THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XXVII.
MAY, 1913, to APRIL, 1914.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences
PHILADELPHIA.
<:. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
i a L
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Achatinellidae of Oahu, Two new
Acmsea fergusoni in Connecticut . . . . .72
Alasmidonta undulata . . . . . . .23
Aldrich collection ......
Amastra, a new sinistral ... . .68
Amastra montagui Pils, n. sp. . . 39
Amastra pilsbryi Cooke, n. sp. . . . . .65
Ancylidffi of North Africa, note on the (PI. VII) . 113, 124
Ancylastrum ...... . 124
Ancylus clessini ..... . 127, 128
Annularia pseudalatum Torre (PI. Ill, figs. 8, 9) . .37
Annularia ramsdeni P. & H. (PI. Ill, figs. 5, 6) . 37
Aporemodon, a remarkable new Pulmonate genus . . 24
Arangia sowerbyana Pfr. ..... .11
Arizona, camps in the Catalines and White Mts. . 60, 109
Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss n. sp. . . . . 109
Brachypodella insulse cygni Clapp sp. nov. (PI. VI, fig. 10). 99
Cardium (Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris (PI. VI) . 102
Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils, n. sp. . . . . 134
Cerion (Strophiops) biminiensis Hend. & Clapp, n. sp.
(PI. IV, figs. 9, 10) ._ . . 64
Cerion sagraianum in South Africa ..... 143
Charonia Gistel, a generic name for Triton tritonis . . 56
Choanoporna caribbseum Clapp, sp. nov. (PI. VI, figs. 3, 4). 100
Choanopoma (Ramsdenia) mirifica Preston, a synonym of
C. nobilitatum Gundl. . . ... 72
Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. (PI. Ill, fig. 4) . 37
Chondropoma garcianum Torre (PI. Ill, figs. 2, 3) . . 37
Chondropoma wilcoxi P. & H. (PL III, fig. 1) 37
Clausilia emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (PL IV, figs 1-5) . . 66
dementia obliqua Jukes-Browne, note on ... 103
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Collecting in Coosa River, Alabama . . . . .84
Collecting land shells in Maui, Territory of Hawaii . . 71
Collecting Unionidse in Eastern Tennessee . . .70
Colobostylus nelsoni Clapp sp. nov. (PI. VI, figs. 1, 2) . 99
Conchological museum for Japan . . . . .13
Conus geographus, poisoning by the bite of . . . 117
Cuban collecting ........ 136
Cuban and West American shells, Illustrations of .37
Cypraea exanthema, cervus and cervinetta ... 8
Cypraea miliaris Gmel., with descriptions of new varieties. 69
Cypraea miliaris var. brevis Smith var. nov. . . .70
Cypraea miliaris var. eburnea Barnes . . . .70
Cypraea miliaris var. intermedia Smith var. nov. . . 70
Cypraea miliaris var. majistra Melv. . . . .69
Drupa, on the nomenclature of ..... 79
DrymaBUs insulsecygni, Clapp sp. nov . . . .98
Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi cuestana Edson (PI. Ill,
figs. 13, 14) . 37
Epiphragmophora tudiculata grippi Pils. (PI. Ill, figs. 15,
16, 17) 37
Epiphragmophora tudiculata, note on a new variety . . 49
Ferrissia clessiniana Jickeli (PI. VII, figs. 9-11) . . 127
Ferrissia isseli Bgt. (PI. VII, figs. 4-8) . . . .126
Ferrissia pallaryi Walker n. sp. (PI. VII, figs. 12-14) . 127
Ferrissia platyrhynchus Walker n. sp. (PL VII, figs. 1-3). 125
Fusconaja bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright . . . .90
Fusconaja subrotunda leucogona Ortm. n. var . . .89
Galba ferruginea in Oregon ...... 24
Gundlachia hjalmarsoni Pfr. in the Rio Grande, Texas
(PI. IV, figs. 6-8) 79
Gundlachia 1' hotelleriei Walker n. sp. (PI. VII, figs. 15-21). 128
Helix hortensis in New England, further notes on . 61, 83, 107
Hesperarion hemphilli maculatus Ckll. .... 143
Hirase conchological museum (PI. I) . . .13
Idaho shells, Northern . . . . . . . 104
Lampsilis recta ........ 57
Land shells carried by birds ...... 71
Land shells collected on the Bimini Islands, Gun and Cat
Cays, Bahamas ........ 63
Land shells from Ellsworth, Maine . . . . .95
Land shells of Cecil Co., Maryland . . . . .96
Lymnsea (Radix) auricularia in Charles River, Boston. . 83
Liicidella pilsbryi Clapp sp. nov. (PI. 6, figs. 6, 7) . .100
Maine, Freshwater shells of St. John's River . . . 139
Margaritana margaritifera. ..... 23, 88
Margaritana margaritifera falcata . . . . .89
THE NAUTILUS. V
Margaritana sinuata Lam ...
Marine shells from drift on Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida. 59
Martyn's Universal Conchologist, Another note on, . 95, 107
Miocene correlation, notes on .... . 101
Mollusca from Wyoming Co. , N. Y. . . . .56
Murex tritonis Linn6, the generic name to be used for . 55
Naiades, studies in . . . . . . . .88
Notes . . . .12, 24, 35, 48, 70, 83, 95, 120, 143
Nyctilochus Gistel ........ 55
Oreohelices from Wyoming, Notes on some . . .50
Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. . . . . 52
Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll .... .53
Oreohelix hendersoni dakani Henderson n. subsp.
Oreohelix haydeni betheli Pils. and Ckll. in Colorado . 39
Oreohelix ioensis Pils ..... . 134
Oreohelix peripherica Anc ...... 53
Oreohelix pygmrea Pils. (PI. Ill, figs. 10, 12) . 37, 52
Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis Pils. & Ferriss . . .50
Pacific conchological club . . . . . .16
Parreysia from Kamurun Africa, two new species of . .85
Parreysia loboensis Frierson n. sp. (PI. V) . .85
Parreysia nyangensis Frierson n. sp. (PI. V) . . 86
Partula emersoni Pilsbry n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 11) . .67
Partulina montagui Pilsbry n. sp. . . . . .40
Pecten circularis Sowb . . . . . . .122
Pecten (Euvola) cataractes Dall, n. n. . . . 121
Pectens, notes on some West American .... 121
Philomycus caroliniensis form nebulosa at New Orleans .
Philomycus costaricensis (Morch) var. a .
Philomycus from the Republic of Panama
Physa heterostropha Say in Europe . . . . .112
Planorbis antrosus Conr. ....... 106
Planorbis vermicularis Gld. . . . . . .144
Polygyra barbigera .......
Polygyra edvardsii Bid ....... 12
Post-glacial Mollusca of Emmet Co., Mich. ... 7
Post-glacial Mollusca, WTaukesha Co., Wisconsin . . 68
Publications received . . . . -24, 35, 47, 106
Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts. ) 105
Pyrazus milium Dall, in Florida . . . . .59
Ricinula = Drupa ........ 79
Sayella crosseana Dall in Florida . . . . .59
Shell collecting on the west coast of Baja California . . 25
Shells from a pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo
Domingo ......... 120
Shells from a single dredge haul off Key West, Fla. . .120
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Shells of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Mass. . . . .24
Showalter or Schowalter ...... 96, 108
Sonorella betheli Henderson! n. sp. . . . . . 123
Sonorella from the Grand Canyon, Arizona . . . 122
Sonorella, odorous . . . . . . . .135
Spring collecting in Southwest Virginia ... 81, 91
Strophitus edentulus and undulatus . . . .23
Succinea ovalis, reversed ....... 24
Succinea nisei on Bobolinks ...... 72
Swan Island, List of land shells from . . . .97
Thracia conradi, Notes on 73
Unio complanatus . . . . . . 23, 29
Unio gibbosus 23, 29
Unio of the Wabash and Maumee drainage . . .131
Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni Frierson n. sp. (PI. II) . 14
Unio fauna of the great lakes . . . .18, 29, 40, 56
Urocoptis (Arangia) sowerbyana — a note on its radula . 11
Veronicella from Guatemala ...... 1
Veronicella mexicana betheli Cocherell v. nov. . . 2
Trochidse, A new genus of ...... 86
Vetulonia Dall new genus. ...... 86
Vetulonia galapagana Dall n. sp. . . . .87
Vetulonia Jeffreys! Dall 87
Wyoming shells ........ 37
Zoological station, Naples . . . . . 4, 16
THE NAUTILUS. Vll
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Baker, Frank C. . . 7, 24, 54, 68, 104
Berry S. S 95
Clapp, Geo. H 12, 63, 64, 77, 107
Clapp, Wm. F 24, 97
Cockerell, T. D. A 1, 2, 143
Cooke, C. Montague ....... 68
Dall, Wm. H 86, 103, 121
Ferriss, Jas. H. .3, 60, 109,134
Frankenberger, Zdenka . . . . . . .112
Frierson, L. S 14, 85
Goodrich, Calvin 81, 91, 131
Hand, Edwin E 144
Hedley, Charles 79
Henderson, John B 59, 64, 95, 120, 136
Henderson, Junius . . . , . 37, 38, 122
Iredale, Tom ......... 55
Johnson, C. W 47. 61, 83, 106, 142
Lowe, H. N 25
Mazyck, Wm. G 107, 108
Morse, Edward S 73
Ny lander, Olof 0. ... .139
Olsson, Axel ......... 101
Ortmann, Arnold ........ 88
Pepper, G. W 143
Pilsbry, H. A. . 24, 35, 39, 47, 49, 50, 65, 72, 96, 133
Presbry, Eugene W. ....... 8
Ramsden, Chas. T. . . . . . . . 11, 71
Smith, Herbert H 96
Smith, Maxwell . 4, 16, 69
Stock, Chester . . . . . . . . .16
Vanatta, E. G. . 120
Walker, Bryant 124
Wheat, Silas C 72
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou XXVII. MAY, 1913. No. 1
A SLUG OF THE GENUS VEEONICELLA FROM GUATEMALA.
BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!..
At Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, Mr. E. Bethel recently found a
Veronicella, which he brought to me alive. Among the species re-
corded from Mexico and Central America, it closely resembles only
V. mexicana (Pfeffer), which occurs at Vera Cruz. It appears to
be distinguished by the broad sole, and female orifice well caudad of
the middle and very close to the sole. Internally, the accessory
glands are numerous and very long. On the whole, however, it is so
close to V. mexicana that I record it as a variety ; its status will only
be precisely determined when more material is available for compar-
ison. It is not impossible that V. mexicana was composite ; certainly
the example sent by Strebel to Semper seems doubtfully identical
with the animal figured in Strebel's work on the Molluscaof Mexico.
One species of Veronice/la, V. stolli von Martens, has already been
described from Guatemala. Its anatomy is unknown, but it is read-
ily known from Mr. Bethel's slug by the presence of a narrow
median longitudinal yellow band. It may be that V. stolli is iden-
tical with V. olivacea Stearns from Nicaragua. An unnamed Veron-
icella from Honduras, briefly described in NAUTILUS, April, 1895,
p. 142, seems on the whole intermediate between our slug and V-
mexicana. It is most probably conspecific with our animal, but it
may represent a different, allied, species. Its anatomy i.« -inknown.
Z THE NAUTILUS.
Veronicella mexicana betheli v. nov.
Above, warm red-brown, paler toward the sides, with scattered
pale dots ; dorsal and subdorsal regions irregularly and not densely
speckled with blackish ; on the anterior third this speckling is re-
solved into a pair of obscure bands, a little nearer to each other than
either to the lateral margin. Beneath pale reddish, darker poster-
iorly, and speckled with pale. Sole pale ochreous. Tentacles dark
grey. There is not the slightest indication of a pale dorsal line.
Under a lens, it is seen that the body above and below (especially
posteriorly below) is very closely beset with minute pale dots, which
correspond with punctiform depressions, while over this pattern are
set numerous much larger diffused pale spots. All this is hardly to
be noticed without magnification. Length (at rest) about 50 mm.,
breadth in middle about 23 ; breadth of sole 9 mm.; of body on each
side of it 7 mm., sole not projecting beyond body.
The above was from the living slug. In alcohol it appears as fol-
lows: Length 34, breadth 18 mm.; width of sole 7 mm.; female
orifice 19 mm. from anterior end, 16 from posterior, only one mm.,
from sole ; sole with about 7 cross-stria? in one mm.; end of sole
broadly rounded, about 2 mm. from hind end. Jaw strongly arched,
with about 25 strong ribs ; teeth about 54-1-54, ordinary, middle
tooth reduced, shaped like a spear-head, marginals quadrate ; salivary
glands normal, pale yellow ; oasophagus longitudinally corrugated ;.
stomach with a portion having a diameter of about 2 mm. not covered
by liver; albumen glands large, bright orange-yellow; receptaculum
seminis oval, yellowish-plumbeous, about 1.25 mm. long ; accessory
glands about 38, of which about 24 are 11 mm. long, the others-
variously shorter, several only half as long.
A PHILOMYCUS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
During a recent visit to Central America, Mr. E. Bethel found
three specimens of a Philomycus at Bocas del Toro, Republic of
Panama. The genus is new to Panama. Two specimens are evi-
dently adult (one opened showed fully-developed genitalia), the
other is immature. The slug may be described as follows :
THE NAUTILUS. 6
Philomycus costaricensis (Morcb), variety a.
Length (in alcohol) about 11.5 mm., width of sole 1.5 mm.; very-
pale ochreous, the mantle with rather sparse grey floccose markings,
and a pair of (subdorsal) grey bands, irregular in outline and more
or less interrupted, consisting in fact of crowded grey spots. Res-
piratory orifice about 2 mm. from anterior end of mantle. Sole with
a distinct median groove, evanescent anteriorly. Penis-sac cylindri-
cal, the apical end curved over and turned downwards, so that the
whole structure looks like a compressed interrogation mark. Jaw
broad, strongly arcuate, about 1170 fj, across, and 320 deep in
middle, the outer thirds wholly without ribs or evident striae, the
inner third with six broad ribs, distinct above, but failing below.
(The young specimen shows better developed ribs, five in number.)
Teeth about 21-13-1-13-21, the central ones strongly tricuspid, the
lateral cusps small. The teeth agree in general character with
those of P. dorsalis, as figured by Binney, differing however in the
relatively longer basal plates, the short and broad central teeth not
much more than half as long as the plate, certainly not over three-
fifths as long. The interesting thing about this species is that it be-
longs strictly to the group of P. hemphilli and P. secretus, found in
North Carolina. It is apparently P. costaricensis (Morch), at least
as described by W. G. Binney (Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., May, 1884)
from material collected in Costa Rica by Gabb. Our slug differs
from Binney's account in the greater number of teeth (Binney says
about 28-1-28), and perhaps in the very definite ribbing of the jaw.
I call it variety a, so that it can be referred to separately, but it does
not seem wise to give it a name. P. auratus (Tate), from Nica-
ragua, may perhaps be a form of the same species. On the other
hand the Mexican P. saltei (Cr. & Fisch.) and P. crosseana (Strebel)
appear to belong to the group of typical Philomycus.
On his way home, Mr. Bethel collected a couple of Philomycus at
New Orleans. These are P. caroliniensis (Bosc.) of the form which
I separated (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1890, p. 382) as nebulosus.
This is the common, widely distributed animal, from Canada south-
ward ; current opinion does not support my attempt to separate the
true P. caroliniensis from Virginia, but I am not yet altogether sat-
isfied that careful study will not confirm the supposed distinctions.
THE NAL'TILLS.
THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES.
BY MAXWELL SMITH.
In 1872 Dr. Anton Dohrn founded at Naples the nucleus of the
first biological station to be operated in a scientific manner. The
original building was erected through the personal generosity of its
founder, who in addition supplied funds for some years until the
principal European governments recognized the importance of the
work done and the advantages afforded the students of their respec-
tive universities. At the present time the zoological station, as it is
called, receives annual grants from Germany, England and Italy.
It is undoubtedly the largest institution of its kind, a fact which may
be attributed to the co-operation just mentioned.
The buildings are situated in the Villa Nayionale, a fine park,,
facing the Bay of Naples. In the centre, on the ground floor, is the
celebrated aquarium which is open to the pnblic. Nearby, but with
a separate entrance, is the receiving room. Here the spoils of the
dredging steamer are brought in and either placed in the tanks or
preserved in alcohol. Off this room are smaller rooms, lined with
shelves, where rows of glass jars filled with specimens are kept. On
the floor above is the splendid library, a high ceiling and long
windows, which admit plenty of light, combine to make this an
admirable apartment for work at any time of the year. Adjacent is
the new museum where Prof. Gast, the curator, is following a pleas-
ing system of arrangement. This consists of mounting the shells of
each species upon a piece of glass which is framed in narrow wood.
The glass may be turned over, so that the under portion of a speci-
men may readily be examined. The mounted shells are laid in flat
cases on a background of dark green linoleum. To this way of
exhibiting specimens I have only one objection. The glue used for
mounting too often cracks and falls away, or else if put on thickly it
shows and detracts from the general appearance. Personally I
prefer glass topped boxes. They exclude dust and may be shifted
about without fear of a mix-up. The wall cases of the museum are
to be filled with preserved specimens. The lighting comes from
above, but is arranged in such a manner that direct sunlight is
avoided, the writer noticed on exhibition a fine series of Aporrhais
serresianus and in a wall case an enormous Argonanta argo L., very
well preserved.
THE NAUTILUS. 0
Visits to the aquarium, of course, were most interesting, the sea
water is stored under the buildings and pumped into the tanks
mixed with the proper proportion of air. The visitor entering the
darkened corridor is at once struck by the brilliant colors and the
great size of the living collection. Surely nowhere, in an aquarium,
is there such a wealth of animal life. Let us examine the first tank.
It is devoted exclusively to echinoderms. In the center are hun-
dreds of feather stars (Antedon rosacea) clinging to dead coral stems.
At first sight these appear to be plants on account of their yellow or
red plumed arms. Crawling all about are other star fish of bright and
somber hues. Here and there is a sea urchin and occasionally a sea
cucumber. Tank 3 is devoted to mollusks. Swimming about are
several squids (Loligo) which have the curious power of suddenly
swimming backwards without the inconvenience of turning around
These delicate animals, with transparent bodies, and large eyes only
live a few days in captivity. The floor of the tank is strewn with
gaping red pectens (P. jacobeus) which I noticed swimming down
from a ledge of rock by suddenly opening and closing their valves,
an awkward but quick means of locomotion. Clinging to the surface
of a rock is a large Umbrella mediterranea and nearby several
Haliotis. Several huge Trilonium nodiferus, with their opercula
thrown to one side, may be observed slowly moving about on the
bottom of the tank. One of the most interesting forms is Aplysia
limacina, a large brown sea hare, which crawls about or swims by
the aid of its wing-like lateral projections. When stones cov-
ered with vegetable matter are brought into the tank the Aplysias
immediately bestir themselves and will clean the stones in an hour
or two. The longevity of Aplysia in the aquarium may be ascribed
to this manner of feeding. Tethys, one of the most beautiful naked
mollusks of this region, only lives a few weeks after capture. It
swims by violent writhingsof the body from side to side. Aeolis and
Doris make up for their small size by brilliant coloring. The
delicate forms, many of them pelagic, are kept separated in glass
receptacles, partly sunken in the water, the perfectly transparent
Pterotrachea, a long thin animal with a curved proboscus and
Carinaria, another interesting form rarely live more than a day in
captivity. In a similar way are kept the beautiful mushroom-shaped
Medusa or jelly fish, which propel themselves by opening and closing
the body like an umbrella. The Medusa are also transparent, some
THE NAUTILUS.
of them are of a delicate pink. They vary greatly in shape. One is
like a narrow ribbon, another resembles a bunch of flowers on a
central stalk. The octopus tanks attracts many visitors, especially
when a crab is let down on a string for their benefit.
Through the kindness of Prof. Gast I was invited to go out on
the dredging steamer " Johannis Miiller," which is maintained by
the zoological station for working the deeper portions of the Bay of
Naples. This steamer is about forty feet long and carries a crew of
four men, who, when not engaged at the wheel or boiler, assist in
sorting out the material on deck, or managing the dredging ma-
chinery.
At 7 a. m. we left the small harbor at the west end of the city.
The sun rose close to Vesuvius shortly after and promised a good
day. After a run of twenty-five minutes, a point in the bay opposite
the Capo, a promentory, was reached. From here the course was
turned towards the Secca di Benda Palummo banks which consist
of coral and sponges. Upon arrival the steamer swung around, and
the " beam trawl" was let down. This was kept in the proper posi-
tion on the sea bottom, by means of glass globes filled with air
attached to the net. The trawl was lowered slowly into the water
with wire rope, after which the steamer ran very slowly, the trawl
thus dragging along the sea bottom and filling all the time. Three
hauls were made with this apparatus, the trawl remaining down half
an hour in each case. A mechanical indicator was used to ascertain
the tension during the work. After the time mentioned had elapsed,
the steamer was stopped and turned around, to facilitate the bringing
up of the outfit. This done the contents were deposited upon the
deck. The first haul was in 200 feet of water, the bottom, stone and
mud. This locality, not being especially rich in mollusks as other
parts of the bay, yielded only the following :
Leptothyra sanguined (L.) Living examples.
Pseudomurex (Coralliophila). meyendorffi (Calc.) Two large
specimens.
Jsocardia cor (L.)
Cardium tuberculatum L.
Tellina exigua Poli.
Pecten pes felis (L.) Only single valves of the last four.
( To be concluded. )
THE NAUTILUS. 7
WOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA. I. EMMET COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Authentic records of life from the deposits laid down by the waters
of the Glacial Great Lakes are, apparently, exceedingly scarce. It
is proposed to record such as have come to the writer's notice. A
recent canvas of the available literature revealed the fact that little
real work has been done relative to this subject. This is especially
true regarding records bearing upon interglacial time, where the
majority of records available are " wood and unios," which are said
to have occurred in well borings. It is needless to add that this
material would be of the utmost value if properly identified.
Some years ago Mr. A. W. Slocum, of the Fried Museum of Nat-
ural History, collected a number of mollusks from marl beds at Oden
and Kegomic, Emmet County, Michigan. Oden lies between the
Algonquin and Nipissing beaches, while Kegomic is on the old lake
floor. These marl deposits are reported to be upwards of sixty feet
in thickness, and the Kegomic deposit probably represents both the
Algonquin and Nipissing stages. The large lakes, Burt and Mullet,
as well as the smaller lakes, Crooked, Pickerel, etc., are relics of the
wide strait which, during these late stages, connected Lakes Huron
and Michigan and separated portions of Emmet and Cheboygan
•counties from the lower peninsula, the former territory forming an
island, with the straits of Mackinac on the north.
The following species of mollusks have been identified from the
•two localities.
Oden.
Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck).
Physa niagarensis Lea.
Planorbis autrosus Conrad.
P/anorbis campanulatus Say.
Galba emarginata canadensis (Sowb.).
Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Linne.
Kegomic.
Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck).
Pisidium compressum (Prime).
8 THE NAUTILUS.
Physa niagarensis Lea.
Ancylus parallelus Haldeman.
Planorbis deflectus Say.
Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Galba galbana (Say).
Galba humilis rustica (Lea).
Comparisons between the faunas of the two localities would be
without significance until more systematic collecting has been done.
The list of species will doubtless be greatly extended by future
research.
CONCERNING CYPKAEA EXANTHEMA, CERVUS AND CERVINETTA.
BY EUGENE W. PRESBREY.
G. exanthema, Lin., 1767; Gray, 1825; Reeve, 1844; Hinds,
1845 ; Adams, 1852 ; Roberts, 1885 ; Dall, 1903.
(?. cervus, Lin., 1771 ; Lam., (cervina) 1822 ; Gray, 1825 ; Reeve
(var. ex.), 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts, 1885.
G. cervinetta, Kiener, ; Desh, 1844; Adams, 1852; Roberts,
1885. Reeves says cervinetta is var. of cervus. Adams speaks of
cervina, which was Lamarck's name for cervus, as distinct from
cervus. Gray names var. a, and b, of exanthema. Roberts says
cervinetta is a var. of exanthema.
For habitat, Roberts give cervus to Panama and West Coast of
America. Dr. Dall properly locates exanthema from Hatteras to
Darien, but he does not mention cervus either as a variety or as being
found on the Florida east coast. Reeve and Sowerby located cervus
in the East Indies. Adams said Polynesian Province.
The majority of monographers have distinguished cervus from
exanthema, but none seems to have found a home for it. Nor are
the other two definitely placed. Roberts is nearest to the facts.
For three years past the writer has had favorable opportunities for
the study of these species in there natural habitat and may, perhaps,
presume to record some facts that have forced themselves upon him.
Cypraea exanthema is found from Hatteras to Darien, but in
greatest numbers and perfection of development around the Florida
keys. They are born in the deep water. When an inch or so in
THE NAUTILUS. 9
length, (bullaform) they come up to the mangrove roots that fringe
the coral islands. These islands, or keys, are half surrounded, on
the sheltered side, by clear channels two or three feet deep. These
channels have free communication with the sea. The favorite food
for exanthema is washed in from the live coral beds by every tide.
The mangroves furnish shelter and coloring matter for the shell-
Exanthema, unless disturbed does not leave the mangroves till ready
to breed, when it goes to deeper waters. Cypraea exanthema is
elongated, cylindrical, with tapering extremities, anterior aperture
narrow and not depressed. The head and neck of animals is small,
not often extended, because food comes to it. Sides of shell profusely
decorated with ring spots, particularly near the base. Spots white
with dark centers. The mantles, in young shells are purple black,
studded with pustules that project flexible papillae. These papillae
may be extended or withdrawn entirely into the pustule. The
pustules become transparent lenses as the shell approaches adult
form. The papillae remain black and receive color through a circu-
lation duct that is easily visible to the naked eye, particularly where
it crosses the lens to the papilla. The lenses form the spots and
the papillae form the central dots. These papillae are loaded with
color and probably deposit all the color needed for decoration of the
outer shell. The inner mucous membrane supplies the enamel.
The papillae near the outer edge of mantle soon lose the color bear-
ing faculty, or, lacking supply, produce only nebulous white spots
near the top of the shell. These papillae possess a highly sensitive,
independent, nerve ganglia. If one be touched, however delicately,
it will instantly be withdrawn. The others will not be disturbed.
Color of shell, fugitive purple that turns to shades of brown upon
exposure to light. Length of shell three to four inches, altitude
about one-third the length.
C. exanthema is found on both sides of the Gulf Stream which is a
thousand feet deep between Florida and the Bahamas, with a current
of five or more miles an hour. Bahama, Jamaica and Colon
specimens are coarser in texture, the spots are less frequent, form
less regular and the color much paler. Less food and fewer man-
groves. The true exanthema is not found on the Florida west
coast.
CYPRAEA CERVUS. The most favorable habitat of this shell is
10 THE NAUTILUS.
along the Florida west coast, in thirty to fifty feet of water, where it
attains fullest growth. But it is also found from Key West to
Miami, perhaps farther north, on the east coast. These specimens,
sharing exanthema's habitat, show some reasonable variation from
the west coast specimens, chiefly, however, in coloring.
The shell of cervus is not cylindrical, it is dome shape, inflated,
swollen, with a rounded fullness of body extending to extremities.
Anterior opening large, three times as large as exanthema, other
dimensions being equal. The anterior opening is not depressed.
The larger head and neck of cervus is always out in search of food
which it prefers to seek in the open waters. It is a constant traveler
and must have room for easy manipulation of head and foot.
Mantles of cervus, when young, are steely grey. Pustules and
papillae, shorter than exanthema, are milky white and remain so.
There are no color ducts. There seems to be an absence of nerve
ganglia ; the papillae are not sensitive. Spots more numerous and
solid white, sometimes confused. The mantle-guides (not " teeth ! ")
are usually irregular in cervus. Color, pale brown to ashy grey, on
West Coast, where it never goes to mangroves. On East Coast it
takes on exanthema coloring and the anterior opening is slightly
smaller. Exertion for food is not necessary. Length, four to seven
incites. Altitude, two to four inches.
Cypraea cervus is not found on the West Coast of America. It
is not found at Panama. The writer has yet to find a specimen be-
low Key West. Its natural habitat is West Coast of Florida.
Cypraea cervinetta has many of the characteristics of the other
two. It is found under rocks at extreme low tide, near coral patches.
It finds a fair substitute for mangrove bark from which to extract
coloring matter of a purple tone that does not turn to exanthema
brown. Shell subcylindrical, with straight sides and flattened curves.
Anterior opening widened, as in cervus, but with cup-like depression
around the opening. It has the activity of cervus and seeks its own
food, which is scarce in its habitat. Like cervus, it must have free
room for movement. The mantles have the distinguishing features
of cervus and exanthema. Ring spots and solid white ones appear at
random on the same shell. Cervinetta never attains the size of
exanthema. Many specimens are fully matured when only one inch
long. Color, silver grey purple. Length, one to three inches.
Altitude, three-eighths to one inch.
THE NAUTILUS. II
Cervinetta^ apparently, belongs exclusively to Panama Province.
The writer has a theory. It is that cervinetta is the closest sur-
vivor of the original type, that before the Isthmus was formed the
habitat of cervinetta was both East and West. After the Isthmus
became a barrier between the oceans the Gulf Stream currents were
turned up the East Coast. These currents carried cervinetta north-
ward where it found no volcanic disturbance, better food and en-
vironment, and cervus and exanthema were evolved from cervinetta.
But I wish somebody would say why all Cypraea, in Florida, are
called •' micramocks."
UROCOPTIS (ARANGIA) SOWERBYANA (PFR.)— A NOTE ON ITS RADULA.
BY CHAS. T. RAMSDEN.
Being very much interested in procuring specimens of this shell,
I took a trip to its habitat, with Drs. Carlos de la Torre, of the Uni-
versity of Havana, and Thomas Barbour, of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.
Unfortunately, althongh we had a hard ride up " Monte Libano,"
we did not reach the right locality ; I, however, promised Dr. de la
Torre that I would try again, further up the mountain, as we were
both most anxious to procure living specimens to study the radula,
which was unknown to Pilsbry.
On March 13, 1913, I again went up the mountain for some
twenty miles on horseback, over an infernal road, and upon turning
over the first stone, I found, to my great delight, my first living
specimen of Arangia sowerbyana (Ptr.). I at once concluded that
it would be an easy matter to fill my pockets and the small box I
had with me, with specimens, and felt sorry I had not brought along
more boxes, to take a good supply. A five hours diligent search,
however, in crevices, under and on rocks, brought to light some half
dozen specimens. I was however satisfied, as we would now be able
to know its radula.
Having sent a part of the catch to Dr. de la Torre for examina-
tion, he reports the following : The radula is like that of the Jamaican
Spirocoptis, measuring ten millimeters in length, by one and one-half
12 THE NAUTILUS.
in breadth, consisting of some 150 V-shaped rows of numerous small
teeth ; of these the central tooth is very narrow and unicuspid, while
the laterals are numerous and similar in size and appearance ; the
formula being 20.1.20.
Guantanamo, Cuba, 17th April, 1913.
NOTES.
DR. PILSBRY, who has been studying Achaiinellida in ihe Ha-
waiian Islands during the winter, has returned to Philadelphia,
reporting a highly successful expedition. Communications for the
NAUTILUS may hereafter be sent to him as usual.
POLYGYRA (STENOTREMA) EDWARDSI (Bid.). — In his remarks
in regard to this species, Ann. N. Y. Lye., VI, 277, Bland says:
" In barbiyerurn the attached, hair-like epidermal processes are pro-
duced at the suture and carina into cilia, which are entirely wanting
in this species." This is incorrect, as three specimens from " Ky.,"
with Bland's label, in the collection of the late Mrs. George Andrews,
all show traces of the sutural and peripheral fringes, and a beautiful
albino, collected by Mrs. Andrews at Coal Creek, Anderson Co.,
Tenn., has the fringes as strong as in any specimen of barbigera that
I have seen. The fringe is perfect from apex to lip and the " cilia"
measure about 1 mm. in length. Two other specimens from Coal
Creek show the fringes but not so strong. These shells also show
that the "acute, raised, transverse tubercles" on the base of the
shell, in Bland's description, are the hair-scars which in fresh, mi-
rubbed specimens are surmounted by stiff, erect bristles.
I have examined twenty specimens of P. edwardsi from eight local-
ities, and all but one (a dead, weathered shell), show at least traces
of the sutural fringe. The trouble appears to be that the shells are
generally covered with a thick, very adherent coating of dirt, and in
trying to remove it the fringes are rubbed off. Traces of the sutural
fringe often remain when the peripheral fringe has entirely disap-
peared, and shells showing the stiff bristles on the base are, appar-
ently rare — GEO. H. CLAPP.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE I
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. JUNE, 1913. No. 2
A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOR JAPAN.
The opening of a museum devoted entirely to mollusks would be
an event of importance anywhere. It is gratifying to learn that the
efforts of Mr. Yoichiro Hirase to found such an institution in Kyoto
have resulted in a handsome and well-filled museum, of which we
give a view.
The opening ceremonies of Mr. Hirase's Conchological Museum
were held on March 22d at 1 p. m. Professor N. Kato, of the
Doshisha College, an earnest advocate and counselor of the work,
presided at the ceremony, which began with an account of the mu-
seum, and the causes leading to its establishment, by Mr. Hirase.
The Hon. Omori, Governor of Kyoto Prefecture; Dr. Kuhara,
President of the Kyoto Imperial University; Mr. Kato, representa-
tive of the Mayor of Kyoto, and Dr. Harada, President of the
Doshisha University, delivered speeches or read notes of congratu-
lation and good wishes on the completion of the museum. Dr. M.
Matsumoto, Professor of the Kyoto Imperial University, delivered
an address on the subject, " The Collection of Specimens of Natural
History," after which Mr. Tanaka, Assistant Professor in the Tokyo
Imperial University, and the most prominent ichthyologist of Japan,
read a note of greetings and good wishes. A good number of letters
and telegrams from our friends both abroad and at home had been
received, but, the time being pressing, only a few of them were read,
such as those from Dr. Takamine in America, Mr. Marshall Gaines
and Dr. Nolan. Lastly, Shintaro, Mr. Hirase's son, expressed
•hearty thanks for the kindness and sympathy of the ladies and gen-
tlemen present, and the ceremony closed with refreshments. Over
14 THE NAUTILUS.
150 persons were present, chiefly professors of high schools and uni-
versities, officials and other public-spirited citizens who were earnest
advocates of the undertaking.
On the following day about 150 principals of middle and common
schools were invited, and the day following the museum was opened
to the public. The daily number of visitors has been about 300.
On March 31st the museum was honored by the visit of a party of
royal guests, the Imperial Crown Prince and his two royal brothers.
Mr. Hirase and his son were received in audience by His Highness,
who expressed great interest in the museum and its contents.
