THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL. XIV.
MAY, 19OO, to APRIL, 19O1.
PHILADELPHIA :
Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XIV.
INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Alasrnodonta uaarginata Say and A. truncata Wright . .143
Alexia mj'osotis marylandica Pils., n. var. . . . .40
Amnicola letsoni Walker, n. sp. . 113
Argyrotheca Dall. new name for Cistella Gray 1853, not of
Gistel 1848 . 44
Ariolimax steindachneri Babor, a new American slug . . 71
Ashmunella hyporhyssa, notes on (rufesoens and alba,
n. var.) ... 72
Asiatic shells, new species of . . 42, 83
Atrina oldroydii Dall., n. sp. . . 143
Bathysciadiurn conicum Dautz . . . 48, 60
Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki in New Mexico . . 83
Bifidaria hordeacella from Cape May, N. J. .74
Bonnanius Jouss. ... .93
Browne, Francis C. .132
Buliminus callistoderma Pils., n. sp. . . . 33
Buliminus callistoderma var. ogasawane Pils. n. var. . .128
Buliminus eucharistus Pils., n. sp. . 128
Buliminus extorris var. omiensis Pils., n. var. . . 32
Buliminus hirasei Pils., n. sp. . . 32
Buliminus luchuanus Pils., n. sp. . . 12'.'
Buliminus (Petroeus) pilsbryanus Ancey, a new Asiatic
species ... . . 4:;
Bulimulus (Drymaeus) inusitatus Fulton, n. sp. (Costa Rica) 87
California, exotic mollusks in . 114
Cape May, N. J., land shells of . .73
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Cerion stevensoni Dall., n. sp. (Bahamas) . .65
Cheilea Modeer 1793 in place of Mitrularia Sebum, 1817 . 45
Circinaria bempbilli in California . 72
Cistella Gray 1853 not Gistel "1848.=Argyrotheca Dall. 44
Clausilia euholostoma Pils., n. sp. . . 108
Clausilia hiraseana Pils., n. sp. . . . 108
Clausilia harimensis Pils'., n. sp. . ,. . . 10S
Clausilia hokkaidoensis Pils., n. sp. . . 108
Clausilia iotaptyx var. elava Pils., n. var. . . 108
Clausilia japonica var. interplicata Pils., n. var. . . . 108
Clausilia perpallida Pils., n. sp. . 108
Conus consors Sowb. .... .86
Cyclotus (?) micron Pils.,n. sp. . . . 115.
Diplommatina uzeneusis Pils., n. sp. . . . 88
Epiphra'gmophora fidelis in central California . . 144
Epiphragmophpra traski, aestivation of . . .13
Euconulus Reinhardt for Conulus Fitz, 1833 not of Raf.
1814 . 81
Euconulus reinbardti Pils., n. sp. . . 81
Eubadra (?) pseudocampyleea Alice}7, n.'sp. . 83
Eulota (Eubadra) caliginosa (Ad. and Rve.) . 91
Eulota callizona dixoni Pils., n. var. ... . 60
Eulotn callizona maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var. . 88
Eulota (Plectotropis) elegantissima var. cara Pils., n. var. . 107
Eulota gainesi Pils., n. sp. ....... 60
Eulota giifleana Pils., n. sp. ... 60
Eulota gudeana hakodatensis Pils., n. n. for Helix laeta
Gould, pre-occupied . . .60
Eulota borrida Pils., n. sp. ..... .11
Eulota (Plectotropis) inornata Pils., n. sp. . . 129
Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis Pils., n. sp. . 79
Eulota lubuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick. n. var. . <S9
Eulota lubuana aomoriensis Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var. . .89
Eulota (Aegista) martensiana Pils., n. sp. . . 129
Eulota mesogonia Pils.. n. sp. . . ... 11
Eulota (Eubadra) mercatoria (Gray, Pfr.) . . 90
Eulota mercatoria atrata Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. . . 91
Euryta A. Adams 1858 not of Gistel 1848.=Mazatlania
Dall. 44
THE NAtTILUS. V
Etirytus conturesi Ancey. • A new land shell from South
America ........ .42
Ganesella jacobii Pils., n. sp. .... .12
Gane?ella myomphala var. omphalodes Pils., n. var. . .116
Ganesella wiegmanniana Pils., n. sp. .''.''. . llli
Gastranella tumida Yerr. at -Woods Holl, Mass. . .' . 93
Gastrauella tumida Terr., the young of Petricbla dactylus . 106
Gastrodonta intertexta volusiae Pils., n. var. (Florida) , 40
Gastrodonta walkeri Pils. .... .52
General Notes . . .8, 36, 47, 60, 71, 93, 118, 130
Giandina (Varicella) deflorescens-Vendryes, n. sp. '. 134
Glandina iheringi Pils., n. sp. .... .4
Giandina (Varicella) ta3'lori Vendryes, n. sp. . . 133
Glomus Jeffreys 1876 not of Gistel 1848. Pristigloma Dall. 44
Glyptostonia newberryanum W. G. B. (Aestivation) . . 14
Great raft, an hour on the .... .67
Great Smoky Mountains, Collecting in the . .49
Helicina hakodadiensis Hartman . . . . .128
Helicina reinii var. uzenensis Pils., n. var. . .128
Helicina osumiensis Pils., n. sp. ... .127
Helicina sundana Ancey, n. n. for H. exserta Martens not
ofGundlach . . 84
Helicina verecuncla Gould . . . . . . .128
Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils., n. sp. (Texas) . 41
Helix albolabris, Growth of . 9
Helix feralis Hemphill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) ligs. 2 .121
Helix kelletti Fbs. . .136
Helix hortensis in Newfoundland ... .72
Helix sodalis Hernpbill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) figs. 3 . 122
Helix tryoni major Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123
Helix tryoui maculata Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123
Helix tryoni minor Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123
Holospira minima Martens, for H. pfeifler var. minor Mart.,
preoccupied . . . . . . . . .Us
Japanese Mollusks, Notices of some new 11, 32, 59, 79, 88, 107,
115, 127
Kaliella fraterna Pils., n. sp. . . 81
Kaliella symmetrica Pils., n. sp. ... .80
Kennebunkport, Maine, land Mollusca of . . 63
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Kentucky, Mollusca of southern. . 75
Lampsilis simpsoni Ferris, n. sp. (Arkansas) 38
Land shells from rejactamenta of the Rio Grande at Mesilla,
N. Mex. and of Gallinas R, at Las Vegas, N. Mex. . 9
Lassea rubra Montg. and L. bermudensis Bush, the same
species 106
Las Vegas, N. Mex., Shells of ... 47
Lima hamlini Dall, n. sp. (cretaceous, see page 36) . . 15
Limicolaria oviformis Ancey, A new Asiatic species . . 42
Limnaea mighelsi W. G. Binn. Note on the habits of . 8
Limpet, Note on a new abyssal ..... 48, 60
Los Angeles, Cal., Age of deposit underlying . . .36
Mazatlania Dall, proposed for Euryta A. Adams 1858 not
of Gistel 1848 .44
Mitrularia Schum, 1817 = Cheilea Modeer, 1793 . . 45
Mollusks in grass . 93
Murex petra Dall. A new Murex from California . 37
Naiades, a review of Simpson's Synopsis . . 130
Names which must be discarded (Dall.) . 44
New Mexican snails, new records of . . 82, 85
Odostomia, variation in .... . 126
Omphalina Isevigata latior Pils., n. var. . 56
Omphalina Itevigata perlaevis Pils., n. var 56
Pecten (Lyropecten) dilleri Dall, n. sp. (fossil) . . .117
Phenacolepas, catalogue of species of the genus . . 61
Philomycus secretus Cockerell, n. sp. . . . . 59
Phyllaphysia, a genus new to the Pacific Coast . . .91
Phyllaph^ysia taylori Dall., n. sp. . 92
Physae of Northeastern Illinois, a revision of the . 16
Phj^sa ancillaria var. magnalacustris Walker, n. var. . . 97
Physa ancillaria var. crassa Walker, n. var. . 98
Physa gyrina Say . . 19
Physa gyrina elliptica Lea . . .23
Physa heterostropha Say . . 17
Physa Integra Hald. . 23
Physa moussoni Ancey, n. sp. . .84
Physa sayii Tappan . 18
Pinna from California, a new . .143
Pisidia, some general notes on .5, 6
THE NAUTILUS. Vli
Pisidium irabecille Sterki, n. sp. . . . . 5
Pisidium monas Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .100
Pisidium peraltum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . 5
Pisidinm streatori Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .100
Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki, n. sp. . . . .99
Planorbis corpulentus Say, supplementary note on .33
Planorbis persicus Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . .84
Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell, in New Mexico . . 10
Pleurobranchus californicus Ball., n. sp 92
Polygyra albolabris alleni ...... 27,28
Polygyra andrewsae altivaga Pils. . '. . . o4
Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pils. . . . . .54
binneyana 26,27,28
edwardsi magnifumosa Pils. . . . .55
Polygyra ferrissi 50,51,53
Potygyra hirsuta pilula Pils 55
Polygyra pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp., in search of . . .25
Polygyra stenotrema without a lip-notch . . . .135
Pomatiopsis hirasei Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .12
Pristogloma Dall. proposed for Glomus Jeffreysi 1876, not
of Gistel 1848 . 44
Publications received . . . .34, 45, 94, 104, 119, 130
Punctum blandianum Pils 58
Punctum japonicum Pils., n. sp. 8'2
Pyramidula elrodi Pils., n. sp . 40
Quintard, J. B . «
Rochester, N. Y., shell collecting near . . . .69
Saxidomus of the West Coast, notes on the distribution of
the !
Shell collecting on the Mosquito Coast . . . .94
Shells of the marl-deposits of Aroostook county, Maine. . 101
Sistrum nicocheanum Pils., n. sp. .3
Sphaerium crassum Sterki, n. sp. 140
Sphaerium walkeri Sterki, n. sp l-ll
Spiraculum assamense Fulton, n. sp. (Assam) . . .87
Subemarginula yatesi Dall, a new species from California . 125
Succinea campestris vagans Pils., n. var. . . . .74
To a slug (in alcohol) .36
Trishoplita cretacea var. bipartita Pils., n. var. . .107
viii THE NAUTILUS.
*
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pils., n. var. . . 90
Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata Pils., n. var. . .80
Trishoplita smitliiana Pils., n.-sp. ..... 116
Trivia paucilirata Sowh. ....... 144
Truncatella clathrns Lowe at Key West, Fla. . . .130
Unionida; of Indiana (Review of Dr. -Call's work) . . 95
Vallonia pulchella . . . . . . . .13(1
Yallonia pulchella, in Los Angeles and elsewhere in Cali-
fornia, etc. ......... 65
Vertigo hirasei Pils.. n. sp. ...... 128
Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia Pils. . . . . .57
Titrea rhoadsi Pils., Note on ...... 8
Vitrinizonites latissimus nvidermis Pils. . . . .57
West Coast conchologists, to . . . . . .10
West Coast conchology, a contribution to . . . I 09, 121
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aneey, C. F 42, 83
Baker, Frank C. . 1(1, 99, 93
Bruenn, H. H. . . ... 36
Button, Fred L. . 72
Clapp, Geo. H. . . . 63, 72, 130
Cockerell, T. D A. ' . . 45, 59, 72, 85
Dall, Win. H. 35, 37, 44, 48, 05, 91, 92, 117, 125, 143
Ferriss, J. H. . 25, 38, 49
Fluck, Win. H. . . . .94
Frierson, Lorrain S. . . ... 67
Fulton, Hugh . ... 87
Gifford, EdV W. . . 144
Hemphill, Henry .... . 109, 121
Keep, Josiah . . 10,114
Morrell, Jennie M. H. .9
Nylander, Olof 0. . . 101
Pi'lsbry, Henry A. 3, 4, 11, 32, 40, 59, 61, 73, 79, 82, 85, 88, 107,
115,127, 135
Price, Sadie F. . . . . . 75
Stearns, R. E. C. . . 1, 65
Sterki, V. . . 5, 99, 139
Yendryes. Henry . . . 133
Walker, Bryant' . . 8,33,97,113
Wheeler, Chas. Le Roy . 86, 143
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton . . . 13
Winkley, Henry W. ... 93, 126
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. MAY, 19OO. No. 1.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AND CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN THE
SAXIDOMI OF THE WEST COAST.
BT ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
Four species of Saxidomus have been described from the West
coast of North America and one from Japan. On the American
shores its distribution extends from the Gulf of Alaska to San Die^o
O "
a range of about 2500 miles. It is remarkably prolific, being found
in great abundance in the waters of Puget Sound and in many places
between the points above named.
The foregoing applies particularly to the two species S. aratus
Gould (= S. gracilis Gld.), and S. Nuttallii Conrad. The other
forms, S. squalidus Desh., and S. brevisiphoiidtus Cpr., may prove to
be only varietal. With our present knowledge, the latter appear to
be quite local, or of infrequent occurrence, apparently restricted to
Vancouver Island and the shores around the Strait of Juan de Fuca,
though Carpenter credits squalidus to Oregon and the neighborhood
of San Francisco bay. S. Nuttallii appears to be more generally
distributed and more abundant throughout the region named than
S. aratus, though in one instance as many as a hundred bushels of
the latter were included in a single consignment in 18G7 to a San
Francisco commission merchant. Notwithstanding its superior qual-
ity from an edible point of view, there was no sale for them ; it was
not a familiar form and the greater part was dumped into the bay,
Z THE NAUTILUS.
These were obtained from some point on the shore of Soi.oma county
in the neighborhood of Bodega, the exact locality unknown.
The Indians, Wintuns and Pomos, who formerly inhabited the
general region bordering this part of the coast, collected and dried
great quantities of the meats of this species, which formed an im-
portant part of their food supply, and they also made their disk-
shaped beads and money, hawock, out of the shells.
Harford's1 Alaska collection contained examples of »$'. Nuttallii,
from Kodiak Island, Sitka, Carter's Bay, and Port Simpson. Ball's
voluminous Alaskan notes when published will, probably, show that
it is generally distributed throughout the Alaskan region. At San
Pedro in the south, it occurs in gravelly mud and sand, associated
with Tapes laciniata, a sharply sculptured species belonging to a
genus that like Saxidomus is without a representative on the At-
lantic; coast. S. Nuttallii is ordinarily a much coarser sculptured
shell than S. drains, and as would be inferred when its wide distri-
bution and great abundance are considered, varies greatly in propor-
tion of length to breadth and both of these to thickness. The sculp-
ture, varies according to the local character of the ground it inhabits.
There are other features worthy of notice ; among these the hinge
cartilage, etc., and the adductors, the mechanism by which the valves
are opened and closed, which is exceedingly conspicuous in Soxldo-
mvs as compared with Tivela crassatelloides, as will be s en at a glance
when individuals of the two forms, of the same size, are placed side
by side.
Following Ball's analysis of the so-called cartilage,2 which he says
"is not a cartilage, and which is frequently spoken of as 'ligament,'
or ' internal ligament,' [there is] a great need of a distinctive
name, and I propose that of ' resilium,' which clearly indicates its
function ;" the term ligament being used for the upper or external
portion or member, which operates by pulling, while the resilium or
inner portion may be said to operate by causing a rebound when
pressed, so resisting the closing of the valves when they are open ;
thus these two parts or members act reciprocally, each assisting in
its special way in opening the valves. The function of the adductor
1 Shells collected by the U. S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the year
1867 ; Proc. Cal. Acad., Dec. 2, 1867.
?Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Vol. 3, Part III, March, 1895.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
muscles is, on the contrary, that of closing the valves, and the position
of these as related to the position of the compound ligament facilitates
exactness in the inter-locking of the hinge teeth. Now these organs
or devices for opening and closing the shells are of exceeding promi-
nence in S. Nuttallii, and the opportunity for examining a fine series
has recently been afforded me, by the gift of a large number for culi-
nary purposes,1 by Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd.
The adductors are exceedingly large for shells of the size and
weight, and the ligament being in proportionate size to these muscles,
makes this form particularly desirable for the study of these charac-
ters. When alive and gaping, the least disturbance will be followed
by an energetic closing of the shell, with a snap so vigorous as to
cause a chipping or fracture of the vertical edges of the valves. The
strength and tenacity of the grip, when the powerful adductors are
brought into action, may be easily proven by the insertion of the
finger-tips into a partially open shell.
The texture or substance of the shells in the Saxi'domi is less com-
pact or solid than in Tivela crassatelloides, and the comparative
weight of examples of the same dimensions is as 10 to 13 ; while the
mass of the adductors and ligaments are fully twice as large in Snri-
donuis as in Tivela, examples of the same size being compared.
The differences exhibited by these forms, both belonging to the
Veneridtz, indicate differences in habits and environmental conditions,
and no doubt others not readily perceived.
A NEW SPECIES OF SISTRUM.
BY HENRY A. PILSBHY.
Sislrum nicochsammi, n. sp.
Shell imperforate or rimate, fusiform, thick and strong, brownish
flesh-colored, the spiral lira brown. Sculpture of strong, rounded,
longitudinal waves equal to their intervals, 8 or 7 in number on the
last whorl ; these waves crossed by rather strong spiral cords, which
widen into transversely oblong low tubercles upon the summits of
the waves. Between these cords there are. several spiral threads in
most or all of the intervals. Whorls about 5^, convex, the last one
with concave outlines below, produced in a rather long anterior
1 This "clam" makes an exceedingly delicious soup or broth.
4 THE NAUTILUS.
canal. Aperture oval, flesh-colored within ; peristome thick or
beveled, armed with six subequal teeth within ; eolumellar margin
angular at the origin of the anterior canal, bearing a single small
transverse fold above the angle ; canal rather straight and long for
this genus.
Length 21 JT, diam. 11, length of aperture and canal 12 mm.
Nicochea, Argentina, Dr. H. von Ihering. Types no. 72640 coll.
A. N. S. P.
This species is no. 877 of Dr. von Ihering's register. It has
much the general appearance of Urosalpinx clnereus (Say), which
has about the same contour. The common Antillean Sistrum nodu-
losum is more abbreviated, with far stronger tuberculation and a
short anterior canal. It extends southward to Rio Janeiro and Cabo
Frio, Brazil ( Cf. Hidalgo, Mol. Viaje al Pacifico, p. 07, as R. tuber-
culata Blv. var. ?).
A NEW GUATEMALAN GLANDINA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Glandina Iheiingi n. sp.
Shell obesely fusiform or biconic, the diameter half the altitude ;
pale brown, with occasional dark chestnut or purplish-brouni variceal
stripes, inconspicuously bordered on the left side with whitish.
Surface shining, finely and evenly striated throughout, excepting the
smooth apical whorls ; spire conic, with nearly straight lateral out-
lines, the apex rather acute. Whorls 7^, a little convex, the earlier
2^ smooth, separated by a simple suture, the rest very distinctly mar-
gined below the suture by an impressed line which defines a narrow
band of bead-like tubercles. Last whorl obese, its latter half not
rapidly descending, the last suture being consequently nearly parallel
with the others, in a dorsal view. Aperture somewhat over half the
shell's length, narrow ; outer lip regularly arcuate; columella subver-
tical, concave above, then sinuous and abruptly truncated and ex-
cised. Alt. 25, diam. 12^; longest axis of aperture 14^, greatest
width 5| mm.
Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Type no. 78036 Mus. Acad. Nat.
Sci. (no. 413 of Dr. H. von Ihering's register).
This elegantly marked species is somewhat allied to G. cordovana
THE NAUTILUS. 0
and G. speciosa, both of which, on comparison of specimens, are seen
to be much more cylindrical. The latter differs in being decidedly
smoother below, even glabrous, while G. Iheringi is striated to the
base. The body-whorl is strongly swollen and convex, and the nar-
row moniliferous subsutural border is particularly distinct and ele-
gant.
NEW PISIDIA, AND SOME GENERAL NOTES.
BY DK. V. STERKI.
Pis. IMBECILLE ii. sp. Mussel minute, ovoid-oblong in outline,
rather inflated ; superior and inferior margins moderately curved,
posterior slightly truncated obliquely outward, rounded below, antero-
superior slightly curved or almost straight (oblique), anterior end
rounded ; beaks somewhat posterior, broad and low, slightly raised
above the hinge margin in the adult ; color pale yellowish horn to
whitish ; surface with very fine striation and a few slightly marked
lines of growth, and with a slight waxy gloss; shell thin, hinge very
fine and plate quite narrow ; cardinal teeth very small, thin, or al-
most obsolete, lateral teeth small, the outer ones of the right valve
scarcely visible ; ligament fine.
Size: long. 2.3, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.3 mill.
Habitat : Byer's Trout Pond, and Button Lake, Kent Co., Mich.,
collected by Dr. R. J. Kirk land.
This is a well characterized species, not nearly related with any
other, and can not be mistaken for mature specimens of any one.
But it has much resemblance with very young examples of Pis.
variabile Pr., of the same size, and it takes good care to discern
them. — Our species will doubtless be found in other places ; in Byer's
Pond Dr. K. collected over four hundred specimens, and twenty-
five in Button Lake. The name has been derived from its small
size, thin shell, low, broad beaks, and some similarity in shape with
Anodonta imbecillis Say.
Pis. peraltum, n. sp. Mussel of moderate size, somewhat oblique,
very high, much inflated, beaks large, full and prominent ; hinge
margin strongly curved ; posterior part, behind the beaks, very short,
the margin high, slightly to distinctly truncated, passing into the
well rounded inferior, with a wide, regular curve ; antero-superior
(I tHE NAUTILUS.
margin slightly curved in a steep slope to the slightly angular,
rounded anterior end ; color light yellowish horn in the young and a
zone along the margins in older species, in which the upper parts
usually are grayish ; surface slightly shining, finely and irregularly
striated, with some deeper lines of growth usually of darker color;
shell rather strong, nacre whitish to grayish, muscle insertions
distinct; hinge stoutj strongly curved, plate moderately broad;
cardinal teeth short, the one in the right valve curved, its posterior
part thick, and usually grooved ; the anterior of the left valve short,
stout, triangular, abrupt, with a deep groove, posterior short,
oblique, curved ; lateral teeth short, stout, high, pointed, the outer
ones in the right valve quite small ; ligament short, moderately
strong.
Size : long. 3.8 alt. 3.8 diam. 2.8 mill.
Habitat : Crystal Lake, Benzie Co., Mich., collected (over 600
specimens) by Dr. R. J. Kirkland ; also in Illinois, Iowa and
Kentucky.
Typical specimens are easily distinguished from all other species
— except an extreme form of P. compressuni Pr., from the same
place, having rounded beaks without ridges. Yet they are, quite
distinct. P. peraltnm is somewhat variable: in some specimens,
there are small but distinct projecting angles at the scutum, or scu-
tellum, or both. Others are less high, and the beaks are not so full
and prominent.
A few specimens (dead valves) from Havana, 111., had been re-
ceived from the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat. Hist. (Mr. Kofoid),
in 1895; a few valves from Iowa City, la., were sent, in 1896, by
Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, and a few good specimens from Bowling Green,
Ky., by Miss S. V. Price in 1899. While all these evidently were
of the same Pisidium, they seemed not sufficient for establishing a
new species upon them, but now proved identical with the Michigan
form, and are valuable in showing a wide geographical distribution
of our species.
Pisidia are becoming an important factor of our molluscan fauna.
Owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists in the
United States and Canada, the writer had chances to examine a
large number of specimens — over two hundred thousand, during the
last five or six years, besides ten thousands of Sphaeria and Calycu-
THE NAUTILUS. 7
lime. Yet they still represent only a small part of the country, and
diligent, careful collecting in many more places and sections is badly
needed.
That among such materials there should be many new forms was
to be anticipated, but the results were beyond all expectations. This
is partly proved by the many species already published. It seems
to be necessary to add that the greatest care has been taken in estab-
lishing r.ew species. All of them have been seen in every stage of
growth ; most are represented by hundreds and thousands of speci-
mens, and, in fact, the geographical range of almost all is a wide
one. And numerous new forms are in hand, partly have been
for years, awaiting new materials for their confirmation. Not only
the species in themselves are of interest and value, but also the study
of their geographical distribution and their variations. Some of the
Pisidia are extremely variable, and the same can be said of some of
our Sphaeria and Calyculimu, and their study is very difficult.
This is not the place for an account of the work done by all con-
tributors, a summary of which will be given in a revision to be pub-
lished. Yet two conchologists have done such work and their suc-
cess is so unparalleled, the example given by them so suggestive and
encouraging, that we can not pass them over in silence.
Mr. Olaf O. Nylander has, since '95, worked up Aroostook Co.,
Me., and, beside other inollusca, collected and sent for examination
about 32,000 recent specimens and large numbers of fossil Pisidia.
His careful collecting, under great difficulties, in many places over
an extensive area of that northeastern part of our country, has added
very materially to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna.1
During the hist four years also, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand
Rapids, Mich., has collected and sent for examination about 123,000
Pisidia (over 70,000 in '99), and many thousand SpLseria and
Pisidia, most from Kent and some other counties of Michigan. And
it is of importance that both these enthusiastic collectors, like some
others also, have paid special attention to even the smallest speci-
mens. Thus we became acquainted with some minute species, while
the study of the young of all was greatly facilitated. On the other
hand, it. is very desirable, or rather indispensable, to have as large
numbers of specimens as possible at disposition, from every locality.
1 See Mr. Nylander's list in THE NAUTILUS XIIF, p. 1<)2. (Jan., 1900.)
8 THE NAUTILUS.
considering tlie enormous variability of some species, in order to as-
certain whether certain forms are really species, or varieties, or
local variations.
J. B. QTJINTARD.
It is with great regret that we iearn of the death of our old cor-
respondent, Mr. J. B. Quintard, winch occurred at his home near
.Silver Lake, Shawnee county, Kansas, on December 17, 1899.
Born at Norwalk, Connecticut, October 21, 1839, he moved with
his parents to Knox county, Ohio, in 1847. In December, 1859, he
married Miss Madeline I. Watkins, and in May, 1860, they moved
to Kansas, where he selected a site on the open prairie and made a
home, which he occupied until his death.
He was a great lover and careful observer of nature, and early
took up the study of Conchology. By his own labor in collecting
and exchanging, he got together a large collection of shells, and
especially of the land and fresh-water specie?. Mr. Quintard was
known by correspondence to most western collectors of fresh- water
shells, especially the Unionida.
GENERAL NOTES.
NOTE ON VITREA RHOADSI Pils — The distribution of this species
would seem to be much more extended than was indicated when first
described (NAUT. XII, 101). I have specimens from Traverse City
and Charlevoix in this State, and Dr. R. J. Kirkhmd has recently
discovered it in Ottawa county, which would indicate a general dis-
tribution through the western part of Michigan. It has not as yet
been noticed in any of the eastern counties. I have also specimens
from County Carlton, Ontario ; Amherst, Mass., and Orange county,
Va., which extend the range much further to the north and east than
indicated by Mr. Pilsbry. — BRYANT WALKER.
NOTE ON THE HABITS OF LIMN^A MIGHELSI W. G. Binn.—
Extract from a letter of Dr. R. J. Kirkland : " I made a visit to
Crystal Lake, Benzie county, Mich., in July and again in October.
Along the shores are thousands of dead Limncea mighelsi'W. G. Binn.,
THE NAUTILUS. 9
and though many hours were spent in July in searching for living
ones, not one was found, until an improvised dredge brought them to
view from a depth of about twelve feet. Hiring a couple of men to
row, about two hundred were taken in half a day's work. This fall,
however, I was surprised to see them in shallow water (one to three
feet), and I collected over a thousand by wading and picking them
up one by one. They were not in groups at all, but scattered irreg-
ularly in patches over the bottom. Some of them were half buried
in the sand and the greater part resting with the head toward the
shore, and where a track was visible, it was a line from deeper to
shallower water. During the few days under observation, not a sin-
gle individual was seen floating on the surface."- — BRYANT WALKER.
THE GROWTH OF LAND SNAILS — Two years ago, nearly, I had
sent me two Helix albolabris which 1 put in my wardian case, and
have had some thirty or more young from them in two annual crops;
the first are about 21 mouths old. One of these perfected the white
lip last year. Whether from being so often handled and being in
the room where people are moving has made a difference in their
habits I cannot say, but this year a portion of their "growing" has
been done in full view, and they often do not go into their shells
when I take them up.
One snail put an addition to his house of a full half inch at once.
I happened to see him as he was finishing ; he had built from the
umbilicus on one side, then from the farther side which we call the
top, and was connecting the two sides when I found him. The con-
nections seemed like tiny crystals thrown from each side, as ice
forms in a pail of water, then it was covered with a jelly-like sub-
stance, and in a few days after he had added the first thin gelatine-
like wall of lip, and now IK; has the finished hard white lip.
I have often seen one which has the new addition as much like
gelatine as possible, then so brittle that the merest touch will break,
then like the old shell. — JENNIE M. H. MORRELL, Gardener, Maine.
LAND SHELLS FROM REJECTAMENTA OF THE Rio GRANDE AT
MESILLA, NEW MEXICO, AND OF THE GALLINAS R. AT LAS
VEGAS, N. M — Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent the following species
from the localities named. A previous Mesilla list has been given in
NAUTILUS X, p. 42.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Sheik from flood-debris of the Rio Grande, Mesilln.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Pyramidula striatella Antli.
Pupoides marginatus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
" " variety. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
Bifidaria procera Gld. " singleyanus Pils.
" hordeacella Pils. Limna?a humilis Say.
" hebes mexicanorum Ckll.Planorbis parvus Say.
Pupa, blandi Morse. " umbilicatellus Ckll.
Vertigo ovata Say. Physa, undet. Young shell.
GaUinas River at Las Veycis.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Vertigo ovata Say.
Bifidaria arm if era Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
" procera Gld. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
" hordeacella Pils.
The species of principal interest is Planorbis umbilicatellus , not
hitherto known from the Rocky Mountain region south of Montana
to my knowledge. H. A. PILSBRY.
TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGISTS.
Kind Friends : Nearly thirteen years have passed since I published
my little book entitled " West Coast Shells." It was issued with a
double purpose; first, to increase the interest of young people in the
study of conchology ; and secondly, to assist collectors in the work of
identifying their specimens. It is believed that both objects have to
some extent been realized.
During these years students of conchology have not been idle.
Numerous new species have been brought to light, especially on the
southern coast, while the scores of intelligent collectors all over the
Pacific Slope have learned much concerning the haunts and habits of
well-known species. Eastern and foreign investigators and pub-
lishers have been busy also, and there has been more or less change
of names and classification.
Repeated requests have been coming to me for a revised edition
of "West Coast Shells." I have delayed undertaking the work of
revision, partly from the pressure of other duties, and partly from a
desire to secure the latest and most complete information concerning
the shells themselves, and the most approved names by which they
TilE NAUTILUS. 1 1
should be known. While I am strongly opposed to changing old
names except for the best of" reasons, it is necessary to know what
the authorities are doing in these particulars.
INJy object in sending out this circular is to invite all who are in-
terested in this matter to assist in the, work of revision. I shall be
grateful to all who have found difficulties in using " West. Coast
Shells" if they will write to me concerning their difficulties and
make suggestions as to improvements.
I wish also to be informed of any errors, either in names or de-
scriptions, that have been discovered, and shall be thankful to receive
suggestions that would be helpful in writing new description;-. In-
formation concerning new species is especially desired; also any
recently discovered facts concerning well-known species.
I would be especially grateful to those who have specimens of new
species if they would loan me such as 1 do not already possess, and
give me information as to the names, localities, etc., of any species
which are not already mentioned in " West Coast Shells," or of any
unusual varieties that should be noticed.
Jos i A ii KEKI-.
Mills College P. 0., Alameda Co., Calif., Mtirch 21, WOO.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
P.Y II. A. 1MLS15HY.
The following species were mostly sent by Mr. Y. Ilirase. They
will be illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Science.
Eulota horrida n. sp. Shell broadly and perspective!)' umbilicaled,
depressed, the spire very low conoid, nearly flat, periphery angulated,
the angle situated high, base convex, inflated. Surface dull, yellow-
ish-brown, shaggy with epidermal flattened processes and filaments,
which are arrayed in six or eight concentric series, on the 1 ase, and
at the periphery ; the upper surface smoother. Whorls -H. Aper-
ture oblique, subcircular, a little excised by the preceding whorl ;
peristome thin, slightly expanded on the outer and basal margins.
Alt. 6, diam. 14, umbilicus 4 mm. Allied to H. ciliosu Pfr. and
probably to 77. setocincta A. Ad., but the spire is 1< wer.
Eulota (Tn'shoplita?) mesogonia n. sp. Shell umbilicate, with
12 THE NAUTILUS.
moderately raised, conoidal spire, distinctly angular periphery and
convex base. Uniform chestnut colored. Striatulate and densely
though indistinctly granulate, the granules elongated in the direction
of growth-lines. Whorls 5^, slowly increasing, the last angular at
the periphery, slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique,
rounded-lunate, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 7-^, cliam.
\()~ mm. Prov. Tonga (Gaines).
Ganesella Jacobii n. sp. Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, semi-
glol)ose, thin, pale yellowish corneous ; surface stria tu late, decussated
with incised spiral lines; spirt? convexly conoidal ; whorls 5^, slowly
increasing, the last one very indistinctly angular at the periphery in
front, becoming rounded on the latter half, convex beneath, exca-
vated around the narrow umbilicus. Aperture oblique, lunate, the
peristonie narrowly expanded, white, base-columellar margin reflexed.
Alt. 13^, diam. 18^ mm.; umbilicus slightly over 1 mm. wide.
Cyclolus (?) micron, n. sp. Shell very minute, somewhat discoidal,
with low conoid spire and widely open umbilicus; composed of 3^
tubular whorls, separated by deep sutures, the last one barely in con-
tact with the preceding at the aperture ; pale corneous, subtranslu-
cent, with delicate growth-striae. Aperture circular, vertical, the
peristome simple and thin, continuous. Operculum lodged at the
edge, presenting a densely concentrically lamellose external face, the
center deeply sunken. Alt. '-\, diam. 1.0 mm.
Pou/dttopsis Hirasei, n. sp. Shell perforate, t!irreted,in shape re-
sembling Pomatiopsis californicns Pils.; general color pale yellowish
green, produced by buff stivaks and lines on a light green ground ;
surface nearly smooth. Whorls remaining 5 (the earlier being
eroded or decollate), quite convex, separated by deep sutures. The
last third of the last gyration of the suture does not descend as much
as the preceding turns, giving the effect of a slightly ascending whorl
toward the mouth. Aperture ovate, subangular above, the outline a
little flattened on the parietal margin ; peristome simple, continuous,
black-edged ; the columellar margin arcuate, a little thickened and
perceptibly dilated. Alt. 9, diam. 4.8, longest axis of aperture 3.6
mm. Operculum ovate, brown, the cicatrix oblong, large, occupy-
ing the inner half of the inside face, its edge raised.
I at first thought to place this species in the Realiida; but on ex-
amining the radula, I found it could belong neither to that family
nor to the Assiminiidte, the dentition being far nearer that of Poma-
tiopsis. The formula of denticles is 3t , 5, 6, <>. The median den-
-j L
tide in the central and ad median teeth is larger than its fellows.
This radula differs from that of the American Pomatiopses in having
two, instead of one, basal denticles on each side of the central tooth.
See NAUTILUS XII, 127 ; X, 37, for information on the American
species.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XIV. JUNE, 19OO. No. 2.
ESTIVATION OF EPIPHKAGMOPHORA TRASKII IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WI LLIAMSON.
When the frost is on the ground and autumn leaves lie scattered
over orchards and forests, it is no surprise to find that land snails
(Helices) have begun their period of hibernation, and lie sheltered
under the layers of dead leaves or hidden in decaying trunks of trees.
The annual sleep of the snail in winter corresponds well with the
enforced rest of the vegetable world ; but in a tropical or semi-
tropical climate the atmospheric conditions are different, and in place
of a winter rest, snails take their annual sleep in summer. The
hibernation of snails in colder countries is reversed, and in its stead
aestivation of snails is the result. In the eastern states helices take
their annual siesta in winter, but in southern California snails differ
from their congeners, presenting an illustration of the power of en-
vironment in modifying instincts. Instead of going into winter
quarters in October and remaining from four to six months without
food and motionless, the greatest activity of the southern California
Helix is during the winter months. The reason for this is that the
food supply is plentiful in the winter when the warm rains prevail ;
and during the summer months the arid condition of the foot-hills,
the habitat of these quiet creatures, made the aestivation of snails a
necessity, a question of economy, an adjustment of demand and
supply. In process of time the necessity for aestivation rather than
hibernation became a habit.
When snails require rest in southern California they attach them-
selves to the under surface of dead cacti, pieces of wood, stones, or
14 THE NAUTILUS.
burrow in the soil ; in every cnse the aperture of the shell is upward,
with the apex below. With its mucus the Helix securely glues this
aperture to the under surface of any substance to which it attaches
itself. These land snails, being non-operculated pulmonates, their
apertures are covered by an epiphragm. (In experimenting on a
number of Helix tudiculata and Helix traski, my experience has been
that if the epiphragm has been badly punctured, or broken, the snail
will die unless circulation is started by applying moisture.) This
covering is composed of several layers of hardened mucus which
resembles the tougli white skin that lines a hen's egg.
