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(Front Cover) Timber, Oregon's leading industry, heads for 
market from a Bureau of Land Management log pond. 




(Above) Majestic Mount Hood dominates these forested slopes 
of Oregon's Cascade Mountains and Timothy Lake. 




"The Beaver State" 



Published by The United States Department of the Interior Office of the Secretary Division of Information 





Oregon's Craler Lake National Park, snow-covered for eight months of the year, is a popular winter sports area. 
2 







The purpose of this booklet is to bring a 
new awareness on the part of the Amer- 
ican people of our rich natural resource 
heritage, its history, its present, and its 
future. To know our land is to love it 
and cherish it and protect it from the 
ravages both of nature and man. 




Secretary of the Interior. 



Contents 



Pay 

Introduction and History 4 

Physical Characteristics 12 

Fish and Wildlife 18 

Water and Power 22 

Forests and Land 26 

Mineral Resources 30 

Indians and Their Resources 32 

Parks and Recreation 35 

Programs of Federal Natural Resource Agencies 49 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 50 

Bonneville Power Administration 52 

Fish and Wildlife Service 52 

Forest Service 55 

Geological Survey 57 

Bureau of Indian Affairs 59 

Bureau of Land Management 60 

National Park Service 63 

Bureau of Mines 63 

Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 65 

Bureau of Reclamation 66 

The Future 67 






Introduction and History 



Oregon Is a land of contrasts. As one writer 
expressed it: "It rains. It snows. It scorches. 
It droughts, It suspends itself in celestial mo- 
ments of sheer clarity that hearten the soul. 
Whatever else it may do, it challenges rather 
than enervates. Rather than complacency it 
breeds philosophy." 

The consolations of philosophy may well have 
been the only reward of Sir Francis Drake, who 
sailed the Golden Hind into Oregon coastal 
waters in 1579, looking for the long-sought 
Northwest Passage to England, after his raids 





Spectacular scenery of astonishing variety lies 
within Oregon's borders. River gorges, moun- 
tains, and the Pacific Ocean combine to make 
a land of many contrasts. 



upon the Spanish Pacific Coast trading posts. 
Although the northernmost point of Drake's 
trip is disputed, he may have sighted the coast 
of Oregon. His voyage is significant for Oregon 
because he claimed the coast for England, a 
claim which Britain later said included the 
whole coast as far north as Alaska. 

Drake named the area New Albion for his 
homeland, but abandoned his search for a 
Northwest Passage, being turned back by "most 
vile, thick, and stinking fogs." He headed for 
England by way of Pacific, concluding that there 



was neither a Northwest nor a Northeast Pas- 
sage. But the prospect of a waterway across 
the broad American continent continued to 
fascinate sailing men and traders for three cen- 
turies, and to determine in part the fate of the 
Oregon Country. 

Fur Trade 

A century and a half ensued with little being 
heard of Oregon. In the 1760's Russia, padding 
her way through the deep Siberian forests, occu- 



5 



pied both shores of the Pacific and their adjacent 
islands to reap immense profits in fine sea-otter 
and sea-lion pelts. Roused by this news, Spain, 
having exhausted stores of easily available gold 
in California, began to see advantages in the fur 
trade among the Indian villages of the Pacific 
Northwest. 

The Spanish trader Juan Perez and his men 
were the first white men to confront the Indians, 
who were prosperous and friendly and who 
easily parted from their plentiful furs. But, 
the fur bubble burst for the Spanish when a 
trading expedition under Hezeta in 1775 was 
ambushed in the Northwest by the Indians. 
Shortly after the massacre, Captain James 
Cook of England arrived in search of the elusive 
Northwest Passage. He put in at Nootka, on 
what is now Vancouver Island, and was well 
received by the Indians, who gave him fuel and 
otter skins for blankets. Aboard ship was the 
first American to confront the Oregon Country, 
John Ledyard, an adventurer who years later 
was to interest President Thomas Jefferson in 
the exploration of the Pacific Northwest and 
impress upon him the importance of this terri- 
tory to American colonial expansion. 

Cook's men rediscovered the value of the fur 
trade when they sold sea otter pelts to the 
Chinese at a huge and unexpected profit. In- 
terest in the fur trade with the Indians quickly 
revived among the British, Spanish, and Rus- 
sians. The stage was now set for the inter- 
national tug-of-war that sent the Northern 
boundary of Oregon Territory moving up and 
down the coast for fifty years. 

Following the Revolutionary War, Americans 
sent ships around Cape Horn to investigate the 
possibility of carrying Pacific furs to China on 
American ships. 

Captain Robert Gray, exploring the Pacific 
Coast in 1792 on such a mission, anchored his 
ship in what seemed to be a bay. He lowered 
a boat and finding fresh water under his keel, 
suddenly realized that he had discovered the 
enormous river called by the Indians the Oregon. 
The land drained by the river became known as 
the Oregon Territory, but Gray renamed the 
river after one of his ships, the Columbia. He 
gave the United States its first claim to the 
area south of Vancouver and parallel 54<40', 



Many years of bickering were to follow 
regarding claims to Oregon with four powers 
now figuring in the competition for pelts and 
power. Vague Spanish claims on the south, 
sweeping British claims to the north, the 
Russians not to far away in Alaska, and the 
United States contesting all three contributed 
to the confusion. Oregon was a vast territory 
beginning in the east at the Rockies and ending 
at the Pacific, its north and south boundaries 
indeterminate and controversial. 



19th Century Expansion 

In 1805, members of the Lewis and Clark 
expedition became the first Americans to reach 
Oregon and the Pacific from the east, overland 
past the Cascade mountains and then down the 
broad Columbia. Clark, who had come through 
the rapids at The Dalles, gratefully paddled his 
canoes farther along the Columbia " that seemed 
as broad as the ocean we were seeking." They 
were greeted at the mouth by amazed Indians 
and torrential rains. The expedition set up 
winter camp at a spot protected from the wintry 
gales. When they returned home, they com- 
municated the news that Columbia River was 
indeed a highway to the Pacific. After Gray's 
discovery, the exploration of Lewis and Clark 
gave the United States another claim to the 
area of Oregon. 

This expedition was a sign of America's 
growing interest in the Territory and greater 
interest was aroused when accounts of the 
journey were published. 

American and English fur traders rushed to 
set up posts along the river. In 1811, John Jacob 
Astor was able to precede the British into the 
lower Columbia area, where he set up the 
Pacific Fur Company, thereby basing new 
American claims on the fur trade. Astor, who 
called his little fort Astoria, was just setting up 
business in 1812 when war with England broke 
out. His Pacific Fur Company dangled between 
two flags for a year until it was sold to the 
British Northwest Company. But when a 
British naval captain seized the Astoria post 
itself, as distinguished from the company, it 
was done as an act of war. This left the British- 




The grand canyon of the Snake River, popularly known as Hells Canyon, is one of Oregon's greaf scenic thrills. 



owned company in virtual possession of the 
Oregon Country and the Columbia "highway 
to the sea." 

In 1817, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of 
State, insisted that the British return the fort 
or fight another war. The Treaty of Ghent 
provided for this return, but only whetted the 
edge of the controversy over boundaries. The 
British refused a compromise at the 49th parallel, 
and in 1818, a joint occupancy agreement was 
reached which satisfied no one. 

Early Government 

Until the 1840's the "law" in Oregon Terri- 
tory was Dr. John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of 
the British Hudson's Bay Company. He en- 
joyed governmental powers derived from the 
British Crown, and was friendly to Americans 
living under his jurisdiction. 

With the advent of "free land," homesteading 
was encouraged, and American settlers began to 
filter into the sparsely settled region. Soon 
Americans outnumbered all others and their 
farms made the trapping and trading industry 
less profitable for the British. 

In the 1830's the missionary Lee brothers 
arrived in Oregon to convert the Indians. 
Their moral example was strong enough to 
influence the American settlers, who came to 
accept their authority as a kind of local govern- 
ment. When Jason Lee returned east in 1838, 
he carried a petition signed by 36 settlers asking 
Congress to admit Oregon to the Union as a 
Territory. 

Congress did nothing for fear of provoking 
England, and the settlers attempted to set up 
their own government. In 1841 a meeting at 
the Willamette Valley Methodist Mission 
elected a "supreme judge" and several minor 
cour*- officers, and made provisions for drawing 
up laws and a constitution. But the attempt 
came to nothing. 

The threat of a serious Indian attack finally 
led to an effective provisional government, 
organized in 1843 and ratified in 1845 by special 
election. Meanwhile, in 1844, James Knox 
Polk was nominated for President of the United 
States on the "Make Oregon American" plat- 
form with its ' ' Fifty-four-forty or Fight 1 ' 



slogan -meaning that America was now ready 
to seize Oregon all the way to Alaska even if it 
meant fighting for it. England, her bargaining 
power all but lost, signed a treaty in 1846 which 
ended the joint occupation and gave to the 
United States all continental land south of the 
49th parallel. 

Following the settlement of the boundary 
question, President Polk achieved one of the 
goals of his administration by securing terri- 
torial status for the region in 1848. He ap- 
pointed General Joseph Lane of Indiana as 
Governor. Governor Lane took over the reins 
of the Territorial Government on March 3, 
1849 the day before Polk went out of office. 

Territorial Period 

Social and economic conditions improved 
rapidly in Oregon during the Territorial period. 
Roads and bridges were constructed, more and 
more ships entered the harbors, and while the 
population expanded, gold was discovered :r> 
several areas. Two universities and more than 
20 academies were created and the scat of 
government was finally established at Salem, 
in the heart of the rich Willamette Valley. 

As more settlers moved north of the Columbia 
River, the feeling grew that the huge Oregon 
Territory should be divided into manageable 
parts. In 1853, the Washington Territory was 
established, embracing the present State of 
Washington, western Montana, and northern 
Idaho. 

Thus modified, the Oregon Territory took 
up the problem that had to be resolved before 
statehood could be realized the question of 
slavery. The troubled state Constitutional 
Convention of 1857 voted for a popular referen- 
dum and in November of that year the citizens 
ratified the State Constitution and defeated 
slavery by a large majority. Oregon became 
a State on February 14, 1859. 

Oregon stayed loyal to the Union, protecting 
the frontier against Indians who were taking 
advantage of the Civil War to conduct raids. 
Oregon's motto later became "The Union." 
The Indians continued to fight even after the 
war, but hostile tribes were finally moved to an 
Idaho reservation in the 1870's. 





The house (right) of Dr. John McLoughlrn is preserved today as a memorial to his leadership in the settling of Oregon. 



When the Union Pacific Railroad replaced the 
Oregon Trail, the population and economy of 
Oregon boomed. Homesteads were established 
in the more isolated regions,, and the eastern 
plains and ranges were used for large-scale 
wheat and livestock production. Steamship 
as well as rail commerce developed rapidly. 

Oregon has been a progressive State contribut- 
ing distinctive reforms and advances to the 
science of State government. Oregon was the 
first State to make full use of direct primary, 
initiative, referendum and recall, and the Oregon 
Plan became widely admired as an efficient 
blueprint for forward-looking State government, 

Oregon Today 

From a primitive fur trading post at the mouth 
of the Columbia, the city of Astoria has grown 
to be a symbol of Oregon's progress and pros- 
perity; today it is the site of one of the largest 
fisheries in the world. 

If Oregon's first pioneers would be surprised 
to see present-day Astoria, a trip up the Colum- 
bia would leave them speechless. On the 
Oregon-Washington border alone, dams at 
Bonneville, The Dalles where Lewis and Clark 
despaired for their boats and men in the rapids 
and McNary generate more than 12 billion kilo- 
watt-hours of electricity annually. 

Today's biggest deep-water vessels voyage 
over 300 miles up the Columbia, thanks to the 
navigation program made possible by dams and 
locks. Over 50 shipping lines call at Portland, 
a major seaport though over a hundred miles 
inland, and where ocean-going vessels cannot 
use the upper river, the thriving barge lines do. 



A network of power transmission lines links 
the Columbia and its tributaries to Oregon's 
industries. First among these is the forest in- 
dustry, including the manufacture of paper and 
lumber. Oregon has more standing saw timber 
than any other State and cuts more almost every 
year. Food products also rank high, and in 
metals, Oregon is the Nation's only nickel pro- 
ducer and a large producer of aluminum, the 
latter the direct result of low-cost hydroelec- 
tricity. 

Oregon's varied climate and geography make 
it possible to grow a wide variety of crops 
profitably, Wheat from the eastern plains and 
apples and pears from the north are major prod- 
ucts. Vegetables thrive and irrigation helps 
make possible the production of specialty crops 
like broccoli and carrots. All types of livestock 
are raised . 

There were fewer than 100 white men in the 
whole Oregon region when Fort Astoria was 
sold to the British in 1813, but the State has 
about two million inhabitants on its 96,981 
square miles today. State universities at Eu- 
gene and Corvallis, and more than a score of 
other colleges and universities constitute a rich 
educational resource. 

The State flower is the Oregon Grape, a holly- 
like bush found mainly in the western part of 
the State; State bird is the Western Meadow 
Lark whose beautiful song may be heard in all 
areas of Oregon. 

Oregon's major cities include Portland, Eu- 
gene, Salem, Medford, Corvallis, Springfield, 
Klamath Falls, Pendleton, Albany, Bend, As- 
toria, Roseburg, The Dalles, and Grants Pass. 



717-860 084- 



Cities of Oregon 




(Above) Oregon's white-marbled Capitol in 
Salem is topped with a statue symbolizing all of 
fhe State's early-day pioneers, 



(Right) Medford, one of Oregon's major cities, 
is in the State's rich pear-producing area. 




10 




(Above) Astoria, the liny trading post of 1 81 1 , has 
blossomed into a busy port city, 

(Right) Eugene, a principal lumber center, is also 
the home of the University of Oregon. 




^ :; ; , , r^>l^^^^^ 




Although it is many miles inland, Portland is the largest bulk-cargo shipping port on the Pacific Coast, 




Crater Lake, awesome in its primitive beauty, was formed In the Cascade Mountains when the cone of a great volcano collapsed. 



Physical Characteristics 



Spectacular scenery of astonishing variety 
lies within Oregon's borders. Mountain ranges 
parallel the Pacific Coast; river gorges reach 
awesome depths; and inviting lakes dot the 
country that is divided into two distinct re- 



12 






Lava fields cover hundreds of acres near Mount Washington in the central Cas- 
cades. A modern higway cuts through ihem. 







Kiger Gorge is the only example of glaciatlon in Oregon's famous southeastern cattle country, 



gions the area west of the Cascades, and the State. The Cascades boast large expanses of 



eastern plateau and mountains. 



forest and snowfield; 11,245-foot Mount Hood 



The Cascade Range, extending through is the highest peak in Oregon. It is some 100 
Oregon in a general north-south direction, is miles from the coast and overlooks the Col- 
the most important topographic barrier in the umbia Gorge. 

13 



Just west of the Cascades, between two north- 
south mountain ranges, lies the fertile Wil- 
lamette Valley, drained northward into the 
Columbia by the Willamette River. The Valley 
is a broad lowland separated from the Pacific 
Ocean to the west by the Coast Range and from 
the interior mountains and plateaus to the east 
by the Cascade Range. 

The Coast Range extends from the Columbia 
River in the north to where it meets the older 
structures of the Klamath Mountains in the 
south. West of the low-lying Coast Range is 
a scenic alternation of sandy beaches and rugged 
cliffs. The sandy shores with their odd out- 
croppings border on low, densely forested hills, 
part of the Pacific Rain Forest which receives 
about 77 inches of rain a year. These forested 
hills, composed mainly of Douglas fir, are the 
home of the animal that has given Oregon its 
nickname, the Beaver State. 

Geologic Past 

Oregon's fiery geologic past, characterized 
by widespread outpourings of molten lava and 
punctuated with explosive eruptions of glowing 
ash and volcanic debris, is recorded in the rock 
formations of the Cascade Range, the Blue and 
Wallowa mountains of the northeastern part of 
the State and the Klamath Mountains. Both 
the Klamath and Wallowa Mountains are the 
result of a complex geologic history which 
began more than 200 million years ago, when 
seas covered many parts of the United States. 

