Natural landscapes of the United States

atural Landscapes

of the

United States

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UNITED SI*

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HAWAII NATIONAL PARX^^
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Front Cover: Glacier National Park

Inside Cover: The National Park System and Other Areas
Administered by the National Park Service

Ocotillo, sahuaro, and other succulents in a typical desert land-
scape, Tucson Mountains Recreation Area, Arizona.

Natural Landscapes
of the United States

BY

J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE

CURATOR OF PERUVIAN BOTANY

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
POPULAR SERIES

BOTANY. NUMBER 27
1950

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

Copyright 1950 by Chicago Natural History Museum

White pine

Principal regions of natural vegetation in North America.

6 .

Natural Landscapes

of the United States

The great naturalist Darwin said that every traveler
ought to be a botanist, because plants make up a large
part of every landscape. Certainly if the traveler knows
something about the vegetation of the scene he views,
his interest and enjoyment are immeasurably increased.

Principal Types of Vegetation

As may be seen on the accompanying map (see map,
p. 6), the botanical division of the United States, while
not as simple as the political one of Gaul, can in the most
general way be based on the three main types of natural
vegetation which everyone recognizes: namely, woods,
grassland, and desert. These vary greatly in appearance
with the kinds of trees and other plants that predominate
in any given area; furthermore, they often merge with one
another. Some of the more conspicuous variations of the
three types of vegetation will be characterized by naming
a few, a very few, of the plants that comprise them — in
the main only the trees or other plants so striking and
large that they may be seen from a moving automobile.

Originally a large portion of our country was covered
with forests (see map, p. 8). Today these forests are much
more limited and often protected by state or federal laws
as part of our national heritage. A brief description of
these forests may well serve as a starting point for our
sightseeing trip through the eyes of a botanist.

Caeh dot reprtsants
10.000 ocrts

Maps showing virgin forests (1620) and present forest areas.

< 8 *

Northern coniferous forest on Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Michigan.

First, it may be noted that the forests consist of two
principal kinds: coniferous (trees that bear cones and
usually have needle-like evergreen leaves) and deciduous
(trees that lose their broad leaves completely at some
seasons, becoming entirely bare). Although the leafy or
broad-leaved trees may be evergreen in the subtropical
areas, coniferous and deciduous forests are in many places
more or less mixed.

Coniferous Forests

Northern Coniferous Forest

Let us begin our journey with a visit to the coniferous
forests. Of these, three rather distinct geographical types
are recognized. The largest area is occupied by the
northern coniferous forest, known in frontier folk lore as
having been the home of Paul Bunyan and his fabulous
Blue Ox. This forest sweeps across Canada from Alaska

- 10-

Northern coniferous forest in Glacier National Park, Montana.

11

to the Atlantic, extending, a little west of the Great Lakes,
into Minnesota and Wisconsin and as far south as central
Michigan, thence eastward through Pennsylvania and
upper New York to the St. Lawrence. South of this area
it merges with the deciduous forest that originally clothed
the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and together they
form a distinctive, if narrow, belt of mixed timber (see
map, p. 6). The chief components of this forest, except
the jack pine, extend far down along the Appalachians.

These northern coniferous forests (mostly Canadian)
are striking in their uniformity. For hours on end one
may journey across nearly pure stands of evergreens —
white and red (or Norway) pine, hemlock, jack pine, and
balsam fir — and often the trees grow so closely together
that there is room only for small stands or isolated in-
dividuals of other kinds, such as tamarack, alder, willow,
or poplar and aspen.

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Forests

Similarly, the coastal plain that extends roughly from
Long Island to Florida and along the Gulf of Mexico to
a few hundred miles beyond the delta of the Mississippi,
is characterized by nearly pure stands of pines, southward
especially longleaf and slash pines. The pine forests of
the southern states, well known for their yield of "naval
stores," resin and turpentine, are now being exploited as
a source of material for the manufacture of newsprint and
kraft paper. Toward the interior, other species, such as
the loblolly pine, are frequently associated with oaks and
other deciduous trees and shrubs.