In experimenting with helices in a snailery, a wooden box covered
with a wire screen and partly filled with soil, I have found that
while one species of snail (Epiphragmophora traskii Newc.~) would
fasten themselves to the strip of wood that braced the lid of the
snailery, the other species ( Glyptostoma neivberryanuin W. G. B.}
would burrow in the soil, their black shells almost hidden from si<jht.
In order to test them I have repeatedly interrupted their aestivation
by placing their shells in hike-warm water until the helices could
crawl about, but they would eventually be found in separate places,
E. traski suspended above and G. newberryanum below in the soil.
During aestivation the snail's functions are in a state of coma,
respiration is nearly suspended, and having retired as far as possible
within the shell the mollusk is the embodiment of rest. Its waking
is not a voluntary action. Without humidity the snail will activate
for months and continue in a state of torpor for years if the at-
mosphere is dry around it. Conchologists frequently quote the
example given by Dr. R. E. C. Steams, of the U. S. National
Museum, of a Lower Californian Helix that rested, or rather re-
mained in a state of torpor for six years! Other cases of prolonged
relaxation of the vital functions of snails are recorded.
Some years ago, in March, 1890, I collected a few land snails
(E. traski Newc.) from some of the low foot-hills in Los Angeles,
and on reaching home, finding them glued to the glass jar, they were
left on a stand. In the morning two snails had crawled out of the
jar and up the wall and were snugly ensconced in one corner of the
ceiling, another one had traveled far in the night and had pre-
empted his claim in one corner of the hall ceiling. In order to
study developments they were allowed to remain -in situ. One soon
fell down upon the carpet but the other two remained intact. The
THE NAUTILUS. 15
household orders were that the helices were to be left undisturbed
by brush or broom. The summer came and went, autumn followed,
winter came on and still our hermaphrodites "held the fort." No
sound of mirth nor music aroused them.
But the rains came on. heavy drenching showers that rushed down
the mountains, washed the foot-hills, overflowed the ozanjas, and all
nature was in a dripping condition. During one of these storms in
January, 1891, the rain came down with such force that it made in-
vidious incursions into the hall during the night, and the snail was
found on th-i floor. In an hour it was as willing as ever to struggle
for existence. It ate heartily of celery with its little rasping tongue
(radula) beset with multitudes of tiny siliceous teeth.
It was not until February 23 that the other Helix had been
sufficiently overcome by the forces of nature to loosen its epiphragm
enough to descend to the floor. It 'was placed in a shallow saucer of
water, and it assumed its functions as though they had not been
arrested.
While these house snails were glued to the ceilings, their relatives
in the snailery in the garden had been aroused to activity by the first
rain as it pattered through the screen cover ; and on January 2,
1891, I found a number of tiny pellucid-looking balls carefully
hidden in the moist earth in the snailery. These were the eggs of
the snails. In less than three weeks there were young snails. Time
had been lost by the house snails, their aestivation extending beyond
the requirements of nature had gained them nothing.
It was my intention to study all these forms, and while giving a
rest to the " house snails," compare their longevity with the garden
helices. But, alas, for the rapacity of the animal kingdom, sowbugs,
ants and insects from the rose bushes made war upon the whole snail
colony, adults, babies and eggs, and by summer time the houses
were empty, the tenants were gone !
A NEW SPECIES OF LIMA.
I;Y w. H. DALL.
Recent excavations involved in the construction of a tunnel
through a hill at Los Angeles, California, on the line of Third street,
have developed the presence of fossils, probably Pliocene, in the blue
clay through which the tunnel is being cut.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Several specimens, more or less crushed, of a large Lima are
among the forms collected. This species belongs to the general type
of Lima excavata Fabr., L. goliath Sby, etc., and reaches to a
length of four and a half inches. The valves are brilliantly polished,
and in the middle part unsculptured, the anterior and posterior
thirds are finely radially grooved with shallow grooves of which the
outer slopes are less steep than the inner ; the incremental lines,
obsolete elsewhere, appear in the channel of the grooves and cross
striate it here and there, giving the effect of obsolete punctation. I
may add that close to the impressed area of the shell there are two
or three coarser, deeper radial grooves. The species differs from
the South Pacific and. all other forms of its group known to me in its
much finer and more delicate sculpture and brilliant polish. I await
more perfect specimens before trying to figure it, but would propose
the name of Lima Hamlini for the species in honor of Mr. Homer
Hamlin C. E., Asst. City Engineer of Los Angeles, who is much
interested in the geology and paleontology of the region, and has
made valuable studies of the southern California Tertiary. The
specimen in hand was kindly forwarded for examination by Dr. R.
E. C. Stearns.
A REVISION OF THE PHYSJE OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
BY FKANK C. BAKER.
While working up the fresh-water mollusks of the Chicago area
for a report on the Mollusca, the genus Physa came up for considera-
tion, and the chaotic condition of the group, judging by the conflict-
ing opinions of conchologists, seemed to warrant a somewhat critical
revision of the species found in northeastern Illinois, and incidentally
of northern Illinois. The best-known species, heterostropha, is little
understood, and seems to be more frequently confounded with gyrina
than with uny other form, excepting, perhaps, Integra.
A large collection of Physidae, from different parts of the United
States as well as from northern Illinois, has been examined, and the
writer believes that all of the species found within the area have been
elucidated. It is very probable that there are but ten or fifteen valid
species of Physa in the United States, six or seven of which are to
be found in the northern part of this region east of the Rocky
Mountains.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
During a visit to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences some
time ago, Mr. Pilsbry called the writer's attention to the fact that
heterostropha had a smooth shell, while gyrina and some others had a
shell with impressed spiral lines. Following up this suggestion a
large number of Physse have been examined, with the result that in-
stead of there being two species in northern Illinois, there are at
least four species and one variety.
The following notes have been made from fully adult specimens,
and the figures are outline drawings of photographs, and are there-
fore accurate.
Key to Northern Illinois Physa.
A. Shell smooth, broad, spire short. heterostropha.
B. Shell with impressed spiral lines.
a. Shell rather broad, ovate, spire short, acute ; aperture wide
and spreading ; whorl 4|-5 ; shell thinner than b and c ;
peristome callus bordered by red. sayii.
b. Shell elongated or cylindrical, narrow, spire generally long ;
apertur every narrow ; whorl 5-6 ; peristome callus
bordered by red. gyrina.
c. Shell broad, inclining to be shouldered ; spire sharply conic ;
aperture roundly oval ; whorls 4^-5 ; peristome callus
white without red border. Integra.
Physa heterostropha Say. Fig. l.
Limnce heterostropha SAY, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pi. 1, fig.
6, 1817. Physa fontana HALDEMAN, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover;
Physa, p. 26, 1841.
Shell polished, subovate ; whorls 4-4^; spire
moderately elevated, acute, the whorls slightly
convex ; color varying from light horn to
greenish ; sculpture consisting only of fine
growth lines ; sutures impressed, margined by
a white line which is frequently bordered by pIG
a dark chestnut line; protoconch consisting of
one whorl, which is smooth, and varies from porcelain-white to rather
dark horn color ; aperture rather large, oval, occupying from two-thirds
to three-quarters of the length of the entire shell ; peristome thin,
acute, thickened on the inside by a whitish or bluish callus, which is
bordered on the inside with red; columella almost straight, with a
whitish callus which is sometimes lined with red.
18
THE NAUTILUS.
Length 14.00; width 8.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 4.00
mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)
Length 13.00; width M.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 4.50
mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)
Length 13.50 ; width 0.00 ; aperture length 10.50 ; width 4.50
mill. (La Porte, Ind.)
Length 9.00 ; width G.OO ; aperture length 6.50 ; width 3.00
mill. (Chicago.)
Animal similar to that of gyrina. Jaw and radula in all respects
like those of gyrina. Distribution : eastern and southern states
from Maine to C4eorgia and west to Michigan and Illinois; Southern
Canada. Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat:
in ponds and streams, adhering to sticks and stones, and crawling
over the muddy bottom.
Only a single lot of shells has been found which could be referred
to this species and that was collected in the drift along the shore of
Lake Michigan at Miller's, Indiana. The nearest typical heteros-
tropJia have been found living in Pine Lake, La Porte Co., Indiana.
It is very probable that this species is not found in any abundance
west of Indiana, its place being taken by gyrina, sayii and Integra.
Under distribution above, only those states are given from which
the writer has seen authentic specimens.
Physa Sayit Tappun. Fig. •>.
Pliysa sayii TAPPAN, Amer. Journ. Sci. (1), vol. xxxv, p. 369,
pi. iii, h'g. 3, 1839. Physa warreniana LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad.
Sci., p. 115, 1864.
Shell polished, ovate, whorl 5-5i ; spire elevated, very acute,
the whorls moderately convex ; color light
horn to li^ht chestnut ; sculpture consisting
of rather coarse growth lines, crossed by
numerous fine, impressed spiral lines, giving
the surface of the shell rather a wavy appear-
ance, as figured for gyrina; sutures slightly
impressed, bordered as in heterostropha ;
protoconch consisting of one and a half
smooth, glossy whorls of a dark chestnut color; aperture very large,
long oval, three-fourths to four-fifths the length of the whole shell ;
peristome thin, generally not much thickened within, whitish some-
times bordered with reddish ; columella slightly twisted and cov-
FIG. 1.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
ered \vitli ;i spreading callus ; the lower part of the aperture is
somewhat produced.
'Length -22.00; width 13.50 ; aperture length 10.00; width 7.50
mill. (Chicago.)
Length UKOO ; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; \\idthG.OO
mill. (Chicago.)
Length 1000; width 11.00; aperture length 12.00; width 6.00
mill. (Chicago.)
Animal similar in external appearance to all Physidae. Jaw and
radula as in yyriiia. Distribution: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi-
nois, Missouri. Geological distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess. Habi-
tat : In stations similar to heterostropha and gyrina.
Remarks: This species was at first identical as ancillaria Say,
but that species, while having the same surface sculpture as sayii, is
more inflated, the outer lip more spreading and the body whorl more
gibbous, the spire being always much shorter and the whorls more
convex. The surface sculpture is very beautiful and precisely as de-
scribed for yyrina. This species is not common, and has been found
at Joliet, Maywood. Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan near the foot
of Oak Street. Sayii is apparently closely related to ampullacea
Gould, a Pacific coast species.
Physa gyrina Say. Fig. 3.
Physa gyrina SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 171,
1821. Physa striata MENKK, Syn. Math., ed. 2, p. 32, 1830.
Physa hildrethiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 2, p. 32, 1841.
Physa cyllndnca NEWCOMB, in DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 77, pi. V,
fig. 82, 1843. Physa plicata DEKAY, 1. c., p. 78, pi. V, fig. 85,
1843. P/tysa sajf'ordii LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 18G4.
Physa haw nii LEA, 1. c., p. 115, 1864. Physa parva LEA, 1. c.,
p. 115, 1864.
Shell elongated, generally polished, whorls 5-6; spire always very
long (as compared with the last two species), acute, the whorls in
some cases almost flat, and at best but slightly convex, color varying
between light-greenish horn and brick-red ; sculpture consisting of
well-marked growth lines, crossed by numerous fine impressed spiral
lines, giving the shell a wrinkled appearance (see figure of sculp-
ture) ; these lines appear at first to be raised, but when viewed
through the microscope are seen to be impressed between two wrin-
kled ridges, as seen in the cut ; sutures scarcely impressed, but
20
THE NAUTILUS.
bordered by a porcelain-white line which is rarely edged with chest-
nut; aperture rather long, long-oval in form, much narrowed at the
upper part, more than a half and less than two-thirds the length of
FIG. 3.
the entire shell ; peristome thin, thickened within by a callus which
is either bordered by a dark chestnut band or else is itself of that
color ; columella thickened with a decided white callus or plait; the
lower part of the aperture is produced ; the periods of winter hiber-
nation are frequently marked by a whitish band in the body of the
shell; protoconch consisting of a trifle more than one smooth,
rounded, dark chestnut-colored whorl.
Length 17.00; width 9.00; aperture length 11.00
mill. (Chicago.)
Length 26.00; width 12.00
mill. (Chicago.)
Length 24.00; width 11.50 ;
mill. (Chicago.)
Length 19.00; width 10.00;
mill. (Chicago.)
Length 22.00; width 10.00; aperture length 12.50
mill. (Chicago.)
Animal with a long and rather narrow foot, acutely pointed be-
hind and rounded before, where it is produced into lateral lobes ;
the foot does not extend much beyond the edge of the shell ; color
blackish or yellowish gray, dotted or flecked with whitish or yellow-
ish, the dots being distinctly seen through the transparent shell ; the
front of the head is ornamented by two yellowish spots of good
size, composed of numerous minute dots ; the mantle is brown,
spotted with yellowish, is reflected over a portion of the shell on the
right side, and produced into four filiform digitations ; tentacles very
long and slender, tapering to a point ; head distinct, separated from
aperture length 14.00
aperture length 13.00 ;
aperture length 12.00
width 4.50
width 5.50
width 5.50
width 5.00
width 5.00
THE NAUTILUS.
21
the foot by a short neck ; mouth large, in the lower plane of the
head, showing plainly the jaw and
radula while the animal is grazing
alongthe side of an aquarium ; eyes
placed on swellings at the inner
base of the tentacles ; respiratory
cavity on left side of the shell at
the lower point where the peristome
meets the body whorl. Length of
foot 15.00; width 4 mill, extended (Fig. 4).
Jaw in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous
projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (Fig. 5, J).
FIR. 4.
Eadula : Formula
FIG. 5.
9o Ju 1 95 95 ,, ,-,,-, , ,
- -I — (190-1-190) ; central
13^ 1 ^2-5-2^ 1 rJ3
tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much
attenuated ; cusp 9-dentate, 5 denticles being long and narrow, and
two on each side smaller and more blunt ; laterals in two alternate ser-
ies, the primary teeth large, obliquely inclined, comb-like ; the cusps are
very peculiar, and vary to a large degree ; some teeth have five long,
pointed cusps with six small ones, one between each large one and
one at each end (Fig. 5) ; others have but two small denticles, while
still others have one or more between (Figs. 5, 2, 3, 4). The
secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a wide, blunt cusp.
These latter, as also the central tooth and small teeth between the
cusps of the primary teeth, are very difficult to observe (Fig. 5).
Distribution : Probably inhabits the whole of the northern and
central parts of the United States and Southern Canada. Geologi-
cal distribution : Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: Found veryabund-
22 I'll 1C NAUTILUS.
antly in ponds and streams of greater or lesser size, adhering to sticks
or stones, and crawling over the muddy liottom. Inhabits either
running water or stagnant pools.
Remarks: This is a very common and handsome species. Its
habits are active, moving with a rapid, steady, gliding motion. It is
very interesting to watch a number of Physic in an aquarium ; as
they are crawling along the bottom, one will be seen to rise suddenly
to the top of the water and move along with the foot applied to the,
surface, the shell hanging down. Again, they may be seen descend-
ing, suspended by a thin thread of mucus. "When the animal rises
suddenly, the branchial cavity opens with a faint clicking sound,
probably due to the pressure of air in the lung. This species fre-
quently inhabits water as cold as the freezing point, and may be ob-
served in winter gliding along the bottom of a pond when the surface
is frozen. The eggs are deposited on stones, the under side of sticks,
etc., and are composed of large, glairy, transparent masses.
Several Physrc kept in captivity laid four egg masses on April 23,
1807. The egg masses measured 20 by 4 mill., and contained from
120 to 200 eggs. On April 24, ten additional egg masses were laid.
The jar contained 15 individuals. On June 3, in the afternoon, the
writer noticed a number of young in a jar containing egg masses
deposited probably in the latter part of April. The young were half
a mill, in length, vitreous in appearance and perfectly transparent.
They were very lively, crawling about the jar and feeding voraciously
upon the scum found on the sides of the glass. The heart pulsated
120 times per minute. On June loth the young had increased to
one mill, in length. About a week later, unfortunately, the whole lot
died, so that no further notes could be taken.
Physa gyrina is by far the most common species of the genus (I
might say of any germs) found in the area, and has been found in all
parts of northern Illinois. It was at first confused with heterostropha,
but that species has a smooth shell (see above) and is not found in any
numbers in the area ; it is very probable that Iieterostropha is not
found west of the Mississippi River, and the quotations of this
species from western localities were probably founded on gyrina,
sayii, gabbi, Integra, etc. This species is very variable in this
region, some forms approaching ampullacea Gould, while others
might be taken for gabbi Tryon, or virginea Gould, so far as form
goes. It is probable that some west coast names will be added to
the above synonymy, when more study is given to this genus.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
Physa gyrina elliptica Lea. Fig. 6.
Physa elliptic a LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. V, p. 115, pi.
xix, tig. S3, 1837. Physa anrea LEA, I.e., vol. VI, p. IS, pi.
xxiii, tig. 100, JS39. Physa troostiana LEA, Proe. Am. Phil. Soc.,
vol. II, p. 32, 1S41. Physa nicklinii LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci.,
p. 114, 18G-1. Physa altonensis LEA, I.e., p. 114 18G4. Physa
felrigerii LEA, I.e., p. 114, 1SG4. Physa oleacea TUYON, Amor.
Journ. Concli., vol. II, p. G, pi. ii, Hg. G, 186G.
Shell differing iroin typical gyrina in being
more elliptical, having a shorter, more rounded
spire, and hence more convex whorls, the
spire, as described by Tryon, " with the outline
not elevated above a continuation of the general
curve of the body." The shell is also more
solid and the outer lip thicker with a very heavy,
bluish-white callus. The surface sculpture is the same as in gyrina.
Length 15.00 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 9.50 ; width 3.50 mill.
Length 11. 00; width G. 00; aperture length 7.00 ; width 2.50 mill.
Length 12.00 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 9.00 ; width 3.75 mill.
Animal, jaw, and radula, as in gyrina. Distribution: evidently
the same as gyrina. Geological distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess.
Habitat : Almost always associated with gyrina.
Remarks : The typical form of this variety seems at first quite
distinct from gyrina, but in a multitude of forms (the writer has ex-
amined several thousand specimens) is seen to fade imperceptibly
into the typical form. From observations in the present area, gyrina
would seem to be dimorphic, consisting of the typical gyrina with
long spire, and the variety elliptica with short, dome-shaped spire.
This belief is strengthened by the fact that the two forms are always
associated together. It is not quite as common as the typical form.
Physa Integra Ilaldeman. Fig. 7.
Physa integra HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 33, pi. IV, h'g. 7, 8, 1841.
Physa niagarensis LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 18G4.
Shell oval, whorls 4^-5 ; spire short, pointed, the whole convex ;
sutures well marked, sometimes banded by a faint white line; color
varying from light yellowish horn to pale brown ; sculpture as in
gyrina, the lines being very deep and the wrinkled edges very
convex ; protoconch consisting of one and a half smooth, rounded,
wine-colored whorls ; aperture oval, rather wide, produced at the
24 THE NAUTILUS.
anterior end, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; peris-
tome thin, thickened within the aperture by
a heavy white or yellowish callus, which
shows through the shell very plainly ; it is
never bordered by any color stripe ; the
callus of two or three former peristomes may
always be seen on the body whorl and some-
FIG. i. J
times one or two on the spire ; columella
broad, flat, white, a callus spreading over the parietal wall.
Length 12.00 ; width 8.00 ; aperture length 7.50 ; width 3.00 mill.
Length 10.50 ; width 7.50 ; aperture length 7.50 ; width 3.50 mill.
Length 10.00 ; width (3.00 ; aperture length 5.50 ; width 3.00 mill.
Animal not differing essentially from gyrina. Jaw similar to that
of gyrina. Radula similar in form to that of gyrina, but differing in
having six large, nearly equal cusps, instead of five, in the absence,
generally, of small cusps between the larger ones, and in the reflec-
tion being wider than in gyrina or heterostropha. The radula of this
species is remarkably uniform in the form of the teeth and in the
number of the cusps. The central tooth and secondary teeth
appeared to be the same as in the species previously described.
Distribution : Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, New York,
Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Michigan, Wisconsin. Found in great
abundance in Allen's Creek, near Rochester, New York. Geologi-
cal distribution : Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat : At stations similar
to gyrina.
Remarks : This species has been generally confounded with heter-
ostropha, but will at once be separated from that species by the spiral
lines ; the general form also is different from any other shell found
in this area, and the white callus on the lip is peculiar. It is a com-
mon shell at Hickory Creek, Lockport and Joliet, and has been
found, though more sparingly, at Calumet Grove, Maywood and at
Edgewater. . It is more common than sayii, but less so than gyrina.
The specimens from Hickory Creek are quite typical, resembling
closely Haldeman's figures (pi. 4, figs. 7, 8) in his monograph of
fresh water mollusca.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. JULY, 1900. No. 3.
IN SEARCH OF POLYGYRA PILSBRYI.
BY .)AS. H. FERRISS.
In the month of February, both in 1899 and 1900, I made trips to
Arkansas for health and shells, and on both occasions stopped at
Hardy, Sharp county, Ark., on Spring River, which heads at the
famous Mammoth Springs, in Missouri. This part of America at
some time was plainly lifted by an enormous upheaval, and the lime-
stone came down without regard to good order. The highest points
are probably 1000 feet above the sea.
Spring river is a beautiful stream. The water so pure and deep is
of a Nile green in color, but in every half mile or so at this point
there is a natural dam, covered with tine unios and " periwinkles."
When Messrs. Sterki and Simpson have helped me over the hard
places, a list of these will be given. I found this year one new Unio
anyhow.
Half of one day this year was given to Little Rock, where good
collecting is to be found in a rocky bluff' near the Iron Mountain
bridge.
Upon both trips I jumped to DeKalb, Bowie county, Texas. Last
year I went with a party of turkey hunters as far as Little River, in
the Choclaw Nation, all in the low lands, then by rail to Tuhskahoma
and Poteau, on the Frisco road — another blown-up limestone coun-
try. In this part of the Indian nation the road passes between two
mountain ranges. It is the prettiest of landscapes, and I am sure in
the month of May the snails swarm out of the clamp corners and fern-
clothed rocks in great numbers to view the scenery. Judging by the
government maps of near-by territory, these mountains are about
26 THE NAUTILUS.
1,000 or 1,500 feet above the sea. From Poteau, Sugarloaf, a dozen
miles away, could be seen, and this knob runs up to 2,000 feet; but
a cold wave drove me home before I could make this mountain a
visit.
In three days, at Poteau and Tushkahoma I found Polygyra Bin-
neyana Pits., Poly, divesta indlanorum Pils., Poly, dorfeuiliiana per-
costata Pils. and Gastrodonta demissa lamellata Pils. These places
are about 80 and 40 miles east of Limestone Gap, where Simpson
found PoJy. kiowaensis; 50 miles west of Mena, and Mena is 70
west of Hot Springs, where Poly, kiowaensis arkansaensis Pils. was
found. I never saw either, and I hunted hard.
But in the winter many shells surely could not be found. It was
next to impossible to tind a mature Omphalina fridbilis or a Pyrami-
dnla solitaria alive, but their dead shells were common. Perhaps
many of these species, as in the Tennessee mountains, are clannish
sticklers for locality.
The P. dorfenilliana, monodon and G. demissa colonize under logs,
a pine log sometimes if charred, but the oaks with a rough bark suit
them better. The Mesodons were found by digging. In fact nearly
all of my new shells were found by quarrying. The first was Poly,
cragini, described by Call. This I found on my old farm at Thajt-r,
Kansas, while quarrying sandstone in search of fossil plants. Since
then I have been a great digger, looking on the well-drained and
ventilated rock, dampened only by the soil, as the best locality to find
a new species. High up on the mountains is good ground, I have
always supposed because it is a poor place for lazy collectors.
This year a Texas friend, who had a team, wagon and canvas
cover, went with me from DeKalh, Texas, to Naples, Texas, on one
trip, and then to Mena, Arkansas. I walked, and rolled over the
rocks and logs, and he good-naturedly drove the team, and at good
places stopped the procession and helped gather the shells. In this
journey of over 200 miles I do not think I rode over 15, and I do
not think he walked that far, except in our side journeys on foot. At
night we made a shed of our wagon sheet, and with a roaring pitcli-
pine fire in front and plenty of blankets, got along nicely through
snow and rain, or when the thermometer dropped to zero a few times.
The rivers were high after having been very low, but we could
tell by the remains that it was a very rich region in Unionidte for
the seasonable comer. From Naples to the mountains, P. dorfeuilh-
THE NAUTILUS. 27
ana, monodon alicice, cragini and thyroides were the rule, except on
a chalky uplift called Rocky Comfort in Arkansas. Here we found
Helicina orbiculata tropica, Bulimulus dealbatus and Omphalina
friabilis in the uplands, and Poly, texasiana (banded) and Poly,
monodon friersonii in low land.
Striking the hill country near Horatio, under the first stone out-
crop we found P. albolabris Alleni and the first Poly. Binneyana I
had seen alive. Wherever we found a shaded hill-top after that,
with an outcrop of rock, we found these shells ; and from the number
of " bones " scattered about, they must be plentiful on warm spring
days. Sometime I hope to get enough for all of my friends. We
occasionally found P. Binneyana traveling, for there were times a
week together when we walked in our shirt sleeves and the frogs and
birds were singing.
P. albolabris was found more frequently under logs, but I found
only one binneyana in that situation. Two P. albolabris alleni here
usually hibernate together, just under the soil, face upwards. At
Hardy I found as many as eight under one log, but the Hardy shell
seems to me another variety, or a subdivision of a variety. It is the
same as I have found in Kansas, smaller than the Menu alleni, more
solid and compact, and more perfectly opaque.
From Horatio to Mena it is a clay hill country, and the shells were
much the same. At Mena we seemed to strike a truly snail territory.
Here the Rich Mountain range is 2,750 feet above sea level, the
Fourche and Black Fork ranges were about as high, the Chastats
about 2,000 feet, and it was but a little distance to the Magazine
Mountain and the Petit Jean range, as high as the Rich Mountains.
I found deep, mossy, ferny coves that in the Tennessee mountains
would be jeweled with snails. Gastrodonta demissa brittsi here was
large as acerra, and the species were more numerous. It looked
altogether more promising. Someday, with an industrious collector,
I should like to start from Hardy and never stop until we had gone
into the panhandle of Texas. Limestone bluffs and coves are on
every hand. There could be new shells every day. With the ex-
ception of Simpson's visit to Kiowa, in the Indian nation, and my
own trips, the rocks were probably never scratched.
The following is my catch, named with much assistance from Mr.
Pilsbry, numbered after the Pilsbry check list :
9a. Helicina orbiculata tropica Say. DeKalb, Lanesport, Rocky
Comfort, Gilham, Mena.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
48. Vallonia pulcliella (Mull.). Lanesport, one specimen in 1899.
68. Polygyra leporina (Gld.). From Mt. Pleasant to Horatio, the
animal black as Z. nitidus (Mull.), in damp situations, under logs and
stones, or feeding about near by ; active in winter.
70. Poly. Dorfeuilliana Lea. Naples to Mena, sometimes over one
hundred in little pockets under logs and stones in well-drained soil.
Every lot seemed a little different in color or size, and upon this last
trip I collected 1,281. It is abundant in my travels from Arkansas
City, Kansas, to Hardy, North Arkansas, to Waco, Texas, and all
in between.
70a. Poly. Dorf. SampsoniWetla. Tushkahoma, Ind. Ter., 1899.
Fairly plentiful in the rocks.
70b. Poly. Dorf.percost.ata Pils. Poteau, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly
plentiful on dry mountain side under slabs of sandstone and small
logs.
72. Poly. Jacksoni Bid. At Poteau in '99. One large specimen
found at Mena this year "of the variety with wholly closed axial
perforation not uncommon at Fort Gibson."
79. Poly. Texasiana (Moric.) Opposite Lanesport in Texas, at
Rocky Comfort and Chapel Hill, Ark., next to the water under
drift. At Rocky Comfort, banded.
95c. Poly. Cragini (Call). Naples, to Mena, under logs in low
land, usually. The animal is black and the shell more robust and
about one mm. larger than the Kansas type, which is 8^- and 9.
The types are a bright, cherry red, these of Ark. nearer the flat
corneous brown color of the usual P. tJiyroides.
97. Poly, inflecta (Say). Rocky Comfort to Mena.
109a. Poly, albolabris AUeni (Wetherby). Horatio to Rich
Mountain Station, and at Tushkahoma, I. T. This variety has a
thin shell and the color same as divesta, glossy. Measures from 28
mm. to 32, and in some cases the umbilicus is partly open.
110. Poly, exoleta (Binn.) Mena.
112. Poly, divesta (Gld.) A few dead specimens in '99 at
Tushkahoma.
11 2a. Poly, divesta indianorum (Pile.) a few dead specimens and
young (now alive in my snailery), at Tushkahoma and Poteau in
1899.
112-1. PoJy. Binneyana (Pils.) a few dead shells and young at
Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899, and one dead at Hardy in drift.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
I found it this year from Horatio to Rich Mountain most plentiful in
the rocks scattered over the creek bottoms near the city of Mena, in
company with Gastro. demissa Brittsii and Poly, hirsuta uncifera.
The measurements were from 23 diam. 11 alt., to 28 mm. diam., 13
alt.; all 5^ whorls. In the Chastat Mountains four miles south I
found a smaller variety and got a few alive by digging down a couple
of feet. These ran from 16 diam., 8 alt., to 20 diam., 9 alt., with
not quite 5 whorls.
124. Poly, thyroides (Say). DeKalb to Mena, occasionally, under
logs in damp situations. Pilsbry will have much to say on this
species, I think, as they run from the clausa size to the largest thy-
roides, and were so without regard to locality. The large size were
usually found in situations suitable for mnltilineata, while the smaller
were about the rocks and under logs upon higher ground.
134-1. Polygyra Pilsbryi, n. sp. Shell imperforate, lens shaped,
about equally convex above and below, corneous-brown, the surface
rather glossy, sculptured above with strong, slightly curved, uneven
riblets, running with the growth lines; the riblets on the base very
uneven or interrupted as though composed of compressed radial lam-
ina?, arranged in several concentric circles. Whorls fully 5, slowly
increasing, the last carinated at the periphery, abruptly and shortly
derlexed in front. Aperture basal, hook-shaped or like the letter
" J " reversed; contracted by a long, arcuate parietal lamella, which
extends to the axis and is decidedly curved in, or entering, at its
outer end, and is connected with the end of the outer lip by a slight
callous ridge. Basal lip reflexed and prostrate, with a rather shal-
low median notch, much more conspicuous in a front than in a basal
view. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm. Rich Mountain Station (Mt. Mena),
Polk Co., Arkansas, on mountain, by roadside leading from R. R.
station to the hotel, two specimens (one dead).
Allied to P. labrosa, from which it differs in the remarkable scup-
ture and the form of the basal lip and notch. This shell was picked
up by my partner, Mr. Jolly.
At the suggestion of Bryant Walker it is named in honor of Dr.
Henry A. Pilsbry, the very one who of late years has given con-
chologists the most delight, by his enormous zeal and industry, and
his untiring exactness. I was instructed by Mr. Walker to find
something for the occasion as large as indianorum or Ferrissi, but
this shell has unusual features to make up for the disappointment in
30 THE NAUTILUS.
size. It is the best novelty in American shells found, I believe, for
some time.
138. Poly, stenotrema (Fer. ). Found a few on the slope of the
Chastat Mountains south of Mena.
139c. Poly.hirsuta uncifera (Pils.) n. var. In both the Chastat and
Rich Mts. at Mena. From its silvery, clean appearance and un-
usually prominent basal lip, 1 believed this to be a new variety, and
gathered all I could find. When one is out in the woods, by the
way, he cannot always tell what is what.
141a. Poly, monodon frnterna (Say). Rocky Comfort on the
bank of a creek in company with friersoni and aliciae.
141b. Poly, monodon aliciae (Pils.). Mt. Pleasant and Naples,
Texas, to Horatio and Ultima Thule, Ark.
141d. Poly, monodon friersoni (Pils.). DeKalb, Texas ; Rocky
Comfort and Cove, Ark.
141e. Poly, monodon imperforota (Pils.), n. var. Rocky Comfort,
Mena and Cove. Mr. Pilsbry has thrown a bomb into the monodon-
Leai camp, and I merely list these, leaving the description for the
article he promises the readers of the NAUTILUS.
153. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). DeKalb, Rocky Comfort, Gil-
ham, Mena.
180. Slrobilops labyrinthica (Say). Cove, one specimen.
184. Pupoides marginatus (Say) \_Leucocheila fallax of authors].
At Cove under rails in an abandoned field, and at Cerro Gordo un-
der logs ; plentiful in company with small red Poly, thyroides- and
Bifidaria contracta-
186. Bifidaria armifera (Say). DeKalb, Lanesport and Mena.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cove.
247. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. B.). DeKalb to Mena, most
plentiful at Rocky Comfort.
263. Vitrea petropliila (Bid.). Mena. This is the first time this
species has been found west of the Mississippi. Three others were
also found in this catch that may turn out to be a variety of V-
wheatleyi (Bid.).
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). From Morris' Ferry to Mena.
285. Vitrea Simpsoni (Pils.). Morris' Ferry to Mena, both under
logs and in the rocks, active.
278-lb. Gonulus chersinus trochulus Reinh. Cerro Gordo, Hat-
ton's Gap and Chastat Mts., rocks and under logs, rare.
THE NAUTILUS. 31
283. Zonitoides arloreus (Say). Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to Mena,
Ark.
291. Zon. laeviusculus (Sterki). One in the Red River bottoms in
1899.
297. Gastrodonta demissa (Binii.). Morris Ferry to Mena.
297a. G. demissa Brittsi (Pils.). Ultima Thule and Mena. At
the latter place in stone piles in the creek bottoms I found a large
form. The largest measured 10 mm., and I supposed at the time I
had run upon acerra.
297b. G. dem. lamellata (Pils). From Morris Ferry to Mena.
This was generally found under the logs and very often in company
with demissa. The largest of both measured about the same, 8 and
9 mm. diameter.
338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). From Rocky Comfort to Mena.
All rather strongly ribbed and dark in color.
367. Succinea avara Say. At Mt. Pleasant, Texas, and Cove, Ark.
As space is valuable in this journal, and my search at these points
was far from thorough, I will merely give a list of species found at
Hardy and Little Rock, Ark., and Dennisoh, Texas, not included in
the above. Hardy is a particularly good locality, as there is a wide
range of species. I found Vitrea simpsoni here on my last trip, the
most northern and eastern limit so far recorded.
119c. Polyyyra appressa (Say). At Hardy a highly sculptured
variety with small denticle upon the upper lip. This variety is known
as Say's " variety A." It measures from 18 to 20 mm. diameter.
119d. Poly, appressa perigrapta (Pils.), typical. Little Rock. I
also have this from extreme northwestern Arkansas.
120. Poly, elevata (Say). Hardy.
125. Poly, clausa (Say). Hardy.
134. Poly, /abrosa (Bid.). Little Rock.
190. BIJidaria procera (Gld.). At Hardy in '99.
198. Bi. curvidens (Gld.). At Hardy in '99.
199. Bi. pmtodon (Say). At Hardy in '99.
278-la. Conulas fulvus denlatus (Sterki). At Hardy in '99.
338c. Pyramidula alternata rarinotata (Pils.). At Dennison, Texas.
239. Circinaria concava (Say). Hardy and Little Rock.
340. Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Hardy.
342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Hardy.
346. Helicodlscus lineatus (Say). Hardy.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
[Continued from May No., p. 12. ~\
Buliminus Hirasel ». sp.
Shell rimate, cylinclric-conic, rather solid, whitish-corneous or pale
reddish corneous, with opaque white streaks and lines. Surface ir-
regularly striatulate and very finely though rather irregularly spirally
striate. Spire with quite convex outlines, a trifle attenuated near
the obtuse apex. Whorls 8, the first slightly convex, following
whorls almost jtat, the last one more convex. Aperture but slightly
oblique, pale reddish-brown within, ovate ; peristome white, ex-
panded, thickened within; columella simply concave, without a fold;
parietal callus very thin in the middle, thickened toward the ends,
having a low tubercle near the posterior angle.
Length 19, diam. 9, of last whorl above aperture 8; length of
aperture 83 mm.
Length 19, diam. 8, of last whorl above aperture 7.5; length of
aperture 7.6 mm.
Kikai, Prov. Osumi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
This species differs from B. reinianus Kob. and andersonianus
MlldtF., in the obese form and especially the light coloration. It is
much smaller and especially shorter than B. japonicus Mlhlff., which
was described from a single beached specimen. B. japonicus while
decidedly larger, alt. 28, diam. 11 mm., the aperture 11 mm. long,
has a half whorl less (7^), and no mention is made by Dr. v. Mol-
lendorff of a tubercle near the posterior angle of the peristome, such
as occurs in B. Hirasei.
It is named in honor of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto.
Buli minus extorris var. omiensis n.