It was at first intended to exhibit as many species as possible,
both foreign and Japanese, but when the Japanese shells were in-
stalled it was found that there was little space left for the foreign
ones, so that only a very small part of them could be exhibited. It
was decided that the Japanese species should be replaced with those
from abroad twice or thrice a year, and that the first replacement
should be made in August next. The foreign species are to be ex-
hibited just as a tourist goes round the world, according to the coun-
tries whence they come. For purposes of reference, Mr. Hirase
desires to exhibit photographs of museums and exhibit-rooms ; of
vivaria, or places connected with the cultivation of mollusks ; of
shell-button factories ; also photographs of shores or other natural
habitats of mollusks, in any country, and scenes of collecting shells,
and of natives who wear shells as ornaments. We hope that
American conchologists will supply a creditable exhibit for the
United States.
The opening of the Museum was commemorated by the issue of a
handsome series of postal cards, which with other gifts were sent to
friends and correspondents in Japan and abroad.
UNIO (NEPHKONAIAS) OKTMANNI, N. SP.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
Shell large and ponderous, length 82, alt. 44, diam. 30 mm.,
variable in shape, elliptical, to subtrapezoidal, frequently arcuate ;
sides somewhat flattened, biangulate behind, or very bluntly pointed.
The young are obsoletely rayed, greenish yellow ; adults are eradiate
and dark brown. Beaks small, incurved, pointed, low, and without
THE NAUTILUS. 15
any sculpturing. The whole disc is densely and heavily sulcate,
nacre white, salmon or purple. Teeth strong ; cardinals double in
both valves ; laterals single in the right valve, cicatrices well
marked, confluent behind, separate before. Beak cavities rather
shallow.
Dr. Ortmann writes that the anatomy is practically that of the
Elliptio division of Unionidas : Marsupium in the outer gills, glo-
chidia subcircular ; length 0.23, alt. 0.22 mm., about like gibbosus
Barnes. Gravid in February. The sexes may not be indicated by
any dimorphism. Found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, in the Conchins
River, near Quirigua, Guatemala (Atlantic drainage). Cotypes
have been generously distributed by Mr. Hinkley to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum and
various collectors cabinets.
This shell is clearly placed in the Nephronaias division by its
evident near kinship to melleus Lea, and to persulcatus Lea, from
which species ortmanni differs in being much larger, and of a differ-
ent outline.
Some specimens resemble in shape U. goascoranensis Lea, and U.
sphenorhynchus Crosse and Fischer, but these species are not sulcate.
The anatomy of this shell being that of Elliptio makes it necessary
for the systematist to recast his ideas of Nephronaias, hitherto sup-
posed to be allied to the Lampsilince. It is with great pleasure that
I dedicate this species to my friend, Dr. A. E. Ortmann.
Mr. Hinkley procured also numbers of the Unio calamitarum
Morelet, from a mountain stream, " Rio Blanco," whose mouth lies
opposite Livingston.
The stones rolling down the stream after the tropical rains play
havoc with the Unios, ninety per cent, having met with accidents.
Consequently, the outlines of the shells are extremely variable. Mr.
Lea made the error of spelling the name calimatarum, pointed out
by von Martens, who supposes Morelet's name to mean either " the
Unio of a little green frog," or "of reeds" (as also Sowerby).
These shells of Hinkley's show that Morelet may have intended that
his U. calamitarum should mean " the unio of calamities " (from
calamitas^), but if so it is rather peculiarly constructed. The syn-
onymy of this shell includes the U- dysoni Lea, and [7. lijalmarsoni
Dunker, possibly others.
A plate illustrating U. ortmanni will appear next month.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
THE PACIFIC CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB.
BT CHESTER STOCK, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
There has long been felt the need of an organization on the Pacific
coast which would be valuable to the amateur collector, to the con-
chologist, and to those using conchology as supplementary to their
studies in zoology and palaeontology. With such a combined pur-
pose in view, an organization known as the Pacific Conchological
Club has recently received its initial start at the University of Cali-
fornia. It is to be hoped that the beneficent effects of a society of
this sort wil\ stimulate still further interest in conchology as a sci-
ence on this coast.
The occasional meetings which will be held will bring the con-
chclogist in touch with the invertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist
and with their problems in which conchology so often plays an im-
portant role. Furthermore, it is the desire of the society to ulti-
mately establish at the university one of the largest collections of
shells on the coast. This collection will be augmented from time to
time by the results of excursions to the beaches and through the
medium of exchange.
On April 23d a meeting was held at the University of California,
at which time Mr. B. L. Clark reported on the molluscan fauna of
Bolinas Bay, California. A representative collection of this fauna
was obtained on a recent excursion held under the auspices of the
society. Other features of the program were a discussion on the
factors controlling the distribution of mollusks by Dr. F. B. Sumner,
and a report by Prof. W. J. Raymond on a thesis entitled, " Varia-
tions in the Forms of Thais found on the Pacific Coast," by Bertha
M. Challis, of the University of Washington.
THE ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES.
BY MAXAVELL SMITH.
(Concluded from page 6.)
Continuing the account of our dredging trip in the Bay of Naples,
on board of the " Johannis Miiller," the second haul was in 150 feet
THE NAUTILUS. 17
of water and resulted in the capture of a dozen living Scaphander
lignarius, L., the animal of which is much larger than the shell.
The third haul was in 450 feet of water on mud bottom, which
seemed a more congenial home for mollusks. This time the net
came up quite full. Its contents were washed cleaner of mud by
running the steamer full speed ahead before lifting the net over the
rail. The more delicate fish and other animals were removed first,
then the mud was scooped up by hand after it had been deposited
on the deck. A quantity at a time was then placed in one of two
trays in a sifting box, sea water was poured over these, the upper
retaining the larger and the lower the smaller objects, the mud and
water passing out of an opening below. In this way the material
was quickly separated. The larger animals were put immediately
into jars of sea water, arranged in baskets on the deck, while the
smaller were placed in buckets to be examined and sorted later.
Among many small forms J noticed the following :
Hyalaea tridentata Forsk.
Aeolis sp.
Fusus rostratiis Olivi.
Nassa limata Chem.
Pecten flexuosus Poli.
Pecten pes-felis L.
At 3 p. m. it was necessary to return, as the catch might have
been spoiled by the swell which grew stronger. Upon our arrival
in Naples the material was at once transferred to the zoological sta-
tion. The animals which are to be preserved are treated with
cocaine. In the case of the mollusca this leaves them extended
from the shell, as in life. A 75 per cent, solution of alcohol is
finally used for their preservation. The institution issues a priced
catalogue, and the specimens are sold and delivered to museums in
all parts of the world.
At the time of this writing the zoological station is building a
much larger steamer for dredging, so that in the future the work
will not be restricted to the Bay of Naples, but will include Sicily
and the adjacent coasts. This boat will have a laboratory, library,
and cabins for sleeping on board, besides more powerful dredging
machinery for work in still deeper water. It is to be hoped that
the Mediterranean, with its rich cosmopolitan fauna, will soon be
better known from a biological point of view.
18 THE NACTILUS.
THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.
BY BRYANT WALKER, SO. D.
The Unione fauna of the Great Lakes is one of considerable
interest to the student of geographic distribution. It might naturally
be expected that the St. Lawrence system, extending from Minne-
sota to the ocean, and affording a continuous waterway of more than
2,000 miles, and which flows nearly east and west through a region
of substantially the same climatic and other environmental condi-
tions, and with no natural connections with the Mississippi and Ohio
systems, would be inhabited by a common fauna, throughout its
entire length. As compared with the Mississippi drainage system,
which extends from the far north to the almost semi-tropical regions
of the Gulf States, it would seem that the fauna of the latter would
naturally be much more diverse in its character than that of the St.
Lawrence system, but the contrary is the case. The fauna of the
Mississippi Valley, from one end to the other, is a substantially
homogeneous fauna, varying simply in the number of species in differ-
ent parts of its extent. But on examining the Unionidae of the
Great Lakes, we find that, while the fauna of Lake Superior, at the
western extremity of the system is similar to that of the lower St.
Lawrence, and the New England States, there is in the center of
the system, with Lake Erie as its metropolis, an entirely different
fauna, which extends eastward as far as the Ottawa River and Mon-
treal, and westward to the Saginaw Valley, and even perhaps as far
as Mackinac. The relations of this fauna are entirely with that of
the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.
This interpolation of a distinct faunal area in the middle of a
great drainage system is very remarkable, and, so far as I know, is
without parallel in any other of the great river systems of the world.
And when, in addition to this, we find that there this intermediate
fauna is, in almost every case, so modified from the typical form of
the several species represented, that, in a very large proportion of
the species, the Great Lake forms have, at one time or another,
been described as species distinct from the typical forms as found
in the Mississippi fauna, and that this fact has recently been made
the basis of an argument by Dr. Scharff, in his interesting book on
the " Distribution and Origin of Life in America," for his theory of
THE NAUTILUS. 19
an unglaciated area in central North America, on the ground that
this peculiar fauna of Lake Erie and the adjoining waters is a relict
fauna, the remnant of a pre-glacial immigration from the south, rather
than a post-glacial invasion, which has been modified since the dis-
appearance of the glacier, the subject becomes one of considerable
importance and worthy of careful consideration.
The study of the geographic distribution of the North American
Naiades is one of comparatively recent origin, and it is only within
the last fifteen or twenty years that any particular attention has been
given to it. The fact is that it is only within that time that suffi-
cient data have been accumulated, upon which any reasonable gen-
eralizations could be based. The time and efforts of the. earlier
generation of students, of which Dr. Lea was the leading exponent,,
were wholly taken up in differentiating and describing the new-
species as they were collected in various parts of the country. The
first attempt to deal in any general way with the distribution of the
fauna was that of Simpson, who, in his monumental work, " The
Synopsis of the Naiades," published in 1900, not only put the classi-
fication of the family for the first time upon a scientific basis, but
also separated the fauna into its several main constituents.
According to Simpson, North America, north of Mexico, is
divided into three great faunal areas : on the east and limited on the
west by the Appalachian Mountains toward the south, and extending
in an indefinite direction towards the north and northwest, is the
Atlantic region; on the west coast, bounded by the Rocky Mountains
and the Sierra Nevadas on the east, is the Pacific region; while the
whole interior portion of the country, extending from the Gulf as
far north as Unione life can survive, forms one large province in-
habited by the fauna, which he calls the Mississippian. The addi-
tional information of the subject that has been accumulated since the
publication of Simpson's book has served only to confirm the cor-
rectness of his general division into these three great regions, but,
as might be naturally expected, certain modifications will have to be
made as the results of our increased knowledge of the range of many
of the species. So far as the purposes of this paper are con-
cerned, it is only necessary to say that, in figure 1, p. 20, I have
extended the Atlantic region across the Georgian Bay and about
half way along the eastern end of Lake Superior, both on the north
and on the south shores.
20
THE NAUTILUS.
FIG. 1.
While it is, perhaps, probable that the whole of Lake Superior
should be included in this system, I have hesitated to do so on ac-
count of the apparent failure of Unio complanatus, which may be
considered the characteristic species of the fauna, to extend into the
western part of the lake. It is quite possible that it may, but we
have no definite record of its occurrence west of Marquette county,
Michigan, on the south shore, or of the Michipicoten River, on the
north shore. It was not found by the University of Michigan expe-
ditions of 1904 and 1905, either in the streams of Ontonagon county,
THE NAUTILUS. 21
Michigan, on the south shore, nor at Isle Royale, at the western end
of the lake. On the other hand, Lampsilis luteola, a characteristic
species of the Mississippian fauna, was common at Isle Royale, and
is known to extend along the south shore as far at least as Marquette
county, and is represented on the north shore by a closely allied form,
Lampsilis super ioriensis, from the Michipicoten River.
The fauna of the Atlantic region, in its northern portion, is a very
meagre one. As represented in the New England States, and in a
general way as far south as Mason and Dixon's Line, it consists of
only thirteen species, but south of that, and increasingly so towards
the extreme south, it becomes a wonderfully varied fauna, in which
the specific lines in many of the groups seem to be almost wholly
obliterated. As an example of this, it might be mentioned that, in
the case of Unio complanatus Dill., while Dr. Lea, in the northern
portion of the region, recognized only the one species, in the southern
portion he described no less than forty-six forms as distinct species,
which Simpson in his synopsis has referred to the typical form as
synonyms.
Taking the Atlantic fauna as represented in New England as the
basis of comparison with that of the Great Lakes, as found in Lake
Erie and the Detroit River, we find the two faunas represented by
the following list :
LAKE ERIE. NEW ENGLAND.
Truncilla
triquetra triangularis Bar.
sulcata delicata Simpson.
perplexa rangiana Lea.
Micromya fabalis Lea.
Lampsilis Lampsilis
ventricosa canadensis Lea. cariosa Say.
ochracea Say.
multiradiata Lea.
luteola rosacea DeKay. radiata Gmel.
recta sageri Con.
nasuta Say. nasula Say.
iris Lea.
parva Bar.
alata Say.
22
THE NAUTILUS.
gracilis Bar.
leptodon Raf.
Obovaria
leibii Lea.
ellipsis Lea.
Plagiola
elegarts Lea.
donaciformis Lea.
Obliquaria reflexa Raf.
Strophitus edentulus Say.
marginata Say.
imbecilis Say.
grandis footiana Lea.
grandis benedictensis Lea.
Anodontoides ferussaciana sub-
cylindracea Lea.
Symphynota
compressa Lea.
costata Raf.
Alasmidonta
marginata varicosa Lam.
calceolus Lea.
Hemilastena ambigua Say.
t/mo gibbosus Bar.
Quadrula
hippopcea Lea (plicata Say ?).
lachrymosa Lea.
pustulosa Lea.
rnbiginosa Lea.
undata Bar. (?).
coccinea paupercula Simp.
subrotunda Lea.
tuberculata Raf.
Strophitus undulatus Say,,
Anodonta
marginata Say.
cataracta Say.
implicata Say.
Alasmidonta
undulata Say.
marginata varicosa Lam.
heterodon Lea.
Margaritana margaritifera L.
complanatus Dill.
The Atlantic fauna is made up of five genera and thirteen species,
THE NAUTILUS. "23
while the Lake Erie fauna includes fifteen genera and thirty-nine
species.
Of the Atlantic fauna, three species, Lampsilis nasuta, Anodonta
marginata and Alasmidonta marginata varicosa, and perhaps a
fourth,1 are also found in Lake Erie.
Two species, Margarilana margaritifera, a preglacial immigrant
from Europe, and Alasmidonta undulata, do not extend into the Erie
basin and have no closely allied representatives there.
The remainder, though not found in the Lake Erie fauna, are,
nevertheless, represented there by closely allied species evidently of
a common derivation, as indicated in the foregoing list. Elimina-
ting these species, we find the remainder of the Lake Erie fauna to
consist of eleven genera and thirty species, which are not repre- .
sented in any way in the New England fauna.
The relation of these two faunas in the region of the Great Lakes
region can, perhaps, be best shown graphically by a comparison of
the range of two of their characteristic species, which are closely
related to each other, and both of wide distribution, viz., Unio com-
planatus Dill, and U. gibbosus Bar.
It will be observed from figure 2, that Unio complanatus ex-
tends from the Atlantic region proper, northwesterly across Ontario
into Georgian Bay, up the St. Mary's River and along the eastern
half of both the north and south shores of Lake Superior, and, so far
as we know, probably occupies all of the Canadian region north and
east of that line as far as Hudson's Bay and Labrador. On the
other hand, Unio gibbosus, the representative of the Mississippian
fauna, extends from the Menominee River, the dividing line between
Wisconsin and Michigan, entirely around the shore of Lake Michigan
and along the south shore of Lake Huron from Mackinac through
the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the south shore of Lake Erie,
and east as far as the Ottawa River. At that point the two species
are found living together in the same stream. It occupies, of course,
the entire inland region south of the Great Lakes in Wisconsin, Illi-
nois, Michigan, Ohio and western New York.
1 The specific distinctness of Strophitus edentulus and undulatus is questioned
by eminent authority.
(To be continued.)
24 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES.
GALBA FERRUGINEA IN OREGON — Recently Mr. John A. Allen
sent me some small living Lymnaeas which, upon comparison with
western species, proved to be Galba ferruginea (Haldeman). They
were collected in a small pool at Oswego, Clockamas Co., Oregon,
and furnish the first authentic record of this species for this State.
G. ferruginea has been authentically reported from California and
Washington. It was originally credited to Oregon by Haldeman,
the specimens being collected by Nuttall, but no locality was given.
Mr. Allen has added to his collecting laurels by rediscovering this
species in the State from which it was first described.
These specimens show that there is considerable variation in the
degree of impression of the inner lip on the parietal wall, and hence
the umbilicus may be widely open or almost closed. The animal is
dark yellowish-horn flecked with small white dots. — FRANK C.
BAKER.
REVERSED SUCCINEA OVALIS AND OTHER SHELLS OF FRESH
POND, CAMBRIDGE, MASS — While looking for Planorbis hirsutus,
I found a number of other interesting things at Fresh Pond. Vitrea
hammonis (electrina Gld.), Pupa ovata (modesta^), Euconulus fuhms,
Succinea ovalis, retusa and avara, Vallonia costata and excentrica,
Gochlicopa lubrica, Helicodiscus parallelus, Zonitoides arborea, Pyra-
midula cronkhitei anthonyi, etc., and 17 species of fresh-water shells.
Among the Succinea was one live, full-grown ovalis reversed. Is
this a common occurrence ? I have never found one before. — WIL-
LIAM F. CLAPP, May 6, 1913.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
ON APOREMODON, A REMARKABLE NEW PULMONATE GENUS.
By G. C. Robson (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1913).— A
minute limpet from Singapore is described under the above caption.
The shell is brownish-yellow with red radial stripes, the apex ante-
rior and turned toward the left side. The dentition has a remark-
able resemblance to that of Vallonia, near which it is for the present
classed by Mr. Robson. We suspect that it may turn out to belong
to the Siphonariidce when the entire animal is known. — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE II
UNIO ORTMANN1 FRIERSON
THE NAUTILUS.
. XXVII. JULY, 1913. No. 3
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE WEST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA.
BY H. N. LOWt.
My long anticipated collecting trip to the coast of Lower Cali-
fornia was at last realized in the spring of 1912, when a party was
being made up for a month's cruise in Mexican waters.
The staunch little power yacht " Flyer " was chartered for the
trip. Besides the crew of three, our party was made up of the
owner of the boat, the taxidermist, the tourist, the ornithologist, and
the conchologist.
After a day spent at San Diego securing our clearance papers and
half a day at Ensenada with the Mexican authorities, we were at
last on our way. We cast anchor for the night in a small cove a
few miles south of Point Banda. There had been a slow drizzle of
rain all day and on going ashore I secured some five live specimens
of Helix stearnsiana walking over the bushes. On Todos Santos
Islands and San Martin (the southern limit of the species) I found
live specimens under loose rocks, but none under or near any of the
numerous species of cactus which thrive here. On Santa Catalina
Island the nearly allied form Helix kelletti lives on the cactus
(cholla) and is found under it at all seasons of the year. A few
specimens of Glyptostoma newberryanuin were found on the Todos
Santos.
At Point Banda I secured my first Monoceros lugubre, and though
a common species it gave me pleasure to find something I had never
before collected. The specimens found here were very small only
26 THE NAUTILUS.
about a quarter of the size of the fine ones further south from San
Martin and San Geronimo Islands. Further south, at Cape Col-
nette, large beds of Mytilus californicus were uncovered at low tide.
Among the mussels were fine large Monoceros pauciliratum Stearns
and Macron lividus. Wedged in between and attached to the
byssus of the mussels we found many Tapes grata Sby. and Tapes
staminea Conr., a rather unique place for that genus to be found.
A few good Saxicava arctica and one large Entodesma saxicola were
added to the list. The largest of the Mytilus were worm-eaten,
wave worn and battered, and altogether the most disreputable look-
ing specimens I had ever seen. Many of the worst shells had quite
pretty pearls snugly hidden in their internal anatomy, some having
as many as twenty-six small " seed pearls " and others but a single
large one. The pearls from this species, unlike the elegant ones
from the ffoliotis, have no commercial value, lacking sufficient
luster. The Tegula gallina Fbs. found here were mostly var. tincta
Hemphill. The Monoceros pauciliratum were right in their prime
here, though we found a few as far south as Cedros. Monoceros
engonahim Conr. although small were very good specimens but we
found none south of here.
Another day's sail brought us to San Martin Island, lying five
leagues out from the " Bay of the Five Hills." It is a small island
of very evident volcanic origin, the crater of its extinct volcano
being visible for many miles. On climbing to the summit of the
crater we were dazzled by a wealth of golden daisies which carpeted
the interior. The only land shell to be found was the ever present
Helix stearnsiana, but this seemed to be its southern limit, as we
found few here and none further south. A natural breakwater of
black lava bouldars runs out for half a mile from the south end
forming one of the best anchorages for small vessels on the coast.
This island, like San Geronimo, is the breeding place of thousands
of sea birds which come here in the spring — gulls, cormorants, terns,
osprey, turnstones, oyster-catchers, duck hawk, surf birds, pelicans,
etc. On San Geronimo Is. hundreds of auklets or " mutton birds "
were nesting in burrows which they dig in the sandy earth, laying
but one white egg about the size of a pigeon's egg.
The wild fauna of these southern islands seems to be having hard
luck. On Guadalupe Is. the domestic cat, run wild, has about ex-
terminated a rare petrel and several other birds from that island.
THE NAUTILUS. 27
On Cerlros the dogs have entirely cleared out a rare dwarf species
of deer which formerly lived here. On Todos Santos the common
rat has in the last few years made life so strenuous for the sea birds
that they have given up nesting here entirely. Since birds' eggs
have been cut out of the rat's bill-of-fare, they have developed a
fondness for snails and I fear in a year or two Todos Santos will be
as destitute of snails as it is of birds' eggs.
San Geronimo Island is smaller than San Martin, only about one
and a half miles in length and as bare as a picked hen. It's barren
sandy soil seems incapable of supporting any vegetation save a feu-
stunted bushes. Only very dead specimens of Helix levis var. near
crassula Dall were obtainable, though I made a thorough and
systematic search for them. The reefs on the west side yielded a
number of good small species.
Margaritas acuticostatus Cpr. Eulima bitorta Van.
Mitromorpha gracilior Hemphill. Modiolus opifex Say.
Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns Milneria minima Dall.
Area gradata Brod. & Sby. Cardita subquadrata Cpr.
Mitra lowei Dall. Columbella penicillata Cpr.
Marginella varia. Fusus luteopictus Dall.
Marginella politula Cooper. Lucina californica Conr.
Triforis pedroana B. Hipponyx antiquatus Linn.
Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Gadinia reticulata Sby.
Bittium munitum munitoides B. Opalia crenatoides Cpr.
Cerithiopsis alcima B. Ocinebra gracillima Stearns.
Cerithiopsis pedroana B. Pecten latiauritus Cpr.
Cerithiopsis carpenter! B. Acmaea asmi Midd.
Turbonilla buttoni D. & B. Mitromorpha filosa Gabb.
Odostomia helga D. & B.
On San Ger6nimo we found Acmcsa persona Esch and var. digi-
talis, also a form of A. spectrum which seemed to be copying the
peculiar shape of A. persona, Acrncea scabra, A. pelta var. nacel-
loides and Lottia gigantea Gray were also found on the reef's.
The Tegula gallina were the largest I have ever seen.
We left San Gerdnimo Island rather hurriedly the evening of the
second day as a southeaster was coming up. Next morning found
us at the north end of Cedros Island where the Esperanza Mining
Company had their wharf and buildings for shipping the gold ore
from their mines in the interior of the island. There were prac-
28 THE NAUTILUS.
tically no marine species at this end of the island as the shore line
drops into deep water. After several days' search I was well repaid
by finding some fine live specimens of the beautiful Helix veatchii
(Nevvc.) Try on. This species varies much from almost white to
dark many-banded specimens. At first I found a few fairly good
dead shells, but search as I might under stones, through cactus, and
chaparral not a live one could I find, until by chance I spied one
roosting on a limb of the dwarf oak peculiar to this island. This
species seems to be entirely a tree snail.
At the south end of the island a Helix identified by Dr. Pilsbry
with H. canescens Ads. and Rve. occurs in colonies in exposed places
on rocks. H. veatchii is scattered over a larger area on the island,
the many color varieties being found sometimes on the same tree.
At South Bay Cedros Island we collected under stones at low
water the following :
Semele rupium Sby. Callistochiton decoratus.
Vermetus fewkesii Yates. Chaetopleura gemmea Cpr.
Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Cyanoplax hartwegii.
Latirus lugubris C. B. Ads. Nuttallina scabra.
Drillia moesta Cpr. Murex incisa.
Trivia solandri. Murex nuttalli Conr.
Area reeviana d Orb. Lucapina crenulata.
Area gradata B. & S. Macron lividus A. Ads.
O
Columbella fasciata Sby. Amphissa versicolor Dall.
Mopalia muscosa Gld. Tegula aureotinctum Fbs.
Ishnochiton conspicuus Cpr. Tegula gallina Fbs.
Ishnochiton acrior Cpr. Fissurella volcano Rve.
Ishnochiton didymus B. Fissurella volcano var. crucifera
Ishnochiton clatheratus Cpr. Dall.
Callistochiton crassicostatus Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus.
Cedros Island seems to be the northern limit of the large red crab
Grapsus grapsus. They are very hard to catch for the moment
they see one approaching, they clatter off' pell-mell over the rocks as
fast as their ten legs will carry them and jump into deep water
where they swim like a fish.
On a pebble beach midway the east coast of Cedros I found the
following beach-worn shells cast up by some storm; the list is inter-
esting in that it shows the intermingling of northern and southern
species at this point.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
Cypraea spadicea Gray. Area grandis B. & S.
Ranella ealifornica. Dosinia ponderosa.
Fomaulax undosus Wood. Pecten subnodosus.
Con us californicus Conr. Fusus dupetithouarsi Kiener.
Semele decisa Conr. Drillia penicillata Cpr.
Uvanilla regina Stearns. Monoceros muricatum Brod.
Venus fordii Yates. Crucibulum imbricatum.
Triton gibbosum. Purpura biserialis Blve.
Macron aethiops. Venus unclatella Sby.
Cymatium corrugatum Lam. Cassis sp.
Conus gradatus Mawe. Oniscia sp.
For several miles along the cliffs on the southwest coast of Cedros
extends a well marked stratum about a foot in thickness of Lucina
californica, and very strangely not another marine species was
found with them.
In about ten fathoms off Palm Spring on the east coast we suc-
ceeded in making one haul of the dredge with the following results :
Hemicardium biangulatum. Nassa insculpta.
Pecten latiauritus.
A number of small or difficult species collected on the trip remain
to be identified. A list of them will appear later. Dr. Pilsbry has
in press an illustrated paper on the Helices of the Micrarionta group
collected.
As the weather was unfavorable for a continued southerly cruise,
we reluctantly headed the " Flyer " for home where we arrived just
four weeks from the time of starting.
THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.
BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.
{Continued from page S3.)
The distribution of these two species, Unio complanatus and U.
gibbosus (fig. 2), in a general way, shows the relative position the
Atlantic and Mississippian faunas occupy in the region of the Great
Lakes. Of course there are variations in the range of individual
species, but these, on the whole, do not interfere with the general
proposition to be discussed in this paper.
30
THE NAUTILUS.
FlO. 2.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
The discussion, then, includes the consideration of four questions:
1st, the origin of the Atlantic and Mississippian faunas; 2d, how and
when the peculiar extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest
took place; 3d, how and when the extension of the Mississippian
fauna into the Great Lakes took place; and 4th, whether the pecu-
liarly modified fauna of Lake Erie, as it exists to-day, is the result
of a pre-glacial invasion, which survived in that region during the
glacial period, or whether it was a post-glacial immigration.
I.
In considering the present distribution of the Naiad fauna of North
America it is to be borne in mind that while our knowledge as yet
is only fragmentary, and there is a great deal more to be learned
before definite final conclusions can be drawn, nevertheless there are
certain fundamental facts which seem to be reasonably well estab-
lished, and with which such tentative deductions as we may attempt
to make at the present time must be in agreement.
In the first place, it seems to be well established that the peculiar
North American Naiad fauna originated west of the Mississippi, in
the region extending from Utah and Colorado north to Athabasca
and Saskatchewan, in British America.
The earliest forms of recognizable Naiades that are known are
from the Triassic and a few more are known from the Jurassic.
All these forms are simple and comparatively uniform in their char-
acter. But towards the end of the Cretaceous Period, there was,
for some reason or other, an extraordinary epidemic, as it were, of
mutation in this group, and, in the rocks that were laid down in
these western lands at that time, are to be found prototypes of many
of the modern groups, which are to-day characteristic of the recent
fauna.
In the second place, it is to be kept in mind that north of the line
of glaciation, the entire system of drainage was radically changed as
one of the results of the Glacial Period.
Thirdly, assuming the general proposition that the center of dis-
tribution of a group must be considered the region of the greatest
abundance of individuals and the greatest diversity of specific de-
velopment, it would seem to be reasonably well established that the
present fauna of the Mississippian region has spread out from two
great centers ; the one on the east, in the head waters of what we
32 THE NAOTILCS.
now know as the Tennessee System, and the other in the southwest,
probably in the Ozark region.
Assuming the origin of the Naiad fauna in the western region
above mentioned, the first question to be determined is the deriva-
tion of the Atlantic fauna from this primitive fauna of Cretaceous
time in the west.
The oldest land in eastern North America is that known as the
Laurentian Highlands of Eastern Canada. With the gradual ele-
vation of the continent in early times, which ultimately resulted in
a connected land surface from the east to the mountainous regions of
the west, the earliest system of drainage that was established in the
region now occupied by the Great Lakes, was, according to the con-
sensus of the best geologic opinion, towards the west, and when, in
process of time, the highlands known as the Appalachian Mountains
and the Cumberland Plateau were raised up, they formed a water
shed, which determined the then existing systems of drainage.
According to Branner (1), prior to Cretaceous times, the then
Cumberland Plateau extended continuously from the Appalachian
Mountains southwest into western Texas. At that time the Missis-
sippi River was riot in existence, the drainage from the south of this
great water shed was into the Gulf of Mexico, the drainage from its
north side was north and west, and probably in the beginning, ended
in the great Mesozoic sea, which extended along the foot of the
Rocky Mountains from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.
While we do not know as much of the exact course of these pre-
glacial rivers as we should like, nor as much as we hope to know in
future, there has been of recent years a considerable advance in our
knowledge in this particular, and there is enough of data now avail-
able to give us at least a general idea of some of the particulars of
that ancient drainage system. It was, of course, entirely over-
whelmed and nearly obliterated by the effect of the ice cap, which
overthrew the ancient system, and from which grew our present sys-
tem of drainage, but here and there there are enough remnants to
afford us some information as to the lines along which this pre-
glacial drainage system was established.
As shown by Fig. 3, which is copied from Grabau (2), the pre-
glacial drainage of the region of the lower Great Lakes was towards
the southwest. The ancient Dundas River, originating in the Lau-
rentian Highlands, flowed southwesterly across the present bed of
THE NAUTILUS.
33
Lake Erie, and possibly along the general course of the present
Maumee and Wabash Rivers towards the western sea. In a similar
way the ancient Saginaw River was a western-flowing stream,
extending from the highlands on the east across the Georgian Bay,
up the Saginaw Valley, and southwest towards the sea. And fur-
ther north a similar drainage was also established. According to
Fowke (3) the present course of the Ohio River is quite different
from that of the great river which drained that region in pre-glacial
FIG. 3.
times. The present course of the Ohio is made up of fragments of
ancient drainage beds united by connecting links forced through by
the glacial waters on the retreat of the ice. According to Grabau
the present bed of the Ohio is about 150 feet above the ancient bed
of the pre-glacial drainage, and according to Fowke the Great
Kanawha River, which is now a southern tributary of the Ohio, at
that time flowed northwesterly across southern Ohio into Indiana,
and presumably, either as a separate river or as a tributary of the
Dundas, flowed westerly towards the sea or into the Mississippi.
34 THE NAUTILUS.
If these theories of the ancient pre-glacial drainage of this region
are correct, it does not require much imagination to see how, from
their ancient place of origin in the west, the primitive ancestral
forms of our present fauna were enabled to spread to the east up
these ancient waterways to the headwaters of these pre-glacial
streams, and then, during the many elevations and sinkings of
Tertiary times, through the stream transference consequent upon
such orographic changes, this immigration of the primitive fauna
was transferred into the eastern drainage, and thus became the an-
cestral stock of the present Atlantic fauna.
That this emigration from the west to the east was a very early
one, there can be no doubt, and that it was long antecedent to the
Glacial Period seems beyond question, both from a geological and a
zoological standpoint. The fact that not only from the Glacial
Period, but for long ages prior to that time, the Appalachian system
must have been a barrier to the entrance of the western fauna into
eastern waters would seem to be beyond question, and this view is
strengthened and corroborated by the fact that the two faunas have
been so long separated that they have become specifically differ-
entiated in the great majority of cases. The time that is involved
in such a change must be very great. That it must be so is shown
by the fact that the fossil Unios found in the inter-glacial drift of
eastern Canada are the same as the recent examples of the same
species found to-day. It is probable that this emigration from the
west took place after the primitive fauna of early times had begun
to mutate under the peculiar influence of the later Cretacic times,
and while, of course, there is much that is indefinite and purely
speculative in regard to these questions, there are some facts, which
seem to point with some directness, as to when that migration might
have taken place.
One of the characteristic species of the Atlantic fauna is Lamp-
silis radiata, which extends at the present time along nearly the
whole extent of the Atlantic drainage. It is very closely related to
another characteristic species of the Mississippian fauna, the Lamp-
silis luteola, and, indeed, these two specimens are so closely related
that while in the main there is no difficulty for the average student
to separate them, yet oftentimes there are individual specimens
which are very difficult to place with entire satisfaction.
( To be continued.}
THE NAUTILUS. 35
NOTES.
DR. A. E. ORTMANN reports excellent collecting of Unionidce in
Wise Co., Va., and southward. Some very interesting systematic
observations have been made.
MR. H. F. CARPENTER of Edgevvood, Providence, R. I., has just
returned from a four months' trip to South America.
