THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XLII
JULY, 1928, to APRIL, 1929
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department or Mollusca and Marine Invertebrates,
Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of Insectalaud Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History
Boston
CONTENTS
OF
THE NAUTILUS, XLII.
Acmaea testudinalis Miill 38, 103
Acteocina culcitella cucitella Gld 37
Acteocina culcitella intermedia Willet, n. subsp 38
Acteocina inculta Gld 2
Acteocina magdalenensis Dall 3
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea 51
Area idiodon Pils. & John 66
Area limula Cour 84
Area ponderosa Say 83
Arion ater ater in Maine 104
Atoyae Baker^Sehasicheila Kobelt 36
Averell, William D. (obituary) 33
Barber, Manly D. (obituary) 101
Barleeia subtenuis Cpr 1
Boston Malaeological Club 34
Brachiopod called Mimulus 105
Braehymimulus Ckll., n. n. for Mimulus 105
Burnup, Henry Clifden (obituary) 62
Button, Fred L, (obituary) 33
Canadian Mollusca, New Records of 13
Cerithiopsis earpenteri Bartsch 3
Choanopoma eaymanieola Pils., n. sp 68
Choanopoma inquisita Pils. (pi. 5, f. 2) 80
Choanopoma pilsbryi Welch, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 1) 98
Choanopoma uncinatum indivisum Welch, n. subsp.
(pi. 5, f. 7) 98
Coraalliphora oldroydi Oldroyd, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 1-4) ... 98
Correspondence 64
Cyclotus masbatensis Pils., n. sp 68
Cypraeolina pyriformis Cpr 1
Cyphoxis Rafinesque 113
(iii)
iV THE NAUTILUS
Divaricella quadrisulcata d'Orb 85
Donax variabilis Say, Range of 142
Elliptic dilatatus sterkii Grier 50
Engina melanozona Tomlin, n. n 40
Engina zonata of Gray and of Reeve 40
Epitonium subcoronatum Cpr 2
Freshv^ater Snails in Brackish Water 129
Freshvv^ater Mollusca Inhabiting Temporary Ponds in
Western Canada 19
Fossaria perplexa F. C. Baker & J. Henderson, n. sp. . . 103
Fossil Freshwater Shells from Winona, Arizona 93
Gastrodonta (Clappiella) aldrichiana (Clapp), n. sub-
gen, (pi. 3, f. 9, 10) 90, 93
Goniobasis catenaria, The Group of 28
Goniobasis undulata Tryon 67
Gyraulus vermicularis hendersoni Walk., n. var 104
Helix hortensis in the Province of Quebec 102
Helix nemoralis L. in Ontario 42
Helicodiscus (Hebetodiscus) singleyanus inermis, n.
subgen. and subsp. (pi. 3, f . 1-3) 86, 93
Helisoma corpulenta vermilionensis 131
Helisoma trivolvis chautauguensis Baker, n. var 57
Idonearca Conrad 113
lo fluvialis turrita Auth 26
Lamprocystis, Type of 67, 141
Lampsilis siliquoidea rosacea DeKay 52
Lampsilis ventricosa lurida Simp 53
Land Shells of Alachua Co., Fla 20
Leidyula floridana Hoffman 45
Leonardia nevilliana T.-C 47
Lermond Collection of Shells 67
Liguus, Bolten's species of 141
Lymnaea megasoma Say 16
Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker 16
Marcia oregonensis 5
McGinty, William J 65
Micrarionota beatula Cockerell, n. sp 99
Microscopic Shells from Newport Bay, California 1
Misantla H. B. Baker, n. subgen 36
Mollusca of Chautauqua Lake, N. Y 48
Mollusca of Cuba 65
Mollusca from Vermilion and Pelican Lakes, Minn. 95, 131
Monodemia semialba Henderson, n. sp 80
Musculium lacustre Miill 27
Musculium steinii A. Schmidt 27
THE NAUTILUS V
Mussel Poisoning in California 100
Mussels, Poisonous 139
Natica reclusiana 109
Neverita alta 'Dall' Arnold 110
Neverita reclusiana Desh 109
Neverita reclusiana imperforata Dall Ill
Notes 36, 65, 102, 139
Odostomia feltella D. «fe B 3
Odostomia (Ividella) mariae Bartsch, n. sp. (pi. 2,
f. 1) 41, 78
Oliva athenia Duclos 12
Oliva carneola Gmel 12
Oliva emicator Meuschen 10
Oliva episcopalis Lam 10
Oliva erythrostoma Meuschen 7
Oliva ispidula Linn 11
Oliva oliva Linn 9
Oliva reticulata Bolten 11
Oliva sidelia Duclos 12
Olivancillaria gibbosa Born 13
Olividae, A Review of Certain Species of 6
^Operculate Snails from Camaguey, Cuba 98
Opisthosiphon andrewsi Welch, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 6) . . . . 98
Opisthosiphon cunaguae Welch, n. sp. (pi. 5 f. 4, 5) . . 98
Opisthosiphon torrei Welch, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 3) 98
Panopea bitruncata Conr 85
Parapholyx effusa costata ("Hemp.") Stearns 81
Parapholyx effusa diagonalis Henderson, n. var 82
Paravitrea (Paravitreopsis) multidentata lamellata
H. B. Baker, n. var 88
Paravitrea (Paravitreopsis) variabilis H. B. Baker, n.
sp. (pi. 3, f. 11-14) 89, 93
Paravitrea (Paravitreopsis) walkeri indentata H. B.
Baker, n. var 88
Pelecypods Becoming Extinct, Certain Marine 82
Pholas costata Linn 83
Phyllocaulis 46
Physella ancillaria Say 59
Pilsbryna aurea H. B. Baker, n. gen. & sp. (pi. 3, f. 4-8)
91, 93
Pisidium alpicola Clessin 26
Pisidium lilljeborgii Clessin 25
Pisidium loveni Clessin 26
Pisidium punctatum Sterki 24
Pisidium roseum Scholtz 23
VI THE NAUTILUS
Pisidium subtruncatum Malm 23
Pisidium supinum A. Schmidt 23
Pitaria ida, a new species from Alaska (pi. 1, f. 1-4) . . 4
Placostylus in New Caledonia, The Genus 73
Placostylus fibratus courailensis Ckll., n. subsp. (pi.
2, f. 4-6) 74
Placostylus questieri Gass 75
Placostylus porphyrostomus Pfr. (pi. 2, f, 2) 76
Placostylus poyensis Kobelt (pi. 2, f. 3) 73
Placostylus souvillei Morelet 74
Planorbis truncata Migh. in New York 104
Pleurodonte (Caracolus) lowei Pils. (pi. 4, f. 4-6) ... 78
Pleurodonte (Caracolus) welchi Pils. (pi. 4, f. 1-3) . . 79
Pododesmus macrochisma Desh 67
Polyg-yra, A Predatory (P. multilineata) 35
Prisodontopsis Tomlin, n. gen 66
Pseudavicula Simpson Preoccupied 66
Pseudhelicarion, Type of . 67
Ptychobranchus f asciolaris lacustris Baker, n. var. ... 52
Publications Received 69, 105, 143
Roberts, Sherwood Raymond (obituary) 60
Schasicheila, Genotype of 36
Semperula G. & H 47
Shells from Live Oak Co., Texas 66
Sphaeriidae, Palearctic and Nearctic 23
Sphaerium f allax Sterki 53
Solen novacularis Anderson and Dallas, n. n 65
Stagnicola couleensis Bkr 122
Stagnicola emarginata canadensis Sourb 56
Strophitus rugosus Swain 51
Strophocheilus (Borus) globosus Martens 21
Tagelus divisus Spengl 84
Tagelus gibbus Spengl 84
Turbonilla tridentata Cpr 4
Urocoptis alleni Torre (pi. 4, f. 7) 141
Urocoptis chambosensis Pils., n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 11) 80
Urocoptis delectabilis Pils., n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 8) 80
Urocoptis delectabilis florentiana Pils., n. subsp. (pi.
5, f. 9) 80
Urocoptis torrei Pils., n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 10) 80
Urosalpinx cinerea Say in England 68
Utah, Mollusca of 123
Vaginulus occidentalis Guilding 46
Valiguna schneideri Simroth 47
Vallonia costata Mull 14
THE NAUTILUS Vll
Venus mercenaria at Mt. Desert, Me 102
Vernoicellidae, North American 43
Veronicella floridana Leidy 45
Veronicella laevis Blainv 44
Veronicella moreleti Crosse & Fisher 45
Veronicella sloanei Cuv 46
Virginia, Snails from Alleghany Co 140
Vitrina, Nomenclature in 137
Viviparidae, Egg Laying and Birth 125
Viviparus malleatus in Philadelphia 141
Wagner, Dr. Antoni J. (obituary) 63
Washington and Oregon, Mollusks of 119
Vlli THE NAUTILUS
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Adams, Joseph W 142
Anderson, F. M 65
Baker, Fred 72
Baker, Frank C 48, 95, 131
Baker, H. Burrington 36, 43, 86, 103, 137
Bartsch, Paul 41
Berry, Elmer 123
Chamberlin, R. V 123
Clench, W. J 36, 101, 104, 107, 144
Cockerell, T. D. A 73, 99, 104
Colton, Harold S 93
Crabb, E. D 35, 125
DeChamplain, Rev. A. A 102
Frizzell, Don L 67
Goodrich, Calvin 28, 67, 114
Hanna, G. Dallas 65
Heath, Harold 139
Henderson, Junius 64, 80, 103, 119
Jacot, A. P 143
Johnson, C. W 6, 33, 68, 71, 82, 103, 143
Marshall, William B 21
McGlamery, Winnie 140
Meanwell, Ruth 62
Meyer, K. F 100
Mozley, Alan 13, 19
Nylander, Olof 0 38
Oldroyd, Ida S 98
Pilsbry, H. A.. .33, 42, 60, 63, 67, 68, 70, 78, 109, 113, 141
Procter, William 102
Richards, Horace G 129, 141
Sterki, V 23
Strong, A. M 1
Tegland, Nellie May 4
Tomlin, J. R. LeB 40, 66
Vanatta, E. G 20, 66
Walker, Bryant 104
Welch, d'Alte A 98
Willard, Theodora 34
Willett, G. 37
THE NAUTILUS XLII
riate 1
1—4, PITARIA IDA Teglanil.
0. HELMINTHOGLYl'TA SE(jrolA. Vol. 41, p. 81.
7. UROCOPTIS MENDOZANA. Vol. 41, p. 80.
8. UROCOPTIS SINISTRA TORUE, n. sp. Havana.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLII JULY, 1928. No. 1
NOTES ON MICROSCOPIC SHELLS FROM NEWPORT BAY,
CALIFORNIA
BY A. M. STRONG
Newport Bay has long been a favorite collecting ground
for southern California collectors. Containing over ten
miles of tidal channels navigable for small boats, extensive
areas of mud flats, some sand beaches and a few rocky
areas, conditions favorable to nearly all the species living
in the bays can be found. A search for the microscopic
species, so numerous in the tide pools and shallow dredging
outside, has only resulted so far in locating the habitat of
a few.
In many places along the sides of the channels at and
below low tide line there is a luxuriant growth of the bay
eel-grass, Zostera marina L. In certain places in the bay,
but not everywhere, Barleeia suhtenuis Cpr. has been found
in abundance on the stems and blades of this grass, and in
all stages of growth. The species seems to be confined to
this particular species of grass, which is replaced in the
tide pools outside by Phyllospadix terreyi Wats, on which
Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr. is found. Cypraeolina pyriformis
2 THE NAUTILUS
Cpr. is also found on the bay eel-grass, and seems to be
more widely distributed over the bay. This species is not
so particular as to its food, as it is found on both species of
eel-grass, and is reported as ranging from Alaska to
Mazatlan.
The most satisfactory way to collect these shells that we
have found is to wash them off the grass under water and
over a fine screen resting on the bottom. In this way a large
amount of grass can be washed in a short time and the
shells which have settled on the screen picked out at home.
For this work we have found that a screen of at least
twenty meshes to the inch is required to retain the smaller
shells.
Above the edge of the eel-grass at many places the fine
trails of Acteocina inculta Gld. are found in clear spots of
sandy mud. The shell itself can seldom be seen on the
surface, but if the mud is scooped up and washed through
the fine screen they will be found to be present in great
numbers, varying all the way from ivory white to dark
brown in color, and in sizes up to 5 mm. in length. This
is one of the most numerous and widely distributed mol-
lusks in the bay but its habitat is confined to sandy mud
between tides.
Associated with the Acteocina and at only one point in
this bay as yet located, Epitonium' subcoronatum Cpr. has
been collected in large numbers. There is nothing to indi-
cate the presence of this species tho it lives just under the
surface of the mud, and my largest specimen of 9 whorls
measures 11 mm. in length. Dead shells or stray speci-
mens are seldom seen, and a colony can only be located by
systematic search or by accident.
Along the bay shores back of the mud flats at extreme
high tide line the salt-grass is covered in places by a wind-
row of drift. The moist ground under this is the home of
the little shining brown Syncera translucens Cpr., where
they are to be found in great numbers. The dead shell of
this little air breather is hard to distinguish from that of
THE NAUTILUS 3
Barleeia subtenuis Cpr. but tho living so close together, the
habitat is very different.
Every pile, rock, or other solid object w^hich has been in
place in the bay for any length of time is covered with
Ostrea lurida Cpr. Living on these is the only Odostomia
known to live in the bay, Odostomia fetella D. & B. These
little shells, the adult only 4 to 5 mm. in length, are rather
hard to see until one learns just where to look for them^.
They are always on the living oysters in the clumps and in
spots clear of mud coating, be that spot ever so small. Be-
yond this there seems to be no fixed position. While this
species is commensal with Ostrea lurida Cpr. it has not
been reported from the northern end of the range of that
species. Upwards of a hundred specimens collected in a
single afternoon not long ago shows that it is not to be
considered as a rare species.
Associated with the oysters there is a sponge-like growth
for which I have not been able to find a name. It grows in
clusters of finger-like projections two or three inches long
and is of a yellowish or yellowish-green color. In the folds
and around the base of the fingers of this sponge are two
species of Cerithiopsis, living either singly, or in clusters
or family groups. They are attached to the surface of the
sponge by means of mucous threads and are not imbedded
in it. The two species live together and look much alike
but are easily separable with a good hand lens. The adult
specimens reach a length of 8 mm. but the majority of the
specimens found are smaller. They have been identified
as Cerithiopsis carpenteri Bartsch and Cerithiopsis
pedroana Bartsch.
Extreme low tide exposes a considerable portion of the
inner entrance bar which is formed of clear sand. Many
strays from deep water have been picked up here, and a
couple of years ago an area of about an acre was found to
be the home of Acteocina magdalenensis Dall. For several
months the shells were present in large numbers but they
gradually disappeared, hardly entirely due to the activities
4 THE NAUTILUS
of the collectors, and have not been seen again. This is the
shell that was listed by the early collectors as Acteocina
infrequens C. B. Adams, a shell that is now considered to
be a distinct Panama species. This seems to be the only
time that they have ever been collected in any numbers.
At about the same time Turbonilla tridentata Cpr. was
found plentifully in the sand along the edge of the bar at
extreme low tide line, some fine specimens 15 mm. in
length being secured. These also disappeared in a short
time, but stray specimens found in other parts of the bay
indicate that they are at least periodic visitors.
Stray specimens and dead shells of several other species
of small shells have been found in the bay, and indicate
that it is their habitat or that they are periodic visitors.
The exact locality for these is yet to be found, but when
they are located they will pro])ably be found to be present
in as large numbers as are those which we now know.
PITARIA IDA, A NEW RECENT SPECIES FROM SITKA,
ALASKA
BY NELLIE MAY TEGLAND
Museum of Paleontology, University of California
Type: No. 31526, Mus. Pal., Univ. of Calif.
Left valve: Shell thin, chalky, surface finely striated
and roughened by growth lines and bearing remnants of a
thin brown epidermis; outline regularly ovate, beak small,
anterior and sharply recurved ; lunule comparatively large,
not depressed, clearly outlined by incised line. Hinge plate
normal, with low sharp lamella close to posterior dorsal
margin, two well developed cardinal teeth joined in an arch
THE NAUTILUS 5
beneath the beak, posterior tooth heavy, anterior thin;
anterior lateral narrow, pointed, high, slightly excavate
ventrally, placed close to ventral margin of plate. Pallial
sinus triangular, reaching forward toward the center of
the valve. Length 47.5 mm., height 39.2 mm.
Paratijpe: No. 31527, Mus. Pal, Univ. of Calif.
Right valve: Shell smaller and a little more elongate
than type, with practically all of the epidermis remaining,
otherwise with general description the same. Hinge with
long bifid posterior cardinal tooth, middle cardinal free and
faintly grooved ; anterior cardinal short, thin and connect-
ing by an arch with the posterior cardinal ; anterior socket
narrow and deep to receive anterior lateral of left valve.
Length 43.4 mm., height 33.6 mm.
Named in honor of Ida Shepard Oldroyd to whom we are
greatly indebted for her work in West Coast conchology.
The two valves described do not belong to the same in-
dividual and are the only known examples of the species,
but the similarity of the shells and the accurate comple-
menting of the hinge structures leave no doubt as to their
identity.
These valves are in the invertebrate collection of the
Museum of Paleontology with a Harriman Expedition label
giving the locality as Sitka, Alaska. The shell was origin-
ally identified as Marcia oregonensis but this determination
is precluded by the presence of the anterior lateral tooth
in the left valve. Because Pitaria has not hitherto been
recorded from any West Coast station so far north the
validity of the association of specimens and label has been
questioned but, as is pointed out by Dr. Paul Bartsch in a
letter, the texture of the shell seems to indicate a northern
habitat.
I have not been able to find this Pitaria described or
figured in available literature and the shells examined by
Dr. Bartsch were found to be unlike any material in the
United States National Museum. My reason for believing
this to be a valid species from the West Coast is the fact
i
6 THE NAUTILUS
that it belongs to the same subgenus as certain fossil forms
in Oligocene and Miocene deposits of Washington and this
subgenus is peculiar to that region.
A REVIEW OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF THE OLIVIDAE
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
The following notes are by way of a review of a recent
paper by Ph. Dautzenberg.^ This paper is a very interest-
ing and useful contribution toward our knowledge of the
Olividae. The synonomy is very full, going back to the
old pre-Linnean works of Lister, Gaultieri, Klein and
others, the illustrations of which are often referred to by
subsequent authors, and on these illustrations we really
have to depend in determining many of the species. The
paper contains many changes in nomenclature from those
proposed by the writer^' and E. G. Vanatta.'^
The changes suggested by Dautzenberg are due (1) to
the adoption of the names of Meuschen 1787 in place of
those of Gmelin 1790 and Bolton 1798, (2) to considering
many of Bolten's names as representing composite species,
and selecting recognizable figures to represent Lamarck's
species, leaving the others to stand for Bolten's species, and
(3) to individual opinion as to the specific and varietal
value of certain forms.
^ Olivides de la Nouvelle Caledonie et de ses dependances. Jour, de
Conch., vol. 61, no. 1, p. 1-72, Nov., 1927, and no. 2, p. 103-147, Feb.,
1928.
2 Some notes on the Olividae. The Nautilus, vol. 24, p. 49-51,
64-68 and 121-124, 1910-11; vol. 28, p. 97-103 and 114-116, 1915.
3 Notes on Oliva. The Nautilus, vol. 29, p. 67-72, 1915.
THE NAUTILUS 7
To study a variable and widely distributed species from
specimens coming from one section only, would tend to
emphasize the distinctness of the more local forms, where-
as, when these are studied as a whole, they would show
intermediate forms that would make it impossible to con-
sider them distinct. It is much more interesting and in-
structive to show to what extent species may vary through-
out a given region, than to arbitrarily divide these into a
number of questionable species.
My studies on this family in 1910 and 1915 were based
on the collection of the late John Ford, now in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. In this collection is a
series of over 250 specimens of the widely distributed and
extremely variable species which will now have to bear
the name of Oliva erythrostoma Meuschen, instead of O.
sericea Bolten. Dautzenberg considers O. textilina Lam.
(sericea Bolt.) and O. tremuUna Lam. distinct species, not-
withstanding the difficulties experienced by most conchol-
ogists in separating them.
The range of this species is from southern Japan to
northern Australia throughout Polynesia and west to
Mauritius. Coming from widely separted localities we find
many local variations which, in themselves seem quite dis-
tinct, the true value of which however can only be shown
by a comparison with specimens from all parts of the Indo-
Pacific.
Adopting Meuschen 's names and recognizing the new
varieties proposed by Dautzenberg I have revised the
grouping of some of the forms, with notes and references
to type figures.
Oliva erythrostoma Meuschen.
(O. miniacea Bolt. O. erythrostoma Lam.)
Group erythrostoma. Aperture bright red.
Var. efasciata Dautz. Duclos (in part) Illustr. Conch.,
8 THE NAUTILUS
pi. 15, f. 10, 11. Tryon, Man. Conch., V, pi. 26, f. 53 (only).
This is what is referred in part to porphyritica Marr. In
my paper I restricted the latter to those with bands of
bright purple spots, the prevailing form of the Caroline
Islands (see The Nautilus, vol. 28, p. 99, 1915).
Var. saturata Dautz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, pi. 5, f.
7c. This form has dark longitudinal lines and prominent
bands giving it a sombre appearance. It represents a
parallel variation to that of fumosa Marr. with a whitish
aperture.
Var. johnsoni Higgins (Nautilus, vol. 33, p. 58, 1919).
Marrat, Thes. Conch., vol. 4, pi. 7, f. 110. Dark brown with
large white markings, a parallel variation to pica Lam.
Var. marrati Johns. (NAUTILUS, vol. 24, p. 51, 1910.)
Marrat, Thes. Conch., vol. 4, pi. 7, f. 109. Shell entirely
dark brown.
Var. Sylvia Duclos. Illustr. Conch., pi. 14, f. 12 (only).
Orange yellow with irregular lines and two bands of brown,
usually smaller than the other forms.
Group TREMULINA. Aperture whitish, varying from a deep
flesh color to bluish white.
Var. sericea (Bolten) Roding {textUina Lam.), Martini,
Conch. Cab. II, tab. 51, f. 559. Both Bolten and Lamarck
refer to the same figure here quoted. Even if Bolten refers
to two figures, one representing a different species, the first
reviser in the case of a composite species has the right to
designate the type. This has already been done and the
species again figured by Marrat in 1870 (Thes. Conch., IV,
pi. 10, f . 130-132) . Therefore I do not see how we can use
Lamarck's name.
Var. granitella Lam. Differs from the typical sericea in
lacking the two bands.
Var. albina Melvill & Standen. Journ. Conch., vol. 8, p.
404, 1897. An ivory white form.
Var. tremulina Lam. This differs from erythrostoma
only in the color of the aperture, and in a large series it is
impossible to draw a well defined line separating the two.
THE NAUTILUS 9
There are also parallel variations in both, which, aside
from the color of the aperture cannot be separated, another
strong indication that we are dealing with only one variable
species.
O. concinna Marrat seems to be based on the young of
two well marked varieties tenebrosa Marr. and pica Lam.
Var. chrysoides Dautz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, pi, 6, f.
8d. Marrat, Thes. Conch., IV, pi. 9, f. 128. This is what
most authors consider as irisans Lam. Orange yellow
with a whitish aperture it forms a parallel variation to
Sylvia with a red aperture.
Oliva oliva Linne.
The following additional varieties are recognized by
Dautzenberg.
Var. aurata (Bolten) Roding (not Link). Duclos, Illustr.
Conch, pi. 25, f. 10: Marrat Thes. Conch. IV, pi. 10, f. 134.
The uniform orange yellow form.
Var. cinnamonea Menke, Martini, Conch. Cab. II, pi. 47,
f. 501. This variety is cinnamon brown with longitudinal
stripes of darker brown.
Var. cincta Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 25, f. 8.
Tryon, Man. Conch., V, pi. 23, f. 23. Yellow with numer-
ous narrow revolving lines of brown.
Var. rumphi Dautz. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, p. 7, fig.
10c (only). Tryon Man. Conch., pi. 23, f. 22. Dautzen-
berg says: — "This variety corresponds to the description
and figure of Rumph." It is yellowish ornamented with
lines and spots of brownish black.
Var. albofasciata Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 25,
f. 4. Greyish, with two broad white bands bearing very
irregular markings of black.
10 THE NAUTILUS
Oliva emicator Meuschen.
(O. amethystina Bolten. O. guttata Lam.)
There is one improvement in adopting Meuschen's name
and this is, to have the species represented by the typical
form of this beautiful shell, instead of an abnormality.
Var. aymulata Gmel. Martini, Conch. Cab., II, tab. 50,
f. 564. Whitish, with an elevated ridge near the periphery
— a malformation.
Var. carnicolor Dautz. A flesh colored form without
spots.
Var. nebulosa Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 16, f.
3. Reeve Conch. Icon., VI, pi. 14, f. 30d. Yellow or light
brown, with large sports of dark brown.
Var. alba Sowerby. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 2 ed., pi. 6, f.
9. Shell entirely white.
Var. intricata Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 16, f.
4, 17, 18. Marrat, Thes. Conch., IV, pi. 5, f. 57. With
irregular lines of reddish purple and spots of very dark
brown,
Var. mantichora Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi, 16, f. 7, 8.
Color similar to intricata with a more or less prominent
ridge or angle near the periphery as in annulata.
Oliva episcopalis Lamarck.
In making O. episcopalis Lam. a synonym of O, caerulea
Bolten, I was following Marrat, The only figure of any
value referred to by Bolten is that by Martini (Conch, Cab,,
II, tab, 48, f, 518), and that, in the absence of a descrip-
tion, seems very doubtful. I am therefore inclined to
adopt Lamarck's name of which there is no doubt, for he
says: — "remarkable for its beautiful violet interior."
Var. lugubris Lam. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 11, f. 5
and 6. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, pi. 13, f. 24 a, b, A small
dark bluish form marked with white, with irregular longi-
tudinal lines of brown, often with a dark subsutural band.
THE NAUTILUS 11
Var. emeliodina Duclos. Illustr. Conch., pi. 21, f. 19, 20.
A small ash gray form, reticulated with five brown lines,
with brown markings forming an interrupted subsutural
and median band.
Oliva RETICULATA (Bolten).
(O. sanguinolenta Lamarck.)
While there may be some doubt as to O. variegata Bolten
being the same as 0. sanguinolenta Lam., there is no doubt
about O. reticulata and O. sanguinolenta, as both Bolten
and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch.
Cab., II, tab. 48, figs. 5-12, 5-13) . I have therefore adopted
Bolten's name,
Var. azona Dautz, Differs from the typical form in the
absence of transverse bands.
Var. pallida Dautz, Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 22, f. 14,
15. Whitish, reticulated with fine pale brown lines,
Var. evania Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 22, f. 3, 4. White
reticulate with pale brown lines, with a subsutural and
median band of dark brown markings,
Var. zigzag Perry, Conch,, pi. 41, f, 4, White, with
clearly defined zigzag lines. The drawing seems greatly
conventionalized.
Oliva ispidula Linne,
The following additional varieties are noted.
Var, longispira Bridgman, Proc, Malac, Soc. of London,
VII, p. 195, fig. — , 1906, Luzon and Cebu, Philippines, A
variety from the nearby island of Samar which I call
samarensis in 1915 is the same. According to Dautzen-
burg this variety differs from the typical O, ispidula in
having a very high spire,
Var, oriola Lam, The var, gratiosa Vanatta, 1915, is
the same,
Var. lactanea Dautz. Marrat, Thes. Conch., VI, pi. 16,
f. 253, Entirely white with a dark brown aperture.
12 THE NAUTILUS
Var. Tnartini Dautz. Martini, Conch. Cab., pi. 49, f . 535.
White or flesh color with a subsutural band of orange.
Var. jayana Ducros. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, p. 17, f.
34c, Spire short, white or flesh colored, with fine longi-
tudinal lines of brown, and two more or less prominent
bands of irregular markings.
Oliva sidelia Duclos.
The typical form is not clearly defined as to color, and
the original figures (Illustr. Conch., pi. 21, figs. 1, 2), have
been copied by both Marrat and Tryon.
Var. lepicla Duel. Illustr. Conch., pi. 27, f. 15-21. A
number of color forms are included under this variety.
Var. todosina Duel. Illustr. Conch., pi. 27, f. 9, 10. Re-
ticulated with lines of brown, and with a dark brown
median band.
Var. volvariodes Duel. Illustr. Conch., pi. 27, f. 11, 12.
Brown with very fine darker brown lines.
Oliva athenia Duclos.
This is considered a good species by Dautzenberg, al-
though Tryon considered it a synonym of 0. sidelia. I have
not material enough to decide.
Oliva carneola Gmelin.
The figure cited by Gmelin (Martini, Conch. Cat. II, tab.
46, f. 495) is poor, but indicates a violet colored band below
the suture. The following new varieties are proposed by
Dautzenberg.
Var. coccinata Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 28, f.
8. The body whorl dark orange.
Var. candidula Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 28, f.
12, 16. Light flesh color with sometimes a white median
band.
Var. bizonalis Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 28, f.
13. Orange with two narrow white median bands.
Var. unizonalis Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 28, f.
THE NAUTILUS 13
6, 14. Orange with one broad white median band.
Var. trichroma Dautz. Duclos, Illustr. Conch., pi. 28, f.
10, 11. A subsutural band of dark violet, a broad band of
white, and a basal band of orange.
Var. adspersa Dautz. With small white triangular spots,
more or less apparent.
Olivancillaria gibbosa Born.
This species seems to connect the genus Olivancillaria
and Agaronia. Tryon placed it in the latter, as the suture
is distinct on the spire and not covered by a callous.
Var. flavescens Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, p.
65, 1904. This is what I called var. aurantia, (Nautilus,
vol. 28, p. 103, 1915).
Var. fulgurans Melvill. Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI, pi. 8,
f. 12b. Yellow, with longitudinal zigzag lines of brown.
Var. candicans Melvill. Marrat, Thes. Conch., IV, pi. 19,
f. 308. This form is entirely white.
Var. cingulata Sowerby. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. X, pi.
147, f. 1369, 1370. Var. mediocincta Melvill. This is
bluish gray form, with a wide white band, bearing mark-
ings of dark brown. A rare variety or an anomaly.
NEW RECORDS OF WESTERN CANADIAN MOLLUSCA
BY ALAN MOZLEY
University of Manitoba,
Biological Board of Canada, Prairie Lakes Investigations
The mollusks mentioned in this note were collected in
various parts of Western Canada during the course of an
investigation of the molluscan fauna of that region. In
14 THE NAUTILUS
view of the vast area of this territory (over a million
square miles) it is obviously desirable to have as many re-
cords from specific localities as possible, in order to gain
some knowledge of the local distribution of these forms.
It will be seen that some species have been collected much
more often than others ; this is to some extent the result of
imperfect collecting, but is also due in part to the fact that
some species are much more abundant and widely dis-
tributed than others.
From the information so far collected it seems that in
Manitoba, the region of the Precambrian Shield and the
adjacent drift-covered areas (collectively, the Boreal or
Canadian Zone) , have a mollusk fauna which is distinct
from that of the Forest-Grassland Transition, and Plains
areas situated to the west. The mountain region in Al-
berta also seems to have its characteristic species. Brief
descriptions of these regions have been given in previous
papers (Nautilus XXXIX, p. 121; XL, p. 53, 56) so that
a discussion of the specific facts of distribution and the con-
ditions controling these will be discussed in a later paper,
after additional information has been collected.
Family HELICIDAE
Vallonia costata (Muller). Manitoba: Morris; Stony
Mountain; Victoria Beach; Portage la Prairie; Delta;
Snake Island, Lake Winnipegosis; near Clearwater (Atika-
meg) Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad. Saskatchewan:
Yonker.
Family PUPILLIDAE
Gastrocopta holzingeri Sterki? Man.: Portage la Prairie.
Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Man. : Victoria Beach.
Columella edentula (Draparnaud) . Man.: Delta.
