio  cytisu^^'  thej  arc  co7(.'rt:d  with  ruJDL&ed  vi^ina. 
To  tlie  above  porticuliurs  Ce-Ut-^  udda  tliut  the  leaves  of  the 
piiplar  mid  the  ciiiercua  shoiUd  not  be  given  to  cattlo  alter  they 
have  fallen  aud  boconio  witlicri'd,  and  ho  rtcommendB  the 
ieiivea  of  the  fig,''  the  liolm-ouk,  und  the  ivy  tor  oit'n:  the 
leaves,  too,  of  the  reed  and  tho  luurel  are  Bometimea  given 
tliem  to  eat.  The  leavus  of  the  aervitt-trLL'  fail  all  at  uncc, 
but  in  the  othura  only  by  degrees.  Thus  much  in  relereucti 
to  the  Uaves. 


CHU.  39.   (25.) — TQB   HATDIUL   OKDKB   OF   TOK   PBODITCnOJI  OF 

The  following  is  the  order  in  which  the  operations  of  Ka- 
ture  take  pLuiib  tlirougboitt  the  jeur.  The  firet  ie  teuundalion, 
which  takes  place  whua  the  went  wind  begins  to  prbvuil,  geuc- 
rally  about  tho  sixth  day  before  tho  ides  of  feljruarj-."  By 
the  agency  ut'  tliis  wind  aU  the  prodactions  of  the  earth  are 
impregnated  ;  to  such  an  extent,  indeed,  that  Ihu  marts  even 
in  Sjjain  are  imprt^gnated  by  it,  aa  w»  have  already  Blated." 
This  ia  the  gentTuting  principle  of  the  univei'ae,  and  it  rt- 
CLiTca  its  name  of  Favonius,  aa  some  think,  from  our  wo^rd 
"fovere,"  which  mt^ans  "to  warm  and  chtrish :"  it  blows 
from  due  west  at  the  opioaiiig  of  tho  epripg.  The  peasaalry 
call  this  period  of  the  year  the  "  lime  of  hLat," '"  heeause  Na- 
ture is  then  lunging  to  receive  the  seeds  of  her  various  pro- 
ductioOK,  and  is  imparting  Life  to  everything  that  ia  planted. 
The  vegetables  conceivw"  on  various  days,  each  according  to 

"  The  Icarea  of  the  elm  atui  tbo  tree  Biipt>oaed  to  be  identioal  nicti  the 
cytiffiw  of  cbe  oncientt  bavti  no  chanLCUiisticA  in  conamon.  Sec  It.  xiii. 
Ov  -17,  "irid  l^e  Noltn. 

»J  111-  lie  B?i«i,.  c;n.  S,  30,  45. 

™  Vtry  iau^pri^ptiutu  fuod  fur  cattle,  it  would  uppear:  Iheflg  leaf  ^einr 
eliargod  with  n  (.'oriuaivu  miiiky  julou ;  ilie  leaf  of  tho  hulm  oak,  hard  and 
Eiatliciy  ;  nnd  timt  of  titi'  ivy,  tiitUr  utiil  iiausL'uuii  in  ihu  hig-buit  di  grcc. 

"  hiffbtU  of  Fubruary.  ''^  Sw  It.  viii.  c.  fi7, 

«  <;»tliti(). 

^  He  ulluduB  to  tbe  peciud  «E  the  nting  of  the  sap;  aa  enUnly  ii^' 
tinct  piocots  bom  gcrmiaiiiiuu. 


3fl0 


PLnnra  hatckai,  nreTOBT. 


[Book  KVI. 


ITS  respective  iiabire:  Bome  tnimedmt«ly,  as  witb  snimaK 
others,  again,  more  «i)owly.  carrj'iTig  with  ihera  for  a  lonpiT 
period  the  prniiuce  of  Iln-ir  rnnwptioTi,  n  stat*  which  hna  fruin 
thatc-irciimstaace  obtained  the  name  of  "gcrmicatioTi."  Whon 
the  plant  flowers,  it  mny  Jje  said  to  bring  forth,  and  the  flower 
makes  its  uppeiirftnce  by  Iinrrting  its  littJe  capRiiIe,  which  he* 
noted  to  it  iia  an  uttTus.  The  period  of  tnuoing  and  edncatioii 
IR  the  ^owtli  of  the  Iruit.  TLiB]  oa  well  as  thiit  of  gcrmina- 
tioii,  is  iL  laborious  process, 

CltAF.  40.— TBBKK  WBtcn  tfSVRR  BLnSgOM.       THU  /OKIPER. 

The  appoarancc  of  the  blo^i^oni  bcepcuka  the  arrivul  of  iho 
spriDg  aud  the  birth  anew  of  the  year ;  this  blossom  ts  ihu 
vcn' pride  and  delight  of  the  trtien.  Then  it  is  that  tlie; 
show  theniBelves  quite  reiipweil,  mid  altugpttiur  different  ffom 
whut  thfy  really  are ;  then  itis  that  they  qiiit«  revt-l  in  Iho  coti- 
lest  with  each  other  which  shall  excel  in  the  various  hue* 
and  tints  which  they  display.  Thi«  merit  hfts,  however,  been 
denii'd  to  matiy  of  ihem ;  for  they  dn  not  all  blossom,  onii 
there  arc  certain  sombrt'  trees  which  do  not  participate  in  this 
joyons  season  of  the  year.  The  holra-otilt,  the  pitch-tree,  lie 
ifireh,  and  tlio  pine  are  never  bedecked  with  hlutfsoiss,  qikI 
with  them  there  is  no  particular  fbreniimer  cent  forth  to  an- 
nounce tho  yearly  bii'tli  of  their  reBpettive  fruits.  The  same 
IB  the  case,  too,  witli  the  oultivatwl  and  tho  wild  fig,"  wliicli 
immediately  present  their  fruit  in  pIjLce  of  any  bloseoTn.  Upon 
the  fig,  too,  it  is  remnrkablc  that  there  are  abortivs  fruit  to  be 
sppii  which  never  ripen. 

The  juniper,  also,  is  destitute'''  of  bloMoni ;  some  writijr*, 
however,  distinguifih  two  varieties  of  it,  one  of  wbich  blosaoins 
but  bears  no  fniit,"'  while  the  other  lias  no  bloa'^om,  but  pn-- 
StfiLta  tbe  berrips  Immediat'uly,  whii-h  remain  on  the  trw 
lor  BO  loBg  a  period  m  two  years :  this  assertion,  howerer,  ii 

^  Tbiii  etoUintent,  as  oImq  that  xsiaXhe  to  the  holni  oak.  nni]  other  traa 
pwriaiisly  mentbneil.  is  quite  ineorrect.  Theblowonisof  ilir?  lii;-ti«t)  art 
vcrf  muoQ  aouae<iiliMl,  hoyftiveTf  tVom  view  id  tlia  iibToluure  of  the  cliaui- 
tliium, 

'"  Thb  it  not  Ibc  fact,  (lidugh  the  bloiiiinii  of  th*  juniper  h  ot  hanibln 
cliuraitut.  urid  not  I'liuily  setu.  Theopluiistiw,  B  iii.  c  u,  oaly  ttys  that 
it  i»  nmntlur  of  doubt,  what  VVai;  so  pu^iiivdy  (tlSrais. 

M  Thu  is  the  tuat ;  the  male  tree  ie  Bterile,  but  it  feoundutcB  the  ftnuule. 


Cb^-il.] 


TJiE  FKcrrsnATiojr  or  tuxei. 


381 


uUt^'ly  MlaciooB,  aud  all  the  juniperf)  iilwaf»  prcsfiotthc  siime 
awmbi'u  aj/pKiimncu.  Ho,  too,  in  iU'v,  the  ,16rtimi.fl  of  many 
mvn  are  erer  wilbout  iheir  tiiue  of  lilusi^iuuig. 

CUAP.  41. THE  PECTTNUATIOR   op  trees.      GKHlirHATlOH:   TBE 

APPKABAJCB  OP  THE  FRCIT. 

All  ixaea  germinate,  however/^  even  thoee  which  do  not 

'blofisum.     In   tluB   rcepi.'-ut  \\ivtk  is  u  very  liOiiBicIt^mbie  diffcr- 

ctiuti  iti  relntiuu  to  tliu  vui'Iuub  loeuliiica ;    i'ut  in  tbo  ejuiio 

Bpucifs  wv  tiatl  ihut  thu  true,  wlitn  phintud  in  u  marshy  spot, 

will  gt-nuiiiulf.'  oarlitc  thuu  L>l!Jt;wii(;tu;  Dext  tu  thul,  ttie  treuA 

^.thiit  grvw  on  tliu  pluitie,  auii  luil  of  all  lliuso  tliat  atv  IhuaA  lu 

the  wixids  :    tlie  ftildpwir,  too,  ix  Diituially  later   iu   tiudJiug 

^thuu  the  otlitr  peara.     At  tbu  fiiTtt  briatb  of  tbc  west  wind" 

Ji(j  coruol  buds,  and  close  upon  it  this  luurcl ;  tht-n,  a  little 

iitbe  rfjiiinox,  we.  find  llio  lime  nnd  tlm  maple  gwnii- 

AiDong  thfl  «arlitT  tr«c8,  tuo,  aru  thw  priplur,  Ibu  tdui, 

llic  willow,  tba  uIJlt,  and  the  nut-Lruca.     The  piano  buds, 

ttoo,  at  aa  early  pciriod. 

UchLTti,  a^'aiu,  gt>nninate  at  the  bi.>ginmng  of  epring,  the 
..holly,  lor  instance,  thw  terytiatb,  the  pabiiruB,"'*  the  chesuut, 
mid  the  gluudii'eruiis  tieua.  On  ibe  uliiei-  hand,  thu  applu  is 
Ijite  ia  budding,  and  the  cork-tree  the  vtry  hist  of  all.  Some 
trees  germinato  twite,  whether  it  is  tbut  tliis  arises  from  Hume 
exabiiraot  fertility  of  the  Roil,  or  from  the  inviting  tfMtijie- 
ruture  of  the  QtmcMf[ihero ;  this  takes  place  more  particularly 
ID  the  aovfrnl  Turittios  of  tlie  ceretds.  Excessive  genninalion, 
however,  fans  a  U-ndency  to  woakcn  and  cxliauBt  the  tree. 

]}esidt«  the  spring  budding,  eomc  trots  have  iiatundly  an- 
other  budding,  which  dtpcnda  upon  the  inHuente  of  Uitirown 
respectire  eonitt-ilatignx,^'  u  thtiwry  which  we  shall  tind  an 

"  ThMn  rmiurk*,  hnrniwi.id   from  Tiieophraatiis,   lire  gimuni!!)'  ciinsis- 

Ifnt  witli  (jui  «'X|n.-- iuiiuii, 

^  Flk-  rvniarlL*  tUiil  Pliny  litrsi  copies  from   ThDOpbr4ietiL8,  a  utiLar  of 

.  lireecp,  wit)ii>ui  iniikine  ulti'iwiiuut  Tur  Uio  diii'cTciicc  «if  loualitita.     Tliuu- 

feflirniitii*,  liowuTtr,  givia  Lliu  Uurtd  oU  eni'Itur  puriod  for  buddiag  tliuQ 

|>Piiuy  ill**, 

**•  Tlip  RhsniniiK  piiliurua  cf  Liiinieua. 

^  TUis  it  cniindy  liiiicit'ul :  lhou(;tj  it  i«  tbo  um  thftt  in  loinfl  Irvti, 
10  1i(^lcail&  C'lice.  mjim:!)',  ilicrf:  aro  Iwc  gi'rmiiwiiflnB  in  tbe  ji-ar,  ouu 
itlic  hcgtnniti^  at  ngjiin^.  wkicli  neU  jiioiv  pirliijiilarl/  gti   tlit^  uriiriulu^ 
fcud  Cbe  i^ilker  at  tlic   unj  ui'  tumuLur,  wIiiuL  hcU  uiuxe  upujj  Uiu  jtiiiU 
llR4rer  ttie  looU. 


3S2 


PLWl  8   HAT0iUL   UISTOET. 


[Boak  XTL 


opporttinity  of  more  conveniently  discussing  in  the  next  Book 
lnU  oiic."  T ho  winter  budding  takos  pliwe  at  tho  min){  of 
the  Eagle,  the  summer  at  that  of  the  Dog-star,  and  a  ttiird  hud- 
ding"  ugoin  at  that  of  Aretuma.  Sonio  persona  think  that  thesa 
two  budditig^  ore  common  to  all  trees,  hut  that  they  are  to  ba 
remarked  moreportioularly  in  thr;  ^g,  the  vine,  and  the  pome- 
groout^  ;  Bt'cimg  that,  wbea  tliis  h  the  cui>e,  tlie  crop  of  figa,  ia 
Tlies&alyaad  Macedonia  more  portiuulaily,  is  remfukuhly  ubuo- 
Cant:  hut  it  is  in  Egypt  more  especially  that  illustrations  of 
this  vast  abundance  arc  to  be  met  with.  All  tho  trees  m 
genemJ,  iffheu.  they  have  once  be^im  to  germinate,  proc-wi 
coBtinuoualy  with  it;  the  robur,  however,  the  tir-trne,  a&d 
the  laroh  germintite  intermittently,  ceasing  thrice,  and  ai 
many  timeH**  heginniDg  to  bud  ngnin,  and  hence  it  is  that  ibfy 
ehed  the  bcuIds  of  thoir  hark"  three  several  timesj  a  thiuj; 
that  tu];c8  place  with  all  trees  during  the  period  of  germina- 
tion, tho  outer  ooat  of  the  tree  bursting  while  it  is  buddiug, 

With  thtac  hist  trees  the  Brst  budding  takes  place^  at  tbo 
begLuiiing  of  spring,  an(!  Justs  about  Sftoca  days ;  and  they  g«T- 
minate  a  second  time  wben  the  sun  is  prisiting  through  th« 
ei^^n  of  Gemini :  hetice  it  ia  that  wc  aee  the  points  of  tho  first 
buils  pnshed  upwariis  hy  thoa«  btineath,  a  joint  marking  tin; 
place  where  they  unite,"*  The  third  gemiinatiun  of  tluflu 
treca  takes  place  at  the  sumiaer  solstice,  and  lasts  no  more 
than  seven  dayn:  at  this  period  we  may  verj*  distinctly  dotetl 
the  articulaliuns  by  which  the  buds  are  joined  to  one  anotha 
as  they  grow.  The  vine  ia  tho  only  tree  that  huda  twiw ;  tlic 
EcEt  time  when  it  tir«t  puts  forth  the  grape,  and  the  second  Uoie 
when  the  giape  comea  to  maturity.  In  the  trees  which  donol 
hloaeom  there  i»  only  the  budduij^,  and  then  the  gradual  rifflo* 

"  Sm  B.  xtIH.  0.  57- 

^  Tlierc  k  iiu  8111:111  Uiing  as  a  tliird  buildltir. 

'*  Ah  alrnadi  atatcil,  there  are  ncvtr  mora  tlinn  two  Fr^^niinationi. 

■'  This  rupture  of  the  ppi<ii-rnii»,  cauMid  by  Ihc  riirm.itioa  bewealb  0' 
t\i^w  liinifoiii  1111(1  L'licLoal  Uyere,  lake*  [ilitce  not  «ololy,  ns  Plinj  mt 
Tticophrnstus  sute,  eX  ibc  time  of  gumiuaticiu,  lut  ^owly  aad  coiiii- 
uiiuiu1;f. 

**  On  tlifl  cciBlrarj,  they  aro  irregular  lioth  in  tlicii  cftmmFnumcnl  uJ 
their  dnnitjon, 

*"  This  ia  uut  tVe  eane  -.  each,  liiiii  ii  indcprtidpnt  of  thi!  one  that  bu 
pr«v(!(?dcd  it.  A  BUckoT,  Huwcvli',  nnwl;  <liiT>'l»]ii>d  niiiy  aim  birth  to  bixi' 
iwtU  tUo  (iKtH-mily,  but  Uicuugbout  Uie  whule  length  of  it. 


1 


I 


Chxp.  42.]  IN  "WHAT  ODJIER  TERES  BLOSSOM. 

iDg  of  the  frnit.  Some  trees  bloosom  while  they  arc  budding, 
and  pHss  rapidly  through  that  period;  Inut  the  I'niit  is  slow  in 
coming  1^  maturity,  as  in  the  vine,  for  infitance.  Otht;r  treee, 
again,  hlossom  and  bud  but  lat<j,  -B-hUe  tho  friiit  cornea  to 
muturity  with  grc-at  rapidity,  the  mulberry,*  i'or  example, 
which  is  the  Tcrj-  lust  to  bud  of  nil  llie  cultivaltid  trees,  nnd 
then  only  when  tlio  cold  weather  is  goue  :  ibr  t\ns  reason 
it  has  bcoD  proDouuced  the  wiK.'9t  among  tiie  lri.'<>».  £ut  ia 
thici,  the  germiciatian,  wh^n  it  kus  ouco  bugua,  bursts  forth  dl 
over  the  tree  at  the  very  Bame  laonn^ut ;  8o  much  m,  ladovd, 
that  it  is  aecam^lit^hed  in  a  single  night,  and  evtu  with  a 
noise  that  may  be  audibly  heard.*' 

CHAP.  42, — m  WHAI  OHDEB  TOK  TEEE3  BLOMOM. 

Of  the  trees  which,  as  we  have  already  stated,"  bud  in  win- 
ter at  tbt  rilling  of  thii  Eagle,  The  almond  blussoniB  the  hrst 
of  all,  in  thfl  mouth  of  January"  naracLy,  wbilfl  h.y  March  lh« 
fruit  is  wpU  dovBloj>ed.  Next  to  it  in  bloBaoming  is  the  plum** 
of  Armeniu,  and  th&D  the  tuber  and  Hie  liarly  puueb,*^  the  finit 
two  being  exotica,  and  the  latter  forced  by  tnu  ngcaey  of  culLi- 
rutiou.  Among  ths  foit-Bt  trues,  the  tirst  thiiL  bLossomB  in  the 
course  of  Duture  is  the  older,*"  wlilob  Las  the  nio&t  pith  of  any, 
and  the  mule  coroel,  which  has  none'"  at  all,  AmoDg  the 
cultivated  trees  wc  nt-xt  have  the  apple,  nnd  immediately  after 
—sa  miioh  so,  indited,  that  it  would  almost  uppeiu  that  they 
lilo39om  ainiuitaiieoualy — the  poar,  the  chorry,  and  the  plum. 
Next  to  theeo  i&  the  luiirel,  and  then  the  oyprt'^s,  and  niter 
xhflt  the  pomegranate  and  the  flg:  the  vine,  too,  and  tho  olive 
are  budding  wlicn  thes«  last,  irt'oe  aro  in  dowor,  l\\e  period  of 
their  ooncop'tion'"  being  the  rising  of  Uio  VtirgiiiiB,'^  Ibat  being 

*•  Soe  B.  siiii  c.  87.  Wt<tt  Plinj'  aayi  hero  is  in  Ronoral  true,  lliuugli 
iU  ffanuiautliiii  dous  nnb  Like  ]ti'Me  «\'ith  sucb  mj^iility  us  lie  sUKa, 

"'  A  nifre  I'lilili;,  of  course.  "'  In  tli«  k»t  (liapisr. 

*'■'  In  Peris,  I'is  suys,  llie  almond  liopi  not  lilossoiii  till  Mrtrch,  It  ihe 
tree  stiould  blciFeom  tiio  soon,  il  h  ofU'ii  at  tlie  upi-aso  uf  tlie  fruit. 

»•  Prtil-ibly  iba  upricut.     Snu  B.  xv.  «.  L3. 

«  See  B.  XV.  c.  11.  *•  Soa  B.  uiv.  e.  8, 

"  'J'hiri,  of  coviTsc,  is  not  the  fact,  A*  to  the  iiiccpcding  clskmcDti, 
Uiev  are  borrowwl  mostly  from  Thuuplnriistmi,  aud  arc  in  jfctiural  currotL. 

"  Tho  lisiiig  of  tliL'  snj). 

**  Tho  Pluiudui.    See  2.  ivlli.  ««.  59,  69. 


I 


"ft  VATCXIL  nisrOBT- 

their  ooD!>t«l]iition.'    As  for  tho  viae,  ithloBAomn  utthn 
K^sucv,  and  Umi  uUt«  bcgint  to  do  so  a  liltlu  lulor.     AU  I 
soma  lemun  on  the  trras  seven  days,  and  never  fall 
Mme,  iiid«ed,  fsli  l»t«r,  but  nonv  rvinaio  ou  more  tbaa 
«ev«Q  dnjs.     Tlie  bloMOQM  art*  nlwaj-n  off  bvTurv  thu 
day'  of  the  id*^  of  July,  the  period  of  the  prevaleDce 
Etesiiui*  viadn. 


C«*r.  43.  (26.) — it  ITHAT   PKRIOD  rach  tbbb   bejuis  Rm| 

TUB  COESKL. 

TTpon  Bome  tre^s  the  irutt  does  not  Tollow  immediately  spu 
the  foil  of  thfj  blossom.  Thti  wmel*  about  tlie  sumnwr  id-l 
slice  puts  forth  «  fruit  that  is  whito  at  first,  and  oAer  t^j 
the  colour  of  blood.  The  female*  of  this  tree,  ullor  autuin 
bears  a  sour  berry,  which  no  animal  will  touch;  its  vag^ 
too,  is  spongy  and  qait«  useless,  white,  on  the  other  haod,  tloi 
of  the  male  tree  is  one  of  the  very  etrongest  and  hardost*  w»il  I 
known :  so  gn^t  a  diti'LTL'nce  do  wc  find  iq  Itcch  bt-Jonging  u 
the  flame  speuies.  The  Utrehinth,  thc!  maple,  and  thi;  aj>hiir» 
duce  their  «eed  at  bur  vest- time,  while  the  nut-uvt^,  the  apfJt< 
and  the  pear,  with  the  cxce|)tioTi  of  tJie  \rintur  or  the  lUoR 
etirly  kinds,  bear  fruit  in  autumn.  The  glandiferoui  tnw 
bear  at  u  still  l^«r  iitriotJ,  tl'c  H'tting  of  thy  Vergiliie,'  will" 
tbe  exi^eption  of  tiie  atsciihis,*  whicli  bfiirx  in  the  uutuuin  only; 
while  some  kinds  of  tht  uppl«  aad  the  p«ir,  and  Uik  uurk-tM- 
Iwar  fruit  at  the  beginning  of  unntcr. 

llie  fir  puts  forth  blosnams  of  a  RafTron  colour  about  ttl 
mimmor  solstice,  and  the  seed  is  ripe  just  afttar  the  .^tfltit^  rf 
the  Vergiliio.  The  pine  aud  the  pitxili-tree  germinate  hKkU 
iifU^en  days  iicfore  the  fir.  but  their  Beed  is  not  ripe  till  afltf 
the  setting  of  thu  Vergilitc. 

'  Jt  was  fi:pposid  in  utrobgy  that  tbo  tiaif  cxoroUcd  no  effect  «|ii>Sj 
iipuu  aniiuLil  iui4  vu^tubk  iiCu. 

»  aStb  of  .Inly.  »  SMfi  It.  »riii.  R  61*. 

*  Tho  L'urQiu  mas  of  hatnnitU :  prubably  tht  Vrntex  iHui||[uiReii>  tM- 
tiont'tl  in  c.  30.     Sim  hIrii  JJ.  i*.  «.  31. 

"  Prabaiilf  Uie  Ijunioora  AIpiKcnK  uf  Linnviin:  th«  IVnit  of  wtiiahiMia 
bin  a  (ihutry,  but  i«  uf  u  tuai  (lnvour.  and  jiruiliioM  vomiting. 

"  Tha  wnod  is  EC  duinhli',  thci^.^  true  uf  tiiie  kind  in  the  fattat  otUait- 
monw.f  h  satd  to  bo  u  tlmiinund  ytiu*  ulJ. 

"•  Sw  D.  sriii.  co.  69,  UO.  -  <  Sm  o.  6  of  thi*  itooL 


TBEES   WUIcar  BEAB   TtO   TBCTT. 


OH^.  44. TKERS  Wmcn  DHAU  tee  WHOtR  TKAB.      TttRra  WHICH 

HATE  OK  XaXJl  THI  FRUIT  Of  THilKS  TEAKS. 

The  citrou-tree,"  the  juniper,  and  the  holm-oak  are  looked 
upon  OS  having  iriiit  oq  them  the  whole  year  through,  and 
upon  thece  Lre«g  w&  see  the  new  fruit  hanging  along  with  that 
of  the  prpccding'  year.  The  pice,  howcTer,  is  Uie  moat  re- 
muTkablc  of  them  all ;  for  it  has  upon  it  at  the  same  tnomeiit 
tho  frait  that  is  hastening  to  nmturity,  the  fruit  thut  is  to 
tome  10  niftfurity  in  the  ensuing  year,  and  the  fruit  that  it  to 
fipen  the  next  ytar  hut  otio."  Indeed,  there  is  no  tree  that 
IB  more  eager  t«  dupelope  its  resources;  for  in  the  sanie  month 
in  whicii  a  nut  is  plucked  from  it,  another  will  ripen  in  the 
Bsme  place;  the  urnuigemcnt  boiug  siioh,  that  them  ie  no 
iBionth  in  which  the  nots  of  this  tree  are  not  ripening.  Those 
iUta  which  spht  while  still  upon  the  tree,  are  known  by  the 
of  aziiniiE  ; "  they  are  productive  of  inj  ury  to  the  olhere, 
not  removed. 

BHAF.  45. TSBES  WHICH  SEAIt   HO   PRriT  :    TBERfl   LODCED   DFOIT 

AS   Jtl.-omiKKD. 

The  only  onf^s  among  itU  the  trees  that  bear  nothing  what- 
ever, not  so  much  aa  any  seed  eTcn,  are  the  tamarisk,'^  which 
19  naed  only  for  making  brooms,  the  poplttr,'*  the  alder,  the 
Atinian  elm,"  and  Ihe  alatemuB,"  which  lias  a  leai  bft^v^eo^ 
that  of  the  holm-oak  and  the  olive.  ThoBo  trees  are  regarded 
as  siuietcr,'*  and  are  considered  in  auspicious,  whii'li  are  never 
propagated  from  seed,  and  bear  no  fruit.  Crennitius  infornis 
us,  that  this  tree,  being  the  one  upon  which  PhylliB'^  hanged 

»  Se«  B.  rii.  o,  7. 

'"  This  suppoB'.il  uiBrvt'l  merely  msts  from  the  fiiot  tTinl  the  fmiJ  Iiasi  n 
etrong  U^nvaus  ^tulli,  whicili  bIcdusC  proclu-dcs  ihe  possibiUty  of  its  draiv 
ping  oC  This  h  the  case,  too,  not  only  ritli  the  puie,  but  with  Bumcrcoa 
other  IrePi  lis  well. 

"  "Dried"  nuts.  '^  8eo  B,  xxh,  e.  <I. 

'*  But  in  B.  »iiv.  t.  3'J,  hv  apeultfl  of  Us-,"  fruit  at  Ihe  hLmk  poplar  us  an 
nnttdote  for  epilepsy.  In  fact,  ho  is  t]\nto  in  error  in  dGnyitig  a  seed  [a 
any  of  thesm  tret:  "  Si!rt  0.  '29  of  this  Book. 

^*  The  EhaiiinuB  alHlamui  of  Linnsias,  the  l')ij'li«aeliilitr  of  U.  liaiLhin. 
In  reality,  it  heass  a  smull  Hni'k  lii-rry,  nt  purgative  quiiILlLts. 

'•  "  InMiuciB,"  "uiihuiipy"  rather. 

"  Daughicrof  Silhoti,  king  ijf  Thraftf,  wlio  hanged  berBeU  on  oneonnt 
of  the  BUppnsediBconfitancyofhcrlcvcr,  DemophBon.   SisjUvid,  Ucrud.  i. 

VOL.  ni  0  c 


1 


t 


iltht's  batceu,  HiarOEy.  fBctoklTI. 

hwredf,  IB  never  green.  Those  trecB  which  produce  a  gum 
open  of  themselvf^H  after  ^fmiimtioa :  the  gum  never  thickooB 
until  after  Miv  trult  hoe  hovu  rcniovcd. 

ClUP.  46. — TKEEft  WBfCH   I-CWI!   THKE  FRtHT  OE   TlAwrBS  MtWT 
ItKADILT.     . 

Young  trees  are  unproductivo"  m  long  m  they  are  growing. 
The  fruits  which  full  most  rranlily  heforo  tJiey  eome  to  matoritr 
art  the  date,  the  fig,  thci  almond,  the  apple,  the  pear,  nod  tbe 
poiii'egriuiate,  whiih  Ittst  trtv  is  also  very  upt  to  lose  its  blossom 
tiirough  exceseive  dews  and  hoar  froHte,  For  this  reason  it  is. 
too,  that  tho  growors  hend  the  branches  of  the  pomegranate,  iesi, 
from  being  Mlriiight,  they  may  receive  and  retain  llie  moisture 
shut  IB  BO  injurious  to  them.  The  pear  and  the  almond,"  irvtM 
if  it  Bhoold  not  rnin,  but  a  south  wind  hapjjen  to  blow  or  tlw 
ifftiathor  become  cloudy,  nre  apt  to  lose  their  bloBBomn,  and  their 
fimt  I'niit  as  well,  if,  aJUir  the  blosHora  hna  fitllen,  there  ia  a 
oontiuuBUce  of  such  weather.  But  it  is  tlie  wiUow  that  Iosim 
its  seed  the  ajoet  spnodily  of  all,  long,  indeed,  before  it  ia  ripe; 
hence  it  is  tliiit  Huni«r  has  givttu  it  tlit;  epithet  of  "fruit- 
losing.""'  Succeeding  ages,  howevor,  have  given  to  this  twn 
im  intcrprctatiou  eontbriaablB  to  their  own  wicke<l  practice9>  it 
being  a  well-kniiwn  fact  that  the  seed  of  the  willow  has  llw 
eflect  of  producing  barrennoss  ia  females. 

In  this  respect,  however,  Nature  has  employed  her  usuiJ 
fbreaight,  heal^owing  but  little  ctire  upon  the  Feed  of  a  tres 
which  is  produced  so  cneily,  and  prupogutud  by  tilips.  Then 
is,  however,  it  is  B&id,  one  variety  of  willow,"  the  seed  uf  wliic^ 
arrives  at  maturity:  it  is  found  in  the  Isle  of  Crete,  at  tke 
descent  from  the  grotto  of  Jtipiter:  the  setd  is  iiusightly  anJ 
ligneous,  and  in  sizcfibout  as  large  as  a  chiek-pea. 

^*  This  musi,  not  Iki  talcuii  to  tbr  leLtr^;  indeed,  F^  ttiinki  tliat  Ihn 

projjer  meaning  is  .—"Vmih^  trees  do  not  produce  fniit  rill  th»y  bm 
Hrrin^d  at  a  ccriain  atalt  oi  luaturity."  Trees  tnoatl);  cnntiDue  an  lit 
irjcreusG  lill  tbev  dii;. 

^^  &(ieS.  xvu.  u.  2.  The  aHortion  hero  made  haa  aot  been  confimitJ 
b/  exporieace. 

w  "  FnifipardH  ;'■  in  tlie Greek.  u(Xia-iica*7rov.  See  Hfiiwcr.  Od.  x.  bClO. 
It  hns  beea  au^g^stiid,  I'liuy  aayn.  thitt  tho  willow  seed  liiul  Lhia  epitlitt 
(ixitu  its  efftct  iji  cuuning  nWrtiua ;  liiit  lie  dous  not  iiocDi  to  chim  ite 
opinion,^ 

ti  This  cauDDt  be  a  viillotr,  Fi's  remarks ;  iadcK^  Thieophratbu,  £L  iifi 
c.  6,  speaks  of  a  black  poplar  aa  grovriag  tboM 


-* 


Cliitp.  48,]  TDK  UODE  IN  VIUCU  TBBE8  DEAR. 

I 

CH^F.  47. — TBBES  TTBICn  ABB  UJtpaODCClTTE  IS  OERTAIN   PtACItF. 

Certain  trees  also  bocomi;  unjirodutilivu,  owing  to  somt!  fadi 
in  tho  locality,  6iich,  for  iiiatanL-e,  u»  a  coppiw-wood  in  Ui« 
isliind  ofPiiruo,  wliioh  produces  nothing  at  all :  in  the  Isle  of 
BhodeB,  too,  the  peii*;h-trei.'s "  neTor  do  aiiything  more  than 
bl-QSsorti,  This  (liatijict.ion  may  arise  also  from  the  sex:  and 
when  aiich  is  the  case,  it  ia  the  malu''^  tree  that  ncTer  produces. 
Some  authors,  howerer,  making  a  transposition,  nsaert  that  it 
is  the  male  trees  only  that  are  prolific.  Bnircnnoas  may  eiso 
arise  from  a  treo  bfling  too  thicltly  coTorod  with  leaves. 

LCKLE,  4&. — XHB  HOve,  IN  WHICH  THEE»  BKAK. 
Some  among  the  fruit- trees ^'  bear  oa  both  the  sides  of  the 
aachea  and  the  sumitiit,  the  poar,  lor  iBBtaDce,  the  i!ig- 
ti^ee,  and  the  myrtle.  In  other  respeela  the  trees  are  pretty 
ntiurly  of  a  Bimilar  nature  to  the  cereals,  for  in  them  we  lind 
the  ear  growing  from  the  aummit,  while  in  the  ltgumiiiou!i 
varieties  the  pod  growa  from  thfi  eides.  The  palm,  as  we  have 
already"  stated,  is  ilie  only  one  that  has  fruit  hanging  down 
in  hunchea  enclosed  ia  capsules. 


I 


CniP.  49. — ^XSJIBS  XS  WHICE  TKR  r&Va  APFBABB  B£F0IL£  Tai 
LEATIB. 


The  other  troea,  again,  bear  thoir  fruit  Tx^n^ath  the  leaveB, 
for  tho  pmpuae  of  proteetioii,  with  the  exception  of  the  Qg,  the 
leaf  of  which  is  very  lar^.  and  gives  a  ^^eat  abundance  of 
shade;  hence  it  is  that  we  find  the  fruit  placed  above  it;  in 
additinn  to  which,  the  iLaiiUukes  ita  appc  am  noc  after  tho  fruit. 
niere  is  said  t^o  bo  a  rcmarknble  pccnliarity  connected  with 
one  species  of  fig  that  ie  found  in  Cilitiia,  Cypms,  and  Hellas ; 
the  fruit  groWB  beneath  the  leaves,  while  at  the  sumo  time  the 
green  abortive  fruit,  that  novor  reaches  maturity,  is  seen  grow- 
ing on  the  Uip  of  thorn.     There  is  uL^o  a  tree  that  produces  an 

W  Soo  T).  tv.  c   11.     It,  is  ntit  inipii&aihle  Uijit  Pliny  may  hire  taittaken 

herctiiePcTK'a,  oiBuIuuil'jsJCKj'pliuioiL.l'ortbuPvrsicu,  urp^-iuili.  3e«p,  20O. 

"  Fi5<iiemiirkt,  thai  lliiaciprMjiioii  i*  romnrkahlD  as  frtvinga  juft  uotiun 

of  the  relative  t'iinclii>na  of  1I10  miLiu  mid  iLirimlci  ia  pkute.    lie  tiap  UiaC 

one  might  alinnst  bp  l^emptt'd  t*i  Wioc  IIihI  tkiey  suijjected  something' 

of  Ihe  iiaturo  tind  fuiittions  ol'  ttn^  pintils  and  «Uiniiua. 

.       •*  This  stilt'immrT  wbieli  h  drnwa  fruiu  Th«iipbr(utu«,  is  rsiher  fnncifuL 

■tbaa  rigu/vuUy  Uav.  '^  U.  xiii.  c.  7. 

I  C   C  2 


A 


t 


n-rar'a  satukai.  histouv.  ['BooVSVI. 

ewly  tig,  ItnowTi  to  the  Athenians  by  the  litarm  of  "prodro- 

inos."*'     In  the  Lamnion  va]-iclii?a  of  this  fruit  more  parti- 
cularly, we  find  trees  thut  bear  two  ciops^  iu  the  year. 

CKil.  50.  (2V.)'^T^EK8  THAT  BKA8  TWO  CROP3  IX  A  TKAB.      TKEKS 

THAT  IlEAB  IHUEE  CEOrs. 

In  the  island  of  Coa  tlwre  aro  wild  figs  that  boar  Uiree  Hmn 
in  erne  yeiur.  Sj  the  iirat  crop  tho  one  that  succeeds  is  sum- 
moned forth,  and  hy  thnt  Die  thirtJ.  It  ia  by  the  agency  of 
ttiia  last  crop  that  capiidcation'**  is  performed.  In  the  wiU 
fig,  too,  the  frnil  groWB  on  the  cipp^site  Bi<lfl  of  the  lean«. 
ThtTo  aro  Bome  i>earB  and  apples,  too,  that  bear  two  crops  in 
till!  yeur,  while  there  are  some  early  variutjca  also.  Tha  wild 
apjile  hcora  twice""  ia  the  year,  its  SGCond  crop  coming  on  afliT 
the  rising:  of  Arcturus,'"  in  Bunny  localities  more  particularly. 
Thero  aro  Fines,  too,  that  ^n\i  even  bear  thrt-e  times  in  the 
year,  a  cLrcnmstance  that  has  procured  for  them  the  name  of 
"  franlio""  vines.  On  tliesc  we  see  grapps  just  ripening,  oQien 
beginning  to  swell,  and  others,  again,  in  blossom,  all  at  llu 
Kuiiiu  ninmi^nt. 

M.  Vurro**  informs  us,  that  there  waa  fonneriy  at  Smynw, 
near''  tho  Temple  of  the  Mother  of  the  Gods,  a  vine  that  bore 
two  crttps  in  the  year,  as  atao  an  applo-trcw  of  a  similar  nature 
ia  the  territory  of  Conscntia.  This,  howuvor,  ia  eouBtantly  to 
he  witaessed  in  the  territory  of  Tucapa,^  in  AJrica,  of  wniob 
we  shall  have  to  speak  more  fully  on  another  oooasioD,'*w 
I'emarkable  is  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  The  cypri^w  alto  bear* 
three  timea  in  the  year,  for  \t»  horrits  are  gathorctl  in  tin' 

•*  Or'TorGranatt."  The  Spaniards  call  a  staulBr  flg  "hrcvu^"  Ibt 
"  ready  liprnw," 

-'  8oe  B.  XT.  6.  19.  "  Sea  B.  it.  c.  21. 

'^  This  dnca  not  happen  in  th»  nortlwirn  climal.ea  ;  l.luiiigh  «om(ilIin«  >l 
is  th«  cKif  that  a  rruit^inju  blos<ioiD4  ag^in  towBtJa  llie  viiil  uf  stimmcr,  uti^ 
if  tlio  uutnnii]  U  Sao  and  prulun^d^  t:li(!3«  lute  fmils  will  ri|iuii.  Sudi* 
phmumeson,  however,  is  of  veiy  mre  iKeurrsjicc, 

»  See  B.  xTiii.  «.  74. 

*'  "  IjiisfmsB,"  Thera  are  some  Turiciti™  of  the  vine  which  hlosson  nwn 
than  oaoc,  iidJ  bear  ktbob  gv&ptia  aad  faily  rips  dq«s  at  tbo  som*  raoBSi- 

«  De  Eb  Ruiit,  0. . . 

**  The  juggBStod  rottdin^.  "apud  mnlrcm  mngiiftm,"  smim  prerorablo 
to  "apiid  murCi"  and  T«ieivi»Buppin-t  horn  whfit  is  luuil  rdati*o  to  Sinm.» 
in  B.  aiv.  c.  6.  «  Sm  JJ.  v.  c.  3. 

»  B.Miii.c.31. 


Chap.  61.]      DIFPEBENCBS  OF  TBEE8  IN  HESPBCT  TO  AGS.       S69 

monthB  of  January,  May,  and  Septemlicr,  being  all  threo  of 
different  size. 

Thw-ir  ari!  also  certain  peculiarities  obacrvcd  in  the  different 
modes  in  which  the  tTc^?8  bear  ttieir  fViiit,  tlie  iirbutus  and  the 
qiiercuB  being  moat  IVuilfuL  in  thn  upper  piu-t,  the  wtilnut  and 
the  mariBCB."  fig  in  the  lower.  All  trecSj  the  older  thpy  grow, 
the  more  early  tln-*y  bear,  tind  thia  more  particularly  in  sunny 
spots  and  where  the  soil  is  not  ov«r-rich.  All  the  JoreBt-tretH 
art!  slower  in  bringing  their  fruit  to  uinturity  ;  and  indei^d,  in 
some  of  them  thu  fruit  nevBr  becameH  I'ully  lipe."  Those  trees. 
too,  ebout  the  rout*  of  which  the  earth  is  ploiiglied  ur  broken 
and  loosened,  bring  their  fruit  to  nuilurity  more-  speedily  thai) 
those  in  which  thia  hoa  been  neglectfd  j  by  this  piTucss  they 
are  olao  rendered  more  &uitfiil. 

CHAP.  51.— W'HICH  TKEEfl  BECDJUB  OI,I>  WITH  TOS  G11EA.TC3T 
Bil'IUlTT,  AND  WHICH  MOST  SLOWLY. 

Tliere  are  great  differenctis  also  in  treea  in  respect  to  age. 
The  almond  and  th«  pear*  are  thti  most  frnitfiit  when  old,  which 
is  tlie  case  also  with  the  glaudiferouu  trees  and  a.  certain  spw- 
cieu  of  fig.  Others,  again,  nre  most  ppolifle  wht^n  yoiiii(f, 
though  the  fruit  is  Iat*r  in  coming  to  Timturitj-,  h  thing  parti- 
ciduily  to  be  obserred  in  the  vine:  fg>r  in  thoso  that  are  old 
the  wine  is  of  betl«r  quality,  while  the  prodiico  of  the  younger 
trees  IB  given  in  greater  abundanc«.  The  apple-tree  becomi-9 
old  very  early,  and  t!io  fruit  whidi  it  piiKluL-es  when  old  is  of 
inferior  quality,  being  of  enialler  size  and  very  liubb  to  be 
Bttueki^d  by  maggots;  indeed,  these  insects  will  breed  in  th<f 
tree  itself.  The  fig  is  tlie  only  o^no  of  nil  the  iruit'lreed  that  is 
Bubmitt(!(l  to  any  process  with  the  view  of  earpedttiug  tb« 
ripening  of  the  fruit, "  a  man'eUouH  thing,  indeed,  that  a  great<T 
■value  should  be  set  upon  produce  that  eomes  out  of  its  proper 
season  I  All  trtjes  whidh  boar  their  fruit  before  the  proper 
time  become  prematurely'"  old ;  indeed,  some  of  tbem  wither 

«  B.  XT.  1,  19. 

^  i'his  is  nut  llie  tael;  tha  fruiti  of  oil  tree*  have  tbeir  proper  time  for 
ripeniiLg. 

"*  He  iipciil(»  here  in  loo  genrrnl  t^miB :  the  peiir,  for  inaUnoe,  ti  not 
more  fntitml  wimn  old  tliun  when  young-. 

^  Hg  tpcAks  of  llie  process  of  [^up^i<ic^tiDIt.     Sao  B.  %v.  c.  2t . 

*"  So  our  pruvvtb, ''  Sudu  lijie,  tiua  rotten ;"  applicuMu  to  manliind  ts 
WL-li  u  trcoa.    Has  iJ.  xxiii,  e.  2S. 


I 


30O 


PLISY  8   NATCaiL   HJaTOHT. 


[Book  XV  I. 


;md  die  aJl  of  a  siiddL-n,  being  iitterlv  oxljaiistod  by  the  t«i 
fiivouralilo  mflweiice  of  the  weatlicr,  a  thing  tiiiit  happcoi  to 
the  vine  more  particularlj-. 

(2S.)  Oq  tlie  othur  hanJ,  the  tnulbeiry  hecomes  aged*'  but 
very  elowly,  and  is  never  exhausted  by  its  cropB.  Those  tiw-s 
fajo,  the  wood  of  which  ie  variegattMi,  arrive  at  old  age  biit 
Blowly, — ihQ  palm,  the  iiia{>le,  imd  the  poplur,  fur  iDstaucQ. 

(29.)  Trees  grow  did  more  rapidly  whfD  the  earth,  i* 
pluughcd  and  Inosciiod  about  the'-  route ;  furest  trees  nt  a  later 
jxjriod.  Speaking  in  gcaeral  terms,  wo  may  Bjiy  that  cuie 
employed  in  the  culture  of  trees  seems  to  promote  their  fer- 
tility, while  increased  fertility  acceltmtes  old  age.  Ueace  it 
is  tbfit  the  carefully  tended  trees  are  iho  first  to  Moasom,  und 
the  first  to  hud ;  in  a  word,  are  tlie  most  prccocioua  in  erecy 
rcsptjct:  but  all  natural  produetiuiis  whiuh  ure  in  any  wsy 
weakened  ore  more  susceptible  ef  atmospheric  iafluonces. 

CHAP.  53.— TKEEs  wmcn  beak  taiuoos  pkobccts.     chauwum. 

Many  trees  bears  mort;  thaa  one  production,  a  fact  whiA 
we  have  already  mentioned"  when  speiiking  of  the  glandi- 
t^roufi  trees.  In  the  numh^r  of  these  there  is  the  laun-1. 
which  bi.-nrs  its  owti  peculiar  kind  of  grape,  and  more  parti- 
calnrly  the  barren  laiu^,**  which  bears  Entiling  else ;  for 
which  reason  it  ia  looked  upon  by  some  persons  as  the  male 
tree.  The  Albert,  too,  hears  catkins,  whieh  are  hard  and  coui- 
paet,  but  of  no  use**  ■whatever. 

(30.)  But  it  ia  the  box-troe  that  supplies  us  with  the  grwt- 
cst  Dumber  of  prodncts,  aot  uuly  its  Eeed,  hut  a  berry  also. 
known  by  the  name  of  crattegum  ;*•  while  oa  the  uorUi  sidit 

"  See  B.  «¥.  c.  2".     The  mulberry  tree  wilt  live  foi  *eTc-ral  oeBtuiiW. 

'■  TIiIh  stiiEudHtes  thesnp.aml  a-dth  to  ils  uctiiit)*:  but  tlia  tMO  gK** 
old  all  ibe  Booaiiri  being  tl)i!  mi>rc  spepdlly  <!;ihiii£ted, 

*•  In  CO.  9^H  of  tbe  prestnt  Bnoli. 

*'  This  paBsngc  i.i  quit«  umntelli^Ue;  aai  it  ii  Kilh  gnod  reowntbt 
Pfin  qui^tiuus  wbelbor  Fliny  renlly  undentood  tho  autbor  tliut  he  caDi(<i 
fitm. 

**  ?Se  rsiniirka,  tbut  Pliny  dopB  not  soein  to  know  tbnt  Ihe  catkia  »  tf 
aasfimbla^a  of  flowem,  and  tbat  witboul  il  tlie  trer  w.-niW  b-v  luUlly  bono. 

"  Pliny  hilimdera  siidly  liere,  ia  tctpyiii^  from  TliaojihnutHJi,  B.  iii.t'*' 
He  mixea  upaJeacription  of  tliehox  tuid  thncTiits>giiE,ur  hvLui-oak,  maki^ 
the  letter  to^be  a  swi  of  tba  fomicr;  and  be  tlicn  aliribuU*  amirtlcUcu 
the  boa,  v)uo)i  T)LGDplinutiis  iipcnks  of  us  ^winjg  on  the  craticgua. 


I 


I 


itproductis  miutli'toD,  and  on  the  south  liyphear:  two  pro- 
ducts of  wljicli  1  sball  stiortly  have  to  gpeak  more''  at  length. 
Sometimes,  indeed,  thia  tree  has  all  lour  of  these  products 
growing  upon  it  at  the  same  moment. 

CBAF,   53. — »IFFBtt£HGE8   IS   T&EES   IN   OZBTXCT   OF   TSIE  TBUMKS 

Some  trees  are  of  a  simplo  form,  and  have  but  a  single  tninlc 
rising  Ironi  Iho  root,  together  with  numeroiia  bruudies ;  hucK 
an  Hia  olive,  forinstaoce,  the  fig,  and  tiie  viae;  otUerauguiD  are 
of  a  shrubby  nature,  such  as  tho  paliarus."  the  myrtle,  and 
the  filbert;  which  last,  iiidcwJ,  is  all  the  better,  and  the 
more  abundant  il«  fruit,  the  more  numeroue  its  bnmchea.  In 
some  trees,  agaiSj  there  is  no  .trmik  at  all,  as  is  the  case  -n-ith 
one  speoiea  of  box,'*  and  the  lotus"  of  the  parta  beyond  soa. 
Some  troeB  are  bifui-oaled,  while  thcro  are  Borac  that  braEch 
out  into  aa  mauy  as  dve  ports.  Others,  again,  divide  in  the 
trunk  but  have  no  btaaches,  as  in  the  case  of  the  elder;  while 
O'thera  buvc  no  dlvtsioa  in  the  tcunk  but  throw  out  bnmohee, 
such  as  tlie  pittih-tret?,  tor  instunce. 

la  fiomo  treea  the  branches  are  symmetrically  arranged,  th& 
pilch-trPG  and  the  fir,  fur  pxaraplw;  while  with  o there  they 
are  dispersed  without  any  order  or  regularity,  as  in  the  robur, 
tile  apple,  and  the  peiir.  In  the  fir  the  branches  arc  thro\ra 
out  iivm  the  trunk  Btraight  upwards,  pointiug  to  the  sTty,  and 
not  drooping  downwards  from  the  mdus  of  the  tj-unk.  It  is 
a  singular  thing,"  but  this  tree  will  die  if  tho  cads  of  its 
branches  are  out,  though,  if  taken  off  altogetlier,  no  bad  eflfeet 
is  produced.  If  it  is  cut,  too,  below  llie  placet  where  the 
branclica  wtn^,  the  part  of  the  tree  which  is  leit  will  continuu 
to  lire  ;  but  if,  on  the  other  biuid,  the  top  only  of  the  tree  is 
removed,  the  whole  of  it  will  die, 

"  8*0  e.  93,  wburu  he  eulaigeo  on  the  Tuietiea  of  th«  mistletoe. 

•*  8fle  B.  KIT.  c.  7 1 . 

■•*  H«  mpiiiiB  ihe  gnrder  or  bordei-box,  mentioned  in  c.  23  nf  this  Boofc. 

*"  Stu  1),  liii.  e,  17  ■  the  African  lutus,  prabulilj";  the  Zlijplius  Jotu* 
of  Ilofiniuiiniv. 

•*  ThisBUteiDfiiL  isentirolj  inpnrreut.  If*  tiev  losoa  fiio  tomtnal  bud, 
it  will  gMvr  no  lii^cbur,  lui  n  will  do;  die  if  tba  eiLcuiuitici  of  thv  l>niii(.'liu 
are  nut.  Sunh,  in  fuut.  ii  muEh  niuru  likcily  ti  happen  nlioa  Ihcjr  lu-o  ^t 
cut  off,  from  tlic  nxtnime  loiia  <i(  juices  whiiili  mu&t  ninu'dll^  ensue  at  tlio 
■ereral  cicatncea  UQitcd. 


i 


382 


PLnn'a  hatdbal  msTOBY. 


[BookXn. 


Borne  treGs,  ngHin,  throw  out  bmnclies  from  the  roots,  tho 
dm  for  example ;  while  others  are  branciiy  at  the  top,  the 
pine  for  instance,  and  the  lotus"  or  Grecian  bean,  the  friiit  of 
which,  though  wild,  resembles  the  cherry  very  closely,  and  i» 
colled  the  lotus  at  Rome,  on  accioimt  of  its  Bwettneas.  For 
Bheltejing  huuauB  ihem  trees  are  more  parlicularly  eBteemed, 
us  they  throw  out  their  branchea  to  a  couBidurable  dietance, 
from  a  short  truolc,  thus  atfording  a  very  ejtttnsive  shade,  and 
very  frequently  encroacilmig  upoti  the  QtughbDuriDg  mansiouH. 
There  i»  no  tree,  however,  the  shaJe  afforded  by  which  ia  le*3 
lon^-livetl  than  this,  and  when  it  loaee  its  leaves  in  winter, 
it  idfurda  no  ehidter  from  the  sun.  No  tree  has  a  tuore  sightly 
hrirk,  or  one  which  has  greater  attrnctions  for  the  eye ;  or 
branches  whiijh  are  longer,  atauter,  or  more  numerous;  in- 
deed, one  might  almost  look  up-^n  thcia  as  forming  so  many 
treea.  The  burli''  of  it  is  used  l&r  dyeiug  ekins,  and  the  root 
for  colouring  wool. 

The  hraiichoa  of  the  applfr-tree  have  a  peculiar  conformation; 
knots  are  formed  which  resemble  the  muzzLeM^  of  wild  beasts, 
aeveral  smaller  ones  beiog  tmited  to  a  la:;ger. 

CHAP.    54. THE    B&AKCSK8    OP  TRBBS. 

Some  of  the  branches  are  barren,  and  do  not  germinate;  thi» 
takes  place  either  from  a  natural  deficiency  of  etrength,  or  eliie 
some  injury  rcceiTed  in  consequence  of  haTing  been  cut,  and 
the  dcatrix  impeding  the  natural  fticetiona.  The  same  that  the 
branch  is  in  the  trees  that  Bpread  out,  is  the  eye"  in  the  vine, 
end  the  joint  in  tho  reed.  All  treea  are  natiu-ally  the  thickest 
ill  the  parts  that  are  nearest  the  ground.  Theiir,  the  larch,  tlie 
palm,  tlio  cypress,  and  the  elm,  and,  iodeed,  every  treu  Ihut 
haft  but  a  single  trunk,  develops  themBelvea  in  their  remark- 
able height.  Among  the  branchy  troBB  the  cherry  is  some* 
time«=*  found  to  yield  a  beam  forty  cuhita  in  length  by  two  ia 

^  Tbc  CdtiB  nustr&Us  of  Linn^ui.  Pliay  ia  in  eiror  in  cnlliRg  t}us  tnt 
the  "Gteoinn  heon."  In  B.  liii.  c.  22,  lir  errocoously  cmUi  tho  Afriou 
liitinby  IhL  name  of  "celtia,"  which  only  helonga  to  uie  toluA  of  lUlfi 
that  of^Afrioa  beinc  altogether  diffarent. 

'*  Tho  bnrk,  wliieh  ii  agtrin^ct,  is  utill  nwid  in  prpparing  skini,  imd  ■ 
Mack  colouring-  maCtei  exiractud  freni  th«  root  is  tun  ployed^  in  dyuing  wwL 

"  Quito  on  aucidi^ntiLl  rusiornbluice,  if,  iodi'Gd,  it  ev«-  uiittloil. 

*•  "Ociilua"— thd  hud  im  the  tnink. 

''*  This  miiRt  he  uithi^t  a,  mislakQ  or  aa  exaggeration ^  the  cherry  beta 
boing  a  very  liirge  trwi. 


Ch«p.  fift,] 


thickncas  throughout.  Some  trees  divide  into  bnmch«a  &oni 
the  reiy  ground,  kb  in  &e  a,pp\a-tiee,  for  example. 

CBAP.    66.  (31.)^-THB    BAKK   07   TKEEK, 

In  eome  trees  tl]o  bark"'  is  thin,  tiB  in  the  laurol  and  th^ 
lime;  ui  others,  again,  it  is  thick,  as  mthe  rohar;  in  some  it  ia 
emooth,  as  in  tlie  apple  and  the  fig,  whilo  in  the  roLur  and  the 
pulm  it  is  rough  :  in  all  kinds  it  bt-coineB  more  wrinUed  whEU 
the  trye  ia  old.  In  sume  frees  the  biirk  Imrsls  sponlaueouBly, 
as  in  the  Tine  for  instance,  wMI^  in  others  it  fuUs  off  cvtn,  as 
■we  see  in  the  njjple  and  the  arbutua.  In  the  cork-tree  and 
the  poplar,  the  bark  is  Bahstantiakand  finshj* ;  in  the  vine  and 

tthfl  pei'd  it  ia  menibranooua.  In  the  churry  it  is  siiniliiT  to 
the  coatf  of  the  papyrutt,  while  in  the  vino,  tho  lime,  and  the 
£r,  it  ia  compoBed  of  numerous  luyvn.  In  others,  ugnin,  it  is 
single,  the  £g  and  tho  reed  ibr  iustitnce. 

I  There  are  great  dilTereDCes,  too,  in  the  roots  of  trees.  In  the 
fig,  the  robur,  and  the  plfine,  they  ore  nomeroiis;  in  the  appla 
they  are  short  and  thin,  while  io  the  fir  and  the  larch  thty 
are  single;  and  by  this  single  root  is  the  tree  supported,  al- 
thoug:h  we  find  some  small  fibres  thrown  out  from  it  laterally. 

»ThRy  are  thick  and  unequal  in  the  laurel  and  the  olive,  in 
TvMch  last  they  are  branchy  also ;  while  in  the  rebur  ihey 
are  solid  aud  fleshy.*'  The  robur,  too.  throws  its  roots  down- 
wards to  a  very  CDOsiderablc  depth.  Indeed,  if  we  are  to  be- 
lieve Virgil,*'  the  cesimlus  has  a  root  that  dewienda  as  deep 
into  the  curth  aa  the  KcighE  to  which  the  trunk  axecnds  in  the 
air.  The  roota  of  tho  olive,  the  apple,  and  the  cypress.  crei;p 
almost  upon  the  very  surface :  in  aome  trees  they  run  straight 
and  horizontally,  as  in  the  laurel  and  the  olive ;  while  in  othira 
they  have  a  siuuou»  courae — the  lig  lor  example.  In  sarao 
trecB  the  roots  art^  bristling  with  small  filtLments,  as  in  t1ii> 
fir,  aad  many  of  the  forest  treee ;  the  mountaineers  cut  olf 


\ 


CHAP,  ^€.^THS  K00r»   OS  TaKK*. 


*"  It  is  evident  Ihnt  lin  i«  speBking  of  tlie  epidermis  onl;',  nad  not  tlio 
cortJinI  layers  and  the  Vihtr. 

"  TJip  TooU  of  trctft  being  ligneous,  "  camosx,"  Fie  Jenwrk*,  it  an  in- 
Rppropriale  tenn. 

"  Oouig.  ii.  291. 


394 


TUS^S  V^TTRLL  tUStOUJ. 


[BookZVI. 


th«o  fine  fllameots,  bqcI  weave  with  tbttn  recy  handwnie 
flubs,*'  and  rBhoos  other  erticlM. 

3did«  -writers  mj  tliat  th«  roota  of  tTMS  do  not  desoeod 
below  the  lerd  to  which  the  son's  heit  is  able  to  penetrate ; 
which,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  nature  of  the  soil,  whether 
it  hiqppcns  to  be  thin  or  dense.  This,  however,  I  look  Qpon** 
aaamutake:  and,  ia  fact,  we  find  it  stated  tyaome  aathon 
that  a  fir  was  trunspkiited,  the  roots  of  which  had  penetrated 
t'lght  cubite  in  depth,  and  even  then  the  whole  of  it  was  iM 
dug  up,  it  being  torn  anuuder.^  The  citron  has  a  root  tbat 
sow  the  very  deepest  of  all,  uad  ia  of  great  exti^nt ;  next  after 
it  come  the  plane,  the  robur,  and  the  varioua  glanC  ___ 
trees.  Iq  some  tr^es,  the  laurel  for  instance,  the  loota 
more  tenacious  of  life  the  nearer  they  are  to  the  sur&ee; 
bence,  when  the  tmnli  withere,  it  is  cut  down,  and  the 
ehoots  agnin  with  redoubLt^d  vigour.  Some  think  that  the 
ahortet  the  roots  are,  thi^  more  rapidly  the  tree  decaya;  ■  rap* 
position  wbi(;h  is  pkinly  cocitiuidictcd  by  the  &g,  the  mot  ot 
which  is  among  the  fery  bu^uBt,  while  the  tive  becomea  aged 
at  a  remarkably  early  period.  I  regard  also  &£  incorrect  what 
Bom()  authors  hare  stated,  &a  to  the  roots  of  treea  diminiithuig" 
when  they  are  old  ;  for  I  once  saw  iin  ancient  oak,  uprooted 
by  a  atorm,  the  roots  of  which  coTcrcd  a  jugcriun  of  ground. 

CHAP.  67- — TBBKS  WHICH  HAVe  OBOWS  STQXCAITBQDSLT  FROH  TET. 
GKODKD. 

It  ifl  a  not  uncommon  thing  for  trees  when  uprooted  to  re- 
ceive new  strength  when  replaotod,  the  earth  about  their  tooB 
fonmag  a  swrt  of  cicatrix*'  there.     This  is  particularly  tliu 

*  "La^enaa."  F^  tak-sthU  to  mean  bcrre  nuwla  to  hold  liqaidi, find 
rcmurlu  thjtt  the  waikcK  in  wickcf  cmiiioL  attain  this  dc:gr««  of  pcrigcticD 
at  the  presi'nt  daj. 

*'  Pliu*  is  in  error  in  rpJEEling  this  notioiL 

*>  See  B.  lii.  a,  5,  cm<l  B.  xiij.  e.  29  WiaA  PUoy  ttatcfl  of  the  <r, « 
Abiet  VMrliikLU,  TbcDphrutiis  reUtoi  of  tb4  n-^uci],  or  At>i(v  cxoetM  n( 
Duuuidallog.  There  ia  little  doubt  that  in.  tiithcr  case  tbu  itattinciiit  t*  in. 
Aorract. 

*  On  the  coiLLraiy,  Line  roots  of  tttna  incraoiiii  in  rise  tiU  tbu  period  uf 
their  dontU. 

*'  By  provgnting  tha  actioa  of  tbu  uir  froai  ilrfiDg  tba  roots,  uiJ  h  !□!]■ 
iag  lb«  true. 


ClMp.  fiS.]  now  TBISa   GROW   SPOTfTAWEOtJSLY. 

caae  with  llio  pliine,  w}iicli,  from  the  tlenBity  of  ita  bronclicB, 
Iireeente  a  rcniarlialiiy  broiid  surfaijc  to  the  wind:  when  this 
happens,  tilt)  braiiflica  aro  cut  off,  and  the  trtjc,  thus  Ughtenrd, 
is  replaced  iu  ita  turtow  :  tMo,  too,  bus  albiu  bc-eu  done  before 
now  with  thp  walnut,  the  olire,  and  many  others. 

(32.)  We  hitxn  many  instances  citpd  iiiso  of  trees  falling  to 
the  ground  wittmnt  there  being  any  storm  or  otiier  perccjitiblu 
cause,  but  merc'lj-  by  way  of  portentous  omen,  and  then  rising 
ftgain  of  tbemstlvea.  A  prodigy  of  tins  nature  happened  to 
the  citizfrns  of  ItomL*  during  tboir  wars  with  the  Cimbri :  nt 
!NucL'ria,  in  the  grove  con&ecmted  to  Jimo,  an  elm  inclined 
to  such  a  ii<-gtm,  oven  after  thu  top  had  betu  cut  off,  ns 
to  ovfrhaag  the  idtar  tliere,  but  it  idti^rwards  recovered  itself 
to  such  an  cxtont  us  to  blosBom  immfdiiitely :  it  was  trom  that 
very  moioont,  too,  that  the  majesty  of  the  Bomsa  people  bi'gaii 
to  tloui'iHh  onc«  again  after  it  hud  been  laid  low  by  disasti,'!- 
and  defeat.  A  sitmlur  circumatance  is  flaid  to  have  taken 
place  also  at  Philippi,  where  a  willow,  which  had  fallen  down, 
and  tho  top  of  which  hfid  been  taken  off,  rose  again  ;  and  iit 
Stiigira,  in  the  MuBeiiin*"  there,  whore  the  same  thing  octiurred 
to  a  white  poplar;  all  which  eventa  Wi-re  looked  upon  as 
favourable  omons.  But  what  ia  moat  woudcrfiil  of  all,  18  the 
fact  that  a  plane,  at  Anljuidroa,  roeumed  ita  original  posi- 
tion evun  after  ita  Bides  hiid  been  rough-howa  all  round  with 
'  tbe  ad2e,'^  uud  took  root  aguia :  it  was  a  tree  liftec^a  cubits 
long,  uud  foui'  uluK)  in  tliickuoBB. 

CHA?,    58. HOW    TREES    OEOW    gPOSIilTEnrSI.T^DITEftSinBS    Df 

Xnnia  NATUBK,  TBI!  SAMK  TREES  NOT  HUOWISO  ETKEYIVHERB. 

Tho  trcea  which  wc  owe  to  Nature  are  produced  in  three 
different  ways;  Hpontancoualy,  by  seed  sown,  or  by  a  slip 
■which  throws  out  a  root.  Art  biia  multiplied  the  nitdhodB  of 
reproduction,  as  we  shall  haTe  occasion  to  stale  in  its  owa 
appropriate  Book  :'"'  at  present  our  6o]e  subject  is  the  operations 
of  Nature,  and  the  manifold  imd  marvelbus  mcthodH  she  adopts. 
Tko  trees,  as  wo  have  already  stated,"  do  not  all  of  thom  grow 

<^  A  ^rovo,  ^jrobalily,  oouBiwratcd  tn  tho  MuseH. 

'''  Tlieae  eturim  muit  bo  rcg;urdcd  tu  t^itUiir  fublcs  ar  ImpoitUTC* ;  though 
it  IB  very  posUble  foi  a  tre-a  to  aiir?ivs  after  Lhc  epidermis  has  bocn  romoTod 
willi  tie  lidtii. 

^  Stw  B.  xviL  c.  9.  f'  La  c.  7  of  tlus  Book. 


fLlKYB   ITATUttAI.   HLBTOUT. 


[BaokXin, 


E 


iu  every  locality,  nor  will  they  live,  many  of  them,"  when 
trat»iplaate«i  :  this  Imppeos  isometinic?  through  a  natural  an- 
tipiithy  on  Lhe  [lart  of  the  tree,  Bometiincs  tbroagh  au  ionula 
tttuhbomness,  but  more  frequently  through  the  weakness  of 
tho  ruriety  bo  tronsplantt^d,  tsither  the  climate  being  unCavour* 
able,  or  the  aoil  repulsivB  to  it. 

CUkT.    59. — PL*MT8   THAT   WIUi   NOT   OEOW   IK   CERTAIN   PLACES, 

Balsamum"  will  grow  nowhere  but  [in."  Judsea]:  and  the 
citron  of  Assyria  rtfufiea  to  biar  fruit  in  any  other  country. 
The  palm,  too,  will  not  ^ow  everywhere,  and  even  if  it  does 
grow  ia  H«tnc!  places,  it  will  not  Uuir:  Boractiraes,  indeed,  it 
may  aiiiku  a  sliow  and  prumise  of  beariug,  but  £;veii  then  its 
fruit  cornea  to  notliicg,  it  aeeming  to  liave  borne  them  thus  fat 
in  Bpite  of  itself.  The  einnamoa"  slinib  hag  not  sufficient 
Btreugth  to  acclimatize  itsblf  in  the  CQuntries  that  lie  in  the 
vicinity  of  flj-ria.  Amomuro/*  too,  and  nard,"  those  most 
delicate  of  perftiraoB,  will  not  cnduro  the  oarriagc  from  India 
to  Arabia,  nor  yet  conveynnce  by  sea ;  indeed,  K"ttiig  Solcucns 
(lid  muku  the  attempt,  but  in  vain.  But  what  Ib  more  parti- 
cularly wonderfiil,  is  the  tuct  thut  moat  of  the  trees  by  cam 
may  bo  praTfiiled  upon  to  live  when  trannplauted  ;  for  some- 
timeB  tho  soil  may  bo  bo  managed  aa  to  nourish  the  foreigner 
and  give  support  to  the  etruuger  plant ;  climate,  however,  caa 
never  be  cbanged.  The  popper-tre©™  will  live  in  Italy,  and 
taasia"  in  the  northern  climates  even,  while  the  incea9e-tl«^ 

•^  It  u  not  impm^ablc  that  ho  bos  in  vi«ar  tor^  the  passage  in  Virgirt 
Cfcqwim,  H.  ii,  1.  109,  ei  luq, 

^'  i)r  bdm  of  UiK'ad.  S«e  It.  xii.  o.  fi4.  Bruno  aBiurm  us  that  tt  ii 
i]iUiKt.-iiou£  tu  Abyeiinta  ;  if  bo,  it  has  buun  troiiBpliiaUiHl  iQ  Ambia.  It  ii 
no  moie  to  be  found  in  Jutlaia. 

"  Thia  is  inserted,  m  it  is  eTidfiit  tbdt  the  tfit  witbont  it  is  iraperfeol. 
FSo  tafB  Ihftt  (Ton  iji  Judwn  it  was  iTimafiliiJitFcl  from  Anibin. 

"">  M  Iu  tliG  iiiuntpfiaitiiiri'  of  the  tiTniamonuiiii  of  I'liny,  nee  B.  xi!.  tc 
41  nod  i2,  and  the  Xui««. 

^  As  tu  tlie  questiuu  of  the  iilontily  of  tha  nmoTnuniL  eoo  B.  xii.  c  2&. 

"  8pc  It.  xii.  c.  26. 

**  Tliis  citnnat  be  the  nnJinnry  Piper  aigrum,  or  bliiclt  ppppnr,  whinh 
does  iMit  di*erv«  Lhe  title  "  atbor."  It  is,  no  doubt,  tho  poppvr  of  lulf, 
whidi  lis  mentions  in  B.  xii.  c.  14, 

■"  Tbi;  Cnasia  Italins.  prcibablv,  of  B,  xii.  c.  43.  The  caiiria  of  th«  Eiut 
cntiU  n<>[  pos^vblj  GiimvG  in  Ituly,  Tho  fnct  ii,  no  doubt  that  tliic  KoniMt 
giiVE  tho  rnimos  of  caajJn,  piper,  nnd  nTnnmiim.  to  ccrtriin  indigcnou*  phnu, 
ond  then  paisuiidod  tbanuclree  that  Ihey  lind  thu  gciiuino  ptoiiU  of  tlia 
EiLnL  w  Sea  B.  xli.^  o.  30. 


Cti^.  60.] 


TSIL   CTPEESS, 


397 


haa  hc€n  knoTm  to  live  in  Lydia:  "but  how  are  wc  to  Impart 
to  those  produotioiis  Lhc  reqiiiaite  warmth  of  the  8Hn,  in  ordtr 
to  maku  ail  the  cnidu  joiui^s  go  utf'  hy  tvupurulion,  uud  ripeu 
the  Kiiiis  thitt  distil  from  thetii  ? 

Nearly  m  greitt  a  marvel,  too,  is  the  fact  that  the  nature  of 
the  tree  may  be  modified  hy  circum stances,  and  yet  the  tree 
itsdf  be  none  the  leas  vigorouB  in  ita  growth.  Nature  ori- 
ginally gave  the  cedar^'  to  loculitiee  of  burning  heat,  and  yet 
we  fiiid  it  growing  in  the  mountains  of  Lycia  anrl  Phrjgia. 
She  mado  tho  laurel,  too,  averse  to  cold,  and  yet  tliere  is  no 
tree  that  grows  in  greutor  abundance  on  Mount  Olympus.  At 
the  city  of  Pnnticupajiim,  La  Iho  vicinity  of  the  Cimmerian  Bo»- 
poruB,  King  JtiLhridutos  and  the  inhabitants  of  tho  place  used 
every  possible  eudeavoiir,  with  a  view  to  certain  religious 
ceremonies,  t*>  pultivata  the  myrtlt'"'  and  the  laun.'! :  they  could 
not  suceeed,  however,  although  trees  abound  there  which  re- 
(jiiiro  a  hot  climat-o,  mich  aa  tho  pompgranato  and  the  fig,  as 
well  as  appka  and  pears  of  the  moat  approved  quality.  In  tlie 
same  country,  too,  the  Lrtes  that  belong  te  the  colder  climates, 
such  as  tho  pine,  the  dr,  and  the  pitch-true,  refuse  to  grow. 
But  ri'hy  go  Eearch  for  iB&tauces  in  FontUB?  In  the  vicinity 
of  liome  itfit'lf  it  la  only  i^ith  tho  greatest  diiEcolty*'  that  the 
cherry  aad  iho  oliesaut  will  grow,  and  the  peach-tree,  too,  at 
luflCiiluui :  the  Greek  nut,  too,  is  grown  there  from  grafts 
only  at  a  eost  of  c^^nsiderable  labour,  while  'I'arracina  abouuds 
wilii  whole  woods  of  it. 

CHAP.  60.  (38.)^-TEE  CITIIISS. 

The  cyprcBB*'  ia  an  exotic,  and  haa  been  reckoned  one  of  the 
trees  that  are  niuturalized  with  the  greutest  dilHculty ;  so  much 
BO,  indeed,  that  Cato"*  haa  expatiated  upon  it  at  greater  length 
and  more  frecjueiitly  than  any  of  the  others.  ITiia  Irte  is 
naturally  of  a  stubborn'^  diapoailion,  btars  a  fruit  that  is  utterly 

■'  tTndrr  tlie  name  of  Ctdms,  ao  doubt,  ieverai  of  thtt  jucipere  hara 
been  inrludid.      Sue  B.  liii.  v.  11. 

<^  F^  ii  uidiDvd  ti>  lioubl  tUk  aUilciucat.  The  mynlo  baa  been  kaoTrn 
to  stand  tbe  wiatDre  of  Lower  Brittunjr. 

"  Owing,  no  dmulit,  ae  t'p«  says,  eolcly  to  had  methods  of  oiiilivatioo. 
The  aamc,  too,  with  this  gritn«iil  pewih  and  tlie  (Jreek  nut  it  alTnoiid. 

''*  Thii  CuptwsuB  sempervireiui  of  Linnaiu*,  llie  I  apreiaiia  {nsUgiatu,  of 
DecandnllH.  "o  Di«  Ite  Jlust,  cc.  4S,  lal, 

p»  "  Murysa ;"  mcaamg  tliat  it  ruuthes  maturity  but  viiry  alowly. 


lAi 


PLTTTT*!!  KATtTBAX  mSTOBT. 


[Book  XVI. 


uaelcfis,  a  hcrry  fhnt  uaiifl^a  a  wry*  face  when  tiwtcd,  and  a  leaf 
tliftt  i»  bitter :  it  alao  giveB  out  a  diBBgrGeablG  piingont  stnell,"* 
Rid  its  shadL>  is  far  from  agreeable.  The  wood  that  it  rumishen 
IB  but  scfutty,  so  much  bo  indeed,  thut  it  may  hB  almost  regiirdiMl 
119  little  more  than  a  shnib.  This  tree  is  eacred  to  Pluto, 
and  hence  it  is  ust-d  as  a  sign  of  inoiimlng*  placed  at  the 
rntraoce  of  tt  housp :  the  female'"  tree  is  forft  longtime  biurun. 
The  pymmidal  appcarancn  that  it  prpsonte  has  cauiied  it  not  U 
he  reject*^,  but  for  &  long  time  it  ■Rtia  only  used  fbr  marking 
the  intervals  bctwoen  rows  of  pines :  at  the  present  day,  how- 
pTer,  it  is  clipped  and  trained  to  form  hed^e-rows,  or  else  it 
thinned  and  lon^thuued  out  in  thi;  varione  deaii;nH*'  trnployfid  in 
Drnanitiiital  gardening,  and  ■which  represent  scenes  of  hunting, 
fli><°ts,  and  rarioua  other  objectB:  those  it  covere  with  a  tliui 
sraali  leaf,  which  is  always  green. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  the  cypress ;  the  onu"  taporin? 
and  pyramidalj  and  whinh  is  known  as  the  female  ;  while  t]io 
Tniile  tree"  throws  its  brunches  straight  out  from  the  body,  and 
is  often  pruned  and  employed  aa  a  rest  for  the  vine.  Both 
the  mule  and  the  female  are  permitted  to  throw  out  their 
branches,  which  are  cut  and  employed  for  poles  imd  V^V^ 
being  worth,  after  thirteen  yetirs'  growth,  n  dcnoriua  &'pie«c. 
In  reBi)oct  of  income,  a  plantation  of  cypress  ib  romnrkably 
jirofitable.  ho  much  bo,  indoed,  that  it  waa  a  snyingin  old  times 
that  a  cypress-wood  ie  a  dowry  for  a  daughter.^'  The  nativo 
€M)untry  of  this  tree  is  the  ialand  of  Crete,  although  Cato" 
calls  it  Tarcntine,  Tarentum  being  the  first  plaee,  I  suppose, 
in  which  it  waa  oaturaliied  :  in  the  island  of  JEnaria,"  also, 

s'  Trisiis  tpntantum  Hpnsii  torqiiebil  amaror.— Virg,  Geor^f.  ii.  M7. 