In this area, rolling pine lands with little or no ground
cover except grass (using the term broadly) extend for
great distances and because of this barren appearance are
commonly known as pine-barrens. On the other hand,
southward and westward into Mississippi and Louisiana
a rich flora of herbs may be present in such forests. The
pine lands, varying in type from one region to another,
may be wet or may contain swamps such as the Great
Dismal Swamp of Virginia or the Okefenokee Swamp of

. 12 -

Stand of virgin longleaf pine in Choctawatchee National Forest, Florida,
characteristic of the coastal plain.

southern Georgia. They may also merge with deciduous
forests, as in Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee,
or be found as isolated stands in areas where another type
of vegetation predominates.

Western Coniferous Forest

But the greatest expanse of coniferous forests in this
country is found in the West (see map, p. 6). Several
pines and spruces, the hemlock, the great fir and the canoe

. 13 .

'Big trees" in Sequoia National Park, California.

14

cedar range from Alaska and western Canada southward
nearly throughout the Rocky Mountains and along the
coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California to the
Sierras. In the California mountains they are over-
shadowed by the redwood and by the "Big Tree," or giant
Sequoia, known at least by picture throughout the civilized
world. The visitor to the groves of the giant Sequoia in
the well-watered Sierra Nevada will see dense coniferous
forests composed, in part, of yellow pine, sugar pine,
Douglas and red firs, and some hemlock.

Throughout the coastal fogbelt of northern California
and Oregon the redwood is often accompanied by the
Douglas fir and the great fir. At lower levels the latter
may be associated with other evergreens, like juniper or
cypress trees. In the higher mountains one finds the white-

Redwoods in Bull Creek Flat, near Dyerville, California.

\

m> -

Monterey cypress, well known along the California coast, in Monterey Bay.

barked pine, and on Mount Shasta, above the yellow pine,
is found a particularly noteworthy timber composed
mostly of tall and stately fir.

A well-known conifer of the California coast is the
Monterey cypress. The wind-contorted trees, many
seemingly clinging to the rocky bluffs of Monterey Bay,
are confined to a narrow strip of territory only a few miles
long. Also rare and interesting as a relic of an earlier
age in southern California is the Torrey pine.

But the heaviest coniferous timber occurs in the mild
and rainy belt of Washington and western Oregon; that is,
through the Olympic Mountains and the Cascades.
Particularly in the region west of Puget Sound, the Douglas
fir may attain a height of a hundred feet or more and the
forest floor may be so dark that only mosses, ferns, and
an occasional shade-loving shrub can live. With it, or

. 16 -

alone, are found the canoe cedar, the coast hemlock, near
the coast a spruce, and the Lawson cypress, while on the
mountains the firs flourish with some admixture of Engel-
mann's spruce. In the western ranges of Oregon and
Washington, the pines and the western larch are found.
Although the character of these great forests of our ex-
treme northwest must of necessity be described briefly
and only the names of a few of their trees are listed, the
reader may be assured that walking within them and
acquainting himself with their grandeur and beauty will
be a cherished experience.

Less stupendous but often varied and, in their own
setting always beautiful, are the vast coniferous forests
of the Rocky Mountains that extend from the Panhandle
of Idaho and western Montana nearly to the Mexican
border, with an outlying area in the Black Hills of South
Dakota. They are, however, confined to slopes high
enough to acquire considerable moisture from the westerly
winds, and vary greatly in degree of development and in

Oak woodland in the Sierra foothills, near Mother Lode Highway.

Mountain forest near Mount Shasta.

the size of the trees, even for the same species. The
juniper is often the last tree extending into the semi-desert
conditions of the lower valleys and plains; in the South-
west it is sometimes associated with a pretty, compact,
one-needled pine, and together they form veritable forests
many miles in extent. In the central Rockies, as in
Colorado, the forests may be separated by open grassy
areas which have been called "parks" and furnish succulent
grazing for great flocks of sheep.