THE NAUTILUS 15
Family COCHLICOPIDAE
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). Ontario: Malachi. Man.:
Whiteshell River District, near Lake Nora, and also near
Whiteshell Lake. Morris; Stonewall; Victoria Beach;
Berens River, near the Englishman's Rapid ; Portage la
Prairie; Delta; Sifton.
Family ZONITIDAE
Vitrina limpida Gould. Man.: Morris; Winnipeg;
Westbourne; Ninette,
Polita hammonis (Strom). Man.: Morris; Stonev^all;
Victoria Beach; Portage la Prairie; Delta; Dauphin; Snake
Island, Lake Winnipegosis.
Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pilsbry. MAN. : Morris ;
Berens River, near the Englishman's Rapid; Portage la
Prairie; Sifton. Sask. : Yonker. British Columbia:
Lucerne?
Zonitoides arbor ea (Say). Man.: Morris; Portage la
Prairie; Berens River, near the Englishman's Rapid.
Family ENDODONTIDAE
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei wnthoyiyi Pilsbry. Man. : White-
shell River District, near Lake Nora; Victoria Beach;
Stonewall; Berens River, near the Englishman's Rapid;
Delta; Westbourne; Dauphin; Sifton; Snake Island, Lake
Winnipegosis; near Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Rail-
road. B. C. : Lucerne?
Family SUCCINEIDAE
Succinea retusa Lea. Man.: Indian Bay Station; Morris;
St. Norbert; Jackfish Creek near Jacflfish Lake (Township
18, Range 8, east of the Principal Meridian) ; Grand Beach;
Beulah.
16 THE NAUTILUS
Succinea ovalis Say. Man. : Whiteshell River District,
island in Whiteshell Lake; Morris; Dauphin. Sask. :
Yonker.
Succinea grosvenori Lea. Man.: Baldur, near Cobbs
Lake.
Succinea avara Say. Man.: Beulah; Dauphin. Sask.:
Yonker, Eyehill Creek.
Family LYMNAEIDAE
Lymnaea stagnalis appressa (Say). Man.: Whiteshell
River District, Little Whiteshell Lake {Typha-Zizania) ,
Crow Duck Lake (protected marshy shores), M^ith L.
megasoma above Jessica Lake. Molson; Beausejour;
Portage la Prairie ; Macdonald ; Delta ; Ninette, Bone Lake ;
Basswood, Long Lake; Clear Lake, Riding Mountains;
Dauphin; Lake Winnipegosis, marsh near the Meadow
Portage. Sask.: Kuroki, Fishing Lake; Humbolt, Burton
Lake; Yonker, Eyehill Creek.
Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker. Man. : Indian Bay
Station. This is apparently the first record of this variety
from the Hudson Bay Drainage.
Lymnaea megasoma (Say). Man.: Whiteshell River
District, shore of Whiteshell River below unnamed lake
ten miles below Jessica Lake, quite common among aquatic
plants and on the muddy bottom among the willows in pro-
tected situations near shore, also found in a quiet bay be-
low third rapid below Betula Lake, and near the eight
rapid below Betula Lake.
Lymnaea lanceata (Gould). Man.: Whiteshell River
District, Cross Lake ; Mallard Lake ; large Zizania marsh
below the Whiteshell Lakes; Little Whiteshell Lake
{Typha-Zizania) .
Lymnaea palustris (Miiller). Man.: Cartier; Stony
Mountain; Portage la Prairie; Macdonald; Dauphin;
Sifton.
Lymnaea vahlii ("Beck" Moller) . Man.: Molson; Delta?;
Portage la Prairie.
THE NAUTILUS X7
Lymnaea emarginata (Say). Man.: Lake Winnipegosis.
Lymnaea emarginata var. Man.: Clear Lake, Riding
Mountains; Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad.
Lymnaea caperata (Say). Man.: Molson; Navin; Sifton;
Lake Winnipegosis, marsh near the Meadow Portage.
Lymnaea ohrussa exigua (Lea). Ont. : Onion Lakei
near Minaki. Man.: Clandeboye, Muckle Creek.
Lymnaea ohrussa decampi (Streng). Man.: Clearwater
Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad.
Family PLANORBIDAE
Planorbis antrosus striatus Baker. Man. : Winnipegosis,
Mossy River. Lake Winnipegosis.
Planorbis antrosus var. Man. : Clear Lake, Riding
Mountains.
Planorbis campanulatus davisi Winslow. Man. : Doug-
las Lake, near Onah. This is the first record of this variety
of campanulatus from the Hudson Bay drainage.
Planorbis exacuous Say. Man. : Whiteshell River Dis-
trict, Whiteshell Lake; Little Whiteshell Lake (Typha-
Zizania) ; Zizania marsh below the Whiteshell Lakes;
Whiteshell River below the Mallard Lake Portage; small
lake on portage between Whiteshell and Crow Duck Lakes.
Macdonald; Lake Winnipegosis, marsh near the Meadow
Portage, and on the bottom in about five feet of water near
Snake Island ; Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Man. : Clearwater Lake, Hud-
son Bay Railroad.
Planorbis hirsutus Gould? Man.: Whiteshell River Dis-
trict, Whiteshell River below the Mallard Lake Portage.
Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad.
Planorbis corpulentus Say. Man. : Indian Bay Station,
Falcon Bay.
Planorbula christyi Dall. Sask. : Wadena.
Family PHYSIDAE
Aplexa hypnorum (Linne). Man.: Whiteshell River
x^-
sN
'.*<-\,
18 THE NAUTILUS
District, with Lymnaea megasoTna in Whiteshell River
above Jessica Lake; Mallard Lake; Little Whiteshell Lake;
Zizania marsh below the Whiteshell Lakes, Near the Seven
Sisters Falls, Winnipeg River; Indian Bay Station; Mol-
son; Stony Mountain; Victoria Beach; Treesbank; Steep
Rock; Sifton. Sask. : Yonker, Eyehill Creek.
Family ANCYLIDAE
Ferrissia parallela (Haldeman). Man.: Whiteshell
River District, Whiteshell River, on leaves of Nymphaea
advena.
Family VIVIPARIDAE
Campeloma decisum (Say). Man.: Whiteshell River
District, Whiteshell River near first portage below White
Lake; between fifth and sixth rapids below Betula Lake.
Berens River, several miles above the point of junction of
the Etomami River, at a depth of about forty-five feet.
These records considerably extend the known distribution
of this species.
Family VALVATIDAE
Valvata tricarinata (Say). Ont. : Malachi, Malachi
Lake. Man.: Whiteshell River District, Betula Lake
(Zizania) ; between sixth and seventh rapids below Betula
Lake. Morris, Morris River; Delta; Ninette, Bone Lake;
Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Railroad. Sask. : Yonker,
Manitou Lake. A single broken shell, apparently several
years old, was the only mollusc found in this lake during a
short stay in the vicinity.
Family AMNICOLIDAE
Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry. Man. : Victoria Beach. This
is the first record of this species from the Hudson Bay
Drainage.
Amnicola limosa porata Say. Man. : Victoria Beach.
THS NAUTILUS i9
NOTE ON SOME FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA INHABITING
TEMPORARY PONDS IN WESTERN CANADA
BY ALAN MOZLEY
University of Manitoba
Biological Board of Canada, Prairie Lakes Investigations
In the course of malacological investigations in western
Canada a number of temporary ponds have been visited.
One of these has been examined in some detail, systematic
observations on it having been made over a period of three
years. An account of the plants and animals of this pond
will be given in a later paper. Since there are few records
relating to the occurrence of gastropods in these interest-
ing habitats it has been considered that a list of the species
found in these situations in western Canada would be of
interest.
In most parts of western Canada spring often comes
rather suddenly, with the result that temporary ponds form
from the melting snows and spring rains in the numer-
ous slight depressions over the prairie and sparsely wooded
country. In these ponds a large number of plants and
animals flourish for a short time each year, usually from
April to June. Perhaps the most characteristic of these
are Eubranchipus gelidus and Lepidurus couesii. In a
pond of this kind in the Municipality of St. Vital, Mani-
toba, the following mollusks have been found on many
occasions, and are undoubtedly permanent residents of the
pool.
Lymnaea palttstris (Miiller) Planorbis umbilicatellus
Lymnaea caperata (Say) Cockerell
Planorbis exacuous Say Planorbula christyi Dall
Aplexa hypnorum (Linne)
It is interesting to find that so many species are able to
withstand the rigorous conditions of existence in this situa-
20 THE NAUTILUS
tion, in which, following the drying of the pond, the organ-
isms are "baked" for two months and subsequently
"frozen" for several more. With the first signs of spring
they are active, for on the first day the ponds have water
in them many snails are to be seen. A number of other
temporary ponds in the vicinity of Winnipeg have been
examined, and it appears that the list given above includes
the species usually found in these situations in this region.
Planorhula christyi Dall has been found in large numbers
in ponds nears Wadena, Sask., by Mr. Alexander Bajkov.
LAND SHELLS OF ALACHUA CO., NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA
BY E. G. VANATTA
The following species of land shells were picked from
leafmould collected at "The Devil's Mill Hopper" and "Buz-
zards Roost" near Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida by
Mr. James B. Clark.
Helicina (Oligyra) orbicu- Helicodiscus parallelus Say.
lata Say. Succinea campestris uni-
Polygyra pustnla Fer. color Tryon.
Polygyra hopetonensis Gastrocopta rupicola Say.
Shuttl. Gastrocopta corticaria Say.
Drymaeus dormani W. G. B. Gastrocopta armifera Say.
Euglandina rosea Fer. Gastrocopta contracta pen-
Retinella dalliana 'Simps.' insularis Pils.
Pils. Gastrocopta pentodon Say.
Glyphyalinia indentata Say. Gastrocopta pentodon tap-
Euconuhis chersinus Say paniana Ad.
Guppya sterkii Dall. Gastrocopta pentodon flori-
Zonitoides arborea Say. dana Dall.
THE NAUTILUS 21
Pseudovitrea minuscula Vertigo ovata Say.
Binn. Vertigo oscarmna Sterki.
Pseudovitrea minuscula ala- Vertigo milium Gld.
chuana Dall. Pupisoma dioscoricola Ad.
Pseudovitrea singleyana Pupisoma minus Pils.
Pils. Strobilops aenea Pils.
Striatura milium Mse. Strobilops floridana Pils.
Agriolimax campestris Strobilops hubbardi Brown.
Binn. (shells). Carychium exile Lea.
STROPHOCHEILUS (BORUS) GLOBOSUS MARTENS
BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL
U. S. National Museum
Strophocheilus {Boms) globosus Martens, Novit. Conch.,
V, No. 877, p. 24, pi. 140, f. 2, 3, 1877; quoted in
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic, VIII, p. 17, 1877. Pilsbry, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 391, 1900. Pilsbry,
Man. Conch., X, p. 37, pi. 2, figs. 2, 3, 1895-96; XIV, p.
124, 1901-2.
E. von Martens described this shell from a single speci-
men of which the locality was unknown. It must have
been a "living" specimen as he described the cuticle.
Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 391, 1900)
recorded it as occurring subfossil at Montevideo, Uruguay,
and suggested that it would probably be found living in
the same region. So far as known, no living specimens
have yet been found in the immediate vicinity of Monte-
video, but the U. S. National Museum recently has received
a living specimen from Dr. Florentino Felippone, which
was collected in the Department of Salto, Uruguay. This
22 THE NAUTILUS
department is far to the north of Montevideo and is on the
Rio Uruguay, being the next to the northernmost depart-
ment of the country. Martens' description and figure give
a very good idea of the species and leave but little to add.
He says nothing of the suture being margined with colors
different from that of the periostracum. In our specimen
each whorl has a very narrow violaceous or lavender stripe
along the upper edge of the succeeding whorl for about 21/2
whorls. There the edging becomes white and the vio-
laceous stripe is just below it. It gradually becomes fainter
until at the middle of the body whorl it dies out altogether.
The narrow white edging continues to the aperture. The
interior is lavender color. This specimen measures:
Length, 39mm. ; greater diameter, 29 mm. ; lesser diameter,
26 mm. ; length of aperture, 25 mm. ; width of aperture, 15
mm. Its catalogue number is 368257.
In subfossil condition the shell is not uncommon, but un-
til 1904 the museum contained no specimens. Since that
time, 12 specimens have been received as follows, the first
two coming from Mr. S. Olea, and the other ten from Dr.
Felippone :
Cat. No. 180776, 2 specimens, South coast of Montevideo,
Uruguay.
Cat. No. 185373, 5 specimens, Punta Carreta, Montevideo,
Uruguay.
Cat. No. 270881, 1 specimen, Uruguay.
Cat. No. 322366, 1 specimen, Punta Carreta, Montevideo,
Uruguay.
Cat. No. 331333, 2 specimens, Uruguay.
Cat. No. 335778, 1 specimen, Vera, Dept. Soriano, Uruguay.
In these the thickening behind the aperture varies in
width from a mere edging to 6 mm.
THE NAUTILUS
SPHAERIIDAE, PALEARCTIC AND NEARCTIC— II
BY V. STERKI^
Since my former article was written, some new evidence
has come to light. Among additional materials was my
"old collection" of land and fresh-water mollusks, left in
Switzerland in 1883, and given up as lost. It has been
found lately, and sent over here by the kindness of a niece.
It was a beginner's collection, made in 1880-'83, and about
a hundred lots of European Sphaeriidae, some of which are
of interest in regard to the subject under consideration
formed part of it.
Pisidium, I, p. 26
P. supinum A. Schmidt. Some specimens were seen re-
cently, from Michigan and Illinois, confirming the identity
and extending the distribution.
P. henslowanum Sheppard : see notes after lilljeborgii.
P. subtruncatum Malm. A number of good specimens
have been collected in the headwaters of the Taquamenon
River, Luce co., Michigan (Upper Peninsula), and sent
by Miss Mina L. Winslow ; they are in the collection of the
museum of the Univ. of Michigan, and part no. 11,517 C.
M. They are just like examples from the Rhine Valley on
the border of Switzerland and Baden, Germany (C. M. No.
11,117) and like others from various parts of Europe.
P. roseum Scholtz. I had a chance to examine a lot of
Pisidium, about a hundred specimens, from Kamchatka,
Siberia, in a pond on the Gulf of Kronotzki, collected by
Mr. Walter J. Eyerdam, in July 1925; some of them kept
are C. M. No. 11,050. They were recognizable at a glance
1 Continued from the paper published in The Nautilus XL, pp.
26-30 (July, 1926), here referred to as I. — "Nearctic", on p. 28, line
1, should be Nearctia.
24; THE NAUTILUS
as roseum, identical with specimens from Siberia, Europe,
and also exactly like those from New England, e. g. a lot
from a ditch in Perham tp., Aroostook co., Maine, col-
lected by Olof O. Nylander, in 1898, C. M. No. 2485; if
mixed, they could not be separated. This is the only ex-
ample of such distribution actually known now. The
species should be expected, then, to inhabit also our North-
west, and possibly go across the continent.
Clessin and Westerlund have acknowledged roseum as
a species. B. Woodward, in "British Pisidia", p. 32, has
made it a synonym of P. casertanum Poll (cf. I. p. 27),
with a host of others, on account of the similarity of their
hinges. But, as stated before, the hinges of numbers of
manifestly distinct species are very similar, on the one
hand, and on the other, different forms of one species may
show marked differences in the formation of their hinges.
Even A. Baudon, in "Essai", 1857, p. 17, stated that the
form of the hinges is a character for discerning groups
rather than species.
P. punctatum St. (1895). In the "old collection" there
are a few specimens of this, "var." simplex, from the
Rhine, and the Wuttach, a small tributary, on the border
of Switzerland, and Baden, Germany, collected in about
1881. At that time they were just "?"; minute mussels
about 1.5 mm. long. In 1891 I found the same typical
form in the Tuscarawas River, Ohio, and described the
species in The Nautilus of Jan. 1895, with figures. It
is widely distributed and fairly common in eastern North
America, and some years ago a few were collected in west-
ern Washington by Prof. Carl C. Engberg.
Whether the species has been rediscovered in Europe,
and described, I do not know. It seems worth noting that
a European malacologist, on receiving a few P. p. simplex,
somewhat smaller than the typical and without ridges on
the beaks, wrote me that it is not punctatum but a distinct
species, and also that P. compressum confertum St. is not
compressum but of "some unknown sp." The same man,
THE NAUTILUS 25
of the B. B. Woodward school, told me at about the same
time that most of the species described by me, are not
valid, and that their number should be reduced to about
one fourth, but did not say which. —
P. lilljeborgii Clessin (scutellatum St.) When the lat-
ter was described, in 1896, and long afterward, I did not
know what lilljeborgii was. Recently, some specimens in
the collection of Dr. Bryant Walker, apparently immature
and of a small form, put me on the track. Then came to
notice a lot of good examples from the Lake of Constance
(Untersee), and some from a small lake near Berne,
Switzerland, which had been in the "old collection", sev-
eral years before Clessin described the species, in 1886.
P. lilljeborgii appears to be rather scarce in Europe, or
to have been overlooked, or mistaken : among thousands of
Pisidia received from various countries, it was not repre-
sented. The two are conspecific. P. scutellatum, in North
Am., is one of the commonest species in the Great Lakes
region, and quite variable in several respects; some
"vars." have been named, and some others should be. It
is also frequent in some places of western Washington, a
form markedly different from the eastern, collected by
Prof. Carl C. Engberg. There are about 150 entries in the
C. M. collection, with thousands of specimens.
Form : cristatum St. Some specimens have a short
ridge (or "lamella", or "appendicle") on each beak, from
vestigial to lamellar, somewhat different in position from
the ridges of P. compressum, supinum, kirklandi, fallax,
pmictatum. When first noticed this suggested a distinct
species, especially in the young. It is just a form, not a
(regional) subspecies, as there are only a few specimens
here and there among the many "normal" ones. A few
such specimens have also been found among Europeans
{lilljeborgii) .
As to nomenclature, it must be sufficient for the present
to have stated the fact that scutellatum is not specifically
distinct from lilljeborgii, and that the species is holarctic.
26 THE NAUTILUS
The former name is so frequent in collections, faunal lists,
etc., that it is difficult to change all the labels and entries
at once. Besides, there are a number of forms (varieties)
named and described, and the names would be cumber-
some ; also we know hardly anything about the varieties of
lilljeborgii (s. str.) in Europe, and how far they are con-
form, or do not, with those in America. Some way may
be found for concise naming in such cases, (cf. I, p. 28).
It is in place here to note that P. henslowanum Shep-
pard is manifestly related to lilljeborgii and the two make
up a group, possibly with one or a few others. Their out-
lines are similar, markedly oblique and inequipartite, and
their unbonal ridges are equal, homologous, and incon-
stant in both.
P. alpicola Clessin (marci St.) P. alpicola was described
in 1889; the originals were from the Berglises, a small
lake in the Alps of Switzerland, at alt. 7,546 feet. The
C. M. has a few specimens from that place, topotypes, No.
11,093, received in 1881. Probably it has been found
since at other places in Europe. — P. marci St. (The
Nautilus XXIII, p. 42, 1909) : The originals were from
Mt. Leidy, Utah, at alt. 10,000 ft., collected by Marcus H.
Dall, in 1905 ; types in the U. S. N. M., No. 187,491 ; para-
type C. M. No. 6,096. Latter, the same were found to be
frequent to abundant at a number of places in Colorado,
collected by Prof. Junius Henderson, e. g. in a lake near
Coronado, Boulder co., at alt. 11,400 ft., C. M. No. 9,616.—
Later it was found that the two are remarkably alike, and
so far as I can see, identical, not merely similar habita-
tional forms, tho it must be added that a number of
strongly marked rest-lines of both are due to climatic con-
ditions. There is hardly a doubt that the species will be
found at similar places of both continents, and probably
in the Arctic regions.
P. loveni Clessin (hannai St.) P. loveni is said to be an-
other name for alpicola Clessin — why? I had no chance
to look over the literature. But the following notes appear
THE NAUTILUS 27
to be of interest. The C. M. collection has three specimens
of loveni from arctic Norway, No. 883, received from
Clessin in 1899, in good condition. Of P. hannai (1916,
Proc. U. S. N. M.) there were quite a number collected by
G. Dallas Hanna on St. Paul Id., Pribilof Is., and they are
like those loveni cited, — apparently identical.
B. B. Woodward, 1. c. pp. Ill, 116, regards alpicola and
loveni as synonyms, and both as synonyms of lilljeborgii
Clessin. The two former, so far as the specimens show,
are somewhat similar in shape, but certainly not identical
and can easily be discriminated. If, in the future, more
materials show them to be conspecific, they still will have
to be acknowledged as forms, varieties, and have their
significance, and the geographical data demand considera-
tion.
From what has been seen of lilljeborgii from Europe and
the many thousands of " scutellatum" from North Amer-
ica, with we may say a multitude of different forms, none
could be mistaken for aJpicola (-\-marci), nor for loveni
(-{-hannai). However, this is not the main question here:
quod erat demonstrandum is the fact that each of these
Pisidia is represented on both continents.
MuscuLiUM Link.
The notes in I, p. 29, on M. lacustre Muller need a rec-
tification. What has been listed under that name, from the
Great Lakes region, western Washington and British Col-
umbia, are not lacustre but steinii A. Schmidt. M. lacustre
has not been found in North America, or possibly not yet;
like some others, it may be in Canada. In Europe, steinii
has been regarded as a variety of lacustr^e; but the two are
markedly different and apparently distinct, i. e. without
intermediate connecting forms, even at habitats in close
proximity. In North America steinii is quite variable — as
most Musculia are — but with no forms anyway approach-
ing lacustre.
28 THE NAUTILUS
THE GROUP OF GONIOBASIS CATENARIA
BY CALVIN GOODRICH
Goniobasis catenaria (Say) and its close relatives are a
source of solace to anyone who has turned to them after
floundering about in the morass of the Pleuroceridae. Cer-
tain shell characters tend to be persistent throughout the
group, even though sometimes they are dimmed. The
operculum is distinctive, serving as a clue or to dissipate
doubts. For the most part, there is little of the erratic
variation which in other groups of the family is likely to
be found in quite small colonies of a given species. Yet
the group, for all this, has its own burden of synonyms, its
share of confiised history and its questions. Perhaps
otherwise it might seem hardly to belong among the
Pleurocerids.
Carinae are present and are strong at least upon the
upper whorls. There are usually folds on the base. This
is to say that even in a lot in which most whorls of the
shells are smooth, as in some distributions of G. porrecta
and comalensis, an individual or two will be found to have
revolving ribs on the base. Color bands appear to be ab-
sent. The operculum is of the kind that has been called
paleomelanian, the spiral lines being loosely coiled and well
marked.
Melania catenaria Say (non M. catenaria Lea, 1840) was
described in 1822 from small shells taken in "limestone
springs, St. John's Berkley", South Carolina. Mr. William
G. Mazyck has called my attention to an error of Tryon in
making the locality a specific "Limestone Springs", and
has sent me material from Eutaw Springs of the same
region. These specimens, though larger than were Say's,
agree very well with the description. The adults are not
as carinate as are the familiar Florida forms, but the char-
THE NAUTILUS 29
acter is well developed in the young. Sculpture and
operculum are the same.
Pilsbry (footnote The Nautilus, IV, 1891, p. 124)
makes the following synonymous with catenaria :
M. sublirata Conrad, 1850. G. hallenbecJd Lea, 1862.
M. floi'idensis Reeve, 1860. M. papillosa Anthony, 1861.
M. etowahensis "Lea" G. downieana, Lea, 1862.
Reeve, 1861. G. bentonensis Lea, 1862.
He provisionally adds : G. couperii Lea, 1862.
M. boykiniana Lea, 1840.
To the first names can be added G. abbevillensis Lea,
1862, the types of which I have examined, canbyi Lea,
1862, and with definiteness couperii. Lea's figures of
canbyi, couperii and downieana look as if the shells had
been selected from the same lot. The specimens came to
Lea from J. Postell of St. Simon's Island, close to the
mouth of the Altamaha, who received them from "Mr.
Couper, son of James Hamilton Couper, Esq., of Hopeton,
near Darien," which, as in the case of St. Simon's Island,
is in southeastern Georgia, and not near the Etowah River
of North Georgia, to which the three species are credited.
The mollusks are of the form that might be expected to
occur in southern Georgia, near the Florida colonies, rather
than in the north. It is possible that in Postell's time there
was another Etowah River in the state, that kind of dupli-
cation of names being then far from uncommon.
Melania cancellata Say, 1829, may be a synonym of
catenaria also. It came from St. John's River, Florida,
and has not been taken by any recent collector, so far as I
know. Say thought it was distinct because it was "of a
much more elongated and attenuated form." It would
seem that he had only one specimen. M. postelli Lea, 1858,
is under similar suspicion, but as the types came from the
Altamaha River and this stream contains the astonishing
Elliptio spinosus Lea, it would appear probable that a
Pleurocerid as distinctive in its own way might have
evolved in the same environment, M. curvicostata "An-
30 THE NAUTILUS
thony" Reeve, 1861, if it is a good species which is doubt-
ful, will stand upon having longitudinal ribs that are not
crossed by revolving striae. The place of densicostata
Reeve, 1861, is in the synonymy of curvicostata, as Tryon
made it.
Shortly before his death, Dr. Ortmann sent me for ex-
amination some shells that he had taken in Greenville
County, Va., in 1926. There were young as well as old
specimens in the material, and I was able to recognize them
as the juveniles of M. dislocata Ravenal, 1834, which had
been known previously, I think, only by adult mollusks.
They indicated plainly that dislocata, is an outlier of the
catenaria group, being both its most eastern and its most
northern representative. Goniobasis inclinans Lea, 1862,
is a narrow form of catenaria that appears to be constant,
and deserving of recognition as a subspecies. The most
definitely named locality for it that I have seen is Sky-
water Mineral Springs, Albany, Ga. ; and it may be that the
variety is confined to springs. That it occurs also at Tus-
cumbia, Ala., as Lea thought, is to be doubted. A third
local race that is seemingly derived directly from catenaria
is G. vanhyningiana Goodrich, 1921. It occurs in a creek
below Seminole Springs, Lake County, Florida.
The "provisional" synonyms of catenaria of which Pils-
bry speaks, M. boykiniama Lea, G. hallenbeckii Lea and G.
bentonensis Lea, are members of a sub-group, it seems to
me, and probably of later development than the rest, to
judge by their extreme variability and the modified
opercula of some of them. Hallenbecki, as Pilsbry notes,
is only another name for boykiniana, and this name also
supercedes M. catenoides Lea, 1842. All three occur in the
Chattahoochee River at Columbus, Ga. I am not sure
whether or not bentonensis ought to be discarded as well.
Certain specimens so named that I have seen are smaller,
less carinate and less granulate than boykiniana. Other
species that belong to this sub-group are G. albanyensis
THE NAUTILUS 31
Lea, 1864; gesneri Lea, 1868, and perhaps clenchi Good-
rich, 1924.
Retaining the essential characters of the catenaria
species of the Coastal Plain are four species of East Ten-
nessee, the leading term of which is G. arachnoidea An-
thony, 1854. It occurs in great numbers in five or six
counties, confining itself to creeks and springs. Mr. W. J.
Clench of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which has
the Anthony collection, writes me that M. intertexta
Anthony, 1860, is "the absolute synonym of G. arach-
noidea. The type label reads 'Louden, Tenn.' " This is the
place whence arachnoidea came. M. strigosa Lea, 1841, is
a nearly smooth, attenuate species of apparently the same
stock and more restricted distribution, the only locality for
it that I know being a creek in Knox County. In M.
troostiana Lea, 1841, the revolving striae upon the shell
are intensified, the longitudinal folds are absent. The
species occurs plentifully in Mossy Creek, Jefferson County,
and in at least one spring in Monroe County. It is ap-
proached in the matter of obsolete folds by a form of
arachnoidea living in a reservoir near Cleveland, Bradley
County, which has discharges both to the Tennessee and
the Alabama systems. I believe that M. striatula Lea,
1842, which replaced M. striata Lea, 1841, preoccupied, is
only the young of troostiana. Looking in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum for the "single specimen" from which M.
sulcosa Lea was described, I failed to observe it, but did
see three young troostiana that were so named by Lea. If
they are truly sulcosa, then sulcosa, having been described
two months earlier, will replace troostiana. Less obviously
a member of the catenaria group is G. porrecta. Lea, 1863.
It is possibly an offshoot of arachnoidea, modified by life
in waters usually rather swift and probably colder than
the average stream of East Tennessee. It was first taken
by Captain S. S. Lyon in Gap Creek and spring at Cum-
berland Gap. I found it sparingly in the waters of the Gap
spring as they come tumbling down the mountainside, but
32 THE NAUTILUS
in Gap Creek at Tyrell, three or four miles below, speci-
mens could be gathered by the fistful. A synonym of por-
recta is G. vittatella Lea, 1863.
Suggesting the catenaria of the P'lorida springs in minia-
ture is the little G. crenatella Lea, 1863, of the Coosa
River, Ala. It was described as from Uniontown, Ala.,
which was merely the home of the original collector. Dr.
E. R. Schowalter. The species occurs in the middle reaches
of the Coosa from Ten-Island Shoals, St. Clair County,
to Higgin's Ferry, Chilton County, and in a letter to Dr.
Walker, Herbert H. Smith once spoke of finding it in Big
Will's Creek, Etowah County. The small G. nassula Con-
rad, 1834, of the Limestone Spring at Tuscumbia, Ala., also
belongs to this group. Many specimens greatly resemble
the common Florida forms. In the same spring at Tus-
cumbia are specimens of nassula that are wanting or near-
ly wanting in spiral sculpture. They were given the name
of G. thornto7in by Lea. It should be in the synonymy. G.
edgarmna (Lea), which Tryon made synonymous with
nassula, belongs to the group of G. laqueata (Say). An-
other Alabama locality for nassula is the big spring at
Huntsville.
The oddest species of the group, from the geographical
standpoint, is Goniobasis comalensis Pilsbry, 1890, of the
eastern Texas streams. Between it and any other Pleu-
rocerid, a great area intervenes. Perhaps it must be con-
sidered a relict species, going back to the age in which
the Appalachian Plateau extended continuously into the
southwest, the Pleuroceridae were much more widespread
over North America, and the rain fell generously upon the
country of the Great Plains and the Great Basin. A form
of the springs of Comal County, Texas, was given the sub-
specific name of fontinalis by Pilsbry and Ferriss in 1906.
THE NAUTILUS 33
WILLIAM D. AVERELL
William D. Averell, founder and editor of The Concholo-
gisVs Exchange, died at his home in Chestnut Hill, Philadel-
phia, May 8, at the age of 75 years. Mr. Averell was born
in Philadelphia and resided here all his life. He was deeply
interested in Conchology, but made no permanent collection.
He was chiefly known as a dealer in shells and in connection
with his little journal, which proved to be highly useful for
bringing together the conchologists and collectors of the late
'80s. For the last twenty years of his life Mr. Averell was
an invalid. He is survived by his wife and daughter.
-H. A. P.
FRED L. BUTTON
The sudden death of Mr. Fred L. Button which occurred
October 2, 1927, was a great shock to his many friends.
Mr. Button was born in Pontiac, Michigan, March 10, 1856,
his parents moving to California in 1863. He was edu-
cated in the high school of Oakland and the University of
California, graduating in 1876. After serving as in-
structor in the University he took up the study of law and
was admitted to the bar in 1879. For many years he re-
sided in Oakland.
Mr. Button's long interest in the study of Mollusca and
the extensive correspondence required in building up his
large collection made him one of the outstanding collectors
of the old school. From a leaflet which he published on his
collection we glean the following: The collection is a gen-
eral one covering the marine, terrestrial, and fluviatile
species of the world. It was commenced by Mr. Button's
father in 1868. Since that time Mr. Button has made many
collecting trips along the Pacific coast from Southern Cali-
fornia to Alaska.
The collection, which we understand is for sale, contains
over 12,500 species and named varieties, represented by
34 THE NAUTILUS
about 50,000 specimens. With the exception of the
Unionidae, which are packed, the collection is arranged in
eleven cabinets of 130 drawers with 50 trays set in. The
land shells are represented by over 4,000 and the marine
univalves by over 5,700 species. Mr. Button specialized on
the Cypraeidae and this family is largely represented both
in species and in number of specimens. He published a
number of notes on the rarer species of Cypraea and Trivia
in The Nautilus, vols. 19, 21 and 22.