•^  This  Btiilement  h  oxugguratiA. 

^  ilia  still  to  Ik  i^an  yarj  fcGquently  in  tbo  eonietcriGB  of  Greece  ui<l 
CnnituDtiDopls. 

•"  TliB  eyproM  is  in  reality  moncpcionB,  Ibo  Htnictwe  of  the  ume  pknt 
biing  bath  niak  und  fi>inj<le. 

"1  Tliis  waa  foi'iuiTly  dniiG  with  ihti  cvpresi,  la  England,  to  s  contider- 
ablu  CKt4-nt.    Siicli  nbi-iiTJiitici;  lae  novr  hut  tant. 

*"  The  Ciqireasua  tViBtiMuU  of  Bccandolle ;  and  a  variety  of  Ota 
CupTCssiis  semperrirens  of  Ijiniiicin. 

1^  Ttie  Cutireaaaa  liorix  an  tulle  uf  Miller;  the  Tarinty  B  of  the  C.  tt9' 
ppr'ircES  of  tiirnijeiia, 

**  Tlic  nresBUt  tiamo  given  to  ihia  trca  in  tho  Island  of  Cretc^  u  iki 
"daaphters  dowry." 

»  D«  EC  Eu4t,  c.  161.  «•  B.  iii.  «.  12. 


Chnp.  K,]  THB  ITT.  399 

if  tho  oyppesB  IE  out  down,  it  will  grow  again"  from  the  root. 
Bat,  in  the  I^le  of  Crete,  id  wtiatever  place  the  earth  israovt'd, 
tills  tree  will  shoot  up"  of  its  own  natural  vigour,  and  imme- 
diately appenr  above  tbe  soil;  indeed,  m  thiit  island  th^-re  is 
no  occaaion  even  to  solicit  the  soil,  for  it  grows  spontactously 
there,  on  the  mountains  of  Ida  more  particulurly,  and  those 
known  aa  the  White  MoiintainB.  On  the  very  eummit  of 
theae  eloTatiooB,  from  wliiiub  the  snows  never  depart,  we  find. 
the  cyprees  growing  in  grent  ftbuuEJiiLcu  ;  ii  thing  that  is  truly 
marvellouB — sening  that,  in  other  countriea,  it  will  only  grow 
in  warm  localities  i  frota  which,  it  would  appear  to  have  agreat 
dislike  to  ita  native  clintate. 


CHIT.  61. THAT   THK   BARIH    OFTBN   BE AH3  PBODHCTIOHS  WHICH 

IT  HAS  IfETEB  HOUNB  BLI'DRE. 

It  is  not  only  the  quality  of  the  soil  and  the  unchanging 
influences  of  the  climate  that  afl'ect  the  nature  of  trees,  hnt 
wet  and  showery  wRathor  also,  temporarily  at  least.  Indeed, 
the  torrents  very  often  hring  down  witli  them  seeds,  and»)me- 
timeB  we  find  those  of  unknown  kinds  even  floating  along. 
This  took  place  in  the  territory  of  Cyionaica,  at  tho  period 
when  laser  was  liiet  grown  there,  as  wo  shall  have  occasion  to 
mention  wljen  we  speak  of  the  nature  of  the  various  herbB.* 
A  forpst,  too,  cprang'  up  in  tlie  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Cyrene, 
jiiat  after  a  shower  of  rain,  of  a  dense,  pitchy  nature,  about 
the  year  of  the  City  of  Kome  430. 

CHAP.  62,  (S4.) THE  IVr — TWrUTT  TAHIETIEB  OF  IT, 

It  is  said  that  the  ivy  now  grows  in  ABiQ,*thoagH  Theo- 
phraatus*  has  denied  that  such  is  the  fact,  und  aasert^  that  it 
grows  nowliero  in  India,  except  upon  Slonnt  MeroB.^'  He  Baya, 
loo,  that  Harpaius  Hsi:d  every  posBibie  exertion  to  nahiralizo 

"  This,  V&s  Biys,  is  the  caao  with  none  of  tha  eonifeMni*  trees. 

•*  Of  ctiunw  this  spunlaneouB  orcntion  of  tliu  cyprew  i&  tabulouB ;  and, 
indeed,  tha  whole  ncooim^  which  iabonowsd  from  ThBopbnuliUiUgrcMlly 
eia^erateJ. 

w  B.  xix,  B.  IS. 

1  This  story,  which  a  LurrowEd  from  Thuophiaetua,  m  evidently  ^bo- 
ioM.  ^  MtaninfC  .'Lain  Miaor. 

^  Eirt.  Hent.  B,  iil  o.  10.  ''  Bee  B.  vi.  o.  23. 


40O 


pr.rar'a  hatuba.l  hibtoht. 


[Bool  XVI. 


it  in  Jrcdia,  but  to  no  puqwsB ;  and  that  Alexander,  in  con- 
awjuynce  of  the  rarity  of  this  plimt,  had  hitng^lf  crowned' 
with  it,  after  the  fexample  of  Father  Liber,  when  rfctiitiiiiid 
victorious  with  hia  arm;*  from  India:  and  at  the  prflsent  day 
even,  it  is  used  to  decorate  the  thynsiig  of  that  god,  and  the 
flaHC|iiGa  and  bucklers  employed  by  the  niLtions  of  Thi 
thiir  saLTcd  ceremouials.  The  ivy  is  Lnjurious'  to  all 
and  pliuits,  and  makes  it?  way  through  tombs  (ind  we 
ibnns  a  hauat  much  frequented  by  serpents,  for  its  refreshiog 
coolnpfia  ;  so  that  it  is  ^  niattiT  for  aBtoniahmeot  that  thero 
should  have  been  surh  remarkable  veneration  lor  thiti  pliuit. 

The  two  prindpal  kinds  in  the  ivy,  ns  in  other  plant*,  are 
the  male  tree  nnd  tiip  feniala.*  The  male  ir  Finid  lo  hav*  a 
largc-r  trunk  than  tho  femalo,  and  a  leaf  th«t  ia  harder  and 
more  UKctuou*,  with  a  flower  neiu-ly  approiifhing  to  purple: 
indeed,  the  flower  of  both  tho  ninle  and  IcmoJe  tret;  sCron^y 
Feeemblos  tho  wild' -rose,  were  it  not  destitute  of  ameU.  Each 
of  tbi^se  kinds  of  ivy  is  divided  into  thrfe  other  vmietiee; 
the  white*  ivy,  the  bbiPk,*  and  a  third  known  as  the  helix." 
These  Tnrietk-3  are  again  subdivided  into  others.,  aa  there  it 
one  in  which  tho  fruit  only  in  white,  and  another  in  which,  it 
is  only  the  leaf  that  ia  so.  In  those  which  have  a  white  fniit, 
the  hc5rTy  in  some  casee  is  closely  packed  and  large,  the  nlnstcn, 
which  arc  known  aa  '■■  corymbi,"  being  of  a  flphtricul  form. 
So,  too,  witli  the  eelouitium,  which  has  &  Bmaller  berry,  and 
fewer  eluaters ;  and  the  same  ia  tho  ease  with  tho  blaokivy. 
One  kind  has  a  black  need,  and  another  a  eeed  of  a  safih^a" 
colour — it  ia  this  last  that  poeta  use  for  their  Cihapleta,"*  and 
tlio  leaves  of  it  are  not  80  blaiik  as  in  tho  other  kind*:  by  some 

*  bncfitiiis,  after  the  slleircd  conqucEt  by  Vua  of  India,  ma  alii  U 
tiiTo  retTinicd  crowned  with  ivy,  luicf  senW  in  acfir  rtmwn  hjr  tigera. 

''  It  is  a  iniiitnke  to  BUpfurae  Ih^t  tlie  ivy  eiliaoiila  Uii;  jdi:e»  o(t«*fc 
lU  tcndrlk  fiwten  upou  !.)ii^  cortiuiil  JiMiirea;  and,  iftKoUnsis  but  Rtnil^ 
itH  devdupmtnt  »  apt  to  la  retuided  (heruby.  It  is  bcuufioial,  rutliDr 
than  rteatrnrtive,  to  walls. 

'  ThiBpInct  »  really  monincioits  or  findrojTDOUs. 

'  The  Jtfwa  E^luQterin. 

8  The  llodeta  hiilii  oT  I,imifflU8,  or,  poraibly,  a  TOriuty  of  it  witb  »arie- 
gatad  leayea. 

*  Tho  Ufidcra  arboroa  of  C.  Bnuhin,  tlic  common  ivy, 
'"  The  Hiidera  majflr  lUrilia  of  0.  Hduhin. 

"  The  first  varirty  of  the  coninion.  ivy,  the  UediTa  belli  of  Liuwo, 
^  A  wreath  of  ivy  was  tlie  ceual  prize  ia  tlie  poetic  conlMtaa 


Chap,  aa.] 


THE   ITT. 


401 


I 

I 


it,  ig  kDovn  an  the  ivy  of  Nysa,  by  others  as  that  of  BacnliUB  :'* 
h  ie  UiQ  one  that  among  the  black  varieties  has  the  largest 
clusters  of  all.  Somo  of  the  Greek  wrilerfi  UTon  dislingiiish 
in  this  last  kind  ti^o  vuriEitieB,  a^-cDi'dlug  to  tli«  colour  at'  tho 
berries,  the  cTythranuni'*  and  the  ehrysocaipns.'^ 

Il  id  the  helix,  however,  that  has  the  most  peculiarities  of 
iill,  and  in  the  ap]i(tftrQiic<^  ot  thr  leaf  more  particulitrlj-,  which 
19  small,  an^ar,  and  of  n  more  elegant  ehapu,  tliu  [(.'.if  in  all 
the  other  kinds  being  plain  and  eimple.  It  differs,  too,  iiL  tho 
distiincc'  between  thi;  joiTits,  and  in  being  hanien  more  espp- 
eially,  n.1  it  never  boars  tniit.  Somo  aulhors,  howcTCr,  think 
that  this  difference  exists  sok'Iy  in  roapoct  of  age  and  not  of 
kind,  and  are  of  opinion  that  wliat  is  the  helix  wlieu  young, 
becomes  the  ordinary  i^-y  when  old.  This,  however,  isuleuriy 
proved  to  be  an  error  upon  their  part,  for  we  End  moro  van<:tied' 
of  the  holix  than  one,  nod  tlireo  in  particular — thut  of  a  gniHa- 
green  colour,  wliiuh  is  the  most  abundant  of  all,  the  kind  with 
a  white  leaf,  and  a  third,  which  is  parti-colourtd,  and  knoww 
U9  the  Thruciun  helix.  In  that  of  a  gra*9-grct-n  colour,  the 
leayes  are  frmaller,  more  closely  packed  together,  and  symmetri- 
eally  aminged ;  while  in  the  other  kinda  the  features  arc  alto- 
gether difFcrfnt.  In  the  parti-coloured  kind,  nleo,  onerorioty 
baa  a  smaller  leaf  thim  usual,  similarly  nrraogod,  and  lying 
olo9t!-r  ttigethor,  while  in  tho  other  none  of  these  features  are 
obsenetl.  The  leaves,  too,  arc  cither  greater  or  fimailer  and 
differ  in  the  disposition  of  the  epot^  apon  them,  and  in  the 
white  helix  eotue  of  tbem  are  whiter  Uian  others :  the  grasa- 
green  variety,  however,  is  the  one  that  grows  to  the  gi'enteBt 
height. 

The  white  holis  is  in  the  habit  of  killing  trf^CB  by  depriving 
them  of  their  juices,  and  incrcasda  to  such  a  degree  of  denxity 
(19  to  be  nuite  a  tree  itself.  Its  chflracteriBtioa  are,  a  Vf  ry 
Ifirgf,  broad,  leaf,  nnd  projecting  buds,  which  in  all  the  other 
IdodB  are  bent  inwards:  its  clusters,  too,  Btmnd  out  erect. 
Although,  too,  all  tlie  inea  have  armg  that  throw  out  a  root, 
those  of  tliis  vorifitj-  are  particularly  branchy  <uid  Btrong ;  nost 
to  it  in  etroagth,  ore  those  of  the  black  ivy. 

»  Sm  B,  v.  c.  18,  nnd  B.  ri.  «,  23. 
"  The  "n'Jbwry"  niid  tiu'  "golJeti  fruit." 
-»  Tln>  tienits  aio  yellow  in  tho  llrst  vaii-ct 
Hrdtini  poctiva  of  C.  Uauhiii. 

TOL.    tU.  H  D 


vaii-cty  of  the  oommon  ivy. 


402 


PLIKt'h  NAIlJaAL  mSTOBT. 


[BfMkXn 


It  is  B  peculiarity  of  tLo  white  ivy  to  tkrow  (rat  anna  from 
tho middle  of  the  It-avcs,  with  wkich  itinTariablyembraoaiuiy 
object  that  may  ho  on  cither  aide  of  it ;  tliis  ie  the  onae,  too, 
■jrith  wullfl,  even  LhoHgh  it  ehoiilii  not  be  able  to  clasp  them. 
If  tho  trunk  is  cut  acmsa  in  ever  so  mtmy  placcB,  It  will  still 
liva  and  thrive,  having  as  auiny  fresli  root*  as  it  haa  aims,  by 
muuna  of  wLieli  it  ensures  safety  and  impunity,  while  at  the 
same  tiiii«  it  suets  and  strangltw  the  treea  to  which  it  clings. 
There  are  great  differeaces  also'  in  the  fruit  of  both  the  whiLe 
ivyf  and  the  black  ;  for  in  some  of  them  the  berry  is  bo  bitttr 
that  birds  will  not  touch  it.  There  is  an  iry  also  which  grow« 
upright,'*  and  stands  withont  any  SHpport;  biiing  the  only 
one  that  dots  ao  nmonp  all  the  varieties,  it  ha.a  thenco  ob- 
tained the  dietinctivc  nuiac  of  '^ciaeoB."  The  chamfficieBO*." 
on  the  otbei:  hand,  is  never  found  except  creeping  upon  the 
ground. 

CBir.  63.  (35.) — THK  aiiiLii. 

Very  flimikr  to  the  ivy  is  o  plant  which  firat  came  from 
Cilieiit,  hut  is  now  more  commonly  found  in  Greece,  and 
known  by  the  naiuc  of  bquIox.''*  It  hoa  numerous  ihickstoUii 
covered  with  joints,  and  thorny  branches  of  a  shrub-Uke  form : 
thu  loaf  roeembles  lliat  of  the  ivy,  hut  ia  not  angular,  wliile 
from  the  foot-fitalk  it  throws  out  Lundrils ;  the  tluwi;r  is  wliilv, 
and  has  the  smell  of  the  lily.  It  buora  cluat«rs  like  those  of 
the  wild  vine  and  not  the  ivy,  and  of  a  reddish  colour.  The 
larger  berrie*  cont-iin  three  stonea,  the  fimallor  but  orit"  only: 
these  berries  are  blaclt  and  hard.  This  plant  is  looked  upon 
QB  ill-omened,  and  is  consequently  banished  from  oil  aaowl 
rites,  and  13  allowed  to  form  no  part  of  diapletit;  liaviug  re- 
ceived this  mournful  cbaraato  fi'om  tho  maiden  Stnilos,  who 
upon  Ler  love  being  dightod  by  tlio  youth  Cimcus,  was  Iraia- 
formed  into  this  ehrnb.  The  eonimon  puople,  being  m< 
ignorant  of  ibJB,  not  unfrequinlly  lake  it  ibr  ivy,  and 
their  festivities  with  its  preseuoe ;  for  who,  in  fiujt,  is  uuavi 

"  Tlirs  tij  the  case  HnmctiroeB  with  tbe  black  i»y,  tho  Hi-dora  orboreici 
0,  ItauhJR.     Only  iiiulateil  uaaes,  howm'cr,  uru  ta  he  met  tviih. 

"  TliPra  is  an  ivy  of  this  Itind,  tlie  Hfldura  hiimi  teiiiTis  of  b^tuiilt*; 
but  mosf.  nfthu  cumiuvaiiilura  are  of  opinion  thai  il  is  the  gruuud  itry,  tlK 
Olvuho-mit  h(!(l<^rtic(ut  nf  Liiinanis,  thni  ia  ^[H'ken  at,  Sprenrel  takes  it  t* 
be  the  AnDiirrinnm  Azamui,  fruiu  ;fhicti  ogjinioti,.  ha«'cv«r,TecdiMgiU. 

■f'  TUt  Smilitxasperaof  Liimtutu;  1hi)  JinnpiuiUa  pkut. 


I 


I 
I 

I 


Ch^.  6t]  -WATXn   TLASTS.  403 

that  the  ivy  is  iiBod  as  ft  chaplet  by  poots,  as  also  by  Father 
Liber  and  Silenus?  Tablets  are  made"  of  the  wood  of  the 
smilas,  and  it  is  a  peculiarity  of  this  wood  to  give  out  a  slight 
Bound,**  it  held  flloee  to  the  ear.  It  is  said  that  ivy  is  lemurk- 
ably  efficacious  for  testing  wine,  and  that  a  Tcsstfl  madeof  this 
wood  will  let  the  wine  pass  throngh  it,  while  the  water  will 
remain  behind,  if  there  hus  bwn  any  mised  with  it.*' 

CHAP.  64i   (86.) WATEH   PLANTS  :   THE   BCBH  :    TWBSTT-BISHT 

VAHIKIies  OP  THE  KEBD^ 

Among  those  plants  which  thrive  best  in  cold  localities,  it 
will  be  only  proper  to  mention  the  aquatic  Bhraha.'*  In  the 
first  rank,  we  tind  thi;  reed,  equally  indiRpensahlo  for  the 
(iinergeiiete3  of  war  and  peace,  and  used  among  the  appliances^ 
of  luxuiy  even.  Tbo  northem  nations  mako  nae  of  reeda 
for  roofing  their  houaes,  and  the  stout  thatch  thus  formed  will 
last  for  centtuics  even  ;  in  other  countrieB,  too,  they  meiku 
light  vaulted  ceilings  with  them.  Iteeda  are  employed,  too, 
for  writing  upon  paper,  those  of  Egypt  more  parti  eularly,  whicli 
have  a  close  affinity  to  tho  papynia:  the  most  esteemed,  how- 
ever, arc  the  reeds  of  Cnidoa,  and  those  which  grow  in  Asia, 
on  the  margin  of  the  Anailic  Lalce  "  there. 

The  reed  of  our  country  ia  naturally  of  a  more  fongouit 
nature,  being  formed  of  a  spongy  uartilago,  which  is  hollow 
within,  and  covered  by  a  Ihiu,  dry,  woody  coat  without ;  it 
easily  breaks  into  splinters,  which  are  remarkably  sharp  at  the 
edge.  In  other  respects,  it  is  of  a  Uiin,  graceful  shape,  arti- 
culatxrd  with  joints,  and  tjipering  gmdu^y  towards  the  top. 
which  ends  in.  a  thick,  hairy  tuft.  This  tuft  is  not  without 
its  uses,  as  it  is  employed  for  filling  the  beds  U5cd  in  taverns, 
in  place  of  feathers:  or  else,  whun  it  has  assumed  a  more 
ligneous  consistency,  it  is  pounded,  as  we  see  dcue  among  the 
fiQlgie,  tutdinserteid  between  tlicjointa  of  ships,  to  cluee  the 

"  F^e  u  lEcliaed  tn  <]aeaticn  ihis;  but  thu  breadth  of  tto  inWets  moy 
have  been  verj-  Bmall  in  ihis  ijisUince. 

*  Of  Mtirae  this  is  i'otmlouB :  thoiigli  it  ia  not  impossible  that  Iha 
writing  on  ihe  tabl-aU  may  BunLCtimcs  hava  ciiuded  "  a  noiM  in  the  wftrU," 
tad  timt  Ijencc  iliu  poet*  may  have  given  rise  to  (big  story. 


L 


"1  Pliny  borrows  lUie  fabulous  st.nty  Irnm  Cnto,  D«  Ri;  Rust,  c,  3. 

=''■'  Tbtj  rofds  cannot  be  api>rojiriiitel|  ruaVud  among  the  shnibg. 

"  l-'or  muBical  purposes,  naatdr. 

M  B.  T.  0.  20. 

a  D  a 


404 


PliljrV  a   NATTTftAt  HIBTOltT. 


[EwkSn. 


seams,  a  tiling  thai  it  does  most  effeutuiilly,  being  moro  tena- 
cious than  glue,  and  odbcring  more  tirmly  than  pitch. 

CttXP.    65.' — B£BDS   VB&D   POK  ABItOWS,  AXD    IMJB   THE  PCBPOSS 

OS  wmrt«o. 

It  is  by  tie  aid  of  tho  roed-'  iJiat  tlio  nations  of  the  Eitst 
decide  l.hc?ir  -wttrB;  fixing  iu  il  ?i  hnrboil  point,  they  inflict  a 
wound  from  which  Uiu  atTnw  catrngt.  he  withdrawn.  By  the 
addition  of  feathers  thuy  acctlerata  the  flight  of  this  instnt- 
mt'Qt  of  dputb,  and  the  wf^upon,  if  it  breaks  in  tho  wound, 
hirnishoB  tho  combtitaats  nith  a  weapon  a&eslu  With  tlicee 
misBilei*  the  warrioi-s  darken  the  very  niys  of  the  hod,'*  It  tl 
for  tiiia  rfjion  mora  porticiilarly  that  they  desire  a  clear  unl 
Hcrone  sky,  and  hold  in  abhorrence  ull  windy  and  rainy  weatlur, 
which  hii8  the  effeflt  of  compeUing  them,  in  spite  of  theu- 
8elvr«,  to  be  at  peace  with  one  another. 

If  a  person  wore  carotiiUy  to  cnunicrnte  tho  peoples  nf 
Ethiopia,  Egypt,  Arabia,  India,  Soythio.,  Bitctno,  and  SumaliS) 
together  wilii  oU  the  numerous  peo}jh>B  of  tho  East,  and  tlie 
v«st  tflalms  of  the  Pjirthiaus,  ho  wouJd  find  thnt  fully  one-half 
of  mankiiid  thruughuut  the  T^'hoLe  world  live  luidvr  ■  dominioD 
imposed  by  tlie  agtncy  of  the  arrow.  It  wkb  theii-  curpMBtDg 
pxceUence  in  this  ana  that  so  ennobled  tlie  WHrrionj  of  Cn\^, 
though  in  this  reapatt,  as  well  as  in  all  otliorn,  Italy  liitf 
gained  the  mastery  ;  there  being  no  reed  in  exist^^nco  betl*t 
adapted  for  making  arrows  than  that  found  in  the  Khenns,  a 
river  of  the  ti-rritory  of  Bononia  :  filled  with  a  greater  qiuui* 
tity  of  pith  than  aay  of  the  others,  it  ib  light,  and  easily 
cleaves  the  aii',  while  at  the  same  time  it  has  suMcieut  weigiht 
ta  resist  the  action  of  the  wind ;  an  advantage  that  is  uvl 
pDS!;(<sBed  in  »ji  equal  degrae  by  those  employed  enoong  llw 
Eolgie.  These  advantages,  however,  aro  pombsbe^  by  the 
tnoBt  approved  kinds  that  are  fonnd  in  Crete,  although  thne 

^  '' CdIuieihs."  TlicGo-GftlladTcoddf  tha  KfliEt.tiMdfb'r  nakingdArliiiid 
arrows,  doea  not  bbloii^  to  tlis  guntui  AruniJo,  but  ta  thou  of  tna  BntfacH 
&111]  NaitiLs, 

**  Few  reader*  of  liistDir  will  fail  l«  rocolli^ut  Uirt  rtifiort  rnftde  t*  Kii^ 
Hccry  V.  by  Dnvy  (riim,  bufore  tho  battlo  «f  Agincouit : — "Tho  c&anjr 
ani  IK)  numerous,"  ssJd  the  lUBSBuageT.  ^'  tlmt  ihuir  curowi  will  ilarken  the 
boil"  "  Wa  tnuat  e'en  bs  canient  to  fi^ht  in  the  dark  then,"  «ai  tlu 
warrior'*  reply. 


Chap.  flS.] 


ThVTS  BEBD9, 


405 


I 


I 


I 


of  India  ore  profciTcd;  in  tlio  opinion  of  some  puTsoue,  hoTv- 
ever,  tbesu  lust  ore  of  a  totnlly  ditfercnt  iiature>  for  by  odQing  a 
point  to  them,  the  natireB  are  Me  to  use  them  as  kuices  evta. 
Indeed,  we  fiiid  ttint  in  India  lt«  reed  grows  tr^  tlie  thJcluif^ 
of  u  trcp,  a  tact  which  is  proved  by  the  epecimc-ns  which  are 
CTPTywhcTG  to  bo  Boen  in  our  temples.  The  Indinna  assurr 
tiA  that  in  this  plant,  too,  there  is  the  dietiiictiou  of  male  and 
leniali? ;  the  hody  of  the  ninle  bplng  more  compactj  iind  thiit 
of  the  rcmalo  of  a  krpor  size.  In  addition  to  ihia,  if  we  cnn 
credit  the  fact,  a  single  compartment  hotween  the  joints  is 
Fufiicicntly  fergc  to  anawer  tlje  purposoE  of  a  boat.^'  TSicso 
reeds  are  found  more  particularly  on  the  bonks  of  the  river 
Acusiocs, 

In  every  vaiiely  of  the  reed  a  single  root  gires  birth  to 
numerous  etema,  and  if  cut  down,  they  will  shoot  again  with 
inerensed  fecundity.  The  root,  which  is  mtturaUy  tenacious 
of  life,  is  nlso  jointed  as  well  as  the  stem.  The  reeda  of  India 
«To  the  only  aum  in  which  the  leaves  are  Bhort ;  but  in  ail  the 
Torietiea  thoBe  leaver  take  their  ri»e  at  the  joints,  and  surrouud 
the  stem  witii  a  Roe  tiaaue  about  hall'  way  upwards  to  the 
next  joint,  and  then  leave  the  stem  and  droop  downworde. 
The  reed,  us  well  as  the  eulumuB,  althi>iigh  rounded.,  hus  tno 
Bides,  which  throw  out  leav&s  alternately  from  ab-ove  the  joints, 
in  Buch  a  wcty  that  when  one  npnDgs  from  the  right  side,  the 
next  isaiies  from  tl)e  joint  above  it  on  the  hit,  and  so  in 
turns.  Branches,  toe,  shoot  occasionally  from  the  stem,  being 
themsclTOB  Tocds  of  diminutive  growth. 


CHAP,   66. — ^FLDTR    reeds;     tee   lium   op   OBCHOMKMie  ,•    ILBKIJS 

Tho  varieties  of  the  reed  arc  numeroUB.  Some  aro  more 
compact  than  others,  thicker  at  the  juintR,  and  n*ith  a  shorter 
interval  between  them  ;  while  others,  uyuiu,  are  Ices  compact, 
with  longer  intirvals  between  the  jojntB,  and  not  so  Rlruight, 
Another  lund  oi'  reed  is  quite  hollow ;  tt  h  knoivu  uh  the 
syringia,"^  sied  ia  particularly  useful  for  niakinj^  flutt.'s,  having 
neither  pith  in  it  nor  any  fleshy  substance.     The  rtied  uf  Of- 

"  8ae  B.  vii.  e.  2.     Thin  i«  probaWv  mi  cxnfgpralioii.     He  dlnileK  to 
■tiiv  Hamhoa  oniiiiliaacen  of  Lbiii:iiut.'k,  tlic  Aruoilu  urbcx  uf  C.  tiaultio. 
'^  The  Aruudo  iuaax  of  Liiuuciia^ 


40ft 


PI-rST'fl  WATiniAL  inaTOBT.  [Book  XVI. 


ahomenus  has  a  possngo  in  it  opfu  iiroiu  OQO  end  to  the  other, 
aud  is  known  ua  the  uulwticou;™  this  last  is  best  for  makiaj* 
pipes,*"  the  former"'  for  tlie  syrinx.  Thpre  is  another  re-erf, 
Hie  wood  of  which  IB  thicker,  and  tlie  paasage  very  con* 
ti-act/^d,  beifig  entirely  filled  with  a  spongy  iind  of  pith.  One 
kindj  again,  is  shorter,  and  another  longer,  the  one  thinner, 
the  other  more  thick.  That  known  aa  the  donax,  throws  «ut 
the  moat  shoots,  and  grows  only  in  watery  localities;  in- 
deed, thia  ia  a  point  which  oonalitutee  a  vray  c-unsidemble 
difl'ereuce,  thoao  roedR  hciny  greutly  prtferreil  which  grow 
in  a  dry  eoiJ.  The  archtir'B  reed  forniR  a  peculiiir  species,  ni 
we  hare  alroudy  stated  ;'^  but  that  of  Crete"  has  thu  loogtrt 
inttirrals  between  tho  joints,  and  when  subjucted  to  heal  ii 
capable  of  being  rendered  perfectly  pUable"  at  pleafluxd.  Tlifl 
kavea,  too,  constitute  different  viirietics,  not  only  by  their 
imnibpr,  but  thoir  colour  also.  Tlio  reed  of  Ltsconin  la  Bpo^ 
Ifld,"  and  throwa  not  a  greater  number  of  ehoots  at  tho  lo\>\T 
extremities ;  being  very  similar  in  nature,  it  is  thought,  lo 
the  reeds  that  wo  find  growing  about  Btagnunt  waters,  and 
unlike  thoee  of  the  rivers,  in  being  covered  with  leares  of 
eouBideraWe  length;  which,  eEimbing  lapwarda,  embnice  the 
ntem  to  a  considerable  dietunee  above  the  joints.  There  i> 
also  an  obliquely-spreadiog  reed,  whioli  does  not  ahoot  up- 
wards to  any  height,  but  spreads  out  like  a  shrub,  keeping 
close  to  the  earth ;  this  reed  ia  much  sought  by  animala  when 
yonng,  and  is  known  by  some  persona  as  the  elcgia.*"  Thore 
is  in  Italy,  too,  a  Buhstnnco  found  in  the  morah-reeds,  colled 
by  the  name  of  adorca  :*'  it  is  only  to  be  found  iasning  from  tJiu 
cuter  skin,  below  the  floeay  head  of  the  plant,  and  ia  particularly 

^  Or  tha  pipe-reed. 

^  Tho  tibia,  or  pipc^  wa*  plajed  Irngth-wiso,  lika  tho  fiagtokt  « 
elariauct. 

"  A  varictT  oF  tlie  Arnndo  donai.  The  Orchontrniinn  reieil  is  of  tb* 
«smp  elfiss.  Tli9  fistula  was  ployed  sidewnyg ;  anil  jotin*  tu  have  bttu  " 
njiEuv  giT«n  both  to  tho  Syrinx  or  Iho  taadasan  pipes,  and  the  &W, 
properly  so  caUcd. 

*'  la  the  hti.  Cliapter.  The  Arctndo  doaai,  probably,  %n  far  aa  Boio* 
pean  waTfare  waa  eonoeriiQil. 

"  A  varicity  of  thv  Arundo  iJoaiii  of  LiancDns, 

M  TbiH  ia  Qot  the  fact.  ^'^  Tho  Arundo  lemtoXar  of  Miller. 

**  CanstantinaB  anil  Sohnoidcr,  upon  Theophrniluti,  lliit.  Plant,  B.  i*. 
c.  11,  luipect  the  carrcctneu  of  this  word. 

V  See  B.  XX.  c.  HB,  and  B.  zzxii.  o.  6i. 


Cliip.  63.] 


TLCTB  DK£I)S. 


407 


boDoficiul  to  the  teeth,  having,  in  foct^  Etu  ci^uitl  dcgroe  t>f  pan- 
geuoy  witb  mustard. 

The  tenna  of  admiration  in  which  they  are  spokeD.  of  by 
the  nncients  compels  mc  to  enter  into  sonie  mora  minute  de- 
tails relative  to  the  rced-beds  of  Lake  Orchomenus.  Characias" 
was  the  name  given  there  to  a  reed  of  stout  and  compact 
quality,  while  a  thinnerone  was  known  as  tho  plotias;  this  Inat 
wna  to  bo  fbuad  growing  on  the  floating  iBhindfl  there;,  while 
the  former  grow  upon  iho  hitiika  that  w^irc  covdred  by  tho 
wtiterB  of  tha  lake.  A  third  kind  again,  which  hud  tho  name 
of  "auleticon,"  was  the  sonic  that  ia  now  known  as  tho  mii- 
sioal  pipe*"  reud.  This  reed  UKod  to  take  nine  ye-ars  to  grow, 
as  it  was  for  that  period  that  tlio  wntors  of  ihe  hUco  wero 
continually  on  tliti  iaisrease  ;  it  ustid  to  be  looltefl  upon  as  a 
prodigy  of  eviJ  omen,  if  at  the  end  of  ita  rise  ita  waters  re- 
mained overflowing  so  long  aa  a  couple  of  years ;  a  thing'  that 
■waa  observdl  at  the  period  of  the  Athenian  diaaat«PB  at  Che- 
ronaea,  and  on  variouB  other  occasions.  This  lake  baa  the  name 
of  Lehaida,  at  the  part  whore  tho  river  Cepbiaua  entcra  it. 

M^en  this  inuDdation  hits  lusted  so  long  aa  a  year,  the 
reed  is  fouad  largo  enough  to  be  available  for  the  purpoaes  of 
fuwliog :  at  this  period  it  uaed  to  be  called  zouffitca.'"  On  tho 
other  hand,  n  heu  the  waters  euhaided  at  on  eailier  jicriod,  the 
reeds  were  known  aa  boaibyeiro,"  being  of  a  more  slender  form. 
In  this  variety,  too,  tlie  leaf  of  the  lemolo  plant  was  broader 
and  whit*r  tian  that  of  the  others,  while  that  upon  which 
there  was  little  or  no  down  bore  the  name  of  the  eunuch  reed. 
The  stem  of  this  Inat  t-ariety  was  need  for  tho  manufacture  of 
concert"  flutea.  I  inuflt  not  here  pass  hy  in  Bilenco  the  mar- 
velloue  care  which  the  aneients  luvished  upon  these  iuetru- 
meats,  a  thing  which  will,  in  Eomo  meoeure,  plead  as  an  apo* 
logy  for  tbe  manufacture  of  them  at  the  prest-nt  day  of  silver 
in  prefiTcncc.  The  reed  uaed  to  be  cut,  as  it  was  then  looked 
upon  as  being  lq  the  beet  condition,  at  the  rising  of  Ai-cturus ;" 

*  ThB  Anindo  phTflgmitGs  of  LiiiniEiiB.  Tho  ?lotiu,  no  doabt,  iraa 
wilv  &  mrit'ty  of  it. 

"  "  Anmati  tibialis."  The  stor}' iibout  tbe  time  taken  bj  it  to  gxow,  and 
the  increase  oftbo  vatcrs,  is,  of  cuius^,  fabuloiu. 

"^  The  "  joko  rued,"  or  "  ret  J  for  a  doubk'  fiulo," 

*'  Porliajw  so  cnJlcd  from  the  sLLkinesB  of  iL'i  llosAj  piniciilst. 

*'  This  tfic-nia  to  ht  th«  rutoning  of  "  ad  mclosos  cantua.'* 

*'  B.XTiii.o.J#. 


408 


PUNV'b  SAtUIUI.   UISTOBT. 


CBoi^XVl 


an,  naage  whicH  prevuilcd  down  to  the  time  of  Antigcnides,  the 
musiciiiD,  and  whiltf  Sute-playiug  wua  of  a  more  simple  style. 
Ijpiag  Lhui^  prepared,  the  tei^ds  beci^aiu  {it  fur  uso  in  the  cuurae 
uf  u  taw  yuars.  At  that  puriud  evezi  tlie  rued  itiiuirud  coUBt- 
dttniblo  setuooing  to  reodt^r  it  pliable,  and  to  bo  in^tnwtcd,  u 
it  were,  in  the  proper  modiilutign  of  ita  soimdfi ;  the  mouth* 
picci*  and  atops"  being  nntumlly  ton tract*fd,  iind  bo  producing 
a.  cnusin  better  adnptud  to  the  tbuutrical  liiittv  of  the  iJAy. 
Dili  in  later  times,  when  the  music  becaiua  moro  varied,  aud 
luxury  bfgun.  to  exerciae  its  iulliicnce  upon  the  muaical  taatc, 
it  became  the  generai  usnge  to  cut  the  reeds  before  tho  summer 
sobtice,  and  to  make  then  fit  for  \\m  at  tho  end  of  tJine 
moQtha:  the  stops  and  nwuth-piwH  being  found,  when  tlie 
rcud.4  were  cut  at  tbiit  period,  tt>  he  more  opuD  and  better 
odupted  ibr  the  modifications  of  sound  :  it  is  iu  this  state  that 
tho  reod  is  uBod  for  similar  purposes  at  thu  prescut  day.  Ill 
tlmise  tiiiK^B  it  was  a  v«ry  gfiicvul  perBuasion  alsu,  that  every 
pipe  ought  to  have  the  tougtie  of  its  own  mouth-pteoe  cut 
from  the  same  reed  aa  itaelf,  and  that  a  w-'ction  from  tho  part 
neafL'St  the  root  woa  hoBt  aduptcd  to  form  the  left-himded 
flut^,"  and  from  the  part  adjoining  the  top  the  right-handed 
one :  those  ricds,  too,  were  oonaidered  immcaaiirably  superior, 
which  had  been  washed  by  tho  -waters  of  Cephisus  itself. 

At  thn  present  day  the  Bacritlciid  pipes  used  by  the  Tuscau 
are  made  of  box-wood,  while  thoso  employed  at  Uie  games  an 
luadu  of  the  lotus,"  the  boocs  of  tlie  &sb,  or  uLsc  yilver.  Thu 
fowk-r's  reeds  of  the  best  quidity  ure  thoso  ol^  Puuormuu,'" 
and  the  beet  reede  for  fishiog-rods  come  trom  Abaritu  ifi 
Africa." 


CHAI".  67. THE    VIS E-nBES8Elfe'    BUBI). 

Thu  rued  is  employed  iu  Italy  more  parliculurly,  oB  a  gtip- 

*'  Lingulia. 

''  TbB  truTiis  "iluCrffi'*  and  "riuiBtrm,"  donuto  the  troblo  and  tlicbia 
tiaUis ;  it  is  Ibutighl  by  tomt,  bcuaucc  ih^  r<->t'iiiiT  viarv  hfld  wiili  th<:  riglit 
blind,  and  the  l)itt«r  vitb  the  luft.  Twii  trublu  or  boM  tiutca  w«ra  ociwi- 
uiiuU;  |ilav<iil  on  at  the  iiinie  tiaie. 

''i  Stc  b.  Alii,  (J.  33. 

"  TlieM  w-ore  of  thu  vurinty  Zaupln,  j)r«vii»u»ly  mentioned. 

"•  tV'o  suKfftsta,  lliQt  what  ho  mcntiana  hflw  may  not  Iimvi;  l)c*ll  •  tt*i 
at  uU,  but  one  of  tbi:;  v^puniceaiu  pluats,  tlic  pupyru*,  pcrbapt. 


Cb«p.  U] 


TllK   WILLOW. 


part  ibr  ihu  vine.  Cnto'"  rccommonda  that  it  should  be 
plaated  in  a  dump  situalLoii,  (be  aoLl  being  ^t  turnt^d  up  with 
a  double  mattogJt,  and  a  distance  of  three  feet  left  between  tho 
yoiing"  layers;  he  says,  Uia,  that  tho  wilrl  asparagus  "  from 
which  the  ciiltivftted  spociea  i3  produced,  inny  bt  pkuted  to- 
gether with  it,  as  they  agree  particularly  wcl!  together. 

(37.)  Ho  says  also  that  the  willow  niny  be  {ihmted  ia  its 
vicinity,  than  which  there  is  no  ai{untic  jihuit  of  more  general 
utility,  although  tho  poplar  may  bn  i)r(jfeiT('d  for  thu  training 
of  thci  vine,  and  thu  support  of  the  Coccuhan  grope;  nlthough, 
too,  the  older  affords  a.  more  efficient  protection  by  the  hedges 
it  t'orir.8,  and,  planted  in  tho  very  wnlcr.  niakes  n.  raiupiirt 
alon^  the  banks  in  defence  of  the  adjoining  cotiutry  agninst 
the  violenee  of  the  rivRra  when  they  overflow ;  when  cut  down, 
too,  this  last  tree  is  useful  for  the  innumerable  suckers  which 
it  throwa  out. 

ciur.  68. — TUE  WILLOW :  Eioirr  v.ieibtie8  of  n. 

Of  the  willow,  too,  there  arc  several  varieties.  One"  of  them 
throws  out  its  branches  to  a  oonsidtrublo  height;  ttnd  these, 
ooupk'd  together,  serve  as  peichee  ibr  the  viae,  wbile  the  barfc 
around  the  tree  itself  is  used  for  withes."  Others,"  again, 
of  a  more  pliable  nature,  supply  ti.  ilvxiblii  twig,  which  is  uBt"! 
for  the  purpose  of  tying;  while  others  throw  out  OPicrs  of 
remarkable  tkinnesa,  adapted  by  their  snppleneaa  and  graceful 
slendcnjf^ss  f&r  the  mtmut'acture  of  wicker-w&rk.**  Others, 
again,  of  a  Rtoutcr  make,  are  iL'wjd  tar  weaviog  pannierB, 
and  many  other  utcnsila  eaiployGd  in  agricalturu ;  while  from 
u  whiter  Wriilow  the  btii'k  is  peeled  otf,  and,  beiuy  rcoiarkably 
truH.'tabk',  admits  of  variouu  utensils  being  made  of  it,  which 
require  a  soFtpr  and  more  pliable  material  than  leather;  this 
Ia«t  18  also  toiuiil  particularly  useful  in  the  construction  of 
those  articles  of  luxury,  reclining  chaii-s.     The  willow,  when 

'*  D<i  Rt  ItiLtC.  c.  &.     It  waa  the  donax  that  ma  ihus  employed ;  as  it 
ii  iw  FrBUCu  At  tho  pRiont  dHv. 
»  OcuUb.     8a«  ]!.  ivii.  e.  33. 
"  Ban  B.  xtx.  Q  -13, 

"  Tho  wbio  wiltyif,  S«lix  AlWof  Llnnieun, 
"  The   Balis  viuUini  more  particularly  is  uaed  in  S'rjtnPk.-  for  tlu« 

^  The  Sdis  Iielix  of  T.iimiBut. 

**  The  SbIix  unifgduliua  (if  IJniuwia. 


n 


410  PLTSt's  WATTTRATj   niSTORT.  [BnuVXVt. 

cut,  oontlnuoa  to  thriTe.  and,  indeed,  throws  out  more  thickly 
from  the  top,  whitih,  when  cloacly  ciijj|H3(l,  bfars  a  stronger  rc- 
&c!tnbltui(H!  to  u  closed  fiet  than  tliu  top  of  a  stump.  It  is  a  ti«e, 
which,  in  ray  opinion,  deserrea  to  be  placed  by  no  means  ia 
tht  lowest  rnuk  of  trees;  for  there  is  none  thnt  will  yield  a  more 
certain  profit,  which  can  be  ciiltivnttd  at  less  expposp,  or 
which  is  less  iiablc  to  bo  influonctid  hy  cliaogcs  in  the  weather, 

CHAP.  69. — IHKE9  nr  kUDUtosr  to  thb  wnxow,  irmcH  xsx  m 

VNB   IB  MAKINU  WITBKH. 

Cato*  coD»idor8  the  ciilture  of  the  willow  ns  deeciTiiig  to 
Iiold  the  third  rank  in  eatiniation,  and  he  gives  it  precedence 
to  the  cnltivution  of  the  olive,  tillage  for  corn,  or  laying  out 
land  for  pasture.  It  is  not,  however,  because  the  willow  is 
the  only  tree  that  productia  withes ;  for  they  may  be  procured 
nlflo  from  the  hroom,  the  poplar,  thp  elin,  the  blood-red  cornel, 
thti birch,  and  thereoditBelf 'whennplit.or  ekelhelejtveBoftbst 
plant,  Rfl  we  know  to  be  the  ouee  in  Liguria,  The  vine,  also, 
will  Airniflh  them ;  tho  hrumhle,  too,  willi  tho  thorns  m- 
movect,  U8  well  as  the  twisted  Luzel.  It  isa  very  singular  thing, 
that  a  wood  utlns  it  haa  htim  beateo.  and  pounded  should  be 
found  oil  the  stronger  for  making  withes,  but  such  is  a  striking 
peculiarity  that  exists  in  tho  willow.  Tbo  Greek  red"  willow  i* 
split  for  this  purpose :  while  the  willow  '*  of  Ameria  is  whitT 
but  more  brittle,  for  which  reason  it  if?  used  in  an  uncut  state  for 
tying.  In  Asia  there  are  three  varieties  known  of  the  willow; 
the  bkok  "  willow,  whieh  is  best  adapted  for  making  withes, 
the  white  willow,  employed  for  various  agricultural  purposes. 
and  a  third,  which  is  shorter  than  the  otSers,  and  known  us 
the  hfeUx.'" 

With  UH,  also,  there  is  the  same  number  of  denomination! 
given  to  as  many  varieties  of  the  willow ;  ouo  being  knoivn 

'^  Dd  Rg  Euat.  c.  6.  F€e  reiUBrlcs  t1»t  the  DoUons  of  modcng  agriBol* 
turiile  ore  very  ditTercnt  on  this  point, 

"  The  Salix  piitpurea  al  Liooiciia  tho  StJii  vQigaria  rubcns  of  C. 
Bnuhin. 

*"  This  bfiloni^s,  probably,  to-  the  Snlix  helii  of  Linnrooi. 

^  F^e  queries  nUtber  tbla  may  cot  in  the  Suiixinmuu  of  Sohmikud 
ITnffmaciQ,  tbe  bark  oi  which  is  it  bromt  grees. 

^  Beli>ngiiig  to  tbo  8alii  helix  of  I^imu. 


1 


Chap.  71.] 


as  the  viminnl  or  purple  willow,"  another  its  the  nitolina,*' 
from  it*  resemblance  to  the  colour  of  the  nitela.  tluimer  m 
the  trunk  thun  the  preceding  ona,.  and  the  third  as  the 
Gallic**  kind,  being  the  thiimeBt  of  them  nil. 

CHAP,  70. — arsiiEs:  cakdie-hphiib s :  aiTBnKa  imb  THATdmra. 

The  rush,'"  ao  frail  in  form,  and  ^wing  in.  marshy  apots, 
cfiiiTiot  he  recltoneii  us  bfilonging  to  the  Bhruhs,  nor  yet  to  the 
l)rimihles  or  the  stalk  pla&t,a  ;  nor,  indeed,  in  strict  justice,  to 
any  of  the  cIitfistsB  of  [ilants  except  one  that  ia  pceuliarly  its 
uwn.  It  is  GxtciiHiTtly  used  for  making  thatch  and  mattiiig, 
und,  mth  the  outer  cuot  taken  oS,  for  making  cimdles  and 
ftmeral  torches-  lu  Boine  places,  however,  the  rush  is  moro 
hard  and  firm :  thus,  for  instance,  it  is  employed  not  only  by 
the  sailors  on  the  Padus  for  making  the  sails  of  boats,  but  for 
iho  purposes  of  sea-fishing  as  well,  by  tho  fiehtrmcn  of  Airiea, 
Tvho,  in  a  most  preposteroua  manner,  hang  the  aails  made  of  it 
btihind  tho  maste.'^  Tho  people,  too,  of  Mauritania  thatch 
their  oottagea"*  with  mshi^B;  indeed,  if  wo  look  Bomcwhat 
closely  into  the  matter,  it  will  appear  that  the  nieh  is  hold  in 
pretty  nuarly  the  eame  degree  of  eBtimation  there  aa  tho  pa- 
pyrus ia  in  Uio  inner  rL^gions  of  the  world." 

CHAP.  71,— THE  KUJER  :    IJIE  SSJlJCBlE. 

Of  a  peculiar  nature,  too,  though  to  be  reckoned  among  the 
watei*-plant8,  ia  tho  bramble,  a  Ehrub-like  plant,  and  the 
plder,  which  is  of  a  spongy  nature,  though  not  rcBcmbliag  giunt 
funnel,  from  having  upon  it  a  greater  fiuautity  of  wood.  It  in 
a  belief  among  the  shepherds  that  if  they  out  a  horn  or  trumptt 
from  the  wood  of  this  tree,  it  will  give  nil  the  louder  sound 
if  cut  in  a  spot  where  the  shfuh  has  been  out  of  hearing  of  the 
crowing  of  the  cock.     The  bramble  bears  mulberries,"  and 

"  Sclonging  O  the  Snlix  purpurea  of  Linnicus. 

«^  Field- luuuso  Dt  Huuiirel  colour.  See  H.  viii.  c.  82,  The  SEtme,  pro- 
liablv,  {IS  t1i«  Snlis  TLtcillitia  of  Linnieua. 

"*  A  variety,  T(9  tliiuka,  cfihs  SaUs  rubens, 

'*  The  Scirpus  tacuBtiia  of  Lionoitu. 

"*  And  tint  in  froat  of  them.  ""  itsipBlia. 

^  Tue  bi'amlile  u  Honiptiine^  fouuil  an  the  bitnkB  of  wsfpry  spots  and  in 
mQTBhy  locidiCieBi  tiut  mor<<  frc^quentlv  in  monDUinnus  and  arii3  sjiote, 
''  Known  to  lu  lu  blauklwxntia.     ^his  true  i*  tbe  Itubus  Anitisofliu  «f 


PUKT'a  BATUEAL  aJBTUBT.  [Book  XVI. 

turn  'Miriot^  of  it,  known  as  the  cynoebatos,™  bears  a  llowet 
liiuiUur  to  tho  rosQ.  There  is  n  third  vatiet)',  known  to  the 
Greeks  as  the  Idsan"  bramble,  from  the  pbic«wh«re  itgrowi; 
it  ia  slightpr  than  the  others,  with  smaller  thorns,  ami  not  lo 
liookfd.  Its  flower,  mixt-d  with  honey,  ib  employed  as  nn 
ointment  for  aoro  cyea  and  erysipelas :  and  an  iafusion  of  it 
in  water  is  nsod  for  dieaid<:s  of  the  atomach." 

The  elder'^"  Leai-s  n  small  bluck  berry,  which  oniLtaiuB  a  viB- 
cuuB  Juice,  oniiiloycd  more  particuLuly  for  slainiug'*  thu  hur. 
The  berriee,  too,  are  boiled  in  water  and  eaten." 

CHAP.  72.  (38.) — TUB  nncES  op  trkes. 

There  is  a  juice  in  the  bark  of  treus,  which  most  bo  lookt-d 
upon  as  their  blood,  though  it  is  not  of  u  similar  nature  in  alL 
lit  the  fig  it  a  of  a  milky  conaiatencv,  and  haa  the  peculiar 
jiroperty  of  cardling  milk,  find  so  forming  chef-se.**  In  the 
cherry-tree  thia  juioe  is  gummy,  in  thn  eJm  clammy,  in  tie 
npplo  viHtioiis  and  fatty,  whilo  in  tho  vine  and  the"  pear  it  le 
watery.  The  muru  viitcous  this  humour  is,  tlio  more  long- 
lived  the  tree.  In  a  word,  we  find  in  the  bodica  of  trees — «■ 
with  all  other  beiugs  that  are  anlmaUKl — akin,  blood,  fleBh, 
siacws,  veins,  bonos,  and  nnirrow;  the  biuk  burving  thorn  in 
placo  of  skill.  It  ia  a  singular  fact  coiint'ct«d  with  the  tniil- 
berry-ttee,  that  when  the  medical  men  winh  to  extract  it§  jaice, 
if  tho  incision  i«  lightly  made,  by  a  Mow  with  a  stonu,  and  at 
the  second  hour  of  the  day  in  wpring,  the  juice  will  flow :  but 
if,  on  tho  other  hand,  a  wound  ia  inflicted  to  any  depth,  it  hu 
all  the  appearance  of  being  dried  up. 

Immcdiiitoly  hcint^ath  the  hark  in  most  IreoB  there  is  a  fatty 
cubatuuee.  which,  &oni  its  colour,  ho^  obtainL-d  Uio  name  of 
alburiiuiu  :^  it  ia  soft,  and  lb  the  very  worst  part  of  tliu  wood, 

Linnceiiii;  tlia  snmg  a*  t^u  ILubus  toiuenkmii,  and  the  Bubua  oor; lifuliui 
wf  olluT  iniiduru  botaaiaM. 

'"  The  lUisA  eiminn  ot  Linnieus :  th«  dflg-rose  ftr  Eglantine. 

"  Ttie  llLitiuit  lilu-'us  uf  botauisUi  tho  orJintiry  rtupborry. 

'»  Sb.!  H,  KiJv.  e.  -r..  "•  Sea  B.  xxtv  o.  35. 

"  They  aro  »tiU  tisoii  for  dyL-inif,  but  not  for  ibiinicK  tlw  bair, 

'*  Only  ua  a  piirgntiTo,  probably. 

'*  Though  tli<:  ocht  it  fonUina  would  ciirdlo  milk,  atil)  its  nsUml 
«cridily  wotilil  iiis(|UKlify  it  from  being  iii.'il  Tur  ranking  fihwae, 

'*  llie  wliitr  utji  or  mnpr  buk ;  ibc  uubi>;T  ut'  Iba  FccdcIl  Sit  iwr 
mnikf,  that  i[s  sujipctacd  analogy  witli  Eut  is  inuotnct. 


Chip.  73.1  fax  TEtXS  AXD   riBHM   OF   TREES. 


and  in.  the  robur  even  will  very  cfisUy  rot,  being  particularly 
liiilile  to  wood-worio,  for  wbivli  ruusoa  it  ifi  iuvoriubly  remav^ti. 
Jk'uuath  Uiis  tut  lies  the  fle»h^  of  the  tree,  and  then  under 
that,  its  bctapw,  or,  in  other  words,  llie  choicest  part  of  the  wood. 
Those  tretB  ■wliich  have  a  diy  woori,  the  olivf,  for  instance, 
licar  fruit  every  other  year  only :  tbia  is  niorfi  tbc  ciwe  with 
thtm  tlian  with  thoae  the  wood  of  wliich  is  of  a  fleshy  nature, 
such  as  the  cherry,  for  instance.  It  is  not  all  trcfs,  too,  that 
have  this  ftit  and  ticah  in  any  abundance,  the  aanic  a.^  we  find 
to  bo  the  case  amonfr  tho  more  aotivp  aiumaU.  The  box,  the 
fornel,  and  tho  olivi?  have  noun  at  all,  uor  ytt  any  mioruw,  and 
a  vury  pmall  proportion,  too,  of  blood.  In  the  muhc  way,  too, 
the;  aertico-triie  has  no  bones,  and  the  elder  no  flfsh,  while 
both  of  them  hare  marrow  in  tho  greatuet  abundancfo.  Beeds, 
toO]  huxe  hardly  aay  flesh. 

CttiP.  V3. TttB  TEIS8  IND  FIBHES  OF  TMES. 

In  the  flesh  of  some  trflts  we  find  both  fibres"  aad  veins : 
they  are  easily  distinguished.  Tho  vtiiis"  are  larger,  while 
The  flbros  arc  of  whitt^r  material,  and  are  to  be  found  in  those 
woods  more  partinOurly  which  arc  easily  split,  lieiice  it  is  that 
if  the  ear  is  applied  to  the  extremity  of  a  beiim  of  wood,  how- 
fiTer  long,  a  tap  with  a  grorer*'  even  upon  the  other  end  may 
be  dist'inetly  heard,  the  sound  penetniting  by  thti  passages 
wliieh  run.  straight  through  it :  by  these  means  it  is  that  we 
ascertain  whothtx  timber  runs  awry,  or  ib  interrupted  by  knots. 
'Ihe  tuberosities  which  we  iliid  on  tree*  resemble  the  kernebi" 
that  are  formed  in  tleah  :  they  contain  neither  veins  nor  fibres, 
but  only  a  kind  of  tough,  sohd  ficsh,  rolled  np  in  a  sort  of 
bull :  it  ie  these  tuberosities  that  are  the;  moat  esteemed  parls"- 
in  the  citrus  and  the  maple.     As  to  the  other  kinda  of  wood 

""  He  raofttu  Lba  ovbL-r  It^eoiu  hy*n  of  the  wood.  They  ditfei  only 
in  their  relative  banlim^E. 

"  "  PiilpiE."    Tlie  ti^nwus  fibns  which  form  tbe  tiwue  or  the  b«rk. 

^^  "Toii(c."  Bf  lhifit«nnhe  probublyneiuiathoDulrULvoTcwcUKadtbc 
liifneoua  flbrca  anitod.  I(.  wm  andcntiy  th«  gctifni)  botief  tbat  the  fihru 
octod  Ihflir  part  in  the  ntiLKm'-iit  of  tlie  tree. 

^  "  Qraiihidin."     rrnfH-rly  a  atylua  or  iron  pen. 

•!■  "  (ilAtiiliu,"     TliU  ttndogj',  i'en  rcnuirks,  don  not  liiold  good. 
&«e  fi.  ilil.  0. 39,  luid  0.  27  of  tUis  Buuk. 


I 


rLINY*9  KATDHAI,  HlSroai. 


[Book  XVI. 


whioh  are  cmplorcd  for  mdlting  tables,  the  trees  cltq  split  intci 
pliuikti  Lengthwise,  und  the  parts  »re  then  selected  along  which. 
ttje  fibres  run,  ami  properly  rounded ;  for  the  wood  would  be 
too  brittle  to  use  il'  it  were  cut  in  ae^menta  cro88wiB«,*'  Itj 
the  bcj&ch,  the  grain  of  the  fibrous  part  runs  crosswise  ;"  henea 
it  is  that  thi^  ancients  held  in  5uch  high  eflCeem  oil  vcasola  made 
"with  the  wood  of  it.  Manius  Curiua  made  oath,  on  one  occa- 
sion, that  he  hud  not  touched  an  ortick  of  all  the  spoil  except 
a  ainglo  oil  cniet°*  of  beech,  to  use  for  auiirificing.  "Wood 
is  always  put  Iragihwise  into  the  'water  to  eeasoD^  as  thBtpurt 
which  was  neareet  the  root  will  sink  to  a  gro-atur^  depth  than 
the  other,  la  some  wou(J  there  is  fihre,  witliout  veins,  oud  merely 
coDftiBtiDg  of  filaments  slightly  knit  together:  wood  of  Uiis 
nature  is  rfimftrkably  fissile.  Other  wood,  ugaio,  is  more  easily 
broken  across  than  split,  Bu^h  oa  tho  wood  of  those  trees  that 
huvii  no  fibre,  the  dUto  and  the  vine,  for  instance  :  on  the  otbcr 
hand,  in  the  tig-tree,  the  whole  of  the  body  consists  of  flcah." 
The  holm-oak,  the  cornel,  the  robur,  tlio  cytisuB,  the  mulberry, 
tho  obony,  the  lotus,  and  tho  other  treoA  which  we  have 
meutiouej""  as  being  destitute  of  miurow,  eoDBist  entirely  ot 
bone.""  All  tbe&e  woods  are  of  a  blackish  coloitr,  with  the 
exce[)tioE  of  the  cornel,  of  whidii  gtosay  yelloTF  huntlng-suoars 
are  made,  marked  with  incisions  for  ^eir  further  eoibcLlish- 
ment.  In  the  cedar,  the  juniper,  and  the  Inrch,  the  wood 
hired. 

(39.)  In  Greeee  the  female  loreh  furnishes  a  ■wood*"  which 
IH  known  as  SEgis,  and  is  just  the  colour  of  honey.  This  -wood 
has  been  found  to  bu  proof  ugaiii&t  decay,  and  ConnH  the  pannels 
used  by  painters,  being  nefur  known  to  gape  vrajiUt;  the 
portion  thus  employed  is  that  which  lies  nearest  to  the  pith.  In 
the  fir-tree  this  part  is  called  "  leuson"  by  the  Creeks.  lu  the 
cedar,  too,  the  IiardeBt  part  ia  the  wood  that  lies  nearest  to  tho 

■*  And  at  an  angle  with  ihe  grain  or  llhre  of  the  wood. 

"^^  Audnt.  right niigleg.  IntEe  B-icotyledoiiB,  tli-o  di^poritionof  thoGbrw 
is  lougitudinal  uud  Lmjisv^raul. 

»  Uiittimi. 

B*  For  tlie  simple  rdoion,  liMauHO  Am  part  ncoi  the  root  w  of  gteaiar 
di&mGUF. 

"  Snft  lifQCOiis  kyers.  **  In  c.  72  of  tht«  Hook, 

"*  Hard  woud— aucii  or  we  know  gnneraJfy  as  "lioart;"  "brart  of 
oak"  for  insljinco, 

I"  PrutitLbly  ihat  of  tbo  ligneous  luyci^  tni&:  ibo  [lith  w  np. 


Cb&p.  71.]  THE   FKLLtSQ    OP   TE'EES.  -Ilj 

sap :  after  the  alimy*'  piEh  haB  been  carcftilly  removed,  it  bus 
a  BimiW  degree  oC  bardoeea  to  tb«  lioucs  iu  the  badtes  of 
animals.  It  is  Biiid,  too,  that  in  Greece  tUe  Luaer  part  ol  tbe 
elder  ia  rcmarkaljly  ili'in  :  indeed,  thuse  whose  busiuesa  it  lii  to 
make  hiintia^  Bpears,  prefer  this  miiterial  to  all  others,  it  t^eiog 
»  wood  campused  'nrholly  of  skin  and  bone. 

CHAP.   74,— THE  TELUMG  OF  TBEB8. 

The  proi>er  time  for  felling  trees  that  are  wanted  tor 
barking,  tlie  round,  tapering  trees,  for  ingtatioe,  that  itre  em- 
ployed ia  tomplts  and  ibr  other  purposes,  is  at  the  period  of 
germination ; "  for  at  other  tiiaea  it  is  quite  impuasiblo  to 
detach  the  bark  from  tlie  rotten  wood  that  adheres  to  it,  whili- 
the  wood  itself  nsBumt^s  q  blackish  hno.  Squared  logs,  and 
wood  from  which  the  bark  haa  been  lopped,  arc  generally  cut 
in  the  period  that  intervcnnB  bctwofn.tho  winter  solstice  and 
the  prevalence  of  the  wnst  Minds  ;  or  else,  if  it  ia  neceRBory 
to  anticipate  that  period,  at  the  setting  of  Arcturus  and 
before  that  of  tlie  Lyre,  the  very  earliest  period  being  the 
Bunmier  solstice  :  the  ilays  of  tht«e  respective  consteUutioQg 
will  be  meotioaed  in  the  appropriate  plaee.*^ 

In  gEfinFrul  it  is  looked  upon  as  quite  sufficient  to  use  all 
due  precantioT]  (hat  a  tree  ia  not  rongh-bewn  btfori*  it  Iius 
borne  its  yearly  crop.  The  robur,  if  cut  in  spring,  issubjwit 
to  the  attacks  of  wood-worm,  but  if  cut  in  -winter,  will  neither 
rot  nor  warp ;  othcnvise  it  is  very  liable  to  bend  and  become 
awry,  na  well  as  to  erack  ;  the  same  ia  tho  ease,  too,  with  the 
cork-tree,  even  if  cut  down  at  the  proper  time.  The  &tatG  of 
tbe  moon,**  too,  is  of  iu&nite  importuucc,  uud  it  ia  geaeroUy 
recommended  that  tiees  should  be  out  only  between  the  twen- 
tieth and  the  thirtieth  days  of  the  month.  It  is  generally 
agreed,  however,  by  all,  that  it  ia  the  very  best  time  for 
felling  timber,  when  tbe  moon  is  in  conjunction  with  the 
aun,  a  day  which  ia  called  by  some  persona  the  jnlerlu- 
niom,  and  by  others  tho  moon's  ailonce.     At  all  events,  it  was 

*'   "Ijtroo:"   tlm  albTiniiim  prpvinusly  tiJi^iil.ioiied, 
w  Tills  practice  ivns  lijiimjily  tWbiilJtn  by  tlic  foniA  Inw*  of  Fnwioij. 
*>  Iji  B.  iriii. 

*<  I'liny  iKinovrs  thia  BD|wrst)lio]t  (edid  Tbtophrsiitiu,  Qiit.  Plant. 
B.  vi.  0. 1. 


MrXT'S   MAtCSAl   niSTOHT. 


[BonhXTT. 


under  thpBe  circuiuBlJincca  Mint  Tiberius  CoMar  gave  onieis 
for  the  huahLs  to  lie  cut  ia  KhoiLia,  that  were  required  for 
the  purpose  of  rebuiJdiug  tlm  bridge  of  tlio  Naumaclim  ■*  after 
it  liad  beeu  destroyed  by  Are.  Some  perwne  say  thut  the 
moon  ought  not  only  to  tre  iu  conjunction,  but  below  the  bo- 
Tizon  as  well,  a  tiling  thut  can  only  hnppen  in  tlip  nigbt.  If  Ihf 
corjunfltion  should  ishanoe  to  fall  on  the  very  day  ol'  the  wintt* 
solstice,  the  timber,  llicy  wiy,  that  is  thoa  felled  will  be  of  erei- 
Insting  duration ;  the  next  lieat  being  Hip  timber  that  is  cut 
when  thn  coajuncUiin  eoiitciden  with  the  tionsttillationB  pre- 
viously mentioned.  Tiiore  are  some,  too,  who  add  tht'  riaiiig 
of  tlie  Dog-star  as  a  faTourable  time,  niid  any  that  it  was  i]t 
tliis  period  thut  the  timlwr  was  cut  which  wae  employed  Id 
building  the  Forum  of  AugustuK. 

Wood  which  is  intended  lor  timlifr  ought  to  be  cnt  neith«>r 
wbc-n  too  young  nor  too  old,  Sorat  piTsoiis,  too — and  the  prac- 
tice 19  by  no  tncaiiH  without  its  ntilicy — cut  round**  the  tree  u 
far  ns  the  pHh,  and  Uien  leave  the  timhor  BtJinding;  so  that  all 
tht!  Juicijs  may  be  cnuhkd  to  cffliiiipe.  Going  hiuk  (n  ancient 
tintt-g,  it  is  a  romarkablo  fact,  that  in  the  first  I'unU:  War  tlie 
flet't  comaiaudud  by  BuJUius  was  on  the  water  within  sixty 
days  from  tho  timti  tLu  timber  was  cut :  utid,  what  is  stiU 
more  so,  Fiso  relates  that  Xing  Hiero  had  two  hundred  and 
twenty  ships  wholly  couslnicled  in  forty-fivo  days:  in  the 
second  Piciic  War,  too,  tht*  fluef  nf  Scipio  whs  at  Bca  the  fwrtietll 
day  after  the  axe  had  been  put  to  the  tre<!.  Such  ia  the 
rncrgy  and  dispatch  that  can  he  diaplnyed  on  occasjona  of 
omergenc7. 

cir.ip.  75. — THE  oppriOM  of  cato  on  iss  fsixivo  or  tuibek. 

Cato,""  B.  man  of  consummate  authority  in  aU  praotioij  aiut- 
tera,  €:(preBseB  himself  in  relation  to  timbfr  to  llie  foltowiiift 
effdct: — ■"  For  Einlring  prtsses,  employ  the  wood  of  thv  eappiiiiiit 
in  preference.     When  yuu  root  up  the  elm,  the  pine,  the  nat- 

w  ThiswM  the  nams  of  niitme  sna-flgljU,  «iliihili>d  b1  Rome  in  tti« 
CiniLi  vc  ampliithciLtrcs,  or  uku  iu  lukcc  due  i'xprescly  fur  the  puipMSO' 
IIan3»utii  Bii>)rB,  llicro  woro  flvo  Nuam&uhiic  ut  Rome,  tu  the  11th  tegias  vf 
tlie  City. 

'*  Tiiis  piouttce  u  no  lougei  ioUowei 

"  De  Ito  Uust.  a.  31 ;  eUo  cc.  17  and  37- 


J 


VBG  SIZE  01  TBRBS. 

tree,  or,  iudcGd,  any  other  kind  of  tree,  niind  uad  do  so  wJil-u 
the  mooD  is  on  the  wuiie.  ul'Ler  midday,  and  when  there  i»  no 
Boutb  wind  blowing.  The  proper  lime  lor  cutting  a  tree  i» 
when  the  Bced*  is  ripe,  bnt  he  caiV^I'ul  not  to  driiw  it  awtiy  or 
plane  it  while  the  dew  ia  falling."  ]le  OiPn  procfcds  to  say^ 
-^'*  Never  touch  the  timber,  except  when  the  moon  is  on  the 
change,  or  elso  at  the  end  of  the  second  fjiinrtfir:  at  tboiw 
periods  you  may  pitlior  root  up  the  tree,  or  full  it  iw  it  Btaiids. 
Ths  iiPXt  aevea  diiyn  after  the  full  moon  are  the  hest  of  all  liir 
grubbing  up  a  tree.  £e  particularly  careful,  too,  not  tJirougb- 
hcw  timber,  or,  indeed,  to  cut  or  touch  it,  uuleee  it  in  perti'ctly 
dry ;  and  by  no  means  while  it  is  covcrud  with  frost  or  dew." 
The  Emperor  Tihfrius  used  also  to  observe  ihe  chaiifjec  of 
the  moon  for  cutlino;  hiH  hair.'  M.  Vari-o"^  hiia  reroiiiniwodi-d 
that  the  hair  ehould  be  cut  at  full  moon  only,  il'  wo  would 
■avoid  baldness. 

cmr,  76. — tk&'&ize  of  thkks:  thk  satdrb  op  wood  :  tor 

From  the  kruh.  and  fltill  moro  tlie  fir,  after  it  Jtns  hecn 
cut,  a  lifjnid'  flaws  for  a  considcruhle  period :  these  are  the 
loftiGBt  8n<i  straightest  of  all  the  trees.  Tho  fir  is  pn- 
h  ferrod  for  niuking  the  roasts  and  eiiilyurds  of  i-hipa.  on  auciiimn 
of  ite  ooinpanitivL' liglitucsa.  It  is  a  cooiuiou  feature  with 
these  trees,  in  common  with;  the  pine,  to  have  four  rows  of 
v«iu»  running  along  the  wood,  or  elso  two,  or  sonieLimea  only 
one.  The  he-art  *  of  theec  trees  is  pf'<-ii!iarly  wvll  ndnptvd  for 
joiners'  work,  und  the  best  wood  of  all  is  that  which  has  four 
layers  of  veins,  it  being  softer  tlmn  the  rest:  men  of  expe- 
rience in  theao  matters  cjin  inBlnntly  form  a  juiigiu<^nt  of  th^.' 
quiUity  from  the  bark.  That  part  m  the  tir  whioh  is  nearest 
to  the  ground  is  fr^u  Irom  knots:  when  souked  iu  river  water 
in  the  way  we  have  already  meutioncdr*  and  then  barked,  the 

*■  Tliii  prnrlipr  it  ob«TV«d  iu  niodcrn  Hmc». 

'"  C.  37. 

'  I'linv,  nn  tJoiiht,  iibscrTM  an  ansliiiry  hKwi"^  th"  hiur  nf  tho  biiniaa 
Ij^ud,  and  tn?!^  m  IVintiing  lUc  kuir  rif  tliu  wrlti.  TIk?  «uiJt'nliti>iD  htru 
tiitntioiiwl,  t'co  tays,  vm,  till  voiy  recently,  observed  in  FntiicQ  la  &  oon- 
aiili'Rihle  DtUJii. 

*  De  Re  llu»t,  I,  37.  •  TpreliinMiioo  or  turpnittiiiK. 

*  "  All  fiibroiuiii  inU'itiiiU  npiTS  ntcilullii  ■•ii^ilin  "  Tliu  putmi^  it  pra- 
Ijiibly  etirrupi,  i  In  e,  ;4, 

VOL.   111.  S   li 


■ 


418 


PLIFT  8  KATCHAL  BJaTORT. 


pionkXR 


vood  of  Lliis  part  ig  koowii*  as  eujipiuus;  whilo  that  of  the 
upper  part,  which  is  harder  and  knotty,  goes  by  the  name  of 
"  fiwtema."  In  trees,  tlw  sida  which  looks  towards  tlie  north- 
enst  is  the  moat  robust,  and  it  is  wnivcranlly  the  case,  that 
thane  which  grow  in  moi^t  and  damp  localities  arc  of  infam 
qualitj",  while  in  those  which  grow  io  warm  nod  sunny  Bpotn, 
the  wood  is  raori'  oumpact  und  durable;  hence  it  is,  that  at 
K^inLB  fho  fir  is  prel'orred  lliat  t'''"^^  o^  tl^f!  Bhons  of  the 
Tyrrhoiiian  Slm  lu  Ihat  of  tho  shorija  of  ihc  Adriatiu. 

There  iirc  also  considc-rnhW  diffurenct*  in  the  qnaliti«8  of 
theso  trees  according  to  th«  country  of  their  growth  :  the  most 
osluein(.«]  aro  thtwu  uf  the  Alps  iind  th<,i  Apeuniacs;  in  Gftul, 
ttinne  of  Jura'  aiid  Mount  Vmgfsus;  thuae  ali*o  of  C'unic&, 
BithjTiia,  Pontus,  and  Muoodonia;  while  the  firs  of  ^nea*  and 
Arcadia  ure  of  inferior  quality'.  Thope,  howevfr,  of  Paniaufaf 
and  Euhoea  aro  the  worat  of  all,  the  trees  boioj^  bronohy  aad 
knotted,  and  the  wood  Tery  apt  to  rot.  As  for  tho  cedar,  thott 
of  CrcUt.  AiVicii,  and  Syiiit  are  the  iiioBt  estfemcd.  Wood,  if 
well  riihhed  with  oil  of  codar,  is  jiroof  ngaicist  wood-worm  siuJ 
dwjay.  Tho  juniper,  too,  hae  llio  same"  virtues  us  the  ccdai; 
in  8[*nin  it  grows  to  a  very  qonsiik-iiilrle  s'lzn,  in  the  t^Trilort 
of  tho  VacweJ  "*  more  particulajiy  :  (he  heart  of  this  tnt,  :ou, 
is  unircrsally  moRi  £nii  and  eolid  than  cedar  even.  A  gcn«rjl 
fault  in  nil  wood  is  that  known  as  cross-grain,  which  ia  form^ 
hy  contortlDUS  of  the  knots  and  vcinN."  In  the  wood  o("  socle 
trees  (here  are  tc  be  foand  knure,'*  like  those  in  marble  ;  the* 
kmirs  aro  roraarktibly  hiird,  and  offer  u  roeistanco  like  liat  of 
a  nail,  to  tho  great  injury  of  the  saw  :  iu  some  oiiaes,  also,  they 
are  furrood  ufiddentally,  from  eithci'  a.  stouo.  ur  tho  branch  of 
uituthur  trco  lod(;lug  tlicre,  and  htiiu^  ubsorbcd.  iu  Ihu  budy  ol* 
ibe  tree. 