Shell rimate, resembling B. ccmtori in general form, large, solid
and dark chestnut brown ; irregularly striate, the strife more or less
cut into granules by very irregular spirals. Spire with convex out-
lines below, straight above, the last two whorls of about equal diam
eter ; apex obtuse. Whorls 8-g-, convex, the last rather compressed.
White, somewhat thickened within, the ends connected by a white
cord across the parietal wall, thickened into a slight tubercle near
the posterior angle. Columella concave below, having a short strong
fold above.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
Length 29, diam. 10, length of aperture 10.3, width 8.3 mm.
Length 29.5, diam. 10, length of aperture 11, width 7.8 mm.
Ibuki, prov. Omi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
I refer this form with some doubt to B. extorris Brancsik (Jahr-
esheft Nat. Ver. Trencsiner Comitates, 1891, p. 81, pi. 7, f. 3), de-
scribed as probably from Japan ; but that species has a narrower
aperture very like that of B. cantori, and is a more slender shell
than this one, with the aperture and diameter less than one-third the
length of the shell, while in var. omiensis these measurements ex-
O •*
ceed one-third. B. e. omiensis is a narrower shell than B.japonicus,
with an additional whorl and folded columella. The peristome and
parietal callus are more developed than in B. reinianus.
Buliminus callistoderma, n. sp.
Shell rimate, thin, conic, somewhat translucent, of a brownish
olive color; somewhat glossy, densely gramdose in spiral series.
Spire rather straightly conic; apex obtuse, Whorls of, convex, the
last a little ascending in front, swollen, convex beneath. Aperture
irregularly ovate ; peristome thin, expanded ; columellar margin di-
lated, reflexed above; parietal callus a mere translucent film, not
tuberculate or thickened near the posterior angle.
Length 10, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 4.9 mm.
Ogasawara Shima (Bonin I.), Japan (Y. Hirase).
Quite unlike other Japanese or Loo Choo species in its short, conic
form, the. small number of whorls, thin shell, and densely granulose
surface.
(To be continued.)
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON PLANORBIS CORPTJLENTUS SAY.
BY BRYANT AVALKER.
Dr. E. W. Hubbard, of Elyria, Ohio, whose catalogue of shells of
that State was published at an early date, and who there cites P. cor-
pulentits as one of the species represented in his collection, was a
grandfather of Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa. Mr. Clapp
has kindly sent to me for examination two sets of Planorbis from Dr.
Hubbard's collection, labeled P. corpnlentits, one from Elyria, the
other without locality. Both are P. trivolvis and do not differ from
that species as usually found. This unexpected verification of the
34 THE NAUTILUS.
misconception of Say's species, entertained by the early collectors, is
bolh interesting and valuable.
My attention lias been also recently called to the fact that Tryon
first formally differentiated the west coast form from P. corpulenlus
as P. binneyi, in his review of Binney's " Land and Fresh-Water
Shells," Part II, in the Am. Jour, of Conch., Ill, p. 197 (1867).
This citation should, therefore, be added to the bibliography appended
to my article in the April NAUTILUS.
The following typographical errors in that article should also be
corrected :
In foot-note on page 134 delete the words " part of." Also for
" Say," in lines one and three, read "Jay."
On page 136, in the quotation from Mr. Whiteaves' letter, for
" five " read " fine."
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY DIPLO-
DONTID^E. By W. H. Ball (Extracted from the Jour, of Conch.
Vol. IX. pp. 244-246, Oct. 1899). Dr. Dall says: "The family
Diplodontidge comprises the genera Felania, Diplodonta, Unyulina
and JoannisieUa. The Cryptodontidre which have been by some au-
thors united with this group, possess very remarkable anatomical
characters, and should be kept separate. JoannisieUa has long been
confounded with Cyrenoides, from which much misconception has
arisen. The former is a brackish water Diplodonta with a flattened
foot, the latter belongs to a distinct group. The typical Felania is
close to Diplodonta, but many Luc.inoid shells have been mistakenly
referred to Felania.
East American Species.
Diplodonta punctata Say (Ampltidesina). Syn. D. reneznelensis
Dkr. D. janeirensis Rve., D. subylobosa C. B. Ads. D. braziliensis
Mittre, D. orbella Gabb, Mysia pellucida Heilp. Cape Hatteras to
South Brazil.
Diplodonta nuclei form is Wagner. Syn. D. elevata Conr., D. car-
olinense Conr. Coast of the Carolinas, 15-52 fathoms ; fossil in
the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
Section Felaniella Dall, 1899.
Diplodonta candeana Orb. Marco, Florida, to Brazil.
Diplodonta vilardiboana Orb. Brazil and Argentine coasts.
Section Phyctiderma Dall, 1899.
Diplodonta soror C. B. Ads. Jamaica, north to the Florida Keys
and Texas ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
Diplodonta semiaspera Phil. Syn. D. grannlosa C. B. Ads., L.
semireticulata Orb. Cape Hatteras to Rio Janeiro, Brazil ; fossil in
the Pliocene of Florida.
Diplodonta puncturella Dall, n. sp. Jamaica ; fossil in the Oli-
gocene, Bovvden, Jamaica.
Diplodonta platensis Dall n. sp. In 11 fathoms off Rio de la
Plata.
Section Splxere.lla Conrad.
Diplodonta verrilli Dall, = D. turgida V. & 8., 1881, not Conr.
1848. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to N. Carolina, in 15-G9 fathoms.
West American Species.
Diplodonta orbella Gould. (Sphaerefla tumida Conr. Ms.) Brit-
ish Columbia to Lower California.
Diplodonta tellinoides Reeve. Panama to Guayaquil.
Diplodonta discrepans Cpr. Mazatlan.
Diplodonta subquadrata Cpr. !Not D. subquadrata Gabb, but
perhaps D. undata Cpr. Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco and Maz-
atlan.
Section Felamella Dall.
Diplodonta obliqua Phil. (Lucina calculus Reeve). Cape St.
Lucas, Mazatlan.
Diplodonta cornea Reeve. Gulf of Nicoya.
Diplodonta sericata Reeve. Felania sericata Cpr. Gulf of Cal-
ifornia.
Diplodonta nitens Reeve. Gulf of Guayaquil.
Section Pltlyctiderma Dall.
Diplodonta ccelata Reeve. Bay of Guayaquil.
Diplodonta semirtigosa Dall, n. n. = D. semiaspera Cpr. not
Philippi. Gulf of California.
DlE CONCHYLIEN DER PATAGONISCHEN FORMATION. By H.
von Ihering. (Neues Jahrbuch Hir Mineralogie, Geol. und Pa I aeon.
Bd. II, pp. 1-46, taf. I, II, 189D.) There are recorded from this for-
mation 69 species. 9 new species are described, followed by general
observations on the formation and fauna.
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OK INDIA, Vol. II., pt. 9.
By Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen. The part now before us
continues the account of the Zonitidee, a large part of both text and
plates relating to the soft anatomy of the various forms. The groups
Macroclilantys, Eurycltlamys (n. e.-g.), Ratnadvipia (n. s.-g), Eu-
plectfi, Girasia, Austenia, Microcystina, Microci/stis, Manilla, Ben-
sonia, Hauyhtonia (n. s.-g.), Nilffira, Ariophanta, KJiasiella (n. ?.-g)
are treated in more or less detail.
In so large an amount of new and interesting information, only a
few points can be specially mentioned.
In Macroclilamys pedina the spermatheca was found to contain
not less than seven spermatophores ; and the morphology of the
36 THE NAUTILUS.
spermatophore in various Indian genera is discussed at some length.
The value of this organ in classification is stated to he not inconsid-
erable, as it is subject to modification probably generic in constancy.
In Euplecta semidecussata the vagina (or tree oviduct) is swollen
above its union with the. spermatheca duct, the author interpreting
this structure as a provision for retaining the ova, and terming it the
"ovitheca."1 In treating of Maricslla, Godwin-Austen adopts
CockerelPs suggestion that the M. dusstnnieri was from Mahe on the
southwest coast of Peninsular India, not Mahe, one of the Seychelles.
The genus is shown to be closely allied to Glrasia.
By restricting several parts of his work to Zonitid anatomy, a
quantity of data invaluable to other workers in this difficult group
has been amassed, although, as Godwin-Austen modestly points out,
the time for definite classification of the whole group lias not yet
arrived.— H. A. P.
GENERAL NOTES.
AGE OF DEPOSIT UNDERLYING Los ANGELES, CAL. — The dis-
covery of the remains of a species of Radiolites, R. Hamlini Stearns,
in the Third Street Tunnel clays in the city of Los Angeles, of which
we have been informed, is of exceeding interest through its bearing
on the question of I he geologic age of the region, which has been
in doubt (Of. NAUTILUS, June, 1'JOO, p. 15). The Rarliolit.es is a
Cretaceous form ami not heretofore reported from the west coast.
ERRATA. — For '' vertical " in the sixth line of the second para-
graph, page 3 of the May number, read " ventral." In the next
paragraph, fourth line, after the word ligaments, read "is" instead
of "are."
LISTS or RECENT MOLLUSCA. — Messrs Sowerby & Fulton have
issued a series of lists of recent mollusks, enumerating a large num-
ber (11,300) of the known species of most of the genera, classified
according to late authorities. They are well and accurately printed,
e
and collectors will find them useful and interesting.
To A SLUG. (IN ALCOHOL.)
Hail, Limax ! — clammy, slimy thing,
Poor houseless wretch, of thee I sing!
Though ended is thy earthly run,
Thy glory is but yet begun.
For Science, with obtrusive pride,
Will keep intact thy mortal hide
And suffer thee, for future gain,
In best of spirits to remain.
Oakland, CaL, Apr. 15, 1900. H. H. BRUENN.
Perhaps '' ootheca" would be better, ovitheca being a hybrid word.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XIV. AUGUST, 1900. No. 4.
A NEW MUREX FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY W.M. H. BALL.
Murex petri Dall, n. sp.
Shell solid, when perfect with an acute produced apex of four or
five whorls, followed by lour ordinary whorls ; nepionic shell with
convex shouldered whorls with up to six rounded varices, spirally
sculptured with rather prominent threads ; color of the shell purplish-
brown more or less minutely mottled or articulated with paler spots;
surface with obsolete flattish spiral threads stronger on the backs of
the varices, and, when perfect, also showing very minute spiral stria-
tion ; whorls between the varices with a single not very prominent
knob ; varices flattish, with five or six projecting points or digita-
tions separated by shallow emarginations and slightly excavated on
the forward face ; these projections are not recurved ; anterior face of
the varices covered with profuse crinkled imbricating lamella? ; a
marked sulcus between the anterior digitation and the canal ; aper-
rure ovate, thickened with a projecting yellowish margin without
any dentiform process; the interior shows about six nodular denticles
on the anterior two-thirds of the outer lip ; canal clor-ed, rather long,
sharply curved to the right ; Ion. of shell Go, lat. 32 ; of aperture Ion.
1 .").<;, lat. 1 l.o mm.
Habitat, San Pedro, in rather deep water. Mr. and Mrs. Old-
royd.
This shell belongs to a group of Murices which is exceptionally
developed on the Pacific coast ; having three varices and sometimes
a basal tooth projecting from the margin of the aperture. Those
38 THE NAUTILUS.
with the tooth belong to the genus Pterorhytis Conrad (long called
Cerostoma) and those without a tooth have had various names applied
to them 1'rom Ocinebra to Pteropurpura. Of the allied species M.
caltfornicus has scaly spirals of three sizes, ending in sharply pointed
channelled recurved varical digitations ; M. trialatus Sovverby has
dark brown and white color bands, the shoulder of the whorls ex-
cavated, the large posterior digitation of the varires curved toward
the apex of the shell, and the varix has no anterior sulcus next the
canal. M. carpenteri Dall, is nearly smooth, thinner than the others,
and with no knobs between the varices on the whorls. All have
similar opercula of muricoid type.
A NEW LAMPSILIS FROM ARKANSAS.
BY JAMES H. FERRISS.
Lampsilis Simpsoni.
Shell sub-solid, elongated, slightly obovate, narrowed in front, and
rather evenly rounded at both ends, somewhat inflated, having the
greatest diameter at the middle and gradually tapering each way to
the ends, feebly gaping at the anterior base and behind, beaks rather
low but distinct, their sculpture consisting of ill defined, irregular
subnodulous corrugations; epidermis well developed, in the young
specimens projecting beyond the shell all around, slightly concentri-
cally wrinkled, and showing the rough irregular growth lines; tawny
with green rays and coppery beaks in the young, brownish or black-
ish in the old state ; posterior ridge well marked in the earlier stages
of growth. Hinge line evenly curved ; pseudo cardinals reduced to
mere stumpy vestiges ; there are two feeble, remote laterals in the
left valve and one in the right ; epidermal matter folded in along the
hinge line ; anterior cicatrices rather deep, irregular; posterior cica-
trices shallow ; nacre shaded violet, bluish and coppery, iridescent
behind. Length 95, height 50, diameter 32 millimeters. Spring
River, Hardy, Arkansas.
This specimen seems to stand between Lampsilis tenuissimus and
L. gracilis. The former is more compressed, has a stronger posterior
ridge, is1, pointed behind, and is inflated at or just behind the center
•of the base, and gaps more decidedly behind. It has something the
form of certain specimens of L. gracilis, but is more elongated and
THE NAUTILUS.
39
straighter on the basal line. Three specimens were obtained, one
adult, which is probably a male, and two young shells. The latter
are very different from young gracills^ having the epidermis well
projected around the border of the shell, and the outlines of the
adult state.
To help commemorate the memory of one who has given nearly
a life work towards perfecting the history of the humble clam, I
name this in honor of Clias. T. Simpson of the National Museum.
Types in my own collection.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF NEW AMERICAN SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Gastrodonta intertexta volus'.se, n. var.
Shell small, thin and fragile, siibtranslucent, pale brown, somewhat
glossy, tlie surface decussated by impressed spirals cutting fine but
sharp stria? above, smoother but still decussate below ; rather widely
perforate. Whorls 5-^, the earlier 1^ smooth, last whorl slightly
angular at the periphery, quite convex beneath. Aperture without
the slightest trace of callus within. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mm.
Near "Mount Taylor," an aboriginal mound on the St. John's
River, south of Volusia, Volusia Co., Florida ; coll. by Pilsbry &
Johnson. Types no 7,T,769 coll. A. N. S. P.
This shell differs from intertexta in the very small size, fragile
texture, and total lack of an internal callus within the last whorl
near the aperture. Some 56 specimens collected agree in these
characters ; and as I have seen no intermediate specimens, the form
may prove be specific. However, the St. John's valley is
deficient in lime ; the land shells are in some other cases quite thin
for their species, a fact which has its weight. But in the Tanners-
ville valley of the Catskills, a sandstone region where snails are rare
and actually eat each other's shells for lime, the intertexta I found
still had the characteristic callus within the mouth.
Alexia myosotis marylandica, n. v:ir.
Inner lip triplicate ; outer lip with a conical tooth at its upper
third, below which, it is thickened by a callous rib.
Mouth of St. Leonard's Creek, Patuxent River, Maryland, col-
lected by Charles "NV. Johnson.
Pyramidula Elrodi, n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, much depressed and acutely keeled,
moderately solid. Spire but slightly convex ; whorls 5, the first
smooth, the next 1^ rather convex, finely and regularly ribbed, the
following whorls flattened, impressed above an acute keel which fills
the suture, the last two whorle very strongly, irregularly ribbed, the
ribs running with growth-lines, wrinkle-like ; last whorl with an
acute peripheral keel, pinched and concave above and beloiv it, the
keel of the preceding whorl projecting more or less above the
suture ; base convex, heavily ribbed, the umbilicus large and funnel-
shaped. Aperture oblique, irregularly oval, angular at position of
THE NAUTILUS. 41
the keel ; peristome simple, the margins converging; parietal callus
short and rather thin.
Alt, 9, diam. 21-22 mm.
Mission Mountains, Montana (Prof. M. J. Elrod).
This species holds toward P. strigosa a relationship like that of
P. cumberlandiana toward P. alternata. Except in being more
widely umbilicated and with a wider last whorl, it would be well
resresented by the published figures of Epiphragmophora circum-
carinata (Stearns). The ribs are less regular than in the typical
form of P. idahoensis, but are equally strong. None of the wonder-
ful series of strigosa varieties discovered by Hemphill approach this
form ; which could not, with present information, be considered a
sub-species of strigosa. It is, like idahoensis and haydeni, doubtless
the terminal member in a differentiation-series from the strigosa
stock, but the connecting links are wanting tn the recent fauna, so
far as present collections show.
It is named in honor of Prof. M. J. Elrod, of the University of
Montana.
Helicodiscus Eigenmanni u. sp.
Shell similar to If. lineatus, but attaining a much greater size, the
umbilicus much smaller in comparison with the diameter of the
shell. Whorls 4| to 5, strongly lirate spirally. Aperture more
lunate, embracing more of the preceding whorl, usually armed with a
pair of small teeth within, as in //. lineatus. Umbilicus rather deep
and cup-shaped. Alt. 1.9, diam. 4.8 mm., umbilicus 2 mm. wide.
Beaver Cave, near San Marcos, Hays Co., Texas.
This species was collected by Dr. C. II. Eigenmann, the well-
known writer on fish morphology.
The specimens are very uniform in character, differing markedly
from the common and wide-spread H. lineatus. The latter shows
but little variation throughout its enormous range, and so far as I
can see from a very large series, there is nowhere a tendency to be-
come more narrowly umbilicated. The present form has been found
only in the cave mentioned above, and may possibly be a modifica-
tion induced by underground life, although until the immediate sur-
roundings of the cave are searched, it would be unsafe to more than
suggest this. I find only the ordinary H. lineatus from other Texan
localities. Nothing like H. Eigenmanni occurred to me at San
Antonio, New Braunfels, or Austin.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
DESCRIPTION OF A LAND SHELL FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Eurytus Couturesi. Anc.
Testa ovata, tenuiuscnla, subimperforata, nitidnla, sub epidermide
tenui virenti vel luteo-fusca, plus niinusve decidua, sordide purpurea.
Spira brevis, obtusa., apice fusco-purpurea, ad summum rotundate sub-
conoidea. Anfractus 4, celeriter crescentes, convexiusctili, sutura
impn ssa, striis incrementi notati et minute granulati ; penultimus
ad dextram tumidnlus ; ultimus post mediam partem longe deflexus,
malleatus et minutissime granulosus, striis ad suturam pliculosis.
Apertura fere vertical!?, irregulariter ovalis, siiperne angulosa, plica
columellari callosn proedita, intus livide purpurea. Peristoma
undique revolutum et incrassatum, roseo-purpureum, marginibus
callo nitido juuctis, columellari ad insertionem paululum dilatato.
Long. 38, diam. 22, alt. apert. cum peristomate 22 mill.
Hab. Bolivia (teste G. Coutures).
This is more egg-shaped than either E. piilicarius or E. cathcartice,
Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles
E. cardinal-is Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner
shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in
size ; the larger one, the type, is in my collection.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ASIATIC SPECIES.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
1. Limicolaria oviformis, Anc.
Testa obtecte minuteque rimata, obtuso-oblonga, solida, opacula,
nitida, sub epidermide decidua pallide stramineo-lutescente, griseo-
lactea strigisque pallide fuscis exilibusque in medianis aufractibus
variegata vel flammulata. Spira oblonga, relative parum attenuata,
apice valde obtusa. Anfractus 7 convexi, regulariter et lente cres-
centes, sutura satis impressa, subirregulari ; striis incrementi aliisque
spiralibus paulo inter se distantioribus regulariter decussata ; ultimus
THE NAUTILUS. 43
oblongus, rotundatus, post medium loevigatus (striis spiralibus
evanidis). Apertura subobliqua, oblongo-angustata, albida. Col-
umella reflexa, incrassata, fere recta. Peristoma rectum, acutum,
margine extero antrorsum hand arcuato.
Long. 44, lat. 21, alt. apert. 18£ mill.
Hub. Mountains above Aden, Arabia (Jousseaume).
This is a Limicolaria of tlie typical African group and bears no
relation lo the species hitherto known from the opposite coast of the
Somalis, like L. Revoili, Bourg., Armundi, Bourg., etc. It is re-
markable in being very obtuse and of an oblong shape. The mark-
ings are but faint, at least as far as the original specimen is con-
cerned.
2. Buliminus (Petrceus) Pilsbryanus Anc.
Bulimus Jonsseaumei, Bourg., in coll.; not Buliminus Jouss-
eaumei, E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. 8oc., Vol. I., part 4, p. 142
(1894).
Testa oblonga, clause rimata (rima obliqua, basi arcuata), Candida,
statu omnino recenti verisimiliter pallide iuteotincta, solidiuscula,
nitida. Spira conideo-oblonga, apice minuto, obtusiusculo, Isevigato.
Anfractus 7^ convexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura pa rum
profunda discreti, superiores confertim oblique costulati, sculpt ura in
sequentibus debiliore, in inferioribus obsolescent! et proeterea lineis
spiralibus numerosis indistinctis sub valida lend passim impressa;
ultimus postice tonvexus, ad dextram excentricus, versus aperturam
breviter ascendens, circa rim am impressus et obtuse subangulatus.
Apertura fere recta, superne oblique limata, irregulariter subovata,
ad dextram excentrica, ad marginem columellarum leviter oblique
rectiuscula, extus valde convexa. Peristoma crassum, callosum,
continuum, valide labiatum, planiusculum, latum, undique reflexum.
Columella oblique recta, subsinuosa, intus plica valida in dentum
acutum desinenti munita. Margines approximate, callo crasso
juncti.
Long. 21, lat 10^, long, apert. (perist. incluso) 10 ; long, ejusd.
(peristom. excluso G^); diam. ejusd. (peristom. incluso) 8 ; diam.
ejusd. (sine peristomate) 4^ mill.
Mountains of Yemen, above Aden, Southern Arabia (Dr. Jous-
seaume).
44 THE NAUTILUS.
SOME NAMES WHICH MUST BE DISCAEDED.
BY WM. H. DALL.
Iii January, 1853, Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach., p. 114) insti-
tuted the genus Gistella for Terebratula cuneata of Risso and allied
forms. This name has been generally adopted and, in the last re-
vision of the Brachiopods by Schuchert, is not credited with any
synonyms. But in 1848, Gistel, in his Naturgeschichte des Thier-
reichs, p. xi, proposed the name Oistella for a group of Insects. For
the Brachiopod, therefore, I propose the name Aryyrotheca, with the
same type.
The name Euryla was proposed for a subgenus of Terebra, by H.
and A. Adams in 1858, and is in general use, but Euryta had already
been used for an acaleph by Gistel, in 1848, and must therefore be
rejected. In its place I would propose Mazatlania. In 1876 Jef-
freys proposed Glomus for a remarkable bivalve allied to Leda, but
he had also been preceded by Gistel, who had proposed the name
Glomus for a beetle (Naturg. p. xi, 1848). The genus may take
the name of Pristigloma,
The dismemberment of the heterogeneous Linnean genus Patella
was one of the first tasks of naturalists after the publication of the
Systema Naturas. The first author to undertake this necessary work
has been generally overlooked. This was Modeer, who in 1793
(K. vetensk. Akad. nya Handl. xiv, pp. 110-111) divided the true
limpets from those with internal septa or processes and gave to the
latter group, with a proper diagnosis, the name of Gheilea. This
group was subsequently divided by authors who, however, omitted
to reserve any portion of the original genus Gheilea to preserve the
name, as required -by the. rules of nomenclature. On the five species
cited as examples by Modeer, four genera were instituted by Hum-
phrey (after Hwass) in 1797, two belonging to his genus Crypta,
more generally known as Grepidula. In 1799 Lamarck made two
subdivisions with new names for three of the species, and added a
third in 1809. Ferussac added a synonym to one of Humphrey's
names in 1807, and Schumacher did the same in 1817, while a
subgeneric name was proposed by Morch, for one of the two
Crepidulas, in 1852. What name must we now reject, to reinstate
NAUTILUS. 45
Cheilea in its rights? There was no diagnosis given with Hum-
phrey's names, only lists of species. Passing them over, we find
Lamarck eliminated Crepidula and Galyptrcea with proper diag-
noses, though his CaJyptrcea comprised species of two genera. He
left behind a single species, which, if Lamarck had been the first
to divide the genus, would have kept the name Cheilea. On the
other hand, he included in his genus Ccdyptrcea, a species he should
have omitted. The first was named Septaria bv Ferussac in 1807,
and this left only one genus included in the original Cheilea un-
named. This was called Mitrularia by Schumacher in 1817, but
in our opinion this name must be rejected for that, of Modeer,
which should be adopted for the group represented by the Patella
equestris of Linnaeus.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
MOLLUSCA OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS. By Henry A.
Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, pp. 110-150. This
is the most interesting faunal list the writer has seen in a long while.
It results from the explorations of Messrs. Pilsbry, Ferriss, Bryant
Walker, Clapp and Sargent in July and August, 1899, along the
Tennessee-North Carolina boundary, among the valleys and on the
peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains. In all, fifty-six species of
terrestrial mollusca were obtained, among which Gastrodonta ivalkeri,
Punctum blandianum, and several varieties of different species are
described as new. Two things are especially noticeable, one the
abundance of endemic species and varieties, the other the absence of
many species which one is accustomed to regard as universally dis-
tributed in the mountains of this continent. Of course more of the
latter may yet be found, but it cannot be purely accidental that the
party came upon no Vitrina, no Pupa, only one Vertigo, and that
very rare, only one Bifidaria, also rare, and no Vallonia! In some
cases widely -distributed species are represented by segregates which
have attained specific rank ; thus in place of Vitrea indent ata there
is an abundance of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherlyi,
Ckll. ined.) intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper,
the exact locality of which is unfortunately unknown. In the case
46 THE NAUTILUS.
of Polygyra tridentata the differentiation lias not gone so far, so that
while Dr. Pilsbry describes a mountain race with a more or less
double basal tooth, he hesitates to give it a name. Throughout the
paper the author, while naming a number of local races, shows a
natural reluctance to recognize in the nomenclature all the incipient
species which his studies have brought to light. As with the mam-
mals in the hands of Merriam, Allen, Rhoads and others, abundant
specimens with exact data have proved what the older authors did
not expect ; that everywhere segregation is going on, and that the
recognizable species and subspecies are far more numerous than we
had been led to suppose. Lord Salisbury's statement of a fewr years
ago, that nobody had seen evolution actually going on in nature, ap-
pears absurd to the modern zoologist or botanist. Even the attitude
of those who do not believe in varietal nomenclature or the recogni-
tion of subspecies has changed. Thus Dr. Skinner, who from
sundry published opinions might be regarded as a " lumper," is
familiar with and has represented in his Splendid collection of butter-
flies more geographical races than entomologists dream of; and I
believe he will admit that if i;e were converted to the policy of
splitting, he might produce a work which would astonish us all.
The writer of this notice believes that detailed studies like those
of Dr. Pilsbry are of the highest importance, from a philosophical
point of view, and that until zoologists are prepared to recognize the
wonderful complexity and variety of living forms, they cannot hope
to understand the larger problems of biology. And it seems to him,
furthermore, that we should be rational enough to weigh and con-
sider all characters, not merely those which strike the eye. We
think of the Sandwich Island Achatinellidre as being wonderfully
diverse., because their diversity is largely that of bright colors and
pretty patterns. Why may not the less conspicuous diversity of our
simply-colored snails be just as real, and just as worthy of recog-
nition by students of molluscan life?
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
THE ARMATURE OF HELICOID LAND SHELLS, by G. K. Gude
(Science Gossip). Mr. Gude has now brought to completion his
long series of articles on the genera Plectopylis and Gorilla, giving a
synopsis and key to the former group, a discussion of its geographic
THE NAUTILUS. 47
range, and a much-needed index, as the papers extend over a period
of several years. A classification into seven sections is offered.
These seem in all cases to be excellently founded groups, and de-
cidedly useful in classifying some 7o species which now compose
the genus. Few if any groups of Helices of similar extent have
been so well monographed. The workman-like manner of the per-
formance shows Mr. Gude to be an acute observer artel clear expositor.
He is a welcome recruit to the first rank of Helicologists.
LIST OF SHELLS collected l>y Verm on Bailey in Heron and Eagle
Lakes, Minnesota, with notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXII, p. 135-
138. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF HALIOTIS FROM CALI-
FORNIA, with faanal and geographical notes, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.
XXII, pp. 139-142. By R. PL C. Stearns, Ph. D. The first list
enumerates some 18 species, all aquatic except Succinea ovalis GId.,
reported from the shore of Heron Lake. A number of noteworthy
variations of Limmcea emarginata from Eagle Lake are discussed,
shouldered, lirate, patulous and variously distorted forms occurring.
The second paper describes Haliotis fid gens walallensis (Nautilus,
XII, no. 9).
GENEEAL NOTES.
SHELLS OF LAS VEGAS, N. M — We have received from Prof.
T. D. A. Cockerell another small lot from this locality, collected by
Miss Mary Cooper, and including the following species : Vitrina
pfeijferi Newc. Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Bijidaria armifera
(Say). 'Bijidaria procera (Gld.). Pupa blandi (Morse). Planor-
bis dejlectus Say. Pisidiam compression Pme,
Dr. Rudolph Bergh discusses the anatomy of various Tecti-
branches in the part of the Malacologisehe Untersuchungen, Vol.
VII., just issued. He adopts the erroneous spelling Haminaa for
Haminea, and retains it in the Bullida, where it does not belong.
An excellent account of the anatomy of H. cornea Lam. follows.
Cryptophthalmus follows, also referred to the Bullidce, and the
anatomy is now first described. The genus Chelidonura is described
anatomically, and referred for the first time to the family DoridiidtK,
doubtless correctly. This is a most interesting discovery. The
48 THE NAUTILUS.
genera Lobiger and Lophocercits are then discussed. The anatomy
of Akera bullata and of a new Pacific species of Phyllaplysia is also
described.
NOTE ON A NEAV ABYSSAL LIMPET. Under the name of
Bathysciadium conicum Dantzenberg and H. Fischer have described*
a new deep-water limpet which combines some curious characters.
The specimens are simply conical with radiating riblets and an al-
most membraneous shell, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. and a
height of 0.9 mm. Some anatomical details are given by Dr.
Pelseneer in a note appended to the description. The animal was
obtained from the beak of a cuttlefish dredged by the Prince of
Monaco off the Azores in 843 fathoms.
Like Lepeta it' is without eyes or ctenidia, the respiration being
carried on by the surface of the mantle. The muzzle appears to be
without lappets, the right tentacle has an appendix like that of
Cocculina (supposed to be a degenerate verge), there are no posterior
filaments ; an unpaired mandible and long radula are present, the
nervous system is that of the Docoglossa, and the otoliths are
single.
Dr. Pelseneer regards the genital gland (otherwise strictly deco-
glossate) as hermaphrodite, a condition so exceptional, and, consider-
ing the minute size of the animal, so difficult to determine, that
judgment may fairly be suspended pending further confirmation of
it. The radula as figured leads to the belief -that except in the
absence of the rhachidian tooth (often degenerate in abyssal lim-
pets) the teeth are like those of Lepetella ; the major lateral being
broken into three pieces which have been taken for three separate
teeth by the author cited. If this suspicion be correct, the formula
is 1 + 2.0.2 + 1, for a transverse series of the radula. The creature
will be the first true limpet (Docoglossa) to show any trace of a
verge, and if really hermaphrodite, the first to exhibit this charac-
ter. The single otolith is very likely correlated with the small size
of the animal. The genus will stand next to Lepetella among the
Abranchiate Docoglossa — WM. H. DALL, (Science, June 8).
* Bull. Soc. Zooi. de France, xxiv., p. 207.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XIV. SEPTEMBER, 19OO. No. 5.
THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS.
BY JAMES II. FERRISS.
There was a general round-up of the snails in the Smokies last
summer. When the roll of diggers was called at Cades Cove, Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry answered to his name, and so did Geo. H. Clapp, of
Pittshurg, Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Prof. H. A. Sargent, of Ann
Arbor, and I did too. Prof. A. G. Wetherby and Mrs. M. L. An-
drews intended to be with our party until the very last moment.
The year before, I made the trip as far as Mirey Ridge with Mr.
Clapp. With this exception it was my first excursion in company
with up-to-date scientists. I have made four trips to the Smoky
Mountains and expect to go again this year. On two occasions short
stops were made at Burnside, Kentucky, on the Cumberland; at
Oakdale, Tennessee, on the Emery ; Lookout Mountain, at Chatta-
nooga, and a side trip to the Little Tennessee, at Caringer post-office,
or Talassee Ford, and one trip was made into the Unaka range.
The Smoky Mountains on the north of the Little Tennessee and the
"Tuaka range on the south (not the Unakas near Eoan Mountain),
form the boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina.
The readers of the NAUTILUS, I am sure, will be pleased to know
something of this party. Briefly in ages, its members ran from 35
to 50; at least 1 am that high, but they are boys still, and can climb
more trees and wade streams worse than ever. Mr. Walker, an at-
torney, and Mr. Clapp, a business man, I think the handsomest
members of the party ; and their dispositions, their patience, their
interest in the comfort of others really approach the domain of the
50 THE NAUTILUS.
angels, and when Mr. Blair, our mountain host, was with the party
it made three of them. Mr. Clapp can suffer more and complain
less than any entirely earthly being. When lame enough to put an
ordinary man in a .hospital he will sprinkle on a little talcum pow-
der, keep up with the procession and never say a word. Mr. Walker
did not sleep the night after our party separated because Sargent and
I were out on the mountains without blankets, and the heathen, the
two of us, at that very time were as near the happy hunting grounds,
both in altitude and spirit, as we may ever be; with a bed of dry
moss and a roaring fire at our feet, we slept sweetly as doves, under
a massive balsam in the prettiest park I ever saw in the mountains.
The next morning we got over 80 Polygyra Ferrissi each, and three
were albinos.
For industry, zeal and business (shell business), Sargent and
Pilsbry are not to be excelled. Sargent always hunts longer and
gets more than any other, and Pilsbry, after a hard day's digging,
was ready to clean up my catch any time I would bake biscuit. Not
one was a believer in ghosts. It was the most sensible, kindly,
lovable collection possible. A sad day came when the company sep-
parated. Dr. Pilsbry then borrowed soda of a herder and attempted
to bake his own biscuit. He did not have any sour milk, and I think
that yellow spot remains in the camp site to-day, a wonder to pass-
ing herders and a puzzle to those practical mountain scientists who
condense their bulky corn crop into convenient form for transporta-
tion in jugs.
Cade's Cove, in Blount county, Tennessee, lying at the base of the
Smokies, is 1,700 feet above the sea. It is six miles long, in some
places two in width, and out of this valley are many other deep
coves running up to the top of Boat and Rich mountains, 3,500 feet
above the sea. This valley has been searched more than any we
have visited. But last year we found four more kinds, and one of
those a new variety. The soil is so fertile in shells, like the sea
coast of Florida it will be good ground for many years.
With mountain friends, camp dunnage and mules, we left the set-
tlement soon as possible. There was much rain, and the puncheons
in the herder's cabin where we sl^pt the first two nights were very
hard, but it was a light-hearted company. There were plenty of
snails, and school children were never more delighted or delightful.
The pleasant days we climbed the mountain sides, when Mr. Pilsbry
mi: NAUTILUS. 51
and company talked snails, geology, botany and fungi, is a memory
will long live pleasantly with your humble author.
Tlmnderhead is 5,500 feet according to the government maps, and
it rains there every week in my experience and it is more storm-
swept than many of the higher peaks. The beech trees and buck-
eyes are mere scrubs. Blockhouse mountain, of the same height,
Coontown, Russell's field and other good coves were hunted over
from the first camp. Then we moved along the backbone of the
range to Clingman's Dome, some 15 miles farther, passing Briar
Knob, the Derricks, Mirey Ridge, Siler's Bald and the Balsam, all
over a mile high, and good collecting ground.
Clingman's Dome is 6,600 feet high, covered with balsam fir, and
the sphagnum is so deep walking is like tramping on a spring mat-
tress, and very tiresome. When away from a well-beaten trail it is
difficult to walk a mile in le«s than an hour or an hour and a half.
Many of the rocks were large as houses, and when we went under
for rare shells we carried candles. These feed on the microscopic
fungi, I suspect, growing upon the roof, and they seemed to select a
roof nearly level. One of the P. ferrissi a t a time is the rule, but on
Andrews Bald, afterwards, we sometimes found as many as eight on
one roof. Occasionally P. clurkii, andrewsce altivaga, depilata, or a
Gastrodonta lamillidens or c/appii, would be found on the same roof,
but not often.
Bidding the remainder of our party and the mules farewell, as our
vacation was longer. Prof. Sargent and I, with a couple of mountain
friends, carrying our camp outfit upon our backs, parted company
from Pilsbry, Walker and Clapp, and made a trip to Andrews Bald
(5,900 feet) from Clingman, though we really started out for Mt.
Collins, some 600 feet higher. On Andrews, besides ferrissi, we
found our finest red andreivsce altivaya, banded with a still darker
band.