Mr. Button was interested in music and a member of
several orchestras. He was also active in Masonic circles.
He is survived by a widow and three daughters. — C. W. J.
THE BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB
The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-
ings during the past season, on the evening of the first
Tuesday of the month, from October to May inclusive, at
the Library of the Boston Society of Natural History.
The membership list continues at about forty, a few
resignations having been offset by the acquisition of new
members.
The speakers have, with one exception, been members of
the Club. Two papers were given by Mr. William J.
Clench, the president, one dealing with collecting fresh
water forms in Kentucky, the other with a recent trip to
Cuba, richly rewarded, as the land forms are so abundant
there.
Mr. Arthur F. Gray, the Club's former president, de-
scribed collecting both recent and fossil shells in Bermuda,
Mr. Charles W. Johnson spoke on distribution and variation
with a paper on New England limpets, and from Dr. Joseph
C. Bequaert, the Club heard an account of the recent Har-
vard Expedition to western and central Africa.
Other meetings were devoted to the study of various
families of marine shells, and one evening was given to a
THE NAUTILUS 35
talk by a non-member, Dr. Hubert L. Clark, who spoke on
reef collecting on the little known Island of Tobago, West
Indies.
The season's activities were brought to a close with the
Annual Field Meeting, held on May 30th at Scituate, Mass.,
a small but enthusiastic band gathering at the life-saving
station, to spend the afternoon on the stony beach, and the
tract of marshland adjacent to it.
Fifteen species of living mollusks were observed, among
the more interesting being Petricola pholadiformis, and
Zirphaea crispata, which were dug out of the banks of an
old marsh now nearly covered with a deposit of stones. Un-
usually large specimens of Ilyanassa obsoleta, the latter be-
ing present in enormous numbers in the marshy pools were
also collected.
The gulls and sandpipers, a fine surf, and charming
views to the landward added to the enjoyment of the trip.
— Theodora Willard, Secretary.
NOTES
A PREDATORY POLYGYRA. — An adult Polygyra multilin-
eata demonstrated the fact that in snails "herbivorous
dentition" does not preclude carnivorous habits, which may
even take a canibalistic turn. This snail was found under
dead leaves in February, 1925, near Ann Arbor, Michigan,
and placed in a terrarium in which several adult Polygyra
albolabris, P. monodon and Succinea (sp.?) had been liv-
ing amicably for some four months on a diet of leaf let-
tuce. Since no fatalities had been observed prior to the
introduction of the P. multilineata my curiosity was
aroused when I found fresh, empty Succinea shells lying in
full view on top of the soil. Finally, I happened to look
into the terrarium just after a victim had been seized. The
36 THE NAUTILUS
Polygyra multilineata turned the Succinea onto its back,
then oriented it to the desired position, devoured the ani-
mal and "licked the shell clean" within a few minutes.
Later, this individual laid viable eggs and appeared not to
have suffered in any way from its unusual diet. Dr. P. O.
Okkelberg kindly identified the snails for me. — Ed. D.
Crabb.
lo FLUVlALis TURRITA Anthony. — An example of this
species from Little River, 2 miles above Little River Sta-
tion (M. C. Z. no. 45664; M. D. Barber, collector), seems
worthy of record. This is a young specimen spinose on all
six whorls. This condition was believed by Adams^ to ex-
ist for this subspecies, but not known to occur, as at the
time of his studies j^oung examples were not available.
This is the only subspecies of lo definitely known to occur
spinose on the very early whorls. In addition, this is the
first reported locality for any subspecies of this genus oc-
curring in a small stream other than the headwaters of the
main confluents of the Tennessee system. Eight collections
were made on the Little River (Clench-Remington, 1924)
between 6 to 11 miles upstream from this locality (10 to
15 miles from the mouth) without finding any lo. — W. J.
Clench.
Genotype of Schasicheila. — In a recent discussion of
Mexican Helicinidae (1928, Oc. P. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich,
no. 193, p. 36) , Atoyac is proposed as a new subgenus with
the type Schasicheila aJata (Menke). Since then, I have
learned that Kobelt (1880, 111. Conch., p. 202) has desig-
nated this species as the type of Schasicheila, so that my
Atoyac is an absolute synonym of the typical subgenus.
The new subgenus Misantla is now proposed for my
Schasicheila s. s. (1. c), with S. misantlensis F. & C, from
Necaxa, Mexico (1928, p. 44) as genotype. Misantla has
the inner marginals of the radula bicuspid and develops the
principal spirals of the shell sculpture into cuticular ridges,
which are almost continuous. — H. BURRINGTON Baker.
1 C. C. Adams. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 12 (2) : 14, 1915.
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLII OCTOBER, 1928. No. 2
NOTES ON SOME PACIFIC COAST ACTEOCINAS, WITH DE-
SCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SUBSPECIES
BY G. WILLETT
For many years the two large, striated Acteocinas of the
Pacific coast of North America, culcitella and eximia, have
been treated as separate species. Eximia, the northern
race, was said to differ from culcitella in shape of spire and
absence of columellar fold. A large series of specimens
from California and Alaska in the collections of the Los
Angeles County Museum and the writer seem to demon-
strate complete intergradation between the two forms.
Also, an intermediate form, very easily differentiable in
most instances, seems worth of a name.
In view of the above facts, the writer proposes the fol-
lowing arrangement of the species.
Acteocina culcitella culcitella Gould. The common Cali-
fornia low tide form. Distinguished from the following by
its long, pointed spire and heavy fold on the columella.
Acteocina cerealis Gould appears to be the young of culci-
tella.
Acteocina culcitella eximia Baird. A northern shell dis-
88 THi J^AtJflLtJg
tinguished by lack of heavy fold on the columella and short
spire, excavated near the apex.
Acteocina culcitella intermedia, new sub species. De-
scription: Shell cylindrical, with short spire, the latter,
however, not excavated at the apex. Columellar fold want-
ing or only slightly indicated. Lip and aperture as in A. c.
eximia. Type number 1015 collection of Los Angeles
County Museum, dredged by G. Willett in 30 fathoms at
Catalina Island, California, August 11, 1928. Measure-
ments of type in millimeters: Alt. 14, Diam. 5.7, Alt. of
spire 1.65. Paratypes in collections of A. M. Strong and
the writer.
Intermedia is easily separated from typical culcitella by
much shorter spire and absence of heavy columellar fold ;
it differs from eximia in more pointed and unexcavated
spire. All of the specimens of intermedia seen by the
writer have been dredged in from twenty to forty fathoms
off the southern California coast. A few specimens of ap-
parent intergrades between intermedia and eximia were
dredged in twenty-five fathoms near Craig, Prince of Wales
Island, Alaska, while at Forrester Island, fifty miles to the
southeast, only eximia was found.
Los Angeles County Museum,
Los Angeles, California.
ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS MCLL. IN CABSCOOK BAY, EAST-
PORT, MAINE
BY OLOF O. NYLANDER
During the summer of 1906 I spent a month — from the
middle of June to the middle of July, collecting fossils in
THE NAUTILUS
39
region about Eastport. Nearly all the fossiliferous rocks
are best exposed in the tidal area and while collecting I
sometimes came upon large colonies of living mollusks. On
July 5, at Denbow Point, Cobscook Bay, six miles west of
Eastport, the rocks at low tide were literally covered with
limpets of all sizes; they extended a foot or more above
Icw-w^ater mark. In the water just below the rocks Buc-
dnum undatum and Colus stimpsoni were also obtained.
Most of my limpets have been distributed among collectors
and only 28 specimens remain in my collection. The color
markings varj^ considerable and two are plain gray ; the fol-
lowing measurements, including the largest and smallest
from the locality show to what extent the specimens vary.
Length
Width
43 mm.
33
mm,
42 V2 rnni-
321/2
mm,
411/2 n^rn-
31
mm,
41 mm.
32
mm,
41 mm.
32
mm,
35 mm.
27
mm.
311/2 mm.
25
mm.
25 mm.
19
mm.
201/0 mm.
15
mm.
14 1/2 mm.
11
mm.
Height
12
mm.
13
mm,
121/2
mm.
14
mm.
11
mm.
10
mm.
10
mm.
9
mm.
6
mm.
4
mm.
Any one interested in the study of Acmaea testudinalis
and other northern mollusks should consult the following
paper: "Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the collec-
tion of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum) by Dr.
Nils Odhner (Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakadem. Hand-
lingar, Band 48, no. 1, 1912). This paper is in English
and gives the geographical and bathymetrical distribution,
color variation, etc. Dr. Nils Odhner is a very active
worker in the Riksmuseum, Stockholm, and has published
many papers of interest to all workers on New England
mollusca.
40 THE NAUTILUS
ON ENGINA ZONATA OF GRAY AND OF REEVE
BY J. R. le B. TOMLIN
Engina zonata Gray has been generally overlooked, as it
was published without a figure. The genus Engina was
first published in the "Zoology of Capt, Beechey's Voyage,"
p. 112, 1839, and two new species, zonata and elegans, are
assigned to it on p. 113. In Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 133
Gray alters the spelling to Enzina and selects the first
species, zonata as type.
In the British Museum we still have portions of Gray's
collection, mounted on the thin oak tablets which he always
used, and I find one of these labelled "Enzina zonata Gray,
B. V. 113," with 2 examples of a shell which is more usu-
ally known as Engina leucozona (Fhil.) ,=Bucc. leuco-
zonuni Phil., Zeit. f. Malak. I. Ill, 30 July, 1844. It is a
rare Mediterranean species, recorded from Sicily, the
Adriatic and the Aegean Seas, and Weinkauff complained
that it has never been figured. Tryon and Kobelt have at-
tempted to remedy this, but have both figured another
species.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ill, Ricinula pi. 5, f. 33, Sept. 1846,
describes a R. zonata in the Mus. Cuming which is like-
wise an Engina and which I propose to rechristen Engina
melanozona.
Reeve gives the locality as Charles Is., Galapagos (Cum-
ing), which is almost certainly erroneous. It is common
in the New Caladonian region and occurred by hundreds
in the Hadfields' Lifu collections.
THE NAUTILUS 41
ODOSTOMIA (IVTDELLA) MARIAE, new species
BY PAUL BARTSCH
Curator of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum
Shell very minute, cream yellow. The nuclear whorls are
deeply immersed in the first postnuclear turn, the tilted
edge of the last volution only projecting. The first post-
nuclear whorl bears a strong cord above the channeled
suture at its beginning, and later develops the axial riblets
characteristic of the succeeding turns. The rest of the
postnuclear whorls are strongly, tabulatedly shouldered at
the summit, and marked by 14 very strong, slightly re-
tractively slanting, distantly spaced, sublamellar axial ribs
which form slight cusps at the outer edge of the shoulder
at the summit and which, on the last turn, pass over the
posterior portion of the rather long, well rounded base,
evanescing before reaching its middle. The spiral sculp-
ture consists of a strong cord a little above the periphery
v/hich leaves a deep channeled suture anterior to it, and by
5 additional equally strong and almost equally spaced cords
on the bat;e, the anterior one of which is backed by the
inner lip. Aperture oval; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip
moderately thin; inner lip strongly curved, reflected over
and appressed to the base for almost its entire length, and
provided with a rather strong fold at its inception. Parietal
wall covered by a moderately thick callus.
The type and only specimen, U. S. National Museum
Catalogue Number 369001, was collected by Miss Marie
Stadnichenko in Well No. 2136 of the International Oil
Company, at a depth of 80 feet, probably in a Quaternary
formation. The locality is close to the coast, near the town
of Vichayal in the northwestern corner of Peru, about 17
miles north of Paita, 17 miles southeast of Negritos, about
42 THE NAUTILUS
Lat. 5° S. ; Long. 82 W. It measures — length, 1.5 mm.;
greater diameter, 0.7 mm.
I take pleasure in naming this for Miss Stadnichenko. It
will be figured in the next number of Nautilus, plate 1,
fig. 1.
HELIX NEMORALIS L. IN ONTARIO
BY H. A. PILSBRY
Sometime ago Mr. Harry W. Trudell handed me a young
snail from Owen Sound, Ontario, given him by Mr. W. R.
McColl of that place, which was evidently either Helix
(Cepaea) nemoralis or hortensis. On applying to Mr. Mc-
Coll he sent a series of 19 specimens of H. yiemoralis. So
far as I know, this is the first Canadian record of this hand-
some snail. All are five-banded, 12345, or one specimen
12(345), three bands united on the last fourth of the
whorl. The ground is pale pink to very pale yellow. Of
their occurrence Mr. McColl writes as follows :
"In reply to your request of June 1st I sent you a few
days ago a few specimens of snails, Helix nemoralis.
"You intimate that this snail has not been known from
this part of Canada. Will you kindly say if it is kno\vn
from any other part of Canada ; as I have not come across
it anywhere but here. It was very scarce indeed 38 years
ago when I first came here.
"My nephew sent one from France during the war, about
1917, a specimen apparently identical with those found
here, also two other shades with yellow predominating;
also a pinky specimen very similar to ours.
"This snail has what appears to me to be a peculiarity,
THE NAUTILUS 48
that is its habit of climbing trees just prior to or during
rain storms. I have repeatedly seen them as high as fifteen
feet up, and each specimen I sent you I picked off maple
shade trees. At times I have seen them on fence posts and
fence boards, but cannot recall seeing them on telegraph
or telephone posts. For years they were found only near
the Marine Hospital on the west side of the city. After
years they spread along the bank for perhaps half a mile;
after which they crossed the valley and intervening river
Sydenham, and are now found on the east side, over an
area of perhaps one quarter mile wide.
"A favorite 'roost' for them in damp weather is the
round Equisetum or scouring rush stalks, where I have
seen them from the size of a pea with soft-edged shells (un-
developed) up to mature specimens."
NORTH AMERICAN VERONICELLIDAE
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
In a recent paper, "On some North American Vaginuli-
dae" (1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 79, pp. 209-
221), Dr. Hans Hoffmann criticizes strongly and, I must
confess, quite justly, his impression of my attitude (1925,
P. A. N. S. P. 77, pp. 157-184) towards his monograph,
"Die Vaginuliden" (1925, Zeitschr. Naturw. Jena 61, pp.
1-374) . I do not think that anyone realizes better than my-
self just how much every student of slugs is indebted to
the truly epoch-making labors of Dr. Grimpe and Hoffmann
on this group. From a previous chaos of misleading, con-
flicting and worthless descriptions, they have developed a
44 THE NAUTILUS
complete and logical system. Such a feat is very impres-
sive, and I now realize that I did utilize somewhat the
method of the old berserkers in order to fortify my courage
for an attack on even minor details of its organization. I
am sorry that I permitted myself the crudeness of some of
those criticisms, but Drs. Grimpe and Hoffmann must real-
ize that my vehemence is actually a compliment to the for-
midable strength of their own contributions.
However, the fact remains that I still believe that their
exceedingly helpful (in fact indispensable) monographs
are slightly marred by a disregard for priority and by a
tendency to underestimate the value of other characters,
than those of the verge, in the separation of species. I ap-
preciate thoroughly their enormous contribution to our
knowledge of the Veronicellidae, but I do think it was an
error to add (to the 29+ earlier group-names) eight new
terms, where only one (Semperula) was actually necessary.
In view of Dr. Hoffmann's additional contribution to the
subject, I may perhaps be excused the following review of
my own present opinions:
Veronicella laevis Blainville, and var. schivelyae (Pilsbry).
As Dr. Hoffmann and myself differ so widely in the iden-
tification of Onchidium slomiii Cuvier, it seems best to re-
gard it as a nomen dubium and to drop it entirely from
nomenclature. However, I must plead for the retention of
Veronicella laevis, which name, at any rate, has never been
identified with any other species than the one for which
Dr. Cockerell and myself gave the first detailed descrip-
tions and which Dr. Hoffmann now agrees is a valid and
distinct one. Although I realize that such careless and er-
roneous work as that of Blainville does not deserve even
the slight honor of the acceptance of his Vei^oniceUa, I still
think that it is more practical to use his name than to re-
ject it, although it is my own Leidyula that suffers by such
recognition. Besides, the malacologists of England and
America have commonly used Veronicella to the exclusion
THE NAUTILUS 45
of Vaginulus, while the Germans and French have usually
reversed the process; why not compromise and retain both
of them as long as they do not conflict with each other?
Veronicella moreleti (Crosse et Fischer) (-(- floridana
Hffmn.)
Originally, I thought that the ridges on the verge of
adult specimens of this species were simply the result of
pressure against the edge of its sheath. As a result, I drew
the verge of a specimen in which they were not very highly
developed and carelessly neglected to add another figure to
show their extreme development. Fortunately, Dr. Hoff-
mann has rectified this omission ; in my opinion, his figure 4
(1927, p. 216) is an excellent representation of this phase.
Comparison of this figure of the verge of his "Leidyula
floridana" with my figure of that of V. moreleti (1925, pi.
4, fig. 10) will show a substantial agreement in the arrange-
ment of the ridges despite considerable difference in their
prominence. For this reason, I feel certain that what he
calls L. floridana is actually V. moreleti.
The most important difference between V. moreleti and
the true V. floridana is the ovoviviparity of the former
and the oviparity of the latter species. V. moreleti is still
the only one known from Mexico or Central America.
Veronicella floridana (Leidy).
The prominence of the ridges of the verge also varies
considerably in this species, although I believe this is part-
ly due to differences in maturity. Here again, my figure
(1915, pi. 4, fig. 13) represents a verge in which the ridges
are weakly developed. However, their arrangement is
quite constant and does differ markedly from that in V.
moreleti; as I pointed out in my key, they "separate gradu-
ally without confluence and extend beyond apical 1/2 (i. e.,
to near base) of organ". Their extreme development, as
seen especially in Cuban specimens, does approach closely
the condition shown in Semper's figure of the verge of what
he identified as Vaginula sloanei. The retractors of the
46" THE NAUTILUS
verge are variable in the large Cuban series examined by
me; the more median fibers may separate from the rest of
the muscle so as to form two diverging bundles. A slighter
degree of this same splitting of the vergic retractor has also
been observed in some specimens of V. laevis (Cf. H. B. B. :
1925, p. 165, pi. 3, fig. 5).
For these reasons, I am still inclined to believe that my
V. floridana and Semper's V. sloanei are the same species.
If "Belocaulns sloanei" does completely lack the vaginal
pouch, it would be a species that I had never seen, while, at
the same time, I would be compelled to believe that Dr.
Hoffmann, in turn, had never examined an adult specimen
of the true V. flo7'idana. The approximation of so many of
our locality records makes this seem rather improbable.
Veronicella kraussii (Ferussac) ?
Dr. Hoffmann believes that this species, for which I Tiave
tentatively retained Ferussac's name, is a synonym of his
"Leidyula floridana" (=F. inoreleti) . It probably is closer
to V. moreleti than to V. floridana.
Vaginulus occidentalis (Guilding).
The principal divergence between Dr. Hoffmann's classi-
fication and my own is due to his almost complete depend-
ence on the characters of the verge; as he writes himself:
"Of the interior organs only the verge may be of use for
this purpose" (exact and sufficient characterization of a
species) . On the other hand, I am firmly convinced that, in
our American species, at least, the terminations of the
female genitalia are of prime systematic importance, al-
though the difficulties in their dissection have resulted in
many conflicting statements about their structure. Partly
on this account, I still must consider Vaginulus {Latipes)
occidentalis as much more closely related to Vagimdus and
Phyllocaulis than to the group which I call Veronicella.
Since my 1925 paper, Dr. Stewart has called to my at-
tention an earlier choice of genotype for Vaginulus, that of
Chenu (1858, Encycl. d'hist. natur.; Crust., Moll. &
THE NAUTILUS 47
Zoophytes, p. 133), who also designated V. taunaisii Fer.
(although he misspelled it tannaisii).
Dr. Hoffmann's indignant comments have also called to
my attention the fact that I neglected to define my method
of measurements. In my tables, the length of the slug is
taken as the length of its notum along the long axis of the
straightened animal, which, of course, is the sum of the
distances between the female opening and the two ends of
the notum (measured along the same axis) . Dr. Hoffmann
measures the length of the animal around its dorsum, while
he determines the position of the female opening along its
venter. In badly contracted and curled animals, these two
sets of measurements differ considerably, so I took the sum
of his distances between the female opening and the ends
of the notum as the nearest equivalent to my own deter-
mination of length.
Attention is also called to two group-names in the
Veronicellidae which I missed in my earlier list (1925,
Naut. 39, p. 13) :
Leonardia Tapparone-Canefri (1889, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova 27, p. 331), monotype L. nevilliana T.-C. (1889,
p. 332), from Burma. [Canefri separates this ''genus"
from "Vaginula" on a supposed difference in position of
the female opening, although he confesses he could not find
it! He seems also to have lost the connection between the
prostate and the hermaphroditic duct and fails to describe
the verge. Otherwise, there is nothing to keep L.
nevilliana out of the synonymy of Vaginulus birmanicus
Theobald (1864, J. A. S. Bengal 33, p. 243). However, it
would be a shame to change the name of Grimpe and Hoff-
mann's Semperula on the basis of such a dubious descrip-
tion.]
Valiguna Grimpe & Hoffmann (1925, Nova Cal. Zool. 5,
p. 391), authors' type Va. schneideri Simroth (1894, S.B.
Naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 19-20, p. 7), from east Sumatra.
[This is a subdivision of Semperula G. & H.]
48 THE NAUTILUS
THE MOLLUSCA OF CHAUTAUQUA LAKE, NEW YORK, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW VARIETY OF PTYCHO-
BRANCHUS AND OF HELISOMA*
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER
Chautauqua Lake is one of the most interesting physio-
graphic localities in New York State and seems to have been
studied the least from a biological standpoint. Only three
references occur which give any sort of comprehensive list
of the species of Mollusca present, and but one of these
(Ortmann) pays particular attention to the lacustrine char-
acter of the species. During the early part of August, 1927,
a week was spent at the Chautauqua Assembly grounds and
a small collection was made of those species that could be
obtained from the shore. As no plans had been made for
studying the lake, equipment necessary for such work was
totally lacking. The success of this incidental shore work
indicates that a rich harvest of interesting forms awaits
the student who will make modern investigations of this
lake fauna in comparison with that found in the outlet,
Conewango Creek.
Chautauqua Lake is situated in Chautauqua County in
the extreme southwestern part of the state. It is about 22
miles long and some three miles wide at its maximum exten-
sion, but is less than a quarter of a mile in one place. While
the greatest part of the lake is relatively shallow, there are
several places where the water is 60 and 80 feet in depth,
the latter between Chautauqua and Long points. The
northern part of the lake is shallow, not exceeding 20 feet
in depth. The altitude of the lake is 1,338 feet above sea
level and more than 700 feet above Lake Erie. It lies at the
* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 45.
THE NAUTILUS 49
edge of the southwestern plateau province overlooking the
Lake Erie plain. A narrow place at the middle of the lake
suggests the presence of a preglacial divide which Dr. Tarr
suggests (Physical Geography of New York State, p. 205)
may indicate that the "lake is made up of parts of two val-
leys, one north-sloping, the other south sloping, and each
dammed by heavy morainic accumulations".
The drainage is into the Allegheny River and hence the
species belong to the Ohio River drainage and not to the St.
Lawrence River, as is the case with the Finger Lakes and
other large and small lakes in New York State. A study of
the mollusk fauna suggests that the species migrated up the
Allegheny River into the lake following the Wisconsin stage
of glaciation and there became modified into characteristic
lake varieties, in much the same manner as did the faunae
now occupying the many lakes in Wisconsin and Michigan.
Nearly all species show lake environmental influences, some
forms to a greater extent than others. The two varieties
believed to be new are doubtless lake variants of normal
river types. A study of this lake such as was made of
Oneida Lake for the State College of Forestry at Syracuse
University by the writer would result in much addition to
our knowledge concerning distribution and variation among
aquatic species.
The lake is filled with vegetation (Scirpus, Myriophyllum,
Potamogeton, Elodea, CeratophTjllum, etc.) which should
support a large fauna of mollusks and insects. What may
be found in the deeper parts of the lake can only be sur-
mised. In passing, one wonders why the Chautauqua Insti-
tution has not instituted some lake studies along with the
courses in nature study yearly given. The lake is admirably
adapted for limnological studies and the Institution might
render a real service to science by conducting lake work in
biology.
Mention should be made of the excellent collection made
many years ago by Miss Carlotta J. Maury. The species
50 THE NAUTILUS
were identified before much of our knowledge concerning
the variation of species coincident with environment was
available. Through the kindness of Dr. P. R. Needham, of
Cornell University, the writer has been enabled to examine
the collection of mollusks made by Miss Maury in Chautaqua
Lake, and deposited in the Museum at Cornell. This is an
excellent example of the importance of and great necessity
for preserving material upon which papers have been based
so that subsequent investigators may reexamine it when
additional studies may be made, as in the present instance.
Several doubtful references of species to this lake fauna
have in this way been cleared up.
In the course of work upon the collection personally made
assistance has been received from Dr. V. Sterki, who identi-
fied Sphaeriidae, and Dr. Bryant Walker, who identified the
Ferrissia. Mr. W. E. Burnett, of Bradford, Penn., also
supplied certain species from the lake. My thanks are due
each of these persons for their assistance.
In the following annotated list the species cited by Maury,
Evermann, and Ortmann are included, thus bringing down
to date all that is at present known concerning the mollusk
fauna of the lake.
Elliptic dilatatus sterkii Grier.
Bemus Point and Celeron (Ortmann) ; Chautauqua Lake
(Evermann, Maury) ; Celeron (Burnett) ; Chautauqua
Assembly (Baker).
The dilatatus of the lake appear to be referable to sterkii
rather than to the typical form. Of these Ortmann says,
"This is a form distinctly inclining towards sterkii. It is
rather small (longest 79 mm.) is also slightly more swollen
than the true dilatatus, and has the beaks a little more an-
terior ; but with regard to color, the Chautauqua form does
not differ from dilatatus" (1919, p. 102). The color of the
specimens personally collected varies from the river form
to the lake Erie form. Measurements are :
THE NAUTILUS 51
L. 73 ; H. 37 ; D. 20 mm. Chautauqua Lake.
L. 72 ; H. 35 ; D. 20 mm. Chautauqua Lake.
L. 68 ; H. 32 ; D. 20 mm. Chautauqua Lake.
L. 87 ; H. 46 ; D. 28 mm. Grier's measurements of sterkii.
L. 59 ; H. 31 ; D. 18 mm. Grier's measurements of sterkii.
Much the same form occurs in Lake Winnebago, Wiscon-
sin, and it would appear that all of these small forms should
be referred to sterkii as a distinct lake race, varying more
or less in color, but agreeing in form. They are all ecological
responses to changes of environment from river to lake. The
nacre of the Chautauqua Lake form varies from almost
white to dark purple.
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea.
Anondonta grandis, var. footiana, and var. decora of
Maury's list.
Bemus Point, Griffith Landing, Celeron (Ortmann) ;
Celeron (Burnett) ; Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ;
Chautauqua Assembly (Baker).
Call, in 1885 (p. 11) correctly referred the Chautauqua
Lake Anodonta to footiana. Ortmann (p. 144) refers it to
grandis, stating in a footnote, however, that it represents a
peculiar local race greatly resembling benedictensis, but not
footiana. The lake form is, however, exactly like the
footiana from the type locality, Lake Winnebago, Wiscon-
sin, although the shell is not quite as thick as in that
locality.
Strophitus RUGOSUS (Swains).
Chautauqua Lake (Maury) ; Chautauqua Assembly
(Baker).
The Chautauqua Lake rugosus is a small form varying
toward the race called rhombicus by Anthony, but differing
from that form in many respects. Only two specimens were
collected and these are without beak markings, hence its
relationship with other lake varieties is not possible. It
most nearly resembles the creek form, which should be
52 7HS NAUTJLUg
known as Strophitus rugosus pavonius (Lea). It is not
undulatus as thought by Evermann. This is not recorded by
Ortmann but is mentioned by Evermann and Maury.
Ptychobranchus fasciolaris lacustris var. nov.
Remus Point, Griffith Landing, Celeron (Ortmann) ;
Chautauqua Assembly Grounds (Baker) ; Celeron (Bur-
nett) ; Chautauqua Lake (Maury).
Shell differing from typical fasciolaris of the Allegheny
and Ohio Rivers in being smaller, relatively higher and
shorter, the young not as pointed posteriorly and becoming
humped when quite small ; female shell with a deeper
central marsupial sulcus; growth lines more crowded and
regular, the green spots in many specimens being on the
impressed growth line, with a bare brown space below,
marking the shell into regular zones.
L. 77 ; H. 46 ; D. 25 mm. Male. Type.
L. 72 ; H. 43 ; D. 23 mm. Male. Paratype.
L. 74 ; H. 41 ; D. 22.5 mm. Female. Paratype.
L. 68 ; H. 38 ; D. 27 mm. Female. Paratype.
Types: Museum Natural History, Univ. 111., No. Z23779.
Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., No. 144807.
Ortmann (p. 210) calls attention to the peculiar form of
Ptychoby-anchtts found in Chautauqua Lake but does not
consider it of enough importance for a varietal name. How-
ever, it appears quite as important as the forms of other
naiades which have become different from the river forms
through inhabiting a lake environment. Some specimens
greatly resemble forms living in Green River, Kentucky.
This naiad is not mentioned by Evermann, though it is the
most abundant species in the lake, as far as personal
observation is concerned.
Lampsilis siliquoidea rosacea (DeKay).
Chautauqua Lake, various localities (Ortmann) ; Chau-
tauqua Assembly (Baker) ; Chautauqua Lake (Maury).
THS NAUTILUS 53
The small form of siliquoidea in this lake is referable to
the race rosacea, although Ortmann referred them to luteola
(siliquoidea) , remarking that they varied toward rosacea
in size, but that other characters were normal (p. 290). The
form as a whole is undoubtedly related to rosacea, and
should be so referred. It is like many forms of this race
common in Wisconsin and Michigan. The nacre is dull
white with a few specimens showing a pinkish tint. The
largest specimen measures : L. 3 ; H. 45 ; D. 27 mm. The
epidermis is brownish or yellowish green with rather dis-
tinct rays in many specimens.
Lampsilis ventricosa lubida Simpson.
Lake Chautauqua (Ortmann) ; Chautauqua Assembly
(Baker).
Only a few odd valves of a Lampsilis referable to this
race were collected. These agree with specimens from Wis-
consin and Michigan. It can not be referred to typical
ve7itricosa of the rivers. Lurida is not the same as cana-
densis Lea, that race being a small, peculiarly angled form
common in the great lakes. Lurida was well characterized
by Simpson for the abundant form of ventricosa found in
all the northern lakes and differing markedly from any form
of the river ventricosa. Ortmann considered the Chautauqua
Lake form typical ventricosa (p. 305) but it differs from
this in the same characteristics as do the lake forms found
in Michigan and Wisconsin.
Sphaerium fallax Sterki.
Sphaerium simile; S. striatinum, var. Chautauqua Lake
(Maury) ; S. sulcatum and striatinum; Chautauqua Lake
(Evermann) ; Chautauqua Assembly (Baker).
This new species of Sphaerium is very abundant in the
lake and has been recorded as both simile (sulcatum) and
striatinum. Dr. Sterki states that it may also be found in
other places in the Great Lakes region, especially in
Michigan and Wisconsin. The Chautauqua Lake form is
smaller than the average from more northern places.
54 THE NAUTILUS
Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say).
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann) ; Chautauqua Assembly
(Baker).
Common and uniform in shape. The shore may be fairly
strewn with the empty valves of this species after a storm.
MUSCULIUM ROSACEUM (Prime).
Chautauqua Assembly (Baker). One broken valve appar-
ently referable to this species was found in beach material.
Dr. Sterki states that there is a single specimen of this
specimen in the Carnegie Museum from Chautauqua Lake.
PisiDiUM INDIANENSE Sterki.
A single large fine specimen of this species occurred with
other beach debris from the Chautauqua Assembly grounds.
Apparently the first record from an eastern locality.
PisiDiUM SCUTELLATUM Sterki.