Jn  the  Porum  at  MeRara  there  long  stood  a  wild  olive  Upon 
which  wmriors   who   had  diatinguiahed  themaflvus  by  tbcit 

•  WHth  rcfei'taoc  to  the  flr,  sani'ely, 

'  U.  iti,  c.  &.  '  K,  iv.  c.  3. 

*  An  additiiKul  proof,  ]h'rbaps,  tiiat  thi'  oiidaraf  the  snoicnU  Ea  obI; 
one  of  Uic  iiiDipcra,  and  tlint,  u  F^c  tuyi,  thcf  were  Dut  ac<|iiaiiitod  vllb 
tint  tuiil  cediii. 

I"  I!,  iii.  c,  ■*. 

>'  "S|>injR,"  It  set-ine  ta  liiive  hepn  0>c  npimoa  of  tliuKUcicnU  Ui*l  tbt 
internal  biwU  of  the  wwri  an  formad  A^uiUj ■  6uc!i  if  lut  the  fact,* 
Uity  ouusi^t  ut'  iiii]i:pijiidejit  Iiivors,  .         ■'  Centra. 


Chftp.  V«.] 


TlIK   SIZE   OF  TIIEE8. 


419 


I 


\ 


Jriartial  powers  had  bi?ni  in  t£ie  habit  of  suspending  ttipir  ans». 
In  the  lapse  of  time  the  baric  of  tliia  tru-e  b.nA  closed,  anc! 
quite  concouled  tht^se  arma  from  view.  TTpon  it,  however,  de- 
pended tho  liito  of  the  city  ;  for  it  had  been  announce  bynn 
cracle,  that  when  a  tree  there  shmiild  bring  forth  arme,  the  full 
of  the  eity  would  be  dose  at  baud :  and  Buch,  in  fact,  waa  tbt- 
rcsult,  when  the  tree  was  cut  down  aud  greavus  and  heliucte 
■were  found  witliin  the  wood."  It  is  said  that  stones  found 
ijnd*r  tWse  cin-'uniBtantes  Lave  the  property  of  preventing 
abortion. 

(■!l>.)  It  is  generully  thought  thst  the  largest'*  tree  that  has 
ever  been  neon,  was  tiic  one  that  was  exhibited  nt  Eorae,.  by 
TiboriuB  Cmsnr,  an  an  object  of  eiirioBity,  upon  the  bridge  of 
the  Nitumachia  pro^-iously  mentjontid^*  It  had  been  brought 
thither  along  M^ilL  otiior  timber,  and  was  preserved  till  the  con- 
Btruution  of  Ihc  amphitlii.'atre  of  the  Empuror  Nero:'*  it  wue  a 
log  of  larch,  one  hundred  and  twenty  fectloug,  aadofanuiiifcirui 
thieknoBB  of  a  couple  of  feet.  Pi-ooi  this  titet  wo  can  form  an 
estamate  of  the  urigimil  height  of  the  tree  ;  indeed,  uiea^uri-d 
from  top  to  bottom  it  must  have  been  originally  of  a  lengtli 
that  19  almost  incredible.  In  our  own  lime,  too,  in  the  porticos 
of  the  Septa,"  there  ii-as  a  log  which  had  been  left  tbc-rr  by  M, 
Agrippa,  as  being  equally  an  object  of  cariosity,  having  been 
found  too  large  to  be  used  in  the  building  of  tlic  vote  office'" 
there  :  it  was  twenty  feet  shorLcr  than  the  one  previously  men- 
tioncdj  and  a  foot- and-a- half  in  thioliness.  There  was  a  fir. 
too,  that  was  particularly  admired,  when  it  formed  the  maet 
of  the  ehip,  wliich  brought  from  Egy[it,  by  order  of  the  Em- 
peror Caius,^"  the  obelisk*'  that  waa  erected  in  Uk-  Vaticanian 
Circas,  with  the  four  blocks  of  etoae  intended  for  its  base.  It 
is  beyond  all  dcnbt  that  there  has  been  eeen  nothing  on  the  tva. 

'*  H»  tut™  tbi«  Hpcoiint  from  Ttieophraatus,  Hist.  Plnnt   R.  t.  o,  3, 

"  Thu  gieattst  bi-iglil,  Fia  nays,  of  anj  iree  tnowu,  U  thai  of  ike 
palm,  known  ns  eFTDxybni  it  cumetimES  nttaine  a  height  of  250  feet. 
Adiininn  sppalu  of  the  baobab  as  bciti^  HO  feet  in  o!T(.'uriif£;f«ncfi. 

l»  In  c  7*.  "  Srs  B.  jii.  c.  6. 

"  A  spot  (flcJosed  in  the  Campus  Martius,  for  tlio  resort  of  the  pQOpIe 
during  lao  Comilla,  aati  wlien  giving  tlicii  voIpb. 

i»  "  DinhiioriuTn."  Thie  wua  the  plutw,  ptobuUy,  idicre  the  dtribirorca 
distriTiutod  In  the  citizens  tha  tabcllro,  witli  whicii  tbcj-  votnd  in  the 
Comitia,  or  elsp,  aa  Wuadcr  tliiiilts,  divided  ttii!  voUa,  aclmg  as  "  tellers," 
in  the  modem  phrue.  *"  CeligulA.  ^  U.  xxs<ri.  c.  It, 

X  z  2 


4 '20 


pusY  B  HATcatt  mBToar. 


[BookXVL 


muro  wondcrM  thun  this  ship :  onohuodred  aad  twenty  thoQ- 
Hand  modii  of  lentils  formed  its  'ballast;  and  the  length  of  it 
took  up  the  greatfr  purt  of  the  left  side  of  the  harbour  at  0»Ua. 
It  was  sunk  at  that  spot  by  order  of  the  Emperor  Claudius, 
three  raolcs,  each  as  high  as  a  tower,  being  built  upon  it; 
they  were  coiistriictt^d  with  ccmCTit"  which  the  eiune  TeaMd 
bad  co[iYey«(J  from  Puteoli.  It  took  the  arms  of  four  meato 
span  tho  girth  i>l'  this  treo,  uutd  wv  not  uofrctjueutly  heer  of 
tiiv  price  of  masts  for  euc-h  purposesj  a.s  being  uighiy  thtiusuul 
^CHterceB  or  more :  iai\s,  too,  ot  this  wood  are  Bomctimiv  put 
logt'thcr,  the;  vulue  of  which  ia  forty  tbousimd.  In  Egypt  and 
Syria,  it  is  suid,  the  kings,  for  want  of  hr,  ubivI  to  emplo]: 
Cfdar^  for  building  their  ships  :  the  lai'gcat  cedar  that  we  fcid 
mentioned  is  said  to  bavc'cnme  from  Cyprus,  where  it  was  cut 
to  form  thn  moBt  of  a  galley  of  okvpti  tiers  of  oars  that  be- 
longDd  to  DcTnetrias :  it  was  one  hundri.d  and  thirty  feet  in 
length,  and  took  ttiree  men  Ui  gpan  ite  girth.  The  pirabx  of 
frermany  navigate  their  aeae  in  ycftflcls  formed  of  a  single  tne 
hollowed"  out :  some  of  these  will  hold  as  many  as  tliirlj 
men. 

Of  all  woods,  the  most  compact,  and  congeqiicntly  the  hea- 
viest, aro  the  ebony  itnd  the  box,  both  of  them  of  u  slendd 
make.  Nuitherofthew  woods  will  float  in  water,  nor,  indeed, 
will  that  of  the  cork  tree,  if  the  bark  is  removwl ;  the  same  is 
the  cose,  too,  with  the  wood  of  the  larch.  Of  the  other  woodt, 
the  driest  is  that  of  the  tree  koowa  at  Ilome  m  the  lotiii," 
itnd  nest,  that  of  the  TOhur,  wlien  tlie  white  aap  has  been  re- 
moved.  The  wood  of  thy  rubor  is  diuk,  and  tliat  of  the  fy- 
ti£u»'''  still  moro  bo,  approaching,  in  fact,  the  nearoBt  of  all  to 
the  coHour  of  ebony;  though  there  are  not  wanting  writers  whe 
assert  that  the  wood  of  tlie  Syrian  terebinth  is  darker.*  An 
artist  of  the  name  of  Thericles  is  highly  Bpdkta  of  for  his  ekill 
in  turning  goblets  from  the  wood  of  the  terebinth :  and,  indeed, 
that  fiict  18  a  proof  of  the  goodness  of  the  wood.  TerebiuUi  is 
the  only  wood  that  require.^  to  be  rubbed  with  oil,  and  is  im- 

"  Sen  B.  MiTi,  c.  H,  This  was  a  mortnr  mnde  of  voUanic  tdoa, 
wbi«h  hardL'ced  uadut  wuui.    Il  ib  cow  knowu  at  FoKxaoUiie. 

"  Tlie  Pians  t^ediiw  of  Linnaius. 

**  Thfl  canoM  were  foriQ'>d  probnbly  of  tbe  fir. 

"  The  Cellis  HUBtralii  of  Linnffiiis. 

»  See  B.  liii.  e.  27. 

'*  TTiia,  F*e  sajs,  is  not  the  ijaM,  if  the  Syrian  Urobiath  ii  tho  uma  u 
the  Pui.tiHiia  ter^brntlUiS  of  LiiuirEUi. 


\ 


MBXnODS  07  OBTADTnfO  FIEK  FBOBI  WOOD. 

proved  thereby.  Its  colour  is  imiteled  remfirkably  woll  -n-ith 
the  waluut  and  tie  wild  poiir,  which,  havo  it^  peculiar  tiui 
imparted  to  tliem  by  btUig  boiltii  ia  colouring  li<jiiiil.  Thti 
■wood  of  all  tlie  trees  of  which  we  htive  here  madt;  ni&iitioQ  is 
firm  and  comptict.  Next  after  ttiem  comes  the  cornel,  atthaugh 
it  can  hardly  bo  lootfd  upon  as  timbpr,  in  conBequence  of  its 
remfirkablc  Bllmneag ;  the  wood  of  it,  ia  fact,  is  used  for  hanUy 
any  other  purpose  thun  llie  spokes  of  -wheels,  or  else  for  roak- 
ing  wedgea  for  splitting  wood,  and  pins  ov  bolts,  which  have 
all  tho  hiirdnesa  of  tboao  of  iron.  Beside?  theao,  there  are 
the  holm-oak,  the  wild  imd  tho  cultivated  olive,  the  chcsnut, 
the  yok,e-elm,  iiud  tlic  popkr.  Thia  lust  Is  niotUed  simi- 
larly to  the  maple,  aad  would  be  used  for  joiners*  work  if  wood 
could  bo  good  '  for  anything  when  tho  brauches  are  no  ofteu 
lopped  :  that  acting  upon  the  tree  ub  a  soit  of  castration,  and 
depriving  it  of  its  htiongth.  In  addition  to  these  facta,  uioBt  of 
these  trees,  hut  tbe  robur  more  particularly,  arc  so  oxtremely 
hard,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to  bore  the  wood  till  it  has 
beou  fioftked  in  water ;  and  even  then,  a  nail  once  drivDn  home 
Ottiinot  be  drawn  out  again.  On  tlio  other  hand,  a  nail  has  no'° 
hold  in  cedar.  The  wood  of  the  lime  is  the  softest  of  ull,  and, 
as  it  would  appear,  the  hottt'st  by  nature ;  a  proof  of  thia,  they 
say.  i&  the  fact  that  it  u-ill  turn  the  edge  of  tbo  adze  soouer 
than  any  other  wood."  lu  the  cumbet.  tUso.  of  the  trees  that 
are  hot  by  nature,  are  the  mulberry,  the  lanrel,  the  ivj%  and 
all  thuBO  woodfi  from  which  fire  ia  kindled  by  attrition. 

CttAP.  77.  —  UKTBODS  OF  OBTAINIHG  FIHE  FHOM  WOOD. 

Thitt  is  a  motbod^  which  has  been  employed  by  tb«  outposts 
of  armiee,  and  by  Bliepkei'ds,  on  occasions  when  there  has  not 
been  a  atone  at  bond  to  strike  fire  with.  Two  pieces  of  wood 
are  rubbed  briskly  together,  and  the  friction  soon  Beta  thtm  on 
fire ;  which  ia  caught  on  dry  and  inflammable  BubstanecB,  ftin- 
gusea  and  loaves  being  found  to  ignite  the  moat  rcjulily.  There 
is  notliiug  superior  to  the  wood  of  ihe  ivy  far  rubbing  against, 

^  Thii  Is  iinl,  tbe  onae ;  b  nail  has  a  firm  liold  in  all  n-ainims  woods. 

^  Tliie  is  uvid&iitly  a  puvrile  abEumliCf .  but  it  is  borrowed  from  'Tbto- 
phrastue,  Hist.  I'lual.  li.  v.  c.  4. 

'"  The  saTtt(pa  ofKnith  America,  and,  indeed,  of  ntl  parts  of  the  globe, 
>epni  to  hare  been  itc<iiijiiiilftl  witli  tliix  moLbod  of  kinaliiij^  Are  ixam  the 
very  cailicut  titae». 


422 


BLINT'B  KA.TDEAX   HI3TOBT. 


[Book  X\L 


or  to  thftt  of  the  laurel  for  rubbing  with.     A  species  of  wild 
vine,"  too— not  tlie  same  as  tho  labrnsca — which  climbs  up 
other  trees  like  the  ivy,  is  highly  approved  of.     The  coldest*' 
woods  of  all  are  thoso  of  the  aquatic  trees ;  hut  they  are  llie 
muaL  flexible  alau,  und  for  that  ronaon  the  best  adapWd  for  tha 
voastruutioa  of  huuklera.     Oa  an  iucision  beingmade  in  them, 
they  will  contract  iiuiuediatcly,  and  so  close  up  thtir  woQads, 
ut  th(3  eame  time  rendfriog  it  more  difficult  for  the  iron  to  pe- 
imjIthIo  ;  in  tho  mimbor  of  these  woods  nm  the  tig,  the  willow, 
thelioie,  the  birch,  thot^Iderj  and  both  variotiea  of  the  pophir. 
The  lig-htent  of  all  these  woods,  and  consequently  the  mo«t 
ueeful,  are  Oie  fig  and  the  willow.     They  are  nil  of  them  tm- 
ployedj   howeTpr,  in  the  maTiiifacttire  of  baskets  aod  oihtx 
utunsila  of  wicker-work;  while,  at  tho  same  time,  thcypoa- 
sees  a  degree  i>f  whitenosa  and  hardnesa  which  render  them 
vtry  well  adiipted  for  cttrviag.     Tlie  plane  has  conaidcrahlo 
flexibiiiiy,  but  it  is  moist  and  slimy  like  tho  aldar.     The  elm, 
too,  the  ash,  the  mulberry,  and  tho  cherry,  are  flexible,  but  vf 
a  drier  nature;  the  wood,  howcT^r,   ie  more  weighty.     Tbe 
elm  is  the  beet  of  all  for  retaining  ita  natural  toiighceRS,  and 
henco  it  is  mor«  particularly  employed  for  sorktt  beams  for 
hinges,    and   chbcs   for  the  psimclliog  of  doors,  being   proof 
against  warping.     It  is  requisite,  howuver,  that  tho  beam  to 
rcccivo  th«  hinge  shouM  bo  inverted  when  set  up,  the  top  of 
the  tree  answering  to  the  lower  hinge,  the  root  to  the  upper. 
The  wood  of  tlic  palm  and  the  cork-trea  is  soft,  while  chat  ot 
tho  apple  and  the  pear  is  compact.     HuaU,  however,  ia  not  tho 
etise  with  tht'  maple,  its  wood  being  brittle,  as,  in  fiict,  all 
veined  woods  are.     In  every  kind  of  tree,  the  varieties  in  the 
wood  are  still  more  augmented  by  the  wild  tre*s  and  the  males. 
The  wood,  to",  of  the  barren  tree  is  moru  solid  tSuin  that  of  tli« 
iruit-beaiing  ones,  exeupt  in  those  Bpecies  in  which  the  male 
trees"  hear  &uit,  the  cjpreas  and  the  cornel,  Cor  instance. 

OBiP.  78. — TBBB8   WniCH   ARE   PUOOF   AflAISST   DKC.\T :   THOT 
WHICH  NIfVRK  SPLIT. 

The  following  trees  are  proof  agaicst  de«Ly  and  the  aOxF- 

»»  See  B,  iiiT.  c.  49.     The  Til.icclln,  VI<mping:tn  the  g<miLB  clemitit. 
*"  This  unfouiiiled  imtion  is  bucrcuveii  frtitn  Tlieiiplirsstiu,  H.  ».  c,  1. 
*^  In  the  modern  buUnical  sunse  of  the  wuril,  tbo  inulc  irecs  do  not 
bear  atulL 


Chop.  79,] 


THE  BCRiaiLSTI  0?  WOOD. 


423 


» 


wise  injurious  ciFt'ets  of  age — tho  oyj>reKB,  the  cedar,  the  ebony, 
the  lot.uB,  the  box,  the  yew,  the  juiiiptr,  and  both  the  wild  »ii>l 
cultirat^d  olive.  Among  the  others,  the  larch,  the  roLur,  tlw 
cork-trfp,  the  chesuut,  a&cl  tbe  ■walnut  are  ulao  reniftfkably 
durable.  The  cedar,  cypress,  oKve,  and  bol  are  nevtr  known 
to  split  or  crack  Bpontancoualy. 

OHAr.  79. — EjaiomcAL  pactb  cojiwected  wrm  Tnit  DrRutiLivT 

OF  WOOD. 

Of  all  tho  w<M>fIa,  tho  ebony,  the  cypress,  nnd  t5ie  cedar  are 
conaiJrrcul  to  bo  the  most  durable,  a  good  proof  of  which  ia  to 
ho  BL'Oii  m  the  timb<?r  of  which  tho  Temple  of  Diuna  atEphesiis 
is  built ;  it  being  now  four  hundred  yuiu'a  since  it  was  eructod, 
at  the  joint  expeuee  of  the  whole  of  .^sta;**  and,  what  is  a  well- 
known  fact,  tho  roof  is  whoUy  constructed  of  planks  of  cedar. 
Aa  to  the  statue  of  the  goiidesB,  there  is  gome  doubt  of  wiiwt 
wood  it  is  made;  all  tho  writera  say  that  it  is  ebony,  with  tho 
exception  of  Slucianus,  whO'  waa  three  times  conaul,  one  of 
the  very  latest  among  the  writers  that  hare  seen  it;  he  de- 
chires  that  it  ia  msido  of  tho  wood  of  tlie  vine,  and  that  it  bjis 
never  been  ehiiiiged  all  the  sevL-n  times  that  tho  temple  has 
been  rebuilt.  Ho  eaya,  too,  that  it  waa  Endieua  who  nmdo 
choicB  of  this  wood,  and  even  goes  bo  far  its  to  mention  tho 
artist's  name,  a  thing  that  really  surprises  mo  very  lauch,  see- 
iitg  that  he  attributos  to  it  an  antiquity  that  dates  before  the 
times  of  Father  Liber,  and  of  llinKrv.i  eren.  He  states,  aleo, 
that,  by  the  aid  of  nninerous  apctturrn,  it  is  aouked  with 
nard,  in  order  that  the  moiat  nature  of  that  drug  may  prcsi-rvo 
tho  wood  and  keep  tho  eeama**  close  togethor:  1  am  rather 
siirprisL-d,  however,  that  there  should  be  any  seams  in  this 
statue,  considering  thu  very  moderate  aJzo  it  in.  He  informs 
UB,  also,  that  tho  doors  arc  made  of  cyjireBS,  anil  that  tho 
wood,  which  has  now  lusted  veiy  uenrly  lour  hundred  yoara, 
has  all  the  appearanee  of  aow.'''  It  h  worthy  of  riuiark,  too, 
that  the  wood  of  these  doors,  after  tbo  pieces  had  been  glued 
together,  waa  left   to  Beaaoii  four  ytura  before  they  woro  put 

^  isia  Minor,  numely.     Seo  D.  miv.  (r,  21. 

"  Tim  junctures  wHere  tlm  pietps  ut"  wood  aro  anilcd  by  jlup.  This  ia 
in  ho  observed  «rji  iboejly  in  the  proatcr  part  of  tlio  oakeu  eutviary  tJut  ia 
■o  plMitil'iii  in  thi)  c1iiircii''a  of  Uel^iaia, 

'^  CyprcM  in  [lorliaps  tlie  luuat  tasliug  of  idl  wckhIb. 


424 


rHJtz'a  WATCBAt  BISTOBT. 


[Book  Xri. 


up:  cypresB  was  iriado  choice  of  from  tho  cjrcuni stance  thiil  ii 
is  the  only  kind  of  wood  that  maintouiB  its  polish  to  all  fuum 

"ime. 

diiavewGnot  file  Btatue  of  Tejovis,"  also,  made  of  cypre«, 
Fliil  priflerved  in  the  Cupitol,  where  it  was  consecrated  in  the 
year  ot  the  City  GCl  :  The  Temple  of  Apnllg,  too,  at  Vtica, 
]<f  eijimlly  oelebrii1*d  :  tlioro  wu  roay  see  ht-jtms  of  c-iilar  itill 
in  ('xisttncc-,  and  in  jiist  the  same  condition  in  which  th(T 
wertj  whi-n  erLcted  at  this  first  building  of  that  city,  eleven 
hundred  and  seventy- eight  ypurs  ngo.  At  Hugmitum,  too,  in 
Spain,  thore  ia  a  temple  of  Diana,  which  was  brought  thitlipr 
by  the  origiiiul  founders  of  tho  place,  frora  thit  iKJunil  of  Zu- 
cymliuit,  in  the  jt-ur  200  bi^foru  the  Uiking  of  Troy,  Koccliiu 
Ettya — It  is  prusLTTed  bttiu-ath  the  town,  tht;y  say.  Jlunnibul, 
bi'iog  induced  ihireto  by  fctdings  of  n-ligious  "vt-utratipD, 
Kpitrt-d  tbift  temjfle,  and  its  buurus,  mjidw  of  juuiper,  iire  still 
ill  existence  at  this  very  day.  Hut  the  most  memorable  ia- 
Blance  of  all  ia  tJiat  of  tlie  temple  which  wua  dt-diculed  to  the 
same  goddesa  at  Anlis,  at-verid  ngcs  before  the-  Trojan  WtiT :  of 
what  wood,  however,  it  was  originully  built  is  n  I'iict  that  liaa 
beeu  loug  lost  in  oblivion.  Spcidiiiig  in  gciicnil  tMiDt>,  wt 
may  say  thfit  thoAo  woods  are  of  the  greatest  durability  which 
sit!  the  most  odoriterouB." 

Next  to  those  woods  of  which  we  have  just  Bjwken,  that  of 
Uie  uiulbtrry  ia  held  in  tlio  highest  def;reo  of  vati-uti],  uiid  it 

^viU  even  turn  black  when  old.  There  are  eoioe  tree*,  ttgaiHi 
lljat  are  more  dnrahlc  th«n  othcrB,  when  (imEjloycd  for  certain 
purposes.  Th(!  wood  of  the  ctm  lasta  the  best  m  the  opmi  uir, 
that  of  the  robnr  when  burifd  in  the  ground,  and  that  of  the 
(jucreua  when  espoeed  to  the  action  of  water  :  indeed,  tho 
wood  of  this  laBt,  if  emphiyed  in  woi-lts  ubove  ground,  ia  apt 
to  aplit  and  warp.  Tho  wood  of  the  larch  thrivts  UwL  ia  tht' 
midst  of  uiuistuie ;  thu  liuiae  is  the  vuae,  too,  with  tbut  of  thu 
bhick  alder.  The  wood  of  the  robur  spoils  by  expoaiirv  to  tlie 
wtion  ot  8ca-water.  The  beech  and  the  walnut  arc  far  fioni 
disapproved  of  for  coustructions  under  water,  and,  in  fatt, 
theac!   are  tlie  principal  wooda,  too,  that  are   uaed  lor  work* 

**  One  nf  th-e  cjirlitst  fiprellnticns.  probably,  of  Jripitei"  iiioonf  tho  lln- 
niiliiB.     Se«  Ovid's  l-'aati,  B.  iij,  1.  44.5,  ct  srrj. 

"  This  is  onrruct.  'Ihitir  resin  defcnJs  tlioni  from  tluj  aoiiod  of  ihe  Itf, 
fi'um  daru|>,  iinil  tliu  attacLi  of  aoxiuus  lUEecU. 


Clwp.  80] 


tabietiks  of  toj;  TEaEDO. 


423 


undtir  ground  :  thd  atinie  is  the  ciue,  also,  with  tbe  juuiptr; 
wliiuli  is  w|uaUy  sL-rviccablo  wheu  expoBed  to  the  iil,muBpliwe, 
The  woods  of  the  buvch  iiud.  Uie  oiTfUft^'  very  quicidy  deti'- 
riorale,  and  that  of  the  sesoulun  will  not  witlistuiid  the  ncUuu 
of  Wfiter.  On  the  other  haud,  the  aider,  wbeo  driven  into  th« 
ground  in  miirshy  localitit-a,  ia  of  overlartiKg  durutioii,  mid 
iibli!  to  support  the  very  b<?avic8t  weights.  'J'lie  wood  of  Urn 
C'herrj*  ifl  simiifj;,  while  thoae  of  the  elm  ixni  the  amh  are  pli- 
able, though  opt  to  warp:  these  laftt  will  atill  rttain  their 
flfxibilily,  and  be  Icsa  liable  to  warp,  if  the  wood  ia  left  [a 
siiuid  uiid  diy  upon  the  trunk  tUk-r  thci  pith  has  been  cut 
Mrouiid.**  It  is  suid  tliut  th«  inrvh,  when  u&eii  ior  Meu-going 
ahipe,  is  liable  to  the  attacks^"  of  the  t«i'edo,  ns,  ia  fact,  all  tho 
woods  are,  with  tin?  uxwption  of  thu  wild  and  cultivatod  olive. 
It  ia  a  fact,  tou,  th»t  there  are  stMne  woods  thut  aru  mor«  iiuLiIf 
to  Spoil  in  the  sea,  and  othtrB  in  the  ground. 

CIIAl'.   80,   (41.) ViSlGTIBa  OF  TUB  TRRBDO. 

There  nro  four  kinds  of  icsreta  that  attack  wftod.  The 
terodo  has  a  ht-nd  rmnarkaWy  hirgc  in  proportion  to  tho  otbt>r 
path  of  the  body,  and  gimivs  away  the  wood  with  its  teeth  : 
ita  attacks,  however,  am  ronfincd  eohdy  to  the  Bea,  and  it  i» 
geaerally  thought  tliut  this  is  the  oaly  insect  that  la  propKrly 
so  colk-d.  The  wood- worm  that  prevails oa  the  land  is  kiiowu 
as  tho  "  tiiiL>a,"  wliile  those  which  resomble  a  gnat  in  nppeur- 
ance  are  called  "  thripes."  The  iburtli  kind  of  wood-worm 
belongs  to  the  maggot  class ;  8oine  of  tbcm  being  engi^ndered 
by  th«  curmption  of  the  juices  of  thu  wood  itself,  and  others 
being  prodiKied,  just  as  in  tho  tieos,  hy  the  worm  known  na 
tho  cerastes. "^  When  this  worm  has  eaten  away  enough  of 
tlio  wood  to  enable  it  to  turn  round,  it  gives  birth  to  another. 
The  geuerutioii  of  these  insects  ia  prpveated,  however,  by  the 
bitternuEs  that  exi»ts  iu  soniu  woods,  thu  cyprtiaB,  uud  thu 
hui'dnetig  of  uthur?,  the  box,  for  inatance. 

It  is  said,  too,  that  the  fir,  if  barked  about  the  time  of  bud- 
ding, and  lit  the  period  of  the  moon  already  moulioned,"  will 
never  spoil  in  water.  The  followei'a  of  Alexander  the  Great 
H    have  lell  a  statement  that,  at  lyios,  on  island  in  the  Red  ^cti, 

I       "A  viLricty  at'  Ibe  oak.    Bee  e.  S  of  thU  Book. 

I        ^  An  rutMitioned  at  lite  eud  of  c.  71.  '^  See  B.  xi.  c.  2. 

■        J"  5w  B.  xra.  c  S7.  "  la  c.  li. 


I 


E 


426  PLIST'b  JfATlTBAL  niSTOBr.  [Boole  X7I. 

there  are  tters,  of  which  ships  are  bailt,  the  wood  of  which 
has  been  found  uninjiirfld  at  the  end  of  two  hundii^il  years,'* 
even  if  it  hfts  boon  under  Tvaler  ull  thi»t  time.  They  my.  »l»^, 
that  in  the  mnu:  islund  there  is  a  CE-rtnin  ehnili,"  about  the 
tliickneaa  of  a  walking-Htick  only,  Biid  spot.tpii  like  a  tiger's 
nlcin  :  it  ia  very  heavy,  and  will  break  Uku  glass  if  it  faappem 
Uj  i'dl  uycu  u  liurd  suljetuuce. 

cnup.  81.  (42.) — TUB  woods  tjsed  ik  BOiLDno, 

We  hare  in  Italy  some  woods  that  are  apt  to  split  of 

thoTnaclvcs:  to  prevent  this,  atchiteoU  recommend  that  they 
BhouUl  bo  first  Hcaflontd  in  nmniiro"  and  then  dried,  in  ordi-r 
to  rentlET  them  proof  agiiinst  th«  action  of  the  atmosphere-. 
The  woods  of  tho  fir  and  Larch  arc  well  adapted,  even  when 
used  truDsversL'ly,  fvr  Llit>  support  of  heai*)'  burdens ;  wbilo  the 
robur  and  the  olive  arc  apt  to  bend  and  give  way  under  a 
wttigbt.  Tbe  wooii  of  the  poplar  aad  the  palm  are  ijso  strong, 
but  this  last  will  bend,  though  in  a  manner  different  froiii 
the  others;  for,  while  in  all  other  in»tan>L-ca  the  wood  bemU 
downwards,  in  the  palm  it  benda  in  the  contrnry  directioB," 
find  forma  an  arch.  The  wooda  of  the  jiioe  and  the  cj-pres* 
(ire  proof  against  d^^cay  and  all  attacks  of  wood- worm.  Hie 
%vttlnut  IB  easily  warped,  but  wo  suraotimcB  see  hearaa  even 
made  of  it.  It  givea  warning,  however,  before  it  breaks,  by  a 
bud  cracking;  noise;  aaah  was  the  case  at  AiLlandros,  at  (he 
public  baths  there — the  bathurB  took  the  alarm  upon  hearing 
the  beams  crock,  anil  mftde  their  eacape.  The  pine,  the  pitch- 
tree,  and  t!ie  alder  are  employed  for  making  hollow  pipes  for 
the  conveyance  of  water,  and  when  buried  in  the  esTth  wiil 
last  for  many  years.  Tf,  liowcvcr,  they  are  not  well  covererl 
over,  they  will  very  soon  rot ;  and  the  rcsi-Htance  Itu-y  offer  to 
decay  will  increase  in  a  moat  eurprjsing  rlegree  if  the  outw 
lurtace  as  well  is  left  in  contact  wilh  the  water. 

"  Thero  ia  nothinr  Tecy  surprisinj;  in  this,  at  wifist  woods  are  ^Ttarrrei 
hfiiet  yihfB  corugilclL-ly  LiniULTaod  in  waLcr,  tli&Q  whun  cxpotod  to  tUv  vi- 
mlioiiH  of  the  ntni09{i)iere. 

"  He  borrows  tliia  fabk  from  Tlieopliniatua^  B.  v.  c  5, 

**  This  procew,  Via  snya,  would  be  aliomkd  vrilh  no  »u«c«i. 

•*  It  ia  not  quite  oleor  whether  he  iultndalljiimbaerTation  loniijilytn  lli* 
pn-liiiir  anij  tlic  ptilni,  or  tn  the  In^t  only-  It  is  true,  hovre*OT,  ta  UcilUef 
Cnuff  Bcd  is  uuntrnry,  as  h'tn  iihfiei\Qi,  tu  all  [>liyitcul  Uwx 


I 


Chftp.  83.]  WOODS    VSTIEB    WITQ   OLUB.  427 

CHAP.   82.— CAfiPKMTEBa'    WOODB. 

The  wood  of  the  Ar  is  stroogest  in  E)  rertical"  posilioQ :  it 
is  retoarkably  Te]l  adapted  for  the  panneJs  of  doors,  and  all 
kinds  of  in-door  joiners'  work,  wlielher  in  tho  Oreeifin,  tlie 
Campaiiiaii,  or  the  Sicilian  atylo.  The  shavings  of  this  wood 
■when  briskly  planfid,  always  curl  up  in  cirdca  like  the  tendrils 
of  the  vine.  This  wood,  too,  unites  particukrly  weH  wilh 
glue  :  it  is  need  ia  this  state  for  making  VL-Tii«lefl,  and  ig  found 
to  split  sooner  in  the  solid  parts  than  ia  a  place  where  the 
jiitets  liavti  been  gluod  tojfBtLer. 

CHiP.  83.  (43.) — wooM  vmxTo  with  oldb. 

Qlue,  too,  plays  one  of  the  principal  parla  in  all  Tpncoring 
and  works  of  niarqiieterie.  For  this  purpose,  the  workmen 
usunJJy  employ  wood  with  a.  threaded  vein,  to  wliich  they  give 
the  name  of  "  feruleu,"  from  its  reaomblimco  to  the  grain  of 
tho  gintit  fennel,"  this  part  of  the  wood  being  preferred  from 
its  being  dotled  and  wavy.  In  every  variety  there  are  some 
woods  to  he  fo-und  that  will  r.ot  take  the  glue,  and  which  re- 
fuse to  Tinito  either  with  wood  of  the  aimfi  kind  or  of  any 
other;  the  wood  of  the  rohur  for  example.  Indeed,  it  is 
mostly  the  cose  that  substancfts  will  not  unite  unless  they  arc 
of  II  similar  nature;  a  ston^,  for  inatunw*,  cannot  be  made  to 
adhere  to  wood.  Tlio  wood  of  the  Bprvice-tree,  the  yoke-e.Iin, 
the  box.  and,  in  a  less  degree,  tho  lime,  have  a  particular 
aversion  to  unilinfj  with  the  forncl.  All  the  yielding  woods 
which  we  have  already  apoltcn"  of  as  flexible  readily  adapt 
IhemBelvee  to  every  kind  of  work  ;  and  in  aildition  to  them, 
the  niiilb«?rry  and  the  wild  fig.  Those  which  are  moderately 
moist  arc  easily  sawn  and  cut,  but  dry  woods  arc  apt  to  give 
way  beyond  the  part  that  ia  touched  by  the  saw  ;  while,  on 
tho  other  hand,  tho  green  woods,  with  the  exception  of  tho 
rohur  and  the  hoxj  offer  a  more  obstinate  resistanco,  filling  the 
intervals  between  the  teetli  of  tho  saw  with  aawdustj  aad 
rendering  its  edge  unil'onu  and  iuert;  it  is  for  thitt  reason 
that  the  t£fith  are  oAcn  made  to  project  right  and  left  in  turas, 

•*  Tbie  reiiBtaiice  tbut  wooda  offer  wbeo  pliiinoJ  vertically  ia  in  the  BoniG 
mtia  B^  that  presented  hy  them  when  cmi^ltvycd  liiirliiuiitiLlly.  Tliix  puni- 
rrnnb  ii  bocrownl  from  TbMiphriutija,  B.  til.  c.  1,  and  U.  v.  CB.  (i,  T,  8. 

•*  Fcrola.  *■  In  o.  77, 


■13S 


FblST  9   HA.TUEU.   BISTOBT. 


[Book  XTI. 


a  mothod  by  which  tlie  *aw-da»t  is  diechargcd.  Tlie  asli  is 
I'ouud  the  tnOBt  pliable  wood  of  all  for  working ;  and,  indeetl, 
tor  making"  speiire  it  is  betU-r  even  than  the  bazd,  beittg 
liffbter  thnn  the  conit}!,  and  moro  pliablo  ihon  tho  wood  of 
the  ettrice-trce.  The  GjiUic  variety  is  so  supple,  that  it  is 
cmploj-ed  in  the  construction  of  vohicles  avua..  The  tOm 
would  rivitl  the  trunk  of  the  vine*'  far  soiui;  purposuB,  wwa 
it  not  tliat  its  wijiglit  ie  bo  much  uguiufit  it. 

CaiP.    8'l.— TENKEkllfO. 

The  wood,  too,  of  the  beech  is  easily  worked,  although  it  U 
brittle  and  soft.  Cut  into  thin  layers  of  vtaeer,  it  is  vctt 
flexible,  but  i»  only  nsed  for  the  conatniction  of  boxes  and 
desks.  The  wood,  too,  of  the  holm-oak  is  wit  into  vftnecn 
of  rtiniarkabic  tliitmLsa,  tlia  colour  of  vvhioh.  is  fur  frtim  im- 
Bightly ;  bat  it  is  more  partieularlj  where  it  is  exvo«c(l  to 
friction  that  thla  wood  is  r&Iuod,  as  hclug  one  to  be  (fepeildcd 
upon;  in  lh«  axle-trees  of  whtL'l»,  forinBtatiijc;  for  whioli  tliu 
aah  is  also  employt'd,  on  accotint  of  its  pliancy,  thw  lioIni-uitlE 
for  its  hardneiis,  -ind  tke  elm,  fciT  the  union  in  it  of  Imtii 
those  qimlities.  There  iire  also  various  workmun's  tools  moil" 
of  W'jrtd,  which,  tlKiiigh  but  ainall,  are  still  remarkably  useful ; 
in  till*  respect,  it  ia  said  that  the  teet  materials  for  making 
anger  handlea  are  the  wild  olive,  the  box,  the  holm-oak,  the 
elm,  and  the  ash.  Of  the  mmii  wooda  also  mallet«  arc  made: 
the  larger  ones,  however,  arti  made  of  the  pine  and  tho  holm- 
oak.  Those  woods,  too,  have  u  greater  dcgrvf  ol  strength  ami 
hardness  il'  cut  in  season  than  when  hewn  pivmiitiirciy  ;  iadwd, 
it  has  been  known  for  hinge-jambs,  made  of  olive,  a  wood  of 
remarkable  hardness,  after  having  remained  a  considerable 
time  on  the  spot,  to  put  oat  buds^'  like  agrowiiig  plant.  Cat*" 
rceommends  levera  to  be  made  of  holly,  laurel,  or  elm;  nnH 
Hyginus  speaks  highly  of  the  yoke-elm,  the  holm-oak,  afld 
the  oemift,  for  the  handles  of  a^ioultural  implements. 

Tho  best  woods  for  cutting  into  layers,  and  employing  as  m 

"  See  c.  a4. 

^  Fee  tbiclcs,  hrm  the  context,  tliat  the  mcuiiTif  U,  thnt  tho  viii«  WM 

eiDpIuyeJ  in  thu  caastruiztioa  of  utmrioU;  it  depwiu  cutirely  iiu  ibe  ptiiu> 
tuution  iidupteil, 

"*  Tliis  <!otild  only  liaTc  bappeaed  ia  (hs  first  yuan  tliut  Uic^wdicw 
eraploj'od.  *'  U-e  Ke  Rust.  0.31. 


Cbiip.  8S.] 


TRR   AOB   OF   TEKKS. 


I 


veneer  for  coveiing  othera,  are  the  citriiB,  the  toretinthf  the 
different  variielieR  ol"  the  maple,  llie  \mx,  llie  pslm,"  tlie  holly, 
the  hohn-ottk,  Um  loot  of  the  elder,  and  thp  poplar.  The  uIiUt 
fnmishes  also,  as  already  statf;^,*'  a  kind  of  tuberosity,  which 
is  cut  into  layerB  like  those  of  the  citrus  and  the  maple.  In 
fill  the  other  trees  the  t.til>eroBitii.>s  urn  of  no  valup  whalcvpr. 
It  is  the  central  part  of  trpt-e  that  is  most  varicgaU^d,  aiid  iho 
nt'OTLT  wv  approach  to  the  rout  the  smwller  ure  the  spots  and 
the  more  wavy.  It  was  in  tliis  appoai'ance  that  orig-inated 
that  rei^iLifement  of  luxury  which  displays  itat-lf  in  covering 
one  tree  with  another,  and  hestowing  Tipiiu  liie  more  commtin 
"woods  a  hark  of  higher  price.  In  order  to  make  a  single 
tree  scU  many  times  over,  lafflinc  of  veneer  have  been  de- 
\-i8ed;  bnt  thfit  was  not  thought  snflicieiit. — the  homa  nf  ani- 
mals must  nest  he  stained  of  different  coloiira,  and  their  teeth 
cut  into  BectioiiR,  in  order  to  df.'eorutf!  wood  with  ivory,  and, 
jit  Et  later  period,  tu  veneer  it  all  over.  Then,  after  all  tim,  niuii 
must  go  and  seek  his  materials  in  the  sea  as  well !  For  tliis 
purpose  he  has  karued  to  cut  tortoiao-Bhell  into  Bections:  and 
of  late,  ill  the  reign  of  Nero,  there  was  a  monstrous  itivention 
devised  of  dealroying  its  natural  appearaote  by  paiut,  and 
making  it  sell  at  a  alill  higher  price  hy  a  Biiccessful  imitation 
of  wood. 

It  is  in  this  way  that  the  value  of  our  couches  is  bo  greatly 
enhanced ;  it  is  in  this  way,  too,  that  they  hid  the  rich  luitre  of 
the  terebinth  to  be  outdone,  a  mock  citrus  to  he  made  that 
shall  be  more  valuable  than  the  real  one,  and  the  grain  of  the 
maple  to  be  fel^'Dcd.  At  one  time  luxury  was  not  ctrnteat 
with  wood  ;  at  Ihe  present  day  it  eets  us  on  buying  tortoiee- 
shell  in  the  guise  of  wood. 

CBAP.  85.  (44.) — TB3  AOE  OF  TUREB.  A  TEEE  THAT  WAS 
PLANTED  HY  TDE  FITIBT  8C1P10  AFBlCANXrii.  A  THEE  AT 
HOMli    FIVE    nUSI>REI)    TKAES    OLD, 

The  life  of  some  trees  might  really  be  looked  upon  as  of 
infinite"  duration,  if  we  only  thiak  of  the  dense  wjJda  and 

"  It  U  iingiilar,  F*a  Hays,  ta  find  tho  wood  of  thu  pultn.  nniJ  that  of  the 
pnjiUr.  which  arc  destitute'  af  veins,  cDumeratcd  among  tboBe  employul  lor 
vcneeriag.  ■"  In  «.  27. 

**  Acc«rdiug  to  AdaniuD,  tUe  baubab  will  lise  for  more  than  nix  lliuu- 
uiii]  ytMin. 


430 


PLiyt  8   PATUEaL    IllSTXJaT. 


[BMk  SXt. 


inaccessible  forests  io  Borae  pnrta  of  tJio  world.  In  relation, 
however,  to  thoKu,  tho  iluta  tit  which  is  Rtill  vrilhin  the  me- 
mory of  maa,  thoro  am  Eomc  olivo-txooB  still  in  liXiKtcniH!  ct 
LiteruuiEi,  which  were  planted  by  thu  haud  of  IUq  fintl 
Scipio  AfricaQUB,  hs  also  a  id^tIIo  there  of  (>xtra9rdiaarir  six«; 
hutiealh  th«m  Uiitro  is  a  grntto,  iu  which,  it  is  suid,  a  ilntgon 
keeps  watch  ovor  that  hero's  shade.  There  is  a  lotus**  tree 
in  the  open  sptice  hefore  the  Tomple  of  Lucina  at  Rome,  which 
was  built  in  the  year  of  the  City  379,  a  yt'-ar  in  ■which  the 
republic  had  no**  magistrates.  How  nmch  older  the  tree  is 
thau  the  temple,  ie  a  matter  of  doiiht ;  hut  that  it  is  older  is 
quite  certain,  for  it  was  frum  that  eiaine  grovo  thitt  the  goddcH 
JjueiniL*^  derived  her  naoie  ;  the  tree  in  qnestioD  is  Dow  about 
four  hundrod  and  fifty  years  old.  The  lotus  treo,  which  is 
kno\m  as  the  CapllJata,  is  stilL  older  thau  l\u&y  though  it  ii 
uncertain  what  is  its  age;  it  recoired  that  name  from  tba 
circumBtftnec  of  the  Vesul  Virgins  aiispending  louks  of  Uudr 
hair""  from  it. 


caie.  oQ.^TSExa  is  old  as  tss  citt. 

There  is  nnothcr  lotus  in  the  Vulcanal,*  which  BAmt)lD!> 
erected  with  the  tenth  part  of  the  spoil  taken  from  the  eiicmy : 
according  to  MiiasuriuB,  it  is  gcnerully  considered  to  be  at  oM 
a«  the  City,  Tlie  roots  of  this  tree  penetrate  as  far  as  ib» 
Fornm  of  CwBur,  right  across  tho  mcotiog-placca  of  the  muni- 
cipaliticB."  Thuie  was  a  cypross  of  equal  iige  growing  wiUiil 
till  towards  the  latter  part  of  Nero's  reiRn,  when  it  fell  to  the 
ground,  and  no  attompts  were  luado  to  riuso  it  again. 

CtliP.  87.^-TB«EB  JS  TffB   BUBUSnAIT  BTSTBICT8  OtOEU  TOUI  TO 
CITT. 

Still  older  than  the  City  i«  the  holm-oak  that  stands  on  tiis 
VaticaoifHi  Hill;  tboro  is  an  inacription  in  hronzv  upon  it, 
written  in  Elruscan  characters,  which  states  that  evenintlioH 

•*  The  Celtis  miitralis  uf  LinniL'US. 

"  Tn  coD«(-iiiieucu  nl'  t!ie  dts{)utL>fi  l>rtwe(!0  the  ]iatri(;iaiui  uad  pUbmuu- 
■*  Thus  dunviug  Lueiua  from  '■  lacua,"  a  groTc. 
*'  Capillus.  **  Ad  aica  hefora  lUe  tumjiic  of  Volean. 

*'  "Br^tiones  muntQipioruRi.'"  A  tan  of  oichango,  iiuar  tli6  FiinA 
»hcr«  the  ciUz«m  met  to  discuas  tlic  topics  of  tbe  Aaj. 


Chop.  89.] 


TnHES   SLAHTrn   BT   nEltCftES, 


431 


d&js  it  WHS  an  o'bjt.-ct  of  nollgioiia  Tcncratioa.  Tlio  foundiLlioD 
of  the  t«wn  of  Tibur,  too.  dttt<^B  many  juiira  btf'we  that  of  thu 
City  of  Rome  :  there  ore  Uiree  holm-oaks  tliere,  said  to  be 
mort*  ancient  tbiin  TibiiiiinB  even,  who  wa»  tlio  founder  of 
that  jilace ;  tin:  Intdilioii  is  tlmt  in  Ihcir  lioinily  he  was  Lnau- 
guratcd.  Tradition  stiitoH  aha  that  ho  was  a  son  of  Ainpbi- 
urarts.  who  difd  before  Thtilca,  one  geucrutioa  before  the  period 
of  the  Trojan  wur, 

OH^r.  88. — TIL1SK8  PLANTED  BY  *GAJIIKBnC0[fTHE  FIltST  TEAIt  OF  TTTTS 
TKOJAN  WAK  :  OTHER  TUflKB  WDICU  I>ATI!  fUOJI  IllK  TIUF.  TBAT 
THE  Pia.CE  WAS  UALLKD  U-im,  ^KTEiaOR  TO  TSK  TUUJAN  WAK, 

There  arc  eonie  authors,  too^  who  sUitc  that  a  plane-tree  at 
Dulphi  was  plasilixl  by  Iii«  Jiaiidot' Aganieiimijn,  us  alsQimuthtr 
ut  CiiphyEe,  a  sacred  grove  in  Arcadia.  At  the  presetit  day, 
d'uicing  the  city  of  Jliiiiii,  nnd  clofie  to  the  HoUesjtont,  tlicre  arw 
trr^'8  growing  tivr r  tht-  tomb*'  of  rrolcsilaiis  Uuto,  which,  in 
all  ages  since  ihnt  period,  as  sooq  as  thoy  have  grown  of  nuffi- 
cieiit  height  to  bthold  ilitiiti,  have  withered  away,  and  ihen 
bi-j^u  to  duurish  again.  Jfeur  the  city,  at  tlio  tomb  of  Hup, 
ihiTL^  are  sorac  oakti"  wliioh  arc  euid  to  huve  het'H  plunlcd 
thtre  when  ihc  place  was  fii'st  known  by  the  naiue  of  Ilium. 

CHAP.    89. THEF9    n^MfTED     AT     AltOOS    BT     9BltCtJt.t:s :      0THKH8 

I'LillsrKI)    BE     AI-OLLO.       A    THEE    UORE  AKCtENT    TB&S    AlUtNa 

ITSELF. 

At  Argofe"  aa  olive-tree  ia  said  to  be  sfil!  in  txisteHf*,  to 
tv-hich  Argiia  fastened  lo,  itftLT  nhc  had  been  changed  into  a 
cow.  Ill  the  vi<;inily  of  Hcraclta  in  Pontiis,  thert*  arc  certain 
jtltars  c«llBd  after  Jupiter  sumumctl  Sfmlios ;  two  oaks  there 
were  plaiilud  by  Itercuka.  In  Ihc  sanio  countj^',  too,  is  the 
port  of  Aniycua,'*  rtoidtred  famous  by  the  circiiinstanoc  that 
Kiny  BcLryx  was  Blain  there.  Since  the  day  of  his  death  his. 
tomb  has  Lfen  wvort-d  by  a  laurel,  Mhich  has  obtaiued  the 
name  of  tlio  "  frutitic  laurel,"  from  the  fact  that  if  a  portion 
ol'  it  is  ]iliii-ked  uud  laki-n  on  board  ship,  disnord  and  qiiarn-l- 

^  See  It,  iv.  (u  IS,     Of  oourec,  Oils  ttory  must  bo  tegaiilcd  ai  f£iUi!oaa 
"^i  Quen-us. 

*•  Tlieso  are  fuTilos  founded  upon  the  Vnotm  longerily  cf  trpoi,  wLIuh, 
us  Ff«  nrnfirliA,  I'liny  rdittot  «itb  a  truljr  "inranuae  liniplidl)'." 
•*  See  a.  V.  e,  la. 


432 


Ttntrs  natheal  uibtobt. 


[Book  XVI. 


ling  arc  tlio  incvitAWc  rcsnlt,  until  it  hsis  been  thrown  aver- 
boitrd.  Wn  liave  alrBudy  made  looatioii"  of  Aulocruoo,  u  dis- 
trict through  which  you  pass  m  n&"iS  f^om  Apauija  into 
Piuyg:ia :  at  this  jjlu.ce  thuy  show  a  plaoe  upon  which  IXarsyss 
was  haogtd,  after  he  had  been  conquered  by  Apollo,  it  hiring 
been  ohoBen  Gvt^n  in  those  days  for  it*  reniiirkable  hejglil. 
At  BeLos,  ulso,  then?  i.*  a  ptiim"  to  be  bcptl  whioh  datea  Irom 
the  hinti  uf  thrtt  divi'ni^,  and  at  Olympia  there  is  a  ■wild 
olive,  from  which  He-rcolL-s  received  his  first  wronth  :  at  the 
present  day  it  ia  prcscrvfd  with  the  most  fl<-nipiiloii9  Ttaem- 
tirm.  At  Athatm,  too,  the  olive  pruduULil  by  iJincrvu,  iauiid. 
Blill  to  exist. 

CUAP.  90. — TILEtS   WinCH   AKE  THE   MOST   SBO&T-UVBP. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  pomegriLnate,"  the  %,  and  Uie  apple 
are  remarkably  shoit-lived ;  the  pnjcocious  trees  botri);  stiil 
more  BO  thuii  Uie  lattir  ripenera,  and  those  with  nweet  fruit  than 
those  with  sour :  among  the  pomegranates,  too,  that  Taricty 
which  bpara  thp  sweetept  friiit  livcB  the  shortest  time.  The 
Bame  lb  tins  oasQ,  too,  with  the  vino,**"  and  more  particularly 
the  more  friiittiil  varictite.  Graiciniiis  informs  us  that  vines 
have  lasted  so  long  as  sixty  years.  It  appears,  also,  that  thi- 
aqiialii!  treoB  die  the  Rooncet.  The  laarel,'°  the  applu,  and 
Lhc  pomegraiiatfl  age  rapidly,  it  is  trae,  Imt  then  they  tliroff 
out  ireaU  shoots  at  ihe  root.  The  oUw  must  be  looked  qjjod. 
then,  a«  being  one  of  the  moet  long-Uvtid,  for  it  is  generally 
agreed  among  aulhora  that  it  will  last  two  hundred  yeaxa. 

OBAP.  91. TKEE4   THAT    RATE    BEF^    ItENnEBEB    PAUOCa  ST 

ERMAKSiBLE    EVENTS. 

In  the  territory  about  the  suburba  of  TueeiiUim,  npon  ahifl 
known  by  the  name  oi'Corno,  there  is  a  grovo  whioh  has  bBt-n 
cuiieocraLed  to  jJiuua  by  the  peupla  of  Latiuni  from  UitiD  im- 
memorial ;  it  is  toruied  of  bcechesr  tho  foliage  of  wbiub  hiu  all 

•*  See  B.  T.  c.  39. 

"  The  palin  is  hy  no  means  o.  lon^-lived  tree. 

**  The  pomegranate,  oa  tlit:  cuntrury,  bnf  bcua  Laovn  to  lin  mmy  cco- 
turies, 

*  He  has  clscwbero  siiid  that  lhc  Tine  i«  eitrcmcly  Innj^-Iived. 

^  In  tb«  lixt.  Chujjtot  Le  Uus  itpukea  of  u  Luiiicl  liuviiigcjiiRliHl  for  nutaj 
coiturtei. 


PI.A5T8  niAT   QHOW   IHPON  TBIES. 

the  apppamnce  of  Iwing  trimincrl  by  art.  Passicnun  CMspue, 
the  orator,  wbo  iu  our  time  was  twice  consul,  and  afterwards 
became  still  more  famoua  as  hoTing  Nero  for  his  etop-son,  oa 
marrying  his  mothur  Agrippina,  was  possionalfly  attached  to 
a  fine  trtfl  tliat  gn>w  in  thia  groTp,  and  would  often  kies  and 
embrace  it:  nul,  only  would  he  Ho  down,  too,  bcneiiLh  it,  but 
hu  would  ulso  moiatL'M  jta  roota  witli  wine."  In  the  vicinity 
of  thia  grove  there  is  a  holm-oak.  likowise  of  very  considuruhle 
celebrity,  the  trunk  ol"  whicli  is  no  leBa'^  than  tliirty-four  f\ict 
in  ciroumlerorioo;  giving  birlh  to  Icn  other  trees  of  reiaurkable 
size,  it  Iwrius  ut'  ita«ll'  a  wliule  forest. 

CBAT.  92. — pr,ATaT«   TOVT     HiTIt  VO    TtCVUin  BTOT    FfiB  TirFTH 

ORowrn:    othbhs   toat  qiiow  cpds   treks,  and  will  not 

GKOW    JN    TUF.   fiROUKD.        MNK  VAIiimiGa  OF  TOKM  :      CADTTaS, 
POI.VP0D10N,    PHAULIiS,     HIPPOPEI^ESrON. 

It  ia  a  welMtnown  fact  that  trees  nrf  killed  by  ivy."  The 
mistletoe  alao  has  a  similar  influence,  although  it  is  generally 
thought  that  its  injurioiia  offeuta  are  not  su  soon  pcrcuptiblo  : 
and,  indeed,  this  plunt,  nptu't  from  the  fniit  that  it  bt;urB,  h 
looked  upon  as  by  no  means  the  least  romarkablo.  There  nro 
certain  iregotuhlo  productiiins  which  cannot  be  propagated  in 
the  gprouud,  uud  wbitb  ^w  nowhere  but  on  trees ;  having  no 
domicile  of  thfir  own,  they  live  upon  oUiers ;  aueh,  for  instance, 
ia  the  case  with  the  mistletop,  and  a  herb  that  grow*  in  Syria, 
and  id  Itnowrj  as  tht  "  cadytas."^'  This  last  cutwim-R  .iioiifid 
not  only  trees,  but  brambles  even  ;  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Tempe,  too,  in  ThcsKily,  there  is  found  a  plant  which  is  called 
"  polypodiwn  ;"  the  doliehos"  ia  found  also,  and  wild  thymo.'^ 
Alter  Uiti  wild  olive  has  bpen  pruned  thuro  apringa  up  a  plant 
tliat  is  knowu  as  "  phaulius  ;'^  whilo  one  thut  growe  upon  tUu 

■"  To  its  grrat  detriment,  prohnbljr. 

^  V&c  M^i  tliat  no  boliii-o»k  is  ever  known  to  attain,  thia  tizt. 

"  8«B  e.  62. 

"  Sprtngel  says  that  ihta  is  tlip  parnsilig  piact,  wtiich  he  calls  CaBsyto 
filiformi*.  Keu  Kiys  that  tliii  opicinr,  lliougli  pcrliaps  no:  tubv.ubwlittel]' 
rrJMWd,  mBitt  be  nccrpied  with  rMcrvf^. 
'      1*  It  does  not  io«ni  l<i  hme  Ireea  idctitifii^d. 

"  8eo  B.  xriii.  o.  35.  "  ScrptjUuin.     See  B.  xt.  C.  90. 

^»  A  mistlutoe,  apparently,  growing  tipun  Iho  wild  oliyo.     Pfesajts  that 

I  tucb  viiciu  appBttn  to  be  kaowc. 
Tot-  m.  F  F 


434  h.iht'8  Satubal  B18T0BT.  [Beolt  Sn. 

filler's  thistle  19  called  the  "  hipptipheaton  ;'"*  it  has  n  tiiiii, 
hoUov  stem,  a  smoU  leof,  aiiA  a.  white  root,  tJie  juice  of  whioh 
IB  oonaidcral  extrc'niel7  beDctioial  a^^  a  purgative  in  epilepsy-. 

CEjLT.  93. — THBRS    TARIETIBS  OF   MIBTIXTOB.      TBK   BA,IVBB  Of 
UtSlXKTOK    A}(0    SntlLAB    PLAHTTS. 

There  are  three  varieliea  of  the  misLletoe*  That  wlndi 
grows  upoQ  tho  fir  and  the  larch  has  the  nutate  of"  etuUs  in 
Jiuboju.;  anil  theie  ia  the  hyplioar'"  of  Arcadia.  It  grow* 
ai&o  upon  the  (j^tiercua,*^  the  robur,  the  holm-oak,  the  wild 
plum,  and  tlie  terehiDtli,  but  upon  no  other  tree.*'  It  ia  moit 
pknrifiil  &f  all  upon  the  iiuerciia,  and  Jb  then  known  u 
*'  adflBphear,"  In  all  the  trees,  with  the  exception  of  the  hohn- 
oak  null  the  (juituub,  there  ia  u  canBidcrahlu  dld'ereilce  in  iU 
smell  HJid  pungency,  and  the  leaf  of  ose  kind  has  a  disagrct' 
ablt)  odour ;  Loth  varieties,  however,  ar«  tUcky  aad  bitter. 
TliL'  hj-plie«r  is  the  best  Ibr  fattening"  tutUe  with ;  it  heginr, 
however,  hy  purging  oft'  all  duf'ects,  aftur  which  it  Cittern  iJl 
such  animals  us  have  been  able  to  withstimd  thfr  purging.  It 
IB  Sf-nefally  snid,  howevpr,  that  those  nnimala  whieh  have  tsj 
rndicid  nmkdy  in  the  in1,eBtine8  ciranot  witlmtand  its  drattis 
cffeotB.  This  method  of  treatment  is  generally  adopted  in  Iho 
BUniTuer  for  a  period  of  forty  days. 

IlesideB  tbe  iibove,  there  is  yet  another  diflerGnce**  in  fta 
misUctoo;  that  whieb  grows  upou  the  trees  which  lose  thcij 
leave?,  losea  its  ieiiv«s  88  well ;  while,  on  th«  other  buad,  tiiot 
which  grows  upon  ev«rgreenB  always  retains  its  leaves.  In 
whsilcver  way  tho  seed  may  hnvc  bc-en  kowu,  it  -will  aent 
come  to  anytliiug,   unless  it  has  been  first  awaUowoJ"  And 

''■'  Sue  B.  isvii.  o.  6fi.     Tbc  Culcttrapa  Rtclkta  &f  TiinnaTck.     Fee  rc 

m&rlis  tbal  Pliny  kaa  comiiiil.lj.'d  a  KTcaC  riTor,  in  makins  il  a  pnraiiU  nt 
the  Spinn  fiiUonis.  DiuauonJcs  o^y  %ayx  tlint  tb«  two  plant*  grow  ia  Uu 
wtnii?  Kijoig. 

"'  iliB  ViMQra  Kuropffium  ofraodoni  iiiilu,nili»t». 

>"  Till)  Vifiviin)  album  at  Liaaitia;  but  Sprctigcl  takes  it  to  bo  tbi 
Lfirnntiitis  Eiiriipitus, 

W  Fee  QUesliuiia  whether  tbis  may  not  lie  tbe  Lorantliui  Europwm*. 

M  ThuVistum  iilbuni  of  LinniBu*;  thflonk  mwtlotafloiTcalmiSllttoe. 

^  TliU  is  nut  (he  fiLct :  il  giovia  upuu  a  viul  mulLitudi!  of  otlicr  trto. 

^  Il  it  no  lunger  u.^cd  for  thia  parposo. 

■^  Tbti  iiiiAilctDQ  nevur  in  any  uiuii  lo&ca  its  laavee,  npon  whatever  tnc 
it  mav  1^0 1*. 

**  riiie  'iM,  at  CQune,  imtme ;  but  the  leedi,  aTttir  lieiu);  Toidinl  b;  ^^iI^ 


Chap.  85.]  THE  MI8TIST0B.  435 

I   Uien  Toided  by  birdfl,  the  wood-pigeon  more  partieularly,  and 


I 


the  tUruaii :  auch  lieing  the  nature  of  1.b«  plant,  that  it  will 
not  come  to  anything  unless  the  seed  is  fir^t  ripened  in  the 
crop  of  the  hird.  It  never  cxceedfi  a  single  cubit  in  height, 
and  is  alwoya  green  und  bmnchT.  The  male*  plant  is  fruit- 
ful, the  female  horreu ;  aometitnee,  indeed,  the  male  even 
boat's  L.0  beriy. 

CHiJ.    94.— THE   ItETHOD   OF   M4irntB   BJEOLDU. 

Birdlime  is  made  of  the  berries  of  the  mistlotoe,  which  are 
gathered  at  harvest,  and  while  in  an  unripe  etut^;  for  if  the 
rainj"  eeasun  comRs  on,  though  they  morease  in  eize,  the  tibcous 
juioo  13  npt  to  lose  its  virtucH.  They  are  then  dried,**  and 
irhon  brought  to  a  statu  of  perfect  aridity,  are  first  pounded, 
and  then  put  in  water,  in  which  they  are  left  to  rot  for  twelve 
daye;  thtt«  being,  in  iact,  the  only  tiling  tliat  6uda  Imprare- 
ment  in  decay.  Ailcr  thie,  they  are  again  beaten  in  running 
water  with  a  mallet,  and  attor  losing  the  outur  coat  there  is 
only  the  viscous  inner  pulp  remiiiaing.  This  substance  i& 
birdlime ;  and  after  it  has  been  thinned  by  the  addition  of 
walnut  oil,  it  ia  found  particularly  useful  for  catching  birds, 
it  being  q^uite  sufficient  if  they  only  touch  it  with  the  wings, 

CBJJ.    95. — HISTOBICAX  P^CIfi  COKSEfnES  WITH  THE  UISILBTOE. 

Upon  this  occnsion  we  must  not  omit  to  mention  the  ad- 
iniration  that  is  lavished  upoa  thia  plant  by  the  Gaula.  Tiie 
Druida — for  that  is  the  name  they  give  to  their  magicians*" — 
held  nothing  more  eacred  than  tho  mistletoe  and  the  tree 
that  bears  it,  sujipasiug  always  that  Lreo  to  be  tho  robup.*' 
Of  itself  iiui  rohor  is  selected  by  them  to  form  whule  groves, 
and  they  perform  none  of  their  religious  rites  without  em- 
ploying branches  of  it;  bo  much  so,  that  it  is  vtry  probable 
that  the  priests  themselvea   may  have  received  iheii-  nnme 

nre  more  likelj  to  adher-a  to  tb«  bark  at  trae*,  and  ea  Bud  &  ludiu  for  ^r- 

laiu&uon. 
"^  Thik  uiau;  op'pouLu  ia  tlic  oaitt,  tUu  fumulc  1)Gfai^  the  fruitful  pliiat, 
**  file  mctbod  uaad  iu  luly  fui  nrnkLiig  bird-linu  Ie  my  similar  at  tha 

pICSCDt  dftf.  *"    MitgOS. 

*'  UecftudoUe  WEie  of  opiDion,  that  the  miglleboe  of  Iho  Dniiili  waa  not 
u  visicuii),  but  the  Lorautbus  EurupKun,  which  is  mucb  itujtb  coniiraonlj 
fuuod  oa  oaki, 

»  r  2 


3 


436 


PMITT'B.   ITATFRAL   nitlTOBT. 


[BmI:  XTl. 


from  the  Greek  name"  for  thnt  trao.  In  fact,  it  la  the  notion 
with  them  that  everything  that  grows  on  it  has  been  acnt 
immediately  &om  hi^aveu,  uud  that  the  mistletnti  npon  it  is  a 
pratif  that  the  trtu  liua  bc«Q  ECilBOted  b^  God  himoelf  as  an 
ubjitct  ol  his  especial  favour. 

The  mistliiitoe,  however,  U  but  rarely  found  upon  the  robnr; 
and  when  found,  is  gfitbcre<l  with  rites  replete  with  religiout 
awft.  This  ia  done  more  particularly  on  tiie  fifth  day  of  the 
raoon,  the  day  which  is  the  beginning-  of  Iheif  months  aiiil 
years,  as  ai&o  of  their  ages,  which,  with  them,  are  but  thirty 
ytMirs.  This  day  they  Bclect  because  the  moon,  though  not 
yet  in  th«  middle  of  hur  noiiree,  has  already  oingidc-rahlB 
power  and  infiuentJO ;  and  thiy  call  her  by  a  ntiiae  which  BJg- 
nifioB,  in  tlieir  language,  tho  all-he alinjf.'*  Ruving  made  all 
duo  preparation  for  Hic  Bacri&tc  and  a  banquet  heaoath  the 
Lr«<;s,  they  bring  thither  two  white  bulls,  tlie  homH  of  whkh 
Mre  bound  then  lor  the  first  tijue.  Chid  in  a  white  robu  the 
priest  aflcendfl  the  tree,  and  cuta  the  mistletoe  with  a  golden 
sickle,  whieh  h  received  by  others  in  a  white  cloak.**  They 
then  immolate  the  Tietims,  offering  up  their  pmyi^ra  that  God 
will  render  this  gift  of  hia  propitious  to  those  to  whom  he  has 
ao  granted  it.  It  ift  the  belief  with  thorn  thnt  the  mistletoe, 
taken  in  diink,  will  impart  fecundity  to  alt  animals  that  oro 
bftrren,  and  thnt  it  is  an  antidote  for  all  poiaona.**  8ueli  bw 
the  religious  feelings  which  we  find  entertainiid  towards  triding 
objects  among  neai'ly  all  ntitious. 

Seudcabt. — Kemarkable  facta,  narratives,  and  obBCrvati(Hiii, 
one  thousand  one  hundred  aud  thirty-five. 

Roman  AtmroES  oroTETi. — Ttf.  Varro,™*  FotJHlis,"  If igidiTUi,* 
Cornelias  JTepoa,"  Hyginus,'  Mosauriue,*  Cato,*  Ifuci^ui,* 

*^  Jipiif,  an  "  oak."  It  is  much  mure  prubnlili-  tliut  it  iru  of  C^ 
©riKUi.  '''  i.>iiniiu  KiuauWm. 

**  "Ssgiiin."    Pro  per]  J-,  a  "niilitiuy  tluiilt." 

"  ll  was,  ia  ooraparalivtiy  recent  uiit<>B,  snppDiod  to  be  cdficad&oi  fut 
cpi£cp«y.  **  fioo  liXiA  of  B,  ii, 

^  Author  ofit  HistoiT^  oi  Ammb.  of  Rome.  Xothicg  fiutlier  ia  kiutini 
of  him. 

•*  See  end  of  B.  vi.  "  S«e  enil  of  Ii.  ii. 

'  Spc  «nd  or  B.  iii.  "  Sco  end  of  B.  vii. 

'  tkc  CDil  of  h.  iii,  *  See  end  of  fi.  ii. 


BUU1U.BT.  437 

L.   Piao,*  Trogus,*    CalpnmiuB  Bassus,'  CremutiuB,"  Sextiue 
Niger,*  Cornelius  Bocchus,"'  Vitmyiua,"  GrBeoinue." 

FoBEiaN  ACTEOBS  QUOTED, — Alexander  Polyhistor,"  Hesiod,'* 
Theophraatufl,"  Democritus,"  Homer,  TiniEeua''  the  mathema- 
ticiao. 

»  See  end  of  B.  ii.  >  See  end  of  B.  to. 

'  He  ia  wholly  unknown :  but  is  conjectured  to  hare  lived  in  the  reign 
of  Caligula  or  Tibeiiua. 

8  See  end  of  B.  vii.  *  See  end  of  B.  xli. 

>"  He  is  unknown ;  but  Solinua  speaks  of  him  as  a  valuable  writer. 

1'  M.  TitraviuB  Pollio,  an  eminent  architect,  employed  by  AngOHtUB. 
His  Taluable  work  on  ardiitecture  is  still  extant. 

"  See  end  of  B,  lir.  "  See  end  of  B.  iii. 

"  See  end  of  B.  ni.  "  See  end  of  B.  iii. 

"  See  end  of  £.  ii.  "  See  cod  of  B.  ii. 


438 


BOOK  XVII. 

THE  SATDBAL  HISTORY  OF  TEE  CtlLTIVArED  TttEES. 

QHAf,  1.   {l.)^-TRl:B*  WBtCn  mvB  JIEEH  SOLD  AT  ENOBUOC3 
PUCES. 

We  havQ  deBcribed  tho  trees  which  grow  spontaoeouely  on 
land  [Liid  in  the  eoh,'  and  it  now  remains  for  us  to  speak  of 
tho8«  which  owe  their  fonoatioD,  properly  speaking,  rathur  than 
birth,  to  art  and  the  inventive  genius  of  man.^  Hete,  hgw- 
evtir,  I  cannot  but  express  my  Burprise,  that  after  the  state  of 
penury  in  ■which  man  liTcd,  as  alroady  described,*  in  primitiTO 
times,  holding  tho  treoa  of  tho  forest  in  oommna  with  the  vnH 
btiasta,  anJ  diB])utiTig  with  thfia  tho  possiaaion  of  the  frnits 
that  fell,  and  with  thu  fowls  at'  thcj  aii  that  of  the  fruits  aa  Ihty 
haug  on  the  txee,  litsury  hoa  now  attaohcd  to  ihcm  prioea  80 
euormous. 

The  most  famous  uaatance,  in  my  opinion,  of  this  excess,  irai 
that  displayed  by  L.  Cra&sus  and  Cn«ius  Domitius  Ah«ni>- 
harbuB-  Crasgua  was  one  of  the  moat  celebrated  of  the  RoDUia 
onttors ;  hig  house  was  remarkiible  for  its  mHgniilceace,  thongb 
ill  £ome  mtiusure  siupasacd  eren  by  that  of  Q.  Catoliu,* 
aho  upon  the  Palatine  Hill ;  the  eamo  Catnlaa,  who,  io  con- 
•junction  with  C.  Marius,  defeated  the  Cimbri.  Bat  by  ftr 
the  fincet  houBo  of  all  that  period,  it  waa  universally  acluiOT- 
kdged,  was  that  of  C.  Aquilius,  a  KomEtn  of  Equestrian  rank, 
situate  upon  the  Vuninal  Hill ;  a  Louse,  indeed,  that  coiiferred 
n  grtjftter  degree  of  celebrity  upon  him  than  even  hia  act^uaiLt* 
RQoe  with  the  civil  law.  This,  however,  did  not  prevent 
CraasuB  being  reproached  with  the  magnificence  of  his.  Cra** 
BUS  and  Bomitiue,  members,  both  of  them,  of  the  most  illii^ 

'  He  alludea  to  the  various  elinilfs  uiid  trees,  mentioned  u  growing  h 
the  tea,  S.  xiii.  o.  ii ;  but  wtich  thate  i»  Ijttlo  doubt,  in  naUtj  belong  to 
tfaecluBttf  fuci. 

*  "Fiiint  TDT-ios  quom  unsLiintar ; "  a  diftinodoD  pcrpotoated  in  th( 
•dflg«,  "Poetjiniiscitur,  non  fit." 

^  He  Brobftljly  alluilts  to  liis  rcniiirk  in  H.  r»L.  c  1. 

*  Q.  Luclntius.  L'atulna,  Ihe  toUiugjae  of  MfiriuB.  Beicg afterwardj  ron« 
denuiud  tu  div  by  Munus,  be  suilucated  tiim^elf  with  th«  furaee  of  cliarcMlr 


CllBp.  IJ 


TUEES   80L0   AT   ENOBUODfl   PUICES. 


43d 


I 


trioiis  familieB,  after  holding  tho  consulship,'  were  appomU:€l 
jointly  to  the  ccnsoraLip,  in  the  -yetir  irom  tlie  buUding  of  the 
Oity  6ft2,  n.  period  of  office  that  waB  fruitl'ul  in  elrife,  the 
natural  reeuU  of  th^ir  dissimilarity  of  character.  Ou  one  oc- 
CEisiuD,  Cncius  Domitina,  naturally  a  man  of  "hasty  temper,  and 
inflamed  liusides  hy  a  hatnad  that  rivalry  only  tcnda  Lo  stircu- 
lute,  grsivcly  rebuked  Crassus  for  liripg,  and  he  a  Censor  too, 
in  a  style  of  suuli  tuagnilki'Dce,  and  in  a  houee  for  wbidi,  iia 
he  said,  ho  himeelf  would  be  ready  to  puy  down  ten  luillioua 
of  sestarcL'S.  Crassue,  a  mim  who  united  to  singular  preat-nco 
of  mind  great  reiidineag  of  wit,  uiude  niiBwer  tlmt,  deducting 
six  trees  ouly,  be  would  accept  the  oU'er ;  upou  which  Uomi- 
tius  replied,  that  upon  those  ttrms  he  would  not  givR  ro  muck 
OS  B  single  dcniirius  for  tlic  purchase.  ''Wdl  then,  Bomi- 
liua/'  was  the  rejoinder  of  CraMua,  "  whioh  of  the  two  is  it 
that  aeta  a  bad  example,  and  duaerves  the  reproof  of  the  cen- 
sorship ;  I,  who  live  like  a  plain  inan  in  u  lioui^c  thut  hoa 
come  to  me  by  inheritance,  or  yon,  who  estimate  eix  treeii 
at  a  value  of  ten  millions  of  eeetercee?"*  These  trees  were 
of  1h*  lotus'  kind,  and  by  the  txuherancc  of  their  brau'^hes 
afforded  a  most  dtlightful  ahade.  Oaicijia  Largus,  one  of  Ihu 
grandees  of  Itomo,  and  tlio  owner  of  the  bouse,  used  often  to 
point  them  out  to  ine  in  my  younger  days ;  and,  as  I  have  al- 
ready made  mention'  of  tho  remarkuble  longevity  of  tn^us,  I 
would  here  add,  that  they  were  in  esiBtence  down  to  the  pe- 
riod when  thfi  Emptror  Nero  set  fire  to  the  City,  one  hundred 
iind  eighty  years  iliter  tho  time  of  Cnmsus;  being  still  green 
and  with  all  the  JreslmoBB  of  youth  upon  thcui,  had  uol,  tluit 
piinoe  thought  At  to  hasten  the  death  uf  the  very  trues  oven. 