MR. C. W. JOHNSON is about to leave Boston for a collecting
campaign in northern Vermont in the interests of the New England
faunal collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
At the Natural History Museum on November 29th, Mr. Edgar
Albert Smith, I. S. 0., Assistant-Keeper in the Zoological Depart-
ment, was presented by the Director, Dr. L. Fletcher, F. R. S., on
behalf of a large number of subscribers with a silver tea and coffee
service, a drawing room clock and a pair of field glasses. Mr. Smith
has served the Trustees of the British Museum for 45 years, having
joined the staff in 18G7. The subscribers included, besides his col-
leagues on the Museum staff, many friends outside who are inter-
ested in mollusca, the group of animals to which Mr. Smith's
scientific work has mainly been devoted. — The Museiims Journal.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF PISIDIUM (recent and
fossil) in the collections of the British Museum, with notes on those
of Western Europe. By B. B. Woodward, F. L. S., etc. Printed
by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1913. Pp. ix +
144 ; 30 plates. " Of all the genera of British non-marine mollusca
none has presented more difficulties to the student than Pisidium.
The small size of the shells, their great variability, the lack in most
cases of any striking external characteristics, as well as the confusion
in which the subject has been left by the various authorities, have
all contributed to these difficulties, with the result that the genus has
36
THE NAUTILUS.
been largely neglected." Conchologists everywhere will heartily
agree with the opening paragraph of Mr. Woodward's book, quoted
above, which is true not only of British Pisidia, but of the genus
throughout its range.
In the discrimination of species, characters of the hinge are chiefly
relied upon, the forms of the individual teeth and other details of
hinge-structure affording criteria of far more value, according to Mr.
Woodward, than external shape and sculpture of the shell. " In
one locality, all the species will exhibit less sculpturing than the
normal forms ; in another, more ; all may be dwarfed or all abnor-
mally large ; occasionally one species in the gathering will show
greater increase in size over the average, while its associates are
undersizfd ; or exaggerated inflation may be the prevailing feature."
While other authors have described the teeth of Pisidia, the subject
has never before been dealt with in the thorough manner of this
work. The terminology of M. Felix Bernard is used in the descrip-
tions of hinges.
The author does not venture to establish subgenera, and seems
skeptical of those proposed by other writers.
Seventeen species are recognized, fourteen of them living in the
British Islands, two extinct. The work on British forms necessi-
tated a critical study of practically all Palsearctic Pisidia, — a couple
of hundred described forms, most of them synonyms or indetermi-
nate,— so that the scope of the work is far broader than its title
indicates. Distribution, both recent and as fossils, is dealt with in
the most ample manner. The plates illustrate very fully the local
variations, the figures being photographs enlarged two to three
diameters and reproduced by gelatine process. It may be questioned
whether a smaller number of larger figures would not be more use-
ful. There are also four plates of much enlarged figures showing
the hinges.
Whether the development of methods, the examination of vast
numbers of specimens from many localities, or the study of an in-
volved and exasperating literature is considered, the practical con-
chologist will realize that Mr. Woodward's task has involved an
enormous total of work. Notwithstanding its geographic limitations
we believe that the Catalogue will initiate a new epoch in the study
of this family, all over the world. H. A. P,
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE III
CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. AUGUST, 1913. No. 4
ILLUSTRATIONS OF CUBAN AND WEST AMERICAN SHELLS.
The figures on plate III represent types or cotypes of the follow-
ing species :
Fig. 1. Chondropoma wilcoxi P. & H. Cotype. NAUTILUS
XXVI, 45.
Figs. 2, 3. Chondropoma garcianum Torre MS. Types. Palma
Sola, prov. Matanzas, Cuba.
Fig. 4. Chondropoma carenasense P. & H. Cotype. Cayo
Carenas, Cuba. NAUTILUS XXVI, 44.
Figs. 5, 6. Annularia ramsdeni P. & H. & Cotype. NAUTILUS
XXVI, p. 42. Fig. 7, 9 Cotype.
Figs. 8, 9. Annularia pseudalatum Torre. Type. NAUTILUS
XXVI, 43.
Figs. 10, 11, 12. Oreohelix pygmcea Pils. See p. 51.
Figs. 13, 14. Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi cuestana Edson.
Cotype. NAUTILUS XXVI, p. 37.
Figs. 15, 16, 17. Epiphragmophora tudiculata grippii Pilsbry.
Santee, 18 miles from San Diego, California.
SOME WYOMING SNAILS
BT JUNIUS HENDERSON.
Mollusk records for Wyoming are so scarce that the following
species in the University of Colorado Museum, recently collected in
that State by Messrs. Don W. Walker, Roy M. Butters and Norman
deWitt Betts, may be of interest :
38 THE NAUTILUS.
Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Horse Creek Station, Laramie
County, Wyoming (Butters).
Oreohelix cooperi minor (Ckll.). North Fork of Rock Creek,
Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).
Pupilla muscorum (Liwne). North Fork of Clear Creek, Johnson
County, Wyoming (Betts).
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. North Fork of Clear Creek, John-
son County, Wyoming (Betts).
Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek,
Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. North Fork of Clear Creek,
Johnson County, Wyoming (Betts).
Succinea avara Say. Ten miles northeast of Basin, Wyoming
(Walker).
A NEW OREOEELIX FROM COLOEADO.
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.
In THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI, p. 30, Dr. Pilsbry has indicated
that the forms of Oreohelix from Glenwood Springs and Newcastle
which have been tentatively recorded and distributed ad 0. haydeni
gabbiana (Hemp.) are not gabbiana at all, but are forms of 0. hen-
dersoni Pils. I have examined a large series from each place, and
have compared them with a large series of typical hendersoni. The
characters distinguishing the specimens from Newcastle and Glen-
wood from true hendersoni are so constant as to clearly entitle them
to a separate name, and yet the relationship, in spite of the lack of
intergrading specimens, is so evident it seems best to consider them
a subspecies rather than a distinct species.
OREOHELIX HENDERSONI DAKANI n. subsp.
Distinguished from typical hendersoni by the following shell char-
acters : Spire much more elevated ; peripheral angulation of the
earlier whorls disappearing on the penultimate whorl, so that
scarcely a trace of it is observable in front of the aperture on the
last whorl of the adult shell ; shell larger, whorls higher in proportion
to width, producing a corresponding difference in shape of aperture.
Alt. 14, diam. 22, whorls 5£.
Types in University of Colorado Museum, cotypes in Academy of
THE NAUTILUS. 39
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Type locality, northwest corner
of Peebles ranch, two miles up Elk Creek from Newcastle, Colorado,
where it was found in great abundance by Mr. Albert Dakan, in
April, 1908. Mr. Dakan was also the collector of the types of hen-
dersoni. I found dakani nine miles east of Meeker, Colorado, in
1909, where it was associated with 0. cooperi (W. G. B.). In color
the specimens from both localities average a trifle lighter than typ-
ical hendersoni, being almost white, with a slight creamy tinge. A
large series from the well-known colony on the south side of the
Grand River at Glenwood Springs, Colorado, is on an average very
much darker and less robust, but otherwise so closely agrees with
the Newcastle specimens that I have not thought a separate name
advisable. The forms of this species agree in the almost total
absence of spiral color lines on the last whorl.
It may not be out of place to say here that Mr. Dakan has re-
cently found at Lyons, Colorado, typical specimens of 0. haydeni
betheli Pils. & Ckll. This carries its range across to the eastern
base of the Front Range, which constitutes the Continental Divide,
and 100 miles to the northeast of the type locality.
TWO NEW ACHATINELLID.E OF OAHU.
BY H. A. PILSBRT.
In March last I went in company with Dr. C. Montague Cooke from
Honolulu to Hilo, Hawaii, chiefly for the purpose of studying Mr.
Thaanum's superb collection of Hawaiian shells. One of his recent
acquisitions was a sinistral Amastra, from Waiahole, which is certainly
new; and at his suggestion I name it for the companion of my Hawaiian
journey. Amastra montagui n. sp. is sinistral, imperforate, oblong-
conic, rather thin, chestnut colored, with a denuded ecru-olive patch in
front of the aperture. The surface has a somewhat silky gleam, due
to the rather fine wrinkles along lines of growth. The apex is ob-
tuse, embryonic whorls convex, nearly smooth; outlines of the spire
noticeably convex. Suture well impressed, the whorls a little swol-
len below it. The aperture is not very oblique, slate-violet within;
peristome black at the edge, strengthened by a low white callus
within; columella with reflexed and adnate edge, bearing a rather
strong, white, subtriangular lamella. Length 13, diam. 7.8, length
40 THE NAUTILUS.
of aperture 6 mm.; 5^ whorls. It will be figured in the present vol-
ume of the Manual of Conchology.
Another species of unusual interest is a fossil Partulina which was
discovered by Dr. Cooke several years ago in a superficial road cut-
ting at the junction of Manoa road with the upper road, back of
Rocky Hill, which terminates the western ridge of Manoa valley.
Only one Partulina has been known in Oahu hitherto, that being
P. dubia (Newc.). The present form, which I will call Partulina
montagui n. sp., is not related to dubia, but to such Molokaian spe-
cies as P. dwightii Newc. I regard these two Partulinas and the
few Oahuan species of Laminella as stragglers from the Molokai-
Lanai-Maui evolution-center, which reached Oahu before the sub-
sidence of a ridge which I believe formerly connected the islands.
P. montagui cannot have been extinct for any great length of
time, as the specimens occur in the humus, only buried a few inches
below the turf. Probably the forest disappeared from where they
are found not more than seventy-five to a hundred years ago. It
must have been extinct in the early fifties, or it would surely have
been found by Newcomb, Gulick or Emerson.
The shell is sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, with acuminate spire,
thick and solid, sculptured with close, irregular wrinkles, the last
whorl malleated ; whorls 7£, the upper ones nearly flat, the rest con-
vex ; suture superficial. Outer and basal margins of the peristome
expanded, thick, heavily thickened within; columellar margin thick;
columellar fold thick and moderately prominent.
Length 25, diam. 14 mm. (108181 A. N. S. P.).
Length 24.7, diam. 12.5 mm. (Ill colL Irwin Spalding).
Length 26.9, diam. 13.1 mm. (33581 B. P. Bishop Mus.).
THE UNIONE FAUNA OF THE OBEAT LAKES.
BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.
( Continued from page &$.)
Now, according to the geologists, some time about the beginning
of the Cretaceous Period there was a great sinking of the land in the
Gulf region. It extended from central Texas east to the middle of
Alabama, and in a triangular shape north to southern Illinois. It
THE NAUTILUS. 41
broke through and separated the ancient Cumberland Plateau, which
prior to that time extended continuously from the eastern mountains
into western Texas. It admitted the sea to a point, as above stated,
north of the present junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, and during
nearly the whole of Tertiary times there was a body of salt water
between the western highlands and the eastern portion of the Cum-
berland Plateau, in what is now Tennessee and Kentucky. This
invasion of the sea was, of course, an absolute barrier to any com-
munication between the Unione faunas of the two regions.
The evidence afforded by the present distribution of the species of
the group, to which these species belong, shows that its center of dis-
tribution, as affecting the present fauna, was in the southwest. Not
only is the southwest the region of the greatest variation in the spe-
cies of this group, but, while it extends from Texas easterly along
the Gulf States as far as Alabama, and even into Georgia and
Florida, and extends north through the entire Mississippi Valley to
the Appalachians on the east and the Arctic regions on the north,
there is no representative of that group found to-day, so far aa
records show, in any part of the Tennessee Valley. The inference
to be drawn from this fact is that the group originated in the west,
and after the great landslide of Cretaceous times. Another ex-
ample, bearing upon the same general fact, is the distribution of the
group, of which the well-known Quadrula rubiginosa is a leading
example. If we are to rely upon the proposition that the center of
distribution is the region where there is the greatest abundance of
individuals and of specific forms, it would seem certain that this
group originated in the southwest and from thence spread eastward
to its present distribution. But Quadrula rubiginosa, like Lampsili*
luteola, is not found in the Tennessee Valley. Its distribution
through the Gulf States is similar to that of the Lampsilis, and its
distribution north through the Mississippi and Ohio valleys is
exactly the same. Like luteola, it is found in the Lake Erie, but
for some reason, that we do not now know, no form of that group
ever succeeded in obtaining a foothold at any time in the northern
Atlantic fauna.
If the inferences to be drawn from these facts and others like
them are to be relied upon, there would seem to be good reason to
infer that the emigration, which was the beginning of the Atlantic
fauna, took place after the invasion of the sea in the Mississippi
42 THE NAUTILUS.
Valley in Cretaceous times, and would probably seem to have been in
later Cretaceous or early Tertiary times.
It would seem most probable that the primitive ancestral form of
the complanatus group also reached the Atlantic region by the same
northern route. Although the greatest diversity of forms belonging
to it J3 now peculiar to the southeastern Atlantic states and, under
the axiom already quoted, would seem to indicate that that region
was the center of distribution of the group, the weight of evidence
is against it.
As has already been stated, the invasion of the sea up the Missis-
sippi Valley in Cretaceous times prevented any emigration towards
the east from the southwest during nearly the whole of the Tertiary
Period. Moreover, during the greater part of that time this region
itself was covered by the sea. The invasion of the southeastern
States by the present Unione fauna must necessarily have been,
comparatively speaking, a recent one. Had it been coincident with
the advance of the southwestern fauna that now occupies the Gulf
States to the west of the Alabama River, there would, no doubt, be
some evidence left in the present fauna of those States. But there is
none. The present distribution of the group shows that it stops
abruptly before reaching the Alabama River. With one exception,
the group is not represented in the fauna of the Alabama at the
present time, nor is it found at all in any of the Gulf States west of
that river.
The exuberant variability of the group in the southeastern States
at the present time would also seem to indicate that it is compara-
tively a new comer, and that it has not even yet had time to settle
down to stable lines of development.
On the other hand, the homogeneity of the group as a whole, in
spite of its extreme variability within the group limits, would indi-
cate that it is of ancient origin. The extraordinary range of the
typical species, from Lake Superior to the Atlantic and south to
Georgia, is evidence in the same direction.
Taking everything into consideration it must be said that, with
the exception of a comparatively small number of species that from
one cause or another have been able to get into the South Atlantic
States from the faunas of the Alabama and Tennessee systems, all
the evidence goes to show that the characteristic fauna of that region
has been derived from the north.
THIS NAUTILUS. 48
II.
Assuming, then, that the Atlantic fauna, in its inception, was
derived 1'roin a very early immigration from the west, there has been
abundance of time for it to become specifically differentiated. Un-
less the unanimous opinion of the geologists of this country is en-
tirely wrong, it is clear that whatever remnants of this ancient fauna
were left along the course of this ancient track of migration towards
the east in the region of the Great Lakes were wiped out absolutely
by the invasion of the ice during the Glacial Period. Whatever
may be said in regard to there being any geological evidence of an
unglaciated area in north central British America, there would seem
to be no doubt but that the region of the Great Lakes was the very
center of the destruction wrought by the invasion of the ice. As
has already been said, the entire system of drainage was absolutely
changed. The old system was wiped out and a new and radically
different one established. The Great Lakes themselves are entirely
the result of changes in the earth's surface, wrought by the invasion
and subsequent retreat of the ice. It is stated by Grabau that at
Detroit the present surface is 180 feet above the pre-glacial surface,
and that the ancient bed of the pre-glacial Cuyahoga at Cleveland is
400 feet below the bed of the present river, and, as has already been
stated, the present bed of the Ohio is 150 feet above that of its
ancient predecessor. According to Taylor (4) the front of the re-
treating ice-cap at Toledo, Detroit and Port Huron stood in two
hundred feet of water. There is no part of the present area occu-
pied by the Great Lakes and their tributaries that was not included
within this area of glacial destruction. We may assume, therefore,
that whatever fauna was in existence prior to the advent of the ice
was wiped out absolutely from this region. This being assumed, the
present extension of the Atlantic fauna to the northwest must be
looked for in the various systems of temporary drainage that were
established in the post-glacial times prior to the final establishment
of the existing St. Lawrence system. There can be no doubt but
that here and there in the Atlantic region, north of the glaciated
area, there were places in which the remnants of the ancient fauna
were preserved, and that, from these harbors of refuge, upon the
retreat of the ice, the Unionidze were able to re-people the barren
waters of the new land.
The ice in the lower lake region retreated towards the north and
44
THE NAUTILDS.
east, and in the first stage, as soon as the edge of the glacier had
passed the height of land north of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys,
the waters were impounded, and in the southern end of the present
Lake Michigan and in the western ends of the present Lake Superior
and Lake Erie, but at a much higher level, were formed the first
post-glacial lakes. Lake Maumee, at that time bounded on the
north and east by the ice, found an outlet into the Ohio through the
present valley of the Maumee and the Wabash. Upon the further
retreat of the ice to such an extent that a way was opened for an
FIG. 4.
outlet towards the east, there were successively different systems
established. One of the earliest of these (Fig. 4) was that known as
the Trent outlet, which extended, as shown by the figure, from the
eastern end of Georgian Bay southeast across Ontario into Lake
Ontario. From the south side of Lake Ontario the water flowed
through the present Mohawk Valley into the Hudson.
The opening of this new outlet to the east so lowered the water
that it was diverted from its former course through Lake Erie, and
the present area occupied by that lake became dry land, except for
such local drainage as might be necessarily incident to the region
THE NAUTILUS.
45
itself. Later, another outlet was formed, known as the Nipissing
outlet, at a still lower level, which resulted in the closing of the
Trent outlet, and the establishment of a new one along the present
valley of the Ottawa into the St. Lawrence. When the Nipissing
outlet was first established, however, there had been a lowering of
the land toward the east, and the sea had invaded the region to a
considerable distance up the Ottawa Valley beyond the present city
of Ottawa, and into Lake Ontario. Later, with the subsequent
rising of the land, the Nipissing outlet flowed through the present
Ottawa Valley into what is now known as the St. Lawrence. It
seems reasonably certain that the western invasion of the Great
Lake region of the Atlantic fauna was through either the Trent or
the Nipissing outlet, and the probability is in favor of the Trent out-
let, because that was always entirely fresh water, and there would
seem to be every probability, from what we know of the inter-glacial
extension of the Mississippi fauna into this region, that the post-
glacial lakes were almost immediately invaded by the fish and with
them the Unionidae of the regions to the south and to the east. So
far as the particular question here involved is concerned, it is im-
material by which of these routes the invasion took place. Both of
them began on the west, at the Georgian Bay, and afforded a con-
tinuous waterway from the east to the northwest. Both of these
outlets were antecedent to the establishment of an outlet through the
Niagara River. That no invasion from the east of the Atlantic
fauna could have taken place by that route is clear for the reason
that there was always, to a greater or less degree, a falls in the
Niagara River, which was an absolute barrier to any migration of
the fish upstream from the east, and that there was no such invasion
from the east by that route is shown by the fact that in the case of
the Unio complanatus, there is no evidence to show that it ever
reached Lake Erie. The remarkable agreement between the pres-
ent range of Unio complanatus and the route of these earlier post-
glacial outlets is evidently more than a mere coincidence. If, then,
the invasion was through either the Trent or the Nipissing outlet
into Georgian Bay, it is easy to see how the species spread along
the north shore of the Georgian Bay into the St. Mary's, and from
thence into the eastern Lake Superior, without getting either into
Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, or the lower part of Lake Huron.
46
THE NAUTILtJS.
III.
As has already been stated, the first post-glacial lakes formed by
the retreat of the ice in this region were in the south end of Lake
Michigan and the west ends of Lake Erie and Lake Superior,
FIG. 5.
bounded on the south by tUe lieigut oi laud and on the north and
east by the ice cap.
Glacial Lake Erie (Lake Maumee), at that period, drained south-
west into the Ohio, and as I have already shown in my paper on
THE NAUTILUS. 47
" The Distribution of the Unionidse in Michigan," (5) there can be
no doubt but that almost immediately there was an invasion of this
lake from the Ohio of the dominant species of that region, and it is
unnecessary at the present time to discuss that subject further. In
the same way, and at about the same time, the St. Croix outlet of
Lake Duluth into the Mississippi would have given an opportunity
for an invasion of that region by the Mississippian fauna. And it
would seem probable that the occurrence of Lampsllis luteola and
superioriensis in the western portion of Lake Superior at the present
time is to be accounted for in that way.
(To be concluded.}
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE GIANT SPECIES OF THE MOLLUSCAN GENUS LIMA OB-
TAINED IN PHILIPPINE AND ADJACENT WATERS. By Paul Bartsch
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 235-240, pis. 12-20, 1913).
The giant Limas here described were obtained during the Philippine
cruise of the fisheries steamer " Albatross," 1907-1910. They occur
only in deep water — 161 to 559 fathoms. " They are by no means
abundant or universally distributed, for of the 369 dredgings made
in more than 100 fathoms only 18 yielded these mollusks." Limn
(Callolima} smithi measures as follows : Alt. 175 mm., lat. 118 mm.,
diam. 48 mm. The type was dredged off Baliscasag Island in 432
fathoms. L. (Callolima) philippinensis measures, alt. 177, lat. Ill,
diam. 37; dredged off the outer Tayabas Light in 190 fathoms. Z/.
(Callolima} rathbuni was obtained from eight stations at depths
ranging from 161 to 226 fathoms, the largest specimen measuring,
alt. 208 mm., lat. 156 mm., diam. 59 mm. L. (Acesta) celebensis
has an alt. of 159 mm., and was dredged south of North Island,
Buton Strait, in 519 fathoms. The paper is a valuable contribu
tion to our knowledge of the deep-sea mollusca. — C. W. J.
THE PHILIPPINE MOLLLSKS OF THE GENUS DIMTA. By Paul
Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45. pp. 305-307, pis. 27 and
28, 1913). Dimya lima was found attached to the shells of Lima
(Callolima} smithi and L. (Callolima) dalli, in 161 to 281 fathoms.
MOLLUSQUES DE LA FRANCE ET DES REGIONS VoiSINES. Par
A. Vayesidre, professeur & la Facult6 des sciences de Marseille, et
48 THE NAUTILUS.
L. Germain, prdparateur au Museum d'Histoire naturelle et a
1'Institut Oedanographique. 2 vols. in 18vo, 800 pages, with 67
plates containing 707 figures.1
The first volume, treating of the Amphineura and Opisthobranchs,
is from the pen of Professor Vayssi&re, than whom no more compe-
tent authority could be found, the Opisthobranchs having occupied
the author for many years. This connected account of the European
species, in which the results of the most recent studies are presented
in condensed form, will be a valuable reference book for classification
and synonymy as well as a guide to identification.
The second volume contains an account of the land and fluviatile
gastropod mollusks, by M. Louis Germain, who treats the subject in
a broad spirit, relegating to synonymy many of the so-called species
contained in the works of Locard and other writers of the species-
splitting school. The work will doubtless be very useful in Europe,
and also to conchologists elsewhere who have occasion to refer to
European species. The figures, while characteristic, are coarse and
crudely executed, and by no means equal to the other qualities of the
work. The price is very moderate, 10 francs for the two volumes.
— H. A. P.
DIAGNOSES OF NEW SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN. By
William Healey Ball. Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. 45, pp. 587-
i97. Twenty-two new species from both shores of the Pacific are
described, and one new genus, Halicardissa, type Verticordia per-
plicata Dall, from near the Galapagos Is.
NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By Paul
Bartsch. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45. Obba worcesteri and
Cochlostyla olanivanensts, from Olanivan I., &nd\Cochlostyla calusa-
«/mV, from Calusa I., are land shells from small and rarely visite<l
islands.
NOTES.
The ninety-third anniversary of the birthday of the Rev. Joseph
Rowell was celebrated by a luncheon on April 20th. Many inter-
esting speeches recalled events in the long career of Mr. Rowell as
pastor of the Mariners' Church in San Francisco tor 55 years. Two
generations of conchologists have known Mr. Rowell as a naturalist.
The day was concluded with a dinner and family reunion.
1 Forming part of the " Encyclopedic Scientifique," issued by 0. Doin et Fils,
8 Place de Od&rn, Paris.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. SEPTEMBER, 1913. No. 5
NOTE ON A NEW VARIETY OF EPIPHAGMOPHOKA TTJDICULATA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
This species is widely distributed in the southern part of Cali-
fornia where it inhabits regions of quite diverse conditions of
climate and soil. As would be expected, it varies conspicuously.
Numerous races or local subspecies have been defined. Without
entering into any revision of them here, a brief synopsis of the
races may be found useful. Typical E. tudiculata Binney. Shell
large, solid, copiously malleate, moderately to narrowly umbilicate.
Type locality San Diego.
E. t. cypreophila Cooper. Smaller, thinner, often less malleate.
Tuolumme, Merced and Calaveras Counties. Probably a Lower-
Sonoran form.
E. t. umbilicata Pils. Openly umbilicate, solid, finely malleate
throughout. San Luis Obispo Co.
E. t. convicta Hemph. Small, copiously malleate, without a band
at the shoulder. San Diego Co.
E. t. subdolus Hemph. Similar but banded, and a little smoother.
Probably Upper- Sonoran. San Jacinto Valley.
E. t. tularensis Hemph. Perforate, very thin, yellowish citrine
or light yellowish olive. Fraser's Mill, Tulare Co.
E. t. binneyi Hemph. " Uniform greenish yellow without blotches
or markings except a very faint trace of a band at the periphery.
Mountains of San Diego Co."
E. t. grippi n. subsp. PI. 3, figs. 15, 16, 17.
The shell is thin, imperf orate, more globose than tudiculata,
50 THE NAUTILUS.
strongly striate above, smoother and very glossy below, not malleatedr
or with only slight traces of malleation. Color dark raw umber or
passing into dark olive, with a conspicuous dark chocolate band
above the periphery, bordered with ecru-olive. Sutural line citron-
yellow. First four whorls russet or sometimes salmon-buff. Colu-
mellar lip spreads and is adnate over the umbilicus.
Alt. 24, diam. 32 mm.
Alt. 21.5, diam. 28.3 mm.
Santee, 18 miles from San Diego, California, collected by the late
Mr. C. W. Gripp. Figured cotypes and eight others are No,
105300 A. N. S. P.
This very handsome snail is probably most nearly related to E. t.
binneyi Hemph. which was described from a single specimen. It is
known to me by one " dead " shell from Murphy's Canyon Mission
Valley, San Diego Co., identified by Mr. Hemphill and given me by
Doctor Fred Baker. E. t. binneyi is less globose than grrppi,.
lighter colored, with no band.
NOTES ON SOME OREOHELICES FROM WYOMING.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The material giving occasion for these notes was collected by Mr-
Don W. Walker in the vicinity of Shell, Big Horn Co., in northern
Wyoming, for Mr. Junius Henderson, Curator of the University
Museum at Boulder, Colo. We are indebted to Mr. Henderson for
the opportunity of studying the shells, and for various notes bearing
upon them, in part quoted below.
OREOHELIX YAVAPAI EXTREMITATIS Pilsbry & Ferriss.
Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell, Wyo., with 0-
cooperi and 0. pygmtza, see below. Dry Gulch 2£ miles east and 3
miles north of Shell, a dry place without timber, only a few bushes ^
dead weathered shells, strongly keeled. White Creek Canyon, 8
miles east of Shell, in very damp pine forest, only dead shells found.
Trapper's Creek 7 miles east of Shell, about 4 miles south of White
Creek Canyon, dead shells only.
This is a carinated form which differs from 0. hemphilli (Newc.),
by being less excavated above and below the peripheral keel, the
THE NAUTILUS. 51
iast whorl far less swollen above. In 0. hemphilli all post embryonic
whorls are more convex above. Moreover, 0. hemphilli, according
to Mr. Binney, has well-developed side-cusps on central and lateral
teeth. These are entirely wanting in 0. yavapai and its varieties,
in numerous specimens I have examined, including some from Shell
Creek Canyon.
The Oreohelices are divisible into two groups by certain peculiar-
ities of the soft anatomy. One of these groups has hitherto been
found only in Arizona, and comprised 0. barbata of the Chiricahua
Mts., and 0. yavapai of central Arizona and New Mexico, with
several subspecies in the Grand Canyon.1 0. y. extremitatis lives
just below the rim of the Canyon. On comparison with the speci-
mens from Wyoming, no tangible difference, either in the shell or
the soft anatomy could be found. Both vary somewhat in the prom-
inence of the peripheral keel, but in the Wyoming specimens it is
usually a trifle more prominent than in the average extremitatis from
Arizona, the most strongly keeled " subfossil " shells reminding one
of 0. chiricahuana. On comparing a large number the difference is
minimized, selected extremitatis from the type locality having the
keel as strong as in any of the Wyoming lot.
The extension of this form northward is unexpected, the whole
width of Utah and Colorado as well as most of Wyoming lying
between its northern and southern areas. Mr. Henderson writes :
" I suppose little is yet really known of the molluscan fauna of
the region intervening between the Grand Canyon and Wyoming.
I find but little published literature on Wyoming shells, and do not
know of much collecting having been done in eastern Utah or west-
ern Colorado. It is true that at present there are great stretches of
country unfavorable to land snails in that region, and equally true
that semi-arid conditions have prevailed in the southwest for a long
time — probably since Pliocene time. Nevertheless, there are sev-
eral reasons for believing that during that long period of semi-aridity
there has been more or less fluctuation within narrow limits. Dur-
ing each cycle of increased moisture favorable conditions would reach
greater extent, and if the snails spread with the increase of favor-
able territory, there would be small areas where they could obtain a
'See "Mollusca of the Southwestern States V," 1911, where the Oreohelices
of the Grand Canyon are figured.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
foothold and continue to thrive locally until the next cycle of mois-
ture, and thus in a few hundred years, perhaps extend their range a
long way, and in a few thousand years cross a State or two. I have
some interesting mollusk records bearing upon the question of such
fluctuations, not yet published. So the mere fact of intervening dis-
tance is not a fatal objection to considering the Wyoming shells
identical with the Grand Canyon form, if you do not think the
difference in the keel is sufficient to separate them, of which I am
doubtful myself. * * * * Professor Cockerell was just in the Museum
and we went over the extremitatis material together, and conclude
that in the unerocled shells there is no essential difference between
the Wyoming specimens and those from the Grand Canyon, so I am
labelling them all extremitatis." l
r-
OKEOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.).
Trapper's Creek, 7 miles east of Shell, White Creek Canyon.
Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell. 2 miles south of
Anchor on the north slope of mountain at its foot, among pines and
underbrush, on Owl Creek. This place is about 60 miles south of
Shell Creek.
OREOHELIX PTGM.EA n. sp. Plate III, figs. 10, 11, 12.
The shell is related to 0. cooperi, from which it differs in being
smaller, with a narrower umbilicus, much more convex whorls, and
rougher sculpture. The spire is convexly conic. Embryonic two
whorls moderately convex, finely and weakly striate, with a few dis-
tinct spirals on the latter part near the periphery. Post embryonic
whorls increase very slowly and are very convex, the convexity
greater above the middle of each, with sculpture of strong, irregular
wrinkles along growth-lines and moderate or very weak spiral im-
pressed lines. On the last whorl, which is very convex throughout,
the sculpture is strongest above, but continues upon the base. Suture
deeply impressed. Umbilicus small, its width contained five to six
times in that of the shell. Peristome thin, forming | to |- of a circle.
The spire is flesh-colored when worn, fleshy-brown with whitish
streaks in young shells; the last 1 or l£ whorls are impure white
with fleshy streaks ; marked with a deep brown band below the
1 Junius Henderson in letter, Nov. 15, 1912.
T11E NAUTILUS. 53
periphery, and usually several narrower bands above it and on the
base.
Alt. 8.7, diam. 11 rum., whorls 5.
Alt. 7, diam. 9.7 mm., whorls 4^.
Alt. 7, diam. 9.3 mm.
Alt. 8, diam. 9 mm.
Shell Creek Canyon, 10 miles northeast of Shell, Wyoming, type
and cotypes no. 106977 A. N. S. P., also 106979 A. N. S. P. (dead
shells from type loc. ). Also in coll. University of Colorado. It
was found also in White Creek Canyon, 8 miles east of Shell, in
very damp pine forest. Collected by Don W. Walker.
" Mr. Walker, who collected the Wyoming material, says the
Shell Creek pygmaea and cooperi were found together on a steep
slope on the south side of the canyon, where they occurred in great
numbers, more of the small ones below and more of the cooperi
above " (Henderson). It was found with 0. cooperi also in White
Creek Canyon.
This snail is exactly intermediate between 0. cooperi (W. G. B.)
and 0. peripherica (Ancey). The irregular costulae or wrinkles are
stronger than in the first, but weaker and less regular than in 0.
peripherica. Further collections in Wyoming may show that 0.
pygmaea connects with one or the other of these species, but at pres-
ent it seems best to rank it as a distinct species, since this course is
more likely to insure critical examination into its status by those
who may secure further material. Moreover, its occurrence in com-
pany with 0. cooperi disposes of the hypothesis that pygrncza is a
stunted or unfavorable-station form of cooperi — an idea which I
would otherwise have been inclined to harbor. It is readily distin-
guishable from young or small cooperi by the far greater convexity
of the whorls of the spire, as well as by the sculpture. As I have
seen a great number of 0. cooperi from many places, it does not
seem likely that intergrading forms occur.
0. cooperi minor (Ckll.) is a larger form than pygmtza, having
less convex whorls, and the other characters of cooperi, of which it
is, as the name implies, merely a somewhat diminutive race. Speci-
mens from Mr. Henderson, taken at McCoy, Colo., and identified
by Professor Cockerell as his var. minor, have been compared.
0. peripherica (Anc.) is the prior specific name to include the
series of local races described as var. binneyi, newcombi, multicostata,
54 THE NAUTILUS.
gouldi, albofasciata and castaneus Hemphill,1 all of northeastern
Utah. So far as specimens now known to us give evidence, these
local forms taken together constitute a species distinct from 0.
idahoensis (Newc.). No real intergrades between peripherica and
idahoensis have yet been found, whatever may exist still uncaught in
the territory intervening between their respective areas.
MOLLUSCA FROM WYOMING CO., N. Y.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
A few years ago the writer spent a week's vacation in Wyoming
County, N. Y., and incidently gathered a few shells as opportunity
offered.
Banks of Genesee River, near Portage, under bark of dead tree
trunk :
Zonitoides arborea ( Say).
Gastrodonta ligera (Say).
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.).
In running brook by roadside:
Galba umbilicata (C. B. Adams).
Farm of John Smallwood, near Warsaw, swamp in bottom land :
Galba palustris (Mull.).
Physa gyrina (Say).
Swales in upland woods :
Zonitoides arborea (Say).
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry.
Succinea avara Say.
Physa gyrina Say.
Aplexa hypnorum (Linne).
Segmentina armigera (Say).
Galba palustris (Miill.).
Galba obrussa (Say).
Galba umbilicata (C. B. Adams).
Sphecrium occidentale Prime.
1 See Second Supplement to Terr. Moll. V, pp. 29-32.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
THE GENERIC NAME TO BE USED FOR MUREX TRITONIS LINNE.
BY TOM IREDALE.
In THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI, pp. 53, 59, Sept., 1912, my
friend Dr. W. H. Ball, commenting upon a note by Mathews and
myself regarding the first introduction of the genus Septa by Perry,
wrote: " The first name available for the group typified by Murex
tritonis L. seems to be Nyctilochus of Gistel, 1848."