Chautauqua Lake (Maury). No examples of the small
species of this genus were found by the writer. Such doubt-
less exist, and many species should be found by careful
collecting.
VALVATA TRICARINATA (Say).
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ; Chautauqua
Assembly (Baker).
All typical, with three distinct carinae. One specimen
occurred in which the central carina was rather faint, indi-
cating a variation toward the variety per'confusa.
Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall.
Shore of Chautauqua Lake at Assembly grounds on rocks
in shallow water. This Valvata appears to be the regularly
ribbed form of sincera called nylanderi by Dall. It is large
(H. 3.5; D. 4.5 mm.), the umbilicus is round and deep, and
the spire as in the variety from the north. The spire varies
considerably in height.
THE NAUTILUS '55
Campeloma decisum (Say)
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ; Chautauqua
Assembly (Baker).
Common on the shore in beach debris. The species
appears referable to decisum having the normal form of em-
bryonic shell characteristic of that species. The apex is
entire in most specimens,
Amnicola LiMOSA (Say).
Amnicola pallida of Maury's list.
Mouth of Goose Creek (Maury). The set in the Cornell
University collection shows some variation, mostly a widen-
ing toward the lake variety porata.
Amnicola limosa porata (Say).
Amnicola limosa of Maury's list. Lakeland, Chautauqua
Lake (Maury) ; Chautauqua Assembly, common on rocks
near shore in shallow water (Baker).
The lake form is typical porata, showing the same sex
dimorphism as noted in the variety as found in Wisconsin
and Michigan.
Amnicola pilsbryi Walker.
Amnicola granum of Maury's list. Lakewood (Maury) ;
Chautauqua Assembly, on rocks near shore in shallow
water (Baker).
Pyrgulopsis cf. letsoni (Walker).
Bythinella nickliniana and attenuata of Maury's list.
Burtis Bay and Sherman Bay (Maury, 31164, 31165,
Cornell Univ. Museum) .
Seven specimens, two of which appear maturfe, are in the
Cornell collection, which appear to be a form of letsoni.
They resemble the form as found in the original locality
(Goat Island) but differ somewhat from the form found in
La Plaisance Bay, Lake Erie, Mich., and in the fossil de-
posits near Chicago. The Michigan specimens are narrower
with lower whorls and deeper sutures and are longer. Not
66 THE NAU-nLUS
enough material is at hand to settle this point, but it is
probable that some of the forms should be separated to form
either species or races of letsoni. The largest specimen,
from Sherman Bay, measures L. 3.4; D. 1.5 mm.
Stagnicola emarginata canadenssis (Sowb.).
Limnaea palustris (Evermann). Limnaea emarginata and
catascopium of Maury's list. Lakewood and White's Bay
(Maury) ; Chautauqua Assembly (Baker) ; Celeron (Bur-
nett) .
The large Lymnaeid of Chautauqua Lake appears to be
referable to the race called canadensis by Sowerby. It is
less elongated than the typical form of the race from
Michigan but is otherwise similar. All of the lake forms
of this type of shell in New York appear to stand about
midway between typical eynarginata as found in Maine, and
canadensis as it occurs in the northern lakes. The speci-
mens referred to catascopium by Miss Maury are immature
canadensis, the stage before the lip is thickened and the
inner lip spread over the columella and forming the
emargination. Perhaps the New York lake form should
constitute a distinct race representing a response to a large
lake environment. It is very abundant in Chautauqua Lake.
A few young animals with shells 8 mm. long, were found on
rocks near shore in shallow water.
FOSSARIA MODICELLA (Say).
On rocks in shallow water near shore and on wet ground
just above the water line. Assembly grounds. Very
abundant.
Helisoma antrosa (Conrad).
Planorbis bicarinatus (Evermann and Maury).
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ; Chautauqua
Assembly (Baker) ; Sherman's Bay and near Outlet
(Maury, Cornell coll.).
Abundant along shore on rocks in shallow water. The
THl NAUTILUS 57
antrosa of the lake are not typical of the species as found in
the rivers of the south, in which the spire whorls are sunken
below the body whorl and the umbilicus is wide and deep.
The majority of specimens have a very low axial height
combined with great diameter, the spire is almost flat and
only the apical whorls are, as a rule, sunken below the gen-
eral level. The form is very variable, from ecarinate to
strongly bicarinate. Many are similar to the bicarinata of
Lea from the Delaware River near Philadelphia. All are
apparently referable to antrosa, though a few resemble an
unnamed variety found abundantly in northern Wisconsin.
This form probably shows the effect of a lake environment
on a river species.
Helisoma campanulata (Say).
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ; Prendergast Bay
and near Outlet (Maury, Cornell coll.) ; Chautauqua
Assembly (Baker).
The campariulata of the lake vary toward the race called
wisconsinensis by Winslow, having the raised spire so char-
acteristic of that form. One or two specimens from
Prendergast Bay (Cornell coll., 31120) have a large axial
height. The specimens observed are all rather small. Liv-
ing individuals were found bordering the shore of the
Assembly grounds in shallow water, on rocks and the
bottom.
Helisoma trivolvis chautaIjquensis var. nov.
Chautauqua Lake (Evermann, Maury) ; Cheney's Point
(Maury, Cornell coll.) ; Chautauqua Assembly (Baker).
Shell smaller than typical trivolvis, with 31/2 whorls,
sculpture of coarse, more or less equidistant ribs; spire
flattened, whorls in same plane or the coil of the last whorl
raised somewhat above the general plane, subangulated at
the shoulder; base with narrow but deep umbilicus, show-
ing 21/2 whorls, the inner ones slightly subangulated ; body
whorl sharply angled above at the shoulder ; aperture long-
58 THE NAUTILUS
ovate, wider below, angled above, the outer lip slightly
effuse; color of shell brownish horn.
H. 10 ; D. 16.5 ; Ap. H. 9.7 ; D. 6.0 mm. Type.
H. 10 ; D. 15.8 ; Ap. H. 9.8 ; D. 6.0 mm. Paratype.
H. 10.1 ; D. 16.0 ; Ap. H. 9.9 ; D. 6.0 mm. Paratype.
H. 10.0 ; D. 16.2 ; Ap. H. 9.9 ; D. 5.9 mm. Paratype.
Tyves: Museum Natural History, Univ. 111., No. Z23780.
Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., No. 144806.
The small size and less number of whorls, the narrow
aperture, deeply excavated base and flattened spire dis-
tinguish this form of Helisoma from trivolvis. It somewhat
resembles variety minslowi from the northern lakes of Wis-
consin, having the same number of whorls ; but in that race
the body whorl is sharply angulated above and below and
the shell has a much greater axial height. Nothing exactly
like the Chautauqua Lake form has been seen from any lake
and it appears to be a trivolvis modified by lake conditions.
It is very abundant along the shore of the Assembly
grounds, the young and immature living on the flat rocks
bordering the shore in shallow water.
Gyraulus deflectus (Say)
Planorbis deflectus and hirsutus of Maury's list. Lake-
wood, Sherman's Bay, Fluvanna (Maury, Cornell coll.) ;
Chautauqua Assembly (Baker).
On rocks bordering the shore in shallow water. The form
varies from a sharply keeled condition of the periphery
to subangulated ,the latter approaching variety obliquus of
Dekay. The hirsutus listed by Maury are fine adult ex-
amples of deflectus with the hair-like epidermis well pre-
served.
Gyraulus parvus (Say).
Lakewood, on stones bordering the shore (Maury, Cornell
coll.). Apparently quite typical; compared with specimens
from near Philadelphia.
THE NAUTILUS '59
Menetus EXACUOUS (Say).
Prendergast Bay (Maury, Cornell coll.). Quite typical.
Ferrissia tarda (Say).
Ancylus rivularis of Maury's list.
White's Bay (Maury, Cornell coll.) ; Chautauqua Assem-
bly (Baker).
Common on rocks along shore in shallow water. Dr.
Bryant Walker, who kindly examined the specimens, refers
the specimens to the eastern form of the species which is
not quite typical.
Physella ancillaria (Say).
Physa ancillai'ia and P. heterostropha of Maury's list.
Chautauqua Lake (Maury, Evermann) ; Lakewood
(Maury, Cornell coll.) ; Chautauqua Assembly (Baker).
The Physella of the lake is somewhat different from the
typical form as found in rivers. It is smaller and the spire
is more regularly dome-shaped and the peculiar shouldered
appearance of the typical form is wanting in the majority
of specimens. These were identified as heterostropha in
Maury's list. The presence of a few large shells which are
undoubted ancillaria seems to indicate that the species
should be referred to typical aiicillaria It is very common
in the lake.
SUCCINEA RETUSA Lea.
SUCCINEA AVARA Say.
ZONITOIDES NiTiDA (Miiller).
The three species of land mollusks listed above occurred
more or less abundantly along the shore of the Assembly
grounds, near the edge of the water.
POLITA DRAPARNALDI (Beck).
A single specimen of this species was found among beach
debris north of the wharf of the Assembly grounds. Where
it came from is not known.
60 THE NAUTILUS
REFERENCES
Call, R. E.
1885. A Geographic Catalogue of the Unionidae of the
Mississippi Valley. Bull. Des Moines Acad. Sci.,
I, i, p. 11.
Evermann, B. W., and Goldsborough, E. L.
1902. Notes on the Fishes and Mollusks of Lake Chau-
tauqua, New York. Rept. U. S. Fish. Com. for
1901, pp. 169-175 (Moll. p. 175).
Maury, Carlotta J.
1898. Chautauqua Lake Shells. Elementary Natural
History Series, No. 1. Ithaca, N. Y.
1916. Freshwater Shells from Central and Western New
York. Nautilus, XXX, pp. 29-33.
Ortmann, A. E.
1919. A Monograph of the Naiades or Pennsylvania.
Part iii. Systematic Account of the Genera and
Species. Mem. Carnegie Museum VIII, pp. 1-384.
References under several species.
SHERWOOD RAYMOND ROBERTS
1845-1928
S. Raymond Roberts was born in Philadelphia on August
30, 1845. He was the son of Spencer and Louisa J. Rob-
erts, prominent members of the Society of Friends.
Early in life Mr. Roberts became interested in natural
history, and at the age of about twenty-one, he was one of
the group of members of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia who associated themselves for the study of
Mollusca as a Conchological Section (founded December
26, 1866) . Mr. Roberts was made Recorder, a position he
held for many years.
His first scientific paper was published in 1868, "De-
THE NAUTILUS 61
scription of a New Species of Cypraea" (American Journal
of Conchology IV) . Although he built up a general col-
lection of some size, his main interest was always in the
Cypraeidae. In 1885 his monograph of this family was
published in Tryon's Manual of Conchology, Vol. VII. This
was his longest contribution to science. His last paper was
an excellent and well illustrated account of some new Jap-
anese Cypraeidae (Nautilus, January, 1913). His collec-
tion of Cypraeidae was left to the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences.
In 1888, upon the death of Mr. Tryon, who had been his
closest friend for many years, Mr. Roberts assumed the
office of Treasurer of the Conchological Section, and when
this was merged in the Department of Mollusca of the
Academy he was continued as treasurer of the Manual of
Conchology until his death. Although the office demanded
a considerable amount of work, it was honorary so far as
emolument was concerned, and for many years, until he re-
tired from active business affairs, this was the work of
evenings and other hours usually devoted to recreation.
In 1889 he removed from Germantown, Philadelphia, to
Glen Ridge, New Jersey, and some time thereafter acquired
a summer home on Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts.
Mr. Roberts took an active interest in the local affairs of
the communities where he lived. He was a charter mem-
ber of the Pennsylvania Society of New York, and a life
member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. He
died at his summer home in Vineyard Haven on August 19,
1928.
Personally Mr. Roberts was a well built, handsome man
of fine presence. Up to an advanced age he gave the im-
pression of abounding vitality. Optimistic, a good friend
and a wise counsellor, his death leaves a place which can-
not be filled in the lives of his old associates. He is sur-
vived by a widow, one son and two daughters.
H. A. PiLSBRY.
62 THE NAUTILUS
HENRY CLIFDEN BURNUP
Born April 21, 1852, Died April 23, 1928
With the passing of Henry Clifden Burnup, Maritzburg
lost a citizen of distinction, who during his long residence
earned the respect of the entire community and the strong
affection of the circle of friends who were privileged to
know him most intimately.
Henry Burnup arrived in Natal in 1874, in the days
when the steamer Anglian, on which he was a passenger,
was the largest vessel of the old Union Line. For a num-
ber of years he followed his profession of accountant in
Maritzburg, and after relinquishing his occupation he de-
voted himself wholly to what he regarded as his life's work,
the pursuit and study of conchology.
The Burnup Collection in the Natal Museum — which is
pre-eminently the finest collection of shells in South Africa
— is the result of years of unceasing toil and patient re-
search. This was entirely a labour of love, and the educa-
tive value of the collection is inestimable. The collection
is a gift to the Museum of which he was one of the Trus-
tees since its foundation in 1903. It will never be known
to the many what the Burnup Collection represents in long
and arduous days on foot, in all weathers, by mountain,
stream and shore, and late nights of unceasing work. Mr.
Burnup's correspondence was world-wide. His contribu-
tions to scientific periodicals show a deep knowledge of the
science whose secrets he sought, and there are many hither-
to unknown specimens in the Natural History Museum at
South Kensington bearing his name. His scientific papers
are models for their clarity and excellent illustration from
his own drawings. He cleared up many doubtful points in
South African conchology, and described many interesting
new forms.
Early in the year it was apparent that some grave dis-
THE NAUTILUS 63
order was steadily reducing his strength. When its nature
was made known to him he at once set himself the task of
completing a work the extent of which was astonishing.
Day after day, with rapidly failing strength, he was taken
to his work at the Natal Museum, till, completely ex-
hausted, he was able to look back with the satisfaction of
knowing that he had reached a point from which others
could complete the final stages.
Mr. Burnup was removed to the sanatorium where, after
a few days of care and devoted attention from the staff and
his closer friends, he passed away barely three days after
his 76th birthday. As he lived his life so he faced the end
— calm, undaunted and serenely cheerful.
Ruth Meanwell.
DR. ANTONI J. WAGNER
The death of Dr. Antoni J. Wagner, Director of the
Zoological Museum of Poland, has been announced. He was
born in Ustron, Poland, in 1860, and died June 11th of this
year. Dr. Wagner is the author of many useful papers on
the mollusks of Austria and surrounding countries and of
an important monograph on Helicinidae. The classifica-
tion of this group was largely remodeled by his work,
which emphasized characters of the operculum. Other less
extensive monographic works dealt with Daudebardia and
Pomatias. He was an eminent authority on European
Clausiliidae, and had ably reviewed several groups of this
family, at first in the Rossmaessler-Kobelt Iconographie,
but after the war and the suspension of this work on
Kobelt's death, in a series of separate papers. It is a great
loss to conchology that he did not live to finish his work on
this intricate family. H. A. P.
64 THE NAUTILUS
CORRESPONDENCE
In Camp at Yakima, Wash., July 22, 1928.
Dear Dr. Pilsbry:
We are getting some good "record" material in Wash-
ington. Collected nearly across the state from south to
north through the eastern tier of townships. Probably the
most interesting finds are Polygyra and Oreohelix. The
former, (several species) was found sparingly at almost
every favorable-looking place we examined — usually rock
slides. At one station in Oregon, just north of Pendleton,
we found them in very great abundance, active under
shrubbery along a nearly dry channel in a hot, dry valley.
Oreohelix we have found only in rock slides, rather
scarce at most stations from northeastern Oregon north-
ward to Colville, Wash. The slides are mostly lava, but
one or two are granite and quartzite. At Blue Lake, in
Grand Coulee, all the lava slides protected by shrubbery at
the base shelter flourishing colonies, one small slide along
the lake shore was swarming with active snails of a small
form after an evening storm. Yesterday, 15 miles north
of Ellensburg, we found a few much weathered shells and
two live ones, one adult, after a long search, in a big lava
slide near the canyon rim. The valley is hot and dry, all
vegetation dried up, and the temperature at the time 100°
above zero in the shade at a nearby gasoline station. This
lacks only about 15 miles of being as far west as the most
westerly known Oreohelix locality — Hemphill's station at
Celilo, Oregon.
We have found no Goniobasis whatever in Idaho, eastern
Oregon or in Washington east of the Cascade Mountains.
This increases the puzzle about the reported occurrence of
G. silicuia in southwestern Montana. It would be interest-
ing to see some of the Montana material and ascertain
whether it is the same as the true silicula of the moist
THE NAUTILUS 65
coastal region. Margaritana [I have forgotten what gen-
eric name should now be used] margaritifera falcata, the
Pacific Coast form of this circumpolar species, is also re-
ported from southwestern Montana, and we have it from
Weiser, Idaho, Spokane and Vantages Ferry, Washington,
at the latter locality only kitchen midden specimens.
Junius Henderson
NOTES
Professor and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell have returned
home to Boulder, Colorado, after a trip of about a year
around the world.
The Mollusks of Cuba have had a hard summer. Dr.
Paul Bartsch spent several months collecting in western
and middle Cuba. Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. d'Alte A. Welch
put in two months chiefly in Camaguey and Oriente Prov-
inces. Mr. H. N. Lowe has been collecting in various parts
of the island all summer, and Dr. Wm. J. Clench sailed
about the end of August for a fall campaign in the Cien-
fuegos-Trinidad district. Last but by no means least. Dr.
Carlos de la Torre and his able assistants Aguayo and
Bermudez have not been idle. Fortunately for the snails,
Mr. Ramsden has been in the United States.
William J. McGinty of Philadelphia, died on July 24.
Mr. McGinty was interested in conchology and for some
years made a specialty of Marginellidae. In late years,
however, he had dropped out of the ranks as an active col-
lector.
SOLEN NOVACULARIS, A NAME FOR AN EOCENE FOSSIL
FROM California : In our work on the fauna of the type
Tejon Eocene of Kern County, California (Occ. Pprs. Calif.
Acad. Sci. No. 11, 1925, p. 147, pi. 6, fig. 9) we named a
supposedly new species Solen novacula. This name having
66 THE NAUTILUS
previously been used by Montagu (Test. Brit. 1803, p. 47)
for a different form we hereby designate the California
fossil Solen novacularis. — F. M. Anderson and G. Dallas
Hanna.
Pseudavicula Simpson preoccupied. — Simpson founded
this genus of Unionidae in 1900 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXII, p. 860) for Unio johnstoni Smith, a remarkable
species from Lake Mweru or Moero in Central Africa. The
name had, however, been previously used by R. Etheridge
Jr. in 1892; see Jack & Etheridge's Geol. Palaeont. New
Guinea, p. 449. I suggest the name Prisodontopsis to take
the place of Pseudavicula Simpson. — J. R. leB. Tomlin.
Shells from Live Oak Co., Texas, collected by Dr. Julia
Gardner. — A small box of drift collected on June 5th, 1928,
on the bank of Atascosa River, between Taut City and the
mouth of San Cristobal Creek, Live Oak County, Texas,
contained the following species of shells :
Helicina orbiculata tropica Zo7iitoides arhorea Say.
'Jan.' Pfr. Pseudovitrea minuscula Bn.
Praticolella berlandieriana Pseudovitrea singleyana Pils.
Moric. Pupoides marginatus Say.
Polygyra texasiana Moric. Gastrocopta contracta Say.
Thysanophora homi Gabb Gastrocopta pentodon Say.
Bulimulus dealhatus liqua- Gastrocopta hordeacella Fi\s.
bilis Rve. Gastrocopta procera Gld.
Bulimulus alternatus mariae Pupisoma dioscoricola in-
Alb. signe Pils.
Glyphyalinia indentata Say. Planorbida obstructa Morel.
Euconulus chersinus trochu- Musculium transversum Say.
lus Reinh.
E. G. Vanatta.
Arca idiodon Pils. & Johns., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1917,
p. 191 ; 1921, p. 408, pi. 42, figs. 3, 10, appears to be the un-
named Arca sp. a of Kellum, U. S. Geol. Surv. Professional
Paper 143, 1926, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 13, 14, of the Jackson
THE NAUTILUS 67
Eocene of Wilmington, N. C. — PiLSBRY.
Types of Lamprocystis and Pseudhelicarion. — So far
as I know no type has been selected for Lamprocystis, and
the only type designation for Pseudhelicarion is not valid.
Lamvrocystis Pfeffer, Abhandl. Nat. Verein von Ham-
burg-Altona, VII, 1883, p. 20. L. excrescens {Helix ex-
crescens) Mouss. here designated type.
Pseudhelicarion Moellendorff, Nachrbl, D. Malak. Ges.
June, 1894, p. 86. Macrochlamys (Pseudhelicarion)
virescens Q. and Mildff, here selected as type. The nom-
ination of M. ceratodes (Pfr.) as genotype by von Moellen-
dorff, in Semper's Reisen im Archip. Phil., VIII, 1899, p.
70, is not valid because this species was not mentioned in
the article where Pseudhelicarion was originally intro-
duced. It is believed that M. virescens is closely related to
ceratodes. — Pilsbry.
GONIOBASIS UNDULATA. — After my article in the July
number was written I found that I had overlooked
Goniobasis und.ulata Tryon (Amer. Journ. Conchol., II,
1866, p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 4). Tryon compares the shell with
etowahensis, inclinans, papillosa and postellii, saying that
"it differs from all of them by its crisp, rigid appearance".
It seems to be close to the Florida form of catenaria. The
locality is given as Georgia. The species is probably from
the southern coastal plain of the state. — Calvin Goodrich.
PoDODESMUS MACROSCHISMA Deshayes. — Three specimens
of this species taken with a dredge in Puget Sound, show
an odd false-ribbing that seems worthy of notice. The
specimens were fastened to dead shells of Cardium corbis
Martyn and grew with a rib-like fluting of both valves
counterfeiting perfectly the underlying ribs of the larger
shell. Inasmuch as the valves are typically smooth, this
variation seems of interest. — Don L. Frizzell, Seattle,
Wash.
The N. W. Lermond collection of mollusks, comprising
over 11,000 lots, has been acquired by the Museum of
68 THE NAUTILUS
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. This collection
besides being very rich in Maine species, has many foreign
species obtained through years of exchanging. — W. J. C.
Urosalpinx cinerea Say in England. — In Nature for
August 18, 1928, there is an interesting account of the in-
jury to young oysters by this species. It was introduced
into England on American oysters in the same way and
probably about the same time as Crej>idula fornicata. "In
1924 50 per cent of an experimental spat fall was destroyed
by what we now know is Vrosalvinx. During the last twenty
or thirty years or possibly less, Urosalpinx has become an
effective addition to the enemies of the oyster cultivators."
— C. W. J.
Choanopoma caymanicola, n. sp. — The shell is openly
umbilicate, turbinate the spire with straight lateral out-
lines, vinaceous brown showing through a thin whitish
outer layer. Four strongly convex vv'horls remain. Sculp-
ture of close, fine and even axial riblets much narrower
than their intervals and coarser, low spiral sculpture which
is more strongly developed in the umbilicus. On the first
11/2 whorls following the truncation the axial riblets stand
slightly wider apart, and spirals are not present. The aper-
ture is slightly longer than wide, dark brown within. Peri-
stome white, rather broadly reflected. Length 16, diam.
12.7 mm. Grand Cayman Island, collected by Chas. B.
Taylor, April, 1896; received through George H. Clapp.
Type 145014 ANSP. This species has a general resem-
blance to the Jamaican C. lima C. B. A., but the spire
is more straightly conic, the lip is narrower and the color
different.— H. A. Pilsbry.
Cyclotus masbatensis new species. — The shell is
similar to C. variegafns Swainson as defined and figured by
Kobelt^ except in the outer lip, which is much broader,
1 Whether this is actually what Swainson refers to seems some-
what doubtful; the fipure in Sowerby's Genera, by which Swainson
defined his species, does not show the wing of the lip.
THE NAUTILUS 69
strongly expanding, the posterior wing ascending on the
preceding whorl. The upper part of the last whorl is
closely marked with zigzag chestnut brown stripes on a
yellowish ground ; at the periphery there is a light band,
below it a band of sagittiform spots, or in one specimen a
continuous dark band, then irregular flammules, and to-
wards the umbilicus uniform light color.
Height 12 mm., diam. 23.8 mm. ; 5 whorls. Type
Height 12. 5 mm., diam. 26 mm. ; 5 whorls.
Height 9.5 mm., diam. 22 mm.
Aroroy, Masbate, Philippines, collected by Gilbert S.
Perez. Type and two paratypes No. 145595 ANSP. —
PiLSBRY.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
West American Mollusca of the Genus Phasianella.
By A. M. Strong. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 17, pp.
187-203, pi. 10, 1928.) A history of the work on this
genus, is followed by descriptions and full synonomy of
the eleven species.
Some Pyramidellidae from the Gulf of California.
By Fred Baker, G. Dallas Hanna and A. M. Strong. (Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 205-246, pis. 11, 12, 1928.) A
valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Mollusca of
this region. Some of the material studied was collected by
the late Captain George D. Porter, who with his companion
John Johnson was ambushed and killed in 1896 on Tiburon
Island, by the Seri Indians. The paper records 53 species,
of which 23 are described as new. — C. W. J.
The Tertiary Mollusca of Chatham Island, In-
cluding A Generic Revision of the New Zealand
Pectinidae. By J. Marwick. (Trans. & Proc. New Zea-
land Inst., vol. 58, pp. 432-506, 48 figs., issued Mar. 19,
70 THE NAUTILUS
1928.) The fossiliferous beds are divided into two groups.
The very low percentage of recent forms indicates early or
middle Tertiary : Upper Oligocene or Lower Miocene. 88
new species and a number of new genera are described. —
C. W. J.
Land Snails from Hawaii, Christmas Island and
Samoa. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 47, 1928.
Georissa, a land snail genus new to the Hawaiian Islands,
by H. A. Pilsbry. Three minute species collected by Marie
C. Neal on Kauai are described and figured.
Food habits of Partida zehrina GUI., by C. Montague
Cooke. Stomachs of about 200 specimens were examined.
Besides vegetable matter, 17 per cent of adult and 50 per
cent of young contained shells — Elasmias, Sturanya,
Aphanoconia, Nesopupa, Subulina, Opeas and Omphalo-
tropis. The fluids of the stomach apparently attack the
calcareous material, leaving the animal matter practically
intact, at least for some time after the shell is completely
dissolved. It is presumed that the shells are swallowed
solely to supply lime. The greater number found in young
than in adult Partulae is thought to be due to the greater
needs of the growing shell.
Three Endodonta from Oahu. By C. Montague Cooke.
The three Oahuan species of Endodonta s. str. are identi-
fied and defined. The long-lost and often misidentified E.
lamellosa Fer. is recognized in specimens from Mt. Kona-
huanui. E. 7narsupialis Pils. & Van. has been located on
Mt. Tantalus, while E. frickvi Pfr. is the Waianae range
species sometimes mistaken for E. lamellosa. The anatomy
of all is figured.
Distribution and Anatomy of Pupoidopsis hawaiiensis
Pils. & Cooke. By C. Montague Cooke. This species was
known as a Pleistocene fossil from the main islands of the
Hawaian group, and curiously enough has been found by
Mr. T. T. Dranga living on Christmas Island, more than
1,200 miles distant. It possesses inferior tentacles. The
THi NAUTILUS 71
penis has an appendix, but the penial retractor is simple.
The majority of specimens lack male terminal organs.
Anatomical studies of Achat inellidae. By Marie C.
Neal. One to four species of all sections of all the genera
were examined. "The overlapping of variations shows that
anatomically Achatinella and Partulina cannot be differ-
entiated, except in the section Perdicella and the genus
Newcomhla. The consistent differences of the three Perdi-
cella from other Achatinellidae suggest that the section
should be raised to generic rank. The decision that Neiv-
combia should have generic value is confirmed."
In the second part of this interesting paper Miss Neal
describes the development of the genitalia of Achatinella
viridans, with numerous figures. — H. A. P.
Cephalopod Adaptations — The Record and its In-
terpretation. By Edv>^ard W. Berry. (Quart. Review
Biol., Ill, pp. 92-108, pis. 1-6, March, 1928.) A most in-
teresting paper to those who are trying to work out the
phylogeny of this fascinating group. The author states
that — "The present paper is highly speculative in char-
acter. Not that the author has much faith in such a
method of attacking a problem, but, as will appear in the
sequal, because this is the only method of approaching in
any consideration of the probable structure of the soft
parts or habits of life of the extinct representatives of this
very important class of the Mollusca."
"The Cephalopod, whose ancient line extends over at
least a hundred million years from the oldest known forms
of the Cambrian period to the present, and which easily
comprises upwards of 10,000 known extinct species of
great variety of form and presumably of habits, is repre-
sented in existing seas by a single restricted genus with an
external shell, — the familiar pearly Nautilus; by the less
known monotypic genus Spirula, with an internal shell ; by
the variety of active squids and cuttles, with an internal
highly modified vestige of a shell; and by the less active
72 THE NAUTILUS
octopus tribe, without any trace of a shell."
Several diagrams illustrate the phylogenetic relation-
ships of the various Cephalopod types and the adaptional
modifications of those with external shells. A very full
bibliography is given. — C. W. J.
Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast. By Johnson
and Snook, MacMillan and Co., New York. With an ap-
parent waning of interest in conchology throughout the
country, anything which will revive this interest is worth
while. The work covers all groups of marine inverte-
brates, but of 576 pages devoted to descriptions of species,
171 are on Mollusca. There are eleven beautifully colored
plates and about 700 plain figures, either in the text or in
plates placed close to the species described. Of these, three
colored plates and 312 plain figures illustrate the commoner
species of mollusks of this coast. The plain figures are
mostly fine photo-reproductions, though line drawings also
are used.
The introduction takes up in plain language the simpler
principles of systematic classification and describes collect-
ing grounds in such a way that the amateur would be able
to find material in any of the groups. There is a full
glossary, a short supplement on the preservation of ani-
mals and a quite extensive bibliography. The work is
strictly scientific and up to date in nomenclature ; in fact it
is a most simple, though comprehensive introduction to the
study of zoology, with a very large section devoted to
conchology in which Dr. Johnson has done extensive work.
Withal, it is written so plainly and in so popular a style as
to interest those who have no interest in the technical side.
Now that Keep's useful works are out of print and hard
to get, it seems to me that this is the best work to recom-
mend to beginning conchologists with the added advantage
of giving acquaintance with other lines, the lack of which
has been felt by most of us as we have tramped the beaches
in search of our particular prey. — Fred Baker.
THE NAUTII.rS XLTI
riate 2
CGCKERELL: THE GENUS FLACOSTYLUS
Fig. 1. Odostomia mariae Bartsch, p. 41
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLII JANUARY, 1929. No. 3
THE GENUS PLACOSTYLUS IN NEW CALEDONIA
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
The large snails of the genus Placostylus abound all
round the coast of New Caledonia. The more typical forms
do not go inland, or to any elevation in the mountains, but
the peculiar P. bavayi (Crosse and Marie) was found on
the summit of Mt. Mou, which has an elevation of 1219
meters. People in New Caledonia eat Placostylus, and good
specimens in considerable numbers may often be obtained
in back gardens where the cooks have thrown them out
after extracting the soft parts.
The number of species and varieties described is very
great, but the genus is still in some confusion. As one
follows the coast, local races and species appear, and some-
times the contrast is very great. We went up the west
coast to Mueo, which is at the end of the automobile road.
At Mueo a very characteristic form, short, broad and thick,
with contracted aperture, was common. The epidermis
varies from rich reddish brown to rather pale olive brown,
without spiral bands. The heavy lip is always white, and
the aperture within may be red or white. This is P.
poyensis Kobelt (pi. 2, fig. 3), the type locality of which is
not far away. Most of the shells have the aperture more
as in var. goyettensis Crosse, but this is only an individual
variation.