Let  no  one,  however,  imagine  that  the  house  of  CrasBUS  woa 
of  no  value  in  other  ri-Bpocts,  or  that,  from  the  rebuke  of  Donii* 
tiufl,  there  was  nothing  ahout  it  worthy  of  remark  with  the 
exception  of  thoBO  trees.  There  were  to  be  seen  trccted  in  the 
otrium  four  ooiunmB  of  marble  from  Mount  Hymcttus/  whieb 
in  his  DBdilenhip  he  had  ordered  to  bo  brought  over  for  the  de- 
coration of  the  stage;'  and  this  at  a  time,  too,  when  no  public 

'■  A.i:.t.  659. 

"  ValeriuB  Maiimiu,  B.  it.  g,  1,  relatia  tlui  riofy  somewhat  dilTurontly. 
'  TLi'uCcltis  .tufitrulia  of  LiiLimiiu. 
•  See  B,  XKrri.  cc.  3  and  24. 

'  Wbern,  in  his  capacity  of  ffdUe,  lie  gMt  theatrical  rcpresoDUtioat  for 
tilt  lM:nefit  of  tbi:  public. 


440 


FLrar'a  SitURAi,  KiaronT. 


[Rosit  TTU. 


buildings  cvon  as  yet  poRscsncd  any  pillrtrs  niadp  of  that  mato 
riftJ.  01  siich  rc-oont  dato  ia  tlio  luxury  and  opulence  which 
Wf  iiQiv  enjoy,  and  so  much  grcatir  was  the  vuluc  whifh  in 
those  days  trtes  wtre  supposed  to  tonfcr  upon  a.  property!. 
A  pretty  good  proof  of  which,  wiis  tiie  fact  Ihut  i)t>iuiUiis  even, 
with  all  his  enmity,  would  not  keep  to  the  offer  he  liud  mudi', 
if  tlie  trees  were  not  to  be  JnelndtMl  in  tho  barginn. 

The  treeahave  furnished  auriiames  also  tx>  the  ancienta,"* such, 
for  instacpp,  aa  that  of  Fronditina  to  tho  warrior  who  swam 
across  tiliB  VoUurmis  with  a  wreath  of  leaves  od  his  h«ad,  tai 
distinguished  himBeif  by  his  famous  exploit*  in  the  war  against 
Hannibal ;  nud  that  of  Stolo"  to  tho  Licinian  family,  Buch  being 
the  naniQ  given  by  us  to  the  nsolcaa  sTickera  tJiat  shoot  from 
tr«es;  thd  best  method  of  clearing  away  thoao  shoots  was 
discoTcrcd  by  tho  first  Stolo,  and  hence  his  name.     Thu  oneiect 
lawB  also  took  Uio  tixjcs  under  tSieic  protwilion  ;  and  by  the 
Twelve  Tsblea  it  waa  eaautud,  that  ho  who  should  wrongfully 
eiit  down  treea  belonging  to  another  person,  shoulil  piiy  twenty- 
fivc  asses  for  each.     Is  it  possible  then  to  imagine  Umt  they, 
who  estimntfid  the  fruic-trees  at  bo  low  arote  us  this,  could  over 
havo  auppoaed  that  aoexorhit.ictavalue  would  bfl  put  upon  the 
lotus  fts  that  whiph  I  have  just  mentioned  ?     And  no  less  mar- 
rcllous,  too,  arn  the  ehangoa  that  hnTe  taken  place  in  the  Tidue 
of  fruit;  for  «t  tho  prea^it  day  wo  find  the  fruit  alone  of  many 
of  tlio  trees  in  the  auburba  valued  at  no  less  a  sum  than  two 
thousand  sestorcca ;  the  profits  derived  from  a  single  tree  thui 
being  more  than  tliose  of  a  whole  estuto  ju  lornier  timoa.     It 
was  ii-oiu  motives  of  gain  that  the  grafting  of  trees  and  tliu 
propagation  thereby  of  a  spurioua  oifspring  was  first  dcvist'i], 
so  that  the  growth  of  th<i  Iruita  even  might  bo  a  thing  IntGr* 
dieted  to   tho  poor.       We  shall,   thcrefow,   now   proceed  to 
state  in  what  way  it  is  that  such  va?!  revoEues  are  dorived 
from  these  trees,  and  -with  that  object  shall  set  forth  the  true 
and   moat  approved  methods  of  cultivation;  not  taking  on)' 
notice  of  the  more  common  methods,  or  thoao  which  wc  find 
gcnemlly  adopt^od.  but  considering  only  those  pointa  of  doubt 
and  uuciertainty,  in  relation  to  which  practical  mcQ  arc  mo«t 
apt  to  find  themscdves  at  a  loe>a:  while,  at  the  some  tiuc,  lo 

'"  A«  F(5i!  remarks,  this  usage  Ims  him  rcvcix-i!  in  Oiod'eni  times,  and 
pinntit  niXaxi  rra-ivii  their  buUiLical  uuiuta  Truuiuvu. 

'1  SeuB-imLo.  4. 


-I 


Chap,  a.]  TttH  ISJiUESCB  OF  WtATHEB  OUT  TBKE8. 


I 


aft'cct  liny  8i'ru[iult>ii«  ciactniss  in  c»s*-s  where  there  is  no 
necessily  for  it,  will  bo  no  part  of  our  pwrpO'^e.  In  tlie  first 
place,  however,  wt'  will  consiJer  in  a  genera]  poiut  of  view, 
those  infliit-ncos  of  soil  aa  well  oa  weiithLr  which  arc  exercised 
upon  all  tlio  Lrees  in  common. 

CSAf,  2.  (2.) THE   IjnXCBNCK   OF    WEATHER   VVOV    TBK   ISKZS : 

■WnAT  ]S  TliE  rEOPEB  aTUAlION  FOR  TOE  VINK. 

Trpea  are  fond  of  a  site  more  particuhirlj-  tJiat  faces  tho 
north-east ;"  the  breezes  rendering:  iheir  foliage  more  thick  an<l 
exuberant,  and  imparting  additioual  solidity  to  the  wood.  Thia 
is  a  point,  howevi-r,  tijion  whitk  most  [»€s}ple  are  vtry  greatly 
deceived ;  thus  in  vineyards,  for  instance,  th«  props  ought  not 
to  be  placed  in  such  u  position  as  to  shelter  the  stems  tVom  tha 
wind  in  that  quarl^?r,  it  heing  only  ngninat  the  northern  hlftsla 
that  this  precauLion  ahoiild  l>u  tuken.  Nay,  even  more  thnn  thia 
— if  tho  cold  weiither  only  flonies  on  in  due  season,  it  cantribiites 
very  materialiy  to  the  strengthening  of  the  treee,  and  promotes 
the  prooeee  of  g^'nninatioa ,-  whili?,  on  t3i«  other  hnnd,  if  at  that 
period  the  eoulhem.^*  breezes  should  caress  tbem,  tLey  will  grow 
weak  and  languid,  and  more  particularly  bo,  if  the  blossfjia  is 
jufit  coming  on.  If  ruiny  weather,  too,  should  hapfjen  to 
follow  close  nptin  blossoming,  the  totnl  destructton  of  Uie  fruit 
«  the  necessary  resnlt :  indeed,  if  tho  weather  should  be  only 
clonfly,  or  south  winds  happen  to  provnil,  it  is  quito  sTifficicnt 
to  ensure  tho  lone  of  the  fruit  in  tho  almond  and  tho  pear.'* 
Kains.  if  prevalent  about  tho  rifiing  of  the  Vcrgiliie,"  are  most 
injurious  to  the  vine  and  the  olive,"  as  it  is  at  that  bcajson  that 
gerniinatiou'''  is  commencing  with  them  ;  indeed,  this  is  a  moit 

'*  Or  noith  nortb-cast,  na  Yin  taya.  Ha  silJs  that  tbu  aspect  in  re* 
alley  tR  not  hirnuTahiii  Co  vcgntaUon.  Pliny  commiu  tho  error  nf  ciopjiog 
exuctiif  from  ThenplinisHis,  and  lh<Teliv  giving  ndvice  to  Homan  agncul- 
tumtx,  whicli  wag  propedy  suilnl  lo  the  diiimtc  of  Greece  only. 

'*  Tliiitiii  bormwtJ  frnniTliPopIinisius  ;  but,  m  F£'e  rcmitrk.s,  if  smtabln 
to  iha  climn-lo  of  Greece,  it  U  nut  bo  to  Lhut  of  Italy  or  Fnuico,  wbcro 
■segrtalmn  I6  laiiuh  mori;  ptoraotcd  by  a  south  wind. 

^'  This  annTlinn,  Via  sjijb,  is  enoncous.     See  B.  xvi.  c.  46. 

«»  n.  xviii.  c.  fie. 

)B  Sue  c.  3(t  of  tliis  Book.  Thrao  notions  its  to  oritical  periodii  to  jitnnta 
«onnecCcil  wuti  ihv  cunati'lbilious  F^o  a^iys,  nra  uuw  ulmoet  disiiulLucI  j 
tbourh  thfiy  still  proTuil  in  Kruuuo,  to  aoniu  extent. 

"  "■  Coiiua."    &i!0  B.  xTi.  oc.  3&  and  42. 


442 


PLcnr'a  irAinaii  hibtobT.  [Ro*k  XVlt. 


criticftl  four  days  for  the  olive,  being  the  period  at  which  the 
south  wind,  as  we  havo  already"  stated,  brings  on  its  diirk  nnd 
loTPcting  clouds.  The  cereals,  lao,  ripen  more  unfaToiirably 
wlieD  south  winds  prcvfill,  though  at  the  same  timo  it  pro- 
cecda  with  greater  rapidity.  All  cold,  too,  is  injurious  to  tb- 
gotutioQ,  which  coTQcs  with  thu  northera  windH^  ur  out  of  tho 
proper  season.  It  is  most  ttdvantageoua  to  ull  pUinla  for 
north-east  wiud*'*  to  prevail  throughout  the  winter. 

Ill  this  aeosoa,  too,  ehowcra  are  very  necessary,  luid  the  rca- 
tOD  is  6»lf-oyideot — the  treos,  being  exhuuBted  by  the  fruit 
they  havo  borae,  and  wt-akeued  by  Uih  l(jsa  of  ihcir  leaves,  are, 
I  of  course,  famished  and  hungry ;  and  it  is  the  showers  that 
constitute  their  aliment.  Experience  has  led  us  to  believe 
that  there  it  nothinjj  more  delrimental  than  n  wnrm  winter; 
for  it  allows  tho  trcca,  the  moincnt  they  have  parted  with 
their  fruita,  to  conceive  again,  or,  in  other  words,  to  germinate, 
and  then  exhaust  thomeelrcs  by  bloaaorning  afresh.  And 
what  18  evtn  worse  than  thia,  should  there  b«  seToral  yearn  of 
such  wtiather  in  Buccession,  even  tho  treeg  themselves  will  die; 
for  tliere  con  be  Httle  doubt  that  the  effort  must  of  neecsGiiy 
be  injiu'ious,  when  they  put.  forth  their  etrengtb.,  and  are  at 
tho  somo  timo  deprived  of  tbcir  uaturol  euBtcoonce.  The  poet" 
then,  who  bos  said  that  serene  winters  are  to  be  desired,  cer- 
tainly did  not  express  those  wishes  in  fnvour  of  tho  tnws. 
And  no  more  does  rain,  if  proval«nt  at  the  summer-solstice, 
conduce  to  the  benefit"  of  the  vino :  whil^,  at  the  same  tiine, 
to  say  that  a  dusty  winter  produces  a  lusuriant  harvest,  is  car- 
tainly  tho  mistake  of  a  too  fertile  irongination.  It  is  a  thing 
greaUy  to  be  wished,  too,  both  in  behalf  of  the  trees  as  well  as 
tho  cereals,  that  the  jmows  ehould  lie  for  a  oonsiderable  time 
upon  the  ground ;  tho  reason  being  that  they  check  the  escape 
of  tho  Bpirit  of  tho  earth  by  ovapomtian,  and  tend  to  throw  it 

'*  See  B,  xvi,  c  46. 

"  Frurn  Tliwiphrastus,  Tie  Causit,  It.  it.  c.  1. 

""  lie  ullmles  lo  thu  wiinf*  of  Virgil,  Gacrg.  i.  lOtt: — 

"  Uutui Ju  BulstiLio,  aique  hicmcs  ur&to  scrctnas. 
AjftiMlo: ;  hit>i>mo  iBetisaima  puIvfiM  fanra," 
I'jo  rcraarkK,  tknt  Itic  cultivators  of  the  niodorn  times  u«  more  of  ll» 
upbiaiL  of  th«T  pocl  tlinii  the  aaUirnlisl. 

"  llnrauia  rainn  wimtd  oiisc  thp  youug  frolt  tO  Ihll  off.  Ho  lltn 
■ttii(;lui  tli(i  flnt  portioa  of  Uk-  pcMie;pU  of  Yirg>il;  but  only,  it  appears,  is 
nfvtmci  to  tho  viuu 


I 


I 


I 


CTiap.  2.]  THE  HfFLUKKCE  OX  WBATHBQ  OB  TBEIB,  443 

back  again  upon  tfae  roots  ai  the  plctnts,  addiof^  greatly  to 
their  strength  thereby ;  and  not  only  this,  but  they  afford  a 
grudiial  supply  of  moieturQ  as  well,  tlmt  ib  boLh  pure  fuid  of 
remarkable  lightness,  from  the  fiict  that  &now  ie  only  tho 
foam  of  the  waters  of  heaven.  Hl-dcc  it  is  that  the  moisture 
of  Bnow  doea  not  drench  and  engulph  everything  all  at  oacc, 
but  gradually  trickJeu  downwards,  in  proportion  to  the  thirst  of 
tho  plant,  nurturing  it  as  though  from  the  breuBt,  instead  of 
produtiug  an  inundation.  The  eartli,  too,  fttrments  under  this 
influeivce,  and  becomes  filled  with  her  own  emauations:  not 
eshfni9t«d  by  the  seeds  in  her  bosom,  swollen  as  they  are  with 
milk,"  she  siailc3  in  the  verm,  and  balmy  honrs,  when  the  time 
comcB  for  opening  it.  It  ia  in  this  way,  more  particnlarlr, 
that  com  fatteufi  apace,  except,  indeed,  in  tboae  climatea  m 
which  the  atmosphere  is  ulways  warm,  Egypt  for  example ;  for 
there  the  continuance  of  the  eame  temperature  and  the  force  of 
habit  aru  productive  of  the  some  efft'cts  as  tlie  modiflcationa  of 
temperature  in  other  countries. 

At  the  same  time  it  ia  etjaally  necesBary  in  every  climate 
that  there  should  be  no  noxious  influence  in  existence.  Thus, 
for  infltance,  in  the  greater  part  of  the  world,  that  precocious 
germination  which  has  been  enGouraged  by  the  indulgent  tempe- 
rature of  the  weather,  ia  sure  to  be  nipped  by  the  intense  colda 
that  ensue.  Hence  it  ia  that  late  winters  are  so  injurious, 
and  Buch  they  prove  to  the  trees  of  the  forest  even  ;  indeed, 
thcee  last  aro  more  particularly  osposed  to  the  ill  eflects  of  a 
late  winter,  oppressed  as  they  are  by  the  density  of  their 
foliage,  and  human  agency  being  unable  to  succour  them;  for 
it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  cover^  the  more  tender  forest 
trees  with  wisps  of  atraw.  Rains,  then,  are  favourable  to 
Tcgetation — first  of  aU,  during  the  winter  season,  and  ut-xt, 
just  previously  to  germination  ;  the  third  period  for  them  being 
that  of  the  formation,  of  tho  fruit,  thoiigh  not  immediately, 
and  only,  in  fact,  when  tho  produce  of  the  tree  shows  itself 
strong  and  healthy. 

"  '■  LnuteMentibus."  Ffereiiiart9ontIieappropriotenes«  ofihisfjnrM- 
sion,  aa  tho  utt  of  gortniciution,  lie  gap,  in  tbe  cerealEi  nrjJ  ilII  the  sr^da  in 
wlikh  the  periBperm  is  fQcuJcnt,  cfmngM  the  I'ecala  into  an  smiilsive 
liquid,  in  which  sUte  the  »ck<)  mnjr  be  said,  with  riinj,  to  be 
"  lacteBcent." 

5*  Wbicli  apppan  to  have  been  citensivcly  cloao  witli  tlie  jouii«r  Racdeo 
trtei. 


44-1 


prrsyg  KA-niBAi  msTOBT. 


tBwjkXVn. 


ThoBO  trecB  which  are  the  slowest  in  bringing  their  fruits  to 
matvirity,  imd  reciuire  a  more  prolonged  Bupjily  of  iiutrimcDl, 
rweivu  liencJil  ul«o  i'rom  lute  raitis,  bucIi  as  Uh:  vine,  the  oljvi', 
and  tha  pnmcgranato,  for  instance.  Thcue  rains,  however,  are 
required  at  difl'orciit  Bcasons  by  the  difTerent  trcca,  some  of 
thum  coming  to  nuiturity  al  one  period  nnd  aome  at  another; 
hcutso  it  IB  that  we  see  the  very  same  mio  productive  of  injury 
hi  wiuo  truce  and  beneiiciul  to  olhere,  eveawlicu  tlivy  aru  of  itio 
very  same  B^ecies,  as  in  Uio  in;ur  lor  infltftncti :  for  the  wiat« 
pear  Btande  id  need  of  ruin  at  ono  pt^riod,  and  tho  early  peu  at 
another,  though  at  the  BiLtuti  time  they,  hU  of  theui,  ri.^uir«it 
ifi  an  eyiiHl  degree,  Wijiter  precedes  tlie  period  of  ge-rmiua- 
tioa,  and  it  is  this  fact  that  luidieB  the  nortli-cast  wind  man 
beneficial  ttian  the  south,  and  renders  the  part*  that  lie  in  the 
interior  priiferaWe  to  those  near  the  coast,' — ihu  former  being 
geni^rally  Ihe  cnld(?st,, — tQountninous  districts  bijtter  than  Uivcl 
ouea,  and  ruin  at  night  bi:ttcr  than  showerB  in  tho  day.  V^e- 
tatioD,  too,  receives  a  grE^utfir  dcgrbu  of  bvnefit  irom.  the  watur 
when  the  buo  does  not  immediately  soak  it  up. 

Cunnected,  tooj  with  this  eubjtct  ie  the  question  of  Llw  bert 
Bitujition  for  planting  vines,  pjiii  the  tret^s  wliieh  support  them, 
VirgiPcondemnsQwestoin  aspect,  while  there  areeome  persons, 
again,  who  prefer  it  to  an  easterly  one :  1  find,  howovcr,  that 
moBl  authore  approve  of  the  Hoiitb,  though  I  do  not  thint  that 
any  abstract  precepts"  can  ha  given  in  relation  to  the  point. 
The  most  careful  attention  on  the  part  of  the  cultivntor  ought 
to  bi!  paid  to  the  nature  of  tho  soil,  tho  character  of  the  loca- 
lity, and  the  rcapuctive  influences  of  climate.  Tho  mi^thod  ot 
giving  Co  the  vine  a  Bouthem  aspfiot,  as  prauliaod  in  Afirica  and 
*  *  *  *  13  injurious  to  the  tri;e,  us  wull  us  uchealthy  for 
the  cultivator,  from  the  very  eiixjumstanoe  that  t)ie  coonby 
itself  lies  under  a  eoutbem  meridian :  hence  it  is,  that  he  ^bn 
selects  for  hi*  placts  there  a  western  or  a  northerly  Dg[)ect,  irill 
combine  on  the  most  udTantagcoas.  terms  the  boncflts  of  ioil 
with  those  of  climate.  When  Virgil  condemns  a  western  oepcct, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  includes  in  his  cen8\ire  a  nortnceo 
aspect  as  well :  and  yet,  in  Cisalpine  Italy,  where  moat  of  tbs 
Tincyarda  have  an  aspect  to  the  north,  it  has  bcuu  found  by 
esperiomie  that  there  aro  none  that  are  more  proliflo. 

«  Oeorg.  ii.  39B. 

**  TsLou  aliogotker,  a,  soutteni  wpoct  is  pttfnrable  to  all  i>\han. 


^ 


I 


Chap.  2.]  TOS  lETlCESCE  OF  WEATHEJi  ON  TKBEH.  ^-15 

The  winds  are  also  a  very  Jwiportant  consideration.  In  the 
provinces  of  Gallia  Narhoncnflis,  and  in  Liguria  and  part  of 
Etmria,  it  is  (stinsidcTed  &  proof  of  gr^'at  want  of  Bkill  to  plant 
tho  vine  on  a  pile  that  lies  id  the  teet,Ii  of  the  wind  Cireius,** 
wKilop  oil  till!  oUier  hutid.  it  ie  a  murk  of  prudeuuit  to  catch 
il«  hreczi's  in  an  ybliijue  direittiun;  it  is  this  wiud,  in  fact, 
that  utodilles  the  heat  in  tlioee  couBti'i«»,  tKough  at  tbo  eauiu 
time  it  is  usually  so  violent,  m  to  sweep  away  the  roofs  of 
the  hfttjsf'a. 

(3.)  Thtreare  some  persons  who  employ  amethodof  roalting 
the  questioiL  of  weather  dependent  upon  tlic  nature  of  the  soil; 
thus  in  Uie  case  of  a  vineyard,  for  instance,  in  a  dry  locality, 
thoy  give  it  »a  eaafcem  or  a  northern  aspect;  but  where  it  is 
planted  on  a  humid  site,  it  is  made  to  face  the  south.  From 
tiie  viirictioa  of  the  vine  also,  they  txirrow  various  modifica- 
tions ill  iclereQce  to  site  ;  taking  care  to  plant  the  early  viae 
in  a  cold  locality,  in  order  that  the  fruit  may  ripen  before  the 
frosts  como  on  ;  wliile  sut^h  fruit  Irees  and  vines  as  have  an  auti- 
patliy  to  dena  are  eipoaed  to  the  east,  that  the  sun  may  i;aiiT 
off  their  humidity  at  the  earliest  moment.  On  the  other  hand, 
such  as  Dinnifc-st  a  partiality  to  dowsareplaiittd  wilhaweatera 
or  even  a  northern  aspect,  to  give  Ihem  tia  opportunity  of  en- 
joying them  all  the  longer.  Others,  again,  borrovring  their 
notions  pretty  nearly  from  Nature,  have  recommendi'd  that 
vines  and  trees  ahoulil  he  planted  tiieing  thn  north-east ;  indeed 
Beinouritufi  is  of  ojiinion,  tliat  by  so  doing  the  fruit  'will 
he  uU  the  more  odorii'eroua, 

{i.)  Wk  have  already  8j>okeo,  in  the  Second  Book,"  of  tha 
points  of  the  north-east  and  other  winds,  imd  shnU  have  occa- 
sion in  the  succt^uding  one  to  maku  nieEitioii  of  Bcvoiral  more  uf 
the  heavenly  phosnumena.  In  the  mean  time,  however,  wo 
may  obfecrve  that  it  would  appear  to  he  a  manifcet  proof  of  the 
Boluhrity  of  a  north-east  sile,  that  the  leavea  are  always  the 
first  to  fall  in  the  trees  that  have  an  aspect  towards  the  south." 
A  similar  reason  exists,  t^oo,  in  the  maritinio  districts;  in 
vertoiu  localititis  the  eea  hrceaea  ai-e  detrimental,  tliough  in 
most  they  arc-  nutritious.  For  Bonie  plants,  ngain,  it  ie  pleasant 
to  behold  the  eea  at  a  dietaitce,  while  at  the  eamo  timo  they 

"  See  B.iL  o.  48.  "  Cc.  4«  and  47. 

>*  neraemB  to  loia  right  of  the  fact  tliutdLe;  iiutlKivK  thoH  tliol  look 
ta  tho  uorth. 


446  PLCfT'a  JTATUtAi,  HI8T0BT.  [Book  lYIT. 

'will  gnin  nothing  by  approaching  oloscr  to  its  sdine  exhola- 
iinns.  The  Ganie,  too,  is  the  iitduonce  exercised  hy  riren  and 
lakes ;  Oiey  will  either  scorch  the  vegvUtion  hy  the  fogs  they 
emit,  or  else  modiiy  by  their  cooIdcm  the  excess  uf  heaL  We 
have  akeady  mentioned^  the  plonla  that  thrive  in  llie  Bhiulc, 
and  in  the  cold  even  ;  but  in  all  these  matters  eJ[p«rienoo  vill 
be  found  the  best  of  guides. 

CHAP.  S. — ^WHAT  SOILS  AM  TO  BE  COHSIDEEEB  TEE  BEflT. 

Next  nfter  the  influeoces  of  the  heavene,  wc  have  to  treat  of 
thoHo  of  tlio  earthy  a  task  that  in  in  no  way  mont  eaay  than  the 
prcvioua  one.  It  is  but  rnrely  that  the  same  soil  is  found 
Biiitfid  t*  trws  aB,well  m  corn  :  indeed,  the  block**  earth  which 
prevails  in  Campania  is  not  everywhere  fotmd  suited  to  the  vine, 
nor  yet  that  which  omitH  light  exhalations,  or  the  red^'  soil 
that  hoe  been  so  highly  proisod  by  many.  The  cretaceous  earth 
that  is  found  in  the  territory  i>f  Alba  Pompeia,  and  an  argil- 
IttceoTW  soil,  arc  preferred  t«  all  othors  for  tlio  vine,  although, 
too,  they  are  remarkalily  rich,  a  quality  that  is  generally  looked 
upon  as  not  siiited  to  tliat  plant.  On  the  othEtr  band,  again, 
the  white  sand  of  the  dietrict  of  Ticinum,  the  black  Band  of 
many  other  places,  and  the  red  sand  as  well,  evtiu  though  mixed 
with  a  Tiiih  earth,  will  pnive  unproductive. 

The  very  signs,  also,  from  which  we  form  our  judgment  nre 
often  very  deceptive ;  o.  soil  thtit  is  adorned  with  tail  and 
graceful  trees  is  not  always  a  fiivourable  one,  except,  of  eourse, 
for  t-hnse  trees.  What  tree,  in  fact,  is  there  that  is  taller  tlian 
the  fir?  and  yet  what  other  plant  could  jjoasibly  exist  in  Uie 
Banao  spot  ?  Nor  ought  we  always  to  look  upon  verdant  pss- 
tares  as  so  raany  prooia  of  richneBS  of  soil ;  for  what  is  then) 
that  enjoys  a  greater  renown  than  the  pastures  of  (jennany? 
find  yet  they  eotiaist  of  nothing  but  a  very  thin  layer  of  turf, 
with  sand  immpdiately  beneath.  Nor  yet  is  the  soil  which 
produces  herbage  '■  of  large  growth  always  to  be  looked  upon  us 
humid  ;  no,  by  Herciiles  1  do  more  than  a  soil  is  to  be  iooIcbI 
upon  aB  unctuoua  and  rich,  which  adheres  to  l^o  fingers — a 

'*  B.  TTi.  DC.  30,  31. 
"  .\  rich  hluci  inoulii,  prflbably. 
*'   A  ferriiffiiioiiH  ar^illu. 

"  It  must  of  n-eciumity  daitnte  a  snil  neb,  in  humus,  Ihougb  Wt,  <>( 
euuM,  adapted  fur  all  kiijda  of  uultiraliau. 


Chap,  i.) 


TTHAT   BOILB  ABZ   BEST. 


447 


thiflg  that  is  proved  in  the  case  of  the  argillaceoiis  earths.*' 
The  earth  when  thrown  hack  into  the  hole  from  which  it  has 
just  been  dug  nill  ncver^'  fill  it,  so  that  it  is  quite  imposaihle 
hy  that  method  to  form  any  opinion  as  to  its  denBJty  or  t)iin- 
nesa,  It  ie  Uie  fact,  too,  that  every"  soil^  nithout  exception, 
Hill  covflr  iron  with  rust.  Kor  ytt  can  we  dttenmnu"  the 
heavinetis  or  lightness  of  soils  in  relation  to  any  fixed  and  as- 
certained wt'iglit:  for  what  are  we  to  understand  as  the 
standard  weiglit  of  earth  ?  A  eoil,  too,  that  is  lortncd  from 
tbB  allaviou"  of  rivers  ie  not  always  U>  be  recommended,  for 
r^tece  are  some  cropa  tliat  decay  all  the  sooner  in  a  watery  hdiI  ; 
indeed,  those  soils  even  of  this  de^crijition  which  are  highly 
esteemed,  are  never  found  to  be  long  good  for  any  kiiul  of 
■vegetation  but  the  willow. 

Among  other  proofs  of  the  goodncsa  of  soil,  is  the  coroparative 
thickness  of  the  stem  in  corn.  In  Laboriuni,  a  famous  cham- 
paign country  of  Campania,  the  etulk  ib  of  stieh  rLinarkiible 
thickness,  that  it  may  bo  ueed  even  to  supply  the  place  of 
wood  :**  and  yet  this  very  soil,  from  the  difficulty  that  ia  every- 
where experienced  in  cultivating  it,  and  the  labour  rt-quired 
in  working  it,  may  be  almost  said  to  give  the  LuBliandnian 
more  trouble  by  its  good  qualities  than  it  oould  possibly  have 
done  by  reason  of  any  defects.  The  soil,  too,  that  i»  generally 
known  aa  charcoal  eiirth,  appears  susceptible  of  bt-ing  im- 
proved by  being  planted  with  a  poor  meogrf'  vine :   and  tufa,'* 

^  Itc  Eiltiides  t«  tha  di(SciiHy  witlt  whluli  urgiUa,  Ironi  iu  lenactLy,  ia 
emploj'cd  in  i;a!ti»ation. 

^  C'ciEumella  eaya  the  contrnrj',  and  sa  does  Virgil,  GMTg.  il.  Z2S, 
EpVLikiii^  of  this  fuut  AS  a  muLbod  uf  iui:crtaiiilii|[  tbe  respectira  ijualitiw  of 
tliG  ?urm. 

"  Virgil,  OnoTg,  ii.  2211.  sjhtb  iho  o'mlrsry, 

*•  In  division  to  what  Yit^iX  My!,  firnrg.  ii.  2-S4  : — 

".Uuse  gnivii  est,  ipso  Cflvilaoi  ne  pundere  prudit, 
U^wquo  levis  — ^  " 
Tie  Tcmax'ka,  hovbitt,  that  it  a  easy  enouzh  to  utal>'£«  the  eoitli,  ud 

tTtiiin  tito  proportinns  uf  tiuinu»,  and  of  th«  riLia(.>«iia,  cretaoeoua,  or 

'ilocuuu*  eartlis  ;  the  rdutivo  proportions  of  Kbich  rrodcr  it  ttiong  ui 
t,  ac  the  u!m3  m^y  ^o. 

*'  A*  ¥6e  Bitya.  lliese  oarlbs  vaiy  accordiiif  io  Iho  natiiro  of  tha  eoiU 
tliat  are brovg'lit  down  liy  ttiu  ctrciucji;  in  ^aeril,  kjwcv'sr,  llieyua  ex- 
tremely prolifip, 

"*  Vie  lafg  tliat  PliD^  is  bero  gitiEtf  of  Rome  6t:gnt  (if  extggcntioii. 
8e«  B.  iii.  c,  S.  ji.  195  of  Vul.  1  •  bUo  B.  xviii.  t.  2'J. 

io  '•  ToplilU ;    furmcd  of  vyk'udc  icuiiw.    fee  remarks,  ihat  It  te  gome* 


113 


PLISY'a  HATCOAL   niSMBT 


[BockXVII. 


whioh  is  naturally  rough  aad  friuble,  vtb  find  recomrDOQd«d 
by  some  ftutliom.  Virgil,"*  too,  does  not  i*ftTiii'-mn  lor  the  vine 
a  noil  which  produces  fcm  :*'  wbil(?  a  saltod  earth  "  is  thought 
to  be  much  hotter  cntraBt<'<J  with  the  growth  of  rt-gf  tation  thin 
any  otlmr,  frum  tlip  fact  of  ita  being  oomparatively  soft;  froni 
Dnxiotia  ineuctB  hrfcdiug  thoit'.  DucUviLi(>8,  too,  are  far  from 
UD])riMlucUvu,  if  a  penutn  oiily  knows  how  to  dig  thi'in  pro- 
perly;  and  it  is  not  all"  churupiiign  gpota  tb»t  aru  letsaocci' 
Bible  to  the  buo  and  wind  tiinn  is  iipc«'»wiry  for  their  beuellL 
ViV*  hiivt^  ulready**  alluded  to  the  fiicl',  that  tliere  ure  curUin 
vines  which  lind  nutriment  in  houi-  fro§tB  and  fog*. 

In  every  subject  there  are  crrtain  deep  and  rt-cocdito 
ftCPrcts,  which  it  is  left  to  Iho  intolUgraRe  of  each  to  jienetrftte. 
Do  wi!  not,  for  infllane*-,  iiod  it  tlu'  fuel,  Uiitt  noils  which  hav» 
long  olTi^irod  opportuniticE  for  a  sound  judgment  bi'ing  formed  uu 
their  qualities  hare  become  totally  tilt^rcd  ?  In  the  vicinity 
of  LuriiKiu,  in  Thc-ssaly,  a  l-jko  wu^"  dniinifd  ;**  arifl  the  conso- 
quencfl  waa,  that  the  district  became  much  colder,  and  Uie 
olive-trtes  which  had  fornieriy  boruc  fruit  now  ceased  to  bear. 
When  a  ohdnnol  was  cut  for  the  Hphnin,  near  the  town  of 
-^InoH,  the  place  was  Bcnaihle  of  ita  jicarfT  approach,  in  Anding 
its  vinea  frort-bittcn,  u  thing  lliat  hud  ncvor  happened  before; 
in  tho  vicinity,  loo,  of  Philippi,  the  country  hiLring  been 
dnuned  for  cultiration,  thu  oataru  of  tho  climate  biHiame  en- 
tirely altered.  lu  the  territory  of  SyracuBC,  u  hiwbaudmaD, 
who  wus  a  slraagtr  to  tbe  place,  cleared  the  soil  of  all  the 
Btones,  and  the  consequence  wan,  that  he  Io»l  his  crops  firom 
the  acounmlation  of  mud;  bo  that  at  liist  he  we»  obJig(»d  tfl 
carry  tlie  fttonea  bnck  again.     In  Syria  again,  the  plough* 

whnt  mmib.r  in  nature  to  nurl,  and  that  tlinug:h  unpraduofiTO  by  itatH.  It 
is  ben'.'Guial  when  m\xtA  with  vcgotAblc  catth.  Tua  and  marl  npiiexc  M 
hare  bnc^  tifLcn  cotifuumlt'd  hj  thu  lUicii-'nt  wntcr*. 

"«  tifrtrR.  ii.  189, 

*i  Tile  rwrid  aqiiilUiiof  the  mi)(ii>in  Imtnniiito. 

<^  Marino  Hilt,  or  Eu1i-h|<Iroolilorato  oi'  soda,  l'(t  thttilu,  ii  IirraaUudud 
to.  It  it  still  lucd  Willi  vitriud  suoeciu  in  (omc  jiarCi  at  Uie  «»t  of 
Fraoop. 

**  Ilnrdouin.  iHys,  that  Im  hero  ulluiles  ia  tho  proverbial  sajini;  among 
th«  BMciml*.  "  Perflara  altiwliua  vtaWs" — "  Tliti  vla-h  blow  only  oa  tlw 
most  (iWvuUd  gruun^l."  **  In  Ij.  liv.  ob.  i  and  IX. 

**  "EniiMn,'"  Kea  would  opppnr  to  l.hiult  timt  tlielekflKuildoilfMadrf'ii 
igtpeararrf,  nllcr  sn  unrtliqunlic-,  kti-J  I'roiii  ll>e  contfit  hc  would  appcv  U 
ba  riglil-     These  auuciutU  are  tdl  u(  Ihtini  bonowed  from  TLco|>binutiis,     ,, 


Cliap.  3.] 


WHAT  soita  AfiK   BMT. 


449 


I 


I 


Blifljre  which  ttcy  uae  is  narrow,  onJ  the  forrowB  are  but  rery 
FUperficinl,  tlicrL'  being  u  rock'henejith  the  Boil  thnt  m  Bammtn: 
Hcurehca  up  (iic  sccils. 

Then,  too,  the;  ctftets  of  exoeeeive  cold  and  licat  in  variou3 
places  are  Bimila-r;  IKdb,  for  iu&bince,  Tiiraeo  is  fruitful  iu 
coru,  by  retison  of  tbo  fold,  while  Africa  and  Egypt  are  no  in 
conBei^uence  of'lho  heat  liat  prevailB  thrre.  At  Chuluiii,"  an 
island  belonging  to  tho  Rhodians,  there  is  a  certain  placr  which 
is  so  remarkably  fertile,  that  after  reaping  the  barley  that  has 
been  sown  at  the  ordinary  time,  and  gathering  it  in,  they  im- 
mediately SOTO  a  freah  crop,  and  roup  it  at  tho  same  timp  an  the 
othwr  com.  A  gravelly  soil  is  loiiad  heat  suited  for  tho  olivo 
in  the  district  of  Vunufrum,*'  while  one  of  extreme  riobnesA  is 
reijuired  for  it  in  Bietica.  The  wines  of  Pucinimi'*  are  ri- 
peiied  npon  a  nick,  and  the  viues  of  Cieciilmm'*  we  mvistenwd 
by  the  watei«  of  the  i'duptine**  manthes ;  so  great  are  the  dif- 
ferences that  have  been  detected  by  human  experience  in  the 
various  Boils.  Cicsar  VopiscuB,  when  pleading  a  cause  ticforo 
the  CenaoTS,  said  that  the  nelda  of  Roaia"  nre  the  very  marmw" 
of  Italy,  and  that  a  stuke,  left  in  the  gruund  there  one  day, 
would  be  found  covered  by  the  grass  tlie  uext :  **  tho  eoil,  how- 
( rffer,  IB  only  oateeraod  there  for  the  pitrpOBea  of  pafiturage.  SliU, 
llOwever,  Nature  has  willed  that  we  should  not  rauaiu  uiiin- 
Btrucled,  and  has  made  full  admission  as  to  existing  defects  iu 
BoiJ,  even  in  cases  where  she  has  failed  to  give  us  eriuol  in- 
formation  as  to  its  good  quEilities:  wo  shall  bt-gin,  thirpfore, 
by  speaking  of  the  defects  that  art:  found  in  variuus  soils. 

[5.)  If  it  19  tho  wish  of  a  pcraon  to  test  whether  a  soil  ii 
bitter,  or  whether  it  is  thin  and  meagre,  xhe  faut  maybe  easily 
ascertftined  from  the  presence  of  black  and  undergniwn  herbs. 
If,  again,  the  herbage  shoots  up  dry  and  aluuted,  it  shows  that  J . 
tbo  eoil  IB  cold,  and  if  ead  and  languid,  that  it  ie  moist  tuid 
slimy.  The  eyej  too,  is  able  to  judge  whether  it  is  a  red  earth 
or  whether  it  is  argillaceous,  both  of  them  extremely  diJEcult 
to  work,  imd  apt  to  loud  the  harrow  or  ploughshare  with 

*"  ftce  B.  T.  c-  36.  "  See  n.  xv.  6.  2. 

fc  See  B.  liv.  u.  8.  *"  See  B.  lis.  c.  8. 

«  See  B.  ii).  it.  9.  "  Sve  I(.  iii.  c.  17. 

M  Sumea.  Proparly,  "  uJdur."  A  cow's  udder  was  oansidoxed  one  of 
the  oboicesi  of  dohcaoiea  by  tho  liomAiis. 

*>  Tliis  is,  of  lioiuBu,  on  eiag^eratioD.  Thu  ttakt  aust  bavo  been 
drifeii  in  rery  deep  lo  Uuiappear  no  speediJy. 


450 


PUSti  X^TUBU.  HISTOBT.  [Book  7711.' 


cmormous  clods;  though  at  the  name  time  it  should  Ix  bome 
in  mind  that  tho  aoU  which  entaiU  tliD  grcftteet  amount  of 
labour  is  not  always  proiiuutivc  of  ihe  emoIlGet;  amount  of 
pruSt.  So,  too,  on  the  other  hand,  tliB  eye  con  dlBtin^Rh  a 
aoil  that  is  niisod  with  ashes  or  natk  wliit«  sand,  while  (.-arth 
thitt  in  aterili^  uad  duaso  uiuy  be  easily  detected  by  its  peculiar 
hardDesH,  at  eveu  a  eiiigle  stroke  pf  tlie  matUrak. 

Cato,**  briffly  and  in  his  peculiar  manner,  cbar^'Cterizes  llie 
deffols  that  exist  iuthi:  various  suila.  "Take  care,"  he  Hayc, 
"  where  tlie  earth  ia  rotten  not  to  shake  it  tither  with  carU  or 
by  driving  cattle  over  it."  Now  what  arc  wo  to  suppose  that 
this  ti^rm  "rotton"  meiinSr  aa  applied  to  a  boj],  about  which 
hv  ia  flo  vastly  ajipnihensivo  na  to  nimoat;  forliid  our  settiRg 
foot  upon  it?  Let  ua  ouly  Jurm  a  compariaoD  by  thinkici; 
-what  it  i&  that  ci^ncititutcs  rottenness  in  wood,  and  we  eball 
tiad  thtit  tb^  faults  which  oro  held  by  him  in  such  aversign  an- 
thu  being  ariil,  full  of  holes,  luugh,  wbit^,  mouldy,  wona- 
eaten,  in  fztct,  just  like  pumice-atone  ;  and  thuB  baa  Cato  said 
more  in  a  single  word  than  we  coiUd  have  possibly  found 
mcann  to  express  in  a  description,  howcTor  long.  Indeed,  if 
wp  could  find  moonB  of  cxprtasing  the  varioua  defects  Lliai 
exist  in  Boila,  wo  should  find  that  there  are  somn  of  thera  that 
are  old,  not  with  uge  (for  age  CiUinot"*  be  concerned  in  telation 
to  Uio  earth),  but  of  their  own  nature,  and  are  hence  unfniit- 
I'ul  and  powerless  for  every  purpoao  from  the  Qrat.  The  same 
WTitoi-,*"  tuo,  considers  that  a&  the  very  beat  of  soils,  wtudi, 
situate  at  the  foot  of  a  decUrity,  runs  out  into  a  champtiign 
coimtrj-,  taking  a  soutliward  direction;  such,  in  fact,  being 
the  aspect  of  tho  wholw  of  Italy:"  he  suys'*  also,  that  theuortli 
generally  known  aa  lilack"  earth  is  of  a  tender  naturu,  and 
is  consequently  the  moat  easily  worked  and  the  best  for  cenali. 
If  wc  only  uppreciale  with  due  ooro  tho  BigniScation  of  this 
word  "  tender,'**"  wc  shall  find  that  it  flxpresaea  ita  intended 
lasaning  remarkably  well,  and  that  in  tUia  word  is  comprised 
every  quality  that  ia  desirable  tor  the  purpoaea  of  cultivatiM. 

"  Dfl  Re  Euit-  5. 

"  This  bu  saj's  ia  nfereDoe  to  bi>  Idier,  wifh  lEpiouriu,  in  the  otonii; 
of  matter. 

«  IJfl  Re  Itiwt.  I.  "  Sec  B.  iii.  c.  6 

="  De  lie  Uu»t.  151. 

^'  "Pulla."     Thi)  "vBgeUW  vnTtb  of  modem  botitiii<t«. 
"  "  Tftawum." 


Obftp,  3.1 


WIU.T   SOUS   AltE   B£ST. 


431 


In  a.  tender  aoU  wc  dhall  find  fcrdlity  combined  with  modera- 
tion,  a  fioftnoas  rm'i  a  plinncy  cmily  oduptod  to  cultiTation, 
^liid  an  equal  absence  of  htimidit.y  and  of  dryneRB.  Earth 
of  tJiie  oaturo  will  Bhino  again  utter  the  ploug')i-shiu'e  has 
passed  tlirough  it,  just  as  Homier,*'  that  great  ibuulain-Lead  of 
all  ffeniuB,  has  described  it  sculptured  by  tliB  UiTiDitj"**  upon 
the  nrmi*  [of  Af^hiUos],  nd(ling,  ton,  n  thing  that  ie  trnJy  marvel- 
lous, that  it  won  of  a  blackish  hue,  though  gold  was  the  mate- 
rial in  which  it  was  wrought.  Tbia,  too,  is  that  kiod  of  eartli, 
Tchich,  when  nnwly  tiimtd  up,  attracts  the  ravenous  birds  tJiat 
follow  the  ptough-ahare,  tho  ravuns  even  going  so  far  as  to  peck 
at  the  lieels  of  the  j^iloughuiaii. 

We  may  in  this  pluca  appropriately  make  mention  of  an 
opinion  tlmt  luis  been  prooouuccd  by  an  Italian  writer  also 
witli-  reference  to  u  matter  of  luxury.  Cicero,  *"  that  other 
luminary  of  literature,  has  made  the  following  remark  :  "  Thciec 
•unguenta  which  liave  a  taste  of  earth**  are  better,"  Bays  he, 
"than  those  which  snuick  of  eaffron;"  it  seeming  to  bin> 
more  to  tlie  pitrpoao  to  cxprcaa  himself  by  iho  word  "  taate'"* 
tliun  "tnucU."  And  Buch  is  the  fact,  no  doubt;  that  soil 
19  the  best  which  has  the  flavour  of  a  perfurao."  If  thio 
question  ahoald  be  put  to  us,  what  ia  this  odour  of  the  eartli 
that  is  held  in  auoh  estimatioD,  our  iiutcwer  is,  that  it  i-i  ihv 
Bume  that  is  often  to  be  recogmzed  at  tb©  moment  of  sunset, 
without  the  necessity  evca  of  turning  up  the  ground,  at  the 
8j)ol.9  where  the  citremities  of  the  rainbow"  have  been  ob- 
served to  meet  the  earth  ;  as  also  when,  after  long-continued 
drought,  the  rain  has  Boaked  the  ground.  Then  it  is  that  the 
earth  exhales  this  dii,-iiie  odour,  that  is  ao  peculiarly  ita  own, 
and  to  whiijh.  imparted  to  it  by  the  eun,  thuro  is  no  perfiune, 
lioweyer  aweot,  that  caa  possibly  be  comparud.  It  is  this 
odour  that  the  earth,  when  turned  up,  ought  to  emit,  and 
■which,  when  ouce  found,  can  never  deceive  a  person ;  and 
thia  will  be  found  the  best  criterion  for  judging  of  the  q^iiality 
of  tbe  soil.     Such,  too,  is  the  odour  that  ia  usually  perceivtid 

<>■  Ili&t),  xviit.  641  and  648.. 

*=  Vulcan.  »  De  Oratore,  mo.  83. 

"  Ben  B.  jiii.  c-  4. 

*  ".BapiunL,''  rather  tlinii  "redolent." 

*  This  5U|jpoB&d  tkvuuT  of  ihn  cariU  ie,  m  riulity,  attritnilablc  tu  llu 
cstratmuus  r^etubl^  maltcr  wtiiuh  ii  cantauu. 

«i  Soft  B.  xiL  c.  Sa,  as  tu  this  notion. 

e  ft  2 


■ 


PUnra  5ATtTSlI.  mSTO&T. 


[Booitxvn. 


*^ 


on  laud  Bcwly  clcural,**  wbeo  on  auuitat  forest  has  bocn  just 
cut  down  ;  itR  ^xoellemie  is  a  thing  that  U  uoiTersaliy  a<Iimlt«il. 
Tor  the  culture  of  the  cuntiijs,  too,  the  same  laud  ia  gene- 
rally loukc'd  upon  aa  the  moi-e  improved  the  oftencr  it  has 
bciJi  allowed  to  rest"  from  flultiTation,  a  thing  that  ia  not  the 
case  with  rbt'jriirds  ;  for  which  reuson  all  the  greater  care  u 
riiquircd  in  the  pelection  of  their  nite,  if  we  would  not  hiive 
the  (ipitiiiiiiB  of  those  to  appear  vrvU  founded  who  entertain  the 
notion  tliitt  thu  soil  of  ItuLy  in  iilr^udj-  worn  out.'^  In  otbi:r 
kinds'  of  soil  tti6  work  of  tiultivution  depends  i?DtirD!y  upon  the 
wcuthcr ;  as,  tijr  infltosue,  in  thone  which  oaimot  be  ploughed 
just  aSWr  rain,  bevauso  tlio  uatural  exubcurtiucc-  of  tlw  oarlh 
r^ndi^rs  it  viacouii  and  cloggy.  On  the  other  hand,  in  Byxa- 
cimn,  a.  district  of  Africa,  and  a  chainpaign  country  of  such 
singular  fertility  fis  to  render  grnin  one  hundred  snd  lifty  fold,'^ 
the  ftoil  is  such,  that  in  time  of  drought,  not  even  balls  am 
able  to  plough  it;  while,  on  another  occusion,jui!t  idl«raBhow«r 
nt  rain,  oue  poor  ms,  with  on  old  woman  to  giiido  it,  is  quiui 
iiuffloient,^  as  our&d.vcB  we  hare  witnessed,  to  do  the  plough- 
iuy.  But  as  to  amending  one  soil  by  the  agcnoy  of  anotbtr, 
IIS  ftoaw  persons  recommend,  by  throwing  riub  Mirtli  owr  one 
that  is  pool  and  thin,  or  by  laying  a  soaking  light  Botl  ova 
one  that  is  humid  and  unctuous,  it  is  a  labour  of  perfect 
mtulncss.'^  What  can  a  man  possibly  hope  for  who  coltlTatM 
such  a  eoil  as  this  ? 

COAT    i.  (6.) THE  BIGDT  SIKna   OF  R4BTH   ilOARTKO   OF   »r   Hill 

There  is  another  method,  which  haa  been  uiTCntcd  hoth  ia 

>"  The  tG3:!aiL  being,  tLat  in  ninii  rnses  llie  loQ  is  taturatud  vvitb  Uijitiw, 
crisatium,  mint,  itnd  -ullicr  iidnrifuniuy  herbs. 

Tliti  opinion.  13  conlniry  to  ibat  cspnTsucd  hy  falunitJlo,  1).  U,  L  t* 
hut  ihe  juBtico  of  it  ia  iinivrrsallT  Tenr^gxtir.cl.  l.'joa  this  tlwMwy.  tofc  Ii 
hMfii  the  itaodcrn  riruclicG  <jf  filu-rimtuig  Lbe  cicina  in  suixi^ta  y-aa,  Uin 
nflcrsaity  of  proviiiing  fur  benvy  routs,  uot  alltiwmg  the  land  to  mjoj  alt- 
■olutn  niEt 

"^  This  hm  not  come  to  pscs  even  yet,  neoily  tvo  tkouraiul  yews  ma 
tiB  d«ye  of  Pliny.  "  Sec  Ii.  t.  o.  3,  and  H,  xriii.  c.  31. 

■"  ¥6o  lasei  our  author  teiu  with  (txag^eratiuii.  For  Iljeooium,  «*  B. 
T.  c.  3,  and  B.  iWii.  c.  21. 

"  NcTsrlhdmsjt,  as  F^o  m-inHrks,  t)ie  method  is  (ift«n  pmetlMd  witti 
KTeat  success.  Pliay  is  at  isne  t)«n  with  Tfaeo^hnuCut,  l>t  Cm^  &  iii. 
c.  26. 


Ohi]).  4.] 


SIGHT  SXSDB  OP   EABTH. 


453 


Gaiil  and  BritjiiTi,  of  enriching  enrth  by  liifi  figency  of  Itaelf, 
bein*  «  *  »  «  and  that  kind  known  s-t  marl."  Thw 
Hoil  is  looked  upon  as  contAining  a  (^renter  umount  of  fccim- 
(ittting  principles,  and  nets  as  b  tat  in  rolatioTi  to  the  ejirth,  juei 
Bfl  we  tlnd  glunda  Rxietiag  in  the  body,  which  are  fcinnod  by  a 
ooadcDsatioD  of  the  fatty  purticliiB  into  so  miiny  kemele. 
f"-)  Thia  mode  of  proceeding,  too,  has  not  been  ovtrlooked  by 
the  GreeltB  ;  indeed,  what  suhjeot  is  there  tliat  they  have  not 
touched  upon?  They  call  by  the  nani*  yf  leueargillon^*  u 
wliite  argiUaeetJUS  eiuth  which  is  usi-d  in  the  territory  of 
Megara,  but  only  where  the  soil  in  of  a  moi§t,  cold  nature. 

It  is  only  right  that  I  should  employ  some  degree  of  carr 
and  exflctnGBa  in  treating  of  thiH  marl,  which  tc-odii  so  grently 
to  enrich  the  Boi!  of  the  GoUioproviitceatmd  thcEritiBhinlandB. 
Thens  were  iormtrly  but  two  varieties  known,  but  more  re- 
cently, with  the  progresa  of  agriuultutal  knowledge,  eoTfral'* 
others  havo  begun  to  be  employed;  there  being,  in  fuet,  the 
white,  Iho  red,  the  cotuiubiiie,  the  argiliaceoDB,  thti  tafaceous, 
and  the  sandy  marlB.  It  has  also  one  of  theee  two  peculiar- 
ities, it  ia  either  rough  or  greasy  to  the  touch ;  the  piopLT 
mod*  of  twrting  it  beinff  by  fiie  hand.  ICfi  uai^a,  too,  arc  of  a 
twofold  nature — it  is  employed  for  the  production  of  the 
cctcdIb  only,  or  else  fnr  the  eiiTichracin  t  of  pasture  land  ta 
volt.  Tho  tnftipcoiifl"  Idnd  is  nulrimeutal  to  graJDj  and  eo 
is  the  white ;  if  found  in  the  vicinity  of  eprings,  it  is  fertile 
to  on  inuaetuiuruble  extf  ut ;  but  if  it  ia  rough  to  the  touch, 
when  laid  upon  the  land  in  too  large  a  quantity,  it  is  apt  to 
bum  up  th«  soil.  The  next  kind  ia  the  red  marl,  known  as 
aeaunnmijrga,'*  coHRiatiiig  of  stoucB  mingled  with  a  thin  sandy 

"  A  nftHirol  miihiie  of  arplla  and  colcaTcons  etuncf,  or  •tufccorbonate  of 
cb.ilJt.  Via  rpmarkft,  ihut  tho  unincnla  wrtci  not  NcquuiniuiE  with  Ihc 
priipur  mttLod  of  ti[)[)lyini{  it.  Miirl  unly  fxivcUes  il«  farliliziatf  influenm.' 
Hfutr  bris^  riiJucod  lo  duel  by  thv  tLdiou  vf  thv  atsiuiptiuru,  by  abwtliui^ 
t.hr.  niyfrcn  of  tlic  ub,  luiil  ^ivini^  to  VD^oLubn  llio  cubonia  uid  that  u 
ui'ccuarT  fur  their  Di)iiriHhm<;nt, 

"  "  Wliilii  urrilk."  Tin*,  F*e  thinlu,  in  the  «iikii«oui  nuirl,  tlire* 
varieties  of  wbicu  nro  knoim,  Lhei^iMnpnct,  tlnjsohijiliiid,  uid  tlig  friaMe. 

""  At  tb*  pTWc'Rt  Jiiy  tiL&ru  lae  unly  two  vuriulicii  uf  luiul  rct-uKciiABtl,  t.^iu 
OTgilbiMOQa  and  cLn  ntlciir(>oa« ;  it  ie  tn  tho  Inttcr,  V60  thinks,  thm  ttiu 
«ari«tie>  hcrt  metiiianoA  cm  aiinknlly  rFcn^tniird,  hclntignd. 

^'  Tha  Ha/gci  Icrrcft  <)f  Liiinauu*.  It  nboiin<!f  in  mrioiu  paita  uf 
Enrop?. 

T6  Vram  the  Sieek,  meuiuig  "not  bitter  murl." 


454 


pLnrr'a  nathiiaIi  histoet. 


[BookKTIL 


eaith.  These  stones  are  broken  upon  the  land  itself,  and  it  is 
with  considemblu  difficdty  during  the  earlier  years  that  tlie 
stallt  of  thfl  com  is  cnt,  in  coneeiT^uence  of  tho  prtaenoe  of  then 
stones ;  however,  as  it  is  rcmfirkflblr  light,  it  only  costs  far 
carriftge  0De>hiili'  of  iho  oiithiy  rpqwired  in  using  the  othtr 
variptipn.  It  is  laid  but  very  thinly  on  the  surftice,  and  it  U 
gfluoFiiUy  thought  that  it  is  mixud  with  salt.  Both  of  theae 
Torit'tieti,  when  onoe  laid  on  the  land,  will  fertilise  it  £>c 
fifty'"  years,  whether  for  ^oin  or  for  hay. 

(8.)  Of  tho  marls  that  arc  ftiuud  tw  he  of  tut  unctuous  na* 
tare,  the  heat  19  tho  white.  There  are  sBTfrnil  vjirit-ti*-*  of  it: 
tho  tnoBt  puogtint  and  biting  being  the  one  already  mentionpd. 
Another  kind  13  the  white  chfilk  that  is  used  for  cleftniiig "" 
silver ;  it  is  t^ken  from  a  considerable  depth  in  the  ground, 
thw  pits  being  sunk,  in  moat  inatancca,  as  much  as  one  hundred 
feot.  Theiae  pits  arG  niuTow  at  the  mouth,  but  the  ahafte  ou.- 
lar^  very  considerably  in  the  interior,  as  is  the  oaso  in  minee; 
it  18  in  Britain  moro  particularly  that  this  ohalk  is  employed, 
The  good  etr^cts  of  it  iire  fuand  to  last  full  eighty  years  ;  and 
there  is  no  instance  known  of  an  agritfnltimst  laying  it  twice 
on  the  same  land  during  his  life.*'  A  third  variety  of  white 
matl  is  knoWJi  as  glisomarga ;*'  it  consists  of  fiJIerB'  chalk" 
mixed  with  an  unctuone  earth,  and  is  better  for  promoting  the 
growth  of  hay  than  grain ;  so  much  so,  in  fact,  that  between 
harvest  anti  tho  ensuing  seed-time  there  ia  cut  a  moat  ahundant 
crop  of  grass.  While  the  com  is  growing,  howeror,  it  will 
tdlow  no  othur  plant  to  grow  there.  Ita  eifcots  will  laat  so 
long  as  thirty  years ;  but  if  laid  too  thickly  on  the  ground,  it 
is  apt  to  choke  ap  the  boU,  just  aa  if  it  had  been  covered  with 
Signino**  cement.     TEie  Gauls  ^vc   to  the  columbine  marl  in 

^  Marl  does  not  bc^n  t<r  fGrtillfG  till  Ei'vcndyoanafW  it  has  bees  loitl 
JowQ ;  heniH,  it  U  g<.>ncrall7  rccommtnfk'd  c«  marl  tho  land  n  little  iil  ■ 
hmtt,  and  aften.  If  the  ^onnd  is  fully  n^arltMl,  it  rrqnircs  to  b«  tnatled 
afrvah  in  ahoat  eigtl  or  tan  years,  end  not  iidty,  an  Pliiiy  najn. 

'"'  "  Argentnria."  Ujeri,  probably,  in  tlio  samo  way  na  whitening  ia 
inodtini  tiura.     Sou  B.  ssxv.  c.  &8. 

"  An  ■Mi^gBnitin.n,  no  doubt, 

"  Probably  meaning  "  amnnlh  irinri ; "  n  rarief.y,  Ffe  thints,  of  nrp)- 
Iieccoua  marl,  anti,  pethnpii.  tlie  pa  tier 'n  argil!  aui^uuii  mart,  or  putler'x  nigil. 
He  Ku^iiRts,  nlGo  tlin.t  it  muy  havo  pn^ibLy  hccn  tbo  Mnigs  faUoDUBi 
Mponacoa  IninelluBa  of  Valcriu:! ;  in  vtitcr  wurils,  fuUen'  oartb. 

"*  Creta  fullDaio. 

*•  Sea  B.  issv.  0.  ^6. 


\ 


IltPLOnraHT  OF  ABUKfl. 

their  language  the  name  of  egleeopala  ;■*  it  ie  taken  up  in 
wlid  blo«ka  like  eLonc,  tifttT  ivhich.  it  is  eo  loosened  by  tbo 
action  of  the  eun  and  froBt,  ae  to  Eplit  into  laminse  of  extr«tse 
tliinuesa;  this  kind  ia  eqnally  l»enc£cinl  for  grass  snd  grain. 
The  sandy*  marl  is  employed  if  there  ia  no  otiter  at  Land,  ujul 
on  moist  alitny  soils,  even  iFhen  otlier  kinds  can  be  procured. 

The  Ubii  are  the  only  people  that  we  know  of,  -who,  liiiving 
an  estremely  fertile  eoil  to  cultivutc,  employ  methodQ  of  en- 
ri(;hii!g  it ;  whereTGr  the  land  may  happen  to  bo,  they  dig  to 
a  depth  of  throe  ffet^  and.  taking  up  ihc-  tarth,  cover  Uie  soil 
with  it  in  otlicr  plaocs  a  foot  in  thiuknesB;  this  inettiod,  hoir- 
ovcr,  to  bo  benefirinl,  remiires  to  be  renewed  at  the  end  of 
ever}-  te.a  years.  The  ^Edui  and  the  I'icfonts  liave  tetidered 
their  lands  remarkably  ft-rlile  by  tho  aid  of  h'mc-Rtono,  which 
19  aJno  found  to  he  particularly  ben<>fici(d  to  the  olive  and  the 
vine.^  Every  marl,  however,  requires  to  he  laid  on  the  land 
immodiatcly  after  ploughing,  in  order  that  the  soil  may  nt 
once  imbibe  its  prupertieu ;  while  at  the  Mine  lime,  it  requires 
a  little  manure  as  well,  as  it  is  apt,  at  first,  to  be  of  too  acrid 
1.  nature,  at  least  whiTe  it  is  not  pasture  land  tlmt  it  is  laid 
upou;  in  addition  to  which,  by  its  very  IreshneKS  it  miiy  poB-- 
sibly  inj lire  the  eoil,  wltiitever  the  nature  of  it  may  be;  eo 
much  80,  indeed,  that  the  land  is  never  fertile  the  first  year 
nftLT  it  has  been  employed.  It  is  a  matter  of  consideration 
also  for  what  kind  of  soil  Ihe  marl  is  required  ;  if  the  eoil  is 
moist,  D  dry  marl  ia  best  suited  for  it;  and  if  dry,  a  rich 
unctuous  marl.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  land  ie  of  a  medium 
ijuolity,  chalk  or  coliunbine**  marl  is  tho  best  suited  for  it, 

CHAT.    5.    (9.) THK    KMPLOYMBNT    OF   iSBHS. 

The  agricidtuiisla  of  the  parts  of  Italy  beyond  the  liver 

"  ThiB  woiilfl  lather  eeem  to  be  a  mine  borrowed  from  tlie  Greek, 
AiyXti'tii.  "fihininp,"  fliiJ  iriXfrlfT  "wliilc.''  NiitwilliBlnoding  the  resem- 
liliinca,  however,  il.  i>  just  [vnsoilile  (W.  it  may  baT«  Imen  -ilfrritcil  from 
the  Gallic.  Fie  i'|ueriea  whcllii^r  Tliia  in  iim  eiiliiatvid  culi.'Eii'iiDUB  murl,  or 
t^«  schiEtoid  ar^lla?«nuB  tuad,  tho  larainFo  or  ntiich  divide  with  great  Ta- 
Dility,  And  the  lariotife  at  which  display  mDii7  ecilouni. 

*•  A  varii^tj  of  Ihu  terreoii*  niful. 

">  It  lii»  tho  eUect  of  angmcnlins  tlidr  iruitf illness,  and  amellnnttia^ 
The  quality  of  iho  fniit.  Lime  U  still  consldeied  uu  eioellent  iraprover  tot 
ilrt>n|^  humid  t<i\h. 

*"  From  this  paasAf^e,  V6f  thinkt  that  the  Colambiue  marl  mnet  bavo 
bees  of  Uio  white,  alightl/  sparkling  kind. 


456 


pr.ist  s  yATumi,  hwtoey. 


[BookXTIL 


P^iue,  wo  such  udinircrB  of  asiies"*  for  this  iiiiriHJsf,  Lfmt  Ui*j' 
vvta  prefer  it  as  a  manure  to  tho  duog  of  beasts  of  burden; 
iniltiod,  tliey  anj  in  the  hnhit  of  huriiiiig  dimg  for  thU  pur- 
piwo,  on  at^eoiint  of  it»  aiiperior  Hghtneas.  They  do  not,  how- 
ever, use  thera  indiscrimiiiatcly  upon  the  game  soil,  nor  da 
they  employ  Qsht'a  for  promoting  the  growth  of  shrubs,  nor,  in 
&0t,  of  Bomo  of  the  ceriiala,  lis  we  shall  have  ooaasioo*"  to 
mttntiun  liortniflur.  ThtTC  are  saioQ  pursuue  irlio  are  of  opinion 
uIbo  tliut  dui^t'"  impni'ta  nutriment  to  grapos,  and  cover  them 
with  it  ^vhile  they  are  growing,  taking  care  to  throw  it  slet 
upon  the  roots  of  the  vines  and  other  troes.  It  is  well 
known  that  thi«  is  don«  in  the  province  of  OaUia  NarboncnsL*, 
flnil  it  is  II  fa«t  «ven  hetter  aace-rtained  that  the  grape  ripi^DiL 
all  the  sooner  for  it ;  indeed,  the  dust  there  contributes  niort 
to  its  ripeness  than  the  heat  of  the  sun, 

OHIP.   6. JtAHURB. 

■  There  aro  various  kinds  of  mtinure,  the  use  of  which  ia  of 
very  uncienl  date.  In  thii  times  of  Homer*"  even,  tho  aged 
kiri)f  is  Topri!9cutt.f]  as  thus  ettrichiag  tlio  land  by  the  labour  of 
his  own  haude.  Tntdiliou  reports  that  King  Augoas  wus  thu 
first  in  C!reec«  to  make  use  of  it,  and  that  llerciilcs.  intruduci-d 
the  practice  into  Itsly;  which  country  has,  however,  imraor- 
tiiUzcd  the  nritne  of  its  king,  Steretitua,"  the  son  of  Fawnus, 
as  pjainiing  thi>  honour  of  this  invention.  M.  Vnrro**  »«Mgiii> 
tho  first  rank  for  excellence  to  the  dang  of  thruahea  kept  in 
aviaries,  nnd  lauda  it  ns  being  not  only  good  for  land,  but 
wxceHoat  food  for  oxen  and  swinu  as  well ;  indeed,  he  goes  m 
fur  ufi  to  assort  that  thero  ib  no  food  thut  they  will  grow  fat  upon 
more  speedily.  We  I'eally  have  some  reason  to  augiu-  well  of 
tho  raaunera  of  the  present  day,  if  it  is  true  that  in  the  days 
■if  our  ancestors  thi^re  wi5re  aviariett  of  such  vast  extent  as  U> 
bo  able  to  furnish  manure  for  the  fields. 

**  Though  nsliea  fcrtiliza  tte  gmond,  mftni  [lartitiiilarly  wiien  of  mi  «r- 
KiElncfrjiis  nnturi-.  tlif  j  aic  itut  eo  cxt«iuiTC'ly  iim.<]  uuvt  us  In  Kiuiixit.  tinua. 
I'liiiy  ulluJca  liei'H  murti  pattioulitrty  Lo  wuud  ajid  iluti^liiU  anlioa, 

**  This,  howevur,  ho  uruiU  t">  do. 

<"  Do  alluiks,  [irsiiabiy,  to  Ttieophcuttu,  De  Cuumi,  B.  iij.  e.  £2. 

**  O-dj/wej"  ixiv,  22ii. 

'*  ¥ntm  "»lcrci)3,"  "ditog."     A  tii,biiloiis  pcrtcuoge,  mott  pruliuIiiT. 

1^  Be  Re  Ru»C.  i.  33. 


Chap.  6.] 


UASUBE. 


•157 


» 


Columella"  give*  Uie  SMond  rank  to  pigeon  mdnurc,"  and 
till;  next  to  that  of  tho  poultry-yard  ;  but  he  condt^mns  that 
of  the  uquatif  hir\]%  Some  nuthora,  again,  are  agrrtd  in  re- 
giirdinfT  the  residue  of  thp  human  fjod"  «»  the  vcrj- best  of 
all  maiiures;  while  others  would  only  cinpluy  tlin  £Uperflu&U9 
portioa  of  our  drink,'*  misiug  wiLk  it  tho  hiiir  that  is  to  bo 
found  in  the  cairiera'  workshops.  Some,  however,  aro  for 
employing  this  licj^uid  by  itself,  though  Lliey  would  mix  wat«r 
with  it  ouco  more,  and  in  larger  yuantiUes  even  than  wh«tt 
originidly  mixed  witli  the  wins  at  our  repasts ;  thi^re  being  « 
double  share  of  noxious  qualities  to  correct,  not  only  those 
originully  hflonging  to  the  wine,""  but  tho.=ie  imparted  to  it 
by  the  human  body  aa  well.  Knch  are  the  various  methods 
by  which  we  ric  with  each  oUior  in  imparting  nutriment  to 
the  eai'th  dveu. 

Next  to  the  nianurce  nbovo  mentioned,  the  dung  of  awifio  ia 
highly  eBl«omcd,  Coluiaolla  Xnaiag  tho  only  writer  that  oon- 
demiLs  it.  8unie,  agaiuj  speak  liigbly  of  tho  dung  of  all 
((iiadriipeds  that  have  been  fed  on  cytisus,  whiiti  thuro  are 
otbore  who  prefer  that  of  pigeons.  Next  to  tliese  ia  tho 
dung  of  guilts,  nnd  then  of  shcop;  after  which  cornea  that  of 
oxen,  and,  Wt  of  «Ii,  of  Uio  beast*  of  burden.  Suoli  were 
the  distinctions  that  were  rgtablishpd  between  the  Tarious  ma- 
nurea  among  the  imcients,  eueh  the  precepts  that  they  have  left 
us,  and  th*«(!  I  have  here  sot  fortJi  as  being  not  tlie  mere  subtle 
inventions  of  gnnius,  but  tieoause  their  utility  haa  haon  proved 
iu  the  courao  of  ii  long  series  of  yewB.  In  some  of  tho  pro- 
vujties,  too,  which  abwaud  moiij  poi'ticularly  in  c^tLlll^  by  rcu- 

■  Do  Ee  Rust.  li.  15. 

Mixed  with,  otiwr  nutnurcii,  it  in  i:inpIoy«d  at  the  pn^si^nt  dny  m  UnT' 
mandy.  _  ^  ■ 

"  Ttiamnnure  UtliU  extensively  «iDp1oycd  ta  FlftnilorK,  SvritiEoTlaijJ, 

^  and  t1in  nciniiy  of  FariM.    In  iho  nurlti  of  l^iigland  it  it  niixoil  with  riKhee. 

\tai  laid  on  the  fifldn,     Then  was  nn  oW  prcjiiilKi>.  that  vccetalion  grown 

with    it  hit*  *  (f'i-vi   odour,  but   it  tiUH   fur  tmme  lliiic  beuii  TuokcJ  upi>n  ns 

exploded. 

^  Or  uriaa.  In  the  Yicinu|  uf  Tixm,  u  uiAaarc  U  caiploycd  cnlkd 
■uruta,  of  wliich  urine  forms  the  hjuii. 

"*  F^e  wt'DiA  lo  think  thut  Ihii  piiuikgc  ntcso*  that  thcbftd  «raBll  of  urine 
ia  impurUcl  to  iL  by  llm  man  tliut  U  diunk.  U  i*  ilitHcuH  to  lujr  mluiL 
uould  Law  boQQ  the  itoxioiis  qEmlitiiin  impntUii  i^y  wiii«  In  urinu  iw  ti  nii>- 
nitre,  and  Pliny  probubLy  ivoutd  liavu  hitni  luaiuwliiit  at  a  loss  to  exi)kiu 
bis  meatiiDg. 


459 


PLIPTT  a   SATUBAI.   HISTOUr. 


[Book  svn. 


aoa  of  Ui«ir  prolific  soil,  we  have  Been  the  mnnore  pancd 
through,  tt  sieve  like  so  tnuch  flour,  and  porffctly  deroid, 
through  lapse  of  time,'  of  all  bad  biecU  or  repulsive  lonk, 
being  chnngod  iii  its  a]jpcQmiice  to  ftonw^lliing  rather  agreeable 
thiin  otherwise.  In  more  recMiat  times  it  has  bt-cn  found  that 
the  olive  thrives  more  particularly  in  soil  that  has  been  mu. 
uurcd  witli  the  aalies*  of  the  limc-kilD.  Tu  the  ancient  rules 
ViUTo'  lias  added,  that  com  land  should  be  manured  with  hont- 
dung,  that  being  the  lightest  manure  of  all,  while  nicwlow 
loud,  he  says,  thrives  better  with  a  ninniire  of  a  more  heavy 
nature,  and  supplied  by  beusts  that  have  been  fed  upon  barley ; 
this  lafit  tending  more  pctrticularly  to  the  better  growtli  of 
grasB.'  Some  pflraone,  indeed,  prefer  the  dung  of  tlie  beasts 
of  burden  to  thiit  of  oxen  even,  tho  manuro  of  the  alicep  to 
tiiut  of  tlie  guatr  find  the  manurs  of  the  ass  to  all  othcrE,  tho 
reason  b^ing  that  that  animal  masticates  the  most  hIowIv  of 
them  all.  Experience,  however,  hue  pronounced  ugaiust  tlieee 
diotu  of  Varro  and  Culutuella ;  bat  it  is  universally  agreod  by 
all  writers  that  there  is  nothing  more  beneficial  thau  to  turc' 
up  u  crop  of  lupineSj  before  they  have  podded^  with  either  the 
plough  OT  the  fork,  or  else  to  cut  them  and  bury  them  in 
heaps  at  the  roots  of  trees  and  vines.  It  is  thought,  also, 
that  in  places  tphere  no  cattle  are  kept,  it  \b  advantageous  to 
manure  the  earth  with  stubble  or  evoii  fern.  '*  You  cjm  make 
manure,"  Cato*  eays,  "of  littor,  or  oho  of  lupiuea,  str&v.; 
beanstalks,  or  the  kuves  of  Ike  holm-oak  and  querela.  PuU 
up  the  wallwort  from  among  the  erope  of  com,  as  also  the 
hemlock  that  grows  there,  together  with  the  thick  grass  and 
sedge  that  you  find  growing  about  the  willow-plots ;  of  ail  thiii, 
mixed  with  rotten  leaves,'  you  may  mokea  Utti^r  for  shi^pasd 

'  In  bpBB  of  timi:,  if  eiposcd  to  the  ali,  it  isioiluc«(]  to  ihdfiaUiot 
hnniUK  nr  moidij. 

=  Conaiatiii^  of  linM  mixod  with  Te^etiHe  Mbes. 
"  IIg  Rb  ftust,  i.  as. 

'  "Hoibiis"  This  wniild  nppnar  to  nicfi,n  ([rns*  "tily  hero;  Uwuirli 
F^o  ECRins  to  tbink  t^at  it  muam  various  kinda  of  licrbs. 