Recently, referring to some notes I made upon Gistel's names a
complication seems apparent and I therefore give the data I have.
Gistel in the " Naturgeschichte Thierreiche," 1848, gave a long
list of preoccupied names and substitutes. On p. 11 he included ;
" Triton (Laurenti, Lurch) bl : Triton (Broderip, Isis 1835, 453,
Rankenfiissl): Nyctilochus N."
From this it would appear thatNyctilochus was provided as a sub-
stitute for Triton of Broderip as used in the Isis 1835, 453. At
this place a resume of the papers published in the Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. is given and we find :
"P. 71, Triton clatliratus, nitiduliis, distortus, reticulatus, mediter-
raneus, ceylonensis, lineatus, decollatus."
The « p. 71 " refers to the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1833, where
these species are described by " G. B. Sowerby," and a note given
after lineatus reads :
" These seven may be regarded by some as mere varieties of Trit.
maculosus of Lamarck, although I am fully satisfied of their being
perfectly distinct species."
There is evidently an error in Gistel's reference both to the
column of the " Isis " and to the page of the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society, the second error deriving from the first. The
reference to the " Isis" should be column 452 ; there is no paper on
Briton by Broderip on page 71 of the Proceedings, but there is on
page 5. Here we have a different list from that of Sowerby, namely,
Triton lignarius, constrictus, tigrinns, rudis, lineatus, gibbosus, sca-
lariformis, and convolutus. None of these is a Septa, and Nyctilochus
judged by either list of species is synonymous with Bolten's earlier
names, or with Fusus Helbling (non auct.~).
In the body of his work Gistel however provided a generic name
for M. tritonis L. alone, and I conclude that this name should be
used. On p. 170, Gistel introduced :
56 THE NAUTILUS.
" Tritonshornschnecke {Charonia Nob.; sonst : Tritoniuni)." Then
follows a generic diagnosis and there is given a description of the
species " Ch. tritonis Nob."
I conclude then, if no name exists prior to Gistel, 1848, that
Charonia Gistel should be the generic name to be used for .Murex
tritonis Linn 6.
Two further points require notice : To those unable to refer to
Gistel a second Charonia might prove troublesome, as on p. 178 with
a quaint carelessness he proposes Charonia for an Acaleph.
The family name to be used for the Tritons I would suggest should
be Cymatiidse, based upon the oldest genus name in the family.
Basing the family name upon the supposed typical genus seems a
quite unscientific method, as so much would depend upon the per-
sonal equation ; speaking for myself I would have considered Murex
tritonis Linne, a quite atypical member of the family, glancing over
the whole of the molluscs at present associated in it.
THE UNIONS FAUNA OF THE GREAT LAKES.
BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.
(Continued from page ^7.)
IV.
From what has already been said, it would seem to be clear that
there is not any possibility that the present fauna of Lake Erie
could be a relict fauna that persisted there during the glacial period.
The entire region was covered by the ice and the entire configura-
tion of the land was overwhelmed, blotted out, and the system of
drainage was entirely changed by the drift deposited on the retreat
of the ice. That under the enormous thickness of the ice cap
throughout that entire area, there could have been any survival of a
Naiad fauna seems absolutely impossible. But there are other facts,
which show that the representatives now found in the Great Lake
region of the Mississippi and Ohio faunas, are the results of a post-
glacial invasion and that the modifications that have taken place in
their size, shape, and appearance have been brought about by en-
vironmental changes since glacial times. The entire Lower Penin-
sula of Michigan was in the glaciated area. If the present fauna of
that area has been derived from a survival in the Great Lakes, or in
THE NAUTILUS. 57
any of the pre-glacial streams of that region, of the pre-glacial fauna,
and not from a post-glacial invasion from the south, it would seem
a necessary result that the Unione fauna of the entire region should
be to-day of the same general character, and that the peculiarities of
the present Lake Erie fauna should be also characteristic of the
same species as found in the interior waters of the State. But that
is not the fact. The differentiation that has occurred is entirely in
the race which is found in the colder waters of the Great Lakes.
In the warmer waters of the interior of the State, the species attain
the same size, the same luxuriance of growth and the same color
that they do at the present time in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys.
In other words, the interior waters of the Lower Peninsula of
Michigan are inhabited by the typical forms of these species just as
clearly and as certainly as the examples found in the Great Lakes
are peculiarly modified into what is known as the Great Lake forms.
Thus, for example, the Great Lake form of the species known as
Lampsilis recta is depauperate, and standing by itself, would seem
to be specifically different from the typical form. It was described
as a distinct species under the name of sageri by Conrad. But in
the Rouge River, less than ten miles from Detroit River, and in the
Clinton River, at Mt. Clemens, at no greater distance from Lake
St. Clair, examples of this species are typical in every respect, and
are as large and heavy as the average specimens from the Ohio and
Mississippi valleys. The same is true of nearly every species now
represented in the peculiar fauna of the Great Lakes. That being
the case, it is obvious that either one of two things must be true.
There has been no natural connection between the St. Lawrence
region and the Ohio Valley since the Maumee outlet of the post-
glacial Lake Erie was cut off by the retreat of the ice and the
establishment of another outlet at a lower level. If the present
Lake Erie fauna was the survival of the pre-glacial fauna of that
region, then the interior of the State must have been populated by
migration upstream from the relict fauna of the Great Lakes,
and it hardly seems possible if that were true, that the subsequent
modifications of these species from the Great Lake form consequent
upon their introduction to a different environment, warmer water)
and more abundant food, should have been directly back to and
exactly coincident with the typical form as found in the regions
south of the glaciated area. On the other hand, if that is not so, the
58 THE NAUTILUS.
only alternative is that the present Lake Erie fauna was derived
from an immigration of the typical forms from the south, and that
where these immigrants obtained a foothold in the interior waters of
the State, where the local conditions were substantially the same as
those in the Ohio Valley, they retained their characteristic form,
while such individuals of this invasion as remained in the Great
Lakes and were subject to the peculiar influences of that environ-
ment, became modified by it with the result, as shown by the present
conditions, of a varietal, but not a specific, differentiation.
In conclusion, the deductions that would seem to naturally result
from the foregoing discussion are these:
1. That the Atlantic fauna originated from a very early pre-glacial
invasion from the west, probably in late cretaceous or early tertiary
times.
2. That the present extension of the Atlantic fauna towards the
northwest was the result of an invasion from the west, in post-glacial
times, most probably through the Mohawk and Trent outlets into
Georgian Bay, and from thence into Lake Superior.
3. That the present existence of so large a representation of the
Mississippian fauna in Lake Erie is to be ascribed to a post-glacial
invasion from the Mississippi Valley through the Maumee outlet into
the post-glacial Lake Maumee.
4. That the original pre-glacial fauna of the present St. Lawrence
system was absolutely exterminated during the glacial period, and
that the peculiar fauna now characteristic of Lake Erie is the result
of the modification from environmental causes of the post-glacial
immigrants from the south, and not the result of any survival in that
region of any part of the pre-glacial fauna.
NOTE By an error on the part of the type-writer, Ptychobranchus
phaseolus Hild. was omitted from the list of the Lake Erie species
on p. 22. It was included in the original draft of the paper and is
necessary to complete the tally of " thirty species " peculiar to that
lake mentioned on p. 23. It is an abundant species at the western
end of the lake, but dwarfed like most of the fauna.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Branner, John C. The Former Extension of the Appalachians
across Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Am. Jour. Sci. (4), iv,
1897, p. 357.
THE NAUTILUS. 59
2. Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of
Niagara Falls and Vicinity. Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1901,
No. 1.
3. Fowke, Gerard. Pre-glacial Drainage Conditions in the
Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. O. State Acad. Sci., Special Papers*
No. 3, 1900, p. 68.
4. Taylor, F. B. A Short History of the Great Lakes. Studies
in Indiana Geography, x, 1897.
5. Walker, Bryant. The Distribution of the Unionidas in Michi-
gan, 1898.
MAEINE SHELLS FROM DRIFT ON TIPPER MATECUMBZ KEY, FLORIDA.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.
In May last while cruising down the Florida keys in the " Eolis,"
Mr. Simpson, Mr. Clapp and I went ashore on Upper Matecumbe
for an assault upon the land shells. Returning along the beach we
observed a little sheltered cove, wherein the usual line of small drift
shells appeared to be exceptionally rich. We scooped up a pill-box
full — containing about the measure of an ordinary tablespoon — of this
rubbish. The appended list of species therein contained may be of
interest. The presence of Pyrazus milium Dall is noteworthy, as
this little Cerithium has only recently been described from the Pleis-
tocene of Panama. The Sayella crosseana Dall is also interesting.
This specimen is perfect, of a rich chestnut-brown, and greatly re-
sembles a miniature Obeliscus from Cuba. There are some other
species in the lot, but the shells are too young or worn for positive
identification.
Rissoina chesnelli Mich. Crepidula fornicata L. (young).
Rissoina laevigata C. B. Ad. Acmaea punctulata pulcherrima
Rissoina decussata Montagu. Guild.
Rissoina cancellata Philippi. Siphonaria alternata Say
Alvania lipeus Dall. (young).
Litiopa bombyx Kiener. Phasianella pulchella Orb.
Caecum floridanum Stimp. Neritina viridis Lam.
Caecum cooperi Smith. Neritina virginea L. (young).
Meioceras nitidum Stimp. Ischnochiton papillosus Ad.
Seila terebralis C. B. Ad. Eulima gracilis C. B. Ad.
Cerithium variabilis Ad. (small Pedipes mirabilis Muhlf.
race). Actaeon punctostriatus C. B.
Pyrazus milium Dall. Ad.
Triforis nigrocinctus C. B. Ad. Tornatina canaliculata Say.
Bittium varium Pfr. Tornatina candei Orb.
Mangilia biconica C. B. Ad. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.
GO
THE NAUTILUS.
Mangilia atrostyla Dall.
Mangilia stellata Stearns.
Marginella catenata Montagu.
Anachis avara Say (var.).
Anacliis pulchella Kiener.
Olivella mutica Say.
Olivella floralia Duclos.
Crepidula convexa Say (young).
Truncatella caribbeensis Sby.
Sayella crosseana Dall.
Odostomia sp.
Augulus tampaensis Conr.
Pleuromeris tridentata Say.
Codakia orbiculata Mtg.
Chione grus Holmes.
Transenella stimpsoni Dall.
CORRESPONDENCE FROM ARIZONA.
Late in May Mr. Ferriss went into camp in Sabino canyon in the
southern Catalinas, about 20 miles from Tucson. The following
extracts give an idea of the conditions of molluscan life in that
vicinity.
" The climate here is dryer than formerly, or else \ve have much
to find out touching the Sonorellas. This situation will compare
favorably with Nine-mile Waterhole in the Chiricahuas, and the
Sierra Colorado, as to crumbling granite and quartzite, dryness and
heat. I go forth for dead shells, and if any are found alive it is so
much velvet. The proportion of dead in fair condition to alive is
about 100 to 1, and you have nearly all the live ones. That is, I
find about one alive on each day's trip. In some cases one species
apparently died out years ago and another came in later; thus I have
some very old shells.
" Another thing that makes me feel that the climate has changed is
that there are remains of an Indian city at the mouth of the canyon,
extending up to the Rincons, ten miles, and about four in width.
When the water failed they probably moved. There are similar
village foundations on the other side of the mountain and on the
east side of the Dragoons.
" There is more bird, fish and mammal life here than in any
mountain we have visited, and much of it is interesting, and again
I am sorry you are not here. The snakes and lizards are fine. I
have a good turtle shell the Acadamy can have if of value. There
is also a little '' stink pot " in the stream.
" The prairie dog here is a mere puppy, a pigmy. The chipmunks
and squirrels are different. The birds are gorgeous. * * *
" JAS. N. FERRISS."
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE IV
1-5. PILSBRY: CLAUSILIA EMhRSONIANA.
6-8. CLAPP: GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI PFR.
9, 10. HENDERSON AND CLAPP: CERION BIMINIENSE.
11. PILSBRY: PARTULA EMERSONI.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. OCTOBER, 1913. No. 6
FURTHER NOTES ON HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEW ENGLAND.
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
About 1834 Amos Binney collected and later described (Boston
Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 485, pi. 17, 1837) a form of Helix hor-
tensis as Helix subglobosa, stating that " it is common on the lower
part of Cape Cod and on Cape Ann, and is very abundant on Salt
Island, a rocky, uninhabited island near Gloucester." Salt Island
being the only exact locality mentioned might therefore be consid-
ered the type locality of this form. Binney had evidently at that
time not seen a banded form from North America, for on page 487,
in comparing these with the Helix hortensis of Europe, he says :
" Ours being yellow, with an olivaceous tint and destitute of bands,
while that is remarkable for its great diversity of coloring and
brilliant zones."
Again referring to the species under Helix hortensis in his " Ter-
restrial Air-breathing Mollusks," vol. ii, p. 112, he says: "The
prevalent character of this and probably of other species in a given
locality seems to undergo a considerable change from time to time.
When I first visited Salt Island, where this species abounds, ten
years ago, it was impossible to find a single specimen with either
lines or bands, one uniform color prevailed throughout. At the
present time the banded varieties are said not to be uncommon."
Recently I obtained from Salt Island a number of specimens, all
representing the plain olivaceous yellow form described by Binney
as H. subglobosa. Not a single banded form could be found on the
island. On the other hand, on Briar Neck, a rocky promontory only
62 THE NAUTILUS.
one-fifth of a mile from Salt Island, to which one can walk at low
tide, only the banded form — 12345 and occasionally 10345 — could be
found. Note that Binney in his second work says, " banded varie-
ties are said not to be uncommon." This would indicate that he did
not visit the island a second time, and that there is no positive proof
that the banded varieties referred to came from there. They were
probably found on the near-by promontory.
At Bass Rocks, one-half mile southwest of Briar Neck, and sepa-
rated by a sandy beach, marsh and creek, both the plain and banded
forma occur in almost equal numbers. The yellowish-white form,
subalbida Locard, comprise about one-half of those classed as plain,
the other being the bright yellow form, often with an obsolete brown
or translucent band. The banded forms show the following varia-
tions: 12345, 123(45), 12045, 00300. After a shower I found
these in numbers, but only along the narrow strip of natural growth
left between the road and high-water mark. This strip being trav-
ersed by a walk, many were crushed under foot by pedestrians. I
next visited Emerson Point (" Land's End," Rockport), about two
miles northeast of Briar Neck, from which it is separated by Long
Beach and a small creek. Here I found both the plain and banded
forms, only about 25 per cent., however, being banded.
It seems quite interesting that in the four localities above men-
tioned, the shells from the two nearest together (Salt Island and
Briar Neck) show scarcely any variation in their respective stations,
while those found on either side are considerably diversified, and
that the form subglobosa on Salt Island has undoubtedly remained
unchanged since Amos Binney collected it there about eighty years
ago.
During the month of July Dr. J. A. Cushman, while collecting
material with Prof. J. S. Kingsley in Casco Bay, Maine, visited a
number of the islands and made a very interesting collection of
Helix hortensis, adding materially to our knowledge of its distribu-
tion. On the western portion of Brown Cow Island, 96 specimens
were collected, of which six were banded — 12345 ; nine had pale
translucent bands — v. arenicola, and the remainder were the v. sub-
globosa. From the eastern portion of the island the material con-
tains 35 v. subglobosa and six banded — 12345; among the latter
there was a tendency for bands one and two to fuse toward the
margin.
THE NAUTILUS. 63
From Inner Green Island the collection contained 160 plain ; 16
banded — 12345; 3 — 00300; band three is somewhat obsolete, and
bands one and two are frequently more or less fused toward the
margin ; a few with translucent bands.
The collection from Swan Island of 43 specimens are all banded
— 12345, and show but little variation.
The specimens from White Bull Island show perhaps the greatest
variation of any New England locality. The following variations
were represented in a series of 95 specimens; 6 subglobosa ; 4,
00300, band usually obsolete except near the margin ; 2, 00340,
band four obsolete except near the margin, and bands one and fire
very slightly indicated near the margin ; 68, 12345 ; 10, (12)345 ;
1, (123)45 ; 3, (12345). The species has not before been recorded
from the last two mentioned islands.
On Eastern Mark Island only Pyramidula alternata Say, and
Polyyyra albolabris Say, were found, with one sinistral specimen of
the latter. On Jaquish and Turnip Islands only Pyramidula
alternata was found.
LAND SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE BIMINI ISLANDS, GUN AND
CAT CAYS, BAHAMAS.
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
In May 1912 the writer with J. B. Henderson and Charles T.
Simpson visited the Biminis and adjacent keys in the yacht Eolis.
The object of the expedition was primarily for the collection of
marine mollusks along the edge of the Gulf Stream which almost
touches the shore of these islands ; considerable effort was made
however, to secure a full list of the land shells and the following
represents the results of some hard work under a very hot sun. The
identification of these shells was made under the difficulties always
presented by a fauna that consists of a mixture of several elements
and where the various races of species through isolation have taken
on characteristics differing slightly from the typical. The astonish-
ing abundance of Cepolis varians is worthy of comment. For the
most part, however, land shells are not abundant on these islands,
even the Cerions, that standby of collectors in the Bahamas, are
only to be gathered in a few restricted localities.
64
THE NAUTILUS.
Lucidella tantilla Pils.
Opisthosiphon bahamensis Shutt.
Tbysanophora selenina Gld.
" sp.
" sp.
Pupoides modicus Gld.
Bifidaria servilis Gld.
" hordeacella Pils. (?)
" sp.
Strobilops hubbardi A. D. Br.
Opeas pumilum Pfr.
Oleacina solidula Pfr.
Varicella (Pichardiella) gracillima
floridana Pils.
Polygyra microdonta Desh.
Cepolis (Hemitrochus) varians
Mke.
Cepolis (Hemitrochus) maynardi
Pils.
Cepolis (Plagioptycha) duclosiana
Fer.
Succinea sp. (juv.)
Cerion maynardi Pils.
" biminiense H. and C.
" pillsburyi Pils. & Van.
Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.
Gun Cay.
Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.
Bimini.
Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.
Bimini, and Cat Cay.
Bimini, and Cat Cay.
Bimini, arid Cat Cay.
Cat Cay.
Bimini.
Bimini.
Cat Cay.
Bimini, Cat Cay.
Bimini.
Bimini.
Bimini, Cat and Gun Cays.
Bimini.
Bimini.
Bimini.
Bimini.
Bimini.
The above listed Bif. servilis Gld. cannot well be separated from
B. rupicola Say of the Atlantic coast of the United States.
CEEION (STROPHIOPS) BIMINIENSE SP. NOV.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR., AND GEO. H. CLAPP.
Shell shortly rimate, cylindric in the last two whorls, then gradu-
ally tapering to the apex; solid and strong ; livid flesh-colored, fre-
quently with whitish blotches, which include two or three ribs, or the
ribs may be lighter than the body color; tip generally white and the
last whorl much lighter below the periphery. Sculpture of regular,
THE NAUTILUS. 65
crowded ribs narrower than their intervals ; ribs slightly bent for-
ward at the suture, 32 to 36 on the penultimate whorl in average
specimens. Whorls about 10, very slightly convex, the last ascend-
ing in front. Aperture vertical, slightly flesh-tinted inside ; peri-
stome white, thick, well reflexed, terminations slightly approaching;
parietal callus heavy, appressed. Parietal tooth narrow and very
short, about ^ mm. high, axial fold moderate.
Smallest, length 19^, diam. 10£, aperture 8^- x 7| mm., whorls 9,
ribs 33.
Largest, length 27|, diam. 13, aperture 11^ x 9| mm., whorls 10>
ribs 37.
Average length 24^, diam. 12, aperture 10 x 9 mm., whorls 10,
ribs 36.
There is considerable variation in the number of ribs, as a speci-
men 21|x 10^ mm. has 38, one 22 x 11| has 42, and one 27^ x 12
has only 31.
Plate IV, figs. 9, 10. Over 200 shells have been examined.
Southern end of North Bimini Cay, Bahamas, May, 1912.
These shells were collected on the extreme southern end of the
Cay on young sisal plants. From 15 to 30 shells could be gathered
from a single plant. An occasional specimen was picked up under
or on the " sea-grapes," but it appears to be confined to the southern
point of the island, as further up only an occasional dead " crab-
shell " was found. About three-quarters of these shells are cleaned
perfectly, and these are considerably lighter than the ones in which
part of the animal remains. By accident only two young examples
were saved, and these show no sign of internal teeth. In collecting
we noticed that a number of the adult shells had the lower part of
the lip bitten off, as if some rodent had attacked them at that point.
NEW SPECIES OF CLAUSILIA AND PARTULA FROM THE COLLECTION
OF MR. J. S. EMERSON.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
When looking over the fine series of Hawaiian shells in the col-
lection of Mr. Emerson in Honolulu, I had opportunity to note the
presence of many shells foreign to the islands. Among them there
is a good series of land shells collected by him in Europe, and many
66 THE NAUTILUS.
interesting South Sea shells from places visited by the well-known
" Morning Star," and from other sources.
Unfortunately the limitation of my time allowed only brief glances
at a few drawers of this rich material. The following species were
among a few shells which Mr. Emerson put aside for me to take
home for determination.
CLAUSILIA EMERSONIANA n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 1 to 5.
The shell is slenderly fusiform, opaque, vinaceous buff with paler
ribs, upper half tapering slowly to an obtuse apex. Whorls about
10, the first 2 corneous, very convex, delicately striate, the tip
glossy ; riblets then begin, at first rather well spaced on the convex
whorls. In the middle of the fifth whorl they become closer, and
from there to the last whorl they are close, straight and strong, and
the whorls are only slightly convex. The last whorl, in dorsal view,
is decidedly narrower, straight-sided, the base convex, indistinctly
angular at junction of lateral and basal surfaces. The back of the
last whorl has few, widely separated ribs, alternating with short ones
below the suture. Last whorl solute, shortly free. Aperture
quadrate-rounded, the peristome continuous, free, white, broadly
expanded and reflected. Superior lamella low, not attaining the
margin, widely separated from the spiral lamella ; inferior lamella low,
obliquely ascending, sigmoid, penetrating slightly deeper lhan the
spiral lamella, to the middle of the ventral face. Subcolumellar
lamella not visible in the aperture. Principal plica strong, con-
spicuous in the aperture, penetrating to a lateral position, approach-
ing close to the spiral lamella deep within. Lunella lateral, straight,
oblique, somewhat protractive, at the upper end terminating in an
ill-defined upper palatal nodule which is united by a callus with the
principal plica ; lower end of the lunella running into an oblique
lower palatal plica.
Length 17.5, diam. in the middle 3.5 mm.; 10^ whorls.
Length 15.25, diam. in the middle 3.4 mm.; 9^ whorls.
The clausilium is narrow, parallel-sided, arcuate and twisted, in
transverse section v-shaped, much thickened along the longitudinal
convexity and at the distal end, which is obtusely rounded ; grad-
ually tapering into the filament above. PI. IV, figs. 1, '2.
Malta. Cotvpes No. 108775 A. N. S. P. and in Mr. Emerson's
collection.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
This species differs conspicuously from C. imitatrix Bttg.1 by its
mucli more slender contour and the sculpture of the last whorl, be-
sides various other details. C. melitensis Gatto, differs in sculpture,
shape and position of the lunella, etc.
C. imitatrix was placed by Dr. Boettger in the sub-genus Papilli-
fera, noting that it is transitional to Albinaria. Westerlurid in his
latest monograph places imitatrix and melitensis in a new section,
Imitatrix, of Albinaria. The systematic position of G. imitatrix is
therefore somewhat uncertain, and as that species seems the most
closely related one to C. emersoniana, I assign the latter to the sub-
genus Papillifera with some doubt. However, from the shape and
curvature of the clausilium, I do not think it can be an Albinaria.
In sculpture and texture, the shells are much like Siciliaria.
PARTI LA EMEKSONI n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 11.
The shell is rather narrowly, half-covered umbilicate, elongate,
rather thin, Isabella color or of a slightly more olive shade, having
an extremely faint brown band below the periphery and a distinct
but narrow whitish border below the suture. Surface very glossy >
earlier whorls distinctly engraved spirally, but on the penultimate
whorl only the upper half is so engraved ; last whorl not spirally stri-
ate, but distinctly and rather coarsely matteate. Outlines of the spire
slightly convex, the summit obtuse. Whorls 5|, moderately convex,
the last somewhat flattened above the periphery, very convex beneath.
Suture moderately impressed, an inconspicuous cord immediately
above and partly covered by it in the intermediate whorls. Aper-
ture long ovate; peristome nearly white, well expanded and reflected,
slightly thickened within.
Length 19.1, diam. 9.2, length of aperture with peristome 9.5 mm.
The locality of this species is unfortunately not certain. It was
collected on one of the voyages of the " Morning Star," and is
labeled " Ponape." ? As it is of Melanesian type, and unlike the
known Caroline Island Partulas, this locality seems doubtful. The
species clearly belongs to the subgenus Melanesica, but is quite dis-
tinct from all known species by the conspicuous malleation and
absence of engraved spiral lines on the last whorl. Few other spe-
cies are so long and narrow as this. It is named in honor of Mr.
J. S. Emerson, of Honolulu.
iJabrbiicber d. d. Malak. Ges. VI, p. 120, pi. 3, f. 13. Kobelt, Icono-
graphie, n. F. VI, p. 31, no. 1005.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES ON POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA, II : WAUKESHA COUNTY,
WISCONSIN.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
A few years ago Mr. Frank M. Woodruff secured a number of
post-glacial mollusks near Waukesha, Wisconsin. This locality is
in the northwestern part of the County, and is well within the area
of the late Wisconsin ice sheet. The body of water in which the
mollusks lived was one of the many small lakes left by the retiring
lobes of the Lake Michigan glacier. It has not been possible to
correlate this marl deposit with any one glacial stage of Lake Chicago.
Mr. Woodruff reports the shells as very abundant. Eight species
have been identified, as noted below :
Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry.
Physa ancillaria warreniana Lea.
Physa walkeri Crandall. Several scalariform individuals.
Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Planorbis exacuous Say.
Galba nashotahensis Baker.
A NEW SINISTKAL AMASTRA.
BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH.D.
AMASTRA PILSBRYI n. sp.
Shell imperforate, sinistral, elliptical with conic spire which is
somewhat contracted near the summit. One cotype is of an old gold
color, streaked with chestnut behind the outer lip, and with the spire
brownish ; the other (dead) cotype is wax yellow in front of the
aperture, elsewhere with a yellow gleam under a pale tawny
cuticle, the last third of the last whorl chestnut. Surface of the last
whorl semi-matt, the spire more shining ; smooth to the eye, but
under the lens unequal growth-wrinkles are seen. Embryonic 2^
THE NAUTILUS. 69
whorls carinate, the keel visible above the suture ; first half whorl
nearly smooth, the next two whorls sculptured with regular, slightly
arcuate ribs, at first rather coarse, becoming finer to the end of the
embryonic shell, which comprises 2^ whorls. Whorls 5^, convex,
the last swollen below the deeply impressed suture, ventricose,
tapering below. The aperture is rather long and narrow, slightly
oblique, white within. Peristome slightly thickened close to the
edge. Columellar lamella of moderate size, thin and spiral, white ;
parietal caUus thin.
Length 13.1, diam. 7.7, length of aperture 7 mm.
Length 13.4, diam. 8.1, length of aperture 7.1 mm.
Mt. Helu, West Maui. Cotypes in coll. Bishop Museum and
Acad. Nat. Sciences. Also in Mr. Thaanum's collection.
While sinistral species are common in Achatinella and Partulina,
they are very rare in Amastra. Outside of the section ffeteramastra,
only two have been published, Amastra thaanumi Pilsbry and A.
montagui Pilsbry, both from Oahu.
ON CYPRJEA MILIARIS GMEL., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
VARIETIES.
BY MAXWELL SMITH.
C. MILIARIS Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 5420, 1790.
Roberts' description in the Manual of Conchology, vol. vii, p. 192,
is as follows: " Differs from the preceding (lamarcki) in being nar-
rower, the dorsal spots are smaller and never ocellated, and the sides
are white." Melvill writes that the spots " are never eyed, or, at all
events, extremely rarely." This and all of the varieties are pitted
at the sides. Japan, Philippines, N. S. Wales.
C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. MAGISTRA Melvill. Proc. Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society for 1888, p. 227.
" Characters the same as in the type, but teeth very well developed,
and size, long. 2£, lat. l£ inch. . . . It is a handsome shell, and in
fine condition it slightly resembles C. guttata on dorsal surface only."
Habitat, Japan.
70 THE NAUTILUS.
C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. BREVIS var. nov.
Shell shorter, covered on the dorsal surface with larger spots, teeth
finer, aperture narrower than the type. Long, i^, lat. £ inch.
Habitat, Japan. ? Type in the writer's collection.
C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. INTERMEDIA var. nov.
Aperture like the type, sides correspondingly pitted, dorsal surface
suffused with white, yellow ground and spots showing through in the
center, similar in shape to C- eburnea. Long. 1|, lat. 1^ inch.
Habitat unknown. This form connects eburnea Barnes with miliaris
Gmel. Type in the writer's collection.
C. MILIARIS Gmel. var. EBURNEA Barnes.
C. eburnea Barnes. Ann. Lye. N. H. I., p. 133, 1824. C. lactea
Wood, 1838.
With the material on hand I believe that I am justified in reduc-
ing this well-known Cyprxa to varietal rank. It is surprising that,
at this late date, evidence should turn up to prove eburnea to be only
a variety of miliaris. The intermediate form, already described,
does so conclusively. Both occur in the Philippines. Roberts
places eburnea alter miliaris in the Manual, but writes that it " dif-
fers from lamarcki Gray in being pure ivory-white." To my mind
it only resembles it in the size of the teeth. The aperture of lamarcki
is often much narrower below.
NOTES.
MR. FRANK C. BAKER, Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sci-
ences, is spending the month of September in northern Idaho, and
expects to visit Oregon, Washington and Vancouver before returning.
DR. ARNOLD E. ORTMANN reports success in collecting Unionidse
in the North Fork of the Holston, Clinch, Powell and Upper
Cumberland rivers. He is now at Knoxville, and writes : l< I have
secured a tremendous material of Najades, and shall be able, from
the study of the anatomy, to straighten out the systematic position
of many species. Lea's work on the Najodes of this region is poor
— below criticism. He described individuals, but not species, but,
THE NAUTILUS. 71
on the other hand, he mixed up, in several instances, different
species, even genern, in one species. The best I did so far was in
Clinch River in Claiborne Co., Tenn. 38 species within £ of a
mile of the river. But I have several other good localities; and so
far only in a region where the rivers are not too large (where I was
able to wade clear across)."
COLORADO COLLEGE at its last commencement conferred the
honorary degree of Sc.D. on Professor Theodore D. A. Cockerell,
who holds the Chair of Zoology in the University of Colorado.
DR. C. MONTAGUE COOKE has returned from a trip by schooner
to Palmyra Island, an islet south of the Hawaiian group, near the
Equator.
MR. H. N. LOWE, of Long Beach, Cal., reports good success in
collecting Helices during a recent trip to Catalina Islands.
MR. D. THAANTM in company with Mr. Kuhns, of Honolulu,
spent two weeks in July collecting land shells in Maui. "With the
exception of one day, all our time was spent in entirely new territory,
and the results are highly satisfactory. Our first headquarters was
at an altitude of 4000 feet above Ulupalakua on East Maui. From
there we worked two remnants of forest, one at Polipoli (Kula),and
one on the opposite side of camp, Auwahi. Kula seemed exhausted.
Two species of Amastra and five specimens of Laminella picta were
all we could gather in, besides ' trash ' of course. Auwahi turned out
better. Four species of Amastra and one of Partulina, this latter
scarce. From there we jumped to West Maui and spent three days
in Oluwalu gulch. 1 have never seen a shell-record from there, nor
heard ot anybody ever collecting there. No Partulinas were found,
except three fragments (P. perdix and hthnsi); but I know we did
not get up high enough. Otherwise the finds were simply amazing !
Six species or varieties of Amastra, four of them apparently new,
and several new species of Leptac.hatina, besides ' pin-heads. ' "
LAND SHELLS CARRIED BY BIRDS — I am sending in a small
72 THE NAUTILUS.
vial two shells which I took alive from among the feathers of freshly-
shot Bob-o-links here at San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Cuba. I
shall be very glad to know what this Bob-o-link shell is. Is it a
Cuban shell, or did the birds bring this shell from some more south-
ern country, and if so, from what country? [The shells are Suc-
cinea riisei, a species known from St. Croix and Porto Rico.] This
will throw some light on where the birds spent the last few days
before starting for Cuba, as the shells were alive and the birds were
shot on the second day of their arrival. This is doubly interesting
to me, as I am interested in both conchology and ornithology.
This may also prove how certain shells are distributed. Did you
ever know of shells being found alive on birds? Not in them but
on them. If not, it seems to me that a note for the NAUTILUS is in
order. — CHAS. T. RAMSDEN.
FERGUSONI. — A regrettable omission occurs in my dis-
cussion of a Long Island Acmsea (A.fergusoni Wheat) in Science
Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 17-20, published July 16, 1913, by the
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. I have
just discovered in " The Molluscan Fauna of New Haven," by
George H. Perkins, Proc. Boston Society of Natural History, vol.
xiii, pp. 109—163, on p. 127, the description of a single specimen of
Tectura testudinalis from the vicinity of New Haven, "the only
specimen that I have seen from here." Mr. Perkins' description is
excellent, and proves the identity of his specimen with A. fergusoni
from Hempstead Bay and "Wading River, L. I — SILAS C. WHEAT.
CHOANOPOMA (RAMSDENIA) MIKIFICA Preston, Proc. Malac.
Soc., London, x, p. 323, June, 1913, was sent me by Mr. Chas. T.
Ramsden with the request to compare it with Ctenopoma nobilitoium
Gundl. I find that it agrees perfectly with Gundlach's species, of
which part of the original lot is before me. — H. A. PILSBRY.
MR. J. H. FERRISS is on his way, by team, to the White Moun-
tains of Arizona, which have never been explored by a conchologist.
It is rumored that the Sonorellas are in a panic.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. NOVEMBER, 1913. No. 7
NOTES ON THKACIA CONRADI.
BY EDWARD S. MORSE.
For years I have hunted m vain for a living specimen of Thracia
conradi. This year my friend John M. Gould has collected speci-
mens alive in Portland associated with Solenomya borealis, and the
expanded animal is so interesting that I am induced to publish these
observations ahead of my other work on the subject. After storms
I have repeatedly found the broken shells, often with the adductor
muscles still adhering, but never a perfect specimen. The gulls
immediately recognize the conspicuous white object on the beach
and break the thin and fragile shell, devouring the fat morsel within.