Often these forests cover large areas with pure stands
of well-grown trees. Whether adorning the high plains
around the Grand Canyon, or climbing the hills among
the mountains of Idaho, the yellow pine is easily recognized
by its cinnamon-colored bark that breaks off in irregular
plates of jigsaw-like shapes, its columnar trunk frequently
rising 150-200 feet to the tufted branches, its habit of
growing in scattered groups or patches, and also by its

. 18 -

"floor," often clean except for a covering of its own
needles of years before.

Almost a weed, the lodgepole pine often grows in dense
patches and is spindly in shape, like our crowded weeds,
as for example in Yellowstone Park. Yet it may be a
stout tree if growing alone on some outcropping rock.
A lover of cold atmosphere, it is thoroughly at home at
lower levels in Canada, but recedes into the mountains
southward, as far as southern California.

Many other conifers are often mixed : the Douglas fir,
the spruce (as Engelmann's) and several pines, partic-
ularly the Idaho white pine. One of the most striking
evergreens because of its gray-blue color — one often seen
in contrast with other species along brooks or in ravines —
is the Colorado blue spruce. Near the timber line occurs
the gnarled and stunted white-stemmed pine, whereas the
Douglas fir and the western larch predominate in wet
lowlands at the base of the mountain. Larches and

One of the open, grassy areas known as "parks," scattered among the
forests of the Rockies. Gunsight Mountain in the background.

! '•* "'IMS

1 1

Virgin lodgepole pine in Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming.

spruce usually grow on low and moist ground, while pines
prefer the mountain slopes. However, an alpine larch is
found only at the timber line.

Deciduous or Hardwood Forest

Let us now leave the coniferous forests and continue
our journey through the deciduous forest, especially the
great hardwood forest of the east-central United States.
As shown (map, p. 6), it extends approximately from the
New England states to the Mississippi or slightly beyond,
and southward to eastern Texas. It is best seen south
of the Ohio River, in such places as the Cumberland and
the Great Smoky Mountains of Kentucky, West Virginia
and Tennessee. To the east and south, in northern
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, it merges
with the coastal plain pine forests and to the west with

- 20 -

Stand of Colorado blue spruce in the Colorado Rockies.
. 21 •

At the timber line, Long's Peak, Colorado.

prairies along a line marked roughly in the north by the
Mississippi River. In the south it extends into Ar-
kansas, Texas and Oklahoma. Northward, many of its
hardier elements, together with certain coniferous trees,
form the mixed forest of the tier of states between New
England and Wisconsin and south along the Appalachians.
This mixed forest is characterized by white pine, hemlock,
maple, beech, and birch. Elsewhere, as in the southern
coastal plain, the pines sometimes are mixed with live
oak, magnolia and cypress or, as in California, the live
oak and the juniper meet. In the Rockies, poplars and
alders may join clumps of spruces on lowland hummocks,
while in other parts of the country the mixture of trees
present varies with local conditions.

Central and Eastern Region

Although the deciduous forest was originally very
extensive, it was later largely cut down to make room for

. 22 ■

farming, except for some sizable tracts. The woods that
most Americans probably know most intimately are the
small remnants of this forest, most commonly seen as
farm woodlots throughout the east and the midwest.
The commonest trees are oak, hickory, pignut, maple,
beech, walnut, ash, birch, red or sweet gum, locust, linden

Typical Kentucky woodland bordering the Cumberland River, an area of
maximum development of the deciduous forest.

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Rhododendrons in Great Smoky

tains National Park, Tennessee.

Spruce, fir, white pine, and hardwoods on th'

•pes of the Presidential Range in New Hampshire.