*  This  method  in  BnrociiniM  adopcpd  in  Kngliind  with  buekwhest,  trtfail. 
])<iai,  sjid  nthci  IcguniiQ'nu*  plunte  ;  and  in  thti  eniith  of  Fni£i[;e  liipint^  atr. 
■till  eitBDHiiuly  iiskJ  in  tlie  name  mBoncr,  aft«r  the  nmge  of  llie  acrlFnt 
Itomuns  burn  dtBcribed,  Tha  FrttDiih  also  employ,  but  mow  nw-elr,  for 
Ihi)  "umc  purpoBc,  the  larga  turnip,  vetebes,  peas,  tjefoi!,  WiiuLtor  ivMt, 
uatoin,  liHJorno,  in;.;  liui  it  is  found  a  fcry  exptiKtive  practice. 

•  l>e  Tlf.  ItiiBt.  37. 
^  "FroQ^nm  putidam."'     Ti6  ibitAa  that  this  tspreuioa  is  uud  ia 


Chap.  8.]  TttS  PaOPBB  MODE  OF  OSETO  MAiriniB.  419 

o^n.  If  a  vine  should  happen  to  bo  but  poor  anil  mpfigre, 
prune*  the  ehoota  of  it,  and  plonj;h  tliem  in  round  about  it." 
The  same  author  eays,  alao,*  "  Whtn  you  are  going  to  sow  com 
in  a  field,  IbM  your  eheep'^  there  first." 

cllAf.  7.^-cEOPB  which:  tend  to  EarKOTB  TKE  ijiid:  chops 
wnicH  Bxn-itisT  it. 

Cato^'  says,  a!ao,  that  thoro  are  some  crops  which  tend  to 
nourish  the  etirth :  thuB.  for  instance,  com  land  is  manured  In' 
the  lupine,  the  bean,  acd  the  vetch  ;  while,  on  the  other  hoJia, 
the  chick-poii  exercises  a  contrary  influoncc,  both  becauso  it  is 
pulled  up  by  thu  roots  and  ia  of  a  salt  nature ;  the  eame  in  the 
ease,  too,  with  barley,  femigrfick,  and  fitches,  ail  of  which  bava 
ft  tendency  to  bum  up"  corn  Und,  as,  in  fact,  do  all  thosa 
plants  which  are  pulled  up  by  the  roots.  Tnko  care,  too,  not  to 
plant  Btono-fruits  on  com  land.  Virgil'"  is  of  opinion,  alao,  that 
com.  land  is  Buorched  by  flax,  oate,  und  poppies. 

OBA?.  8. — THE  PaOFXEl  HOSE  OF  XmVXB  l/LLtHTBE, 

It  is  recommended,"'  also,  that  the  dimg-heap  should  be 
kept  in  the  open  air,  in  a  Bpot  deep  sunk  and  well  adapted 
to  receive  the  moiature :  it  ahould  be  eoTered,  too,  Tiith  straw, 
that  it  may  not  ttry  up  \vith  the  sun,  care  being  taken  to  drive 
a  stake  of  robur  into  the  ground,  to  prevent  ecrpents  from 
brt'eding'*  tht;re.     It  ia  of  the  jjreute*t  conBcqueuce  that  the 

mferenoe  to  the  "  olnJara/'  djuie-wort,  wall-wort,  or  dwari'-eldeT^  previously 
mcnttonfil. 

*  "Concidilo."  Sillig  adtipU  Ite  rpnding  "  corabvtrito,"  "bum  the 
Bhootx,  anrl  ili^  ia,  &c,"     But  m  the  orig'inu.l  the  word  Ii  "coDoidilo." 

•  Be  ItflKiist.  30. 

1"  This  ie  still  «^teiisiv«l7  practised  in  Eng'iaiid  and  Franoe,  and  othflr 
countriea,  The  nznte,  oitn,  that  eihulra  frnra  thd  bodiea  of  the  nniiaals, 
is  supposed  to  have  n  fertiliBing  influence,  to  a  ay  no  thin  fr  of  Ihf  dung, 
grease  iif  tbo  htuJy,  and  urine,  "  Dl>  Ee  Rust.  37. 

^*  "  EjftUKuut,"  "  sucii  up,"  oi  "  JraiD,"  is  om  rtudiiig  in  CbIo  ;  aud  It 
in  not  improbable  that  it  is  the  correct  one. 

'*  Georg.  i.  T7.  78: 

"  Urit  enim  lini  iiampum  scgen,  inrit  ovc'D%, 
Unrnt  Lothwi  pijifitsa  pnpnvtra  somno." 

1*  F^  it  of  opinion,  that,  with  MffreuDO  to  this  branch  of  agrioultuTB, 
Ibe  aucienta  disptayod  more  ukiU  and  iat«11i^<;n»>  thun  the  moilenis. 

'*  This  absQidi^^  is  copied  from  Vairo  mid  ColuTneUo. 


I 


•460 


n.niT'a  KAtoiuit  ristout. 


fBookSml 


muniirc  should  be  latil  upon  the  knil  while'*  the  tFcsi  vita 
|>rt!vail,  and  during  a  dry  moon.  Mont  pciBonq,  howerer,  nw- 
iiniitirsLunil  this  prccL-pt,  and  thiok  Hm  ohuuld  bu  done  vtm. 
the  wc'Ht  winds  are  just  beginniof;  to  blow,  and  in  the  maoU 
of  Pebraory  only ;  it  bcdn^  ivally  the  fact  that  most  cnt* 
rt-quiru  niuiutiiig  in  oUicc  moiiUis  as  wU.  At  vl 
period,  liowever,  it  m&y  be  thought  proper  to  oiaaurfrl 
land,  the  prwatest  care  should  be  taken  that  the  irind  is  bJbw 
iiijE  duo  wt»tt  al  the  time,  itnd  that  the  moon  ia  on  the  iraw, 
and  quite  drv.  Snoh  precantiona  aa  those  will  increase  in  t 
most  siirprisJBg  degree  tiic  fertilizing  effects  of  manure. 

CHAE.  9.  (10.) — THE  MODES  IN  HCBICH  TUSKS  BKAB. 

Having  now  treated  at  sufficient  length  of  the  reqtiiait*  «ti- 
ditiona  of  the  wcflther  and  the  soil,  wo  shall  proceed  to  spc»i 
of  those  tro-cjt  which  ore  the  ir^snlt  of  the  care  and  iuventiw 
skill  of  niaT).  Indoed,  the  Torietiea  of  them  are  hflrdly  Iwp 
numerous  thiui  of  those  which  aru  produced  by  Xatiire,"  « 
abundantly  have  wc  U;fitiliL4  our  gratitude  in  rutum  for  hct 
nuQierouB  bounties.  For  these  trees,  we  find,  are  reared  eilhct 
from  seed,  or  else  by  transplanting,  by  iwyere,  by  slips  torn  fivm 
tho  stpolt,  by  cuttings,  by  graftiLg,  or  liy  culling  iiito  the  Iniali 
of  llm  tree.  But  us  to  tlie  etory  that  the  leaves  of  the  palm 
are  planted  by  tlie  Eabyloniiins,  aad  so  sivc  birth"  lo  a  trw, 
I  am  really  surprised  Omt  Trogus  should  have  ever  belieTed 
it.  Some  of  L1il>  trees  are  rep  rod  need  by  aeveml  of  the  nu- 
thoda  above  enumerated,  others,  again,  by  oil  of  thcni. 

(nUJ>.  10. PLAirj'S  Wmini  AIUS  PSOViQkTED  BV  SEUn. 

It  is  Nature  hfpBtlf  that  has  lauight  us  most  of  these  nt- 
thodfi,  and  moro  partitiulorly  that  of  nowing  aoed,  as  it  m 
very  soon  evident  how  tho  seed  on  falling  to  the  ground  rrviritJ 

'•  I.  e.  in  fho  oarly  pnrt  cf  spring.  Xn  modem  timM.  lh«  jmind  bf 
TnnmiriT)g  vuiiiH.  acatirdiog  U  tliu  ugsge  of  iliffcKnit  lucalitiei,  oiiag  p■^ 
tittid  in  uli  tbo  four  (K^[i90Qe  of  tho  yfar,  ncCDTdiiii^  Cn  tlui  oropi,  iroMiA 
and  ctimnte.  "  Sil'  H.  i?i.  c.  fiS. 

'"  T)ic  palm  U  PTGWD  in  Aii-ifii  from  ghnnU  diTowii  ouL  from  the  MtiUv 
ttlthc  li^DVcei  an'if  it  is  in  tli^clruumtilaiice,  K£o  thinb^  Uuu  liiattorjUiU 
bj Trogus most  have  ori^iitiud.  Soitir  of  lUufenu  tltrovontaJralitiMt 
hiii  front  the  annimiC  of  the  l6^(,  nud  the  onmga  tru  OUl  MA*  OlhBl 
ocrasionailf  have  tham  at  Ui«  base  of  Iho  leaf. 


.p.  11.] 


TltRK8   WIUCU   NErEB  DSOEKERA.TE. 


4{JI 


lin  in  gcrminatiDD.     Indeed,  there  am  eome  trees  tiint  nra 
of  being  propagiitcil   in  no  other  waj,  the  cbcBDut" 
jwalnut,  for  iustftucej  with  llie  sole  exception,  ofcoiiree, 
a»  are  employed  for  coppice  wood.     By  this  method, 
as  well  fts  the  otliem,  some  trtcs  ore  pmpagiitcd,  thong*!! 
a  seed  of  &  difft-reat  nntiirc,  such,  for  inst^ice,  os  tho 
,  the  apple,  and  the  ppar;""  the  seed  heing  in  all  these 
in  the  flhapo  of  a  pip,  and  not  the-  fruit  it8i?lf,  as  in  that  of 
ehcsnut  and  the  wiilnut.     The  mcilliir,  toa,  can  hIbo  be 
>pogntcd  by  the  n^ency  of  aeed.     All  trm«,  howijver,  thai  are 
jwn.  hy  Uiia  lUicDiud  uro  vvtj  alow  in  eviiung  to  niatority," 
degonenttv^  very  rapidly,  and  must  often  bo  renewed  by  gial't- 
\i  indeed,  the  cheenut  eren  Bomelimes  rwiuires  to  he  grafted. 

CffAP.  11.— TRKKS  WarCH  METEH  DIUJENSBSTB. 

On  the  other  hand,  thcro  aro  Bsme  trees  which  Imro  the  pnu 

of  never  degencratiDg,  in.  whatovtr  maimer  they  are  re- 

nced,  the  cypress,  pulm.  and  laiiitl,-'  for  iii6tani.x' :  for  we 

d  that  the  laiirtd  is  <:a|iable  of  heing  propagated  in  si^Tural 
..ovB.  We  have  already  made  mrntion"  of  the  rarioUB  kinds 
of  l&tircl ;  tho«c  known  as  the  Augu^tnu,  tho  baccalis,  and  the 
tinn^  are  all  reprodnoed  tn  a  similar  maimer.  The  br-rrlM 
are  gatlienid  hi  Ihu  nicmth  of  Januarj',  aftor  thoy  have  been 
dried  by  Uie  nortli^aist  windii  which  then  prtjvi^ ;  they  uro 
thea  kept"  aeporak^  and  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  air,  being 
liiihle  ia  fdnoent  if  Left  in  u  hmp.     After  thia,  they  ore  first 

'"  VTrfit  Mys.  Oenrgici  «.  U : 

"  Van  xaUitB  jionta  aQr^itt  dc  Mminii ;  i:t  iiltiB 

"^  TbU  mclhi-d  of  rcpruilitcOvii  m  tti'liluiii  or  ii<;vcr  ctcpluyecl ;  jikale  or 
iRiittinn  only  lioing  usm  fur  tlic  purpoan. 

L  ■•  BadAs  TTbich,  it  is  doubifiil  if  they  will  Mproduce  tbo  varietr,  the 
RBOd  of  wtich  «08  originally  bouti, 

"  In  mmc-  caatt,  th«y  nre  more  particularly  lialtle  to  diatow— (be  nppk. 
At  tivlum. 

*  BocuiM  tbe  modocf  cLiIlivation  mlnntcd  haslillle  ojnniniliicnoonpnii 
tbaa.  The  palm,  however,  to  beM  gnnd  fruit,  requires  tbe  carofut  su^rn- 
4ioii  ofnon.     It  Ik  not  capnble  ofbEin^  gran^i]. 

**  In  li.  XV.  c.  39.  Tlie  lauwl  may  bs  grunfij  from  OUttJnRB  or  sboQU, 
^d  from  seed. 

"  KkiKfS  u  tlie  Iautue  tinua,  «r  VibnTcum  tinm  of  Liimsnia. 

Thia  is  not  dane  at  the  prceoDt  day,  Ofi  it  is  found  tiiat  Ihi'  ait  nlilcb 
&>ey  contain  tama  ritacid,  anil  prtrcnbt  gcrminaliun. 


4&2 


PI.IHT  a  HATuaAx,  eiBToar. 


[Book  XVII. 


eeaaonod  with  smoke,  and  i^vn  steeped  in  urine,  prG}mratory 
to  sowing."  Some  perEone  put  item  ia  baskets  o£  osii>r,  and 
tread  them  down  with  the  feet  in.  running  water,  until  tbu 
onter  Bkin  is  removed,  as  it  is  foiind  that  the  moisture*  which 
they  contain  ia  detrimental  to  them,  and  preTcnta  th«m  from 
germinntjn^.  A  treuch  ia  thtu  dug,  about  a  palm  in  depth, 
and  Boraewhere  about  tweiity  of  the  berrips  are  then  put  into 
it,  being  laid  in  a  Itcap :  this  i&  uBually  doac  in  the  month  oi 
Sran:h.  These  kinds  &f  laurel  admit  of  being  propagiited 
irou  layers  also ;  but  the  triumphal"  laurel  can  he  reproduced 
Irom  cuttings  ooly. 

All  tho  v.irieti(.-a  of  the  myrtle"  are  produced  in  Ciunpanin. 
from  the  berry  only,  hut  at  Uume  from  layers.  Demqcritus, 
however,  sflys  that  the  Tfirentine  myrtle  may  be  re-produtu'd 
another  way.*'  They  take  the  largest  berries  nnd  pound  them 
lightly  BO  as  not  to  cnish  the  pipa :  with  the  paste  that  is  thns 
madt!  a  rope  is  coverfd,  and  put  lengthwise  in  the  gronnd; 
the  result  of  which  is  that  a  bed^e  is  formed  as  thick  na  a  wall, 
with  plenty  &f  elips  for  trunaplanting.  In  tho  same  way,  too, 
thsy  plant  brambles  to  make  a  hedge,  by  first  covering  a  rope 
of  rudies  with  a  pastfl  made  of  bramble-berries.  In  case  of 
mwesfiity,  it  is  possible  at  the  end  of  three  years  to  transpbuit 
tli^e  «iiek*r8  of  the  laurel  and  the  myrtle  that  have  been  thus 
re- prod  need. 

With  reference  to  the  pTanto  that  ore  propagated  from  f.efjl, 
Mago  troatft  at  considerable  length  of  the  nut-Lrecs-^he  wiys 
that  the  almond^'  should  be  sown  in  a  Roft  argillaceous  eartli, 
upon  a  spot  that  looks  towarda  ibe  suuth — thiLt  it  thrives  also 
in  a  hard,  worm  soil,  but  that  in  a  soU  which  is  cither  unctuous 
or  moist,  it  18  Buie  to  die,  or  else  to  bear  no  fruit.  Ho  ruocim- 
mends  also  for  sowing  ttioiw?  more  particuiarly  whtch  are  of  a 
curted  shape  like   a  sickle,  and  tho  produce  of  «  young  tree, 

^  TliMC  raethodn  of  preparation  nrc  no  longer  employwl. 

'^  It  b  for  this  reason,  a&  ahuuiy  Ktatud,  tliat  Lri«y  «lwuld  be  lOWD  it 
oiww. 

»  See  B,  IV.  e,  30,    He  there  tails  it  "  stcrilia,"  "  LiLma." 

'"  Seo  B.  >T.  c.  37.  The  mjrtlu  ri'prodiicra  itatlf  in  ita  native  coimtclM 
nith  great  facility,  but  \a  luoU  c^iiau  tbc  llowera  nru  tml}'  single.  Wluoc  it 
double  fltfirer  is  ra<[uirL'd,  it  is  ^onm  Irom  luTcrH. 

^^  No  better,  F&a  aays,  iLan  tke  oidlD&r]'  eiuLli-od  of  tanking  a  nyrtU 
tieditc. 

>:  Iks  olmond  rtquirec  a  dry,  light  earth,  and  s  southern  aspnct. 


^ 


I 


Ohap.  12.]  JBOPAOATKMt   BY   flCCEEBfl. 

and  ho  nays  that  they  elioald  be  etoepod  for  three  daj-s  in 
diluted  manure,  ur  vise  the  day  titifoie  thtiy  am  eown  in  hooey 
and  Wiitur.''  Ho  says,  oho,  that  tbey  sliould  be  put  in  the 
ground  with  the  point  downwards,  and  the  sliarp  edge  towards 
the  Dorth^Ptist ;  and  that  they  should  he  sown  in  thiee§  and 
placed  triangularly,  at  Ihe  dialance  of  a  palm  from  each  other, 
care  being  taken  to  wnt^r  them  for  ten  days,  until  such  time 
as  they  have  germinated. 

Walnuts  when  sown  are  placed  lengthwise,**  lying  upon 
the  sides  wh<'re  tbe  shells  are  joint-d;  and  pine  nuts  are 
moatly  put,  ittse^cnft,  into  perfoiutcd  pi>ta,  or  iIbb  sown  in  tho 
BBm»  way  aa  the  herrioB  are  in  the  liLurds  which urere' produced 
by  BDerl.  The  citron"  is  propagated  from  pipe  an  well  as  layere, 
and  the  sorb  from  aecd,  by  sufker,  or  by  sUp ;  Iho  citron,  how- 
evor,  rcqiuree  a  WBrm  sit**,  the  sorb  a  cold  and  moist  one. 

CfHAP.    12. — TKOPASATIOir  BY  ftUCTRBS. 

Nature,  tw),*  has  tuugbt  ug  the  art  of  forming  uurscries  ; 
"when  from  the  roots  of  many  of  the  trees  we  see  shouting  up  u 
dense  forest  of  sucTicrs,  an  offspring  that  is  dtatined  to  bo 
killed  by  the  mother  that  has  boniu  them.  For  by  the  shade 
of  the  trco  tlienc  sncteia  are  indiBcriminately  stiHed,  as  we 
often  ate  the  case  in  the  laurel,  the  pomeg;ranato,  the  pkne. 
tlie  cherry,  and  tho  plum.  There  are  some  fi^w  trees,  the  elm 
and  the  palm,  for  instance,  in  which  tho  branches  epttre  the 
suckers ;  however,  th^y  never  mako  tbt^ir  apiK-urance  in  any 
of  the  Irefle  esct-pt  those  in  which  the  roots,  from,  their  fond- 
nvas  for  tho  sun  and  rain,  keep  close,  as  they  range,  to  the 
Buriaoe  of  tho  ground.  It  i«  usuiil  not  to  place  all  these  too- 
kera  at  once  in  the  ground  upon  the  spot  which  they  are  finally 
to  occnpy,  but  first  to  entrust  them  to  the  nursery,  and  to 
allow  them  to  gi-ow  in  set?d-plots,  after  which  thry  ore  finally 
troneplantcd.  This  transplanting  softe»a  down,  in  a  most  re- 
markable manner,  those  trees  even  which  grow  wild ;  whether 
it  is  that  trees,  like  men,  are  naturally  fond  of  novelty  and 

^  These  pre<:aiitiojiB  ara  nu  longer  obset'ved  at  tlic  preaeiit  day. 

**  Ttiia  preoniiti"n,  tmi,  \t  mi  loug-ct  olisen'od.. 

^  TliQvitroiiLSftruiluoi.-d.at  tlii]i  prL'EL'iii  day,  from  dtli&i  the  pipi.plaati, 
nr  cuttinga. 

*^  Tbia  pussagc  is  borrovrud  olianat  voibntim  horn  Virgil^  Qoorgica  U. 
60,  ȣ  wf . 


• 


a 


4Gi 


TLorci  VATiTBiL  nisroitr. 


[Daol  XVn. 


ch»ngG  of  acenw,  or  that,  on  learing  ttie  spots  of  their  OFiginal 

growth,  ur  to  which  tlipy  have  been  transpIanttHj,  tliey  I«j" 
vido  tht-ir  had  qunlitice  and  hoeomo  tamf,  Uke  the  wild  am- 
malfl,  the  moment  they  arc  wTmratcd  ih>m  the  parent  stock. 

COAT.    18. rSOPAeATlOM  BT  SLtr?  ASD  COTtnrfiS. 

Katuro  hoa  also  discovered  anotiicr  mothod,  which  is  verj 
tatailuT  to  the  last — for  Blips  tore  away  frvim  tliG  troe  will  lirt. 
In  adopting  this  pkn,  care  Bhoidd  be  taken  to  pull  out  tbo 
haunch"  uf  the  alip  where  it  adhcriii  to  the  Blouk,  and  so  wt- 
muvc  with  it  a  portion  of  the  hiiroun  body  of  iIk-  purciit  tree. 
Jt  is  in  this  way  that  the  pouegriiaate,  ttie  huzcl,  the  aiipltv 
thii  surb,  the  medlar,  the  ash,  the  fig,  aad  nivro  particuUriy 
the  Tine,  are  propHgale<3-  Thu  qiiiucv,  howi'ver,  if  planted  In 
this  way  will  degeniirate-,^  Eind  it  has  been  canaequently  fmintl 
u.  better  plan  to  cut  slipa  and  pluut  them :  u  method  which 
was  at  first  adopt<?d  for  making  bedgea,  with  the  elder,  the 
quince,  and  the  bramble,  hut  camp  afr^rwarda  to  he  applied  to 
cijllirated  trpee,  nuch  aa  tbo  poplur,  the  alder,  and  tho  willow, 
which  last  will  (ftow  if  even  the  slip  ia  plitnted  upsidu  dowB." 
In  the  ease  of  cuttings,  they  arc  planted  at  once  in  the  spot 
which  it  ift  intended  Uiey  should  occnpy  :  hut  before  wc 
on.  to  the  other  methods  of  propagutiuu,  it  seems  as  wi 
montion  tbo  care  that  should  be  expended  upon  nuikini; 
plots.** 

CHAP.    14. SBED-PIOTS. 

^Inill^  out  a  so&d-plot  it  is  necessary  that  a  soil  of  tile 
Ttiy  KighHt  quality  should  be  aclected;  for  it  is  very  oftea 
requifflte  that  a  nurse  should  be  provided  for  the  yotuig  plaitte, 
who  is  more  ready  to hiiiuuur  them  llian  tbrir  paruutauil.  The 
ground  should  therefore  be  both  dry  and  rnitritiouB,   well 

"^  "Perna."  TliU  tnMbnd  of  reprortiintfoB  is  still  ad<Tptei),lnitit{iiiet 
tn  he  reciiinni-enilc^d,  nn  iIil-  yiiung  tr«c,  bcf-irc  it  tlir«wii  out  a  root,  u  litllle 
Ut  ho  o^ferthrowu  bj  high  winds.     Virgil  moiitiuiu  il,  Geiirg.  U.  2S. 

M  PaUudiiu  only  sRyt  tliitt  the  RfowUi  <jf  tim  quioue  in  $vch  case  b  vsry 
kIow. 

»  Thii  eiporiment  tiaa  been  tried  for  curioeily's  sake,  nnd  haa  saceuded ; 
tlio  ruvits  heuomii  drj,  lose  thpir  fibres,  aud  thra  diinlnj)  bints,  ftom  wliiiih 
br&uclies  issHi' ;  while  the  buds  of  tliB  nuintiiU  becoiuu  mhangfld  into  rwb. 

*"  *'  Seiiiic!Lrii  .'"   "  DUrsorits,"  as  they  nru  ini>r9  ootnrionljf  called. 


I 


Chap.  14.}  SBBD  PtOTB.  465 

turned  op  with  tie  mattock,  replete  with  hoBpilality  to  the 
sti'angier  plants,  und  as  nearly  as  pi^asible  rcspmbUng  the  Boil  to 
which  it,  in  inteiidud  they  should  be  transplanted.  But,  s 
thing  that  ia  of  primary  importance,  the  Htones  must  he  care- 
fully gathered  from  off  tlie  {ground,  and  it  should  bi;  wtdlcd  in, 
to  evBure  it^  proleolion  from  the  depreOatione  of  ponltry ;  the 
mil,  toi>,  ehould  have  as  fuw  chinks  and  erarniius  as  possible, 
m  that  the  stiu  may  sot  bo  enabled  to  p^^nelrtitu  and  burn  up 
the  roola.  Tlie  voiing  trees  fihould  be  planted  at  diatiuiL'Cs*^  of 
it  foot  and  a-haU',  for  if  tiicy  huppea  to  touch  one  unoLliu,  in 
addition  to  other  incDtivenit.'nces,  they  are  apt  to  brwd  worms ; 
for  which  rpa*im  it  is  tbiit  tboy  fihoiild  be  hoeJ  as  often  as 
pussihltf,  mid  all  weeds  pulled  up,  the  young  jilants  themselTea 
being  carettilly  pruned,  and  so  accustomed  to  the  Itnife, 

Oato*'  Tfcommends,  too,  tliBt  hurdloe  should  be  sc't  up  upon 
forks,  the  height  of  a  rann,  for  the  purpose  of  intercepting;  the 
raya  of  the  siin,  and  that  they  should  bo  covered  with  ntrnw 
to  kpcip  oft'  the  cold."  He  buvh  that  it  is  in  this  way  that  the 
medn  of  the  applo  and  the.  pear  an>  reared,  the  pine-nut  uIbo, 
and  the  typri'B&,'*  which  is  propagated  from  seed  as  wt-H.     In 

Jliiis  last,  the  sted  is  roinarkably'*  small,  so  much  bo,  in  fact,  oB 
to  be  ecQTCtily  pcrccptibk-.  It  is  a  mtu-vellous  I'aet,  and  one  which 
ought  not  to  hv  uvcrloiSked,  that  a  tree  should  be  produced 
from  eources  eo  minute,  while  the  gi-ains  of  wheat  and  of 
haik^y  are  so  very  much  hiiger,  not  to  itirntiou  the  heaa. 
What  proportionj  too.  is  there  between  the  apple  and  the 
pear  tree,  and  tbe  seeds  from  which  they  take  their  rise?  It 
ia  from  auch  bf^ginningB,  too,  as  these  that  springs  the  timber 
that  is  proof  aguinBt  the  blows  of  tho  hatohet,  prepflfls"  tliat 
weights  of  enornioHB  size  even  are  unable  to  beud,  masts  that 
support  thd  sails  of  ehipB,  and  battering- nuns  that  axe  able  to 

"  The  diatanco,  in  realitr,  ought  to  vnyy  accwditig  to  the  nuturc  and 
ipiwirs  of  Khe  l.reta,  and  the  beigtit  they  aie  to  he  ulioweJ  to  attuin. 

"  D«  Ke  RiiiLt.  18. 

*^  Tlieae  pn-cfiiitiom  ate  not  luoked  upou  us ucnecsarr  for  tliG  Indit^tQotis 
Iroea  at  ihff  present  day.    For  the  first  yciur,  hawcTur,  F6q  says,  tlio  hurcili'S 


I 


tireea  ai  inc  prcaeni  uny.      r  o-r 
jaig'lit  b"  fiinnd  very  wbcM. 
"  As  the  vuuiiK  f^VTire*!  is 


L 


?  yuuiig  eypre*!  is  very  dnli^nte,  in  the  rorthcni  climalo,  Ftfl 
Bays,  flii«  iDOuo  of  pTiiitctiTig  it  in  (he  nuniriTy  miiftit  utovu  advnnliiywma. 

ifi  Tliet*  it  =omt'  emg aeration  in  this  account  of  Uie  extrcmie  »inullut*B 
of  ihti.  w«jd  of  the  rypreaa, 

"  Wino  and  oil-prefflos,  for  inrtance. 

Toil.   III. 


466 


PtrFT'a  SAHTEAI.   BISTOBT. 


[E«kxvn. 


ahaks  erm  towers  aod  walls  1  Such  is  the  might,  sach  t^  tiie 
power  that  la  disi^iliiyeil  hy  Xaturo.  But,  a  marvel  tfast  tnin- 
BCL'iids  all  Uic  rest,  is  tho  fact  ut'  a  vegetable  receiving  its  birUt 
from  a  tear-like  drop,  as  we  sliall  baveoocaaioQ  to  meation"  in 
the  appropriate  place. 

To  reEutDc,  hocrerer :  the  tiny  balls  which  contain  the  aetd 
are  collected  trom  tlie  female  cj-press — for  the  male,  as  I  hare 
already**  Etatcd,  is  barren.  This  ia  done  in  the  montha  ivluch 
I  have  previously*'  mentionc-d,  and  they  are  ihcn  dried  iu  Ae 
BUD,  upon  which  thoy  soon  htirs.t,  and  (be  seed  drops  OTtt, 
a  BubetuDce  of  which  tho  ants  aro  remarkably  fDuil ;  this  fbol, 
too,  only  eervea  to  onhainjo  the  marvtrl,  ivhen  we  reflect  that 
an  insect  bo  minute  is  able  to  dcatroy  the  firet  germ  of  a  tne 
of  Guch  gigujititi  dimenfiious.  The  seed  ia  eown  iu  the  monUi 
&f  Apcj],  tbc  ground  bcLcg'  flrat  IcFolIed  with  roUe're,  or  el» 
by  means  of  raotmere  ;^  after  which  the  seed  is  thickly  sown, 
aad  oartli  is  spread  upon  it  with  a  sieve,  about  a  thumb  deep. 
If  laid  beneath  n  considerable  weight,  the  seed  is  unable  to 
Bpritig  up,  and  is  consequently  thrown  back  again  into  tlie 
north;  for  which  reason  it  is  often  trodden  only  into  the 
ground.  It  IB  ttieu  lightly  watered  after  sunEet  every  three 
days,  that  it  may  gradually  Imbibe  the  moiBLure  until  such 
tiniti  aB  it  appears  aboV'S  ground.  I'he  youn^  trees  ore  traoir 
planted  at  Uio  end  of  a  jtor,  whtn  about  thrce-quartere  of  a 
loot  iu  length,  due  oarc  being  takca  to  watoh  for  a  clear  day 
with  no  wind,  BUob  b^ng  the  be-st  suited  for  the  procees  of 
transplanting.  It  is  a  singular  thing,  but  still  it  is  a  tact,  thst 
if,  on  the  day  of  (.riuisplauting,  and  only  that  day,  there  is  tho 
8lighte.it  drop  of  rain  or  tho  least  breeze  stirring,  it  is  attended 
with  Jangbr*'  to  the  young  trees  [  while  for  tJie  futnre  they 
are  quite  safo  from  peril,  though  at  the  same  time  they 
have  u  great  aversioij  to  all  humidity."    The  jujubo-trce"  ii 

*<  n.  xii.  c.  18,  and  1).  xi.  c.  II.    As  Fi^e  mnarks,  tliia  is  a  fkbulou 

tiMii'rlion,  wtiicli  iriny  ulill  b«  biawi  npon  truth  ;  hs  in  giiiii-roia,  for  id- 
■tttrtcn,  wn  titiil  on  can  i  Dually  the  tetfila  oi  tiia  jiueat  treu  tu-uidenUlly  uscIomI 
in  thv-  tcar-likii  <lTans. 

*"  InB.  ivi.  c.  17-  "  lac  n  of  this  Book. 

*"  "Voigiiilia,"  Ttii«  frord  u  fcunii  nowhetc  eIm,  and  the  niudiii^  u 
doubtful,  "  Tliia  u,  at  leiut,  tin  cxaggcratiua. 

w  Seen,  x^i.v.  31,  and  c.  60. 

"  II  is  prupngttlad  &t  tlic  piosent  day  both  frnm  srnd  nnd  tuuken,  bet 
BUiitly  from  the  ktter,  at.  the  aecd  doas  not  germmat«  lit  two  yuan. 


i^ 


Cbsp.  15.]  MODE   OF   PEOPAOATIiro   THB   ILM.  4C7 

propagfitod  itom  seed  sown  in  the  montli  of  April.  Aa  to  tlie 
tuber,**  it  ia  ilia  beat  jiliin  lo  graft  it  upon  the  wild  plum,  the 
quince  aad  tbc  calabrix,"  this  last  bniu^  Ibe  munc;  that  19 
givtn  to  a  wild  thorn.  Every  kind  of  thorn,  too,  will  rceeivu 
grafts  reraurkably  well  Ironi  the  myxa  plum,'*  as  Weil  0£ 
front  the  sorb. 

f  1 1 . )  As  to  recommending  transfetring  the  young  plants  from 
the  Keeil-plot  ta  another  spot  before  filially  planting  them  out, 
I  look  upon  it  qs  advioo  that  would  only  k-fid  to  eo  niuoh  unne- 
cessiiry  trouble,  although  it  is  most  confidently  urged  thnt  by 
this  proc(.:aa  the  IcaveB  are  sure  to  bo  considorubly  larger  than 
they  otherwise  would. 

CTUP.   15. — Tna  MO&R  OP  rnOPAQATlNfl  THS  niM. 

The  «lm  seed  is  collected  nhnnt  the  calends  of  irn.rch," 
before  tho  tree  is  ravered  witli  IuhvpSj  but  is  just  beginning  I,o 
have  u  yoUow  tint.  It  ia  then  loft  to  drj-  two  duye  in  the 
Rhade,  after  wliicli  it  is  thickly  sown  in  n  broken  Boil,  cacUi 
that  ba»  been  lidtllod  through  a  fine  ideve  being  thrown  upou 
it,  to  the  same  tbickncsa  as  in  the  case  of  tlie  cypreES."'  Jf 
there  should  bappeu  to  be  no  rain,  it  is  neceRsaiy  to  water  the 
Beed.  From  the  nursery  tlie  young  plants  aro  caiTiMntthB 
end  of  a  year  to  the  elm-plots,  where  they  are  planted  at  inter- 
vaU  of  a  foot  each  way.  It  ia  hett«r  to  plant  elms  in  autumn 
that  are  to  support  the  vine,  aa  they  nre  destitute  *'  of  seed 
and  are  only  propagiitod  fmm  plants.  In  tho  vicinity  of  the 
City,  the  young  elms  sro  transplantud  into  the  vineyiird  at 
five  years  old,  or,  according  to  the  plan  adopted  by  Bome,  whon 
they  are  twenty  feet  in  hi^ight.     A  furrow  is  fi.r!it  drawn  for 

**  Bbo  II.  XV.  c  H.    Trobully  a  variety  of  the  jajnbfl;  but  if  no.  It 

rould  iiiirillj-  liQ  {^ftcd  OB  Iroos  of  lo  different  a.  nalura  lu  lliMO  hen  loeu* 
tioiipii. 

**  This  treu  Las  not  been  iJentifled.  DiiWliniapsiliinltsfliiit  it  isnspwritB 
at  ^ncwibcrry,  probably  t)\e  sjxtnt)  us  tht  KiUss  grossultirin  of  Limid-in.  It 
has  been  hIbci  ett^jfi'stc^  tImC  it  ninj'  be  the  Sjiinik  cfiTvina  of  ttie  lUlianA, 
tlie  IthamnuH  cattiartieiis  of  Linuicus,  the  piirgiitiTo  bucktham. 

*•  ¥6b  duubta  if  tlie  [jlura  ctin  be  (fraftoa  ou.  tlie  lUurn. 

*^  >'iret  of  March. 

*^  The  tfaiukneu  of  ttio  thuntb.     Sea  the  lust  CliapliiT. 

**  lie  aUudoB  to  Lb-a  Att&iut  dm,  of  which  he  has  alruady  said  tho  bqoio 
in  B.  ivi.  c.  'id. 

H  n  2 


I 


408 


Wjht'b  KATCniAi.  EisrOKr.  [BookXTlL 


tbe  purpose,  tiio  nume  given  to  which  is  "  non-nanua,"*'  being 
three  f*-L't  in  d^pth,  and  tbe  fame  in  breadth  or  cT4<n  more ; 
into  Hiia  the  young  tree  is  put,  and  the  earth  is  mooldcd  up 
around  it  to  the  height  of  Oiroe  feet  cveiy  way.  These  monnijc 
arc  kno'n-n  by  the  name  of  "nrultt"*'  in  Cninpunia,  The 
intPTTttls  aro  iiminjirfd  intcordiag  to  thu  iialuni  of  die  spot;  but 
■wlierti  tho  cuuutrj'  \s  ItsTi:!,  it  is  requisite  lluit  the  trees  shouli 
\)u  plaotud  widor  aptirt.  raplrirs  and  ashes,  too,  as  they  get- 
iniiiiiie  with  greater  rapidity,  ought  to  be  planted  out  at  an 
earlier  period,  or,  iu  oUior  words,  iiumt-diatvly  after  tho  idee  ol' 
Februarj'."^  Iu  anatigiiig  tret-s  mid  nbnihx  tor  tiio  svipport  <it' 
tJio  vine,  the  form  of  the  quinouux'^  is  the  one  that  is  gene- 
rsdly  adopted,  and,  iiiddud,  is  abaoluLcljj-  necessary:  it  not  only 
fucUitattfft  the  aotion  of  the  wind,  but  presents  also  a  very 
pleasing  nppcnrance,  fcr  whichtiv*;r  way  you  look  at  the  plon- 
lation,  tho  trees  will  always  prosimt  theiiiselveg  in  a  straighi 
Hum.  The  eame  niL'tliod  is  employed  iu  propii^^atiii"  Ihc  poplar 
from  seed  as  the  elm,  and  the  mode  of  trai/splanting  it  from 
the  Eeed-plot  is  tho  airno  as  that  adopted  in  tronsplantuig  it 
from  thu  foreuts, 

CTUT.  16. — TnB  noLE»  roK  tkansplastiko. 

Hut  it  is  more  [Kirticuiarly  ai'Ct;Ksiiry  in  tnmsj)lanl.ing,  (hat 
the  trees  should  alivays  be  removed  to  a  Moil  ihat  is  similar,  or 
else  superio'r/'  to  Ihc  one  in  wliit-h  they  grew  trefore.  If  takeu 
from  warm  or  t-arly  ripeniug  localities,  they  ought  not  to  he  re- 
moved to  cold  or  backward  sites,  nor  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  firom 
these  ttLst  to  the  former.  If  tho  thing  can  poKsibly  be  done, 
tho  holes  for  transplunting  shmdd  be  dug  Bufficicntly  long  be* 
fore  to  adniitof  their  boiug  covered  throughout  with  a  thick  coal 
of  grass.     Mapo  rewmmends  that  they  should  be  dug  a  whole 

*  From  beiiie  about  nine  feot  in  eircumfsrenoe. 

•'  A  "little  iiltjxr,"  »^  13th  of  Fiibnmty. 

■"  /.  «.  Muh  at  axi  ajigk  with  the  olhcr.  in  this  fam  ■■ — 


h  nnanroh&bly  80  oalled  from  (hd  ciruunwtum  that  each  triangle  raonbln 

V,  or  fivB. 

**  TKis  is  i\it  ren»on  why  s  soil  of  only  midillinf  qaulitT  ii  (rcnonSf 
Mloctcd  ['or  nuKfriiiii  and  scvd-pbts;  othtrwise  it  migiit  he  dllBculi  to 
traiu^kut  the  y»ua^  trcoa  to  au  itaprnTcd  eoil. 


Cbap.  W.]  THE  HODRB  rou  TitAjisphJiynya. 

year  beforciliand,  in  order  that  th*-;'  aiaj"  nbaorli  the  heat  of 
the  sun  and  the  moiatuTB  of  ihe  ahow'cra;  or,  U*  eiroumstancea 
<Io  uot  udmit  of  this,  Umtfircis  ahould  bu  made  in  the  middle 
of  them  60i»e  two  moiitUa  before  truuspUuiliag,  that  bdng  only 
done  jiiBt  aftfi"  rain  hiw  lalk-u.  He  saja,  too,  that  in  uu  argil- 
laceous"* or  a  hard  soil,  the  proper  measurement  is  three  cubit« 
every  way,  Rud  on  dei;iivitou8  spots  une  palm  more,  care  being 
talcon  in  every  case  to  make  the  hole  like  thii  chimmy  of  » 
furaace,  narrower  at  the  orilico  than  at  the  bottom.  Where 
the  earth  is  black,  the  depth  should  he  two  cubits  and  a  palm, 
and  the  hole  diig  in  a  (inadran^lur  form. 

The  Greek  writers  agree  in  pointing  out  much  the  same 
proportions,  and  iire  of  upinJoo  that  the  holes  ought  not  to  he 
more  than  two  fc^et  and  a  half  in  depth,  or  more  than  two  feet 
wide :  at  the  same  time,  too,  thoy  should  never  be  less  than 
a  foot  and  a  half  in  depth,  even  though  the  soil  should  be  wot, 
and  the  vicinity  of  water  prtjclnde  tiie  possihility  ul"  the  soil 
going  any  deeper.  "  If  the  soil  is  wjitory,"  says  Cato,™  "  the 
hole  ahould  be  three  feet  in  width  at  the  orifice,  and  one  palm 
and  a  foot  at  the  bottom,  nnd  tiio  depth  four  feet.  It  should 
bo  paved,  too,  with  stoDcs,^'  or,  if  lliey  are  not  at  hand,  with 
etnkes  of  green  willow,  or,  if  these  cannot  be  procured,  with  a 
layer  of  twigs;  the  depth  of  tha  layer  so  made  being  s  foot 
and  a  half." 

It  aiipeUTE  to  me  that  I  ought  here  to  add,  after  what  has 
been  Etaid  with  referenco  to  the  nature  of  trees,  ttiat  tlie  holes 
Bhould  be  sunk  deeper  for  Ihose  which  have  a  tendenoy  to  run 
near  the  surface  of  the  earth,  such  as  the  ash  and  the  olive, 
frtr  instance.  These  trees,  in  fact,  and  others  of  aaimilar 
nature,  ehould  ho  planted  at  a  depth  of  four  fectj  whilo  for  the 
other?  three  feet  wll  be  quite  euflicient.  "Cut  down  that 
stump,"  said  Papiriua  Cursor^  tho  general,*  when  to  the  great 

•*  The  ordinary  doptli,  at  tlie  present  duy,  i»  abont  two  fc»t ;  but  wli«n 
in  an  M^illaceoUH  Boil,  as  Pliny  saya,  the  liolxi  is  made  deeper.  If  llio  anil 
i*  liluck  iDUiLld,  tbc  bole  ia  not  »o  deep,  and  of  a  sqiuiria  rorm,  just  aa  ri;com- 
meiided  by  PHny.  •*  Dg  Re  East.  48. 

^  Tbis  would  bo  cither  useless,  or  positiVely  injnrinuB  to  the  true. 

M  See  B.  xiv.  c.  H.  It  seems  iropoasible  to  siiy  wiih  emutneea  how 
ihii  pmBtijcu  carue  to  be  inserted  la  iim  uautcxi ;  tiiii  Slllig'  is  probubly  richt 
in  fliiBpecUng  that  th'Sre  jsaconeiilRrnbk  kciitia  here.  It  is  noE  improbahlc 
Ihnt  I'liaj  may  have  enlarged  v^an  tlio  dcjith  of  t^f  rouU  uf  Irets,  and  thi- 
■    uttthod  ofictnoring  theiumaacLait  tjmes.  Such  baing  Uie  cue,  he  mig^t 


I 


470 


PLKlT'a  JTATinilL  BiaTOBT. 


[BookXVU 


tfirror  of  tlie  prastor  of  Praeneate,  he  had  ordered  the  lictora  to 
ilmw"  tlifir  ftsen.  And,  indeed,  llicro  is  no  harm  in  cutting 
away  those  portJoriH  [of  Iho  root]  which  have  Vtome  exposed. 
aDma  ^Draons  rccommGad  that  s  bed  should  be  toTtneA  at  the 
bottom,  of  potaLtrds  or  round  p^bbLes,"  which  lioih  allow  the 
moisturp  t>  puss  and  retain  h9  niiich  as  i»  wanted;  whit«  at 
die  same  time  they  are  of  opinion  Ihat  flat  stones  are  of  no  ase 
in  Ruch  a  chso,  Bi]d  only  prt-vent  tlie  root  froni  penetrating" 
tho  earth.  To  line  the  boltora  with  a  layer  of  gravel  would  be 
to  follow  a  middle  coiirsis  between  the  two  opinions. 

SoniP  perBona  recommend  that  a  trto  sbouM  not  be  inoi** 
pl(inl:<}d  bcfbro  it  is  two  years  old,  nor  yet  sfler  three,  while 
ulbfra,  again,  aro  of  opinion  that  if  it  ia  one  yonx  old  il  ia 
'^iiite  eu^lcient ;  Cato'^  thinka  that  it  ought  to  bo  more  thuo 
:&rc  fi.ngerB  tn  thickness  at  the  time.  The  same  author,  too, 
would  not  hare  omitted,  if  it  hod  been  of  any  importance,  to 
meommend  th^t  a  mark"  should  be  made  on.  the  bark  for  Uie 
purpose  of  pointing  out  the  aoiithem.  aspect  of  the  tree;  so 
that,  wken  trunsplanted,  it  mny  occupy  exactly  the  iame  poii- 
tion  thdt  it  has.  previously  done  ;  from  an  apprehension  that 
the  north  side  of  the  tree,  on  finding  itself  oppoeito  to  a  south- 
era  aim,  n-.ight  Bplit,  and  the  south  eide  be  nipped  by  tho 
north- eastern  blaets.  Indeed,  there  are  some  percons  who 
follow  a  direttly  oppoaite  praetite  even  in  the  vine  and  the  %," 
by  placing  the  north  eide  of  the  tree,  when  transplanted,  to- 
warda  the  youth,  and  vice  verBCl;  being  of  opinion  that  by 

think  it  not  inapprnpriat*  to  intToduee  the  Ktnry  of  Papirius,  nhn,  wliim 
imly  inttTnlin?  to  have  a  shiinp  cut  down  that  grew  in  the  way.  took  dj* 
'ipportimit}' o?  rntfliti-nins  the  priet.or  of  Prieiir'sl*,  b]r  Dti^  nudilennimii  of 
tho  order  lo  his  lictur,  and  probaMy  tliu  peri-iii^iU>ry  tone  in  which  it  wtt 
giren.  This  was  all  the  more  sorious  to  thu  prntot,  at  fapiiius  had  bru 
rebuking  him  just  before  in  the  aevetoM  ttrms. 

*"  Prom  the  btiniile  of  fuacfli.  OT  rods 

'"  TliiB  precept  ig  borroned  from  Virgil,  Ocotk.  li.  348,  H  mij. 

'^  There  ia  litUc'  doubt  tliut  they  took  Uie  right  view. 

f»  De  Rb  RuBt.  23. 

""  Tbia  precaution  js  omitted  by  the  moiium  niirsfrjTiier,  thongh  Fie  is 
incline)]  to  think  it  might  he.  nttcEdcd  with  foiiaid^rabii^  adrnnta^,  u  tlie 
Hbri's  of  the  Bide  tlmt  has  fni;od  the  tuutb  aro  not  likely  to  be  ao  flrm  m 
ihoac  uf  till  nertkein  side.  This  precaution,  however,  wnulil  bn  of  nxm 
importanRP  with  cjwllc  trees  than  indigenous  ones.  It  i»  still  practiwd  » 
some  eitent  with  tb«  layers  of  tlia  vinei. 

"  V6e  guj^geata  that  Pliny  may  have  here  misandentood  a  pauago  ID 
Thflophraetua,  IlUt.  Plant,  il.  8,  vnth  reference  t.c  Lhu  plnnting  of  tho  fig. 


Ctllp.  19.]  TH*   nOLEB   FOR   TnAySPLAKTISa. 

ndflpljng  this  plan  the  fotiagt;  bocDnn?8  all  the  thicker"  and  tli« 
betttT  ablo  to  protect  the  I'ruit,  wliioh  is  less  liable  tg  lall  off  in 
coDsequeace,  and  that  the  tree  is  rendered  all  tlie  b&ttcr  for 
climbing.  Moat  people,  howevBr,  take  Ibe  greatest  carp  to  turn 
to  the  soutb  thnt  part  of  tbe  tree  from  which  tbc  branches  have 
been  lopped  at  the  top,  little  thinking  that  they  expose  it 
thorehyto  a  chance  of  splitting'*  from  the  escesFnTc  heat.  Far 
mj*  own  part,  I  ehould  prefer  that  this  part  of  the  tree  should 
face  that  point  of  the  heavena  which  is  occupied  hy  the  sun  at 
the  fifth"  or  even  the  eighth  hour  of  the  day.  Poopio  are  also 
equally  unaware  that  they  o>iight  not,  through  neglect,  to  let 
the  roots  be  exposed  to  the  air  long'  esough  lo  get  dry  ;  and 
that  the  ground  should  not  be  worked  about  the  roots  of  txeca 
while  the  wind  is  blowing  from  the  north,  or,  indortl,  from 
Rny  point  of  tlie  heavens  that  lios  Wtween  north  and  south- 
ea&t;  or,  at  all  events,  that  the  toots  should  not  be  left  to  he 
exposed  to  these  winds ;  the  tcbuU  of  ench  modos  of  proceeding 
being,  that  the  trees  die,  the  grower  boing  all  the  while  in 
total  ignorance  of  the  cause. 

Cato"  diaapproveB,  too,  of  all  wind  and  rain  whenever  the 
work  of  trannplftDting  is  going  oa.  When  thie  ia  tho  cnse,  it 
will  bo  bcncfici&l  to  let  as  much  adhere  to  the  roots  as  poesible 
of  the  earth  ia  which  the  tree  has  grown,  and  to  covor  tliem 
all  round  with  elods'"  of  earth  :  it  is  for  this  reason  that  Cato*" 
recommeads  that  the  young  trees  should  bo  conveyed  in  baskets, 
a  very  desirable  method,  no  doubt.  The  eanio  writer,  too,  ap- 
proves of  the  earth  that  has  been  taken  from  the  surface  being 
laid  at  tho  bottom  of  tho  hole.  Some  persona  say,*'  that  if  a 
layer  of  stones  ia  plaeed  beneath  the  root  of  the  pomegranate, 
the  fruit  will  not  split  while  upon  the  tree.    In  transplanting,  it 

'*  Tliere  woTiId  bo  no  such  re&ult,  Fee  snjft, 

^  Tim  ia  a  uBelcss  precmitLou ;  but  nt  tlie  norm  tin]«,  Fliny'e  fctn  of  ita 
conaequmcffl  qtq  totally  mifplacsd. 

"  At  1 1  A.M.,  «F  2  v.ts. ;  1.  e.  botwecn  soath  and  sonth-CMt,  fiad  aonth 
and  Boatb-npst, 

«  DeEoEiut.  28._ 

^^  Wet  most,  or  mivist  earth,  is  used  for  the  i^uipoBe  at  tbe  pmcDt  day. 

*>  Be  Re  East.  28.  It  ia  miM.t  di'aimblc  to  traaBplntt  tree«Tith  a  Hyar 
of  tTie  enrth  in  whifh  tley  have  grown;  but  if  carried  out  to  uny  extent, 
it  would  he  an  e'SpensiTe  process. 

*'  "  Tradunt,"  TTiib  erorcsBior  shows  that  Tliny  doi*  [Hit  givu  crrdit 
(0  the  BdHemeDt.  CoIiiidgIIu  and  Fullndius  Epcakvf  tkree  stoa«g  belaj  laid 
vuder  the  root,  evidDuUy  u  a  kind  of  diarm. 


4n 


FLISX  B   SATtrnAI.   HISTOBT. 


[BookXVn. 


it>  the  beat  plan  to  ^ve  the  roots  a  bt-ot  pontion,  hnt  tt  isaboo- 
lutely  nete«»ary  Itml-  Um  tree  Jtboiild  be  pi>ic.f'i  in  eurli  a  raaniwr 
us  to  occupy  exai^tly  the  centre  of  the  liole.  The  fig-tree, 
if  the  slip  when  plflnted  is  stuck  in  a  squill*' — sach  beiug  tlie 
name  of  a  spcoios  of  bulb — is  saitl  to  beat  irith,  rematkahla 
rapidity,  while  the  fruit  is  exempt  fmm  all  attacks  of  tio 
worm  :  tho  fonvm  precaiitiou,  too,  in  planting,  will  prescire 
tho  fruit  ol'  all  olLor  trL'es  in  a  Bimilui  uiauucr.  ^Yho  i» 
there,  too,  thcit  can  cnt-crtaiu  a  duiiljt  tliat  the  rery  groalfst 
care  ought  to  bo  taken  of  tbo  roots  of  the  fig-tree  wnca  trans' 
plii&toJ  ? — indoud,  it  ou^ht  lo  bear  every  mark  of  being  taken, 
aad  U(.it  torn,  fro]«  out  uf  tlie  eiirth.  Upon  tliis  subject  1  omil 
Tarious  other  practical  precepts,  s-Qch,  for  instance,  as  the  uu- 
cexsity  of  moulding  up  the  roota  with  a  rammer,  a  thing  thai 
Cato™  looks  upon  as  of  primary  importonoe;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  ho  rpcoramendfl  that  the  wound  made  in  the  stock 
tiliould  be  Hrat  covered  with  duug,  and  thtn  bound  with  a 
layer  of  leaves.'* 

CtlAP.  17.  (12.) — THTC  TNTKBTALB  TO  BB  OPT  BETWRKy  TBKW. 
The  present  secms  toiuieta  be  tlie  propiu-  occaiaon  for  making 
Him<«  mention  of  the  intecTals"   that  ought  to  be  left  b&tVFt-c& 
the  tree*.     Some  persons  have  reiiommeuded  that  pomegra- 

natea,  myrtles,  and  laurels  should  be  planted  closer  togr-ther  Uias 
tho  other  Irccfl,  leaving,  howeTer,  a  apace  of  nine  feet  between 
them.  Apple-trees,  they  suy,  should  te  planti'd  a  little  wider 
nparbi  and  pear-trees,  almunde,  un'd  figs  eveu  still  more  so. 
The  best  rule,  however,  is  to  eoiiflult  the  length  of  the  bmnchcs, 
aud  the  uature  of  the  epot,  as  well  as  the  £budo  that  ia  formed 
by  the  tree  ;  lor  it  is  of  great  importance  to  take  this  lust  into 
consi<icriition.  The  shadow  thrown  hy  the  lar^e  trees  even  is 
but  of  small diineiiaions,  when  the  branehes  are  disposed  OTOUDd 

Si  a^t!  n.  ih.  c,  30,  A  Bum-pwhat  similar  pnictico  is  ftlao  rGc>ammcD(lcd 
in  B.  XV.  0.  18;  Ijuti  of  course,  as  ifio  remarks,  it  cud  Iciul  to  norcsulls. 

s>3  Dc  Re  Riat,  28, 

*'  FrK  reiiiaits  that  l.hia  is  a  niefiii  mecautioa,  m-ure  pitrtieiilarly  fn  tlw 
aate  (ifliio  (lonilcnme  t.rcwH,  the  Sg,  mia  others  ttist  nre  lich  ia  juica  ;  hut 
if  iiolverudl;  used,  would  W  titLsniloil  willi  ^eut  cxgieuti.'.  Tho  l-'r^nch 
lUO  fur  tho  puqioac  a  minLnn!  nT  frMb  aaiLh  aad  cov-iluc^,  to  nlitch  ttitr 
g'm  tho  nnmo  n(  "■  onguint  Sniut-Finiji'o."     Sty-c.  \t.  ISl 

'*  'Hiis  i»  from  TliciipLrtintiw,  Hi*t,  Plant,  li,  7-  The  <|upiti«n,  hnw- 
tiec,  depundii  uutirdf  upon  the  nnture  of  tho  trop,  thii  qaiUii}-  of  the  soil, 
■nd  Tanoiu  tithiir  uctusiuL'raiiuns,  as  riiuy  hlnuvlf  adwiu. 


Chap.  18.]  TlIE   SlIXDO-W   TUROW:r   IIT   theks. 

tlic!  body  of  the  tree  in  a  spherical  form,  aa  in  the  apple  and 
the  ucnr.  Ibr  mattuioe.  In  the  clwrry,  oii  the  oUkt  liunj,  and 
the  laurel,  the  shadow  projeated  is  of  enorraoun  cxtfut. 

CHAt.  18. TBB  SATORK  OF  THU  «UI10W  TlrROWTt  BT  TREES. 

The  sfiadows  of  treca  are  nosaeswd  of  ci^rtain  projiortios. 
That  of  tho  walnut  is  baneful"  and  injuriouB  to  man,  in  whom 
it  is  productive  of  htdd-nche,  awl  it  is  (iqiially  noxious  to 
everything  that  grows  in  itK  noinity.  The  shodaw,  too,  of 
the  [lino  haH  thti  tffL'ct  of  killing^  the  griids  kiKralh  it;  bil; 
Id  both  of  Lheee  trees  the  foliiigc  prceietitA  an  effectual  rcaist- 
anco  to  tho  winds,  wliilu,  at  tlio  silido  limf,  the  vine  is  desti- 
tut«  of  fiuch  protection,*"  The  dropa  of  water  thut  fall  from 
the  pine,  the  (juercus,  and  the  holm-oak  are  extremply  heavy, 
but  from  the  cypress  none  fall ;  the  shadow,  too,  thrown  by 
this  lost  treo  is  extremely  sniaU,  its  foli&^c  being  densely 
paoltod.*  Thft  shadow  of  the  fig.  iiltliongh  widely  sprciil,  is 
hut  light,  for  which  reason  it  is  allowod  to  bo  planted  amon;^ 
vine*.  Tho  shadow  of  tbo  elm  is  rofroRhing  and  even  iinni- 
meiita]  to  whatever  it  may  happen  to  cover ;  though,  in  tho 
opiuion  of  Atticiis,  this  tret;  is  one  of  tho  most  injuriona  of 
them  ail ;  and,  iudiinl,  I  have  no  doubt  that  minh  may  be  tho 
caso  whc-u  tho  branciieti  am  allowed  to  bewme  too  loug; 
but  at  the  wime  time  I  am  of  opinion  that  when  Ihoy  aro 
kept  short  it  can  bf  producHve  of  no  possible  barm.  The 
phHi«  aliio  give*  a  very  pkasact  shade,"  thoHRh  somewhat 
dense :  bnt  in  this  ciao  wo  must  look  more  to  the  Uixuriaut 
softness  of  tho  grass  bcnt-uth  it  than  the  warmth  of  the  sun  ; 
for  there  is  no  tree  that  forms  a  more  Tenlant  couch  on  which 
to  rpoline. 

TliL'  poplar"  givee  no  shade  wbate^'er,  in  con&eiiuoaco  of  the 

**  &f.r  n,  IV.  c.  24.  This  notion.  Pec  tcmnrkii,  iitiU  pr«iviiili|  to  n  «ffry 
iMtuidi'i^iblo  cttaiiC. 

"  Uv  dopriviD^it  of  tba  ligHt,  imd  ibg  heat  of  iliD  eun;  but,  most 
prahablv,  from  no  utlitr  reiiioii. 

**  "  Qaoniaui  ct  proliitta  tiuenram  mti-ana  rgtmt,"  Thit  panagv  ia 
prabablf'  in  n  miitiLiW  ttuiit.  ^  '*  In  le  auiiv<ilutiL" 

^  Thij  tjlaiiA  wa^f  miiDh  valued  Fcit  iti  Hhiule  by  conTiuinl  pnrticn.  IleDM 
wfl  fimi  in  Virgil,  Gforg.  i¥.  llfl  — "Aluuu  luiiiiitiruiitcni  plutuuum 
pnuatibaa  umbram?' 

*■  ilc  fllou'l;  olludc*  to  tho  qtuTmug  popUr,  L'opulut  Iremulu  qT 
lionasui. 


4U 


VhTSX  8  SATCBAL  niBTOBT. 


fBiwkXVn. 


incessant  quirering  of  its  leaves  :  while  that  of  tho  older  is  vcit 
dense,  but  remarlialily  nutritive  to  plaats.  ITie  vine  affords 
silfBcicnl  slindc  Tor  iln  wants,  the  leaf  being  always  in  motioD, 
nn<3  from  its  repeated  movement  tampering  the  heat  of  the  sun 
with  the  ehodow  that  it  aifords;  at  tht!  same  time  too  it 
BcrvM  as  an  effectual  protection  ngiinst  henry  rnias.  In 
nc-iirly  oil  irees  the  shade  i&  thin,  where  the  footafjJks  of  the 
Icurea  are  long. 

This  branuh  at  kEuwledge  Is  ono  by  no  moans  to  he  deBpised 
or  deserving  to  be  placed  in  the  loweM  rank,  for  in  the  cdsuof 
crery  variety  of  plant  the  shade  ie  found  to  act  either  as  % 
kind  nurge  or  a  harsh  step-mother.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
the  shadow  of  the  walnut,  the  pine,  the  pitch-tree,  and  the  fir 
is  poisonous  to  everything  it  may  chance  to  light  upon, 

CH«P.  19. — THE  DKOPPUIOS  Olf  WATEa  FflOU  THB  LEATXS. 

A  very  few  words  will  suffice  for  the  water  that  drops  from 
the  leaves  of  trees.  In  sll  those  which  aro  proteoted  by  a 
folifige  fio  dense  that  the  rain  'will  not  pass  through,  the  dropn 
are  of  a  noxious  nature.'^  In  our  t-nquiries,  therefore,  into 
this  subject  it  will  be  of  the  greatest  consequence  what  will 
be  the  nature  developed  by  each  two  in  the  aftil  in  which  we 
are  intending  to  plant  it.  Beclivitiea,  taken  by  themselvet^ 
requii'e  smaller**  intervals  between  the  trees,  and  in  looalities 
that  are  exposed  to  the  wind  it  is  beneflBiiil  to  plant  them 
closer  together.  However,  it  is  the  olive  that  requires  the 
liii^est  intervals  to  he  left,  and  on  this  point  it  is  the  opinion 
of  Cato,"  with  reference  to  Italy,  that  the  verj'  amaLlcet  in- 
ten-ol  ought  to  be  tweaty-five  feet,  and  the  largest  thirty; 
this,  however,  varies  according  to  the  nature  of  the  site.  Tho 
olive  i^  the  largest*"  of  all  the  trees  in  Baltics  :  and  in  Africa 
—if,  indeed,  we  may  boliovo  the  authors  who  aay  so^tlivrs 
are  manyoHve-trces  that  ore  knowri  by  tbo  nnrac  of  mUliarije,* 

**  This  is  quite  A  fallucf ,  Even  ia  tli>a  much  more  proliahlc  case*  of 
the  upHR  and  mungineel,  it  is  not  the  fact. 

*l  TlieonhrcuLug,  De  Csim«,  It.  iit.  c.  8,  isyi,  Uinl  treei  that  grow  tm 
dRcliriUtn  iiava  sbotuir  bnuulLOK  timn  Lbose  of  the  same  kind  Kr«niiif>  oa 
pLaiaa.  *•  Dc  Re  Kiut,  c.  1$. 

'*  This  ssBcrlii^D  is  (tauhtfiil;  at  tbe  presfnt  (lay,  ia  Aodaliuia,  Itu 
piilin,  thia  poplar,  and  m:inf  other  tree*  ar^  much  Inrgrr  Utnn  the  oliro. 

**  "Tliousuftd  poTitiderB."  This,  at  Fie  lemarlu,  la  doilj  aa  exag* 
gentiaii. 


I 


being  so  called  fi-onx  the  weight  of  oil  that  they  produce  each 
ycnr.  Hence  it  ia  that  JEago  has  prescribed  as  inlervnl  be- 
tween thcso  ttipes  of  no  less  than  Beventy-five  feet  every  way, 
or  of  foilj-tive  ut  tiie  verj'  lowLSt,  when  iht  fioil  liappeua  to  be 
niBagre,  hard,  nnd  exposed  to  iho  winds.  There  is  no  douht, 
however,  that  Itietica  reaps  the  most  proUfio  harvests  from 
between  her  olives. 

It  will  b€  gunfrally  agreed  that  it  ia  a  most  disgraceful 
pitce  of  ignorance  to  lop  away  the  bniuches  nnore  Ihiui  i»  ab' 
Bolutely  necessary  in  trcta  of  -rigorous  growth,  aad  so  proci- 
pitato  old  age ;  us  also,  on  the  other  hiind,  what  is  generally  tan- 
_tamount  to  an  avowal  of  uiiskilfaJncss  on  the  part  of  tboso 
who  have  plantuii  them,  to  have  to  cut  them  down  altogc-ther. 
Nothing  can  rpflcct  greater  disgrace  upon  agriculturists  than 
to  have  to  undo  what  they  have  done,  and  it  is  therefore  much 
the  best  to  commit  an  error  in  leaving  q  superfluity  of  room. 


» 


CHAP.  20.  (13.) — TBEEawarcnGTiowBin'  slowly:  those  which 

GROW  WITH  HAPIDITY. 

Some  trees  are  naturally  slow  in  their  growth;  and  those 
in  particulai"  whieh  grow  sulely  IJrom  seed''  and  arc  long-Ji'^cd. 
On  the  other  hand,  those  that  arc  short-lived  grow  with  great 
ropidity,  such  as  the  fig,  pomegranate,  plum,  apple,  pear, 
myrtle,  and  willow,  for  instance ;  and  j-et  tliesc  are  the  very 
flret  to  display  their  prodtictionH,  for  tliey  begin  to  bear  at 
three  years  old,  and  make  sowu  show  of  it  even  before  that 
period.  The  pear  is  the  sloweat  in  bciiring  of  all  the  treos 
above  enumerated.  The  eypirus,*'  however,  und  the  ehnib 
known  as  the  pseudo-cypiruB*"  are  the  earliest  in  coming  to 
maturity,  for  they  Hower  almost  immediateiy,  and  then  produce 
their  seed.  All  trcea  will  come  to  maturity  moru  rapidly  when 
the  suckers  nre  removed,  and  the  nutrimcntal  juiccB  ore  thrown 
into  the  atock  only. 

CHAP.  21. — THrH3  PB0PAG4TED  imOU  LATfM. 

Nature,  too.  has  taught  us  the  art  of  reproduction  from 
layers.     The  bramble,  by  rea&on  of  its  thinness  end  the  cxcea- 

"  Virgil,  Oeorj.  ii.  S7,  makes  llie  Mmo  icmwlt. 
"'  'thin  iliruh  bos  not  been  identitic-il. 
Sec  li.  xii.  c.  20. 


wjyt  9  yxrvTua.  histobt.  p!r»k  VHL 

«TB  Icngli  to  which  it  growB,  hcnOs  downwards,  (uid  thnvs 
tho  extremitieB  uf  iu  bmiicLcis  into  Uiu  t-urth;  theae  inimr' 
dia(«ly  take  root  a^n,  and  would  £J1  evfiry  place  &r  md 
fridv,  TTcre  it  itgt  tbut  the  arts  of  culticatioa  put  a  chock  \a 
it )  an  much  8»,  indcei],  Uiat  it  vrould  ulniogt  appear  that  mca 
are  bom  for  nothing  els«  bat  to  lake  care  of  thu  uarth,  Hen« 
it  is,  that  3  thin(^  that  is  in  itself  moKt  noxious  wnd  uxNl 
baneful,  hiu  taught  us  the  art  ol'  fuprodacdon  hy  layers  aiul 
quicksets.     Tho  ivy,  too,  has  a  similar  property, 

Cnto'  say*,  that  in  addition  to  the  rino,  the  fig,  as  well  M 
the  olive,  tJic  pomogranato,  every  vari&ty  of  the  applo,  the 
Iftun;!,  tiir  plum,  the  myrtle,  the  filbert,  the  nnt  of  Prtciuflf, 
and  liie  pliinc,  an;  uupublu  of  hciiig  propagated  by  layers. 

Layers'  are  of  two  kinda;  iu  the  ouv,  a  bruneb,  whih;  slill 
adhering  to  the  tree,  is  pressed  downwards  into  u  holu  Uiat 
Cieasuxes  four  feet  eTery  way  :  at  the  end  uf  two  years  it  u 
cut  at  the  part  where  it  ourvee,  and  is  tlien  trimsplauted  dI 
the  expiration  of  three  years  more.  If  it  is  inteiidvid  to  curry 
the  plant  to  any  diBtfuioe,  it  is  the  best  plan  to  pLice  the  Itiynt, 
dipp-cllyit  13  taken  up,  either  in  an  osior  hnsltet  or  uny  cariicii 
vessel,  for  its  bott*r  security  when  carried.  The  otiier*  mode 
of  reproduction  by  lityera  h  a.  mnro  cosUy  one,  and  is  effected 
by  summoning  forth  a  root  from  the  truiilt  of  the  tree  evwu 
For  this  purpose,  earthen  veesuls  ot  baekots  aro  provided,  and 
are  then  well  peeked  with  earth ;  through  thesu  the  extre- 
mitiea  of  the  branirhes  are  paused,  and  by  Ihia  niodo  of  encoC' 
ragement  a  root  is  obtained  growing  amid  the  Emit  ittMilf,  and 
at  the  very  summit  of  tho  tree ;  tor  it  is  at  the  summit  that 
this  method  is  gencrsUy  adopted.  In  thia  way  has  a  bold  anil 
daring'  inventiveneBe  produced  a  new  tree  olott  and  far  awo; 
fram  the  ground.  At  tho  end  uf  two  years,  in  tho  manner 
already  f^tnted,  the  layer  ia  nut  asunder,  and  then  planted  in 
the  ground,  boskcit  and  all. 

The  herb  suvLn'  is  rtproduced  by  layers,  as  alao  hy  slips;  it 

1  Da  Ee  Bust.  c.  61. 

'  Thu  Frcauh  cnll  cultiration  tiy  Invnn  "mvcoUc,"  u  iq>plied  to  trrai 
in  ^iiKrul ;  and  "  pmrif^nagf,"  hi  apulicHtile  to  tbo  viae.  The  two  mttltuli 
duucribi-il  lir  Pliny  nru  strll  r^ati'tisively  practiiwd. 

3  TukcD  'from  (.'at",  De  Ko  Bust,  c,  133. 

*  The  Junipcruii  rnibina  nf  l.inniciig:  ecu  B.  xxW.  c.  fil.  It  produce 
RpcJ,  and  tUflro  is  only  one  variety  lliiLt  it  bancn  ;  the  pliiDt  boii^  to  re- 
ality, di«eceouc. 


I 

I 


Cltop.  24.]  TiBTona  ci*rDS  of  OBArrtso.  47? 

IE  said,  too,  Umt  lees  of  wine  or  poimfled  wull-bncks  inuko  it 
thrive  wondcrtully  well,  fiosemaxy'  niso  ia  re]n'ocIuc&d  in  a 
Kimilur  tDjmtier,  as  iilao  bxaa  cutUiigs  ol'  Ihu  bmncheH ;  Dt>ith«r 
snviu  nor  nwciriary  baving  any  seed.  The  tbododeudrum*  is 
propagati2d  by  layers  and  from  seed. 

CHAP.  S3.   (11.) — BRAFTntS  :   TOS  Ft&^r  nlSCOVBHT  OF  IT. 

Nuture  lim  also  taagbt  iix  tlie  art  of  gTARing  by  means  ot 
seed.  We  see  a  stcd  swallowed  whole  by  a  tjaniahed  bird; 
vbt^a  BorU-'Dcd  by  the  natural  beat  of  tbe  crop,  it  is  voided, 
with  the  fecundatiag  juieea  ot"  the  dung,  upon  some  soft  couch 
fonnfid  by  a  tr^e ;  or  else,  as  is  oftfin  iho  case,  is  carried  hy  tlio 
irindB  to  Homt;  uleft  in  ibu  burk  oi'  u  treo.  Htneo^  it  is  that 
yn  eee  the  clieny  growing  upon  tho  willow,  ihe  plane  upon 
the  luurel,  tbe  laurel  upon  tbe  cberry,  siid  fruits  of  nirious 
tint:)  aad  bucs  all  springing  from  tbe  Eiimu  tree  ut  onco.  It  is 
Buid,  too,  that  tbe  jac!(-daw,  from  its  conceJil incut  of  the  aeedii 
or  ])b)Bt«  in  boks  wbicli  serve  us  Ltti  store-houses,  gives  tise  to 
a  similar  result. 

CHAP.  23, — nfocciATioK  on  BunDiwo. 

In  this,  too,  the  art  of  inoculating '  took  its  ri«o.  By  Ibe 
nid  of  fiQ  inauiiment  Bimilar  to  a  ^oo-makcr's  paring-knife 
oQ  eyo,  ia  opened  in  a  tree  by  paring  awuy  the  bark,  and 
another  bnd  is  Lhou  endaaed  in  it,  that  biis  been  proviou&ly  riv 
moTed  with  the  same  iustruineut  Irom  aootbcr  tree.  Tbiswa»  the 
ancient  mode  of  inoculation  with  the  tig  and  the  appk'.  That 
agiiiii,  ck-etTibod  by  Virgil."  reqtiires  a  slight  Ji^8U^e  to  be 
made  in  fbe  knot  of  a  bod  which  has  burst  Ihrougb  tbe  barlt, 
and  in  this  is  cncloAcd  a  hud  taken  from  another  tree.  Thus 
fur  has  Katuro  been  our  instructor  in  tbcK  matters. 

CHIP.  34. — THB  VABIOtrs   KIHD8  OP  flBimKO. 
A  difierent  mode  of  engrafting,  however,  hue  been  taught  ua 

=•  thv  rowuuuy,  la  rculity,  ji  u  bcriiiiiphradit.ic  plant,  aii<t  in  nil  r«*i« 
pEodiicea  B6td.  *  Se^  B.  xvt.  c.  39. 

">  Tiin,  h'ce  rcmiults,  ii  in  r«!Hlity  no  more  a  vune  of  grtiftitijr  th/ia  tlie 
l^ntwinK  of  u  Irre  ftum  »ijed  Hccidiiiiially  Ui'iioBiteii  jn  tlie  iik-ft  yf  a  ruck. 

*  Still  awd  fui  llie  r['prodiLuti<JD  of  lruit-trt«i  and  ihrubn  tn  the  plsa^nre 
goidua.  *  GeoTg.  ii.  73 


478 


FLIST'B  SATDBAX  aiSTOBT. 


[Book  XVIU 


hy  cliftnc(>,  another  gr^at  ipstructw,  and  one  from  whom,  per- 
haps, we  have  Icurnt  a  'still  grwitcr  uumber  of  lessons.  A 
curcM  husbandman,"*  bt-ing  desirous,  for  its  better  protvctjon, 
to  aurroimd  his  cottage  with  a  paKaadc,  thrust  the  stafecs 
into  growing  ivy,  in  order  to  pre%-ent  them,  from  rotting, 
BuLzed  by  tlio  trnucious  grasp  of  itie  stiH  living  ivy,  the  BUikeJ 
borraweii  llfu  from  tht:  life  of  another  wood,  and  it  waa  found 
ttuit  the  stock  of  a  tree  acted  in  placf  of  earth. 