The gulls alone are not entirely responsible for the fractured shells.
A live specimen was sent to me from Portland carefully packed in
seaweed. It arrived with the umbonal region of one valve broken
and the fractured portion standing at right angles to the vertical
axis. Jeffreys reports the same feature in the British species of
Thracia. He says : " The power of tension continually exercised by
the strong and elastic cartilage exceeds that of the shell, and the
latter being the weaker body gives away and is split in the conflict.
Only one species ( T. distorta), which is comparatively more solid
than the others, resists the strain and remains uninjured."
For many years I have collected living specimens of New England
mollusca for the purpose of drawing the expanded parts of the
animal, and nearly all the larger, and many of the smaller species,
have been drawn. I have been led to do this in the belief that the
74 THE NAUTILUS.
soft parts are of more importance than the hard parts of a mollusk
in any discussion of generic or other taxonomic considerations. The
low features of the protobranchia would never have been suspected
from the shell alone. The drawings of the soft parts of the laoielli-
branchs, thus far published, are in most instances valueless and mis-
leading. An important exception to this statement is the work of
Meyer and Mobius.1 The beautiful drawings of the expanded
animals have never been surpassed. The drawings of the soft parts
of lamellibranchs in Forbes and Hanley's British Mollueca1 are,
with few exceptions, poor and misleading. In one case, indeed, the
siphonal tubes are sticking out of the wrong end of the shell ! As
an illustration of the inaccuracy of most of the efforts of drawing the
live creature, reference may be made to a drawing of Lsevicardium
mortoni, which appeared in Gould and Binney.3 Where the draw-
ing came from I do not know. In no way does it accord with the
description of the animal credited to S. Smith, nor does it bear the
faintest resemblance to the creature. This cut was reproduced in
one of the U. S. Fish Commissioners reports4 with no comment on
its inaccuracy.
A study of the soft parts of Verrill's genus Gostranella, in a living
state, revealed the fact that it was simply an early stage of Petricola
pholadiformis, and with this hint I made a complete series of the
shell from the extreme young to the adult. Dr. Dall had, however,
come independently to the same conclusion regarding the identity of
the two forms. With the exception of the classical work of William
Clark on the British Marine Testaceous Mollusca the descriptions of
the soft parts of mollusca, though rarely given, are usually inade-
quate and often incorrect. As an illustration of the character of
some of this work, could anything be more absurd than the descrip-
tion of the animal of the genus Thracia, which may be found in a
standard work on British Mollusca.8 It embraces a line of four
words and is given as a generic distinction, " Body oval, tubes
separate."
In most of the earlier descriptions the siphonal openings of Thracia
are described as fringed, and the figures of Thracia phaseolina and
distorta in Forbes and Hanley show densely fringed openings. The
figures, of course, are entirely wrong, as the descriptions quoted from
Clark indicate. The description in Jeffreys of the animal of T,
papyracea is the nearest correct of all I have yet encountered :
THE NAUTILUS. 75
" Upper tube marked with 8 and the lower with 4 faint longi-
tudinal lines or streaks, which terminate at the orifices in the same
relative number of short, thick and blunt cirri."
Allusions are made to the anatomy of the animal of Thracia
conradi in comparing it with European species, but no figure of the
expanded creature has ever been published. The nearest approach
to a description of its habits is found in a monograph on the family
Osteodesmacea, by Joseph P. Couthony,8 published seventy-five years
ago. In this monograph is first defined T. conradi as a distinct spe-
cies. He says : " The specimen of Thracia serving for the preceding
description was obtained in the early part of March last with the
living animal. It was buried about six inches below the surface at
low-water mark. An accident deprived me of an opportunity to
examine the animal, and repeated visits in search of another have
been wholly unsuccessful." Professor Verrill says : " The species
burrows so deep in the mud or sand that it is seldom taken alive with
the dredge."
The specimen of Thracia conradi which I examined remained in
a vessel of fresh sea water for three days without a sign of life. At
one time the occupants of the house were away and there was no
vibration caused by their moving about, and then for the first time
the creature timidly thrust out its tubes. It was extremely sensitive
to any jar, and placing the pencil ever so carefully on the table
caused it to immediately retract. The tubes were entirely separate
and nearly as long as the shell. The excurrent tube was bent in a
sharp curve dorsally and the incurrent tube in a similar manner
ventrally. This attitude never varied, and it occurred to me that
buried in the sand it might rest its tubes on the surface as figured by
Meyer and Mb'bius of Scrobicularia piperata. Clark in the above-
mentioned work describes a similar attitude of the tubes in Thracia
phaseolina as follows: * * * " and posteriorly, for the issue of two
moderately long siphons, which are separate nearly their length, but
the animal always carries them in a divergent posture at the ex-
tremities * * * the tubes are capable of great inflation." The
tubes when fully expanded are white and translucent, the upper tube
having its orifice surrounded by six short blunt tubercles, while the
lower tube has its orifice surrounded by four similar tubercles.
These terminate in faint longitudinal lines, marking the siphonal
tubes precisely as described in the English species. At intervals the
76
THE NAUTILUS.
tubes enlarge as if about to burst, becoming semi-globular at the
ends ; then suddenly collapsing the tubes become narrow and opaque-
white in color. The tubes may perform this action independently.
In the description of the tubes of Thracia distorta a behavior is
indicated precisely as seen in T. conradi. " Tubes globularly in-
flated at extremity, which increases whole length and then suddenly
collapses."
The most marked peculiarity of T. conradi is the sharply defined
collar which surrounds the base of the siphonal tubes. This collar
is a prolongation of the mantle, with an extension of the periostracum,
as seen in many other lamellibranchs, but in no instance have I met
with a description of any structure approaching the collar of T.
conradi. It flares like the c6rolla of a flower, and its edges are
reflected as shown in the figure here given. This prolongation of
the posterior border of the mantle is seen in other forms, but in no
case with the definition or freedom from the base of the siphonal
tubes as seen in this species.
In Saxicava and Mya the prolongation of the mantle is closely
adherent to the tubes. My own observations show that in Anatina
THE NAUTILUS. 77
papyracea the mantle is prolonged at the siphonal end but does not
surround the tubes like a collar, nor are its edges reflected. Pan-
dora trilineata has a translucent envelope surrounding the base of the
siphons and closely adherent. In Yoldia limatula and T. sapotilla
there are distinct lobes of the mantle flanking the sides of the tubes.
In Tagelus gibbus there are two projecting and rounded lappets
corresponding to the siphons. The siphonal collar of T. conradi, its
separateness from the tubes and widely reflected edge is, so far as I
know, unique among the lamellibranchs. Whether this feature
should constitute a generic character I am not prepared to say. Dr.
William StimpsonMn mentioning T. conradi says: "The absence
of an ossiculum in the species would seem sufficient to separate it
generically from other Thracise. But the animal resembles so
closely that of the large English species which possess the ossiculum,
that I have thought it best to consider the appendage unimportant."
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Meyer and Mobius. Fauna der Kieler Bucht.
2. Forbes and Hanley. A History of British Mollusca and their
Shells.
3. Gould and Binney. Invertebrata of Massachusetts.
4. Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-72, Plate
XXIV.
5. Jeffreys. British Conchology.
6. Couthouy. Monograph on the Family Osteodesmacea. Boston
Journal Natural History. Vol. II, No. 2.
7. Stimpson. A Revision of the Synonomy of the Testaceous Mol-
lusks of New England.
GUNDLACHIA HJALMARSONI PER. IN THE RIO GRANDE, TEXAS.
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
The above-mentioned Gundlachia was picked out of drift debris
collected on the Texas side of the Rio Grande by Mr. R. D. Camp
of Brownsville, Texas. It is associated in the trash with thousands
of Bifidaria, Thysanophora, etcetera, over twenty-five species in all.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Gundlachia hjalmarsoni, which Dr. Pilsbry kindly identified for
me by comparison with some of the lot collected by Hjalmarson, was
first described in 1858 by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, whose specimens came
from Honduras. No figure has ever been published, and the species
was evidently known to Crosse and Fischer and E. von Martens
only by the original account. One of my specimens is figured on
plate IV, figs. 6, 7, 8. All of the specimens found in three quarts
of the " drift " are of the septate form shown in the figure. I have
examined the material very carefully with a reading glass, and no
Ancylus was found. The figured specimen measures 4.1 mm. long,
1.8 wide, 1.2 high.
In some Rio Grande drift from Presidio, Texas, sent to me by
Bryant Walker, I found a single Gundlachia, which is indistinguish-
able from G. hjalmarsoni, except that it is only 1^ x § mm. It is
so small that I am sure I would not have noticed it if I had not been
looking for Gundlachia. It is the Brownsville shell in miniature.
The large size, peculiar shape and strong sculpture of G. hjalmar-
soni distinguish it from all other species of the United States. As
the species is new to the United States fauna, it has been thought
desirable by the Editors of the NAUTILUS to append a translation
of the original description.
" Shell ancyliform, oval-oblong in outline, thin, radially striatu-
late, pale corneous; vertex rounded, posterior; basal partition occu-
pying one-third the length, arcuately cut out; aperture dilated in
front ; basal margin not incumbent in front and behind. Length 4,
diam. in the middle scarcely 2, alt. 1^ mm.
" Hab. : Santa Roza, Honduras (Hjalmarson).
'* Just as Gundlachia ancyliformis in Cuba lives in company with
Ancylus, and in the same manner, so also Mr. Hjalmarson found this
new species in company with a weakly convex, very pale horn-colored
species of Ancylus, which I do not venture to name, as I have no
exact knowledge of the genus." (Pfeiffer, Malakozoologische Blatter,
v, December, 1858, p. 197.)
The above description was made from a single example, in which
the septum was incomplete. Hjalmarson subsequently obtained the
complete septate form in the same locality. The form with a larger
shell added to the septate stage was not found.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF DRUPA.
BY CHARLES HEDLEY.
A necessary but mournful process in scientific advancement is the
elimination of familiar names. It has been shown by Dr. Dall
(Journ. of Conch., XI, 1906, p. 294) that Ricinula of Lamarck,
1812, and Ricinella of Schumacher, 1817, must yield to Drupa
Bolten, 1798, of which the type is D. morum Bolten.
Continuing the process of revision from genus to species, similar
changes occur, for with the fall of Ricinula go the Lamarckian specific
names associated with it. The presentation of the genus most ac-
cessible to students is that of Tryon's Manual of Conchology, II,
1880, pp. 182-185. In the genus as there framed the specific names
require amendment. Meeting at the first step Ricinula hystrix
Linn., it is to be remarked that Hanley (Ips. Linn. Conch., 1855,
p. 294) has shown that Murex hystrix Linn., is an immature M.
ricinus L., to the synonymy of which it must be accordingly trans-
ferred. Other synonyms of M. ricinus are D. tribulus Bolten, recog-
nized by von Martens (Rumphius, Gedenboek, 1902, p. 116) and
R. arachnoides Lamk., noted by Tryon.
The place which Tryon gave to R. hystrix should apparently be
taken by Drupa rubuscaesius Bolten, of which clathrata Lamarck,
1822, and speciosa Dunker, 1867, seem to be synonyms. But R.
reeveana Crosse, should be parted from its heading and subordinated
as an absolute synonym to D. rubusidaeus Bolten, an independent
species. Again, R. laurentiana Petit should be cut away from the
species to which Tryon binds it and associated with R. digitata.
R. horrida Lamarck, was preceded both by R. violacea Schu-
macher, 1817, and D. morum Bolten, 1798. As the same figure in
the Conchylien Cabinet was cited by all three authors, the coinci-
dence of names is exact. Similarly another of Martini's figures
(979) is given as foundation by Bolten in 1798 for his D. grossidaria,
by Schumacher in 1817 for his R. dactyloides, and by Lamarck in
1822 for his .ff. digitata. So that the claim for Bolten's name is
here also clear. Deshayes has pointed out (An. s. vert., X, p. 50,
footnote) that Blainville unfortunately redescribed the yellow form
of this species as '' lobata," while to the nameless brown form he
gave the preoccupied name of " digitata." On the ground of ex-
pediency, Deshayes thereupon reversed Blainville's names. Though
80 THE NAUTILUS.
his example has been followed, this action is quite illegitimate. For
the brown form is available the name of "fusca," apparently intro-
duced by Deshayes (op. cit., p. 53) for f. 4, pi. 235, of Sowerby's
Genera of Shells.
R. biconica of the Manual represents a group rather than a species,
in which we may distinguish D. spinosum H. & A. Adams, Genera
I, 1851, p. 130, for Reeve's Ricinula, f. 12b ; D. iostomus A. Adams,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 267, and Gardiner, Fauna Laccadive, PI.
XXXV, f. 14; and R. andreivsi, Smith, P. Mai. Soc., VIII, 1909,
p. 369, fig.
So the species grouped by Tryon under Ricinula, sensu stricto, may
thus be tabulated in revised nomenclature; synonyms in italics.
1. DRUPA MORUM Bolten, 1798.
R. violacea Schumacher, 1817.
R. horrida Lamarck, 1822.
2. DRUPA IODOSTOMA Lesson, 1842.
3. DRUPA GROSSULARIA Bolten, 1798.
R. dactyloides Schumacher, 1817.
R. digitata Lamarck, 1822.
R. lobata Blainville, 1832.
var. fusca Deshayes, 1844.
R. digitata Blainville, 1832.
var. laurentiana Petit, 1850.
4. DRUPA RICINUS Linne, 1758.
D. tribulus Bolten, 1798.
M. hystrix Linne, 1758.
R. arachnoides Lamarck, 1822.
var. elegans Brod. & Sowerby, 1828.
var. albolabris Blainville, 1832.
5. DRUPA RUBUSCAESIA Bolten, 1798.
R. clathrata Lamarck, 1822.
R. speciosa Dunker, 1867.
R. spathulifera Blainville, 1832.
var. miticula Lamarck, 1822.
6. DRUPA RUBUSIDAEUS Bolten, 1798.
R. reeveana Crosse, 1862.
7. DRUPA BICONICA Blainville, 1832.
8. DRUPA SPINOSA H. & A. Adams, 1853.
9. DRUPA IOSTOMUS A. Adams, 1853.
10. DRUPA ANDREWSI Smith, 1909.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
SPBING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIEGINIA.
BY CALVIN GOODRICH.
Early in May last I joined Dr. Ortmann at Charleston, W. Va.,
for two weeks among the richly-stored sources of the Tennessee.
The road took us along the Kanawha for an hour or two, and then
making a sudden turn swung into the mountains, every slope and
valley of which was a lure to the winter-wearied collector. At
Princeton we transferred to automobile and, packed amid the hand
baggage like shells in a box, were driven into Bluefield, just over the
line from the older Virginia.
The first collecting was in the Clinch at Cedar Bluff, Tnzewell
Co., Va., where there is a long shoal upon a wide and picturesque
bend. The river ran swiftly, but not more swiftly than word to the
local chief of police. Through him and a zealous deputy we learned
two interesting facts, that the Puritan Sunday is not passed com-
pletely into history, and that the idea of assessing fines without the
formality of trial or pronouncement from the bench is in as good
standing in the Appalachians as among the police in the bigger cen-
ters of population. However, the village powers did not agree with
the chief's conviction as to our condition of hopeless sinfulness, and
with a friendliness which paid for the adventure they bade us return
to the river.
Pleurocera unciale Hald. and Anculosa subglobosa Say, with Goni-
obasis simplex Say, in smaller numbers, were on every stone. Jo
here was all of the smooth form described by Anthony under the
name of inermis. This locality is some miles above the uppermost
locality for Jo recorded by Adams. Working among the rocks and
in the swifter water of the right bank, Dr. Ortmann collected Fits-
conaia bursa-pastoris (Wright), Truncilla capsaeformis (Lea), Pty-
chobranchus subtentus (Say), Euryriia perpurpurea (Lea) and Eurynia
nebulosa (Conrad), while in the sandy ground along the left bank the
predominating species were Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright),
Medionidus conr adieus (Lea), Strophitus edentulus (Say) and Lamp-
silts multiradiata (Lea). Symphynota costata (Raf.) was everywhere,
and because of its manner ot hiding all except the edges of the
valves it became a source of irritation. The shells had to be dug
out, if only to learn that they were not of some other and desired
82 THE NAUTILUS.
species. The catch of Unios at Cedar Bluff was eighteen species,
among them some riddles in Pleurobema, which at last account were
still making trouble for the Doctor. Out of the drift at the head of
the rapids we picked Spluzria, which Dr. Sterki has kindly identified
as Spheerium fabale Pme., S. solidulurn Pme., Pisidium virginicum
Gmel., P. compression Pme., and three individuals "apparently near
P. noveboracense Pine." The next morning I climbed the bluff and
found Polyyyra albolabris major, rugeli, thyroides, zaleta and steno-
trema ; Gastrodonta acerra and gularis ; Omphalina fuliginosa, Zoni-
toides arborea and the umbilicated form of Vitrea indent ata. The
weather had been dry for weeks, and the land mollusca had to be
dug for. I uncovered Lymneta obrussa and Succinea avara glued to
leaves in a dried-up brook.
Our next jump was to St. Paul, Wise Co., Va., still on the Clinch.
Decided differences were to be remarked in the fauna. In the rapids
opposite Fink station, Russell Co., a mile or so above St. Paul, were
Fusconaia edgariana (Lea), Crenodonta undulata (Barnes), Ptycho-
branchus phaseohis (Hild.), and Nephronaias perdix (Lea), none of
which had appeared at Cedar Bluff. The Jo at this station was be-
ginning to assume nodules. One specimen equals lo lurida of
Reeve. Anculosa subglobosa Say, which at Cedar Bluff was wholly
without bands, so far as we noted, was almost universally banded in
the rapids at Fink. To me they seemed also to run larger. In the
material brought away from this place appeared Pleurocera tene-
brocinctum Anth. and P. opaca Anth.
The following morning Dr. Ortmann went to Cleveland, Russell
Co., up the river, whence he returned aglow with enthusiasm over
the discovery of twenty-five species of Naiades, while I had a try for
land shells among the Russell county hills. The most interesting
observations were that the Polygyra appressa, rugeli and thyroides
of the region seemed to prefer the stray logs of the high pastures to
the woods, that the ratio of banded Polygyra profunda to unbanded
was 1 to 10, and that there thrived here a Succinea ovalis Say, of
quite surprising size, one specimen reaching 25 mm., the extreme
recorded by Binney. Though the dead of this species was plentiful,
only one living individual was found. In brooks fed by hillside
springs, I came upon a few specimens of Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis
Lea, Paludestrina nicMiniana Lea, and Lymnsea obrussa Say.
(To be concluded ).
THE NAUTILUS. 83
NOTES.
HELIX HORTENSIS: A CORRECTION IN DISTRIBUTION. — When
the first survey of Casco Bay was made the authorities should not
have allowed the inhabitants there to keep three Rams, two Brown
Cows and three Mark Islands. If not a hindrance to navigation,
these certainly add confusion to the records bearing on geographical
distribution.
The "Brown Cow Island," referred to by myself and others,
should be Western Brown Cow Island. This island is divided into
an eastern and a western portion, the latter being the larger and the
one that has been referred to in former papers as Brown Cow Island.
Although Helix hortensis is also found in the eastern portion, it is
less abundant there. Eastern Brown Cow is an entirely separate
island about ten miles east of Western Brown Cow. On this island
Dr. J. A. Cushman also found a few H. hortensis, all belonging to
the variety subglobosa.
The "Swan Island" mentioned on page 63 of THE NAUTILUS
for October, should have been Seal Island. It is situated on the
eastern side of Cape Smallpoirit. This should not be confused with
the Seal Island, or Seal Rock of the Matinicus group, where H.
hortensis is also found. C. W. JOHNSON.
LTMN^EA (RADIX) AURICLLARIA IN CHARLES RIVER, BOSTON,
MASS Since Mr. W. F. Clapp recorded the occurrence of this
species in the Charles river (NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVI, p. 116), it
seems to have greatly increased. My young friend, P. S. Reming-
ton, has found it in numbers on the Boston (Allston) side near the
Speedway. C. W. J.
MR. T. H. ALDRICH has given his collection of shells, by estimate
not far from 20,000 named species, to the Museum of the Alabama
Geological Survey. The collection was begun as far back as 1859
in a New York village where Mr. Aldrich passed his boyhood. It
includes not only his own gatherings and exchanges from all parts
of the world, but many large purchases, notably the Mauritius shells
collected by Col. Nicholas Pike, a very large and fine set ; the Ber-
muda and Nova Scotia collections of J. M. Jones ; the Parker cabi-
net of about 5,500 listed species; all the conchological collections
84 THE NAUTILUS.
made by the late Wm. Doherty in the Malay Islands, Burmah and
Indo-China, and a very full set of Garrett's Polynesian species.
The Unionidae were sold lo Mr. Frierson ; with that exception the
collection is intact. It contains a good many types of species de-
scribed by Mr. Aldrich and others. The series of operculate land
shells is especially rich. All the known terrestrial species of Ala-
bama are represented.
The Museum, an outcome of the Geological Survey, is by law an
integral part of the University of Alabama, near Tuscaloosa. Prac-
tically it is the State Museum of Natural History, with a general
scope, but giving special attention to the geology, fauna and flora of
the State. Its set of Alabama fresh-water and land shells, including
the Showalter collection, was already extensive and growing rap-
idly. Mr. Aldrich has been a generous friend of the institution ;
three years ago he gave to it all his duplicate shells, and the very
rich collections of tertiary invertebrate fossils are largely due to him.
MR. HERBERT H. SMITH, Curator of the Museum of the Alabama
Geological Survey, has recently brought back from the Coosa River
the largest and finest collection of fresh-water shells ever made by
him. There are about 25,000 selected specimens, including a very
large number of species, some of them new to science. The princi-
pal locality worked was Weduska Shoals, between Shelby and Coosa
Counties, believed to be the richest place on this very productive
river. The Shoals will soon be covered with 20 feet of water by the
great dam of the Alabama Power Company, now nearly completed.
Mr. Smith's expedition was planned in order to obtain large series
of the shells while they are still accessible. In all probability some
of the Weduska species will not be found elsewhere ; many Coosa
mollusca are extremely local, even restricted to a small part of one
shoal. These Weduska species, if not collected now, would have
been forever lost to science ; in fact, they are likely to become ex-
tinct under the changed conditions. Special efforts were made to
secure a full set of the animals of Pleuroceratidce for anatomical pur-
poses, and about 5,000 of these were preserved.
MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON, who spent the summer abroad,
visited the conchological museums of New York, Philadelphia and
Washington on her way to the west coast.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE V
PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS FRIERSON.
PARREYSIA LOBOENSIS FRIERSON.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XXVII. DECEMBER, 1913. No. 8
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PARREYSIA FROM KAMERTTN, AFRICA.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
PARREYSIA LOBENSIS n. sp. Plate V, lower figures.
Sliell small, ovate. Epidermis dark brownish green, or olive,
shining on the disc, but dull on the post slope. Surface of the shell
densely covered with concentric, irregularly ziz-zag, sulcations, re-
sembling the beak sculpturing of such shells as Unio simonis Tris-
tram, giving a somewhat " dried-paint" aspect to the outer surface.
By transmitted light, dark blotches may be noted under the epider-
mis ; beaks badly eroded in the specimens seen, but probably high
and incurved. Nacre soft, orange, or pale yellowish pink.
Muscle scars of medium depth, nearly or quite confluent, lateral
teeth single in the right, double in the left valve. Cardinals are
much split up in both valves. Beak cavities deep, but not com-
pressed. Length 35, height 25, diameter 18 mm. Dimensions of a
cotype, length 32, height 25, diameter lo mm. The shell's chief
character is the sulcated aspect of its exterior, resembling in this re-
gard the Spatha kamerunensis of Walker, which accompanied this
shell. It shows a, distant kinship to P. hatittecceuri Bourg, but too
remote to be confounded with that species. It more nearly re-
sembles P. nyanyensis nobfs. It was collected in the Lobo River,
Kamerun, Africa, by Mr. George Schwab, Jan. 28, 1913, for the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Type No. 201 G 4. A
cotype is in my own cabinet.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
PARREYSIA NYANGENSIS n. sp. Plate V, upper figures.
Shell small, elliptical or oval. Epidermis brown, slightly green-
ish, shell rather thin, covered with coarse, irregular concentric sul-
cations, or corrugations. Post ridge, though very faint, is inclined
to be double. Nacre soft, whitish, inclined to pinkish purple in the
beak cavities. Muscle scars confluent, not strong. One lateral in
the right, two in the left valve. Two cardinals in the right valve,
the inner one much the larger. Two cardinals in the left valve, both
sulcated. Length 42, height 32, diameter 22 mm.
This species was collected by Mr. George Schwab, in the Nyang
River, March 13, 1913 (Kamerun, Africa).
Type deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, No. 21160. The present species is most nearly allied to the
preceding species, Parreysia lobensis nobis. It differs in being more
lenticular and higher behind the beaks, and the anterior portion pro-
trudes forward more. The exterior is much more coarsely corru-
gated, the corrugations being at least three times as large. Its teeth
are less split up.
A NEW GENUS OF TSOCHID^.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
While working on the Mollusca of the Lightning and Porcupine
expeditions in 1883, J. Gwyn Jeffreys described in the Proceedings
of the Zoological Society a shell which he called Trochus cancellatus.
This was not the Trochus cancellatus of Miinster, and therefore the
name must be changed. Moreover no attempt to include this species
in a known genus has been satisfactory, and, having found another
species in some dredgings from the Galapagos Islands, I propose to
name it.
VETULONIA n. g.
Shell turbiniform, small, thin, with radiating ribs crossing spiral
threads ; umbilicated ; the peristome interrupted by the body whorl ;
the outer lip in the completely adult reflected and somewhat thick-
ened, the aperture unarmed.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
Type F. gulapagana Dall, from deep water near the Galapagos
Islands.
VETUI.ONIA JEFFIIEYSI Dall.
Trochus cancellatus Jeffreys, Proc. Zoological Soc. London, 1883,
p. 96, pi. XX, f. 4 ; not of Minister, in Goldfuss, Petr. Germ. Ill,
pp. 58, pi. 181, f. 5, 1842.
Machseroplax caitce/latus Jeffreys, 1883.
Margarita cancellata, Kobelt, 1888.
Solariella cancellata Locard, Rep. Moll. Travailleur et Talisman,
II, p. 32, 1898.
Distribution : Off the coast of Portugal, in N. Lat. 39° 55' at a
depth of 994 fathoms, bottom temperature 40.3° F. Also Josephine
Bank in 340 to 430 fathoms ; Jeffreys. Off the coast of Morocco, in
1900 meters, and south of Cape Mondego in 1818 meters; Locard.
Yucatan Channel in 400 fathoms ; U. S. Fish Commission.
VETULONIA GALAPAGANA n. sp.
Shell small, white, of four moderately convex whorls (the nucleus
defective) the suture distinct ; spiral sculpture between the sutures
of seven or eight close-set flatfish threads, crossed by (on the last
whorl) seventeen narrow, slightly elevated, laminate ribs which be-
come obsolete toward the umbilicus on the base ; the last rib form-
ing the outer lip is markedly larger and thicker than its predeces-
sors; the umbilicus is funicular, shallow and with no marginating
rib, it does not penetrate the axis ; aperture rounded, interrupted by
the body whorl, the outer lip reflected, thickened, but with a sharp
edge. Operculum unknown. Height 2.2 ; max. diameter 3.4 mm.
Distribution : Near the Galapagos Islands in 634 fathoms, sand,
bottom temperature 39.9° F.} one specimen. U. S. N. Mus.,
207607.
This species is larger than V. jeffreysi, has coarser spiral sculp-
ture and a smaller umbilicus. I have chosen it for the type, as the
Atlantic species is represented in our collection by two specimens
which have not formed the thickened lip, and, from the description,
the specimens from the Atlantic dredged by the European expedi-
tions were also not quite mature. The type is opaque yellowish
white, but when fresh was probably translucent white like the At-
lantic species. The whole surface is uniformly spirally threaded ex-
cept the radiating lamellae.
88 THE NAUTILUS.
STUDIES IN NAJADES.
BY DR. A. E. OUTMANN.
The following studies intend to continue my " Notes upon the
families and genera of the Najades," published in the Annals of the
Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, 1912, pp. 222-365. They contain addi-
tional observations on the anatomy and systematic position of forms
which have come to hand since that paper was published.
MARGAKITANA SINUATA (Lamarck). (See Ortmann, 1. c. p. 232).
I have received from W. Israel the soft parts of two specimens
from the eastern Pyrenees, near Perpignan, France.
The gill-structure of this species is entirely like that of M. marga-
ritifera, that is to say, the interlaminar connections are irregularly
scattered and do not form septa and water tubes, and near the base
of the gills there is a slight tendency to stand in oblique rows. The
jnner edge of the anal opening is almost smooth, with very slight and
indistinct crenulations, and does not differ from that of M. margariti-
fera. The connection of the posterior margins of the palpi extends,
in the two specimens before me, for a little less than one-half of the
margins, while in M. margaritifera they are connected for from one-
half to two-thirds, but this clearly depends upon the state of the con-
traction.
MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA (Linnaeus). (See : Ortmann, 1. c.
p. 220.)
W. Israel sent me 10 gravid females of this species, collected
August G, 1912, in the Goernitzbach, Oelsnitz, Saxony.
These specimens show that there is no difference whatever in the
shell of the two sexes, and chief of all, that the so-called " arcuate "
shape of the shell is not connected with sex.
The structure of the gills, chiefly the arrangement of the interlam-
inar connections, is somewhat \ariable: the tendency of these con-
nections to form oblique rows is variously developed, and, as far as
I can see from the present material, is most strongly pronounced in
the female. However, I could not venture to warrant that it is pos-
sible to distinguish the sexes by this feature.
In the gravid females, all four gills are charged : sometimes prac~
tically the whole of the gills is filled with embryos ; in other cases a
THE NAUTILUS. 89
larger or smaller part at the anterior end of the gills is not charged,
but this may be due to the fact that the contents have been partly
discharged. The charged gills are very little swollen, and the em-
bryos fill the interstices between the interlaminar connections with-
out forming placentas ; yet a slight mutual cohesion of the embryo is
present.
The glochidia are very small. Length, 0.06 mm. ; height, 0.07
mm. Their shape is subovato-circular, slightly higher than long.
The lower margin is more narrowly rounded, so that a blunt and in-
distinct point is indicated. Of the published figures, that of Harms
(Zool. Anzeig. 31, 1907, p. 817, fig. 5) comes nearest to the actual
shape, but is too regularly round. The other figures of Harms (ibid.,
fig. 4, and Zool. Jahrb. Anat, 28, 1909, pi. 13, figs. 1 and 2) are
poor, since they represented oblique views of the glochidium. The
figure of Schierholz (Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien. 55, 1889, pi. 4, fig.
65) does not at all represent this species.
Harms gives 0.0475 mm. as the size, which, according to my
measurements, is too small. He also describes and figures small
teeth or spines in the middle of the lower margin ; I cannot see
these. In their place there is a narrow flange, which projects to-
ward the inside of the shell, and in a lateral (edgewise) view, this
appears sometimes as a short spine.
MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA FALCATA (Gould). (According to
Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 677, synonym to M, mar-
garitifera) .
Two specimens from Chehalis River, Porter, Chehalis Co., Wash-
ington, collected by H. Hannibal, July, 1912.
This western form of M. margaritifera, whether we regard it as
distinct or not, has exactly the structure of the soft parts of the nor-
mal form. In one of the two specimens before me, the arrangement
of the interlaminar connections in oblique rows is much more distinct
than in the other; the former might possibly be a female.
FUSCONAJA SUBROTUNDA LEUCOGONA nOV. var.
This form is the representative of F. subrotunda (Lea) in Elk
River in West Virginia (Kanawha drainage). I collected it on May
25, 1911, at Sutton, Braxton Co.; on July 8, 1911, at Gassaway,
Braxton Co., and July 10, 1911, at Shelton, Clay Co. I also saw
90 THE NAUTILUS.
dead shells on July 9 at Clay, Clay Co. The type-set is from Gas-
saway, Cam. Mus., no. 615399.
This form may be described as a rather small and somewhat flat-
tened subrotunda. It corresponds to a degree to the var. Mrtlandi-
ana (Lea) of the upper Tuscaravvas, Beaver and French Creek
drainages in Ohio and Pennsylvania, but it is not quite so flat as the
latter, is smaller, and has not the subulate shape of the upper poste-
rior part. In fact, in shape it does not differ much from typical sub-
rotunda, and moreover, the degree of compression is quite variable.
The soft parts, however, show some very marked peculiarities in
their color. While typical subrotunda has either orange or whitish
soft parts, with the placentas and eggs (and of course the gills of the
gravid female) always of a red color, in the Elk River form the soft
parts are of the white type, and placentae and eggs are white. This,
at least, is the rule. But there are rare exceptions : at Gassaway I
found a single male, which had orange soft parts, and at Shelton I
found a few males and females with orange soft parts, and a few
females had cream-colored, pink or red placenta? ; in one case only
orange soft parts and red placenta? were associated. This shows
clearly that the Elk River shell is to be regarded only as a local race
of subrotunda, probably passing into the normal form in the lower
part of Elk River (Shelton, where the greatest number of specimens
with red or orange was found, is the lowermost point where I col-
lected.
The anatomy of this form is absolutely identical with that of sub-
rotunda. On all three dates I found gravid females, but on May 25
they all had only eggs ; on the other days glochidia were present.
One specimen collected July 8 had the ovisacs only partly charged,
and in a number of them the basal part was empty, while the distal
part contained yet parts of the placenta?. This shows that the pla-
centa? are sometimes discharged in sections. Glochidia identical in
shape and size with those of subrotunda and kirtlandiana (Ortmann,
Mem. Cam. Mus., 4, 1911, pi. 89, fig. 1). Length, 0.13; height,
0.15 mm.
FUSCONAJA BURSA-PASTORIS (B. H. Wright). (See Quadrula b.-p.
Simpson, 1900, p. 791).
I collected a number in Clinch River, at Richland and Raven
Tazewell Co., Va., on Sept. 20 and 21, 1912.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
Structure identical with that of F. subrotunda. Anal opening sep-
arated from the supra-anal by a very short mantle connection, with
fine but distinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. Posterior
margins of palpi connected for about one-third to one-half of their
length.
Gills short and wide, the inner wider. Inner lamina of inner gill
free from abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. In the female,
all four gills have marsupial structure. None of the females was
gravid.
Color of soft parts generally of the orange type, with foot, ad-
ductors and mantle margin often deep orange, rarely paler. In a
few specimens the soft warts were pale brown to whitish. Gonads in
most females intensely red (crimson) ; also in the males more or less
red or pink, but in the latter they were in some cases brownish-
gray-
(To be continued.}
SPRING COLLECTING IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA.