In these seas were deposited mud, sand, and 
limey ooze, together with some volcanic rocks. 
All these were later buried and subjected to 
deforming stresses. Time, heat, and pressure 
transformed the sediments first to shale, sand- 
stone, and limestone, and ultimately to crumpled 
and contorted layers of slate, quartzite, and 
marble. 

As these old rocks were being deformed, they 
were invaded by molten granite batholiths 
that now cooled, uplifted, and eroded are 
exposed as granitic cores in both the Klamath 
and Wallowa Mountains. Peridotite and ser- 
pentine have also been injected into some of the 
highly deformed rocks in the mountainous parts 
of the State. 

14 




k->'J" T l - -; 

;.; .HKr*-" 7 ---*'-""* -*lai?^"'%. n 

- -*^-, w n wr^K^ 




(Above) A view of the coast south of Cape 
Foulweather. Here the ocean and lava 
flows met millions of years ago to form a 
slill changing coast line. 



(Left) Oneonla Falls, near Oregon's Colum- 
bia River highway, is one of the many lovely 

waterfalls fed by snow-fields of the high 
Cascade Mountains. 



(Right) This mile-long tunnel at Lava Caves 
State Park was formed when lava cooled 
on the outside bui left a core of mollen lava 
which kept on moving. 




15 



While deep-seated deformations were creating 
the roots of mountains, renewed invasions of the 
sea, followed by more uplift and erosion, were 
changing the surface of the earth. The record 
of these events is scanty until about 60 million 
years ago, when lava flows began to pour out of 
vents and fissures beneath the sea in what is now 
the western third of Oregon. 

This marine inundation of western Oregon 
persisted for at least 35 million years. During 
this period, the shoreline gradually receded 
westward to approximately its present position; 
volcanism was beginning in the land areas to 
the east, and at times the rivers feeding the 
western sea were choked with volcanic debris. 

Much of the early volcanic activity was 
explosive, producing showers of ash and cinders. 
But later, in north-central and eastern Oregon, 
and in Washington, fluid flows of basaltic lava 
were quietly extruded from fissures in the earth's 
crust and spread for scores of miles across the 
surface of the land, filling depressions and ulti- 
mately forming a vast lava plateau that covered 
a major part of the Pacific Northwest. 

Birth of the Cascades 

As volcanic activity began to wane it formed 
new lava fields, ash deposits, and volcanic 
peaks in southeastern Oregon, and a chain of 
volcanoes arose along the present crest of the 
Cascades. Some of the youngest flows are so 
recent that the jumbled unweathered lava 
surface appears to have just cooled, and in 
many places the conical peaks, craters and 
calderas of the last volcanic episodes are essenti- 
ally unmodified by erosion. The caldera at 
Crater Lake, most of the spectacular high Cas- 
cade peaks including Hood, Jefferson, and the 
Three Sisters, and many lava-dammed lakes 
were produced during this final phase of Cascade 
volcanism. 

While the last floods of lava and ash were 
blanketing the Cascade Mountains and areas 
to the east, deep-seated forces were also active. 
The sedimentary deposits along the Pacific 
slope were slowly warped and folded along 
north-trending axes; the Northern Willamette 
Valley area was broadly downwarped, and in 

16 



northeastern and southwestern Oregon more 
intense forces brought older rocks to the surface. 
As deformation continued, internal stresses were 
further relieved by faulting which broke the 
surface continuity of rock units, raising some 
blocks and lowering others. 

Changes Continue 

Surface irregularities produced by volcanism, 
uplift, and faulting are undergoing continuous, 
normal erosion, and Oregon's present landscape 
is still being modified. The coastal areas are 
being carved away by the sea; streams and rivers 
are slowly reducing the uplands and carrying 
debris to the lowlands; and in the high moun- 
tains ice and frost-action, landslides and ava- 
lanches are modifying the skyline. Far from 
being finished, Oregon's topography is in 
continual evolution. 

Ofegon's coast is fairly regular; among the 
bays which indent the land are Tillamook, 
Coos, Yaquina, Depoe, Nehalem, Nestucca f 
Netarts, Siletz, and Winchester. 

The major river system, the Columbia-Snake, 
which forms part of the boundary both north 
and east, flows through a series of gorges. 
Once numerous waterfalls dotted the progress 
of the Columbia on its 1,270-mile way from 
British Columbia, giving the formidable Cascade 
Range its name. Where the river once tumbled 
and gushed, great systems of dams have ponded 
and calmed much of it into a navigable water- 
way. The mouth of the Columbia where it 
once passed over the ribs of the Coast and 
Cascade Ranges causing Captain Gray to 
write, "The seven-shoaled horror of the 
Columbia" has now been deepened and dredged 
to accommodate ocean-going vessels. 

Several major rivers including the Nehalem, 
the Umpqua, and the Rogue, south of the 
Columbia, flow west into the Pacific. Most of 
the large lakes of Oregon are in the southern 
Cascades, including Upper Klamath Lake and 
Crater Lake in sunken Mount Mazama. 

The climate of this western third of the State 
is as unlike the eastern two-thirds as the rumpled 
Cascade and Coast Mountains are unlike the 
rambling Deschutes Plateau. The Cascades 
form an effective barrier to the westerly winds 







These colorful fossil beds at the John Day Fossil Bed State Park are estimated to be at least thirty million years old. 



from the Pacific, causing most of the moisture to 
fall west of the mountains. The climate west 
is therefore temperate marine, with cool sum- 
mers and mild winters averaging 65 and 43.1, 
respectively, and heavy precipitation. 

The Eastern Plateau 

East of the Cascades lies the Deschutes 
Plateau, a land of valleys long ago filled and 
leveled with lava, broken only by the Blue 
Mountains in the north and the Steens Moun- 
tains of the southeast. But all is not flat in the 
east, for the Hells Canyon of the Snake Rivet- 
between Idaho and Oregon is the deepest gorge 
in the United States. Its greatest depth is 
7,900 feet. 

The Deschutes and John Day rivers, confined 
entirely within the borders of Oregon, drain the 



plateau into the Columbia. The Snake River, 
second largest in the State, forms more than 
half of the Idaho-Oregon boundary before shoot- 
ing northward into Washington and its con- 
fluence with the Columbia. The Snake, along 
with the Owyhee, provide the water for irriga- 
tion of the southeast corner. 

Small salt lakes and some larger fresh-water 
lakes dot the southern plateau; on the whole, the 
east is considerably less temperate and moist 
than the west. Precipitation ranges from 10 
to 20 inches annually. The climate is more 
conducive to western pine than Douglas fir 
and large forests extend over the Blue and 
Wallowa Mountains in the north. 

The southern Great Basin, a near-desert, is 
sparsely settled, but irrigation alleviates the 
aridity to some extent. 



717-560 O 04- 



17 



Fish and Wildlife 




Canada goslings on the 184,871 -acre Malheur refuge, 
one of the 12 Federal Wildlife refuges in Oregon, Eight 
species of geese are found in Oregon but only the large 
Canada nest in the Stare. 




Nature was in an expansive mood when she 
selected the variety and abundance of wildlife 
for the Beaver State. And what Nature over- 
lookedin species of fish and game animals 
man has made long strides to provide. 

The angler finds an endless challenge in the 
many types of salmon, trout, and warm-water 
fish. The rifleman's quarry includes three 
kinds of deer, two kinds of elk, and the prong- 
horn antelope. For the shot-gunner, seven 
million waterfowl visit the State annually, 
and the supply of ring-necked pheasant and 
quail is plentiful. In a recent year sportsmen 
spent over $60 million on hunting and fishing 
in Oregon. 

Commercial fisheries, too, are important to 
Oregon. The value of manufactured fishery 
products exceeds $22 million annually, mostly 
salmon, flounder, tuna and Dungeness crab, More 
than 2,500 fishermen are engaged in bringing 
ashore the varied catch, which also includes 
ocean perch, rockfish, and shrimp. 

Among Oregon fish, salmon is of great 
importance, and the mighty chinook is the 
king of the catch. This robust, deep-bodied 
fighter usually ranges up to 45 pounds, but 
heavier ones frequently are landed. Oregon's 
record sport-caught chinook long a world's 
record was taken from the Umpqua River 
in 1910. It weighed 83 pounds, The chinook 
is found in almost every Oregon river where he 
has access to the sea. The largest runs are in 
the Columbia and its tributaries. 

The silver salmon, important to commercial 
and sport fishermen, is found in almost every 
coastal stream. The sea-going sockeye is mainly 
important to the commercial fishery, but his 
landlocked replica known as the kokanee is 
of importance to the sport fishermen. The 
chum and pink salmon also interest commercial 
fishermen, 

Oregon has an abundance of trout, foremost 
among them the widely distributed rainbow. 
His ocean variety, the fighting steelhead, is a 
periodic invader of many Oregon rivers. 

The Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery in 
Oregon and fish hatcheries in Idaho and Wash- 
ington help stock the rivers and streams. A 
fish hatchery in Montana provides warm-water 
fish for the area west of the Rocky Mountains. 

19 



Ocean and mountain varieties of the cutthroat 
trout are second only to the rainbow in angling 
importance in Oregon. The black-spotted cut- 
throat is well distributed throughout the Wall- 
owa Mountains. The cutthroat offers some 
of the sharpest excitement a fishrnan can find. 

The brown trout, a native of Europe, is well 
distributed in Oregon. The Deschutes River, 
East Lake, Paulina Lake, and Wickiup Reservoir 
are noted for producing large browns, many 
going above eight pounds. The brook trout, an 
import from the eastern United States, is found 
in Oregon's cold mountain streams and lakes. 

Other trout important to the Oregon sport 
fishermen include the "lake" which reaches 
weights of 20 pounds and more, the Dolly 
Varden, and the Oregon whitefish. 

Thirteen species of warm-water, spiny-rayed 
fish have been introduced to Oregon waters. 
Thousands of anglers find pleasure and recrea- 
tion in fishing for crappie, small and large- 
mouth bass, blue gill, yellow perch, and catfish. 

Places to fish are abundant. The State of 
Oregon administers 29,000 acres of public 
fishing lakes and 15,000 miles of fishing streams. 
The State also owns 49,000 acres of hunting 
areas open to the public. In addition, twelve 
national forests are open to fishing and hunting. 

Waterjowl 

Oregon is one of the most important states in 
the Nation as a nesting ground for migratory 
waterfowl. There are 17 species of pond and 
diving ducks and nine species of geese. Most 
common of the ducks is the mallard, but also 
important are the pintail, baldpate, gadwall, 
wood duck, green-winged teal, redhead, scaup, 
and canvasback. There also are the shoveler, 
cinnamon teal, blue-winged teal, American 
goldeneye, bufflehead, oldsquaw, harlequin, 
and ruddy. 

Eight of the fifteen species of geese in North 
America are found regularly in Oregon, and 
onethe emperor occurs as a rare migrant 
along the Oregon coast. The large Canada 
goose is the only species which nests in the 
State. Other geese species found in the Beaver 
State are the western Canada, lesser Canada, 
cackler, lesser snow, Ross, white-fronted, and 
black brant. 



20 



Eight of the 12 Federal wildlife refuges in 
Oregon arc host to the great flights of ducks 
and geese. Chief among the refuges is the 
Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 
with 240,000 acres. This refuge also serves as a 
habitat for the pronghoi'n antelope, mule deer, 
sage grouse, and valley quail. 

Other refuges for waterfowl in Oregon with 
the acreages, and other wildlife served include: 

Malheur (184,871 acres), whistling swans, 
sage grouse, valley quail, sandhill cranes, 
white pelicans, herons, ibises, shorebirds, prong- 
horns, and mule deer. 

Klamath Forest (15,226 acres), water birds. 

Upper Klamath (12,532 acres), herons and 
cormorants. 

Cold Springs (3,116 acres), herons and 
shorebirds. 

McKay Creek (1,836 acres), herons and 
shorebirds. 

Lower Klamath (1,340 acres), herons, shore- 
birds, and California quail. 

Charles Sheldon Antelope Range (627 acres), 
pronghorn, mule deer, and sage grouse. 

Smaller National Wildlife Refuges arc: 

Cape Mcares (138 acres), shorebirds, band- 
tailed pigeons, and black-tailed deer; Oregon 
Islands (21 acres) and Three Arch Rocks (17 
acres), both for cormorants, gulls, murres, and 
puffins. 

The recently authorized Willamette National 
Wildlife Refuge is 7 miles south of Cor- 
vallis. About 2,000 acres will be planted to rye 
grass, clover, sudan grass and field corn for water- 
fowl use, and another 1,000 acres will be ponded 
in low areas. The refuge is expected to serve 
great numbers of the western Canada goose, 
mallards and pintails, and to a lesser extent, the 
whistling swan, a protected species. 

Big Game 

Deer, elk, and pronghorn antelope provide 
generous rewards for the hunter, camera en- 
thusiast, and sight-seeing tourist. 

Deer is the most numerous big game in the 
Beaver State. The black-tail is found from the 
Pacific Ocean to near the crest of the Cascade 
Mountains and is unique in that it lives only in 
the Pacific Coast States. The mule deer makes 
his home in the pine forests and sagebrush 



deserts of Eastern Oregon and attracts the 
greatest number of hunters. The white-tail is 
relatively scarce, but can be found on both sides 
of the Cascades. 

The Roosevelt elk inhabits the western part 
of the State, and Rocky Mountain elk are east 
of the Cascades. Their numbers have increased 
substantially since the early 1900's, when market 
hunting seriously depleted the herds. 

The pronghorn antelope is the least numerous 
of big-game animals in Oregon, found only in 
the semi-arid regions in the southeast section of 
the State. Limited hunting of this popular 
trophy animal is permitted, but the demand 
still far exceeds the supply. A comparative 
newcomer to Oregon is the Rocky Mountain 
goat, introduced to the Wallowa Mountains in 
1950. This species is protected with the hope 
that its numbers will increase to permit trophy 
hunting. Other game animals are cotton tail 
and jack rabbits, cougar, bobcats, raccoon, fox, 
and coyote. 

The potential for a continued abundance of 
fish and wildlife in Oregon is excellent. The 
successful propagation and stocking of trout and 
salmon promise continued expansion of these 
sport fisheries. The greatest potential for fish- 
ing development is the many lakes in the Cas- 
cade, Blue, Wallowa, and Steen Mountains. 
These lakes are now inaccessible except for 
difficult trails, but they will grow in importance 
as accessibility is improved. Also, Oregon's 
open and extensive coastline offers ample oppor- 
tunity for an increase in shore and ocean sport 
fishing. 

The Bureau of Land Management cooperates 
with the Oregon State Game Commission and 
the Fish and Wildlife Service in improving wild- 
life habitat on public domain lands and the 
O&C forest in Oregon (See p. 39). For 
example, desert bighorn sheep have been re- 
introduced by the State Game Commission on 
the Bureau of Land Management Steens Moun- 
tain Management Area in southeastern Oregon, 



(Top) Pronghorn antelope, least numerous of Oregon's 
big-game animals, are found in the southeastern part of 
the State. (Center) Fish use ladders such as this at Bonne- 
ville Dam to migrate upstream to spawn, (Botlom) Rod 
bends when a chinook king of the salmon strikes, 





21 



sers yi 




Water and Power 



22 





From the very beginning, water has played a 
tremendous role in Oregon's development. 
Traders and trappers, explorers and pioneers 
used the rivers for transportation and as a means 
of livelihood. 

The Columbia River is one of Oregon's most 
important natural resources. This mighty river, 
because of its enormous flow and rapid fall, is a 
great source of water power. As such, it ranks 
above the Mississippi and the Volga; it dwarfs 
the Ganges, the Euphrates, the Yangtze, the 
Yukon, and the Amazon in value co man. 

About one-third of the hydroelectric potential 
of the Continental United States is in the 
Columbia River Basin. The Columbia's waters 
coursing to the ocean mean life and progress to 
a great region and to our country. 

The Columbia has its headwaters in Canada, 
flows south through Washington, and forms the 
State boundary between Oregon and Washington 
from about 20 miles upstream from McNary 
Dam. The Columbia is navigable for ocean- 
going vessels as far as Portland. More than 50 
steamship lines serve the Columbia River ports, 
with service to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, 
the Orient, Europe, Africa, and South America, 
as well as calls along the Pacific Coast. The 
river throughout its entire length in Oregon is 
navigable by barge, with port facilities at 
Portland, The Dalies, Arlington, and Umatilla. 