The next day we retraced our steps over Clingman and the Bal-
sam to Siler's Bald, where we took the Welsh Bald trail and con-
tinued in a southwesterly direction in North Carolina for the next
three weeks, with the exception of the two last days. Sometimes we
were on the trail all day, while on other days we went only a mile
or two. Sometimes we stayed several days in one place. The weather
man furnished his best, and only twice were we compelled to build
bark shelters to keep us dry.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
On Welsh Bald, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, we first found the new
variety of Polygyra edivardsii, and from a little spring that oozed out
from near the top, we found Pisidium roperi Sterki. Sargent found
this in Minnesota and I luul found it in a small pool near Joliet, but
the shell is still rare.
We descended to Chambers' Creek one hot afternoon, where it was
only 1,500 above the sea. It was a tough slide and both of our
mountain friends were sick before starting. From there Sargent
made a side trip by rail to Hayesville, N. C., and I first found Poly,
monodon cincta. And then and afterwards they were mostly dead
and found around the basswood and buckeye trees. After a few
days' rest, we crossed over to Tuskegee Creek, and in Ramp Cove,
on the Tuskeegee side of the Yellow Creek Mountains, we first found
Gastrodonta Walkeri Pilsbry, n new species. It was in company with
significans. These mountains run up about 4,000 feet, with soil on
the slopes rich as a garden.
Passing down Yellow Creek, between the Cheowah and Yellow
Creek Mountains, we loaded up with green corn, sweet potatoes and
other good things, as the valley is settled. Here we discovered that
Poly, chrislyi has a great fondness for the shrub called poison hem-
lock. The streams were swift and rocky. We found no clams and
very few univalves.
At Cheowah river we were down to 1,500 feet again. Hangover
and Mount Hayo, in the Unaka range, 5,200 feet, overlook the ford,
and the trail we took to these peaks was up a dry pine ridge, steep
as the roof of a house, and for the first time in our trip, good drinking
water was a little scarce. It took us until 3 o'clock in the afternoon
to get up, and all were sore and some were cross.
Every day brought new delights. One afternoon, on Bob Strat-
ton's Bald, 5,400 feet (there is another peak a. few miles away called
John Stratton's Bald), near Hayo, we found over 200 G. lameUidens.
We found these in company with Helicodtscns tineattis, and Vitrea
carolinensis, by turning over slabs of stone that lay on top of the
ground, and there were sometimes a half a dozen under one stone.
The general rule is one lameUidens to a dozen or two rocks. The next
day, at Glen Cove, a couple of miles lower down the range, we found
130 Poly, chilhoweensis. Back on the Little Tennessee river again
at Talassee ford, we again found Gastro. waJkeri at a point less than
1,000 feet above the sea — the lowest point in our trip. One of the
THE NAUTILUS. 53
mules and a good walker came to our rescue at Talassee ford and
we returned to Cade's Cove, 25 miles in a day. In all we traveled
about 150 miles, as measured in a straight line, besides our side trips.
There is much land for the snail hunter here. From the highest
peaks we could see mountains 125 miles distant, and it was all moun-
tains as far as we could see in three directions, and over much of
this roughness no specimen hunter has traveled.
In the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia,
Dr. Pilsbry has given one of his best reports on the shells of this
region. I will, therefore, give merely the list with little more than
locality. A number of varieties have been added by Mr. Pilsbry, but
not enough.
10. Helicina occidta (Say). Rowan Creek in Cade's Cove, 5^
mm., farthest record south.
G7. Poly, pustuloides (Bid.). Talassee Ford, 2 first trip.
90. Poly, tridentata (Say). A double-toothed variety. Rose flats
in Cade's Cove, Welsh Bald, Talassee Ford.
91. Poly, fraudulenta (Pils.). One only, 13 mm. Welsh Bald,
Swain Co., N. C.
96. Poly, rugeli (Shuttl.). Everywhere 9 to 15 mm. (Two kinds
here sure, the big one is a dirty fellow.)
97. Poly, inflecta (Say). Tuckaleeche Cove.
105. Poly, prof undo, (Say). One on Slick Rock Creek in the
Unakas in 1898.
lOGa. Poly, chilhoweensis (Lewis). Cade's Cove, Block House,
Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome, Yellow Creek Mountains, Unakas,
Talassee Ford, 27^ to 40 mm.
109. Poly, alholalris (Say). Rose Flats in Cade's Cove, Yellow
Creek, Cheowah Mountain, 3,400 ft., Cheowah River, Slick' Rock
Creek (Monroe County, Tenn.). Found in dry situations, dry
mountain tops, 32 to 35 mm.
110. Poly, exoleta (Binn.). Cade's Cove, Thunderhead, Glen Cove,
Talassee Ford.
116. Poly, ferrissi (Pils.). Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew's
Bald, Welsh Bald. We found only three in two days on Welsh Bald,
but got 160 in half a day on Andrew's. I offered to exchange a
dozen of these shells with a dealer at the rate of $6 per dozen. After
we had been in Ferrissi territory a couple of days my expert brethren
held a council of war and called me down. They said the price
54 THE NAUTILUS.
should certainly be high as a dollar each. The next day they raised
it to $3 and before we parted they said, taking the rarity and beauty
of the shell and the difficulties of finding it all into consideration, the
price should be $5 and railroad fare paid to the spot. Our experi-
ence at Andrews would tend to lower this price, but Andrews is 25
miles from civilization, the miles are wild ones, and whoever starts
out to hunt ferrissi on speculation, I still believe will earn his
money.
118. Poly, paliiata (Say). Cade's Cove, Russell Field, Chamber's
Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Slick Rock Creek, Talassee Ford.
119d. Poly, appressa periyrapta (Pils.) all along the route.
121. Poly, clarki ( Lea). General in deep coves but sparingly,
18mm.
123a. Poly, andrewsce normalis n. var. (I3ils.). Mr. Pilsbry has
added two varieties to andreirsce and some day there may be others.
Those on Thunderhead (altivaga) approached the small, thin, green-
ish, smoky type, but many are banded. They measure 22 to 24
diameter. The types I have from Roan Mountain are 20 to 23.
Normalis finds its way to the lower altitudes, 1,000 ft., and appar-
ently thrives as well as upon Mirey Ridge or Bobs Bald, and it is
quite generally distributed — Cade's, Welsh Bald, Chamber's Creek,
Tuskeegee, Yellow Creek, Slick Rock, Citico Creek and Talassee
Ford. It has been white or russet colored so far, and the largest
with the highest spires were found on Mirey Ridge at an elevation
of 4,500 and on Citico Creek at 3,000. The largest measures 40
mm. diameter, 25 altitude (Citico), 38| diameter, 24 altitude
(Mirev). Usually 31 to 35 diameter, occasionally with a small tooth
on parietal wall. Sociable and active. The best traveler in the
range.
123b. Poly, andrewsce ultivaga (Pils.). n. var. Thunderhead,
Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome, Andrew's Bald. We did not find
this after leaving this range, and it was always at the mountain top
or the nearest basswood and buckeye belt, under stones or moss. On
Mirey Ridge only, it occupies the same territory with normalis, but
not often found in the grass or in the open. Unless further divided
its colors are white, greenish or smoky white, cherry red. and both
colors sometimes banded with a darker red band as in profunda.
Sometimes there is an additional line at the suture and some are half
and half, dark above and light below. (Mirey, N. C. side.) 22 to
Till-; NAUTILUS. 55
25 diam. Largest red colored forms were found on Andrews but our
stay was short and we found hut few. Tliis variety is more often
toothed than normal is. In some localities 43 per cent, had teeth on
the parietal wall. About ^ are banded. On one slope of Mirey
Ridge all were white, upon another all half and halt, and upon
another a fourth were red, the others white and banded. Upon
Clingman and Andrews the choice "rediis" were the most common.
This variety furnishes the most entertainment and has caused more
shouting and singing and expressions of joy and perplexity of any in
the Smokies.
1-24. Poly, t/iyroides (Say). Welsh Bald, Chamber's Creek, Tal-
assee Ford.
125. Poly, chinsa (Say). Talassee Ford.
126. Poly, wheatleyi (Bid). All along the route in very damp
situations.
This is the most variable shell of this region. At Cade's the meas-
urements were 16 to 18 mm. diam. All dentate, all hirsute, large flar-
ing lip and a few were albinos. The same measurements prevailed
at Block House. On Clingnian they dropped back to 13 and 14
diam. and some were not toothed or hirsute and quite globose, with
narrow lip. At Welsh Bald we found part of both. At Tuskeegee
and Cheowah all wen- small and only partially dentate or hirsute.
Ascending Mt. Hayo, we again found the 13 mm. variety up the
sides and at the top. Two miles further we found on Bobs Bald a
large variety I first supposed to be ferrissii. It was not hirsute but
deeply sculptured and 2 or 3 were dentate. 23 mm. On our return
to Cade's in Brannon's Cove, we again found the small globose form,
the smallest being only 12 mm.
127. Poly, cln-islyi (Bid.). Cade's Cove, Tuskeegee Creek, Cheo-
wah river, in flat ground near streams.
136a. Poly, edvardsi magnifumosa (Pils.). n. var. Welsh Bald,
Chambers' Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove. Mr.
Sargent also found this at Hayesville, N. C.
138. Poly, stenotremn (Fer.). Cade's, Welsh Creek and south of
Little Tennessee. At Chambers' Creek south side of Little Tennes-
see and at Talassee Ford we found it measuring 13 mm.
138b. Poly, depilata (PilsA Cade's, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge,
Clingman, Andrew's Bald and Bobs Bald. Under moss and stones.
130a. Poly. Jnrsnta pilidu (Pils.). n. var. Cade's Cove and
56 THE NAUTILUS.
Thunderhead only. Do not remember of ever finding the typical
hirsuta in these mountains.
141c. Poly, monodon cincta (Lewis). Tuskeegee Creek, Yellow
Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.
180a. Strobilops Idbyrinthica strebeli (Pfr.). Cade's Cove, Yel-
low Creek Mountains.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cade's Cove.
194. Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Cade's Cove.
225. Vertigo gouldii (Bid.). Cade's Cove.
22G. Yerti(/obollesiana( Morse). Cade's Cove. These four species
very rare.
235. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Sugar Cove in Cade's. One
specimen by Sargent.
239. Circinaria concava (Say). General. Largest 23^ diam.
246a. Omphalina fuliginosa polita (Pils.). Cade's Cove, Coon-
town, Chambers' Creek, Talassee Ford. At the two last named
places on the Little Tennessee the shells were as light colored as the
typical fuliginosa, but polished. There were no black forms at these
points.
248. Omphalina Itevigata (Pfr.). Cade's Cove, Cheowah river.
Only a few found at the latter place and these were dark colored
and as well polished nearly as Omp. Andrewsce. Largest 20 inm.
diam., 12 altitude.
248a. Omp. IcEvigata perlczris (Pils.). n. var. Talassee Ford.
248b. Omphalina lavigata latior (Pils.). n. var. This variety
has given me trouble since I saw it on my first trip to Tennessee.
It is much larger than type, much depressed and a light " Melantho"
blue in color. As 1 read shell music by ear, it has very little re-
semblance to the typical form. The largest from Talassee Ford
measured 28 diam., 10 altitude. Also found at Chambers' Creek.
250. Omphalina subplana (Binn). All along the route in damp
rnoss. On the Unakes the shells were very fragile, sometimes the
shell was a mere membrane but large and healthy otherwise. It is
as much of a cannibal as concava. Largest (Mt. Hayo) 24 diam.,
10 altitude.
252. Omplialina andrewsce (Pils.). All along the route. In
Cade's Cove there is a light colored form, faintly banded with darker
color. Largest 18 mm. in diam. 16 is large.
252a. Omp. Andrewsce montivaga (Pils.). Cade's Cove, Mirey
THE NAUTILUS. 57
Ridge, Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo. Largest 20| greatest diam., 1C
smallest diam.
253. Vltrinizonites latlssimus (Lewis). Cade's Cove, Block House,
Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Siler's Bald, Balsam, Clingman, An-
drew's Bald, "Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo, moss and stones.
253a. Yilrinizonites latissimus uvidermis (Pils.). n. var. Thun-
derhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman's Dome. These two often asso-
ciate with the above, but not always. It is more active in its habits.
The elastic shell is so thin our specimens collapsed, and in fact the
shell is worn indented and crushed in by its rightful owner. It is
darker and larger than the type. The largest are 19 greatest diam.
263a. Vitrea petropliila pentadelphia (Pils.). n. var. Named
after the five of us. At Cade's Cove, Cheowah River and Bob's
Bald ; found by mining.
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). Cade's Cove. Greatest diam. 5 mm.
271. Yit. scidptilis (Bid.). At nearly all points high or low, but
never abundant. It is one of the most beautiful of mountain shells,
being a warm pink in color, but from improper handling, perhaps,
this beautiful tint fades away. Largest 10 diam. Binney reports
272. Vit. carolinensis (Ckll.). Generally distributed along the
route, under rocks ; a brigadier indentatus. Largest 8^, found by
Mr. Clapp on Mirey Ridge.
274. Vit. capsella (Gld). Cade's Cove, Chambers' Creek.
276. Vit. capsella placentula (Shuttl.). Cade's Cove.
278. Gonulus chersinus (Say). Cade's Cove, 3 in 1898.
283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). As far as Tuskeegee river and
again at Talassee Ford.
287. Z. patuloides (Pils.). Cade's Cove, very sparingly.
295. Gastrodenta intertexta (Binn.). Cade's Cove, Mirey Ridge,
Welsh Bald, Chambers' Creek, Yellow Creek Mts., Tallassee Ford.
Largest 17 diam. Never plentiful, fond of poison hemlock ; some-
times albino as all these mountain shells seem to be.
296. Gastro. acerra (Lewis). One of the common kind all along
the road. It shows much variation without change of locality. My
largest is 18 diam., 10^ alt. Another of only 17 diam. is 13i in
alt.
297. Gastro. demised (Binn.). Cade's Cove.
301. Gastro. gularis (Say). Common on the route.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
302. Gastro. suppressa (Say). Brannan's Cove and Chestnut
Flats in Cade's Cove, Chambers' Creek.
305. Gastro. ettiotti (Redf.). General but not plentiful.
30G. Gastro. intern a (Say). Welsh Bald and south of Little
Tennessee, plentiful.
307. Gastro. significans (Bid). Cade's Cove, Yellow Creek Mts.
309. Gastro. miiltidentata (Binn.). Talassee Ford, found one first
trip.
310. Gastro. Ivmellidens (Pils.). Thunderhead Block House.
Coontown, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Cheowah River, Bobs Bald.
4 mm.
310-1. Gastro. Clcppi (Pils.) Thumlt-i head, Block House, Mirey
Ridge, Clingman.
310-2. Gastro. Wulkeri (Pils.). n. sp. Cheowah river, Yellow
Creek Mts., Talassee Ford. Diam. 20, altitude 1.45.
The last five belong to the Taxeodonta group : the other member,
andrewsae, is found at Roan Mt., about 75 miles east of Clingman.
338. Pyrumidula alteniatu (Say). Andrew's Bald, Chambers'
Creek, Yellow Cr. Mts., Yellow Creek and Unaka range; depressed
and small. 18 mm. At Cade's two were found of the Knoxville
type, large, whorls round and epidermis crinkled. 25 mm.
338b. Pyr. alternuta costata (Lewis). Cade's Cove and Thunder-
head only. 20 mm.
342. Pyr. perspective, (Say). Common, large and toothed. 10mm.
346. Helicodiscus lintotvs, Cade's Cove, Mirey Ridge, Tuskeegee
Mts., Bob's Bald.
347. Helicodiscm jimbriatus (Welh.). Talassee lord, two first
trip.
348. Punctum Bhmdianum (Pil?.). n. sp. Found by Mr.
Clapp, in 1898, on a tulip tree stump at Brannon's in Cade's Cove.
These stumps beginning to decay, make fine feeding ground for little
fellows.
362. Succinea obliqua (Say). On the very top ot Thunderhead,
Mirey Ridge and Clingman.
Goniobasis saffurdi ( Lea). Chambers' Creek.
Goniobasis proximo, (Say). Welsh Bald branch. Tuskeegee
Creek.
Pleurocera trivittatum (Lea). Talassee Ford.
I'llE NAUTILUS. .V.I
Pisidiinn roper i (Sterki). Welsh Bald.
Between Knoxville and Cade's Cove, 35 miles, the following are
found, Poly, elevata, form cincta, Taylor; Poly, spinofu (Lea);
OinpJialina kopnodes ("NY. G. Bin.); Gastrodonta macilenta (Shuttl.)
and Pyr. Bryant (Har|)er).
A NEW PHILOMYCUS.
BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!..
PMlomycus secretus n. sp.
Length (in alcohol) 12 mm Mantle very dark grey, with numer-
ous small black spots, best seen at the sides. Body pallid, sole whit-
ish with an ochreous tint.
Jaw light yellow, arched, with five strong ribs in the middle,
nearly the outer thirds being ribless. Teeth 9-11—13-1-13-11-9.
The side cusps on both centrals and laterals are very small. Penis-
sac as Binney describes for P. hemphilli.
Hal Roan Mtn., Mitchell Co., North Carolina. (A. G. Weth-
erby.)
Mr. Wetherbv sent me two specimens with these remarks: "A
small slug found here which I am quite sure has never been de-
scribed. It is never larger than these specimens ; lives deep down
in drifts of damp leaves, and never comes to the surface so far as my
careful observation of it for the last ten years goes to show. It is
" sluggish " in its habits; about all it will do when brought to the
light is to cautiously protrude its very short tentacles." (Litt., March
22, 1899.)
By its jaw characters, this resembles only P. hemphilli. From
that, as described by Binney, it differs mainly in being only half the
size. Mr. Wetherby knows both species, and states that the present
animal is uniformly small ; further, although I was not able to make
a satisfactory examination of the anatomy, the genital organs appear
(o be fully developed.
ON SOME JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A. I'lLSBllY.
In a former paper on Japanese snails, I identified a species of
' a/, /a from Ushika, prov. Teshio, with the Helix Iceta oi Gould, but
60 THE NAUTILUS.
that name being pre-occupied, I gave the new name Eulota gainesi
to my specimens. Further *tudy of the group with more material,
and notes on the type specimen of Iczta, kindly supplied by Prof.
Dall, shows that E. gainesi is perfectly distinct from Iceta.
I propose now to designate as E. gudeana n. sp., a large greenish
species, also from Ushika, Teshio prov., Hokkaido, which has some-
what the aspect of Natalina coffra, and which differs from E. gainesi
in the broader form, less plicate surface, and the peristome, which
is barely everted outwardly, becoming expanded below and reflexed
at the columella, whorls 5.
Alt. 27£, diam. 37 mm.
I regard Helix Iceta GUI. (not Pfr.) as a less-developed race of this
species ; and the name being pre-occupied, I propose to call this
Hakodate form Eulota gudeaua hakodatensis. It is more fragile than
gudeana, smaller, diam. about 20 mm., and yellowish-brown, with
two brown bands above. Types of E. gainesi, E. gudeana and E. g.
hakodatensis are in the collection of the Academy.
Figures of these several species and races will appear in the Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Eulota callizona dixoni n. vur.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, globose-pyramidal with high-
conic spire, rather thin and smooth ; greenish-corneous, usually with
a black brown peripheral band, a narrower subsutural band, and a
large basal patch formed of the united basal band and umbilical
patch. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the lip broadly expanded,
thickened within, reflexed below, purplish flesh colored, and at the
terminations of the bands purple-black. Alt. 32^, diam. 33 mm.
Inga, prov. Hoki, in southwestern Hondo. Type no. 76263 coll.
A. N. 8. Phila.
This form has hitherto been erroneously united to E. callizona
Crosse, or E. amalitz Kobelt. The latter is probably nearest, its area
of distribution lying chiefly northeast of that of dixoni, while E. cal-
lizona is undoubtedly the. northern fringe, so to speak, of the amalia
stock, and came in all probability from the Hakone region.
A small form before me from Hagi, Nagato Province, is clearly
related genetically to dixoni, and not referable to callizona.
GENEKAL NOTES.
Apropos of the note on Bathysciadium in the last number (p. 48),
it might be well to state that Prof. Wilcox found Acmcea fragilis of
New Zealand to be hermaphrodite, and exceptional specimens of
another species have also been stated to have both male and female
reproductive organs. These facts render the case of Batltysciadium
less exceptional. It is noteworthy that the deep-water limpets, like
the Chitons, belong to the lowest groups in their respective orders.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. OCTOBER, 19OO. No. 6.
CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHENACOLEPAS, PILSBRY.
BY IIEXKY A. PILSBRY.
Some years ago I compiled a list of the species of this genus with
a view to writing a more complete monograph than that in the Man-
ual of Conchology. Other work preventing this undertaking, I think
it may prove useful to publish the mere list of species described up
to 1900, with appropriate references, and the original localities.
Most of the species were originally described as Scutellina^ a pre-
occupied name which I changed as above (NAUTILUS V, p. 88, Dec.,
1891). The arrangement of species in this list is chronological, and
each is given under its original generic name.
1819. Patella yalatliea Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vi, pt. 1, p. 334;
Delessert, Rec. de Coq., pi. 23, f. 10.
1834. Scute/la crenulata Broderip, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 48. Chain
Island, S. Pacific. See also P. Z. S., 18(55, p. 197 (Formosa).
184G. Patella cinnamomea Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II., ii, 151;
U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 345. f. 449. New South Wales.
1852. Grepidula osculans C. B. Adams, Catal. Shells Panama, p.
234. Panama.
1854. Scutellina arabica Riippell, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec.
Moll., i, p. 4G1 (nude name), iii, pi. 52, f. 6i.
1854. Scutellina fermginea A. Adams, Genera i, 4G1 ; iii, pi. 52,
f. G, Go = P. cinnamomea Gld., leste Angas, Smith and Brazier.
1854. Scutellina asperulata A. Ad., Genera i, 4G1 (nude name).
= P. yalathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
1854. Scutellina costata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name) = P.
galathea (Lam.), leste E. A. Smith.
1854. Scutellina elonyata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1854. Scutellina granulosa A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1854. Scutellina Icevicostalis A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1855. Scutellina navicelloides Carpenter, Mazat. Catal., )>. 211-
Mazatlan. = P. osculnns (C. B. Ad.), teste Carpenter, P. Z. S.,
1863, p. 361.
1857. Acmcea harnillei Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., v, 1857, p.
277 ; 1872, p. 145, pi. 5, f. 6. Guadelupe, French West Indies.
1859. Scutellina unguifonnis Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,
162. Kagos i m a, J apa n .
1859. Scutellina scobinata Gould, t. c., p. 162. Oosima, Japan.
1860. Scutellina cancellota Pease, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 437. Sand-
wich Is. Mr. D. Thaanum has found this species at Hilo, Hawaii.
1868. Scutellina compressa Pease, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, 99.
Tahiti.
1868. Scutellina granocostata Pease, t. c., p. 100. Hawaii.
1868. Scutellina aculeata Pease, t. c., p. 100. Hawaii.
1871. Scutellina pulchella Lischke, Mai. Blatter xviii, p. 41 ; Jap.
Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 100, pi. 6, f. 20-23. Nagasaki, Japan.
1877. Scutellina sqvamosa Garivtt in Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, vi,
p. 91, no. 11030, Viti Is., no description, probably = = P. galathea
Lam.
1882. Scutellina fischeri Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philomathique,
1881, p. 29; Nouv. Arch, du MI-M. IV, 1881, p. 269, pi. 18, f. 9.
Santiago, Cape Verde Is.
1890. Scutellina antillarum Sliuttlw. in Dall, Blake Gastrop., p.
342, pi. 31, f. 10, 11. Key West, Fla. = = Plienacolepas hamillei
(Fischer), see Man. Conch, xiii, p. 36.
1899. Phenacolepas senta Hedley, Mem. Australian Museum, iii,
pi. 7, p. 403, fig. 1 (March 9, 1899). Funafuti.
1899. Plienacolepas liiigiiarii'errfe Melvill & Standen, Linn. Soc.
Journ. Zoo!., xxvii, 179, pi, 10, f. 11. Torres Straits.
Mr. E. A. Smith kindly examined the specimens in the British
Museum, where the types of Adams' undescribed species are pre-
served, and writes that he regards S. elonguta, granulosa and Icevi-
costalis as well as arabica Riipp., as distinct species, but asperulata
and costata are identical with galatlieo.
THE NAUTILUS. G3
There seem to be about 15 valid species, not counting Adams'
undescribed forms. The largest is Phenacolepas galathea Lam., of
the South Pacific.
LAND MOLLUSCA OF KENNEBUNKPORT, ME.
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
The collection was made during the months of July and August of
this year. Most of the shells were found in the woods back of the
"Casino "and extending from there to the ocean. The timber is
principally pine and spruce, with a few deciduous trees around the
edge of the woods and in swampy places. The best collecting
ground was in a small group of oaks and beeches at one corner of
the woods, and it was here that Polygyra sayii and most of the
Pnpidfe were found. The only species found everywhere through the
woods were Zonitoides arboreus and Pyramidulu striatella. In no
place were shells plentiful ; it was a case of collecting one at a time,
rarely two or three under the same stick or piece of bark.
As the country rock is granite the molluscs probably get their
lime from the marine shells and " carapaces " of crabs (the common
shore-crab, Cancer irroratus (?)) which are scattered all through the
woods. I noted the following species : Mytilus edulis L., Modiola
modiolus L., Mya arenaria L., Lunatia heros Say, Buccinum tin-
datum L.
On wet days one or more mollusks would be found " feeding" on
nearly every dead shell. Polygyra albolabris appears to be particu-
larly fond of the crab shells. The scarcity of some of the Pupidce
and other moisture-loving species may be accounted for by the fact
that the season was very dry. The shells of P. albolabris were some-
what darker than those found inland and are rather fragile, they
range from 24 to 28 mm. greater diameter, altitude 14£ to 19 mm.
Polygyra sayii is also dark-colored and very thin ; they range from
19i to 22 mm., greater diameter, altitude 11 to 14 mm.
I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for identification of some of the
minute species.
106. Polygyra sayii (Binn.), 7.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
109. Polygyra albolabris (Say), 17.
141. Polygyra monodon (Rack.), 10.
181. Strobilops virgo (Pils.), 124 (17 albino, the others reddish).
199. Bifidaria pentodon (Say), 9.
225. Vert igo gouldii ( B i n n . ) , 16.
260. Vitrea hammonis (Strom), 9.
264. Vitrea binneyana (Mse.), 13.
268. Vitrea ferrea (Mse.), 20.
278. Comilus fulvus (Miill.), 10.
"27Sb.Conulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.), 38.
2s;>. Zonitoides orboreus (Say), 64.
293. Zonitoides exiguus (Stimp.), 30.
294. Zonitoides milium (Mse.), 6.
315. Agriolimax agrestis (L-), 2.
333. Pfiilomycus carolinensis (Bosc.), 2.
334. Philomycus dorsalis (Binn.), 7.
344. Pyramidula striatella (Anth.), 40.
346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), 37.
34s. Punctum pygmceum (Drap.), 4.
362. Succinea obliqua (Say), 7.
367. Succinea avara (Say), 1.
Carychium exiguum (Say), 17.
The following species occurred in the mud in places that would he
swamps under favorable conditions.
Pisidium abditum Hald., 30.
Limncea caperata Say, 11.
While out driving one day, I stopped on Ml. Agamenticus, Me.,
for about twenty minutes, and got the following on the eastern side
near the base :
Strobilops virgo Pils., 4.
Pupa pentodon Say, 1.
Vertigo bollesiana Mse., 1.
Comilus fidmis Miill., 2.
Zonitoides arbor eus Say, 1.
Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.), 1.
Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 9, 1900.
E NAUTILUS, 65
A NEW SPECIES OF CERION.
BY AV. H. DALL.
Mr. J. A. Stevenson, of Palm Beach, Florida, recently collected
a number of land shells in the Bahamas, adding several species
already known from other localities but not from Nassau, to the
Bahaman fauna. Among those obtained from Long or Berry Island,
was a form of Cerion which appears to be undescribed and is related
to the group of C- scalarinum Pfr., called Umbonis by Maynard.
Cerion Stevensoni n. sp.
Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin-
drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the
blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery,
where the ribs cease, and below that constricted; whorls 8-10,
nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse
ribbing with subequal interspaces ; these become stronger, with a
strong revolving thread behind the suture ; at the third whorl then
the diameter of the shell suddenly increases the sides develop strong
transverse rather irregular ribbing with wider interspaces, the ribs
extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they
rarely extend ; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans-
versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im-
pressed and axially deeply perforate; aperture very variable in shape,
with a broad, flattish, rather thin reflected margin ; there is a parietal
short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial
fold ; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply
spirally striated, the striae sometimes crowded, sometimes distant.
Alt. of two specimens, A, 27 ; B, 21; diam. A, 12 ; B, 14.5 mm.
Types, U. S. Nat. Museum ; specimens in Stearns' collection, De-
troit, Mich., and Mr. Stevenson's collection.
The entire absence of the axial fold is notable.
VALLONIA PULCHELLA MULL., IN LOS ANGELES AND ELSEWHEKE IN
CALIFORNIA, ETC.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
For several months past, I have been making a careful search for
slugs, in the interest of Dr. Pilsbry, with poor results, as these ani-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
mals, for some reason, are of rare occurrence on my grounds ; neither
my own nor those of my immediate neighbors containing any. About
the middle of last August, I made my regular examination of certain
bricks, bats and pieces of wood, that have been turned over for the
hundredth time, with the usual experience in the way of slugs, but
had my reward by finding, to my great surprise, a large number,
over a hundred, of Vallonia pulchella. This species has not before
been reported as occurring in Los Angeles or elsewhere in this re-
gion. Many species and some varieties of the general Vallonia form
have been made by Dr. Sterki and others, based on the American
aspects of this genus. Dr. Pilsbry, referring to the examples sent to
him from my premises, says it is our " old friend pure and simple,"
and further remarks that " Curiously we did not find it in the Great
Smokies, but Ashmun gets some costate forms (not pulchella) in
Arizona and New Mexico." Raymond obtained one specimen ot the
var. costata in Bloody Canyon, east side of Mono Pass, at an altitude
of about 8000 feet, in 1889. Mr. R. C. McGregor,1 collected V-
pulchella *' in a yard at base of rose bushes," at Redding, in Shasta
county.
In Dr. Cooper's catalogue of West North American shells, he
gives the distribution as " circumboreal," south to Mono county, Cal.,
and subsequently, " Donner Lake, and near Truckee," in the Cali-
fornia Sierras. Mr. Button informs me that he found it plentiful
some years ago in Mountain View Cemetery, near Oakland ; that
specimens from that locality " aime light-colored, living on white mar-
ble copings." Mr. Hemphill states that he has "found V- pulcliella
at Julian City, San Diego Co., and at several other places in Cali-
fornia, Oregon and Washington." The late A. W. Crawford, ac-
cording to Mr. Raymond, collected it at " San Jose," in Santa Clara
county.
It will be seen by the above that this pretty little snail is quite
widely dispersed in California, as well as elsewhere in the Pacific
States. In Pilsbry and Johnson's list2 of American Land Shells,
etc., it is credited to " Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly
to, the Gulf of Mexico. Europe."
1See NAUTILUS, XII, Sept., 1898, p. 60, and Mrs. Williamson in same for
Oct., 1898, pp. 71-2.
2 Philadelphia, April, 1889, p. 7.
THE NAUTILUS. G7
The aesthetic taste exhibited by Vallonia pulchella is noteworthy ;
from under the Hoses of Shasta county in the north, to the Verbena
beds of Los Angeles in the south, and among the marbles of Moun-
tain View, in Alameda county, suggests a refinement of discrimina-
tion in this " mere atom of humble life," that would furnish a good
text for a sermon.
Mr. Button, in his note to me referring to the cemetery habitat,
writes, "Query — Brought from the East in plants?'' As to the
occurrence of V- pulchella in my grounds, I am wholly at sea, for no
plant forms, from the neighborhood or elsewhere, have been intro-
duced by me for a long time, and these little snails have appeared in
numbers, within six iveeks.
In considering the hypsometric distribution, the altitude of Donner
Lake is, according to Gannett,1 from whom these various elevations
are quoted, G095 feet; Truckee 5820 and Redding 555 feet; Julian
4500 and Los Angeles about 300 feet, while the Mountain View
Cemetery grounds are probably slightly less than the Los Angeles
figure.
Los Angeles, California, Sept. 12, 1900.
AN HOUK ON THE GREAT RAFT.
BT LORRAINE S. FRIERSON.
While the readers of NAUTILUS are waiting to hear of the results
of the exploration of the Great Smokies by Ferriss, Walker & Co.,
perhaps they would like to hear about a trip to the Great Raft of the
Red River.
This raft of logs was at one time 150 miles long, but it has long
since been removed from the main river. There still remains in an
arm of the river about five miles of the old raft. This raft is not
continuous, but consists of separate pieces from a mile long down to
fifty yards. These logs are in some places only one log deep, i. e.,
the surface of the water is covered by a single layer of logs.
In other places, however, the river is completely filled with a solid
mass of logs from ten to fifteen feet deep. These logs are covered
»Dict. of Altitudes in the U. S., 3d Ed,, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
with a mass of vegetation consisting of smart- weed, various species
of sedges, grasses and bushes. Near the water, on a zone of about
two inches wide, winch is permanently wet, may be found two minute
snails: Vertigo rugosula Sterki and V. ovata Say. On the tops of
old and large logs there is frequently a deposit of earth, which sup-
ports a colony of land shells. Among these may be found Polygyra
thyroides and its variety bucculenta, Polygyra monodon var. friersoni
Pilsbry. Rarely may be obtained Polygyra carolinensis Lea.
Roaming about on the logs may be found colonies of Succinea of
a black color. That is to say, the animal itself is black, covered
with small golden-colored spots, making a handsome animal. These
Suc:ineas would be found here in untold numbers, probably, were it
not for two enemies who derive a considerable part of their living
from them. One of these enemies is the whole Heron 1'amily, and
the other is the frog family. Between the heron and frogs the Sue-
cineas have a poor chance.
As before remarked, bunches of various sedges grow on these logs.
These sedges grow in bunches about two feet high and about one
foot in diameter. Hidden in these bunches, down near the roots,
may be found another species of Succinea. These are of a straw-
yellow color. Between these and the blacks are several points of
difference. The blacks live on the logs, the yellow ones live on the
tussocks of sedges. Here is a nut for the evolutionist. Is the straw-
colored snail colored like straw because it lives on straw ? or does it
live on straw because it is straw-colored? Another point is that the.
straw-colored snail (who is nearly always hidden in the bunches of
grass) is sweet tasted, or at any rate is not nauseous; while the
blacks who roam about considerably have quite a pronounced bitter
taste. Both of these snails have been called S. salleana, but being
sure that there were two species, they were submitted to Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry, with the result that the blacks are Succinea luteola Gid.,
while the yellow fellows are Succinea salleana, Pfr.
Out in the water, among the floating roots of the duck weeds, etc.,
may be found Planorbis trivolvis S;iy, and a minute Limncea. This
Limncea is the only representative of its tribe thus far seen in North-
ern La. No specimen over one fourth of an inch long has ever been
secured. It is labelled L. caperata Say, but with a good deal of
doubt.
More about this raft and its inhabitants could be written, but hot!
THE NAUTILUS. 69
Gracious, how the perspiration rolls off' a fellow ! Down between the
banks, with an August sun overhead, and the steam arising from the
rank vegetation, and the sun's rays reflected from the water, we
thought of Ferriss digging snails on the mountain tops, and we quit,
but we had at least 100 Succineas.
SHELL COLLECTING NEAE EOCHESTEE, N. Y.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
For the past five years the writer has made annual pilgrimages to
Rochester, New York, partly to spend his summer vacation, and partly
to get better acquainted with the mollusks which flourish about the
'' Flower City." The vicinity of Rochester is peculiarly adapted for
molluscan life, owing to the fact that the Niagara limestone out-crops
in various places, affording an abundance of lime for the secretion
of their shells, which are, therefore, large and fine.
The Eskers known as the Pinnacle and Cobb's Hill, are my
favorite localities, and many fine species have been collected. The
former locality is a rounded, dome-shaped hill some 200 feet in
height, the slope being from 10 to 30 degrees, well wooded on its
summit, with a little ravine between the main hill and a small knoll,
and littered by fallen, rotting logs and dead leaves. Helices are here
very abundant, such forms as Vitrea arborea, V. indentata, Omphalina
futiginosa, Gastrodonta intertexta, Pyramidula alternately P. striateUa,
Polyyyra albolabris, P. sayii (rare), P. monodon, P. tridentata (many
varieties), and Cochlicopa lubrica being readily collected. Cobb's
Hill, just across Monroe avenue, yields about the same fauna.