Going south from Mueo, the next convenient stopping
place is Bourail. Here the Placostylus are entirely differ-
74 THE NAUTILUS
ent; of the type of P. fibratus. The thick shell is much
more elongate than P. poyensis, the aperture wider,
especially below; the parietal tooth rudimentary or
absent. The columellar thickening never very large, some-
times hardly evident, gradually sloping to the lower end;
the thick lip always white, but the apeirture red within, the
surface of the shell rich red brown or rather more
olivaceous, without bands, but with distinct spiral mallea-
tion. This I call P. fibratus bourailensis subsp. n. (pi. 2,
figs. 4, 5, 6). There is some resemblance to P. neckliaensis
Kobelt, but that is a west coast form, with much narrower
aperture and larger parietal lamella. P. kanalensis (Crosse)
has been recorded from Bourail, but I think in error. It
comes from Canala, on the west coast nearly opposite
Bourail, but separted from it by high mountains. Com-
pared with bourailensis, P. kanalensis has the spire broader
below, more conical, much less cylindrical. The peristome
is also often colored.
A characteristic P. f. bourailensis is 90 mm. long, spire
41 mm., aperture 37 mm., maximum width of shell about
41 mm. On the sea coast near Bourail the shells are larger,
about 108 mm. long, spire 49 mm., length of aperture 46
mm. I do not include this in bourailensis but consider it a
variation of P. fibratus (Martyn).
At Noumea, still on the west coast, but far to the south,
we found no living Placostylus, but in a superficial deposit
on the top of a grassy hill we obtained a series of subf ossil
shells, including a large thick Placostylus, distinctly flat-
tened dorsoventrally, with very wide aperture, and no
parietal tooth or columellar callus. The shell is only 92 mm.
long, spire 37 mm., aperture 45, but I refer it to P.
souvillei (Morelet), a characteristic species of southern
New Caledonia. As I have only one complete shell, I can-
not say whether a distinct (extinct) race existed. The
locality is on the opposite side of the town from Artillery
Point where subf ossil P. corvulentus (Gassies) is reported
to have been found by Layard. P. savesi Crosse, also sub-
fossil at Artillery Point, is only 56 mm. long.
THE NAUTILUS 75
Crossing the bay from Noumea, in the "petroletto", we
reach He Nou, long famous as a convict settlement, from
which no less than 22 species of snails have been recorded.
Several species of Placofitylus are reported to live in this
small area, but those we found, all dead and probably sub-
fossil, certainly belong to a single variable species. It is
small, 57 to 68 mm. long, solid, broad-fusiform, parietal
tooth usually well developed but conical, sometimes prac-
tically absent, columellar callus distinct. This is the
endemic P. duplex (Gassies), but it seems better to call it
P. porphyrostomus duplex. A short distance east of
Noumea, at the foot of Mt. Dore, is Plum Farm, a very
attractive resort conducted by M. and Mdme. P. Bloc. The
name Plum (or Ploum) is from a native language, and has
nothing to do with our word plum. Placostylus are scarce
here, and I failed to find them ; but Miss Bloc, the daughter
of our host, knew their habitats and brought in four speci-
mens. The species is P. guestieri (Gassies), I think the
most beautiful of all the forms. It is fusiform, compara-
tively thin, olive brown, with more or less indistinct spiral
dark lines; the aperture and lip in good specimens are a
rich red, rather redder than apricot color. The parietal
tooth is rudimentary, and the columellar callus is long and
weak. In the living animals, the foot is very wide, pale
coffee brown ; region of head dark brown ; sole and mantle
pale yellowish or greyish. Plum Farm is on the coast, in a
region of serpentine rocks, with red soil. There is little or
no lime, except along the coast, where there has been
sufficient elevation to expose portions of old reefs with
decaying marine shells of living species. This P. guestieri
is quite distinct from P. fibratus, and shows I think a dis-
tinct tendency toward the P. bavayi alliance. Still further
west along this coast is Ngo Bay, where I found an extreme-
ly variable lot of Placostylus, of large size. All were dead,
but one shows the small dark brown epidermis, quite with-
out banding. I thought at first that I had more than one
species, but all must be referred to P. fibratus (Martyn).
One of them is very similar to fig. 16, pi 25, of the Manual
76 THE NAUTILUS
of Conchology, which I believe is not true guestieri. Three
islands off the southern coast were examined for Placosty-
lus, and all produced slightly divergent races of P.
porphyrostomics (Pfeiffer). These shells, as Pilsbry notes,
lose the epidermis when adult; specimens from Bailly
Island and Dge, which I considered dead, unexpectedly
came to life and crawled about. A Bailly Island one is
still living. The animal is gray, a different shade of color
from P. guestieri. At Dge, on the southwest corner of He
Ouen( or Uen), P. porphyrostomus was decidedly uncom-
mon, and I brought away only three specimens. On the
small Charron Island it was common and variable. From
Charron Island, my wife and I rowed across to Bailly
Island, but were met by such swarms of mosquitoes that
we had to retreat. Leaving my wife in the boat, I hastily
ran about under the trees, and picked up six specimens.
On comparing the lots from these different places, they
appear all to belong to one species, though the diversity in
the Charron Island lot is certainly remarkable. The Bailly
Island ones have the spire distinctly more pointed or acute
than the others, and constitute a weak race, not requiring
a special name. (PI. 2, fig. 2.)
The existence of P. porphyrostomus on the small islands,
and the larger P. fibratus, souviUei and guestieri on the
mainland, is noteworthy. This may throw doubt on He
Amere as the type locality for P. fibratus. Could it have
come from the Isle of Pines, which is a large island known
to possess various P. fibratus varieties ? Was it not on the
Isle of Pines that Cook's party found the remarkable tree
called Araucaria cookii R. Br.? It has been related that
the naturalists (Banks and Solander) thought that they
were columns of basalt from a distance, but the keen eyes
of the sailors detected trees.^
One difficulty in the way of correctly interpreting species
of Placostylu^ arises from the fact that in certain species,
1 Schinz and Guillaumin treat A. cookii as a synonym of A.
columnaris (Forster), but Forster'a tree seems to have been described
from New South Wales.
THE NAUTILUS 77
after the shell has reached full size, the lip thickens enor-
mously and becomes as it were double, while the parietal
and columellar lamellae grow and thicken. Hence a sub-
adult shell looks very different from an old individual.
This certainly accounts for a good deal of the difference
seen in the Charron Isiand P. porphyrostoynus. Aside from
this, the individual variation is so great that it is easy to
pick out specimens which seem to represent valid species
in the cabinet. This has been done in a number of
instances, and is in part the explanation of the apparent
concentration of species in certain localities. It may also
be possible to set up so-called species, from analogous
variations of several different races. The true condition
of affairs will not be known until someone travels all round
the coast (as may be done in a launch, mostly with the
protection of the reef) and collects the snails in large series
at all points. The number of distinct races is undoubtedly
large, and so far as I could observe, only one exists at any
one place. The reputed occurrence of the same race at re-
mote points may be due to errors of identification, or per-
haps to the snails having been carried about by the natives.
Critical studies on the ground are especially to be desired
on the Isle of Pines (from which many forms have been
reported) and the Loyalty Islands P. guestieri is said to
occur at Mt. Dore (or Mont-Dor) and in the Loyalty
Islands. I will designate Mt. Dore as the type locality, as
it seems to have been left unizertain. The variety gatopensis
Crosse, found no great distance from Mt. Dore, probably
has no standing. What actually occurs at Ouvea (Loyalty
Islands) remains to be seen.
The nearest relatives of the New Caledonia — Loyalty
Islands Placostylus are no doubt in Lord Howe Island,
which is a remnant of a much larger land area. I am
indebted to Mr. Iredale for a specimen of P. bivaricosus
(Gaskoin) from Lord Howe Island.
In studying Placostylus I was very fortunate in having
access to the splendid collection in the Australian Museum,
Sydney.
78 the nautilus
Explanation of Plate 2
Fig. 1. Odostomia (Ividella) mariae Bartsch. Page 41.
Fig. 2. Placostylus porphyrosto7na (Pfr.), var. from
Bailly Island. 146881 ANSP.
Fig. 3. Placostylus poyensis Kob. 146888.
Figs. 4, 6. Placostylus fibratiw bourailensis n. subsp.,
paratypes. 146884.
Fig. 5. Placostylus fibratus bourailensis n. subsp.,
type. 146883.
NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF CARACOLUS
BY H. A. PILSBRY
Pleurodonte (Caracolus) lowei, new species. Plate 4,
figs. 4, 5, 6.
Cuesta de Paulo, between Sabana and Cape Maisi,
Oriente, Cuba. Type No. 147372 ANSP., collected by Her-
bert N. Lowe, September, 1928.
The shell is dome-shaped, the height about three-fourths
of the diameter, with the periphery rounded ; imperforate ;
solid; cinnamon-brown, with a narrow chestnut brown
band a short distance above the suture, and immediately
below the periphery of the last whorl ; the base dull chamois
with curved brown radial streaks and a narrow browTi
band a short distance below the subperipheral band. The
surface is semi-matt, with a sculpture of fine ripples of
growth. The whorls are very slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing, the suture not impressed until the last whorl,
which is more convex, the base weakly convex, impressed
in the center ; anteriorly it descends slowly, with no gib-
bosity behind the upper lip. The aperture approaches a
horizontal position. The thick, white peristome is nar-
rowly reflected. Parietal callus moderately heavy.
Height 24 mm., diam. 32.2 mm. ; 6i/4 whorls.
This fine species appears entirely distinct from other
described forms; in fact, if all other Cuban Caracoli are
ranked as forms of P. sagemon, this should still be con-
THE NAUTILUS 79
sidered distinct by reason of its more numerous closely
coiled whorls as well as the form and other characters de-
scribed above. The anatomy will be figured in another
place, in connection with that of other Cuban forms.
Named in honor of Mr. H. N. Lowe. It is one of the
prizes which rewarded him for days in the saddle over poor
trails in his long trip from Baracoa around Cape Maisi to
Jauco on the south coast.
Pleurodonte (Caracolus) welchi, new species. Plate 4,
figs. 1-3.
Summit of the Sierra Maestra where crossed by the "new
road" from Ensenada de Mora to the foothills back of Media
Luna, Oriente. Type and paratypes No. 147373 ANSP.,
collected by H. A. Pilsbry and d'Alte A. Welch, Aug. 6,
1928.
The shell is very solid, convexly low-conic above, convex
below, the periphery acutely carinate throughout; umbili-
cate, the umbilicus well-like, scarcely contracting within,
contained about 71/2 times in the diameter of the shell,
somewhat less than half covered by the reflected columellar
lip. The first II/2 whorls are whitish, then shading into
cinnamon, which darkens on the antepenult whorl into
claret brown with a black band at the lower third of each
whorl, the last whorl nearly all black above and below.
The somewhat glossy surface has weak, irregular growth
wrinkles. The whorls are very slightly convex, the last
strongly swollen near the aperture, then subvertically de-
scending and flattened. The aperture is subhorizontal,
somewhat triangular. The peristome is white, narrowly
reflected, thick, the basal margin very wide; there is a blunt
angulation at the union of upper and outer margins. The
parietal callus is thick and white.
Height 22 mm., diam. 45.3 mm.; 51/2 whorls. Type.
Height 24 mm., diam. 46.5 mm. ; 51/2 whorls. Paratype.
This large species is distinguished by its size, open um-
bilicus and dark color, the broad, straight basal margin of
the lip, the rather triangular aperture and the strong swell-
80 THE NAUTILUS
ing behind the deep descent of the last whorl to the aper-
ture. It was found in company with a very different Cara-
coliLS which will be discussed in another paper. It is cer-
tainly unlike any of the numerous forms of the sagevwn
group which I have seen.
This shell occurred at the top of the ridge west of the
"New Road", and also in the ravine east of the road, sev-
eral hundred feet lower. It was always found at the foot
of the trees, while the banded form occurring with it was
usually roosting higher up. It is not uncommon.
Named for my companion in the Cuban trip of July and
August, 1928, in memory of many exciting days in the field
when the luck was good, and cold rides in the rain and mud
when we were not so fortunate.
To complete Plate 5 a few Cuban shells collected by Mr.
d'Alte A. Welch and the writer in northwestern Camaguey
are figured.
Fig. 2. Choanopoma inquisita Pils., X 2. Ridge north
of Florencia, Camaguey.
Fig. 8. Urocoptis delectabilis Pils. East of Chambas
River, about 2 miles east of Florencia, Cama-
guey.
Fig. 9. Urocoptis delectabilis florentiana Pils. Ridge
north of Florencia.
Fig. 10. Urocoptis torrei Pils. Cliff facing north, sum-
mit of ridge north of Florencia.
Fig. 11. Urocoptis chamhasensis Pils. Hill east of
Chambas River, about 2 miles east of Flor-
encia.
Figs. 8-11 are natural size. All are new species.
SOME NEW FORMS OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA FROM
OREGON AND WASHINGTON
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
MONADENIA SEMIALBA, new species (or subspecies).
Mr. Elven C. Nelson, my field assistant during the sum-
mer of 1928, picked up at Rosario State Park, Fidalgo
THE NAUTILUS 81
Island, Washington, a single specimen of Monadenia. Sup-
posing it to be M. fidelis, which is generally distributed in
that region, it was dropped into the bag without examina-
tion and no search was made for additional examples.
Upon reaching the laboratory it was discovered that the
basal coloration is entirely different. In fidelis the base is
uniformly dark chestnut, dark brown or nearly or quite
black. The Rosario specimen, which I call semialba, has all
the characters of fidelis except that the base, from the
periphery nearly to the umbilicus, is creamy white, sharply
bounded above by the dark peripheral band of fidelis, and
bounded below not quite so sharply by a broad dark brown
band encircling the umbilicus. Width of type specimen
(University of Colorado Museum, Mollusk Catalogue No.
16042) 29 mm., height 18 mm. Additional material may
in the future show that this form intergrades with M.
fidelis and thus reduce it to a subspecies or variety, but that
is not at all indicated by the unique specimen.
Parapholyx effusa costata ("Hemphill" Stearns).
Call (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 11, p. 19, 1884) under
Pompholyx effusa Lea, mentions "P. costata Hemphill Ms."
as a variety from The Dalles, Oregon, but does not describe
it. On p. 27 he mentions the "abundance of costate forms
in the earlier beds and their comparative paucity among
recent shells". Stearns (Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, XXIV,
291, 1901), after describing Physa costata Newcomb as
having "ten to fourteen regularly occurring rounded undu-
lations or ribs", adds: "Hemphill's Pompholyx costata,
from near the Dalles of the Columbia River, has the same
sculpture." Sixteen of Hemphill's specimens from The
Dalles are before me (Univ. Colo. Mus. No. 13023). I have
selected one of them, designated No.l3023-a, as the type.
It is of light brown color, and bears 15 sharp, rather than
rounded, transverse ribs, about equally spaced, parallel
with the growth lines. In some specimens the ribs are few,
and one is quite devoid of them, thus showing intergrada-
tion with effusa. Width of type, 5 mm. The others are
82 THE NAUTILUS
about the same size. We have found this costate form com-
mon at Algoma, on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake,
Oregon, where it reaches a diameter of 11 mm. or more,
and is of dark brown color, though some non-costate speci-
mens from the same locality are larger and a few of them
very light greenish. A few specimens from Deschutes
River at Bend, Oregon, exhibit similar sculpture less dis-
tinctly, but it is accentuated on eroded examples.
Parapholyx effusa diagonalis, new variety.
Mr. E. C. Nelson found a fine lot of Parapholyx in Crater
Lake, Oregon, about half of the specimens of which bear
blunt, irregular spiral ribs, varying in number, which pass
over the last whorl somewhat diagonally downward to the
aperture, crossing the growth lines at approximately right
angle. Though this form grades completely into the smooth
form of effusa, many well-marked examples are so distinct
as to deserve a name by which to designate them. The type
specimen, Univ. Colo. Mus., No. 15940-a, bears 9 of the
diagonal ribs and is 8 mm. in diameter. This form occurs
also in the Deschutes River at Bend, Oregon, associated
with the smooth form and Hemphill's costata.
ARE CERTAIN MARINE PELECYPODS BECOMING LOCALLY
EXTINCT?
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
When years have passed without finding a living ex-
ample or even the shell of a species formerly recorded from
a given place, one naturally wonders if the species has not
been locally exterminated. Many of the species in ques-
tion, however, are those that burrow deep into the mud and
can only be obtained by unusually deep dredging or after
severe storms, when tides and changes in currents have
greatly disturbed the bottom of the more shallow parts of
the coast. It is therefore quite evident that by ordinary
dredging we fail to obtain the true status of these mollusks,
THE NAUTILUS 83
and that they may still be living in some favorable situa-
tion. The dredging of harbors in the past was the source
of some remarkable discoveries, but these dredgings are
now usually confined to keeping old channels clear, while
harbor pollution, is undoubtedly destroying many of the un-
common mollusks formerly inhabiting the region. This
pollution is also affecting the hardy clam and oyster, and
has thus become a serious matter from an economic stand-
point.
A most interesting shell for New England is the Barnea
costata Linn, formerly known as Pholas costata and popu-
larly called the "Angel- wing." In 1841 Gould says: "This
well known species is admitted into our catalogue from the
fact that Professor Adams has lately discovered an exten-
sive bed of dead shells at New Bedford. It probably is not
to be found in a living state in our waters." In the Gould
and Binney edition (1870) we find the following: "With
no little surprise I received (Nov. 26, 1845) from Thomas
A. Greene of New Bedford a jar containing three living
specimens each of P. costata and P. truncata, which were
brought up by the mud-machine at the end of the Long
Wharf in that place. From the number obtained in a short
time he supposes they must be plentiful. He thinks they
burrow two or three feet below the surface."
Verrill (1873) reported dead shells at Woods Hole, and
Sumner (1913) reported large fragments on the south
shore of Marthas Vineyard, just outside of Great Pond, Tis-
bury. Thus to my knowledge living specimens have not
been taken in southern New England since 1845.
Area ponderosa was not reported by Gould although
valves are frequently found on the southern shores of
Massachusetts. Verrill (1873) says: "This species occurs
on the beach at Edgartown, Marthas Vineyard. The valves
are apparently tolerably fresh though worn." Sumner
(1913) says: "Dr. Dall informs us however that the Na-
tional Museum contains a fresh valve retaining the epi-
dermis." At Chatham, Mass., in 1904 I collected upwards
of twenty single valves along the beach toward Monomoy.
84 THE NAUTILUS
Several were scarcely worn and had portions of the peri-
ostracura between the ribs and part of the ligament still in
place. They could not have been dead for any ^eat length
of time, and to find so many at this northern limit of its
distribution was surprising.
Having added to the label of A. ponderosa the following:
"This species has not been found alive on the New England
coast", I was surprised one day by a young man who was
looking over the collection, suggesting that I change the
label, as he had found a living specimen near Woods Hole. I
told him that I should like very much to see the specimen,
which he promised to bring to the museum, but from that
day to this, I have seen neither the man nor a living speci-
men from New England. I have, however, little doubt that
living specimens do exist.
It is interesting to note that Area limula Conr. common
in the Miocene and Pliocene of the southern states, and con-
sidered the progenitor of A. ponderosa has been recorded
from the Pleistocene of Sankaty Head, Nantucket, Mass.,
by Cushman, 1906, and from Long Island, N. Y., by Grata-
cap, 1914.
Tageluis divisus Spengl. This species was recorded by
Gould as common about Rhode Island. Verrill says : Vine-
yard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, not common". Carpenter
was unable to find it in Rhode Island and it is not recorded
by Sumner from the Woods Hole region. There is one
specimen with valves intact in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology collected by the late Rev. H. Winkley at Woods
Hole. Specimens marked "Mass.", Miss Pratt collection,
are in the Museum, — Boston Society of Natural History.
The shells of Tagelus gibbus Spengl. are more common
throughout Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, but living
specimens are quite scarce. Sumner records a living speci-
men taken near Weepecket Isl. in 6% to 71/2 fathoms and
Mr. F. N. Balch obtained a living specimen from Monomoy,
Mass.
With only these records before us both species must be
considered rare in this region. Their burrowing habits.
THE NAUTILUS 85
however, make it impossible for one to say what is the real
status of the species.
Divaj'icella qimdrisulcata d'Orb. (Lucina divaricata and
L. dentata of authors). There is a record for this shell at
Nahant, Mass., but south of Cape Cod single valves are
found in some numbers on the various beaches. Verrill
says: rarely obtained alive in Vineyard Sound in 6-14
fathoms.
All of the above shells have their metropolis on the
shores of the more southern states, Massachusetts being
the extreme northern limit of their range. Living thus
under conditions less favorable for their existence one
would naturally expect to find only struggling colonies
easily exterminated under adverse circumstances. The
presence of these shells in numbers so far north, would evi-
dently indicate much warmer conditions in the past and
also that we are now dealing with only remnants of what
were probably once flourishing colonies of the various
species.
Panopea bitruncata Conr. In 1904 I described and fig-
ured a fine specimen of this species found in the harbor of
Saint Augustine, Fla., about 1883. The animal had only
recently been removed and both valves were intact. The
specimen is now in the John B. Henderson collection in the
National Museum. The species was common in the Pliocene,
but even single valves of recent specimens seem to be very
rare. The type is a single valve from Fort Macon, N. C
As the animal burrows deeply into the mud or sand, prob-
ably far below low water mark, the only possible way to
secure a living specimen would be to watch carefully exten-
sive dredgings which might occur along the southern coast.
It would be interesting to know if any one has ever found
a living specimen.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1841. Gould, A. A. Report on the Invert, of Mass.
1870. Gould, A. A., and Binney, W. G. Report on the In-
vert, of Mass. 2nd edition.
86 THE NAUTILUS
1873. Verrill, A. E. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound.
Rept. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-
1872.
1904. Johnson, C. W. Notes on some Cape Cod Mollusca.
Nautilus, vol. 18, p. 48.
1906. Cushman, J. A. Pleistocene Deposits of Sankaty
Head, Nantucket. Publication Nantucket Maria
Mitchell Assoc, vol. 1, no. 1.
1907. Johnson, C. W. Panopea bitruncata Conrad. Naut-
ilus, vol. 18, p. 73.
1913. Sumner, F. B. Biol. Survey of the Waters of Woods
Hole and Vicinitv. Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, vol.
311, 1911.
1914. Gratacap, L. P. Tertiary Fossils on Long Island.
Nautilus, vol. 28, p. 85.
NEW SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN LAND SNAILS
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
These new^ forms were obtained during July and August,
1928, in eastern Tennessee, while on a search for anatomi-
cal material of some of the peculiar pulmonates from the
southern Cumberlands and the mountains along the North
Carolina boundary.
Helicodiscus ( Hebetodiscus) singleyanus inermis, new
subgenus and subspecies.
Shell (pi. 3, figs. 1-3) : minute, broadly umbilicate, de-
pressed, thin, translucent and with a dull sheen; texture as
in genus. Color: yellowish corneous, with darker varicoid
lines. Whorls: 414. quite gradually increasing in diameter
and well rounded; last whorl slightly descending; suture
distinctly impressed. Sculpture: growi;h-lines weak except
a few varicoid ones on the last whorl (as in H. parallelus) ;
surface weakly punctate under high magnification but with-
out trace of spiral ornamentation of any sort. Umbilicus :
2.8 times in major diameter. Aperture: subcircular and
almost vertical. Peristome: sharp, but very narrowly ex-
THE NAUTILUS 87
panded ; continued on parietal wall by a thin but distinctly
margined callus.
Altitude 1.24 mm., maj. diam. 178 (2.21 mm.), min.
diam. 161 (1.99), alt. apert. 69 (.86), diam. apert. 96 (.82) ;
whorls 414.
Type locality : leaf humus near base of limestone ledges,
at Dove (Martin Spring), Marion County, Tennessee; only
one specimen found (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, no.
147186).
Jaw: quite heavy and plaited (stegognath), consisting of
15 oblong plates which slightly overlap from center out.
Radular formula: 11-1-11, with about 85 transverse rows.
Forms of teeth: practically the same as those in H. par-
allelus, as figured by Watson (1920, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon-
don 14, fig. 4e) .
This description of a subspecies is long and detailed be-
cause, at the time it was prepared and offered for publica-
tion, I labored under the delusion that I was describing a
brand new species. Unfortunately, the copious Texan ma-
terial of typical Zonites singleyanus Pils. (1889, Proc.
Acad. N. S. Philadelphia 51, p. 84; 1888, pi. 17, figs. 6-8),
consists of shells from stream drift. However, one lot from
Riverton, New Jersey (ANSP. 105779), identified by Dr.
Pilsbry himself, consists of fresh specimens which closely
resemble inermis, but show traces of spiral lines that ap-
proach those of typical singleyanus. A radula, recently
soaked from one of these shells, is like that described for
the type specimen of inermis. For this reason, I have re-
duced H. singleyanus inermis to a subspecies. All of the
material examined from east of the Mississippi agrees with
this form in the somewhat higher spire, smaller size and
more evident growth-lines and varices, although most speci-
mens show some weak traces of spiral sculpture. Hebeto-
discus, type Helicodiscus inermis, has a radula and jaw
very similar to that of Helicodiscus s. s., but the absence of
distinct spiral ridgelets from the shell is reason enough for
the foundation of a new subgenus.
88 the nautilus
Paravitrea (Paravitreops) multidentata lamellata,
new variety.
Vitrea multidentata, "accelerated individuals" Pilsbry
(1903, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 55, p. 209). P.
lamellidens H. B. B. (1928, P. A. N. S. P. 80, p. 31, pi. 4,
figs. 9, 10), anatomy; not Gastrodonta lamellidens Pils,
(1898, Naut. 11, p. 134).
Shell : apparently identical with, but not attaining maxi-
mum size of typical P. miUtidentata. Internal armature:
consisting of curved, obliquely radial barriers. Umbilicus :
7.5 times in major diameter.
Altitude 1.32 mm., maj. diam. 189 (2.49 mm.), min.
diam. 174 (2.30), alt. apert. 82 (1.08), diam. apert. 122
(1.32) ; 6 whorls.
Type locality: valley of Blue Ridge in Rockbridge Coun-
ty, near Snowden, Virginia (ANSP. 137443), but known
to occur from Cheboygan County, Michigan, east to Maine
and south to the Roan Mountain Region between Tennes-
see and North Carolina. (It is always much less abundant
than the typical form, but is more frequent in the southern
part of its range.)
Dr. Pilsbry (1. c.) has already carefully differentiated
between this form of P. midtidentata and the similarly
armed P. lamellidens from the Great Smokies ; in addition,
the latter has a considerably larger apical whorl, more
slowly expanded later whorls and a greater maximum size
(slightly larger than that attained by typical multiden-
tata). Although I agree with him that P. Tnultidentata
lamellata is little more than a sporadic tendency towards an
incipient race, it is not known to intergrade with the typical
form and the single paratype dissected differs slightly in
anatomy.
Paravitrea (Paravitreops) walkeri dentata, new va-
riety.
Shell: similar to P. walkeri, but with weaker and less
continuous growth-wrinkles, so that apical side of last
whorl, under high light, appears to be decorated with min-
THE NAUTILUS 89
ute points, which are arranged in both spiral and incre-
mental series. Internal armature: similar to typical P.
multidentata, but with individual teeth of each obliquely
radial row even higher and more distinct. Umbilicus: 4.5
times in major diameter.
Altitude 1.65 mm., maj. diam. 215 (3.65 mm.), min.
diam. 197 (3.26), alt. apert. 79 (1.31), diam. apert. 114
(1.19) ; 6I/2 whorls.
Type locality: in leaf humus at base of slate ledges in
gorge of Tellico River, just above mouth of Laurel Creek
and about IV2 miles east of Tellico Plains, Monroe County,
Tennessee (ANSP. 147187).
Although the armature of this form is more different
from typical walkeri than typical multidentata is from
form lamellata; a lot of 22 specimens, collected at and near
the type locality of dentata, contains three individuals with
the smooth internal barriers of typical walkeri!
Paravitrea (Paravitreops) variabilis, new species.
Shell (pi. 3, figs. 12-14) : similar to P. walkeri, but more
polished. Color : apex almost colorless ; remainder corneous
with light chestnut tinge and with a narrow, dark chestnut
line just below suture. Whorls: 6^2* similar to P. walkeri,
but forming slightly higher spire. Sculpture : apical whorl
almost smooth; second whorl with impressed growth-lines
at quite regular intervals; later whorls with closely but
somewhat irregularly spaced, impressed growth-lines,
which are weaker on base, and with microscopic, closely
spaced, spiral, impressed lines, which are almost as prom-
inent on basal as on apical side. Umbilicus: 4.6 times in
major diameter. Aperture and peristome: much as in P.
walkeri. Internal armature; lacking in adults; half -grown
shells with 1 to 3, low lamellae, which are almost vertical
and about Vo length of periphery of whorl, and which usu-
ally exhibit weak and irregular subdivision into 5 or 6
points (pi. 3, fig. 11).
Altitude: 1.81 mm., maj. diam. 197 (3.57 mm.), min.
90 THE NAUTILUS
diam. 176 (3.17), alt. apert. 75 (1.36), diam apert. 112
(1.52) ; whorls 6I/2.
Type locality: leaf humus among sandstone rocks in a
valley of the Cumberland escarpment, about 2 miles north-
west of Pikeville, Bledsoe County, Tennessee (ANSP.
147190) ; also found on slopes of Walden Ridge east of
Pikeville and on the Cumberland escarpment near Let and
near Cannon Creek in Bledsoe County; also at Dove (Mar-
tin Spring), Marion County. (Underlying rocks are lime-
stone at Dove, but sandstone at the other localities.)
As indicated above, this species is most like P. walkeri,
but the surface of the shell in P. variabilis is without dis-
tinct, raised growth- wrinkles (i. e., the interspaces between
growth-lines are almost flat), the impressed growth-lines
are more widely and irregularly spaced and the spiral
striae are sharper and more nearly continuous. In addi-
tion, the internal armature (of young shells) is almost in-
termediate in structure between that in typical walkeri and
that in var. dentata, although each bar is shorter and more
nearly vertical than in either P. walkeri or P. tnultidentata.
P. variabilis is the only small Paravitrea that I found in the
Sequatchie Valley (or in the southern Cumberlands) , but
it is superficially similar to, and has probably been con-
fused with P. multidentata and var. lamellata.
Gastrodonta (Clappiella) aldrichiana (Clapp), new
subgenus.
Vitrea aldrichiana Clapp (1907, Naut, 20, p. lOd, pi. 5,
figs. 8-11), Jackson County, Alabama.
This new subgenus is founded on a single specimen taken
from the aperture of a shell of Gastrodonta gularis, which
was collected at the base of limestone ledges on the south
side of Prior Cove, near Jasper, Marion County, Tennes-
see (ANSP. 147188). Although smaller than the dimen-
sions given by Clapp, it agrees so closely with his descrip-
tion in every other character that it can scarcely be any-
thing else. Also, Glyphyalinia cumberlandiana (Clapp)
and Paravitrea pilsbryana (Clapp) occur at this same
THE NAUTILUS XLII
Plate 3
H. 1$. RAKER: NEW SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN LAND SHELLS
THE NAI'TIUS XLII
Plate 4
1—3. I'LErRODOXTK WKU HI, Pils. 4-(;. V. LOWKI. I'ils. 7. rKOCOI'TIS
ALLENI, Torre, Pena Blaiua, Sierra Anafe. 8, 9. CERION PAUCICO.STATIM,
Tone, Cape Maisi. 10,11. C. ALLENI, Torre, Antilla. l.', l.t. <'. VICTOR, Torre,
C.deta (le Ovaiulo, Oriente.
THE NAUTILUS 91
place. As my shell contained a dried animal, I can describe
the jaw and radula.
The jaw (pi. 3, fig. 9) is of the plaited type and consists
of 9 plates, which are firmly soldered together and which
overlap each other slightly from the center out. It is quite
heavy and the free outer edges of the plates give almost the
appearance of ribs. The radular formula (pi. 3, fig. 10)
is 13-1-13. The central is the largest tooth, bears three
cusps and has a squarish base. The inner 4 teeth (laterals)
are bicuspid but also have squarish bases. The 5th tooth
begins to elongate into the marginal form but the bicuspid
condition is retained out to the 9th and sometimes even to
the 10th tooth. The 11th and 12th teeth appear to be always
unicuspid, while the 13th is vestigial. Thus, all of the prin-
cipal marginals are bicuspid.