One of Oregon's other major rivers the 



(Left) Generating units of The Dalles Dam on the 
Columbia River, 88 miles east of Portland. 

(Bottom left) Wafer sports are popular on the Bureau of 
Reclamation's Howard Prairie Reservoir. 

(Bottom right) The Deschutes Project is part of Oregon's 
1 .5 million acres of irrigated land. 





Snake flows into the Columbia just over the 
Washington line. Other principal tributaries 
of the Columbia River in Oregon are the 
Urnatilla, John Day, Deschutes, Hood, Sandy, 
and Willamette Rivers. 

The Willamette and its tributaries drain the 
Willamette region, a rectangular trough of 
level and rolling farm and timber lands, about 
180 miles long from the Columbia River to the 
Calapooya Mountains and 60 miles wide from 
the Cascades to the Coast Range. 

The Willamette region has a widely diversified 
agriculture, the greatest commercial and indus- 
trial development in Oregon, and two-thirds of 
the State's population. Lumbering is an im- 
portant industry in the region. 

Water Supply 

Water resources of the State of Oregon are 
ample, but their distribution is unequal. The 
greatest water suppliers are concentrated mainly 
in the western part of the State; the eastern 
part is relatively dry, and the surface-water 
supply is inadequate to meet the total demand. 

Compounding the problem is the wide dis- 
parity between rainfall in the -East and in the 
West. The heavy winter precipitation and 
resulting large streamflows cause floods and 
flood-control problems on many rivers. Con- 
versely, the meager precipitation and low flows 
over the whole State during the late summer 
months create pollution problems, provide 
insufficient water for preservation of fish life, 
and result in heavy demands upon the available 
supply for municipal, industrial, and agricultural 
use. 

Industrial use of water is not as great as in 
many other States, but will probably continue 
to increase. The present largest industrial 
use is for processing agricultural and forest 
products, The most serious pollution problem 
is from the pulp and paper mills. However, 
the industry is attempting to reduce the amount 
of wastes, and purify the used water before 
disposal. Nevertheless, increasing pollution 
from industry is .posing problems for recreation 
use of the lower part of the Willamette, Salmon 
on this reach of the river are endangered by 
water pollution and other factors. 

The greatest single use of water is for irriga- 

24 



tion. The rate for domestic and public water 
supply is about average for the Nationlso 
million gallons per person per day. Recreation 
use of water is growing in Oregon, as is 
elsewhere in the country. 

There are approximately 50 reservoirs of over 
500 acre-feet capacity in the State, with a total 
usable capacity of 4.3 million feet (an acre-foot 
contains 326,700 gallons). These reservoirs in- 
clude Owyhee in southeast Oregon, the John 
Day, the Tiber, the Swift and the Upper Kla- 
fflath. The reservoirs arc used for irrigation 
flood control, power, recreation, fish and wild- 
life habitat, domestic and industrial water 
and other purposes. 

More than 1,000 lakes arc scattered around 
the State, sonic glacier-fed, some spring-fed, 
These lakes arc important for recreation, such 
as fishing and watcrskimg, and as habitats for 
fish and waterfowl. The larger ones, such as 
Klamath Lake, provide water storage areas for 
irrigation and industrial and public supply. 

Ground Water 

Significant ground water supplies arc avail- 
able in the coastal basins, the Willamette 
River trough, and locally on the alluvial valley 
floors throughout the State. The supplies arc 
being tapped increasingly for irrigation, munici- 
pal, and industrial use. Variation in subsurface 
materials result in marked local differences 
in water-yielding capabilities and the depths 
at which adequate supplies can be reached. 

Careful integration of the surface and ground 
water supplies is necessary to assure adequate 
supplies of water for the future through eco- 
nomic development and wise management. 

Power Resources 

A basic economic resource for the State of 
Oregon is its hydroelectric power development. 
About 90 percent of the electric energy pro- 
duced in the State is generated at 60 hydroelec- 
tric plants with an installed capacity of over 3 
million kilowatts. This represents about ten 
percent of the Nation's installed hydroelectric 
capacity, Plants built by the Federal Govern- 
ment constitute nearly two-thirds of the in- 
stalled capacity, with privately owned and 




Bonneville Dam is one of the three Federal power projects 
located on the lower Columbia River. 




The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' The Dalles lock and 
dam aid navigation on the Columbia River. 

municipal plants making up the balance. 

Electric power is distributed throughout the 
State primarily through four privately owned 
utility firms which serve over 80 percent of the 
customers in the State. Eleven municipalities, 
17 cooperatives, and four Public Utility Districts 
provide electric service for the balance of the 
power customers. 

Oregon's three largest hydroelectric plants 
are Federal projects located on the lower 
Columbia. They are Bonneville, McNary, and 
The Dalles. A fourth, the John Day Project, 
is scheduled for completion in 1967. 

In the Willamette River Basin, Federal 
hydroelectric projects are Lookout Point, Dex- 
ter and Hills Creek on the Middle Fork of the 
Willamette River; Detroit and Big Cliff on the 
North Santiam, and Cougar on the North Fork, 
of the McKenzie River. Portland General 
Electric Company, a private utility, has six 

717-550 004 4 



Wafer from Owyhee Dam and Reservoir serves about 
85,000 acres of land in southeastern Oregon. 




Lookout Point Dam stores water for Irrigation and electric- 
ity in the rich Williamette River Valley. 

projects on the Sandy, Clackamas, and lower 
Willamette Rivers, and Eugene Water & Elec- 
tric Board's Carmen-Smith, Walterville, and 
Leaburg projects are on the McKenzie River, 
another tributary of the Willamette. 

Pacific Power & Light Company, a private 
utility, has 28 Oregon projects on the Rogue, 
Klamath, Umpqua, Deschutes, and Hood Rivers. 

On the Snake River along the Idaho-Oregon 
border are the Idaho Power Company's Brown- 
lee and Oxbow dams. 

The Bureau of Reclamation has a hydroelectric 
project at Green Springs on Emigrant Creek in 
southern Oregon. 

Oregon ranks fifth in the Nation among those 
States with significant undeveloped hydro- 
electric power, with nearly 6 million kilowatts 
of capacity listed by the Federal Power Com- 
mission as having engineering and ecomomic 
feasibility. 

25 




Oregon's forests cover nearly half the Stateabout 30 million acres and 
account for nearly 60 percent of its economy. The 75,000 full-time workers 
employed In the forest industry produce about $1.3 billion worth of forest 
products per year which are marketed widely, 



Forests and Land 



The Federal Government ad ministers 52 pet-- 
cent of Oregon's total acreage, or more than 32 
million acres. This includes forests, agricultural 
land, land used for power development, range 
land, and land held in trust for the Indians. 

Half the total area of Oregon is classified as 
forest about 30 million acres. Commercial 
forests account for 26 million acres, and the rest 
is used for various purposes, including recrea- 
tion, wildlife, and watershed protection. State 



26 




'-*--*, " - x,'* ?" ^ \-^ j-w^V^R'VJt .-*. 

gf : ,^>f >||^f 




' ^->,.,*. .' = ' - 
'' '' ' "*'."; "'.' -'.'-.- 
''"i\ '':"? '.''" v."i>,. '.:>.*,"' .' ^'V' ; "*"'-,;. ' 






Sheep raising is an important part of Oregon's agricultural economy, In a 
recent year over 150,000 sheep shared some 13 million acres of public grazing 
land with about 260,000 cattle and horses, 300,000 deer, 5,500 ell<, and 
11,000 antelope, Oregon's woolen products are world famous, 



and local governments own four percent of the 
commercial forests, private owners 38 percent, 
and the Federal Government 58 percent. 

Ponderosa pine predominates in eastern Ore- 
gon, and Douglas fir in the west. Other princi- 
pal timber species in the east are lodgepole pine. 
western larch, Engelmann spruce, Idaho white 
pine, sugar pine, and Douglas fir. 

Western Oregon forests include substantial 
mixtures of western hemlock, true fir, incense 



cedar, western red cedar, Port Orford cedar, 
sugar pine, ponderosa pine, and white pine. 
Some commercial hardwood species are found 
in western Oregon as well, including alder, 
white oak, maple, ash, and cottonwood. 

Oregon leads the Nation in volume of stand- 
ing saw timber and annual value of its forest 
products about $1,3 billion every year. These 
products include lumber, plywood, poles and 
pilings, pulp, paper, hardboard, and Christmas 

27 




(Above) Fertile Willamette Valley is a prosperous truck- 
farming area, famous for ifs fruit and vegetables. 



trees. Full-time labor for more than half the 
State's industrial employees is provided by this 
industry. Oregon's forests account for nearly 
60 percent of the State's economy and the forest 
industry employs about 75,000 full-time work- 
ers, while thousands of other people derive their 
income directly or indirectly from the forest 
resources. 

Resources found within the National Forests 
include a large proportion of the water used for 
industrial, agricultural, domestic, and recreation 
purposes. They also embrace more than l\% 
million acres of the commercial forests of the 
State, sufficient range to graze over 175,000 head 
of livestock, recreation facilities that attract 
nearly 8 million visits a year, excellent fishing 
opportunities, and enough game to account for 
a legal harvest of 75,000 big-game animals a 
year. 

The major enemies of Oregon's forests are 

28 



insects and diseases, which cause 10 times as 
much damage as fires. To help control these 
losses, forests are surveyed annually by airplane 
to locate threatened areas. 

Progressive State legislation and the active 
cooperation of industry have resulted in a 
steady reduction of fire losses. To maintain this 
major resource, public and private forest mana- 
gers also pliint and rcseed cut-over lands which 
do not satisfactorily regenerate themselves. 

Agricultural Products 

Over the years the percentage of Oregon land 
in farms has increased, and the size of the 
average farm has nearly doubled since 1925- 
The number of farm operators has decreased 
slightly since that year, however, with about 
42,000 currently active on farms that average 
500 acres. 

Wheat is the chief Oregon crop; corn, barley, 
oats, hops, hay, grasses, sugar beets, potatoes, 
fruits and berries, nuts, and truck vegetables are 



(Below) Harvesting Oregon's rich timber resources, as in 
this Willamette National Forest scene, requires muscle 
and a variety of modern machines. 




also grown. Irrigation aids in the production 
of specialtj items such as cantaloupes, asparagus, 
Brussels sprouts, rhubarb, and watermelon, 

The eastern plateau of Oregon grows pri- 
marily wheat; intensive truck farming is done 
in the west, particularly the Willamette Valley. 
Irrigation in the Owyhee Valley as well as other 
dry parts of the State helps reclaim land for 
agriculture. 

Livestock production is important to the 
State, and cattle, sheep, and poultry are raised. 
Dairy farming is important in western Oregon. 
Including livestock, annual value of Oregon's 
agricultural production exceeds .$400 million. 

Range Usage 

Livestock grazing is a major use of the open 
rangelands cast of the Cascades. In a recent 
year over 150,000 sheep and 260,000 cattle and 
horses grazed on over 13 million acres of public 
domain land in Oregon. 

Whenever range land is allocated for livestock 




(Above) Freshly mowed fields, bales of hay, oak wood- 
lands and farm buildings combine to form this rural 
scene near Salem in the Willamette Valley. 



grazing, provision is made for wildlife. Domes- 
tic animals share the range with approximately 
300,000 deer, 5,500 elk, and 11,000 antelope. 
The Federal Government charges a grazing fee 
for livestock use of Federal range, some of which 
is returned to the State of Oregon, while the 
remainder is turned over to the United States 
Treasury. A portion of the grazing fee revenues 
and additional appropriated funds arc used for 
soil and moisture conservation, range vegetation 
and other improvements, grazing administration, 
and range management research. 

Indian Lands 

Indian lands in Oregon held in trust total 
nearly 700,000 acres. This includes reservation 
land, forests, rangeland, and irrigation projects. 
Records indicate that about 366,700 acres of 
this land is forested; 540,000 acres, some of 
which are forested and are included in the 
acreage figure for forested land, are used for 
grazing. About 200 acres are under irrigation. 

29 



Mineral Resources 





This plant near Gold Hill processes quarti into silica sand For Industrial use In producing metals and glass, 



30 




Oregon, producing some $55 million worth of 
metals, nonmetals and fuels each year, ranks 
38th among the States in the annual value of its 
mineral output. Even though the Beaver State 
is not a leading mineral supplier, mineral and 
associated industries provide jobs for more than 
10,000 of its people, and new companies 
predominantly firms that process rather than 
extract minerals are being attracted to Oregon. 

Gold was discovered in Oregon before it was 
found in California, and the yellow metal still 
brings wealth to the State today, But now the 
black gold of petroleum holds more promise for 
Oregon's future. Major oil and gas companies 
are exploring intensively for deposits in the 
Willamette Valley and off the Oregon Coast. 
Substantial reserves of coal are found in Coos 
County, providing a potential source of power 
for Oregon's growing industries. 

Leasing of oil and gas reserves off the Oregon 
Coast, beginning October 1964, with a sale of 
leases involving 800,000 acres of submerged 
lands, may open a promising source of fuel for 
Oregon's expanding industries. Sales of mineral 
leases are administered by the Department of 
the Interior's Bureau of Land Management. 
Technical developments now enable oil com- 
panies to drill in the depths encountered on the 
West Coast's Outer Continental Shelf for pos- 
sible hidden oil and gas reserves. 



Mineral Output 

Although mineral output is reported by all 
36 of Oregon's counties, the most important 
producers are Baker, Clackamas, Coos, Crook, 
Deschutes, Douglas, Grant, Jackson, Josephine, 
Lane, Linn, Malheur, Multnomah, Polk, Wasco, 



An intensive oil search is underway off Oregon's coast. 
When the ocean's deposits are found, drilling platforms 
such as this used off the Gulf coasf will be seen in rhe 
Pacific near Oregon in recovering fossil fuels. 

and Washington. These sixteen counties ac- 
count for more than three-fifths of the total 
value of Oregon's mineral production. 

Sand and gravel, stone, cement, and nickel 
ore are the State's principal mineral products, 
and of these stone production is growing 
fastest. All counties except Jefferson supply 
sand and gravel. Stone quarries are active 
throughout the State, with Lane and Baker 
counties providing the bulk ol production. 
Cement manufacture is a major mineral industry 
in Baker, Clackamas, and Jackson counties, and 
nickel production is centered in Douglas County. 

Metals 

Even though nonmetallics comprise the bulk 
of Oregon's mineral output, the State also 
produces several important metals. In addition 
to gold from Josephine, Grant, and Baker 
counties, Oregon produces aluminum, copper, 
lead, mercury, nickel, silver, steel, uranium 
oxide and zinc. The State is a source of rela- 
tively small but significant quantities of such 
high-temperature materials as columbium-air- 
conium and titanium alloys, and high-purity 
tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium, all of which 
have essential uses in jet aircraft, missiles, and 
atomic-energy applications. 

A large aluminum reduction plant operates at 
The Dalles in Wasco County, and new installa- 
tions are planned at Wauna, in Clatsop County, 
and near Portland. 

Jackson and Coos counties are the State's 
largest suppliers of copper, although some ore is 
mined in Lane, 'Douglas, and Baker counties. 

Lead comes from Grant and Lane counties; Mai- 
heur and Harney counties are Oregon's leading 
mercury producers. Douglas County is the source 
of virtually all the nickel produced in the State; 
Grant, Lane, Coos, and Baker counties mine 
silver while Lake and Lane are the principal 
centers of uranium and zinc production. Steel 
output is concentrated at Portland, in Multno- 
mah County. 

31 




(Above) Hilda Lake is one of 25 lakes on the Warm Springs 
Indian Reservation in Jefferson and Wasco Counties. 

(Below) Whole villages of Indians, with their colorful clothing 
and tradition, highlight the annual Pendleton Round-Up. 




^0^1 







A 



Indians and Their Resources 




(Above) Rivers and lakes on Indian lands offer recreation 
opportunities, (Below) Pendelfon Round-Up Is held in mid- 
September near Umatilla Reservation. 