BY CALVIN GOODRICH.
[Concluded from page 82.~\
Some additions were made the next morning to Dr. Ortmann's
Naiad list of the Clinch a mile and a half below St. Paul :
Micromya cselata (Conrad), Eurynia recta (Lam.), and Nephronaias
ligamentina gibba (Simpson), closely allied to N. perdix (Lea), lo
at this point was seemingly all provided with tubercules. The shells
were to be found on the larger stones on the up-stream side, or under
an up-stream shelf, in the swifter water. An occasional one ap-
peared in relatively quiet water. The white disintegrating shells of
Campeloma decisum (Say), were common on the flood plain here.
Our next collecting spot was in the South Fork of the Powell
river at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. The Doctor tackled the
stream at once, while I climbed the big ridge, which hangs over it,
in search of land material. The ridge proved to be entirely of sand-
stone and was as barren of molluscan life as the ordinary town lot>
no bones at all being seen and only two living individuals, juvenile
Polygyrae. Joining Dr. Ortmann after a couple of hours, I found
92 THE NAUTILUS.
him happy over the plentifulness of the Naiades ; they made up in
this and in new interest what they lacked in variety. The most
striking fact was that while Eurynia vanuxemensis (Lea), was un-
known to the Clinch, it was one of the most common species of the
Powell, at least at this station. Jo was not seen. Two specimens
only of Anculosa subglobosa were collected. Pleurocera unciale, of
a heavier aspect than the species in the Clinch, and Goniobasis
simplex were common. In flood pools, I was lucky enough to make
several interesting finds : Physa crandalli Baker, Planorbis bicari-
natus Say, Lymncea obrussa Say, and, best of all, Ancylus obscurus
Hald., which Mr. Walker tells me has been one of the long-lost species.
The weather turning stormy, we regretfully gave up plans for
further collecting in the Powell river and in shoals of the Clinch
which could be conveniently reached from Big Stone Gap. So in
hopes of getting out of what might happen to be a localized storm
area, we went on to Gate City, Scott Co., which brought us into the
Holston drainage. Though assured thai no shells had ever been
seen in the Little Moccasin, which runs as a sort of decorative
border to the corporation of Gate City, the results proved, as they
usually do in such cases, that the resident sense of observation was
of indifferent development. Two species of Naiades were found in
this stream and, had the creek been clearer, probably more had
been collected. The purple-black Goniobasis spinella Lea, was an
easy mark in the yellow water, and many specimens were taken.
The ubiquitous Pleurocera unciale was here and also Goniobasis
clavseformis Lea, a species new to the expedition. Physa hetero-
stropha Say, covered the wooden sides of the flume of a grist mill
run by this creek.
Following the Little Moccasin slowly down stream, we came to
the Big Moccasin creek. Almost at once Dr. Ortmann struck a
pocket of clams and in the course of a few minutes had taken seven
specimens. But luck quickly deserted, a thunder shower forcing us
to the protection of a covered bridge. After it was over there was
nothing to do but trudge home, as the water had risen and was car-
rying a heavy load of clay. The Pleuroceratida of the Big Moccasin
seemed to be the three species of the Little Moccasin — exceedingly
eroded — and one other species, Anculosa subglobosa.
The weather instead of improving grew constantly worse. The
Doctor decided to go to points south for a try at the Holston river
THE NAUTILUS. 93
and thence across the mountains into the Atlantic drainage, and I
determined upon a search for land shells at Natural Tunnel, a few
miles up the line from Gate City. It was the kind of day to bring
the snails out, warm and steaming, and they did prove to be out,
twenty species being bagged. Here, as in Russell county, Polygyra
profunda had mostly dispensed with bands. But Polygyra elevata
had assumed them. An interesting depauperate colony of this
species was found on the face of the cliff between the natural and
artificial tunnels. It was scarcely more than half the size of elevata
living just out of the northern mouth of the natural tunnel. A
mountain brook contained a small and handsome form of Goniobasis
aterina Lea. One could stand upright and pick these little fellows
from the rocks where they lived in the spray of the falls. From
Stock creek, tributary to the Clinch and the stream which carved
the natural tunnel, were taken Pleurocera unciale, Goniobasis simplex
and Goniobasis aterina — this last surely the same or an offspring of
simplex.
Acknowledgments are due to Mr. F. C. Baker, Mr. Bryant
"Walker, Mr. A. A. Hinkley and Dr. Victor Sterki for identifica-
tions, and to Mr. George H. Clapp for valuable comment on the
land shells.
From a preliminary catalogue made by Dr. Ortmann, and to use
which I have his kind permission, the following list of the collections
of last May had been made :
Fusconaia bursa-pastoris (Wright). Clinch River, Cedar Bluff,
Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul.
Fusconaia estabrookiana (Lea). " Synonyms, fassinans Lea and
fassinans rhomboideum Simpson and others." Clinch, Cedar Bluff,
Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin
Gap.
Fusconaia appressa (Lea) or edgariana (Lea). " Practically
nothing but a flattened edgariana." Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.
Paul.
Crenodonta undulata (Barnes). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.
Paul.
Quadrula intermedia (Conrad). "Possibly tuberosa Lea and
sparsa Lea." Clinch, Cleveland.
Quadrula cylindrica strigillata (Wright). Clinch, Cedar Bluff,
Cleveland, Fink.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
Pleurobema macnlutum (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve-
land, St. Paul, north fork of Holston.
Pleurobema oviforme (Conrad). "Runs into clinchense Lea."
Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland.
Pleurobema sp. ? " Looks like a flattened obliquum Lam." Clinch,
Cleveland.
Pleurobema argentum (Lea). " With many synonyms, such as
planior Lea and brevis Lea." Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin
Gap.
Ettiptio gibbosus (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, also in middle fork of the Holston.
Lastena laf.a (Raf.). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul.
Symphynota costata (Raf.). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul ; also in middle fork of the Holston.
Symphynota holston (Lea). "Not an Alasmidonta" Clinch,
Cedar Bluff, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little Moccasin, Gate City.
Alasmidonta minor (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, Fink,
St. Paul ; also in the Holston.
Alasmidonta marginata (Say). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.
Paul ; also in middle fork of Holston.
Strophitus edentulus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland, St.
Paul.
Micromya caelata (Conrad). Clinch, St. Paul.
Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild.). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St.
Paul.
Ptychobranchus subtentus (Say). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
St. Paul ; in middle fork of Holston.
Nephronaias ligamentina gibba (Simp.). Clinch, St. Paul.
Nephronaias perdix (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, Fink, St. Paul.
Medionidus conradicus (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin
Gap.
Eurynia fabalis (Lea). Clinch, Cleveland, St. Paul.
Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
St. Paul.
Eurynia nebulosa (Conrad). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, Powell, Big Stone Gap, Big Moccasin, Moccasin
Gap.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Eurynia vanuxemensis (Lea). Powell, Big Stone Gap, Little
Moccasin, Gate City, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap. " Common in
Holston."
Eurynia recta (Lam.). Clinch, St. Paul.
Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleve-
land, Fink, St. Paul.
Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap.
Truncilla capsaeformis (Lea). Clinch, Cedar Bluff, Cleveland,
Fink, St. Paul, Big Moccasin, Moccasin Gap.
In September, 1912, Dr. Ortmann found a single specimen of
Truncilla haysiana (Lea) in the Clinch river at Raven, Tazewell
county, Va. This species was missed in the visit of last May.
NOTES.
ANOTHER NOTE ON MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST —
It may be of interest to those readers of THE NAUTILUS who are
lovers of rare books, to learn that there is now a fifth copy of the
" Universal Conchologist " in the United States. The volumes are
large folio, bound in morocco and gold, and essentially like the mag-
nificent copy in the Stanford University Library (see NAUTILUS,
vol. XXII, 1908, p. 72), except that they comprise only the first 81
plates (vols. I-II). The plates are themselves in excellent preser-
vation, but the sumptuous binding is badly worn. A prospectus of
the work in French, dated 1787, is laid into the second volume. In
neither this copy nor that at Stanford is there any plate of medals,
as has been described for other editions. The volumes were acquired
from a Paris dealer and are now in the private library of the writer.
The opportunity should be taken to correct a slight error which
crept into my former note in these pages as above cited. It is the
fourth volume of the Stanford University copy which lacks the ex-
planatory table ; vol. Ill appears to be complete — S. S. BERRY.
LAND SHELLS FROM ELLSWORTH, MAINE. — The following species
were taken in a few hours' collecting October last along the shores
of ilie Union River, just below Ellsworth, Maine. The shells were
sent to Mr. George H. Clapp, who kindly identified them for me :
96 THE NAUTILUS.
Vallonia pulchella Mtill.
Vallonia excentrica Sterki.
Acanthinula harpa Say.
Zonitoides arborea Say.
Vitrea cellaria L.
Vitrea radiatula Aid.
Euconulus fulvus Miill.
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.
Pyramidula alternata Say.
Vitrina limpida Glcl.
Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.
Succinea ovalis totteniana Lea. — JOHN B. HENDERSON.
I NOTICE that, in my note published in THE NAUTILUS, the Ed-
itor changed " Schowalter " to " Showalter," as Lea and others wrote
it ; I wrote it so myself until recently. Being in doubt about the
spelling, I asked Dr. Schowalter's son, whom I met at Point Clears
near Mobile. He said that both he and his father always wrote the
name with a c. It is a small matter, but deemed worthy of men-
tioning.— HERBERT H. SMITH.
LAND SHELLS OF CECIL Co., MARYLAND, collected by Mr.
Bayard Long A small lot of leaf-mould gathered in the rocky
woods along the Susquehanna River at Bald Friar, contained the fol-
lowing species. As nothing has been published on the shells of this
part of Maryland, the records may be of interest, especially Polyyyra
fraudulenta and Bifidaria procera, neither of which has turned up in
the adjacent part of Pennsylvania :
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea rhoadsi Pils.
thyroides (Say). hammonis (Strom.).
fraudulenta (Pils.). Pyramidula alternata (Say.).
hirsuta (Say). perspectiva (Say.).
Circinaria concava (Say). Punctum pygnxzum (Drap.).
Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). Bifidaria procer a (Old.).
suppressa (Say.). contracta (Say.).
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). pentodon (Say.).
Vitrea indentata (Say.). Carychium exile H. C. Lea.
— H. A. PILSBUY.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE VI
W. F. CLAPP: SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND.
AXEL OLSSON: ON MIOCENE CORRELATION.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XXVII. JANUARY, 1914. No. 9
LIST OF LAND SHELLS FROM SWAN ISLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
FIVE NEW SPECIES.
BY W. F. CLAP I'.
The following list is based on the land shells found on Swan
Island by Mr. George Nelson in April 1913. The material was
collected for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Swan Island is situated in the Caribbean Sea about one hundred
miles northeast of Spanish Honduras, and three hundred and fifty
miles west of Jamaica. About one quarter of the land is cleared
and devoted to the raising of cocoanuts ; the remaining three-quarters
is an almost impenetrable jungle. The soil, rich in lime and phos-
phate, and the luxurious vegetation, render the island an ideal home
for the land mollusca.
From the standpoint of the zoogeographer the fauna of the island
is of considerable interest. With so few species represented, it is
impossible to be positive when and whence it obtained its molluscan
fauna; but further collecting should yield a greater number of species,
from which interesting conclusions may be drawn, regarding former
land connections in this region.
The Chondropoma is most closely related to Cuban or Haitian
species; the Braclypodella to Cuban, although its resemblance to
B. costulata of Jamaica is striking. The Csecilioides is also Cuban.
The Lucidetta and Drymaus are both closely allied to both Jamaican
98 THE NAUTILUS.
and Central American species, while the Thysanophora and Opeas
are so widely distributed that they have little or no significance.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for assistance in determining
the specific values and relationships of the different species, and to
Mr. George Nelson for the photographs reproduced on the plate.
The list of species follows :
Thysanophora selenina (Gld.) CcRcilioides consobrina (d'Orb.)
Drynuzus insulaz-cygni, sp. nov. Succinea latior C. B. Adams.
Opeas micra (d'Orb ) Colobostylus nelsoni, sp. nov.
Brachypodella insultz-cygni, Chondropoma caribbeeum,
sp. nov. sp. nov.
Microceramus concisus (Morel). Lucidella pilsbryi, sp. nov.
DRYMAEUS INSUL^I-CYGNI, sp. nov. PI. VI, fig. 5.
Shell perforate, oblong conical, thin, straw-colored or white, the
last one or two whorls irregularly marked with faint longitudinal
streaks of pale brown or pink, generally delicate pink on the reflexed
columellar lip. Surface glossy, spirally striated with numerous fine
incised lines. Apex with typical Drymaeus sculpture. Whorls
6^-7 slightly convex.
Aperture ovate, oblique to axis of whorls. Peristome simple,
slightly expanded below. Columellar surface within the aperture
oblique and more or less sinuous. Columellar lip reflexed in a small
flat plate above the umbilicus.
Alt. 30 mm., diam. 13 mm., ap. 1. 14 mm.
Alt. 28 mm., diam. 12 mm., ap. 1. 13 mm.
Alt. 24 mm., diam. 11 mm., ap. 1. 11.5 mm.
Alt. 35 mm., diam. 13 mm., alt. 1. 15 mm.
Less solid and opaque than D. immaculatus, with sutures more
impressed, last whorl shorter. Aperture broader and peristome
more convex. The spire resembles in shape that of D. immaculatus
from Jamaica. The aperture is like that of D. lilaceus from Porto
Rico. The texture resembles that of D. sulphureus from Central
America.
The animal when alive is dark bluish green above, fading to slate
gray on the sides. The outer edge of the foot is tinged with green,
which changes abruptly to cream color near the central part.
Types : No. 22877, M. C. Z.
THE JNAUTlLCh. 99
BRACHYPODELLA INSUL.E-CYGNI, sp. nov. PI. VI, fig 10.
Shell small, white, thin, translucent, cylindrical, tapering with
straight outlines to a narrow truncate apex. Surface sculptured with
strong white riblets, oblique to axis of shell, about 12-13 occurring
on the penultimate whorl, interspaces about 4 or 5 times as broad as
the ribs. Whorls strongly convex, the last not carinate or angulate,
its latter half free, descending in a cylindrical neck.
Aperture oblique, rounded, slightly angular at the outer margin,
lip white, reflexed. Axis simple, slender.
Length 7 mm., diam, 2. mm., whorls 9^- (truncate).
In living specimens the part of the shell containing the animal is
dark grey, with very noticeable, small, irregular black spots on the
animal showing between the ribs in the lowest whorls. Apex gen-
erally truncate, 4 or 5 corneous whorls being lost. In a specimen
retaining the apical whorls the first 2 are vertically costnlate, the
lower ones becoming more obliquely sculptured.
The shell is similar to B. minuta, as described in the Manual of
Conchology (vol. 16, p. 58), in size, in having the last whorl not
carinate or angular, and in the slender axis, but it differs in having
much coarser sculpture. From B. dontinicensis it differs in color,
in having deeper sutures, more convex whorls, and no basal keel ;
but in the spacing of the riblets and form of the axis, it is similar.
In color and in having the whorls most strongly convex just below
the suture, in the wide spacing, number, and prominence of the rib-
lets, the shell reminds one of the Jamaican B. costulata ; but costulnta
has the last whorl strongly carinate.
Types: No. 22889 M. C. Z.
COLOBOSTYLUS NELSONI, Sp. I1OV. PL VI, figs. 1, 2.
Shell small, umbilicate, turbinate conical, surface longitudinally
striate, with coarse sharp stria? on early whorls, becoming finer and
more numerous on last whorl. The umbilical region generally
showing a few coarse spiral lines, occasionally extending over the
entire whorl. Two general color forms are noticeable, one with the
upper whorl purple black, the color gradually fading till on the
lower whorl it is purple red ; the other form is light horn color
throughout, with rows of equidistant square spots, the first two or
three spots below the suture being frequently connected, forming
short longitudinal lines. The number of spiral rows of these spots
100
THE NAUTILUS.
on each whorl varies considerably, but average about three on the
antepenultimate, five on the penultimate, and seven on the ultimate.
The spots are equidistant whether considered as forming spiral or
longitudinal rows. Whorls 3-4, the first growth being lost. Aper-
ture vertical, subcircular, color within corresponding to the outside.
Peristome with slightly raised white inner rim, and broad flat white
expansion, slightly dilated at the columellar margin, and also above
where adnate to the whorl.
Length 11.5 mm., width 7 mm.
Length 10.5 mm., width 6.5 mm.
Operculum white, slightly concave, with involuting lines and
deeply grooved edge. The dark central core is nearer the columellar
margin than any other portion of the peristome.
Types : No. 22879, M. C. Z.
CHONDROPOMA CARIBB^UM, sp. nov. PI. VI, figs. 3, 4.
Shell subperforate, oblong, truncate, solid, with spiral flattened
ridges and more numerous longitudinal lines. Color varying from
horn to purple black, remaining whorls 4^, convex, suture deep,
nearly simple. Aperture vertical, longer than wide, rounded below,
narrowed above. Peristome simple, adnate to the penultimate
whorl, upper outer edge slightly broadened and reflexed.
Operculum cartilaginous, rounded below, broadly pointed above ;
whorls few, rapidly enlarging, outer half having edge turned abruptly
out, inner edge turned in.
Length 10.5 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm.
Length 10 mm., diam. 4.5 mm., ap. 3 mm.
In size and general appearance this shell resembles O. simplex,
from Haiti, but the spiral and longitudinal lines are finer and more
numerous, and the last whorl is always adnate.
Types : No. 22885, M. C. Z.
LUCIDELLA PILSBRYI, Sp. HOV. PI. VI, fig. 6, 7.
Shell depressed, with elevated, fine, spiral lines, strongest on
early whorls, nearly obsolete on rounded periphery, base nearly
smooth, or with more or less numerous, delicate, spiral furrows. Spire
depressed, whorls 4, the last slighfly deflexed. A thin granular
callus extends from the aperture over the umbilical region, ending
in a slight depression. Aperture very oblique, peristome white, a
THE NAUTILUS. 101
little expanded above, thickened and reflexed below. Basal lip with
short, white, obtusely triangular tooth, projecting in the plane of the
last whorl, not projecting into the aperture.
Alt. 1.2 ram., diam. 3.5 mm., s. diam. 2.8 mm.
Four living specimens of this shell were collected. It belongs to
the subgenus Perenna Guppy. It is smaller, more depressed, darker
in color and with less acute liras than L. lineata. In other members
of the lineata group the basal tooth is squarish and projected into the
aperture, but in pilsbryi it is broadly pointed and is a continuation
of the lower whorl, not projecting into the aperture.
The slightly reflexed upper margin of the aperture, with no trace
of tubercular teeth and the small size of the basal tooth, suggest a
very slight immaturity. Possibly a larger series would contain older
specimens, which would be found to have upper marginal tubercles,
and a more strongly developed basal tooth. In any case the shell
•
will be found to be specifically distinct.
Types ; No. 22890 M. C. Z.
NOTES ON MIOCENE CORRELATION.
BY AXEL OLSSON.
The deposits which we have come to recognize as of Miocene age
on our Atlantic coastal plain differ in many respects from beds of
similar age found in other regions. This uniqueness is due to their
faunal characteristics, which were developed under conditions of
which we have records nowhere else. Therefore, direct correlation
or specific identity of forms is possible in only a few cases, and the
Miocene age of these beds is based rather more on stratigraphic than
on paleontologic grounds.
The seas of our Eocene and Oligocene periods were rather warm,
and hence their faunas find their closest affinities in our present
tropical seas. At the close of the Oiigocene, conditions began to
change. In the Oak Grove sands of Florida the fauna in a slight
way portraits the coming Miocene one. However, more important*
of which this special case is but a preliminary result, is the inaugu-
ration of a great series of orogenetic movements which culminated
in a great series of Miocene uplifts. In Europe the whole series of
102 THE NAUTILUS.
folding extended from the Pyrenees Mountains in Spain to the
Himalayas in Asia. In America the union of the North and South
Americas, the fusion of the island of Florida with the mainland*
which was again severed towards its close.
As we would naturally expect, a series of such great changes
would have some great effect upon the direction of oceanic currents.
It is to this that an appeal has been made for the explanation of the
uniqueness of our Atlantic coast Miocene faunas. This fauna is one
typically developed in cold waters. This being shown especially
well by the abundance of Astartidoe, Ledas and of such Venericardias
related to our recent Venericardia borealis. The warm- water-
loving series of the Oligocene retreated to the Antillean region, to
return again towards the close, of the Miocene and in the Pliocene,
when conditions again became favorable to them, to retreat again
before the general refrigeration which ushered in the Pleistocene
glacial advances. Also further proof of a cold oceanic current creep-
ing south along our coast is to be noted that the Miocene floras of
the adjacent mainland indicate a warm, mild climate.
In the course of paleontologic work, it became rather desirable to
obtain some immature shells of certain species. In order to do so I
began the examining of the sand and marl contained inside of closed
valves of several large bivalve shells, amongst which was a specimen
of Melina (Perna) maxillata (Deshayes) from the Choptank River,
Maryland. In so doing, two small but beautifully preserved valves
of a small Triyoniocardia were discovered which later were identi-
fied as Cardium (^Trigoniocardia) galvestonense Harris. They are
figured on plate VI, figs. 11, 12.
This species was first described by Professor G. D. Harris from
specimens obtained from the deep well drillings of the Galveston
Artesian well.1 Specimens from there are figured, PI. VI, figs. 8,
9. The maximum depth attained in this well is 2,920 feet of which
the interval between 2,158 and 2,920 feet was referred to the Upper
Miocene. This fauna is tropical in its make-up, differing conspicu-
ously from the cold Chesapeake fauna which at the same time ex-
tended into the Gulf of Mexico, through the Suwanee straits which
separated Florida from the main-land. With the typical expression
1BuIl. of American Paleontology. Vol. I, No. 3, p. 91, pi. 1, fig. 3, 3a.
Dec. 2, 1895.
THE NAUTILUS. 103
of the Chesapeake fauna as developed in Virginia and Maryland,
only a few species are held in common, while with the Upper or
Duplin Miocene horizon of N. C., agreement is much closer, due as
much to similarity of climatic conditions as to a similarity in age.
Besides Oardium gahestonense Harris, two other species are avail-
able for correlation in both the Chesapeake beds of Maryland and
the Miocene of the Galveston well, namely Mytilus conradinus Orb.
and Grassinella galvestonensis Harris. These two species are rather
abundant and occur in nearly the whole series of our Miocene beds.
The former from New Jersey southward, the latter as far north as
Maryland. Cardium galvestonense however until its present dis-
covery in the Choptank formation of Maryland has escaped notice
outside of its type area. Its distribution is such as to indicate, that
it may be expected anywhere in the intermediate area. Its rarity
outside of the Texan region, where it is abundant, indicates that it
is a warm-water-loving form, finding as Professor Harris notes, its
nearest relations with Antillean species. So far it is the only
Trigoniocardia discovered in our Atlantic coast Miocene beds,
although the group is abundantly represented in the Oligocene
beneath.
NOTE ON CLEMENTIA OBLIftUA JUKES-BROWNE.
BY AVM. H. CALL.
Mr. A. L. Jukes-Browne in the Annals and Magazine of Natural
History for July, 1913, p. 60, has published a description of a new
species of dementia under the specific name of obliqua, which was
supposed to come from Porto Rico. By the kindness of J. Cosmo
Melvill, Esq., I have been able to examine one of the two specimens
upon which this species was founded. It proves not to be a Clem-
entia, not to come from Porto Rico, and to be a species described by
Carpenter under the name of dementia subdiaphana forty-eight
years ago. As dementia was, according to Adams and Woodward,
a Dosinoid animal, and the soft parts of this species are Veneroid, it
was transferred by me to the genus Marcia, section Venerella, in my
revision of the Veneridae in 1902. I figured the species in the Pro-
ceedings of the U. S. National Museum in 1891 from an exception-
ally rotund specimen. Mr. Jukes-Browne's figures are of the more
104 THE NAUTILUS.
common and elongated type. The cotype of obliqua examined by
me has a specimen of Galerus contortus Cpr. adhering to it, which,
like the bivalve, ranges from Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands
of California. All true Clementias are more or less concentrically
undulated and have a deep linguiform pallial sinus, both of which
features are absent from the so-called G. obliqua.
NORTHERN IDAHO SHELLS.
FRANK C. BAKER.
During the month of September the writer visited various portions
of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Nearly three weeks of this
period was spent in Northern Idaho in the beautiful Kootenai Valley
and about Lake Pend Oreille. This region is quite unknown con-
chologically and it was hoped that some fine new species of Oreohelix
or Polygyra might be found, comparable perhaps to the Sonorellas,
etcetera, that our friend Ferriss has dug from the rocks of the Grand
Canyon and the stony wastes of Arizona. Evidently we did not
tear enough of the mountains to pieces, and so the pleasing sensation
of finding a novelty was denied us. Perhaps the fact that we were
examining the sturdy young trees of a newly acquired apple orchard
(as well as counting the number of boxes of apples we would sell
from these trees !) also accounted for our failure to secure a larger
number of species.
Considerable time was given to hunting for snails, and a large
number of specimens was secured, but of few species. A more de-
tailed and careful search would doubtless increase this number, but
the fact seems evident that the forests of pine, hemlock, spruce, and
fir in this region do not harbor a large variety of molluscan life.
As this is a new region, the list, though small, may be of value.
The orchard tract near McArthur, Idaho is a little over 2000 feet in
elevation.
Gircinaria vancouverensis (Lea). Kootenai Orchard, McArthur,
Idaho. This snail is not common the only specimens obtained (two
in number) being found near our sleeping tent, one under the floor
and the other beneath a burnt log. The specimens are smaller than
those living to the westward, at a lower elevation.
THE NAUTILUS. 105
Euconulus trochijormis (Montagu) — -fulvus Miill. Specimens were
found plentifully on old boards under the wooden floors. of the
sleeping tents.
Zonitoides arborea (Say). This is the commonest snail here, as
in our eastern forests, and is found everywhere in large quantities-
Specimens from Idaho and Chicago cannot be distinguished.
Pyramidula solitaria occidentalis (Marts.). This fine shell was
found only high up on the mountain sides at an elevation above 4000
feet. At this height they were very abundant for about 500 feet,
when they totally disappeared, their ecological elevation being be-
tween 4000 and 4500 feet. They were found in hollows in well-
wooded ravines at the base of rocky projections, where there was a
vigorous growth of shrubs, and in dell-like valleys between mountain
spurs. They were always found (in September) buried under leaves
and debris, sometimes to the depth of several inches. The color is
rich brown or chestnut, with two reddish bands, which are specially
conspicuous in the aperture.
These shells were at first somewhat of a puzzle, for they seemed
to combine characteristics of both Oreohelix cooperi and Pyramidula
solitaria. Prof. Elrod * notes a similarity between these two species
near McDonald Lake, Mission Mountains, Montana. To Mr. Wm.
Moss, Superintendent of the Kootenai Orchards, is due the discovery
of these shells. We had searched diligently for nearly two weeks
without finding even a dead specimen, though the mountain side had
been ascended for a thousand feet. Upon mentioning the fact to
Mr. Moss, he stated that he had seen piles of big shells way up on
the mountains. A subsequent climb to this altitude (2000 feet above
the orchard) revealed the coveted Helices.
Galba parva (Lea). This little Lymnreid was found only in a
small creek at McArthur.
Physa diaphana Tryon. The Orchard, McArthur; Moravia,
about eight miles north of McArthur. This is the common Physa
and occurs in some localities in great abundance.
Chaos in the Physid& is painfully realized when one attempts to
definitely place a member of this family. Diaphana was originally
described from California, but the species under discussion, though
occurring so far to the eastward of this region, conforms to the
'Bull. University of Montana, Biological Series, No. 3, p. 112.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
descriptions and figures of Tryon l more closely than to any other,
both in size (11-13 mill, long) and form. The collumella is pre-
cisely as described by Tryon. It is probable that many of the west-
ern Pliysas have a wide distribution west of the Rocky Mountains.
Planorbis antrosus Conrad. A single specimen of this species was
picked up on the shore of Pend Oreille River, in front of the fish-
hatching building, across the river from Sandpoint. It is exactly
like the variety portagensis Baker, from Maine. Though the two
localities are separated by 2500 miles of territory, there is no question
concerning the identity of the Idaho shell. Only three other records
of bicarinatus (antrosus') are known from Idaho, and these are all
from the " panhandle," not far removed from the locality under
consideration.2
At Glacier National Park, Montana, in a ravine about a mile
west of the hotel, a number of dead shells of Oreohelix cooperi
(W. G. B.) were secured. No living specimens could be found,
though special search was carried on for them. Glacier Park
Station is about 5000 feet altitude.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW CERIONID^E, by C. J. Maynard
(Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. v, pp.
177-200, 1913). The object of this notice is to call the attention of
conchologists to this somewhat obscure publication, containing over
thirty-five so-called new species. The author states in the introduc-
tion that " The following announcements of the discovery of certain
laws which govern the evolution of groups and the descriptions of
some species are here given preliminary to a revision of my mono-
graph of the Cerionidce.''' The author's brevity in describing species
and his combinations of hyphenated names are something remarkable.
The latter method is evidently necessary to emphasize his belief that
" a species mav become established even though it is still bound to
its parent species by living links." Having made no special study
of this interesting family, it would be useless for me to comment fur-
ther, for in doing so I might seriously encroach upon the vocabulary
1See Tryon, con. Haldeman's Mon., p. 134, pi. 6, fig. 15.
2 See Walker, NAUTILUS, XXIII, p. 25, 1909.
THE NAUTILUS. 107
of a specialist on the Gerionida who might later have occasion to
criticise this work. — C. W. J.
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF MISSOURI (exclu-
sive of the Unionidce), by F. A. Sampson (Trans. Acad. Science,
St. Louis, Vol. xxii, pp. 67-108, 1913). A valuable and interesting
list of 132 species, giving their distribution throughout the State.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING SOLENOMYA (velum and borealis), by
Edward S. Morse (Biol. Bull., Vol. xxv, pp. 261-281, 1913). An
exceedingly interesting article, in which the animals are clearly
shown by some 22 figures, and their habits and structure fully de-
scribed. Their movements consist of a series of vigorous darts,
which send them rapidly through the water. They seem to have
the peculiar habit of burrowing in the mud posterior end down-
ward, this attitude being contrary to the behavior of all other bur-
rowing lamellibranchs. — C. W. J.
NOTES.
HELIX HORTENSIS ON WHITE BULL ISLAND, ME — I have read
with much interest your paper in October NAUTILUS on Helix
hortensis in New England, and note on page 63, you mention that
the species has not before been recorded from White Bull Island,
Maine. With this I am sending you a partial catalogue of the land
shells in my collection, which I printed in 188!>. (Circumstances
prevented its completion). On page 32, No. 2066, you will find the
species listed from that locality, received from Rev. E. C. Bolles (of
Portland, Maine) who sent them to me October 30, 186'!. This
may not constitute a "record," though copies of the catalogue have
been somewhat extensively circulated among my friends and corre-
spondents in this country and abroad, but possibly you may be
interested to know that its existence on White Bull Island was
known 46 years ago. — WM. G. MAZYCK.
MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST — Seeing Mr. Berry's
note in December NAUTILUS reminds me that I have had a copy of
the first two volumes of this rare work in my library since May 1908
and as it differs in some particulars from those already put on record
I give description below.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
It is bound in full tree calf in one volume, trimmed to lOf by
13TV inches. The frontispiece has elaborate gold grapevine pattern
surrounding the figure of Turritetta terebra. Then follows a title page
which does not appear to be in the National Museum or Academy of
Natural Science copies. (See Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol.
xxix, p. 422). This title is as follows:
The /Universal Conchologist, / Exhibiting/ The Figure of every
known Shell accurately drawn and painted after Nature:/ With A/
New Systematic Arrangement/ by the Author/ Thomas Martyn./
Sold at his House, No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, London./ . . . ./
Le/ Conchologiste Universe),/ montrant la figure de chaque coquille
aujourd'hui connue:/ Soigneusement Dessinee, et peinte d'apres
Nature. / Le tout Arrange selon le Systeme / De L' Auteur, / Thomas
Martyn./ Se vend chez lui No. 16 Great Marlborough Street, Lon-
dres, 1789. /
Then follows the title-page given by Dall ; engraved dedication to
the King; the bastard title. The Introduction and Preface are as
given by Dall, but the two plates of medals are bound between pages
26 and 27 of the Preface. The two Explanatory Tables follow the
blank page 40. Close to the lower, right-hand margin of the first
Table is engraved Obser which probably refers to the sheet of ' 'Ob-
servations " in the Henderson copy but missing from this. (See
Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIII, p. 186).
GKO. H. CLAPP.
SHOWALTER OR SCHOWALTER. — In the December NAUTILUS
Mr. H. H. Smith mentions Lea's incorrect spelling of the name of
Dr. S[c]howalter. It was my privilege to enjoy delightful corres-
pondence with the Doctor for several years, and I can assure any
one interested that the Doctor's son is mistaken. He did not
" always write the name with a c." I enclose a tracing of his very
plainly written signature of a letter dated March 11, 1867, at which
time he certainly spelled the name Showalter, as Lea, Ravenel,
Tryon, I, and others have spelled it. The changed spelling must
have been coincident with his marriage in December, 1867, as in
his last letter before that event, written in November, he used only
Sh, and in the first one which I received after it, dated July 10,
1868, the Sch appears and so continued to the end WM. G.
MAZYCK.
THE NAUTILUS, XXVII.
PLATE VII
12
WALKER: ANCYLID^ OF NORTH AFRICA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. FEBRUARY, 1914. No. 1O
CAMPS IN THE CATALINAS AND WHITE MOUNTAINS OF ARIZONA,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL.
BT JAS. H. FERRISS.
On my last vacation last summer I found a new land snail, another
wooly one, on a rock slide of the San Francisco river, about ten miles
above Clifton, Graham Co., Arizona. It belongs in a group with
Ashmunella wnlkeri Ferriss and A. lepiderma P. & F. I have held
this out to name after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who has been with me on
so many of these vacation excursions and ought to have been with
me on this. Dr. Pilsbry has taken the laboring oar on the catch
of this expedition otherwise, and together with the findings of
the catch of Pilsbry, Daniels and Ferriss in southern Arizona for
1910, the report will be published in the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA n. sp.