The jaw of this species appears to be closest to that de-
scribed by W. G. Binney (1885, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no.
28, p. 90, fig. 56 A) for Anceyia {-{-Pristiloma) lansingi
(Bland) from Oregon. The radula is distinctive, but its ex-
treme extension of the bicuspid condition out into the mar-
ginal field is only approached, among American Zonitidae,
by the Gastrodontinae. The internal armature of the shell
is fundamentally similar to that in Gastrodonta interna
(Say), although the two reoccurrent teeth of that species
are almost completely coalesced in G. aldrichia'na. In color
and texture, the shell is very similar to that in the Gas-
trodontae with continuously formed (and reabsorbed)
lamellae (e. g., G. gularis) . These peculiarities authorize
the foundation of a new monotypic subgenus.
PiLSBRYNA AUREA, new genus and species.
Shell (pi. 3, figs. 4-6) : minute, umbilicate, thin, trans-
lucent and with a bronze sheen ; epidermis relatively heavy.
Color: golden corneous, somewhat similar to Z. arboreus.
Whorls: 5 (type shell has 41/2), quite gradually increasing
in diameter, well rounded but flattened above; suture dis-
tinct but shallow, appearing narrowly margined due to
transparency of shell. Sculpture: incremental lines well
92 THE NAUTILUS
impressed, quite closely and regularly spaced (so as to give
somewhat the appearance of Glyphyalinia scidptUis) ; spiral
lines sharply impressed, closely and regularly spaced, but
exceedingly fine (nearest those of Z. arhoreus) . Umbilicus:
about 8 times in major diameter. Aperture: broadly cres-
centic and nearly vertical. Peristome : sharp, continued on
parietal wall by thin callus. Internal armature (figs. 7, 8) :
consisting of two, heavy, crescentic lamellae, one mid-
columellar and the other mid-parietal in position ; both be-
gin just behind level of peristome and are dished so as to
jut out obliquely, outward and slightly downward;
columellar one about Vg whorl in length and attaining a
breadth almost equal to its base; parietal one 1/2 whorl in
length and with a maximum breadth of about I/2 of last
whorl.
Type: alt. .96 mm., maj. diam. 187 (1.79) mm., min.
diam. 172 (1.65), alt. apert. 82 (.79), diam. apert. 102
(.81) ; 41/2 whorls. Larger, broken shell (figs. 7, 8) : maj.
diam. 2.17, min. diam. 1.98 mm.; 5 whorls.
Foot: with pedal grooves; sole undivided.
Type locality : Limestone Cove, between Unaka and Stone
Mountains, about 7 miles east of Unicoi, Unicoi County,
Tennessee (ANSP. 147189) ; 5 specimens obtained in 2
days collecting.
Judging from the structure of its foot, Pilsbryna aurea
probably belongs in either the Ariophantinae or the Gas-
trodontinae, but presents, in its internal armature, such a
startling departure from any known American Zonitid that
its systematic position still remains extremely dubious.
However, I have two animals in alcohol and so hope to allo-
cate it in the near future. Superficially, its shell looks
much like the young specimens of Paravitrea capsella
which were collected with it. In texture and spiral sculp-
ture, Pilsbryna aurea more closely approaches Zonitoides
arhoreus. In any case, its peculiar lamellae, especially the
parietal position of the larger, warrant its separation as a
distinct new genus, on shell characters alone.
THE NAUTILUS 93
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3
All figures are drawn with aid of camera lucida. Scales
for those of shells represent one millimeter; those of jaw
and radular transverse row (lOT) 50 microns (.05 mm.),
that of radular teeth 20 microns ; uppermost scale is for fig.
9, next for figs. lOT and 12 to 14, third for figs. 1 to 3,
fourth for figs. 4 to 8 and lowest for fig. 10.
Figs. 1-3. Helicodisciis {Hehetodiscus) inermis. Tyi)e
shell.
Figs. 4—6. Pilsbryna aurea. Type shell.
Fig. 7. P. aurea. Half of basal view of larger shell,
with base (accidentally) broken away to as
to expose parietal lamella.
Fig. 8. P. aurea. Basal view of columella, broken
out of same shell as in Fig 7, to show colu-
mellar lamella.
Fig. 9. Gastrodonta (Clappiella) aldrichiana. Jaw.
Fig. 10. G. aldrichiana. Radula : central and 1st lat-
eral in natural relations; also 5th, 7th and
10th teeth. lOT shows shape of right half
of a transverse row, with positions of cen-
tral axis, outer edge of 4th tooth and etlge
of ribbon indicated.
Fig. 11. Paravitrea (Paravitreops) variabilis. Aper-
ture of a half-grown shell from Walden
Ridge, with one of the radial barriers.
Figs. 12-14. P. variabilis. Type shell.
FOSSIL FRESH WATER SHELLS FROM WINONA, COCONINO
COUNTY, ARIZONA
HAROLD S. COLTON
University of Pennsylvania
Walnut Creek drains a large area south of the San Fran-
cisco Mountains in northern Arizona. After passing
through a deep limestone canyon, famous for its cliff dwell-
ings, it enters a shallow valley among black cinder cones
near the railway station of Winona. This valley, about
four miles long, is blocked in the middle by a low recent
94 THE NAUTILUS
volcanic cone perfect in outline. Walnut Creek shows some
evidence of having been dammed by this eruption — a lake
existing for a brief interval, until the stream cut its way
around the east base of the cone.
The chief evidence for the presence of this lake lies in the
molluscan fresh water fauna which the writer discovered
in the sands and gravels exposed in the east wall of the
arroyo about halfway between the highway bridge and the
railway bridge west of the railway station of Winona. Be-
low the cinder cone — for two miles the arroyo walls were
explored — although land forms were encountered, no fresh
water shells were found.
The shells, which were kindly identified by Dr. H. A. Pils-
bry, are as follows
Valvata sp. An imperfect shell, with rounded whorls.
Physa sp. The mature shells were in fragments and the
young were too small for identification.
Ferrissia parallela Say.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Pisidium sp., near huachucanum Pils.
Euconulus fulvus (Drap.)
Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.)
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Succinea grosvenori Lea.
The four land shells last listed seemed to have been
washed from upper layers on the bank and were apparently
not buried in the gravel.
This fresh water fauna is notable because it indicates
that in geologically recent time Walnut Creek contained
permanent water. During the last twenty years a few
heavy floods have passed down the valley but whole years
have gone by without any water flowing. The presence of
this fauna is another crumb of evidence supporting the
hypothesis that in the recent past northern Arizona en-
joyed a heavier rainfall than it does at the present day.
THE NAUTILUS 95
MOLLUSCA FROM VERMILION AND PELICAN LAKES, MINNE-
SOTA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY
OF HELISOMA CORPULENTA
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER^
The mollusk fauna of Minnesota is comparatively little
known and additions are to be welcomed. A desire to study
the anatomy of Helisoma cGrpulenta, reported by Grant
from Vermilion Lake, St, Louis Co., prompted the writer
to spend his vacation at this place. The result has been
very gratifying, as the following catalogue of species ob-
tained may show. A review of the literature indicates that
less than a dozen papers have been written relating wholly
to the Minnesota fauna. As this state, like Wisconsin and
Michigan, contains a multitude of lakes, large and small, it
is obvious that a careful study of these, and of the land
area, would yield a large and varied mollusk fauna.
In 1887 (Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey Minn., p. 481), Dr.
U. S. Grant published a paper entitled "Notes on the Mol-
luscan Fauna of Minnesota". This paper deals largely with
the mollusks of St. Louis County, and particularly with the
species found near Tower, Lake Vermilion. The writer
spent two weeks in August, 1928, on Lake Vermilion, his
headquarters being Birch Point, from which detailed ex-
amination was made of Big Bay and Daisy Bay, lying on
either side of the peninsula. Observations were also made
as far west as Niles Bay. From this limited examination
it is apparent that the region of the lake offers an almost
virgin field for future work, not only as it relates to the
Mollusca, but also in other fields of the aquatic inverte-
brates. Leaches, Crustacea, bryozoa, and other forms were
observed to be very abundant. In Grant's list, 20 species
are listed, of which eight were not found by the writer.
Thirty-one species were personally collected, of which 19
are not recorded in Grant's list. The combined lists num-
ber 39 species of land and fresh water mollusks. It is prob-
1 Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University
of Illinois, No. 51.
96 THE NAUTILUS
able that this could be quite largely extended with addi-
tional collecting. In the following catalog Grant's records
are incorporated with the author's. The Sphaeriidae were
determined by Dr. V. Sterki.
The collection from Crow Wing County was in the collec-
tion of Dr. W. A, Nason (deceased), of Algonquin, Illinois,
whose large collection of land and fresh water mollusks was
given to the University of Illinois by the heirs of Dr. Nason.
Though small, the records add somewhat to the distribution
of Minnesota species. The material from Lake Vermilion,
collected by the writer, is also in the Museum of the Uni-
versity of Illinois. The list follows :
PELECYPODA
Anodonta grandis footina Lea. Not common. The few
specimens are like those from Winnebago Lake, Wis.
Anodonta kennicotti Lea. One specimen from Oak Nar-
rows, near Niles Bay, is referred to this species. It has
the characteristic quadrate form and rough sculpture of
this northern species.
Lampsilis siliquoidea rosacea (De Kay). This is the
common mussel of the lake, occurring on sandy or rocky
shores in shallow water. None are as abundant as in lakes
farther south. Many individuals are smaller and rounder
than the rosacea of New York, and more nearly approach
specimens from northern Michigan and Wisconsin. In
some specimens there is a slightly rosy tinge to the nacre.
Sphaerium crassum Sterki. Shore debris on Birch Point,
Daisy Bay. Not common.
Sphaerium rhomhoideum (Say) . Shore debris, Daisy Bay.
Miisculium truncatum (Linsley). Swamp behind beach.
Birch Point, Big Bay. Common. Not typical but a form
of this species (Sterki).
Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Swampy brook behind
beach, Daisy Bay. Abundant and typical.
Pisidium subrotimdum Sterki. Swampy brook behind
beach. "Like the types from Ohio" (Sterki). Swamp be-
THE NAUTILUS 97
hind beach, Birch Point, Big Bay. Like Daisy Bay speci-
mens.
Pisidium adamsi (Prime) . Daisy Bay. In shallow water,
near shore. "A small form" (Sterki) .
GASTROPODA
Fresh Water Species
Amnicola limosa porata (Say). On Potamogeton in
eight feet of water, Daisy Bay. Not common and observed
only in this location. The sex dimorphism in the shape of
the shell, recorded from the lakes of Wisconsin, was also
noted among the Amnicola of this lake. The absence of
Campeloma, Valvata, or any other genus of the group is
noteworthy. No ctenobranchiate is listed in Grant's paper.
Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae F. C. Baker. Shore of Birch
Point, Big Bay, in shallow water, on shingle or cobble bot-
tom. Fairly abundant. The shells are like those of the
race from the type locality, Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin,
and the same color dimorphism of the animal, black or
yellow, was noted. Grant records Lymnaea stagnalis,
from Tower, but whether this is the true stagnalis from
pond-like areas near Tower, or the lake race, is not known.
Stagnicola lanceata (Gould). Swamp behind beach.
Birch Point, Big Bay. Only immature individuals were
found and these were fairly abundant.
Buliminea mego^soma (Say). Recorded from Vermilion
Lake by Grant. None seen by the writer.
Acella haldemani ('Desh.' Binn.). Recorded as gracilis
Jay from Vermilion Lake by Grant. None seen by the
writer.
Helisomu antrosa jordanensis (Winslow). Shores of
Big and Daisy Bays, Birch Point, in debris. Not com-
mon. The antrosa of this lake appear to be referable to
this recently-described race, having the flat spire and sides,
and angulated whorls of the Michigan form. Recorded by
Grant as Helisoma bicarinata.
(To be concluded)
98 THE NAUTILUS
SOME OPERCULATE SNAILS FROM NORTHWESTERN
CAMAGUEY, CUBA
BY D'ALTE A. WELCH
One of the main objects of the trip which Dr. Pilsbry
and I made to Cuba was to collect at places in Oriente
Province which I had superficially gone over in 1927. But
upon consultation with Professor de la Torre in Havana
we decided to stop a week at Gundlach's old locality near
Punta Alegre in the northwestern corner of Camaguey.
The Editors of The Nautilus have kindly allowed me space
to show a few of our finds to those interested in Cuban
shells. More detailed descriptions will follow.
Choanopoma pilsbryi, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 1. A species
related to C. uncinatum Arango, but having the umbilicus
closed; 17.5 x 9.5 mm.
Opisthosiphon torrei, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 3. Intermedi-
ate between O. laTnelUcostatum and O. andreiusi; 32 narrow
ribs on the last whorl. 11.4 x 7 mm.
Opisthosiphon cunaguae, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 4, 5. Very
finely striate, like 0. judasense, but the deflection of the
peristome backward is very slight. It is usually black, but
sometimes buff with streaks and spots. 12.7 x 7.8 mm.
Opisthosiphon andrewsi, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 6. Related
to 0. lamellicostatum T. & H., but with open umbilicus and
fewer ribs, 18 on the last whorl. Named for Professor
E. A. Andrews of Johns Hopkins University, to whom I am
indebted for most of what I know about zoology.
Choanopoma uncinatum indivisum, n. subsp. PL 5,
fig. 7. In this race the last whorl does not become free as
in uncinatum.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CORALLIOPHILA
BY IDA S. OLDROYD
CORALLIOPHILA OLDROYDI, n. sp. Plate 5, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Shell large, heavy, aperture one half the length of shell,
THE NAUTILI'S XLIl
riate 5
1-4. CORALLIOPHILA OLDROYDI
^
.ISriT^rr--^
8^% S% ^0 I
1. OHOANOPOMA PILSHRYI, Welch, 2. C. INQUISITA, Pilsbry. 3. OPISTHO-
SIPHON TORREI, Welch 4. 5. O. CUNAOI AE, Welch. C. (). ANDREVVSI, Welch.
7. O. UNCINATA INDIVISUM, Welch. 8. UROCOPTIS DELECTABILIS. Pilshiy
9. U. D. FLORENCIANA, Pils. 10. U. TORREANA, Pils. 11. U. CHAMBASENSIS,
Pils.
1, 3, 8, 11, from ridge east of Ch.imbas River. 2, C, 7, 9, 10, ridge north of Florencia.
4, 5, Cunagua hill; all in northern Canaguey.
Figs. 1-7 <2; 8-11 X^-
THE NAUTILUS - 99
with a row of horizontal scales on the shoulder, and four
heavy spiral ridges below the shoulder on the body whorl.
There are fine spiral ridges on all the whorls. Aperture of
a greenish white, canal short. It differs from C. hindsii
Carpenter, in having the shoulders nearly straight, and
only a faint trace of scales where the body- whorl joins
the next one. The shoulders in C. hindsii are very sloping.
Length of adult shell 47 mm.
Type in Stanford University Collection No. 411. Type
locality: Bird Rock off Isthmus, Catalina Island. Range:
known only from type locality, and one small specimen
from Galapagos Islands (fig. 4).
Named in honor of T. S. Oldroyd who collected it some
34 years ago. It has gone under the name of CorcUliophila
hindsii Carpenter. Carpenter's type was about 17 mm.
in length.
A NEW SNAIL FROM CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
On the grassy slope above Avalon, Catalina Island, sev-
eral years ago I collected nine specimens of an elegant
little snail of the genus Micrarionta. On returning
home I found similar examples in the University of Color-
ado Museum, labelled Epiph7'agmophora catalinae Dall
(Proc. Phila. Acad., 1900, p. 103.). However, on looking
up the literature, it became evident that the real
Micrarionta catalinae (Dall) was a different shell, of
which we fortunately possessed a specimen, collected by
Mrs. M. G. Odell at the Isthmus, Catalina Island. My snail
may therefore be called :
Micrarionta beatula n. sp.
Diameter, max. 9.6, min. 8, alt. 5.5 mm.; diameter of
aperture 4 mm. ; depressed subglobose, with 514 whorls ;
reddish horn color, rather dull with peripheral brown band
broadly bordered on each side with whitish; surface with
100 THE NAUTILUS
fine indistinct revolving striae; spire very obtuse; um-
bilicus entirely covered by the reflexed peristome; peristome
white, extremely heavy, strongly reflexed. Type A. N. S.
Phila.
M. catalinae (Dall) is much larger, with much vdder
aperture, peristome not so heavy in proportion to size of
shell, umbilicus exposed. Apparently nearer to M. ruficincta
(Newc.) than to M. beatvla.
M. gabbi (Newc), from Santa Barbara I., is larger and
more globose with reddened peristome.
MUSSEL POISONING IN CALIFORNIA
BY K. F. MEYER
(From California Fish and Game, Vol. 14, July 1928)
During the month of July, 1927, 102 people were serious-
ly poisoned and 6 died following the consumption of the
large mussel Mytihis calif ornianus Conrad, which had been
freshly gathered at 14 different beds on the open shore line
of the Pacific coast in the vicinity of San Francisco (see
text, figure 1). Although the origin of the poison is not
definitely established since the investigations are still in
progress it is known that (1) the toxic properties of the
mollusks are due to a poison, probably a quaternary amine,
which is heat stabile in acid solutions and which causes
motor nerve paralysis. The concentration of the poison as
determined by laboratory test may vary in different mus-
sels and different beds. (2) the poison is not formed by
bacteria nor due to copper salts from the rocks nor due to
the little crab. Pinnotheres pisum, which lives in the mantle
cavity nor is it induced by parasites such as sponges and
starfish. (3) The poisonous mussels were neither located
in stagnant and polluted basins nor exposed to the sun for
long periods at low tide, but they were subjected to the
ebb and flow of the tides; the poison is therefore not due
to asphj'^xiation or post-mortem changes. (4) It is prob-
THE NAUTILUS 101
ably the result of a metabolism disease influenced by the
food and spawning condition of the shellfish. (5) Poison-
ous mussels can not be distinguished from sound mollusks
neither by appearance nor behavior on cooking; occasion-
ally a pungent odor may be noted; the "liver" is always
large and dark. (6) The shellfish may become poisonous
within a few days and may remain so for several weeks.
No assurance can be given that the mussels may not ac-
quire the poisonous properties overnight. (7) During the
winter months December-March the poison disappeared
only to reappear late in March; however, the amount of
poison which may be present early in spring is not suf-
ficiently concentrated to cause symptoms on indigestion in
an empty stomach. (8) Since it is impossible to examine
all the mussel beds along the California shore line it is im-
possible to establish by laboratory test the absence of pois-
onous mussels in certain beds and during certain months of
the year. From the experiences thus far collected it is
quite apparent that the use of mussels on the California
coast during the summer months is always connected with
some danger. Near Santa Cruz poisoning cases have oc-
curred in two successive years. No assurance can be given
that this condition may not repeat itself. People who no-
tice a tingling or numbness around the lips and prickly
feeling in the finger tips and toes 30 minutes or longer after
they have eaten mussels should empty the stomach by an
emetic, purge the intestinal tube by brisk laxatives and call
for a physician immediately.
MANLY D. BARBER
It is with sincere regret that we report the death on
August 18, 1928, of Manly D. Barber. He was bom at
DeKalb, Illinois, May 21, 1852. His early education was
received at DeKalb, and he later attended a business school
at Quincy, Illinois. He evidenced an early interest in nat-
102 THE NAUTILUS
ural history, studying the botany of Illinois and later de-
voted his entire time to mollusks and invertebrate fossils.
In 1903, he moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, which remained
his home until his death. He Vv^as a carpenter by trade, de-
voting his spare time to collecting. He exchanged his ma-
terial with collectors both in this country and abroad and
built up a modest collection in this way. His chief interest
was the Pleuroceridae and Unionidae, two groups well
developed in the Knoxville region. '
His endeavors were those of a field collector, preferring
that others should publish on his finds. A few notes only
appeared by him in The Nautilus. The major part of his
collection was sold to the Museum of Comparative Zoology
a year before his death. Several small collections were
made and deposited by him in schools, both in Tennessee
and Illinois. A few species of freshwater mollusks have
been named after Mr. Barber. — W. J. Clench.
NOTES
Helix hortensis in the Province of Quebec. — Helix
hortensis Miill, is very common here in Rimouski, on the
hills one or two miles from the shore of the St. Lawrence
River. I have also found it at Perce on the Gulf of St.
Lawrence at an elevation of 1200 feet. — Rev. A. A. De-
Champlain.
Venus mercenaria at Mt. Desert, Maine. — In looking
over some old maps of Mt. Desert Island in 1921 I noticed
the name Quahog Bay given to one of the places on the west
side of the Island, and, thinking that it might have ac-
quired the name from the fact that quahogs were found
there, I searched, but did not find any, nor did I find them
in any of the coves up the west side of the Island until I
reached the most northwest one at a place called Clarks
Cove where I took one in 1927. In the field work of the
THE NAUTILUS 108
Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region we took an-
other in August 1928, a very large one (125 mm.) and
later I took a pair of dead valves. The records show that
part of this cove was at one time called Sand Beach, and,
on digging down one finds that there has been a sand beach,
which has gradually become silted over with mud. This
probably accounts for the fact that only large individuals
were found, and no indication of young. — William
Procter.
ACMAEA TESTUDiNALis (Mull.). — A most interesting
series of A. testudinalis was obtained at the "Narrows'"
Mt. Desert, Maine, by Mr. William Proctor. 55 specimens
were taken on eel-grass and 25 from a rock surrounded
by eel-grass. Of those from the rock the largest of which,
varying from 11 to 17 mm, in length, are typical testu-
dinalis, while the 12 smaller ones, varying from 5 to 10 mm.
in length, approach the form alveiis. Among those from
the eel-grass the 5 largest are typical testudinalis, the
largest measuring 11 mm. in width and 15 mm. in length.
About 20 would be considered the form alveus, the largest
having a width of 77 and a length of 12 mm. 30 were in-
termediate, completely bridging the two forms. — C. W.
Johnson.
FOSSARIA PERPLEXA F. C. Baker and Junius Henderson. —
Shell small, rather solid ; periostracum dark brov^mish
horn; surface shining, lines of growth very fine; no spiral
lines present; whorls about five, well rounded, slightly
shouldered just below the sutures in many specimens; spire
somewhat longer than the aperture, acute ; sutures well im-
pressed; aperture roundly elliptical, brownish inside; outer
lip thin at ed.ge with a varix just within the edge on the in-
side ; inner lip wide, folded back over the umbilical region,
leaving a large, open umbilical chink; there is a thin wash
of parietal callus connecting the extremes of the lips,
L. 4.5 ; D, 2,5 ; Ap, L, 2,0 ; D. 1.0 mm. Type.
L, 4,6; D, 2.6; Ap. L. 2.0; D. 1.0 mm. Paratype.
L. 5.0; D, 2,7; Ap. L, 2.1; D, 1.0 mm. Paratype.
104 THE NAUTILUS
Type locality : West end Park Lake, Grand Coulee, Wash-
ington.
This new species resembles both parva and dalli. It ap-
pears to stand midway between these species, being larger
than dalli and smaller than parva. Its brown color of shell
and aperture, deep sutures, line, regular lines of growth
without spiral lines, and its flattened and wide inner lip
will distinguish it from related species. — Baker and Hen-
derson.
Arion ater ater (Linne) in Maine. — Mr. N. W. Ler-
mond collected near Basin Falls, 4 miles east of Carver's
Harbor, Knox Co., Maine, (Aug. 1928) the black form of
this common European species. To date, this seems to be
the third record for this species from North America.
Walker (Occ. pap. No. 58, Mus. Zool., Univ. of Mich. 1918)
records the red form (var. rufa L.) from Detroit. Vanatta
(Nautilus 38, 1925, p. 93) noted the common occurrence
of A. ater around Bay Bulls, Newfoundland, taken by the
botanist Bayard Long. At the Maine locality several
crushed specimens that had been killed by autos were no-
ticed on the state highways. — W. J. Clench.
Planorbis truncatus Mighels in New York. Mr. Eu-
gene H. Schmeck of Niagara Falls, N. Y., has recently sent to
me a set of this species, which he collected in the Niagara
River at that place. They are quite typical in size, form
and sculpture, but differ from the typical form in being
quite thin and translucent. I believe that this is the first
record for this species east of Michigan. — Bryant Walker.
Gyraulus vermicularis hendersoni n. V. In general
appearance similar to the typical form, but smaller and
with a varix or callus deposit inside of the lip. Dark red-
dish brown. Major diam. 3.5, minor diam. 3 mm.
Types No. 89534 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the collec-
tion of Junius Henderson.
Type locality: Ditch at Phoenix, Ore. Also Loon Lake,
38 miles N. of Spokane, Wash.; Lagoon 14 miles S. W. of
Spokane, Wash.
THE NAUTILUS 105
This form bears the same relation to typical vermicularis
that var. walkeri does to G. parvus. — Bryant Walker.
The Brachiopod called Mimulus. In 1879 Barrande,
in his account of the Silurian of Bohemia, proposed a genus
Mimulus for M. perversus Barrande, closely allied to
Triplesia Hall, 1859. But in 1860 Stimpson had given the
name Mimulus to a now well-known genus of Crustacea
(Irachidae) . The Brachiopod may be called Brachymimulus
n. n., type Brachymimulus perversus (Barrande). Bo-
hemia and Arkansas. Three other species which have been
referred here should according to N. L. Thomas (Jn. Sci.
Lab. Denison Univ., 1928) stand as Triplesia waldronensis
(Miller and Dyer), T. moera (Barrande) and T. contraria
(Barrande).* — T. D. A. Cockerell.
The scientific library of the late Dr. Arnold Ortmann
has been purchased by the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
publications received
Catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Amani-
Oshima (Oshima, Osumi). By Tokubei Kuroda. This
catalogue of 1148 species is the first publication we have
had which gives an adequate idea of the mollusk fauna of
any part of the Loo Choo arc. The numbers of species of
the classes stand: Pelecypoda 207; Scaphopoda 4;
Amphineura 2; Gastropoda 933, of which 61 are Pulmon-
ata, 2 Cephalopoda. Several new species are named but
not described. Great care has evidently been taken to bring
the nomenclature up to date. It is an interesting and valu-
able work.
The Affinities oi-' Cecilioides and Ferussacia, illus-
trating Adaptive Evolution. By Hugh Watson, M. A.
(Journal of Conchology, August, 1928). In this import-
ant work on long known but very imperfectly understood
*Thomas writes Tr^lecia covfrarhis: but Triplesia was Hall's
original name, changed to Triplecia by Hall and Clarke, 1892.
106 THE NAUTILUS
snails, Mr. Watson concludes that "while CecUioides and
Ferussacia differ in several rather important respects, yet
they undoubtedly belong to the same family." "Most of
the differences can be explained if we suppose that, in the
course of evolution, the genus CecUioides has become
specially adapted to an underground habitat." These gen-
era are shown to have a specially modified sigmurethrous
kidney, thus differing widely from the orthurethrous
Cochlicopa. While related to the Achatinidae, Mr. Watson
considers them distinct enough to be referred to a separate
family, Ferussaciidae.
Influence of a Changed Environment in the forma-
tion OF new species and varieties. By Frank C. Baker,
(Ecology, July, 1928). Certain streams in Wisconsin
dammed sixty years ago, forming lakes, have served for
this interesting study of the effects of lacustrine conditions
imposed upon a molluscan fauna of streams. — H. A. P.
The American Bitrynia not wholly an introduced
Species. By Frank C. Baker (Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci.
XX, March, 1928). The finding of this species in Chicago
deposits 9-25 ft. below street level, 5-15 ft. below the level
of Lake Michigan, raises the question whether the species
was present in America before its introduction into the
eastern Great Lake region. The fossils are said to have
been found in undisturbed strata, "probably the Toleston
stage of Glacier Lake Chicago".
MOLLUSKS OF importance IN HUMAN AND VETERINARY
Medicine. By J. Bequaert. (Amer. Journ. Tropical Medi-
cine, 1928). A valuable review of the mollusks serving as
intermediary hosts for the parasitic trematodes infesting
man and domestic animals. While the number of molluscan
species involved does not exceed 60, they belong partly to
the most widely spread and commonest genera, such as
Lymnaea, Planorbis and Bulinus. The proper identifica-
tion of the incriminated species has become a matter of the
first importance in dealing with the diseases caused by the
various blood flukes.
THE NAUTILUS 107
The Aquatic Mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a
Geographical and Ecological Account of the Congo Mala-
cology. By H. A. Pilsbry and J. Bequaert. (Bulletin
American Mus. Nat. Hist, Vol. 53, art. 2, pp. 69-602,
1927.) A complete and comprehensive geographical mono-
graph of the freshwater mollusks of west Central Africa.
This work is the most exhaustive and critical study that
has ever been made for any region the size covered by this
work. It is complete geographically as it includes all known
species of the region or reference to them if the shells
were not examined by the authors. It is monographic in its
thorough bibliographic references, its anatomical notes,
descriptions, synonomies and ecological considerations.
In the main, the work is based upon an extensive collec-
tion made by Lang and Chapin supplemented by material
collected by Bequaert and from the Congo Museum at
Tervueren, Belgium. A feature of considerable import-
ance and one worthy of copy in all such works is that of
"tying in" localities by latitude and longitude. African
village sites are apt to change their locations many times
in a few years — the common practice to retain the same
name — hence the localization of a species based upon the
name and locality of a village would mean but little if that
village should change its position some forty or fifty miles
from where the specimens were collected.
Very complete zoogeographical considerations are given
to faunal areas with lists of species and discussions of their
probable origin. A chapter is devoted to molluskan para-
sites with their respective hosts with general statements
concerning this subject in Africa and elsewhere.
Two genera and one subgenus with sixty-two species,
subspecies and mutations are described as new. Three new
names are given for names of preoccupied species. Sixty-
seven plates with excellent figures depict the new species
with several plates devoted to photographs of definite
ecological areas. — W. J. Clench.
108 the nautilus
Contribution a l'etude des Nudibranches Neo-Cal6-
DONIENS. Par Jean Risbec (Faune des Colonies Frangaises,
Tome 2, Fasc. 1, 328 pp. 12 pis. 1928). This work is based
on researches in New Caledonia in 1925, 1926 and part of
1927. It is a valuable addition to our knowledge of this in-
teresting group of Mollusca. Some fifty pages are devoted
to their biology, classification, etc. 70 new species are
described and the following new genera are proposed: —
Guyonia, Noumea, Gruvelia, Spahrki Analogium, Joubini-
opsis and Vayssierea. . On the 12 plates are 121 beautiful
colored figures of the species, while their anatomy is shown
by 98 figures in the text and four plates. — C. W. J.
New Fossil Pearly Fresh-water Mussels from De-
posits ON the Upper Amazon of Peru. By W. B.
Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 74, Art. 3, pp. 1-7,
pi. 1, 1928) . Prodiplodon and Eodiplodon two new genera,
and five new species are described and figured. The geo-
logical horizon from which these shells were obtained has
not been definitely settled.
New Fresh-water and Marine Bivalve Shells from
Brazil and Uruguay. By W. B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. 74, art. 17, pp. 1-7, pis. 1-4, 1928) . Eight
new species are described and figured.
Natural History of Shipworm, Teredo Navalis, at
Woods Hole, Massachusetts. By B. H. Grave. (Biol.
Bull., Vol. 55, pp. 260-282, 1828). An exhaustive study of
an interesting mollusk. The following notes are from the
summary: "The breeding season extends from about May
10 to October 10. Spa-vvTiing begins in the spring when the
water reaches a temperature between 11° and 12" c. The
time required for a fertilized egg to complete larval devel-
opment to metamorphosis is approximately five weeks.
About half of this time is passed in the brood pouch and
half as a free swimming veliger. T. navalis reaches sexual
maturity in six weeks or two months after metamorphosis
when it measures four or five centimeters in length. It
reaches adult size in one year and dies during the second
year."