Oaks and maples at Turkey Run State Park, Indiana.

and sycamore, in former times the chestnut, and south-
ward the tulip tree. Many ancestral homes were con-
structed of the enduring walnut and oak; many hickory
logs supplied the fireplace heat. Familiar and loved by
many is the steep slope shaded by the gray-branched
beech, a rolling sunny stretch of scattered oak or hickory,
creeks bordered by maple, ash, walnut, and witch-hazel.
If you have not yet seen these woods and the shrubs and
wild flowers they harbor, a fresh and delightful travel
experience awaits you. Over and over again these and

- 28 -

many other species are found with different shrubs in
varying combinations throughout this vast area.

Transition Zone to Grasslands

In the states bordering the west bank of the Missis-
sippi River, from Minnesota to Texas, the transition from
the midwestern woods to the Great Plains and Prairies
is marked by poplars and cottonwoods, especially along
the streams, or by oaks interspersed with much grassland.
Certain kinds of oak, red swamp maple, and hickory, as
well as other trees, may meet the pine barrens in Georgia,
Tennessee and Arkansas, or those along the Gulf of Mexico
may contain an occasional magnolia or ash, and even

Prickly pear, buffalo grass and side oats in a field near Dalhart, Texas.

29

reach into the swamp lands of cypress and white cedar.
Here one can only hint at the almost endless variations
in kinds and mixture of trees as the conditions of tempera-
ture and moisture change, as for example in the sandhills
between the Dakotas and Texas.

Southern Region

The traveler to Florida finds the predominantly sandy
soil of the peninsula covered with a vegetation continuous
with that of the southern coastal plains, consisting of
southern pine, live oak, cypress, and cabbage palms, and
frequently marked by Spanish moss growing on trees.
Citrus groves and rows of planted casuarinas, so-called
Australian pines, furnish an exotic touch. As the tip of
the peninsula is approached, a different type of vegetation
appears, consisting of West Indian elements, such as
gumbo-limbo, satinwood, fiddle-wood, figs and stoppers,
with royal and thatch palms on limestone soils, seagrape
and sea lavender along the beaches, and mangrove swamps
along muddy shores. The many tropical plants en-
countered, such as the poinsettia or Christmas flower, the
poinciana, the bougainvilleas, the so-called crotons, are,
of course, introduced, as are the coconut and other exotic
palms.

The Everglades, a subtropical marsh in Florida, are
dotted with low islands supporting broad-leaved trees and
shrubs. In places the level stretches of sawgrass are
interrupted by deep sloughs densely filled with water
plants. In the hammocks, isolated clumps where accumu-
lated humus supports hardwoods, the most magnificent
tree is the live oak, with widely spreading, moss-covered
branches harboring various climbing plants, ferns, and
orchids. Oak, magnolia, yellow poplar, and redgum are
usual components of the flora of the numerous hammocks,
scattered from one end of Florida to the other. The great
swamp formations are either pure stands of cypress or,
farther north, mixed stands of cypress and tupelo gum.

. 30 -

*

Cabbage palms and Caribbean pines in flatwoods, near Marco Junction,
Collier County, Florida.

Mangrove swamp in the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida.

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Live oaks covered with Spanish moss along a creek in Florida.

Grasslands

As we journey across the country anywhere between
Canada and Texas, from one forest area to the other,
we must pass through a broad belt of open land. The

. 32 -

Bald cypress with "knees," Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee.

Prairie and Great Plains states from the Dakotas to
Texas are the natural grasslands of North America and
represent a characteristic American landscape. Originally
covered with grasses and herbs, they supported herds of
antelope and buffalo, the latter in numbers that now seem
fantastic. To the west, in Montana, Colorado, Wyoming,

- 33 .

Characteristic prairie landscape, a gulch near Rock River, Wyoming.

and New Mexico, they merge, sometimes imperceptibly,
into drier slopes that may be more or less covered with
shrubs, the forerunners of the foothill vegetation of the
Rocky Mountains. The true prairie lacked trees, except
along the larger streams. Westward, these outposts of
the deciduous forest consist of willows, cotton wood, and
alder.