At a point in the Erie Canal where the waters widen to form a
pond, hence called " wide-waters," the fresh water mollusks are
numerous, and such species as Limncea staynalis (large and fine), L.
palustriS) L. catciscopium, L. desidiosa, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa
heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis lives cenf, Bythinia
tentaculata, Valvata sincera, and V. tricarinata are common. Between
Rochester and Pittsford, in the canal, a colony of Vivipara contec.
toides has established itself, and a large number of fine specimens
may be gathered at any time. When the water is drained from the
70 THE NAUTILUS.
canal in the spring, it is a fine place for unios, such species as
Anodonta salmonia, A. benedictii, Aldsmodonta marginata, A. del-
toidea, Unio gibbosus, Anodontopsis ferussacidiius, Quadnila plicata,
Q. undulata, Lampsilts yracilis, iris, nasulus, hiteolus, venlricbsus,
rect/ts, alatus, and cariosus being found in great abundance and
beauty ; the bottom is covered knee-deep with black mud, affording
a fine retreat for the mussels.
The Genessee River, both above and below the falls, affords good
collecting, the unios being abundant above and the gastropods below
the falls. The characteristic species above the falls are Alasmodonta
marginata, A. rugosa, A. pressa, Quadrula rubiginosa, Lampsilis
iris, L. luteolas, L. alatus, Sphcerivm simile, S. stamineum, S. trans-
versuin, Limmea pahistris, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha,
Goniobasis livescens and Campeloma decision, while those below are
Sphtz-rium transversnm, Limncza catascopium, Planorbis trivolvis,
PJtysa heterostropha, and Bythinia tentaculata.
Both the east and west banks of the Genessee River below the falls
are good localities for mollusks, about the same 'species being found
as on the Pinnacle, with the addition of Pupa muscorum, Circinaria
concava, VaUonia pulchella, V- costata, Polycjyra tfiyroides, P. hirsuta
and P. palliata. The wooded banks of Seneca Park afford good
retreats for mollusks, and they may be found here in great abundance.
One of the pleasantest trips near Rochester is to Irondequoit Bay,
an inlet from Lake Ontario, five miles long and about one in breadth.
The hills about are from 100 to 200 feet high, and the water has a
maximum depth of 80 feet. Mollusks are correspondingly numerous :
Sjtharhim simile, S. transversnm, Succinea ovah's, Limncea pahistris,
L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P. trirolvis, P. bicarinatus, P.
defectws, P. parvus, Segmentina armigera, Ancylus tardus, Physa
heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis semicarinata, Bythinia
tentaculata, Amnicola Juslrica, Valvata sincera and V- tricarinata
are found in great abundance along the shore or living on the lily
pads. The wooded banks yield the common helices in great
abundance.
The best fresh-water beach collecting which the writer has ever
experienced is to be found at Charlotte and Summerville, on Lake
Ontario, the former on the west and the latter on the east side of the
mouth of the Genessee River. There is always a line of " sea-
wrack " which is alive with fresh-water mollusks. Here we have
THE NAUTILUS. 71
always collected Lampsilis luteolus, Sphairium simile, S. staminemn,
S. fabale, Pisidium abditium, P. buJceri (= P. amnicum Miill., teste
Sterki), Limncea palustris, L. desidfosa, Planorbis campamdatus, P.
trivolwis, P. bicarinatus, P. deflectus, P. parrus, Ancylus parallehis,
Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera siibulare, Bytldnia teiittiodafa, Ainiii.
cola limosa, A. lustrica, A. obtnsa, A. cincinnatiensis, Gil/fa altilis,
Somatogyrus subglobosus, Yulvata sincera, V- tricarinata and V.
obtt/sa. Pisidium bakeri Pilsbry has been found in great abundance
at Summerville, where specimens nearly a quarter of an inch in
length have been collected. Y<ili'ata obtusd Drap. was found at both
Charlotte and Summerville in 1899 fully as abundant as V. sincere/ f
This species was reported from this country for the first time in 1897
when but a few specimens were obtained. In the interval between
that time and August, 1899, it had increased a hundred fold. It is
probable that many introduced species will lie found in our Great
Lakes if the shore debris be carefully searched.
The localities mentioned above have yielded altogether 150 species,
many of which may be found here in as great abundance and perfec-
tion as at any locality in the northern part of the United States.
NOTES AND NEWS.
A NEW AMERICAN SLUG — Dr. J. F. Babor has described an in-
teresting new form, Arloliniax steindachneri, from a specimen col-
lected by F. Steindachner on Puget Sound, in 1874. ' It is large,
length 80 mm., breadth 1'.), height 21 mm., about the size of Ario-
litniix columbiaints, and differs externally from that species in having
the well developed tail pore an open slit, as in Hesperarion, not
plugged as in the other Arloliniaces. The teeth are as in A. califor
nirus. The genitalia lie free, the ovotestis anterior, at the stomach.
The pijnis contains a large papilla but is otherwise hollow, much as
in Hesperarion. There is no appendiculum, and no 4% retensor "
muscle, but a vaginal retractor is developed.
The species is clearly intermediate to some extent between Hes-
perarion and Ariol/max, and may indicate that the former group
1 Annaien des K. K. Naturhist. Hot'museums, xv, 1900, p. 95.
72 THE NAUTILUS.
should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus. Zoologists who have
opportunity to collect in the Puget Sound region should be on the
lookout for this slug, for it is important that its anatomical characters
be confirmed by additional specimens, as only one was examined
by Dr. Babor. It can probably be recognized externally by the dif-
ferent tail pore. It has not been figured.
NOTE ON ASHMUNELLA iiYPORHYSSA (Ckll.). — I have recently
visited Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento Mts., N. M., and found hypo-
rhyssa excessively abundant, under pine, logs and pieces of pine bark
upon the ground. The Cloudcroft form differs from the type of
hyporhyssa (rhyssa var.) in uniformly lacking the parietal tooth, but
otherwise the shell seems quite the same. It may be called var.
edentata. There are three color-mutations, as follows :
(1) Edentata proper; shell horn-color or pale greyish-brown. The
commonest form.
(2) Rufescens, n. mut.; shell deep ferruginous or chestnut color, lip
tinged with pink. Quite common. Analogous to the mut. rub ens of
Hygromia rufcscens.
(3) Alba, n. mut.; shell creamy white. Rare, only three or four
found. The first albino reported in Ashmunella. — T. D. A. COCK-
ER ELL.
CIRCINARIA HEMPHILLI IN CALIFORNIA. — I have specimens of
Oircinaria hemphilli from Central California, as follows :
1. Mission Peak, near eastern shore of San Francisco Bay.
2. Forest Hill, Placer Co., in Sierra Nevada Mts., west slope,
3,700 ft. alt. I think this species has not heretofore been reported
from further south than Oregon. — FRED L. BUTTON.
HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND. — A friend has just
brought me a living example of H. hortensis (12345) from the
" headwaters of Robinson's River," west coast of Newfoundland, and
promises a lot of them next year. Isn't this a new locality? — G. H.
CLAPP,
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XIV. NOVEMBER, 19OO. No. 7.
LAND SNAILS OF CAPE MAY, NEW JERSEY.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The littoral of Southern New Jersey is perhaps as unpromising
collecting ground for the land shell hunter as can be found in the
Eastern States. The general physical features of the region are well
known, now that the whole coast has become a great summer play-
ground; but it may be said that the land snails are nearly or entirely
confined to the occasional patches and strips of cedar scrub on the
islands and along the shore, usually within a couple of hundred yards
of the beach, and often separated from it by a narrow strip of shifting
sand dunes. Between these littoral cedar groves and the mainland
proper, wide stretches of salt marsh intervene, intersected by inlets,
and inhabited by myriads of Melampus lineatus, Litorina irrorata and
Modiola plicatulu.
Such situations occur at frequent intervals from Atlantic City to
Cape May. At the latter place the salt, marshes are reduced to a
minimum ; but in common with the more northern localities, the
shore strip is insulated, so far as the land snail fauna is concerned,
by the pine belt of the interior. There are, however, many deciduous
trees and a rich soil at Cape May, while at the more northern locali-
ties the deciduous trees are wanting, except where imported, and the
dark soil is a mere film over nearly pure sand.
The snails are everywhere, so far as mv own experience goes, con-
fined to the cedar groves. At Cape May Point there is a dense
growth of cedar, oak, dwarf plum, bay, with more or less holly and
prickly pears. It need not be mentioned to a New Jersey naturalist
/4 THE NAUTILUS.
that in these choice retreats mosquitoes are abundant. The New
Jersey mosquito, like Napoleon's famous Old Guard, dies, but never
surrenders. You wipe him off, and the gore flows freely. Here were
found Polygyra albolabris maritima, Bifidaria hordeacella, B. pento-
don, Vertigo milium, Zonitoides arboreus, Agriolimax campestris and
Succinea campestris vagans. Only one specimen each of the Zoni-
toides and Agriolimax were found. An additional species, Zonitoides
minusculus, occurred a few miles further northwest.
In Cape May city, on mounds around the tanks at the gas works
at 703 Lafayette street, I found V<(Uonia pulchella and Pupoides mar-
ginatus quite abundant. These may possibly be imported species, as
nothing of them was seen except in the old and long settled part of
town.
The most remarkable records are Bifidaria hordeacella, a species
of the Gulf States, hitherto not known north of the Georgia Sea
Islands, and the very distinct variety of Succinea, which may be de-
fined thus :
Succinea campestris vagans, n. v.
Shell similar to >S. campestris in the wrinkled surface and very
convex last whorl, but smaller, with only 2§ whorls in fully mature
specimens, the aperture shorter and less ovate, and the color a rather
pale olive-green, translucent, with scarcely any whitish layer within ;
surface rather dull.
Length 9, diani. G.5, longest axis of aperture 6.2 mm.
Length 7.6, diam. 5.6, longest axis of aperture 5.4 mm.
Cape May Point, N. J. (H. A. P., August, 1898.) Types No.
78,882, coll. A. N. S.
I cannot refer the specimens to any Northern species. They are
nearer S. campestris, which extends from the Georgia coast, through-
out Florida, and west to the mouth of the Mississippi, the western
specimens being the thin, smooth and glossy variety unicolor of Tryon.
Some years ago, Mr. W. B. Marshall reported Succinea avara
from Cape May. " The exact locality was on the ocean front at 8th
avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May Point,
and was not more than 200 ft et from the line of high tide." l Some
of these specimens are now before me, and seem referable to S. aurea
Lea rather than to avara; though it must be acknowledged that the
1 NAUTILUS, VI, p. 19, June, 1892.
THK NAUTILUS. 75
determination of Succineas is often far from certain. Similar shells
were sent by Mr. C. Le Roy Wheeler, also from Cape May, exact
locality not given.
My collection was made in August, 1898.
MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHERN KENTUCKY.1
BY SADIE F. PRICE.
While engaged in botanical work, I have collected the following
land and fresh-water shells, most of them in Warren county :
Polyyyra plicata Say.
Polygyra divesta Gld. Scarce. Probably the first time this spe-
cies has been listed so far east or north. Bowling Green.
Polygyra troostiana Lea.
Polygyra. monodon Rack.
Polygyra palliata Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties,
and East Kentucky at Burnside.
Polygyra appressa Say. Common, Warren and Edmonson coun-
ties.
Polygyra inflecta Say. Common, Warren, Barren and Edmonson
counties.
Polygyra rugeli Shuttl. Bowling Green.
Polygyra tridentata Say. Common, Warren, Edmonson and Bar-
ren counties.
Polygyra obstricta Say. Not common. Under rotten logs. War-
ren and Barren counties.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties.
PdygW0- elevata Say. Common throughout South Kentucky.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. Very common.
Polygyra clansa Say.
Polygyra tltyroides Say. Very abundant.
Polygyra thyroides buccidentus Gld. Bowling Green.
Polygyra doivnieana Bid. Rare. Warren and Edmonsen counties.
P°tyyyra profunda Say. Scarce. Edmonson county.
Polygyra stenotrema Fe"r.
1 1 am indebted to Mr. C. T. Simpson, National Museum, for naming doubtful
Unios.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
Vcdlonia pulchella Mull. Rather common. Bowling Green.
Pyramiduhi perepectiva Say. Rather common throughout South-
ern Kentucky. Also found at Torrent, East Kentucky Mountain.
Pyramidula bryanti Harper. Only one specimen found. This
Mr. Simpson says is considerably out of its usual range.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Barren, Edmonson and Warren coun-
ties, East Kentucky in the mountains.
Pyramidula alternata carinata Pils. Rather common. Bowling
Green.
Pyramidula alternata mordax Binney. Not common. Bowling
Green.
Strobila labyrinthica Say. Bowling Green.
Pupoides marginatus Say.
Bifidarict contracta Say.
Bifidaria armtfera Say.
Bifidaria procera Gould.
Gircinaria concava Say. Bowling Green, Brownsville.
Vifrea indentata Say. Warren county.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Warren county.
Vt'trea sculptilis Bid.
OmphaUna Icevigata Pfr. Warren and Edmonson counties.
Gastrodonta ligera Say. Throughout southern Kentucky.
Gastrodonta acerra Lewis. Barren county.
Gastrodonta demissa Binn. Common.
Gastrodonta intern a Say. Southern Kentucky and in the moun-
tains of East Kentucky.
Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Common on rocky hillsides. Bowling
Green.
Succinea avara Say.
Succinea ovalis Gld.
Succinen totteniana Lea (?). On ferns in sink-hole. Bowling
Green.
Heliodiscus lineafus Say. Bowling Green.
Helicina orbicnlata Say.
Limneea humilis Say. Near Green and Barren rivers, under damp
moss.
Planorbis bicarinatas Say. Rather common.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. In ponds. Common.
Planorbis parvus Say. On rocks in pounds.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
Ancylus rivularis Say. In ponds and rivers.
Physa gyrina Say. In springs and creeks throughout southern
Kentucky and at Lexington.
Physa pomilia Con. In ponds. Not uncommon.
Physa heterostropha Say. Barren River.
Physa heterostropha, var. Creeks.
Campeloma obesum Lewis (?). Barren River.
Cunipeloma inteyrum Say. Barren River.
Campeloma ponderosum Say. Common.
Lioplax subcarinata Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Bank of Barren River.
Pleurocera JiJinn Lea. Very common.
Pleurocera sycamorense Lea.
Pleurocera undulatum Say.
Lithasia planispira Anthony.
Lithasia nuclea Lea.
Lithasia nndova Anth.
Lithasia obovata Say.
Goniobasis cxrcilubris Anth.
Gomobasis curvilabris, var. Rather common.
Goniobasis abreviata Lea.
Goniobasis curreyana Lea. Common.
Goniobasis costifera Hald. Green and Barren Rivers.
Goniobasis costifera, var.
Goniobasis vicina Anth. Warren county.
Goniobasis atMeta Anth. Barren county.
Goniobasis depyyis Say.
Goniobasis nassula Con. var. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis infantulum Lea.
Goniobasis saffbrdii Lea. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis edgariana Lea. Creeks.
Goniobasis eleganlida Anth. Barren River.
Goniobasis paupercula Lea.
UNIONID.E.
Quadrula undulata Barnes. Common in all streams.
Quadrula trigona Lea. Common.
Quadrula rubiyinosa Lea.
Quadrula pyramidata Lea.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Quadrula coccinea Con.
Quadrula pttstulosa Lea. Very common.
Quadrula obliqua Lam.
Quadrula verrucosa Barnes.
Quadrula globata Lea.
Quadrula laclirymosa Lea.
Quadrula plicata Say.
Quadrula cooperiana Lea.
Quadrula heros Say. Barren county.
Quadrula metanerva Raf.
Quadrula cylindrica Say,
Quadrula solida Lea.
Playiola eleg<:tns Lea.
Plagiola securis Lea.
Playiola donuctformis Lea.
Lampsilis ventricosus Bar. Barren River.
Lamps/Us multiradiatns Lea.
Lampsilis ligamentinus Lam. Very common.
Lampsilis Uf/amentinus Lam. var.
Lampsilis gracilis Barnes.
Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Ohio, Green and Barren Rivers.
Lampsilis rectus Lam.
Lampsilis cumberlandicus Lea.
Lampsilis Inteolus Lam. L. lienosus Con.
Lampsilis texasensis Lea.
Lampsilis ovatus Say. L. obscurus Lea.
Lampsilis regularis Lea.
Lampsilis alatus Lea. Common.
Lampsilis iris Lea. Lampsilis perdix Lea.
Lampsilis subrostratus Say.
Lampsilis planicostatus Lea.
Lampsilis parvus Barnes.
Lampsilis caliginosus Con.
Lampsilis vanuxumensis Lea.
Lampsilis nigerrimus Lea.
Lampsilis fat/ins Lea.
grandiferus Lea. Rather common.
gibbosus Barnes. Both the purple and salmon-colored forms
are found in all streams.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Obliquaria rejiexa Raf. Common.
Obliquaria lens Lea.
Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild.
Strophitus edentttlus Say.
TninciUo perplexa Lea.
Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea.
Truncilla triquetra Raf.
Pleurobema clara Lam.
Pleurobema (ssopus Green.
Pleurobema edgariana Lea.
Oboraria circuhis Lea.
Tritigonia verrucosa Raf. C/". tuberculatus Barnes.
Cyprogenia irrorata Lea. Common.
Microtnya lapUlus Lea.
Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Common.
Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea.
Alasmodonta minor Lea. Gasper River.
Alasmodonta truncata (Say) Wright.
Anadontoides ferussacianus Lea.
Anodonta imbecilis Say. Rivers and ponds near rivers.
Anodonta grandis Lea.
Anodon*a grandis giyantea Lea.
Sphcerium sulcatum Lam.
Sphcerium fabale Prime. River and creeks.
CalycuUna partumeia Say.
(Jalycullna transversa Say.
Pisidiuni virginicum Gm. Rivers and ponds.
Pisidium peraltiim Sterki. Ponds.
NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE LAND MOLLUSCA.
BY H. A. PILSBKY.
Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinate, light yellow-
ish brown, slightly shining. Surface densely but lightly striate
spirally, under a thin cuticle which bears rather wide-spaced, irregu-
larly developed lamellae ending in short shreds at the periphery, the
80 THE NAUTILUS.
lamella? frequently interrupted on the base. Spire very low-conic ;
whorls barely 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last a little
pinched above and below the peripheral keel. Base much more
convex than the spire, flattened and sloping below the keel, swollen
towards the middle, obtusely angular around the conic umbilicus.
Aperture oblique, irregularly squarish, the peristome white, some-
what thickened within, angular at the terminations of the peripheral
and umbilical carina?, the upper margin hardly expanded, basal
margin expanded, somewhat reflxed, columellar margin a little
dilated.
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17.5 mm.
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17 mm.
Kikai, Osumi, in southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).
This species is closely related to E. trochula (A. Ad.), known
only from Tsusima, differing from that species in the much more
angular aperture, far flatter spire and more convex base.
Trislioplita goodwini vur. suprazonata n. var.
Shell similar in form to T. goodwini, but with apex obtuse ; thin,
somewhat translucent, corneous-brown, paler around the umbilicus,
and with a wide white zone bordering the suture, ascending the
spire. Whorls 5^. Alt. 9.5, diam. 13.5 mm.
Ushirokawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A smaller form, alt. 8.5, diam. 11.5 mm., occurs at Kagoshima,
Satsuma, in southern Kiusiu. This variety is more conic than the
variety fusca of Gude, which is moreover smaller and without the
whitish band above.
Kaliella symmetrica n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, turreted-pyramidal, the spire with convex
lateral outlines and blunt, rounded apex; yellowish-corneous;
sharply striated above with excessively fine, densely crowded longi-
tudinal stria?, which give it the luster of silk, the base glossy, show-
ing faint, spaced spiral lines under a high magnification. AVhorls
5-^, very convex, the last obsoletely subangular at the periphery,
moderately convex beneath, impressed around the perforation. Aper-
ture basal, rather narrow, curved, shaped like the middle third of a
crescent with the ends cut oflf; outer and basal margins of the peri-
stome acute and simple, the columella vertical, its edge triangularly
reflexed. Alt. 2.1, diam. 2 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
THE N.UTILCS. 81
This species somewhat resembles Hyalina picstulina Reinhardt, but
it is proportionately higher, smaller, the last whorl less enlarged, the
spire being more prominent ; consequently the aperture is smaller. I
would consider this shell an Euconuhis were it not so closely allied
to the following species, which I do not doubt is a Kaliella. Half-
grown specimens are still only obtusely angular at the periphery.
Kaliella fraterna n. sp.
Shell similar to K. symmetrica, except that it has an acute, pro-
jecting, thread-like peripheral keel, like that of K. labilis (Gld.), ex-
tending undiminished to the aperture.
Kashima, Harima, with K. symmetrica (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Buconuius Reinhardti n. sp.
Shell globose-conic, perforate, fragile, pale corneous yellow ;
glossy, with sparse rather conspicuous oblique growth-wrinkles and
extremely tine subobsolete, crowded spiral stria?. Spire elevated,
the apex rather acute. Whorls 5i, quite convex, separated by
deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl large, subglolose, rounded
at the periphery, but showing the almost obsolete trace of a peri-
pheral angle ; base strongly convex, slightly impressed around the
narrowly perforate axis. Aperture somewhat oblique, roundly
lunate, the peristome thin, very fragile, simple, the columellar margin
rather broadly dilated above. Alt. 3/J, diam. 3.7 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A globose-conic species which I first thought to identify with JET.
pupula Gould ; but it differs from that insufficiently defined species
in the rounded last whorl and various other characters.
It has been shown that the name Conulus is preoccupied in Mol-
lusca by Rafinesque, who proposed that name for the genus Conus.
This will prevent its use for the common Helix fulva of Miiller, and
various European authors have now abandoned Conulus in favor of
Arnouldia of Bourguignat. It has apparently escaped the notice of
these gentlemen that Euconuhis of Reinhardt was proposed for the
fulvus group some seven years before Bourguignat's publication.
The genus will therefore stand thus :
Eucoxri.rs Reinh.
Conulus Fitz., 1833, not of Rafinesque, 1814.
Euconuhis Reinhardt, Sitzungs-bericbte Ges. naturforsch. Freunde
zu Berlin, 1883, p. 86 (E. fulvus and praticola).
82 THE NAUTILUS.
Arnouldia Bgt., Bull. Soc. Mai. France, VII, 1890, p. 328.
It is doubtful whether any Japanese species really belong to
Euconulus. Most of them have all the shell characters of Kaliella,
a genus abundantly developed in India, China and indeed the whole
Orient. Reinhardt's Japanese " Trochoconulus " I refer to Kaliella.
His " Discoconulus," judging from sinapidium, the only species 1
have seen, might belong to Vitrea. Arnouldia nahaensis of Gude is
a Kaliella.
Punctum japonicum 11. sp.
Shell minute, openly and rather widely umbilicate, depressed, thin,
light brown. Spire convex, low ; whorls 3^, quite convex, separated
by deeply impressed sutures, regularly and rather slowly increasing;
last whorl tubular, rounded at the periphery. Sculpture of delicate
spaced, irregular lamellar riblets, the intervals sharply finely striated,
and with close spiral stria?. Width of the umbilicus is contained
about 3^ times in the diameter of the shell, all the whorls readily
visible within it. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the peristome
simple and acute.
Alt. 0.7, diam. 1.25, width of umbilicus 0.37 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
The only other known Japanese species of Punctum is " Helix
(Patula) lepta" of Westerlund, described from Nagasaki. It has a
much narrower umbilicus than P. japonicwn, the last whorl is sub-
angular above, and it is described as with dense riblets.
NEW RECORDS OF NEW MEXICAN SNAILS.
BY II. A. PILSBRY.
August 25th last, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell collected a few
snails "in Chicorico Canon, near Raton, New Mexico. This is in
the region of Quercus gambeli and Robinia neomexicana, at an eleva-
tion of about 7000 ft. There are no previous records of mollusca
from this region. It is quite in the northern part of the State, only
a few miles from the Colorado boundary." The species are :
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Vitrina pfeijferi Newc.
Euconulus fulvus ( Mill 1 . ) .
THE NAUTILUS. 83
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Btfidaria pilsbryana Sterki. A form with the crest more devel-
oped than in the type, and the palatal folds standing upon a callous
ridge.
In this connection I may mention that a specimen of Bijidaria
hulzingeri (Sterki) has been found among minutiie collected by Prof.
Cockerell at Mesilla, N. M., in drift of the Rio Grande. So far as
I know, this species has not been reported before from west or south-
west of Wichita, Kansas.
Ashmunella chiricahuana (Ball) has been collected by Prof. E. O.
Wooton in a pine region on the west fork of Gila River, n«-ar
Mogollon Peak, N. M.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ASIATIC SHELLS.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Euhadra (?) pseudocampylsea Anc.
Testa convexo-depressiuscula, omnino tecte perforata, nitidiuscula,
parim solicit) la, sub epidermicle tenui fusco lutea sordide albescens
vel pallide brunnea, lineolis incrementi subtus magis conspicuis obso-
lete notata. Spira convexa, parum elevata, obtusissima. Anfractus
5^ convexi. sutura impressa separati. sat lente et regulariter cres-
centes, ultimus supra prope aperturam leviter malleatus, antice leniter
descendens, dein ail peristoma panlulum ascendens, supra convexus,
ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi convexo-depressus, in umbilici loco
profunde impressus pone aperturam breviter constrictus. Apertura
transverse suboblonga, lunata, obliqua, marginibus distantibus, callo
tenui junctis, extero regulariter arcuato, basali subdeclivi. Peristoma
album, incrassatum, breviter expansum, ad basin et columellam
prsecipue reflexum, angustum, supra perforationem prorsns clausam
dilatatum.
Diam. max. 30, min. 25^, alt. 17 mill.
Hab.: Tatsien-lou, ad limites Thibeti et provincial sine)isis Sse-
tchuen (Comm. Cl. Abbe Meze).
This is a very distinct species, and at once recalls to mind a large
and more globose Helicigona pyrenaica with a closed umbilicus. It
is provisionally referred to Euhadra, but the generic position is diili-
ciilt to ascertain. A single dead example was obtained, and is in
my collection. With this I received a fine example of the very rare
Helicarion Bottgeri, Hilber, of which the Austrian expedition of
THE NAUTILUS.
Szechenyi obtained a single specimen. These shells were detected
by French missionaries, and the locality, although furnishing several
species of mollusca, is not a rich one as far as shells are concerned.
Planorbis persicus Anc.
Testa compressa, non carinata, olivaceo vel subgriseo-cornea, oblique
confertim striata, nitidula, pro genere relative solidiuscula, utrinque
lateumbilicata et concava, discoidea. Spira apice minute immerso.
Anfractus 5, convexi, sutura impressa, sat lente crescentes ; ultimus
supra convexo-declivis, post medium rotundato-subangulatus, infra
depressus. Aperture obliqua, transverse oblonga, sublunata, intus
obscure albo-labiata (in peradultis), marginibus callo appresso junctis.
Diain. mag. 9. min. 7|, alt. 2f mill.
Hab. — Te'he'ran, prov. Trak-ajemi, Persia ; Salmas, north of Lake
Urmiah, Persia (Comm. G. Ntegele).
This is allied to, but different from, PL subangulatus Phil., from
which it is easily distinguished in being much less distinctly angled
below the periphery. The above description is drawn from the largest
specimen sent me by Herr G. Ntegele ; some also probably mature
are much smaller and more rounded.
Phjsa Moussoni Ancey.
Pliysa lirata, Mousson in Journ Conch., 1874, p. 43, non Tristram
(1863), nee Craven (1880).
The name Physa lirata having been used several times, I should
call attention to the fact that Dr. Rudolf Sturany (Catalog der Suda-
frik. Land- und Siisswasser-Moll., 1898, p. 76), not, being aware that
several years ago I proposed to substitute Physa Craveni for lirata
Craven (not of Tristram), calls the latter Craveni Sturany, while I
should claim for the priority of Craveni, Ancey ; but this induces me
also to change lirata Mousson to Moussoni Ancey, as the specific
name lirata must be retained for the species originally described from
Madagascar.
Ph. Moussoni Ancey was discovered in Mesopotamia by Dr.
Schaefli.
Helicina Sundana Ancey, iiom. nov.
The above name I suggest for Helicina exserta Martens, a species
occurring in the islands of Saleyer, Kalao and Jampea, between Cel-
ebes and Flores, as another Helicina from Cuba has long ago been
described under the same name of exerta, " Gundlach, MSS.," by
L. Pleiffer (see Malak Blatter, v, 1858, p. 194).
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. DECEMBER, 19OO. No. 8.
RECORDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM NEW MEXICO.
BY IT. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The Mollu&ca of the Sandia Mts., New Mexico.
Nothing has hitherto been reported concerning the mollusca of the
Sandia Mountains, near Albuquerque, so it may be well to enum-
erate a small collection made there by Miss Maud Ellis, and submit-
ted to us for determination. The precise locality is Las Huartus
Canon, alt. 8-9000 ft. The species are similar to those of the Colo-
rado mountains, and the Saiidias so far as our present knowledge
goes, marks the southern limit of this fauna as a whole, though
certain of its members extend much further south.
Vitrina pfeifferi Newc. Pyramidula cockerelli Pils.
Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). P. cockerelli mut. viridula (Ckll.).1
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.
Z. minusculus (Binney). Pupa blandi Morse.
Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland). Bitidaria pilsbryana Sterki.
Pyramidula strigosa (?) Young.
Miss Ellis also collected Helicodiscus lineatus (Say) in the Sandia
Mts., but the exact locality is forgotten. The young Pyramidida
doubtfully listed as strigosa may be a form of P. Iteniphilfi.. No
Ashtmntelld was found.
It is somewhat surprising that the Euconulus of New Mexico is not
the Texan race, but the Northern fu/vus.
1 Nautilus, 1890, p. 1<>2, the pule greenish form. T. D. A. C.
86
THE NAUTILUS.
Shells from recent food debris of Arroyo. Pecos, Las Vegas, N. M.
A series of shells lately collected by one of us gives the following
species. The source of the shells is unknown, until the Arroya is
followed up and their station found. In wanting Ashmunella, and in
the abundance of Bifidaria, the assemblage is unlike that of the ad-
jacent mountains.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Vertigo ovata Say.
Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Euconulus fulvus (Drap.).
Pupa blandi (Morse). Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).
Bifidaria armifera (Say). Limnrea humilis Say.
Bifidaria holzingeri (Sterki). Planorbis parvus Say.
Bifidaria hordeacella (Pils.). Physa sp., broken.
Bifidaria procera ^Gld.).
The specimens of Bifidaria armifera vary in length from a trifle
over 3 mm. with 5^ whorls, to fully 4 mm. with 6^ whorls.
CONUS CONSORS SOWS.
BY CHARLES LE ROY WHEELER.
My attention has been attracted to the above species while identi-
fying a mixed lot of cones from Zanzibar, embracing about four thou-
sand specimens, from the fact that many collectors, and some mus-
eums, have in their collections specimens labeled '' Conus consors
So\vb." that are far from what Sowerby evidently figured under that
name. But Tryon's description appears to authorize the errors in
identification. I, therefore, offer the following description :
Conns consors Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 492.
Spire concavely elevated, with shallow channel and revolving
striae, delicately tessellated with orange, apex acute and of pinkish
tint ; body-whorl slightly depressed in centre and inflated above,
grooved toward the base ; ivory white, with an orange band below
the center, and one above sometimes reaching to the shoulder, the
upper part of this band more or less broken ; aperture white ; epider-
mis velvety, light brown, tough and very adherent.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
The entire absence of dotted revolving lines and the constant
orange color are characteristic features.
Dimensions : height 60, diameter 32 mm.; of others 59x32, 58x31,
56x31, 50x32, and 50x27.
The illustration in Tryon's Manual, Vol. VI, plate 15, fig. 96, id
a good representation ; but the list of synonyms should probably be
either placed under C. magus Linn, or recognized as veritable species.
A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMULUS FROM COSTA RICA AND A NEW
SPIRACULUM FROM ASSAM.
BY HUGH FULTON.
Bulimults (Drymaeus) inusitatus, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, elongate, narrowly perforate, thin, translucent, am-
ber yellow throughout; whorls 7^, engraved with faint spiral lines;
nucleus with minute close-set crossed stria?; aperture ovate; peri-
stome thin, lower portion slightly expanded ; columella reflexed at
point of insertion nearly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 29^, diam. maj. 13, length of aperture 12^ mill. Hab.: Costa
Rica (Underwood).
Compared with tropicalis Morelet, the only other known reversed
Drymieus. The present species is thinner, has half a whorl more and
is easily separated by its different ground color and the absence of
bands.
Spiraculum assamense n. sp.
Shell discoidal, flat above, very broadly umbilicated, dark brown
with a few oblique stripes of a lighter color, encircled by four rows
of hairs arranged in tufts, one being at the periphery, one above, and
two below, the latter two are often worn off" in older specimens ;
whorls 4^, slightly convex above, last rounded ; tube erect, short, in-
clined towards the apex, situated 2 mm. from the margin of the aper-
ture ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, bordered by a narrow
flange; aperture oblique, circular; operculum shelly, whorls 5.
Diam. maj. 14 mm., min. 12 mm., alt. 5 mm.
llab.: Khasi Hills, Assam.
In most respects this species is very like nagaensis Axst. 4' Bed<l.<
but can be easily separated by the position of the breathing tube,
88 THE NAUTILUS.
which in assamense is much nearer the aperture. The operculum of
nagaense does not appear to have so many whorls as our species, a
large part of the central portion being quite flat and smooth. These
characters appear to be constant in the numerous specimens I have
examined of both forms.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND AUDISON GULICK.
Diplommatina uzenensls Pilsbry, n. sp.
Shell dextral, cylindric-oblong, pale brown or nearly white, finely,
delicately and evenly costulate. Whorls 6, very convex, the upper
3 forming a short cone, the last whorl contracted, a little distorted,
ascending in front. Aperture subcircular, nearly vertical, the peri-
stome continuous, flatly reflexed, duplicate, having a thin lamina or
second peristome close behind the lip in quite mature specimens.
Columella concave, ending in a tooth, as usual. Palatal fold less
deeply immersed than usual, lying to the left of rather than above
the aperture.
Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.4, alt. and diam. of aperture 1 mm.
Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types no. coll. A. N. S.,
from no. 510 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is the most northern yet known, I believe. It is de-
cidedly larger than D. pusilla Martens, somewhat smaller than D.
nipponensis MolldflT., which is its nearest ally. The sculpture is about
the same as in nipponensis, but the cone of the spire is not nearly so
long, the later three whorls being large, while in nipponensis the last
two are wide, the four or five earlier strongly tapering. The palatal
fold is further to the left in D. uzenensis than in D. nipponensis, and
the aperture is comparatively larger.
Eulota callizona var. maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var.
This name is proposed for the race inhabiting Awaji Island and
other districts mentioned below, specimens from Fukura, Awaji, being
the types. These differ from E. peliompltala and its varieties brandtii,
herklotsi and nimbosa in the more conoidal form of the spire ; from E.
callizona and its varieties chiefly in pattern of coloration. These are
as follows :
(a) Purple-brown, with light burT streaks.
NAUTILUS. 89
(6) Corneous and buff with red-brown streaks, a narrow band
above the periphery or none, often a dark umbilical patch.
(c) Banded (bands 02345, 00345 or 00305) with deep brown on a
pale ground, and generally streaked with opaque buff, or without
such streaks.
(d) Corneous, with some opaque, buff streaks above, no bands.
Pattern (a) resembles that of E. peliomphala nimbosa ; (6) that of
E. callizona congenita; (c) that of E. peliomphala or peliomphala
brandtii ; and pattern (c?) that of E. callizona hickonis.
Alt. 20-22, diam. 30 mm.
Alt. 19, diam. 25.
We regard the var. maritiwa us very near the original stock which
gave rise to E. callizona and its varieties,, and as a connecting link
between these and E. peliomphala.
It inhabits Awaji Island, the adjacent shores of the Kii channel
on the east, all of Shikoku Island, some parts of the east coast of
Kiusiu, and the west end of Hondo, and intergrades on the shore of
the Inland Sea with congenita, hickonis and amalice.
Eulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick.
Shell large and solid, with the color-patterns of E. qucesita or
perryi, dull, roughly sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles, and
differing from luhuana in the more capacious, less depressed form,
and the umbilicus, which is decidedly wider and much more open
inside than in luhuana. Alt. 30, diam. 43 mm.
Types from Takeya, Idzumo. It has affinities witli senckenbergiana
and the following variety.
Eulota luhuana var. aomoriensis Gulick & Pilsbry, n. var.
Shell smooth and glossy, pale buff with deep chestnut bands 00305
(or sometimes 00000, or with wide pale, diffuse bands in place of 2
and 4, as in E. peliomphala herkJotsi or E. qiuesita perryi), the spire
moderately conoidal, whorls 5, the last capacious; umbilicus deep
and more open within than in Inhuana, or senckenbergiana. Aperture
oblique, the peristome white or reddish, nearly in a plane, but a little
advanced sometimes at the termination of band 3.
Alt. 25, diam. 40 mm. (Chojamnra.)
Alt. 20, diam. 32 mm. (Asanai.)
Chojamura and Gonohe, ]\iutsu ; Asanai, Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A more globose and smoother form than E. hifniana, and more
northern in distribution, inhabiting the northern extremity of Hondo,
in Aomori Ken or prefecture.
90 TIIK NAUTILUS.
It may be noticed in this connection that towards the north, I .
qucRsita becomes smoother and more glossy than toward the southern
limit of its range in middle Hondo.