NAUTILUS XLII
PLATE 6
1, Neverita recliisiaiia. 2-4. N. r. iinperforata. 5-0. N. alta.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLII APRIL, 1929. No. 4
NEVERITA RECLUSIANA (DESH.) AND ITS ALLIES
By H. a. Pilsbry
This large Californian naticid snail was described and
very well figured by Deshayes in Guerin's Magasin de
Zoologie for 1841, plate 37. He called it "Natica de Recluz,
N. Reclusiana." The same orthography was used on the
plate, evidently because Z was considered out of place in
classical Latin, appearing only in words transliterated
from. Greek. The spelling "recluziana" by modern authors
is an unauthorized alteration of what Deshayes intended,
and should be discarded.
The original type measured 85 mm. long, 65 wide. This
is about the maximum size, I would suppose, being larger
than any specimen I have seen. The usual size is shown in
plate 6, fig. 1, a specimen from San Pedro. The umbilicus
is always partly open, and the callus is white or sometimes
faintly tinged with brov^m outwardly. The callus varies in
shape as shown in the figures in Chenu's Illustrations
Conchyliologiques ; it leaves part of the umbilicus open.
The range of typical reduslana is given by Dall as from
Crescent City in northern California to the Tres Marias
Islands, Mexico, and Chile (on the authority of Phillipi).
The series of A^. reclusiana before me is deficient in speci-
mens of the typical form south of San Pedro. I have not
seen any from Lower California or western Mexico. The
record of reclusiana from Chile appears very dubious.
In 1909 Dall briefly defined two varieties : Neverita re-
110 THE NAUTILUS
cluziana var. alta and N.r. var, wiperforata Stearns. The
former had been noticed by Arnold in 1903. Var. imper-
forata seems to have been taken from a collection label.
As these forms have never been fully defined or figured
some consideration of them may not be superfluous.
Besides the specimens in the collection here I have re-
ceived a long series from Mr. H. N. Lowe, who writes as
follows: "In January, 1928, I secured a nice lot of live
specimens of variety alta in Newport Bay. I think they
had come in to spawn, for this form seems to live most of
the time in deeper water. I also include a lot of dead speci-
mens from Alamitos Bay (washed ashore) and examples
from Ensenada, San Diego and Morro Bay. In looking these
over I have never found any specimens which intergrade
with the typical form, or are at all doubtful. The callus at
the base in var. alta seems to be always brown. Do you not
think this form worthy of specific rank?"
Neverita alta ('Dair Arnold). PI. 6, figs. 5-9.
[Polynices {Neverita) recluziana] var. alta Dall, Arnold,
Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Marine Pliocene and
Pleistocene of San Pedro, California, in Mem. Cal. Acad.
Sci. Ill, 1903, p. 315.
[Neverita recluziana] var. alta Dall, Miocene of Astoria
and Coos Bay, Oregon, U.S.G.S. Prof. Pap. 59, 1909, p. 88.
Polinices recluziana alta Dall, Oldroyd, Mar. Shells W.
Coast N. A., II, pt. 3, 1927, p. 130.
It ranges from Monterey, according to Dall, to San Diego
(Lowe).
Arnold originally described this form as "a variety with
an elevated spire" from the "Upper San Pedro" Pleistocene
of San Pedro. Dall's definition is "with small narrow shell
and exceptionally elevated spire", no type locality men-
tioned. Both definitions are inadequate.
By the kindness of Dr. W. P. Woodring of the California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, I have been able to ex-
amine series of the Pleistocene Neveritae from Pacific and
Oliver Streets, San Pedro, and from Upper Potrero Can-
yon, one-fourth mile south of Pacific Palisades P. O. There
THE NAUTILUS 111
are two forms, corresponding to Arnold's var. alta and to
the var. imperforata, which Arnold described and figured
as P. recluziana. The former agrees fully with living speci-
mens except in the loss of color, and I have selected one of
the lot from the ''Upper San Pedro" at Pacific and Oliver
Streets as a neotype, length 27 mm., diam. 25 mm. N.
reclusiana proper is not known from these beds.
In the recent specimens the umbilicus varies in size but
is always partially open and deep. The umbilical callus is
brown (rarely partly white). The callus in some speci-
mens, such as those figured from Newport Bay, pi. 6, figs.
5, 6, is long and tongue-shaped at the end. In others, pi. 6,
figs. 7, 8, 9, Alamitos Bay, it has the usual shape in N. re-
clusiana. Such variations are seen also in our Eastern N.
duplicata. The groove on the callus is very variable, and is
rarely obsolete, as in pi. 6, fig. 8.
Length 39 mm., width 34 mm. Fig. 7.
Length 37 mm., width 33 mm. Fig. 9.
Length 35 mm., width 30 mm. Fig. 8.
Length 26.5 mm., width 23 mm. Fig. 5.
The question of whether this is to be considered a dis-
tinct species or a form of N. reclusiana^ requires considera-
tion. If it occurs with the large typical form I would think
it specifically different. If the two occupy distinct ecologic
stations, however, that might possibly be thought to ac-
count for the diff'erences in the shells, though I would not
expect to find them differing in the same way in many lo-
calities if the difference was due to station. Those having
the opportunity to collect them should publish their obser-
vations on the special localities and habitats of both forms.
I do not think there is much doubt that alta should be given
specific rank.
Those who do not use the double author citation will call
this form Neverita alta (Arnold) .
Neverita reclusiana imperforata 'Stearns' Dall. PI. 6,
figs. 2, 3, 4.
Polynices (Neverita) recluziana Petit, Ralph Arnold,
112 THE NAUTILUS
Paleont. and Stratig. Mar. Pliocene and Pleistocene of San
Pedro, Cal., Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ill, 1903, p. 314, pi. 10,
fig. 12.
[Neverita recluziana] variety imperforata Stearns, Dall,
U.S.G.S. Prof. Pap. 59, 1909, p. 88.
Polinices recluziana imperforata Stearns, Oldroyd, Mar.
Shells W. Coast N. A., II, pt. 3, 1927, p. 129.
This form appears to have been noticed first by Dr.
Stearns, who apparently applied the name imperforata to
specimens in his collection, but did not mention it in his
published work so far as I know. It was first figured by
Arnold, who called it recluziana.
In shape the shell is smaller and generally more de-
pressed than reclusiana, but it varies to forms equally high.
The parietal and umbilical callus is white, or there may be
a faint brown tint towards the outer margin ; old ones have
a brown streak on the callus contiguous to the posterior
part of the outer lip. The callus covers the- umbilicus
typically, as in fig. 4, but in some samples the closure is not
complete, a small shallow or deep pit being left open. The
shell is smaller than reclusiana, the diameter usually 30-40
mm., but sometimes it reaches a larger size. Some appar-
ently adult shells are much smaller, down to about 20 mm.
diameter.
Length 50 mm., width 44 mm.
Length 36 mm., width 40 mm.
Length 54 mm., width 53 mm.
Length 35 mm., width 34 mm.
Length 19 mm., width 22 mm.
Length 25 mm., width 27 mm.
The specimens figured are from Newport Bay, collected
by H. N. Lowe. The Pleistocene specimen figured by Arn-
old and those sent by Woodring from Pacific and Oliver
Sts., San Pedro, are small and agree with the living shells
from Newport Bay.
As in the case of alia, the status of this form is rather
uncertain. Typically it seems to be very distinct, but speci-
mens with the umbilicus not completely closed are some-
what transitional. The comparison of long series is needed ;
THE NAUTILUS 113
also observations on the ecologic station, and whether it is
associated in life with reclusiana.
Neveritae having a grooved umbilical callus are found
nearly all around the Pacific, from Japan to Australia on
the western side as well as on our shores. It might be well
to segregate them as a new section, Glossaulax, with N.
reclusiana as type.
It is hoped that Californian naturalists who have oppor-
tunity to collect the several forms discussed above will send
in the results of their observations.
Plate 6
Fig. 1. Neverita reclusiana (Dh.). Typical. San Pedro.
Figs. 2-4. Neverita r. imperforata 'St.' Dall. Newport
Bay. Fig. 3 is the neotype. 147436.
Figs. 5-6. Neverita alta ('Dall' Arnold), Newport Bay.
Figs. 7-9. Neverita alta ('Dall' Arnold), Alamitos Bay.
CYPHOXIS RAFINESQUE, A CRETACEOUS TAXODONT
IDENTICAL WITH IDONEARCA CONRAD
By Henry A. Pilsbry
In his "Prodrome de 70 nouveaux Genres, Etats-Unis
d'Amerique", published in Journal de Physique, de Chimie,
d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. 88, June, 1919, Refinesque defined
the 52d genus thus :
"Cyphoxis. (Biv. foss.) Different du genre Area par
valves tres bombees, les sommets basilaires bossus,
recourbes, separes par un grand intervalle; un sillon
oblique, courbe, exterieur, lateral et posterieur. — Plusieurs
especes, telles que C. venerina, cardites, pulla, lunula etc.
Dans les couches de gres, de marne, etc."
Herrmannsen referred Cyphoxis to Area, a course fol-
114 THE NAUTILUS
lowed by E, Lamy,i but without indicating what group of
arks it was thought to pertain to.
Rafinesque's four species were not defined, so that
Cyphoxis has to be treated as a genus without species.
There is no fossil ark of the region covered by Rafinesque
which meets the requirements of the diagnosis, but it ap-
plies in every respect to the casts of Cucullaea of the sub-
genus Idonearca Conrad, found abundantly in the Cretace-
ous marls of New Jersey. At the time Rafinesque wrote,
none of the species had been described; but some years
later S. G. Morton described Cucullaea vulgaris and C.
antrosa? The first of these C. vulgaris Morton, is now
designated type of Cyphoxis. If a name based upon a cast
is acceptable, Cyphoxis will replace Idonearca Conrad.
Rafinesque probably picked up these casts, which are
common objects in the marl pits, in the course of his ram-
bles in search of plants and shells while he was living in
Philadelphia. He appears to have been the first naturalist
to notice any Cretaceous shell in the New Jersey marls.
The characteristically careless omission of the locality of
his fossils caused the find to be overlooked by Morton, Con-
rad and others who worked on the fauna later.
the nomenclature of ecological varieties
Calvin Goodrich
Mr. Frank Collins Baker, in his introduction to Part I
of his "Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin", takes issue
with those — specified by him as geneticists — who question
the power of environment to determine the evolution of
species. He says ". . . field zoologists who have observed
the multitude of living things in their diverse environ-
1 Journ. de ConchyL, voL 55, 1907, p. 1.
2 SjTiopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the
United States, 1834, pp. 64, 65. Good figures have been given by
Whitfield, Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays
and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, pi. 13. 1886.
THE NAUTILUS 115
ments cannot but believe that the environment has played
a large part in the production of this infinite variety of liv-
ing organisms. The geneticists who confine their studies
to laboratory experiments on a few animals, usually under
abnormal conditions, are not in as good position to judge
of the effect of environmental changes as are the students
who have spent years in field observations."
Mr, Baker himself has supplied in another place the most
telling kind of demonstration of the domination that en-
vironment has over the forms of the shells of freshwater
mollusca.^ This came of a study that he made in Barron
County, Wis., in 1921. About sixty years ago a dam was
built for lumbering purposes in the region which im-
pounded parts of the waters of three large creeks. A series
of artificial lakes was created, one of them as large as seven
miles long and a mile wide. Six species and varieties of
mollusks were found in 1921 to be modified by the altera-
tions in the character of habitat. The creek Anodoyita
grandis plana Lea was supplanted by the relatively shorter
and wider A. grandis footiana Lea. The compressed and
high lake form of Lampsilis siliquoidea Barnes that ap-
proaches the variety rosacea succeeded the elongated and
cylindrical river form. Most of the specimens of Amnicola
limosa Say that Mr. Baker collected in the lakes were the
variety porata, a more globose shell than the stream form.
Similar changes were wrought in the shape of Lymnaea
catascopium Say. Planorbis antrosus Conrad apparently
reverted in the lakes from the creek form called P. antrosiis
unicarinata Hald. to the typical specific characters. In the
streams of the county, Playiorhis trivolvis Say was typical ;
in the sixty-year old ponds it was of greater axial height
and the whorls were more rounded. In addition to the
forms recited, Planorbis campanulatus wisconsinensis
Winslow, unknown in the creeks, has made its appearance
in the waters above the dam.
1 "Influence of a changed Environment in the Formation of New
Species and Varieties," F. C. Baker, Ecology, EX, July, 1928, pp. 271-
283.
116 THE NAUTILUS
Three similar instances that have come to my knowledge
may be mentioned. Mr. William J. Clench collected
Goniabasis carinifera Lam. in the Country Club Lake near
Dalton, Ga., that was larger than any taken in the streams
of the vicinity and I suspect a good deal larger than any
specimens in the average museum collections. The lake is
artificial. Mr. Herbert H. Smith was so fortunate as to be
present when one of the locks of the Black Warrior River
was emptied for repairs and he there came upon Naiades
excessively large and freer than usual of the common ero-
sion. In the natural pool below Crawfish Springs at Chic-
kamauga, Ga., is a very slender, scarcely carinated form of
Pleurocera planogyrum (Anth.). In the comparatively
new pond just below the pool, planogyrum is heavier,
longer, wider and exceedingly carinate.
Planorbis magnificus Pilsbry, too, would appear to have
acquired its surprising development under conditions
brought about by man.
Now all this, it seems to me, has a significant bearing on
molluscan nomenclature. A scientific name tends to have
the authority of a pronouncement from the bench. We
think of it as setting metes and bounds as definite as a title
deed. We are trained that way and, indeed, names thus
conferred would be worthless the moment they were pub-
lished if our respect was not enlisted on their side at their
very beginning. Taxanomy is a mere amorphous mass if
its nomenclatorial skeleton cannot hold it up. The demon-
stration that species may be modified in a relatively short
time by an alteration in the environment is a demonstra-
tion also that freshwater forms lack the permanence that
is implied by the erection of subspecific names. Surely a
species or a subspecies ought to be conceived as much too
fixed a thing to change, short of a great many generations,
simply by reason of the establishment of a log dam across
a creek or by an invasion on the part of organisms from a
wave-swept area into a protected bay just around the cor-
ner. If I have counted them correctly, there are thirteen
new subspecific names for freshwater gastropods in Mr.
THE NAUTILUS 117
Baker's latest work, his new specific names being ignored.
In making these additions, Mr. Baker, one is compelled to
believe, has failed to read the illuminating lessons of his
own discoveries.
It may almost be said that for life in a freshwater
stream nothing is fixed and certain, and not greatly more
so for the life of a freshwater lake — contrasting with the
commoner conditions of the sea as, say, a mountain torrent
with a mill pond. Depths vary. The force of currents
varies. The density of water varies between such extremes
as do not fall to the experience of the marine forms of an
average locality. Floods, laden heavily with silt, may be
followed in a few weeks by droughts during which the tem-
perature rises greatly and micro-organisms, benign or evil,
multiply enormously. Where a gravel bar has given oppor-
tunity for gravel-inhabiting mollusks to flourish for a few
seasons may appear a mud bank or a sand bar or a huddle
of grinding boulders. Slack water may be the successor of
swift water and frequently the clean, open bed of a stream
becomes an ox-bow, left to one side to be choked with rot-
ting vegetation. The variation of the hydrogen ion con-
centration of a body of water, as we are coming to know,
can spell the difference between livable conditions and
death,- and nowhere is this variation so much as in a creek
or a river. The battle for existence is less strenuous in the
lakes than in the streams, but it is present there also. In
the lifetime of people now living in Michigan, many lakes
of the state have been conquered by sphagnum and
Decodon, and during that invasion the mollusks have suc-
cumbed. The reaction to variation in the habitat has been
variation in the forms of life. Only in shallow bays, brack-
ish sea marshes and the mouths of streams are there sets
of marine conditions paralleling those of inland waters, and
it is of interest to note in this connection that here the
marine forms of mollusks display confusing variation, I
am informed that in such situations there occur wide varia-
tions among the fishes.
2 See "Life in Inland Waters", Kathleen E. Carpenter, 1928, p. 68.
118 THE NAUTILUS
Probably one reason for the present nomenclatorial
Babel is that our illustrious predecessors approached the
study of freshwater forms from the sea, which is to say
that they were familiar first with the inhabitants of salt
water and carried a habit of mind, brought about by earlier
discoveries, over into their new labors. This antecedent
has had a possibly unperceived influence upon us, such
an influence as a solemn judiciary decision of the last gen-
eration has upon the interpretation of human law today.
The result is a custom of considering a freshwater form
that varies slightly from some previously known form as
of far more importance than it actually is, of blinding us
to the fact that plasticity is the inevitable concomitant of
a varying habitat and, in the endeavor to point out in fresh-
water shells such border lines as may be defined among the
marines, writing descriptions that are scarcely more than
vague and misleading words.
Mr. Baker's findings in Wisconsin have served to crystal-
ize in me a conviction that just as students of the mollusca
were once too prone to multiply species they are too ready
at this time to heap up subspecies and varieties. It is im-
possible to give an air of fixity to something that is not
fixed in nature, however industriously and ingeniously we
attempt it. The enterprise, indeed, can take on the mien
of an intentional absurdity. Consider, for example, the in-
stance of differentiating two river mussels by subspecific
designation because one of them, from headwaters to the
middle reaches of a stream, has a calculated obesity of 47
per cent or less and the other, occurring farther down, has
an obesity in excess of 47 per cent. Is a man with a waist
line of forty-eight inches any less a member of his species
than a man whose midriff measures forty -two inches?
See "Variations in Fresh-Water Mussels", G. H. Ball, Ecology,
III, 1922, p. 93.
the nautilus 119
some fossil fresh-water mollusca from washing-
ton and oregon
By Junius Henderson
About a year ago I reported some fossil fresh-water
Mollusca from Quaternary deposits between Soap and
Alkali Lakes, in Grand Coulee, Washington.^ At that time
I was not aware of the geological history of the Grand
Coulee. I have since learned that geologists who have
studied the region believe that the Coulee was carved by
the Columbia River when it was forced from its channel by
glacial ice during the Pleistocene Glacial Epoch, the river
having resumed its course around the Great Bend after
the retreat of the glaciers, leaving the wide, deep, valley
with no perennial stream, but partly occupied by a series
of disconnected lakes. Because of the lack of outlets and
the loss of water by evaporation in the semi-arid climate,
leaving in the water the salts brought in by annual run-off,
the water of some of these lakes is too saline to support
molluscan life. I am not sure whether the fossils from
Soap Lake district represent mollusks that lived there while
the river flowed through the Coulee, or lived in a large lake
after the abandonment of the Coulee by the river but be-
fore the lakes had shrunken to their present dimensions.
Certainly Soap Lake v/as once larger and deeper than now.
I have not been able to re-examine the region in the light
of my present idea of the history of the Coulee.
In crossing the Coulee farther north in the summer of
1928, accompanied by Mr. Elven Clifford Nelson, we found
a very interesting fossiliferous river deposit, undoubtedly
of Pleistocene age, in the bluff on the south side of Park
Lake, a short distance below Dry Falls, which has recently
been set aside as a State Park, where the waters of the
river are believed to have once tumbled over a great preci-
pice. There are two distinct deposits of fossils, both at
about the same level, many feet above the present level of
1 Henderson, The Nautilus, XLI, 118-120, 1928.
120 THE NAUTILUS
the valley. The one nearest the upper end of the lake is a
well consolidated bed a foot or more thick, exposed in an
excavation made in obtaining road material. This bed con-
sists mostly of the shells of Anodonta calif orniensis Lea,
which is still found living in the states west of the Rocky
Mountains. The mussels were evidently buried alive, as
the valves in all cases are together and closed. This is likely
the deposit that Curator T. A. Bonser, of the Spokane
Municipal Museum, had mentioned to us a couple of weeks
before. Several hundred yards south of the first exposure
is another thick, loosely consolidated, calcareous bed com-
posed almost entirely of plant fragments, apparently
Chara, and shells, as follows : Planorbis antrosus Conrad,
P. verndcularis Gould, P. trivolvis Say, Parapholyx effusa
effusa (Lea), Valvata hmneralis calif ornica Pilsbry, Physa
related to P. hunierosa Gould, Lymnaea stagnalis wasatch-
ensis "Hemphill" Baker, Stagnicola couleensis Baker (new
species) , Pisidiu^n compressum Prime, Pisidium sp. It
may be noticed that all the species of this fauna are still
living somewhere except S. coideensis and possibly the
Physa and Pisidium sp.
On the slope of the latter deposit were some shells of
Oreohelix strigosa (Gould), but they are probably more re-
cent and rolled down from the shrubbery up the hill, as we
found none actually embedded in the deposit. This species
now lives in abundance in the lava rock slides of the vicin-
ity. We found no mollusks living in the lake, but found
along the shore at various points many bleached shells of
some of the species, sometimes with a little of the calcare-
ous matrix attached, all probably washed from the fossil-
iferous deposit. We found Succinea living at several places
along the shore, and in the tiny outlet by which the lake
drains into Blue Lake we found several species of fresh-
water mollusks living. Dr. Pilsbry- long ago reported a
number of species as having been found at Blue Lake by
Professor Snodgrass.
2 Pilsbry, The Nautilus, XVII, p. 84, 1903.
THE NAUTILUS 121
At Silver Lake, southwest of Spokane, Washington, the
water is now 30 feet or more below its former level. Tufa
deposits many feet above the water contain numerous very
small Physa shells. We found no other shells actually in
the tufa, but on the surface about the tufa knobs large
Physa shells were common and Valvata humeralis calif or-
nica Pilsbry and detached valves of Pisidium compressum
(Prime) abundant, the abundance of Valvata extending up
the slope nearly or quite to the former high water mark.
The shells in the tufa are surely fossil, and our failure to
find any living mollusks in the lake leads to the belief that
the others are also, especially the Valvata.
Harney Lake, southeast of central Oregon, has no outlet,
hence for a very long period has been a concentrated salt
solution, containing no mollusks and subject to consider-
able fluctuation in size. It, together with the neighboring
Malheur Lake, which drains into it, are said to have
shrunken rapidly for the past two years. At the present
time the high sand dunes are a long distance from the
shore line of Harney Lake. On the dunes are large quanti-
ties of mollusks of the following species: Planorhis ver-
micularis Gould, P. trivolvis Say (very large), Parapholyx
effusa effztsa (Lea), Carinifex ponsonbyi Smith, Lymnaea
stagnalis wasatchensis Hemphill, L. (Stagnicola) leai
Baker, Valvata humeralis calif ornica Pilsbry, Paludestrina
loyiginqua (Gould), Anodonta fragments, apparently A.
calif or niensis Lea. We considered these surely fossil, rep-
resenting the period when the climate was more moist and
the lake consequently non-saline. Malheur Lake, having
no outlet, is comparatively fresh, and probably contains
living mollusks. The dense tule growth along its margins
prevented us from getting to the water at its present low
stage, in a search of several miles along the shore, but the
outlet, at Narrows, yielded living Lymnaea stagnalis
wasatchensis Hemphill, L. (Stagnicola) palustris nuttal-
liana Lea, L. (Fossaria) obrussa obrussa Say (?), Planor-
his trivolvis Say (large), P. vermicularis Gould and Val-
vata humeralis californica Pilsbry.
122 THE NAUTILUS
The vast, semi-arid, interior portions of Oregon and
Washington are dotted with many lakes, varying from
fresh-water to saturated salt solutions. A study of their
waters and shore deposits would be very interesting and
well repay the effort. Most of them can now be reached by
auto over passable roads. Where no mollusks are now liv-
ing in the lakes because of saline conditions, the adjacent
lacustrine deposits will usually yield fossils representing
the more moist Pleistocene time, when the lake basins were
full and overflowing and the water consequently fresh.
The following description was prepared by Dr. Frank C.
Baker and the figures of the paratypes were drawn by my
assistant. Miss Elberta L. Craig:
Stagnicola couleensis F. C. Baker, new species.
Shell elongate-ovate, turreted ; surface with distinct
spiral striae; whorls 5i/2> flatly rounded, the body whorl
rather obese, rapidly increasing in diameter; sutures well
marked ; spire acutely conic ; aperture ovate or elliptical,
half as long as the shell and equal to or longer than the
spire; outer lip convex, without varical thickening; inner
lip narrow at base of aperture, but becoming wider near
the body whorl where it is tightly oppressed and somewhat
twisted, forming a distinct, ascending plait; there is a small
umbilical chink and the parietal wall is covered with a thin
wash of callus.
L. 18.5 ; D. 10.5 ; Ap. L. 10.5 ; D. 6.0 mm. Holotype.
L. 17.6; D. 11.1; Ap. L. 11.1; D. 6.6 mm. Paratype.
L. 14.8; D. 8.1; Ap. L. 8.6; D. 5.7 mm. Paratype.
Type Locality: From Bluffs on south side of Park Lake,
Grand Coulee, Washington
Types: Museum Natural History, Univ. Ill, No. Z28049;
paratypes: Univ. Colo. Museum, No. 17024.
This is apparently an extinct species characterized by its
acute spire, wide and somewhat globose shell, and distinct
columellar plait. It somewhat resembles some forms of
Stagnicola binneyi (Tryon) but differs in its sharper, more
THE NAUTILUS 123
turreted spire and twisted, plait-like columella. It bears
the greatest resemblance to Currier's intertexta, which has
been considered a synonym of Stagnicola catascopium. A
somewhat similar form, believed to be ancestral to inter-
texta, has recently been found in Pleistocene deposits in
Wisconsin. The fossils from Grand Coulee appear to be of
an extinct species, although it may yet be found living in
the northern part of British America.
NOTES OF THE MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
By Ralph V. Chamberlin and Elmer Berry
The mollusca listed in the present paper were for the
most part taken by the authors and associate members of
a field expedition from the University of Utah during April,
1928. While most of the collecting, which was carried on
in connection with other work, was done in San Juan
County, some material was secured in adjacent parts as in-
dicated under the separate forms below. The region cov-
ered is largely desert in character and so unfavorable for
the group. Mr. Berry deserves credit for the material ob-
tained.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Moab, Grand Co., three speci-
mens occurring with P. abditum Hald. ; Fruita, Wayne
Co., a number of very small specimens.
Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Torrey, San Juan Co., one
specimen ; Moab, Grand Co., several mature specimens ;
south of Colorado River, near Moab, three specimens
taken with P. variabile Prime.
Vallonia pulchella (Miiller). Moab, Grand Co.
Vallonia albula Sterki. Verdure San Juan Co. ; Torrey,
Wayne Co., one specimen.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinhardt. Verdure, San Juan Co.;
Fruita, Wayne Co.
Oreohelix depressa (Cockerell). LaSal Mts., San Juan Co.,
124 THE NAUTILUS
at 10,000 ft. (V. M. Tanner Coll.) on Mt. Tukuhnikivatz.
In these specimens the spire is rather low. Two reddish
bands of variable width on periphery.
Oreohelix sp. Near Bluff, San Juan Co. One specimen
lacking spire and with keeled periphery. Probably
washed down from higher level.
Microphysula ingersolli (Bland). Mt. Tukuhnikivatz,
LaSal Mts., San Juan Co. One specimen (U. of U. Zool.
Mus. No. 1481) collected by V. M. Tanner.
Pupilla hebes (Ancey). San Juan Co., (Pilsbry, 1921).
Pupilla syngenes dextroversa (Pilsbry and Vanatta). Ver-
dure, San Juan Co. ; Torrey and Fruita, Wayne Co.
Vertigo coloradensis (Cockerell). Between Blanding and
Verdure, San Juan Co. One specimen apparently
weathered and with palatal folds undeveloped, length
11/2 mm.; Verdure, San Juan Co., also weathered and
with only columellar and parietal teeth showing.
Cochlicopcu lubrica (Miiller). Verdure, San Juan Co.; and
between Verdure and Blanding, San Juan Co.
Vitrina alaskana Dall. Verdure, San Juan Co.; between
Verdure and Blanding, San Juan Co. ; Fruita, Wayne Co.
Vitrea indentata (Say). Verdure, San Juan Co.; and be-
tween Verdure and Blanding, San Juan Co.
Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry). Eight miles north
of Monticello, San Juan Co., in very drj^ leaves ; Verdure,
San Juan Co. ; between Blanding and Verdure, San Juan
Co.; Fruita, Wayne Co.
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Verdure, San Juan Co.; be-
tween Verdure and Blanding, San Juan Co. ; Bluff, San
Juan Co.; Mt. Tukuhnikivatz, LaSal Mts., San Juan Co.
(V. M. Tanner) ; Moab, Grand Co.; Fruita, Wayne Co.
Agriolimax agrestis (Linnaeus). Verdure, San Juan Co.;
north of Blanding, San Juan Co.; Moab, Grand Co.;
Fruita, Wayne Co.
Agriolimax campestris (Binney). Price, Carbon Co.
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb). Verdure, San Juan
Co. ; Fruita, Wayne Co.
THE NAUTILUS 125
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Verdure, San
Juan Co.
Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli (Pilsbry). Mt. Tukuhniki-
vatz, LaSal Mts., San Juan Co. (V. M. Tanner Coll.). Sev-
eral fine specimens (U. of U. Zool. Mus. No. 1482).
Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pilsbry. Between Blanding and
Verdure, San Juan Co., one shell, immature, pale yellow
in color, diameter slightly over 3 mm. ; Verdure, San
Juan Co., two shells, weathered and immature.
Succinea grosvenori Lea. Blanding, San Juan Co.; be-
tween Blanding and Verdure, San Juan Co.; Moab,
Grand Co.
Succinea avara Say. Moab, Grand Co. ; Fruita, Wayne Co. ;
Salina, Sevier Co.
Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) caper ata Say. Moab, Grand Co. ;
Torrey, Wayne Co.
Fossaria parva (Lea). Moab, Grand Co.
Fossaria modicella (Say). Torrey, Wayne Co.
Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould). Price, Carbon Co.
Physella ampullacea (Gould). Moab, Grand Co.
Phy sella virgata (Gould). Bluff, San Juan Co.; Moab,
Grand Co.; Price, Carbon Co.
egg laying and birth of young in three species of
viviparidae
By Edward D. Crabb
Department of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania
Recent observations of Fromming (Arch. f. Mollusken-
kunde 60:283-4, 1928) on birth in Viviparus viviparus led
me to offer my observations on this phenomenon in other
species of so-called viviparous snails for publication.
Three large Viviparus contectoides were collected in a pond
near the Zoology Building (3-26-28) and were placed in a
fingerbowl of water in my laboratory. At 8.30 the next
morning there were three eggs without any trace of a
126 THE NAUTILUS
vitellus, one young within the egg membrane (which
emerged within three hours) and one crawling young. At
2.15 another had emerged and at 4.30 I found four un-
hatched young in the water. These four eggs were ob-
served under a binocular microscope until the young
emerged. The membrane of three of these eggs has fully
distended, while that of the fourth was flaccid and ap-
peared as if about one-fourth of its contents had been re-
moved. In each case the young snails tried vainly to tear
the egg membrane off by extending the foot as far caudad
as possible. These attempts greatly distorted the egg, but
the membrane was not ruptured until the movements of the
foot were assisted by attempts to grasp it with the mouth.
After about an hour of more or less constant "kicking" and
biting, the membrane parted across the anterior region;
then the new-born snail filled its branchial chamber with
water and rested motionless for several minutes before
crawling away with the membrane still clinging to its shell
like a caul.
When the uterus is opened those eggs which are ready
to be laid are transparent while those higher up in the
tract are successively more and more nearly opaque, es-
pecially if the animal has been preserved. Since the newly
laid eggs and those ready to be laid are quite transparent,
one may be led to conclude that in these the albumen has
been consumed and its place taken by water. However, if
freshly land turgid eggs, or uterine eggs which are ready
to be laid, are placed in water under a dissecting micro-
scope and opened one can observe currents created by the
fluid contents of the egg escaping into the water, very much
as Fromming describes. If such eggs are placed in alcohol
and quickly opened the escaping fluid is coagulated, thus
suggesting that it probably contains an appreciable amount
of albuminous material even at the time the young emerges.
After a number of attempts to observe the activities of
unhatched uterine young, I finally succeeded in orienting
a translucent egg under the binocular in such a way that
the contained young was lying with its oral side up. This
THE NAUTILUS 127
youngster obligingly remained in this position so that I was
able to observe it take up a mouthful of the milky fluid,
"chew" a few moments, spew the remainder out and then
repeat the performance again and again. Twenty-two
hours later the albumen in this egg was clear, which indi-
cated that the vegetative processes within had advanced to
the stage at which the egg probably would have been laid.