Oregon's Indians once populated the entire 
Oregon Territory from the coast to the uplands, 
living along the riverbanks, around the bays, 
and in the valleys. Their cultures varied 
widely. For the most part they were prosperous 
trading or nomadic groups rather than agricul- 
turists. The river people in the extreme west- 
ern valleys developed canoe travel in dugouts as 
a common means of transportation, whereas 
Indians in northeastern Oregon domesticated 
wild horses and became nomads. Within what 
is now the tri-State area of Oregon, Washington, 
and Idaho lived Indians of at least ten distinct 
linguistic families: Kalapooian, Yakonan, Shap- 
wailutan, Athapascan, Chinookanj Kusan, Taltl- 
man, Shoshonean, Salishan and Hokan. 

Contacts With White Man 

The Indians of Oregon, like those of Washing- 
ton and Idaho, were brought to the attention of 
Eastern America by the travels of Lewis and 
Clark. As contacts with incoming settlers in- 
creased, it became necessary for the Indians to 
add to their many languages a dialect which 
could be commonly understood. The merchant 




33 



Indians at the mouth of the Columbia, the 
Clacsop and Chinook, filled this need with a 
pidgin language based on Chinook, French and 
English, and eventually designated as the 
"Chinook jargon," 

This peculiar-sounding but very useful jargon 
was widely used by all tribes, settlers, traders 
and missionaries so much that when the Indians 
were settled on the reservations, individuals 
who had not learned to speak it were obliged to 
do so if they wished to communicate with 
Indians of other tribes. 

From the middle of the nineteenth century 
onward, the tribes of Oregon were vapidly dis- 
possessed, placed on reservations, and reduced 
in numbers by disease, warfare, and partly 
through absorption into the outside community. 
The Indians fought bitterly to retain their inde- 
pendence and their lands, but by 1880 most of 
the hostiles had been moved to Idaho, and re- 
sistance was overcome. 



Indians Today 

Today the Indian population of Oregon is 

about 8,000, of whom about half live on reserva- 
tion lands held in trust for them by the Bureau of 
Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior. 
For the most part the Indians have taken their 
place among the citizens of the State, enjoying 
comparable political, social, economic, and 
educational standards, Oregon's Indian chil- 
dren attend public schools, and their parents 
participate widely in civic, political, and 
cultural affairs of the State. 

Several Oregon tribal groups no longer have 
special relationships with the Federal Govern- 
ment. In 1954, several so-called "termination" 
bills passed Congress, affecting Indians of the 
coastal area and of the Klamath Reservation in 
the south-central part of the State. Each of 
these groups was treated according to its 
special needs. 

The western Oregon Indians, including about 
40 small bands, were well integrated in practi- 
cally all respects into the general community 



along with their non-Indian neighbors. For 
several years they had urged passage of legisla- 
tion that would cut their few remaining ties 
with the Federal Government. 

The Klamath situation was one of social and 
economic progress more advanced than that of 
most Indian tribes in the country. Their total 
assets, including an unusually fine stand of 
timber, has been estimated in the neighborhood 
of from $60 million to $100 million. 

For many years several Klamath Indian people 
had sought a means of selling their interests in 
the tribally owned property. Accordingly, the 
Klamath Act provided all members of this tribe 
the opportunity to elect to "withdraw" from 
the tribe and be paid for their proportionate 
interest in the property held in common owner- 
ship with all other tribal members. Seventy- 
eight percent of the Klamaths elected to do so 
and were paid for their interests in the property. 
The payment money was obtained from the 
sales of a portion of the tribal property. 

Those who did not wish to withdraw remained 
under a tribal management program and are 
still considered to be tribal members. However, 
their portion of the tribal property was removed 
from Federal Government control ami placed 
under a private trust organization. 

Income From Trust Lands 

The 700,000 acres of Indian trust lands in 
Oregon arc important sources of income for the 
Indians, In a recent 5-ycar period the timber 
harvest from forest land brought an average of 
about a half-million dollars annually. Range- 
lands on the Warm Springs, Umatilla, and Burns 
Reservations comprise 258,000 acres of which 
80 percent, or those at Warm Springs, arc used 
free of charge by Indian livestock. The range- 
lands on the other reservations are leased for 
farming or permitted for grazing. The Warm 
Springs Reservation, with 25 lakes and more 
than 170 miles of fishing streams, has excellent 
potential for recreation uses. The fourth reser- 
vation in Oregon is the Klamath. 



(Right) This lovely Indian maiden, dressed in traditional fashion for a pageant, is one of 8,000 Indians in Oregon, 



34 




(Above) Oregon's Mt. Bachelor winter sports area is one 
of the nation's finesf. (Below) Camping is popular in 
the State's many national Forests. 





Parks and 
Recreation 



Information tables listing major Federal, State, and 
local recreation areas in Oregon and a location 
map appear at the end of this chapter. The 
acreage, type of visitor use, and outdoor activities 
available at the various parks, forests, and recrea- 
tion sites can be found by reading across the table. 



As a natural playground Oregon delights both 
visitors and natives with its extremes. 'Moun- 
tains two miles high contrast with chasms a 
mile deep. National Forests, some of them as 
big as whole States, spread across the land and 
State forest lands cover more than 750,000 acres. 
The Pacific Crest Trail runs through some of 
these forests to Crater Lake, the deepest lake in 
the United States, formed in an extinct volcano. 
Ski tournaments are held in the summer and golf 
tournaments in the winter; snow-covered Mount 
Hood can be seen from Portland, where roses 
bloom most of the year. 

Raw wilderness is perhaps one of the most 
arresting features of the State. The Hell's 
Canyon passage of the Snake River is one of 



36 




Shore Acres State Park, on the coast near North Bend, is one of the State's outstanding recreation areas. 



the great American wilderness regions. For 
those willing to exchange flat pavement for 
terrain that virtually stands on end, a trip 
through the Snake River Gorge is an unfor- 
gettable experience. 

Oregon is one of the few places in the Nation 
where one can enjoy water in both its liquid 
and ice forms in the same season. Visitors ski 
on water in the morning and down a snow slope 
in the same afternoon. Tobogganing is among 
the most popular winter sports. Water sports 
such as swimming, sailing, shell racing, out- 
boarding, hydroplaning, and fishing can be 
enjoyed. There are boat races down white- 
water rivers and other competitive events the 
year round. Anglers compete for trout, steel- 



head, salmon, bass, crappie, and perch in brooks, 
rivers, lakes, and the Pacific Ocean. 

National Parks and Historic Sites 

The National Park Service administers three 
areas in Oregon and has designated McLoughlin 
House at Oregon City as a National Historic 
Site. It has also designated two other sites, 
Fort Astoria and Fort Rock Cave, as Registered 
National Historic Landmarks possessing "ex- 
ceptional value" in commemorating the history 
of the United States. 

Crater Lake National Park, Oregon ' s only 
National Park, is open for most activity from 
mid-June to mid-September and for winter 

37 



sports from mid-September to mid-June. Snow 
covers the park for nearly eight months of the 

year. 

Crater Lake was formed when the cone of a 
great volcano collapsed. The lake is 6 miles 
wide and 1,932 feet deep, and the caldera is 
surrounded by cliffs nearly 2,000 feet high and 
by hemlock and fir forests. From earliest times 
Crater Lake has awed visitors with its beauty. 

Rim Drive, encircling the caldera, presents 
numerous observation points along its 35-mile 
length. The Park's other attractions include 
The Pinnacles, needle-like spires of pumice and 
other volcanic rock; lodge-pole pine forests, the 
Pumice Desert, and Wizard Island, a volcano 
within a volcano in Crater Lake itself. Launch 
trips on the lake and hiking along well laid-out 
trails are conducted by park naturalists. Moun- 
tains around the rim of the lake offer breath- 
taking views for the climber. 

Paved State highways connect with the park 
road system at all entrances; West Entrance- 
State Route 62, through Medford with U.S. 
99, 199 and 101; South EntranceState 62 
with U.S. 97; North Entrance State 230 with 

U.S, 97. f A . 

Fort Clatsop National Memorial, east of Astoria, 
is the site of Lewis and Clark's winter camp of 
1805-6 during their historic exploration. The 
fort, originally constructed by the expedition, 
was named in honor of the friendly Clatsop 
Indians. A replica faithfully following the 
dimensions of Captain Clark's drawing of the 
floor plan was built in 1955 for the Lewis 
and Clark Sesquiccntcnnial. U.S. 101 passes 
north of the site. 

Oregon Caves National Monument, in the south- 
western corner of the State, contains four dif- 
ferent floors or levels. Among the most strik- 
ing sights in this marble cave arc the exquisite 
miniatures of waterfalls created in stone by the 
percolating waters, and the stalactites and 
stalagmites that join to form columns. 

Oregon Caves may be reached by Oregon 46, 
20 miles from Cave Junction on U.S. 199. 

McLoughlin House National Historic Site in 
Oregon City is one of the few remaining pioneer 
dwellings of the Pacific Northwest. This 
house was the home of Dr. John McLoughlin, 
Chief Factor of the British Hudson's Bay 



38 



Company. Dr. McLoughlin whose word was 
law in Oregon until 1841, has been called "the 
Father of Oregon." McLoughlin House Na- 
tional Historic Site is not administered by the 
Federal Government, but by the McLoughlin 
Memorial Association and the Municipality of 
Oregon City. 

Fort: Astoria Registered National Historic Land- 
mark is maintained by the City of Astoria. 
Founded in 1811 by the Pacific Fur Company, 
a partner of John Jacob Astor's American Fur 
Company, the fort represented an important 
American claim to Oregon. Although most 
of the site, located in Astoria, has been covered 
by modern buildings, a small section of it 
remains untouched at the corner of 15th and 
Exchange Streets. 

Fort Rock Cave Registered National Historic 
Landmark, midway between Bend and Lakeview, 
yielded the famous Fort Rock sandals, the oldest 
dated artifacts in the New World. 



Indian Reservations 

Two of Oregon's three Indian reservations 
are in or near major recreational areas. Umatilla 
Reservation, in the Blue Mountains, is a gateway 
to water-based recreation on McNary Reservoir. 



Rugged and beautiful wilderness attracts horsemen and 
hikers to the high Wallowa Mountains, overlooking 
Wallowa Lake, in northeastern Oregon, 




tail 



Fish and hunting are available on and near the 
reservation. The annual Pendleton Round-Up 
and the Oregon Trail Monument at LaGrande 
are nearby attractions. Warm Springs Reserva- 
tion, near Madras, offers fishing to the public. 
Indians have a public resort at Kahneeta Hot 
Springs. The reservations holds a Root Festival 
in April, Huckleberry Festival in August, and a 
rodeo on Labor Day. 

Recreation on Public Land 

The Oregon and California Grant Lands, 
more commonly called the O&C forest, cover 
over 2 million acres and stretch north and 
south from the California to the Washington 
borders and east and west from the Cascade 
Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. They are 
administered by the Department of the Interior's 
Bureau of Land Management. 

The O&C forest offers many outstanding 
public recreation opportunities including fishing, 
hunting, camping, hiking, swimming, boating, 
and picnicking. One of the biggest attractions 
in the forest is the Rogue River Recreation 
Area, famous for its Gorge, salmon and steel- 
head fishing, white-water boat trips, and a 
26-mile hiking trail along the river with con- 



Boating enthusiasts enjoy the facilities provided at many 
reservoirs. Sailboat racing is a favorite sport at Howard 
Prairie Lake in the Rogue River Basin, 




vcnient campsites. Facilities at over 50 public 
recreation sites in the O&C forest include 
picnic tables, fireplaces, sanitary installations, 
water development, campsites, trails, and park- 
ing areas. Some of the sites have boat ramps 
and swimming facilities. Several more recrea- 
tion sites are under construction. Maps and 
detailed information on each of these sites is 
available from the Bureau of Land Management 
State Office at 710 N. E. Holladay, Portland. 
There are over 13 million acres of public 
domain lands, administered by the Bureau of 
Land Management in Oregon. Most of the 
areas are east of the Cascade Mountains. These 
lands include forest, ranges, deserts, mountains, 
and wild canyon country. They are open to the 
public for recreational uses and opportunities 
include hunting, fishing, rockhounding, camp- 
ing, hiking, and horseback riding. 

National Forests 

Oregon has 14 National Forests which offer 
all the diverse activities one may find in the 
Pacific Northwest. There are campsites for 
those who like to "rough it," and facilities for 
those who prefer the comforts of home. Hunt- 
ing and fishing are permitted under the regula- 
tions of the State Fish and Game Department. 

These forests plus the portion of Klamath 
National Forest lying within Oregon's boundar- 
ies are administered by the Forest Service, U.S. 
Department of Agriculture. Included in the 
National Forests arc 656 camping and picnic 
areas; 19 winter sports areas; 10 wilderness, wild 
and primitive areas; the Oregon Skyline Trail 
portion of the the Pacific Crest Trail system, and 
the lower part of the Rogue River Trail. Skiing 
and saddle and pack trips are popular activities 
at most of the forests. 

The following list of Oregon's National 
Forests gives a brief description of their main 
attractions : 

Descbutes has headquarters at Bend in the 
Southern Cascade Range. Features include 
snow-clad peaks, lava caves, over 300 lakes, 
Three Sisters Wilderness area, historic Willa- 
mette Military Road, Mount Washington, 

39 



Mount Jefferson, and Diamond Peak Wild Areas, 
scenic Century Drive, and sections of Oregon 
Skyline Trail. 

Fremont, near Lakcview, includes Indian 
paintings and writings, protected antelope herds, 
the Oregon Desert, the second largest vertical 
geologic fault in the world, Gcarhcart Mountain 
Wild Area, and one ski area. 

Malhear, with headquarters in John Day, in- 
cludes extensive stands of ponclerosa pine and 
interesting fossil beds of prehistoric plants and 
animals, the Strawberry Mountain Wild Area, 
an archers' hunting reserve, two ski areas, and 
the cabin of the poet-naturalist Joaquin Miller. 

Mt. Hood, with headquarters at Portland, 
includes Mount Hood, Multnomah Falls, gla- 
ciers, lakes, hot springs, alpine meadows, 
Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson Wild Areas, 
many ski areas, scenic drives, Oregon Trail 
Route, and the Oregon Skyline Trail. 

Ochoco, with headquarters at Prineville, has 
parklike ponclerosa pine forests, beaver colonies, 
two frontier-day Army posts, scenic drives, 
and Stein's Pillar, 

Rogpt R*r, near Medford, contains beautiful 
Rogue River, lakes and fishing streams, ex- 
tensive sugar pine and Douglas fir forests, 
Mountain Lake Wild Area, historic Table Rock, 
scenic drives, two ski areas, and the Oregon 
Skyline Trail. Rainbow and steelhead trout 
fishing, deer and migratory bird hunting, and 
saddle and pack trips are among the activities. 

Siskiyou (partly in California) with headquar- 
ters in Grants Pass, offers sights of the Oregon 
coast, scenic drives, salmon fishing, early-day 
gold camps, rare tree species, Kalmiopsis Wild 
Area, and profuse growth of wild lilac, rhodo- 
dendron, azaleas and pitcher plants. Bear and 
cougar hunting, boat trips on the Rogue River, 
and saddle and pack trips are among the 
activities. 

Siuslawh&s headquarters in Corvallis, Heavy 
stands of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, cedar, 
and Douglas fir, Pacific Ocean shoreline, 34 
miles of public beach, sand dunes, and scenic 
drives are among the attractions of this Forest. 
Visitors may fish in ocean, lake, or stream, 
dig clams or scuba dive. 

40 



Umatilla (partly in Washington) with head- 
quarters in Pendleton, includes a scenic skyline 
drive, spectacular views of Touchet and Wenaha 
River Canyons, extensive stands of ponderosa 
pine, Oregon Trail Route, and hot sulfur springs. 

Umpqua, near Roseburg, includes spectacular 
waterfalls, unique stands of incense-cedar, and 
scenic drives, including the Oregon Skyline 
Trail. 

Wallowa-W hitman (two National Forests) 
have their headquarters in Baker. These two 
forests offer snowcapped peaks, lakes, glaciers, 
alpine meadows and rare wild flowers, spectacu- 
lar views, scenic drives and the Eagle Cap 
Wilderness area. 