Shell lens-shaped, acutely carinated ; umbilicus straight and nar-
row, 1.6 min. wide, enlarging on the last turn to 3 mm. Thin, pale,
corneous brown. Surface sculptured with irregular growth striae,
closely papillose, not striated spirally : covered with a thin dull epi-
dermis, with short, light colored, cuticular scales upon the papillte in
young, unrubbed specimens. 5^ whorls, rounded, deeply sutured, last
whorl impressed above the periphery ; lower side of last whorl three
times as wide as the upper surface ; deeply guttered behind the lip.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
Aperture wide and oblique ; parietal callus barely visible, carry-
ing a nearly straight parietal lamella wliich runs nearly parallel
with the lower edge of the aperture, and is bent inward at the outer
end, in shape a fair representation of a letter J reversed. 3 teeth
upon the outer lip well developed : a wide tooth just below the per-
ipheral angle, somewhat receding or set back from the lip ; a pair
of teeth upon the basal margin, yoked together at their outer ends,
and extending inward across the thickening of the peristome, in shape
therefore like the letter U.
Alt. 5.7, diam. 14 mm.
Largest shell 14.8 mm. diam. by 6.4 alt. Smallest, 13.9 diam.
by 6.1 alt.
The shell in color and general appearance seems close to A.
walkeri Ferr., but is larger, being less depressed, and it has a nar-
rower umbilicus and more whorls. In sculpture and epidermal cover-
ing it is similar to A, lepiderma P. & F., of which the new species
is a sort of large edition.
Cotypes in coll. Academy of National Sciences, Philadelphia, and
in my own collection.
In a hasty search I found but eight of these, of which two were
alive, at the foot of a rocky slide on the east bank of the river in
company with Sonorella and smaller shells.
May 7th, 1913 I left Joliet just a-crawling, for there had been no
vacations since 1910, and the fight for bread had been usually hard.
I returned home October 20th, the longest vacation I ever had ; and
the best of it is, the bread question is settled so that I shall not want,
and the vacations hereafter can be as frequent and long as I please.
Until September, I chaperoned a party of invalids in the Santa
Catalina Mountains near Tucson. This chaperoning and my own
tired feeling prevented me from making a complete survey of that
range, though I had done a little of it in 1910. I brought home a
large quantity of dirt containing Pupas, many cans of dead Sonorel-
las, and the skins of five kinds of rattle-snakes, picked off of 'em here
and there in the hills.
With Frank Coles, a splended guide and biscuit maker, I drove
across the plains and over the mountains from Tucson to Wilcox,
then to the Graham Mountains, Solomonville, the Peloncillo Mts.,
and to Clifton, picking up snails, snakes, terrapins, ferns and daisies ;
occasionally a few peaches, melons, and our own belongings. It was
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
an interesting ride. As a rule the condition of the highways for
exercise, equals any gymnasium this side of the Alleghanies. We
tipped our wagon over in the Graham Mountains, but we held it up all
but once, anyhow.
Physa was found in the water tanks and cienegas, and Oreohelix
strigosa depressa and a Sonorella were found in the Grahams ; another
Sonorella in the Peloncillos, but more of them are there.
This was a mere scouting expedition to see how the land lay for
ferns and snails another year. We seldom remained more than one
night in the same camp, hitting high spots for collecting at meal times,
and before hitching up.
Coles knew where the water was and where it was not, and so
arranged the drinks. At Clifton, we corralled our wagon, and with
horses to ride and mules to pack, continued the jouruey to the White
Mountains of Arizona (not new Mexico). On Eagle Creek, the fourth
day. we commenced to find Oreohelix. As we climbed over the edge of
the Blue Range, I found an Ashmimella of the ckiricahuana group and
Oreohelix in the pine woods under logs. This was at 12,000 feet
above the sea, but the ascent had been gradual. It did not seem
high. From this point to the top of the White Mountains (Old Baldy,
14,000 feet,) the ascent was easy, the trail fine, the grass high and
cattle fat.
Upon the return trip, we left the Eagle Creek trail at the Rim of
the Blue Mts. and dropped down Raspberry Canyon to the Blue
River, 5000 feet, returning to Clifton by the Blue and San Francisco
Rivers. At about 4,000 feet, Sonorellas were found again, and
Ashmunella pihbryana. The rocky slides looked inviting. It was
a hard race for horse feed, as the floods had destroyed grazing on the
flats, the bluffs were unscaleable, and duty called me home. I
opened only four " slides " in the last fifty miles.
The river's banks have the best prospects. At every slide I
scratched, I found a new species. All had been unexplored country
conchologically, and I expected to find great things, large as tea
saucers, banded and punctuated with scarlet, clothed in feathers and
spines. Nevertheless, I found a dozen or so that are new ; and next
year I hope to revisit the neglected slides and go farther into the big
mountains. I know the way now.
Cole shot a bear and we ate it up, also several deer and other
smaller things. The streams were full of speckled trout and the
112 THE NAUTILUS.
pine and spruce forest a continual delight. The Oreohelix were
beautiful in colors, quite equal to those neutral brown tints of the
Philippine snails.
Everything, all summer long, in Sonorellas, Ashmunellas and
Oreohelix, except one Oreohelix and one group of Sonorella, was
found in the rocky slides or talus, and many were dead. I had
theories that dry weather, epidemics, insects or fungi had killed
them, but most of these theories are also dead, or in a dying con-
dition. Perhaps I did not stay long enough upon one slide to find
their home. It is nearly all slide work, and healthy. After sleep-
ing nearly half a year under the stars in the high woods, I am
strong as a farmer. Those invalids I chaperoned are well.
Joilet, 111., Nov., 1913.
PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY IN EUROPE.
BY ZDENKA FRANKENBERGER.
Of late there have appeared in the literature many statements of
the presence of Physa acuta Drap. in Central Europe. It was found
in Leipsic, Gotha, Konigsberg, Jena, Dresden, Munich, Copen-
hagen, Basil, etc., almost always in botanical or other gardens, where
it was thought to have been brought in by the aquarists. In the
neighborhood of Prague we could confirm some years ago, a species
of Physa which was remarkable by its size and quite another form
of the shell than are the two common Bohemian species of Physa,
Physa fontinalis L. and Aplexa hypnorum L. It could not be identi-
fied with Physa acuta, but it is surely the American species, Physa
heterostropha Say, as it was stated already in the Catalogue of
Bohemian Molluscs1 by Babor and Novak. With some care one
cannot be mistaken in the right determination of this snail, for both
the shell (with thicker walls, a lip in the aperture and of a large
size) and the animal (more robust, olivaceous) are quite different
from Physa acuta, which does not occur in the eastern parts of
Europe, and the eastern frontier of the distribution of which is the
1 Babor u. Novak, Verzeichniss der posttertiaren Fauna der bohmischen
Weichtiere. Nachrbl. d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1909.
THE NAUTILUS. 113
Rhine. But now Dr. C. R. Boe.ttger1 described a new variety of
Physa actua from Oppeln in Silesia, which he calls var. thermalis.
It is said to differ from the type by its larger size, thicker shell and
irregular surface. In the same locality lives a species of Spf/arium,
which is described as Sph. tetensi sp. n., but the author says that it
is quite similar to the American Sph. simile Say. From the illus-
tration of the new variety of Physa acuta it is evident that there is
no acuta at all, but that this form is quite identical with the large
specimens of Physa heterostropha, which occurs near Prague of the
same size. How the case stands with other records from Central
Europe, I dare not say ; but it is very probable that all these sup-
posed Physa acuta are in reality P. heterostropha, which was intro-
duced with American fishes and plants of aquaristic commerce, and
which found in our waters suitable circumstances of life. On the
contrary Physa acuta as an animal of warmer regions of Western
Europe scarcely could live any long time in the cold waters of our
pools and brooks.
NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFEICA.
BY BRYANT WALKER SC. D.
Through the great courtesy of M. Paul Pallary of Oran-Eckmuhl,
Algeria, the well-known student of North African Mollusca, I have
been recently enabled to study his entire collection of North African
Ancylidce.
The collection consists of twenty-nine lots, nineteen from Algeria,
six from Morocco, one from Tunis and four from Egypt.
In preparing the following notes, which are based mainly on M.
Pallary's collection, I have made, use of such additional material as
I have in my own collection and such of the literature as I have at
my disposal.
I am under special obligations to Dr. E. F. Weber of the Natural
History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, for drawings and inval-
1C. R. Boettger, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Molluskenfauna Schlesiens.
Nachrbl. d. deutschen Malakozool. Ges., 1913.
114 THE NAUTILUS.
uable information in regard to several of Bourguignat's types, which
have enabled me to definitely determine the species described by that
author.
The distribution of the AncyUdae in North Africa is entirely in
in accord with the faunal limits set forth by Germain in his recent
essay on the "Malacographie de L'Afrique Equatorial", (1909, p.
118). According to that author Africa, north of Lat. 11° N. and
including the Azores, the Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Islands,
belongs to the Palsearctic Region. In the fluviatile Mollusca, how-
ever, the Valley of the Nile forms an exception and is populated by
the characteristic fauna of the Equatorial Region. And this is true,
also, in regard to the Ancylidce.
In Europe, Ancylus is represented by two, and only two, very dis-
tinct groups: Ancylus s. s., of which A. fluviatilis L. is the type, and
Acroloxus, of which the type and only species is the A. lacustris L.
The latter does not seem to have extended its range across the
Mediterranean. But thefluviatilis group is found in great abundance
and variety from Abyssinia to Morocco.
Two species have been described from Abyssinia by Jickeli, (1874,
p. 223), A. abyssinicus and compressus,for the latter of which Bour-
guignat, (1883, p. 84), has proposed to substitute the name of hama-
cenicus, compressus being preoccupied both by Parreyss and Nyst.
Clessin, (1882, p. 31), considers it to be only a variety of abyssinicus.
The collection of M. Pallary contains one species from Tunis.
Thirteen species of more or less doubtful validity have been listed
from Algeria by Bourguignat and others.
Four species are listed from Morocco by Pallary in his last cata-
logue (1904, p. 54.), of the fauna of that country.
The A. aduncus Gld. from Madeira is referred to the European
A. striatus Q. & G. by Wollaston, (1878, p. 470).
According to that author tiie same species, striatus, occurs abun-
dantly on the islands of Grand Canary, Pal ma and Teneriffe in the
Canaries.
The A. rupicola Mouss. (1872, p. 141), from Teneriffe is an allied
and probably depaupei'ate form of the same species according to
Wollaslon.
All of these species undoubtedly belong to the group of A. fluviatilis
and show that the ancyloid fauna of these countries is purely palas-
arctic.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
The single species, however, recorded from the Cape Verde Islands,
A. milleri Dohrn, (1869, p. 18), so far as can be judged from the imper-
fect description, would seem to be a Ferrissia. If so, it probably
marks the extreme northern extension of the Equatorial fauna on the
west coast.
The family is not represented at all in the Azores.
In Algeria, in addition to the species of tlaejluviatilis group, are
found the two remarkable species described by Bourguignat and for
which he created the genus Brondeh'a, (1862, p. 89), B. drouetiana
and gibbosa, which retain the apical whorls in maturity. In this
respect they resemble the Tasmanian species of Ancylastrum.
Unfortunately the soft anatomy of these forms is, as yet, unknown
and, until that is determined, the systematic position of the group
must remain uncertain. In all probability, it will be found to be
more closely related to Ancylus s. s. than to Ancylastrum.
In both Brondelia and Ancylastrum the apical whorls are sinistral
and the animal is, probably, sinistral also. On the other hand,
Ancylus s. s., which loses its sinistrally coiled apical whorls at a very
early stage and in maturity has the apex usually more or less turned
to the right, never to the left, while the animal is sinistral, is com-
monly (Taylor, 1895, p. llo) considered an example of heterostro-
phy. As a matter of fact, a careful study of the shells belonging to
the different groups of the Ancylidce will show that the species hav-
ing the apex turned toward the right are really sinistral in their
essential construction. In the same way, Acroloxus with its apex
turned to the left and a dextral animal would have also in reality a
dextral shell.
In view of the prevalence of the various forms of the fluviatilis
group as a characteristic feature of the fauna of Algeria, it was a
cause of great surprise to find among the Ancyli of M. Pallary's col-
lection a very distinct and curious species of Ferrissia.
The genus Ferrissia, for in view of the distinct character of the
radula, which will be discussed at length in my final paper on the
Ancylidce of South Africa now in preparation, I believe it to be
entitled to generic rank, has the most extended range of any group
of the Ancylidce. While Ancylus s. s. and Acroloxus are restricted
to the Palasarctic Region of the Old World, Burnupia to South
Africa, Ancylastrum and Latia to New Zealand, and Lanx and
Lavapex to America, Ferrissia, with the exception of the Palae-
116 THE NAUTILUS.
arctic Region of the Old World (Northern Africa as herein stated
excepted) has a world-wide distribution.
With its apparent metropolis in North America, it has recently
been found abundantly in South Africa (Walker, 1912, p. 142), and
extends northerly along the east coast of the Equatorial Region and
in the Valley of the Nile to Alexandria.
Ancylus tanganyicensis Smith (1906, p. 184), is a Ferrissia.
The species collected by Blanford (1870, p. 472), in a small
stream near Mai Wahiz, Tigre, an affluent of the Nile (1. c., p. 61),
and doubtfully referred by him to the Indian A. verruca Bens., is
also a Ferrissia. Blanford's specimens, now in the Indian Museum
at Calcutta, was sent in 1908 to the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin of Cam-
bridge, England, to enable him to extract and examine the radula,
which he informed me was of the Ferrissia type. Through his
courtesy the shells were sent to me for examination on their way
back to Calcutta. At that time I had no specimens of the Indian
species in my collection for comparison and, as I had then no ex-
pectation of ever doing any work on the African fauna, I unfor-
tunately neglected to make any description or figures. My note,
made at the time, was simply that the specimens were Ferrissias.
This confirmed Prof. Gwatkin's opinion based on his examination of
the radula and settled the generic position of the form, though, un-
fortunately, its specific character must remain uncertain until it can
be more critically examined.
There are, so far as I know, no authentic records of the occur-
rence of Ferrissia on the west coast of Equatorial Africa. As
already stated, it seems probable that the A. milleri Dohrn from the
Cape Verdes belongs to this group, but only an examination of the
types can definitely determine that question.
There is every probability, however, that, sooner or later, Fer-
rissia will be found to be of general distribution in Equatorial Africa.
The Indian A. verruca Bens., the Japanese A. baconi Bgt., the
Australian A. australis Tate, the New Zealand A. woodsi John.,
(possibly the non-septate form of a Gundlachia according to Hedley,
1895, p. 66), and the Hawaiian A. sharpi Sykes are all Ferrissias.
This world-wide distribution of Ferrissia is very significant and
goes to show that, like certain other fresh-water pulmonate types of
similar distribution, it is probably of very ancient origin. And the
apparent agreement between its present range and the conditions of
THE NAUTILUS. 117
land and water in Upper Cretaceous times as depicted by Ortmann
(1902, p. 381), may be more than a mere coincidence.
While Ferrissia and Laevapex are very closely related, the world-
wide range of the former is in marked contrast with the restricted
one of the latter, which is apparently confined to America.
I can not accept Hannibal's statement, (1912, p. 153), that the
Ancylidce have been evolved "from simple, patelliform ancestors".
I agree rather with Grabau, (1902, p. 921), that "our modern patel-
liform species are probably not primitive types", but are descended
from ancestors with spiral shells. The persistence of spiral apical
whorls in Brondelia and AncyJastrum and the deciduous spiral apex
of Ancylus s. s. would seem to be conclusive on that point.
While there may be no great force in an argument based on the
usually thinner and flatter shell of Lavapex as compared with that
of Ferrissia^ so far as it goes, it tends to show a progressive degen-
eration of the shell-secreting function in the former group.
For these reasons I can not follow Hannibal, (1. c. p. 150), in
subordinating Ferrissia to Lavapex as a subgenus. To my mind,
the reverse is actually the fact and Lavapex is a comparatively re-
cent offshoot from the ancient Ferrissia stock.
My main purpose in undertaking the examination of the Pallary
collection was to determine as far as possible the relative range of
Ancylus s. s. and Ferrissia in North Africa. It would be quite im-
possible for any one without access to types of Bourguignat and large
series of PalaBarctic material either to attempt to identify Bourguig-
nat's species or to satisfactorily determine the validity of the African
species belonging to \\\efluviatilis group. And I have not attempted
to do so.
( To be continued. )
POISONING BY THE BITE OF CONUS GEOGRAPHU8.1
The following report by Dr. A. Herbert Hallen was forwarded to
the Australian Museum, Sydney, by Dr. B. G. Corney, from Fiji,
10th September, 1901. Accompanying it was a shell, identified as
Conus geographus, said to be similar to the one that inflicted the
severe bite described. The following is the extract from the Gov-
1 From The Australasian Medical Gazette, September, 1912.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
eminent Medical Officer's Report, Levuka, for the month of June,
1901 :
" I had under observation the case of a European lady here who
was the subject of a severe form of poisoning by a shell-fish of the
species of which a shell is now sent for identification.
" The lady was fishing not far from the shore in the evening,
with her family and native servant in the boat. The shell-fish hav-
ing been obtained, the boy cracked it to extract the meat, which
was large in quantity for the size of the shell, and having cracked
the shell, handed it to his mistress with the meat hanging from its
internal attachment. To free the flesh she inserted her little finger
towards the upper end, and, she declares, felt it shoot out a sharp-
pointed thing which penetrated her finger and caused such a peculiar
sensation that she at once called out that she was bitten and poisoned.
" The poisonous matter is said to be the yellow pulpy matter at
the thicker end of the shell ; it might of course be merely repro-
ductive OE digestive tissue, or again there might well be a modifica-
tion of some secretory gland to form a protective poison gland, and
in the latter case, nature would surely provide along with poison,
some mechanical means to promote injection into the enemy.2
" The point of puncture in this case was minute and only to be seen
with great care ; indeed, that it was a puncture was much less readily
seen than the local effect of the poison which caused a bluish dis-
coloration of the surrounding tissues. It was situated at the point
of the patient's little finger near the side of the nail. Through so
small a puncture, and in so short a time as was allowed to its inser-
tion (she did not unfortunately suck the wound), but a most minute
quantity of the poison could have entered the circulation, yet the
effects were most grave. Locally a numbness was first experienced.
This extended rapidly up the arm, which became paralysed and the
paralysis spread thence rapidly throughout the body. It was peculiar
that not only was general muscular control abolished, even so far
that the head had to be supported over the trunk in order that
unimpeded breathing might be allowed to continue ; but there was a
loss also in a lesser degree (as I think) of sensation, with numbness
1 The wound was doubtless inflicted by the radula, of which the teeth are
well known to be provided with ducts communicating with a poison-secreting
gland. — ED.
THE NAUTILUS. 119
and "pins and needles " beginning in the arm and becoming gen-
eralised through the body, and to a more marked degree there was
a disappearance of muscular sensation and a complete absence of
knee jerks. The patient constantly asked where her limbs were.
Utterance was thick and indistinct. The respiratory and cardiac
muscular apparatus did not at any time participate to a danger-
ous degree in the paralysis. The stomach, however, may have
been effected, for I could not induce vomiting. When at its worst,
some three or four hours after the poisoning began, the con-
dition distinctly affected the throat, and a good deal of distress was
caused by the difficulty in removing accumulated fluid. The poison
seemed to me to clearly belong to the class of which curare is the
type. Of this I felt assured as soon as I had examined the patient
and observed the freedom of the respiratory and circulatory centers
from its actions compared with the absolute abrogation of voluntary
muscular paralysis, so that, the patient weighing 16 odd stone, I felt
a good deal of anxiety as to whether the arms would not dislocate
at the shoulder when the body was lifted in the chair by the bands
under the armpits ; indeed it was exceedingly difficult to move the
patient, all the parts being so abnormally yielding. The treatment
I adopted was merely directed to the maintaining of life till the poi-
son should have been destroyed. The heart and lungs were quite
equal to their work if other circumstances could be kept favorable.
This was done by placing the patient in a semi-recumbent position
in a canvas chair, and by keeping the head in such a position that
breathing and swallowing were facilitated. I should have liked to
relieve the circulation by inducing vomiting, but failed to do so-
Had I had strychnine with me, I should have injected it hypodermic"
ally, but I did not feel justified in leaving the patient to get it. The
worst was past in about six hours. The wound was made about 9.30
p. m. Paialysis lasted on with steadily diminishing intensity till late
next day, but the numbness lasted considerably longer in the injured
finger, and for a month after the patient experienced a shock in the
little finger on hard impaction — as in playing the piano. This was
the last symptom to clear up, unless the sore eyes, which began and
lasted later, are to be attributed to this poison as their cause.
Though natives declare that recovery from fish poisoning is often
complicated by sore eyes, yet I am not aware that the tradition
would apply to this kind. I have heard since of other cases of this
120 THE NAUTILUS.
kind of fish poisoning, and among others of a Kadavu woman who
died before she could be got from the shore."
NOTES.
A few weeks ago the skipper of my little boat, the EOLIS, made
a single dredge haul off Key West, Florida, in 90 fathoms, rough
rocky bottom, and just on the edge of the "Pourtales Plateau" and
within the Gulf Stream. Although the number of species obtained
is small the catch is a remarkable one and seems to me well worth
recording. It is as follows;-
1 Sipho (Ptycbosalpinx) n. sp.
1 Liomesus stimpsoni Dall
18 Voluta (Maculopeplum) dohrni Sby
2 Voluta (Aurinia) dubia Brod
2 Voluta (Aurinia) gouldiana Dall
4 Calliostoma bairdi V. and S.
6 Murex beaui F. and B.
1 Phyllonotus nuttingi Dall
1 Pteronotus macropterus Desh
2 Coralliophila deburghii Reeve
1 Conus mazei Desh
3 Phos candei orb
10 Nassa hotessieri Orb
1 Cassis inflata Shaw
6 Pleurotoma albida Perry
JOHN B. HENDERSON.
MR. LLOYD B. SMITH collected the following species of shells from
a Pleistocene deposit near Sierra Nueva, Santo Domingo. It may
be of interest to put the find on record as the type of C. moenensis
Galb. was found in Costa Rica.
Bullaria amygdalum Dillw. Notica caurena Lam.
Columbella mercatoria Lam. Neritina virginea L.
Murex similis Sowb. Chione cancellata L.
Thais coronata L. Chione paphia L.
Strombus puyilis L. C/tama lingua -felis Rve.
Cerithium liter atum Born.
Cerithium moenensis Gabb.
E. G. VANATTA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. MARCH, 1914. No. 11
NOTES ON SOME WEST AMERICAN PECTENS.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
Since publishing iny notes on West Coast Pectens in 1898, in the
Transactions of the Wagner Institute, a very large amount of ma-
terial has accumulated which enables me to revise and correct the
nomenclature then adopted and the views of relationship of the dif-
ferent forms treated. The complete work is reserved for future pub-
lication, some notes however having an immediate interest.
In 1839 Anton described under the name of Pectan excavatus a
species from China afterward named by Sowerly P. sinensis. This
is a good species. In '1846 the plate of the Mollusca of the u Voyage
of the Venus " by Valennciennes were issued and contain a Pecten
named P. excavatus. Whether the name is a mere coincidence, or
the species was supposed to be the same as Anton's, cannot be known,
as the text was never published. At any rate the shell figured was
identical with that commonly known as P. dentatus G. B. Sowerby,
1 842. But there is a P. dentatus described by J. Sowerby in 1829, so
that the name of 1842 cannot be used. For this common species of the
Gulf of California I propose the name of Pecten (Euvola) cataractes.
The group of Pectens including P. islandicus Miiller, P. ruhidus
Hinds (= hindsii Cpr. ), P. hastatus Sowerby, P. hericius Gould, etc.
has always puzzled writers, all of whom, including myself, have been
misled by worn specimens or insufficient material.
Possessing the types of Gould, Carpenter, and Arnold, and a full
series of the recent shells in good condition, 1 have reached the fol-
lowing conclusions.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
P. hastatus Sowerby, is a good species of small size and limited
distribution in the California region.
P. hericius Gould is distinct, and distributed from Port Althorp,
Alaska to San Diego, Cal. The variety albidus Dall, if not a dis-
tinct species, is probably an extreme form of hericius.
P. islandicus Miiller, extends from the Arctic south in constantly
deeper water to the Strait of Fuca. Varieties of this were supposed
to be P. rubidus Hinds, by Middendorff, who did not know the true
rubidus, and his name for one variety, beringiana, takes precedence
of my variety strategus, which is identical.
P. hindsii Carpenter (rubidus Hinds, not Martyn) has a very
wide distribution from Bering Sea to Cape St. Lucas. It is a good
species, the typical form of which has the major ribs on the right
valve flattish and smooth. In my variety navarchus they are rounded
and densely imbricate. The two can be separated in the dark.
Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby, has had a confused
nomenclatorial career. It was first named tumidus by Sowerby in
1835, but there is an older tumidus of Turton, 1822. Sowerby then
replaced the name by ventricosus under which the species is
commonly catalogued. But he had also described in 1835 a P. cir-
cularis from Guaymas, Mexico, which as figured appears to be merely
a color variety of tumidus. There is a P. circularis of Goldfuss, but
it appears to have been published in 1836. The species will then
(as indicated by Arnold) take the name circularis. It is closely
analogous to the Atlantic P. dislocatus Say, and its variety tequisul.
catus bears the same relation to the type that the Atlantic irradians
does to dislocatus (= gibbus Lam.)
Pecten (Patinopecteri) caurinus Gould. This species can at once
be distinguished from its analogue P. yessoensis Jay, by the fact that
its minor surface sculpture is purely concentric, while that of the
Japanese shell is reticulate when in perfect condition.
P. digitatus Hinds, is probably only a young specimen of P. (Nodi-
pecten) subnodosus Sowerby.
A NEW SONORELLA FROM THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA.
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.
Among some shells recently received from Mr. Ellsworth Bethel,
of East Denver High School, were four dead specimens of Sonorella
TJ1K NAUTILUS. 123
collected by him on Bright Angel Trail, at Grand Canyon, Arizona,
in 1913. He was collecting fungi, and unfortunately did not note the
exact locality of the snail find, but writes that he followed the trail
closely, and thinks he got the shells " about one hundred yards wect
of the upper limit of the trail and not more than twenty feet below
'lie top," though he cannot be certain and '' may have gotten them
as far down as the half way house. " He supposed them to be com-
mon and made no note of the place. They are much larger than the
common S. coloradoemis of that region, and differ in other respects-
They did not seem to fit the description of any other species, but the
finding of so large a species along a trail which has been searched by
some of our ablest conchologists and most thorough collectors made
me doubt that it could be new, so I sent two specimens to Dr. Pilsbry,
who pronounced them undescribed.
SONORELLA BETHELI, new Species.
Shell rather large, moderately elevated. Whorls five and one-half
convex, increasing regularly in size, the last descending about one
millimeter in the last five millimeters to the aperture. Lip slightly
everted, more strongly so at the base of the aperture, and somewhat
reflected over the umbilicus, its terminations connected by a thin
transparent callus. Umbilicus moderate, open to the apex. Aper-
ture shortly oval-lunate, oblique. Growth-lines fine, but well-defined
under a lens ; numerous wrinkles, usually rounded, occasionally acute,
coincident with the growth-lines but of course much less numerous.
The most interesting character of the species is the spiral sculpture,
unusual in this genus, consisting of numerous incised lines, slightly
flexnous over the tranverse wrinkles, covering the last whorl from
umbilicus to suture, and extending without diminution over the an-
terior half of the penultimate whorl, above which they begin to dis-
appear. Though the four specimens at hand are all more or less
weathered, one shows the periostracum to be smooth and shiny, and
probably originally of Isabella color. One dark-brown spiral band,
reaching a width of about one millimeter on the last whorl, occurs
just above the periphery, so as to be concealed on all but the last
whorl and the anterior half of the penultimate.
Measurements in millimeters : Type (in Univ. Colo. Museum),
maj. lat. 21, min. lat. 18.5, alt. 14, alt. measured just in frontof
aperture 10.5, height of aperture 9.5, width of aperture to callus
124 THE NAUTILUS.
margin 10.5. Cotype (in Univ. Colo. Museum), broken specimen,
maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt. 14. Cotype (in possession of Mr •
Bethel), with third whorl depressed, maj. lat. 20.5, min. lat. 17, alt.
in front of aperture 9.5. Cotype (in Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.), maj.
lat. 21.2, min. lat. 18.2, alt. 13.1 mm.
Type locality, Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon, Arizona.
NOTES ON THE ANCYLIDAE OF NORTH AFRICA.
BY BRYANT WALKER, SC. D.
(Concluded from p.
The following so-called species of the Ancylus fluviatilis group have
been listed from Algeria by Bourguignat and others:
Ancylus brondeli Bgt.
costulatus Kust.
compressiusculus M. T.
subriparius Bgt.
epipedus Bgt.
ftitviatilis L.
bledahensis Bgt. ==fluviatilis gibbosus teste Westerl.
djurdjurensis Deb.
peraudieri Bgt.
platylenus Bgt.
raymondi Bgt.
striatus Q. & G.
simplex Fer. —fluviatilis teste Clessin and Westerlund.
gibbosus Bgt. =fluviatilis var. teste Clessin and Wester-
lund.
strictus Mor.
In this connection it seems necessary to call attention to the per-
sistently erroneous use of Ancylastrurn Bgt. for this group by the
continental authors, e. g., Fischer, 1881, p. 504, Clessin, 1882, p.
27, Westerlund, 1885, p. 89, Germain, 1913, p. 261.
As Hedley (1894, p. 118) has already shown, Bourguignat twice
gave A. cumingianus as the type of that group. " Since the de-
scriber of the group clearly and repeatedly declared his type to be
cumingianuSi it is not legitimate for Fischer, Clessin or Tryon to
alter the type of Ancylastrum from A. cumingicmus to A. ftuviatilis.
THE NAUTILUS. 125
That Bourguignat also included A.fluviatilis and other members of
Ancylus proper in Ancylastrum is unfortunate, but it does not invali-
date the genus."
If Ancylastrum, Acroloxus, Ferrissia, etc., are retained as sub-
genera or sections of Ancylus, then the group of Jluviatilis would be-
long to Ancylus s. s. If, however, these other groups are to be con-
sidered, as they should be, of generic value, then there is no occasion
for any subgeneric or sectional designation of the fluviatilis group
at all.
In addition to the various representatives of thefluviatilis group
represented in the fauna of Northern Africa as hereinbefore men-
tioned from Abyssinia, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and the Canary and
Madeira Islands, the examination of the Pallary collection has re-
vealed the existence of the following species belonging to Ferrissia
and Gundlachia.
FERRISSIA PLATYRHYNCHUS n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 1-3.
Shell rather elevated, oval, the left margin somewhat more curved
than the right, anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded,
thin, translucent, light corneous, lines of growth regular and rather
strong ; anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled ; apex large and
very prominent, radially striate, turned to the right and overhanging
the posterior slope, surrounded by a distinct constriction, which is
deeper posteriorly, obliquely flattened above, with an enormous api-
cal depression, surrounded by a strong ridge, which is more con-
spicuous along the posterior margin ; anterior slope convex ; posterior
slope very oblique and nearly straight below the apical constriction;
sides compressed ; lateral slopes flattened, oblique and nearly straight
on both sides.
Length 3.75, width 2.25, alt. 1.25 mm.
Type locality, " Baraki, pres le Gue de Constantine, Algeria."
Type in the collection of Paul Pallary.
The occurrence of a species of Ferrissia in Algeria was a great
surprise. A recent visit to Geneva enabled me to examine the col-
lection of Bourguignat and I was able to satisfy myself that there are
no Ferrissias from Algeria in his collection. In view of the very
considerable amount of collecting that has been done in Algeria in
years past, the form here described would seem to be very rare as it
has not been found by any other collector and only a single specimen
126 THE NAUTILUS.
in this instance, which was collected hy Letourneaux. It would
seem possible that it may be a stray specimen imported in some way
from some other locality.
The species is remarkable for the unusual development of the apex,
which is very different from any other form species of Ferrissia known
to me. It is apparently very similar to that of Ancylus caliculatus
Bgt. It is possible that in both cases it is an individual abnormality
as Clessin has already suggested in regard to Bouiguignat's species.
Whether this is the fact can only be determined from additional ma-
terial, which is very desirable. But in any event, it is evidently
quite distinct from any of the described species from the Nile Valley.
FERRISSIA ISSELI (Bgt). PI. VII, figs. 4-8.
1866, Ancglus isseli Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. Lit., p. 214, pi.
XXXIII, figs. 13-18.
1882, " " Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancyliden, p. 61, pi. 4,
fig. 9.
The types of this species were collected by Issel at "Rambe",
(Ramlehjfck Pallary), near Alexandria.
The specimens submitted by M. Pallary were collected by L'hotel-
lerie "on the leaves of the papyrus" at Alexandria.
Through the courtesy of Dr. Weber, I have been enabled to defin-
itely determine this species, which was misapprehended by M. Pall-
ary in his "Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique d' Egypte". The
species there figured under this name is really the A. clessinianus
Jickeli.
Bourguignat's description is sufficiently accurate, but his figures
are very inaccurate and misleading. Dr. Weber has kindly sup-
plied me with camera-lucida outlines of the type, which are repro-
duced (figs. 7-8), and in reference to them, he writes: "Vous pouvez
ainsi comparer ces dessins avec ceux publics par Bourguignat et voir
les differences, car, a notre avis, elles sont notables; pour nous, les
dessins de Bourguignat ne sont pas corrects; maintenant, il faut
ajouter qu'il existe une assez grande variation de form d'un individu
a 1'autre chez la meme espece".
Apparently this species is not so abundant as the others collected
by L'hotellerie as only two examples were found in the material re-
ceived from M. Pallary. These agree very exactly with the original
description and the figures sent by Dr. Weber and are, undoubtedly,
Bourguignat's species.
THE NAUTILUS. 127
The shell is small, obovate, with a very prominent, almost bulbous,
apex, which is radiaJly striate and decidedly more excentric than in
F. pallaryi , the anterior slope is very convex and the posterior
slope is nearly straight below the depression beneath the projecting
apex ; the lateral slopes are steeper and less oblique than in pallaryi^
Compared with the none-septate form of Gundlachia Vhotelleriei it is
larger, more decidedly obovate, higher, with a more convex anterior
slope and the apex is much more prominent. A* clessinianus is en-
tirely different in its shape and proportions. The specimen I have
figured measures: length 3, width 2, alt. 1 mm.
A small set from Ismailia, which I think belong to this species^
are all very much laterally compressed and are proportionally higher
than the typical form. A characteristic example measures 3.25 xl. 75
x 1.5 mm. This peculiarity is probably the result of some unusual
environmental conditions. A similar instance in Ferrissia parallela
Hald. was figured by me several years ago, (1904, p. 77, pi. V, figs.
4-6).
FERRISSIA CLESSINIANA (Jickeli). PI. figs. 9-11.
1882. Ancylus clessinianus Jickeli, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mai. Ges., p.
366.
1909. Ancylus isseh Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 60, pL
IV, fig. 11.