The meager data at hand indicates that temperature af-
fects the laying processes, for two large females, collected
in a pond near the Zoology Building late in March, appear
to have retained their eggs all winter and became active
after being brought into higher temperatures of the la-
boratory. One of these produced 16 young four days later
and two more on the fifth day. On this date she was opened
and 81 eggs, 79 of which appeared ready for laying, were
removed. The other individual was opened two days after
having been brought into the laboratory and 129 eggs re-
moved. Of these 122 were apparently ready for laying, 5
contained no vitelli and only two were opaque. Of the 122
eggs 89 were put in a Petri dish of water and 90 minutes
later over half of them had hatched and the young were
clinging to the side of the dish next to the window. The
remaining 33, in a small tin dissecting tray, did not show
positive phototropism definitely, however, three were
crawling suspended from the surface film.
An individual collected in the same pond November 2,
1927, contained 130 eggs, 4 of which were without vitelli,
76 transparent, or nearly so, and 50 opaque. The total
numbers and the proportion of transparent to opaque eggs
in spring collected individuals (201 :4) and in those col-
lected in the fall (76:50) indicate that oviposition is prob-
ably discontinued during the cold months and that develop-
mental processes are perhaps retarded but not entirely dis-
continued.
This appears to be the case in V. malleatus, for of a num-
ber collected September 22, 1928, in the old canal in Fair-
mount Park, the condition of uterine eggs in seven were
as follows: In individual a) there were 8 transparent, no
128 THE NAUTILUS
translucent and 9 opaque eggs; b) 6, 0 and 83; c) 0, 3 and
58; d) 8, 5 and 51; e) 0, 0 and 9; f) 14, 0 and 102; g) 0, 0
and 44; h) (coll. 11-27-27) 11, 0 and 0. This gives a total of
371 eggs contained by eight snails of which approximately
89 per cent were opaque and contained very young embryos.
I recall that very few opaque eggs were found in snails col-
lected in May and June, however, I have only one record of
eggs in all three stages of development. This individual
was collected May 29, 1927, at the same place as the others,
and all of its eggs (11) were transparent.
In Vivvparus malleatus and Campeloma decisum it ap-
pears that the egg membrane is ruptured either by the
young snail before being extruded or by the process of ex-
trusion. This membrane is so delicate that one must open
the fresh uterus under water to prevent all the eggs that
are nearly ready to be extruded, as well as more than half
of those containing very small embryos, from rupturing.
The membrane of such eggs ruptures within a few min-
utes after the eggs have been placed in water, due, appar-
ently, to a rapid imbibition of water by the egg. In order
to prevent the egg from swelling, uteri were emptied into
tap water containing, by guess, about 0.5 per cent of table
salt and about 1 per cent of ethel alcohol. This anesthe-
tized the young snails (Campeloma) and permitted me to
make camera lucida outlines of them. After being trans-
ferred to fresh tap water they recovered and emerged dur-
ing the night.
In one instance seven C. decisum uteri were emptied into
a bowl of tap water and within twenty minutes 58 young
were crawling up the sides of the vessel. No attempt was
made to rear these young snails. However, I have fre-
quently kept young V. malleaUis growing in aquaria for
several weeks after they had been removed from the
mother. In one instance I transferred 31 young from a
female to an aquarium containing tap water and only two
died the first week. About ten of these were not more than
two-thirds the average size of the others, which indicates
the ability of this snail to live although born prematurely.
THE NAUTILUS 129
I have succeeded in keeping individuals that had been re-
moved from the female growing in isolation eight to eleven
months, but not to adult size.
My observations and experiments lead me to believe that
Viviparus co?itectoides habitually extrudes its young en-
closed in an egg membrane containing more or less albumi-
nous fluid, and that it requires from a few minutes to three
hours for the young snail to actually hatch after the egg
has been extruded ; that this membrane does not normally
envelop the young of Campeloma decisum and V. malleatus
at birth, and that the young of this last species probably is
free of the egg membrane some time before it is extruded.
I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for having identified
my material of Campeloma decisum and to Mr. E, G. Van-
atta for having identified my Viviparus contectoides and V.
malleatus for me.
FRESHWATER SNAILS IN BRACKISH WATER
BY HORACE G. RICHARDS
Zoological Laboratory University of Pennsylvania
On a collecting trip to Bay Head on Barnegat Bay, New
Jersey, on April 10, 1928, to collect marine snails, the fresh-
water snail Physa heterostropha was observed. The locality
was near the mouth of the Metedeconk River, where the
water is almost fresh. The specific gravity of the water at
this point at another time was 1.001.
An interesting problem presented itself. Just how far
into brackish water can these freshwater snails migrate?
With this in view some preliminary and rather crude ex-
periments were attempted in the summer of 1928.
The salinity of the water was gradually increased in an
attempt to see if the snails could become adjusted to the salt
water, and to see just how far they would go. Three species
were used : Physa heterostropha, Lymnaea stagnalis ap-
pressa and Lymnaea palu^tris (the latter two from Michi-
130 THE NAUTILUS
gan). All snails were taken from the culture jars in the
Vivarium of the University of Pennsylvania and trans-
ferred to finger bowls at Cape May Point, New Jersey. Here
they were placed in tap water for one week to adjust them-
selves to any possible change. After that time some were
placed in sea water diluted to 5 percent concentration, and
after various intervals in sea water of higher concentrations.
Because of the small number of snails used the results
of this experiment can not be considered as very significant.
However additional and more accurate experiments now
being conducted at the University of Pennsylvania seem to
give the same results in the majority of cases, and therefore
this preliminary note is published.
All three species could live normally in 5 percent or 10
percent sea water, but the Physa used in the summer died
when the water reached the specific gravity of 1.002. This
race was probably weak, as snails of the same species taken
from the streams near Philadelphia have since been kept
alive and normally active in water of at least 25 percent
(1.006).
The other two species used in the summer were active
until the water was 25 percent of normal sea water (1.005).
They had lived in this strength for about a week when they
died.
Further experiments show that Physa and Lymnaea
palustris behave normally in water to at least the strength
of 25 percent sea water ; above this strength they may live,
but show few signs of activity, the body of the snail usually
being projected far out of the shell. Perhaps the snails
may become adjusted to higher strengths if left for a con-
siderable period of time.
THE NAUTILUS 131
MOLLUSCA FROM VERMILION AND PELICAN LAKES, MINNE-
SOTA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY
OF HELISOMA CORPULENTA
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER^
(Continued from page 97)
Helisoma corpulenta (Say). Since Thomas Say described
this species in 1824 it has been generally misunderstood
by the majority of students, owing principally to its rarity.
In 1900 (Nautilus, XIII, p. 133) Walker redescribed and
figured the species, thus placing it as a distinct member
of the American fauna. Probably no more distinct species
of the Planorbis group is known. In Grant's list it is in-
cluded as a distinct species with the note "This shell seems
to be quite distinct from H. trivolvis Say."
The typical form has the whorls carinated above and
rounded or sub-carinated below and the axial height is not
noticeably great. Say's specimens came from Winnipeck
River, Winnipeck Lake, Lake of the Woods, and Rainy
Lake, all in Ontario, Canada. Three specimens from Rainy
Lake are figured in the writer's Monograph of Wisconsin
Fresh Water Mollusca, pi. xix, received from Judge F. R.
Latchford. Dr. A. R. Cahn, of the Department of Zoology,
University of Illinois, also found the typical form in Fall
Lake, near Winton, St. Louis Co., Minn., and in Trout Lake
and Kawnipi Lake, Ontario. All of these conform to the
diagnosis of Say and are like the specimens from one of
the type localities. Rainy Lake. The Lake Vermilion form
appears to be a variation from this typical form and is
distinct enough to constitute a recognizable variety or race.
It may be characterized as follows.
Helisoma corpulenta vermilionensis nov. var.
Walker, Nautilus, XIX, p. 136 (part), pi. iii, figs. 3-7,
1900. Grant, 16th. An. Rep. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv.
Minn., p. 484, 1887.
Shell differing from typical corpulenta in having the
whorls at the shoulder and base encircled by a sharp, cord-
132 THE NAUTILUS
like carina which persists to the aperture both above and
below, the spire is much flatter, the umbilicus much flatter
and relatively deeper with the penultimate whorl sunk be-
low the last whorl to a greater extent than in the typical
form; the axial height is greater and the aperture is
longer and narrower and peculiarly effuse and expanded
below; the body whorl is much more flat-sided in the
variety, hence profoundly modifying the aperture in form.
L. 15.0 ; D. 21.5 ; Ap. L. 16.0 ; D. 12.0 mm. Type.
L. 14.0 ; D. 22.0 ; Ap. L. 15.5 ; D. 12.0 mm. Paratype.
L. 13.5 ; D. 17.5 ; Ap. L. 13.0 ; D. 9.5 mm. Paratype.
L. 12.0 ; D. 13.5 ; Ap. L. 11.0 ; D. 9.0 mm. Paratype.
L. 13.0 ; D. 13.5 ; Ap. L. 11.7 ; D. 7.0 mm. Paratype.
L. 8.0 ; D. 10.0 ; Ap. L. 7.9 ; D. 5.5 mm. Paratype.
L. 6.5 ; D. 7.0 ; Ap. L. 6.5 ; D. 4.0 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Birch Point, Big Bay, Vermilion Lake, St.
Louis Co., Minn.
Types: Baker Coll., No. 2040. Paratypes: Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., No. 147370.
This variety of corpulenta occurs abundantly in Lake
Vermilion on more or less exposed shores, in shallow water,
on shingle or cobble bottom. In many places the bottom is
fairly peppered with the shells. In the aquarium the
animal crawls about with a rapid, gliding motion, examin-
ing objects with its long, filiform tentacles. The pseudo-
branch is very large and protrudes as a rounded lobe from
the left side of the body. The genitalia of both the typical
form (Fall Lake specimens, collected by Dr. Cahn) and of
the variety indicate that the species groups with Helisoma
truncata, the praeputium placed on the gland sac near the
lower part of this sac. (A paper on the genitalia and
radula will be published in the Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc.)
Grant records corpulenta as found in Vermilion Lake and
all over St. Louis and Lake counties. It was personally
found in all parts of Vermilion Lake, but whether the form
found in other lakes is the typical species or the variety
vermilionensis cannot be determined without an examina-
THE NAUTILUS 133
tion of specimens. Cahn's records from Fall Lake, Minn.,
and Trout Lake, Ontario, are based on the typical form.
As it has not been found in Wisconsin as far as known it
would appear to be a species of the Hudson Bay drainage.
Walker's Michigan reference needs confirmation by the dis-
covery of authentic material from the Upper Peninsula.
Apparently wherever this species is found it is abundant
and seems to replace the larger species in the lakes in which
it lives.
Helisoma campanulata wisconsinensis (Winslow). Shore
debris on Birch Point, Big Bay and Daisy Bay. Immature
individuals were found in Daisy Bay on Potamogeton. The
campanulata of the lake are small but appear to be refer-
able to wisconsinensis rather than to davisi. Similar
specimens occur with the large form in Tomahawk Lake,
Wisconsin. Recorded by Grant as Planorbella campanu-
lata.
Planorbula crassilabris (Walker). Daisy Bay, on rocks
in shallow water, near shore. Not abundant. Recorded
by Grant as Segmentina armigera Say.
Menetus exacuous (Say). Recorded by Grant from
Vermilion Lake. This might have been the race megas
Dall, which is a northern form.
Gyraulus deflectus (Say). Recorded by Grant from
all of the lakes of St. Louis, Lake and Cook counties. Not
found by the writer.
Gyraulus circumstriatus (Try on). A single specimen of
this little-known species occurred in a marsh behind beach.
Birch Point, Big Bay. The spiral striation mentioned by
Tryon is very distinct. See Baker, Mon. Wis. Moll., I, p.
378, for a discussion of the status of this distinct species.
Gyraulus umbilicatellus (Ckll.). Swamp, behind beach,
Birch Point, Daisy and Big Bays. Rather common, but
smaller than specimens from Wisconsin.
Ferrissia parallela (Say). Daisy Bay, on Potamogeton,
water 8 feet deep. Typical and common.
Ferrissia tarda (Say). Along shore of Birch Point on
both the Daisy Bay and Big Bay sides. Always found on
134 THE NAUTILUS
rocks, usually small boulders or large pebbles, in shallow
water, associated with Helisoma corpulenta, Planorbula
crassilabris, Ferrissia tarda, and Physella sayii.
Phy sella so,yii (Tappan). Daisy and Big Bays, on rocks
near shore, in shallow water. Also found on Potamogeton
in Daisy Bay, water eight feet deep. Recorded by Grant
as Physa gyrina Say. All specimens collected were imma-
ture and mostly very narrow; no adults were observed in
shore debris. This form was at first thought to be a
northern variety, but an examination of radula shows that
it is immature sayii, the teeth being exactly like those of
undoubted sayii from Lake Winnebago, Wis. Examination
of the radula with higher powers than previously available
(900 diameters) shows that the figure in the Monograph of
Wisconsin Mollusca, I, p. 432 is slightly inaccurate. The
first lateral has very small intermediate cusps between the
three inner large cusps, and the second to sixth lateral has
these small intermediate cusps between the four inner
larger cusps. Otherwise the published figure is correct.
In the Lake Vermilion specimens there are 120-1-120 teeth
in a row. It is evident that to satisfactorily identify
Physae the radula teeth must be examined, for the shell
has an exasperating way of resembling other totally dis-
tinct species. The genitalia (comparative length of male
organ) will also help.
Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). In swampy area behind
beaches on Birch Point, on both Daisy Bay and Big Bay
sides. Recorded by Grant.
Carychium exile canadense Clapp. Under logs and wet
leaves, Birch Point. Not common. Grant lists Carychium
exiguum. (Say), but his specimens may have been cana-
dense. No exiguum were found by the writer.
Land Species
Land mollusks were abundant in wooded areas all over
Birch Point under logs, leaves, branches, and every sort of
debris. Singularly enough, none of the larger species, such
as Polygyra and Anguispira, were found, although diligent
THE NAUTILUS 135
search was carried on for them. The smaller species were
so abundant that as many as 50 specimens of five or six
species were often found under one log. Grant records
Anguispira alternata (as Patula) from Tower, and it cer-
tainly should be found somewhere about the lake.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Probably the V. pulchella
recorded by Grant. The fine, crowded ribs are differently
arranged from those of costata.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). Recorded by Grant as
Ferussacia subcylindracea. Not found by the writer.
Vertigo gouldii (Binney). Not common. Only seven
specimens found during two weeks collecting. The speci-
mens are rather smaller than those from Maine and other
places, the largest being 1.6 mm. long.
Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry). Very abundant and typical.
Probably the labyrinthica recorded by Grant from Tower.
Virgo is as a rule a more northern species than labyrinthica.
Acanthinula harpa (Say). Recorded by Grant from
Tower. Not found by the writer.
Succinea retusa Lea. Common near shore of Daisy Bay.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Apparently rare. Re-
corded by Grant from Tower.
Gonyodiscus anthonyi (Pilsbry). Abundant. Listed as
striatella by Grant from Tower.
Anguispira alternata (Say). Listed from Tower by
Grant.
Agriolimax campestris (Say). Common under logs.
Zonitoides arbor ea (Say). Abundant.
Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Common. Recorded from
Tower by Grant.
Retinella hammonis (Strom.). Common. Recorded by
Grant from Tower.
Vitrina limpida Gould. Listed from Tower by Grant.
Not found by the writer.
Fresh Water Mollusca from Pelican Lake, Crow Wing Co.
The material from Pelican Lake is contained in the
W. A. Nason collection and was collected by Mrs. Edward
Morton many years ago. The collection is small but seems
136 THE NAUTILUS
worthy of record, particularly as it contains an additional
record of a recently described race of Stagnicola.
Anodonta grcmdis footiana Lea. The abundant species
of small lakes. The majority are like those from the type
locality in Lake Winnebago, Wis., but a few have a white
epidermis.
Lampsilis siliquoidea rosacea (De Kay). The common
siliquoidea of lakes, but on the whole more elongated than
usual.
Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say). Rare.
Campeloma milesii (Lea). Apparently abundant in the
lake. Milesii has thus far proven to be a lake form of
Campeloma.
Amnicola limosa porata (Say). Apparently rare.
Stagnicola ertiarginata vilasensis F. C. Baker. An
abundant species in this lake as in the northern lakes of
Wisconsin. See Nautilus, XL, p. 82, for description of
this race. Also Mon. Wis. Moll., I, p. 243, pi. xvi, figs.
21-26.
Stagnicola exilis (Lea). Common. The whorls are some-
what more rounded than is usual in this species.
Acella haldemanni ('Desh.' Binn.). One large specimen
only in the collection.
Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Common and typical.
Helisoma campanulata (Say). Apparently rare.
Planorbula armigera (Say). Not common.
Gyraulus deflectus (Say). Form with bluntly angulated
periphery. This has been confused with obliquus DeKay,
but the blunt periphery merges into the acutely keeled
periphery in any large series. Obliquus has the faint angu-
lation below the center of the whorl, while in deflectus it is
usually about at the periphery.
THE NAUTILUS 137
NOMENCLATURE IN THE GENUS VITRINA
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
P. Hesse (1923, Arch. Moll. 55, pp. 1-25, 81-115, 130-145)
has presented a thorough revision of the Vitrininae of
Europe and the neighboring regions on an anatomical
basis. However, perhaps on account of inadequate library
facilities, his nomenclature is not entirely correct. In an
attempt to ascertain the proper generic and subgeneric
names for the American Vitrina limpida Gould, I have
necessarily reviewed the literature and believe that my re-
sults may be of general interest.
The following group-names need to be taken into account:
Vitrina Draparnaud (July 14, 1801, Tabl., pp. 33, 98) ;
monotype: V. pellucida, with Helix pellucida Miill. (1774,
Verm. 11, p. 15) in synonymy, but description, at least in
Hist. (1805, p. 119, pi. 8, figs. 34-37), was subsequently
used as the foundation for Helicolimax major Fer. (1807,
Ess., p. 47). Type subsequently designated by Fleming
(1822, Encycl. Brit., Suppl. to 4th, 5th & 6th ed., vol. 5, p.
573) : Helix pellucida Miiller. [Emended to Vitrinus by
Montfort (1810, Conch. Syst. II, p. 238), with V. pellucidus
as type by original designation, but without separation of
the two confused species.]
Helico-limax Fer. (Nov. 6, 1801, Mem. Soc. Med. d'emul.
Paris 4, p. 390) ; monotype (only species mentioned by
name) : Helix pellucida Miill. [Emended to Helico-Limax in
1807 and to Helicoliiyiax in 1821.]
Cobresia Hiibner (1810, Mon. Test. Baier. Landschn.
Cobresien) ; type subsequently designated by Gray (1847,
P. Z. S., p. 170), in syn. Vitrina: V. pellucida. Type now
designated : Cobresia vitrea^= H. pellucida Miiller. [Hiib-
ner's terms limacoides and helicoides are shown by the text
to be simply descriptive words.]
Hyalina Studer (1820, Syst. Verz., p. 11), not Schu-
macher (1817).
Limacina Hartmann (1821, N. Alp. I, p. 207), not Cuvier
(1817).
138 THE NAUTILUS
Semilimax Agassiz (1846, Nomen. ZooL), nude name.
Semilimax "Ferussac" Gray (1847, p. 170) ; type by original
designation: Vitrina elongata Drap. (1805, Hist., p. 120)^
Helix semilimax Ferussac (1802, Naturf. 29, p. 236).
Semilimax Stabile (1859, Rev. & Mag. Zool. ser. 2, v. 11,
p. 422) ; type subsequently designated by Fischer in
Paulucci (1878, Mat. serv. et. faun. mal. t. f. Ital., p. 24) :
Vitrina elongata Drap.
Pagana Gistel (1848, Naturg., p. 168) ; substitute for
Vitrina "Der Autoren" ; type : Helix pellucida Miill.
Phenacolimax Stabile (1859, p. 422) ; type subsequently
designated by P. Fischer (1878, p. 24) : Vitrina major
(Fer.).
Oligolimax P. Fischer in Paulucci (1878, pp. 1, 23) ; type
by original designation (p. 24) : Vitrina paulucciae Fischer
(1. c).
Gallandia Bourguignat (Aug., 1880, Desc. Nouv. gen.
Gallandia) ; type by original designation : Vitrina conoidea
Mart. (1874, in Fedtschenko's Put. Turkestan, vol. 2, pt. 1,
p. 8), but from Mt. Olympe in Bithynia.
Trochovitrina "Schacko" 0. Boettger (Oct., 1880, Jahrb.
Mal. Ges. 7, p. 379) ; includes Vitrina subcarinata Bttg.
(1. c.) and Lampadia lederi Bttg. (1878, Nach. D. Mal. Ges.
5, p. 121).
Vitrinopugio von Ihering (1892, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool, 54,
p. 401) ; type subsequently designated by Hesse (1923,
Arch. Moll. 55, p. 103) : V. elongatus (Drap.) ^Vitrina
semilimax (Fer.).
Semilimacella Soos (1917, A. M. N. H. Budapest 15, pp.
94, 154) ; monotype: Vitrina velebitica Soos (1. c).
Insulivitrina Hesse (1923, p. 131) ; type subsequently
designated by Hesse (1924, Arch. Moll. 56, p. 226) : Vitrina
lamarcki (Fer) =^Helicolim.ax lamarckii Fer. (1821, Tabl.
Lim., p. 25) .
Tozzettia Hesse (1924, p. 226) ; type by substitution for
Targionia Hesse (1923, p. 82), not Lindinger (1870), which
has type by original designation: V. bonellii=Vitrina
THE NAUTILUS 139
bonelli Targioni-Tozzetti (1873, At. Soc. It. sc. nat. Milano
15, p. 322).
Eucobresia, new name for Semilimax Hesse (1923, p.
86); type: Vitrina diaphana Drap. (1805, Hist., p. 120),
from France.
From the above data, if Hesse's genera are considered as
subgenera and his subgenera as sections, the following
classification results. For easy reference, I have added,
after each group-name, its synonyms and the proper specific
name of its type.
Genus Vitrina Draparnaud.
Subgenus Vitrina s. s.
Section Vitrina s. s. {~\-Helicolimax-{-Cobresia-{-
Pagana) . V. pellucida (Miill.).
Section Eucobresia, n. n. V. diaphana Drap.
Section Oligolimax P. Fischer. V. paulucciae P.
Fisch.
Section Gallandia Bgt. (-{-Tt^ochovitrina) . V. conoidea
Mart.
Subgenus Phenacolimax Stabile. V. major (Ferussac).
Subgenus Semilimax Gray.
Section Semilimax s. s. {-\-Vitrinopugio-\-Semilima-
cella) . V. semilimax (Fer.).
Section Tozzettia Hesse. V. bonelli Targioni-Tozzetti.
Subgenus Jnsulivitrina Hesse. V. lamarckii (Ferussac).
NOTES AND NEWS
Poisonous Mussels. — In his interesting and highly im-
portant article on "Mussel Poisoning in California, Dr.
K. F. Meyer notes, among other facts, that the poison is
believed to be due to a metabolic disturbance influenced by
the food and low tone attendant upon spawning. Further-
more, these diseased mussels were subjected to the ebb and
140 THE NAUTILUS
flow of the tide, and were not exposed to the sun for a long
period at low tide. It should be noted, however, that this
last statement is relative. Seasoned fishermen, operating
from Monterey, declare that mussels collected at water
level or lower, during slack water with a zero or minus
tide, are innocuous at any time of the year.
This statement is strengthened by the fact that mussel
bakes, given by the students of the Hopkins Marine Station
during practically every summer since 1892, have never
produced a case of poisoning. The mussels involved were
invariably collected at the time of minus tides. It is also
important to note that several years ago there were at least
three separate cases of mussel poisoning near Monterey
where the mussels were known to have been collected at
high levels. We need to know therefore whether it is in-
deed true that mussels are at all times healthy below the
zero tide level on the California coast; or whether this is
true only where the temperature is sufficiently low or other
favoring conditions prevail. It is to be hoped that Dr.
Meyer, at the conclusion of his valuable work, will be able
to give an answer to these and other problems which he has
set out to solve. — Harold Heath.
Snails as food. — Explorations in Algeria north of the
Sahara Desert, show that the prehistoric natives, living
15,000 to 25,000 years ago, subsisted very largely on snails.
Mounds 300 feet in diameter and from 5 to 12 feet deep
were discovered. — (Science Neivs-Letter, Jan. 19, 1929.)
An association of fresh water shells from Dunlap's
Creek, i\lleghany County, Virginia. — In the summer of 1928
the following collection of shells was made on the bank of
Dunlap's Creek, Alleghany County, Virginia, near Sweet
Chalybeate Springs, which Dr. Bryant Walker has kindly
identified :
Anguispiro. alternata (Say).
Physa gyrina Say.
Anculosa carinata (Brug.)
Polygyra albolabris (Say).
THE NAUTILUS 141
Planorbis antrosus Con.
Lampsilis constricta (Con.).
The shells were especially abundant in the flood pools
near the stream. All were collected from one locality. Most
numerous were the species of Anculosa.
This group of shells was collected very hastily, and no
doubt with more time others could be added to the associa-
tion. This I hope to do perhaps next season. — Winnie
McGlamery.
Urocoptis alleni Torre (Nautilus, Jan., 1929, pi. 4, fig.
7). — This extraordinary little species proves to have teeth
very similar to those of U. plicata (Poey), the type of the
section Tetrentodon, and U. scalarina (ShuttL), species
which also appear nearly related by characters of the shell.
The tooth formula is 6, 2, 1, 2, 6.— PiLSBRY.
The Type of Lamprocystis. — On page 67 the type
was said to be "L. excrescens {Helix excrescens) Mouss."
Dr. C. M. Cooke has called my attention to the fact that
Mousson's species was called Nanina excrescens (Journ. de
Conch., 1870, 115). The reference to Helix was made by
Pfeiffer (Monogr. VII).— H. A. PiLSBRY.
BoLTEN's Species of Liguus. — In the Bolten Catalogue
three species of this genus are mentioned : No. 1358, Helix
hepatica; 1359, H. testa-ovi; and 1360-1364, H. fasciata.
All of them are defined by a reference to Gmelin, Bulla
fasciata sp. 25. Gmelin cites Miiller's description and many
figures. Of the two figures cited by Miiller for his typical
form, I select Seba, Mus., pi. 39, fig. 74 as the type figure for
fasciatus. This is also one of Gmelin's references. The
same figure will become the type of H. hepatica and H. testa-
ovi "Bolten", which will thus fall as absolute synonyms of
Liguus fasciatus (Miiller). — PiLSBRY.
ViVIPARUS MALLEATUS IN PHILADELPHIA, PA. — ThiS
species, which is native to Japan, has been introduced into
various sections of the United States. Hannibal (Nautilus,
142 THE NAUTILUS
Vol. 25, p. 31, 1911) reports that it was introduced into the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and between Aladema
and Centerville in California, to supply the markets of San
Francisco, since the snail is frequently eaten by Orientals.
It has also been reported {.as Paludina japonica) from the
Chinese markets of Victoria, British Columbia (Nautilus,
Vol. 7, p. 144, 1894) , and from other places along the Pacific
Coast.
In 1915 C. W. Johnson (Nautilus, Vol. 29, p. 35) re-
ported its presence in Muddy River, Brookline, Massachu-
setts, where it was probably introduced with gold fish. It
has also been reported from Worcester, Massachusetts,
Arlington, New Jersey, and from other sections of the East.
V. malleatus has been known to be present in Fairmount
Park, Philadelphia, for some time, but no record of its
presence has appeared in the literature. It was probably
introduced into the pond near Horticultural Hall with some
gold fish. It seems to have migrated down the little stream
that leads from this pond to the Schuylkill River, and is
now quite common in the river near the mouth of this
stream. This snail has been observed as far down the river
as the Fairmount Dam, two miles below. In 1925 speci-
mens were collected and given to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the United States National
Museum in Washington, D. C. As far as is known, these
are the first records of the presence of this species in Fair-
mount Park, although it had undoubtedly been there for
some time previous. — Horace G. Richards and Joseph W.
Adams.
Range of Donax variabilis. — This species has been col-
lected by the writer at Beaufort, N. C, and Long Island,
N. Y., and compared with specimens from Florida. Through-
out its range it retains its specific characters but varies
widely in size which becomes gradually reduced northward
until at Long Id. it is so much smaller than the Floridian
specimens as to appear distinct, being smaller than D.
fossor. Its shape remains constant. It is furthermore
THE NAUTILUS 143
characteristic of sandy ocean beaches while D. fossor pre-
fers the more protected, muddier substratum of the sounds
and bays. Long Island specimens may be consulted in the
local collection of the American Museum. — A. P. Jacot.
Mr. Wm. J. Clench has just returned from Florida
where he collected Ligiius along the Tamiami Trail in com-
pany with Messrs. Allen and Lermond.
Mr. H. N. Lowe left San Pedro in February to try out the
collecting at Mazatlan and other places southward.
Dr. Pilsbry is about to sail for work on certain Carib-
bean islands, as the guest of the Hon. Gifford Pinchot, on
the yacht Mary Pinchot.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
A New Land Snail from Lower California with
Notes on Other Species. By S. Stillman Berry. (Journ.
Entom. & Zool., vol. 20, pp. 73-83, 1928.) An interesting
paper on the land shells of the coastal region of northern
Lower California. One new species Micrarionta (Eremar-
ionta) inglesiana is described and figured.
Check List of Hawaiian Land and Freshwater
MOLLUSCA. By Edward L. Caum. (Bull. 56, Bernice P.
Bishop Museum, 1928.) In this paper are listed over 1,000
species and varieties. It is a valuable list and greatly needed.
Fossil Marine Mollusks of Oahu. By Jens M. Oster-
gaard. (Bull. 51, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 32 pp., 2 pis.,
1928.) A most interesting paper bearing on the distribu-
tion of the Hawaiian Moliusca. The number of marine
mollusks in Hawaiian waters, excluding the Nudibranchs,
is estimated at between 1,400 and 1,500 species. The
fauna is strictly Indo-Paciflc, but about 15 percent of the
gastropods are endemic, including such species as Cypraea
144 THE NAUTILUS
tessellata C. sulcidentata and C. ostergaardi. Three are
presumably extinct out of 82 fossil species, eight are ex-
tinct in Hawaii but living elsewhere and three are on the
verge of extinction. The emergent limestones of Oahu are
considered Pleistocene. — C. W. J.
Inheritance of Sinistrality in Lymnaea Peregra. By
A. E. Boycott. (Proc. Royal Soc. London, vol. 104, p. 729,
1929.) Abstract will be given later.
Coloration of Mollusca in Relation to Light. By
E. W. Bennett. (Rec. Canterbury Mus., N. Zealand, vol.
3, no. 3, 1928.) The intensity of coloration of both the shell
and the animal is due to the degree of exposure to light, in
the natural habitat of the particular species.
The Recent and Tertiary Cassids of New Zealand
and a Study in Hybridization. B. A. W. B. Powell. (Trans,
of the New Zealand Inst., vol. 59, pp. 629-642, pi. 74-76,
1928.) A resume of the classification of the Cassididae is
given with full keys to all genera and species found in New
Zealand. Six species, three recent and three fossil, are
described as new. — W. J. Clench.
Non-Marine Mollusca from West Africa. By Geo.
C. Spence. (Jour. Conch., vol. 18, pp. 211-216, pi. 2, 1928.)
Two new species including an interesting form of
Melaniidae, Potadoma nyongensis are described and figured.
The Non-Marine Mollusca of Sierra Leone. By M.
Connolly. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10 ser., vol. I, pp. 529-551,
pi. 18, Apr. 1928.) Sixteen new species are described.
Strephobasis : A Section of Pleurocera. By Calvin
Goodrich (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 192,
pp. 1-16, pi. 1, Mar. 1928.) An intensive study of this
group, the complication of which may be expressed by
the fact that some 23 recorded species are included in the
synonomy under Pleurocera curtum Hald. P. roanense Lea
is considered a variety of curtum. A new species, P.
walkeri, is described and figured.
.Hil
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