Willamette, with headquarters at Eugene, is 
the most heavily timbered forest in the United 
States. Lakes and waterfalls, hot springs, lava 
beds, historic Willamette Military Road, Mount 
Jefferson, Mount Washington and Diamond 
Peak Wild Areas, Oregon Skyline Trail, scenic 
drives, and two ski areas are found at this Forest. 

Winema, near Klamath Falls, consists of lands 
from three National Forests and the former 
Klamath Indian Reservation. 



Other Recreation Resources 

Various kinds of recreation are available at all 
twelve of the National Wildlife Refuges ad- 
ministered by the Fish and Wildlife Service. 
In addition to birdwatclung, hiking, and pho- 
tography at all the refuges, hunting is permitted 
at Hart Mountain, Lower Klamath, McKay, 
Upper Klamath, and Willamette, Fishing is 
permitted at Cold Springs, Malheur, McKay, 
and Willamette. Camping and picnicking also 
are offered at some of the refuges. 

Thousands of people visit reservoirs on De- 
partment of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation 
projects. There are 18 Bureau of Reclamation 
recreation areas in Oregon, five of which are 
administered by the Bureau of Reclamation 
Thief Valley Reservoir, Savage Rapids Reser- 
voir, Gerber Reservoir, Warm Springs Reservoir, 
and Agency Valley and the others are admin- 
istered by various Federal, State and local 
agencies. Most of these areas include facilities 




A 36-pound chinook salmon is this angler's surfcastlng prize near where the Ro g ue River enters the Pacific Ocean. 



for picnicking, camping, swimming, boating, 
fishing and hunting. They encompass a total 
of more than 50,000 acres of water and nearly 
20,000 acres of land. 

Other Federally controlled recreational areas 
in the State include seven Army Corps of Engi- 
neers Reservoirs in the Willamette River Basin 
Amazon Creek, Cottage Grove, Detroit, Dorena, 
Fern Ridge, Hills Creek and Lookout Point 
and the Bonneville, The Dalles, and McNary 
navigation pools on the Columbia River, 

Locally administered facilities include 188 
State Parks and waysides, one State Forest, and 
over 80 public fishing and 17 game management 
areas. County park development is rapid with 
the number of parks, already over 100, steadily 
increasing. Forest industries in the State have 
also established many picnic and camping spots. 
Most of these areas are on tree farms. 

Privately owned recreation facilities are of 
major importance in Oregon. These vary from 



resident summer camps for boys and girls to 
fine hunting areas. The State's crop and pasture 
lands contribute significantly to the supply of 
outdoor recreation opportunities; many vaca- 
tion farms accept tourists as guests. Others 
lease or supply hunting opportunities, often in 
combination with cabin facilities. Camping, 
picnicking, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, 
and guide services rtre provided by some. Many 
lease or sell scenic sites for home and camp lots, 
Lists of all the privately operated recreation 
opportunities in Oregon are not available from 
any single source. Travel bureaus and agencies, 
commercial organizations such as gasoline com- 
panies, motel and hotel associations, airlines and 
railroads, local Chambers of Commerce, and out- 
door clubs can supply information on many of 
the privately owned facilities. Local inquiries 
will reveal others. Some information is avail- 
able from the Travel Information Department, 
Oregon State Highway Commission, Salem. 

41 



Oregon Outdoor Recreation Guide 



WASHINGTON 




IDAHO 




Park 

Recreation Area ,Etc. 

Monument 

Nature Preserve 

Wilderness 

Beach 

Wildlife Area 

Forest 





PUBLIC LANDS 

ADMINISTERED BY THE BUREAU OF 
LAND MANAGEMENT 



NEVADA 



HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE 

Symbols on tie map Mom represent major areas in Oregon offering recreation. 
Areas described in the recreation listings on the following pages may be located 
on this map ly matching the map numbers on the listings with the numbers 
leside symbols on this map. Letters in the key number refer to Federal N), 
State (X), local (L), and quasi-public and private (F), Listings show tht 
land and water acreage of each area, the suggested type of use, and the ac- 
tivities available. Only major interstate highways and major- cities are shown 
on the map. A more detailed road map can provide exact locations for those 
areas you may wish to visit. 



43 





Number on map 


Acreage 


Type of use 


| Picnicking j 


Activities 


V. 

u 
rO 
S 

a 

B 
ra 

nj 

a o 

s 13 

a 

~~ S 
3 

Rj .t- 

5 
h 


Water surface (/) 


j Day and weekend 


1 Vacation 


j Out-of-State target 


J Tourist en route 


uo 

c 

=6 

'C 

13 

C 

BJ 

br, 

.S 
13 




UD 

c 
'S. 





u 


on 

,5 



o 
K) 


| Swimming 


be 

s 

"I 



I Hunting 


I Nature study 


2 

L- 

o 
a 

t- 

4J 

c 




1 Wilderness experience 


. _ - -^^s^ jp* ^B&Jalr^^" 




" 


FEDERAL 


192N 

63N 
139N 
141N 

237N 
18N 

49N 
70N 
76N 
79N 
130N 
152N 
157N 
171N 
172N 
190N 
194N 
231 N 
243N 
250N 
260N 

51N 
74N 
89N 
154N 
155N 
173N 
193N 
230N 
251 N 
259N 

UN 
UN 
61N 

66N 
186N 
191N 
225N 
252N 

256N 
265N 

266N 


160,290 

38, 043 
9,385 
1,580 

480 
125 

1, 115,327 
1, 075, 959 
979, 279 
1,511,613 
622, 180 
1,665,835 
1,659,380 
845, 880 
1,204,834 
908, 963 
983, 982 
1,047,101 
29, 795 
837, 235 
1, 254, 608 

14, 160 
216,250 
86, 700 
46, 655 
196,708 
33, 004 
35, 440 
78, 530 
23, 071 
18,709 

139 
17 
3,117 
1,837 
184,872 
15,226 
21 
15,226 

1,340 
240, 664 

628 


12, 800 

38, 000 
9,360 
1,140 


X 

X 

X 
X 

X 


X 


X 


X 
X 


X 

X 


X 


X 


X 

X 

X 
X 


X 

X 
X 
X 


X 

X 
X 
X 




X 


X 


X 


Reu'eation areas: 




X 




























Monuments: 
Scientific: Oregon Caves National Monument. . 


X 


X 
X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 


X 






























Forests: 


M 
S 
S 
M 
M 
M 

S 
S 
M 
M 
S 
S 
M 
M 

S 
M 
M 
M 
M 
S 
M 
S 
M 
S 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 


X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 


X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 






























Wilderness: 






Mount Washington Wild Area 








Mountain Lakes Wild Area 


Wildlife areas: 
Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge 


Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge. . . . 
Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge 
























1,550 
1,286 

56, 000 


X 

X 
X 




























McKay Creek National Wildlife Refuge 


































X 




X 






X 


X 


X 
X 






Klamath Forest National Wildlife Refuge 


Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge 
Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge 




















68, 200 


X 


















X 


X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 
X 

X 






Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (Ore- 


















Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge 
Charles Sheldon Antelope Range (Oregon por- 
















X 
X 










X 












See footnotes at end of table. 



W^Sr 1 i i 


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Number on map 


Acreage 


Type of use 


Activities 


j 
u 

R 
Ll 

'C 

u 
D, 

d 

8 

G 
u 

3 
I 


Total land and water 
within area 


Water surface (7) 


Day and weekend 


Vacation 


Out-of-Statc target 


Tourist en route 


be 
c 



y 

' 
o 

^ 


bn 
c 

Is 

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a 

c 
a 

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13 




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| Nature study 


1 Winter sports 


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Parks; 
Foi 
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Os\ 
Ca 
Ca 
Sao 
Crc 
Wi 
Th 
P 
Pai 
Th 
SiK 
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JCSJ 

Uir 
Sm 
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Ca 
She 
Hu 
Ca 
Stir 
Rccrca 
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Bai 
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Aii 
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Sta 
Vic 
W> 
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Hil 
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Ca 
Sh 
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Bo 
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ther 
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tatc 
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fcare 
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ST 

State Pa 
Park. . . . 


ATE 
rk 


IS 
4S 
6S 
10S 
12S 
20S 
40S 
75S 

84S 
86S 
87S 
97S 
115S 
117S 
119S 
122S 
168S 
208S 
208S 
208S 
21 6S 
221S 
223S 

24S 
27S 
42S 
42S 
42S 
47S 
47S 
47S 
47S 
52S 
52S 
52S 
52S 
52S 
53S 
65S 
69S 
69S 
80S 
85S 
99S 
100S 
101S 
108S 


793 
1,107 
2,501 
139 
1,451 
3,054 
265 
166 

3,481 
13 
4, 533 
8, 259 
331 
97 
522 
2,747 
304 
88 
134 
683 
1,821 
1,069 
1,473 

18 

26 
.79 
150 
241 
84 
284 
82 
46 
129 
199 
153 
244 
691 
23 
136 
6 
35 
160 
180 
20 
9 
31 
32 


70 


X 
X 
X 


X 

X 
X 


X 


X 
X 
X 


X 

X 
X 


X 

X 
X 


X 
X 


X 


X 
X 

X 


X 
X 
X 














X 






t State P 
s State P 
ut State I 
itain Sta 
State PP 
c State 1 
idon-Joh 


irk 




irk 












'ark 




X 


X 


X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 




X 


X 










tc Park 












rk 
























ark 


1,600 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 


X 
X 


X 

X 


X 
X 


X 


X 


X 








n Day Fossil Beds State 




X 






Hill 

ve P 
'alls f 
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El bo 
I. Hr 
a Li, 
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Ray J 
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fjM 
cbast 
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State Par 


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X 
X 


X 
X 




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X 
X 
X 


X 

X 


X 
X 
X 






















X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 














v State I 
neyman 
ghthou.sc 
State Pa 
jtatc Par 
State Pa 
State Pa 
luntain S 
an State 
oardman 
: 


ark 












X 
X 
X 






Memorial State Park 
State Park 


1,123 
S 


X 
X 


X 

X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


k 






X 


X 






-k 












k 
































X 
X 
X 


X 
X 




X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 




X 


X 










Park 
















X 


X 




X 










ate Park 






































X 








X 




X 




X 


X 








oseph St 
jot State 
Park , . . 




Park 


































S 


X 






X 
X 


X 
X 


X 




X 


X 


X 










n State P 
State Pa 
tatc Park 
ek Slate 1 
s Memor 
reek Sta 












rk 


































X 
X 


X 
X 


















>ark 


































































X 


X 


X 
























































X 


X 

X 


X 


















ck State 

tain Stat 
ction Sta 
State Par 
reek Stat 


Park 
















X 














X 










X 


X 




X 
















k 




























X 








X 




X 






X 












amson S 


































































ick State 
Vayside . 
>ml of tab 


Park 




X 








X 




X 




X 


X 




















e. 





ic 


Number on map 


Acreage 


Type of use 


Activities 


b 

M 

rt 

T3 
C 

M 


u 
u 

S-. 

3 

S 


a 

S 



T) 

rt 
Q 


Vacation 


j Out-of-State target 


1 Tourist en route 


j Picnicking 


60 

'C 

-a 
a 

a 

i c J 
13 


to 
'S. 

O 


so 

.S 

o 
CQ 


to 

.5 

> 


bo 

.S 

in 




1 Hunting 


o 

a 

1-1 

B 

M 

2 


1 Winter sports 


| Wiiderness experience 


STATE Continued 
Recreation areas Continued 


ins 

129S 
136S 
143S 
146S 
149S 
150S 
151S 
153S 
158S 
159S 
162S 
164S 
169S 
195S 
199S 
202S 
220S 
239S 
239S 
242S 
245S 
245S 
245S 
254S 
255S 
261 S 
263S 

98S 
102S 
110S 
161S 
165S 
166S 

28S 
305 
67S 
215S 
21 9S 

23S 
25S 
44S 
505 
64S 
68S 
725 


32 
31 
80 
41 
12 
79 
322 
24 
4 
41 
41 
117 
9 
300 
148 
6 
157 
58 
23 
169 
35 
80 
272 
80 
19 
199 
311 
57 

1 

4 
5 
23 
98 
101 

159 
2 
14 
3 
4 

772 
1,100 
105 
162 
284 
2,152 
314 




X 
X 
X 
X 
X 






























































































X 
X 
X 
X 




X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


































X 












































X 






X 
X 


X 
X 
























X 


X 
X 






































3,020 


X 








X 




X 


X 


X 
X 


X 
X 












































X 


X 
























































X 


X 
































X 

X 
X 

X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 

X 










Tou Velle State Park 


















X 






X 






X 


X 
















































































X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
























X 










































Monuments: 
Scientific: 




































































X 
X 
X 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 








































X 








X 


























Historic: 










X 










X 
































X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 


X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 


X 


X 




X 
















X 
X 






















Nature preserves: 






X 

X 

X 

X 
























X 




































































































See footnotes at end of table, 



































Number on map 


Acreage Type f llsc 


Activities 


IH 

y 

s 

> 
T) 

a 



-a u 

S 

^ .5 

|_r- 

S'| 

? 

h 


- v E bc 

^ 3 3 Is 

u $ u ^ 

* JS S tD G . 

3 -2 g " | * 

b rt '3 " -c y a ' s 

1 & 8 3 8 1 | 1 
<: Q>OHKffiu 


1 Boa ting 
Swimming 
Fishing 
Hunting 
Nature study 
Winter sports 
Wilderness experience 




Nature preserves Continued 


83S 
88S 
103S 
105S 
11 8S 
118S 
131S 
133S 
134S 
167S 
174S 
198S 
200S 
201S 
203S 
204S 
205S 
206S 
211S 
213S 
226S 
227S 
227S 
235S 
238S 
238S 
257S 

3S 
5S 
7S 
39S 
39S 
54S 
55S 
62S 
82S 
90S 
96S 
106S 
106S 
I09S 
109S 
112S 
112S 
112S 
112S 
113S 
113S 
113S 
114S 


2,987 
63 
80 
1,507 
112 
17 
5 
200 
80 
635 
85 
80 
160 
42 
15 
57 
7 
24 
16 
34 
510 
26 
160 
11 
430 
231 
80 

286 
1 
820 
56 
825 
88 
268 
369 
39 
45 
74 
110 
104 
69 
58 
78 
138 
8 
163 
17 
9 
42 
3 






































































. , . . 




x x 











































Carpcntcrvillc-Brookings Forest Wayside 






x x . 
x x . . 


x .. .- 








X . . . . 


Mackin Gulch Forest Wayside 










x x , . 

x x ., 
x x . . 


... X 
... X 
... X 

,xxx 

.XXX 
.XXX 
.XXX 
.XXX 
-XXX 
X X X X 
.XXX 
X X X X 


Beaches: 






x x . . 




x x . - 




X .... X X .. 




20, 700 x x . . 
20, 700 x x . . 
38,000 x x .. 
930 x x , , 
3, 600 x x .... x .. 
x x . . 
M x x .. 
x x . . 




















X . . X 












x . . 










X X 


X 


South Newport State Park 






X 


X X 


Governor Patterson Memorial State Park 




x 








x x 




SGEJ footnotes at end of table. 







_J_ 


Number on map 


Acreage 


Type of use 


Activities 


lj 

V 

re 

-d 
c 
ti 



*o H 

g* 

~l 

ftf ." 