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis IMIsbry, n. v.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat translucent, pale
brown throughout, glossy, striatulate, but without spiral lines. Spire
low-conic ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded at the periphery,
hardly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded, about one-
fourth of its circumference excised at the parietal margin ; peristome
narrowly but distinctly expanded, thin, pale. Alt. 5^, diam. 8^ mm.
Kyoto (Mr. "Y. Hirase).
This form resembles T. goodwini var.fusca, but the umbilicus is
smaller, there is a half whorl less, and no spiral strire, which in fusca
are visible on the base. It is decidedly less conical than Trishoplita
conospira Pfr. as defined by von Martens, and has a whorl less.
EULOTA MERCATORIA AND E. CAL1GINOSA.
These species were treated as distinct in the Manual of Conchology,
Vol. VI, but in dealing with them in the Catalogue of Marine Mol-
hisks of Japan issued by Mr. F. Stearns and myself, I seem to have
lost sight of the real differences between them, the intergradation I
saw being a matter of color and size rather than of the details of form.
The receipt of a large series of specimens gives opportunity to cor-
rect the error I committed of lumping these really distinct species.
Eulota (Euhadra) mercatoria (' Ciruy ' Pfr.).
This species varies in size from 26 to 38 mm. diam., and in color
from a pale yellowish-brown to red-chestnut and blackish-chestnut,
always with a narrow dark peripheral band bordered with yellowish
on each side. In some light forms there is a dark umbilical patch.
The pattern therefore varies from that of the E. succincta group to
the perryi or herklotsi pattern. The periphery is more or less
angular ; the base is evenly rounded, and the lower lip in conse-
quence is regularly curved.
Pfeiflfer's figure of his type is excellent (Conchyl. Cab. Helix, pi.
132, figs. 1, 2, copied in Man. Conch. VI, pi. 31, f. 26, 27). I havfi
figured a smaller specimen in Catal. Mar. Moll. Japan, pi. 10, fig. 5
(by error said to be 17^ mm. diam. in the text, p. 162). E. merca-
toria occurs on Okinawa.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
E. mercatcria atrata n. var.
Much larger than mercatoria, very dark colored, and strongly
ribbed or costulate ; periphery subangular in front. Whorls 6^ to
6|, the last shortly deflexed in front ; lip purple-brown, evenly
arcuate, not sinuous. Alt. 35, diain. 50 mm.; alt. 32, diani. 46 mm.
Received from Mr. Hirase as from the Loo Choo Is.; from Mr.
Stearns as from Okinawa. It is represented in the Cat. Mar. Moll.
Jap., pi. 10, f. 4.
Eulota (Euhadra) caliginosa (Ad. & Rve.).
This species differs from E. mercatoria in the narrower, more
slowly increasing whorls, the last one more swollen below the suture ;
the flattened base, producing a straighter basal lip ; in the different
shape of the aperture, and especially in the narrower lip, which is
sinuous below, being curved forward at the middle of the basal
margin. It is not so solid a shell as E. mercatoria, is rounded at the
periphery, and has much the coloring of the lighter specimens of
mercatoria, though the ground is generally yellower. The pale
border above the peripheral band is often not well developed, and
sometimes it is yellow throughout except the peripheral band.
In the Catal. Mar. Moll. Jap., this species is excellently repre-
sented in figures 1, 2, 3 and 6 of plate 10.
It was supposed by Adams and Reeve to be from Mindanao, but
there can be no doubt that it is a species of the Loo Choo (Okinawa)
fauna.
ON A GENUS (PHYLLAPLYSIA) NEW TO THE PACIFIC COAST.
BY \VM. H. DALL.
The Rev. Dr. Geo. W. Taylor, of Wellington, British Columbia,
has recently forwarded to me some marine slugs which were found
on floating sea-grass near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. An exam-
ination shows that these animals represent a genus, Phyllaplysia,
not hitherto known except in Southwestern Europe, and an unde-
scribed species.
The animal in most respects differs very little from P. lafonti
Fischer, the type of the genus. It is subtranslucent, smooth, of a
uniform pale lemon-yellow color, very much flattened, resembling
some of the Planarian worms. The specimens sent by Dr. Taylor
are presumably somewhat contracted by alcohol, which may account
92 THE NAUTILUS.
for the form of the rhinophores and tentacles, which are short, con-
ical, and strongly transversely wrinkled, but without tuberculation
or color pattern, being of the same pale yellow as the rest of the body.
The "rainure" extending from the right tentacle to the branchial
opening is a plain line barely perceptible; the branchial pit with two
minute lobes is short and in about the same relative position as in
P. lafonti. The body is much depressed and the margins thin, sharp
and even. The eyes appear as conspicuous small black spots in front,
of the bases of (he posterior tentacles. The general form is elongate
oval, the ends of the rhinophores, unlike the tentacles, are blunt, and
these organs are sulcate interiorly as usual. The length of the larg-
est specimen, as contracted in alcohol, is about 20 mm., and the
breadth about 9 mm. I propose for it the name of Phyllaplysia
taylori in honor of its discoverer.
Of the three other species known, P. lafonti is pale green, with
darker bands and numerous violet spots ; P. depressa is green-buff,
variegated with black ; and P. limacina is of a dusky green. All
of these are from western and southern Europe.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROBRANCHUS FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY AVM. H. DALL.
Some time since Mrs. Oldroyd sent me two specimens of Pkuro-
branchus, from San Pedro, which I could not spare time to examine
microscopically at the moment. I can now specify their chief
diagnostic characters as follows :
Pleurobranclms californicus, n. sp.
Animal when fresh of a waxen white, with a surface apparently
smooth, or rather like the skin of an orange, not tuberculate, but,
under a glass, showing obsolete distant pustules hardly raised above
the general surface; body elongate-oval, the foot longer than the
mantle behind. The gill short, its stem finely granular, not tuber-
culate, with ten or eleven alternate short vanes, the whole adnate
nearly to the tip, medially situated, with the contiguous genital
orifices just in front of its anterior insertion and the anus just over
the posterior insertion between the gill and the mantle. Eyes,
rhinophores, muzzle, jaws and teeth, as described by Pilsbry, for the
Gulf of California species collected by Fischer (Man. Conch., xvi,
pp. 201-2). Shell rather long and narrow, subrectangular, longi-
THE NAUTILUS. 93
tudinally obsoletely striate on the left side, obscurely obsoletely
punctate near the anterior edge, and covered with a very thin peri-
ostracum which reflects nacreous tinges of color. The shell itself is
white and thin, with a small spiral nucleus ; the left margin some-
what recurved, the central part moderately convex ; the whole ex-
tends more than half the length of the body and measures 12 by
(5.5 mm.
This species differs from P. digueti Rochebrune in color, in the
proportional size and number of pinnules of the gill, in having a
larger and differently shaped shell, and in the position of the anal
orifice. These remarks apply to the form described by Pilsbry
anatomically; Rochebrune states that his species was scarlet above
and whitish below, but gives no anatomical data.
GENERAL NOTES.
Dr. Jousseaume publishes a monograph of the Clausilioid group
Nenia in the current number of the Bull. Soc. Philomathique de
Paris (1900). Among other novelties introduced in the same paper
is a supposed new genus Bonnaniits, which seems to be the same as
Passamaella, a curious Buliminoid group of Socotra.
MOLLUSKS IN GRASS Mr. Virginius H. Chase recently sent me
from Valley township, Stark Co., Illinois, a piece of sod thickly cov-
ered with growing grass, and which was fairly alive with living pul-
moriates. The piece of sod was eight by four inches in size, and
from it I picked the following specimens and species :
1. Polygyra monodon Rackett. '
2. Pyramidula strlateUa Anthony.
136. Bifidaria armifera Say.
5. Bifidaria contracta Say.
1. Bifidaria pentodon Say.
The locality from which the sample came was a moist prairie.
If this number was collected in u piece of ground less than a foot
square, what must the whole prairie have contained ! — FRANK C.
BAKER.
In the early seventies Prof. Verrill dredged a minute bivalve off
New Haven and gave the name Gastranella tumida Verrill to it.
Since then it has been unknown until some of my minute materials
94
THE NAUTILUS.
revealed one specimen from Summerside, P. E. I., and two speci-
mens from Woods Roll, Mass. This indicates a wide distribution.
— HENRY W. WINKLEY.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST The following
extract is from a letter to Mr. 8. Raymond Roberts, from a former
Ohio collector. Wounta ffaulover, Nicaragua, Sept. 27, 1900. This
coast, for twenty miles back from the sea, is a net-work of lagoons,
rivers, creeks, channels. The " dry " land is mostly swampy, inun-
dated, or partly so, during the wet season. In fact, this Mosquito
Coast, which upon the map is so firm and solid-looking, is in reality
a Dismal Swamp, multiplied by about five. Hence, so far as I am
able to judge, it is not a good locality for Bulimulidce and other land
shells. Back from the sea, say twenty miles, and also south and
west of Bluefields, where the land is more elevated, I believe there is
better collecting. Right down here on the very coast I have found
but four species, owe of which I afterwards lost. Buliniulus corneus
Sowb. I found plentiful at Bluefields. Also another lot, which I
take for Stenogyra octona Linne, I found in abundance. Another
shell, presumably a Pupa, was collected sparingly. These last two
also in Bluefields. Here, Wounto Haulover, is a good locality for
Littorina columellaris D'Orb., and Principulka, just twenty miles
south of here, is an ideal place for superfine Donax cayennensis Lam.
— WILLIAM H. FLUCK.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A DESCRIPTIVE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA
OF INDIANA, by R. E. Call, Ph. D. (24th Annual Rep. of the State
Geologist for 1899, Indianapolis, 1900). " This catalogue is intended
to be complete and to fully exhibit the present state of knowledge
concerning the group of which it treats, as presented in the fauna of
Indiana." It is accompanied by a bibliography, and illustrations of
the species. The latter are reproduced from the Smithsonian series
" Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. A.," except the Unionida?, most
of which were drawn by the author. The figures only rarely repre-
sent Indiana specimens, and are rather rough.
Fifty species of land shells are enumerated, 55 aquatic gastropods,
and 110 bivalves. The table of distribution shows- the Ohio and
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Wabash basins to be by far the richest in species, the Lake Michigan
basin poorest, though with a good representation of Isimnceidce.
The catalogue is interesting and useful, though it would be better,
we think, if Dr. Call had followed modern classification, and had
adopted the rectifications regarding many species which have been
made in the last decade. He apparently thinks that progress in the
anatomical and systematic study of Mollusks abruptly stopped fifteen
or twenty years ago, as no innovations of later date are adopted, ex-
cept a few, mostly wrong, made by himself. Aside from these matters^
there are but few errors, and these not of grave consequence ; a fig-
ure of Sir ob Hops is given for Zonites fulvus (p. 37G); Tebennophorus
dorsalis is said to be " the most common slug in Indiana," though we
think what he had was dark Agriolimax campestris. We note also
that the descriptions of Lamarck's Unios are quoted not from the
original but from the Deshayes edition, and the accents of the French
remarks are badly l' balled up." — H. A. P.
or INDIANA. — In Mr. Call's Descriptive Catalogue of
the lUolhtsca of Indiana, the author repudiates the attempt at a
natural classification of the Unionidas made in Mr. Baker's Mollusca
of the Chicago Area, and cannot realize that such a system is pro-
posed seriously. He cannot understand why, for instance, such a
form as Unio triyonus is placed in the same subgenus as Unio plicatus-
Now it is a fact that has been repeatedly demonstrated by Dr.
Lea's, Dr. Sterki's and my own observations of the anatomy of these
mollusks that Unio trigonus and the allied forms, the different species
of the Plicatus group, Unio pustidosus and its allies, Unio coccineusr
U. subrotundus, U. kleiniaims, and the forms belonging to the Chiclia-
sawhensis group which have been placed in the genus Quadrula, all
have the embryos contained in all four of the gills, and when they
are thus filled they form thick, smooth pods. And there are certain
conchological characters which hold good in all these species. Their
shells are all solid, short, more or less inflated ; they generally have
a wide, flat hinge plate and almost invariably deep beak cavities.
Many specimens occur among species belonging to the Plicatus group
in which the plications are nearly or even wholly wanting, and the
epidermis varies from greenish to brown and black. Such specimens
are not far removed corichologically from the smoother forms of the
Pustidosus group or from U. snbrotundus and U. kirthmdianus.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
The true Unios, which in the United States are well represented
by such forms as U. complanatus, U. buckleyi, U. crassidens and U.
gibbosus, liave longer shells than the Quadrules, they are generally
less solid, and as far as I have seen, the beak cavities are compara-
tively shallow, while the hinge plate is never wide and flat as in
Unio pustulosus. In these the embryos are found in the outer gills
only.
Mr. Call uses the time honored names Unio, Margaritana and
Anodonta for the Indiana Unionidaj. These names are applied in a
subgeneric sense, but he neglects to tell us what genus he places them
under, whether it is Unio of Retzius or the Margaron of Lea. In
his artificial key to the groups of Unto, excluding Anodonta and
Margaritana, he places the species in groups, typified by U. hiteohis,
U. ligamentinus, U. crassidens, U. tubercrdatus, U. personatus, etc.
These groups have been recognized as natural assemblages by Lea,
Lewis, Marsh, Wetherby, and most of the other American students
of the Unionida?. I consider them as natural and reasonable as any
that can be made among large assemblages of nearly related species,
and every amateur who gets together a collection of naiades begins
to perceive them after a little study. Yet Mr. Call seems to con-
sider them as mere artificial or laboratory devices of little value.
The Anodonta edentula of Say is placed by Mr. Call in th^ genus
Anodonta. In this remarkable species there are more fully devel-
oped vestigeal hinge teeth than in any of the true anodontas, and the
hinge plate is incurved in front of the beaks, while in Anodonta
proper it is evenly curved throughout. This species carries the
young in the outer gills in short, distinct ovisacs running directly
across the gill, instead of in long ovisacs running vertically, as in the
true anodont-as. These contain from 8 or 10 to 20 or more embryos
and finally break out through the outer walls of the outer gills and
are discharged entire, with their contents, into the water. After this
the gills assume the ordinary unionoid form. It is probable that a
few other species from the southern states Avliich have been placed in
Margaritana have similar marsupia. I have examined gravid speci-
mens of most of our American anodontas and of the A. woodiana
Lea of China, and in all of them the marsupia are radically different
from that of A. edentula.
Mr. Call's synonymy of Unio clavtis Lamarck is certainly aston-
ishing, and includes species as different in shell characters as can be
found among the North American unios. — C. T. S.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. JANUARY, 19O1. No. 9.
NEW VARIETIES OF PHYSA ANCILLARIA SAY.
BY BRYANT AVALKER.
Physa ancillaria var. magnalacustris.
Shell subglobose, thick, solid, semi-opaque ; incremental striae fine,
stronger toward the suture and somewhat irregular; transverse striae
very minute or subobsolete ; purplish-horn color, darker toward the
apex, which is dark brown or black ; body whorl with one or more
broad white varicose bands, more or less suffused with white toward
the lip and at the base; whorls 5, regularly and rapidly increas-
ing, the first minute, the last very large, regularly rounded, not
shouldered, the greatest width being in the centre; spire slightly
elevated, acute ; suture but slightly impressed, margined below with
white ; aperture large, expanded below so that the greatest width is
below the centre ; outer lip thin, sharp, more or less expanded and
broadly rounded below ; thickened within by deep yellowish-brown
or liver-colored callus, which appears externally as a broad white
band, extremities connected by a thin callus, which is broadly re-
flected over the body whorl ; columella white, straight, scarcely
twisted.
Alt. 12|, diam. 11, length of aperture 11-J- mm.
Alt. 17^, diam. 12^, length of aperture, 14t^ mm.
Alt. 13^, diam. 10|, length of aperture 1<H nim.
Types from Frankfort, Benzie County, Michigan. It has also been
found at Charlevoix, Beaver Islands, Mackinac Island, Mackinaw
City and Port Austin, Huron County, Michigan. These localities
indicate distribution along the coast-line of the upper part of the lower
98 THE NAUTILUS.
peninsula from Saginavv Bay on the Lake Huron shore to nearly as
tar south on the Lake Michigan coast. This form is the character-
istic Physa of the lake shore, and is commonly found clinging to the
large stones along the rocky or stony beaches. Its thick wine-col-
ored or purplish shell with prominent white varicose bands, basally
expanded aperture, and the regularly curved outline from the apex
to the columella, give it an aspect peculiarly its own, and render it
easily distinguishable from the typical form or any of the allied
species. Specimens from the Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan and
Mackinaw City on the mainland, while retaining the peculiar form,
are thinner, more inclined to be horn-colored and have a narrower
marginal band, which internally is red rather than brown, and in
these respects seem to connect the variety with the typical form.
Were it not for these intermediate examples, there would be good
ground for considering the form worthy of specific rank.
Pbysa ancillaria var. crassa.
Shell oval or obovate, thick, solid, opaque, smooth, shining, longi-
tudinal stria3 very fine, transverse striae minute or subobsolete ; white,
more or less tinged with vinous or pale purple ; darker toward the
apex, which is dark brown ; whorls 4-5 ; regularly and rapidly in-
creasing, the first minute, the last very large, roundly shouldered and
frequently flattened laterally ; spire short, scarcely elevated above
the general contour of the shell ; suture but slightly impressed, bor-
dered below with white ; aperture large, but slightly shorter than
the shell; widest in the centre, somewhat narrowed below and
slightly effuse at the junction of the basal lip with the columella;
outer lip broadly rounded, thin, acute, thickened within by a strong
callus which is yellowish-brown within and white externally ; inter-
ior of body whorl light yellowish-brown or liver color; extremities
of lip connected by a thin callus which is broadly reflected over the
body whorl; columella strong, white, nearly straight, but slightly
twisted.
Alt. 17^, diam. 12^, length of aperture 14 mm.
Alt. 1C, diam. 12^, length of aperture 13^ mm.
Alt. lo, diam. 11, length of aperture 13^ mm.
Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan.
This form, while related to the variety magnalacustris in its tex-
ture, differs entirely in its shape, which is quite similar to the typical
form in the roundly-shouldered body whorl, and more elongated and
THE NAUTILUS. 99
less expanded aperture. The lip joins the body-whorl at a more
obtuse angle and lacks the basal expansion characteristic of the lake
form. The spire is also less produced. Compared with the typical
form, this variety is easily distinguished by its heavy, solid, opaque
shell.
NEW PISIDIA..
BY DK. V. STEHKI.
Pisidium tenuissimum, n.
Rather small, little to strongly oblique, moderately to rather well
inflated, with the edges usually acutish, elongated or rather short,
rhomboid to oblong-ovoid in outline, hinge margin little, inferior mod-
erately curved, posterior end rounded or subtruncate obliquely in a
postero-anterior direction with a rounded angle above ; anterior more
or less curved, truncate obliquely with the rounded-angular end
inferiorly, or the whole anterior part rather regularly parabolic, with
the end in the longitudinal median line ; beaks slightly posterior,
somewhat broad, moderately elevated over the hinge line, somewhat
mammillar ; surface very finely, almost regularly striated, highly
polished ; color horn to smoky, or to greenish, or to light grayish ;
shell very thin, translucent ; hinge very fine, plate very narrow,
cardinal teeth very small, short, thin, scarcely or slightly curved ;
those of the left valve very close together, longitudinal-parallel, the
upper little posterior; lateral teeth rather long, markedly straight,
slender, thin, with short cusps ; also the outer ones in the right valve
quite distinct ; ligament fine.
Long. 3.4, alt. 2.8, diam. 2.1 mill.
Habitat : Straits and Orchard lakes, in Oakland Co., Michigan,1
collected by Messrs. Walker and Sargent ; Pine Lake, Marquette
Co., Mich. (Upper Peninsula), and other waters in the* same state;
also seen fossil.
As pointed out in the description, the species is very variable in
sliape, and extreme forms, if found separate, might well be taken for
different species. The one from Pine Lake (collected by Mr.
Walker) is especially notable : the beaks are narrower and more
1 Close together, but at the heads of different river systems.
100 THE NAUTILUS.
elevated ; the anterior part of the mussel is more rapidly and directly
tapering to a rounded point, the color is light grayish with concen-
tric, irregular, narrow zones of a darker shade. Some forms have
resemblance with P. splendidulum, the more rhombic ones, with a
corresponding form of P. pauperculum, but in case of doubt, the thin
shell and very fine hinge with the markedly straight, slender lateral
teeth will distinguish our species.
Specimens have occasionally been seen for several years, from
different places, both recent and fossil, yet it seemed not safe to
establish a n. sp. upon them. The recent finds of Messrs. Walker
and Sargent have put an end to all doubts.
Plsidiura monas, n.
Minute, rather well inflated, oval in outline, without any project-
ing angles, except a very slight one at the scutum, and the slightly
pointed, rather inferior, anterior end ; beaks little posterior, broad,
rounded, little elevated ; surface with comparatively coarse, micro-
scopic, rather regular stria?, tops of beaks smooth and shining ; shell
thin, hinge fine, cardinal teetli very small, almost straight, longi-
tudinal, the posterior (upper) of the left valve sometimes almost
obsolete ; ligament small.
Long. 1.7, alt. 1.4, diam. 0.9 mill.
Habitat : Mountain Lake, Marquette county, Michigan, collected
by Mr. Bryant Walker.
Among the specimens seen (some twenty), little variation was
noticed ; the species may be recognized by its minute size and its
shape, the low, comparatively broad beaks, and the somewhat coarse
striation. The latter is about as in Pis. punctatum, small forms of
which are also of about the same size; but the latter Pisidium is
more inflated, more angular in outline, its beaks are narrower and
more elevated. P. monas is also smaller than imbecille, and less
elongated, its striation is coarser.
Being known from but one locality, the species has been estab-
lished only after a most careful examination and comparison with
P. punctatum, imbecille, harfordianum, handiverkii, as well as with
the young of the other species occurring in the same lot.
Pisidium streatori, n.
Of medium size, almost equipartite, short oval-rounded to almost
circular, without any projecting angles, or with a slight, rounded one
t the scutum, moderately inflated, lentiform ; beaks slightly pos-
THE NAUTILUS. 101
terior, low, rounded, scarcely or little elevated over the hinge margin,
approximate ; surface with moderate to rather coarse, irregular
striae, and usually a few coarser lines of growth, shining ; color light
yellowish horn, to straw or slightly reddish ; shell rather thin, some-
what translucent ; hinge rather fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth
well formed, the right one strongly curved, or angular, its posterior
part thickened, simple, or grooved, or split in two diverging parts;
the left anterior is angular, the posterior is oblique, slightly curved,
short to rather long ; lateral teeth rather small, little projecting into
the cavity of the mussel, but well formed, the cusps short, pointed;
ligament moderate.
Long. 5, alt. 4.4, diam. 2.5 (New York and some Ohio exs.).
Long. 5.5, alt. 4.8, diam. 3.4 (large Ohio ex.).
Habitat : Canaseraga river, N. Y.; Garrettsville, Ohio, in a swamp.
A lot of good specimens, from the former place, were kindly sent
by Mr. Hy. Prime, in 1894, and then regarded as new, yet retained,
as it might have proved to be a local form of some other species.
Last fall Mr. Streator and the writer collected some specimens of
exactly the same Pisidium, in a dried up swamp near Garrettsville,
Ohio, the mussels living and propagating in the damp muck, under
dead leaves, etc. Later on we found that Mr. Streator had collected
quite a number during several years previous.
Our species is well characterized, and can not be mistaken for any
other Pisidium. P. roperi, with nearly the same color and surface
appearance, is larger, more elongate, much more inflated, its beaks
are higher and more voluminous in the adult. I take pleasure in
naming the present species after Mr. Geo. J. Streator, an enthusi-
astic conchologist, who has, for many years, collected and studied the
mollusca of northeastern Ohio.
SHELLS OF THE MAKL-DEPOSITS OF AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE, AS
COMPARED WITH THE LIVING FORMS IN THE SAME LOCALITY.
BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.
In the part of Aroostook county underlaid by the Aroostook lime-
stone of Niagara age, there are many deposits of shell marl. I have
only examined two localities : Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, and
Lovely Brook Bog, in Fort Fail-field.
102 THE NAUTILUS.
Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, is covered by vegetation ; but the
Lovely Brook Bog is wet, dangerous and difficult to approach, ex-
cepting in one place.
I have just received from Mr. Bryant Walker a paper upon the
" Shells of the Marls of Huron County," reprinted from the Geo-
logical Survey of Michigan, Vol. VII, part II, pp. 247-252, in
which comparisons are made with specimens from Aroostook county,
Maine. To my knowledge there has been no extensive list pub-
lished of the shells found in the marl deposits of Maine, and no
comparison made witli the living species in the same localities.
Samples of marls have been sent to me from Presque Isle, Lime-
stone, California Town, in New Brunswick, Canada, and other
places. The most abundant species are Limncea desidiosa, Planorbis
parvus and Pisidium contorlum,1 in all the localities.
fossils in the Marl of Barren Brook Bog.
Vertigo sp. Fragments only.
Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.
Succinea ovalis Gld. Rare.
Physa heterostropha Say. Rare.
Limna3a desidiosa Say. Abundant.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Common.
Planorbis companulatus Say. Rare.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Rare.
Planorbis parvus Say. Abundant.
Planorbis (?). One specimen related to P. crista Lin., probably
a new species.
Ancylus parallelus Haiti. Two specimens only.
Valvata sincera Say (?). Not common.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.
Sphrerium simile Say. Rare.
Sphrerium rhomboidium Say. Rare.
Calyculina securis Prime (?). Rare.
Pisidium adamsi Prime. Few.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Few.
1 Dr. V. Sterki has kindly examined all the Pisidia in my collection. Some,
of the specimens are still held by him, pending the receipt of more material
for comparison with specimens from other parts of America and Europe. I
am under the greatest obligations to him, and also to Mr. Bryant Walker, for
valuable information.
TilK NAUTILUS. 103
Pisidium contorlum Prime. Abundant.
Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Rare.
Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Not common.
Pisidium scutellatum Sterki (?). Rare.
Pisidium variabile Pme. Rare.
Pisidium ventricosum Pme. Common.
Pisidium walkeri var. mainense Sterki. Rare.
Living shells in Barren Brook, one quarter of a mile below the
marl deposit, in a small pond on the brook, the land shells obtained
at the water's edge.
Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.
Succinea ovalis Gld. Common.
Succinea avara Say. Rare.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say.
Bifidaria pentodon Say.
Vertigo ventricosa Morse.
Conulus fulvus Mull.
Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Common.
Carychium exile Lea. Common.
Physa heterostropha Say. Rare and small.
Limnaaa desidiosa Say. Small compared with the fossils.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant.
Planorbis parvus Say. Common.
Planorbis crista Linne, var. cristata Drap. Common.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.
Sphaerium simile Say. Common in the brook below the pond.
Sphasrium rhomboideum Say. One small living specimen.
Pisidium abditium Hald. Rare.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Few where the road crosses the
brook.
Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Rare.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Abundant ; type locality.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Abundant.
Pisidium seminulum Sterki?. Few specimens referred to this
species.
Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Common.
Pisidium walkeri var. mainense. Common.
104 THE NAUTILUS.
Fossils in the Marl Deposit in Lovely Brook Bog,
Fort Fairfield, Aroostook County, Maine.
Physa heterostropha Say. Large, specimens rare.
Limnasa desidiosa Say.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Rare.
Planorbis crista Linne, var. cristata Drap. One good specimen.
Pisidium variabile Prime.
Pisidium abditum Hald.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki.
Pisdium ventricosum Prime.
Pisidium contortum Prime.
i
Living Shells in the Lovely Brook Bog.
Physa heterostropba Say. Rare.
Limntea desidiosa Say. Rare.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Common.
Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Small but abundant, especially on
the marl deposit.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Common and very variable.
Pisidium medianum var. mimitum Sterki. The type locality;
small but very fine specimens.
Pisidium contortum Prime, so abundant among the fossils, is one
of the rarest living Pisidia. Only a few specimens have been col-
lected in Mud Lake, in the northeast corner of Perham, Aroostook
County, Maine. It is dangerous to go near the water's edge, as the
boggy shores break through and one sinks in the mud.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA, with
especial reference to the Silex beds of Tampa and the Pliocene bed
of the Caloosahatchie River ; including in many cases a complete
revision of the generic groups treated of and their American tertiary
species. By WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A. M. Transactions of the
Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, Part V, Dec.,
1 900.
This part contains about 270 pages, and 12 plates, treating of the
families Solenidce, Donacidce, Psammobiidtz, Semelidce, Tellinida,
THE NAUTILUS. 105
Petricolida, Cooper ellidee^ Isocardiida:, Cardiida;, Diplodontidce and
the Leptonacea; in all 145 new tertiary species are described.
This interesting work on the tertiary fauna contains so many
changes in nomenclature that also affect the recent fauna, that it is
looked forward to with as much, if not more, interest by the Con-
chologist than by the Paleontologist -- the numerous generic and
specific references, distribution of species, and synopses of genera,
forming a very valuable feature to the student.
The first family discussed is the Solenida?, which follows closely
the synopsis of the recent species, published by Dr. Dall, in the
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXII, 107, which was reviewed in the
NA.UTIJ.US for Feb., 1900. In the Donacidas the synonomy of the
two common Californian species is given as follows :
1. Donax Calif ornica Conrad, not of Carpenter and the majority
of Californian authors, nor Deshayes. Donax navicula Hartley.
2. Donax Icevigaia Deshayes. Donax Californica Carpenter and
several Californian authors, not of Conrad or Deshayes. Donax
obesa, Gould, not Orbigny.
The generic standing of the various genera constituting the family
Psammol'iiidas are fully discussed ; the following genera being repre-
sented : Psammobia, Lam. (Garl of some authors), Sangttinolaria,
AmphichffHia, Heterodonax, Asophis, and Tagehis ; regarding the
latter Dr. Dall says : " The genus Tagelus is distinguished from any
of the Solenidce by its long and distinct siphons."
A number of changes of familiar specific names have been made
in the Semelidcz. For the Semele reticulata L. of authors (S. orbicu-
lata Say) the name of S. profcua Pulteney, 1799, is adopted, the
reticulata of Linne being based on an oriental species. S. purpur-
ascens Gmel. has priority over both obliqua Wood and variegata
Lam. S. bellastriata Conrad, 1837, is substituted for canceUata
Orb., 1853. Cumin gi a coarctata Sowb. is recorded from Florida,
the synonomy being given as follows : Lavtyiwn antillarum and
petitiana Orb.; C. fragilis and sinuous A. Ads., and C. tennis II. and
A. Ads.
An extensive discussion of the Tellinidce is followed by descrip-
tions of 51 new species.1
Of the family Petricolidce, four species are recorded from the
lrrhis family will be more fully discussed in a review of Dr. Dall's synopsis
of the recent North American species.
106
THE NAUTILUS.
Atlantic coast : Petricola lapicida Gml., P. typica Jonas, P. pholadi-
formif Say, and P. dactylus, Sowb. In referring to the latter Dr.
Dall gives the following interesting note : " The curious little shell
named in 1872 by Verrill Gastranella tumida, is certainly a Petri-
cola, and I suspect it to be the young of P. dactylus, which has
when very young and fresh a purplish tinge on the umbones in some
individuals. The tinge is precisely the same in both. Carpenter
similarly took the nepionic young of P. dent.iculata Sowrerby for a
Psephu and described it under the specific name of tellimyalis. This
was the more excusable, since the fry are brightly colored with
orange and purple, while the adult and adolescent stages of the
Petricolaria are pure white. I have a series showing the latter with
its purple umbones strongly contrasting with the white valves, but
this condition lasts only a short time, the color fading entirely out in
most specimens before they attain full growth."
A most excellent synopsis of the Cardiidae is followed by a review
of the species, of which 28 are new. Cardium floridanum Heilp, is
a syn. of G. emmonsi Conr.; for C. magnum Born (not Linn£), G.
robmtum Solander is adopted. Cardium bullatum of authors as of
Linn£ not of Mb'rch, becomes C. spinosum Meuschen ; C. semi-
sulcatum Gray, has priority over C. ringiculum Sowb., and C. Petiti-
anum Orb., C. (Lcevicardium) serratnm L., and G. Icevigatum Lam.,
are considered synonymous.
A provisional table of the families and genera constituting the
Leptonacea 1 is adopted. Montacuta bidentata Montg., and Kellia
planulata, Stimp., are both placed in the genus Rochefortia Velain.
Lascea rubra (Montg.) is thoroughly discussed. Dr. Dall finds no
permanent specific character to separate L. bermudensls Bush.
" Small shells like Lascea which attach themselves by a byssus to
algre, may be widely distributed by ocean currents. Differences of
temperature and food cannot fail to make their mark upon the differ-
ent colonies. When, in addition, we have a normal crudity and
want of definition in the hinge characters throughout the genus, it
would seem inadvisable to subdivide the type too minutely."
Montacuta elevata Stimp, is placed in the genus Aligena H. C. Lea.
The work closes with the Diplodontidre ; a synopsis of the recent
1 A synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonaccea of North America and
the West Indies, was published by Dr. Dall in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi,
pp. 873-897, 1899.
TIIK NAUTILUS. 107
species in the Jour, of Conch., ix, pp. 244-246, Oct., 1899, was re-
viewed in the NAUTILUS, xiv, p. 34. Dr. Dall states that this part
carries the text so far that it seems certain that another part will
conclude the work.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
15Y II. A. PILSBRY.
A recent sending from Mr. Y. Hi rase, of Kyoto, Japan, contained
a number of novelties, some of which are briefly diagnosed below.
Illustrations will follow later.
Eulota (Aegista) minnda n. sp. • Shell thin, openly umbilicate, de-
pressed, with low-conic spire ; brown, lustreless, rather weakly
striate, and bearing sparse cuticular processes, like short, prostrate
and adnate hairs. Whorls 5^, convex, the last a triile angulated in
front, slightly descending to the aperture, rounded beneath. Aper-
ture oblique, subcircular, the peristome whitish, narrowly expanded.
subrnflexed below, scarcely thickened, the margins approaching.
Alt. ;">.5, diiim. 9 mm. Kyoto.
Much like a miniature E. aperta, but the spire is somewhat
higher, the umbilicus rather less open, the striation less strong, and
tin:1 peristome not thickened within.
Ti'ishoplita cretacea var. bipartita n. v. Somewhat smaller than
T. cretacea, with conic spire, whitish above, brown or copiously
streaked with brown below, a brown line ascending the spire border-
ing the suture above ; surface striate. and rather indistinctly granu-
late by the decussation of fine spirals. .Aperture very oblique,
rounded oval. Alt. 9, diam. 14.5 mm.; alt. 9.o diam. 12. o mm,
Toyonishikami, Nagato.
In T. cretacea the minute granules are irregularly scattered, not
produced by decussation as in this variety. In specimens from
Ushirogawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island, which I refer to T.. cretacea as a
variety, the sculpture is also decussate, though very indistinctly so.
T. cretacea v. bipartita reminds one somewhat of Helicellapyramidata,
from the form of the spire.
Eulota (PI ctotropis) elegantissima var. earn n. v. Larger tlmn
E. elegantissima, more depressed, with wider umbilicus and more
rapidly widening last whorl. Alt. 10, diam. 29; alt. 7, diam.
2(_H mm. Loochoo Is.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
Clausilia euholostoma n. sp. An exceedingly peculiar Eupluzdusa.
The shell is very small, alt. 7.6, diam. 2.4 mm., with broadly oval
(not in the least pyrif'orm) aperture, continuous white peristome, and
only a single lamella, the inferior, developed. This lamella is shaped
as in CL monelasmus Pils. The principal plica and the lamella
spiralis are extremely short and lateral in position ; short upper and
lower palatal plicae are developed. There are about 7^ whorls, the
surface densely striated. The clausilium is Euphasdusoid. Hab.,
Mikuriya, prov. Suruga (No. 5G3 of Mr. Hirase's register).
Clausilia japonica var. interplicata n. v. A dark colored, glossy
variety, with several palatal plicae developed between the usual
upper and lower palatals of typical C. japonica. Nishigo. Uzen
(No. 403 of Mr. Hirase's register). Other specimens from Takeya,
Izuino, are less glossy, and irregular in the development of the
" interpalatal " folds.
The following species belong to the section Hemiphcsdusa :
Clausilia perpallida n. sp. General form of C. aurantiaca var.
erberi ; pale corneous, finely striate. Superior lamella moderate, in-
ferior receding, subcolumellar deeply immersed; closing apparatus
lateral, the principal plica long, upper palatal well developed, a low,
broad, nodule-like lunella below but not joining it; no lower palatal
fold. Length 11.5, diam. 2.5 mm. Nishigo, Uzen (460 b of Mr.
Hirase's register).
Clausilia harimensis n. sp. Similar to C. aurantiaca or a little
more slender, but with the weakly developed peristome of C. awaji-
ensis, the lunella and closing apparatus generally being similar to
that species, and lateral, not ventral as in C. aurantiaca. Whorls
about 10 ; color greenish-brown, when unworn. Length 11.5, diam.
2.7 mm. Kashima, Harima. Types no. 79133 coll. A. N. S.
(30f>a of Mr. Hirase's register).