For  this  method  of  grafting  th(.'  aurfacL'  is  made  level  with  a 
Baw,  and  the  stock  carefully  smoothed  with  the  pruDiiig-knife. 
TIlIs  d>u&e,  there  sre  two  modoa  of  proceeding,  the  first  e( 
■which  consists  in  grafting  botncen  the  barb  and  the  wood- 
The  ancients  were  fearful  at  first  of  cutting  ijito  the  wo»d,  but 
ofterwards  tliey  ventured  to  pierce  it  to  the  very  middle,  and 
inserted  the  graft  in  tlic  pith,  taking  care  to  enclose  but  one, 
becau3cthc  pith,  they  thought,  was  unable  to  receive  more.  An 
improved  method  has,  however,  in  more  recent  times,  allowed 
of  aa  many  as  sis  grafts  being  inaerteii,  it  being  considereil 
difsiruble  by  additiimal  numbers  to  miike  u  provision  lor  the 
contingency  of  Bome  of  them  not  auiriving.  With  this  viflw, 
nn  incision  is  carefully  made  in  'Jie  middli;  of  the  stock,  a  tfn'n 
wedge  being  inserted  to  preveiii  the  sides  from  closing,  until 
the  grud,  the  end  of  wliich  is  first  cut  to  a  point,  has  been  lut 
into  Uic  fissure.  In  doing  thia  many  prceautions  are  neces- 
sary, and  more  portieulnrly  every  care  ahould  he  taken  thst 
the  stock  ie  that  of  a  tree  Buit;ible  for  the  purpose,  and  that 
the  graft  is  taken  from  one  that  is  proper  for  gniUing.  The 
Rap,"  too,  K  variously  difitributcd  in  thti  wrcral  tJ-cP»,  and  docs 
not  occupy  the  snme  plaeein  all.  In  the^-inoand  the  fig'-  the 
middle  of  the  tree  is  the  driest,  and  it  is  in  the  summit  that 
the  gcneTativo  power  resides;  hence  it  is,  that  from  the  top 
the  grafts  arc  selected.    In  the  olive,  again,  the  sap  lies  in  thu 

'"  Ttis  storv  is  borrowed  from  Theoplirii*ta«,  Dfi  Oaui.  B.  ii.  c.  19 
Fee  roraerlis,  tliac  it  it  very  duiililfuL  if  an  ojiemtimi  of  «d  connfi  a  nnture 
could  be  {iroJuctive  orsiiuhrcsiilu:  and  he  ul)^9,  tliiit,  Kiallcveuu.  Ilietwo 
waaiii  tn\iH  htLTt  been  Gjiecita  iil'  ih(^  etimf  gmui,  or  ulse  indinduaU  i>f  Uic 
Mnic  fiiraily.  TLe  niutle  of  graftitig  Lcre  ctcscribcd  ii  citllcd  by  Bgricul- 
Lumti  in  fiimpi  CD^inLric^,  "  Pliny'*  graft." 

>i  Ttcto  stuiuiueiiU  u£  Id  the  Imailil)  cf  (\if  sap  nrc  i-rtoncoiifi. 

"  The  ig  is  the  only  ftuit  chat  it  nut  improvi-d  liy  ^ufiing;  hut  tlicn 
itti  mrit  liaijlnr  ro  ni^t  fruit,  txung,  oj  l''«c  taji,  nothing  mort  ittOD  a 
fte*]i|  flurul  n.-i;u]iladc.'. 


I 


Clsap.  M,]  VAHI0C8   HISDB  OF  OBATTIKQ  479 

middle  of  the  trcBj  aad  the  {^mflB  are  accordingly  taken  ttom 
IhcDoe;  the  upper  port  being  comparatively  dry.  The  graft 
takes  most  easily  in  a  tree,  the  burk  of  which  is  of  a  eiraUar  '* 
nsture  to  its  own,  and  which,  blo»soming  at  the  sniiie  timo  as 
itself,  has  an  affinity  with  it  in  the  dtvclopmcTit  of  the  natural 
juices.  On  the  other  hand,  the  proccsa  of  uniting  is  Lut  alow 
■where  the  dry  is  brought  in  contact  with  the  moisti  and  tko 
hard  bark  with  the  soft. 

The  other  point*  to  be  ohaorvcd  are  the  following:  the  inoi- 
eion  must  not  he  mude  in  a  knot,  EisRuch  lui  inhoepiiabl^"  ri^dily 
■will  MLTtainlyrepe!  the  stranger  plaut ;  the  iocision  shouM  bo 
mode,  too,  in  the  pEirt  which  is  maet  compact,  and  it  must  not 
be  muok  more  than  three  fingers  la  length,  not  in  a  frlanting 
<!irectioa,  nor  yet  &uch  as  to  pierce  the  tree  from  eido  to  side. 
Virgil"  h  of  opinion,  that  the  grafts  should  not  be  taken  from  the 
top,  an<l  it  is  upiTersally  figreed  that  it  is  beat  to  eolect  them  from 
the  shoulders  of  the  tree  which  look  towards  the  north'east ;" 
fifom  a  tree,  too,  that  ia  a  good  bcan^r,  and  from  a  young  shoot,'* 
unless,  indeed,  the  graft  ia  intended  for  an  old  tree,  in  which 
case  it  should  be  of  a  more  robust  growth.  In  addition  to  this, 
the  graft  ought  to  be  in  a  state  of  impregnation,  that  is  to  any, 
swelling"  with  buds,  and  ^ving  every  promise  of  bearing  tho 
eamo  year  ;  it  ought,  too,  to  bo  two  yecira  old,  and  not  thinner 
than  the  little  finger.  The  graft  is  inHerfccd  nt  the  smaller 
end,  when  it  is  the  object  of  the  grower  that  it  should  not 
ji^ow  to  any  considerable  length,  but  eprcftd  out  on  cither  side. 
Jiut  it  is  more  particularly  necessary  that  the  buds  upon  the 
graft  should  be  smooth  and  regular,  and  thcr«  muat  be  nothing 
upon  it  at  all  scabbed  or  ehrivclled.  Succchs  may  be  fully 
reckoned  on  if  the  pith  of  the  grart  itt  brought  in  contntl  with 
the  wood  nud  bark  of  tlic  stock  ;  that  being  n  much  better  plan 
than  merely  uniting  Lhcm  bark  to  bork.     In  pointing  the  grail, 

>^  This  remark  ta  fuuadod  on  sound  noUooB  of  vegetable  p]iysiaIozy; 
but  at  Iho  Euni«  timiO  it  is  cnntrndictonr  to  what  be  ttUei  ia  taticequtfu 
to  gniflicig  the  p«ti  on  lift  plunc,  the  apple  on  llie  cornel,  &c. 

"  G«ov|?.  ii.  7S. 

'*  All  tin:ici;Gs*3ry  procBiition.  It  i*  not  thr  sitnnifinn  of  tlie  biiin«lic» 
■0  muuti  as  the  auLure  of  tlie  soil,  Inivi^rscd  by  the  rovta,  uurrenpondiuj;  to 
ttiism,  that  would  be  likely  to  havo  an  intluciice  on  tho  ^rafi.  Than  is 
little  dirtilit  lliut  Pliny  biirroweil  the  prestot  poMogt  ^rom  I'oluraeilla,  Dfl 
Bo  Riut.  r.  11  ;  unil  D«  Aibar.  20. 

>*  This  b  Eoufld  advito.  "  Sco  B.  xri  s.  *"  tl- 


■JflO 


TLtXT  8   !!rATUIlA.L   UIBTOaT. 


(Book  XVIL 


the  pith  aaght  not  tg  Ve  lud  bue ;  still,  however,  it  sliould  be 
[lared  wttii  a  email  knife,  bq  that  tlie  ])oiiit  may  cusume  thu  fonil 
uf  a  fiiiH  w«dg«,  not  morij  than  tlirLtt  fingers  iu  leugUi,  a  flung 
tint  may  be  v&cy  easily  i/ffuct^fd  by  first  gteepuiR  it  in  water 
and  then  scraping  it.  The  graft,  however,  miiTttnotbejmintHJ 
while  the  wiiid  is  blowing,  rad  caro  mnst  be  takan  thut  thu 
Uirk  is  not  rubbed  off  from  Mther  graft  or  stock.  The  graft 
rauEt  be  tbniHt  icito  tliu  stuck  up  to  the  point  where  tlio  baric 
iM^ina ;  (juni,  too,  muat  bo  taken  not  to  wreucli  off  the  borlt 
during  tlic  proct^ss  ol'  iusertiijQ,  uor  mu^t  it  bu  thrust  luick  so 
us  bo  form  uny  folds  or  wiinkli.'s.  It  ifi  for  this-rcusoa  that  u 
grtdl  shuuld  riut  be  used  that  is  too  full  of  sup,  uo,  by  Hcroutui  1 
ni>  irinrB  tlian  ono  that  is  dry  and  parubed ;  for  by  doing  bo,  iu 
the  former  caae,  from  the  oxcesa  of  moisture,  tlie  bark  b(.-couie* 
dttfiched,  (ind  in  thn  ktter,  from  want  of  vitality,  it  yields 
no  gncrationa,  and  conBpquwit.Ir  will  not  incorporate  wixh  the 
slock. 

It  IB  a  ])oiut  nio»t  religiuu&iy"  obaerveil,  to  iiiacrt  the  gntft 
during  the  mooa's  increuse,  and  to  be  careful  to  push  it  down 
with  both  hands ;  indeed,  it  is  really  the  fact,  that  in  this  ope- 
nition,  tho  two  hacda,  anliinj  at  tbu  saniu  moment,  wre  of  nscus- 
i^ity  pru'ductive  of  a  more  modified  and  bettor  icgulut*.-d  effort. 
Orafis  that  have  teen  insertod  with  a  vigorous  effort  are  later 
ia  bBaring,  but  Istst  all  tho  longer  ;  when  iusrtrtAd  inoru  ten- 
derly, UiO  contmry  is  the  result.  The  inciMon  in  tlie  stock 
slionld  not  be  too  open  or  too  krge;  nor  ought  it  1o  be  too 
Bmall,  for  in  aueh  emu  it  would  eilher  force  out  tho  graft  or 
elle  kill  it  by  com  preyed  on.  But  the  most  ueccaBary  precaution 
of  all  is  to  eee  that  the  graft  iu  fairly  iniitrtod,  and  that  it 
Qdciipiea  exactly  the  middle  of  Uie  Hasure  iu  tho  stock. 

Somo^*  persons  are  in  (he  habit  of  making  the  place  for  tha 
fissure  in  the  stock  with  the  knife,  keeping  the  edges  of  the 
inciaion  togttber  with  bands  of  usifr  boiinii  tighlly  round 
the  sbKik ;  they  then  drivo  in  the  wedges,  the  baoda  kecp> 
ing  tlie  stock  firom  opening  too  wide.     Thore  ore  scune  trees 

1"  In  reprehending  this  absurd  nution.  Fin  bwtuTvn  it  niwsinu  (Wngnro 
un  the  >upeT»tLiiciu8  ol  lUis  imtuie,  cgntaiuad  ia  tbe  KufflUtt  Vui  ^i^illit- 
rum,  ono  q(  our  almannuks ;  hbH  in  llio  Ptcoch  "^Umiuiuuh  da  Bergen," 
"Shepli'inls'  Alniiinnrk," 

"  This  ia  bnrr;iwci]  bj  Pttlladius,  iu  the  epctatioas  of  Fubruury,  tit. 
17,  Mid  Octohu,  tit.  L2. 


Ciwp.  a*.] 


TARIOirS  KXHTDB  OP  GRiFTrsa. 


that  BTQ  grafted  in  tho  socd-plot  and  tUca  tnmH]iliuiU;d  tho 
Vary  same  day.  If  tlit  stock  used  for  gratUag  is  of  very  oou- 
aic2(>rable  thicknesR,  it  is  the  beet  plau  to  insert  the  grati  be- 
tween tlic  bark  mid  the  w-ood;  for  w^ich  purpose,  a  u'cdgo 
tundc  of  boiu'^  ia  hcatj  fur  fear  lest  when  the  bark  is  looacned 
the  ■wood  should  be  bruised.  In  the  cherry,  the  bark  ia  removed 
before  the  inciBion  in  Ihe  stock  ie  miide ;  ttiis,  too,  la  the  only 
treG  that  in  grafted  after  the  winter  soljttice.  When  the  bark 
is  reraoTfid,  this  tree  presents  a  sort  of  downy  subetan&e,  which, 
if  it  hnppuna  to  adhero  to  tlie  gruft,  wiJl  very  speedily  destroy 
it.  WLt-n  once  the  graft  is  safely  lodged  by  the  uid  of  tho 
uredge,  it  is  of  adruutogG  to  drire  it  home,  ll-  is  aa  exuethml 
plan,  too,  to  gralt  as  nvar  ttie  ground  as  pOBsible,  if  the  cou- 
tbrmalioil  of  the  trunk  »inl  knots  wil!  admit  of  it.  The  graft 
flhduld  not  prtijetit  li-uni  the  stock  more  tliaa  aix  tiiigora  in 
length. 

Cato'"  recomrnende  n  misbire  of  argiP'  or  ponderc'd  chalk, 
aod  eow-dimfl:,  to  bo  Htirrwi  togother  till  Jt  is  of  a  yiaeoiiB  voriiiiH. 
toscy,  and  tlii^n  inaertvd  in  the  fissure  aod  rubbud  »11  round 
it.  Prom  hie  writings  on  the  subject  it  ia  very  evident  that 
ut  that  [jDriod  it  was  Uiu  practice  to  engraft  only  between  tho 
wovd  and  the  buck,  and  in  no  oth«r  way ;  and  that  the  grail 
was  never  inaftrted  beyond  a  couple  of  fingpra  in  depth.'*  lie 
TBCOEiruonds,  too,  thnt  the  ji'Mr  aod  the  apple  should  be  i^riillvil 
in  spring,  iis  aluo  during  fifty  days  at  the  time  of  th#8nnimer 
aol3ti<!©,  and  during  tho  time  ofTiatuge:  but  that  the  olive 
.  fUid  ihfc  fig  ehuuld  be  grulttid  in  spring  only,  in  a  tliirfltiitg,  or 
in  othpr  words,  a  dry  moon  :  he  siiys  also,  that  it  should  ha 
done  iJi  tho  ftftc.'moon,  nnd  not  while  n  sosilli  wind  is  blowina;. 
It  18  a  eiD^uliix  thing,  tluit,  not  content  witli  proteoting  the 
graft  in  tlie  mauuLT  alri-iidy  mentioned,  and  with  shelterin)!; 
it  fi'oia  nhfiwcra  and  frosts  by  racans  of  turfs  and  &upp!e  hands 
of  split  oaiors,  he  rfcommrnds  that  it  ehonld  be  coyercd  with 
bugkiss"  .IS  well — a  kind  of  herb  fio  cnlh.-d — which  is  to  be 
tied  over  it  and  then  covered  up  vrith  straw.  At  the  pr^-npnt 
day,  however,  it  is  thought  suBiuient  to  cover  the  bark  with  a 

»"  De  Ee  JluM.  40. 
''  Tbu  ii  tliL°  oTigucnt  5aiiiUFIiicT«  of  the  T''T'cnch,  aod  u  itill  uMil  la 
pr"l«n.'t  the  gtafl  from  all  ciontunt  tnth  tlio  i-xLirinr  nir. 
I    ^    "Ahiiudiiiem,"  as  Dtilx-ebamjia  sugtr^^t  tvuuld  appear  tv  tie  a  bctiur 
iivtr  thuu  "Latiluiiinvm."  -^  S«t'U.  xiv,  o.  JO. 

TOL.   HI-  I  I 


482 


PI.raT  B   WATUILtL  nieTORT. 


[Book  XTU. 


mixture  nf  mud  and  chuff,  allowing  the  grail  to  protrude  a 

oDupU  of  tlngt-xa  in  louglb. 

IhoBO  wlio  wait  for  Hpring  to  cany  on  these  o|H}rations,  vill 
find  theDiaelve*  preswd  for  time ;  for  the  buda  arc  then  juit 
bursting,  except,  indeed,  in  the  casie  of  the  oUre,  the  bads  o{ 
whioh  nre  remarkably  long  in  developing  theniRt-lves,  the  tree 
itsfclf  having  cxtrcmeljr  little  sap  bcnt-ath  the  bark ;  this, 
too,  is  apt,  when  in  too  large  quiintitioB,  to  injure  thfi  gtattt, 
A«  to  the  pomegranate,  too,  the  fig,  and  tlin  reat  of  the  trtt» 
that  nre  of  u  dry  nature,  it  is  far  from  beneficial  tt»  tfaemto 
put  off  the  jiroocss  of  grafting  till  a  lal«  poriod.  The  paa* 
mtiy  hu  gri£lt«d  even  when  in  blossom,  m  that  witli  it  ibs 
operatioD  may  bo  saia\y  delayed  to  the  month  of  Uuy-  ercD. 
If  grafu  of  fruit  trees  have  to  bo  carried  to  any  diatanoe^  it 
w  considorod  the  bput  plan,  with  the  view  of  preserving  ll» 
juices,  to  iiiBC-rt  them  in  a  turnip;  they  may  also  be  kept  a)iw 
by  jdacing  them  near  ft  stream  or  a  pond,  between  two  lioUou 
tile's  oovurtd  up  at  ctdb  pnd  with  cnrth.  (15.)  The  grattsof 
rinos,  however,  are  kept  in  dry  holci,  in  which  tbey  lie 
eovercd  ovorwith  straw,  and  then  with  earth,  care  beiiig  taken 
to  k-t  the  topa  protrndo.'* 

VBAV.   25.— OHfTlMQ   THE   TIKE. 

Cflto**«peak8  of  tlirce**  metlioda  of  grafting  the  Tine.  Hie 
first  cuneiHta  in  pierciug  the  Bto<^ik  to  the  pith,  imd  then  insert- 
ing the  grafta,  ^arponed  at  the  end,  in  manner  alrpady  raeo- 
tioued,  euro  boing  lakea  to  briiig  thu  pith  uf  Lbo  two  in  con- 
lavt.  Ilie  eeuoud  is  adgpted  in  tasQ  the  two  vines  oro  neu 
une  another,  the  sides  of  them  bolk  being  cut  in  a  sluntin^ 
direotion  where  they  face  eaeh  other ;  aftj?r  which  the  pith  of 
the  two  trees  is  united  by  tying  them  together.  In  employ- 
ing the  third  method,  the  vine  ia  pirrct^d  obliquely  to  the 
pith,  and  gi-afta  are  inserted  a  couple  of  feet  in  length ;  they 
are  then  litd  dovm  and  covered  over  with  prepared  eartJi.care 
being  tuken  to  keep  them  in  on  upright  poeution.     In  our 

'*  Bftrrfiwed  from  Columella,  B.  iv.  e.  29.  This  mcthud  is  »tiU  aa- 
ploved  far  young- pliula;  in  France  it  Ii  utlled  "tailing"  the  |itauU. 

"4  rie  Rb  Husr,  4]. 

^  TliQ  fir&t  vf  cliHic  methnils  it  now  th?  only  one  at  oil  ctaplojiA 
villi  the  Tina ;  indocd,  li  a  mure  gcncnlly  reprocluwil  by  moiLnc  of  Uyt» 
aad  Euukera. 


CbBJi.  2fl.]  OKATTrNO   BT   BCCTCIIKONS.  46S 

time,  howevpT,  this  mrthod  hns  been  grcany  improved  l>y 
umkiog  uce  of  tlic  flalUc  aiigcir.''  wlildi  [ficrt^ufi  the  Ireo  willi- 
out  scorcliing  it  j  it  being  Uio  fuft.  tlmt  tverytJiing  lliJil  bums 
tlio  tree  wealienB  its  powi-re.  Cure,  too.  is  tftktn  to  BeU*ot  a 
graft  that  is  just  beginning  to  germinate,  and  not  to  leave 
more  tlmu  r  cciiiple  ol'  tb«  Imcls  protmiling  tfom  the  stock. 
Tho  vine,  too,  should  be;  catofully  bound  with  ivilljes  of  (lin, 
incisions  boing'  made  in  it  on  mther  side,  in  ordur  that  the 
slimy  jiiicfs  may  cxud**  through  iht-m  in  pwfercnec,  wliioh 
ftri!  HO  particulisrly  injiiriona  to  "llie  vine.  After  tbifi,  vljcn 
tlio  yrull  has  grown  a  couple  of  fcH,  tho  withe  by  which  it  is 
fpateiieil  shouM  be  cut,  aiiJ  the  ^iift  luft  to  iuL-i-eua;i  of  ila  own 
|tural  vigour. 
'  e  proper  time"  for  grafting  the  viae  has  fcpen  fiieii  cs 
the  (intuimiiU  'equinox  lo  the  beginning  of  the  buddinf* 
GCason.  The  euitiviited  plunts  are  generally  gT«lti'iI  tm  tin- 
roots  of  wildon^'S,  where  these  last  are  of  ai^riw  nature.  Hut  if 
a  cultivated  tree  should  he  grafl-ed  on  ii  wild  one,  it  will  vcn,- 
Boon  dpg:cnoriitf  anfl  bcoome  wiM,*  Tho  rrst  depends  entirely 
on  the  weather.  Dry  weftther  ie  the  best  auitod  for  gruftirig : 
un  t'xefltent  remedy  for  any  e-^il  effects  tliut  may  possibly  he 
caused  by  the  drought,  being  a  few  jioIr  of  earth  pljired  nenr 
the  Btoek  and  filled  with  ashes;  through  wiiii'h  a  little  wuler 
is  elowly  iiltert'd.  Light  duwa  are  Kstreniely  fuvourubk  Iw 
grafting  by  inotiulatioii. 

CHAP.    26.    (16)^QBAFTTS0    BT    BCCTCBE0H8.'" 

Orafling'  hy  ecutclieons  would  appear  lo  owe  its  origin  to 
that  by  inotolation  ;  hut  it  is  suited  more  particuiaily  to  a 
thick  boi'k,  RUch  as  (hat  of  (he  lig-tree  for  instance-  For  thi» 
purpoflf,  at]  the  biauohoB  are  cut  off,  in  ordtr  tliat  they  may 
not  divert  the  sap,  ttfter  whieh  the  smoothcat  part  is  Bclccted 

^  It  i«  not  nnruTnl.rly  known  what  wni-tlie  funtL  oi  poiliciiljii  merit  ot 
thii  aueiT  nr  vimUe. 

^  tuu  n.-»iuikii,  l)iat  the  period  here  nami-d  ia  Tcry  iudn'flniCo.  Mny 
And  \\i6  e&rly  poj-t  of  June  mre  tbe  peHode  now  stkcUd  fur  grafting  tLn 
vine. 

■'•  Tlii»  i«  tioiTowed  frmii  Varro,  Uu  Hn  Rust.  fl.  i.  c.  40.  In  rmlity, 
ii  niitlci>8  no  clifii^DDce  Khvtiuir  tho  eiock  IB  tliat  of  a  wild  tree  or  of  thi 
CultivulcJ  ipouiM. 

**  "EmploAtrum."'  I'rfiprrly,  tlicliltlfJiinparbtirk.irhictiiBlitteElinwith 
tlte  eje,  and  vliiuL  'ajiUuU-nd  cr  iul-lLri-d  lii^Ati. 


i 


■Cfi4 


PUNT  B  SATTJBiL   HTSTOHT. 


rEookXTU. 


la  tb«  stock,  and  u  scutcheon^'  of  the  bark  reraoTed,  due  care 
bfiDg  takfjn  that  thw  kuiiu  does  not  go  hflovr  It.  A  eimilftp 
piece  of  bark  from  another  tree,  with  u  protubcnint  bud  upon 
it,  IK  tlicii  insorled  in  ita  place,  care  bting  takou  that  tho  uuiim 
is  «o  exact  that  lUvw  is  no  rowin  left  for  a  cicatrix  to  form,  and 
tlic  juncture  ro  ptrtert  as  to  It-uve  no  kccuss  to  either  dHmp  or 
uir:  Mill,  howovcfj  it  is  always  the  best  phin  to  prDtt-et  tlic 
fitntohoriti  hy  means  of  ti  p]ii8t<!r  of  clay  and  a  hand.  Those  who 
favour  the  modern  fashinna  pretend  that  this  luflhod  h-js  bwti 
ouly  discoverod  in  rtcont  tiniea;  but  the  fact  is,  that  wo  find 
it  ciQjjloyod  by  the  ancient  GrL-L-it»,  and  df^ficrihed  by  Cato," 
who  rbcoiniaenda  it  lor  tJiu  olive  and  the  &g ;  and  be  gota  w 
fur  as  tu  dett-rmiau  tho  very  dimensions  ort'a,  iu  ocourdauue 
with  bis  usual  exjictness.  Thw  suutcbvou,  bt-  Buys,  when  taken 
oil'  with  the  ktiii'ci  bii'ouid  bn  Ibtir"  lingiTtt  iu  leitglh,  and  tbrtt- 
in.  breadth.  It  is  then  littud  lo  the  spot  which  it  is  tx>  uctnipy, 
and  uuoiiiled  with  the  mixture  of  his  which  has  been  prp- 
■vioHsly  dtsoribed."  This  molbod,  too,  he  reconimeiids  for  the 
ap])lc. 

Somii  p[irBona  liavo  adopted  another  plau  with  the  vbe, 
which  cuiiHibis  partly  of  thut  of  gnifting  by  scuicheon,  und 
partJy  by  liasurii;  thrty  first  remove  il  eipiare  piece  of  bark 
trom  thi3  stoclt,  and  then  iiiHert  a  slip  in  tho  plutiu  tliut  is  ihuD 
laid  bare.  I  oinro  buw  at  Thati*,"  utat'  Tibur,  a  tjeu  that  hud 
been  grafted'*  upon  all  these  various  wayp,  and  loaded  with  fruit 
of  every  kind.  ITpon  one  hraoL^h  thirt'  wene  nuts  to  be  seen, 
upon  another  brrrico,  upon  andtbcr  gntitfjt,  upon  anothiT 
ptrars,  upim  anutluT  tigs,  and  upun  others  ponifgrjiiiau™,  luid 

"  "Scumla."     Soeftlled  frcini  iterc^ffflblnnao  toA  "littlp  shield." 

"  Do  11(1  Iliist.  43-  "''  L'lilu  Bd)'*,  tbrt*  tiud  n-balf. 

"  ('lialk  iiiid  I'liw-iluni;.     Sea  c>  24  of  (his  Ilouk. 

*•  ri."iliiiMB  "Talisui"  wliipli  wmld  mean,  aut'orditig  to  Fntott  till 
"  caat'udes' '  at  "  wotcrfalla"  of  Tibur,  now  Tiniii. 

■  *•  Ki^i' saya,  lliat  if  wi.- tiiknj  the  wnrii  "frrnrtril"  hero  In  Uie  «Crict(*t 
RMi»o,  Pitiiy  niitat  liavr  %<-tn  ut  jjroKt.  a  niiiriril  kb  iiny  at  tliiwc  rautitlolNd 
in  tlie  "Arabian  Nigbtsi"  in  fact,  wfur  itnpossibiiitioi.  He  ihiirka  il 
iiociible,  howcfn',  iliut  u  kiail  uf  lu'ivkirmrtiuK  luav  liuvv  btaa  produml 
\n  till'  titaci,  elill  en]|il<<rcid  in  enmt  partn  ai  Ilaly.  nnd  Imnwn  lu  the 
"  ^rL'fTc-Iti-ine."  A  tnitik  nt'an  ninngn  irrt  iAaiiIit,and  nlifw  uf  nuRirriiiii 
tnitv  arv  l)iun  piutiL'd  into  it,  wliieli  in  timi:  tlicrivr  out  thuir  roliu)i«  nod 
bkiiwniiiK  ill  rar\aiii  [art*  »i'  ihr  tti:p,  or  nt  ifxt  lo|>;  tlio  crnn«>}qiifRCe  of 
\4'!jii:li  is,  tliul  the  stunk,  nppmre  to  Var  >«Trnil  «»rirtiK'e  of  Miuitoinit  ul  tbe 
laiuu  muuiijat.     ll  i^  uut  iuiprubablu  lliut  I'liay  wai  Uiuh  tui[fo«cd  upon. 


several  rarieties  of  the  apple ;  the  tree,  however,  nas  hut 
very  short-lived.  But,  with  all  our  exppntoents,  we  flnJ 
it  quiUi  impoBfiible  to  rivnl  Nature ;  IVir  Ihcro  are  eoiao 
plants  that  ■naii  he  reitrodueed  id  no  other  manuic-r  Ihitu  sjioii- 
tftneously,  and  then  only  in  wild  raid  dcsprt  spots.  The  plime*^ 
is  general!}^  considered  the  htsl  adwpt'fti  to  reocive  every  kind 
of  graft,  and  nrat  to  it  the  rohur;  both  of  them,  liow<;v*'r. 
are  very  apt  la  spoil  tho  flavour  of  tho  fruit.  Some  trees 
admit  of  grafting  upon  them  in  any  fiishion,  the  tig  and  the 
pomegranate  far  instance ;  the  vine,  however,  cannot  ho 
grafted  upon  by  Bcateheon,  nor,  indeed,  any  oUier  of  the  tn-cit 
which  has  a  burU  that  is  thin,  wt-ak,.  or  cracltpd.  So,  too, 
those  trees  which  nre  di-y,  or  whit^h  contain  hut  little  moisture, 
will  not  admit  of  grafting  by  inoculalion.  This  laHEiitivthud  in 
the  most  prolific  of  tliem  all,  and  next  to  it  thnt  hy  sttuti-lieou, 
but  neither  of  them  can  be  depf?nded  upon,  and  this  last  mnrii 
particularly;  for  when  the  adhcivnco  of  tho  bark  \e  liw.  only 
point  of  union  tho  scutcheoiL  is  liable  to  be  immediately  dis- 
placed hy  the  elightcist  guflt  of  wind.  Grafting  by  inflertion  is 
the  most  reliable  method,  and  tlie  tree  so  produced  wiU  bear 
uioru  fruit  than  one  that  ie  recrujy  planted, 

(17.)  Wo  must  not  lifie  omit  one  very  gingular  eireuin- 
Btaiioe.  CorelUus,  a  member  of  the  Ec[UD8triau  order  at  Home, 
and  a  native  of  Aleet*,  gnifted  a  chesniit,  in  Uk<  terrilorj-  of 
Neapolii^,  with  a  slip  t:ikeii  fcom  the  same  tree,  and  I'roiu  lhi» 
was  produced  the  ehesniit  which  ia  so  highly  eetecmrd,  and 
from  him  has  dcrivf-d  its  name.  At  a  Inter  period  ag-ain, 
Etereiua,  hi«  fn'edman,  grafled  the  Corelliaii^"  chccnut  afrcBh. 
There  is  this  differeneo  bcitwcen  the  two;  Ihe  Corellian  ia 
more  prolific,  but  the  Ktcrciau  ia  of  BupLTior  quality. 

OBAP.  27. TLANTB  ■WHICH  OBOW  FfiOM  A  BKUTCH. 

It  is  autident  that  has  the  credit  of  devieing  the  other  me- 
thods of  reproduction,  and  has  taug:ht  ua  how  to  breakotfa 
branch  of  a  tree  and  plant  it  in  the  earth,  from  eecing  staktis, 
■when  driven  in  the  earth,  take  root,  and  grow.  It  ie  iti  tliit- 
way  that  mauy  of  tho  trtes  are  reproduced,  and  the  fig  more 
partioularly;  whicli  may  he  propagated  also  by  all  the  methods 
previously  slAted,  with  the  exception, indeed,  of  that  bycuttiiigH. 

**  Thejilanc  and  the  oak  nre  no  longer  employed  for  the  porpoM. 
w  See  B.  jlv.  e.  25. 


4W 


PI.THT'b  FATDttAL  HISTOHT. 


pjookXVII. 


'rin»  Ixist  pliin.  however,  is  to  take  a  [»n*Uy  luTge  branoh,  and, 
fttter  »lmr]jcniiig  it  like  u  etukuj"  to  drive  it  lo  a  coTifudf^riible 
depth  in  the  turth,  taking  care  to  Ipbto  only  a  small  porlion 
Rbiive  ground,  und  llit-n  to  cover  it  over  with  aunii.  Thw  pome- 
grunutc,  too,  may  he  plontt'^l  in  u  similar  mtinner,  tlie  hole 
lR'iu|;Srst  widened  with  astakQ:  lliesame,  too,  wilh  thmnyrllc. 
For  iill  ti'L-ea  of  this  uutiiru  u  hrauuli  is  required  tliR-e  feet  in 
leiigtli.  and  not  quite  the  thieluie&9  of  the  wm,  care  being 
t«kfn  to  kwp  the  bulk  oil,  luid  to  thurptu  th«  bruuch,  to  s 
point  at  the  lower  end. 


^Ti 


cuAr.  28. — TEEM  Tvmca  gbow  prom  comRas;  thb  mod 

I'LA.HnXO    TtiKH. 

The  myrtle,  too,  may  bo  propagated  from  cuttings,  ami  the 
raulhcrry  is  groM'ii  no  other  way,  the  religions  obeervunwi! 
tvlutivu  to  lightning"  forbidding  it  to  be  gniftod  on  the  felia;*' 
lienee  it  would  ap[Kar  tlint  the  prcswat  is  a  fitting  opportunity 
fur  speaking  of  reprodnction  from  cuttings.  Cure  ahuutd  b« 
tiiken  more  particularly  to  adect  the  slips  from  fruitful  tret», 
t\Tid  it  ehonld  he  seen  That  they  arc  neither  bent,  senbbed,  nor 
bifurctited.  The  onftings,  loo,  should  be  thick  enough  to  Ul 
tho  hand,  and  not  leas  than  a  foot  in  length:  the  bark,  too, 
Hhould  be  uninjured,  and  the  end  which  itt  cut  and  lies  nearest 
the  root  should  always  he  the  cue  inBcrted  in  the  earth.  HVhile 
the  work  of  gcmiinittion  is  going  on,  the  slip  should  be  kepi 
well  moulded  up,  uutii  suuh  time  as  it  lioa  fully  ialLeu  root. 

emit.   29.  (18.) THE  CULTTTATIOH  OT  THE  0LIT8. 

Cato'''  ha»  treated  ao  well  of  the  pr<-cautiofls  that  are  QCCU- 
snry  in  cultivating  the  olive,  that  wo  cannot  do  bettor  than 
L'mploy  his  own  worda  on  tho  euhjcct.  ''Let  tho  slips  of 
olive,"  say»  he,  "  which  you  are  about  to  plant  in  the  hole,  be 
tlireo  feet  long,  and  be  very  careful  in  your  Ircattnont  of  them, 
ao  as  not  to  injure  tho  bai-k  wheu  you  aro  Binoothing  or  culling 
theai.  Those  that  you  UTS'  going  to  plant  in  the  nursery, 
should  hti  a  foot  in  length  ;  and  you  should  plant  them  thu 
f'ollowliig  way;    let  the  spot  be  turned  up  with  the  mattoelc, 

"  8(«  c.  29  of  thi*  Bouk.  *"  See  B.  if.  t.  17. 

*i  The  raulhenr  is  incapublo  of  beiiis  grafl**!  on  tlie  vha. 
u  De  Ru  Eiint.  IS.     TIiq  nielhcxl  ot  pluming;  liere  4(i*ccil)eil  is  atill  llii 
one  moel  gcnurally  njiprovcd  of  for  tho  olivo. 


Ohmp.  M.]  TBASsPLA-MTINO  OPERATIOSa.  487 

and  the  BoLl  be  well  looeencd.  When  i  ou  put  the  ontting  in  the 
groiind,  preas  it  down  with  tlie  foot  Quly.  If  tliero  is  tmy 
difficulty  iu  making  it  descpiid,  drive  it  down  with  a  mnllct  or 
the  handle  of  the  dihbio,  hut  be  cart-i'ul  not  to  break  the  burk 
in  doing  so.  Take  care,  tuo,  not  to  nialiu  a  hole  first  with  the 
dibble,  for  the  slip  will  hitvo  the  better  chnnce  of  auiTiriiig  the 
other  way.  When  the  slip  is  three  yL'ara  old,  duo  cure  must  be 
tukiiii  to  observo  tJie  dircctioii  in  wliich  (^a«h  siilc  of  the  btii-k  ia 
eituato.  If  you  are  planting  in  holea  or  fnrrowa,  you  must 
put  in  the  cuUiuga  by  thi-eeK,  but  be  careful  to  keep  them 
eeparute.  Above  ground,  however,  they  should  doI  be  more 
tbua  fgiir  fingers  distiuit  from  one  auather,  and  tacb  of  them 
must  have  a  bud  or  vje.  above  grotmd.  lo  tuking  ujj  the  olive 
for  tnuiBplHJiting,  you  must  use  the  greatest  giiution,  and  see 
that  there  ia  ua  much  earth  left  about  the  roots  as  pussihU-, 
When  you  have  covered  the  roots  well  up,  tread  doi^ii  tlio 
earth  with  the  footj  so  that  nothing  may  injure  the  plunt," 

CSAB,  30.^-^i(A»BpLiJrTlJIO  0PKBAJ-IOM8  AS  PE$IB[SDTE1>  IBROHDH- 
OCT  THE  VAEloOa  SEASONS  Of  THE  Y*LLK. 

If  lli«  enquiry  is  made  what  ia  the  prop^  aeaaon  for  plant- 
ing tbe  olive,  my  answer  will  be,  "  where  the  soil  is  dry,  at 
seed-lime ;  where  it  is  rich,  in  spring."  The  following  is  the 
advice  given  by  Cato"  on  the  subject :  "Begin  priiniug  your 
olive-yard  fifteen  days  before  the  vernal  equinox  ;  from  that 
period  for  forty  duys  will  be  a  good  time  for  doing  bo.  In 
pruning,  adopt  the  following  niloB:  when  thtt  ground  is  ex- 
tremely productive,  romove  all  the  dry  branehcia  or  such  as 
may  have  been  broken  by  the  wind;  whcru  it  ie  not  so  pro- 
lifii3,  you  muEt  cut  away  still  more,  then  tie  them  well  up, 

*and  remove  all  tangled  bninches,  so  as  to  lighten  the  roote. 
In  autumn  clear  away  tbe  roots  of  the  olive,  and  then  manure 
them.  The  man  who  biboura  most  aasiduoualy  and  moat 
earnestly  will  remove  the  very  smallest  fibres  that  are  attjiohed 
to  the  roots.  If,  however,  he  hoea  negligently,  the  roots  will 
soim  appear  again  obove  ground,  and  become  thicker  than 
ever ;  the  consoqiience  of  which  will  he,  that  the  vigour  of  the 
tree  will  bo  espondcd  in  the  roots." 

We  have  already  stated,  when  Bpc>aking  oq  the  subject  of. 
^  De  Be  Bust.  44.     Tbc  rules  ticre  jiven  aie  sCilL  vtiry  geaeiall)'  ol^ 
nmd. 


4»» 


PUlTT'a  MATURAL  WBTOllT.  [Book  XVII. 


oil,"  what  nre  t!ic  diflerent  varieties  of  tho  oUvc,  in  whut  kiad 
of  sail  it  oogbt  to  be  planted,  and  what  js  the  proper  asjwct 
fur  the  olivo-yard.  Mugo  recummtiudi!  tliat  the  olive  ahould 
be  piuntL-d  oa  docliviljeii  and  in  dry  epots,  in  aii  argilluci-nir^ 
soil,  ami  between  autumn  and  the  winter  tqiiioox.  If,  on  the 
other  hand,  (lie  ;>ciil  in  thick,  humid,  or  somewhat  damp  i^vea, 
jtotigbt  lo  \>B  pluntRd  betwec'Q  harvest  and  the  winter  solstice; 
Bilvice,  however,  it  ehould  bo  toTncmbered,  applicalile  to  AiKoi 
iiioro  parLiculurly.  At  the  pruaent  day,  it  ia  moatly  the  cuBtoto 
in.  Itiily  to  plant  the  olive  in,  spring,  but  if  it  ia  tliotight  d&- 
siiable  to  dg  6o  iu  tho  auluinu  as  wtU,  thoro  are  only  four  daja 
in  Ihw  fwrty  between  the  ci|iiinox  and  the  setLiuK  of  the  Vui^ 
((ihse  that  ttiu  unfitvourable  for  planting  it."  It  is  a  ^racticv 
peculiar  to  Afiicit,  to  eiigruft  the  olive  on  the  wild  olive  only, 
a  tree  which  is  mfwie  to  be  eTerlusting,  as  it  were  ;  for  when  il 
hfconips  old  the  heat,  of  the  BUckers  tire  carefully  tnunt^d  for 
iido|iLu)n  by  gcaPliiiu,  and  in  this  way  in  auolher  tree  it 
P'OWB  young  ogaiu  ;  un  operation  whicli  may  be  n^pedted  con- 
tinuously as  often  as  needed;  eo  much  eo,  indeed,  that  ih^ 
Kitme  olivD'Yard  will  Inat  for  ages."  The  wild  olive  aleo  i» 
piopHgalM  both  by  insertion  aod  iiioculution. 

U  is   not  adviauble   to   plant  the  olive  in  a  tute  wheiv  th^ 
fpLereus  liaa  been  htlely  rooted  tip  ;   fur  the  earth-worniB,  kuowA_ 
iiK  "  rauciB,"  which  breed  in.  the  root  of  the  quereus,  ora^^H 
to  get  into  that  of  the  olive.    It  hoB  been  found,  &om  praeq^^l 
experience,  that  it  is  not  advinablo  to  bury  tho  cuttings  in  He 
ground  nor  yet  to  dry  them  before  they  aro  pLanted  out.     Ex- 
perience has  also  taught  its  thut  it  ia  llie  best  pluu  to  clean  au 
vUl  olive-yard  every  other  year,  between  tlie  vernal  cqutDui 
Had  the  rising  of  the  Vergilite,  and  to  lay  moss  about  the  roots; 
to  dig  holes  also  round  the  trees  everj-  ye«r,  just  t»tl«r  the 
Huminer  solstice,  two  cubits  wido  by  a  fbot  in  depth,  and  to 
niatiure  them  every  third  year. 

Mngu,  too,  rofiommtindB  tliut  the  almond  should  be  planted 
hetwecn  the  setting  of  Arcturus"  and  th«  winter  sulstioe.     AU 

«  E.  IV.  0.  e. 

*^  See  a.  2  of  this  Book,  anil  B.  iviii.  o.  69. 

'*  'Ilia  (ili»6  u  an  eilrifrDitly  hng-livcd  tr*H;  it  hag  hcnn  known  to  liva 
as  long  B»  nine  or  ten  ceiitiirieB.  A  irupmcint  of  Ihe  hiirk,  wiUi  •  tiuto 
Hood  iittacb^d,  if  put  £il  the  giumiil,  will  Llirow  out  root*  and  "prilig  ap. 
rieuc^i  it  LI  not  to  01  wondijrvd  at,  tliat  I'll*  anoimU  locikotl  upon  U  lu  iu- 
morbd.  "  B.  zviii.  o.  74. 


the  varieties,  bowerer,  of  the  pear,  he  says,  should  not  bi> 
planted  ot  the  same  time,  as  tiiey  do  not  all  hlo^anm  together. 
Those  with  ohloiig  or  round  fruit  should  be  |iIiuitj-J  littwwn 
the  getting  of  the  VePfsiilisD  and  the  w-inter  solstice,  cTid  the 
other  kinds  in  the  middle  of  the  winter,  after  the  setliii™  of  the 
congtclUition  of  the  Arrow,*'  on  a  situ  that  looka  towanJs  tho 
east  or  north.  The  laiual  should  he  planted  between  tho 
Bt-ttiug  ijf  tho  Esglu  odJ  that  of  the  Aixuw ;  l(>r  we  find  thiil 
the  proper  time  for  planting  is  equally  eonnect^d  with  the  uspect 
of  the  iieaveoly  hodies.  for  the  most  part  il  lius  heeu  rvoom* 
mended  tluit  this  ehould  be  donti  in  spiijig  and  autiimii ;  but 
thi^re  is  another  appropriate  period  also,  though  known  to  but 
flew,  about  the  rising  of  the  Dog-star,  namely  ;  it  is  not,  how- 
f-Tcr,  pqnally  advuntftgcous  in  all  localities.  Still,  I  onght  not 
to  omit  making  mention  of  it,  aa  I  am  not  setting  forth  the 
pL'Culiar  advantagcB  of  any  omi  country  in  particular,  hut  am 
eutjuiring  into  the  opemtions  of  Nature  taken  as  a  wliulo. 

In  tho  region  of  CyrLnaica,  the  planting  is  generally  done 
while  tho  litoeiim'"'  winds  prevail,  and  the  eaiao  is  the  enw  in 
Ureeee,  and  with  the  olive  more  particularly  in  Lacimia.  At 
this  period,  also,  the  vine  ie  planted  in  the  ifllnnd  of  Co§  ;  and 
in  thi3  r«?st  of  Greece  they  do  not  neglect  ti»  inoculate  and  griill:, 
though  they  do  not"  plant,  their  trees  just  then.  The  natui'al 
qnoliticft,  too,  of  tho  respective  localities,  exercise  a  very  consi- 
derable influence  in  this  respect;  for  in  Egypt  they  plant  in 
any  mouth,  aa  also  in  ail  other  coantries  whero  summer  rains 
do  not  prevail,  India  and  ^Ethiopia,  for  instance.  When  treeu 
are  uot  plauti^  in  the  spring  Ihey  muBt  bu  plauted  in  auLuuin, 
aa  a  matter  of  oourBe, 

There  are  thre«8 tatted  periodB,  then,  for  germination;'"  epring, 
the  rising  of  the  Dog-star,  and  that  of  Arcturus.  And,  indeed, 
it  ift  not  the  animated  beings  only  that  are  ardent  fof  the  pro- 
pagatioa  of  their  specioB,  for  lliia  desire  ia  manifested  in  even 
u  greater  degree  by  the  earth  nod  all  its vegetAhle productions; 
to  employ  thiB  tendency  at  the  proper  moment  is  the  most 

*s  fl.  xriii.  -0,  J*. 

*»  B.  ii.  c.  47,  and  B.  XTJii.  c.  fiS, 

""  There  is  n  tiiolraclictiuu  here  ;  n  trw  lines  above,  he  saji  tliat  thcT 
(&ipl!(nt  their  trees  in  Grence  at  fhia  peiiud.  He  ni4y  posaJhlynioBJi  "snw, 

*'  S«e  fl.  iri.  0.  41.  TUe  mica  hurti  laid  (iown  ty  Piiay  are,  a*  I'ie 
remarks,  rauuli  tw  rig^t)u»,  Md  PUit  b«  ii(Oilifi.ed  aveoriliiig  to  uinuwut 
oiroumstauoes,  • 


490 


PLtNT'e  KA.TUIUX  niBTOBT.  [Book  XVII. 


advanfagcnns  metiiod  of  ensuring  an  abninlant  infrcaac.  Thfue 
moments,  too,  nre  of  nccuUiir  importance  in  relation  to  the 
procesa  of  grafting,  as  it  is  then  that  the  two  produalioiu  ma- 
nifo8t  a  TOutiMil  desire  of  uniting.  Those  who  prefer  the  Ppriti; 
fur  fp^ftiag  comniciicG  opcrutiuDB  inimediittelir  ailcr  the  vemiil 
cquioox,  rec^kuDiug  on  tliQ  fuut  Ihut  thvu  the  buds  are  jnA 
coming  out,  a  thini;  that  greatly  facilitates  the  UDiQa  of  the 
b(irk§.  On  the  utlior  hand,  tlioiw  who  prefiT  the  autumn  graft 
iniinediatelj  hFIlt  tliu  riain^;  of  Ajrvtume,  beuauae  Uivo  the  gnti 
at  oace  lakes  root  in  soine  degree,  and  hecomes  Aeaaoned  fw 
Hpriug,  so  OS  not  to  cxhuuat  ita  strength  all  at  once  in  the  pio- 
CPBS  of  germination.  However,  th(ire  are  certain  fixed  penoila 
of  the  your,  in  all  eaaca,  for  Lt-nnin  trees ;  thua,  the  cherry, 
for  inBtance,  and  the  alruund,  are  either  planted  or  gniilcd  about 
the  winter  soUtice,  For  many  trees  the  nature  of  the  locality 
well  ho  the  hvst  guide ;  thus,  whero  the  eoil  is  cold  and  moist 
it  is  heat  to  plaut  in  spring,  aud  wh«ru  it  is  dry  aiid  hot,  in 
autumn. 

Tuking  Italy  in  general,  the  proper  periods  for  these  opcn- 
liona  may  he  thus  distrihntffd ; — The  mulberry  ib  planted  &t 
any  time  between  the  ides  of  February"  and  the  vernal  equi- 
nox; the  pear,  in  the  autumn,  hut  not  btyoud  the  fiflcentli 
day  before  thti  winter  fiolatiop  ;  the  summer  apples,  the  quiooe, 
the  sorb,  and  the  plum,  between  mid-winter  and  the  idex  of 
February :  the  Greek  curub*^  and  the  peiwh,  ut  any  time  in 
autumn  before  tlie  winter  eolstiee  ;  the  various  uut^,  such  w 
the  walnut,  pine,  filhtrt,  almond,  and  ch^snut,  hi^twemi  the 
cnlcnda  of  Man^h**  and  thw  idea  of  that  month;'*  the  willo* 
the  broom  about  the  caleods  of  March.  The  broom  ii 
from  fi4;ed,  and  \a  a  dry  soil,  the  willow  from  plants^  in 
ianip  locality,  iia  already  8t»tf;d  on  former  occasions.'* 
(19.)  That  I  may  omit  nothing  to  my  knowledge  of  the 
faets  that  1  have  anywhere  been  abk  to  ascertain,  I  sball  hen 
add  a  new  method  of  gntl^ng,  which  has  been  diBcoTered  by 
Colamella,"  as  he  asserts,  by  Uie  aid  of  wti<:h  tn-es  even  of  a 
hotorogcueous  or  dissociable  naturu  may  be  made  to  uniUii 

n  I3ib  of  Pebnisry.  M  B.  xv.  o  2«. 

**  IstwfMnich.  "  ISth  of  Maroh. 

»•  I),  ivi.  cc  30,  i6,  «7,  nnd  7B. 

"  De  He  Uuat.  :b.  t,  o.  11..  A  very  abnird  oqd  useLeas  laetliodt  Fie 
temarlu. 


I 


Ch«p.  31,]         CLEAsnro  Ain>  BAJtino  tHK  BOOTS.  491 

Buch,  for  inataBce,  as  the  fig  and  the  olive.  In  aocordanoe 
with  tills  pluii,  he  rcconiiiiout]»  thnt  11  fi^-troe  should  he  plautod 
uear  oil  oliTe,  ut  a  difctEiiiue  tiuiliuk-iLtlj  iimi  to  oduiit  of  thij  l^g 
being  touchttd  by  a  branch  of  the  olive  when  extended  to  its 
full  Ipiigth  ;  as  supple  and  pliant  a,  oBe  as  possible  being  BeU'uled 
for  the  paipoae,  and  due  euro  being  tuki'U  all  Iho  time  to 
render  it  scaaoned  by  keeping  it  constantly  on  the  stretch. 
AfttT  this,  when  the  fig  has  gained  suffitient  vigour,  a  tiling 
that  generally  happeua  at  thu  end  of  thrtie  or  five  yenrs  iil 
mos-t,  the  Lop  of  it  ia  cut  off,  iho  end  of  the  olive  brunch  bt-ing 
also  tut  to  a  point  in  the  mannor  already  Blatod."  Thia 
point  16  thuu  to  be  inserted  in  tlie  trunk  of  thi^  &g,  and  inudti 
secure  with  cords,  lesl,  hoing  bent,  it  sliould  happen  to  rubound: 
in  tliia  way  we  find  thu  method  of  propaguting  by  lnyvnt  com- 
bined witb  that  of  gmt'ting.  This  uiiioB  between  tiie  two  pa- 
rent trees  in  allowed  to  continue  for  three  yeara,  and  then  in 
the  fourth  the  bruueh  is  cut  away  and  left  cntiriely  upon  the 
tree  that  has  bo  ftdnpted  it.  This  method  how^pver,  is  not 
at  prfsent  imiversdly  known,  at  all  events,  bo  far  as  I  have 
buen  ablu  to  uscL^i-tuin. 

OBAP.  31. — CLEANING   AHD   BAE1S0   TIIB   B00T8,    AKD   MOTILnrafl 
THEM. 

In  addition  to  these  particulnra,  the  same  considerations 
thrtt  I  bavfc  already"'  nicntijoned  in  reterence  to  warm  or  cold, 
moist  or  dry  soile,  have  also  taught  ns  the  ncoeBaity  of  irench- 
ing  around  the  roots.  These  trenches,  however,  in  a  moiet, 
■watery  6oil,  should  be  neiihcr  wido  Dor  deep ;  while  the  con- 
trary ia  the  case  where  the  ground  is  hot  and  dry ;  tt  being  tho 
object,  in  the  latter  insLunee,  to  let  them  reoeive  and  retain  as 
much  water  as  possible.  This  rule  is  applicable  to  the  culture 
of  old  trees  as  well ;  ibr  in  very  hot  places  the  roots  ure  well 
moulded  in  summer,  and  carefully  covered  up,  to  prevt^nt  t]ie 
heat  of  the  sun  fi'oni  parching  ihem.  Ia  other  planes,  again, 
the  ground  is  cleared  away  from  tho  roots,  in  order  to  give  free 
acceea  to  the  oir,  while  in  winter  they  are  coretully  moulded 
to  prot<>ct  them  from  the  frost.  The  contrary  ia  the  case,  how- 
ever, in  hot  cUmatee,  for  there  they  baro  the  roota  in  winter 

»•  Inc.  24  of  this  Book. 

*"  All  the  prccqiu  given  in  thia  Chapter  have  boon  ilieady  giten  In  m. 
3  Bad  4  oIl\u)  prcscut  Book. 


J^2 


PLIKT'«  SAT0B4L  HISTOUT. 


[Ttwk  XTIl. 


for  Ilia  purpoao  of  cnauring  a  supply  of  jnoisture  to  tba 
]nirchcd  fibres. 

In  uU  places  the  rule  is  to  mabe  a  circular  trench  thm 
fi'cl  iu  width  at  the  fout  of  tliu  trcu  ;  this,  Lowi-vur,  it  is  not 
pOHsibtc  to  do  in  meadows,  whero  the  roots,  in  Uic-ir  fuadiiMi 
for  the  aun  and  showers,  rang?  near  the  surface  Cir  anil  mie. 
Such,  then,  are  the  genoral  obsprvations  that  wo  liave  to  make 
in  reference  to  the  planting  and  gmftiDg  of  tr&es  that  ve  valve 
for  their  fruits. 

CHAP.  S2.  (20.5 — wuLOW-JiXXia. 

It  now  remains  to  give  an  account  of  thas<e  trees  wliioh  an 
pUutcd  for  the  sake  of  others — the  vine"*  more  pai'tieularly — 
aniJ  the  wood  of  which  is  cut  from  timo  to  time.  Holding  the 
wry  firat  mak  among  thiisa  wc  find  the  wiUow,  a  tree  that  il 
always  plunted  in  a  moist  soil.  The  hok,  howcvGr,  Bhooldbe 
two  foot  and  a  half  iu  depth,  and  the  etip  a  foot  and  a  half 
only  in  Ipngtl).  WJUow  RtiUccs  aio  rIbo  uscil  for  the  sama 
purpose,  and  the  iitout<!r  they  are  the  better :  the  distauce  Idft 
between  these  last  slioald  be  aii  feet.  When  they  ar©  llir« 
yeiirs  old  thpir  growth  is  checked  by  cutting  them  down 
within  a  conple  of  feet  from  the  ground,  thu  object  being  to 
make  thom  spread  out,  ho  that  by  the  aid  of  their  ))rauclie9 
thpy  may  be  olenrod  without  the  neccs^ty  of  uaing  a  laddiT; 
for  the  willow  is  the  more  productive  the  nearer  ita  brandies 
are  to  Iho  ground.  Il  is  generuily  rwunaiacndwd  to  trencb 
round  the  willow  every  yearj  ia  the  uionib  of  April,  Such 
is  the  mode  of  cuUiTittion  empbyed  for  the  osier  willow.*' 

The  stake  wiilow"  is  reproduced  both  from  sucker?  anJ 
futtinga,  in  a  trench  of  the  same  rlimeusions.  Stakes  may  1«« 
cut  from  it  nt  the  end  of  about  three  years  mostly.  Thtts 
Htak«9  are  also  used  to  supply  the  place  of  the  trees  ft.i  theT 
grow  old^  being  fixed  in  the  groimd  as  layers,  and  cut  away 
from  the  trunk  at  l-he  and  of  a  year.     A  single  jugorum  a 

*  The  maple,  linden,  elm,  and  arundo  donux,  ara  Etill  cmptojcrt,  ai  iitD 
as  Ihe  wilJuw,  for  this  puipciae ;  the  luttci,  hosrever,  buiTftrytarely,  Tb« 
oceount  of  ite  cultivatiuQiicro  gUun  is  burrowed  IVom  Columella,  DeBa 
Hujit.  B.  iv,  c,  30. 

"  Tliu  Salix  vimiaaliB  ofLiimwue,  or  white  OBiot. 

°>  Tlio  Salix  alliii  >af  liniiDiis.  TtaeK  lUkw.  or  props,  are  for  the  tt^ 
port  of  tb«  vine. 


Chap-  aa.] 


BBBQ-BEDS. 


493 


osier  wUiowe  will  supply  osiers"  suflScient  for  Ewenty-fivejugera 

of  vini'S.  It  is  for  a  similar  purpiine  tJiat  tlie  white  [joplai** 
is  growD  ;  the  IjviicLl'S  being  twu  I'c-et  deep  and  the  <imtiiig  a 
foot  and  a  half  in  longth.  It  is  lett  to  dry  for  n  couple  of  diiys 
befoTV)  it  IB  planted,  and  o,  Rpnce  ia  li?:ft  betwBPn  the  plants  a  foot 
and  a  palui  in  widlh,  aflcr  wlsich  they  are  covored  with  eartli 
tu  iUti  dk'ptb  of  a  couplti  of  cubite. 

|P  CS-tP.  SS. — KBEB-BEOa. 

The  rccci"  requires  a  &oil  still  raoiBter  oven  than  that  em- 
pliiytd  iur  the  willuw.  It  ia  plaiittil  by  [ilaciug  the  hulh  of 
the  root,  that  part  which  eome  poopk  cull  the  "tyc,""  in  n 
Ircntrh  three  quarters  ol'  a  foot  in  depth,  at  intcrTuls  of  two 
feet  and  a  half.  A  rtpd-bed  will  renew  itself  spontaneowaly 
atlcr  the  old  ono  has  been  rooted  up,  a  eireumstfinco  which  it 
litis  Letm  foutid  more  hmeficiid  to  take  tidvautuge  of  thiui 
merely  to  thin  them,  at)  was  foraicrly  the  practice  ;  the  rQot:> 
being  in  the  haliit  <jf  creeping  and  becoiaixig  interlaced,  u 
tiling  that  ends  eventually  in  the  deBtruution  of  ttie  bed.  Ttiu 
proper  time  for  jilanting  reeds  in  before  the  (^yes  begin  to  sneJl, 
ror,  in  other  words,  before  Uie  ealcnda  of  March."  Tlie  reed 
■contiotits  tn  iiicrpiu^e  imlii  thw  winter  Solstice,  hut  eeiises  to  do 
50  when  it  begioa  to  grow  hard,  a  sign  that  it  is  fit  for  tutting. 
It  ift  generaliy  thought,  tuo,  liint  the  reed  requires  ty  be 
trcuehed  round  as  oltun  as  tbcj  vine. 

Thi)  reed  also  Ib  planted  in  a  horizontal  position,*  aud  then 
covered  with  earth  to  u  very  great  depth  ;  by  this  laethod  as 
niaoypUnte  spring  up  its  there  are  eyes-  It  is  propagated,  also, 
by  ptiiiiliug  out  in  treocheB  u  foot  in  dt'pth,  care  K'ing  luken  to 
cover  Up  two  of  the  eyes,  while  a  third  knot  13  Ic-ft  jurt  on  a 
levc!  with  the  ground;  the  head,  too,  is  bent  downwards,  tbiU. 
it  may  not  become  charged  witli  dew.  The  reed  isueually  cut 
when  the  moon  is  on  tlut  wane.**  When  required  for  tlic 
vintytird,  it  is  hctter  dried  for  a  year  than  UBcd  in  a  gnvn 
state. 

»**  Fflr  mnkiog  Imskots  ami  liiiiilinB;^. 
**  Tho  PoiJiiluB  cuncBC'ciis  «f  WiuJeuuw. 
'"  The  AruniLo  iJiiiuix  of  IJunisus.    Tliis  account  li  motttj  from  Coin* 
BQclla,  B.  iv.  c.  32.  *•  M,  iri,  e.  67.  "  Kiwi  of  Marcli. 

"  ThiB  metlHjil  ii  coiiilfiDntd  liv  CulimieBa.  De  Arlitir.  2S,  as  [lie  \nii- 
duce  ifi  pour,  aieMgre,  aud  WL-iit.     IL   is  but  lill-k'  pruuliusd  lit  lliit  pri  *i'i;t 


dav. 


■*  A  tutru  BiipiTstitiou,  uf  oyiuw. 


4M 


JLIWt'b  ISxrCUkti   UISTOJtT. 


[BoflkXra 


OlUf.    34. OTHKH    PLAKTB    THAT    AJIK    COT    JCa   POLKS  JUTB 

BTAEKd. 

The  chamat  is  found  to  produce  l»etti»r  rtays'"  f^r  tlie  %-inc 
than  any  other  tree,  both  from  tho  facility  with  which  they 
lire  worked,  their  extremity  Wling  qnulities,  and  the  liireum- 
itatioe  that,  whon  ciit^  tho  true  wiU  bud  again  more  spc«dilf 
than  the  willow^'  oven.  It  r<>quires  a  soil  tJiat  ia  light  withoal 
buiutf  gravoUy,  a  uioiat,  fiaody  une  mope  purticularly,  or  eI«o  a 
oliarconi  *>anli,"''  or  a  fine  tuiu'*^  evttn  ;  while  at  tlic  same  time 
a  oorUiern  nnpoct,  however  cold  aud  t;hatly,  anil  If  u|ion  s 
declivity  CTon,  greatly  promolcB  its  gro\rtli.  It  rofasoa  to 
grow,  however,  in  a  gravelly  8oiI,  or  in  red  eartli,  uhalk,  or, 
indued,  any  kind  of  furtiliiiing  ground.  We  have  already 
Btfitci^,'*  tliat  it  is  reproduced  frora  the  nut,  but  it  wiU 
only  grow  from  those  of  tho  largest  size,  aud  then  only  whtn 
Ihoy  are  sown  in  hsKpH  of  fivu  togfthcr.  The  ground  abnru 
the  nuts  should  lio  kept  hrokc-ii  from  the  inontb  of  'Novemltr 
to  February,  us  it  i»  at  that  period  that  the  flats  lose  thetr 
hold  and  iUll  of  thembclvtis  bom  the  troo,  and  tlicn  tuks 
root.  There  ought  to  be  ia.tc.TTiJs  of  a  foot  in  width  left 
between  tiicm,'*  and  the  hole  iu  which  they  are  planted  should 
be  nine  infihes  every  way.  At  the  end  of  two  y«ani  or  more 
they  are  tran^pIfLUtijd  from  this  aeud  plot  into  ttnotber,  wh«re 
they  are  laid  out  tit  iiitorpais  of  n  couplft  of  foct. 

Layers  an-  also  cniploytd  for  The  rtiprodnction  of  ihi*  treP, 
and  there  is  nono  to  which  they  are  helter'*  odiipted  :  the  root 
of  the  plant  ia  left,  expoBtsd,  and  the  kyer  in  placed  in  the 
treniib  at  fall  length,  with  tho  Bummit  aldo  protruding  fhim 
th€  aartb  ;  the  rasiilt  being,  that  it  shoots  IVom  thu  tup  as  wvll 

™  "  Pedamenta,"  uprig'lita,  stjiys,  sttikeK,  or  propi. 

^>  Tliii  is  not  the  faut,  fur  tbu  choiuut  botb  irrowg  and  buds  rcry  dowlj. 

"  A  l)laclt,  hot  kiiiil  ni  ciirth,     &m  a.  :J  of  lUi*  Udok. 

™  In  mftlily.thtcliesuut  will  not  llime  in  fi  tufaBctiiw,  or.  iii'lMd,inui]' 
kiniJ  of  caleari'iHis,  mil,  ''■'  In  H.  iv,  c  '23. 

"  Tlip  livitjis  oi  flvu  ill  which  tlicy  are  aown, 

*  The  tili«anut  JH  crown  with  thc.ijwafffrt  di0FjttCjifKiia  Jayers  nnd  »ltTi«, 
and  fl'Svor  fi(jm  •iiclers.  I'litiy  burrow*  tliiu  orriiiii«iu  oasartion  ttom 
Coitamcllft,  B.  iv.  c.  32.  In  imcntioniiig- tlic  hi-apBiifflvo  niiU,  Pliny  Mcmi 
tu  Iiut'ii  liail  snnie  Buperclitiaus  obd-T France  in  view,  tin:  Culumalla  only  tayi 
thnt  they  must,  lir  sown  tliicLty^  to  provont  fuiQiiJcrit.  TLo  uuiiio  ie  donn  nl 
llio  |>ce»vut  liay,  iu  order  Iu  lauku  pruvlsba  for  tlie  depr«dittluiu  of  fitjd' 
uiuo,  Tuta,  imd  inioc,  wliick  nro  punicubrly  fond  of  tJiEiii. 


OS  the  root.  Wlion  traQaplantcd,  howercr,  it  ia  very  hard  to  ]je 
reooncilfd,  as  it  atandfi  in  droad  of  all  thiingti.  Hence  it  ia, 
thftt  it  ie  nearly  two  years  before  it  will  bogin  to  shoot  upward ; 
from  which  circumBlance  it  ia  geuerally  proferred  to  rear  the 
elipB  in  the  nurBcry  from  the  nut  itself,  to  obtiiiuingthL-mfroBi 
quioksuts.  TLe  modtj  r>f  euLtivatioL  doiis  not  differ  from  timt 
employed  with  the  plants  already  mentioned,"  It  h  treached 
fflToimd,  nud  carefully  lopped  for  two  s-iic^esBive  yonra ;  aft«r 
wbich  it  is  able  to  take  cure  of  itsvlf',  t}ie  shade  it  gives  suHiciiig 
to  stitie  all  eaperduous  suckers :  before  the  cud  of  the  fci^th 
yenr  it  is  fit  for  cuttiiig- 

A  single  jngrrum  of  chrsnuta  wiU  provide  etaj-s  for  twenty 
jugcra  of  vintjyard,  and  tlmi  branches  tliat  arc  taken  trom  near 
the  roots  iifford  asupply  of  two-forked  uprigbt^i  tliey  willhiat, 
too,  till  after  the  next  cutting  of  the  tree. 

Tho  a'Kculus,"  too,  ia  grown  in  a.  nimiUr  msmucr,  the  lime 
for  euttiiig  buiug  three  jears  at  tho  liiU-st.  Uriug  less  diffi- 
cult, too,  to  propagate,  it  may  ho  planled  in  anj  kind  of  turth, 
the  a«f)rn — uud  it  ia  only  with  the  acKCuluB  that  this  is  done — 
being  Boim  in  spring,  in  a  hole  nino  infihes  in  depth,  with  in- 
tervals between  tho  plants  of  two  feet  in  width.  This  tree  is 
lightly  boed,  four  times  a  yetir.  This  kind  of  Bt«y  is  the  least 
likely  to  ri>t  of  lliLin  all ;  and  tlie  raum  the  trf  o  ia  cut,  tlio 
more  abundantly  it  shoots.  In  addition  to  the  nbovti,  they 
also  grow  oth^r  trties  for  cutting  that  vrv  huve  uireudy  men- 
tioned— the  ash  for  instance,  tbe  laurpl,  the  peach,  the  hazt-l, 
and  the  apple;  but  then  tlwy  are  of  slower  growtli,  and  the 
etfij'a  mailii  Irom  them,  when  fixed  iu  the  gruund,  are  Kanlly 
ablp  to  withstand  the  action  of  tho  earth,  end  raufth  leas  any 
moisture,  The  elder,  on  tho  othor  blind,  which  affordn  stakes 
of  the  very  Btoutesl.  quality,  is  grown  from  cuttingfl,  likuthe 
pojdar.  As  to  tho  typruee,  wo  bare  alrvudy  spoken  of  it  &t 
euMcient  length.'* 


CHAP.  S5.   (21.) — THE   CmiTtntF   OP   TllR   "VINE  AND  THE  TAJUOM 

eonoss  wnicu  bttitout  n: 
Having  now  dosoribed  what  we  may  call  tho  armour^-*  of 


""  Tlie  willow  onA  the  reed. 

'S  See  11,  »vi.  lt,  6,  6.  and  56. 

■A  "  Anuuunaii*-"     More  properly, 


'ngjpng. 


J'  la  B.  ivi.  c.  60. 
err  "  tiLcklu,"     Ileal- 


496 


W.IST  8  HATTEA.L    HISTOaX. 


[Book  SVn. 


t)ie  rine,  U  rirmaina  for  ne  to  treat  with  a  [lortioiilar  degree  of 
care  of  the  nature  of  the  vine  UsvK. 

The  shoots  of  tin;  Tiii«,  as  aim)  of  ccruiin  a&er  trecft,  the 
interior  of  which  is  mitaralij-  of  a  fpongy  quality;  Imve  ccrtiuii 
linotH  or  joiiiU  upou  liie  stt'in  tliut  iwlt-ra'pL  the  pith.  The  in- 
li.TViiJ»  butmon  tlic»c  jointH  in  the  bnmches  me  tihort.,  and 
more  particularly  io  towards  the  extremities.  Tho  pith,  iu 
ilself  tlip  vivifying  spirit  of  tli«  trcf,  is  BlTraj"B  taking  uii 
onward  <lin'i;hou,  so  long  iia  the  Itnot,  hy  being  open  ia  the 
centre,  allowii  it  a  free  piisaiige.  If,  hoivever,  the  tuot  sUouItl 
become  solidifitd  and  deny  it  a  pasangc,  the  pith  is  then  Ihruwn 
downward  upon  tho  knot  that  lies  next  hclow  it,  imd  making 
its  escape,  issiies  forth  thtrn  in  the  ahape  of  a  bud,  those  bodii  _ 
always  makiii;^  their  appcarauie  on  each  side  iiltpmatelj^^H 
alreaily  monttoned  in  xhc  case  of  the  reed  and  the  guHH 
fvnat;! ;"  in  othtT  worda,  where  one  bud  makes  its  appeunuice 
at  the  botl^m  of  a  knot  to  thy  right,  the  next  oae  takes  its  phioe 
on  thf^  Ifft,  and  so  aa  alter  nattily.  I  n  the  ri  tie  this  bud  is  known 
aa  the  "  gem,''*"  a»  soon  as  the  pith  haa  formed  there  a  small 
ronnd  knob ;  but  beforo  it  has  done  this,  the  concavity  that  a 
left  upon  thesnrfact'  is  men?]y  called  the  "eye:"**  wheositu&to 
at  th(!  extremity  of  the  shoot,  it  is  known  aa  the  "  gimn."** 
It  ia  in  tbc  e^niu  way,  tao,  that  the  stock  branchea,  guckere, 
grapcn^  leavt*,  and  tendrilfl  of  thfl  vine  arn  <3evc[oped  :  and  it 
i»  a  vtry  surprising  fact,  that  all  that  growB  on  the  right" 
tiiiie  of  tliu  trcL'  ia  strunger  and  stouter  Uiou  on  t)iu  left. 

Henue  it  is,  that  when  slips  of  this  tree  are  planted,  it  is 
necessary  to  cut  tliesa  knots  in  tbe  middle,  in  ord«r  to  prevent 
tbci  pith  from  ranking'  its  escape.  In  the  srimu  way,  too, 
wjien  phtuiiiig  tlio  fig,  suckeiti  are  taken,  nine  inche."*  iu  length, 
and  after  the  ground  is  opened  they  ore  planted  with  the  jiart 
downwards  that  grew  ULareet  to  the  tree,  and  with  a  couplfi  of 
eyes  protnidiiig  Irom  the  earth — in  slips  of  trcea,  that  part  ifi 
properly  called  the  eye  which  is  to  giTo  hirth  to  the  future 
bud.     It  is  for  tluH  roiisou  that,  iu  the  sced-plote  even  the 

Judes  t»  tlw  trt'i?6  fr-jra  wliidi  the  upri^liM  or  bidj's  for  (he  vine  iini  cutr  or 
wUicli  pruilubu  DBicrn  for  liiiskeCs  una  bindings  ruquircd  iu  ibu  vinunt. 

"I  Sco  B,  liii.  c.  42,  nnd  B  iW.  c.  6S. 

*•  "  Ctoimiiiji."     A  name  miw  given  by  botanist*  to  tlic  buds  iu  gvunuL 

•"  "OculuB,"     A  bull  undf^etopi-d  is  still  so  tiiUod. 

**  llib  roniiifk  ia  not  coafiriacd  li^  expsricaoe. 


J 


CUop.  3$.] 


CIjr.TUB.E   OF   Ttre   TTNl. 


497 


slipti  that  lire  thus  jiIunLod  BomiilimciB  bear  tlie  saino  yenr  tbe 
fruit  thu-t  they  would  liava  bonic  if  tliey  hiui  reinaint'd  upon 
the  triie :  this  takes  place  when  they  have  been  pliuttod  in 
good  seasona  and  are  replete  with  tecundity,  for  tli«a  they 
bring  tfl  ninturit.j-  the  frtiits  tlie  ccinee[rtion  of  -n-hiih  -was  com- 
toenced  in  anothfr  6pot,  Fig-treea  that  are  thus  planttid  miiy 
Tery  easily  be  truiispUmted  iu  the  third  year.  Aa  some  com. 
pousjition  for  the  rapidity  whh  wliich  this  Lrc'e  bwomea**  old, 
it  has  thus  recoived  thu  privilego  of  coming  to  maturity"  at  a. 
very  eiirly  jicriod. 

ThcTiuo  tlu'owB  out  a  greatnutnher  of  ahoola.  In  the  first 
pliice,  however,  none  of  them  ure  qvvt  ueod  for  planting, 
except  thosy  which  are  nselnas,  and  would  liave  been  cut  away 
as  mere  brushwood ;  whilL",  on  the  other  hand,  every  part  is 
pruned  off  that  hos.  borne  fruit  the  previona  year.  In  former 
tiraea.  it  wna  tho  custom  to  plant  the  ftlip  with  a  bend  at  the 
extremity,  consisting  of  u  pjisco  of  the  hard  wood  on  eaeh  aida 
of  it,  the  moiL-,  in  fact,  thut  in  oollud  a  mallet  ehout™  ut  tho 
present  day.  In  more  recout  times,  howpyer,  the  practice 
has  t»e«n  adopteil  of  puliin^  it  oil' merely  with  a  heel  attached 
to  it,  as  in  l.ho  !ig  ;'^  and  ihere  is  no  kind  of  slip  that  tates 
with  greater  certainty.  A  third  method,  iigain,  has  been  added 
to  (he  former  ones,  and  n  more  simple  one  as  well,  that  of 
taking  the  slip  without  any  heel  at  all.  These  alipa  ar« 
known  by  the  name  of  arrow -"ah  oots,  when  thfcy  ore  twisted 
before  planting;  and  the  Bame,  when  they  are  neitticr  cut 
short  nor  twisted,  aro  culled  tlircc -budded"  slipa.  This  Baniii 
sucker  veiy  otlen  furnishes  several  slip*  of  this  kiod.  To 
plant  a  slwok-shoot"  of  the  vine  la  improductive,  and,  indeed, 
no  shoola  will  hear  unless  they  are  taken  froTn  a  ptirt  that  htui 
borne  fruit  aheady.  A  slip  that  has  but  few  knots  upon  it,  is 
looked  upon  as  likely  not  to  bear;  while  a  great  number  of 
buds  is  considered  im  indieation  of  fmitfidncBS.  Some  peraonR 
8Jiy  that  no  BUckerH  ought  to  ho  planted,  but  Ihoso  which  have 
already  blossomed.     It  iw  far  from  udvautugeoua  "^  to  plant 

s*  On  tbo  contrary,  tho  fig-troa  liiis  botn  tnown  to  livo  to  a  vmy  great 
Agp.  "'  See  B.  xvi.  c.  51. 

'*'  Tbta  method  of  pluming  the  vine  is  Kill  >Dxi«ii«frly  unod ;  wpociaily 
tlie  low  kinAs.  **  Sat  o.  13  of  iLis  Htiok. 