5 * 

EH 


Water surface (7) 


o 

g 

13 

OJ 

T3 
B 


>. 

ra 

Q 


I Vacation 


1 Out-of-State target 


I Tourist en route 


1 Picnicking 


to 

c 

T3 

'C 

o 
e 

br, 

c 
'2 

s 


| Camping 


faO 

a 





bn 

,s 

CO 


be 

s 

' 




1 Hunting 


I Nature studv 


j Winter sports 


J Wilderness experience 




--^^^Sf^^^"^^ - 


STATE -Continued 
Beaches -Continued 


114S 
116S 

137S 
170S 
176S 
178S 
21 OS 
210S 
214S 
224S 

19L 
31L 
41 L 
91L 

126L 
140L 
145L 
160L 
196L 
197L 
244L 

34L 
35L 
38L 
46L 
56L 
121L 
236L 
248L 
17L 

8L 
147L 

232N 
177N 
180N 
183N 
187N 
217N 
246N 
45N 
59N 
2N 


9 

2 
54 
10 
65 
730 
88 
10 
1,419 
141 

600 
3,366 
175 
40 
15 
280 
47 
388 
10 
160 
1,720 

15 

25 
39 
26 
15 
90 
320 
1,980 
10 

300 
55 

' 80 
40 
40 
50 
50 
40 
40 
100 
100 
10, 000 




















































X 
X 
X 

X 
X 


X 

X 
X 
X 
X 












9,360 
1,080 
15,000 
12,742 


X 
X 
X 
X 






X 


X 
X 
X 
X 




X 

X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 




















































































































X 








X 




X 




X 












MAJOR LOCAL 
Parks: 

KUchis Park 












Forest Park 




X 








X 

X 


X 

X 


















Eagle Tern Park 










X 




X 
X 

X 


X 

X 
X 










Niagara Park 




X 
X 
















Siuslaw Harbor Vista County Park 








X 
X 


X 


X 
X 


X 










Spencer Buttc Park 




Baker Bay County Park 


1,900 


X 
X 
X 
X 








X 


X 


X 
X 








Shevlin Park 








X 




X 










Richard G. Baker Memorial Park 


Whistler's Rend Park 










X 
X 


X 
X 






X 


X 








Prescott Memorial Park 


















Recreation areas: 
Wagon Wheel Park 
















X 


X 










Clackamette Park 




























Blue Lake Park 


S 


X 














X 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 








Dodge Park 






















Celilo Park - 


9,400 


X 






X 


X 




X 


X 










Winchester Bay Tidelands Park and Boat Basin. . 
Selmac Lake 










160 
2,000 


X 

X 
X 

X 
X 


X 






X 

X 




X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 














X 




Monument: Historic: Fort Astoria 


Beaches: 


1,025 




X 
X 
X 

X 


X 
X 

X 


X 
X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 

X 


X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 

X 
X 


X 
X 

X 

X 

X 
X 


X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 














X 
X 
X 
X 






FEDERAL PUBLIC LANDS (2) 
Recreation areas: 


Elderberry Flat 




X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 

X 


North Fork of Eagle Creek 


Tvee 






5,000 
400 


X 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 




X 













'-reage not shown; "S" indicates water area mttkr 500 acres; "M" indicates waterarea of 500 to 10,000 acres. 
'Jttttrior'j Bureau of Land Management has dmloped 53 recreation sites in Oregon on prtblic lands administered by the 
' : -'-'l are the most significant. 



Programs of Federal Natural 
Resource Agencies 




^ wise use and protection of Oregon's rich natural resources have been the con- 
* of the natural resource agencies of the Federal Government The fUowmg 
e s describe some of these programs and interests. Full mformation can be 
Uned by contacting the offices noted in this programs sect.on. 




,.. 



A U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' dredge moves out to sea lo dump spoils material removed from Yaquina Bay Harb 

United States Army Corps of Engineers 



The United States Army Corps of Engineers, 
under assignment by Congress, is charged with 
public civil works programs to control, regulate, 
and improve river and harbor resources, to ad- 
minister laws regarding the preservation of 
navigable water, and to plan, construct, and 
operate flood-control works. 

In Oregon, the Corps has been active in navi- 
gation projects, power development projects, 
flood-control projects, emergency flood -control 
work, and in a continuing program of examina- 
tions and survey of water-resource conservation 
and development projects. 

Among the most important projects are those 
in the Columbia River Basin, including stabiliza- 
tion of channels and flood control. Because 
of such projects, it is now possible to navigate 
the Columbia over 350 miles upstream. Other 
projects have saved over $250 million by flood 
control in the Columbia River Basin. 

Major Navigation Projects 

The Corps is continually improving and main- 
taining Oregon's waterways to provide safe and 
efficient access to coastal and inland ports. The 
Corps has completed about 25 navigation 
projects in Oregon. Projects such as Bonne- 

50 



ville Dam, The Dalles Dam, and McNary Dam, 
are based on the multiple use of water resources 
in the interest of navigation as well as power, 
irrigation, recreation, and other purposes. 

The Corps has provided channels, break- 
waters, anil related improvements in harbor 
projects. Some of these works are at Coos 
Bay, Depoe Bay, TilJamook Bay, and Yaquina 
Bay and Harbor. The 21-mile Multnomah 
Channel, completed in 1935, connects the Willa- 
mette River with the Columbia River and in- 
cludes two ship channels. The Corps has 
constructed navigation channels from the mouth 
of the Columbia River to Portland (about 110 
miles) and from the mouth of the Willamette 
River to Vancouver, where turning basins and 
numerous side channels to port facilities at cities 
along the river arc provided. On the Umpqua 
River, largest river between San Francisco Bay 
and the Columbia, which flows into the Pacific 
about 180 miles south of the mouth of the 
Columbia River, navigation improvements in- 
clude two jetties at the entrance, an entrance 
channel, river and side channels, and a turning 
basin. 

Channel improvements through critical rapids 
on the Columbia River provide a waterway from 
the head of The Dalles-CelUo Canal to near 



Wallula, Washington, a distance of 113 miles. 
McNary Lock and Dam provide slackwatcr de- 
velopment over the upper 36 miles of the project 
channel. The Dalles Lock and Dam have inun- 
dated the lower 15 miles of the channel, and the 
John Day project, now under construction, will 
inundate the remaining 77 miles of the channel, 
These navigation facilities will serve as a major 
connecting waterway between the Pacific Ocean 
and areas 350 miles inland. 

A key feature on the Columbia River at 
Donneville is the Bonneville Dam, about 145 
miles above the mouth of the river. The spill- 
way section, 1,090 feet long with 18 gates, is 
between Bradford Island and the Washington 
shore. The powerhouse section, housing ten 
generating units with a total installed capacity 
of 518,400 kilowatts as well as a single-lift 
ship lock, is between Bradford Island and the 
Oregon shore. Facilities for permitting migra- 
tion of fish are provided. Power generated at 
Bonneville Dam is delivered to transmission 
lines of the Department of the Interior's Bonne- 
ville Power Administration for marketing. 

The Dalles Dam is at the end of Bonneville 
pool, 192 miles above the mouth of the Columbia 
River and approximately 3 miles east of The 
Dalles. This multipurpose project provides a 
25-mile slack-water pool for navigation, adds 
needed power-generating capacity to the North- 
west Power Pool, reduces the pumping lift 
required for irrigation, and offers recreational 
possibilities for the public. The project con- 
sists of a navigation lock on the Washington 
shore, spillway, fish facilities, a powerhouse for 
14 generating units, and nonoverflow clam 
sections. 

McNary Lock and Dam, a multi-purpose 
project on the Columbia River 3 miles east 
of Umatilla, is 292 miles upstream from the 
mouth of the river and provides a slack-water 
pool extending 64 miles upstream. The project 
includes the dam, a navigation lock, hydro- 
electric power plant, spillway and facilities for 
passage of migratory fish. The navigation 
lock is one of the highest single-lift locks in the 
world. The McNary powerhouse has an in- 
stalled generating capacity of 980,000 kilo- 
watts in 14 units. The powerplant will 



generate over 6 billion kilowatt-hours of energy 
annually under normal conditions. 

Flood-Control Projects 

In Oregon, 30 flood-control projects have 
been constructed or rehabilitated with Federal 
funds. The improvements include construc- 
tion of new levees, the raising and widening of 
existing levees, and similar measures. 

Major reservoirs are in the Willamette 
Valley on the Middle Fork of the Willamette 
River, on Long Tom River, and on the Row 
River. Important flood-control projects in- 
clude the Detroit Dam and Big Cliff Reregu la- 
ting Dam, both with power generating facilities, 
on the North Santiam River southeast of 
Salem, and Lookout Point Dam and Dexter 
Reregulating Dam, both with power generating 
facilities, on the Middle Willamette River 
southeast of Eugene. 

Numerous Projects Underway 

The Corps has many important navigation, 
flood-control, and water conservation and de- 
velopment projects underway in many parts of 
Oregon. The multi-purpose John Day Lock 
and Dam on the Columbia River, 26 miles 
upstream from The Dalles, will consist of a 
navigation lock, spillway, a powerhouse of 
10 units, non-overflow dam sections, and fish- 
pass age f acili t ies . The Green Peter pro ject , 
including two dams and reservoirs, is a unit of 
the comprehensive plan for flood control and 
multiple-purpose development and use of the 
water resources of the Willamette River Basin. 
Other projects are underway on the John Day 
River, Umatilla River, and South Fork McKen- 
zie River. 

Surveys are underway for comprehensive 
water-resource development to include flood 
control, navigation improvement, recreation 
use, irrigation, and power in the Columbia and 
Willamette Basins. These basins are the subject 
of periodic Basin Review Reports to Congress. 

Further information about U.S. Army Corps 
of Engineers' programs in Oregon may be 
obtained from the North Pacific Division 
Office, 210 Custom House, Portland, 97209- 
A Corps District Office is located at 628 
Pittock Block, Portland, 07205. 

51 




Bonneville Power Administration 



More than half of Oregon's electric energy 
consumption is met by the Bonneville Power 
Administration, the marketing agency for the 
United States Columbia River Power System. 
This energy is delivered to the ultimate con- 
sumer by both public and private distributors, 
except large industry which is served directly 
by EPA. Organized under the Department of 
the Interior, the BPA has its headquarters in 
Portland and a district office in Eugene. 

Power Installations 

Three great Columbia River dams at Bonne- 
ville, The Dalles, and McNary supply most of 
the power generated for the BPA in Oregon. 
Since the dams are border projects, the power is 
shared equally with the State of Washington. 

Four installations in Oregon's Willamette 
River Basin also serve BPA. They are the 
Detroit, Lookout Point, Hills Creek, and Cougar 
Projects. These dams and the three on the 
Columbia are manned by the Army Corps of 
Engineers. 

Power from three other Federal projects under 



construction will eventually be marketed by the 
BPA. These are at Green Peter and Foster, 
entirely within the State, and the gigantic 
Oregon- Washington John Day Project being 
built on the Columbia upstream from the Dalles. 

Distribution 

The BPA distributes its power through one of 
the Nation's largest high-voltage grid systems. 
This network recently was enlarged in Oregon 
by the installation of more than 200 additional 
miles of power line. An experimental, direct- 
current transmission line also has been built in 
the State. The BPA plant investment in Oregon 
totals more than $180 million, including 2,700 
circuit miles of power lines and substations. 

Public power agencies, private utilities, in- 
dustries, and Federal agencies are counted among 
BPA's Oregon customers, who buy more than 
8 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. 
Gross revenues come to approximately $21 
million annually. 

Address inquiries to the Bonneville Power 
Administration, P. O. Box 3621, Portland, 
97208. 



Fish and Wildlife Service 




The Department of the Interior's Fish and 
Wildlife Service, in cooperation with the State 
of Oregon, conducts many programs to enhance 
the quality and abundance of fish and wildlife 
resources in the Beaver State. 

Among these projects is the Columbia River 
Program, a cooperative effort which also in- 
volves Washington and Idaho, to maintain the 
Columbia River system as an important salmon 
and steelhead trout producing area for com- 
mercial and sport fishing. 

This extensive program, begun in 1949, in- 
cludes the construction and improvement of 
State and National hatcheries, the establishment 
of new salmon runs, a general program of stream 

52 



improvement, the evaluation of proposed con- 
struction projects to determine their effects on 
salmon runs, and a long-range study to find 
ways to pass salmon around high clams. This 
latter phase of the program was launched as an 
emergency measure to solve the problem of 
fish passage before contemplated dams can 
become new barriers to fish migration. 

Biological research programs of the Fish and 
Wildlife Service in Oregon center primarily on 
species of ocean fish which migrate into fresh- 
water streams to spawn. The studies involving 
these anadromous fisheries of the Columbia 
and Snake Rivers include the biology of the 
blueback, chinook, and silver salmon, the 




A fishway being bull) around the falls of a Hood River tributary means additional spawning grounds for salmon. 



migration of fmgcrlings, the effectiveness of 
electrical barriers to guide migration and to 
control pretlation of squawfish on salmon, 
The Fish and Wildlife Service also contracts 
with the Oregon Fish Commission to curry out 
fingerling behavior studies and other research 
in Pel ton and North Fork Reservoirs. 

The Service conducts an exploratory fishing 
program off the Oregon coast to locate new 
fishing grounds inhabited by commercially 
important species such as ocean perch ami 
Dover sole. This activity is carried out in 
cooperation with the Oregon Fish Commission 
aboard the Fish and Wildlife Service vessel 
John N. Cobb, 

Another important ocean fisheries research 
program is conducted in cooperation with the 
Atomic Energy Commission aboard the vessel 
Commando. This program is providing a survey 
of deep-water marine fauna in the area south- 
west of the mouth of the Columbia River at 
depths ranging from 300 to 6,000 feet. Already 



this research is providing valuable information 
on the seasonal distribution of bottom-dwelling 
fish and invertebrates. The Atomic Energy 
Commission uses collected marine fauna for 
radiological analysis. Oregon Fish Commission 
personnel take part in these studies to establish 
migration patterns of the Dover sole and 
sablefish. 

Hatcheries and Refuges 

The Fish and Wildlife Service administers the 
Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery in Clacka- 
in as County for producing silver salmon and 
spring-run chinook salmon and stcclhead trout. 
In a typical year, Eagle Creek distributes more 
than 5,500,000 salmon and 600,000 stcelhcad to 
Oregon waters. National hatcheries in nearby 
States also send large numbers of fingerlings to 
the Beaver State. In a typical year, Hagerman 
National Fish Hatchery in Idaho sends more 
than 1,400,000 rainbow trout; Carson National 

53 



Fish Hatchery in Washington provides nearly 
80,000 more rainbow; and the Miles City 
National Hatchery in Montana supplies about 
65,000 fingerling largemouth bass. 

Twelve National Wildlife Refuges with a 
total of about 460,000 acres are maintained in 
Oregon. Slightly more than half this acreage 
is in Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 
55 miles northeast of Lakeview, in Lake County. 
Its primary purpose is to provide a habitat for 
antelope, but it also is important as a refuge 
for mule deer and sage grouse. 

Malheur National Wildlife Refuge is 40 miles 
south of Burns, in Harney County, and en- 
compasses more than 180,000 acres containing 
open water, marshes, wild meadows, and 
wooded areas. This refuge with more than 
200 species of birds and 50 species of mammals 
is a mecca for ornithologists and nature students. 

The other National Wildlife Refuges and the 
kinds of wildlife they serve are listed in the 
earlier chapter on ' ' Fish and Wildlife Re- 
sources." 

Management Programs 

Wildlife Restoration Funds are spent for the 
development, operation, and maintenance of 
areas already acquired and for the purchase of 
land to enlarge existing management units, or 
provide new ones. The developmental work 
includes research in the Tillamook Burn to 
create a deer management program that will be 
compatible with reforestation. A similar study 
of mule deer and range is conducted in the Silver 
Lake area. Researchers are trying to deter- 
mine the abundance of forage plants required, 
the influence of forage conditions on the health 
and productivity of deer, and the population 
levels that are suitable in artificially reforested 
areas. There also is extensive work in provid- 
ing brushy habitats for pheasants, valley quail, 



and Hungarian partridge in the wheat country 
of eastern Oregon. 

Lake reclamation is a major activity of the 
fishery management program financed with 
Federal fish restoration funds. This program 
includes the use of toxicants to increase the 
production of more desirable species in the 
major fishing waters, the improvement of access 
to streams and lakes, and the installation of 
fishways. 

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife 
conducts river basin studies to determine the 
effects Federal construction programs, such as 
dams, may have on fish and wildlife resources 
of particular areas. These studies are aimed at 
maintaining habitats and creating improved 
conditions for fish and wildlife of the affected 
areas. 

Several Federal game management agents arc 
stationed in Oregon to enforce the Migratory 
Bird Treaty Act and other laws for conserving 
wildlife. In addition, the Bureau of Sport 
Fisheries and Wildlife cooperates witli Oregon 
State agencies, counties, and livestock and 
forestry associations in controlling predatory 
animals and birds. 