Western or Sagebrush Regions

In the basin west of the Rockies, the so-called steppes
with which the prairie merged pass into semi-desert areas
characterized by a mixture of low shrubs, grasses and
other herbaceous plants. In the northern part of these
valleys, between the mountain ranges, as from Idaho and
Washington to Colorado, Utah, and northern Nevada,
the characteristic shrub is sagebrush, sometimes mixed
with or replaced by rabbit brush. Except in spring, when
a small-grass-herb covering appears, the surface of the
ground is quite bare. Cottonwoods and willows grow

. 34 .

along the rivers, and higher up the sagebrush often con-
tinues into stands of timber, such as those of yellow pine.
To the settlers, sagebrush was important, as often it was
their only fuel. Many love its peculiar fragrance, which
is particularly pungent after the spring rains.

In some parts of the Great Basin, as the sagebrush
area is called, stretches of bunch grass and many perennials
cover the rolling slopes before the timber appears. On
the salty flats characteristic of this region and extending
for miles and miles, the sagebrush is replaced by several
shrubs capable of enduring the saline quality of the soil.
These are greasewood, Suaeda, and rabbit brush. Some-
times saline pools appear and, as the season matures, they
are bordered with dense mats of salicornia, bright red
in color and visible from far away.

Natural meadow near Rock River, Wyoming.

Juniper trees on south-facing slope of valley in Utah, and chaparral of
little sagebrush on the opposite side.

Dry, steep hills in the Rockies and elsewhere are
covered by another characteristic association of plants,
known in California as "chaparral." It consists of a dense
growth of "bush" chiefly of various broad-leaved ever-
greens, such as species of manzanita and "mountain
mahogany" in California, or of dwarf oaks and "mountain
mahogany" in the Rockies.

Southwestern Desert

Although continuous with the sagebrush area of the
Great Basin, the so-called deserts of the southwest, at

> 36 -

least in southern Texas, Arizona, and westward, are
characterized by a totally different climate and a com-
pletely different type of vegetation. There millions of
plants appear in flower after the rainy season, and in
reality most of the deserts harbor a rich plant-life. Three
types of these subtropical deserts can conveniently be
recognized: the California desert, marked by the creosote
bush; the succulent desert, chiefly of Arizona and Cali-
fornia, characterized by the abundance of cacti; and the
thorn or small tree desert, of California, Nevada and
Utah. The real appeal of the desert itself cannot be
doubted, regardless of how it is divided according to the
plants growing in the different areas. Whether the
traveler is visiting the desert in northern Arizona, at the

Chaparral near Anza, Riverside County, California.

37

Slopes with creosote bush in Death Valley, California.

Sagebrush in northern Arizona.

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edge of that vast eroded area of a thousand tints, appro-
priately named the Painted Desert, or crossing a zone of
the bizarre Joshua trees scattered sentinel-like down the
long slopes of southwestern Nevada, or in a seemingly
endless tract of mesquite and acacia, covering much of
Arizona, California and other areas, or feeling lost in the
fantastic atmosphere created by a forest of the great
columnar cacti, the sahuaro, his sense of beauty will be
quickened, his interest aroused!

The more conspicuous plants that attract attention in
traveling through some of the vast floor-like deserts of
the southwest, especially through southern Arizona, are
the resinous evergreen shrub, the creosote bush, the acacia
or catclaw, "huishchu," the mesquite, agave and yucca,
various cacti such as the barrel and columnar types, and
the branched flat-pointed opuntias that are known as
chollas.

In certain areas some small trees occur, chiefly the palo

Joshua trees In Arizona.

The changed landscape; farms now occupy land once covered by forests.
Scene near Palouse, Washington.

verde, so called because of its green bark, and the iron-
wood, palo hierro.