••'  8u^tt;e.  ■'  Trige.inijies- 

9^   "  PampinariiM,"      This  Kuertjon  liaa  Wn  fuimd  to  be  vrroncolH. 

'■'■'  Tiiis  pruvtioe  litw  been  oondemaed  bj  modBm  cuUirator*. 

TOL.    III.  K    K 


49S  PLunr's  HATUIUL  MISTOUT.  [Book  XTTI. 

arrow-Blips,  for  nftur  b«iiig  tvwted,  th«y  are  «pt  to  break  ia 
traaKultuiting.  The  slips  wbeQ  pl^nk^  ahould  b«  n  foot  is 
lengtn,**  aod  not  Ita,  and  they  ought  to  havo  fire  or  ux  knott 
upoD  them ;  ^-ith  the  diiDPDRiiins  ahnve  eUtU-d,  thoj  etnno^ 
)iovcvor,  posiiihly  havG  \pm  than  thrux.'  buds.  It  is  eoasidend 
thr;  most  advontngoouB  plan  to  plant  them  oiit  the  aame  d^ 
that  they  aru  cut ;  but  if  it  i.t  f'uiiiid  neeeesary  to  plant  tltcni 
BOTiie  timo  after,  thoy  Bhould  ho  kept  in  thu  way  that  we " 
already  mcDtioucd  ;"*  [larticiUor  cure  btiug  lukon  not 
tlium  pruLrudc  from  the  earth,  lunt  th«y  should  bocome 
by  the  action  of  the  sun,  or  nipped  by  the  wind  or  froeU 
"When  they  havt-  bwQ  kypt  tiio  Iwng  in  a  dry  place,  they  oMt 
ho  put  in  wftt**r  lor  several  days,  for  the  purpose  of  ngttHin; 
their  verdancy  and  froehncss. 

The  Bpol  selected,  wlicther  for  nmwry  or  Tinoyard,  oogfcl 
to  be  expn^eil  to  the  ana,  and  of  lui  grnat  extent  aa  poarilui'; 
the  soil  being'  tamed  up  tu  a  dcptli  of  ihrca  Ciict  with  a  tw*- 
proDgcd  fork.  Thc^  <!urtb,  oa  being  tbrowii  up  with  the  mill- 
locli,'*  swells  naturally ,'*"  oQil  ridgca  tu'e  formed  with  it  four  &et 
in  height,  iuterst'cted  by  trL-aches  a  coiipie""  of  feet  io  dqitb. 
The  earth,  in  Uie  Lrenolies  is  caa-Mly  cleiuisod  and  nikedout," 
aa  that  none  of  it  may  be  left  unbroken,  care  being  titken  alio 
to  keep  it  exactly  level ;  if  the  ridgea  are  unequal,  it  show! 
that  the  gi-ound  has  been  badly  dug.  At  tho  same  time  Ui« 
brondth  Bhould  bo  measured  of  each  ridgo  that  lies  between 
tliB  trenchcB.  The  Blip  are  planted  cither  in  holua  or  elm  ii 
elongated  furrows,  and  them  covered  with  very  fine  cordh: 
but  where  il  is  a  light  soil,  iho  growLT  will  lose  his  pnin) 
should  he  ncgloct  to  pluce  a  layer  cif  riehvr  mould  beneaUu 
Kot  less  than  ul  coisple  of  alip^  nhould  be  planted  togfther. 
keeping  them  exactly  on  a  level  with  the  adjoining  earth, 
which  should  be  prtssed  down  and  mad«  oompiict  with  the 
dibble.  In  the  &et-d-pIot  there  should  1m;  intt^rval.t  left  betwrcn 
each  two  settings  a  foot  and  a  half  in  breadth  and  half  »  foot 
in  length  :  when  thus  pbnted,  it  is  usuid,  at  the  end  of  two 
yeurn,  to  uut  tho  mallet-ahoots  at  tho  knot  nearest  the  groumi 

**  Prom  Co1iiTn«Uii,  B.  iii.  e.  19.  "*  Inc.  84  of  Uiii  Bw>k. 

"  "Murra."     I'mbjibly  a  niatliicfc,  with  ipvnnd  prangi. 

"  Oociipi™  morn  »p!ii!o  wliiin  tlms  looatnod. 

**  At  ono^oPii  witli  tho  origiaul  !e*i:l  o(  (he  maAd. 

■*  UiuTjTi  irthiaiB  tha  moanuigof  "eiimdi"? 


I 


Ch«p.  36.] 


OKLTOKE  OJ-   IQE   TIITB. 


P 


I 


unless  there  is  noino  good  reaaon  for  sparing  them.  'VMien  thia 
\»  doni?,  ihcy  throw  out  eyes,  and  witli  these  upon  them  at  the 
end  of  threo  years  the  quicksf-'U  aro  trail  spkntud. 

There  ia  anothur  mtUiod,  also,  of  planting'  the  vine,  which 
a  luxurious  retuiement  in  these  inatttTs  has  iutvoduced.  Pour 
let^ahoota  are  tightly  instt^iicd  together  with  a  cord  in  the 
'  jyceiirst  part,  and  -o-hcn  thus  airanged  arc  p!tas<?d  through  the 
Bhank-bone  of  an  os  or  else  a  tube  of  hakcd  earth,  after  which 
they  lire  planted  in  the  ground,  euro  bcicg  taken  to  leave  a 
couple  of  bnds  protriidLng  :  iu  this  way  they  becomp  irapreg- 
Bated  with  rnoiBturo,  itiid,  iramediutely  on  being  cut,  throw  out 
iresh  wood.  The  tubu  is  tlii^n  broken,  upon  wbioli  th«  root, 
thus  net  at  Ulrertj,  a&sumes  iresh  vigour,  and  the  clusters'  ulti- 
Ttiatoly  bear  upon  them,  grapes  belonging  to  the  ±our  kiuds 
thus  {ilanted  together. 

Ill  con&eqnence  of  ft  more  recent  discovery,  anotlier  method 
baa  boen  adopted.  A  mallet-shoot  is  aplit  down  the  middle 
and  the  pilh  extracted,  att<!r  which  t\m  two  porti&ns  are  fastened 
togetlier,  every  cam  Iteiug  tukeii  not  to  injure  the  buds.  The 
mallet-shoat  is  then  planted  in  a  mixture  of  earth  and  manupe, 
and  when  it  begins  to  throw  out  bmocheB  it  is  cut,  the  groimd 
being  repeatedly  dug  ubout  it.  Columella^  aBsuivs  us  tlintthe 
^apea  of  thia  phint  will  have  no  stoiiL's,  but  it  is  a  more  »ur- 
priaing  thing  that  tliu  slip  itself  should  anrsive  when  tliua  de- 
prived of  tho  pith,*  StiU,  however,  I  think  I  ought  not  to 
omit  the  fact  that  tliero  arc  eorae  alips  that  grow  without  the  or- 
dinary articulations  of  IreoB  upon  them  ;  thus,  for  instance,  five 
cr  six  very  email  spriys  of  box,*  if  tied  togttlicr  and  put  in 
the  groiuid,  will  take  root,  it  wm,  formerly  made  a  point  to 
take  these  sprigs  from  a  box-tree  that  had  not  been  lopped,  us 
it  was  fanciL-d  that  in  the  la«t  case  they  would  not  live ;  expe- 
rience, however,  has  Bince  put  an  end  to  that  notion. 

The  culture  of  tho  vineyard  naturally  loUowa  the  traiiiinf' 
of  the  nursery.     There  are  five*  diflorent  kinds  of  vine :  that 

'  Tbia  iiwtbod  Is  no  longer  iiitd, 

'  This.  Fee  roiuiirlLS,  iit  iioL  thi;  ca^o :  L1j«  tiea  mt^bt  bvar  tbur  Ulndt  of 
gntpua,  but  ncvt  four  kiridv  nn  Ihi^  tume  bimcb, 
)  Di>  Arbor.  <;.  9,     Tliifi  ia  not  tfao  fuot, 

*  U(!  wiu  HlLle  aware,  F&e  a^ys,  thai  all  ligiionoa  ^Una  bave  ft  rtulriit.itig 
pith,  diitinot  from  tlio  central  one.  '        »  Set  B.  jti.  c.  72. 

*  OkvKi-  du  Scries  dialingui sites  only  tlirte— tlic  lyw,  niiildliug,  luiiJ  UU 
viaL'i. 


K  K  2 


k 


50O  PUSV'S  K4TUEA.L  ntSIOKY.  [Ikiok  STII. 

with  t^c  braucliLS  roiiTiiiig'  alonj;  Uio  grnimtl,  the  Tine  ttut 
fttands  without  support,'  the  vine  th«t  is  proppwd  and  i^ 
quirca  no  cross-piece,*  tlie  vine  tliat  is  propped  and  rf4]aina 
a  Binght  VFOBB-pieiii^,  nod  the  vino  lliat  rittpiireH  a  trelli«  of  four 
compartments,'^  The  mode  of  oultivatirtn  requisite  for  tliB 
propped  vino  may  he  aadt-rstood  as  tquidly  udaptt-cl  to  the  oBa 
that  stands  by  iiseUuLd  rcqiiirea  do  eu]ipoi't,  for  this  lust  mv- 
thod  is  oaly  employed  where  there  is  a  scarcity  of  wood  i<>r  Blflvs. 
Tho  stwy  with  thu  einglw  ninjsg-piwe  in  it  Blritight  line  is  koowii 
by  the  name  of  "canterius."  It  is  lh«  bust  of  ail  for  the 
wine,  for  then  the  tree  tlirowa  no  shndovr,  and  tho  grapv  i* 
riponed  continuously  by  the  sun,  while,  at  thij  same  time,  it 
dtrivea  more  ndvactnge  from  the  action  of  the  wind,  and  di»- 
engugM  Uie  dew  ni'ith  greater  facility  :  tho  enpurfiuon^  leara 
and  tflioots,  too,  are  more  ensily  removt^d,  und  the  breaking  up 
of  the  eurth  ttud  o'her  operotionB  aboat  the  tree  are  eifL'Oti.sl 
with  ^rL'utvr  futility.  But,  ahove  all,  by  the  adoption  of  this 
method,  the  trei»  shuds  its  hlus^oms  murs  hes-etleially  thou 
under  any  other  circumstances.  Ttiis  cross-piece  is  genurdly 
madu  of  a  stake,  or  a  rec-d,  or  else  of  a  rope  of  liair  or  hemp, 
as  ia  nminlly  the  case  in  Spain  nnd  nt  EnindiHinm.  When  the 
trollia  is  employed,  wine  is  prpduced  in  gjoator  qttajilitit«; 
ttiis  method  has  ita  name  of  '*  conipluviata"  from  the  "oom- 
pluvium"  or  eqiuiro  opening  in  tho  roofa  of  our  houses;  tho 
UelliB  LB  di\-idyd  into  four  compartments  by  aa  many  cnue- 
picciOB.  This  mode  of  planting  the  viae  will  now  be  treated 
of,  und  it  will  be  found  equfdly  applicable  to  every  kind,  wilt 
the  only  difftTence  that  under  this  last  method  ^e  opuruUvn 
is  soinpwhnt  more  comphcalcd. 

The  vine  is  planted  three  different  ways ;  in  a  aoil  that  has 
hoL-n  turned  up  with  the  spade — the  best  of  the  three  ;  in  fur- 
rows, which  is  tho  next  best ;  and  in  holes,  tho  leaet  adviaabk 
muthod  of  all :  of  the  way  in  which  grouud  is  preparod  hy 
diygiug,  we  have  mfide  sufficient  mention  already,  (22.)  lu 
piepaiisg  the  fun-ows"  for  the  Tine  it.  will  be  quite  Bufflcieut 

J  See  1).  iW.  c,  4.  ^  Soe  B.  sir.  o.  4. 

'  ".lugain  "  Tho  croM-]iieBe running  along  tlic  twp  uf  the  slayst  right 
an^lnBi  a  rod  or  traiL 

'"  "(.'ojiipIuTOitiB  qurtiTruplivi,"  Four  crose-pipcos  nuiiuii^  at  rijlit 
anglca  to  iha  prwp  or  stay.     See  B.  Jti.  C.  «8. 

■'  WLen  tlieae  Irtnehe*  aiiii  furrows  nre  emplaycd  by  the  modersa,  IhCf 


Cbftp.  3S,] 


OLIkTIIKE  of  TBS  TIHB. 


501 


I 


if  they  are  n  epude  in  brcudtli ;  but  if  boles  are  employ'Od  for 
the  purpose,  thty  should  be  three  feet  everj'  w:ij".  The  depth 
requiryd  for  evra^  kind  «f  vitiw  is  Uiree  icrt ;  it  should,  there- 
fore, hv  nmdc  a  point  not  to  tranaplniit  any  vine  tbat  i»  less 
thnn  three  feet  in  length,  allowing  then  two  bnda  to  he  above 
the  ground.  It  will  be  ncecBsary,  too,  to  wiflon  the  earth  by 
working  little  furrowa  at  the  bottom  of  the  bole,  and  mixing; 
it  up  with  manure.  "Wheru  thu  ground  ia  ilt'eliviuiuH,  it  ia 
it-quiaite  that  the  hole  ehuulJ  be  deeper,  in  adilition  to  whiuli 
it  ehould  be  artificially  elevated  on  tiie  edge  of  tho  lower  aide. 
Holes  of  this  natiire,  which  are  mnde  a  liltlc  longer,  to  receivo 
two  vines,  are  known  aa  "  sdvei,"  or  beds,  U'he  root  of  llm 
vine  ehoLihl  occapy  the  middle  of  the  Jiolt,  and  when  firiuly 
fixed  in  the  ground  it  ehould  incline  at  the  top  due  cuat ;  ii^ 
first  Bnppnrt  it  ought  to  receive  from  a  reed."  The  viimynrd 
Bhnuld  be  bounded  by  n  decuman"  path  eighteen  feet  In  width, 
autheiently  wide,  in  Jiiet,  to  idtow  two  citrU  to  puBa  each  other; 
othtiTB,  ugiiin,  nhould  run  at  right  angles  to  it,  ten  feet  in 
width,  aud  pas&ing  through  tho  middle  of  eath  jugorum  ;  or 
els*j  if  tlie  vineyard  is  of  very  considerable  extent,  cardinal" 
patba  may  be  formed  instciid  of  them,  of  the  same  breudth  ua 
the  decuman  path.  At  the  end,  too,  of  every  five  of  the  etavs  a 
path  should  bo  mnde  to  nin,  or,  in  other  woriU,  there  should 
be  one  continuous  crosB-piece  to  every  five  stays ;  each  space 
that  is  thuB  included  £rom  ono  end  to  the  other  formiug  a 
bed.*' 

Where  the  Boil  is  dense  and  haril  it  must  he  himed  np  only 
with  the  Bpade,  and  notbing  but  quickeeta  diould  be  planted 
there ;  but  where,  on  the  other  baud,  it  is  tliiu  and  loose, 
mallet-ehoots  eveo  may  be  set  either  in  hole  or  furrow.  Wheiti 
the  ground  is  declivitous  it  is  a  better  plan  ta  draw  furrowa 
across  tbaa  to  turti  up  all  the  soil  with  tho  Bpnde,  so  that  the 
tailing  away  of  the  earth  may  be  counteracted  by  the  position 
of  tho  cross- pioeea."     It  will  he  best,  too,  where  tho  wealbet 

are  la^de  tn  run  as  mocli  as  pos^iMe  from  ta&t  tn  west.     Moct  of  the  rula 
here  nienti()i)i.'il  Iiy  Pliny  ar«  slill  sdupW  ia  KriiiioB. 

'*  F^e  regards  cIub  prtrccpt  as  a  pucnlity. 

'»  See  B.  s'iii,  e.  77. 

'*  See  B.  xviii.  a.  77.     Decuman  roiuilK  or  pnths  ran  ftfm  east  to  v 
dtrdimil  rouds  \iEit  tbose  ul  right  niij^Utt  to  Umiii. 

IK  •'  Pagins."     A  »ut,  compurtiucnt,  or  bed. 

u  "InBMtm."  *^B3dgKa,    wuuld  appear  tubu  Ihoprgpa  reading  1; 


fi02 


punt's  NiTCRAI.  HIBTOBT.  (Book  XVIU 


is  wet  or  the  soil  onturally  dry,  to  plant  the  mallet-shoots  la 
autumn,  imlews,  indeed,  there  is  nnything  la  the  nature  of  the 
looolity  to  coimlcnict  it;  for  while  a  diy,  hot  mti  makes  it 
nccesaory  to  plant  in  antutnn,  in  &  maist,  cold  one  it  maj  be 
nwiesaory  to  defer  it  until  tht  end  of  spring  even.  In  • 
parched  Boil,  too,  it  "woiiM  bo  quite  in  vain  to  plant  quicksets, 
and  it  is  fur  from  advuiiluguouH  to  set  mnikt-BhuotH  in  a  diy 
ground,  E'xcept  just  ul'tur  a  t'tvll  of  rain.  Ou  the  other  ban^ 
in  moiat  loculitiea,  a  vine  iu  leaf  even  may  be  transplaQted  ani 
thrive  vory  wdl,  and  that,  too,  evou  a3  lato  na  tlm  summtf 
solstice,  in  8puiii,  for  example.  It  is  of  very  consideruble  id* 
Tontage  that  Uiere  should  he  no  wind  fitimng  on  the  day  of 
planting,  and,  though  many  pcrsonn  arc  deairons  that  there 
filiouli]  bp  a  south  wind  blowing  at  the  time,  Cato"  ia  of  qnita 
u  diiiW<-nt  way  of  thinking, 

la  a  soil  of  mndium  quality,  it  is  best  to  leave  an  interval  of 
five'^  foet  between  every  two  vinos;  where  it  Ls  very  fertile 
the  distance  B.hould  be  live  ftfet  at  least,  and  where  it  is  poor 
and  thin  eight  at  the  very  moat.  The  Unibri  and  the  ifnnu 
leave  inten-als  between  their  vines  of  as  much  as  twenty  feet 
in  length,  for  tho  purpoBo  of  ploughing  between  them;  such 
a  plot  of  gro.iind  as  thia  they  call  by  the  name  of  "porcwle- 
tiitn."  In  a  rainy,  foggy  locality,  the  planta  ought  to  be  seS 
widpr  apart,  hut  in  dry  ppotH  nearer  to  one  another.  Careful 
obeervation  haa  diecovered  variouB  methods  of  economizing 
space;  thus,  for  iustiuiee,  when  a  vineyard  ii  planted  in 
shaded,  ground,  a  eeed-plot  ia  formed  there  as  well;  or,  in 
other  words,  at  the  saute  time  that  tl)C  qiiieksi-t  i»  plantt-d  in 
the  place  which  it  is  finally  to  occupy,  the  mallet-shoot  in- 
tended for  transplanting  ia  set  bc-tween  tlii!  vines,  as  well  as 
between  the  rowa.  By  adopting  thia  method,  each  jugcrum 
will  produce  about  sixteen  thousand  quickeets;  and  the  result 
is,  that  two  ycara'  fruit  is  gained  thereby,  a  cutting  planted 
being  two  years  later  in  heaving  than  a  quickset  IraasplaiiUMl. 
Ciuicksets,  when  growing  in  a  vineyard,  aro  cut  down  at 
the  end  of  a  year,   leaving  only  a  single  eye  above  grouad; 

mora  eiprcialtv  ns  it  agrees  nilh  nhnt  bna  bijen  prcvloiuly  uid  ia  thil 
Chtiptcr  in  refcruace  if  dtfclLvitouB  grouail. 

"  Dfl  Ro  Rust.  *0. 

>*  J[g  diit'ers  Boiaewbat  in  them   mcadiiiemoDtA  from  CalnnxiLU,  B. 

IT.  0.  II. 


^ 


Bom'B  TDBniiro  i9  then  placed  upon  the  spot,  and  a  stay  driTen 
in  cloBo  to  the  plant  In  the  sarao  munnc-r  it  is  agiiiu  cut 
down  at  the  end"  of  the  accond  year,  and  tr-om  this  it  acquitea 
adilitionid  etrengtli,  snd  receivea  nutriment  to  enable  it  to 
€Qdui'B  the  ocerouB  task  of  rcprod  tic  lion.  If  this  ia  neglected, 
in  its  over-hasto  to  bear  it  will  shoot  up  slim  and  meagre, 
like  a  bulrusli,  uud  from,  not  Wing  «til>jeeted  to  such  a  fxaiii' 
ing,  -will  grow  to  nothing  but  wcKjd,  In  fact,  there  is  no  trea 
that  grows  with  greater  eagorm^ss  than  th«  riae,  and  if  its 
strengtli  is  not  citrKi'uUy  husbanded  for  Uie  bearing  of  fruit,  it 
■will  he  sure  to  gn>w  to  nothing  but  wood. 

The  best  props  for  Biipportiog  the  vine  are  those  which  wa 
have  already  mentioned,"  or  else  staya  made  of  the  robur  and 
the  olive;  if  Uicao  cannot  ho  procurcdj  then  props  of  juniper, 
cypre&a,  laburuum,  oreldtr,"  must  he  employed.  If  any  other 
wood  is  used  for  the  purpoeo,  the  s-takes  should  he  tut  at  tho 
end  t-ach  y^iii :  reods  tiod  togethtT  in  buudLea  make  csccUeut 
cross-raila  for  Iht  vine,  and  will  last  as  long  as  five  years. 
Sometioies  the  shorter  etock-branches  of  the^-iuos  are  brought 
together  and  tied  with  vinc-cuttingfi,  like  so  many  cords:  by 
this  TQCthod  an  arcade  is  formed,  known  to  us  by  the  name  of 
"funetum." 

The  Tine,  by  the  end  of  tho  third  year,  throws  out  strong 
and  vigorous  stock -bran  ch^es  with  the  greateHt  rapidity,  and 
theee  iu  due  time  form  tho  tre«  ;  after  this,  it  hc^ginB  to  mount 
the  croaa-pioce,  Some  persona  arc  in  thuliubitof  "  blinding'* 
the  vine  at  Hiie  period,  by  removing  the  eyes  with  the  cad  of 
the  pruning.knife   turned  upwards,  their  object  being  to  iii- 

»  crease  the  length  of  tho  branchc&^a  most  injurious  practice, 
however ;  for  it  is  far  better  to  let  the  tree  become  habituated 
to  grow  of  itself,  and  to  pnme  away  the  tendrilB  every  now 
and  then  when  they  have  reached  the  cross-rail,  so  bng  as  it 
may  be  deemed  propur  to  add  to  its  strEngUi.  There  are  Borae 
porsona  wlio  forbid  the  vine  to  bo  touched  for  a  whole  year 
after  it  has  been  trauBpl anted,  and  wlio  SQy  that  the  pruninp- 
koife  ought  never  to  be  used  before  it  is  tive  yeara  eld ;  and 


I 


■*  This  it  condemned  by  Cdumetlo,  B.  iv.  c.  11 )  but  is  appr6Ttd  of  by 
Virgil,  Cfttci,  and  otbcr  nutbtirs. 

^  Inc.  34of  lliisiluuk. 

'^  Btay*  of  clJfff  WEiulil  b«  utti-riy  irorbbless,  as  they  would  e-oun  lot,  aai] 
break  dii&otly,  upoa  tbe  lemt  etraia. 


504 


fLIST  a   KATORAX  HIBTOBT' 


[Book  XTll. 


then  at  tLat  porind  thoy  toe  for  cntting  it  down  so  oompl«t^]r 
an  to  leave  three  buds  only.  Otheraj  agiun,  cut  ilown  the  vine 
within  a  year  even  niter  it  lius  been  truiispliuit«d,  but  then 
they  tiikc  care  to  let  the  Btt-m  inciraso  every  year  by  thieo  or 
fuiir  juints,  bnngiug  it  un  a  level  with  the  crosB-pieco  by  the 
fourtli.  Ihiiso  twu  methails,  howL-vcr,  both  of  them,  retard  the 
fruit  and  render  the  tree  Rtuuted  Euid  kuutty,  U8  we  sue  the 
case  in  all  dwarf  trees.  The  best  plati  ia  to  inuke  the  paR-ut 
sUnn  as  robust  and  vigoroits  as  possible,  oud  thea  the  wood 
will  he  sure  to  be  strong  and  hurdy.  It  is  far  from  isafo,  bw^ 
to  tctke  filipa  from  a  cicutrized  §tein;  such  a  prautict;  in  emv 
neons,  u&d  only  the  result  of  ignorance.  Alt  cuttings  of  ttiii 
nature  nro  sure  to  bo  the  offspring  of  ftcts  of  violence,  osd  not 
in  reality  of  [ho  tree  ilaelf.  The  vine,  whik  growing,  nhould 
l>u  posaesficd  of  ali  its  Dattirul  etreii^th;  und  we  find  thai 
when  left  entirely  to  itself,  it  will  throw  out  wood  in  ev«y 
part;  for  ther«  ia  no  purtiim  of  it  that  Nutuce  does  Qot  act 
upon.  When  the  Btein  bus  grown  aiiffiuiently  strong  for  the 
purpose,  it  should  at  once  be  trained  to  the  cross-piece  ;  if,  how- 
ever, it  ia  but  weak,  it  should  be  cut  don-n  s^a  as  to  lie  below 
the  hoHpitahlei  Bhelt<?r  of  the  cross-piece.  Indeed,  it  ia  tlit 
strength  of  tho  stem,  and  not  its  age,  that  ought  to  (U-cide  the 
matter.  It  is  not  advisable"  to  attt'inpt  to  train  a  vine  before 
the  stem  has  attained  tho  thichnesti  of  tho  thumb  ;  but  in  die 
year  after  it  has  reached  the  frame,  one  or  two  Btock-hri 
t<hould  he  preserved,  according  to  tliu  ^tren^tli  dcvelopi 
the  parent  ti"ee-  The  same,  too,  must  be  done  the  suceei 
year,  if  the  weaknest^of  tho  stem  deiniuids  it;  and  in  the  next, 
two  mure  should  he  added.  Still,  liowever,  there  should  never 
be  more  than  four  brnnchra  allowed  to  grow ;  in  one  woni, 
there  must  he  no  induigeucw  sliown,  and  every  exuberance  in 
the  tree  muat  in  all  casea  he  moat  oarot'ully  reijresscd;  fur 
Gucb  ia  tho  naturi;  of  the  vine,  that  it  is  more  uu^r  t^  br-nr 
than  it  ie  to  live.  It  Eheuld  be  remembered,  too,  that  oil  tEiut 
is  subtracted  £rom  the  wood  ia  so  much  adJded  to  tho  fmlt. 
Tho  vine,  in  faut,  would  much  rather  pnjducio  ehoottf  and  ten- 
drils tlian  fruit,  because'*  its  fruit,  afLhfr  jiil,  is  but  a  truuKitory 
poBBcssion :  hence  it  is  that  it  luxuriates  to  ita  own  undoirtj;, 
and  instoftd  of  really  gaining  ground,  exhausts  itself, 

"  This  applies  Eoluly,  F^  obeerves,  to  tlie  fine  tralD^d  on  tlia  trail  <it 
cron-piccc. 
'^  i'bia  ceiUiiiily  appoarii  to  be  a  non  tf^uitur,  fut  applied  to  Ihs  vine. 


in  ue 
ueeio^n 


Chap.  35.]  CULTUBE   OF   TDE   TTSE. 

The  nature,  too,  of  tlie  «oil  will  afford  some  very  asefui 
siiggfstions.  Where  it  is  tliin  and  }]ungrj',  even  though  the 
vmn  should  display  considerable  vigour,  it  should  be  pruned 
doim  below  tho  truas-piece  and  kept  there,  bo  that  all  the 
shoots  may  be  put  I'onh  liclow  it.  The  intervul,  however,  ho. 
twefin  the  top  of  thn  vine  and  tlio  croBs-pioce  ought,  to  bo  but 
very  small;  so  much  80,  imk-bO,  oa  to  li<ave  it  hopea,  as  it 
vftiia,  of  reachiujf  it,  wliich,  faawever,  it  must  never  be  eufftred 
to  do  ;  lor  it  should  never  be  allowed  to  recline  thereon  and 
Kpread  and  run  on  at  its  emu.  This  moile  ol'  culture  ought,  ra, 
ftwt,  to  bu  80  niunly  maiiagad,  tiiat  the  viae  should  show  aa 
incliuatioji  rather  to  grow  in  body  than  to  run  to  wood. 

The  main  branch  should  havi?  two  or  three  buds  left  belo-w 
the  cross-piece  that  give  promise  of  hearing  wood,  and  it 
should  bo  carefully  truintid  along  ihe  rail,  and  drawn  close 
to  it  in  such  a  raonnor  as  to  be  Bupported  hy  it,  atid  not 
meroly  hung  loosely  from  it.  When  this  in  done,  it  should 
be  tightly  flattened  ulso  with  a  binding  three  buds  off,  a 
mothod  which  will  greatly  contribute  to  check  tho  too  abun- 
dant growth  of  the  wood,  whiJe  stoutei'  shoots  will  W  Liicowo 
out  bflow  the  ligature :  it  is  absolutely  forbidden,  how- 
ever, to  tie  the  extremity  of  tha  rnvju  branch.  When  all 
this  is  done,  Nature  operates  in  tho  following  way — tho  parts 
thnt  are  allowed  to  fall  downward,  or  ihose  which  are  held  fast 
by  iho  ligatiiro,  give  out  fruit,  those  at  the  bend  of  the  branch 
more  jiarLicuiarly.  On  the  other  hand,  tho  portion  tJiat  liea 
below  the  ligatui"B  throws  out  wood  ;  by  reason.  I  euppoae,  of 
the  interception  of  the  vital  spirit  and  the  marrow  or  pith,  pre- 
viously mentioned  :"  tht^  wooil,  too,  that  is  grown  under  these 
cirruiustancieB  will  bear  fruit  in  the  following  year,  la  this 
way  there  arc  two  kinds  of  stock  branches :  the  ftrst  of  which, 
issuing  from  the  solid  atock,  givea  promise  of  wood  only  for 
this  yflor,  and  ia  known  ae  tho  It'uf  stock-brannh  ;"  while  that 
which  grows  beyond  the  mark  made  by  tho  ligature  is  a  fruit 
aloisk-broiieh,^  There  are  other  kinds,  again,  tbiit  shoot  from 
the  stock -branches  when  they  are  a  year  old,  and  tliese  are  in 
ail  caaea  fruit  Btock-bnuiches.  There  h  l«ft,  aiso,  btmoatb  the 
cross-piece  u  shoot  that  ia  known  as  the  reserve^''  ^boot,  being 
always  a  young  stock -bnirich,  with  not  more  thau  three  buds 
upon  it.     Tliis  is  intended  to  ^ye  out  wood  the  next  year,  in 

^  !g  Oio  present  Chapter.  "  Pampirtariain, 

'"  tract uiiri am.  **  Custua. 


[BooVSTir. 


ooso  the  TUie  by  orer-loxanaDce  sliciiiltl  happen  to  exhauat 
itself.  C)o»Q  to  it  there  is  uiiotlipr  bud  l::rt,  do  higger  thim  s 
wart;  ttiia  ia  known  as  the  "fumnculus,"""  uiid  is  kept  ia 
readineaa  in  case  the  reaeirc  fihoot  should  fail. 

Th(!  Tine,  if  enticed  to  bear  fruit  before  the  sevpnth  year 
from  its  b<^iiig  planted  as  a  eLip,  wtU  piiib^'  uwuy,  become  as 
eHm  m  a  bulruaii,  ojad  die.  It  is  thuu{[ht  cquully  undcBtraljlr, 
t«o,  to  let  un  otd  fitocli-bniD'ch  range  Jar  and  wide,  and  extend 
lis  for  as  the  fourth  stay  from  thu  stcni;  to  EUck  a  brunch  the 
liHiuo  of  dragoQ*'- branch  is  givi-n  by  Boinc,  and  uf  juniciiluB  by 
others ;  if  ihiise  are  allowed  to  spread,  they  will  nm  to  wocd 
only,  and  make  male  vinea,  as  Ihoy  arc  calltd.  When  a  riob 
has  become  quite  hard,  it  ia  an  cstreracly  bad  plan  to  use  it 
ibr  rpprodm^tion  by  layers.  When  the  rine  ia  fire  yeara  old 
the  Hlock-brunehca  arc  twiatoi,  but  t-ach  ia  allowed  to  throw 
out  sooiQ  now  wood ;  and  so  from  oac  toonotlior,  c»ro  buiog 
taken  to  prune  »way  the  old  wood.  It  is  always  tbo  best 
plan,  however,  to  leavea  resorve  shoot ;  but  this  should  always 
be  very  near  the  main  stem  of  the  vine,  not  at  a  greater  dis- 
tance, ia  fiictj  than  that  already  mt-ntioned,"  If,  too,  tha 
stock  branches  nhoidd  throw  out  too  luinrittntly,  thoy  mujst 
be  twisted,  the  object  being  that  the  vine  may  put  forth  no 
more  than  four  Becondary  branches,  or  even  two  only,  if  it 
happens  to  be  a  singlo  croBw-railed  vine. 

If  tliG  Tine  is  to  be  trained  to  grow  without  any  atny  at  all, 
still  it  will  stand  in  need,  at  first,  of  some  eupport  or  other, 
until  it  has  learnt  to  eiip[iort  itseli':  in  all  other  respects  the 
mode  of  prooeoding  will  be  the  same  at  first.  When  pruning, 
it  win  be  necessary  that  the  thuitib- branches^  should  b«  ar- 
ranged in  equal  numbera  on  eithtx  aide,  in  opder  that  the  fruit 
may  not  orerload  one  aide  of  the  tree ;  and  we  may  here  remark 
by  the  way,  that  tho  fruit  by  ita  weight  is  apt  to  bear  down 
tho  troo  and  count«ract  any  tendcney  to  increase  in  height. 
The  vine,  unsupported,  when  more  than  three  feet  iu  height, 
begins  to  bend,  but  the  others  do  not,  until  they  ore  fire  fiiot 

"o  Tho  pilftrei,  "or  liltle  tliii'f,"  apparently. 

"  Tula,  Ft-e  tibsfi-ses,  i«  not  tti  actordnnce  with  tba  fa-ct, 

**  "  Drnco."  Mnk  vines  appear  to  liaru  beta  u  khid  thul  threw  out  ao 
ttock-timaiibea,  but  ruu  to  wood. 

^^  Tliaji  throo  buds,  at  already  ini>ntioncd  Ja  thopretent  Chnptor. 

*•  "  Polliflffl.'"  ilmnalii^s.  bo  cnllcd  from  the  Ksntnblanc*.  b«ing  out  oJ 
•bore  the  first  eye.     Sen  C'uluinuUa,  I>q  Sas  Eusl.  It.  i\.  c.  24, 


Chip.  36.]  CPtTTEB   OF  THE   TWE.  507 

high  at  the  least ;  oare  diould  be  taken,  however,  dotpp  to  let 
tliern  extieud  tlie  hi'ighloi'a  aiaa  of  inudcrutQ  etuLure.  GrowDrs 
art'  in  the  liabit  ul'  siirroutidiug  tho  vines  that  creep  along  tho 
groxmd  with  a  low  fence"  for  them  to  leaa  upon;  and  round 
this  fonce  Ihey  dig  h  treiiuli  by  way  of  precaution,  for  fi-iiT  lest 
the  branches  ia  their  range  should  meet  one  nnother  and  sO'^i 
come  into  colljaion.  The  grcat*;r  part  of  tho  ■world,  in  fuct,  ■ 
gather  gmpifl  at  their  vintage,  grown  in  this  fri«hion,  and  lying 
upon,  tho  ground — nt  nil  cvenW,  it  ia  so  in  Africa,  Egypt,  and 
yyria;  throughout  the  wholii  of  Asia,  too,  and  in  many  parts 
of  Europe  tts  wt:lL.  tliid  lui-thod  prevails.  Iti  such  cases  the 
vine  ought  to  be  kept  down  close  to  the  ground,  and  the  root 
ehonld  be  nurtured  at  tho  pamo  tiint'  and  in  just  the  «anie  way 

■  an  in  the  case  of  the  vine  that  grows  on  the  croes-pi^^ce.    Core^ 

■  too,  should  be  takeo  to  leave  enly  the  yonng  thumb-shoots, 
together  w-ith  three  biida,  whrro  it  ia  a  prolific  soil,  two  where 

tit  is  poor  and  thin :  it  to  better,  too,  that  thi!  shouts  should  bo 
nusieroiiB  tlion  iBdividuully  long'.  The  iuJtiieiii<e8  of  Koil,  of 
which  we  have  made  mentioo.  already,  will  make  thcraaelveift 
ftdt  qU  tho  more  powerfully  the  nearer  the  ^apes  grow  to  the 
gr<JUod. 

It  is  a  very  advantageoitB  plan  to  eeparate"*  the  variooB 
epecies  of  rinefl  and  to  set  them  iti  dift'iTent  cumparLoients^ 
for  the  mixture  of  diOeront  varieties  ia  apt  to  deteriorate  the 
flavour  not  only  of  the  mnat,  but  the  -wine  even  as  well.  If, 
again,  for  aotne  renaon  or  other,  thu  difTorent  kindft  muBt;  ho 
intprrainglcd,  it  will  be  requisite  to  keep  all  those  together 
which  ripen  at  exactly  the  same  period.  The  more  torlilo  and 
the  more  level  tho  boU,  the  liigher  the  crttos-piece*  must  b« 
placed."  High  cross-pieces,  too,  are  best  suited  to  Jocalitiee 
that  are  subject  to  heavy  dews  and  fogs,  but  not  to  those 
that  arc  exposed  to  high  winds ;  on  the  other  hand,  wherf  tho 
soil  ia  thin,  parched,  and  arid,  or  exposed  to  the  wind,  the 
croas-pieces  should  ho  set  lower.  The  cross-piece  Bhould  ha 
fastened  to  the  stay  with  cords  tied  as  tight  ns  poeaiblCj  while 
tho  bindings  used  tor  tying  the  vino  should  be  thin.  As  to 
the  vorioua  epecies  of  vines,  and  the  boUb  und  fiUmatca  rcqal- 

"  Small  fotki  of  bazel  are  Atill  nuiI  for  the  paqxite,  in  Bcrri  tail  iLe 
OrleimniB. 

>•  This  plan  ii^  hiRbl)'  rBeoramenilpd  by  the  moJcm  (^ruittTH, 
*'  This,  lu  P4o  remwlw,  it  buec-d  upon  Bound  ruLtsou. 


tLVItt  9   SATCBjLk   HlSTOKI. 


[BMbxrn. 


mto  for  Ao  growth  of  t-ach,  we  hexa  already  treated'*  of  thcjm, 
vhc-n  «niimemting  the  several  varieties  of  tho  viiio  and  the 
winfe  whifli  Uicy  producti. 

WiLli  ri'ft.ruiMii;  lo  oUicr  points  oonncetcd  with  the  culture 
of  the  vine,  thpre  are  very  considerable  cloabts.  iluuy  per- 
sona reconimeud  that  thv  vineyuitl  should  hu  tumed  up  with 
till)  i![i!»(li.i  atlj.T  cvury  (lew  that  fail*  in  llm  »uitmier.  Others, 
again,  forhid  this  priiPtip-D  whrn  the  vine  ie  in  bud ;  for  the 
clotbca,  they  sfty,  of  the  people  coming  and  guiug  to  and  fro 
arc  apt  to  eateh  the  buds,  nnd  cilhfr  knock  or  rub  them  off; 
it  IB  tor  tliis  TTastin,  too,  that  they  arc  m  oiroftil  to  keep  all 
unimah  away  from  tbti  vines,  thoao  with  long  wool  in  pard- 
cular,  as  it  ia  very  upt  to  pull  oft'  the  buda.  Raking,  too, 
they  euy,  is  very  injurious  to  the  vine  while  the  grapo  is  furni- 
iag  ;  aiid  it  will  be  quito  KuQldL'nt,  they  usiiiire  us,  if  the 
ground  ig  tiimi-d  up  thn-e  tttneB  iu  the  yfar,  id'tor  the  TeniBl 
e(|uinrjx— firat,  at  Uie  rising  of  the  VergiliEB,**  the  aocond  it 
the  rising  of  the  Bog-star,  uud  the  tJiird  time  just  as  thw  grape 
i*  turning  bliick.  Some  pcmona  make  it  a  rule  that  an  old 
vineyard  shall  have  one  turning  up  between  the  time  of  tin- 
tngu  and  the  winter  boIrUui;,  though  othcra,  again,  aro  of  opi- 
nion tliat  it  ifl  quite  Biiilicient  to  harts  th«  root«  and  manure 
them.  They  turn  up  the  ground  again  after  the  iiles  of  April,** 
hut  before  the  time  for  gLTminuUon.  or,  in  othor  words,  the 
sixth  of  the  idpn  of  Hay ;"  then  again  belore  the  tree  begins 
lo  blossom,  alter  it  has  shed  its  hloBSom,  and,  last  of  ull, 
when  the  grape  is  just  on  the  tnm.  T!id  most  skilful  growers 
say  that  if  the  ground  is  dug  up  oftener  than  necBSsary,  the 
griipes  will  become  ao  rcmarkahly  thin-skinned  as  to  burst 
"When  the  ground  la  turned  up,  care  should  be  taken  to  do  it 
before  the  hot  hours  of  the  day  ;  a  clayry  soil,  too,  should 
never  hn  ploughed  or  dug*.  The  dust  that  is  tiiised  in  digging 
ia  buneficitil"  lo  the  viae,  it  ie  said,  by  protecting  it  from  tJie 
lieat  of  the  sun  and  the  injurious  eifects  of  fogs. 

The  spring  clearing  ought  to  be  done,  it  is  universally  ttd- 
niittod,  witliin  l»sn  duys  after  the  idtjs  of  Itay,"  und  before  the 

^"  In  B.Kiv.  00,  1  aud  5.  »  D.  xriii.  c  66. 

'"  13H(  of  April.  «i  lOthnfMBy. 

"  A  mete  jmerility — tbo  dust,  in  fact,  tianf;  injunou)  to  lh«gi«p«,  Vf 
ol><'tnictiDg  t)iE  natural  iK'ti'm  <>(  heaC  ntiil  liiimidit]'. 

"  IJitli  uf  Ma;.  Tliii  cleutiii^  nl'  tlic  lia*(«,  tlioiifrh  >tlll  pnutiwd.  Tit 
says,  \»  by  no  moam  beDcSviuL;  cha  uuly  I'oult  is,  that  th»  gnftA  beee&u 


Cinp,  U.)  CDLTCTEB  OF  TU£  TINE.  SOD 

bloesoming  begins ;  iii  addition  to  wliicli,  it  fthonld  always  he 
doKi)  U^l^)w  th«  irt>s5-iiifcc.  Afl  to  the  second  tUaving,  opi- 
nions difl'er  very  eonsidcrnhly.  Some  think  it  ought  to  be  done 
when  the  bloMomiiis  is  oVf-r,  otliPn>,  again,  flhi-n  tli«  grupi'it 
aro  TiPBrly  nt  mitturiLy,  I'tita  point,  howev^T,  may  bu  decided 
by  fuliomng  th«  advice  ul'  Cuto  on  liio  EiiljoLt;  for  we  must 
Egw  puBs  va  to  a  dcacripLiwi  of  the  proper  mod«  uf  [>runiiig 
the  viue. 

Immodiately  after"  the  TJntagc,  and  while  the  weather  is  still 
■wnrm,  the  work  of  pniniug"' begins ;  this,  however,  ought  n^Ter 
to  tw  done,  lur  certain  jihysiial  reuHons,*^  before  the  ti§ing  of  tlie 
Ettgle,  as  we  shall  have  octagion  to  explain  in  the  following 
Book.  Nor  sho.uld  it  bfc  done  cither  when  the  wfflt  winds 
begin  to  fm-vnilf  for  evrn  then  there  ia  ^reat  doubt  whethtr  a 
fault  may  not  be  cotntnittcd  by  being  in  too  greitt  hnKte  to 
cotnmencQ  (ho  work.  If  any  return  of  wintiy  weather  should 
chftuct!  to  iiip  iho  vinee,  while  etill  labouring  under  the  wounds 
recently  inflicted  on  them  in  pruning,  there  is  Utile  doubt 
that  thoir  buds  will  iKieome  Hjnite  benumbed  with  cold,  the 
wounds  will  ojjeu  again,  and  the  eyes,  raoiatencd  by  the  juices 
that  distil  from  the  tree,  will  become  frost-bitten  by  the  rigour 
of  the  weather.  For  whois  tlierp,"  in  fact,  ttiutdocs  not  know 
that  the  buds  are  rendered  hrittie  by  frost  7  AU  this,  how- 
ever, depends  upon  accurate  crdculntionB.  in  the  raanugeTnent  of 
large  grounds,  uud  tho  blame  of  precipitation  eaniiot  with  any 
justice  be  Iftid  upon  Nature.  The  earlier  the  vino  is  pruned, 
in  suitable  weather,  the  gioatcr  is  the  quantity  of  wood,  whiW 
the  later  the  pruniji);,  the  more  abtindiiot  is  the  fruit.  Uencv 
it  ie  that  it  is  most  advisable  to  prune  the  [loor  meagre  vines 
firstf  iind  to  defer  pruning  the  more-  thriving  ones  to  the  very 
last.  In  jiriiniiiK,  due  Cfire  ahould  nlwnys  he  talcen  to  cut  in 
a  slanting  din?ction,  in  order"  that  the  ruin  may  run  off  with 
all  the  grouttr  facility.     The  wounds,  too,  Bhoiild  look  down- 

uf  a  hi^lLci  culuur,  b»[  in  no  dogrcc  riper  tlitu  Uiej  othfTvhse  would  liuve 
bven. 

"  Tho  proper  porind  for  pruniug  vario*  in  rwilily  wjiwrdiDg  (o  lUj 
cliEnulu. 

»•  SfloB.rriii.c  S'J. 

**  Sc-f  tViluinEllii,  Tip  Uf-  Rust.  B.  !T.  e.  2!). 

"  The  rml  rtJistm,  a*  Fee  rfftuarka,  is  tlji««iim|]ariilire  fuLility  ufuDtliii); 
aslnnt  rntlio]'  t.lnin  Imri/riiirtilly  ;  iinkecl,  if  thfliiitwr  were  atn-mpteJ,  iujitty 
to  tliu  vtmd  wuuld  k  iliU  ueitoia  ivsuU, 


510 


PLraTB   VA.rVRXl   HtSTOET. 


[BookXVlL 


vanl»  towards  Ibc  gruuud,  and  should  be  made  as  ItgliUy  u 
pussiblu.  Uio  edge  uf  tiio  kuilu  liting  wcU-eliurpeaed  for  die 
pui'pO'SO,  fto  as  to  make  a  o]i>aQ  cut  eauli  time.  Ciurv  should  be 
taken,  too,  to  cut  always  between  two  buda,  and  that  the  eyw 
are  not  injured  in  tlnj  operation.  It  is  generally  thought  tjtft 
■wherever  the  vino  is  block,  oil  those  parts  may  be  cut  off,  the 
healthy  parts  not  btiiig  touched ;  as  no  u&efiU  ahoota  can  be 
put  forth  by  wood  that  is  bad  in  itself.  If  n  meagre  rinuhai 
not  good  st-ock-siiooLs,  thfl  bt'st  plan  is  to  cut  it  down  to  tlie 
ground,  and  Llien  to  train  new  ones.  lu  cloaring  away  Uic 
leaveB,  too,  those  leaves  should  not  be  removed  which  aecoiu[}aiiy 
the  ulustets,  for  by  bo  doing  the  grapes  are  made  to  fall  off,  ex- 
«jcpt  where  the  vine  happoris  to  be  yoiutg.  Those  leaves  arc 
regarded  as  uselesa  which  grow  on  the  sides  of  the  trunk  and 
not  from  an  eye ;  and  m>,  loo,  arc  the  buncht-a  which  dioot 
from  thfl  hard,  atrong  wood,  and.  ace  only  to  be  removed  by  the 
aid  nf  the  knife. 

Some  iieiTtoua  arc  of  opinion  that  it  is  a  bulter  plim  to  fij 
the  btay  midway  between  two  vines ;  aud,  indued,  by  thi;  udop- 
tioD  of  ihia  method  the  roots  are  cleexed  with  greater  facility- 
It  is  best,  howovtr,  where  the  viae  needs  but  a.  giugW  cross- 
rail,  due  care  being  taken  that  the  rail  is  a  strong  one,  und  the 
locality  not  exposed  to  high  winds.  Id  the  case  of  thoje 
vines  whiuh  ntq^uire  trellisa&d  cross-rails,  the  stay  should  be 
piiLCed  OS  ncfl!"  as  possible  to  the  burden  it  has  to  Auppiort;  ia 
order,  however,  that  there  may  be  no  impediment  thrown  in 
the  way  of  clearing  the  roota,  it  may  be  plueed  at  the  distance 
of  one  cubit  from  the  stock,  but  not  more.  It  is  generally 
reeommonded  to  clear  the  mots  before  the  pruning*'  ia  oom- 
mcnccd. 

Cuto'*  gives  the  following  general  precepts  in  relatioa  to  the 
culture  of  the  vine : — "  Let  the  vine  grow  aa  high  as  possible, 
niid  fasten  it  linnly,  but  not  too  tight.  Tou  should  treat  it  in 
the  following  manner.  Clean  the  roots  of  the  vine  at  seed- 
time,  and  alter  pruning  it  dig  about  it,  and  then  begin  bo 
liibour  at  thft  ground,  by  tracing  with  the  plough  continuous 
furrows  every  way.  Plant  the  young  vices  in  biycrs  as  early 
us  possible,  and  then  break  up  the  ground  about  them.     If  tho 

'8  Ttio  jirunini;  aTiould  come  first,  in  CTcry  oaap,  F&  sny*. 
"  Uu  Itu  Kiiat.  d.  33.    Tha  adrioo  given  by  liiiu,  though  good,  i»  bdI 
app]ieabl«  to  alt  TUiC'yardt, 


Chiip.  35.J  CUtTlTEE  Of  THB  TISl. 

vine  is  old,  take  care  and  prune  it  us  little  as  possTble.  lu 
prol'uctiuce,  bend  the  vine  into  tlie  ground  for  layers,  if  neces- 
eary,  and  out  it  at  the  end  of  two  yeiire.  The  proper  time  lor 
culling  the  young  "vine,  is  whun  it  hits  gained  suffidcnt 
strength.  If  the-  vineyard  ia  bnld  of  rinps,  then  draw  furrows 
hctwpjMi  thenij  and  fJant  quicltBels  tliere  :  but  let  no  shadow 
he  thrown  ou  tho  furrows,  and  take  care  and  djg  them  ol'ten. 
If  the  vineyard  ia  old,  sow  ocinum'"  thurc,  in  case  the  trees  aro 
incftgre  :  but  take  care  and  sow  there  nothing  that  bears  seed. 
Put  manure,  tihaff,  and  gnipe-husks  about  the  roots,  or,  in- 
deed, unythiiig  of  a  similar  ntituro  that  will  give  tiie  tree  nd- 
ditiouoi  etrougtli.  As  soon  as  the  vine  begins  \a  throw  out 
leaves,  set  uliout  cleai-ing  them.  I'asten.  the  young  trees  in 
more  places  than  one,  so  that  the  eteru  mny  not  break.  As 
soon  as  it  begins  t<i  run  ulong  tho  stay,  fnstcn  down  Uie  young 
branches  Lightly,  on-d  cxrend  them,  in  order  that  they  may  gaia 
tho  right  pogition.  When  tho  grapm  begins  to  he  niottltd, 
thun  tie  down  the  vine.  The  lirst  season  for  grafting  tho  vine 
is  tJic  spring,  tlie  other  when  the  grape  Ib  in  bloeBom  ;  the  last 
period  is  the  best.  If  it  is  your  wish  to  tronsplant  an  old 
vine,  you  will  only  b^  able  to  do  so  in  ta»e  it  is  no  tliicktr  than 
the  ana  :  first,  however,  you  must  prune  it,  talring  care  not  to 
have  more  than  two  buds  upon  the  stem.  Then  dig  it  well  wp 
by  the  roots,  being  careful  to  traCe  thpm,  and  using  every 
possible  preciiution  not  fo  injure  them.  Place  it  in  tho  hole  or 
tiirrow  exactly  in  the  poaition  in  which  it  hna  stood  before, 
then  cover  it  with  earth,  which  BhouH  he  well  trodden  down. 
You  must  then  prop  it  up,  fnat*n  it,  «nd  turn  it  in  the  same 
direction  a&hcl'ore;  atter  wliidi,  dig  about  it  repeatedly."  The 
ocinum  that  Cato  hei-o  reeonimends  to  be  Bown  in  the  viue- 
yards,  ie  a  fodder  known  bj.' that  name  by  the  ancients;  it 
thrives  in  llie  shade  remarkably  well,  and  received  its  name" 
from  the  rapidity  with  which  it  growa. 

(23.)  Wo  come  now  to  speak  of  the  method  of  growing 
vines  Upon  trees,"  a  mode  that  has.  been  condemned"  in  the 
aU'ongcst  t^-rms  by  the  Snacrna's,  both  father  and  son,  and  up- 

^  A  Bort  q(  uloTcr,  probubly.  Sgc  B.  ivtii,  e,  42,  and  a  few  Ubm 
Mflw. 

*'  From  the  Oreitk  uKtur^,  "quicUy" — Varro  sbj^b. 

*'^  See  c.  la  of  lliig  L'licik. 

*^  It  issiill  pmotiBod  in  Daupbine  and  tlie  department  oC  the  Btuma 
Alga,    It  ia  vevy  pruvaEcut,  also,  ia  tlie  South  of  iluly. 


SI  2  FLIXr'a    SXTCBAl,  HISTOBT.  [Book  XVIL 

hcM  by  Scrofa,  thffus  b'_ing  our  most  ancient  writers  on  agtv- 
culture  next  taCata,  antlmen  of  rcmiirkaltle  Bkill.  Indeed, 
Sorufu  liiiuBoU'  wiU  not  admil  tbst  it  is  beneficial  anywbefe 
except  to  Italy.  The  csijeriencD  of  ogv^,  huwever,  bua  suA- 
cientiyprored  that  tbti  wines  of  tlve  highest  quality  uro  only 
ffTOwn  upon  vines  attwclied  to  trees,  und  that  tven  then  tli« 
clioiccat  wines  nre  prodiioed  by  th»^  upper  part  of  Um  tree,  tlu 
produce  of  the  tower  part  being  mon?  abundunt ;  such  ))«^iiig  the 
beneficial  results  of  dovutiag;  the  Tine.  It  is  with  a  view  to 
this  that  the  trets  cmpbyod  lor  this  purpose  ufL'  sclet-tt-d.  la 
iho  firat  rank  of  all  standa  the  dm,**  with  the  exception  of  the 
Atiniau  vsritity,  which  ia  eavomd  with  ttKi  many  lea^'os;  and 
next  cornea  Ch»  bhick  poplar,  whieh  is  valui'il  for  a  similar  I ' 
reason,  being  not  bo  densely  covered  with  leavtp,  Most  pt-opte, 
too,  by  no  nioan^  hi>ld  the  ash  and  the  hg  in  disesteem,  as 
alao  thti  olive,  if  it  in  not  0T(-rshadrnvf.'d  with  branuhus.  We 
lure  treated  &t  Huffii^ient  IcngLh  already  of  the  piiinting  and 
eulture  of  these  several  txeea. 

They  must  not  be  touched  with  the  knife  before  the  end  of 
three  years ;  and  then  the  hrnnrhes  are  pn'servcd,  on  c-ach  side 
in  its  tiLni,  the  pruning  being  dono  in  tUternato  yi-iirs.  In  the 
RJxth  year  the  vine  ia  unitt»d  to  the  tree.  In  Italy  beyond  the 
PadiiH,  in  addition  to  tlie  trees  already  mentioned,  they  plflllt 
fur  tlioir  vines  the  cornel,  the  upulua,  the  linden,  the  maple, 
the  ash,  the  yoke-elm,  and  the  t|uercii!S ;  while  iu  Veiielui  tbcy 
grow  willoiwB  for  the  purpose,  on  account  of  the  huiniditj^**  of 
_  the  soil.     The  ttip  of  the  elm  is  lopped  nway,  and  the  branclief 

'  of  the   middle  are  regiJurly  arranged  in   stagefi;  no  tree  ifi 

general  being  allowed  to  execed  twenty  feet  in  height.  Tho 
BtoricB  hegin  to  spread  out  in  the  tri-e  at  eight  feel  from  tlu) 
ground,  in  the  hiJly  districts  and  upon  drj-  soils,  and  at  twelve 
iu  ehaiiipai^  iiud  moist  luculities.  The  baudtT"  of  tho  truiik 
onght  tv  huve  a.  F^outheru  aspeut,  and  the  branches  tliat  project  ?* 
from  them  should  be  sLiff  and  rigid  like  so  maiiy  fingers;  at  [J® 
the  sjiniiQ  time  due  care  should  be  tiiken  to  hip  off  the  thin  7^ 
boardllko  twigs,  in  order  to  tibeck  the  growth  of  alL  shade- 
The  interval  best  fluitod  for  the  tn^es,  if  it  is  lie  grower's  in-  "^^ 
tcntion  to  kcq»  the  soil  turned  up  with  the  plough,  is  forty  teet  ''^ 
bock  anil  front;,  and  twenty  at  the  side  ;  tf  it  is  not  tu  be  turned    [■  ' 


kv, 
IV 

H 

ilia 

hi 

k 


L 


"  All  tlioiu  trues  are  still  employed  (cr  tUu  purpoau  in  lUcly. 
"  B.  in.  0,  68.  »•  Palmo, 


^IIH] 


ChBip.  36.]  oultuhe  or  the  vise. 

lip,  tben  twecty  feeP  every  way  will  do.  A  siogle  trco  is 
atten  laadfc  to  aiifiiurt  as  mnny  as  trn  vines,  and  the  grower  is 
ftpeatly  ceoaured  who  attaches  less  than  liiree.  It  is  worse 
than  uBelcss  to  attach  the  vine  before  the  trco  has  gained  its 
full  strength,  m  in  such  case  ita  mpidity  of  growth  would 
anly  tend  to  kill  the  tree.  It  is  neccgsarj-  to  plant  the  vine 
in  a  trench  thrco  fet;t  in  doptli,  leaving  an  iuteival  of  one 
Toot  between  it  and  the  tree.  lo  this  caae  tlierw  ie  no  iieoea. 
tlty  for  aeing  iaall«t  sboote,  or  for  going  to  any  expenmi  in 
ipudin^  c^r  digging  ;  for  thle  method  of  tmicing  on  trees  baa 
iis  adrautage  iu  particular,  that  it  is  benefioiid  even  to  the 
fine  that  corn  BJiouId  he  sovm  in  tho  aame  Buil ;  in  addition  to 
rfaich,  from  its  height^  it  ia  quite  ahle  to  protect  itst-lf,  and 
toes  not  call  for  the  neBcssily,  as  in  the  case  of  an  ordinary 
lineyard,  of  raclosing  it  Tiith  walls  tuwi  hedges  or  dilebt-s, 
itade  at  a  considerable  espenBo,  to  prot<M]l  it  from  injury  by 
lOimalB. 

'  In  the  method  of  troiniEg  upon  treea,  rEproduetion  from 
luiot^ta  or  tma  layers  ia  thi)  only  mode  timpLoyed  of  all 
noBG  that  have  been  proviouely  desoibed ;  the  growing  by 
ayera  being  effected  two  different  waj»,  as  already  moutluned. 
riio  plan,  however,  of  growing  from  layers  in  baskets  net  upon 
he  atage**  of  tho  tree  is  the  most  approved  one,  as  it  ensures 
n  efficient  protection  from  the  ravages  of  cattle  ;  while,  acccrd- 
ag  to  anolhor  method,  a  vine  or  else  a  atock-brnnch  is  bi^ut 
nto  the  ground  near  tho  tree  it  hiis  previously  occupied,  or  else 
he  neatest  one  that  may  bo  at  liberty.  It  is  recommcndt-d 
hat  all  pnrtB  of  the  parent  tree  that  appear  above  ground 
hould  then  be  scraped,  so  that  it  laay  not  throw  out  wood; 
^hilo  at  tho  same  time  there  liie  never  less  than  four  buds  on 
he  part  that  is  put  into  the  gi'oiind  for  the  purpose  of  taliing 
oot ;  there  are  also  two  buds  left  above  ground  at  the  head. 
!Tie>ine  intended  for  training  on  ft  tree  is  planted  in  a  farrow 

E'  feet  long,  three  broarl,  and  two  and  a  half  in  depth.  At 
end  of  a  year  the  layer  is  cut  to  the  pith,  to  enable  it  to 
ngthen  gradually  at  the  root;  after  which,  the  end  of  tlio 
(ranch  is  pruned  down  to  within  two  buds  from  the  ground. 
it  tho  end  of  two  years  the  layer  is  coinplol^Iy  Boparaled 
ftom  the  Btock,  and  hiiricd  deeper  iu  the  ground,  Uiat  it  may 

»i  From  Coltiraclla,  B.  v,  €.  7- 
K  ituB  method  Li  no  longer  emplaned. 
TCil..  HI.  L  L 


514 


PLtXT'S  JTATTRAI.  HMTOBT.  [Uook  STIL 


noL  Bhoot  at  tho  place  where  it  hiis  been  cut.     As  to  the  quick 
acta,  they  ought  tu  be  removed  dirocUy  aftor  Iho  vintag*. 

Id  more  reoent  times,  a  plan  has  been  discovfrtd  of  ploutiog' 
a  driigoD  branch  near  the  tree— tbiit  being  the  name  given  to 
an  old  Btock-bronch  that  bus  becomo  hard  and  tough  in  tho 
coitrso  of  years.  For  this  prirpoef,  it  is  cut  an  loDg  a»  po»- 
Bible,  and  the  bark  is  taken  off  fVom  three-fourths  of  its  length, 
that  being  tho  portioa  which  is  to  be  buried  in  tho  ground ; 
hvnc«  it  is,  too,  that  it  is  called  a  "barked'***  plant.  It  is 
then  laid  at  J'uil  length  in  the  l\irrow,  the  remaining  part  pro- 
truding from  the  ground  and  reclining  against  the  tree.  Thi« 
method  ia  the  most  speedy  one  that  can  be  adopted  for  growing 
the  vine.  If  the  riiie  is  meagre  or  the  soil  impoverished,  it  is 
usual  to  kef  p  it  cut  down  as  near  to  the  ground  as  poeeible, 
until  such  time  as  the  root  i«  strengthened.  Care,  too,  should 
ho  taken  not  to  plant  it  covered  with  dew,""  nor  yet  while  tho 
wind  ia  blowing  from  tho  north.  The  vino  itself  ought  to 
look  towards  the  north-eaet,  hut  the  young  etock-shoots  should 
have  a  southern  aspect. 

There  should  not  be  too  great  hast**'  in  pruning  a  youD! 
vine,  but  a  beginning  should  be  madw  by  giving  the  wood  rnii 
foliage  a  circular  form,  care  being  taken  not  to  prune  it  until 
it  hua  become  quite  strong;  it  should  he  remembered,  tW| 
that  the  vine,  when  trained  upon  a  t-ree,  ia  generally  a  yew 
later  in  bearing  fruit  than  when  grown  on  the  crosst-pien. 
There  are  tome  peraona,  ngain,  who  altogether  forbid  that* 
rino  ehouM  be  pninod  until  Huch  time  aa  it  equals  the  tree  in 
huighL  At  the  Hret  pruning  it  may  be  cut  to  within  six  feel 
ih>m  the  ground,  below  which  a  shoot  must  be  Leit,  and  hi 
eournged  to  run  out  by  bending  the  young  wood.  "Uj'on  llii( 
shoot,  when  pruned,  there  should  not  he  more  than  three  budi 
!eU.  The  biTiBches  that  take  their  rise  from  ),bese  buds  shouW 
be  trained  in  the  following  year  upon  the  lowermost  stages  rf 
the  tree,  and  so  in  each  enceessivc  year  taught  to  ctimb  to  th( 
higher  ones.  Care,  too,  ehoidd  always  he  taken  to  leave  one 
hui'd,  woody  bnuith  at  each  stage,  aa  well  as  one  breeding 
slioot,  at  liberty  to  mount  as  high  as  it  pleases.  In  addition 
to  these  prtcautious,  iu  nil  pruning,  those  shoots  should  be  cut 
oif  which  have  borne  fruit  tlie  last  year,  and  after  tho  te^ 

"  R^tsilis.  "  CoIumeUo,  B.  v.  c.  6. 

"  Culunifilla,  B.  ?.  o,  6. 


drlls*'  hare  teen  cut  away  on  every  ai3e  fresh  bmncheB  Bhoold 
be  trained  to  run  along  tbf  atag<?B.  In  Italy  tht  pruning  ia  so 
uiancig'ed  thai  the  shflots  and  tendrils  of  the  vines  are  arranged 
so  as  to  covet  tho  hracctieB  of  the  tree,  while  tba  shoota  of  the 
viae  iu  their  turn  are  summndcd  with  eliistera  of  grajjes.  lu 
Oallia,  on  the  otJier  Lund,  the  vine  is  ti-aineil  to  pass  from  tree 
to  tree.  On  the  jEmiliim  Way,  again,  the  vine  is  seen  em- 
l.iracing  the  trunks  of  the  Atinimi  elms  that  line  the  road, 
while  at  the  same  time  it  carefiiUy  avoids  their  foliag'e,'' 

It  is  A  mark  of  ignorance  in  some  persouB  to  siiepcnd  the 
vine  with  a  cotd  beneath  the  branclies  of  the  tree,  to  the  great 
rit^kiif  stilling  it ;  for  it  ought  to  ho  mnrely  kept  up  with  a 
withe  of  osier,  and  not  tightly  laoed.  InJeed,  in  those  places 
where  the  willow  abounds,  the  withes  that  it  aflords  are  pre- 
ferred, on  account  of  their  superior  BupplenesB,  while  the  &ici- 
liais  employ  for  the  purpose  a  grasa,  which  they  call  "  ampelo- 
desmos  :"*'  throdglioiit  the  whole  of  Greece,  rushes,  cj-penis, 
and  atdge'^  are  aimUorly  employed.  ^Vhen  at  anytime  the 
vine  has  been  liberated  from  its  bonds,  it  should  be  aUowed  to 
range  uncontrolled  for  some  days,  and  to  spread  abroad  at 
pleasure,  as  well  aa  to  recline  upon  the  ground  which  It  has 
bcea  looking  down  upon  the  whole  year  through.  For  in  the 
sarao  manner  that  hcaflt&  of  burien  whon  rdcuBcd  from  the 
volte,  aud  dugg  when  they  have  retumed  from  the  chase,  love 
to  roll  themselves  on  the  ground,  just  so  does  the  vine  delight 
to  Btrctch  its  kiins.  The  tree  itself,  too,  seerna  to  rejoice,  and, 
thus  relieved  from  the  continiious  weight  which  has  burdened 
it,  to  have  all  the  appearance  of  now  enjoying  a  free  respira- 
tion. Indet^,  there  ia  no  object  in  all  the  economy  of  Nature 
that  do<^s  not  desire  certain  altemaliona  for  the  enjoyment  of 
rest,  witness  the  succossion  of  night  and  day,  for  inatonco.  It 
is  lor  this  reason  that  it  is  forbidden  to  prune  the  vine  directly 
the  vintage  is  over,  and  while  it  is  »tiU  exhuusted  hy  the 
prcicosB  of  repi'oductiou. 

Directly  the  vine  has  b^a  pruned,  it  onght  to  he  fastened 
again  to  the  tree,  hut  in  another  place ;  for  there  ia  no  doubt 
that  it  focls  very  aeutely  the  indentationB  that  aro  made  ia  it 

"  Cdprrotis.  *'  Aa  baiag  loo  Aeaae  anij  shftdy. 

•*  Frcici  the  Gjeek,  meaninj  the  "  Tine-iiand,"  It  wa»,  iirulwbiy,-  a 
kind  of  rush. 

*"  F6v  thinlcs  ttmt  hv  ma^  mean  the  Fcetuca  fluitans  more  p;inicularly, 
by  tliD  naniD  ulva. 


r 


3ig  VLVsn'n  SATiTEix  HiaroBT.         [BookXVn. 

by  the  holdfasts.  In  the  Gallic  metli'jd  of  cultiTBtion  they 
train  out  two  branche«  at  either  aide,  if  tJie  troe«  are  fortj-  fwt 
apart,  and  four  if  only  twonty:  where  they  tnei-t,  these  branche» 
arc  £ft9toned  together  oitdmndL-  to  grow  in  unison  ;  if,  too,  they 
an-  (UiywImrB  defioiEot  in  uumbijr  or  litritngtht  cnro  is  tAkcn 
lu  furtify  thi'si  hy  tbu  old  of  &iimll  rode.  In  a  case,  liowerer. 
whiTe  the  bronchce  ore  not  fiufIi<.'i<;aUy  long  to  moct>  tliey  axv 
srtiticiftUy  prolon^l  by  means  of  n  hook,  and  so  unitod  to  the 
trtm  th&t  (leaires  tUtir  uompany.  The  branches  thns  tcained  to 
unite  they  uxbd  to  prune  at  the  end  of  tiw  second  year.  But 
where  tht  Tine  is  aged,  it  is  a  better  plan  to  give  them  a  longer 
time  to  reach  the  adjoining  tree,  in  case  they  should  not  have 
gained  the  reqnisire  thickness ;  bceidee  which,  it  is  atwuyi 
giMiii  t<j  entourage  ihe  growth  of  the  hard  wood  in  the  dragoiL 
branchce. 

There  Ib  yet  another  method,"  whiiih  occimics  a  middlo 
phice  betwcQU  this  mode  of  j)ropngation  and  that  by  Inyim. 
It  consists  O'f  kyiug  thu  entire  vino  in  the  c^uih,  and  thea 
splitting  the  atoc^  neuader  by  ineunB  of  wedges;  thu  fibrous 
portions  aro  thea  triiin«d  out  in  as  many  furrowK,  care  bctog 
taken  to  support  each  of  tho  slender  planta  by  fastening  it  to 
a  stake,  and  not  to  cut  away  the  br«.iichf*i  that  nhoot  from  the 
sides.  The  growera  of  Novara,  not  contfjit  with  the  mul- 
titude  of  shoots  that  run  from  iroo  to  tree,  cor  ytt  with  as 
abundance  of  brdnchee,  eucoUTOge  the  stock-Jjmnchea  to  tn- 
twine  around  forks  planted  in  ttio  grouncl  for  the  purpnec  ;  » 
meUii>d,  however,  which,  in  addition  to  the  iuternul  defecU 
arising  &om  the  bolI,  Lmparts  a  Larshness  to  the  wiae. 

T]iere  is  another  fault,  too,  that  is  committed  by  the  peoplt 
of  Viuracina,"  near  K<hiic — they  only  prune  their  vines  evfgj 
othpr  year ;  not,  indeed,  because'  it  is  adTantagcoua  to  the  trws 
but  from  a  fear  lest,  from  the  low  prices  fetched  by  their  winM; 
the  expense  might  exceed  tlie  profits.  At  Careeoli  they  adopt 
a  middle  course,  by  pruning  away  only  the  rotten  parts  of 
the  vine,  aa  well  ns  those  which  are  beginning  to  wither,  ttai 
leaving  the  rest  to  bear  fruit.  alVsr  thu?  clearing  away  all 
superfluous  incumbrances.  The  only  nutriment  they  gi» 
it  iM  this  exemption  iVom  frequent  proninn;  but  uulosa  tlit 
soil  ahould  happen  to  be  a  very  rich  one,  the  vine,  under  SQch 

*  It  is  no  lander  uecii,  and  T4fi  doubts  its  utility. 
'^  fiardoulii  BUj^'gxi^lfi  "  Tutmciuu." 


I 


Chap.  S7.]  THB  QIUAOB  OF  TBKBB. 

a  metbud  of  ctiltivatioD,  will  very  soon  degEner&te  to  a  wild 

state. 

The  vine  that  is  thns  traineS  reqaireH  the  ground  to  W 
plonghipd  Tory  deep,  though  such  is  not  the  ca&e  for  the  Bowinj; 
there  of  grain.  It  is  not  customRry  to  cut  nw«y  the  leaves 
in  this  caef*.  which,  of  ctniTBt',  ia  bo  much  kboiir  epiircd. 
The  trees  thcmaclvos  requiro  pruning  at  the  sumo  period 
as  the  \Tiie,  and  are  thinned  ty  eiearing  away  all  ii.sele8» 
hrsochos,  and  ewdh  ports  as  would  only  ahsorb  tlio  nutriment. 
Wc  liaTB  alreaUy*  staled  that  the  ports  that  ure  lopped  shoiJit 
never  look  north  or  south  :  and  it  will  be  bettor  still,  if  they 
have  not  a  western  aspect.  The  wounds  thus  raade  are  very 
susceptible  for  a  conaidisrable  time,  mid  heal  with  the  greatest; 
difficulty,  if  eitpoacd  to  exceaaes  of  cold  or  heat.  Ths  Tine 
when  trained  on  a  tree  cnjoya  advantagee  that  uru  not  pos- 
ftesaed  by  tho  otliera  j  for  the  latter  have  certain  fixed  aapects, 
while  in  the  former,  it  h  easy  to  cover  up  thfl  wounds  made 
in  pruning,  or  to  turn  them  whichever  way  you  pletise.  When 
tretift  urw  pruned  at  Uiu  top,  oup-like  cavities  shuuld  hn  formed*' 
there,  to  prevent  the  water  from  lodging. 

CBjLP.   S6. — ^BtFW   G1LLFB&  AMB    moTECXED   tOfm   IBS   B&.TAQt3 

01   ISBECl'S. 

Stays,  too,  Ghould  bo  given  to  the  vine  for  it  to  take  hold  of 
imd  climb  upwards,  if  they  are  taller  than  it.  (24.)  Espaliere™ 
for  vinea  of  a  hi^h  quality  should  lie  cut,  it  la  said,  at  the 
Qiitur(H atria,"  and  when  it  is  intended  to  ktep  the  grapes, 
while  the  moon  is  on  the  wane.  We  are  assTired,  moreover, 
that  thoHo  which  are  cut  attho  change  of  the  moon,  arc  ererapt 
from  the  ftttacka  of  all  insects.'*  According  to  another  system, 
it  is  said  that  vines  should  be  pruned  by  night  at  full  moon, 
und  whilo  it  is  iu  Leo,  Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  or  Tuurua:  and 
that,  in  general,  they  ought  to  be  planted  cither  when  thf 
moon  is  at  full  or  on  the  increase.  Id  Italy,  ten  workmen 
will  suffice  for  one  hundred  jugora  of  vineyard. 

CBAP.  S7.— THE   HiaE&SES   OP  TOSEB. 

Having  now  treated  sufficiently  at  length  of  the  planting 

*•  In  c  16  of  this  Tiook.  *  To  drain  llie  upper  part  of  Uio  tree. 

■>■"  rer^a*.     See  B.  riv.  c.  3. 

''  Se«  B.  iriii.  c.  5Q,     Thtve,.  of  cannie,  aie  mere  ESperetitiona. 
'^  Auiranlium. 


6U 


lun't  TxTTftiL  ■xarmr. 