Oregon's Legislature appropriates funds for a 
Bureau-supervised pilot project to develop 
economical and effective methods to control 
European starlings. There arc also coopera- 
tive predator-control programs directed at 
coyotes, bobcats, bears, pocket gophers, field 
mice, ground squirrels, porcupines, and rabbits. 

Fisheries Management Offices of the Bureau 
of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife 
Service, are located in Eugene and Portland, 
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has a 
Regional Office including offices for Manage- 
ment and Enforcement, Predator anil Rodent 
Control, and a River Basin Studies Office 
located at 1 001 N.E. Holladay Blvd., P.O. 
Box 3737, Portland, 97208, 



54 



UASl Forest Service 




U.S. Forest Service fire fig liters are highly 
(rained to protect America's great wood- 
lands. Here a fully-equipped firefighter is 
making a practice jump. 




Nearly half of Oregon's commercial forest 
resources lies within the National Forests, 
administered by the Forest Service of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. A constant 
program of research in forestry, range manage- 
ment, and related fields is maintained to keep 
these National Forests in top producing con- 
ditions. The Forest Service also cooperates with 
the State Forester in the management and pro- 
tection of State and private forest lands. 

Administration of National Forests 

Each of the 14 National Forests in Oregon 
is administered by a Forest Supervisor and his 
staff under the direction of a Regional Forester 
in Portland. Another National Forest, with 
the bulk of its acreage in California, is adminis- 
tered by a Regional Forester in San Francisco. 

The total National Forest area in Oregon 
covers over 15 million acres, located in the 



Coastal Region, the Cascade Mountains, and 
the northeastern quarter of the State. Included 
in this total acreage are 105|925 acres that 
comprise the Crooked River National Grassland, 
rehabilitated agricultural lands now managed 
under the multiple-use principle. The Forest 
Service management concepts of multiple-use 
and sustained yield arc applied to all National 
Forest Lands in Oregon to assure continuous 
supply of timber, water, forage, wildlife, and 
opportunities for recreation. 

Increased use of the National Forests during 
the past several years necessitated putting into 
effect a new "Development Program for the 
National Forests." This intensifies manage- 
ment and protection activities and is aimed at 
preventing deterioration of facilities and re- 
sources and developing the national resources 
to meet the projected demands of future years 
as far ahead as the year 2000. 

55 



For Oregon this means the const diction of 
Jnore than 1,600 campgrounds and picnic sites; 
more than 18,000 miles of roads and some 750 
miles of trails, 900 miles of firebreaks, nearly 
A score of pollution-control and flood-preven- 
tion projects, several landing fields and more 
than 100 heliports and helispots for fire control, 
2,000 miles of fence, and more than 1,300 water 
developments to improve the range resource. 
Projects include increasing annual timber har- 
vests by 1970, treating and revegetating over 
one million acres of forest land and over 300,000 
acres of range, erosion control, game range 
improvement, soil surveys, and many other 
measures designed better to manage, develop, 
and protect valuable forest resources. 

State and Private Cooperation 

Many programs involving State and private 
forest lands are conducted through the coopera- 
tive efforts of the Forest Service, private forest 
owners and managers, and the State Forester of 
Oregon. These programs include fire control, 
forest management assistance for private land- 
owners, distribution of trees for planting, and 
technical assistance for State tree nurseries, 
marketing of forest products, watershed protec- 
tion, flood prevention, and forest pest control. 

The Forest Service draws on its vast fund of 
experience to provide financial, technical, and 
planning assistance to private forest owners. 
Other Department of Agriculture agencies in- 
volved in cooperative conservation programs 
include the Soil Conservation Service and the 
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation 
Service. The ASCS Committees work out forest- 
improvement programs for local farmers in keep- 
ing with committee standards and pay from 50 
to 80 percent of the cost following the satis- 
factory completion of work, 

In the field of forest fire control, cooperation 
among Federal, State and private forest man- 
agers and owners assures that 100 percent of the 
State's forest area is given protection. In tree 
planting, the Forest Service nursery at Bend 
shipped more than 5K million trees in a recent 
year, supplementing the additional millions 
sent by State and private nurseries that were 
used in the planting of 145,000 acres on public 
and private lands during the year. Under the 

56 



Clarke-McNary Act, States produce trees at low 
cost and distribute them to those who want to 
reforest their lands. The Forest Service co- 
operates in financing and technical assistance. 

Forest and Range Research 

Research regarding the resources of the Na- 
tional Forests and the National Grassland in 
Oregon is conducted by the Pacific Northwest 
Forest and Range Experiment Station in Port- 
land for the benefit of both private and public 
timber managing agencies. Its activities also 
cover the National Forests in the State of 
Washington. 

Four Oregon field projects located at Bend, 
Corvallis, Roseburg, and La Grande are engaged 
in research with applications to specific fields. 
In Bend, for instance, studies concern the man- 
agement of lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine 
and in Corvallis, the management of true fir, 
mountain hemlock, and Sitka spruce; tree im- 
provement; watershed logging methods; stream 
flow regulation; biological control of insects, and 
soil microbiology, In Roseburg, the studies 
are conducted on mixed sugar pine, Douglas 
fir, and ponderosa pine, as well as brush field 
reclamation. In La Grande, management of 
forest ranges and wildlife habitat are major 
concerns. 

Researchers are working in many areas to 
control forest enemies such as diseases and in- 
sects. 

In 1962, a new Forestry Sciences Laboratory 
was dedicated and became a part of Oregon 
State University at Corvallis. The laboratory 
is as an example of cooperation between the 
Forest Service and other agencies, for the skills 
of the Federal research workers are joined there 
with the research programs of the State, private 
industry, and the university itself. The Pacific 
Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 
operates the laboratory, where research will 
be conducted primarily in forest insects and 
diseases, forest economics, forest management, 
and watershed problems. 

Information on the programs of the Forest 
Service in Oregon may be obtained from the 
Pacific Northwest Regional Headquarters, 
729 N.E. Oregon Street, P. O. Box 3623, 
Portland, 97208. 



rf,^*;. 1 - 'i^ity-' 1 ; -''/ - 

: /."? v ^l^fr;C*x-^* '"SfV- 




A Geological Survey geologist uses a Brunlon compass to measure the slope of ihe rock structure he is studying. 




Geological Survey 



The Geological Survey of the Department of 
the Interior conducts topographical mapping, 
geological and geophysical surveys, studies 
of mineral and water resources, and supervises 
mineral leasing on Federal lands in Oregon. 
The studies arc aimed at increasing the knowl- 
edge of Oregon's diflerent mineral and water 
resources, and of the composition, structure, 
and history of rocks in the region. 

Mineral Investigations 

Some of the investigations arc in areas known 
or suspected to contain useful minerals and 
mineral fuels, such as the John Day area of 
chromium -bearing rocks, the Quart/burg area 
of cobalt-bearing rocks, the Klamath Mountain 
nicklc-bcaring area, the Newport Embaymcnt, 
and selected areas where borate deposits are 
associated with lake deposits of sedimentary 
rock. 



In large areas of south-central and east- 
central Oregon, reconnaissance geologic mapping 
is underway to complete preparation of a modern 
geologic map of the State. Additional geologic 
mapping is being done in north-central and 
western Oregon in connection with ground- 
water and mineral-fuel studies. Geologic studies 
and maps aid in planning urban develop- 
ments and major construction projects by pro- 
viding information on earth materials and their 
water-bearing character. 

Geophysical Studies 

Geophysical studies arc in progress in several 
areas in west-central and southwestern 
Oregon. These include aeromagnetic and 
gravity surveys to provide information on the 
structure and character of volcanic basement 
rocks in western Oregon, and regional gravity 

57 



studies across a part of the Cascade Range, 
including the Crater Lake, Roscburg, <ind Cape 
Blanco areas in the southwestern part of the 
State. 



Topographic Mapping 

Cooperative topographic mapping programs 
have been carried on in the State intermittently 
since 1906. The need today is for the more 
detailed 1:24,000 scale mapping (1 inch equals 
2,000 feet), prepared by photogrammetric 
methods. Increased programs to complete map- 
ping of the State at this scale are being pursued 
to support the development of natural resources, 
plan modern highways, and locate potential 
industrial sites. 

At present, about 44,000 square miles or 46 
percent of the State is covered by 7/2- or 15- 
rninute topographic quadrangle maps. About 
18,000 square miles of mapping is in progress 
under the current cooperative program in Oregon. 
The entire State is covered by photogrammetric- 
ally compiled topographic maps at 1 :250,000 
scale (1 inch equals nearly 4 miles.) 

Wafer Resources Investigations 

The Water Resources Division of the Geologi- 
cal Survey determines and describes the quantity 
and quality of Oregon's surface and underground 
water, whether under natural conditions or 
under conditions of present or potential develop- 
ment and use by man. Investigations are 
planned specifically to obtain information on 
distribution, supply, chemical quality and 
sediment load, pollution, water temperature, 
flood, and variability problems. 

Basic facts on streainflow and lake stage are 
collected continuously at 325 sites in Oregon 
with temperature data collected at 35 of these 
sites. Basic data on the quality of surface 
waters are collected at 45 sites. Ground water 



investigations are in progress at East Portland, 
Eola-Amity Hills, French Prairie, Molulhi- 
Salem slope, and Salem Heights (all in the 
Willamette Valley); Rogue River Basin; Fort 
Rock Basin (Lake County), and the Bend- 
Tumalo District (Deschutes County). A com- 
pilation and evaluation of all available water 
temperature information within the state arc 
also in progress. 

Much of the water resources investigation in 
Oregon is carried out in cooperation with other 
Federal, State, and local agencies. Water Re- 
sources Division Offices arc located in Eugene, 
La Grande, Mctlford, Salem, and Portland. 

Classification Activities 

Geological studies have been conducted on 
certain coal lands in Coos County. Reports on 
the watcrpower and water supply of Trask, 
Alsca, and Nchalem Rivers and the storage and 
powersite withdrawals in the McKcirzic and 
Middle Fork Willamette River Basins have been 
prepared. Studies arc underway to determine 
the storage capacity of reservoir sites in the 
Donner und Blitxen, North Umpqua, Silvics, 
Siletx, and Siuslaw River basins. The reports 
include preliminary geological examinations 
undertaken in the damsitc areas. 

Mineral Leasing Operations 

More than 200 oil and gas leases in Oregon, 
covering .143,000 acres, arc supervised by the 
Geological Survey. Permits have been approved 
for conducting geologic and geophysical ex- 
plorations on the outer continental shelf of the 
State. 

Information on other geologic work in 
progress in Oregon may be obtained from the 
State's Department of Geology and Mineral 
Industries, 1069 State Office Building, Port- 
land. 



58 




The planting of rainbow trout Is a mechanized operation on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. 




eau of Indian Affairs 



The overall aim of the Department of the 
Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs program in 
Oregon is threefold: maximum Indian socio- 
economic self-sufficiency, full participation of 
Indians in American life, and equal citizenship 
privileges and responsibilities for Indians. To 
achieve these goals, the Bureau puts major 
emphasis on greater development and use of 
both human and natural resources on Indian 
reservations. 

A variety of Federal services reflects this 
emphasis, including construction and main- 
tenance of roads serving reservation areas, 
provision of credit to finance economic enter- 
prises, and assistance in adult vocational 
training and relocation for employment. The 
Bureau also supplies social services and counseling 
in the use of Indian funds, dormitory housing 



at Warm Springs for Indian children attending 
local public schools, and aid to the tribal 
groups in attracting industries which will 
provide jobs for Indian workers. 

Oregon is one of several States which have 
assumed full responsibilities for educating In- 
dian children in the public schools without 
financial help from the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 
The Bureau, however, continues to operate 
the Chemawa Boarding School, near Salem, for 
older Navajo and Alaska native children who 
have little or no previous education, due to 
lack of facilities in their home communities. 

Information on Indian reservations and the 
programs of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 
Oregon may be obtained from the Area Office, 
1001 N.E. Holladay Blvd., P.O. Box 3737, 
Portland, 97208. 

59 




Bureau of Land .Management 



As the Nation's largest administrator of 
public lands, the Bureau of Land Management 
is responsible for 15-5 million acres in Oregon or 
about 25 percent of the land area of the State. 
About 4 million acres are forests and wood- 
lands and the rest is range. BLM resource- 
management programs in Oregon include range, 
forestry, recreation, lands, minerals, wildlife, 
and watersheds. There are 10 BLM resource 
management districts in Oregon located at 
Salem, Eugene, Roseburg, Coos Bay, Medford, 
Lakeview, Burns, Prineville, Baker, and Vale. 
Each BLM district is administered by a 
District Manager and his staff under the super- 
vision of a State Director in Portland. 

Forest Management 

The most intensive Federal forest management 
program in the Nation centers on the 2-million- 
acre Oregon and California Grant Lands forest 
in western Oregon, administered by BLM. 
The Oregon and California Sustained Yield Act 
of 1937 was the first law providing for sustained 
yield management and multiple use manage- 
ment on Federal forest lands. It paved the 
way for similar programs on National Forests 
and private timber lands, 

Today, the O&C lands maintain their position 
as a showcase of scientific forest management, 
Over a billion board feet of timber is sold on 
the O&C forest every year, providing annual 
revenues of about $30 million. The 18 counties 
in which the O&C forest is located are entitled 
to 75 percent of the revenues from the lease and 
sale of O&C resources. This is an important 
source of funds for public schools, roads, and 
other services. 

For many years the counties have declined 
to accept one-third of their O&C revenues and 
Congress has appropriated an equal amount to 
BLM for construction of roads, reforestation, 
recreation development, and other activities 
to improve the forest. This has been an 

60 



important capital investment in the public lands 
of Oregon brought about through the coopera- 
tion of local government. 

BLM has maintained a continuous inventory 
of the O&C forest since passage of the O&C Act. 
Since 1937 the annual allowable cut on the O&C 
has risen from about 500 million board feet on 
2.5 million acres to 1.127 billion board feet on 
2 million acres. 

Intensive managcmcntof young growth timber 
is becoming increasingly important in western 
Oregon as the supply of virgin timber diminishes. 
BLM has launched a study of young growth 
forest management on a 56,000-acrc tract in 
northeastern Oregon. Information from this 
study, which is being carried out in cooperation 
with the Forest Service, will be made available 
to public and private forest managers. 

The BLM maintains a reforestation program 
on the O&C forest, including planting, seeding, 
brush removal and control, rodent control, and 
removal of dead trees. 

The BLM also cooperates with State agencies 
and the Forest Service in research projects and 
in programs to control insects and diseases. 

Range Management 

There are about 12.5 million acres of public 
range lands in Oregon. Range managers es- 
timate that Oregon's range will support three 
to four times the present number of livestock 
and wildlife if properly developed and managed. 
To this end, one of the most intensive resource 
management programs in the Pacific Northwest 
is being conducted in the five eastern Oregon 
BLM districts. 

Most of the public range is concentrated into 
organized grazing districts. Livestock opera- 
tors who meet certain qualifications are per- 
mitted to run specific numbers of livestock on 
the range for specific periods. For this privilege 
they pay the Government an established fee. 

When permits or licenses are issued for com- 
mercial grazing on public lands a certain amount 




A public land access road takes shape as a Bureau of Land Management engineering team runs a preliminary survey. 



of forage is always reserved for wildlife use. 
Areas where deer concentrate in the winter 
receive special consideration, and BLM cooper- 
ates fully with State and Federal game manage- 
ment agencies in identifying and managing such 
areas. 

The BLM continually conducts range resource 
surveys on the public grazing lands to deter- 
mine whether use of the resource is in or out of 
balance with its capacity. 

Range-improvement projects which increase 
production and help protect soil and water 
values include brush and weed control, grass 
seeding, water development, erosion-control 
structures, fencing, cattle guards, and closer 
utilization of forage. BLM cooperates with 
game management agencies in improving wild- 
life habitat on public range lands. 

The Bureau of Land Management also works 
closely with the Agriculture Research Service at 
the Squaw Butte Range Experiment Station, 
near Burns, and with the Agriculture Extension 
Service of Oregon State University, Corvallis, in 
range management research projects. 