Man-made Landscapes

Although traveling across the country no longer im-
plies real hardship, our forefathers often found it difficult,
if not hazardous, to penetrate the unknown extensive
areas then covered by dense virgin forest. Gradually
large sections of these forests were cut and the land was
made usable. Today much of this land is cultivated,

. 40 *

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41

presenting an entirely different appearance. Many native
and introduced plants now grow here under the watchful
eye of the farmer. While some farmland may support a
variety of crops in certain areas, one crop may often be
best suited to the local conditions. Thus we come to
speak of the midwestern corn belt and the cotton belt of
the south, although we know that both corn and cotton
are also grown in other parts of the country. Conversely,
the observant traveler will note that not all land in any
one belt is planted to the principal crop. The uniformity
of great forest expanses is never seen where agriculture
has taken over the land. Rather, we see various patterns
resulting from different kinds of farming (see map, p. 41).
The landscape thus created by man in the wake of the
original vegetation has become as much a part of our
country as its large cities, towns, and farms.

Here we may fittingly conclude our travelogue devoted
to some of the more striking formations of plants, especially
of forests, seen in the various parts of the country. It is
scarcely necessary to remark that the picture presented is
fleeting and impressionistic. But we hope that your
interest has been aroused and that your future trips will
thereby be enriched.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. B. E.
Dahlgren and others, who helped me in preparing this
leaflet. Dr. Theodor Just has generously shouldered most
of the responsibility in the final selection of illustrations
and the ultimate form of the text.

42

Acknowledgments

The illustrations accompanying this travelogue were selected
from among those contained in the files of the Department of Botany,
Chicago Natural History Museum, and various published or private
sources. Permission for the use of these, granted by the following
individuals, governmental agencies and publishing companies, is
herewith gratefully acknowledged.

Chicago Natural History Museum: figure on page 13.

B. E. Dahlgren, Chicago Natural History Museum: figures on page 31.

Carl Epling, University of California at Los Angeles: figures on
pages 15, 16, 17, 18, 37.

Edward H. Graham, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.:
figure on page 36.

Elliot Lyman Fisher, Asheville, North Carolina: figure on pages 24, 25.

Theodor Just, Chicago Natural History Museum: figures on pages 10,
22, 33, 38.

E. J. Kraus, University of Chicago: figures on cover and frontispiece,
and on pages 11, 14, 21, 28, 32, 40.

Susan Delano McKelvey, Boston, Massachusetts: figure on page 39.

National Parks Service, Copyright Fred H. Kiser, Washington, D.C.:
figure on page 19.

Charles E. Olmsted, University of Chicago: figures on pages 29, 38.

R. J. Pool, University of Nebraska: figure on page 6.

State Board of Horticulture, Laramie, Wyoming: figures on pages 34,
35.

United States Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of Agriculture,
1928: figure on page 42.

United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service:
figure on inside cover.

United States Forest Service: figures on pages 8, 9, 20, 23, 26, 27.

. 43

Helpful Books for the Traveler

General

Boerker, R. H. D. 1945. Behold Our Green Mansions. A Book
about American Forests. University of North Carolina Press,
Chapel Hill.

Readable account of American forests and their importance
in modern life and economy. Good illustrations.

Graham, E. H. 1944. Natural Principles of Land Use. Oxford
University Press, New York.

Excellent explanation of the scientific principles and modern
methods of land use. Profusely illustrated.

Matoon, W. R. 1936. Forest Trees and Forest Regions of the United
States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Publ. 217.
Very useful and reliable guide.

Van Dersal, W. R. 1943. The American Land: Its History and Its
Uses. Oxford University Press, New York.

Very informative and well-written book on the American scene,
its history, development and future.

Botanical

Bowers, N. A. 1942. Cone Bearing Trees of the Pacific Coast.
Whittlesey House Field Guide Series.

Convenient pocket guide, well illustrated.

Brown, H. P. 1937. Trees of the Northeastern States. Christopher
Publishing House, Boston.

Detailed descriptions accompanied by fine drawings.

Eliot, W. A. 1938. Forest Trees of the Pacific Coast. G. P. Putnam's
Sons, New York.