[ImIIT!; 


tf  ttef^l 


aatd  tmbxnAm.  «C  frwn     (far  ve  luire 
tha  ^B^  Md  ^  iijlwi."  -vkea 
tooM)— «t  ihall  ynMBi,  m«iiK-UMk  Bothx^ 
todMBftevAv  -'-'-^ -*-=—"- '^-t  ninin/Blilili  t"* 
coHidHilili  JMpnrtiww,  lAn  Ukm  in  ™"*Hrini  "*  ^ 
Oii  inecdM.    l^m^  ««  Sal  m  Btte>Bfc«d  I7  mUh. 
nd,  wleed.  irtat  CRttted  tUag  k  tter»  tfast  it  BZflH|tbi 
Oms  nik?    StiUbvwvnr,  th»Klbctiaa»  of  liMlnittM 
it  u  nid,  an  sot  tttoodcd'*  wilh  danger  to  lhes,^di 
only-  danu^  they  receire  is  &om  hail-aloraM  wfeak 
badding  ad  Uowaming  ;  irith  the  exeeptioa,  iailtifi^ 
nipMd  dther  bj  heat  or  eotd  UmO  in  1—1  ■iimnMn  v 
fernoBt,  irboi  it  oooMS  it  flu  pcoperliaMi^  la  w«  han 
iteted,"isaerTU3nbtetotfaem.    "Well bat.'*  it  viU 
'*  i>  oat  the  Tine  mnetuiNa  killed  with  cold  ?*'     Xo 
md  this  it  is  throogh  vhich  we  detect  ioberent  fnults 

•Otis,  for  it  is  only  in  «  ooldEoU  ihat  the  vine  will  dir.      

the  BUDe  way,  too,  in  vinter  we  appiova  of  cold,  so  ]tiog 
it  it  the  cold  ot  the  weather,  aad  not  of  the  firmuid.  Jt  is  net 
tiie  wcakeat  trees,  too,  that  aio  endanga«d  ia  wiater  by  bxt. 
bvt  Ae  larger  onea.  When  they  are  thus  attacked,  it  is  Ar 
BOBUitit  that  dries  away  the  first,  from  the  circaoo  stance  tbl 
tiu  asp  'b«eoaiee  frazen  before  it  is  able  to  arrivo  there. 

Some  diat^ose^  of  trees  are  commoo  to  them  sU,  whUl 
Others,  agata,  oru  pecuUur  to  iadividaal  Iduds:  Worms  "  m 
o-ouunoa  to  them  all,  and  so,  too,  is  ^i'leratioD,"  with  patBt  in 
the  limbs, '•  which  are  productive  of  debility  in  tho  -rariao* 
pnrts.  Thus  do  we  apply  the  names  of  the  maladiua  thai  pff* 
vail  among  mflnklnd  to  those  with  which  the  plants  «i» 
afflicted.  In  the  same  way,  too,  we  speak  of  their  bodiea  b 
mutilabid,  the  cyos  of  the  bods  being  burnt  up,  with  TTlMy 
other  expressions  of  a  sLmilar  nuture.  It  ia  in  accordanoe 
with  the  same  phraseology  that  we  say  that  trees  ore  afflicted 
with  fauogLT  or  iodigestioa,  balh  of  which  rusult  from  the 

"  In  B.  xB.  c.  a.  '*  In  B.  liii.  c.  -t?. 

"  Thi»  i"  the  opinion  of  Tlisoplirastug,  Hist.  PlanL  B.  iv.  t.  18, 

"  In  e.  2  of  this  Book, 

"  "Vurmiuuluiiu."  F^u  und«raluo<!i  this  tonjiplytothealtocluofiBStttt 
in  *oneral,  thfl  Comieatofl  tj-po^phiw  mora  namcDlarly. 

'*  tir,  in  other  WArda,  thu  evil  intluenvics  oi  the  heuTcnly  bodies :  thil,  o( 
AguF»,  u  nut  bcliered  ia  at  tlie  prvnuot  iIhjt. 

TV  Keciorii,  in  puiiculiLr  portiiiiia  of  Ibe  pkat. 


comparativo  amounh  of  sap  that  they  contain;  "while  aomt>, 
!  Rguiu,  are  troubled  with  obusitj',  ns  in  the  cnao  of  all  the  ro- 
I  Binous  trees.,  which,  when  snft'ering  from  exCTSBiTc  fatness,  ara 
chanffcd  into  a  torch-tree.*"  "When  the  routa,  too,  begin  to 
■vax  fat,  tTcciR,  liko  (tuiinalB,  are  apt  to  perieh  f^om  cxcesB  of 
fatnese.  Sometimes,  too,  a  pestilenoe *'  will  prevail  in  certain 
olasH6R  of  trcBB,  ju&t  aa  among  men.,  wo  see  maladies  attack, 
at  one  ttniL'  the  (juvo  class,  aad  at  luiotfaL'r  the  common  ]Jeople, 
in  citJus  or  in  the  country,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Trees  are  more  or  ie^  attucked  by  ^conns ;  but  Btill,  nearly 
oil  itrt'  euljject  to  tbeni  in  some  iJcgreP,  and  this  the  hirds"'  are 
nblc  to  detect  by  the  hollow  eonnd  producc-d  on  tapping;  at 
the  bark.  Those  worms  cren  hiivc  now  begun  to  be  looked 
■upon  ns  dclieacieB^  hy  tpicuroa,  and  the  large  ones  found  in 
the  robur  are  held  in  high  esU-em  ;  thny  are  known  to  us  by 
the  name  of  "  co&sisj"  aad  arc  even  fed  with  meal,  in  order 
to  fatten  them !  Hut  it  h  the  peot,  the  iipple,  and  the  i^g'* 
that  are  moBt  Buhject  to  their  attacks,  the  trcoB  that  are  bitter 
and  odoriferous  CDJoying  a  comparative  exemption  from  them. 
Of  Lhoae  which  izifest  the  fig,  some  breed  in  the  tree  itself, 
while  otliers,  apoin,  are  produced  by  the  worm  known  as  the 
cerastes;  they  all,  however,  equally  nssnme  the  form  of  the 
ceroates,"  and  emit  a  email  ahrill  noise.  The  serricc-tree  is 
infested,  too,  with  a  red  hairy  worm,  which  kills  it;  and  the 
medlar,  when  old,  h  subject  to  a  eimilar  malady. 

The  di.'^easo  known  qb  Bidemtion  entirely  depends  upon  the 
heavcuB;  and  hence  we  may  cIwb  under  thia  headj  the  ill 

»  Sito  B.  xTi.  0. 19.  He  alludet  to  an  esutKiTsnt  secretion  of  rosin,  in 
^(c1)  case  tlie  tree  lieomwi  cliareed  witli  it  like  n  ti>rch, 

*'  Hft  nlliitiM  to  tho  epidemic  «nd  contflgiom  innliulies  bj  wiiicli  Irsc* 
.«xe  attiLi^kcd.  Thi;  caust's  n(  ihtea  attaclu  ure  tiflGii  tuLknown,  but  thfiy 
'      ;y  prnhably  proceed,  in  niaoy  instances,  ^tn  tpringi  of  liot  water,  or 

WOUi  umnRiitiunE  .aecTeti?<]  in  ihti  earLli, 

•*  Tlio  woodpockor  nwra  jiarticulai'ly.     Sea  E.  i.  c.  20. 

"  It  ia  nnt  known,  wirh  curti-jinfy,  what  these  worms  «r  cilcrpiUars 
were.  The  inrvn  of  Iha  cttpricDrn  beetle,  or  nf  tlie  Gtng-beetld,  linn  Iwpn 
EUgireitcd.  G|I4>l^rlli  ihinks  tl^nt  it.  mny  have  b^eii  tbe  larva  of  tlie  palm- 
wet»il,  ITiis  tajilu  lot  cuturpillurB,  pioUblf,  lo  bafir  pruroilH  in  luiy 
part  of  EiiroiM. 

"  This  pasMge,  which  is  quite  oonfomwiblc  to  trutk,  i»  from  Theo- 
nhrniitiiii,  Hii»t.  t'lant.  G.  iv.  c  10,  trad  B.  lii.  «.  12. 

*  Sm  B.  in.  c.  80. 


^ 


k 


rrWT'S  WiTtfttJlt,  HISTORT.  [BoofcXni, 

effecfe  produced  by  hail-stonnB,  carbunculktioi],**  aai  Uiu 
dAToage  cauaod  by  lioiir-£h»ts.  Whoa  the  approach  of  tfm^ 
teaaytts  the  etiil  toadcr  shooto  to  make  their  appearance,  and 
iiief  Tenture  to  buret  IotUx,  the  mabdy  attacks  them,  uuJ 
Boorchoe  up  thu  eyes  of  the  bmU,  &ll&d  aa  Uiey  are  vith 
their  milky  juices :  thiii  is  what  npoo  flowrers  they  call  *'  char- 
coal"" blight.  The  conspqnpnDw  of  hoar-frost  to  plontaoro 
ereo  more  dangerous  still,  for  whc-n  it  hoa  odcc  aettled,  it 
ranainB  there  in  a  froxen  form,  and  there  is  never  any  winit  to 
ranove  it,  seeing  that  it  ne^'nr  prevullB  except  in  weatber  (hat 
» porfeclly  culm  und  Kori^QC.  Kdctrntiou,  howovcr,  properly 
90  called,  ia  a  certain  heat  and  dryncBS  that  prcTEtils  at  the 
rising  of  the^  Dog-star,  and  owing  to  which  gmtU  and  yoa&g 
tn,<C!«  pine  away  and  die,  tho  fig  and  tho  vino  moru  purtiea* 
larlj-,  Tlio  olive,  uIho,  besiduH  the  ■wonn,  to  which  it  ia  eqaaliy 
subject  with  the  tig,  ia  attacked  by  the  measles,**  or  aa  aome 
think  fit  to  call  it,  the  fungus  or  platter;  it  is  a  sort  of  bUlt 
produced  by  tlie  hcot  of  tho  iun.  Cato"*  aays  that  the  red 
moaa"  is  also  deletcrioas  to  tho  olive.  An  exoeesivo  fertSily, 
too,  is  very  often  injurioiia  to  tho  vine  and  tlio  oUvo.  Scab  i*a 
miiludytioinnKjn  to  idl  trees.  Enipfions,"^  too,  and  the  uttacls 
of  a  kind  of  snail  that  grows  on  the  bark,  arc  diseases  pecultu 
to  the  fig,  but  not  in  all  oouatrles  ;  for  there  are  some  maladiM 
that  arc  prui^Jtiit  ia  certain  loealitiug  only. 

lu  the  same  way  that  man  ia  Bubjcot  to  diseases  of  the  ti- 
ncw8,  80  arc  the  trees  as  well,  and.  like  him,  in  two  differect 
ways.  Either**  the  rirulenc©  of  tho  di(«.'asL>  manifest*  itsoU  in 
llie  feet,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  the  rfwls  of  the  tree,  <h 
e\m  in  the  joint*  of  tho  fingers,  or,  in  other  words,  the  exlre- 
niitieft  of  tho  branchcB  that  oro  moat  distant  firom  the  trunk. 
The  part.1  that  arc  thus  affected  become  dry  and  ahrivel  np : 
tho  Greeks  have  appropriate  names"  by  which  to  diatinguisli 

*■  Thn  cffi'i-U  [iriKliicH'O  iijKin  TounR  sliooU  hy  fruat,  are  BtlU  ao  caU«d> 

*''  Prtibablj  from  tile  ()liii;t  coloui  wliicli  itiiims, 

"*  in  this  caso  it  would  bo  vwy  similitt  W  wliQl  wo  call  coa'itxC'ke. 

w  "Okvum,"  aniiil.  Ilcuppi'jiralo  nllndetoag^l  thjitoppcnis  on  (Iw 
hark  of  the  «li?e,  tlio  eruption  (arrDini;  the  ihnpc  of  r  nail,  and,  in  mnw 
iiitt-inot't,  a  "puttUn,"  ur  pliiUnr.  Tile  Cocuud  uiouidcum  is  on  iowttt 
that  is  very  deitruotivu  to  tho  olive.  •*  Oe  H«  RiwL  6. 

»'  A  Bort  of  RrineuiM,  Fpo  niig^U.     Sto  B.  iv.  o-  6. 

w  "  ImpLtigo,"    "  Tfttcr,"  tir  "  rinpworra,"  liteialljr. 

W  From  TlioopTimstu*.  lli»t.  Mant.  11.  iv.  c.  16. 


Chip.  8"0 


each  of  Lhoso  aQVctioas.  lu  eitiicr  coso  tliu  llrst  ts]iu[)touia  are 
timt  Uio  tree  is  sufluruig  &om  puia,  and  ibo  parts  afl'cctt.'d  be- 
come emaciated  and  brittle ;  then  follows  rapid  cwnsumption 
and  ultimately  tlcath ;  the  juices  bc-ing  no  longeir  able  to  enter 
the  di^easKid  parts,  or,  at  all  tvents,  not  circulating  in  them. 
The  fig  is  more  partictiWly  liable  to  this  disease ;  ttit  the 
wild  fig  ia  exempt  from  all  that  we  have  hitherto  mpntioned. 
Scab**  is  prodiiccii  by  viscous  dewn  which  fall  ufLcr  the  rising 
of  the  Vtrgiiiin;  bnt  if  they  hfippen  to  fall  copiously,  they 
drench  the  tree,  without  making  the  bnrk  rough.  When  the 
fig  is  thus  attacked,  the  frtiit  falls  off  while  gruwi ;  and  so,  too, 
if  there  is  too  mutli  ruin.  Tlio  hg  eoifera  also  fcom  a  super- 
tluity  ol'  inoisture  in  thw  roots. 

In  a<klition  to  worms  and  sideration,  the  Tinfl  is  Bubject  to 
a  peculifli-  diseiise  of  its  own,  which  attucka  it  in  the  joints, 
and  13  produced  from  nnc  of  the  three  following  causes : — 
either  the  destniRtioii  of  the  buda  by  stormy  weather,  or  else 
the  fact,  as  remarked  by  Thcophrastus,  that  the  tree,  when 
pmued,  has  been  cut  with  the  inuisiona  upwardci,**  or  Laa  been 
injured  irom  wont  of  skill  in  the  cultivator.  All  tlio  injury 
that  ia  inflicted  in  thciie  varioua  ways  is  fblt  by  the  tree  iu  the 
joints  moie  purttcularly.  It  must  be  considered  also  ua  a 
species  of  sideratioa,  when  tlie  cold  dews  make  tilt?  blosroms 
fall  ofl',  and  when  the  gmpca  hanlen*"  beforo  they  have  attained 
their  proper  aizo.  Vines  also  become  sickly  when  tJicy  are 
perished  with  cold,  and  the  eyea  are  frost-bitton  just  after  they 
have  been  pruned.  Heat,  too,  out  of  seaaoii,  ia  productive  of 
Bimilar  results  :  for  evcrytbinij  ia  regulated  according  to  a  fixed 
order  and  certain  determinato  movoments.  Some  maladies, 
too,  originate  in  errors  coujinitted  by  the  vine-drefiser ;  wh*;n 
they  are  tied  loo  tight,  for  instance,  as  already  mentioned,'*  or 
when  in  trenchiug  romid  them  the  digger  has  Btniek  ihem  an 
unlncky  blow,  or  when  in  ploughing  aboiit  them  the  rooti  liave 
been  strained  through  carelessness,  or  the  bark  has  h«en 
stripped  from  off  the  trunk :  somotimcs,  too,  contusions  am 
produced  by  the  uao  of  too  blunt  a  pruning.lcnife.  Through 
all  tliu  causes  thus  enumerated  the  tree  is  rendered  moifi  sen- 

"*  J'rora  TheopUrastiii.  UUt.  Plaot,  B.  iv.  o.  16.  F^e  i»  at  n  Ittes  Ut 
know  wliiit  is  tntuiil  bv  these  ^>i!l(;1lua  Uaws,  and  is  anabSo  Ix.  idoniify  thu 
(tlwase  her«  immdoaoa  as  "aoabim."  Ic  is  not,  imriTobiibUr  that  it  wns 
aimed  by  an  insrnt.  "  See  cc,  36  nitd  6U  nf  Itii*  Book. 

t"  Sco  B.  xviU.  0.  BU.  ^  lac.  36.     Sec  aim  e.  U  of  Lliia  Oaf^ 


5SS 


PLnrt'B  NiTCRAL  fflBTOBT. 


[Bwk  svn. 


on  Lbo 

i 


bitivB  to  ciUier  cold  or  heat,  ne  creiy  injurious  influenee  from 
without  U  u[it  ki  coDcuntrato  in  the  wounde  thus  made.  The 
apple,  however,  ia  the  nioHt  Julicalo  of  tbtin  all,  and  mom 
partituiarlj-  tlie  mn  tliat  bettr*  the  BWeet«et  fruit,  lo  soi&s 
trefiii  weakuesa  iiLdticvd  hy  disease  is  prodactire  of  barreQuen, 
tmd  docs  not  kill  thn  tree ;  a*  in  the  pine"  for  iasUnce,  or  the 
]uilni,  when  the  top  of  the  trcfl  has  been  remoTi?d  ;  for  in  mitih 
caw  tho  tree  becomcahnrron,  but  doeanotdie.  Sometimes,  too, 
llie  fruit  itself  ia  sickly,  independently  of  the  tree ;  for  example, 
■when  there  ia  a  dufi^iency  of'  rain,  or  of  warmth,  or  of  wind, 
at  tho  periods  at  which  they  ufiually  prevail,  or  when,  on  tho 
other  hand,  they  have  prevailed  in  excc-^ ;  for  in  Bueh  cases, 
iruit  will  'Githcr  drop  ofi'  or  else  deteriorate.  But  the 
thing  of  all  thiit  cu.ii  betiill  the  vine  or  thy  olive,  is  to  be 
with  heavy  showers  juat  when  tho  tree  is  sheddtug  ita  bl 
for  then  the  fruit  is  sure  to  fiLll  off'  oa  well. 

Rain,  too,  is  productive  of  the  caterpillar,  a  no3ri&u«  insect 
that  eats  away  the  leavea,  and,  nnme  of  them,  the  blonsoms  ss 
■wrell ;  and  thia  in  the  olive  even,  as  we  find  the  caae  at  Miletus; 
giving  to  the  half-CLttcDtreeainoBt  loathsome  appcamueo.  lliJs 
pegt  is  produced  hy  the  prevalence  of  a  damp,  laaguid  heat; 
uad  if  tho  Bun  should  happen  to  ahinQ  after  ikis  with  a  raaia 
ijiteuEe  hoQt  and  bum  theoi  up,  this  pest  ouly  gives  place  to 
oaother'  Just  an  bad,  the  aspect  only  O't'  the  evil  being  changed. 

There  is  still  one  other  affection  that  is  pcculjiu'  to  the  olive 
and  the  Tine,  known  as  the  "cobweb,"*  the  truit  being  i-n- 
veliiped  in  a  web,  as  it  were,  and  so  stifled.  There  arc  certain 
■winds,  too,  that  are  pnrticultirly  blightiog  to  the  olive  and  tho 
vine,  AS  also  to  other  fruits  as  well :  and  then  besides,  the  (hiits 
themselves,  independently  of  tie  tree,  are  vtry  much  worm- 
catiui  in  Bomo  years,  the  apple,  peax,  medlar,  and  pomcgranalii 
for  InEtance.     Id  the  olive  the  preeeuee  of  the  worm  may  be 

»■  From  ThenphrMluBj  Hist.  Plfint.  B,  iv.  o.  16.     Tf  tho  tcnninal  boil 

of  tK(f  pnlm  ia  taken  nlF,  it  uill  iriDstly  cHu. 

I  •' Dooidunt."  Tlio  Ftvucli  iwo  a  eimilar  wgrd — emlfr.  Tn  tbiECSMtlie 
priUciii  bdng  ^'luibuii  off  by  l\i<:  iliowun,  liu  uot  ihu  oiipoituLiii/  oi'  focus- 
dating  the  avuty  of  tbe  flinrer. 

=  The  iDsoct  Jchorumun  or  rnpivorUt  prnbulily,  vhinh  hreeila  in  th« 
lajvm  or  olse  ia  tlio  body  of  the  cBlorpillur.  The  pauagv  i»  ffom  Th«>- 
pbraatui,  B,  it.  c.  16, 

B  Cuuseil  probably  b^  a  mii^got  or  moth  passing  from  one  CTSpeoroUTe 
to  nnather,  and  aninnrng  ita  web  in  viut  quanlilics.  Scu  Thcophnuta^ 
a  if.  0,  IT. 


THE  DISEASES   OF  TBBEa. 

prodnctivo  of  a  twofold  result :  if  it  grows  boneath  tlie  skin, 
it  will  destroy  the  fruit,  but  if  it  is  in  the  etone,  it  will  only 
guaw  it  away,  making  the  fruit  all  the  larger.  The  preTalcuce 
of  ehowera  after  the  rising  of  ArcluruB*  prcv(int&  them  fhun 
breeding;  but  il"  the  rains  are  nccompanied  witli  wind  from 
the  south,  they  will  make  their  appearantx)  in  the  ripo  fruit 
even,  wMch  aro  then  very  apt  to  full.  ThiB  happeos  more 
pBrtioularly  in  moist,  wattry  localitiea ;  ami  even  if  they  do 
not  fall,  the  olives  that  are  so  affected  are  g:ood  for  notliing-. 
There  is  a  kind  of  fly  also  that  is  very  tmubk-sorae  to  some 
fruit,  acorna  aad  figs  for  instance  :  it  would  njipBur  that  they 
bteed  frcpm  the  juices^  Becretwl  beneath  the  bark,  which  at 
this  period  are  sweet.  These  trees,  too,  are  generally  in  a 
diseaapd  state  whfen  this  happens. 

There  are  certain  temporary  and  local  influtmccs  which  canaa 
instantaneous  death  to  trees,  but  wliich  cannot  properly  be 
termed  diseasee ;  Huch,  for  exampli),  as  conEumption,  bluat,  or 
the  floxioUB  dfeets  of  some  winds  that  are  peculiar  to  certain 
localities  ;  of  tliifi  laat  nature  are  the  Atabulus*  that  prevails 
in  Apulia,  and  tLe  Olympias*  of  Eubcca.  This  wind,  if  it 
happens  to  blow  about  the  winter  solstice,  nips  the  tree  with 
cold,  and  BhriyeU  it  up  to  fluch  a  degree  that  no  warmth  of  the 
son  can  ever  revive  it.  Trees  that  are  planttid  in  valley*,  and 
are  situate  near  the  banks  of  rivers,  are  espedally  liable  to 
theee  accidents,  tho  vine  more  particularly,  the  olive,  and  the 
fig.  When  this  has  been  the  case,  it  may  inatantly  be  detected 
the  moraent  tho  period  for  germination  arriveSj  though,  in  the 
olive,  Bomewhat  later.  With  all  of  these  Itees,  if  tho  leaves 
foil  ofi^  it  ia  a.  6Jgn  that  they  will  recover ;  but  il'  buuU  is  not 
the  cflBe,  just  when  you  would  suppose  that  they  have  escaped 
uninjured,  they  die.  Sometimes,  however,  tie  leaves  will 
become  green  again,  after  being  dry  and  shriv^dled.  Oilier 
trees,  again,  in  the  northern  regiooa,  Pontus  and  Phrygifl,  Inr 
example,  suffer  greatly  from  cold  or  frost,  in  case  thty  should 
continue  for  forty  days  aft*r  the  winter  eolstioe.  In  these 
ootmtriea,  too,  as  well  as  in  other  parts,  if  a  sharp  frost  or  co- 
pious roina  should  happen  to  eome  on  immediately  after  fruc- 
titicatioQ,  the  fruit  ia  killed  in  a  very  few  days  even. 

*  Sea  B,  xviii.  c.  74. 

*  On  the  «ontrary,  this  iWMit  juioe  ii  secrettd  by  the  infect  itoclf,  oa 
aphis  or  vine-fr utter. 

»  TtiB  nortli.weit  witiil.    See  HcraM,  &itt.  B,  i.  a.  v.  L  H. 
f  Sw  U,  ii.  c,  m. 


S24 


PLIKT'a  JTATUaU.  HIBTOKY.  [Book  SVII. 


lojiuica  iDflicted  by  the  hand  of  nmn  aro  productire  also  of 
bad  efFect3.  Thua,  for  ioatance,  pitch,  oil,  and  grease,*  if  ap- 
plied to  IrtiM,  and  young  oaes  more  particiiiarljr,  are  liiglil; 
detrimetitfll.  They  may  be  killed,  nlwj,  by  rcmoTing  a orcula 
piece  of  tlio  hark  from  around  them,  with  the  exception,  in- 
deed, of  the  cork-tree,"  which  ia  rather  benefitted  than  other- 
is-iso  by  Iho  operation ;  for  the  bark  us  it  gmdually  thiokeoH 
tends  lo  atiflu  und  Buffocate  the  troc :  the  andrdehle,"  too,  re- 
cl'Itlb  no  injury  from  it,  if  caro  is  tolien  not  to  cut  the  body 
^f  the  tree.  In  addition  tu  this,  Un;  cherry,  the  lime,  and  the 
vine  slied  their  bark ;"  not  that  portion  of  it,  iudood,  which  is 
ejsentiiil  to  lite,  luid  gruws  ucjct  the  trunk,  but  the  part  that 
is  thrown  off,  in  pmycirtiya  as  the  othtr  grow*  benetith.  In 
some  trees  the  barfc  is  naturally  full  of  Jiasures,  the  plane  for 
instance  :  in  the  linden  it  vill  all  hut  grow  again  when  T^• 
moTod.  Hence,  in  those  troes  the  hark  of  whifih  admits  of 
cifiatrizntion,  a  mixture  of  clay  and  dang"  is  employwi  l>y  way 
of  remedy  ;  and  eomctiriies  with  moee^,  in  CQeevscoiuuvocQM 
or  beat  does  not  immediately  eupcrveue.  Iq  Bome  trees,  again, 
by  thv  adopUoa  of  these  metiiods  death  is  only  retaxded,  tfait 
robur  and  the  qnercua,'*  for  example.  Thy  eeitson  of  tW  year 
has  also  it«  peculiar  inHuenceB;  uius,  if  the  bark  is  removed 
from  the  fir  and  the  pine,  while  the  sun  is  pitssiug  throu^ 
TnurWB  or  (jemini,  the  ptiriod  of  their  germination,  they  will 
inntantly  die,  while  in  ivinter  the^  fire  able  to  withstand  the 
iniurioiis  effects  of  it  much  longer :  the  same  is  the  cobo,  twt, 
with  the  holm-oak,  the  robur,  and  the  qaercus.  In  the  twee 
flheve  mentioned,  if  it  iB  only  u  narrow  circular  atrip  of  bark 
that  is  removed,  no  injuriouii  effects  will  bo  petctpUbltt;  but 
in  the  cose  of  the  weaker  trees,  a^  well  ns  thoee  which  grow  in 
a.  thin  soil,  the  »iune  opc-ratioo,  if  perfonD>ed  evc-n  on  ooo  side 
only,  will  be  fiure  to  Ttill  tkem.     The  removid.  of  tho  top,'*  iB 

^  lie  pTolHtbly  m<.-iiits  if  ii{ipll«d  Iv  lA*  itrk  of  jrvoDp  tiew. 

*  TliQ  coTk-trcs  fur  rue  no  esaeptjon  to  tho  rulo — if  a  oompleU  jbif  of 
tiic  bark  tlmt  lirt  uniiei'  tlie  opidi^mifl  ia  remoitJ,  ifaa  dcnlli  of  the  tm  b 
tbe  iiiaTiUble  TtuiiilL     8-ee  B.  itL  o.  13. 

'"  Trobftbly  tho  Arbutus  iDt-jgrifolio.    3ee  B-  xiii.  o,  4(1, 

>i  liiU  iu  ttiHlity  is  itot  tlie  bnrk.  bat  merelv  iha  epiJemiii,  yrhith  u 
cfipahle  of  xnproiluution  in  many  treei.  ''  Sco  c.  Id  a(  Ibis  IkKik. 

"  TLja  lUftlioJ,  how(iVL'i>  ia  nl'tea  IbMcl  efGcflciniis  in  pt<!»crviiijf  tbe  life 
of  tiio  oak,  m  w«ll  ait  nintijr  other  tie^a,  by  exvluiliog  tha  ttatloa  tif  ihi' 
ai]'  autl  wiitpr. 

''*  It  preveau  lU«in  fraiu  iaareitiiiiig  in  htigUt,  but  does  nol  nnw  i^ai 
deatlu 


j 


Chap.  37.]  '-THE   D1SEA3KB   OF  TUKK8.  923 

Hie  pitcIi-trcG,  the  cedar,  and  tto  cypress  is  productive  of  a, 
Mmilar  reeult ;  tor  if  it  is  either  cut  off  or  rtpBimytid  by  fire, 
the  tree  will  not  surrive  ;  the  same  is  the  case,  too,  if  they 
are  bitten  by  the  teeth  of  anirrmlB, 

Viirn)'*  infomie  kh,  too,  as  we  have  already  Btated,"  that  tlie 
oliTe,  if  oidy  licked  by  a  she-goiit,  will  be  banen."  l^Tien 
thuB  injorod,  botoc  trees  will  (Ue,  while  in  others  the  fruit  be- 
comes dt  tori  orated,  the  almond,'*  for  tnst:uLce,  tie  fruit  of  wbiiJi 
changes  frnm  Bweet  to  bitttr.  In  othor  caats,  again,  the  tree  ia 
impravcd ' "  even — such,  fiir  inBtanee,  an  the  pear  krown  in  Chios 
as  the  Phociaa  pear.  We  have  already  mentivaed™  ei-rtain 
trees,  also,  that  are  all  the  better  for  having  tht  tops  removed. 
Most  trees  perish  when  the  trunk  ia  ejilit ;  but  we  must  r-xcept 
the  vine,  the  apple,  the  fig,  and  tJie  pomegninat*.  Others, 
again,  w  ill  die  if  only  a  wound  is  inflicted  :  the  fig,  however, 
«ft  well  as  all  the  resinous  trees,  is  proof  against  surh  iiyury. 
It  ia  tar  from  surprising  that,  when  the  rnotft  of  a.  hve  are  cut, 
death  should  he  the  result;  most  of  thi-m  peiitJi,  however, 
when,  not  idl  the  roots,  but  only  the  larger  ones,  and  thoae 
"which  aiB  more  esMjUtitd  to  life,  have  beca  aevcred. 

Trees,  ton,  will  kill  one  another"'  by  their  Gbadc,  or  the 
density  of  their  foliage,  as  also  by  the  withdi'awftl  of  uourish- 
mvul.  I\'y,^  by  cliiJgiug  to  a  tree,  will  strangle"  it.  The 
mifttletoe,  loo,  is  £:tr  JVoni  beneficial,  and  the  cytiEus  is  killed 
by  the  plant  to  which  the  Greeks  have  givin  th©  nuiue  of 
halimon."  It  is  the  nature  ot  some  plant*  not  to  kill,  but  to 
injure,  hy  the  odour  they  omit,  or  by  the  admixture  of  their 
juices ;  sueh  ia  the  influence  exercised  hy  the  radish  and  the 
laurel  upon  the  vine.'*     For  the  viuc  may  reasonably  bu  looked 

'»  De  Ki;  RusL  B,  i.  c,  2.  "=  la  B.  viii.  c.  76,  and  B,  it.  c.  6. 

"  This  stfltement  is  fabulous.  Goats  ai*  ant  to  injure  tiei*  by  IiiIIhk 
tho  liuils  and  youii^  sb-votc.  Fabuloiu  aa  it  is,  liMfF^vtr,  Ffc  tvauuka  ttat 
it  «till  obuina  ci'isilit  among  tba  pciftaontrT  in  Franct, 

'»  This  fabiilnnfi  storj  is  takfn  trnm  Tnenp1triistu«,  DeCousiSjB.T.o.  26. 

"  Alsit  ftorn  'Fheophraatns,  Iliat.  Plant,  li.  i',  nc.  l'J-20,  and  Do  CKiisis, 
B.  V.  It,  22,  it  ig  juat  [lOB^ible  thnt  on  sorae  of  tita  bruncliss  being  turn 
off  bv  aa  animul,  tliu  irvu  may  have  grown  vrltli  tuureiued  nvciir. 

^^In  B.  liii.  c  Wk  and  in  c,  30  of  this  Booi.  'i  gee  B.  .tri.  e.  47. 

"  It  niunt  lie  rptnembercd  timt  ivy  is  Dot  a  parasite,  and  that  it  hai  no 
cuckiire  to  absuib  tbu  aniiiment  of  nuotUur  tree. 

M  fi.p|.  a.  ivi.  c.  62. 

"*  C,  Baulils  eivoti  tUix  nnine  tn  i^everol  epecici  of  Atriiik-z,  I^uuna 
wiw  i>l'  opinion  that  tb4>  Ualimon  of  ]JiDacL>ridcfiiTas  tbij  aamo  eh  the 
Viburnum.  '^  A  DUjicntititiui  belief  oatyj  u  k'io  cumuks. 


526 


FLIBX  a  ITAJttBAL  BIBTOBT. 


[ilwk  SVU. 


upon  OS  pa^aeened  oTthe  sense  of  RmcU,  and  affected  by  odonn 
in  n  RiDguhr  de^rcu  ;  huucsn  wlicu  it  in  iivai'  a  uuxioua  ezhak- 
tioD,  it  will  tiU'Q  away  odcI  withdraw  Irom  it.  It  was  trom 
luB  oLeerratioa  of  this  fact  that  Androcydes  borrowed  ihc 
radish"  as  Ma  antidote  for  drimkennfsB,  rccommeadiiig  H  to 
be  eaten  on  such  oc^Hiasions-  The  vice,  too,  ubhors  all  cole- 
worts  and  garden  }if^rba,  (uid  the  hazel"  as  well;  indeed  it  will 
benomo  weak  and  ailing  if  they  are  cot  retnorcd  to  a  dbtAiiM 
from  it.  Nilro,  alum,  wann  aoa-wfttcr,  and  the  shells  of  bcaiis'' 
and  fitchea  net  as  poiaons  on  the  vine. 

ciur.  38.  (25.) — phodioibs  connected  with  tsiies. 
Among  tlm  makdics  -which  aficct  the  rurious  trceg,  wo  may 
find  room  for  p«rk-ntoiis  prodigiea  also.  For  wo  find  some 
trees  that  have  nevt^r  had  a  leaf  upon  Ihem ;  a  xiun  and  a  pom^ 
granato  bearing'*  frait  adhering  to  the  trunk,  luid  not  upon 
the  shoota  or  branches ;  a.  vine,  too,  that  boi-o  grapes  but  had 
nolcnves;  and  o)ive9  that  have  loat  ^eir  leaves  while  the  fruit 
remained  npoQ  the  tree.  There  are  Bomomarvela also  connect«I 
with  trees  that  aw  owing  to  accidont ;  an  olive  that  was  com- 
plotcly  burut,  has  been  loiown  to  revive,  and  in  BtB&ttu,  some 
iiff-tTLwe  that  had  been  quite  eaten  away  by  locusts  btidd«d 
aircHli.^"  TruGB,  too»  BometimBB  chongQ  Uitiir  colour,  and  turn 
bom  hltick  to  white  ;  Hue,  however,  must  not  always  be  looked 
upon  as  portoutouii,  and  more  paitioularly  in  tho  ca«e  of  thoio 
which  are  grown  from  seed;  the  whitepoplar,  too,  often  becomes 
bluck.  Some  pur.'soiia  arc  of  opinion  ulso  that  the  8*rvice-tree, 
if  tronsplimted  to  a  warmor  loMlity,  will  become  barren.  But 
it  ia  a  prodigy,  no  doubt,  when  sweet  fraits  become  sour,  or 
Botir  fruits  ewoot;  and  when  the  wild  fig  bccoracB  changed 
into  the  cultivated  one,  or  %*icG  vtirs4.  It  is  sadly  pwptentous." 
too,  when  Die  trcu  bccomca  deteriorated  by  thu  uhiiugu,  tlie 
oultlvattid  olive  chaDging  into  the  wild,  and  the  white  grapt 
or  lig  becoming  black :  euch  was  the  case,  also,  when  upon  the 
OEcivul  of  Xetxos  tlietc,  a  plane-tree  at  Lavdici'a  was  trans- 

="  SecB.jdx.c.  26.       ^  Virgil  sljnrfJ  tliie  Iwlicf;  ■"»  (^■Forg.ii.Lttlt 

^  This  ma?  be  true  in  somu  tueuaiaro  a&  lo  nitre,  uluia,  mid  w«iD  Sift- 
T^tor;  hut  not  sa  as  lo  thu  BJicUa  ui  boans  ani  pigmun-poiuo,  which  wwild 
mjiki:  nn  c^ioelknt  manure  fi>r  it. 

^'  Tbia,  as  F6q  remnrlis,  is  not  hj  any  meoni  impoBaible,  nor,  indeed, 
am  ntiy  ot,h?r  of  tlie  cd«cs  luinitiuiied  in  tliis  paragraph,  owinj;  t9  mw 
uodiienul  circuinslauce.  '"  Sue  B.  ixis.  c,  29. 

^  TbaEs  £tuiiw  uiui,  uf  cgursc,  be  aa\j  isgexivi  m  fubalou. 


Chftp.  38.]       PBODiana  ooinnccrBO  with  tbebs.  527 

formed  into  an  ohve.  In  elicll  narratiTeB  as  tlirae,  the  book 
■WT-itten  in  Greek  by  Aristander  fibouuds,  not  to  enter  iiuy  fur- 
thar  on  so  extondpd  a  subject ;  and  we  have  in.  Latin  tJic  Com- 
mentaries of  C.  Epidius,  In  which  we  find  it  etatc-d  that  treen 
hare  oven  boon  known  to  spBak.  In  the  territory  of  Cuma^  a  tree, 
and  a  very  omiaoaB  presage  it  was,  eank  into  thu  earth  shortly 
belure  the  dvil  wars  of  I'ompeius  Maguus  began,  iMtiviug  only 
a  few  of  the  branthes  protruding  from  the  grcmnd.  The  Sibyl- 
line Books  wore  accordingly  consulted,  and  it  was  found  that 
a  wai'  of  extermin&tioQ  wae  impending,  wliich  would  ho  at* 
ts&ded  with  greater  carnage  the  nettrer  it  should  approach  the 
city  of  Itome, 

Another  kind  of  prodigy,  too,  is  Uie  springing  op  of  n  tree 
in  Borae  extraordinary  and  unusual  place,  the  head  of  a  statue, 
for  itLstuace,  or  an  altar,  or  upon  anothbr  tree  even."  A  fig- 
tree  shot  forth  from  a  Laurel  at  CyziouE,  just  before  the  siege 
of  that  city ;  and  bo  in  like  manner,  at  Tralles,  tt  palm  issued 
from  the  pedegtal  of  the  elatue  of  this  Dictator  Cajsar,  at  the 
period  of  his  civil  wars.  80,  too,  at  Home,  in  the  Capitol 
there,  in  the  time  of  the  wars  against  Perseua,  a  palm-tree 
grew  from  tho  head  of  the  statue  of  Jupiter,  n  presage  of  im- 
peuding  vict.ory  and  triurupha.  This  palm,  however,  having 
been  destroyed  by  a  tempest,  a  fig-tree  sprang  up  tn  the  Tery 
same  place,  at  the  period  of  the  lustration  made  by  the  censors 
M.  MuBsala  and  C.  Caasitiis,"  a  tiine  at  which,  aucording  to  Piso, 
an  author  of  high  authority,  all  aeuse  of  shame  had  bt;cn  utterly 
baoishod.  Above  all  the  prodigies,  however,  that  have  ever 
been  heai'd  of,  we  ought  to  place  the  one  tliat  was  seen  in  our 
own  lime,  at  l.he  period  of  the  fall  of  the  Emperor  Nero,  in  the 
territory  of  Marrutinum ;  a  plantation  of  oUveB,  helongiug  to 
Yectius  Sfarcclliis,  one  of  the  principal  mombcrs  of  tho  Eques- 
trian order,  bodily  croased  the  puhlio  highway,  while  the  fields 
that  lay  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  road  passed  over  to  aup.ply 
the  place  which  had  been  thus  vacated  by  the  olivo-yM^." 

CBAP.  39.  (26.) — TEKITMEST   OP   THE  DBEASM  OF   TEKK9. 

Having  set  forth  the  various  maladies  by  which  trees  «re  at- 
tatkod,  it  seems  only  proper  to  mention  the  most  appropriate 

"  This  maj  cosily  bo  iwcuuutud  for,  by  tlw  seed  a<!cidunUiUy  l<K]^g  in 
a  orDfice  of  Lbe  tre(>.  ^'  a.  V.  0.  600. 

»!■  An  exaggerated  account  merely  of  a  lAud-slip. 


528  pliht'8  siTcaAi  uistobt.  [^Book  sni. 

RfnediM  aa  well.  Borne  of  tiieee  remcdiei  maj  be  applied  to 
all  Icindfl  of  trees  in  common,  while  others,  again,  aro  pe«ulitii 
to  some  only.  The  methods  that  are  common  to  them  all,  hie, 
boriiij^  the  roots,  or  moulding  thorn  up,  thus  admittiog  the  att 
or  keeping  il;  away,  as  the  case  may  bn :  giving  them  water,  or 
depriving  thciD  of  it,  refrL-Ghixtg  Ibem  wilh  Hw  nntritioufi  juice? 
of  nuuiurc,  uud  lightfiiiu^-  thum  of  thuir  burdetut  by  pruning. 
The  operation,  too,  of  bleeding,**  na  it  were,  is  performed  upoa 
theta  by  mthdruwing  their  juices,  and  the  bark  is  scraped  all 
round"  to  improve  them.  In  the  vine,  the  stock  bnuii;he&  us 
scMUiitiiueii  leugthened  out,  luid  at  other  timen  repressed ;  liie 
buda  too  ate  smoothed,  and  in  a  mcoAura  polished  up,  in  caw 
the  cold  weather  has  made  them  rough  and  scaly.  These  rc- 
medicfl  tire  brtter  suited  in  Bome  kinds  of  trees  and  teas  eota 
others :  thtiR  the  (lypresH,  for  insConw*.  has  u  ditslike  to  w»ter, 
and  manifests  on  aversion  to  maaure,  epading  round  it,  pruning, 
aad,  indeed,  remedial  operations  of  every  kind;  nay,  what  a 
more,  it  is  killod  by  irrigation,  while,  ou  the  other  hand,  the 
vine  and  the  pomegrajiate  receive  their  princijial  nutriment 
from  it.  In  the  tig,  again,  the  tree  is  nourished  by  watering, 
while  tJie  very  same  thing  will  make  the  fruit  pine  and  die; 
thu  almond,  too,  if  the  ground  is  spmltd  nbout  it,  will  lose  iti 
blosaom.  In  the  aame  way,  too,  there  must  be  no  digging 
about  the  roots  of  trees  when  newly  grafted,  or  indeed  until 
such  tira^  AS  they  are  Bufflcicncly  Btrong  to  bear.  Hiniy 
treen  req^uiro  that  nil  superHuous  huidena  should  be  pruned 
awuy  from  them,  junt  bb  we  ooiselyes  cut  the  nails  and  ludr. 
Old  trees  ure  uften  cut  down  to  the  ground,  and  then  shoot  up 
again  from  one  of  the  stiokers ;  this,  however,  i»  not  ^e  otM 
with  ail  of  them,  but  only  thow,  thi;  nature  of  which,  as  m 
have  already  8tat*d,"  will  admit  of  it. 

CHAP.  40. — MEinons  of  lEaioAiioir, 

"Watering  is  good  for  trees  during  the  heata  of  summer,  but 
injurious  in  winter ;  the  effects  of  it  are  of  a  raried  naturu  in 
autumn,  and  depend  upon  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  aoiL 
Thus,  ia  Spain  for  inataaee,  the  vintager  gitthere  the  grapes 
while  tlw  gj-ound  beneath  is  uudt^  water ;  on  the  other  hand, 
in  most  parts  of  the  world,  it  ia  absolutely  necessary  to  carry 
off  the  autumn  raina  by  draining.     It  is  abont  the  rising  of  iho 

>"  S(«o.  43ofLliis  Bnok.  »  8«e  &  4«  of  Oil  Boot 

'^  In  U.  ivi.  DC.  i'i,  JiG,  OG,  fiT,  and  90. 


Clmp.  42.]  IXCISZOKS   MADE   TV   TKEES,  52? 

3)og.6tar  that  irrignlion  is  so  particulnTly  bencfioini ;  but  oven 
tliMi  it  ought  not  to  be  in  txccsB,  aa  the  roote  are  apt  to  become 
inGbriated,  and  to  roceive  injury  thtrefioni-  Care  should  be 
t&kcB,  toOf  to  propurtion  it  to  the  age  of  the  tree,  young  trees 
beillg  not  80  thirsty  as  older  ones ;  tliote  too  -which,  re*jinre  the 
most  water,  are  the  ones  that  liave  been  the  most  used  *o  it. 
On  the  other  hand,  plants  which  grow  ia  a  dry  soil,  require  no 
I  more  moLsture  than  is  ataolutelj-  necessary  to  their  existence. 

CHAT.   41. EKMABKABLB  PACTS   COKWECTED    WITH   nUtlQATION. 

In  Iho  Fabian  district,  whidi  belo'Ugs  to  the  territory  of 
Sulmo'*  in  Italy,  where  they  are  ia  the  habit,  nlso,  of  irrigating 
the  iielde,  the  natural  harsbuees  of  the  ■wines  mftkea  it  neces- 
Kiry  to  water  the  rineyarda;  it  in  a  very  mngulor  thing,  toi>. 
that  the  water  there  kills  all  the  weeds,  ■trhilp  at  the  eanie 
time  it  nourishea  the  com,  thu»  arJing  m  plaee  of  the  weeding- 
"hook.  In  the  same  district,  t&o,  ai  the  winter  solHtice,  (iiid 
more  ptirticularly  when  the  bddw  ie  do  the  ground  or  fronts 
prevau,  they  irrigate  the  land,  a  process  whieh  they  call 
"  warming  "  tlie  swil.  Ttiis  peculiarity,  however,  exist^s  in  the 
water  of  one  ri^'er"'  only,  the  cold  of  which  ia  summer  is 
oliuoet  insupportable. 

CHAP.  42.  (27.) — ikcisioss  m.u)b  in  tkbbs. 

The  proper  remediea  for  oharcoiil-htight  and  mildew*"  will 
ho  pointed  out  in.  the  succeeding  B«ok.*'  In  the  meantime, 
however,  we  miiy  here  obscrro  that  among  the  remedies  may 
be  placed  that  by  seariiication."  When  the  hiirk  becomes 
meagre  imd  impoT«riehed  by  disease,  it  is  apt  to  shrink,  and  bo 
compress  the  vital  parts  of  the  tree  to  an  ext-f  *«ive  degree  ; 
upoa  wliich,  by  lucana  of  a  sharp  pnining  knife  heid  witli  both 
bands,  inciatona  are  made  perpendicularly  down  the  Cree^  and 
a  sort  of  looseness,  aa  it  were,  imparted  to  the  alrin.      It  is  a 

'"  This  WM  tho  native  bImo  of  Ovid,  who  alluJos  to  ste  ■oold  etreams, 
Tmtia,B.  iv  El.  X  iJ.3.  4:— 

"  Sulmo  mihi  patris  est,  gelidis  ubemmua  uailis, 
Btillia  ijlii  novica  tliBtut  ab  urbe  cleEetn." 
Irripttion  of  tliu  vino  is  Btlll  pructUt'd  in  tbe  euat,  in  Ituly,  anil  in  Spniti ; 
but  il  does  not  IXBi  to  improvo  tho  quality  of  the  nine. 

*»  Thu  Kjigrus,  now  the  Su-ngro. 

*>  "  UrBiio  nibigo  "  and  "  ureJo  caries."  *'  Co.  4fl  and  70. 

•*  Still  priicLised  upon  the  cliatry-tree, 

TOL.  nt.  V  u 


PLINT  B  VATVRASj  mSTORT. 


[UooiL  xvri, 


proof  tliat  tlic  meUiod  hna  boou  udoptcci  with  Buccena,  when 
the  fissures  bo  mmle  at- main  open  and  twoomc  filled  with  wood 
of  the  truult  growiug  Isrtwuen  lie  lips. 

CILLIV  43. — OTHEU  nSMKDIKS   FDlt   TUB   PISRASES  OF   TKRCfl. 

TI:p  mciliual  trealmi'iit  of  treuB  iu  u  great  tlcgrec  rcRfmt)!f-a 
tlittt  ol  man,  seeing  that  io  certaio  «aeoe  Uie  bones  of  Uicm  Icifa 
aro  perfgnited  eren.'*  The  biLter  rklmoud  will  become  ewect,  if, 
ufttT  ?p:idjng  riJUTid  tho  trunk  nod  ilfaning  it,  tho  lowcrmtist 
part  of  it  is  pitrced  all  round,  so  tliat  the  humoiii-s  may  butu 
a  ()ita«ige  for  L'stapL':  and  ensure  Wing  removed.  In  tlie  *;lm, 
too,  the  supiTfiuQSW  juicPA  nrp  drawn  off,  by  piercing  the  Uck 
above  ground  to  tlie  pilh  wbuii  it  ia  old,  or  when  it  i»  found 
to  flulTur  t'rum  mi  oxciaa  of  mitrinn^ut.  So,  too,  when  the  bark 
of  the  fig  h  tiLTgid  and  bwoUcd,  the  confined  juices  are  di^ 
cihirgcd  by  ihveius  of  li^ht  incisions  la&du  in  a  elanting  direc- 
tion ;  by  lljt!  iido^itjiiri  <■>['  m  hiuli  niftliod  the  fruit  is  preventtd 
from  lulling  off.  When  friiit-trcea  bud  but  beiu'  no  fruit,  n 
tijsure  is  made  in  the  root,  and  a  stone  inscrteil ;  the  result  of 
wliicli  is,  that,  t^hcy  become  ]rroductiv<?.'*  The  name  is  doDC 
ulso  witli  liie  idmoiicl,  a  wodgu  of  robur  being  employed  for 
the  piirpijse.  Foi  the  pear  and  the  sprrioe  troc  a  WL-dgc  of 
torch. wooiJ  is  used,  af.d  then  covered  over  with  ashea  ond  earth. 
It.  is  even  found  of  uao,  too,  to  mulii!  drculitr  tiieiMons  nroutid 
thi!  roote  of  ihc  vine  aad  fig,  when  the  vfrgeiatioii  ia  too  luxu- 
riuut,  aiid  then  to  throw  ashes  over  tlie  roots.  A  Into  crop  ol 
fiSB  is  ensu^'ied,  if  the  first  fruit  is  tuk^n  off  when  grtK'ii  ujid 
little  Lii'gor  than  it  bean ;  for  it  is  immediatii'ly  succeeded  by 
fresh,  which  npena  at  a  later  period  than  usual.  If  the  tops  of 
each  branch  arc  remov^ed  from  the  fig,  ju&t  as  it  ia  beginning 
to  put  forth  Itwes,  iw  strength  and  product! vc-aess  arc  greatly 
inoreosed.  .Ae  to  capriftcutiou,  tlie  eSmt  of  that  is  to  ripen  the 
fruit. 

OHAP.   44. — CAPBlFlCJlTlOtr,    ASH   FAHTUTULIBS   COKHEjCTED  ITTI* 

TUB    FIB. 

It  ia  beyond  all  dou^t  that  in  coprificatdon  the  greou  fruit 
gives  btilii  to  a  kind  of  goat;"  for  whcu  tliey  Jiaze  teiktu 

*'  ilo  alludes  to  tlio  m^diuil  operation  fur  the  rcmuval  of  oari'Xti  banOi 
(icserihtd  \ij  Ctlsu*,  It,  viii.  c.  3, 

*'  Tliit  IS  tlJU  tluae  by  some  pertoD*;  but  it  can  bo  productive  of  so 
bniel'i^iul  rcsiilt. 

**  &iie  B.  XV,  «.  21 ;  lite  Cfuips  pKnoe  of  Ltau.     It  peavtatei  tfat  fi| 


Chop.  46.]       tttorzu  UODE  or  MANrnine  tbees. 

fli<;ht,  llirrc  arc  no  8«e(l9  to  be  round  within  tUu  j'ruit:  frutn 
this  it  would  a]#[H3ur  tlvtit  tbu  Buedit  Uuru  bvvu  truDiiroriLiMl 
into  tlieeo  gaats,  ludcud,  thcBe  iasects  are  so  eayer  to  take 
their  fliglit,  that  tbey  moilly  leave  beliiud  them  Lriliier  a  k-y 
or  a  part  of  a  wing  av.  iheir  dvpurture.  There  is  anotlicr 
species  of  gnat,*"  \»a,  thjit  grows  in  the  fig,  which  in  its  indu- 
leiico  and  malignity  strongly  rcacniUes  lli«  droQO  of  tho  hbt- 
hive,  and  shows  itstrlf  a  deadly  enfmy  ta  tliu  one  thitt  is  of 
real  utility;  it  is  cullt-d  centrina,  aud  in  killing  tUo  ollitrs 
it  moets  ita  own  d<![ith. 

Hotha,  tui),  atudc  tli«  seeds  of  tlic  fig :  thebciitplunof  gotUog 
rid  of  them,  istobury  aelipof  iBaBtich,"tunied  upeidydgwn,  iu 
the  same  troDch.  The  fig,  too,  is  reiiderwlextnjiiu'ly  productivw" 
hy  Bualiing  red  eurth  in  aimirca,  and  iayljig  it,  with  some  ma- 
nure, upou  lilt'  roots  of  tilt;  tree,  just  us  it  is  bcgiuuing  to 
throw  out  leaves.  Among  the  wild  figf,  the  bluck  oncfl,  nnd 
thoao  which  grow  in  rocky  plitoea,  nrc  the  mostesteemeJ,  from 
the  fact  of  the  fruit  contaimn;^  the  most  eet-d.  Cupri&untiuu 
tiikea  placo  most  ndvantiigflouBly  just  after  rain. 

CHAP.    45. — EKROBS  TUAT   MAT   BB   COMMmKD   IS   VHVVXXQ. 

But,  before  everything,  especial  cnro  should  be  tnlct'll  that 
intended  remedies  are  not  productivi^  of  ill  results ;  ii«  liiifso 
may  arise  from  Lnthcr  remedial  measuri's  being  ititplLed  in  es- 
eess  or  at  unseosonalilQ  times.  Cleuriiig  uway  tlio  bruciches  is 
of  the  grfaltist  benefit  to  trees,  but  to  BluayliLcr"  them  thia 
way  c^'erj-  year,  is  productive  of  the  very  worst  results.  The 
vine  is  the  only  tree  that  requires  loppinR  every  year,  the 
myrtle,  the  [KJinegrauat*,  nnd  olive  i-vcry  otluT;  tho  reiist^u 
being  that,  these  trees  shoot  with  great  rapidity.  The  othi-r 
trees  ore  lopped  leas  ireriuentlyf  iind  none  of  tliem  in  autumn  ; 
tho  trunk  even  ia  never  suraped,"'  excupt  in  apring.  In  prun- 
ing u  trtto,  all  that  is  removed  beyond  what  is  absolutely  iieeea- 
Bury,  ia  so  much  withdrawn  from  ita  vitality. 

CHAT.    -16. TTTB  PKOPBH  MODE  OP  UAHnTRIHO  TREKS. 

The  same  precautions,  too,  aie  to  bo  regarded  in.  msnuring. 
ut  tliu  huo,  and  deposit!  un  ceg  in  cacli  eccil,  wbioli  u  ultimately  eaton  by 
tlie  Urra ;  h&nn«  tin  BupnoAi'd  trsncformatiun, 

"  A  kijid  cif  wMp.  probobly. 

"  A  iiueriiily  liDrroiitHl  from  Ooluraella,  B.  t.  c.  10. 

«  Friini  Coliimplin,  W.  v.  c.  lO.  "  Truddati*. 

*^  For  i\i«  remoiol  ofmoM  uail  Huhvns,  vfh'wh  ubutrutt  cvaporaUDn,  Bad 
euUovt  suiiture  to  on  iacoaTeniont  degree,  bctidca  li&rbouriug  iDaMta, 


» 


TLIST'i  WATtmU.  HISTORT.  fBook  XTIi. 

Thoiinli  TnsDure  is  gratefiil  to  the  tree,  »till  tt  is  jx&xesary  |Q 
bf  citnTitl  not  to  appljT  it  while  the  sun  is  hot,  or  while  it 
IB  tiM  nrw,  or  mftre  itlimu!ul.ing  than  in  ahBolutely  newMarr 
'l"ho  duns  "f  serine  will  bum*'  up  the  vino,  if  used  at  ahortir 
intervflln  thnn  those  of  five  years :  unless,  indeed,  it  is  mixffl 
with  watir.  The  sameinthp  crsp,  too.wilhthprefiifieof  thecnr- 
rit'r's  wwrk»lii>i).  unh^an  it  is  well  diluted  nilh  water:  naDiin 
will  wjorvh  nleo,  if  laid  on  luud  too  plentifully.  It  is  gcuciallj" 
coneidi  red  the  pmpcr  proportion,  to  use  three  iQodii  to  ctctj  tea 
fi-t't  Hquuru  ;  IhiH,  howwer,  the  niiture  of  the  soil  must  dec-i«!<^ 

CHAP.  47. — JtttDtCAHKXW  FOB   TltKES. 

Wounds  and  inciHious  of  trees  arc  treated  also  with  pt^txitt 
dunjr  and  swine  manciro.  If  pomegranatrB  aro  aciil,  the  rwU 
nf  tho  trt'O  HTL'  cleiired,  and  Bwine'a  dung  is  applied  to  theta ; 
the  reniilt  is,  Ihut  in  the  first  year  the  fruit  will  huve  a  viuou* 
flavour,  i>iit  in  the  sucweding  one  it  will  be  Hwett.  Some 
pt-rBOQS  are  of  opinion  thiit  the  pomegraniLtc  should  bfl  wattriil 
four  timpH  a  yenr  with  a  mixture  of  human  nrirc  and  water, 
at  the  rale  of  an  amphora  to  eacli  tree  ;  or  elao  that  the  w- 
trciiiitiia  of  the  tranehos  ghould  be  Bpnnltkd  with  Bilphium'' 
Bteepod  in  wioe.  The  stiLlk  of  the  pomegranate  should  be 
twialKi,  if  it  iq  found  to  split  while  on  the  tree.  The  fig,  loo. 
i=huuld  be  drecchud  with  the  amurca  of  olirra,  annl  other  tTc« 
wheu  they  are  ailing,  with  Iols  of  wine;  or  el^e  lupines  mu.'^ 
be  sown  aliout  the  roots.  Tlie  water,  too,  of  a  decoction  cE 
hipines  is  bentficinl  to  the  fruit,  if  poured  upon  the  roots  of 
the  tree.  Whin  it  thuudcre  at  the  timw  of  thu  Vulcantdi^^ 
the  ligs  fall  off ;  the  only  remedy  for  which  is  to  have  the  am 
lirneiith  rcaiiy  covered  with  horlry- straw.  Liino  applied  W 
the  rootfi  nf  the  tree  makes  cherncs  come  eoonrr  to  maturitv. 
und  ripen  more  rapidly.  The  beat  ]iliin,  too,  wilh  the  chenr. 
Oft  witli  all  other  kinds,  i^  to  thin  tho  fruit,  8»  thut  that  whidt 
is  left  behind  may  grow  all  the  larger. 

(2S.)  There  are  some  trees,  again,  which  thrive  all  the  "bettvr 
for  being  maltreated,'*  or  else  are  stimiilated  by  pungent  sul'- 
Ktonees  ;  tho  palm  and  the  mastiuh  for  instance,  whitrh  derive 
nutiiment  from  salt  water,*'    Ashes  have  the  same  virtues  as 

"  .^KTi^'ullurwtK,  F6e  snj-s,  nra  not  Rgropd  upon  lhi«  quwdofi. 

«  Or  liwcr,    See  B.  lix.  a.  15.  '^  Soe  B.  ituI.  o.  35. 

'*  I'lima  pmcnilantur, 


la  r.hcm. 


It  is  wrj  lioiiUfiil  whi'ther  thii  ij  noi  libJy  to  provs  very  injnriotti 
no,    T)ii*  pn^ugt  is  from  Tbt'opliiatCUB,  De  Cangia,  li.  iii-  c.  23. 


I 

i 


i 


Chup.  17.]  HEDICAUENTa   FOR  TREKS.  &X< 

salt,  only  in  n  more  modified  degree ;  for  which  reason  it  i«, 
that  fig-  Irtea  are  sprinkled  with,  thoni ;  as  also  with  ru*,^  to 
keep  awny  worms,  and  to  prevent  tho  roots  from  rotting. 
"Whist  is  stiU  tnotie  even,  it  is  recommended  to  throw  salt'" 
wiit^r  on  tho  roots  of  vinos,  if  thoy  are  too  full  of  hurooura ; 
and  if  the  fruit  falls  off,  to  spriuklc  them  with  ashca  ftod 
vinegar,  or  with  Handnmrh  if  the  gnipes  are  rotting.**  Jf, 
B^ain,  a  viue  h  ant  productive,  it  sliuiild  be  eprinldcd  and 
nibbc-d  with  strong  viiu'gar  nnd  aehea  ;  and  ii'  the  prtipos,  in- 
stead of  ripi^aing,  dry  and  ahrivel  up,  the  vine  ahould  be  lopped 
npar  the  roots,'*'  and  the  wound  and  librea  dreiiobed  with  strong 
vinegar  and  stale  uriiie ;  after  which,  the  roots  BhoiUd  bw 
covered  up  with  mud  aiiiitaled  with  theso  liquids,  and  the 
ground;  apjided  repeatedly. 

An  to  the  olive,  if  it  gives  promise  of  but  Utile  fruit,  the 
rootB  should  bo  bort-d,  and  left  exposed  to  the  winter  cold,*"  n 
mode  of  treatment  for  which  it  13  all  the  better. 

All  theeo  operations  dppend  each  year  upon  tho  gtato  of  tlio 
weather,  and  rec[iiire  to  ho  sometiineH  retarded,  and  at  other 
times  preBipitnted.  Tho  vtiry  i-lement  of  Uro  even  has  its  own 
utility,  ia  the  case  of  tho  reed  for  instamje ;  which,  after  the 
reed-b<2d  has  h^ciL  burnt,  wilt  spring  up  all  the  thicker  and 
more  pliable-" 

Cnto,"  too,  givpH  receipts  for  certnin  medicament»,  apeci- 
fying  the  proportio:L«  as  well ;  for  the  rooUt  of  the  large  trees 
he  prcacribes  au  amphora,  and  for  those  of  the  smaller  ones, 
an  nma,  of  amurca  of  ohves,  mixed  with  water  in  equal  pro- 
portinnR,  recotnniendiiig  the  roots  to  hn  clL=ared,  and  tho 
mixture  to  be  ^adually  poured  upon  tliem.  in  addition  to 
this,  in  the  ea^u  of  the  olive  and  thft  fig,  he  recommenda  that 
u  la3'er  of  straw  should  ho  first  plaoed  around  them,  la  thu 
fip,  too,  more  particularly,  ho  says  that  in  upring  the  roots 
lihould  bo  well  moulded  up  ;  tho  result  of  which  is,  that  the 
fruit  will  not  fall  off  while  green,  and  the  tree  will  he  alt  the 
more  productive,  and  not  affeeleil  with,  roughness  of  the  bark. 

5*  Without  any  EfflRtwiy,  beTonfl  a  rionbc, 

"  Tha  notion  of  uilt  upon  vi'gfljitiim  i»,  j»f;  the  heel,  TEry  nncertatn. 
^  ThtBi!  recipe*  are  wntlhli'ui,  jmt  aliiiOKt  ini]inicli(;aljle, 
'^  Tkiia  methdil  is  still  EK^i^ilini,  but  witL  duds  Qf  t-be  aiwie««nriH  ben 
mBntJcHcd  by  Pliny, 

*>  A  dangi-TouB  practico,  F*i»  rcTnorltB,  anil  cwtainlv  not  to  be  ndopted. 
"   Miuw.  "  Ue  fie  BuaS.  SJ3. 


In  the  *ame  way,  too,*"  to  pntvi-nt  the  Tine-fruttcr"  from  ot- 
tiickiDg  tbe  trnc-,  lift  rt-comniPiids  that  two  congii  of  amurca  of 
olives  ehould  be  boiled  down  to  the  conaisteui-yof  honevt  tiAtr 
which  it  must  be  boilerl  ug-ain  with  ono-third  ptirt  of  bitiiin«o. 
Olid  otiH-fuurtli  of  mil\}hur :  and  Uiih  ehuulO  be  dune,  he  suys,  in 
thu  upiiu  ulr,  fur  i'uur  ui'  H»  i)fuiCiug  if  prvjiiimd  iu-doors ;  wiUi 
this  mixture,  the  vine  is  to  bo  ouointtd  at  the  ends  of  t^e 
hrunthes  &ad  at  the  axils;  after  which,  nw  more  fretttrs  will 
)»•  a«cu.  Bgmo  jientuuv  uru  eoDlvcit  Ut  itiuke  a  fumigutiou 
with  this  mixture  whilu  tins  wind  is  Uuwiu^  towards  tli«  vine, 
lor  fliree  iltiys  in  nucrcsaion. 

Many  peraona,  cigain,  (ittrtbuti;  do  Icm  utility  and  Qutrilioiu 
■Hrtui'  to  urinfc  than  Cato  does  to  amiirca;  only  they  add  to 
it  an  rqual  prnpnrtion  of'wnler,  it  being  itijiirJomi  if  employed 
by  ilauiJ'.  Sumu  give  the  uiimo  of  "  volucie""  to  an  insec-t 
which  eats  away  thu  young  griip(«  i  to  prfveut  this,  thoy  rub 
tho  primin^-kuuc,  evtrj'  tiuio  it  is  shiupeiied,  ujjod  a  bcavcr- 
(tkiii,  uud  thtia  priine  tlio  tree  with  it;  it  ii» n*coiuiUtiDdcd also, 
that  altfir  the  pnming,  ithe  knifb  should  lie  well  riibl>wl  witti 
the  blood  of  a  beur."'  Ants,  too,  una  a  great  jiest  to  tnH.-ji; 
thoy  arc  kept  awuy,  bowerer,  by  smc-uring  the  liiink  with  red 
fiirth  aiid  tar :  if  ii  tisli,  too,  ia  hung  up  in  the  Ticinity  of  tbt^ 
tree,  theac  inst^uta  will  colk-ct  iu  thiit  one  spot.  Another 
method,  Rgain,  is  to  pound  liipmea  in  oil,'*'  and  anoJut  the 
tocita  with  thti  misliire.  Majiy  ptopki  kill  both  anta  as  well 
U8  moks"  wi:b  uiunrt-a,  and  pruacrvu  apples  from  caterpitlnre 
aa  well  &a  &om  rottini;,  by  touching  the  top  of  Um  tree  with 
tile  gall  of  a  grtiea  lijciird. 

Another  method,  too,  of  preventing  caterpillars,  is  to  make 
a  wuTiittti,'^  with  he.r  monthly  courses  oii  her,  go  round  each 
tree,  bat^fiwted  and  ungirt.     Aguia,  for  thu   purpose  of  pm- 

"  At  the  prnseal  flay,  famigatioiiifl  are  tiroferrcd  to  any  gnch  Tniitiirts 
Aft  those  l)iiro  dc&crih'Mi.  Caterpillars  are  killod  by  tlie  ritmes  of  sulphur, 
hituiULTi,  or  (lamp  strnw. 

•'  "Canvolvuliia,'*  HealluilM toths vine PycalM,oaii of thmLt-piitiptoiii, 
tli^  caurpillar  vf  wbLuli  rolls  iuelf  up  in  thu  luuvcs  of  tho  troe,  aftor  oaonj; 
ttwuy  the  foot-etiilk. 

•*  'riio"l!y,"  or  "  winded  "  insect.  The  prejr  WKfvil.  F^  thinlw,  that 
Wilts  tli8  bails  and  tlio  yuuii^  grapes.  "  An  uliguril  ■upitntilioa. 

"•  Thig  niaj'  poMilily  bu  efficacious  but  the  other prroopt*  here  givou  uiv 
full  of  alwurdiiy. 

*^  It  mi^ht  poHsibly  drive  them  to  a  diatanc^,  but  would  do  no  ttiatt. 

™  Ad  atidiird  nutiun,  very  eimiUir  to  some  coiutcctud  with  the  tamo  sub- 
ject, which  have  pruiailcd  uvvu  lu  rcvuut  ttui*. 


Chiip.  47.] 


UEUICA3CZ1TTS   FOB   TItEXS. 


535 


I 


TenUng  animalE  from  doing  mifichit^  by  browsing  upon  the 
leaveB,  ihoy  shoulil  be  eprinkloil  with  eow-dunp  each  timo  aftiT 
I'uin,  tLe  showers  having  tbe  dluct  of  v/aahbig  awuy  tbu 
virtues  of  this  op  plication. 

The  iiidualry  of  mau  lias  really  made  eorae  very  ■wonderful 
discoveries,  ii.nd,  ini3oe(),  has  gone  bo  for  us  to  lend  mnny 
persona  to  bf^licTe,  that  Jiail-storms  may  be  averted  by  means  i^l' 
a  certain  libarm,  tie  words  of  which  I  really  could  nol  venluru 
serioualy  to  tmnacribe  ;  altlioiigh  we  find  tbatCatfl"  hft»givi;n 
tlioae  which  are  employed  as  a  charm  for  a[iniiDBd  limbs,  em- 
ploying aplints  of  rood  in  eonjiinttion  wirh  it.  Thci  mmo 
author,"  too,  has  allowed  of  coufiecrated  tn-es  and  groves  bciug 
cut  dowUj  after  a  sacriilcQ  has  £rst  hena  offamd  -.  the  form  of 
pTiiyer,  aad  th^e  rest  of  the  proceedings,  will  bo  found  fully  stt 
iortli  in  the  Bame  work  ul'  Lis. 

Sdmmart. — Ktmarkable  facts,  narratives,  and  obaervalions, 
eight  biiiidrcd  and  eighty. 

ItoMAS  Armona  QrnTKn.^^ToTncliufl  Nepos,'*  Cato"  the 
Cenaor,M.Varr(>,"CdKUH,'"  Virgil,"  Hyf^nfl,'"Si!9crnii'*fiithtT 
imd  son,  Scrol'u.*"'  Calpumius  Bjibsos,"'  Trogun,"  JBmilins 
Macer,^  GnEcimLs"  Cohiinellft,'^  Aniens  Julius,"  Faliianus," 
JIamilins  Sura,*  UosHuaue  Uundus,'^  C,  Epidius,'*  L.  Piso." 

"  Do  l!o  Rusl.  1«0.  TIjp  words  of  tliis  cham  oviirllic  epiiC  reed  n^iifo 
held  mtar  ihi:  injiireJ'  lirnt>,  vii-rc,  aa-  follnw .— "Sanitua  frauto^iuoLiK 
dafijtfa  dnrics  dfiraarifs  astiitarita" — raort  gibljtri&Ii. 

"  Uc  He  Rust.  139.  Tliis  jiriiytr  whs  oifemd  to  the  iJeity  of  tiio  siutpiI 
[■mre,  nfu-s  a  iiij:;  hsii  hevn  flisl  offi-ti'd— "  JF  ilmu  url  a  god,  orifllinii 
nrt  a  gmtdnsg,  to  *4iom  llii»  gruvc  is  sucred,  may  it  lie  alloWwl  nie,  threii!;li 
the  eipiution  niailfl  by  t}iia  pig,  nriil  tor  lite  purpnsfr  of  rfatrniniiig  ll\o 
oTiiTgrnwth  of  tliis  prove,  fto. '  It  mast  bo  ri?iijvti:bt'r>fd  tliat  it  «ri4»  mix- 
sidcrHid  a  moat  liL'iioug  uffonce  to  cut  iluirn  or  lop  a  consocrated  cruve. 
8i'e  Otid,  M.jl.  U.  viiL  c  '43. 

"  8(!B  «]jii  ijf  It.  iL  'i  S«o  enn!  of  E,  iii. 

"  Sen  end  of  B.  ii.  '"  Stse  rml  of  B,  vii, 

"  aae  end  nf  B.  viL  ?^  See  tiid  of  B.  iii. 

"  See  end  of  B.  »  W  Seo  eml  af  B.  li, 

"'  See  fad  of  |{.  xtL  «  See  «;th1  of  B,  vii. 

«  8«o  end  nf  B.  ix.  •»  Sec  cmJ  of  li.  liv. 

*•  Sue  md  of  1*.  viii.  w  Sec  md  <>[  B.  liv. 

•"  Faliianiia  rapirius;  aeeendof  fi,  ii. 

"*  Sep  end  of  B.  i.  *'  See  end  of  B.  xiv. 


"  A  IttmiHii    rlietonViau,   pn-orptor  of  Anlooy   and   Augiistill. 
said   to  hvr\!  cJaitui-d  dawcut  iii^a  Eptdiiis,  h  deity  wonJiipMd 


Ituulu  of  tli«  SuTJlUS. 


"'  See  sndat'U.  u. 


ipimd  on  tii 


536 


FUBT  8  KATVBU;  HI8T0BT. 


[Book  SVI 


FottBiGs  ATJTiioKB  QCoTKB. — Hwdod,"  ThPojihrastoB,**  Aris- 
totle,?' Di'ittMntiis,'*  Theopompun,'"  Xuig  Uiero,'"  K'rrg  Alto- 
lus"*  Philometor,  Xing  ArclieUus,"  An-bytas,'  XeDopbon,' 
Anipliilochus  ^  wf  Albena,  Annxipolis*  of  Thiurait,  ApoUodonis' 
of  Ij«?nino9,  Arist<n>hoDe8*  of  Mjletaa,  AntignnuA*  of  Cymn, 
Agnthocles*  of  Chios,  ApoUonius'  of  Pergamns,  Dacchiaa'^of 
MiktuHr  Bion"  of  Soli.  Chtertyis"  of  Atbcris,  Chicristus'*  of 
Athens,  DituJoniH"  of  Priene,  Einn"  of  Colophon,  Epigcne*^ 
of  ]thiHie8,  Kwagou"  of  Thaaoa,  RuphroniiiB"  of  Athena, 
drotion"  who  wrote  on  Agriculturu,  ^mihrion"  who  wrote 
Apricultiiro,  LywiHaehus"'  who  wrote  on  Agriculture.  Biun]! 
Bius"  who  tratislated  Mago,  Diophanes"  who  made  an  E[ 
tocDo  of  Bioujaiius,  AriBUiidor "  wiio  wrota  on.  I'ortents. 


w  S«e  end  of  B,  rn. 
"  SuL-euJof  B.  iii. 
»'  Si'Bend  of  B.  ii. 
*'  S.11  end  of  B.  Yiii, 
"  8«c  end  of  II.  viii. 

*  For    Xenciplton    of   Athens,   g»«  enii   -iif  It.  !*. 
LunipEUOoi,  ice  end  uf  li.  iii. 

''  S(B  ond  of  h.  viii. 

*  Sw  nid  of  U.  viii. 
'  Sua  tiid  of  B.  viit, 

*  Se«  tud  uf  B.  Tiii. 
"  Bee  end  of  B.  vi. 
"  Si-e  end  af  B,  lix. 
''  See  end  of  U.  Ttii. 
"  Sw  end  of  B.  X. 
M  See  ond  uf  J3,  viii. 
"  800  nnil  af  II.  viji. 
»  Sou  uud  of  B.  Tiii. 


»  See  end  of  B.  ii. 

•«  Seo  end  of  B.  fi. 
*•  SrCcniI  of  B,  »iii. 
'  Sue  eud  of  B.  viii. 

For  Xenophon 

*  See  end  nf  B.  riii- 

•  Km  flnd  nf  B.  viii. 
■•  Si-eeiid  of  B,  viiL 

"•  Sue  end  of  B.  viii. 
"  See  end  of  B.  viii. 
"  808  end  of  B.  Tiii. 
■«  Sm  cod  of  B.  it. 
<e  SeeeBdofB.  *t[i. 
*"  Sw  end  of  B.  viii. 
u  See  end  of  B.  xi!. 
M  See  «BiI  of  B.  viii. 


zyo  OF  VOL.  ni. 


t.  Biuuia.  puunzit  and  sisjiEOTtrBa,  nousa,  tui