Clausilia hokkaidoensis n. sp. About the size and general form of
C. monelasmus, with which it occurred. Whorls about 10, the last
two striate. General characters of the aperture as in C. sub aurantiaca,
the subcolumellar lamella deeply immersed, closing apparatus lateral,
the upper palatal fold well developed, not connected with the straight
low lunella ; no lower palatal fold. Much smaller than the allied
C. subaurantiaca. Length 11, diam. 2.5 mm. Kayabe, Ojima,
Hokkaido I. Types no. 79321 coll. A. N. S. (546 b of Hirase's
register).
Clausilia ibtaptyx var. clai-a n. v. General form of Cl. iotaptyx,
the spire being abnormally thick above, though attenuated for half
the length of the shell. Whorls 12, the last with a crest or ridge be-
hind the peristome. Superior lamella moderate, inferior receding,
not visible in a front view, subcolumellar emerging. Principal plica
long, upper and lower palatal plica?, developed, a rudimentary lunella
between them, not connected with the upper plica. Length 12.5,
diam. 2.8 mm. Senzan, Awaji Island.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. FEBRUARY, 19O1. No. 1(1.
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.
BY HENRY HEMPHILL.
Between San Diego and Point Conception, a distance of about tun
hundred miles, there lies off the coast of Southern California (imt
Lower California) a number of islands generally called the Santa
Barbara group. In all, there are eight of these islands, varying in
length from one to thirty miles and from one to six or eight miles in
width, the nearest being about twenty-five, and the most distant
about seventy-five miles from the mainland.
All of them bear the name of some saint whom tradition, supersti-
tion and religion have invested with supernatural power for good or
evil toward men. Beginning with the most northerly island of tl e
group and ending with the most southerly one, their names run as
follows: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, San
Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente.
Here is an array of saintly names that should satisfy the most de-
vout, and, if there is any virtue in a name, it should bring peac'-
hope and quiet rest (o those whose lot might be cast upon these rock-
ribbed and storm-beaten islands. But this does not seem to ha\e
been the case, for when they were first discovered by the old Spani>'n
or Portuguese navigators, colonies of peaceful and, perhaps, happy
Indians inhabited them, whose time and occupation in life was prin-
cipally devoted to securing something to eat and very little to wear.
Soon after the advent of the white man the^e poor creatures began to
disappear, decreased in numbers, and finally became extinct. There
still remain evidences of their home life, the shell heaps on their old
1 10 THE NAUTILI'S.
camping-grounds, an occasional broken stone-implement, and a few
shell ornaments tliat have been over-looked by the white man in his
search for curios or prehistoric relics.
Several theories have been advanced by scientists and others in
regard to the origin and age of these islands, but I can add very little
to these flights of the imagination. How often, if more than once,
all or some of them have been submerged and raised above the sea
level, or whether those of the group which are composed principally
of metamorphic rocks are the remains of the highest peaks of a range
of mountains that once formed or ribbed the most western part of the
continent, it is quite impossible to say.
San Nicolas Island, however, is of sand-stone formation, and con-
tains beds of marine fossils, the forms being similar to those now
living all along the coast of the mainland, and I think we are safe in
suggesting that this island was thrown up at or about the time the
general elevation of the coast line and adjacent mesa-lands took place.
There are always some curious expectations associated in the
human mind with thoughts of the islands of the sea. To the con-
chologist these expectations are often greatly multiplied, and these
little isolated patches of land become intensely interesting, and espec-
ially so to the student of terrestrial mollusks, for the islands of the
sea the world over are noted for their richness in land shells.
In this respect, our Californian islands are no exception to the gen-
eral rule. While the number of so-called species found upon them,
so far as we know them at present, is not very numerous, several
are peculiar to these islands and not found elsewhere, while their
coloring, varied through closely related forms, adds unusual interest
and makes them very desirable for study, especially by those, who are
interested in problems of evolution.
The origin of the land shells of these islands and of the west coast
generally has been the subject of speculation by various writers on
the distribution of animal life for some years. In their attempts to
account for the affinities and resemblances, in a few instances, between
our land shells and some forms found in Asia, they have bridged over
Bering Strait, or " Behring Straits," several times had bands of
snails, or perhaps single ones " in pairs," as Pat would express it,
cross this bridge into America, travel southward to Cape Horn,
establish colonies all along this long line of travel, and subsequently
spread eastward over the continent, and finally cross another imagin-
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
ary bridge into the West Indies; and the present shell fauna of this
whole region is supposed to be the descendants of those Asiatic emi-
grants.
We are also to infer from these theorists and their writings, I sup-
pose, that during the time this "dispersion" of Asiatic snails took
place there was not a native terrestrial mollusk in all this land, no
matter what other kind of organisms may have originated and
existed here at that time.
In order to have a clear and comprehensive conception of life, the
origin and development of the material forms of organisms, and their
distribution over our planet, we must study them all from a funda-
mental standpoint, and I will here briefly allude to the fundamental
as I understand it.
Time and space are infinite. Existing within the infinite there
are elements that possess the properties of attraction and repulsion
(energy — life), which, by their combinations, form two great factors
that enter into and produce all the phenomena we see around us.
These we knowr as energy and matter. Their relations to each other
may be more clearly understood by stating that without energy
malter could not be formed, and without matter energy could not
demonstrate its presence, as it would have nothing to act upon,
hence both are necessary to a demonstration of any kind, and must
be regarded as equals in every respect. Development is a principle
inherent in the elements — the hand-maid of life itself. Evolution,
diversity and variation are natural processes belonging to develop-
ment. These constitute the fundamental ; they are coexistent and
immortal, eternal, without beginning and without end. The funda-
mental alone is immortal ; all the phenomena arising from the
fundamental, the superficial and complex, are evanescent, fleeting and
constantly passing away, even as the grass of the meadows and the
forests of the plains, and are replaced by other similar phenomena,
though varied in form. Development is the regular order of nature,
and the regular order of development is from the simple to the
complex and vice versa (disintegration). Wherever matter, heat,
moisture and air exist together, there life (omnipresent energy,
Howison), with her hand-maid development, will be found industri-
ously refining and preparing inorganic matter, from which they will
evolve organic forms in due course of time.
As the form and structure of terrestrial mollusks are not of a very
112 THK NAUTILUS.
high or complicated nature, we may suppose that not many centuries
would pass, after the Rocky, Sierra Nevada Mts. and the adjacent
territory rose above the " Mesozoic Sea," before these creatures
would originate, perhaps in many places at or about the same time;
and as they multiply in numbers quite rapidly, under favorable con-
ditions, there would have been a large native population of terrestrial
mollusks existing here long before those Asiatic stragglers could have
reached Cape Horn and the West Indies via Bering Straits bridge.
If the present land shells of America are the descendants of Asiatic
emigrants, what has become of the land shells that have originated
here ?
" Westward the course of empire takes its way " is as true as it is
poetical, and if animals obey the same general laws that human be-
ings do in this respect, then the snail emigration must have been the
other way. We can as readily imagine bands of snails from America
crossing this bridge at Bering Strait and establishing colonies on
the other side as vice versa, and thus we could account for these re-
semblances and affinities by a westward movement as well as by an
eastward emigration of these slow-moving creatures, if there were no
causes or conditions in the environment in both countries to produce
similar results in the organic structure of the same class of animals,
which I believe is the case.
Without having investigated the matter very closely, I am under
the impression that the resemblances and affinities of the West Coast
shells, as well as those of America generally, are as close to those
of Europe as they are to the shells of Asia. Compare the following
American and European shells :
American. European.
Helix nickliniana Lea. Helix arbustorum Linn.
Helix kelletti Fbs. Helix aspersa Mull.
Helix levis Pfr. Helix pisana Mull.
Helix inflecta Say. Helix personata Drap.
Patula striatella Anth. Patula ruderata Stud.
Compare the entire Zonitidse of both continents. Many of Limnse-
idse, Physidse and Planorbidse on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
are identical, or so near alike that they could hardly be separated if
mixed together.
I think, then, we may reasonably conclude that if the emigration
THK NAUTILUS. 113
of animals is generally toward the setting sun, it would be more
reasonable and more in harmony with this general law to base the
distribution of animal life on a westward movement ac'ross each con-
tinent, spreading north and south as food and climatic conditions
were found to be favorable to the existence of each class of creatures,
rather than upon a haphazard exodus of animals from Asia via
Bering Strait bridge.
Undoubtedly a few shells have been introduced into America from
other continents, but, after two centuries of close commercial inter-
course between America and Europe, we can count all the known
introduced land shells on the lingers. I venture to suggest that the
distribution of animal life is determined by the laws of attraction and
repulsion as much as the revolutions of the earth in its orbit around
the sun. There are life centres on each continent around which
animals revolve, and from which they radiate and to which they re-
turn, with possibly a westward tendency of these life centres. In
obedience to this law of attraction birds return each spring to their
old nesting places ; some fish, like the salmon, return each season to
the rivers and creeks in which they were hatched to deposit their
spawn, and many other circumstances of a similar kind might be
cited in support of such a theory.
I have visited all of the islands off the coast of Southern Cali-
fornia, except San Miguel and Anacapa, for the purpose of collecting
shells, but before presenting a complete list of the land shells, I will
offer descriptions of some forms that seem to be undescribed.
In referring to the Helices I use the general term " Helix," under
which genus they have been described, and which, it seems to me, is
quite as suggestive, and certainly as useful, as the long cumbersome
names that have been recently adopted ; leaving to others the choice
of half a dozen or more genera and subgenera to which they have
been referred from time to time by several distinguished eastern and
foreign conchologists.
\_To be concluded.^
A NEW AMNICOLA.
BY BRYANT AVALKKK.
Amnlcola letsoni.
Shell small, elevated, solid, thick, white ; subimperforate, whorls
114 THE NAUTILUS.
4|, more or less flattened laterally and inclined to be shouldered ;
smooth ; suture deep ; spire short, less than one-third of the entire
length, apex obtuse ; aperture small, ovate, angled above, rounded
below, flattened on the parietal margin, which is quite oblique to the
axis. Peristome thick, continuous, entirely free from contact with
the body-whorl in fully mature specimens.
Alt. 3^, diam. 2^-, length of aperture 1^ mill.
Alt. 3, diam. 2, length of aperture 1^ mill.
Habitat: Goat Island, Niagara River, N. Y.
Amnicola sheldoni Pils. is the only species with which this can be
compared. The present species, however, is to be distinguished by
its flattened, shouldered whorls, deeper suture and more acuminate
spire. Six mature examples were found which, though differing
somewhat in the relative proportions of length and width, are, as a
whole, quite uniform. In four of them, the peristome is distinctly
separated from the body-whorl ; in one, while continuous, it is so
close as to be almost adnate, while in the remaining specimen, the
parietal margin, although somewhat broken, seems to have been
appressed to the body-whorl for a short distance. Associated with
these specimens were two other examples quite similar, but much
more cylindrical in outline, less solid, and with the aperture less
angled posteriorly. Neither is quite mature, judging from the thin-
ness of the lip. In view of the considerable variation in these par-
ticulars in other well-known species of the genus, such as Amnicola
lustrica Pils. and of the few specimens now at hand, it is not deemed
advisable at the present time to do more than call attention to the
fact. Dr. Pilsbry, to whom some of the specimens were submitted,
suggests that, like Pyrgnlopsis mississippiensis Pils., it is probably
an extinct species, and will be found in some quarternary bed along
the Niagara or some tributary creek.
The type specimens were collected by Miss E. Jennie Letson,
of Buffalo, N. Y., and the species is named in her honor.
EXOTIC MOLLUSKS IN CALIFORNIA.
BY .TOSIAH KEEP.
In a recent pamphlet, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns speaks of twelve
exotic species of mollusks that have been found in California. Sev-
THE NAUTILUS. 1 15
eral of these are increasing rapidly. Recently two bright lads of our
" Isaac Lea Chapter," Masters Doe and Giflfbrd, brought me fine
specimens of Modiola plicatula Lam. which they had found on the.
southwestern shore of San Francisco Bay. They also guided me to
numerous colonies of Urosalpinx cinereus Say. on the Alameda
shore, which they had naturally mistaken for the native Ocinebra
circumtexta Stearns. They showed me several dead valves of Venus
mercenaria Linn, which they had picked up on the same shore, but
of which they had not been able to find living specimens. We can-
not, therefore, certainly add this species to Mr. Stearns' list, but it
is quite probable that living forms of the same will soon be found in
deeper water.
Of the land species included with the twelve, two at least are be-
coming quite common. Zonites cellarius Mull, appeared abundantly
the past season in the college garden, and Helix aspersa Mull. I have
artificially propagated with much success, using a frame like a board-
covered hot-bed, and feeding with cabbage leaves and similar vege-
tables. I have now introduced several native species into the frame
and am awaiting the spring-time with much interest. Helix califor-
niensis Lea does not thrive, as it evidently sighs for the sands of
Monterey and the toothsome rattle-weed ; but its near neighbor,
Helix dupetithouarsii Desh., from Cypress Point, seems quite at
home, and is as happy as if it were shaded by the venerable trees on
that rocky promontory. Possibly it is because the frame is sheltered
by a hedge of tall cypresses, lineal descendants from the trees on
Cypress Point. I have often wished that the long and cumbrous
name of this species could be changed to the short and highly-
suggestive one, Helix cuprefsa, the cypress snail. But I suppose
that the law of priority is like the law of the Medes and Persians,
" which altereth not."
Mills College, Gal.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Clausilia Hiraseana n. sp. A Megalophcedusa with the size and
general form of Cl. japonica, but strongly sculptured ivith rib-stn'ce,
far coarser than in any other known Japanese species. The sub-
116 Til K NAUTILUS.
columellar lamella is immersed and there are four strong palatal
plica?. Length 29, diam. 6 mm. Okinoshima, prov. Tosa (Y.
Hi rase).
Trishoplita Smithiana n. sp. Shell about the size and color of T.
goodivini (Smith), hut much more depressed, the spire low, convexly
conic, whorls 5^, the last angular at the periphery, descending in
front ; sculpture of slight growth-wrinkles and extremely fine,
crowded spiral stria?. Aperture transversely oval, oblique; peris-
tome thin, expanded, reflexed below, the margins approaching,
parted by a parietal wall in length about one-fifth the circumference
of the peristome. Umbilicus open. Alt. 8, diam. 13, width of um-
bilicus 2 mm. Arakura, prov. Tosa (Mr. Hirase). Much more
depressed than T. goodwini, with lower spire and wider umbilicus,
named for Mr. E. A. SMITH, who has given us several valuable
papers upon Japanese mollusks.
Ganesella myotnphala var. oniphalodes n. v. Similar to G. myom-
phala in color and texture, but much depressed and openly umbili-
cate, the columellar lip but slightly overhanging the umbilicus.
Alt. 19, diam. 32, width of umbilicus 3 mm. Omikado, prov. Inaba
(Mr. Y. Hirase). Specimens in the collection of Mr. Addison
Gulick show that in true myomphala the umbilicus is not always
wholly closed, but, unlike this variety, the columellar lip is flattened
and spreading.
Ganesella Wiegmanniana n. sp. Shell deeply and (for the genus)
openly umbilicate, much depressed, thick lens-shaped, angular at the
periphery, encircled by a faint reddish-brown band above the
periphery, surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with oblique growth-
wrinkles, but without spiral striae other than a few rather coarse,
irregularly-developed spirals sometimes visible on the base. Spire
low, convexly conoid ; whorls 5^, moderately convex, the last angular
at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath, but slightly descending
in front, more or less constricted behind the lip. Aperture oblique,
irregularly lunate-oval, the peristome white, narrowly expanded,
thickened within, the basal margin straightened, thickened or obso-
letely toothed in the middle ; columellar end dilated, slightly over-
hanging the umbilicus.
Alt. 11, diam. 18^ to 20^ mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm.
Kochi, prov. Tosa (Y. Hirase).
Tin's species is clearly distinct from the strongly earinated form of
THE NAUTILUS. 1 1 7
G.japonica called patruelis or tabuensis by some authors, but which
is probably not really that species. The much depressed form like
a thick lens, the open umbilicus and want of spiral strife are its more
prominent features. It is named in honor of FRIEDRICH WIEG-
MANN, of Jena, author of numerous and valuable works on the
anatomy of land snails.
A NEW LYKOPECTEN.
BY W. H. BALL.1
The group of Pectinidae named by Conrad Lyropecten, of which
P. Heermanni Conrad is the type, is known to have its precursors in
the OHgocene, to be in its developed form characteristic of the
Miocene of the Northern Hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic,
and to be represented in succeeding horizons only by degenerate
types which can hardly be referred to the same section of the genus,
though apparently descended from it.
The Pacific coast species hitherto known are P. Heermanni Con-
rad, 1855 (+ P. estrellanum Conrad, 1856, not 1857); P. magnolia
Conrad, 1857 (+ P. crassicardo Conrad, 1862). The first men-
tioned is a species of moderate size with no analogue in the Atlantic
Miocene; its exact horizon is still doubtful. The second, which cor-
responds in the West American fauna to P. Jeffersonins Say is
found in the upper or San Pablo horizon of California. From the
still newer (?) horizon of Rio Dell on the Eel River, California, Mr.
J. S. Diller of the U. S. Geological Survey has obtained a new form
of which this preliminary notice is given, not only as a new species
of interest but as one of the largest species of Pecten yet known. It
will be illustrated later in the Survey publications. It is the ana-
logue of P. Madisonius Say.
Pecten (Lyropecten) Dilleri n. sp.
Shell large, rather compressed, nearly orbicular with a relatively
short, straight hinge-line, dorsally rectangular, nearly smooth, sub-
equal ears, the posterior with three .small riblets ; a well marked
though shallow byssal fold ; and moderately thick valves. The
right valve is somewhat more convex and strongly sculptured, bear-
1 By permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
ing 29-30 high, narrow, T-rail-shapecl ribs, flattened above, over-
hanging narrower, deep, nearly smooth channels ; and with marked
concentric imbrication, feeble on top of the ribs but articularly scaly
at their sides. The sculpture of the left valve is less pronounced,
hidden in the matrix, but apparently similar. Alt. 192, lat. 175,
diam. about 35 mm. The lateral edges are slightly defective, the
submargins very narrow.
GENERAL NOTES.
HOLOSPIRA MINIMA v. Martens — In my opinion the northwest
Mexican forms referred to Holospira pfeifferi by Crosse and Fischer
and von Martens, are distinct from that central Mexican species ;
and as the varietal name minor is preoccupied (H. feres v. minor) ^
the name minima of von Martens may be used.
Dr. von Martens describes var. minima as " dense tenuiter
lamelloso-costata, length 11^ mm. only, 4 in the largest diameter;
aperture 2^ mm.; whorls 11, distinctly convex; color reddish-
yellow, the costa? white." The locality was not known, but the
figure shows the angular early whorls of the N. "W. Mexican form
described as a variety of pfeifferi by Fischer and Crosse, and I do
not doubt that the type came from that region.
The shells collected at Hermosillo, Sonora, by Remond, are
larger, alt. 12^ to 13^, diam. of penult, whorl 4 mm. The riblets
are rather stout and crowded, though not quite as wide as their
intervals, and number 32 to 34 on the penultimate whorl. These
ribs, or many of them, have the peculiarity so strongly developed in
Urocoptis elliotti and some other species, of being hollow, and there-
fore easily broken down, showing only the edges of the two lateral
lamina?. There are 12^ whorls, and the color is nearly uniform.
The internal column is perfectly simple and the lumen of the whorls
is free from folds or lamella? of any sort.
Specimens sent by Mr. Fred L. Button, exact locality not given,
are a little smaller, alt. 11-J- diam. above aperture 4 mm., have 1 1 to
1H whorls, and decidedly coarser ribs, 23 to 26 on the penultimate
whorl.
Evidently the species is a variable one, and the varieties are
probably local.
Tryon's figure of H. pfeifferi (Amer. Journ. of Conch, iii, pi. 15,
THE NAUTILUS. 1 1 '•>
fig. 34) is a bad copy of Pfeitf'er's figure of typical //. j)fc ///;•/•/ in
the Conchylien Cabinet, pi. 6, f. 31 ; but tlie specimens before him
were the N. AY. Mexican form from near Hermosillo, collected by
Remond.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY TELLINID.E AND OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN SPECIES. By WILLIAM HEALEY BALL. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii, pp. 285-326, 1900.
Some interesting notes on distribution and a list of the works re-
ferred to by dates in the text, is followed by a synopsis of the genera,
subgenera and sections, an annotated list of the species, and descrip-
tion of new species, illustrated by three plates.
From the eastern coast are recorded : Tellina interrupta Wood, T.
laevigata L. T. lineata Turt. ( T. brasiliana Lam.), T. radiata L.,
T. crystnlKna Wood, also on the Pacific coast. T. llntea Con., T.
cequistriata Say, T. americana Dull (n. sp.), T. fausta Donov., T.
alternata Say, T. angulosa Gmel. ( T. punicea Orb.), separated from
pink var. of alternata by the pallial sinus reaching the anterior
adductor scar. T. georgiana Ball (n. sp.). T. squamifera Desh.,
T. Gouldii Hanley, erroneously referred to the Pacific coast by author.
T. martinicensis Orb., T. magnet Spengl., T. tenera Say, T. tenella
Verr., T. texana Ball (n. sp.), T. versicolor Cozzens, T. sybaritica
Ball, T. polita Say,1 T. pauper ata Orb., T. tampaensis Conr., J\
mera Say, T. promera Ball (n. sp.), T. simplex Orb., T. flagellum
Ball (n. sp.), T. similis Sowb. (T. decora Say), T. iris Say, T.
exilis Lam., T. candeana Orb.; Strigilla caniaria L., S. rombergii
Mijrch, almost identical externally with the preceding, but the
pallial sinus does not reach the anterior adductor scar. It seems to
be more plentiful than caniaria on the Florida coast, ft.flexuosa
Say, and pislformis L.; Tellidora cristata Reel. The left valve is
the flatter; in T. burnetti Sowb. from the Pacific coast the reverse is
the case. Metis intastriata Say ; Macoma constricta Brug., M.
krausei Ball. (n. sp.) M. balthica Linn., circumboreal, M. calcarea
Gmel., also on the Pacific coast, M. inflata Stimp., M. ctriua
C. B. Ad. M. leptonoidea Ball, also on the Pacific. M. mitchelli
1This name being preoccupied, Dr. Dull has adopted the MSS. name of Sayii,
proposed by Deshayes, see Trans. Wagner Inst, Vol. iii, pt. 5, p. 1034.
120 TIIK N7AUT1MJS.
Dull, M. phenax Dall (n. sp.), M. tenta Say, M. orientalis Ball, M.
Tugeliformis Dall (n. sp.), M. brevifrons Say, y>/. limulu Dall, j¥.
extenuata Dall (n. sp.).
The species of the western coast are : Tcllina cumingii Hanley,
T. idee Dall, T. lyra Haul., T. lamellata Cpr., T. reclusa, Dall.
(n. sp.), T. declivis Sowb., T. pacifica Dall (n. sp.). T. pristiphora
Dall (n. sp.), T. ru^escens Haul., T. viridotincta Cpr., T. ochracea
Cpr., T. brodetipii Desli., T. cognata C. B. Ads., T. saimonea Cpr.,
T. Memphis. " This is the T. gouldii Cpr. 1865, not, of Hanley
1846." T. pazina Dall (n. sp.), T. amianta Dall (n. sp.), T.
macneilii Dall (n. sp.), T. stiffiism Dall (n. sp.), T. carpenteri Dall,
"Tliis is the variegatus Cpr. 1S64, not variegcda Gmel. 1792," T.
cerrosfana Dall (n. sp.), T. recurva Dall (n. sp.), T. ntodesta Cpr.,
T. virgo Hanley, T. button!. Dall, " This is the var. obtnsus Cpr.
1864, not T. obtnsn Snvvb. 1818." T. lutea Gray, T. bodeyensis
Hinds, T. santarosce Dall (n. sp.), Strigilla fucata Gld., S. sincera
Hani., S. cicerciila Phil., S. lenticula Phil., Metis alia Com-. " This
is the Scrobicularia biangulata Cpr., and is also the Lutricola alia
of the same author." Macoma middendorjfii Dall, this is M.
edentula Midd. 18al, not of Brod. & Sowb. 1839. M. incongrua \.
Mart., M. Krausei Dall. This is TelUna lu.tea Krause, 1885, not of
Gray, 1828. M. edentula B. & S., M. sitkana Dall (n. sp.), M. in-
jiatula Dall, M. nasuta Con., ]\L carlottensis Whiteaves, M. liotricha
Dall, M, expansa. Cpr., M. yoldiformis Cpr., M. alaskona Dall
(n. sp.), M. undulata Hani., M. secta Conr., M. indentata Cpr., and
var. tennirostris Dall (n. v.), M. elouyata Han]., 717. panamensis Dall
(n. sp.), M. aurora Hani.
Two NEW CYPR.KIDA;. By MRS. AGNES F. KKNYON. — Proc.
Mill. Soc. of London, vi, 68, Aug., 1900. Cyprcea kanilaui is a new
species from the Hawaiian Islands. The description and figure
seem very close to a large siz<jd (28 mill.) G. helvola L.; specimens
of this species from Hawaii differ considerably from those of the
Indo-Pacific region. Trivia acutisulcata is described without habitat.
DESCRIPTION OF Two SPECIES OF CTPR^EA, BOTH OF THE SUB-
UENUS TRIVIA. By JAMES COSMO MELVILI Annals and Maga-
xiiKi of Nat. Hist., Aug., 1900, p. 207. Both species were received
from Mr. Fred L. Button. C. (Trivia) yalapayensis from Albe-
marle Isl., Galapagos, is a new peculiar form having a " shining
enameled callosity over the whole centre of the dorsal region, com-
pletely obliterating the sulcus if any exists." C- (Trivia) Buttoni is
a small globular straw-colored species with few, continuous ribs. Its
habitat is unknown.
THE NAUTILUS. XIV.
PLATE I.
FOSSIL LAND SHELLS <>i SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CAL.
iji*, i, lltlu- tri/iiii/i, \-iirs. mujnr and minor Il«-ni|ili. Fiji's. 'J. llfli.r f< ru/is IIcni|>]i. Fii,rs. :',. lltli.i-
xoduli" Hi'inpli. I'Mjjs. I if. S/iri'/iiiii urn I'll S;iy.: li. S. i:. I'ci'iiiitn Say.: i', !*. a. i/iiiii/ii/iijif //x/.< I>all.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV. MARCH, 19O1. No. 11
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.
BY IIENKY HEMPHILL.
Helix v&v.feralis Hem phi 11.
Shell im perforate, smooth, compact, globose, white (faded), con-
sisting of five convex whorls, the last with an obscure band at the
periphery, and slightly descending at the aperture ; spire elevated,
somewhat pointed ; sutures well impressed ; aperture oblique,
cramped, not effuse, about as wide as high ; peristome reflected,
thickened, its face rounded, the basal portion in some of the speci-
mens slightly appressed to the body, its terminations very little
approached. Subfossil.
Diam. 18, alt. 13 mm.; diam. 16, alt. 11 mm.; diam. 15, alt.
11 mm.; diam. 10, alt. 8 mm.
Habitat : San Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands.
The Santa Barbara Island specimens measure as follows : Diam.
15, alt. 10 mm.; diam. 14, alt. '.) mm.; diam. 12^, alt. 7^- mm.
This shell appears to be somewhat rare. Thirty-five specimens
all told — good, bad and indifferent — were all I found in the week I
had on San Nicolas Island, and about ten occurred on Santa Bar-
bara Island.
The lot shows considerable variation in the elevation or depres-
sion of the spire, as well as in size, as will be seen by the measure-
ments.
I regard it as a variety of the very variable H. rnficincta Newc.,
but perhaps the species-makers would be better pleased to call it
distinct.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
Helix var. sodalis Hemphill.
Shell umbilicated, very variable in size, white (faded), globosely
depressed; whorls 5, the last flatly convex above and beneath,
smooth, under a good pocket lens appearing very minutely granu-
lated, falling slightly at the aperture ; spire a little elevated, obtusely
pointed ; sutures distinct and moderately impressed ; peristome
roundly thickened and reflected, its terminations approached and
joined by a thin callus, the basal one crowding the umbilicus ; aper-
ture subcircular, about as broad as high ; umbilicus quite variable in
width, showing a portion of the penultimate whorl in some of the
specimens. Subfossil.
Diam. 14, alt. 8 mm.; diam. 12, alt. G mm.; diam. 10, alt. 5 mm.:
diam. 8i, alt. 4 mm.; diam. 7, alt. 4 mm.
Habitat: San Nicolas Island, California.
If this interesting little shell was found in Colorado, New Mexico,
or along the eastern line of Arizona, it would very probably be called
an Ashmunella; if it had been collected in the Ohio Valley it cer-
tainly would be called a Polygyra ; but as it is found away out here
on the western limits of the continent, conchologists will be highly
delighted to call it Epiphragmophora (MicrmriontGL) rujicincta sodalis
Hemph. Sometimes there is certainly a great deal (of length) in a
name.
Besides the extreme variations in siz<->, as shown by the measure-
ments, the larger forms show about the snme extremes in the width
of the umbilicus. In the living state it must have been of about the
same color as H. ruficincta Newt-., as a few specimens retain the
rufus-colored lip and a very faint trace of a peripheral revolving band.
At my request, Dr. Dall compared a series of this shell with his
types of H. guadalupiana, and has kindly sent me the following
notes on the differences of the two forms:
" The fossil helices are interesting. They are nearly related to
the recent catalince, and yet not quite the same. The large speci-
mens of No. 3 from San Nicolas are nearest, but have a different
shaped mouth, are more rounded at the periphery and rather more
elevated. The small form of No. 3 seems to be the same us your
No. 2, which are labeled guadulupiana var. sodalis. No. 1 is very
near guadalupiana Dall, but more solid, more rounded and with the
upper and lower lips on the body further apart than in the guada-
lupiana proper." " I regard Gal)l>i as distinct, as the umbilicus is
THE NAUTILUS. 123
closed and the shell more compact ; it is very close to facta.''
" Doubtless all are branches of one stem."
It will be seen by Dr. Dall's remarks that our shell stands closely
related to his catcdince and guadalupiana, with very great differences
in size, besides those he has pointed out, which entitle our shell to a
name as a variety. As they are " doubtless all branches of one
stem," and as we have the stem in Helix ruficincta Newc., let us be
consistent, follow nature, and call all of them branches (varieties)
and not distinct stems.
Helix Tryonii major Hemph.
This variety is very much larger than any of the very many
specimens that I have collected. One of the specimens is globosely
depressed, with an effuse subcircular aperture and a prominent
tubercle on the basal portion of the peristome near the termination
of the columella. The peristome is thickened, not reflected, the
ends not approaching, but they are joined by a heavy callus. The
other specimen is narrower, with a conical elevated spire ; the aper-
ture is very oblique, laterally expanded, and wider than it is high ;
the peristome is greatly thickened near the columella, but without a
tubercle, not reflected ; the ends are very much approached, no per-
ceptible callus joining them.
Diam. 30, alt. 23 mm.; diam. 27, alt, 26 mm.
Habitat : San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.
Helix Tryonii minor Hemph.
The shell is very much smaller than the types, and shows about
the same differences in the elevation and depression of the spire and
in the form of the aperture as var. major. There is no tubercle on
the basal lip, which is very little thickened.
Diam. 17, alt. 13 mm.; diam. 16^, alt. 13^ mm.
Habitat : San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.
This small form is very close to Helix vnr.feralis.
Helix Tryonii maculata n. color- var.
Ground color ashy white, lighter beneath than above ; the body
whorl and spire speckled with darker spots, banded or bandless at
the periphery, form variable in size ; spire elevated or depressed.
Diam. 25, alt. 19 mm.; diam. 20, alt. 16^ mm.; diam. 22, alt.
15 mm.
Habitat : Santa Barbara Island, Cal.
124 THE NAUTILUS.
I now offer a complete list of the land shells, their varieties, and
their range over these islands, as far as I know or have collected
them myself, with the single exception of Helix ayresiana, from San
Miguel Island :
Selenites Duranti Newc. Santa Barbara, San Clemente Islands.
Selenites Duranti catalinensis Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Zonites Shepardi Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Ariolimax columbianus sfnnnineus Hemph. Santa Cruz Island.
Binneya noldbilis J. G. Cooper. Santa Barbara Island, recent and
sub -fossil.
Helix ayresiana Newc. San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz
Islands.
Helix intercisa W. G. Binn., with varieties minor Hemph., eleyans
Hemph., nepos Hemph., filbida Hemph. San Clemente Island.
Helix Tryonii Newc. Varieties varius Hemph., nebulosa Hemph.,
fasciata Hemph., californica Hemph., albida Hemph., maculata
Hemph. Santa Barbara Island.
Helix Tryonii var. major Hemph., minor Hemph. San Nicolas
Island.
Helix Tryonii var. subcarinata Hemph. Santa Barbara Island.
*******
Helix ntficincta Newc. Santa Catalina Island.
Helix ruficincta feralis Hemph. San Nicolas, Santa Barbara
Islands.
Helix ruficincta Gabbi Newc. Santa Catalina, San Clemente
Islands.
Helix ruficincta facta Newc. Santa Barbara Island.
Helix ruficincta catalmce Dall. Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara
Island.
Helix mficincta sodalis Hern ph.
*******
Helix kelletti Fbs. Varieties (n) castaneus Hemph., nitidus
Hemph., multilineata Hemph., f rater Hemph., californica Hemph.,
Forbcsii Hemph., bicolor Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Helix kelletti var. redimita W. G. Binn., hybrida Hemph.,
castaneus Hemph., elementing Dall. San Clemente Island.
Pupa clementina Sterki. San Clemente Island.
Pupa californica catalinaria Sterki. Santa Catalina Island.
Pupa californica elongata Sterki. San Clemente Island.
NAUTILUS. 125
*******
Succinea avara Say.
Succinea avara venncta Say.
Snrciiien avaru guadalitpensis Dull.
Sticcinea <irnr« oreyonensis Lea.
Succinea avaru rastlcann GUI.
This completes the. list of the land shells of these islands so far as
I know them.
The above arrangement of the Succineas may not meet the
approval of some conchologists, but these subfossils, as well as the
recent forms, go through those successive changes in the develop-
ment of the shell.
\_Tu be concluded.^
A NEW SPECIES OF SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY W. H. DALL.
Subemarginula Yatesii n. sr>.
Shell large, coarse, strong, whitish gray, or pale olive green on
the fresher portions, especially a very narrow margin about the base;
sculptured with strong, not dichotomous, radial ribs, of which about
20 are primary, between each two of which lie from one to foul-
secondary riblets, most numerous at the sides of the shell ; besides
these there is a very strong anal fascicle, higher and stronger ex-
ternally than any of the ribs, extending from the apex, and ending in
front at a notch about 3.5 mm. deep and rounded above and behind ;
the radiating sculpture is sharply and irregularly imbricated by the
rude and profuse incremental sculpture, which is too close and irre-
gular to form reticulation ; apex small, pointed, not much elevated,
situated three-fifths of the way from the front to the posterior margin ;
the fascicle descending from it swerves a little to the right of the
median line of the shell ; interior wliite, the extreme margin pale
olive green but almost linear; anal furrow deep, extending nearly to
the apex, where it is lost in a very pale olive deposit of shelly
matter; margins crenulated by the sculpture ; muscular impressions
strong, the two recurved scars unequal, the. right one larger. Lon.
of shell 51, hit. 36, alt. 13 mm.
This shell was received from Dr. L. G. Yates, of Santa Barbara,
126 THE NAUTILUS.
who obtained it from a dealer at Monterey, Gala., who asserted it to
have been obtained alive from the bay of Monterey. Two specimens
were obtained, which the possessor would neither lend nor sell ; but
finally Dr. Yates succeeded in obtaining one of them, which he
courteously forwarded to the National Museum for examination.
It can only be compared with S. gigas von Martens, of Japan, in
which the furrow is obsolete, and there are no secondary ribs, and
the primary ribs are feeble, low, wide, and obsolete on the anterior
part of the shell. If the locality is confirmed, the species is a notable
addition to the Californian fauna.
VARIATIONS IN ODOSTOMIA.
BY REV. IIENllY W. WINKLEY.
The question is frequently asked, why do we not have an up to
date work on New England shells? The answer can be made, but
only by one who is in the work. New England shells are fascinating
to study, very difficult to obtain and presenting curious resemblances.
Much work has been done, but there remains considerable more
before the small forms can be determined in such a way as to give a
true list of species. Such genera as Bela, Turbonilla and Odostomia
represent some of the problems of the New England fauna. During
the past two years the writer has been located at Branford, Conn.,
and opportunity is thus afforded for consultation with Prof. Verrill
and his assistant Miss Bush. These two have handled the great
mass of materials dredged by the Fish Commission, and one would
suppose all the fauna of New England would be exhausted. On
careful examination of the writer's cabinet some half dozen new
species have been detected — several of these are Odostomias. One
is from Woods Holl, another from an isolated colony in Maine, one
from Prince Edward's Island, etc. As these species will be described
in due time by Prof. Verrill we will not anticipate his work. Other
changes in the genus Odostomia will be noted by him, among them
some based on the following facts which the writer has been led to
observe. " Binney's Gould " gives the species 0. impressa, bisuturalis
and trifida as distinct species. Let us study the three. 0. impressa
from Florida is a thick, deeply grooved shell, and at first sight
THE NAUTILUS. 127
appears as a very good specie?. Side by side with New England
specimens there is practically no difference except in the thickness of
the shell. That counts for nothing in determining a species. For
example take New England Purpura lapillus and see the thin paper
shell from one region and the heavy robust one from another locality.