The Vale Project 

In southeastern Oregon, BLM has launched 
the largest and most intensive range-improve- 
ment project ever carried out in the United 
States. The Vale Project includes all of Mal- 
heur and parts of Harney and Grant Counties. 

Range betterments, such as brush control, re- 
vegetation, wildlife habitat improvement, and 
water development are being performed. Roads 
are being constructed into previously inaccessible 
areas, public recreation facilities will be in- 
stalled, and some of the ranges are being fenced 
for better livestock management. Watersheds 
are undergoing treatment to reduce erosion and 
increase their water yields, Fire detection and 
protection facilities are being improved. BLM 
is also carrying out a program of conservation 
education to help livestock operators improve 
their grazing operations. 

The Vale Project is designed to restore the 
area's full resource production potential which 
had greatly deteriorated because of misuse of 
range resources in the past. The Vale Project 
already has brought forth new information and 

61 



techniques, and it lias 
stimulus 'for improved 
throughout the western United States. 



been an important 
range management 



Recreation 

Planning for recreational development of the 
public lands has become a major consideration 
in BLM management. The O&C Act is a 
multiple-use law and under its authority BLM 
has constructed more than 50 public recreation 
sites in western Oregon. The public domain 
offers many opportunities for extensive recrea- 
tion and BLM has worked to improve access to 
public lands for that type use. 

The BLM, assisted by the National Park 
Service, another Interior agency, has completed 
a recreation inventory of all its lands in Oregon 
and has identified several hundred sites for 
future recreational development. 

Lands and Minerals Management 

Mining and mineral leasing laws are ad- 
ministered by the Department of the Interior 
through its Bureau of Land Management for all 
Federal lands in Oregon as they arc in other 
public land States. This includes the Outer 
Continental Shelf beyond the three-mile State 
limit. 

Under its Master Unit System of public land 
inventory and classification, BLM has divided 



Oregon into areas of similar physical and 
economic characteristics. The public lands in 
these units are evaluated as to their highest and 
best uses, and this information forms the basis 
for developing resource management programs. 
To satisfy local public and private needs 
for public lands and resources, BLM contem- 
plates certain land-tenure adjustments such as 
transfer of title and land uses under the general 
public land laws, including recreation and 
public purposes sales and leases; State and private 
exchanges; small tract sales and leases for rec- 
reation, residential and business purposes, 
and public sales; rights-of-way, and, mineral 
material sales. 



Public Land Records and Surveying 

The Land Offices of BLM, located in Portland, 
contain the official records of all of the Federal 
Government's public land transactions. 

Also, BLM is responsible for the survey and 
boundary monumentation of all public lands 
held by the Federal Government. This includes 
the survey and mapping of the Outer Con- 
tinental Shelf. 

Further information on the activities of the 
Bureau of Land Management in Oregon may 
be obtained from the State Office, Bureau of 
Land Management, 710 N.E. Holladay Blvd., 
Portland, 97232. 



Tlie new visitors' cenler at Fort Clalsop near Asloria, Oreg., is part of the National Parks Service "Mission 66." 





National Park Service 



The National Park Service administers Crater 
Lake National Park, Fort Clatsop National 
Memorial, and Oregon Caves National Monu- 
ment in Oregon and has designated McLoughlin 
House in Oregon City as a National Historic 
Site, and Fort Astoria and Fort Rock Cave as 
Registered National Historic Landmarks. All 
have been described earlier in this book. 

Under a continuing long-range development 
program, the National Park Service is making 
progress in its improvement plans for units of 
the National Park Service in Oregon. The 
objectives of the MISSION 66 program, started 
in 1956 and scheduled for completion in 1966, 
are to develop and staff National Park Service 
areas to encourage public enjoyment of them 
while assuring protection of the areas' scenic, 
scientific, and historic values. 

Other functions of the Service include advice 
to State, local, and other Federal agencies on 
planning and management of parks, parkways, 
and recreation areas and construction of rec- 
reation facilities, and investigation and salvage 
of historical and archeological sites. 

The Park Service is making plans for a 
proposed Oregon Dunes National Seashore. 



Situated in Lane, Douglas, and Coos counties, 
within a 30- to 40-mile section of the south cen- 
tral Pacific Coast, the proposed seashore would 
incorporate a magnificent display of shifting 
coastal sand dunes and inland freshwater lakes. 
The Oregon Dunes National Seashore would 
consist of about 44,600 acres of land. Over 70 
percent of the proposed area is in public owner- 
ship mostly National Forest. The remainder 
is in private holdings with homes and cottages 
located principally on the lakeshores. 

The real accomplishments of the Park Service's 
long-range programs are measured not by miles 
of trails, shelters, walks, and driveways, but 
how well the program as a whole accomplishes 
the purpose of national parks to preserve the 
Nation's heritage in wild lands, scenery, and 
historic treasures for the enjoyment and inspira- 
tion of all Americans for all time. 

Information on National Parks in Oregon 
and the activities of the National Park Service 
may be obtained from the Western Region 
Office, ISO New Montgomery Street, San 
Francisco, Calif., 94105, or from Public In- 
formation Inquiries, National Park Service, 
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 




Bureau of Mines 



On property purchased from Albany College 
in 1942, the Bureau of Mines of the Department 
of the Interior established one of its major 
scientific installations the Albany Metallurgy 
Research Center. From this Oregon center 
have come many important developments that 
benefit the entire Nation. 

Metallurgical Studies 

The Albany center is the scene of research that 
brought important new industries to Oregon 
and to other parts of the country. These fruitful 
studies began in 1945, when Bureau scientists 



at Albany, using a mineral concentrate derived 
from Oregon beach sands, undertook investiga- 
tions resulting in the development of the 
methods now used in industry to make zirco- 
nium and hafnium. Both these metals, scarcely 
known two decades ago, now are essential to 
America's nuclear-energy and defense programs. 
Zirconium made possible the building of the 
first atomic-powered submarine, and hafnium 
performs important shielding functions in 
nuclear reactors. Today, these metals are 
produced commercially within a short distance 
of the Bureau of Mines Laboratories. 
Scientists at the Albany center also demon- 

63 




Bureau of Mines researchers operate robot-like machine handling radioactive materials at the Albany laboratory. 



stratcd the technical feasibility of a process for 
continuous electric smelting of low-grade nickel 
ores. Although the process has not been 
adopted commercially, industrial interest in it 
played a significant role in fostering develop- 
ment of the nickel-silicate deposit at Riddle, 
one of the few domestic sources of this strategic 
metal. 

Scientists at the Albany center have also 
contributed high-purity chromium wire which, 
in irradiated form, has shown promise as an 
aid in treating cancer, and a novel casting 
technique that was used to produce the world's 
first shape-casting of molybdenum metal. Such 
Space Age metals as columbium, tantalum, and 
tungsten are being produced experimentally in 
extremely pure form by Bureau researchers. 

Atomic Research 

An atomic-research facility at Albany is used 
in studies to determine the effects of gamma 
radiation on the physical and chemical prop- 
erties of metallic and nonmetallic minerals and 
mineral fuels. This new structure, housing 
100,000 curies of cobalt-60 supplied by the 
Atomic Energy Commission, may also help 
advance mineral technology, either by showing 
how properties of minerals and fuels may be 
altered for easier processing, or by developing 
ways actually to speed chemical reactions in 
mineral-treating processes. 

64 



Mineral Development 

To promote more extensive development of 
Oregon's mineral resources, Bureau engineers 
are investigating and evaluating the State's 
potential as a source of beryllium and tellurium, 
which have possible applications in electronics, 
thermoelectrics, and space exploration. Investi- 
gations by the Bureau have indicated that certain 
clays found near Salem, in Marion County, may 
have commercial value as refractories, and other 
tests have shown that material suitable for 
making amber glass can be obtained from Coos 
County dune sands. Other studies seek methods 
for recovering tungsten from Jackson County 
deposits, copper from minerals in Josephine 
County, and mercury from Malheur County ores. 
Comprehensive economic studies of selected 
Oregon industries, including those producing 
iron and steel and ferroalloys and aluminum, 
have been published by the Bureau of Mines, 
helping to promote a wider understanding of 
the State's mineral heritage and the importance 
of mineral conservation. 

The Bureau of Mines regularly publishes 
statistics regarding Oregon's mineral production. 
Further information on the minerals of 
Oregon and the programs of the Bureau of 
Mines may be obtained from the Regional 
Office, P.O. Box 492, Albany. 




Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 



Although the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation 
manages no lands, recreation areas or facilities, 
its functions are important to residents in and 
visitors to every State. 

The Bureau provides a focal point for outdoor 
recreation programs and related activities in the 
Federal Government. It serves as a point of 
contact on recreation matters for regions, 
States, and their political subdivisions, organi- 
zations and individuals. In turn the Oregon 
State government has named the Oregon 
Committee on Natural Resources as a point 
of contact to work with the Bureau in 
future State-Federal recreation planning and 
development. 

Creation of a Federal Bureau of Outdoor 
Recreation was one of several recommendations 
resulting from three-year studies by the Outdoor 
Recreation Resources Review Commission of 
America's outdoor recreation resources, needs 
and demands. The Bureau was established in 
the Department of the Interior April 2, 1962, 
A year later, Congress enacted Public Law 
88-29, a basic outdoor recreation law, 

Public Law 88-29 states that Congress "finds 
and declares it to be desirable that all American 
people . , . be assured adequate outdoor recrea- 
tion resources, and that it is desirable for all 
levels of Government and private interests to 
take prompt and coordinated action to the 
extent practicable ... to conserve, develop, 



and utilize such resources for the benefit and 
enjoyment of the American people." 

The new law authorizes the following- 

Preparation and maintenance of a continuing 
inventory of the outdoor recreation needs and 
resources of the United States; 

Preparation of a system for classifying out- 
door recreation resources; 

Formulation and maintenance of a nationwide 
outdoor recreation plan; 

Provision of technical assistance to and coop- 
eration with the States, their political sub- 
divisions and private interests; 

Encouragement of interstate and regional 
cooperation in outdoor recreation planning, 
acquisition, and development; 

Encouraging interdepartmental cooperation 
and promotion of coordination of Federal 
plans and activities generally relating to outdoor 
recreation; and 

Acceptance and use of donations for outdoor 
recreation purposes. 

Authority for these activities resides in the 
Secretary of the Interior and has been delegated 
by him to the Director of the Bureau of Out- 
door Recreation. These authorities provide 
means for stimulating increased Federal, re- 
gional, State, and local outdoor recreation 
activity. The program is particularly designed 
to strengthen States in their key role of pro- 
viding for the future recreation needs of their 
citizens. 



Wading in a coo!, clear mountain stream can be as relaxing for adults as it is adventurous for the small fry. 





Bureau of Reclamation 



A close-up view of the "glory hole" spillway discharging 
wafer ar Reclamation's Owyhee Dam in Oregon. 




Of the 1.5 million acres of irrigated Oregon 
land, nearly 460,000 are supplied with water 
wholly or partly by facilities of the Department 
of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation. The 
Bureau's 14 Oregon projects are located in 
almost every geographical area of the State. 
They help account for nearly $50 million worth 
of crops and forage annually. 

These projects range in size from the 2,100- 
acre Wapintia Project in Wasco County to the 
100,000-acre Deschutes Project in Central 
Oregon. The Owyhee Project serves almost 
34,000 acres of Idaho land as well as 85,000 
acres in Oregon. 

Construction Program 

Only one Oregon Reclamation Project cur- 
rently includes power generation among its 
facilities. This is the Rogue River Basin 
Project in the southwest, where the Green 
Springs Powerplant has an installed capacity of 
16,000 kilowatts. 

The Bureau's construction program has been 
continuing in Oregon for 50 years, and two major 
projects have recently been completed. The 
biggest is the multipurpose Talent Division of 
the Rogue River Basin Project. It will provide 
supplemental water to almost 24,000 acres, 
generate 16,000 kilowatts of electricity, and 
assist in flood control for the area. 

The Howard Prairie, Emigrant Praide, and 
Hyatt Prairie dams and reservoirs are also in- 
cluded in the Talent Division, 

The Bully Creek Extension of the Vale 
Project is the other major installation nearing 
completion. An earth-fill clam on Bully Creek 
will build up a 32,000 acre-foot reservoir to help 
relieve water shortages in the Vale Project, 

66 



which serves 35,000 acres in the eastern part of 
the State. 

Construction was recently completed on the 
Princville Dam on the Crooked River, which 
now provides irrigation water for almost 20,500 
acres. The Princville Reservoir and the re- 
habilitated Ochoco Reservoir, nearby, are im- 
portant for recreation, fish and wildlife habitat, 
and flood control. 

Supplemental Water 

A full water supply for more than 3,200 acres 
of land will be provided by additions to The 
Dalles Project, utilizing Columbia River water 
and a pipe distribution system. This program 
will also supply supplemental water to 2,200 
acres of land adjacent to the city of The Dalles. 

In addition to these active projects, plans have 
been made for an Upper Division addition to the 
Baker Project in east-central Oregon. The au- 
thorized project includes a Powder River dam 
that will create a 100,000-acre-foot reservoir, 
providing a full water supply to 5,400 acres of 
land and a supplemental supply to 12,600 acres. 
The Baker Project itself dates back to 1909. 

The Bureau of Reclamation's general investi- 
gations program for Oregon involves recon- 
naissance studies, a basin survey and eleven 
investigations of projects or divisions of proj- 
ects. Not counting the basin survey, these 
investigations consider the development of 
270,000 acres of land, the possibilities of install - 
ing hydroelectric plants for generating 625,000 
kilowatts, and the supplemental irrigation of 
250,000 acres. 

Further information on Bureau of Reclama- 
tion projects in Oregon may be obtained 
from the Regional Director, Bureau of Recla- 
mation, P.O. Box 937, Boise, Idaho, 83701. 




Oregon is a progressive and diligent guardian of its wealth. Natural grandeur marks the Three Sisters Wilderness Area. 



The Future 



Oregon, the Beaver State, is an area rich in 
natural resources of land, water, timber, fish 
.and wildlife, as well as tremendously endowed 
with scenic beauty, historical significance, and 
great recreational wealth. 

The State will continue to progress because 
the people of Oregon know the value of wise 
conservation, intelligent development, sustained 
management, and prudent use of the resources 
which Nature has bequeathed diem. 



Living in a great timberlantl region teeming 
with valuable fur-bearing animals that was for 
a time despoiled by man, the people of Oregon 
have become progressive and diligent guardians 
of their wealth, working to insure the future of 
their area. 

Federal natural resource agencies have played 
an important role in building the Beaver State 
and will continue in the years ahead to contrib- 
ute to Oregon's growth. 

67 



(Back cover) Picknickers at Sunset Bay Stale Park are silhouetted 
at twilight by a setting sun and campfire. 



Acknowledgments 



The Department of the Interior is indebted to the following 
for illustrations appearing on pages as indicated: 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, pp. 21 (center), 22, 25 
(below and upper left), 50; Forest Service, U.S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, pp. 29 (left), 36 (below), 55, 
67; McLoughlin Memorial Association, p. 9 (right); 
Oregon Historical Society, p. 9 (left); Oregon State 
Highway Department, inside front cover, pp. 5 (upper 
right), 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 (below), 17, 21 (below), 27, 
28, 29 (right), 32 (below), 33 (below), 35, 36 (top), 
37, 38, 41. 

The Department also gratefully acknowledges the assist- 
ance of the Forest Service, United States Department of 
Agriculture, and the United States Army Corps of Engi- 
neers, Department of Defense, for certain textual material 
appearing in this publication. 



The "Natural Resources of Oregon" is one of a 
series of publications on various States. Similar 
booklets on the States of Washington, Montana, 
Colorado (each 50 cents), Ohio, Arizona, Massa- 
chusetts (each 45 cents) are also for sale by the 
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government 
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. 



(Right) Wizard Island is actually a volcano within a volcano 
near the west shore of Oregon's Crafer Lake. 





For sale by the Superintendent o/ Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 
Washington, D.C. 20102 Price GO cents 



U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 10G4 O717-B50