Good descriptions and many illustrations.

Harlow, W. M. 1942. Trees of the Eastern United States and Canada.
Their Woodcraft and Wildlife Uses. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Convenient pocket manual with brief descriptions and illus-
trations.

Harlow, W. M. and Harrar, E. S. 1941. Textbook of Dendrology
Covering the Important Forest Trees of the United States and Canada.
Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Good descriptions and illustrations of the important species of
trees. Detailed bibliography of the literature dealing with trees.

- 44 -

Harrar, E. S. and J. G. 1946. Guide to Southern Trees. Whittlesey
House Field Guide Series.

Convenient pocket guide, well illustrated.

Jaeger, E. C. 1941. Desert Wild Flowers. Stanford University
Press.

Kirkwood, J. M. 1930. Rocky Mountain Trees and Shrubs. Stan-
ford University Press.

Good descriptions and illustrations of the woody plants grow-
ing in this area.

McMinn, H. E. and Maino, E. 1935. An Illustrated Manual of
Pacific Coast Trees. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing in
the Pacific Coast Area.

Peattie, D. C. 1934. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publish-
ing Co., Racine, Wisconsin.

Smallest pocket guide, beautifully illustrated with colored
figures of the most common trees.

- 45

Ind

ex

Acacia, 39, 40
Agave, 40
Alder, 12, 22, 34
Ash, 23, 28, 29
Aspen, 12

Beech, 22, 23, 28
Birch, 22, 23
Bougainvillea, 30
Bunch grass, 34

Cactus, barrel, 40

Sahuaro, 39
Casuarina, 30
Catclaw, 40
Cedar, canoe, 15, 17

white, 29
Chaparral, 36
Chestnut, 28
Cottonwood, 29, 34
Creosote bush, 37, 40
Croton, 30
Cypress, 15, 22, 29, 30

Lawson, 17

Monterey, 16

Desert, 36-40

Ferns, 30
Fiddle-wood, 30
Figs, 30
Fir, balsam, 12

Douglas, 15, 16, 19

great, 13, 15

red, 15
Forest, coniferous, 10-19

deciduous or hardwood, 10, 20-
28

Grassland, 29, 32

Greasewood, 35

Gum, red or sweet, 23, 30

tupelo, 30
Gumbo-limbo, 30

Hemlock, 12, 13, 15, 22

coast, 17
Hickory, 23, 28, 29
Huishchu, 40

Joshua tree, 39
Juniper, 15, 18, 22

Landscapes, man-made, 42
Larch, alpine, 19
western, 17, 19
Linden, 23
Locust, 23

Magnolia, 22, 29, 30
Mangroves, 30
Manzanita, 36
Maple, 22, 23, 28

red or swamp, 29
Mesquite, 39, 40
Mountain mahogany, 36

Oak, 12, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30

dwarf, 36

live, 22, 30
Opuntia, 40
Orchids, 30

Palm, cabbage, 30

coconut, 30

royal, 30

thatch, 30
Palo hierro, 40

verde, 40
Pignut, 23
Pine, Australian, 30

Idaho white, 19

jack, 12

loblolly, 12

lodgepole, 19

longleaf, 12

red (Norway), 12

slash, 12

southern, 30

sugar, 15

Torrey, 16

white, 12, 15, 22

yellow, 15, 16, 18, 35
Plains, Great, 29
Poinciana, 30
Poinsettia, 12, 30
Poplar, 22, 29

yellow, 30
Prairies, 29

- 46 -

Rabbit brush, 34, 35 Stoppers, 30

Redwood, 15 Suaeda, 35

Sycamore, 28
Sagebrush, 34, 35

SaRcornia 35 Tamarack, 12

Satinwood 30 Transition zone, 29-30

§£££2o Tulip tree, 28

Spanish moss, 30 billow 12',34

Spruce, 13, 17, 22 Witch-hazel, 28

Colorado blue, 19

Engelmann, 17, 19 Yucca, 40

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