Add now O. bisuturalis and trifida. What determines the species?
Revolving lines are interesting marks, but we have no standard,
variety is everywhere. I take a few examples from my own cabinet ;
for convenience I will number the grooves from suture to the
shoulder on the last whorl 1, 2, 3, 4. Here are some results :
Branford specimens vary thus: 1000-1004-1200-1204-1234.
Woods Holl: 1000-1004-1200-1204.
Sheepscote River, Maine: 0000-1000-1200-1 234+.
Prince Edwards Island: 1000-1234+.
The plus sign means that additional lines appear, usually less con-
spicuous, between the more usual grooves. Perhaps this list may be
altered, but I let it stand. There is so much difference, some
deeply grooved while others are faintly marked. The above is the
result of using a good lens and strong light across the lines. It looks
as if these three species would have to shake hands and be one. I
may add that the specimens from Maine and Prince Edward's Island
are more deeply marked than the shells from southern New England.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Helicina osumiensis n. sp.
Shell depressed, convex above and below, bluntly angular at the
periphery, rather thin, red ; striatulate, and under a strong lens
showing fine spiral striag. Spire low-conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls
4, scarcely convex, the last somewhat flattened above the peripheral
angle. Aperture oblique, irregularly semicircular, the peristome
very slightly expanded, upper margin nearly straight ; a moderately
thick, smooth callus on the base. Alt. 2i, diam. 4 mm.
Kikai, province Osumi, southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Closely related to H, verecunda Gould (Otia Conchologia, p. 105)
from the Loo Choo Islands, but much smaller, with the basal callus
smooth, not roughened or pitted as in that species.
128
THE NAUTILUS.
H. verecunda is cream-white with reddish streaks, or red with or
without whitish streaks; the color "luteo-virens" described by Gould
being due to the dried animal which shows through in places with a
dark green tint. The half dozen specimens of H. osumiensis before
me are uniform red.
Mr. Y. Ilirase has distributed H. verecunda as No. 470, from Loo
Choo (Riu Kiu, or Ryu Kyu). The specimens agree with one of
Gould's original lot, in the collection of the Academy. I suppose
they are from Okinawa Island. So far, we know scarcely anything
of the snail fauna of the other islands of the group. Recent sub-
sidence and breaking up into islands, of a ridge running from
Okinawa to Kiusiu is suggested by the close alliance of the southern
Kiusin and Loo Choo faunas.
The Hell cina hakodadiensis of Hartman (1890) has been rediscov-
ered by Mr. Hirase at Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido Id. (No. 595). It
is quite a distinct species, more angular at the periphery than other
Japanese forms, and with the ruddy color of H. osumiensis and the
American H. occulta. H. hakodadiensis is, next to the last-named
species, the northernmost of its genus, its locality lying in about 42°
N. Lat., while occulta extends to about 44° N.
Helicina Reiiiii var. uzenensis n. var. Shell differing from H. reiiiii
Kobelt in being larger, pink or whitish-pink under a yellowish
chestnut-colored cuticle, which remains in shreds and streaks only,
and in the closely and deeply striated surface. Alt. 12, diam. 15 to
16 mm. Nishigo, Uzen.
Vertigo Hirasei n. sp. A minute, ovate, glossy- brown species
with \\ whorls, the aperture having a parietal and a columellar
lamella, and two palatal folds, the lower larger, elongate, the upper
tuberculiform, sometimes obsolete. Alt. 1.5, diam. 1 mm. Yana-
gawa, prov. Chikugo, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Hirase, No. 570).
Buliminus callistoderma var. ogasawarez n. v. Similar to callisto-
derma in texture, sculpture and color, but distinctly longer, with 7
wrhorls, the spire perceptibly attenuated below the thick, obtuse
apex. Length 13, diam. 5^, length of aperture 5 mm.; length 12^,
diam. 5^, aperture 5^ mill. Ogasawara or Bonin Is. (Mr. Y.
Hirase, No. 602).
Buliminui eucharistus n. sp. Shell rimate, high-conic, solid,
purplish-brown, closely streaked with whitish or yellow. Spire
straightly conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls 8^-9, moderately convex,
THK NAUTILUS, 129
sculptured with growth- wrinkles and in places faint spiral stria'.
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, purplish-black within, the peristome
white or flesh-colored, reflexed ; parietal callus transparent; colu-
mella not perceptibly folded, oblique above, brown within. Length
2<>.5, diam. 11, length of aperture 10.3 mm.; 25.5, 11, 11 mm.
Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 597). This is by all odils the
handsomest Japanese Buliminus, being remarkably ricli in co'or for
the genus.
Buliminus luchuanus n. sp. Shell dextral, rimate, oblong-fusiform,
rather thin, dark brown, copiously streaked with ragged cream-
white stripes ; obliquely wrinkle-striate and very minutely striated
spirally. Outlines of the spire a little convex, apex obtuse, whorls
8^-, moderately convex. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, orange-
brown within, the peristome white, reflexed ; columella oblique, the
margin dilated; parietal callus transparent and thin. Length 21,
diam. 7.5, length of aperture 8 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase,
No. 598). Streaked like the sinistral Chinese B. Fultoni S. & B., or
like B. fasciolatus Oliv., of Rhodes.
Enlota (^Sgista) Martensiana n. sp. Somewhat similar to E.
FriedeUana, but more elevated, the whorls larger in calibre, more
slowly increasing, color darker, and sculpture stronger and more
dense. Spire low-conic, whorls almost 7, convex, the last slightly
carinate, shortly descending in front; sculpture rasp-like, consisting
of densely crowded, short, erect scales, which are not shaggy.
Umbilicus open, its width contained 3^- times in that of the shell.
Aperture oblique, subcircular, one-fourth excised by the parietal
margin, lip narrowly reilexed, white. Alt. lOi, diam. 17^ mm.
Sedake, Osumi, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Y. Hirase). Named in honor
of Prof. E. von MARTENS, of Berlin, whose wide-spread labors in-
clude several valuable papers upon the mollusks of Japan.
Eulota (Plectotropis) inornata n. sp. Shell umbilicate, the diam.
of umbilicus contained about G times in that of the shell, low conoid
with convex base, thin, somewhat translucent, pale corneous, sculp-
tured with slight growth-wrinkles and fine, close spiral striae.
Whorls 5-|, somewhat convex, the last with an acute, submarginate,
smooth, peripheral carina ; hardly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, angular, the peristome thin, very narrowly expanded and
subreflexed below, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 6.3,
diam. 12.5 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase).
130 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
VALLONIA PULCHELLA You may remember that in '97 I sent
you a note concerning the sudden appearance of Vallonia palchella
in immense numbers in Pittsburg, Pa. A similar case has just been
brought to my attention by a friend who lives about 6 miles out of
town. Sometime in September he found his front walk (stone) cov-
ered with " thousands of small shells," and about two weeks later
they appeared again. He saved a few for me and they prove to be
Vallonia pulchella. Are such occurrences common? — G. H. CLAPP.
AN ADDITION TO THE U. S. LAND SNAIL FAUNA. — For the past
three years I have had three adult and three young examples of a
Truncatella from Key West, Fla., collected by Hemphill, which I
had labeled, provisionally, T. bilabiata (they were sent as " T. pul-
chella var."), but which I was satisfied, from the very coarse and
widely-spaced ribs, were something else. Your Bermuda paper has
put me on the right track, as they agree perfectly with the "key"
to and figure of Truncatella clathrus Lowe, so we must add this
species to the U. S. fauna. — G. H. CLAPP.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OP THE NAIADES, OK PEARLY FRESH- WATEK MUS-
SELS. By Charles Torrey Simpson, viii + 544 pp. (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xxii, 1900.) This work presents an epitome of the
author's studies during many years upon the classification of the
fresh-water mussels, the synonymy of the species, and their geographic
distribution. It is, in fact, a continuation of the famous series of
synopses issued by ISAAC LEA ; an arrangement of the mussels, not
a work for the determination of species.
The classification of the family Umonidse is almost completely
original with Mr. Simpson, and it need not be said, must appear
strange to those acquainted with the old arrangement of the group.
The treatment of Mutelidtz is less revolutionary. The fundamental
division of the Unionidce rests upon the nodifications of the ovisacs,
or modified gill pouches of the female carrying the embryos; the
sculpture of the beaks of the shell also affording characters of great
value, being shown to be correlated with features of the soft anatomy.
THE NAUTILUS. 1 31
Some Go genera are recognized in the UnionidfB^ over two-thirds of
them being formed from the old genus Utdo of authors, while
Margaritana has also been dismenbered. Anodonfa is retained in
nearly its old limits, except that the South American forms have
been transferred to the genus Glabaris of the Mutelidce, a change
made by Dr. von Ihering some years ago. While a large portion of
the genera are based upon the peculiarities of the ovisacs or other
internal organs, Mr. Simpson finds that '•' when these are once dis-
covered and understood, it will be found on careful examination that
there are minor shell characters that correspond with those of the
marsupia" so that a vast number of species unknown anatomically
can be correctly grouped generically by the shells alone, although in
some cases the record is not thus easily to be read. This is about
the way the case stands in the Helicidcz; and in fact tallies with con-
clusions reached by workers on widely diverse groups of mollusks.
The people who decry '-mere shell characters" as valueless, are
those who know little about them; but the fact remains that without
knowledge of the internal anatomy, the real significance and compara-
tive value of the shell characters could never have been discovered.
Practical eonchologists should give Mr. Simpson's system the test of
rearranging their species by it. We hazard little in saying that
once this is done, the naturalness of his generic groups will win gen-
eral acceptance for the new classification. In many cases one cannot
but be struck by the happy grouping of species which never before
seemed to tit in anywhere.
Regarding the synonymy, Mr. Simpson seems to have exercised
fair and temperate judgment. He is no species-splitter, but on the
other hand, lie has steered clear of an equally dangerous reef, which
has wrecked several promising investigators. In other words, he has
never allowed the reaction toward extreme " lumping " of species,
which followed the era of Lea, to warp his judgment. As it is, the
list of synonyms under some species, such as Unio complanatus,
tuomeyi, obesus, etc., is appalling. The treatment of the Lamps/Us
parrus group is particularly commendable.
In the geographic relationships of the genera, a close affinity
between the groups of southeastern Asia and tropical Africa is stated
to obtain. This accords with the distribution of Ampullariida,
Viviparid&i and many land shells such as ZuititiiUe and Streptaxidcz.
The faunal relation between the mollusks of eastern Asia and
132 THE NAUTILUS.
America, so conspicuous in land snails, also seems to hold in
Unionidee. The discussion of the dispersal and migration of the
Unionidee is one of the most interesting chapters. Mr. Simpson be-
lieves that the earliest Uniones had radial beak sculpture and carried
the embryos in the inner gills ; but these characters now persist
chiefly in austral species, such as the South American genera
(Hyriante} which have been replaced in the north by forms with ex-
ternal ovisacs and concentric beak sculpture (Unionintz}. The
genus Tmncilla ("Uw'o triangularis," etc.) marks the highest differ-
entiation of Naiad life. Space denies further discussion of this topic,
which, though highly theoretical, is handled with firm grasp of the
facts and probabilities in the case.
Mr. .Simpson's synopsis is destined to work a revolution in the
study of fresh-water mussels, though there will naturally be opposi-
tion to the new ideas and methods among some reactionists. It is to
be hoped that a sufficient edition has been prepared to enable all in-
terested in the subject to obtain copies, and that a way will be
opened for Mr. Simpson to continue his work to its logical end in a
fully illustrated monograph of the " naiades."
FRANCIS C. BROWNE.
It was only recently that the editors of THE NAUTILUS learned
with regret of the death of one of their old correspondents, Francis
C. Browne, which occurred at his home in Framingham, Mass.,
Jan. 9, 1900, in the 70th year of his age.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1851, and the same year
went to Florida, where he joined Prof. Agassiz's party at Key West.
He camped in the Everglades and upon the Miami River, and
secured many rare and valuable specimens. Later he visited Labra-
dor and obtained many rare specimens of birds. For several years
Mr. Browne would frequently send us boxes of shells for verification
or determination, and his enthusiasm and appreciation made the
work always a pleasure. He was also a devoted lover of birds,
being an associate member of the American Ornithologists' Union
and an occasional contributor to " The Auk " and " Nuttall Bul-
letin."
He leaves a daughter, to whom we are indebted for the facts
of this brief sketch.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIV.
APRIL, 1901.
No. 12.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF GLANDINA FROM JAMAICA.
BY HENRY VENDRYES.
Fir,. 1.
Glandina (Varicella) Taylor i, n. sp. Fig. 1.
Shell much elongated, oblong-fusiform. Not very shining, often
semi-pellucid, of a brown color, deeply-tinted with rose orange ; with
narrow dark, reddish-hued or chestnut transverse streaks, crossing
completely over all the whorls but not always extending
to the base of the last whorl, but always coincident with
and bordering the varices, of which there are four to five
upon each whorl. Shell sculptured with tine transverse
striae, which become more apparent on the upper shoulder
of the body whorl, next to the suture. Whorls 7, slightly
convex, but in most cases perceptibly flattened or con-
stricted at the periphery; the last whorl more than one-
half the entire length of the shell. Suture impressed^
the edge somewhat crenulated at one margin by the in.
trusion of the transverse stria?. Spire with the outlines
somewhat curvilinear, rather pointed at the summit.
Aperture not large, semi-ovate ; labrum sharp, slightly
produced towards the middle and below that point, grad-
ually retreating, expanding and rounding off to meet the twisted,
arcuated and obliquely truncate columella. Length 23 to 25, greatest
diam. 7, or slightly less. Length of aperture 9, largest diam. 4 mill.
Habitat : Half Way Tree Pen, Parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica.
This shell resembles G. nemorensis in form but is considerably
larger. In the outline of the spire it comes between G. neniorensis
and G. similis, but it is larger than either of these species. The
134 THE NAUTILUS.
strigas are slightly broader than in nemorensis and not nearly so broad
as in similis. In color it differs from both.
The shell is named in honor of Mr." C. B. Taylor, well known for
his work on the birds and for his attainments in the general natural
history of Jamaica, and by whom the species was first collected.
Glandina ( Varicella') deflorescens, n. sp. Fig. 2.
Shell elongated, sub-fusiform, turreted, shining; color rather pale
brown, generally with dark chestnut-brown, somewhat arcuated
streaks, a set of which run coincidently with the varices completely
across eacli whorl. The painting of the shell is singularly varied ;
each successive whorl presents at the start a semi-trans-
FIG. 2. lucent, sharply-defined and pure white stripe, which grad-
ually passes into pale brown, then slowly deepens in color
as the whorl progresses, into a warmer tint and finally
merges into an intensely dark-brown stripe, covering the
varix forward, which varix marks the termination of a
stage of growth. This gradually changing color scheme
is always repeated between the several varices, but it is
less noticeable upon the upper part of the spire, although
actually traceable almost to the apex. Shell regularly
sculptured with not very crowded rib-like stria?. Whorls
8, very slightly convex and obsoletely angular just below
the upper margin, which is crenulated by the passing
over of the striae. Suture moderately impressed. Last whorl a little
more than one-third the entire length. Outline of spire slightly
curvilinear; apex pointed. Aperture ovate, oblong, considerably
dilated at right side of base ; labrum not sharp. Columella white,
straight, well truncated with a strong callosity deeply impressed and
folded by the entering stria? and varices which pass to and over it
from the shell.
Total length, 17 to 18^- mill., diam. 5. Length of aperture G, diam.
2 mill.
This remarkable species is named in allusion to the singular char-
acter of its painting. I am indebted for examples to Mr. P. W.
Jarvis, who received them from Mr. Geo. Nutt, by whom they were
for the first time collected at Moore-Town in the Parish of Portland,
Jamaica.
The peculiarities of the columellar callus, impressed with the
THE NAUTILUS. 135
marks of tlie sculpture of the shell, and of the dilation of part of the
labrum on the. right side of the base of the aperture, allies this species
with Gldiidinn leucozonias and dominicensis, botli of which occur in
the Parish of Portland in the extreme eastern part of the island.
POLYGYKA STEN01REMA WITHOUT A LIP-NOTCH.
1JV IIIOXKY A. PILSBHV.
Mr. Bryant Walker has sent me for examination a specimen agree-
ing with Polyyyra stenotrema in the main, except that the basal lip
is without the usual median nick or notch. The parietal lamella is
strong and high, as usual in the species. Form rather elevated.
Alt. slightly over 6, diam. <s.7 mm. It was taken by Mr. Walker at
Dalton, Georgia ; being the only stenotrema collected at that place.
In the collection of Mr. Geo. H. Clapp are two specimens, formerly
in the James Lewis collection, labeled " East Tennessee," which
agree with Mr. AValker's Georgia shell in lacking the lip-notch,
although in one a slight wide sinuation of the lip in place of it, is
perceptible. They measure 8 and 8.5 mm. diam., one with high, the
other moderately low spire. All of the specimens show hairs or their
traces, as in P. stenotrema, though not very conspicuously.
The lip-notch in the stenotrema species corresponds of course to
the space between the lip-teeth in Triodopsis, the thickened ledges on
each side of the notch being homologous with the basal and outer
teeth in such species as P. tridentata. These notchless shells there-
fore represent cases of confluence or concrescence of teeth, a some-
what rare occurrence in Helices.
The question arises, are these shells merely abnormal forms pro-
duced by some mantle injury or other abnormal condition, or do they
represent a rare race of which the notchless lip is characteristic?
The former alternative seems most probable, except that the shell
and lip seem quite without trace of any evidence of a diseased con-
dition of the mantle, which is usually manifested by some roughness
in the deposition of lime at the lip, or irregularity in the cuticle be-
hind it.
However, the question is not one to be decided off-hand, but by
the examination of more material ; and I would ask collectors to go
over their specimens of P. stenotrema and allied species, and report
136 THE NAUTILUS.
full results to THE NAUTILUS. Locality of specimens and number
examined from each locality should be given, as well as the occur-
rence of specimens without the notch. Any other notable variation
might also be noticed; and negative results, so far as regards the
matter of the notch, will be useful. The entire results can then be
collated and published in THE NAUTILUS.
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.— Continued.
BY HENRY HEMPHILL.
As the original locality, " Santa Barbara," given for Helix kelletti,
Fbs., is undoubtedly a mistake, some writers on our land shells have
referred that shell to Santa Barbara island, which is equally as erro-
neous. Santa Barbara island is about one or one and one-half miles
long and perhaps one mile wide, and quite easy of exploration. On
my first visit to it, 25 years ago, I was left there alone for seven
days, while the vessel went to San Pedro to be cleaned and repaired.
During that time I explored every part of the island, collecting the
land shells, which was the especial object of my visit. Last August
I made another visit to that island for the same purpose, and gave
four days more to collecting the land shells, and during these eleven
days not a single specimen of Helix Jcelletti was found, and as dead
Helix tryonii may be picked up by the thousands, and as no shell of
that description was mentioned in Forbes' report of the " Herald and
Pandora " surveying expedition or voyage, during which time the
original kelletti was collected, we may reasonably suppose that the
vessels of that expedition did not even visit Santa Barbara island.
It is quite interesting and instructive to note the various opinions
that have been expressed from time to time by distinguished con-
chologists on this matter. In the Am. Jour, of Conch., vol. 4, pi. 4,
p. 214, 1868, Dr. J. G. Cooper writes: " Kellett's specimens were
probably from one of the small islands off the coast of the peninsula
(Lower Cal., H. H.), though credited to "Central America," and
were a dwarfed form, the species attaining its highest development
on Catalina island, within this state (Cal., H. H.), not Santa Bar-
bara island, as stated by Newcomb, where tryonii replaces it."
" Prof. A. Wood found specimens on the summit of a mountain
twelve miles east of San Diego, and at one or two thousand feet ele-
THE NAUTILUS. 137
vation, which although much smaller were finely colored, more like
the original type, or like Mr. Gabb's stearnsiana."
In his Manual of American Land Shells, p. 150, Mr. W. G. Bin-
ney credits H. kelletti Fbs. to San Diego, Santa Catalina Island,
San Nicolas Island in the California region ; "also 12 miles east of
San Diego at 2000 feet elevation," and remarks, " The specimen
figured is from Catalina Island. I am positive it is correctly referred
to kelletti." " Forbes' original figure is copied in Terr. Moll., V."
On turning to Terr. Moll, v., I find the figure identical with the one
in his Manual, on page 149, which is undoubtedly the Catalina
Island form. I may add here that I found no specimens of H. kel-
letti on San Nicolas Island, but my time and operations were lim-
ited while there to the south end of that island.
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Academy Nat. Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, 1900, entitled, "Additions to the Insular
Land-Shell Faunas of the Pacific Coast," etc. Dr. Dall writes of
H. kelletti, " the typical E. kelletti is that found in the vicinity of San
Diego. It has six whorls and they are well rounded. It differs
from the Catalina Island form, in its less flattened and more inflated
whorls, more dome-like spire, smaller size and browner aspect, the
contrast between the upper and lower sides of the last whorl being
less marked. Specimens from Coronado Islands are like those from
San Diego. The National Museum has this species only from the
above-mentioned three localities authentically. " Santa Barbara,"
frequently mentioned as a locality, should read " Santa Barbara
Islands," as it is improbable that the shell occurs at the town of
Santa Barbara on the mainland. A lot in the National Museum are
labelled, " Oregon City," Shumard, which is, of course, an error.
If the San Diego and Coronada Islands forms are accepted as the
typical H. kelletti Fbs., as suggested by Dr. Dall, then H. stearnsiana
Gabb. must fall into the synonymy of that species, notwithstanding
the former is said to have six, and the latter five whorls ; and then
the Catalina Island form would be undescribed or rather unnamed.
Some of the Catalina specimens are an exact imitation of San Diego
and Coronado Island examples in coloring, as well as in size. H.
stearnsiana, at Santo Tomas, and on Todas Santos Islands, lower
California, attains a greater size than any specimens of H. kelletti
that I have ever seen, and associated with them individuals occur as
small as the San Diego or Coronado Island forms.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his usual thorough manner, ventilates
this matter of the locality of H. kelletti in a paper published in the
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, May, 1881, entitled,
'•'•Helix aspersa in California." He quotes the following from Dr. Car-
penter's Report on the Mollusks of the West Coast of North Amer-
ica. " Among the wasted opportunities of obtaining very valuable
information on geographical distribution must unfortunately be re-
corded the surveying voyage of the Herald and Pandora, Capt.
Kellett, R, N. C. B., and Lieut. Wood, R. N."
" Here was an exploration in competent hands on the very incog-
nita itself; and yet, alas! Prof. E. Forbes further states that unfor-
tunately the precise locality of many of the individual specimens had
not been noticed at the time, and a quantity of Polynesian shells
mingled with them have tended to render the value of the collection,
as illustrative of distribution, less exact than it might have been."
The following also from Dr. Carpenter's report refers to the local-
ity of some of the land shells :
'•'•Helix pandoras Forbes. Santa Barbara, as per box-label. San
Juan del Fuaco, teste Forbes.
• kelletti Fbs. Allied to //. californiensis Lea, same
locality.
"- - aspersa. Marked Santa Barbara, probably imported."
To the above Dr. Stearns pertinantly remarks : ''The closing line
of Dr. Carpenter hardly justifies the previous remark, ' an explora-
tion in competent hands.' '
Dr. Stearns further remarks : " Binney, in the volume quoted,
properly credits H. pandorce to ' Margarita Bay, Lower California.'
Forbes' habitat of this species is only seventeen hundred miles too
far north, and of kelletti, eleven hundred."
"Another distinguished author has placed the Lower Californian
Helix levis on the Columbia River — about fifteen hundred miles too
near the north pole."
As Helix stearnsiana Gabb is so closely related to H. kelletti Fbs.,
I will add the following :
Mr. Binney, in the Manual Am. Land Shells, says of H. stearnsi-
ana: It has 5 whorls, the measurements are given as, greater diam.
22, lesser 17 mm., height 12 mm. Tryon, in his Manual Conchology,
writes, whorls 5, diam. 22 mm.
Mr. Gabb describes the shell in the Am. Jour. Conch, as having
THE NAUTILUS. 139
OTT whorls, gives no measurements, and remarks : " As compared
•with H. keUetti Fbs., tliis shell has not the peculiar Hat sloping top to
the whorls so characteristic of Forbes' species, the mouth is much
less oblique, the umbilicus is not covered, nor are the ends of the lip
connected by either callus or plate over the body whorl. I have
made minute comparisons of a large series of the present species, with
specimens in the collection of Dr. Newcomb labeled KeUetti Fbs., and
sent to him by Hugh Cuming."
"Another point of difference is the locality. Forbes' species has
never been found farther south than San Diego, and its true habitat
is probably on one of the islands of the coast, while our species is
essentially a Lower California!), being found under stumps of Maguey
from St. Tomas to a little beyond Rosario."
I may add here that the form we call stearnsiana is very variable
in size, though quite constant in general coloring. To show these
variations in size J add the measurements of two specimens I col-
lected myself at Santo Tomas, in Lower California, Gabb's original
locality. The largest measures, great diam. 31, alt. "23 mm.; small-
est specimen, great diam. 22, alt. 1C mm.
I have quoted from these eminent conchologists not only to show
how much they differ in their opinions about the locality and form
of H. keUetti, Fbs., and Helix stearnsiana, Gabb, but because their
wrftings have become a part of the history of this shell (H. keUetti]
" without a country."
One fact is sure, the exact locality of H. keUetti, Fbs., is lost, and
suppositions, probabilities and surmises count for nothing in this case.
As Catalina Island is the nearest point to Santa Barbara, one of
Forbes' localities for keUetti, where that shell is known to exist, and
as it has been largely distributed as the typical form, I think it will
be wise to let it remain so, and not attempt any change. If we make
the San Diego shell the typical keUetti, then stearnsiana must fall
into the synonymy of that species, for no one with a good series of
these shells to study from can by any character whatever separate
them. Even some of the Catalina Island shells are an exact imita-
tion in general coloring of the San Diego and Coronada Island
stearnsiana, and with the same number of whorls.
While upon this chapter of errors, blunders and mistakes, I will
call attention to such expressions as the following that occasionally
appear in print: " Californian conchologists call such a shell 'so and
140 THE NAUTILUS.
so.' ' " West Coast conchologists are in error," etc., etc. One
esteemed correspondent quite recently wrote me, " Some West Coast
conchologists are a little mixed." When we understand that most
all West Coast conchologists have depended on the " Wise men of
the East " for the names and all that pertains to the study of con-
chology, and that many of their mistakes are simply a reflection back
to the East of the blunders that have been sent out to the West by
Easterners, we can see just where the smile comes in. My own
experience of thirty-five years " on these lines " has two sides to it,
one very pleasant and the other very exasperating. I fear there
have gone out of my shell den some expressions for which I cannot
be held responsible, for in my way of thinking the provocation has
been very great.
The fact is we all make blunders and mistakes, and West Coast
conchologists do their share; but when we follow monographs pub-
lished by Eastern conchologists that contain mistakes, and when we
depend on Eastern conchologists for the names, and many of these
names prove to be erroneous, it seems hardly fair to refer to West
Coasters in such a way that those who do not know all the facts
would think that West Coast conchologists were nothing but a lot of
blunderers. " Wise men of the East," please take a rest, and pick
the beam out of your own eye !
NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPHJERIA.
BY DH. V. STERKI.
During the last seven years I had chances to examine tens of
thousands of Sphaeria and Calyculinae, alongside with the Pisidia,
owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists and
partly to my own collecting. Yet I refrained from publishing any-
thing on the subject before I should have acquired some knowledge
about the range of variation of the several species, almost endless in
some instances. There are some new forms, however, so very differ-
ent from those published that they must be named and described.
Sphaerium crassum, n. sp. Mussel large, strongly inflated, almost
equipartite, somewhat rhomboidal in perpendicular outline ; beaks a
little anterior, large and full, slightly flattened on top, prominent
over the hinge line; superior margin rather strongly, inferior mod-
THE NAUTILUS. 141
erately curved; scutum and scutellum distinct with slight projecting,
rounded angles at their terminations, the one at the scutum being
less marked in full-grown specimens; anterior and posterior ends
almost equally, obliquely truncated, especially in specimens not quite
mature, while in the adult the posterior end forms more a regular
curve from the beaks down to the rather low-situated rounded end;
surface with rather sharp, fine and crowded sulcations, usually some-
what coarser on the beaks, dull or with a slight gloss; a few strongly
marked lines of growth ; color grayish or whitish-brown in the young,
and the same in slightly marked marginal zones of older specimens
plumbeous in half grown, and reddish or brownish, or smoky-brown,
in the adult, with narrow, darker zones on the lines of growth ; shell
thick, muscle insertions distinct, nacre white, almost porcellaneous,
with bluish zones corresponding with the lines of growth; hinge
strong, plate rather broad, cardinal teeth comparatively large, the
right strongly curved, emarginate at the free edge, its posterior part
thick, slightly to deeply grooved; the inferior in the left valve short,
curved, the superior shorter to longer than the inferior, moderately
posterior, oblique, little curved; lateral teeth strong, those of the left
valve with very high pointed cusps, ligament rather large, covered.
Size : long. 15, alt. 11.5, diam. 9.5 mill.
Long. 14, alt. 11.5, diam. 9 mill.
Habitat : Carp Lake, near Mackinaw City, Michigan, collected
by Mr. Bryant Walker.
This is a remarkable Sphaerium. It stands near some large forms
of stamineum, yet by its shape, large diameter and very large beaks,
is different ; S. solidulum is more rounded in its outlines, less inflated,
its beaks are smaller, and the sulcation is coarser. In its surface
appearance, sulcation and color, our species resembles S. simile, but
is much shorter, comparatively, its beaks are higher, the hinge mar-
gin is more curved and the hinge very much stronger.
Sph&rium walkeri n. sp. Mussel small, well inflated, almost equi-
partite ; beaks little anterior, rather broad, rounded, not high, some-
what projecting over the hinge margin ; the latter rather short, little
curved ; scutum and scutellum scarcely marked, with slight, project-
ing rounded angles ; inferior margin slightly curved ; anterior end
well rounded, passing into the inferior without any indication of an
angle ; posterior slightly truncated obliquely, passing into the inferior
with a low situated, rounded angle ; surface with very fine, some-
142 THE NAUTILUS.
what irregular striation, also on top of the beaks, shining ; color yel-
lowish to brownish horn; shell thin; translucent ; muscle insertions
slightly marked ; hinge rather short, slightly curved, tine, plate nar-
row ; the right cardinal tooth little curved or almost straight, thin;
the left inferior, short, slightly curved, the superior longer, rather
posterior and curved down at the posterior end ; lateral teeth fine,
the outer ones in the right valve quite small, those in the left valve
with short sharp cusps ; ligament small.
Size : long. 5.3, alt. 4.5, diam. 3.4 mill, (largest specimen, long.
4.6, alt. 4, diam. 3.2 mill, and probably full grown.)
Habitat : Lake Michigan, off New York Point, in deep water,
dredged by Mr. Bryant Walker, at 24 meters.
The present Sphairium ranges under the group Corneola, with
Sph. rhoiitboideuin Say and uccidentale Pr., but is quite distinct from
both, not only by its small size ; from the former it is distinguished
by its well-rounded anterior part, from the latter, by its broader, less
prominent beaks and the oblique posterior end. It has some resem-
blance, in shape, with some forms of Spit, corneum Lin. of Europe,
but is very much smaller, its beaks are somewhat different and so is
the surface appearance.
The specimens were first seen in November, 1894, and then re-
garded as representing a new species, and named in honor of Mr.
Bryant Walker, the indefatigable scientist and collector to whom we
owe so much conchological knowledge.
A NEW PINNA FROM CALIFORNIA.
P,Y WM. II. DALL.
No species of the Pinnidce has hitherto been known from Cali-
fornia, or reported from any point more northerly than the Gulf of
California on the Pacific coast. It was therefore a surprise when I
received from Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd a specimen taken alive by fish-
ermen in 25 fathoms, San Pedro Bay. This is rather an excep-
tional depth for a species of its solid and heavy character, the deep
water Pinnida; usually belonging to the small, delicate and spinose
forms, and the coarse imbricate species being more commonly found
gregariously, at no great distance below low water mark, where their
sharp edges have often been referred to as injurious to small boats
landing in the shallow water. The present form belongs to the genus
THE NAUTILUS. 143
Atrina, characterized by the absence of any slit in the umboiml part
of the shell, such as is found in all the typical Pinnas.
Atrina oldroyUi n. sp.
Shell solid, heavy, blackish-gray, subtriangular, rather inflated ;
umbonal end slender (somewhat defective in the specimen); hinge
margin straight ; ventral margin contracted in front, convexly arcuate
behind; posterior margin arched ; exterior smooth, except for more
or less concentric wrinkling on the ventral side and numerous rather
fine imbricate elevated ridges (about 38) radiating from near the
umbo on the dorsal and middle portions of the valve, not extending
to the ventral surface and obsolete over the distal fourth of the valve ;
the scales or spines are worn off, but appear to have been numerous
and small ; interior of a livid dark olive gray, with a lurid iridescence
over the visceral area, the ventral edge of which extends in a zigzag
line almost directly anterior from the ventral edge of the rather
small adductor scar, leaving more than a third of the ventral surface
of the inside of the valve exterior to the visceral area. Length of
ventral margin 238 ; of dorsal margin 175 ; of the distal margin 156;
maximum diameter of the valves 63 mm. Length of the visceral
area from the umbo 172 mm. The byssus is quite small and of a
dark blackish-brown color.
The form of the visceral area, which in these shells is generally
regarded as a pretty constant character, is entirely different from that
of any of the other described Pacific const species. In the form
which, as described, comes nearest to A, oldroydii (_A. tuber culosa^
has the posterior margin of the visceral area forming a straight line
from the dorsal nearly to the ventral margin of the valves.
The present species appears to be an analogue of our Atlantic
coast A. fe/rata Sovverby, but as regards the exterior characters prob-
ably submits to a variation which only the study of a larger number
of specimens will enable us to determine.
Though not a particularly handsome shell, this is one of the most
notable among the many additions made to the mollusk fauna of Cal-
ifornia in recent years.
ALASMODONTA MARGIXATA, SAY, AND A. TRUNCATA, WKICIIT.
— In his " Synopsis of the Naiades," Mr. Simpson says the former is
from " Lower St. Lawrence, southward in streams draining into the
144 THE NAUTILUS.
Atlantic to South Carolina;" the latter, " Upper Mississippi drain-
age, Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee systems; Michigan, Upper
St. Lawrence drainage."
In his description (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., I., p. 459) Mr. Say
gives the Scioto river as the locality of the types of uAlasmodonta
marginata," and states that the types are in the Academy collection.
There is one good specimen in the collection of the Academy, of the
truncata species, labeled A. marginata, Say, from the Scioto river.
Mr. Say must have been familiar with the eastern form. Did he
decide to change the name of the western truncate form to " trun-
cata " and let "marginata" cover the eastern form? Probably no
one living can answer this cpjestion, but we can imagine it answered
in the affirmative, and label the Atlantic slope shell "marginata,
Say," and the Ohio shell " truncata, Wright," in accord with Mr.
Simpson's magnificent synopsis. — CHARLES LE!|OY WHEELER.
GENERAL NOTES.
TRIVIA PAUCILIRATA Sowb. — Some months ago, upon looking
over some small shells labeled " Sarasota Bay," which have been
for many years in my collection, unidentified and collector unknown,
I noticed a very small Trivia which seemed to correspond to Sower-
by's description of T. paucilirata, a well-marked species. Upon
sending it to Mr. Melvill, he has confirmed my opinion and pro-
nounces it an undoubted representative of that species, the habitat
of which seems to have been hitherto unknown, at least so far as the
monographs would indicate. — FRED L. BUTTON.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.
—During a short yachting cruise south, on San Francisco Bay, we
anchored during the night of Feb. 16, 1901, at Point San Mateo,
San Mateo Co. As it rained quite heavily during the night I an-
ticipated that snails would be out in force on the heavily wooded
slope of the point, so landed for a hunt in the morning. I saw under
the eucalyptus and pine trees hundreds of specimens of Epiphrag-
mophora ctrrosa Gld., Epiphragmophora calif orniensis nickliniana
Lea, and Gircinaria Vancouver cnsis Lea, of which I secured numerous
fine specimens. I also found, to my great surprise, two fine speci-
mens of Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray, hitherto recorded as being
found from Humboldt and Shasta Cos., Cal. to Vancouver Island —
EDWARD W. GIFFORD.
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