According to Pallary the types of this species were sent by the
collector, L'hotellerie, to Clessin under the MSS. name of A. Chotel-
leriei Bgt. But it is quite different from the shells that Bourguignat
had in his collection under that name. Jickeli did not figure his
species, but his description agrees exactly with specimens that I
have referred to it and there seems to be no reasonable doubt as to
the identification. The example figured is the shell figured by
Pallary as A. isseli and is in his collection. It measures: length
4.25, width 2.33, alt. 1.25 mm.
The species is larger than any of the associated species of the Nile
fauna and entirely different in shape, which in a general way recalls
that of the American A. parallelus Hald.
FERRISSIA PALLARYI n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 12-14.
Shell small, subdepressed, rather broadly ovate, the left margin
more curved than the right ; anterior and posterior margins regularly
128 THE NAUTILUS.
rounded; thin, translucent, light horn color; lines of growth very
fine and regular ; apex radially striate, obtuse, not prominent, not
elevated above the anterior slope, situated at about the posterior
third of the length and distinctly turned to the right ; anterior slope
slightly, but rather evenly curved from the apex, but becoming
nearly straight towards the anterior margin ; posterior slope nearly
straight, being but slightly incurved ; lateral slopes oblique, the left
quite convex, the right nearly straight, slightly incurved beneath the
apex.
Length 3.25, width 2.25, alt. 1 mm.
Type locality, Canal Mahmoudich, Alexandria, Egypt.
Type in the collection of Paul Pallary. Cotype, Coll. Walker.
Although only one mature and two immature examples are befort,
me, this species is so entirely different from the other species of the
Nile that I do not hesitate to describe it. Its broad-oval outline,
more oblique lateral slopes and the position and shape of the apex
are characteristic and quite unlike any of the described species from
that region.
Named in honor of M. Paul Pallary, who has done much to eluci-
date the fauna of Northern Africa.
GUNDLACHIA I/HOTELLERIEI (" Bourguignat ") n. Sp. PI. VII,
figs. 15-21.
Ancylus clessini Pallary, Mem. Inst. Egypt., VI, p. 59.
Shell very small. The non-septate form (figs. 15-19) is subde-
pressed, narrowly ovate, being wider anteriorily, mostly on the left
margin, the right being nearly straight in the median portion and
and about equally curved at both ends ; anterior and posterior margins
regularly rounded ; thin, translucent, light horn color ; lines of growth
fine and regular, anterior slope somewhat radially wrinkled ; apex
prominent, very obtuse, radially striate and turned towards the right,
situated at the posterior ^of the length; anterior slope long, decidedly
and regularly convex ; the posterior slope short and straight, but
slightly oblique, from the base of the protuberant apex ; left slope
very convex above, thence descending in a nearly straight, oblique
line to the margin ; right slope less oblique and nearly straight, be-
ing very slightly concave below the swell of the apex.
Length 2.75, width 1.5, alt. 1 mm.
The septate form (figs. 20-21) is smaller than the non-septate and
THE NAUTILUS. 129
the lateral margins are less expanded, they are nearly parallel, the
left being slightly convex, the right slightly concave; as usual in this
stage the sides of the aperture have the appearance of being drawn
in toward each other in the process of constructing the septum, in
front of the septum the anterior margin is somewhat expanded ; the
septum occupies about two-thirds of the entire length, it is decidedly
curved along the lateral margins and posteriorly, but the anterior
portion is flattened in the center as though from contact with the
back of the animal when in motion and towards the septum descends
quite obliquely ; the margin of the septum is only slightly convex in
the center, curving quite abruptly forward as it joins the lateral
margins of the shell. The surface conditions are as in the non-
septate form.
The fully matured (Gunlachoid) stage is unknown.
Length 2.1, width at margin of septum 1, greatest width 1.2, alt.
75 mm.
Type locality, Alexandria, Egypt.
Types no. 35966 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of Paul
Pallary.
Dr. Weber has kindly furnished outlines (figs. 15-16) of the types
of Bourguignat's unpublished species and there can be no question
but that this, and not the A. clessinianus of Jickeli, was the form that
he had intended to describe under the name which I have adopted.
It is also the species that Pallary erroneously referred to as A.
clessini, but did not describe. Both names being without published
description, I have given the preference to the anterior one of
Bourguignat.
I have no doubt but that both of the forms above described belong
to the same species.
The non-septate form is very similar to the North American A.
shimeMi Pils. and A. pumilas Sterki, but differs from both in eleva-
tion and other details. Dr. Pilsbry has already suggested that
shimekii is the non-septate form of a Gundlachia, and I am inclined
to think that pumilus will prove to be the corresponding condition of
the Ohio Gundlachia, which is probably the meekiana of Stimpson.
The occurrence of this species in Egypt was wholly unexpected
and was the first record of the genus from the Old World.1
1 Shortly after these shells were received from M. Pallary, I received from
130 THE NAUTILUS.
Unfortunately the fully matured form with the secondary growth
has not yet been found.
The fact certainly seems to be that the range of Gundlachia, like
that of Ferrissia is world-wide and the two are apparently coincident.
It is quite possible that others of the so-called Ferrissias will eventu-
ally prove to be the non-septate forms of Gundlachia. At the same
time, if the evidence afforded by the North American species is to-
be relied upon, it is only certain species of "•Ferrissia " that ever be-
come septate. There is no evidence, so far as I know, that the
typical species of Ferrissia ever form a septum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1870. Blanford, W. T. Observations on the Geology and
Zoology of Abyssinia.
1862. Bourguignat, J. R. Spicileges Malacologiques.
1883. Bourguignat, J. R. Histoire Malacologique de 1'Abys-
sinie.
1882. Clessin, S. Conchylien Cabinet, Ancylien.
1869. Dohrn, H. Die Binnenconchylien der Capverdischen
Inseln. Mai. Blatt., XVI, pp. 1-23.
1881. Fischer, H. Manuel de Conchyliologie.
1909. Germain, Louis. La Malacographie de 1'Afrique Equi-
toriale. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen. (5), I, pp. 1-165.
1913. Germain, Louis. Mollusques de la France, II.
1848. Gould, A. A. Proc. B. S. N. H., II, p. 210.
1902. Grabau, A. W. Studies of Gastropoda. Am. Nat.,
XXXVI, p. 917.
1912. Hannibal, Harold. A Synopsis of the Recent and Terti-
ary Mollusca of the Californian Province. Proc. Mai. Soc., Lon-
don, X, p. 112.
1894. Hedley, Charles. On the Value of Ancylastrum. Proc.
Mai. Soc., London, I, p. 118.
1895. Hedley, Charles. On the Australian Gundlachia.
NAUT., IX, p. 61.
Mr. John Farquhar of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, two specimens of a fully
matured Gundlachia from that region. To which, if any, of the recently de-
scribed species of Ferrissia from South Africa this form is to be approximated
I am as yet uncertain. But the occurrence of the genus from both of the ex-
treme ends of Africa is certainly a matter of great interest.
THE NAUTILUS. 131
1874. Jickeli, C. F. Fauna Land und Susswasser Mollusken
Nord-Ost Afrikas.
1872. Mousson, A. Revision de la Faune Malacologique des
Canaries.
1902. Ortmann, A. E. The Geographical Distribution of
Freshwater Decapods, and its bearing upon Ancient Geography.
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XLI, pp. 267-400.
1904. Pallary, Paul. Quatrieme Contribution a 1'etude de la
faune malacologique du Nord-ouest de PAfrique. Jour, de Conch.,
LII, pp. 1-58.
1909. Pallary, Paul. Catalogue de la Faune Malacologique
d'Egypte. Mem. L'Inst., Egypt, VI.
1894-1900. Taylor, J. W. Monograph of the Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of the British Isles, I.
1878. Wollaston, T. V. Testacea Atlantica.
1904. Walker, Bryant. Notes on Eastern American Ancyli.
NAUTILUS, XVIII, pp. 75-83.
1912. Walker, Bryant. A Revision of the Ancylida? of South
Africa. NAUT., XXV, pp. 139-144.
1885. Westerlund, C. A. Fauna der Palaearctischen Region, V.
UNION OF THE WABASH AND MAUMEE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.
BY CALVIN GOODRICH.
If only as a matter of record, it may be worth while to set down
the fact that the drainage of the Great Lakes and that of the Ohio
became united in the great flood of March-April, 1913.
A little southwest of Fort Wayne, Ind., the St. Mary's River,
tributary to the Maumee, approaches within three miles of the Little
Wabash River, belonging to the Ohio system. The land between is
known as " The Prairie " and the dividing line of the two drainage
basins upon it is not perceptible to the human eye. It was across
this stretch that the St. Mary's River sent its flood waters last spring,
and no doubt it was responsible in no small measure for the damage
wrought at Peru and Logansport some distance down the Wabash.
The Wabash and Erie canal, now many years abandoned, skirted
132 THE NAUTILUS.
'' The Prairie " and entered the main stream of the Wabash not far
below Huntington. There is excellent reason for believing that the
Unione fauna of the Maumee has received additions, by means of
this canal, since the days when the upper part of what is now the
Maumee water course served as a southward flowing outlet for the
glacial lake Maumee. Such additions are Quadrula cylindrica strig,
illata (B. H. Wright), Pluerobema clava (Lam.), Plagiola securis
(Lea) and Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Q. cylindrica strigil-
lata has proceeded down the river as far as Antwerp, Ohio, and clava
as far as Defiance. Knowledge of securis is confined to one specimen
found in a clammer's camp just below Fort Wayne. The lower-
most station for complanata is New Haven, about seven miles below
Fort Wayne. While this species is known to two other streams
within the Great Lakes drainage, it is unquestionably a new comer
in the Maumee. Call records Obovaria retusa (Lam.) from the St.
Joseph, which receives the name of Maumee at Fort Wayne. It is
highly probable that he had before him specimens or Quadrula pus-
tulosa, much produced forward, free of tubercles and suggestive of
retusa. This form is to be seen not infrequently in many parts of
the Maumee.
The Naiades of the Maumee and the upper parts of the Wabash
now very nearly approximate one another, counting the recent ad-
ditions for which the Wabash and Erie canal may be thanked. In
a rather hurried collecting excursion along the main stream of the
Wabash from St. Henry, Ohio, to Bluffton, Ind., last fall, Unio
crassidens Lam. and Quadrula heros (Say) (possibly) were the only
species lound which are unknown to the Great Lakes drainage. In
case either of these species appears some day in the Maumee, its
presence might reasonably be accounted for by glochidia-bearing fish
which crossed the divide in the course of the flood of 1913.
It is convenient here to chronicle the finding of Unia tetralasmus
sayii Ward, a stranger from the southern drainage, in Cedar Creek,
Lucas County, and Toussaint Creek, Ottawa County, Ohio. These
small streams empty into Lake Erie and are only a few miles apart.
Further exploration is necessary before it is wise to speculate as
to the reason for the appearance of the species so far from home
waters.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXVII. APRIL, 1914. No. 12
A NEW CUBAN LAND OPERCULATE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
During a recent visit 10 Cuba Dr. Henry Skinner, in the intervals
of entomological researches, collected a few land shells. Some dirt
scraped up on the San Carlos Estate, near Guantanamo, contained
over twenty species of shells, including the following new species,
which is named in honor of Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, Manager of
the Estate, in acknowledgment of his attainments in Cuban ento-
mology, ornithology and conchology.
The new species is by far the smallest cyclophoroid snail yet known
from Cuba, and is further of interest for the reason that it is a dis-
tinctly phylogerontic or aged form, such as the writer has found in
numerous other Antillean groups. The snail fauna of the West In-
dies contains many groups bearing the marks of old age, and in all
probability approaching extinction. Sometimes this is manifested
by extravagant development of spines, hollow ribs or knobs, often by
more or less uncoiling in the later stages of growth. Some other
families of the fauna show no signs of decadence.
The systematic position of the new species is doubtful, since none
retained the operculum ; but it is evidently congeneric with the Hai-
tian shell described as Geratodiscus solutus Henderson and Simpson
(Nautilus XV, p. 73, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2). Both of these species seem
related to the Cyclotus minimus Gundl., of Pfeiffer (Mon. Pneumon.
Ill Suppl. 2, p. 16; Suppl. 3, p. 31.) which has been referred to
Crocidopoma, a subgenus of Aperostoma, but I believe incorrectly.
The operculum of C. minimus is extremely peculiar. The nucleus is
134 THE NAUTILUS.
at the external border. A smooth, wedge-shaped area radiates
towards the columellar margin, and the areas above and below this
are lamellose, the lamellae at right angles to the sides of the median
wedge. This is quite unlike all known genera of the region.
CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI n. sp.
The shell is minute, planorboid, the spire slightly sunken, um-
bilicus open, conic, showing all the whorls. Whorls 2§, tubular,
the last whorl descending slightly and becoming free from the pre-
ceding a short distance behind the aperture. Initial half whorl
smooth ; following whorl having several raised spiral threads ; sub-
sequent whorls with sculpture of fine, somewhat irregular growth-
lines only. The aperture is slightly oblique, not quite circular, the
inner border being a little straightened. The peristome expands
just perceptibly, and is not or scarcely thickened.
Alt. 1.3, diam. 3 mm.
Guant&namo, Cuba, on the San Carlos Estate, numerous speci
mens.
This species is far smaller than C. minimus, and differs by the re-
striction of spiral sculpture to the first neanic whorl, and by the free
end of the last whorl. In C. minimus the spiral sculpture continues
upon the last whorl. Although the specimens of C. ramsdeni were
dirty when collected, I doubt whether they are so in life. (?. mini-
mus carries a peculiar, bicarinate coat of dirt, firmly cemented on
with mucus, and which almost or quite conceals the shell.
C. solutus H. &. S., of Haiti, is a larger shell, more depressed,
with the last whorl free for a greater distance.
The new species will be illustrated next month, together with
various other new Cuban shells.
NOTES.
BY JAS. H. FERRISS.
A set of Oreohelix iowensis Pils. from Prof. B. Shimek of Iowa
City, with gentle washing and a slight touch of oil exhibited their
pink bands, though resurrected from their tombs in the Loess where
they slept some thousands of years. The syringing also brought
out five juveniles from one specimen, and some of those were also
banded.
THE NAUTILUS. 135
While telling "snake stories" I will tell them all. In our col-
lections of 1910 in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Pilsbry,
Daniels and Ferriss), we found a thin and small Sonorella belonging
apparently to a new group, near S. rowelli (Newc.), Again we
found a member of the same group in the Santa Catalinas, and last
year I extended it into the Grahams and Peloncillos. The habitat
and habits of Sonorella are usually dry, but these were wet, with a
fondness for deep woods and old logs. It was found easily in the
dark gulches of the Catalinas last summer, and in its vicinity a
bitter odor was noticed, something like that given out by Parnassus
grass, skunk cabbage, and a Tennessee goldenrod. It came from
the snail. As I picked it from its resting place it shot out a drop
or two of juice into the air, but that was the extent of the disturb-
ance. The odor soon disappeared and was not repeated. Of the
hundreds found of this odorous group I saw only three shells broken
by the chipmunks, and very seldom a dead one. Last summer I
gathered over 300 Sonorellas of the rinconensis group in one slide of
rock, and found only two alive. Often mice and chipmunks defeated
me entirely in slides containing both Oreohelix and Sonorella.
Robert Camp, a student and collector of birds, now at Browns-
ville, Texas, has found more delight in snail collecting than in truck
gardening, and is now sending out some of the finest Texans pro-
duced. That region is peculiarly adapted for good colors and good
health in snails. His Euglandina texasiana Pfr. (not singleyana
W. G. B.) are perfect as perfect can be, for I was down there in
January and helped him catch 'em.
He sent me in Arizona last summer some Planorbis cultratus Orb.
and Segmentina obstructa (Morel) he had found in the dry Texas
soil from four to six inches deep. Turned loose in a cup of Arizona
water they were soon crawling about. In January we collected in a
cotton field that had been cultivated four years, and on the edge of
the field in the shade arid unbroken ground found the shell alive four
inches down in stiff black soil, cracked so long that the cracks were
lined with moss. The live shells however were not in the cracks but
in the sections of black and baked soil. In a low spot of the field,
a springy place, we found them also with a Succinea, Physa and Pla~
norbis liebmanni, Dkr., but none were alive. The latter resembles
the Segmentina except in wanting teeth. It is also larger. The P.
cultratus is thin as a sheet of ledger paper and very delicate in ap-
pearance.
136 THE NAUTILUS.
On this Texas journey we went up the Rio Grande as far as Rio
Grande City. In Louisiana I visited Mr. L. S. Frierson and saw
his collection of Uniones with great profit. I heard the story of Dr.
W. S. Strode of my own State, barefooted, attempting to kick down
a cypress knee in Lake St. Charles. These knees in color sometimes
do look like a toadstool of tropical growth.
I also learned that Mr. Frierson was well supplied with Anodonta
suborbiculata Say. He found a fragment of that rare queen of the
Anodontas at the edge of a pond near his village and employed a gen-
tleman of color to gather them at a nickel per clam. Two days later
the black imp of darkness drove up to his house with a two-horse
team, the wagon box full of A. suborbiculata.
I did not find Rev. H. E. Wheeler at Arkadelphia, Ark. These
Methodist conchologists move too often.
CUBAN COLLECTING ; SAN DIEGO DE LOS BANDS.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.
Mr. Charles T. Simpson and the writer recently made a collecting
trip to San Diego de los Banos. This old and very dilapidated
Cuban town is about seventy five miles west of Havana and lies just
at the entrance to a pass through the southern range of the Sierra
de los Organos and is an admirable starting point for daily collecting
excursions into the mountains. This is given as the type locality of
a number of species and judging from its frequent reference in Cuban
lists it must have been a favorite field for the older collectors who
first made known Cuba's remarkable land snail fauna. The actual
town itself lies in the lowlands and therefore offers nothing to the
collector for Cuba's level plains and valleys are almost destitute of
shells. On account of this fact Cuba still maintains three quite dis-
tinct land shell faunas, each inhabiting its own mountain system.
These three systems were once separated by the sea and developed
their own island faunas, but now that a general elevation of the
whole region has connected them all by dry land a mingling of the
three faunas might naturally be expected. Such, however, is the
case only to a very slight extent. The connecting land areas are
lowlands, the tobacco fields, the cane fields and cattle ranges of
the island. With a very few exceptions the Cuban land shells can-
THE NAUTILUS. 137
not find proper conditions for life in the lowlands and the three
mountain faunas of the island are almost as effectually separated as
when the sea surrounded them.
The great mountain system of western Cuba (Organos) haa suf-
fered rapid erosion and it now happens that whole ranges once a
part of the main system have been so cut down by atmospheric forces
that they exist today only in the form of more or less detached hills,
— or " mogotes " as the natives call them. These mogotes, in point
of size, may be quite respectable mountains with all the pinnacles
and organ-pipe peaks so characteristic of the region, or they may
be but a comparative handful of worn down boulders appearing like
a little hump on the level landscape. They are practically always
heavily wooded and maintaining as they do all the conditions of life
needed by the snails, they possess each and every one a little i'aunula
of its own, — modified, of course, by long isolation from the main
range. This accounts in one way for the great richness in Cuba of
species. Nature has brought this about by dividing her mollusks
into thousands of little preserves and isolating them. As erosion
cuts down the mogotes and their quarters become more and more
restricted the mollusks that can adapt themselves and fight the battle
of life the best, persist, — they generally become smaller in size, while
others not so adaptable disappear. Thus every mogote has a surprise
or two for the collector, — usually a new species or subspecies of
Urocoptis.
In most countries there are certain genera of land or fresh water
shells that appear to be especially plastic or quick to modify their
forms to meet new conditions. In the Bahamas the Cerions, in
Europe the Clausilias, in the United States the Pleuroeeratidas and
in Cuba the Urocoptis. If these last had received the kind of appli-
cation that some genera in other parts of the world have received,
there would be in Cuba about a thousand species of them, — that is
after the mogotes had all been explored. But these Urocoptids
have much to tell of what has happened to Cuba in the past. They
almost indicate three separate migrations into the island from dif-
ferent sources and at different times. One of these may prove to be
along a ridge once connecting Cuba through Camaguay, Santa Clara,
and the Isle of Pines with Central America, an immigration quite
distinct from the one supposedly into Pinar del Rio from Yucatan.
Until the land operculates of Cuba shall have been wholly revised as
138 THE NAUTILUS.
to genera they can tell but little, indeed, they can only confuse the
student. The names Chondropoma, Choanopoma, Colobostylus,
Tudora, etc., mean nothing applied indiscriminately as they are.
When Simpson and I first attacked the mountains about San Diego
our first impression was that we were gathering the very same species
taken before many miles west at Vinales, Sumidero etc., and it was
easy to fancy ourselves back in our old haunts of two years ago.
We were, however, deceived by the similarity only of the species of
the two localities. The majority are different species, especially, as
one might anticipate, among the Urocoptids. It is only the genera
and the sections that are the same.
The delights of mogote collecting are hard to exaggerate, and
there are many mogotes all about San Diego de los Banos. Each is
a little treasure trove full of life and a bower of tropical luxuriance
and we worked them all within a distance of several miles of the
town. A day spent on La Guida, a splendid mountain of the main
range, will give perhaps a good example of our daily work while at
San Diego. An early morning walk of about six miles brings us to
the "sacred presence " and we leave the so-called road to ford a
river and plunge into the fearful jungle at the base of the mountain.
There are no shells in this jungle, but upon reaching the actual base
of the mountain great rocks are first met and among them the dead
shells give an index to what we may expect when we get up a little
higher. Traveling is most difficult here until the first line of rocks
is passed and the steep sides are reached. Then somebody picks a
Cepolis parraiana off a tree and we begin to look sharp for Liguus.
Then we reach a region of huge masses of limestone broken off and
fallen from the great cliffs above, all smothered in vegetation. Here
we discover on the rocks and the trees Urocoptis irrorata and in the
smaller crevices Urocoptis guirensis, sazosa and one or two closely
allied species. Simpson calls out that he has a Macroceramus
(elegans), and then we grub for a time in the soil about the bases of
the rocks and turn out Megalomastoma mani and that splendid
Alcadia (Emoda) sagraiana, and there are also here many smaller
things as Lyobasis angustata, Pichardiella acuticostata and its curious
variety korrida of Pilsbry. Climbing still higher we reach the foot
of the great perpendicular wall towering naked above us for several
hundred feet, and new conditions are at once met. Eutrochatella
regina is very common and we cease even to gather it. An occa-
THE NAUTILUS. 139
sional colony of Eutrochatella acuminata keeps our enthusiasm
warm, and then we discover a colony of that perfect little gem
among land shells, Eutrochatella chrysochasma, with its pinkish cast
and flaming red aperture. The big Ghondropoma shuttleworthi are
quite abundant and we only take the best looking specimens, but the
more rare Chon. sagebieni is much more shy ; we get but a few of
them living. Annularia blaini is everywhere, and we tell our Cuban
guide not to take any more of them. An occasional Pleurodonte
(7%e/.) rangeliana with its commoner cousin PL auricoma is taken.
Oleacina o. straminea and the smaller solidula along with the species
that have the incised lines upon their spires are fairly abundant.
Less so are the Rectoleacina cubensis and R. episcopalis, but they
are there to be had for the search. Some one warns the rest that it
is getting time to pull out for home, and we reluctantly drop the
work and scramble back to the river, an hour at least to go half a
mile. In the river we enjoy the luxury of a swim in the cool, clear
water, and revive our energies for the long " hike " back.
Wherever the naturalist wanders there is always a beyond that is
gilded by imagination and mystery. From a high point we could
gaze into a beyond of high sierras among which our native guide
pointed out the great Pan de Guajaibon, far away and indistinct as
a cloud peak above the mass of mountains. Guajaibon has always
been our dream mountain for future conquest. It was visited a half
century ago by that most enterprising of Cuban collectors, Charles
Wright, but since then it has guarded well its conchological treas-
ures.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME FRESH WATER SHELLS OF THE ST. JOHN'S
RIVER VALLEY IN MAINE, NEW BRUNSWICK AND QUEBEC.
BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.
For many years I have been collecting shells in the valley of the
St. John's River and its tributaries, the Aroostook and Fish Rivers
in Maine, and Madawaska and Green Rivers in New Brunswick and
Quebec. Every tributary has some interesting forms, of which
many are peculiar to a single locality. Many of the tributaries of
St. John's River are in the forest. It is a lumbermen's field for
harvest, and great quantities of logs are floated down these rivers
every year. Sawmills large and small are to be found nearly every-
140 THE NAUTILUS.
where. The sawdust and other waste is thrown in the water, and
is forming extensive deposits in the river and tributaries. It is very
destructive to Molluscan and other animal life.
Anodonta marginata Say. Is distributed in the main river and
the lakes and tributaries on muddy bottom. Common.
Alasmidonta undulata Say. St. John's River at Fort Kent and
Conners. Also in the Aroostook and Fish Rivers. Rare.
Margaritana margaritifera Linne. Is found in the Aroostook
River and some of its tributaries. I have not seen M. margaritifera
in any of the St. John's River tributaries above Grand Falls. If it
is living in the upper part of St. John's River it is rare.
Unio complanatus Solander. Generally distributed in the Aroos-
took and Fish Rivers, rare in the St. John's River. In Temiscouata
Lake is a small form of this species that is common in deep water in
the lakes of Maine (Fish River lakes).
Sphaesrium striatinum Lamarck. Common on rocky bottom in
Fish River, in St. John's River at Fort Kent, and in Madawaska
River at St. Rose.
Ancylus borealis Morse. In 1899 I found five specimens of this
rare shell in the St. John's River at Fort Kent.
Lymncea (Galba} emarginata Say. Second Eagle Lake, Fish
River and St. John's River at Fort Kent, abundant on rock bottom
feeding on Conferva.
Lymncea ( Galba~) emarginata mighelsi Binney. This variety is
represented by fine large specimens at Square, Cross, and Portage
Lakes. The type of Lymncga ampla Mighels came from Square
Lake.
Lymnaa ( Galbd) emarginata canadensis Sowerby. A large col-
ony was found on rocky bottom on the north side of Mt. Wissic,
Temiscouata Lake, Province of Quebec. The colony is located in a
partly sheltered cove in water two to ten feet deep or more. Among
those found here I have noted certain peculiarities that are common
to all species that are found on rocky bottom in more or less shel-
tered position. Each colony has its peculiar variations and need a
geographical name to express their habitat rather than a specific
designation of any individual. See F. C. Baker's work on " The
LymnaBidas of North and Middle America."
Physa heterostropha Say. Common in the St. John's River at
Fort Kent, also in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers.
THE NAUTILUS. 141
Physa ancillaria Say. Common at Square Lake inlet ; dredged in
Second Eagle Lake and Portage Lake on Fish River. A single
specimen was seen at Mt. Wissic, in Temiscouata Lake.
Physa sayii Tappan. A large colony exists in the Caribou stream
at Caribou village, Me. A second locality is at the Third Falls on
Green River, New Brunswick. The shells are common below the
falls and of large size.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common in the St. John's River at
Fort Kent, in the First Lake on Green River New Brunswick, and
in the Fish and Aroostook Rivers, Maine.
Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry. Has only been ob-
served in the towns of Woodland and Caribou, Maine.
Planorbis bicarinatus portagensis Baker. It is apparently a deep
water form and is found in Fish River, Maine. Specimens of this
variety are also found in First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.
Planorbis companulatus Say. Common in Fish River Lakes,
Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.
Planorbis defactus Sny. Salmon Brook, Aroostook County,
Maine, and First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Is well distributed in the Fish River
Lakes and in the Aroostook River Lakes. It is represented in the
First Lake, Green River, New Brunswick, by a large form with the
whorls somewhat flattened.
Of landshells, Succinea retusa Lea is common around Temiscouata
Lake.
Polygyra albolabris Say, is common on Mt. Wissic, Temiscouata
Lake.
Pyramidida striatella and Zonitoides arboreus seem to be common
in the Northern part of New Brunswick.
Zooyenitis harpa Say, I have collected near Green Mt. on Green
River.
Succinea ovalis Say is common at Grand Falls, New Brunswick.
Polygyra monodon cava Pilsbry was collected at St. Leonards,
New Brunswick.
When a complete survey can be made of the St. John's River
there will be many interesting varieties or mutations discovered.
This survey should be made before the lumber operators and the
sawmills have destroyed the most important lakes and tributaries.
142 THE NAUTILUS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CATALOG OF THE MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH CAROLINA, by William
G. Mazyck (Contributions from the Charleston Museum, II, 1913).
Little has been published bearing directly on the Mollusca of South
Carolina since the days of Ravenel. A new catalogue is therefore
hailed with much pleasure. The Introduction, giving a history of
the local conchological work, is very interesting. The list of stu-
dents began with Mr. Stephen Elliott, of Charleston, who was a
correspondent of Say and Rafinesque. Following him were Dr.
Edmund Ravenel, who published two catalogues of his collections.
Prof. Lewis R. Gibbes and Lieut. J. D. Kurtz both published cata-
logues of the shells of the State.
The list contains 424 entries, but a considerable number of names,
quoted from former catalogues, are synonyms, as noted below.
New forms described are : Polygyra hopetonensis var. charleston-
ensis. Marginella spilota (Ravenel MS.), from Sullivan's Island.
Epitonium elliotti, Pawley's Island. Turbonilla kurtzii, Sullivan's
Island. Cyclostrema zacalles, entrance of Charleston Harbor. Lamp-
silis tenerus (Ravenel MS.), Santee Canal.
There are many interesting locality records. Rumina decollata
is reported to be gradually spreading through the State. Maculo-
peplum junonia is very rarely found on Sullivan's Island. Numer-
ous species, which we usually associate with the Florida fauna, are
recorded.
In these days, when mollusk nomenclature is so unsettled, the
making of a local list covering so wide a range of families and
genera is fraught with difficulties. Moreover, the author had to in-
clude many earlier records which could not be checked up, among
the authentic materials of his own collecting. The authorities for
such records are given, and they must be accepted for what they are
worth. These difficulties have naturally resulted in some discrep-
ancies and duplications, which it may not be amiss to note here.
Tornatina canaliculata and Cylichna oryza belong to different
families, and can not both be placed in the genus Acieocina. Busy-
con eliceans is only a variety of carica, and plagosum of pyrum.
" Chrysodomus islandicus " Linn6, is now recognized to be a truly
Arctic species, and belongs, together with pubescens and stimpsoni,
to the genus Tritonofusus. Seila terebralis is now known as S.
THE NAUTILUS. 143
adamsi, H. C. Lea. There seems to be some confusion in the species
of Area. A. limula and lienosa are only found fossil ; the latter
has been confused with the recent secticostata Rve. (jloridana Con.")-
A. holmesii is a synonym of campechensis, and pexata and americana
are only varieties. Plicatula cristata is a synonym of gibbosa.
Anomia ephippium is restricted to Europe, our species being A. sim-
plex. Mytilus domingensis is a synonym of M. exustus Linne.
Mytilus cubitus is a synonym of Modiolus citrinus Bolten, and M.
plicatulus=demissus Dillw., Lithophaga appendiculata and attenuata
are synonyms of L. bisulcata. L. caudigera and forficata are syno-
nyms of L. aristata Dillw., L. lithophaga Gibbes (not Linn£)—
niger Orb., Chama lazarus=macerophylla Gmel., Cardium pictum=
serratum, Dactylina=Pholas, P. costata and truncata are now placed
•in the genus Barnea. P. semicostata and M. pusilla are synonyms
of Martesia striata Linn 6, M. smithi=carib(za Orb. — C. W. J.
NOTES.
CERION SAGRAIANUM INTRODUCED INTO SOUTH AFRICA.--
In August, 1913, I sent some live Cerion sagraianum Pfr., which I
had received from Cuba, to Dr. Pecker, Grahamstown, Cape Colony,
Africa. The Doctor wrote me that he had placed them in a certain
part of his garden, and that they had made themselves at home.
They burrowed under the dead leaves. He is going to let me know
from time to time how they get along. Dr. Paul Bartsch, suggested
that I write to you regarding this experiment, in ordes that a proper
record of the planting may be made which would save considerable
trouble sometime in the future — G. W. PEPPER.
HESPERARION HEMPHILLI MACULATUS — A few days ago my
friend Mr. S. N. Knudsen gave me a living slug found among plants
received at Boulder, through a wholesale house in Denver. The
slug proves on examination to be H. hemphilli var. maculatus Ckll.
It is immature, and the genitalia do not show their proper charac-
ters, but everything visible agrees with the form to which it is as-
signed. It must be confessed, however, that the distinctions be-
tween If. niger and H. hemphilli are rather unsatisfactory, especially
in view of the variation in the genitalia of H. niger observed by
Pilsbry and Vanatta. The two supposed species also occupy the
144 THE NAUTILUS.
same territory. It will be useful to give a description of the living
H. h. maculatus.
Length when crawling about 27 mm.; light greyish olivaceous,
the head and anterior part of mantle paler and yellower, the ocu-
liferous tentacles reddish ochreous. With a lens the surface of the
animal is seen to be sprinkled with pale dots. Mantle almost im-
maculate, only a few obscure small dark or dusky spots. Sides of
body caudad of mantle with conspicuous scattered black spots, none
very large. Sole pale, without dark markings. In alcohol the
animal is about 14 mm. long ; mantle 6 mm., appearing dusky with
pallid margins ; margin of foot wholly immaculate. Shell convex,
3^ mm. long, 2^ broad, white, opaque. Jaw with eleven flattened
ribs, occupying the middle half. Teeth about 27-1-27, the lateral
four or five with short blunt cusps. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
SOMETIMES LOCALITY ADDS INTEREST TO A SHELL. — In Notes,
December, 11)11, p. 95, appeared a word on Vallonia in Chicago.
My offer to send some to anyone interested brought many replies,
and led to friendly exchanges. I now have two other " finds " to
share. The first is Pisidium hiiachucanum Pils., collected in Colo-
rado at an elevation of 7500 feet. Found in one little pond about
10 by 12 feet, all hidden in tall grass. The other, Planorbis vermi-
cularis Gld., collected on Modjeskas ranch California in summer of
1913. These were from an artificial pond away off in the desert,
miles and miles 4< away from anywhere. " Puzzle — how did they get
there? On feet of aquatic birds? If anyone wishes specimens of
these let him speak. — EDWIN E. HAND, Wendell Phillips High
School, Chicago, 111.
NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. — There has been no change in the
subscription price of THE NAUTILUS since it was established
twenty-five years ago. In the meantime the cost of printing has
gradually increased. It has only been through the sale of back
volumes that we have been able to meet the expenses of publication.
This year a further advance in the cost of printing leaves us no
alternative but to increase the subscription price to $1.50 per year,
beginning with the May number, Volume XXVIII. Such increase
will preserve that proper relation between receipt and expenditure
which is essential to the continued existence of the journal — THE
EDITORS.
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